THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXVIII

JULY. 1924, to APRIL, 1925

KDIT0R8 AND PUBLIHHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator or the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Scieiicea

Philadelphia

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural llUioiy

Boston

//7>

ff')

INDEX

TO

THE NAUTILUS, XXXVIII.

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

PAGE

Acanthiiia from California, notes on 18, 104

Acanthiua lugiibris Sowb 22

Acanthina paucilirata Steams 21

Aeanthina spirata. var. aurautia Dall 21

Acanthina spirata var. unicarinata Sowb 104

Aehatinella belhila Smith 79

Achatiuella lorata Fer 78

Aehatinella stewardii producta Reeve 78

Aehatinella vulpina olivaeea Reeve 78

Acroluxus 84

Agnathomorphous aulacopoda 86

Alaska, marine sliells of Drier Bay, Knight Island,

Prince William Sound 22

Aleutian Islands, land shells of 122

Amastra nucleola Gould 82

Amblema neisleri nest located 105

Anatina undulata Gould 99

Ancylastnmi 85

Aneylida? 74

Ancylus fluviatilis Mull., the type of Ancylastnira 83

Annandale. Dr. Nelson (obituary) 30

Anodontites flucki Walker, n. sp. (pi. 1, figs. 3, 4) 53

Auriculella auricula Fer 79

Austrobalea Pilsbry, n. gen 6

Balea africana, the affinities of 6

Bermuda, land shells of Admirals Cove 6

Borcherding, Friedrich 106

Buffalo Conchological Section Anniversary 144

Bulimulus alternatus hesperius Fei*ri.ss, n. subsp 40

Bulimulus dealbatus pecosensis P. and F 39

Bulimulus dealbatus ragsdalei Pils 41

Caecum (Meioceras) lennondi Dall, n. sp 7

r,

IV THE NAUTILUS.

Califomian Helices 54

Canada, freshwater inollusea from Mackenzie River Basin. 8

Carelia dolei Ancey 82

Carychium. bermudense Gul 7

Cellana radians (Gmel.) 121

Cephalopods or Elephants on the Mayan Stelae 103

Cepolis bonplandi 59

Cerion agassizii 58

Cerion incanum Binn 59

Collecting in Southern Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba. . 56

Colorado land shells 65

Conchologists in the making 90

Coquina bouillon 32

Donax variabilis Say 32

Drive for The Nautilus 108

Euglandina singleyana W. G. Binn 38

Eulota maackii, a Siberian snail 62

Eulota similaris Fer 80

Fisherola 73

Florida, a remarkable Caecid from 7

God win- Austen, Henry Haversham (obituary) 30

Golisch, W. H. (obituary) 31

Goniobasis clenchi Goodrich, n. sp. (figs. 2-4) 46

Goniobasis dooleyensis Lea 48

Goniobasis livescens Menke 43

Goniobasis plebeius Anth 45

Goniobasis potosiensis Lea 45

Gonyodiscus cronkliitei anthonyi Pils 92

Gonyodiscus patula Desh 86

Gonyodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils 65

Happia (Happiella) guildingi Bid 87

Hawaiian Islands, a visit to the 76

Hedley, Charies 36

Helix capillata Pease 82

HelLx patula Desh 86

Helix perspectiva of Mergerle von IMuhlfeld versus that

of Say 85

Helix solaria Menke 85

Helminthoglypta fcrrissi Pilsbrv, n. sp 54

Helmiiitlmglyj)ta unil)ilicata Pilsbry 55

Helminthoglypta uiiibilicata cayucosensis Pils., n. subsp. 104

Holospira goldfussi anacachensis Bartseh 39

Holospira roenieri Pfr 42

Japan, new shells from 95

Lacuna from the (California coa.st, notes on 16

THi: NAUTILUS. V

Lacuna divaricata Fab !<>

Lacuna niariiiorata Dall 17

Lacuna ponvcta Cpr 17

Lacuna soliila Loven 16

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr 17

Lacuna varie^ata C'pr 1'^

Lake Titicaca mollusks 108

Lainj)silis superiorensis Marsh 11

Lancidrt' distinfruislied from the Ancyclidae 78

Laiifrfonliella Dall. n. gen 96

Lan«rfonliclla japonica Dall, ii. sp 96

Lanx nuttalli llald 75

Leptachatina fragilis Gulick 81

Leptachtiiui oryza Pfr 81

Lymna'a auricularia in California 125

Lymnft'a peregra geiserieola Beck 92

Mactras of the Pacific coast, notes on 98

Margaritana niarfraritifera L., in Labrador 32

Microcystis chamissoi Pfr 82

Molliisca of the Bridgeport, Connecticut, region 49

Monoceros brevidens Conr 19

Mouoceros engonatum Conr 19

Monoceros lapilloides Conr 19

;Muskrats in Czechoslovakia destroy Margaritana 103

Mya arenaria, an abnormal form 89

Naiades from Nicaragua, two new 51

Nephronaias elvae Walker, n. sp. (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2) 52

Nesophila capillata Pease 82

Newfoundland shells 92

Notes 32, 65, 103, 144

Ostrea ^^rginica Gmel 121

Opeas javaniciun Reeve 80

Oxystyla floridensis Pils 59

Oxystyla undata Bmg 57

Patella tenuilirata Carpenter 121

Pecten acanthodes Dall, n. sp 120

Pecten gibbus Linn 113

Pecten gibbus var. amplicostatus Dall 113

Pecten grandis Sol 112

Pecten heliacus Dall, n. sp 119

Pecten irradians Lam 114

Pecten irradians var. coneentricus Say 114

Pecten liocymatus Dall, n. sp 119

Pecten magellanicus. a large bed of 32

Pecten nucleus Born 115

VI THE NAUTILUS.

Pecten ornatus Lam 118

Peeten raveneli Dall 116

Pecten seiitis Reeve 118

Pecten tereiniis Dall, n. sp 115

Philomycus australis Bergh 80

Physa bottimeri Clench, n. sp. (fig. 4) 12

Physa cupraeonitens and Physa sayi var. warreniana in

hot springs 105

Physa marci Baker, n. sp. (fig. 5) 15

Pleurocera acuta Raf 44

Pleurocerids, some old and a new one 43

Polygyra profunda, the varietal names of 33

Polygyra profunda var. efasciata Walker, n. var 33

Polygyra profunda var. unicolor Walker 34

Polygyra texasiana texasensis Pils 40

Pseudancylus 85

Publications received 34, 66, 106, 143

Purple dye of moUusks 65

Pyramidula (Gonyodiscus) patula Desh 86

Radula technique for Physa 13

Rectartemou jessei 86

Rio Grande, on the 37

Schizothaerus nuttallii Conr 102

Scolodonta eudiscus 87

Sea gull drops clam on policeman 104

Shells of Sanibel, Florida, an additional list 93

Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformis Conr 101

Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli Dall 101

SpisiUa (Hemimactra) voyi Gabb 101

Spisula (Symmorphomactra) falcata Gould 102

Spisula (Symmor])homactra) planulata Conr 102

Streptaxis glaber iiormalis Jouss 86

Stilifer castaiieus Dall, n. sp 97

Stilifer perdepressa Dall, n. sp 97

Strombifonnis langfordi Dall, n. sp 97

Succinea caduca Migh 80

Sweden, a visit to 1

Tanganyika l)eacli 109

Tivehi stultorum Mawe 68

Tornatellides procerulus Ancey 79

Unionida', soiiu' unpublished plates of Conrad's 28

Velletia 84

Veronieella leydigi Simrotli 80

Walkerola . . '. 73

Zalophancylus 75

THE NAUTILUS. Vll

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Baker. Frank C 15

Baker, II. Burrington 86

Berr\-, S. Stillman 68

Blake, J. Ilenrv 33, 89

Clench. William .1 12, 13, 93, 127

C'cK'kerell, T. I ). A 62. 76

Dall. Wui. II 7, 95, 107, 112, 121

Emery, D. L 56

Eyerdara, Walter 27

Ferriss, James H 37

Gootlrieh, Calvin 43

Hand, Edwin E 90

Ilanna, G. Dallas 122, 125

Hedley, Charles 109

Henderson, Jiiiuns 105

Jaeot, Ai-thur P 49

Johnson, C. W 32, 65, 108

Kenuard, A. S 83, 85

Nylander. Olof 0 1

Pilsbr>% H. A 4, 35, 54, 65, 73, 103, 108

Remingrton. Jr., P. S 127

Sehleseh, Hans 32

Strong. A. M 16, 18, 98, 104

Tomlin, J. R. le B 121

Vanatta, E. G 4, 6, 92, 144

Van Hyning, T 105

Walker, Brvant 33, 51

Wliittaker, E. J 8

Woodward, B. B 83, 85

The Nautilus.

Vol. XXXVIII JULY, 1924. No. 1

A VISIT TO SWEDEN

BY OLOF O. NYLANDER

I left my home iii the woods of Maiue Sept. 10, 1923, and

stopped one day in Boston to see some friends. Leaving

Hoboken, X, J., Sept. 13 on the Scandinavian-American Line

steamer "Hellig Olav," I arrived at Christiansand, Norway,

on the 2-ith, and proceeded by rail to Gothenburg, Sweden.

My object was to see the Tercentennial Exposition of

Gothenburg and to look over the Museum, especially the col-

lection of MoUusca.

Tlie Biological Museum in Gothenburg is a new building

built on the top of a hill in a beautiful park — Slats Skogen.

The collection contains many fine specimens and several large

panoramic views. Prof. S. A. Jagerskiold and his assistant,

Dr. Paul Ilenrici, spent much time in showing me the collec-

tions. The collection of Bohus Lane is most extensive; the

mollusca are arranged in small glass-covered drawei-s with a

fine series of extended animals in alcohol, the best I have seen.

In this museum is also the large collection of land and fresh-

water shells used by C. A. Westerlund in his publications.

Westerlund described many new species that were never illus-

trated. Prof. Jagerskiold said that any American malacolo-

gist would be given every oj^portunity to study the collection.

With Dr. Ilenrici 's assistance, part of two days were spent in

looking through the collection.

iJ THE NAUTILUS.

Oil Oct. 2 I left Gothenburg and went to Skara, a city best

known for its old cathedrals and fine buildings, seminary and

museum of anticjuities. In the park near the museum I col-

lected 230 Helix hortensis Mull., 44 with five bands on a yel-

low ground, 123 plain, varying from a bright yellow to pale

and nearly transparent, representing the varieties lutea uni-

color and alhida. Seventy were the variety p(dlid4i castan^a

Westerlund ; a fine series of this beautiful brown form were

compared with Westerlund types. I spent six days exploring

tlie country about JSkara and then returned to Gothenburg.

I had accepted an invitation from Prof. Jagerskiold to

attend a meeting of the Biological Society of Gotlienburg, at

the Palace Hotel on the 9th, and speak on some American

mollusks — the use of Mija arenaria as food, Busycan perver-

siini and the Indians' use of shells, the fresh-water mussels of

the Mississippi River and the manufacture of buttons ; also the

abalone shells of California. The meeting was attended by

over forty members. Luncheon was served. Professor Carl

Skogsberg presided at the meeting.

On Oct. 11th I went to Boras, one of the large manufactur-

ing cities, to meet Herr Berthold Sundler, an enthusiastic

collector, who has a fine collection, and has done excellent

work in this part of Sweden. In his paper, "Sniickor och

Musslor I Viskana ovre Vattenomrade, " he ably explains the

ecological conditions bearing on the destruction of species. It

might be of interest to note tliat he considers rianorhui {Ar-

miger) crista L. and F. (Armiger) iiautileus L. distinct

species, and seems to have good reasons for doing so. In com-

pany witli lierr Sundler I visited several of his favorite col-

lecting places, but it was loo hite in the season for gooil

collecting. I also visited tlie Historical Museinn.

On Oct. 13th 1 reached Stockholm, the most l)eautiful city

I have seen. The "lliksmuseet" and many other Government

institutions are in new buildings sojne distance out of the city,

known as " Veteiuskaps-staden." Dr. Nils lly. Odhner spent

several days taking me tiirougli the niuscuiu and showing me

the large collection of arctic mollusks collected during the

last century by the various Swedish explorers. I received in

THK NAUTILUS. 3

exchaiijjt* a iiuihIht of iiifrrestiiij^ airtit* species. Dc. ()(liin('i'

is well known in America for his many valuable papers. Dr.

A. (I'Ailly, who spends mueh time working on the lar<;e eol-

loetion of land shells, showed me many of the rare anil beau-

tiful species. 1 am under great obligation to both of these

gentlemen for their many kindnesses and assistance.

October 21 to 23 1 spent in the city of Upsala, famous for

its cathedral, university, library and botanical garden. Prof.

Carl Wiman kindly showed me the collection of fossils in the

nuiseum, and Prof. Erik Stensia assisted me in tiie library,

showing me some rare books, and gave me much valuable in-

formation.

I next visited Lund. This city has nuuiy historical land-

marks and nuiseums. The floors of the Natural History Mu-

seum had just been varnished and I had no chance to see the

collections, but 1 had a pleasant time with Ansamunseu

"Hans Lohmander," who has worked on the raollusks of Swe-

den and has a large privaite collection.

From here 1 went to the old city of Ystad on the Baltic.

In the harbor I collected small specimens of Cardium edule

and Mdcoma halthua. I next visited the old fishing village

Abfekas. Here I found Mya arenuria, rare in the Baltic. I

then went to Oremolla, where, in a ditch near the school house,

I collected Helix hortensis (10 plain and 2 five-banded). This

was a surprise to me, for fifty years ago when I went to this

school I never saw a si)ecimen at this place. In the old church

yard at Skifvarp I also obtained //. hortensis, 2 plain and 12

five-bandeil. I then went to "Ilarte Skag" in company with

an old friend. On the tree trunks I collected 2 plain and 8

five-banded //. hortensis; there were hundreds of young shells

on the trees from 10 to 15 feet from the ground. A short dis-

tance east of here, on the shore of the Baltic, I collected in

1878, 16 specimens of Neritina fliwiatilis- that arc still in my

colleetion.

My next stopping j)lace was "Smyge Fiskclage, " the most

southern part of Sweden. Here I collected Maiomu balthica

and Mi/tilus edulvi. Visiting the church in Ostra Torp I

foiuid on the gravestones 35 //. hortcns^us, all the fivc-I>;i tided

4 THE NAUTILUS.

form. In this graveyard ray father's ancestors are laid at

rest. At "BUagstorp" I visited one of my school teachers,

and together we went to the churchyard, and on the monu-

ment and evergreens collected 10 plain and 15 banded //. )ior-

ten^is. This was my last collecting; it was really too late in

the year to accomplish much. On Nov. 7th I bid my friends

in Ostra Torp farewell and went to Trelleborg and then to

Malmo, my last stop in Sweden.

November 10 to 13 was spent in Copenhagen visiting the

museums. I met Dr. Theodor Mortensen. He said the fauna

on the east coast of Denmark was poor, o\\'ing to the great

amount of fresh water from the Baltic ; he also told me about

his expedition to Kei-Oarna, where he made a large collection.

Magister of Science R. Sparck showed me the collection of

Denmark Mollusca, and kindly gave me some specimens from

the deep water of the Baltic and from Iceland and Greenland.

Leaving Copenhagen on Nov. 14th, I stopped in London on

the 16th and had a glimpse of the British Museum. Arriving

in New York on the 23rd, I spent the next day in the Amer-

ican IMuseum of Natural History, the 26th at the Boston Soci-

ety of Natural History, and was glad to be so near home

again after ten busy weeks abroad.

POLYGYRA APPRESSA LINGTJIFERA AND SANCTA GEORGIENSIS

]JY 11. A. I'lLSBRY AND E. G. VANATTA

An examination of the history of the Bermudan form of

Poljjgyra appressa called Ilclix satuta Georgiotsis led to the

investigation of Helix linguifera of Ferussac and Lamarck.

This name has long rested as a synonym of apprcsaa Say.

The name //. linguifrrn was fii*st listed ])y Ferussiic in

1821, without a description, but with the locality "Les en-

virons de Nogeville, t'tat de Tenesse." This is evidently

Knoxvilie. Two years later, Fc'-nissac ])ul)lisho(l three figures.

Meaiitinic Lamarck had j)ul)lislie(i a (h^scriptioii giving the

same locality. Fcriissjic's figures and Lainarck's description,

so far as it goes, agree very well with shells collected by one

THE NAUTILUS. 5

of US in 1899 at Knoxville, on the south side of the river.

These speoimens hail been referred to /*. apprcssa sculptior

Chaiiw. Tliey are not typical of that subspecies as described

from Scott Co., Virgfinia, tlie periphery being more distinctly

angular in front, and the striation a little stronger and less

close. Both of these charactei"s are seen in Fcrussiic's figures.

The granular sculpture, however, is similar to sculplwr. We

doubt whether there is sutTicient difference to call for two

subspecies. In tliis view, the subspecies will be called Poly-

CYRA APPRESSA LiXGUiFERA (Lamarck), with the following

synonymy :

Ildir linguifera Fenissac, Tableaux Sy.st. de la Famille des

Lima(;ons, 1821, p. 33, no. 95. Les environs de Nogeville, etat

de Tenesse. Nude name.

Helix linguifera Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. VI, pt. 2, 1922,

p. 90. Nogeville. etat de Tenesse.

Helix linguifera Fer., Hist. Nat. des Moll., pi. 49A, fig. 3

(1823).

[Poli/gi/ra appresfta] sculptior Chadwick, Nautilus XIII,

Sept. 1899, p. 54. Scott Co., Virginia.

Helix sancta Oeorgiensis Terai)le Prime, The Bermuda

Pocket Almanac, 1853, p. 55. Bermuda. Nude name.

Helix sancta Georgiensis W. G. Lane, Five Essays, etc.. The

Spiral Snails of Bermuda (no date, but about 1892), p. 2.

Nude name.

Poli/gijra apprrssa, with the synonym Helix sanctO' georgi-

ensui, Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci. XI, 1902, p. 732, text

figure 75 d, e, f on p. 730.

Tiie Bermudan form cannot be said to be quite linguifera

or aculptior. It has their characteristic granulation, but is

slightly heavier in shell and lip, and in the average smaller

than either. Strictly speaking, both sculptior and sancta-

georgiensis have their own slight but recognizable racial char-

acters; but they appear to be subvarieties of linguifera. All

of the Bermudan ''appressa" we have seen, many specimens

from several collectors are of the sanctageorgicnsia form.

Typical Knoxville P. a. linguifera are 16 to 17 mm. tliam-

eter. The type lot of form sculptior measure 15 to 18 mm.

The form sanctageorgiensis measures 12 to 15.2 mm. diameter.

Though the name //. sancta Georgiensis was used as early

THE NAUTILUS.

as 1853, it was first defined in 1902 by Verrill's figures. The

prior notices gave no clue to its characters beyond the associa-

tion with appressa and the locality Bermuda.

THE AFFINITIES OF BALEA AFRICANA MELVILL AND PONSONBY.

BY H. A. PILSBRY

In the course of an attempt to estimate the relations of the

South African fauna to other divisions of the Ethiopian Re-

gion I had occasion to examine Balea africana.^ It has little

in common with the European genus Balea, being much more

like the Japanese Reinia - in shape, small number of whorls

ajid texture; but it differs by the further reduction of aper-

tural armature. Just where the African species belongs in

the system of Clausiliidte remains uncertain. The shell is so

much simplified that recourse must be had to the soft anat-

omy ; but it is certainly not related to Balea.

AUSTROBALEA, DCW gCUUS.

Shell shortly Clausilia-shaped, of few (6-7) whorls. Aper-

ture toothless, with slightly expanded, incomplete peristome.

There is a well-developed, wliolly immersed subcolumellar

lamella within the dorsal side, but no other lamella or plicae.

No clausilium.

Type Balea africana M. & P. Specimens examined from

Karkloof, Natal, collected by H. C. Burnup.

LAND SHELLS OF ADMIRAL'S CAVE, BERMUDA.

BY E. G. VAXATTA

Tile following species were picked from shell-dirt collected

by Mr. Hiram C. Iloyt in 1922. Mr. Arthur Haycock writes:

"Admiral's Cave has an opening in the rock in the roof of

the cave large enough to put your hand through. It is imme-

1 Mclvill :in(l I'oiisoiihy, Ann. M;i^. N. II. IV. is'.Ht. p. 19S.

2 See Pilsl.ry, i'roc ,A. .\'. S. I'liiln. l!Mt], ,,. 471.

THK NAUTILUS. 7

diately below this wIuto tlu* deposit of shells is, and of course

n'cent ones have easy access. Admiral's Cave is between the

roaii leading to the causeway and the road leading to the old

Ferry — an Yg mile from the causeway and nearer this road

than the Ferry one. All the caves and caverns in the rock

ai'ound here are likely places for fossil shells."

Species which have been found fossil only are marked

thus t.

Thifsanophora hypolepia ('Siuitt.', Pils.)

Gasfrocopta rupkola margiiuilba (Pfr.)

Vertigo nuniellata Gul.

Sfrohilops huhbardi Brown

t PoecUozonites nelsoni (Bid.)

Poeciloz&nites bermudensis (Pfr.)

PoecUozonites reinianus (Pfr.)

t PoecUozanites blandi heilprini Pils.

t PoecUozanites vanuttai Pils.

PoecUozanites circumfirmatus Redf.

Zonitoides bermudensis P. & V.

Zonitoides minuscula (Biun.)

t Punctum bristoli (Gul.)

t Carychium bermudense Gul.

The specimens of Carychium bermudense are quite variable

in size ; three measure :

Length 2.25, diameter 1.25 mm.

Length 1.9, diameter 1.1 mm.

Length 1.6, diameter 0.9 mm.

A REMARKABLE CAECID FROM FLORIDA.

i;V W. ir. DALL

Among .some shells sent from Florida by Mr. N. ('. Ijer-

mond were eleven specimens of a Caecum collected at Boca

Ciga Bay, which present some unusual characters.

Caecum (Meioceras) lermondi n. sp.

Shell minute, smooth or with faint incremental wrinkles,

8 THE NAUTILUS.

subarcuate with an obscure medial swelling ; color lucid whit-

ish with four longitudinal rows of small dark bro^\^l spots

articulated with opacjue white spots; two lines are most con-

spicuous on each side of the convex back of the shell, the other

two on each side of the concave portion of the shell are

fainter, and sometimes obsolete; in one specimen the space

between the upper and lower lines on each side is pale bro\ni ;

to these color lines are added more or less evident, transverse,

equally spaced, brownish lines which give the shell a seg-

mented aspect curiously like that of a small maggot ; the colors

differ in strength in different specimens; the posterior end of

the shell is attenuated and decurved, tlie posterior aperture

small, with a minutely mucronate plug; the anterior end of

the shell is larger, the aperture very oblique, almost hori-

zontal, its margin simple, not expanded, nor is there any con-

striction behind it ; the operculum is brownish ; length, 2.5 ;

maximum diameter at girdle, 1.0; diameter of apei'ture, .05

mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333531.

When color is present in Caecidie, it is usually either uni-

form over the whole shell or nebulously distributed. The

present species is the first I have been able to trace which has

developed a color pattern. It is quite possible that these

colors are fugitive, at any rate they differ considerably in

strength in different specimens. There is also some difference

in the size of different individuals. The measurements given

are those of the largest of the lot.

Besides the types in the National Collection, others are in

that of Mr. Lenuond.

FRESHWATEK MOLLUSCA FROM MACKENZIE RIVER BASIN. CANADA.

BY K. J. WHITTAKER ^

While engaged in work for tlu^ Geological Survey for sev-

eral sccusons between 1917 and 19212, llie writer, as occasion

permitted, made collections of the freshwater molluscs of the

1 Pul>lisho<l l)y permission of llio Dirt'etor vi the Geological Suiroy

of Canada.

THK NAUTILUS. V

area traverse*!. This iiu-hulod the soiilli shore of Great Slave

lake, the Maekenzie river as far as Fort Simpson, the Liarcl

rivor from its mouth to the South Xahaniii river, and Hay,

Horn, and Kaivisii rivei*s, all tributary to the Maekenzie river.

The writ-er is greatly indebted to ^Ir. F. C. Baker for identifi-

cation and ehecking of species of these molluscs, exclusive of

Spluvriida', and to Doctor W. 11. Dall and Doctor V. St^rki

for identification of members of the above mentioned family.

Through the kindness of Doctor E. ^I. Kindle the writer has

been permitteil to include collections made by him from Fort

Wrigley and Big Island, and additional material from MUls

lake and Hay river.

Collections were made from thirteen localities in all, which

are listed in order below and designated by number. In the

succeeding table the number at the top of each column refers

to the locality to which that number has been assigned.

Li:it of Localities with Number of Species Taken at Each.

1. South shore. Fawn lake, Horn river. 8 species.

2. South shore. Second lake, Horn river. 11 species.

3. Southwest side of Mackenzie river, 30 miles above Fort

Providence. 16 species.

4. Western end of Lake Kakisa. 10 species.

5. South shore of Lake Kakisa near mouth of Kakisa

river. 13 species.

6. Head of Lower Rapids, Liard river, 36 miles above Fort

Simpson. 4 species.

7. At junction of South Nahanni and Liard rivers. 2

species.

8. Mills lake at mouth of Horn river. 6 species.

9. At mouth of Hay river. 10 species.

10. South shore near Sulphur Point, Great Slave lake. 5

species.

11. Big Island, head of Mackenzie river. 2 species.

12. Near Fort Wrigley. 2 species.

13. South side. Mills lake. 14 species.

From the above localities a total of 43 species were obtained

which supplemen/ts considerably the excellent lists with de-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

scriptions given by Dall in the Harriman Alaskan Expedition

series.^ Seventeen forms of pelecypods and twenty-six species

1 Dall, W. H., Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. XIII, Land and

Fresh-Molluscs, 1910.

of gastropods, including six terrestrial forms, were recog-

nized. The following list gives their distribution at the dif-

ferent localities :

Felecypoda.

Family Unionid^.

Anodonta grandis footiana Lea. 4.

Anodonta grandis var. imbricata Anthony. 5.

Anodonta var. 9.

Strophitus edentiilus var. 9.

LampsUis superiorensis Marsh. 4, 9.

Family Sphaerud^,

Sphaerium vermontanum Prime. 12.

Sphaerium canadense Sterki ms. 5, 9, 12, 13.

Sphaerium solididum Conrad. 4.

Sphaerium striatinum Lamarck. 4,

Sphaerium tenue Prime. 2, 3, 5, 13.

Sphaerium tumidum Baird. 10 ?, 12.

Musculium jayense Prime. 1.

M usculium rosacenni Prime. 13.

Pisidium campress^im Prime. 13.

risidium indumcnse Sterki. 2, 9.

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki. 1, 2, 3, 5, 13.

Pisidium ventrico^i?n Siterki. 2.

Pisidium, two sp. 5.

Gastropodu.

Family Zokitid.i;.

Euconulus fulvus Muller. G.

Zonitoides nitidus Muller. 4.

Family Endodontid.k.

Pyramidula crankheiti Newcomb. 3, 6, 7, 13.

THE NAUTILUS, 11

Family Succinid-«.

iSuccin^a iivani Say. 3, 13,

l^uccinea chrifsLs Westerluiul. (5, 7.

Suci'inca ntusa Lea. 3.

Family LvMXAKin.K.

Li/nutaea cata-scopimn Say. 1, 4, T), 11.

Lj/ninaca cafascopinni var. 4.

Lymna-ca ohrussa dccampi var. strcugi. 3, 8.

Lymna^a palustris Miiller. 2, 3, 8, 9, 10.

Lymnafa palustris alpoicnsis Baker. 13.

Lymna-ea stagnalis apprcssa Say. 3, 9.

Lymnaea stagnalis var. 1, 4, 8, 11.

Lymnaea vahli (Beck) Miiller. 8.

Plutiorbi-s arcticus Miiller. 1, 2, 4, 5, 13.

Planorbis d^flectiis Say. 9.

Phinorhis exacuous Say. 2, 5.

Pknwrhis hirsutus Gould. 1, 6.

Planorbis parvus Say. 2, 3, 5, 13.

Planorbis trivolvis Say. 3.

Planorbis subcrenatus Cpr. 1, 3, 9.

Scg/nentina armigcra Say. 9.

Segmentina christyi Dall. 1, 3, 8, 13.

Family Amnicolid^.

Amnicola emarginata Kiist<^r. 3, 5, 10, 13.

Family Valvatid.^^.

Valvata lewisii Currier. 1, 2, 3, 5, 10.

Valvata lewisii helicoidea Dall. 2, 4, 8, 13.

Valvata tricarinata Say. 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 13.

As noted above, there is a considerable variation both in

numbers and species at the different localities. Seventeen

species are added Ix) those listed by Dall from the Mackenzie

basin.

Lampsilis supcriorensis is exceptionally abundant in Hay

and Horn rivers. Thousands are stranded and die on the

banks in early midsumrner as the floo<l waters recede, and

piles of the dead shells are to be seen everywhere. On the

12

THE NAUTILUS.

Other rivers of the area, though conditions seem exactly the

same, this species is rare or absent.

The species recorded from south shore of Great Slave lake

really come from a small pond fifty yards back from the beach

but connected with the lake proper at high water. Shells are

very rare along the beach owing to the fact that, in the break-

up of the ice, the latter is driven up on the beach, destroying

a large part of the moUuscan life.

The fact that casual collecting undertaken wliile the ^^Tite^

was engaged in other work residted in increasing the distri-

bution area of seventeen species should encourage all collec-

tors who have an opportunity of visiting northern latitudes.

However, omng to the boreal and semi-boreal character of the

climate, which imposes a certain amount of uniformity on the

fauna, the number of new species found in any one area is

not likely to be large.

A NEW SPECIES OF PHY8A FBOM TEXAS.

IJY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

The following description is based upon four specimens

sent to me by L. J. Bottimer, of Liberty, Texas.

Physa bottimeri n. sp.

Shell: sinistral, small, subglobular, imperforate, rather thin,

corneous. Color: light horn with a rather dull surface.

Whorls: 41^., the last shouldennl and

very large. Spire : very sliort, the

imclear whorl dark reddish bro\vu in

color. Aperture: large, five-sixths of

the total length of the shell, the outer

edge slightly straightened. Lip : lower

half sligiitly fiariiig. A well-developed

white callus formed along the edge

contiinious willi the l)aso of the colu-

mella. Columella: straight, with a well-defined, slightly thick-

ened fold. Suture: well impressed. SiMilj^ture: composed of

Pliysa liottinu-ri, X

THK NAUTILUS. 18

&ie gTOWtJi lilies, a few coarser lines spaced at irregular in-

tervals proihieing a somewhat costated appearance. Cross

stria' absent.

Tj']>e: Length 6.6, width 4.8, aperture length 5.5 nun. (U.

of M. No. 31617.)

Cotype: L<Mi{]rth 6.3, width 4.8, aperture length 5.5 mm.

(Walker, No. 75895.)

Cotype: Length 6.4, width 5.0, ai)erture length 5.8 mm.

(Clench, No. 1378.)

Cotype: Length 5.5, width 4.4, aperture length 4.8 mm.

(A. N. S. Phila.)

Type locality : Comanche Spring, Fort Stockton, Pecos Co.,

Texas.

Remarks: This spcies of Physa is rather small as compared

with other species of the genus, especially among the shoul-

dered forms. It agrees with Physa lordi Baird in general

outline but ditfers in being smaller in size, in having a white

lip callus, and less thickening and folding of the columella.

A well-formed callus is found on the type and two of the co-

types ; this callus is lacking on the fourth, a juvenile specimen.

Type deposited in the Museum of Zoologj% University of

Michigan ; cotypes in the collection of Dr. Bryant Walker of

Detroit, in my ow^l collection, and in that of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

EADULA TECHNIQUE FOR PHYSA.

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

University of Michigan

The following method has been found excellent for the ex-

traction, staining and mounting the radula of Physa. As a

preliminary preparation in the field the mollusks were killed

by boiling and were then preserved in 10'/, alcohol. Placing

the Physa in a strainer and then dipping in boiling water for

thirty seconds was found to be the best metiiod. This allowed

easy extraction of the aninuds from the shells. When time

14 THE NAUTILUS.

was available for the study of the radulae, the head and foot

were cut from the rest of fthe body and dropped into a test-

tube containing a solution of potassium or sodium hydroxide

(20 to 40%). The animals remained in this solution for two

or three days, macerating slowly witli the aid of radiator heat.

Usually at the end of forty-eight hours the radulae were free

from the animal tissue and were then transferred to distilled

water. From the water the radulas were transferred first to

chrom-osmic acid, next to crude pyroligneous acid, and then

to 96% alcohol. Only a small amoumt of each acid, sufficient

to cover the radulae, is necessar>^

Euparol was found to be excellent for mounting, much

superior to balsam, inasmuch as complete dehydration and

clearing is unnecessary. Furthermore, the refractive index of

euparol is considerably less than that of balsam, hence fine

details are better revealed under high power. The radidae

can be transferred directly from the 96%: alcohol to the

mounting medium. In the following outline the general pro-

cedure for the method is stated in brief form.

20-40% potassium or sodium hydroxide, 48-72 hours

Distilled water, 15 minutes

Chrom-osmic acid, 2-3 hours

Crude pyroligneous acid, 12-24 hours

96% alcohol, 15 minutes

Euparol.

The chrom-osmic acid is made by dissolving 1 gram of osmic

acid in 50 cc. of a 1% solution of chromic acid. Best results

will be obtained by using thin Euparol. Diaphane or Moun-

tene may be ustnl in place of Euparol, as these three mount-

ing mediums are the same but sold under ditt'erent trade

names.

This is an imi)regnation methoil of staining and results

in a uniform opaijue brown stain.

THK NAUTILUS. 15

A NEW PHY8A FROM CALIFORNIA.

15Y FRANK COLLINS BAKER

Of tho I'liiversity of lllinoiw, Urbana, Illinois

Physa MAiici, new spwies.

Shell small, sinistral, elongate-ovate; whorls 4-5, flatly

rounded ; spire short, acutely dome-shaped, one-half as long as

aperture ; body whorl compressed, flatly rounded ;

color yellowish or greenish horn ; sculpture of

coarse lines of growth %nth no (or but very fijie)

si)iral imi)ressed lines; sutures well impressed,

deeply so between body and penul'iiraate whorl ;

aperture elongate ovate, widely rounded below,

acutely angled above, occupying two-thirds of the

p/iysa marci. length of the shell ; peristome thin, sharj^, with

rarely an indication of internal rib ; columella

covered witli a thick, very wide callus, whicli is especially

wide near the umbilical region, either completely closing the

umbilicus or leaving a. very small, narrow chink ; color of in-

terior of aperture whitish.

Length 6, width 4; aperture length 4.1, width 2 mm. Type.

Length 4.5, width 3.3; aperture length 3.2, width 1.5 mm.

Paratype.

Type locality: Little Valientia Spring (hot sulphur spring),

Santa Barbara National Forest, California. Collected by Mr.

Marcus Dall.

This litrtle Physa differs from all other species at present

known from the southwestern part of the United States. It

somewhat resembles small forms of the eastern Physa qyrina

Say, but differs wholly in sculpture as well as in size. Physa3

from chemical springs are apparently rare. The small size

and form of this species are probably due to the environment

which seems to have inhibited growth.

Type, Cat. No. 359544, United States National Museum.

Paratype, No. Z14210, Natural History Museum, University

of Illinois. Cat. No. 359545, U. S. N. M., contains a paratype,

and Cat. No. 359546, U. S. N. M., 18 specimens, all from the

type locality.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON LACUNA FEOM THE CALIFOENIA COAST.

BY A. M. STRONG

Dr. Dall in his List of Northwest Coast Marine Shellbear-

ing Mollnsca gives nine species and varieties of Lacuna as

occurring on the California Coast. The ranges and references

given indicate a considerable revision in the nomenclature of

the genus. The following notes give a brief review of the

California species.

Lacuna divaricata Fab., 1780 (Fauna Gronlandica, p. 392),

is a very variable circumboreal shell with a wide range. In

ithe Pacific it is listetl as ranging from Norton Sound, Alaska,

to Santa Barbara, California. Tryon's ]\Ian. Conch., vol. 9,

p. 265, gives a long list of synonyms including L. vineta Mtg.,

L. solidula Loven, and L. ?var. compacta Cpr. The first of

these is mentioned by Carpenter and others from Alaska but

it is now considered by Dr. Bartsch to be a distinct Atlantic

species. (Nautilus, vol. 35, p. 89). The second is also ac-

cepted as a distinct species occurring in both the Atlantic

and Pacific but the position of the third is left uncertain.

The typical form of the species is figured in Tryon's ]\Ian.

Conch., vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 75.

Lacuna solidida Loven, 1846 (Index Moll. Scand., p. 23), is

listed by Dr. Dall as occurring in the Pacific from Puget

Sound to San Diego, Dr. Baker adds EUamar, Alaska (Nau-

tilus, vol. 24, p. 44). It is figured in Tryon's Man. Conch.,

vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 69. Dr. Arnold recognizes it as a Pleistocene

fossil in Southern California (Pal. San Pedro, p. 303), and

gives as synonyms Littorina pedroana Conr. and Modelia stri-

ata Gal)]).

Dr. Could described a sliell from Puget Sound under the

name of Lacuna carina ta (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Ilist., 1848,

p. 75), which Dr. Carpenter consitlered to be the same as L.

solidida Loven, from the Atlantic. Dr. Arnold described a

Pleistocene fossil from San Pedro as L. compaita Cpr. (Pal.

San Pedro, p. 302), and for a figure referred to Tryon's Man.

Conch., vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 71. This is the figuiv for L. caritiata

THK NAUTILUS. 17

GouM. Dr. Carpenter's shell was described as Ixuumi ( ? suli-

duUi var.) vompacta Cpr., from tlic Swan collect ion at Noah

Bay, Wash. (Aiu». Ac Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, lbU4, p. 42!ij.

If the descriptions correctly represent the type specimens

theso three would all seem to be the same shell, which should

taivc the name of Lacuna solidulu var. carinala Gould. For

range, Dr. Arnold gives, living, Vancouver district (Carpen-

ter). Specimens from Dana Cove, Orange County, California,

have been identitied by Dr. Dall as L. {solidula var.j carinata

Gould.

Lacutia porrecta Cpr., 1864, and varieties effitsa Cpr. and

exa-equata Cpr., were described from the Swan collection at

Neali Bay, Wash. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 14, p. 429).

The species is listed as ranging from Bering Sea to San Diego

and is figured in Tryon's Man. Conch., vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 55,

and in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 112, pi. 14, fig. 2. Variety

effusa Cpr. is listed as ranging from Fuca Straits to San Fran-

cisco, while variety exaequata Cpr. is only known from the

type locality. Both forms are figured with the typical in

Tryon's Man., figs. 56 and 57. A third variety, puteoloides

(Cpr. MS.) Dall, 1919 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56, p. 349),

is listed from Lobitas, California, and remains unfigured. Dr.

Arnold recognizes the species as a Pleistocene fossil in South-

ern California (Pal. San Pedro, p. 303).

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr., and variety aurantiaca Cpr., were

described from Col. Jewett's collecting at Santa Barbara

(Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1856, p. 205). The name unifasci-

ata Cpr. has been applied to a group of California shells which

Dr. Dall seemingly divides into three species. He gives the

shell figured in Tryon's Man. Conch., vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 74, as

the true unifasciata of Dr. Carpenter. The range is given as

Santa Barbara, California, to Magdalena Bay, Lower Cali-

fornia. Variety aurantiaca Cpr. has not been figured, the

range is given as from Santa Barbara to Point Abreojos,

Lower California.

Lacuna marmorata Dall, 1919 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.

56, p. 348) is the shell <lescribed in Keep's West Coast Shells

and listed in Packard 's Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco

18 THE NAUTILUS.

Bay as L. nnifasciata Cpr. It is figured in Tryon's Man.

Couch., vol. 9, pi. 50, fig. 58, as L. variegata Cpr. The range

is given as from Saginaw Bay, Alaska, to San Diego, Cali-

fornia. This seems to be the most common species in Cali-

fornia.

Lacuna variegata Cpr., 1864, was described from the Swan

collecting at Neah Bay, Wash. (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., vol.

14, p. 429). Of the figures given in Tryon's Man. Conch.,

vol. 9, pi. 50, Dr. Dall considers fig. 64 to come nearest to it.

This figure is given as L. fusca Binney, a form of L. divari-

cata Fab. The range is given as from Neah Bay, Wash, to

Monterey, but it has been collected at several points in South-

ern California as far south as Reef Point, Orange County.

The last three species and var. aurantiaca Cpr. are quite

similar in form and texture, but in typical specimens the

color pattern is quite different. L. iinifasciata Cpr. is uni-

formly light brown with a narrow brown line on the keel of

the body whorl. Var. aurantiaca Cpr. is orange w^hite \\'ithout

color markings. In L. marmorata Dall, the keel of the body

whorl is marked by alternating white and brown spots and a

spotted pattern frequently extends over more or less of the

shell. The colors of L. variegata Cpr. are clouded or in zigzag

stripes and the keel of the body whorl is often marked by

white splashes. The details of the color pattern vary consid-

erably and fade in dead shells and cabinet specimens. If the

separation into different species is to be based on this color

pattern, var. aurantiaca Cpr. should be given specific rank.

It might just as well be a variety of one species as of the other.

NOTES ON ACANTHINA FROM CALIFORNIA.

nv A. M. STRONG

The proper arrangcTnent of the various forms belonging to

the genus Acanthi na, formerly Monooeros, wliieli are to be

found in California has been a puzzle to all tiie writers. The

few specimens wliich roacliod the early writers were seeiuiiigly

Cfisily separated into distiiR't species and a number were

THK NAUTILUS. 19

naineil. As larger series became available for study many iii-

tor«j:rii(los were found ami the (inestion of varieties and later

of priority of names became a ilitlieult one. Dr. Dall in linl-

letin U. S. National Museum, No. 112, 1922, rec(^nize8 Acaii-

thina spinita Blainville. 1S33, as tiie first name used and

therefore the typical form. All othor California foruLs, with

the exception of two species from the southern fauna found as

far north as San Dietro, are reduced to varieties.

Conrad in 1837 described three species from Santa Barbara,

Monoceros engonatum, Monoceros brevidens, and Moiwceros

lapUloidcs. At about the same time Sowerby described

Monoceros punctulata and Monoceros unicarinatum. At vari-

ous later dates the specimens in the early European collections

were redescribed and fignretl by Reeve, Deshayes, Gray and

Keiner, seemingly without much regard to the use of the

names. Dr. Carpenter in the Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856, p. 228,

gives the synonymy as follows:

Monoceros engonatum Conrad

= Monoceros unicarinatum Reeve, non Sowerby nee.

Deshayes

= Monoceros unicarinatum pars, Deshayes

Comp. Purpura spirata Blainv.

Monoceros brevidens Conrad

= Monoceros unicarinatum Sowerby no)i Reeve tiec.

Deshayes

Non Monoceros brevidentatum Gray

Monoceros l.vpilloides Conrad

= Monoceros punctulatum Sowerby

= Monoceros punctatum Gray

=^ Monoceros punctatum Reeve

Dr. Carpenter's comments in this connection are of interest.

Under M. eiujoimtum Conrad he says: "The shell figured by

Conrad and found in Mr. Nuttall's collection is very trian-

gular, with a pointed base. The P. spirata of Blainville is a

Sandwich Island shell, brought by M. Botta, very obtuselj

angulated, with a swollen base, scarcely acanthoid, and a canal

long enough for Chorus, Gray. It is remarkable for the scaly

keel of the upper whorls. This shell is reproduced by Keiner

20 THE NAUTILUS.

ill a different form, who affiliates Sowerby's species to that in

the Paris Museum. Deshayes, copying this error, and not

even adopting Blaiuville's earlier specific name, gives the

name and reference of Sowerby, with a description in the

main belonging to the Bhiinville species, although perhaps

with some additions from Sowerby's figure. Mr. Reeve com-

pletes the confusion by describing a shell, 'anfr. superne

angulatis,' very probably the true enganatum of Conraxl,

which he quotas; at the same time quoting the two different

shells above named (one of them under two names, P. spicata

and P. spirata), and figuring a very different shell, not angu-

lated at all. To mere learners, like the author of the present

paper, such differences are exceedingly perplexing," Under

Monoceros hrevidens Conrad he says: "The exact date of

Sowerby's species, which is generally referred to P. engonata

of Conrad, but differs from the figure of that shell, and agrees

much better with the description of this, is difficult to deter-

mine. The volume bears the date 1841. It differs from P.

enganata in being swollen at the base, with less sculpture and

angulations." Finally, in regard to all three forms appears

this: "The differences between the specimens of California

Monoceros are so numerous, and similar specimens from other

quarters are so variable, that the three species here rep)eated

from Conrad are given with ver>' great hesitation. That the

forms figured by Sowerby and Reeve are conspecific. is by no

means im])robable; the form engonata is the most aberrant

but it is by no means unapproaclied."

Later Dr. Carpenter evidently changed his mind to some

extent in regard to the different forms, as in his Supplemental

Report, 1863, p. 663, he lists three forms from the California

coast, as follows:

M(»io<cros cngonafum Conrad ^^ loiicorinatuni Sowerby.

Brown-dotted, with sharj) j)ostorior keel, snioothish.

Monoceros ? var. s])lniluni (lihiinv.). Light colored,

.scaly ; horn not develoi)ed.

Monoceros UipiUoides Conrad = punctatum Gray -|-

hrevulens Conr. Not shouldered, shape of l-apUlus.

For many years writers on California shells and the collector8

THK NAUTILUS. 21

have been followiiif? Carpenter in tlie use of etigonotum Con-

rad antl hipilloidrs' C'onnul for tlie two coiunion forms.

iSpirata Blainville lias been rej^'anled as a variety of ( ngo-

fuita Conrail by nearly all writers. Arnold mentions it in his

Paleontolofry of !San Pedro, p. 24G, as follows: "Specimens

showin<r the scaly surface of var. spiratum grade over into the

smooth form ; the sharp-keeled forms merfje into those which

approach very near to M. lapUloides. Some specimens have

thin and smooth out«r lips, while otliei's are strong^ly dentate.

Of fifty sjiecimens from the San Peilro Pleistocene only three

have the characteristic tooth developed, thus showing that in

the earlier form this distinguishing character was only occa-

sional. The scaly specimens are generally the strongest

keeled. This later form is the var. spiratum of Blainville."

Stearns, in the Am. Journ. Couch., vol. 7, 1872, applies the

name of var. spirata Blainv. to a local form founil at San

Diego, while it is stated in Tryon's Man. Conch, that spiratum

Blainville and cnqonatum Conrad are undoubtedly the same.

If we are to take the light-colored scaly variety describeil by

Carpenter and Arnold as the typical form for the species, the

darker and smoother form which has so long been recognized

as having at least a varietal ditt'erence should take the name

of Acanthina spirata var. en^&nata Conrad, 1837.

It is pretty generally recognized that all gradations are to

be found between the forms long known as Moiioceros eiigo-

twta and Monoceros lapUloid-es. Dr. Dall gives the date for

Sowerby's Monoceros punctulata as 1835 and Monoceros lapU-

loides becomes Acanthina spirata var. punctulata Sowerby,

1835. It is the fonn found on the exposed rocks of the outer

coast and under a different environment takes on a distinct

form.

Another variety, Acanthina spirata var. aurantia Dall, was

described in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 248. This is a

color form of variety enqonata Conrad. Similar orange or

lemon tinted specimens of quite a luimber of California shells

have been given varietal names.

Acanthina paucUirata Stearns, 1871, wa.<9 described from

San Diego in Conch. Memo. No. 6, p. 1. The species is stated

22 THE NAUTILUS.

by Lowe (Nautilus, vol. 27, p. 26) to be "In their prime'' at

Cape Coluette, Lower California. In general shape they are

quit« similar to small specimens of variety punctidata Sowerby

but the color pattern is quite distinct. They are " externally

painted with longitudinal broad black and narrow whitish

streaks, interrupted by the white dental groove,'' thus cutting

the black colored streaks up into large squares. In variety

pioictulata the light color preilominates and the dark is re-

duced to small square dots. A large series recently collected

near Lagiina, Orange County, show markings intermediate

between the two. It is quite probable that further collecting

and study will show that paucilirata is only a southern form

of variety punctukita and it will also have to be classed as a

variety of Acanthina spirata Blainville.

The Lower California species Acanthina luguhri^ Sowerby,

1822, is reported from San Diego on the strength of a single

specimen found there some years ago. Orcutt reports it quite

common as far north as the International Boundary Line. It

has been stated that Acanthina paucilirata Stearns forms the

connecting link beween higuhris and engonata. If further

collecting along the northern portion of the coast of Lower

California, where the ranges of the different forms overlap,

shows the full series of intergrades, still further changes in

the nomenclature will have to be made. In groups of this

kind where the forms are so variable it is dit!icult to draw the

line between variety and species, and the (luestion of possible

hybrids is always present.

YARIWE SHELLS OF DEIER BAY. KNIGHT ISLAND, PRINCE WILLIAM

SOUND, ALASKA.

BY \V.\LTER EVERDAM

During the summer of 1923, while engaged at my trade as

cooper iji the herring saltory of tlie Knight Islaiul Packing

Co. in Drier Bay, Prince William Sound, I utilized much of

my spare time in dredging and searching for shells along the

beaches.

THE NAUTILUS. 28

Drior Hay is about 35 miles by boat from La-Touclie; it in

an indentation of Knij^ht Island, about 10 s<|uare miles in

area. !St<M."i) mountains surrouml the bay, causinf? steep rocky

beaehes in most places and often fairly deep water in close to

the shoH'. In Mallard Ray, Cat-head liay and Miner's Cove,

ai> well as several other coves and small bays belonging to

Drier Bay proper, the beaches are covered with fucua and at

low tiile with abundance of eelgrass, and tiie water is quite

sliallow.

The best collecting was obtained by washing the roots and.

leaves of eelgress, which oft<?n grew to the length of 12 feet.

About a ton of eelgrass was washed in tubs and the mud

screened and panned, after which the remaining debris and

shells were carefully examined and separated, and many rare

species of small shells were thus obtained.

Most of the Odostomias and several other small rare species

were found among stones and sea-moss at low tide in [Mallard

Bay. About a dozen species of Chitons were found, some of

them from a depth of 200 feet.

Dredging was rather poor considering the large amount of

physical effort that was performed. About 150 hauls were

made at depths of 10 to 40 fathoms. Most of the dredging

was done near the herring dock by rowing out about 200 feet

and dropping the dredge and then rowing back to tie the boat

to a piling, after which I proceeded to haul in the dredge

rope by hand. It was generally chockfull of rocks and debris

and often weighed over 200 lbs. The results w^ere not always

gratifying considering the meager returns that I generally

got, but whenever I found a new shell I would try again.

Sometimes in the fall of the year when there was very little

work to do in the shop 1 would spend most of a day out in a

small rowboat dredging shells. Three times during the season

I lost my whole dredging outfit in waters ranging from 35 to

200 feet in depth, but each time T succeeded, with patience

and perseverance, to snag it up again.

Many rare small shells were dredged, including two new

species: TurhonHln {Pyrcjolampros) eyerdami (Bartsch) and

run<:turfUa eyerdami (Dall), and twenty-six spei-ies were

found beyond their geographical ranges.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

I\Iost of the shells were sent to Doctor Bartsch for identifi-

cation, to whom I am greatly indebted.

The follo^\•ing shells, comprising 139 species, were collected

in Drier Bay :

Nucula tenuis (Montagu). Scarce, in soft mud; dredged.

Leda fossa (Baird). Not common, in mud, mostly dead shells;

dredged.

Leda minuta (Fabr.). Scarce, in mud; dredged.

Yoldia my alls (Couth.). 2 or 3, in soft mud; dredged.

Yoldia montereyensis (Dall). Rare, in soft mud; dredged.

Yoldia species. In soft mud, dead shells ; dredged.

Chlamys hericeus (Gould). Fairly common on stony bottom.

Propeamiisium alaskense (Dall). Not uncommon; dredged.

Limatida subauriculata (Mont.). Quite common; 30 fathoms.

Monia macrochisma (Desh.). Common on rocks at low tide;

very thin.

Mytilus californianus (Conrad). Rare, at low tide.

MytUus edidis (Linn.). Very common.

Modiolus modiolus (Linn.). Very common.

Musculus niger (Gray). Rare; dredged.

Muscidus vernicosus (Midd.). Very common on eelgrass to

which it is attached by a byssus.

Crenella decussata (Mont.). Common on roots of eelgrass.

Thracia curia (Conrad). Rare, in fine mud; 25 fathoms.

Kennerlia hilirata (Conrad). Not common, fine iiuul.

Cuspidaria heringensvi (Leche). One specimen.

Cuspiduria pla)heti<:a (Dall). Two specinu'ns, nuiddy. 25 fra.

Astarte alaskensi^ (Dall). Common; 10 to 40 fathoms.

Astartc ricfoci/ma rsquimalti (Baird). Common; dredged.

Veiiericardia crehricostata- (Krause). Rare.

Thyasira gouldii (Philippi). Common; dredged.

Diplodonta alrutini (Dall). Under stones at low tide.

rarvilucina tcnui-sculpta (Cpr). Common; dredged.

Serripes groenlandicus (Gmelin). Rare; dredged.

Sd.ridomus gigantcus (Desh.). Very common on sandy

beaches.

Marcia kennerlyi (Reeve). A few specimens; 20 fatlioms.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Mania suhdiaphana (Cpr.)- Rare; dreilgeci.

I'rotothaca stominea (Conrad). Comuiou on muddy, stony

l)eaches.

I'stphidui lonli (Baird). Not common; dredged.

M a*: 0 ma sit k ana (Dall). On muddy beaches.

Macoma tio.futa. Muddy beaches.

Maioma balthica (Linn.). Very common on muddy beaches.

Spisiila {Pohjnyma) alaskana (Dall). Rare on beach.

3/1/0 truncata (Linn.). Not common, on muddy beach.

Mya intermedia (Dall). Fairly common on muddy beach;

young.

Soxicava arctira (Linn.). Very common on old piles and sub-

merged wood and also floating wood.

Saxicava pholadis (Linn.). Same habitat but less common.

Bankia setacea (Tryon). Destroys all wharves and wootl in a

few years.

Cadulus h( phurni (Dall). Common below low tide mark.

Acteocina culcitella (Gould). Dredged; not common.

Acteocina eximia (Baird). Common on eelgrass roots.

Retusa semen (Reeve). Dredged frequently.

Retusa harpa (Dall). Dredged; not eoimnon.

Ilaminoea olgae (Dall). Very common on eelgrass.

Lara quadra (Dall). Dredged; two specimens.

Lora morchi (Leche). Dredged; one specimen.

Lara harpularia (Couthony). Dredged; a few specimens.

Lora solida (Dall). Dredged; six specimens.

Lora chiachiana (Dall). Dredged; not uncommon.

Lora rosea (M. Sars.). Dredged; about a dozen specimens.

Lora heckii (Moller). One specimen.

Admete couthauyi (Jay). Dredged; quite common.

Olivella boetica- (Cpr.). Dredgeil ; one specimen.

Searlesia dira (Reeve). Very common on rocky beaches.

Sehizopyga mendica (Gould). On beaches, not connnon.

Tritomdia interfosaa (Cpr.). Dredged; not common.

Neptunra ienuviculpta (Cpr.). Rare, under stones at low tide.

Thais lamellosa. (Gmelin). Very common on rocks at high

tide mark.

Thais lima (Martyn). Common on rocks.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

Thais enmrginata (Deshayes). Common, rocks.

MelaneUa micans (Cpr.). Dredged; one specimen.

Turhonilla {Mormula) eschscholtzi (Dall & Bartech). Rare.

TurhonUla {Pyrgolumpros) eyerdanii (Bartseh). 3 specimens.

New species. Dredged from 20 fathoms, shelly bottom.

Odostamia. (Evalea) quadrae (Dall and Bartseh). Among

stones on beach, rare.

Odostomia (Evalea) skidegatensis (Bartseh). Among stones.

Odostomia (Evalea) wiUetti (Bartseh). Among stones on

beach.

Odostomia (Evalea) stephensae (Dall & Bartseh). Among

stones on beach.

Odostomia (Amaura) sanjuatienses (Bartseh). Rare, among

stones at low tide.

Odostomia (Amatira) talpa (Dall & Bartseh), Among stones

at low tide.

Cypraeolina pyriformi^ (Cpr.). Fairly common on seaweeds

at low tide in Mallard Bay.

Cerithiopsis charlottensis (Bartseh). Not common.

Cerithiopsis onealcnsis (Bartseh). One specimen.

Bittium (semibittittm) vancouverense (Dall & Bartseh). Com-

mon at low tide.

Trichotropis canccllata (Hinds). Dredged; common.

TricKotropis insignis (Midd.). Dredged; common.

Michanellum ore.gonense (Bartseh). Dredged; not common

Fartulum occidentale (Bartseh). Dredged; not common.

Tachyrhynchus erosus major (Dall). Dredged; common.

Tachyrhynchus lacteolus (Cpr.). Dredged; not common.

Littorina sUchana (Philippi). Very common on rocks.

Littorina rudis (Donovan), Very common on rocks.

Littorina sctttvlata (Gould). Common on rocks.

Lacuna divaricata (Fabr.), Very common on eelgrass.

Lacuna sp. On eelgrass,

Cingula aleutica (Dall), On eelgrass; six specimens,

Alvania reticulata (Cpr,), Common on eelgrass roots,

Crepidula ling u lata (Gould), Not eoimnoii ; dredged,

Crrpidula nummarius (Gould). Dredged; not common.

Natica (Cryptonatica) aleutica (DaJl). Dredged; common.

THR NAUTILUS. 27

Natica (Euspira) pallida (Brod. & 8owb.). Dredged; not

coiiuuon.

Natica {Eits-pira) monterana (Dall). Dredged ; one specimen.

Vflutina laevigata (Linn.). A few specimens from stones.

Lcpeta concentrica (Midd.). Common at low tide on rocks.

Lcpeta caecoides (Cpr.). Common at low tide under stones.

Acmaea nitra (Esch.). Two specimens.

Acmaca cassis pelta (Esch.). Common.

Acm-aea scutum (Esch.). Not common.

Acmaea pframahilis (Dall). Three young specimens.

Cidarina cidaris (A. Adams). Three specimens, mud; 40 fm.

Machacroplax varicosus (IMigliels & Adams). Dredged; one

specimen.

PupiUaria pupUla (Gould). Very common at low tide.

PupUlaria cinerea (Couth.). Dredged; one specimen.

Pupillciria pupUla. Several varieties.

Margarites helicinus (Phipps), Very common on eelgrass.

Margarites marginata (Dall). Very common on eelgrass.

Diadora aspera (Esch.). Scarce, on rocks at low tide.

Puncturellaeyerdami (Dall). New species. Three specimens.

25 fathoms.

Puncturella galeata (Gould). Dredged ; not common.

Puncturella cucullata (Gould). Dredged; not common.

Siphonaria thersites (Cpr.). Common on fucus.

Kellia laperousii (Deshayete). Among stones on the beach.

Hemithrys psittacea (Lam.). Dredged; not common.

Terehratalia transversa (Sowb.). Dredged; not common.

Laqueus calif ornicus (Koch). Dredged; young; common.

Terehratulina unguicula- (Cpr.). Dredged; not common.

Terehratalia caurina (Gould). Dredged ; common.

Spirorhis (species). Very common on fucus and eelgrass.

Columhelld (Nitidella) gouldii (Cpr.). Dredged; 2 specimens.

Roche fort is tumida (Cpr.). On eelgrass.

Turtania minuta (Fabr.). On eelgrass.

Crijptomya calif ornica (Conrad). Dredged; two specimens.

Cylichnella alba (Brown). Dredged ; not common.

Argobuccinum oreganense (Redf.). Only one mature speci-

men. This species is very abundant in some parts of

Prince William Sound.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Bucciniim morchunium (Fischer). Common under rocks.

Track ydermon ruber (Linn.). Dredged; not common,

Trachyderman albiis (Linn). Dredged ; not common.

Tracliydermon (Cyanoplax) hartwegii (Cpr.). Under stones.

Tonicella suhmarmorca (Midd.). Dredged; common.

Ischnochiton interstinctus (Gould). Dredged; common.

lachnocliiton {Trioplax) trifidus (Cpr.). Dredged; rare.

Mopalia sinuata (Cpr.). Dredged; rare.

Katheriim tunicata (Wood). On rocks; scarce.

Mopalm (ciluita) woss-nessenskii (Midd.). Under rocks; not

common.

Tonicella lineaia (Wood). Under stones; common.

Mopalia muscosa (Gould). Under stones.

Cryptochiton stelleri (Midd.). On rocks; not common.

Besides the above list of 141 species, about 50 other species

of invertebrates were collected. Among these are some very-

rare starfishes and crustaceans. Two very rare crabs, Chio-

nectes hairdi (Rathbun) and Pinnixa schmitti (Rathbun),

were retained by the U. S. Nat. Museum, and also a number

of a new species of Bryozoa, Discocylis (Bassler), the last spe-

cies being the first of its kind from Alaskan waters.

Two land shells were found, being fairly common in one

place under old boards and building paper — Polygyra Colum-

biana (Lea) and Circiuarui sporfcJhi (Gould).

SOME UNPUBLISHED PLATES OF CONRAD'S "UNIONIDAE".

BY WILLLVM J. FOX

Academy of Natural Scieiii-os of Phila(li'I])liia

The abrupt ending (witli the iiicoinph'te word beauti- on

I)age 118) of the work "Monograi)hy of the Family Union-

idte, or Naiades of Lanuirck " by T. A. Conrad, Phila-

delphia, 1836 [1835-18401, indicated tliat fnrther parts were

then contemplated. In all, Ihirteon a|)i)c;ir('(I, with five plates

each, a total of sixty-five plates.

THK NAUTII.LH. 29

The work was presumably cliscoiitinued on ac-eoiint of ill-

ness aiid lack of fiuaiu-ial suijport (see Popukir Science

Monthly ^ XLVII, p. 260, 1895) ; and it is interestin*!: to note

that the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Piiila-

delphia has just come into j)Ossession of seven unpublished

plates. These were obtained, with a miscellaneous lot of nat-

ural history pamphlets, from a seconil-hand book store in

Philadelpiiia about twenty-five years ago, and have remained

unnoticed until their donation to the Academy. They are

inscribed in lead pencil by Conrad as follows: Unio ligamen-

tina 1 Lam., pi. G9 ; ihiio infucatus Conrad, pi. 70; Unio

nasutus Say, pi. 71; Unio Jaycnius Lea [the name Jayanus

crossed out and Jayensis substituted], pi. 72; U. verucos-us

Raf., pi. 73; U. TubercuUitus Raf., pi. 76; and a plate, with

no inscription, containing three figures of what is known to

modern systematists as Quadrula cylindrii'a Say.

These plates are colored lithographs, and are on a paper

differing in quality from that used in the book as issued; it

would seem that they are the lithographer's proofs, colored as

samples to foUow. There is also a proof copy of U. plicatus

Say, pi. 65, which is the last plate in the book as published.

If the parts intended to follow No. 13 were to have five

plates each, as in the preceding numbers, it would indicate

that we have here part of the plates for Numbers 14, 15

and 16.

The plato 72 is inscribed (also in lead pencil) C. A. P. jr.

del., which suggests the name of the artist, Charles Poulson,

Jr., who was elected a member of the Philadelphia Academy

ill Ls41, and was no doubt a relative (son perhaps) of Charles

A. Poulson, to whom Conrad's book is dedicated. It has been

taken for granted that Conrad himself was the delineator of

these illustrations.

30 THE NAUTILI':

DR. NELSON ANNANDALE.

The death of Dr. Annandale, Director of the Zoological

Survey of India, in Calcutta on April 10, at the age of forty-

eight, is a severe loss to science. Dr. Annandale became

Deputy Superintendent of the Indian Museum in 1904. Two

years later he was elected Superntendent. Annandale at one

time or another worked on most groups of animals. He be-

came known as an authority on freshwater si)onges, polyzoa,

eltc, and on stalked barnacles, also publishing on fishes, rep-

tiles and insects. In the last few years he worked with great

industry and genius on freshwater mollusks, his papers cover-

ing a wide field, from Mesopotamia to Japan, and ({uite trans-

fonning this branch of Indian zoology. Most of these studies

were published in the Records of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,.

HENEY HAVEBSHAM GODWIN-AUSTEN.

Lieutenant-Colonel Godwin-Austen died on December 2nd

last, in his ninetieth year. He went to India in 1851 as a

subaltern in the 24tii Foot, but after six years' service, joined

the Indian Survey Department as topographical assistant.

He was the pioneer explorer of the great mountain ranges of

Baltistan, north of the Indus and Kashmir, and fixed the

position of the second highest mountain in the world, s\ibse-

<inently named IMount Godwin-Austen. He carried out mucli

survey work in the northeastern hill regions, bordering

Assam. During this service God win- Austin collected birds,

ui)on which he j)ul)lislie(l many papers, and land snails, upon

wliich he finally specialized. Besides many i)apers on mol-

lusks in periodicals, he published The Land and Freshwater

Mollusca of India, an epoch-making work on Indian land mol-

lusks, also indispensable in the study of all Orient^tl and Ethi-

opian faunas. The various groujjs of Zonitida^ and the land

oi)erculat€s especially were worked out with great acumen and

illustrated j)rofusply with his own drawings. He also con-

THE NAlTII.rs. 31

tributeii the volume on Testacellidii' and Zonitidie in 77u;

Fauna of Jiritish In din.

He retired from the Survey in 1877 and spent tiic hist

forty yeare at Noro, near Godalmiufr. Enf^hmd.

"Of a most attractive disposition and sin<jridar charm of

manner. Goihvin-Austen \\}is much beloved by his contem-

poraries, most of whom lie lon<; oul lived." '

W. H. GOLISCH.

California collectors have been greatly saddened by the

death of William li. Goliseh, which took place in his 54th

year at his home in Los Angeles, April 18th, 1924. Mr. Go-

liseh had always been of a frail constitution and for the past

three yeare had found his activities increasingly limited by

physical weakness. About eight years ago he and his wife

gave the large conehological collection which bears their name

to the Southwest ^luseum, and since that date much of their

time and strength have been devoted to so installing and

arranging their shells that they might be both a pleasure to

tiie hundreds of casual visitors to the Museum and a help and

satisfaction to students. That they were succeeding is the

testimony of those who have had an opportunity to compare

their collection with those in other cities.

Mrs. Goliseh expects to continue the work which her hus-

band was obliged to leave unfinished, feeling that there could

be no better memorial to this beloved collector than the com-

pletion of the work which he loved and began.

To say that Mr. Goliseh was a man of high Christian char-

acter, holding both the respect and affection of all who knew

him, is perhaps supei*f1uous, but those who have been asso-

ciated with him for so long are unwilling to pass over this

last ojiportunity to pay tribute to his personality and to his

achievements in spreading conehological knowledge and in-

terest.— Southwest Museum Conchological Club.

1 .\ fuller sketch of Godwin-Austen's life, with ywirtrait, may be

fouml in The Ibi<i, for April, 19i!4.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES

CoQuiNA Bouillon. — "When at Uaytona, Florida, a man re-

marked in the course of conversation that coquina made a

delicious soup. Having lived for several years at St. Augus-

tine, Florida, Avhere cocjuina was a term applied only to the

shell-rock, of which Fort Marion and some of the older houses

are built, the recipe sounded far from appetizing. I had

heard of bouillon made from Danax variabilis, and this was

really what the man meant, for he said they were tiny clams,

found very abundantly on the ocean beach at low tide. On

my return I looked into the matter and found that the Span-

ish word coquina means shell-fish in general, Avith no reference

to the shell-rock. Therefore the use of the word for the shell-

rock at St. Augustine and other parts of Florida is purely a

local term. On the other hand, the word Donax has, for one

of its meanings, a kind of shell-fish.

There was an old man of Daytona

Who said they made soup of coquina

It gave us a shock

When we thought of the rock

Tlien we learned that Donax was coquina. — C. W. J.

MaRGARITANA MARGARITLPERA LiNNE IN LABRADOR. — FrOm

Rev. W. W. Perrett of the Moravian ^Mission in Ilopedale in

Labrador I duly received a number of Marijarilaiui niargariti-

fera L., found in a river in the neighborhood of Hopedale.

The specimens are of tlie common type; the biggest shell is

120 mm. in length. 1 tliink tliis is the fii*st record for Labra-

dor. Hopedale is situated in 55.5° N. lat., 60"' W. long. —

Hans Schlesch, Copenhagen.

A Ti.\K(;i-: Pkctkn P>Ki).-^ri may be of interest to the readers

of the Nautilus to Icai-n of the recent discovery of a bed of

Pcctcii ni(i(ff]Ui)ii(us ((iiiieU fi-oni which fishermen witli

flounder dredges are taking hundreds of barrels a day. Tlie

locality is about ten miles northea.st of Race Point, Cape Cod,

on the eastern edge of Sf illwagen 's Hank", in about "20 fathoms.

THK NAUTILUS. 33

Tlie fisliennon say tlic bed is less than a mile scpiare hut tiie

shells are so plentiful they are oblijiri^l to tie up a part of the

net to prevent getting!: too many at one haul, dragf^ing only

ten or fifteen minut<?s. Two specimens sent me measured G'/o

inches each, and were from a lot of 100 barrels, taken by one

boat that day. One barrelful in the shell yields about two

gallons of "eyes," as the fishermen call them, the so-called

eyes being the adductor muscle. These they sell for $3 per

gallon. There are some twenty boats engaged in this industry.

They get from 50 to 150 bbls. a day, and at this rate miLst

soon exhaust the supply. This is the first large bed of P.

niagellanicus discovered north of Cape Cod, although beds of

this species are found south of Cape Cod, even as far as off

the coast of New Jersey. Single specimens are often pulled

up on fishing lines along the coast, indicating beds not yet

exploited. — J. Henry Blake.

The varietal names of Polygyra profunda (Say). — In

1899 (Terr. Moll. .Alieh., p. 12) 1 described the form of this

species without bands as "var. albcr' and incidentally re-

ferred to the form with coalescent bands as var. '' unicolor''.

In 1876 Walker & Beecher (Proc. Ann Arbor Sci. Ass., p.

44) listed without description a ''Helix multUineata var.

albina".

In 1878 Witter (Quar. Jour. Conch., I, p. 384) described

the bandless form of muliUinrata as "var. olh(r\ Walker &

Beecher's "ulhina" being without any description was a mere

"nomen nudum" and cannot be recognized. Witter 's desig-

nation is therefore entitled to stand.

Under these circumstances my use of "alba" as a varietal

name for P. profunda was invalid and I would therefore pro-

pose for the bandless form of that species the varietal name

of cfasciata.

In 1868 Currier (Shell-bearing Moll. Mich., j). 5) and in

1881 DeCamp (Shell-bearing Moll. Mich., p. 6) li.sted "J/rso-

don multUineata unirolor,^^ and in 1894 (R<^v. IMoll. Fauna

Mich., p. 16) I cat-alogued a '^ Polygyra inullilinrata unicolor."

In none of these papers was there any description of the fonn

34 THE NAUTILUS.

thus designated, and being nude names they cannot be held

to prevent the subsequent use of " unkolor'' as a varietal

name in Polygyra. It follows therefore that Polygyra pro-

funda unkolor is entitled to stand as the name for the form

of that species with eoalescent bands. — Bry.vnt W.vlker.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes on Some Austrauax Cassis. By C. Hedley. (Rec-

ords Australian Museum, vol. 14, pp. 46-48, pi. 8, 1923.)

Ox A Thal.\ssoid Element in* the Australlvn ^Iolluscan

Fauna. By C. Hedley. communicated by C. Oke. (Victorian

Xatur., vol. 40. pp. 75-77. 1923.)

Studies on Australian Mollusca. Pt. 14. By C. Hedley.

^Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, vol. 48. pp. 301-316. pi. 30-33,

Oct. 1923.1 Three new species are described, with beautiful

illustrations of Umbrae uliim hotankutn n. sp. and Tdhy:^

angasi Sowerby.

Gymnosomatous Pteropoda from Friday Harbor, "W.vsh-

ENGTON. By H. P. K. Agersborg. (Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 10

ser., VI. pp. 391-401, 1923./ Two new species are described.

The Morphology of the Xudibr-vnchiate Mollusc Melibe

LE<:iNiNA (GoL'LD). By H. P. K. Agersborg. (Quart. Joum.

Micr. Sci.. vol. 67, pp. .507-592. Dec. 1923.) A ver>- exhaus-

tive treatise of this interesting nudibranch, proving that Chio-

raera Gould is a sv-nonj-m of Mdibe Rang.

New Pe.\rly Fresh-water Mussels from Mexico xsd

Urugu.vy. By Wm. B. Marshall. (Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

vol. 63, pp. 1^, pis. 1-3, 1923.)

Tekti.vry Mollusks of the Genus Orthaulax from the

Republic of Haiti, Porti* Rico and Cuba. By Wendell R.

Woodring. (Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 64, pp. 1-12. pis. 1-2,

1923.)

THE .\ALTILL-5. i-J

Two New Freshwater Snails fsom Michigan. L.. ^^^^

L. Winslow. (Occas. Paper Mas. ZooU Uoiv. ilich_ no. 145,

pp. 1-4. pi. 1, Dec- 1923.;

Xew Molll"Skan Names. By Truman H. Aldrich. (Pitw.

Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 36. p. 199. Dee. 19*2:3. ' Uyi

n. n. for C. d<illi Aldr. 1594. not Cossmann 1^ --'jca

eo^mitki n. n. for C. smitki Aldr. 1886, not Sowerby 1n?1.

Two New Santo Domixgax Land Shells. By E. G. Van-

atta. f Proe. Acad. Nat. Soi. Phila.. vol. 75. pp. 359, 360.

1923. >

Notes ox Molluscax Nomi:ncl.4.ture. By W. H. DaU.

(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 37. pp. 87-90. Feb. 1924.

Teee Attachmext of Oyster Larvjc By Thorlow C. Nel-

son. Biological Bulletin. March. 1924, p. 143. 1 The foUow-

ing summary is given : " " Full-grown larvae of the oyster

shortly before attachment move over an appreciable area of

solid surface, testing it oat with the foot. Actual attachment

is preceded by circling movements, the larva finally coming to

rest with the left valve held in contact with the substratum

by the foot. The suggestion of Stafford. 1913. that the foot

is the organ of attachment has be«i confirmed by direct ob-

ser\-ation. The use of the foot and of the mantle during fixa-

tion is here described. The circling movements of the larva

while crawling over a substratum not only aid it in obtaining

a favorable foothold, but probably are also instrumental in

producing a fairly even distribution of the spat."

FossiLR-ii Cat-vlogus. I, Animalia, editiis C. Diener. Gas-

tropoda extramarina tertiaria, 1923. In 6 parts«. pp. 1862.

By W. Wenz. The literature of fossil non-marine m: - - -

so widely scattered that great labor is required to lea: .. --:

is published on the Tertiary histon.- of any family or genus.

There has been no general guide to the subject since Sand-

bergers monumental work, now about fiftj- years old. In the

FossQium CcUaloffus the references and synonymy of each

species are given in full, with its horizon and localities. How-

36 THE NAUTILUS.

ever, it is far from being a mere compilation of names ; only

those acquainted with the subject will recognize how much

excellent work has been done in the synonymy, in modernizing

the classification and in correcting generic references. Dr.

Wenz was well equipped for the task by his previous studies

on the same subject, and Me congratulate him on the comple-

tion of this standai'd work, which will be of value not only to

palaeontologists, but also to all interested in non-marine mol-

lusks.— H. A. P.

Land Mollusca from the Soloman Islands. By William

F. Clapp. (Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, Cambridge, LXI, No. 11.)

1923. Based upon specimens collected by Dr. W. ]\I. Mann.

About half of the 48 species found proved to be new. Among

the novelties are three species of Placostylus, several Crystal-

lopsis, TrochomorpJia, etc. Perhaps the most interesting is the

snail for which the new genus Cryptacgis is proposed. The

large, thin, subglobose shell is completely coveretl by the

mantle, which is eoncrescent over it. It is regarded as a

highly specialized offshoot of Papuina or some closely related

genus. In many cases anatomical details are described and

figured, and there are five excellent plates of the shells. —

H. A. P.

Mr. Charles Hedley has resigned his position as Principal

Keeper of Collections, Australian Museum, after thirty years'

service. He has been appointed Scientific Director of the

Great Barrier Reef ('onnuittee, a body formed under the

auspices of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia,

Queensland Branch, to engage upon research jiroblems in rela-

tion to that great natural feature of the Queensland coast.

Mr. Iledley has also been recently elected an Honorary Fellow

of the New Zealand Institute. — Austnilian Zoologist.

THE NAUTILUS. XXXVIll

1.2. NEPHRONAIAS EI.V/E WAI.KKK

3.4. ANonoNTITKS Fl.UCKI WAI KI-.K

Fhe Nautilus.

Vol. XXXVIII OCTOBER, 1924. No. 2

ON THE EIO GRANDE

BY JAMES H. PERRISS

In the last days of Febniaiy, this year, snow-balling led all

Texan sports iu the Peeos-Rio Grande region. To the native-

bom it was their first snow — thus a warm game and full

teams. Occasionally the banks were too deep for the Fords.

At Alpine, however, by tlie time our car had been refreshed

and tried out, the roads were open, and for the next two

months the weather-man was kind and genial, from the Big

Bend to the northeastern corner of Texas.

This was an expedition of only one. Mollusks, cacti and

ferns were the real purj^ose ; pleasure, health, and a few other

things merely incidental. Eleven rattlesnakes were included

in theee incidental features, and some good things botanical

for a public park collection. The journey from Alpine to

Terlingua, in the depths of the Big Bend of the Rio Grande,

was over the route scratched by Dr. Pilsbry and the present

writer in a former (1922) expedition, an account of which we

have in preparation. No investigations were made this time

until new ground was invaded southwest of Terlingua. Here

the bones of Bulimuliis alternatus hesperiiis were very plenti-

ful in the sands of a low plain frequently and recently flooded ;

in its nakedness quite another Death Valley.

In the north slope of a mountain which to the south forms

38 THE NAUTILUS.

the north wall of the Grand Canyon of the Rio Grande, dweUsj

one of the larger Holospiras. Sad to relate, that particular

catch was lost in the mail, thus not identified. Again Buli-

mulus a. hesperius was collected in the brush of the south wall

of the river at Langtry, and upon the higher plains of the

Pecos.

Eastward from Marathon (on the Southern Pacific R. R.)

the El Paso-San Antonio highway, for sixty or seventy miles,

is confined to an ancient valley or channel between ranges of

low mountains, and thus one of the most pleasing prospects.

It was only twenty to forty minutes from car to mountain-top.

Twenty live Lysinoes in one gulch, the very one the collectors

have been searching for for some forty years, because a

"bone" had been found near a prairie-dog hole at Alpine.

Holospira, Bidimulus, and ferns were plentiful.

At Sanderson, in this valley, Polygyra and Helicina broke

in, and continued the remainder of the journey. At the mouth

of the Pecos Euglandina was abundant (and dead). Only

two living ones were found in three half-days of especial dig-

ging. While gathering other shells, the dwelling place of this

member of a wet-land fauna was accidentally discovered in the

highest and drj'est hills. Where the upper layer of limestone

is separated from the main floor one or two feet, the space

filled with broken stone, soil and rubbish, will be found the

home of Euglandina singlcyana. No bones or fragments of

this species were scattered about tlie surface witli the remains

of other species, and the shells in their home were unbroken.

Thus evidently the animal is not toothsome for mice or the

rock cat. Death comes in tlie natural way. The live shells,

agate-yellow in color, polislied, transparent, witli faultless

lines of moUusean areliitecture, a full-grown s})ecinien lightens

the heart, bestirs the energy, of the collector.

Both Pilsbry and I had a profitable experience here at

the Pecos' mouth in 1903. The limestone bluffs, around five

hundred feet above the river bed, present an excellent eleva-

tion for rarities in conchology and botany. Here also a close

acquaintance with our largest rattlesnake was enjoyed.

Nolhol(r7ia srhaffticri, one of the rarest American ferns, thrives

THE NAUTILUS. 89

here under the upper, overhanging sheets of limestone. A

delioato phmt. it prospers best in tlie tine diiKl accinnnlating

upon the tloor of its oave-like iionie. Posing upon a common

level with liis victims, the collector upon hands and knees

crawls about in the cacti and prickly brush with l)ecoming

humility and caution. Thus came about this introduction to

a rattler of seven inches girth. Happily, although the rattler

was coiled for emergencies and, nose and nose, we were less

than two feet apart, his snakeship was exceedingly fat, thus

good-natured and patient. However, to get him permanently

into an army knapsack required the better part of an hour's

diplomacy. It was worth it. With this, my collection contains

all of the American poisonous snakes except three.

A warm shower in the middle of April was a grand spring

opening for the Bulimulus tribe. Then B. alternatus hesperms

climbed tlie fence-posts of the Pecos, the cacti and the brush.

Some of the shrubbery looked like stands of the white snow-

berry in fruit. A few days later B. dealbatns pecosensis ap-

peared at the High Bridge, and during the remainder of the

journey BulimuLiis bushes were in full fruit, all species of the

region being represented. While the highway from the Pecos

River is fairly level for southern Texas, on into Waco, and

one brushy tract like another, each collecting ground contained

a Bulimulus species, variety or color unlike its predecessor.

A mile perhaps below the Laguna postroffice the hills upon

the south bank of the Nueces, high and well timbered, with

precipices and slides, seemed to warrant a little wading.

CheUanthes leucopoda, another of the rarest ferns, had been

found within a hundred miles or so of that beautiful scenerj'.

In fact, since returning home, the original discovery of the

species was found to be Uvalde Canyon, a familiar name in

that part of Texas. Not only this fern thrives in that par-

ticular Nueces bluff, but also Atiemia mexicaaia, another Texas

rarity in ferns ; also the recently described Holospira goMfussi

anacacJietisis Bartsch ; and three species of cacti heretofore

unknown to me.

Possibly in the headwaters of the Neuces and the low range

of mountains from New Braunfels, Fredericksburg and Keer-

40 THE NAUTILUS.

\TLlle, with a western terminus somewhere near the Pecos

drainage, both botany and conchology may contain something

of great interest. The Great Bend of the Rio Grande also

seems tempting. Our two raids there scratched the west side of

the Chisos mountains, and a sight-seeing trip to the Grand

Canyon only. The region is as accessible as any, considering

desert conditions. From Marfa, Alpine and Marathon via

Terlingua to the river is about seventy miles. From the Pecos

to Marfa a little over two hundred miles. From ]\Iarfa to

El Paso another two hundred. Here are mountains 9000 feet

in altitude, and desert conditions quite unlike other better

known deserts. Limestone almost everywhere, the soil fertile,

well covered with vegetation ; population American stock-men

and Mexican gardeners; a few villages and quicksilver mines.

With a Ford or pack train is not this about the best of our

unexplored regions?

In the following list only the species taken in the Big Bend

and along the highroad (which roughly parallels the Southern

Pacific Railway) as far east as the Nueces River are recorded.

The few lots taken in central Texas are from well-known

places.

List of Species, by H. A. Pilsbry and J. H. Ferriss.

Polygyra texasiana texasensis (Pils.). Alpine, Langtrj',

mouth of the Pecos, Devil's River, east of Brackettville and

on the Nueces River. In the western counties this form, which

is smoothish on the upper surface as well as the base, replaces

the typical P. texasiana, which is ribl>ed above. It was first

described as P. texAisensis Pilsbry, Nautilus XVI, p. 31 ; later

we found a smaller and even smoother form in the Devil's

River region, which we described as P. tcxasiuna hjfpcrolia,

Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, p. 128. The large series t^iken

this year shows intergrades in size, scul])tiire and size of um-

]>ilicus between these forms, which cause us to unite them.

Thi/s'(mo]>hora hornii (Gabb). Devil's River and Nueces

River; scarce in tlie drift.

Bulimulus altemaiics hespcriits, u. subsp. {Bulwudus alter-

THE NAUTILUS. 41

nut US ytuirur. Western Form, Pilsbry and Ferriss, Proc. A. N.

S. PhUa., 1906, p. 140, pi. 7, figrs. 1-12; p. 132, %. 5a.)

The sliell averages larger than B. a. nuiruc; spire more

strictly conic; white or pale brown, uniform or with brown

streaks wliich are never ragged; aperture very dark; colu-

mella not toothed. Length 30 to 44 mm.

In working over our collection of the expedition of 1903

the characters of this race were noted, but we did not then

name it as separate from marue. A considerable amount of

additional material from localities mentioned below, and larger

series of the true moruv from the lower Rio Grande valley,

collected by one of us, serve to emphasize the constant differ-

ences between the form of the high western country and maruE

of the lower valley. We take as type of hesperius a specimen

from the east side of the Pecos at the High Bridge, measuring

34 mm. long, 17.4 mm. diameter. Additional localities of 1924

are : a valley just north of the canyon of the Rio Grande, W.

of S. from Terliugua; Langtry; west of and at the highway

bridge over the Pecos, near its mouth.

Bulimulus dealhatus pecosensis P. & F. Quite abundant,

and variable in shape and color. Mouth of the Pecos in sev-

eral places, and about halfway between there and Del Rio;

near, west of, the Nueces River below junction of two dry

branches, and in the river drift.

Bulimulus dealhatus ragsd<ilei Pils. Alpine, Housetop Mt.,

Sanderson, small hills west of St. John ranch, Langtry, Devil's

River, and about 3 miles east of Del Rio.

Locally variable in shape and degree of striation; in some

cases approaching B. d. pecosensis. Sometimes very small,

do\\ni to 16 mm. long.

Bxdimulus, n. sp. A peculiar rather long Bulimulus, very

smooth and glossy, brown with many whitish streaks, was

taken at Sanderson, but the single example is broken, and just

what its characters are remains uncertain. It must be looked

for again.

Holospira goldfussi anacachensis Bartsch. Nueces River.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

Occurs both larger and smaller than the measurements given

in the original account; from 10.7x3.5 mm. to 15x3.9 mm.

Holospira roemeri (Pfr.). Alpine and Housetop Mt., slen-

der specimens; mouth of the Pecos; Devil's River; Nuec«s

River. Specimens from the mouth of the Pecos measure :

Length 14, diam. 4.3 mm. Length 17.7, diam. 3 mm.

And from the Nueces River :

Length 12.5, diam 5 mm. Length 14, diam. 4 mm.

Length 12.7, diam. 4.9 mm. Length 18, diam. 4.3 mm.

Length 13, diam. 4.6 mm.

The longest of these is strictly cylindric ; the shortest is

widest in the middle, while the others are widest in the upper

part.

Euglandina svngleyan<i (W. G. B.). Found on both sides

of the Pecos, near the highway (see above). One broken

specimen measures 20.3 mm. in diameter, and a fragment

indicates a still larger size, thus surpassing the central Texas

specimens.

Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils. Drift of the Pecos, Devil's

and Nueces Rivers.

Punctmn pygmceum (Drap.). Nueces River.

Polita indentata umhilicata Ckll. Pecos, Devil's and Nueces.

Polita dalliana roemeri (Pils. & Ferr.). Nueces drift.

Pseudohyalitm minuscula (Binn.), P. singleyaim (Pils.)

and P. niimmus (Van.). Devil's and Nueces drift.

Eucoiiulus cher sinus trochulus (Reinh.). Devil's and Nue-

ces river drift.

Succinea lutcola Gld. Alpine, Langtry, mouth of the Pecos

and Devil's Rivers.

Succinea avara Say. Devil's and Nueces Rivers.

Gastrocopta cantracta (Say). Devil's and Nueces Rivers.

G. pentodmi (Say). Nueces River.

G. pcUucida- hordracrUn (Pils.) and G. criftaia (P. & V.).

Pecos, Devil's and Nueces drift.

Pupoidcs niargiiiata (Say). Same localities.

Vertigo ovata (Say). Nueces drift, one specimen.

TIIK NAUTILUS. 43

VaUania j)erspcctiva Sterki. Peeos, Devil 's and Nueces drift.

Lxjmmra {Galha) parva Lea. Devil's and Nueces Rivers.

Planorbis trivolvis Say and P. antrosus Con. Nueces River.

Plunarbis dU<itatus Gld. Nueces drift.

Pl-atwrbis cams Pils. & Ferr. Devil's and Nueces drift.

Planorbis Ikbm^nni Dkr. Pecos, Devil's and Nueces drift.

PUmorbula obstructa (Morel.). Same localities.

Physa sp. Pecos and Nueces Rivers; small specimens only.

Paludestrina protea (Gld.) and P. seenuinni (Fdd.). Nue-

ces drift.

Cochliopa riograndensis Pils. & Ferr. Pecos and Nueces

Rivers.

Helicina orbiculata tropica Pfr. Pecos, Devil's and Nueces

drift; also east of Brackettville.

SOME OLD PLEUROCERIDS AND A NEW ONE

BY CiVLVIN GOODRICH

In the summer of 1923 Mr. W. J. Clench and Mr. L. E.

"Wehmeyer made a collecting trip by automobile that began at

Ann Arbor, Mich., and took in parts of Indiana, Illinois, Mis-

souri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida.

The Pleuroceridae taken on the journey — described by the

travelers as the Voyage of the Asthma — were placed in my

hands for identification.

GoNiOBASis LiVESCENS (Menke). Wabash River, Ind., two

miles west of Huntington, also two miles west of Peru ; Pipe

Creek, seven miles west of Peru.

This is a stout, bulbous form, varying little in the upper

"Wabash drainage. I have it from the Wabash, Logansport;

Little Wabash, Huntington; Salamanie, Montpelier; Eel,

North Manchester; Tippecanoe, Warsaw; Deer Creek, near

Delphi ; Coal Creek, Veedersburg. This is on a line running

southwest across Indiana. The form is the common one of

the Maumee River system of Lake Erie and occurs in the Rai-

sin, Huron and Clinton rivers of eastern Michigan ; also in

44 THE NAUTILUS.

the more protected parts of the Niagara River and in several

of the streams of Ontario. The form is noticeably different

from the species in Lake Erie, the type locality of livescem.

Anthony described a melanian from the Wabash as M. cuhi-

coides.^ Material from Huntington was identified by Call ^

as this species. The types, which I have examined, are two

specimens sharply angled on the body whorl. I am sure that

as regards livescens of the streams this is only an oddity, rare

and of no specific value. However, in Lake Erie are deep-

water forms that are carinate to the last whorl, the character

being constant. Such shells w^ere dredged a few years ago by

students of the Ohio Biological Station at Put-in-Bay and

there is a beach in Ottawa County, Ohio, upon which these

carinated forms are thrown, doubtless by the severer storms.

Call says he did not fiiid cuhicoides {livescens) in the Wabash

below Lafayette. It is rather strange that Daniels, who col-

lected several times at Lafayette, did not find any Goniobases

there at all.

Other synonyms of livescens, whose tji^es I have exara-

iried, are:

Melania niagarensis Lea, March, 1841.

Melania napella Anth., Dec, 1850.

Melania cuspidata Anth., Dec, 1850.

Melania elata Anth., Dec, 1850.

Melania occulta Anth,, Feb., 1860.

Go-niohasis milesii Lea, June, 1863.

Goniobasis lithasiodcs Lea, June, 1863.

Pleubocera acuta Raf., Wabash River, two miles west of

Huntington, Ind. ; Pipe Creek, seven miles west of Peru, Ind.

This is a common associate of Gouiobasis livescens in north-

em waters, though apj)arently it docs not go as far north as

livescens. Call speaks of finding this species (commonly

known as P. suhulare I^ea) by thousands at Lafayette "on

the muddy banks of the river within the city limits." It is

a large form here and specimens t^iken by Daniels were sent

' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Feb., 1860, p. 60.

* Indiana Geological Report for 1899, p. 482.

THE NAUTILUS. 4")

out as elevatum Say. There is some question as to what the

true elevatum is inasmuch as ISay himself appears to point

out its resemblance to canaliculatiitn. This would read most

of the elevatum out of the cabinets. A complex of Pleuro-

ceridffi occurs at Lafayette. It is extremely difficult to tell

where acuta leaves off and forms of the canaliculatuin-

undulatum group begin. Possibilities are hybridism and a

merging of species hitherto unsuspected.

GoNiOBASis POTOSiENSis (Lea), stream three miles south and

a second stream four miles south of Potosi, Washington

County, Mo. ; creek two miles west of Shepard, Iron County,

Mo. All tliree localities in the drainage of the Meramec River.

Nearly all the specimens taken are juvenile, but agree with

Lea's meager description and one individual has exactly the

measurements set down for the types. The species is close to

pleheius Anth., common iu the Ozarkiau region, differing from

it principally in having a much more delicate texture, in

being deeply and constantly cariuate and in having the outer

lip regularly rounded with no angulation whatever. Even

quite old specimens would probably be less heavy than the

average pleheius. A possible synonym is Goniobasis ozar-

kensis Call, 1886.

GoNiOB.vsis PLEBEius (Auth.), two miles southwest of Hous-

ton, Texas County, Mo. (Gasconade River drainage) ; two

miles southeast of Hardy, Sharp County, Ark, (White River

drainage).

These forms are identical with those taken by CaU, Hinkley

and Brown in the same region. The "center of population"

of this species appears to be in Missouri, south of the Missouri

River. It is plentiful in northern Arkansas, and there appar-

ently it reaches its largest growth. Certain Ganiobasis from

Des Moines, Iowa, may be as.signed to plcbeius. Dr. Brvant

Walker has specimens from Fort Ilill, 18 miles south of Ft.

Gibson, Indian Territory. This would be in Muskogee County,

Okla., the drainage of the Arkansas River. I take the types

of Melania haleiana Lea, coming from Alexandria, La., and

now in the National Museum, to be young Pleurocera acuta

46

THE NAUTILUS.

Raf. But vnth. this type lot are some juvenile Goniohases,

almost indeterminate but nearer to pleheius than to anything

else. If they are this species, the range of pleheiiis is from

Iowa to Louisiana, westward into Oklahoma and probably into

Kansas.

GoNiOBASis CLENCHi, new species.

Shell: Elongate, rather thin, Dresden-brown to chestnut-

brov^^l, the type without color bands. Sutures deeply im-

pressed. Apex eroded. Tlie first of 6% whorls remaining is

flat in the space between a carinated periphery and a carina

just under the suture; the other wliorls become increasingly

convex to the last one. Sculpture striate-undulate, reticulate ;

low plicae are crossed by revolving lines, a tiny point of shell

substance rising at each junction of plicae and horizontal lines.

This sculpture continues to the peripheiy of the last whorl,

below which are four sharply-defined revolving lines and one

microscopic line. Growth lines are fine, not very regular.

Aperture ovate and of moderate size, showing the exterior

sculpture through the shell substance. Columella slate-colored,

thin, narrow, with a twist or fold near the center. Outer lip

decidedly incurved from suture to below the periphery. Sinus

not large, but distinct.

^^^

2

Fios. 1-3.

Goniobasis ch'iichi

Fig. 4.

Teeth of G. clenehi.

Operculum: Tliin, reddish-brown, roughly triangular; alti-

tude 31/i mm., diameter 3 mm. Nucleus (leju'essed. Nuclear

whorls sharply-rnarkcd. widcly-coih'd. Striie dee]^ly iiioisod

and sliowiiig tiie iTgular growtb and clumge of i)osition of tlie

nuclear whorls with rehit.ion to the apex. Apex blunt. Left

margin curving, very sliglitly sinuous, thickened ; right margin

broadly curved, exceedingly thin ; ])asal margin rounded.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

MeasTirements of shell : Altituile, 24 mm. ; diameter, 8 mm.

Aperture — altitude, 7:^4 mm.; diameter, 4 mm.

Type Uvality : Clioctawhatchoe River, Newton, Dale County,

Ala. Shells taken "on rocks and alon^? bank on ledges; when

in middle of river on rocks in one to tliree feet of water; the

Pleurocerida^ crawling there on a tine deposit of silt or very

soft mud." Collected by W. J. Clench, July 23, 1923.

The number of whorls of an uneroded adult would probably

reach ten. On young shells the first whorls have no sculpture

save two carina?, one close to the suture, the other at the

center. The upper carina sometimes resembles a row of

minute beads. The periphery of the whorls of juveniles is

angular, the base tending to flatten. In a ([uite old shell the

columella is pinkish-white rather than slate-colored and, be-

cause of the addition of callus, the fold is apparent only

under the hand-glass. Most of the shells are bright and shin-

ing. Variation in color, form and sculpture is slight. Of 78

shells that were cleaned of foreign material, six have a nar-

row, dark band on the base ; all of these are young.

The radula appears to differ slightly from that of Melania

depygis Say £is pictured by Troschel and from that of Plenro-

cera elevatiim Say, drawn by F. C. Baker. The formula of

the denticles is :

[l2^7J^ 4^3 — 4-1-1 + 3 — 4^4 ^[7 ^ 12J

Goniohasis clenchi, belonging to the group of catenaria Say,

has some of the aspect of that species, notably the sculpture.

It is, however, a more narrow shell, is not so strongly cari-

nate ; the lip usually is more deeply incurved ; the body whorl

is broadly rounded whereas in catenaria it is subangulate at

the center. Clenchi has the distinctive operculum of catemiria,

which jdso I have found in G. arachno-idca (Anth.) and G.

troostiana Lea, probably geographical outliers of the catenaria.

group.

Herbert H. Smith recognized this species as new. His

localities for it were Choctaw hatchee River, near Pinckard,

Dale County, and the same river near (Geneva, Geneva County,

Alabama.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

The pictures of the shell and operculum were drawn by

Miss Miua Winslow ; that of the radula by Mr. Clench,

GoNiOBASis DOOLEYENSis Lea, Choctawhatchee River, New-

ton, Dale County, Ala.

The Alabama specimens are somewhat smaller than indi-

viduals from Georgia and the plicate sculpture is less pro-

nounced, but in all essentials the shells are the same. The

types of dooleyensis are from Dooly County, Ga. Walker^

cites it from Early and Baker counties, Ga. ; from Chipola

River, Fla. ; all in the Apalachicola drainage ; also from Econ-

fina Creek, Fla., flowing direct in the Gulf. Every one of

these streams, including the Choctawhatchee River, come close

to one another near their mouths, and probably there has

been interchange of fauna.

GoNiOBASis sp., Choctawhatchee River, Newton, Dale County,

Ala.

I am unable to recognize this species -vnth the help of de-

scriptions and illustrations published. It may possibly be the

form which Lea included under G. elliottii as coming from

Uchee and Little Uchee rivers, Ala. The shell is slender,

smooth, mostly greenish-brown, sometimes dark yellow or

nearly black. The apical whorls are carinate, sometimes with

two or three or four incised, microscopic, revolving lines.

The outer lip is slightly sinuous, the aperture elliptical, the

sinus distinct and extended. The shell has a number of nar-

row bauds more often than not.

GoNioBASis CATENARIA (Say), Itchtuckuee River, one mile

eeist of Hildreth, Fla. (Suwanee River drainage).

This is the form which appears in ohl collections as M.

2)apUlosa Anth.

•Nautilus, XVllI, Aj.ril, 1905, p. 134.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

MABINE MOLLUSCA OF THE BRIDOEPOBT, CONNECTICUT, BEOIOH

BY ARTHUR JACOT

The following Mollusca were collected at the various beaches

near the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Although the habi-

tats are varieti, only a small number of species Avas secured.

This meagemess of tlie fauna may be ascribed, though prob-

ably not entirely, to proximity to the city. Both Outsell and

Mitchell have reported (Bureau of Fisheries Reports) on re-

sults to oysters and other marine animals of oil, copper and

tar contamination of waters even some distance from the cities.

Slightly lower salinity is probably also responsible — though

but slightly so. ]\Iilford Beach is close to the mouth of the

Housatonic River.

Area (Scaph-arca) campechiensis pexata Say. Long Beach,

Bridgeport; generally distributed, fairly common.

Area {Sea pharca) transversa Say. Long Beach ; less common.

Osirea virginica Gmelin. Common everywhere, the dominant

species, forming banks, as at Milford Beach.

Peeten {Plagioctenium) gihhus horealis Say. Long Beach;

not common.

Ancnnia simplex d'Orbigny. Generally common.

Mytilus edulis Linne. Abundant everj-^vhere, especially so at

Stratford Beach.

Mytilus edulis pelhccidits Pennant. Occasional among the

others.

Modiolus {Brachydontes) demissus plieatulus (Lamarck).

Long Beach, especially on the marsh side.

Pandara {Clidujphora) g&uldiaiui Dall. Fairfield Beach, Fair-

field. Occasional.

Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). As the preceding.

Cardium (Laevicardium) mortoni Conrad. Very thinly scat-

tered.

Calloeardia {Agriopoma) nwrrhuaim (Linsley). Occasional.

Venus merccnaria Linne. Very few.

Venus merceiiaria notata Say?.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

Gemma gemm/i (Totten). Long Beach.; fairly common.

Gemma gemma- purpurea (H. C. Lea). Far more common.

Petricola plwladiformis Lamarck. Occasional.

Tellina (Angiilu^) tenera Say. Fairfield Beach; occasional.

Macoma, balthica (Linne). Long Beach, around the point.

Ensis directus (Conrad). Long Beach; fragments.

Spisida (Hemimactra) solidisslma (Dillwyn). Silver Beach,

Milford.

Mtdinia lateralis (Say). Milford Beach; fairly common.

My a arenaria Linne. Common most everywhere.

Pyramidella fusca (C. B. Adams). Not uncommon; IMilford

and Long Beach.

Odostomia (Menestho) trifida (Totten). Common generally.

Odostomia {Meiiestho) hisuturalis (Say). Milford and Long

Beach.

Polinices (Neverita) duplicata (Say). Few.

Polinices {Euspira) heros (Say). Long Beach; occasional.

Polinices (Euspira) triseriata (Say). Milford Beach; occa-

sional.

Crepidula fornicata (Linne). Generally distributed.

Crepidida glauca convexa Say. Common, all beaches.

Crepidula plana Say. Occasional, all beaches ; mouth of whelk

shells.

Litorina ohtusata palliata (Say). !Milford Beach; abundant,

common everywhere.

Litorina rudis (Donovan). Similar to previous,

Litorina rudis tenehrosa (Montagu). Long Beach, on marsh

side.

Lacuim viticta (Montagu). Milford Beach; occasional.

Lacuna vincta fusca Gould. Milford Beach ; common.

Euplcura caudata (Say). Fairly common and of general dis-

tribution.

Urosalpinx cvierca (Say). Commoner than the preceding.

Columbella (Anachis) avara similis Ravenel. Fairly common,

Milford Beach.

Columbella (Astyrv;) hnuiia (Say ) . Milford Beach ; abmidant.

Alcctri&ii [Hinia) vibcx (Say). Occasional.

THE NAUTILUS. L)l

Alecirian (Ilyatwssa) obsolcta (Say). Long Beach ; especially

around tlie west end, and eastward of Milford Beach.

Alectrion {2'ritia) trivittata (Say). Stratford Beach, abun-

dant, common generally.

Busycon carica (Gmelin). Silver Beach, Milford, and others;

occasional.

Busycan canaliculatum (Linne). Commoner than previous.

Melampu^ litwatiis Say. Abundant on salt marsh&s.

A comparison of this fauna with that found on the south or

ocean shore of Long Island shows a conspicuous absence of

the following genera: Nucula, Yoldia, Astarte, Divaricella,

Donax, Tagelus, SiliqiM, Corhula, TurhoniUa, Epitoivium,

Triphoris, Bittium, Actean, Tornatina, Cyclina. Although

some of these may later be found in this general vicinity, the

majority of them are species demanding conditions of full

salinity, clean ocean water, and clean sand. At Beaufort,

N. C, for instance, Donux versicolor was most plentiful on the

inlet shores. Once the inlet banks had turned inward far

enough to face the sound this species was lacking or rare.

There is, therefore, considerable difference in habitats whose

substratum conditions are identical but which are situated in

a sound or bay and on the ocean proper. In this connection

it would be interesting to determine how far eastward beyond

Long Island Donax may be found, as at Block Island, Martha's

Vineyard and Nantucket, before the cold stream from the

north would be felt sufficiently to change the temperature

conditions found along the south shore of Long Island.

TWO NEW NAIADES FROM NICASAGUA

BY BRYANT WALlKER

The following species were submitted to me by Rev. W. II.

Fluck of Great Kills, Staten Island, N. Y., for examination

and description, if they proved to be new. Both of them ap-

pear to be undescribed.

52 THE NAUTILUS.

Nephraiiaias elvce u. sp. PI. I, figs. 1-2.

Shell solid, broad oval, rounded before and behind, sub-

compressed, with a very low, nearly obsolete posterior ridge,

which scarcely affects the posterior margin and which is out-

lined by a shallow groove along its posterior side; beaks but

slightly elevated, eroded in the specimens seen; surface

slightly sulcate towards the beaks, much more so towards the

margins and covered with numerous fine striae very close

together, which are cut by radial impressed lines extending

from the beaks to the margins, which are deeper and further

apart anteriorly and posteriorly, giving them a festooned ap-

pearance, which is almost granular in the center of the disk;

epidermis dark brown, shading into yellowish around the mar-

gins, rayless; left valve with two strong, erect pseudocardinals,

which are nearly parallel, and two slightly cum^ed laterals;

interdentum rather long, narrow and rounded; right valve

with a single, strong, elevated pseudocardinal, the sides of

which are about parallel with a small, compressed tooth above

it, and one lateral; anterior muscle scars deeply impressed

and roughened, posterior scars much less so; pallial line dis-

tinct, with radiating sculpture especially on the upper side;

nacre bluish white, slightly iridescent posteriorly ; dorsal scars

numerous, deep and situated luider the interdentum.

Length 62, alt. 44.2, diam. 25.2 mm.

Type locality, the Wanks River or Rio Coco, Nicaragua.

Type in the collection of Rev. W. H. Fluck.

Mr. L. S. Frierson, to whom a photograph was submitted,

suggested that it was very close to Nephronaias rctkid^ata

Simp., if not identical with it. On sending similar photo-

graphs to Mr. W. B. Marshall of the U. S. National Museum

for comparison with Simpson 's type, he replied as follows :

"At first I thought your shell surely was Nephranaias reti-

culata Simpson, but when I came to examine the sculpture I

found that, although Simjison's shell is only about two-thirds

as large as yours, the sculpture on his is two or three times as

coarse. This put me on the fence as to whether yours is or

is not a new species, so I called Dr. Bartsch to my assistance

THE NAUTILUS. 53

and, between iis, we came to the conclusion that yours is prob-

ably different from Simpson's. Your shell is much more

round than Simpson's. Simpson's shell is very light chestnut

in color. I should hardly call the nacre of Simpson's siiell

lurid. It is really a dirty white witli a little iridescence near

the posterior portion."

It would seem, therefore, that the present form is well en-

titled to a name, even though a larger series might afford

connecting links.

There was originally another specimen, a little smaller than

the type, but otherwise exactly the same, which was unfor-

tunately lost in the mail.

At the request of Mr. Fluck, I have named the species after

his niece, Miss Elva M. Smith.

Anodantites flucki n. sp. PI. I, figs. 3-4.

Shell obovate, thin, inflated, slightly compressed by a faint

depression ext-ending from the beaks to the anterior basal

margin ; inequilateral ; slightly gaping towards the anterior

margin, but not posteriorly ; beaks moderately full, but little

elevated, the tips decidedly incurved; hinge line nearly

straight, angled at both ends where it passes into the anterior

and posterior margins; anterior end narrowed and rounded;

base slightly incurved at about the anterior third, correspond-

ing to the depression across the disk ; posterior end regularly

and somewhat broadly expanded, the greatest height being

behind the middle of the shell ; surface smooth with irregular

growth lines; epidermis greenish yellow, dark green on tlie

posterior slope and towards the anterior end, with faint nar-

row, green rays over the center of the disk; nacre light blue,

slightly salmon-color within the beak cavities, very iridescent,

faintly radiately sculptured.

Length 87.3, alt. 46.5, diam. 31.3 mm.

Type locality, the Wanks River or Rio Coco, Nicaragua.

Type No. 74610, Coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collection of

Rev. W. II. Fluck.

As suggested by Mr. Frierson from an inspection of a photo-

graph of the type, this species is evidently rather closely re-

54 THE NAUTILUS.

lated to A. nicaragiue Phil, described in 1848 (Zeits. fur Mai,,

XV, p. 130). It has never been figured or found since. Von

Martens (Biol. Cent, Am., 1900, p. 53G) believed it to be the

same as A. hridgesi Lea. If so, it is quite different from A.

fiucki.

Philippi gives the dimensions of his shell as 65 x 37 x 10 mm.

As von Martens (1. c.) suggests there is probably a t^-po-

grapliical error in the diameter as stated, which is quite in-

consistent with the diagnosis, which says "tumida". So far

as the length and height are concerned, the relative propor-

tions of Philippi 's type and that of fiucki are substantially

the same.

But Philippi states that his shell is gaping at both ends

and that the posterior end is "paullo altiore, oblique suhtru)i-

cata," neither of which specifications apply to this species.

Philippi applied the term "oblique truncata" also to two

other species, A. incarurn and V. valdivianus, both of which

are figured by Pfeiffer in Nov. Conch., Ill, pis, 103 and 105,

and these show distinctly what Philippi meant by this expres-

sion and that it does not apply to the species here described.

CALIFOENIAN HELICES

BY H, A, PILSBRY

HELMiNTnoGLYPTA FERRissi new species.

The shell is depressed, thin, umbilicate, the width of umbili-

cus contained between 7 and 8 times in that of the shell. Of

a pale greenish -buff tint with streaks of deeper green (mig-

nonette-green of Kidgway) ; above the periphery a rather

narrow chestnut-brown band without light borders. The

spire has a faintly pinkish tint. Surface is very glossy. The

embryonic whorls, after the first nearly smooth half-whorl,

are very densely, irregularly granulose. Later whorls have

somewhat sharp but very fine retractive striae. On the last

whorl these are (juite weak except near the suture. The

TIIK NAUTILUS. 55

whorls increase slowly at first, but the last widens rapidly, is

roundetl peripiierally and descends to the aperture. The aper-

ture is large, oval-lunate ; peristome thin, the outer and basal

margins slightly expanded, columellar margin dilated, cover-

ing part of the umbilicus.

Alt. 15 mm., diam. 27.2 mm. ; 5% whorls.

Above Tehipite Valley, middle fork of King's River, Fresno

Co.. California. Type 134224 ANSP. Found on going up a

zigzag trail northward several miles after leaving Tehipite

Valley and Dome, once in forest rubbish among rocks, again

at a crumbling clilf ; elevation probably around 7000 ft.

About 35 specimens were taken, but very few were in good

condition. It is a beautiful species, of a brighter green color

than any form of traski, and differing in the sculpture, both

of embryonic and later stages. The largest one taken meas-

ures 27.2 mm. diam., the smallest adult 24 mm.

Helminthoglypta UMBiLicATA (Pilsbry).

Epiphragm-aphora tudiculata umhUicata Pilsbry, Nautilus,

XII, June 1898, p. 22.

Epiphragmophora dupetithouursi cuastatm Edson, Nautilus,

XXVI, August 1912, p. 37 ; XXVII, August 1913, p. 37, pi.

3, figs. 13, 14.

Helix dupetiihmiursi var. concursus HemphiU, in collection

(Mus. No. 112425 ANSP.).

This is a form apparently related to H. dupetithouarsi

(Dh.), but lighter colored and more depressed, with a wider

umbilicus. Just w^hat relation it bears to other species will

doubtless be clearer w^hen it can be dissected, but for the

present I am leaving it as a species.

It was collected by Hemphill in the vicinity of Morro, San

Luis Obispo Co., thus at a quite low elevation. The unpub-

lished name he gave to the form is mentioned above as it

occurs in many collections. Edson 's locality was eastward, in

the Santa Lucia Range, at an elevation in the neighborhood

of 1500 ft. The original set of umhUicata was not localized

further than San Luis Obispo County. It has not been found

beyond the limits of this county.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

COLLECTING IN SOUTHERN FLOEIDA, THE BAHAMAS AND CUBA

BY D, L. EMERY

During the past suimner, with about two months of spare

time, I decided on a trip to the West Indies. I left St. Peters-

burg on July tenth for Miami, where I was joined by Mr. C.

C. Allen, a most ardent and thorough collector.

The east coast of Florida is a valuable field and a great

many species of both land and marine shells were added to

our collections. The hammocks in the vicinity of Miami are

rich with the Liguus, Di-jmiaeus and Helicina, while the so-

called reefs abound ydth. Polygyra, Urocoptis, Chondropoma,

Thysanophora, Microceramus etc. The Atlantic beach fur-

nishes us with a goodly number of Spirula and lanthina, and

the shores of the outlying keys jdelded Lucina, Loripes, Iphi-

genia, Strombus, Modulus, Cerithiimi and Neritina. The

shrubbery near Miami Beach fairly teemed with Cepolis, Dry-

maeus, Helicina and Cerion ijicamim, while on the grass we

found Succinea and in the canal Perna. On the jetties at the

mouth of the harbor we collected several species of Thais and

Nerita, and farther up were Tectarius, Echinella, Plauaxis,

Littorina and Siphonaria. One side trip from Miami was by

st^ge to Fulford, where in the sand thrown up by the dredge

in a new subdivision were may varieties of marine forms in a

fine state of preservation, which had been buried for many

years. Among tliem were some of the largest and finest

Lucina janiaicensis I have seen. The periostracum on them

was almost perfect while the hinge ligament was practically

gone. On the higher beach we foimd the same as at Miami

Beach, several good lanthina and Spirula. In the marshy

land were a quantity of the Auriculastriim peUucen^, mostly

dead, and Cyrcnoidca floridunu.

After spending all the time we thought we could spare, we

took passage on the S. S. Nassauvian of the Allan line for

Nassau. We spent about three weeks on the island of New

Providence with headijuarters in Nassau. I ^rill sUite here

THK NAUTILUS. 57

that the trip was not so much for all the species we could

gatlier as for those from half aii inch up wliich we could col-

lect in quantity for our exchange lists.

Nassau proper, with its rocky and sandy beaches, its rising

sunny slopes, lime rock reefs, and at the rear the dense

thickets, furnishes all the varieties of collecting one could

wish. On the rocky shores we found Nerita, Neritina, Leuco-

zonia, Acmaea, Columbella, Strombus, Livona, Tectarius, Echi-

nella, Siphonaria and many small forms not yet identified.

Chitons, of two species, were most abundant. On the Sea

Grape and other trees along the shore road we gathered

several varieties of Cerions, Drj'maeus, Cepolis and a verj' few

small Oxystylu- inidata. This species was one we had set our

hearts on, and look as we would, for two weeks not a good

live specimen came to our notice. Finally one day while out

to Waterloo after Drymaeus I called my partner's attention

to a ver>' large one up in the crotch of a gumbo-limbo tree,

supposing it to be inhabited by a soldier crab as all the others

we had found. What was my astonishment upon dislodging

him to find a beautiful live specimen. The next morning,

looking over the side of the piazza over Mr. Allen's store, I

had to call him up from below to see another almost as large

on the side w^all of the house. This proved to be alive also,

making two to my credit. Of course my friend could not hide

his disappointment and I could not let the opportunity for a

"good jolly" get by, so had to remind him several times that

it was too bad to live for two years in a place and get a little

wild fellow domesticated and then have a friend come over

and grab it. In some places on the island the soldier crabs

are so thick that on a dull morning one can scrape them up

by the bucketful. Among these we managed to find about

three dozen each of fine Oxystylas.

The Drj-maeus proved to be quite scarce until one slightly

foggy morjiing on a pair of sai)odilIa trees in a yard of one of

the natives we gathered over 150 fine specimens. We thought

the find and the liberty of climbing the trees worthy of a six-

pence from each of us. In the limestone walls of the quarries

and some of the street cuts we found a number of perfect

68 THE NAUTILUS.

fossils of the Cerian agass^izii. On the ^ass at Fort Charlotte

Succinea barhadensis was very plentiful. In the cut at Union

street were Bulimulus sepulchralis, Succinea ochraciym, Poly-

gyra cereolus, microdonta and a small Thysanophora. One

day we walked across the island to the south beach, and among

the palmettos were Chondropoma revinctum and Cerion agres-

tinc: On the shore which was here both sand and rocks we

found Lucina, Strombus, Asaphis, Siphonaria and Cerithiums.

Here was a landing place for a conch fisherman, and in front

of his cabin were heaps of thousands of the Strombus gi-gas,

all with a hole on one side of the spire, where they loosen the

part of the animal which is attached. These so-called conchs

are a staple article of food with the natives, at the market, in

the little cafes, and on all kinds of dry-goods box stands.

Along the street, night and day, one can buy the little conch

fritters for a penny and the smaller size for a halfpenny. As

a novelty these fritters are O.K. but for a regular diet they

are the limit, as I found out on my former visit when all the

hotels and restaurants were closed.

Jamaica was our objective point, aiid after pro\'iding our-

selves \\ath a chart of the island, folding cots and mosquito

bars, we waited several days for the steamer, running on a

three-week schedule. At the last minute we were refused

tickets on account of not havdng passports. A regulation war-

time passport is required going from one British province to

another in the same sea. We decided on a trip to Cuba, and

the next sailing of the steamer for JMiami saw us on the way.

After another trip to Brickel's hammock and steaming out

about 400 more Liguus we took the Fla. East Coast R. R. for

Key West. The trip doA\Ti is one certainly to be remembered,

especially if one tries to study the country and ask a few

questions to get a conception of the immense undert^iking of

constructing and maintaining a railway over these keys and

the sea. It is one of the greatest engineering feats of the

modem age.

At Key West the collecting is what may be termed slim.

We managed to obtain a number of Cerithium, Columbella,

Siphonaria, Succinea, Cerion, Polygj'ra and Littorina, The

THE NAUTILUS, 59

shore yieldetl about as much as could be expected with a mean

tide of less than two feet.

After what I had heard of the city of Key West, I was

greatly disiippoiuted to see the sailing boats and launches

which were going to ruin in the harbor, and the large number

of warehouses, stores and residences with the windows and

doors boarded up, cigar factories closed and the whole place

with a look of decline. While here we made the ac(iuaiutance

of the station master at Cud joe's Key, and from our descrip-

tion of 0.r\jstyla fioridensis he thought they were found there.

Consequently when he returned we went up with him for a

day, and our search resulted in two badly broken and bleached

specimens that looked as though the storms brought them.

Our day was not wasted, however, as we found a goodly num-

ber of the two varieties of Ceriati incanum which neither of

us had seen before, and a Succinea not yet identified.

At Havana everything had a look of prosperity — in fact we

found it the same wherever we went on the island. We made

Havana our headquarters and took trips every day to some

of the outside points for collecting. Santiago de los Vegas,

Guanajay, Guayabal, Guanabacoa and Playa all proved good

collecting ground, and at Matanzas, where we found abundant

species. We visited the museum connected with the high

school. This, as all other school museums I have seen, was

but poorly represented in the conchological line, while the

mammalia and fishes were much better. lu the vicinity of

some of the caves we had fine collecting, especially Liguus

and Cepolis hanplandi. Everywhere we went near the shore

we found Cerions in profusion. At Guayabal is a high ledge

or bluff with a thick growth of hard woods and vines j here

we found the best collecting. The Megalomastoma, Chondro-

poma and Helicina, three species, were abundant, as well as

many smaller forms.

60

THE NAUTILUS.

List op Species Collected, as Far as Determined.

a, Florida; b, Bahamas; c, Cuba.

omatula Mayn. . . .

phoenicea M. & C. .

Acmaea leucopleura Gmel.

var. ? b

punctulata Gmel. ... b

Aynpullaria miamiensis Pils. a

Area barhata Linn b

unibanata Lam. b

Astraea tuber Linn a

americanum Gmel. . . a

longispinum Lam. ... a

Auriculastrum peUiicens

Mke a

Bulimidus sepulchralis

Poey b

Bullaria amygdalis Dillw. a

occidentalis A. Ads., a

media Phil b

striata Bnig a

Cepolis bonplandi Lam. . . c

cwbensis Pfr e

milleri Pfr b

multistriata Desh. . . c

troscheli Pfr b

variant Mke a, b

Cerion agassizvi Dall (fos-

sil) b

agresthui Mayn b

eurystoma Mayn. . . b

gl<in.<! Kstr b

carlotta Mayn b

incanum Binn a

fasciata W. G. B a

saccharimeta P. & V.. a

niumia Bnig c

vnimiola Pfr c

mumia chrysalis Fcr. c

repitita MajTi b

santesoni I\Iayn b

sculpt a Mayn b

Cerithium ebunieum

Brug a, b

minimum Gmel. vars. a, b

m^uscarum Say a

variahile C. B. Ads. . a

Echinella nodulosa Gmel. a, b

Euglandinu minor Fer. ? . a

Eutrochatella sloanei Orb. c

Fasciolaria tulipa Linn. . . b

Fissurella barbad^nsis

Gmel b, c

nodosa Born c

viridula Lam b

Helicinu adspersa Pfr. . . c

clappi Pils a

orbiculata Say a

submarginata Gray. . c

lanthinn fragilui Lam. . . .a, b

Iphigenia brazUiatia Lam. a

Leucozania cingulifcra Linn, b

occll-ata Gmel b

Liguus crenaius castanco-

zonaius Pils a

cburncus Simp a

marmoratu^ Pils a

miamiensis Simp a

mosicri Simp a

fasciatiis'MnW. (Typi-

cal) c

castancus Simp a

THE NAUTILUS.

61

livingstoni Simp a

ornatus Simp a

rosea tu^ Pils a

testudineus Pils a

versicolor Simp a

ve.rillum Lam c

Lima scabra Dilhv a

Littorina lincata Phil. ... b

mespilum Phil b

ziczac Chem a, b

litterata Phil a

Livona pica Liiiu b

Lucina edcniula- Linn. ... a

Phacaides janwicensis ham. a

pennsylvanica Linn, .a, b

Codakia tigrina Linn a, b

Margaritiphora radiata

Lam a, b

Megalomastoma mani Poey c

Chama macrophyll-a Gmel. a

Chandroponia dentatum Say a

ottanis Pfr c

pfeigerianum Poey . . c

pictum Pfr c

poeyanum Orb c

revinctum Poey b

tenuiliratum Pfr c

Columbella mercatoria Linn, b

Comu^ nnts Hwa.ss b

Crepidula convexa Say ... a

plana Say a

Cypraea exanthema Linn., a

Cylindrella poeyana Orb., b

jejuna Pfr a

Cyrenaidea floridnna Dall. a

Detracia. bulloides Mont. . b

Drymaeus hahamensis Pfr. b

dominicus Rve a

inultilincatus Say ... a

OxystyUi undata Bnig. ... b

Feet en ornatus Lam a

Pedalion hicolor A. Ads. a, b

chenDiitzianuni Orb. . a

Melina obliqua Lam a

Physa acuta Drap b

Planasis lineatu^ Cocta. . .a, b

nucleus Wood a

Pleurodonte auricoma Fer. c

minor Fer c

provisoria Pfr b

Po^ygy^d auriculata Say. . a

microdanta Desh. ... b

septemvolva Say .... a

Praticolella griseola Pfr. . c

Proserpina depressa Orb. . c

Rumina decollata Linn.. . . c

Siphanaria alternata Say . a

brunnea Hani b

naufragitm Stimp. ... a

Sistrum, nodulosum, C. B.

Ads a, b

Melampus bidentatus Bsiy. a

coffeus Linn a

gundlachi Pils b

Microceramus gosse'i Pfr.. b

pontificus Gld a

Modulus modulus Linn. . . a

floridanus Conr a

Muricidea hexagona Lam. a, b

Murex poffium Gmel b

Nerita peloronta Linn. . . .a, b

tessellata Lam a, b

versicolor Gmel a, b

Neriiina pupa Linn b

virginca Linn a

viridis Lam a

62

THE NAUTILUS.

Oleaciim oleacea stramiiiea

Desh c

solidula Pf r a, b

Ope-as micra Orb a, b

Opisthosiphon hahamensis

Shutt b

Ostrea elongata Linn. ? var. a

Spirilla peronii Lam a, b

Spondylus echinatus Mart, a

Strombus hituherciUatus ....

Lam a

gigas Linn a, b

Subemarginula octoradiata

Gmel b

Succmea harhadensis Guild, b

campestris Say a

luteola Gld a

ochracinu Gundl b

Tcctarius tnuricatus Linn.

a, b, c

Thais deltoidea Lam a, b

floridatia Conr a

ha^mastoma Linn. ... a

patula Linn a, b

iindata Linn a, b

Thysanophora vortex Desh. a

Truncatella hUahiata Pfr. a, b

carihaensis Sowb a, b

Urocoptis hahame}isis provi-

dentia Pils b

elegans Pfr c

Vermicularia spirata Phil, a, b

Vivipara georgiana Lea . . a

EULOTA MAACKII, A SIBEBIAN SNAIL

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

About the middle of the last century R. Maack explored

the Amur and Ussuri districts in eastern Siberia. This scien-

tific pioneer made the most of his opportunities, and the re-

sults were published in St. Petersburg in tliree large volumes,

1859 (Amur) and 1861 (Ussuri). Consequently, when my

wife and I recently visited Okeanskaja, on tlie coast near

Vladivostok, we noted that the most magnificent butterfly of

the region was FapUio maackii Menetries, and the largest and

handsomest snail was called Eulota muttcUii Gerstfeldt. Among

the plants, Rupreclit and IMaximowicz described from the Us-

suri district a leg\iminous genus Maackia, which unexpectedly

proved inseparable from CUidustrv<, based on a single species

growing in Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina. There

are also species of plants bearing the name of Maack ; thus

Delphinium maackiatium, L&nicera niau^kii and Pru n us inaackii

THK NAUTILUS. G3

are reeo«i:nize(l as valitl tixlay. Grerstfeldt describeil Maack'a

inollusca, Diplopoda and Chilopoda; finding, as might be ex-

pected, a gootl proportion of new species. Helix viaackii, then

introiluced as new, was said to be found rarely on the middle

of the Amur, and also between Sungari and Ussuri. The

original specimens had diam. maj. 30, rain. 26.5, alt. 24-30 mm.

Dr. Leopold von Schrenck (1859-1867), describing the mol-

lusca of the Amur country, was able to record a long series of

this Helix maackii, of which he recognized a form elatior,

long. 25, lat. 31 mm., and a form deprcss-ior, long- 21, lat. 30

mm. The elatior form was really the type of Gerstfeldt, but

the differences are those of individual variation, high and low

spired shells occurring in the same colonies. When I first

found Eulota maackii at Okeanskaja, early in July, I noted

that the animal was dark slate-color, nearly black; no dorsal

band ; sole dull white, suffusedly greyish anteriorly ; mantle

brownish-whit« or pale grey. {Eulota middendorffii Gerst.

differs in the color of the animal, which is pale, but also with

no dorsal band.) This was a matter of interest, showing that

there was no particular affinity with the common large Japa-

nese species of Eulota, which have a conspicuous and hand-

some dorsal baud. Anatomical examination confirmed the ap-

parent divergence from the Japanese series, and indicated that

E. maackii belong to true Eulota, and was not very remote

from the European E. fruticum. The stout and short penis-

sac passes into a very long and slender epiphallus (about 30

mm. long and 1.7 mm. thick in an Okeanskaja specimen), from

the end of which arises the retractor, without any sign of a

flagellum. The dart-sac is long and cylindrical, while the

mucous glands constitute an amorphous sacculated mass. The

vas deferens is about 35 mm. long. The sperm duct is long,

simple, s^'oUen at the ba.se, but beyond that filiform, with

hardly any bulb. The long and slender uterus has a cylin-

drical pale yellow albumen gland, about 26 mm. long. These

characters are all derived from fresh material.

The discovery of E. maackii at Okeanskaja, taken with the

previously published records, indicated a ^\'ide distribution.

It was nevertheless a little disappointing to find the snail quite

64

THE NAUTILUS.

unmodified about 400 miles up the coast, iu the valley of the

Amagu River, u. lat, 46°, The snails we collected were on the

Kudia River, a tributary of the Amagu, and although there

was much individual variation iu the height of the spire, I

could not detect any tendency to the formation of a distinct

race. There was also no basis for the separation of these coast

snails from those of Maack, which were found inland. Aft^r

this, it was distinctly surprising to find that at Kongaus, a

place in the hills no great distance east of Vladivostok, the

E. maackii were unifonnly of a distinct, gigantic race, wdth a

maximum diameter of 33.5 to 34.5 mm., rarely as small as 32.5.

The difference in measurement involves a great difference in

actual bulk, and the form deserves to rank as a new sub-

species, Eidota mauckii optima.^ A specimen of optima which

I dissected differed from the Okeanskaja maackii in having

the retractor arising from the vas deferens, about 5 mm. be-

yond the well-defined end of the epiphallus. Whether this is a

constant character is perhaps doubtful. The jaw of Okean-

skaja maackii has five strong thick ribs, in the manner of E.

duplocincta Mart. That of optima has the five ribs well sep-

Anatomy of Eulota muackii, from Okeanskaja, and jaw, sperm

duct, dart sac, and ephiphallus, etc., of optima from

Kongaus.

1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,, June, 1924, p. 580.

THE NAUTILUS. 65

arated, after the style of E. platyomphalu MIklff. My assist-

ant, Mr. A. I. Lavrushin, was so fortunate as to liiul near

Kongaus a beautiful albino shell of optitna, clear yellowish-

white without nuu-k injurs, max. diam. 32 mm. This I will call

mut. alhidu. 1 w<us interested to learn that there is a nephew

of Maack's livin}^: in Vladivostok at the present time — an

engineer.

NOTES

The Purple Dye of Mollusks. — Any one desiring infor-

mation on this siibject can find a most interesting and com-

prehensive account in a paper entitled, " The Dyeing of

Purple in Ancient Israel," by Rev. Isaac Herzog, published

in the Proceedings of the Belfast Natural History and Phil-

osophical Society, session 1919-1920, No. 2, pp. 21-33. As a

summary the author says: — " The art of purple-dyeing in]

general, which dating from hoary antiquity — the mention of

tekelet and arganum in the cuneiform texts occurs already

about 1600 B. C. — passed through a long and checkered

career, finally becoming extinct, at least in the Old World, on

the fall of Constantinople 1453."— C. W. J.

Copies of Brj'ant Walker's recent paper on the Ancylidae

of South Africa can be had, gratis, on applying to him at

1306 Dime Bank Building, Detroit, Mich.

Colorado Land Shells. — Professor C. R. Crosby of the

Department of Entomology, N. Y. State College of Agricul-

ture, recently sent in PupUla 'blandi Morse, Vertigo modcsta>

Say and Succin^a avara Say from Pingree Peak, Colorado.

Also G(myodiscus shimeki cockerelli Pils. from Stormy Peaks

at 11,000 ft. The genitalia and teeth of the la.st are much as

in G. perspectiva, but the strongly arched, narrow jaw has

widely spaced, vertical lines, not close striae as in the eastern

species. There are 18.1.18 teeth. Some of the shells show a

few, broad, indistinct reddish flammules. — H. A. Pilsbry.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED.

Freshwater Mollusks of Eagle Lake California. By

G. Dallas Hanna. (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei., vol. 13, 4 ser. pp.

131-136, pi. I, 1924). Two new species Carinifex occidentalis

and Parapholyx mailliardi are described and fibred.

Rectifications of Nomenclature. By G. Dallas Hanna.

(Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 4 ser. pp. 151-186, 1924).

This paper deals vrith. the nomenclature of some 84 species,

59 new names are proposed to replace preoccupied names.

Two new generic names are also proposed. RinieteUa in place

of EctinochUus Cossm. 1889 not Ectinochila Chand. 1883. It

is an interesting case ; ordinarily the two names might possibly

stand, but Cossmann's name is a section or probably a sub-

genus of Rimella, therefore the genus and subgenus should

agree in gender as well as the species. Smithoceras is pro-

posed in place of Folycylus Mojsisovics 1889, not Lam. 1815.

— C. W. J.

Description of a New Genus and Species of Freshwater

Gastropod Mollusk from the Etchegoin Pliocene of C-vli-

fornia. By G. D. Hanna and E. G. Gaylord, (Proc. Calif,

Acad. Sci., vol. 13, 4 ser. pp. 147-149, 1924). This new form,

Scalez petrolia was obtained from the Midlands Oil Company's

No. 1, at a depth of 3306 ft. Based on operculums, which

the authors consider belongs to gasteropods in or near the

family Amnicolidae; the shell unknown. — C. W. J.

The Ancylid.e op South Africa. By Bryant Walker.

Published by tlie author. Full descriptions and illustrations

are given of the South African species, several of them new

forms, others doscrilx-d in a former number of this journal,

together with those of earlier authors. The genera Burnupm,

Perrissia and Oundlachia are represented. The paper is im-

portant to those concerned witli other faunas for the illustrated

synopsis of the new classification of all Ancylida? and other

general matter forming the Introduction. — II. A. P.

THK NAUTILUS. 67

The genus Gyiu)TOMA. By Calvin Goodrich. Univ. Michi-

gan, Mils. Zool., Misc. Pub. No. 12, 1924. The genus Gyrotama

{Schu:ost(>iua Lea) has received no systematic treatment in

fifty years. The older authors worked with very few speci-

mens, and to a considerable extent duplicated one another'a

species. Mr. Goodrich's work is based on the unrivaled col-

lections of H. H. Smith, with a study of the earlier types.

He recognizes some 13 species disposed in five groups. Several

of these groups he believes were derived from various so-

called Goniobases — impressa Lea, lacta Jay, showaltcri Lea

and others, which should be transferred to Gyrotama. Thei

species are illustrated on two excellent plates. G. hendersoivi

and G. walkeri are new species which Goodrich credits to H.

H. Smith. It is hoped that the author will extend his work

to other genera of this intricate family. We cannot have too

many papers of such workmanship. — H, A. P,

On the value of nuclear char.vcters in the classifica-

tion OP m.vrine g.vstropods. By W. H. Dall., Jour. Wash.

Acad. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 177-180, 1924, Various types of

nucleus, Sinusigera and others are specified, and the author

concludes that their differences are due to adaptation for a

floating larva or the reverse, and should not be regarded as

genetically fundamental.

MOLLUSCA op Colorado, Montana, Idaho and Wyoming.

By Junius Henderson. Univ. of Colo. Studies, XIII, No 2.

This work of 160 pages is a revision of the author's illustrated

catalogue of Colorado mollusca (1907-12). with additional

material from tlie other mountain states. The records for this

region have been compiled with great care, and prove to be

far more numerous than one would have supposed. Keys are

provided, and most of the species are figured. The discussion

of the OrcoJiclix group is of particular interest. Good prog-

ress has been made in dealing with records of species from

this region which are of long standing in the literature, but

not recently confinne<], and sometimes intrinsically improb-

able.—H. A. P.

68 the nautilus.

On a Thal.\5S0U) element in the Austr^mian Molluscan

FAUNA. By Charles Hedley. Victorian Naturalist, XI, No. 4.

The genus Coxiella, inhabiting saline pools and lakes some-

times over one hundred miles from the sea, is regarded as a

marine type of gastropod which has become adapted to these

inland waters; hence thulassoid in the sense of Bourguignat,

Smith and others. — H. A. P.

The Pliocene Mollusca of Grkvt Britain. By F. W.

Harmer, (Palaeontographical Soc., vol. 2, pt. 3, pp. 705-856,

pis. 57-64, 1923). Another part of this work has recently

been received, of which parts 1 and 2 were reviewed in The

Nautilus, Jun. 1922. The author died Apr. 11, 1923. This

part contains the Trochidae, Capulidae, Fissurellidae etc., and

the Tectibranehia, Scaphopoda etc. The biological sequence

of the genera seem badly disarranged. The illustrations are

excellent.— C. W. J.

ZuR Kenntnis der Plioc^nen Cragformation von Hall-

bjarnarstadur, Tjornes, Nordisland und ihrer IMollus-

kenfauna. von Hans Schlesch. (Abhand. Archiv fiir

MoU. Band 1, S. 309-370, Taf. 1-12, 1924). An account of

the Pliocene raollusks of northern Iceland, of which 157 species

are recorded, with tables showing their distribution both in

geological times and recent. — C. W. J.

The Life-History and Growth of the Pismo Clah

(TiVELA STULTORUM Mawe) . By Frank W. WeJ^nouth.

Stat€ of California Fish and Game Commission, Fish Bulletin

No. 7, p. 120, 15 figs., 1923.

In this small but meaty volume, the scope of which is indi-

cated rather than described by the title, there undoubtedly

comes to hand one of the most important contributions to our

knowledge of the West American Mollusca which has ap-

peared in many years. In fact, by weight of this paper alone,

Tivcla siuliorum becomes perhaps the most coraplet4?ly known

of any raollusk indigenoiLS to our Pacific coast, not even ex-

cepting the oft^n-dealt-with abalones. The importance of such

THE NAUTILUS. 69

a mass of careful data considered in the broad pliilosophical

spirit which manifests itself in this paper is diflicult to ex-

aggerate and renders tlie contribution a sif^nificant one from

the standpoint of tlie general biologist and physiologist quite

aa much as from the more circumscribed coign of the specialist

on Mollusca or the conservationist.

But a hint of its richness of content can be suggested here.

The interesting natural history of the Pisrao clam, save for

the embr>-onic and early life st-iiges — still, alas, incogniti — are

treated at length, even so prosaic a phenomenon as the mere

manner of distribution of the young and adult clams on the

beach being analyzed with such acumen as to afford clues of

real consequence to an understanding of the essential bio-

nomics. Perhaps the most important as well as the larger

part of the monograph is that which deals with the phenomena

of gro\nh (pp. 14-71). Although more than a decade ago

Belding showed convincingly that certain strong growth-lines

visible on the shell of the mature scallop were seasonal in for-

mation and therefore essentially of the nature of the annual

rings in trees, most other students of molluscan life-histories

have been unable to offer much in the way of confirmatory

evidence, or, even where they admitted its validity, to extend

greatly the practical application of the principle. Wey-

mouth's conclusive demonstration of the truly annual nature

of the major growth-lines in the Pismo clam and his ingenious

working-out of practicable methods of distinguishing them in

instances where other influences have operated to obscure

them, should give a great impetus to similar work among other

lamellibranchs and, be it hoped, among gastropods as well.

These records of a strictly seasonal arrest in growth are shown

usually to be readily distinguishable from the numerous less

significant growth-lines by their heavier pigmentation, by their

coincidence with certain concentric thickenings or depressions

in the shell, and, very curiously, by their translucence when

the shell is held against a strong light — this last alone being

well indicative of the fundamental difference in formation of

the two types of concentric lines. To the minor intra-seasonal

striae it seems that the old and convenient term "incremental

70 THE NAUTILUS.

lines" might now well be restricted. Weymouth found that

these discoveries enabled him to calculate the age of the thou-

sands of individuals examined with a remarkably small inci-

dence of error or doubt, the oldest specimen recorded having

attained the hoary age of 26 years, while in several instances

tlie nearly constantly prevailing peculiarities of the rings for

particular years were found, as in the well-known case of

rings of trees, to correspond to certain outstanding weather

conditions of the years in question — an exceptionally mild

winter, a season of extraordinarily high surf, and so on. The

heaviest clam noted measured 17.75 cm. in length and weighed

1.415 kg. (3 lbs., 21/2 oz.).

Recognition of the facts outlined also made possible some

interesting discoveries concerning variation in the size of

broods or the surviving fractions of same for different years.

As favorable conditions during the spaN\ming and larval his-

tory would appear to be more infrequent tlian distinctly un-

favorable circumstances, the yearly fluctuaton in numbers of

young, and therefore of the commercial clam crop in succeed-

ing years, is frequently very large. This greatly complicates

the question of increase or depletion, and leads the author to

recommend only very moderate legcd measures of conser\'a-

tion, chiefly directed toward the protection of the young, to

which floating oil and the depredations of local clammers

appear to be the worst menace, until such time as more pro-

longed investigation gives a conclusive lead toward some more

positive effort.

A discovery which will be new to most students is that the

very yoiuig Tivelas possess a long slender byssus with an

anchor of attaclied sand griuns at the distal end, wliich serves

to aid them in holding their own in the loose and constantly

moving sand of their habitat luitil their own weight becomes

suflicient, at a length of 2 cm. or over, to enable them to

maintain themselves without it. Incidental obsers-^ations upon

Paphia staminca and Macoma nusuta show that juveniles of

these species likewise possess a byssus. The }"oung of the

Pismo clam are found to be confined to the intertidal zone,

with no less than 90 i)er cent "concentrated in a strip 13

THE NADTILU8. 71

metres Nvide" exposed at nearly every tide. The normal

rajige of the adults is botli greater in total vertical extent

and pitoheii at a considerably lower level than this (low tide

to a depth of several fathoms).

The Pismo clam is shown to be hermaphroditic, both eggs

and sperm being pro<.luced coincidently, though not as a rule

at identical periods of maxima, from the same gonad.

The author does not consider commercial farming of open

beach species of this tj'pe possible.

Unlike so many modern papers in the field of ecology and

bionomics, this one is written in pure English. The lack of

either technical verbiage or of words coined to cover phe-

nomena simply demonstrable without them is a blessed relief

in a work of this nature and makes reading it a pleasure. It

is a pity that so little of the terribly needless mass of extant

literature on the taxonomy of our west American moUusks

emulates the care and thoroughness of this one in the bionomic

field. "We systematists should take the lesson to heart. — S. S.

Beery, Redlands, California.

The Kentucky River and its Mussel Resources. By

Ernest Danglade. Bureau of Fisheries Document no. 934.

1922. This brief article gives some account of the river, with

a list of 40 species of mussels. The following summary may

be of interest :

"The Kentucky River is approximately 400 miles long and

contains many valuable mussel beds. In the upper reaches of

the stream these number about two per mile of channel. They

have well-defined and characteristic locations easily marked.

"The upper Kentucky River is practically an unknown

and unworked mussel-bearing stream and contains an abun-

dance of mussels of commercial value, possessing good nacre

and texture. Of these the mucket constitutes about 90 per

cent. This shell has a desirable color, texture, and uniformity

of thickness throughout. It appears probable, therefore, that

this stream may be particularly useful in the near future as

a source of remunerative employment for the mussel fisher-

man and of desirable raw material for the button manufac-

72 THE NAUTILUS.

turer. The pearls of this river, as a by-product of mussel

fishing, are of small consequence, both in the quantity and

quality of the pieces found.

' ' The railroad and steamboat shipping facilities of the main

river, of North Fork, and of lower Middle Fork are satisfac-

tory. On the upper Middle Fork and on South Fork there

are no railroad or steamboat connections and shipments must

be handled by small boats. In particularly dry seasons of the

year transportation must be made by hauling over rough

roads. This is especially true of the South Fork.

"The method of shell fishing in the Kentucky River is

limited principally to hand picking or to the use of the shell-

fork. A stiff bottom in which the mussels bury themselves

deeply makes implements commonly used elsewhere in shell-

ing, useless in this river.

"Of 40 species of mussels observed as indigenous to the

river, 22 are commercially usable, but only 9 are of relative

importance. This number includes as the most common shells

suitable for button manufacture : the mucket, the pocketbook,

the pimplebacks, the pistol-grip, the long niggerheads, the

maple leaf and the fat mucket. ' '

ARiONiDiE OP Norway. By Fridthjof Okland. (Videnskaps.

Skrifter, 1922, I, no. 5.) In this excellent account attention

is particularly drawn to the diagnostic value of the location

of the shield bands, to the variation of the internal organs,

and to the distribution. It is fully illustrated with 46 text

figures, 5 maps and two colored plates. Arutn subfu^cus is

found to the northern extremity of Norway; the big A. ater

to the seventieth parallel. A. hortensi.<t is found only in the

south, and possibly was introduced by man. Two of the

species treated of, A. circurtiscripUcs and A. hxyrtensis, have

been introduced in the United States. — H. A. P.

The Nautilus.

Vol. XXXVIII JANUARY, 1925. No. 3

THE FAMILY LANCID5: DISTINGUISHED FROM THE ANCYLID.E

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY

The large West American fresh-water Umpets now forming

the genus Lanx Clessin have always been associated with the

Ancylidie. Hannibal, in his classification of 1912 ' placed Lanx

in the subfamily Ancylinte and its subgenus Walkerola in the

Laivapecina\ Subsequently he proposed a subfamily Lancinje,*

without stating what genera it contained. His classification of

Ancyli, however, does not appear worth criticism. It was not

based upon any new observations or data.

In 1918 Walker' made a subfamily Lancinse for the genera

Lanx and Flsherola.

Recently in the course of looking into the characters and

position of the adaptive gill or pseudobranch in some New

York Ancylidffi I took the occasion to examine several species

of LanXy and was surprised to find them without any trace of a

gill (pseudobranch). This was confirmed, together with other

characters mentioned below, in L. patelloides, L. subrotundata

and L. (Fisheroln) lancides.

' Proc. Malac. Soc, London, X, p. 147.

'Nautilus, XVIII, 1914, p. 24.

'Univ. of Michigan Mus. Zool. Misc. Pub., No. 6, p. 17. Walker cred-

ited the suhfamily Lancinsu to Hannibal, but as the latter author neither

defined it or stated its contents, he can hardly be author of the group defined

by Walker.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

As Lanx has no lung, merely an open furrow between mantle

and foot, its respiration is probably aquatic and effected by the

whole of the integuments exposed. It appears to be a river

snail, probably in running, well oxygenated water. In this

connection, information on its station is urgently needed.

It is strange that no conchologist has noticed hitherto that

in Lanx the apex of the shell, though generally very near the

center, is slightly before it, never behind, as in all patelliform

Ancylida?. This anterior position is strongly marked in such

species as L. nutialU and L. lancides. This last form was said

by Hannibal to have the apex " subterminally posterior"!

The characters of shell, pallial region jaw and teeth demon-

strate that Lanx has no direct or near relation to the Ancylidte.

It belongs to a separate family, related to L^-mntieidfe somewhat

as the Ancylidse are to the Planorbida^.

The more conspicuous characters are here contrasted :

Ancylid^ Lancid.5

Shell limpet-like,' the apex Shell limpet-like, the apex

behind the middle and more in front of the middle and on

or less inclined to the right or the median longitudinal line,

left.

Agill (pseudobranch) hang- No pseudobranch or other

ing in the mantle cavitji- (on appendage in the mantle cav-

the right side in Ancylus, on ity. Animal dextral.

the left in all other known

genera).

Jaw in form of a high arch Jaw composed of a large

of many small, subequal ele- upper piece and two lateral

ments. appendages as in Lymna^a.

Radula various, but not Radula Lymnand.

Lymna>id.

' At li'ast in the comparable kpik'I""-

The number of species of Lnm: is uncertain, as the distribu-

tion and variation are still imperfectly worked Dut. It may be

that L. ])a(ellui(lex intergradcs with L. neivl>crnji, l>nt s(im(^ large

lots I have seen do not show intcrgiadation. The distinction

THK NAUTILUS. 76

of Fishcrola as a genus appears to me quite uncalled for, as L.

nutUilli and kootaniensis have intermediate positions of the apex

between F. laucide.-i and the species with nearly central apices.

In fact, I am much disposed to unite all the described forms of

the Columbia river system under the oldest name, Lanx nuttalli

(Hald.); F. Inncidcs, L. kootanieasls and another unnamed form

from the Spokane river being subordinated as subspecies.

While I have seen many specimens, they are from few, well

separated localities.

What grounds, if any, exist for the distinction of the Plio-

cene Zalophancylus Hannibal have not been made clear. A list

of the species of Lancid.T? follows.

Lanx patelloides (Lea). Sacramento drainage, California.

Syn., A. patelloides Binney.

Lanx newberryi (Lea). Sacramento drainage.

Lanx subrotundata (Tryon). Umpqua drainage, Oregon.'

Syn., L. subrotundus Walker, 1918.

Lanx alta (Tryon). Klamath River, Appears to me dis-

tinct from patelloides and neivberryi, but nearer subrotundata.

For the present it had better stand as a species.

Lanx klamathensis Hannibal. Upper Klamath Lake, Ore-

gon, Well distinguished by the depressed form and thin tex-

ture. It is the type of s. -g, IValkerola Hannibal.

Lanx nuttalli (Hald.). Columbia drainage. As will be

seen by comparing the measurements, locality and collector,

Haldeman's A. crassus was described from the same specimen.

Probably he forgot his former name. The northern A. kootani-

ensis Baird appears to be a subspecies W'ith less anterior apex;

I have not seen topotypic material. Fisherola lancides is an-

other subspecies of the Snake River, in which the apex is a

little more anterior, but some of the original lot before me run

close to nuttalli.

' Said by Hannibal to belong to the "Colunibiii system,'" but the reason for

this grouping is not apparent.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

A VISIT TO THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

" For we have seen the golden sun

Sink in the sea,

The moonlight on the palms, and heard

God's melody."

It is not uncommon for modern writers, in discussing the

islands of the Pacific, to begin by stating that they have little

sympathy with the sentimental nonsense of previous authors,

but propose to state the facts, and so forth. It is no doubt true

that the expression of feeling concerning the islands has often

been trifling or insincere, and at times wanting in judgment or

good taste; but it should be recognized that language is bareh'

adequate to do justice to the beauty, mystery, and romance of

the subject. To the naturalist, at any rate, the splendid blue

of the sea, the graceful curves of the cocoanut palms, the varied

foliage of the mountain forests, are but the setting for a drama

which at once stimulates and baffles his intellect. Whence

came this marvellous fauna and flora? What influences have

governed its evolution? Why this extraordinary multiplica-

tion of species, often with almost unbelievably restricted ranges?

In spite of many learned tomes, we are still groping for light on

these problems, but hopefully, convinced that their solution

wnll furnish a ke}" to some of the most perplexing questions

confronting the biologist. With the facilities for research now

established and lieing developed in Honolulu, we may expect

to see the riddles of the Hawaiian biota attacked anew, with

modern intensive methods, likely to give results of fundamental

iin]iortance.

The naturalist of today is indeed fortunate, wlien he a])-

proaches the Hawaiian problem, in finding his path made com-

paratively easy by magnificent monographic works. The Fauna

Hawaiiensis, the volumes of the Manual of Conchology, Jor-

dan's lists of the fishes, give at first the impression tliat nearly

all has been done, not only tiio fuuiia, but also tlio (lora has

THE NAUTILUS. 77

received elaborate treatment. Yet in spite of all this, it is still

easy to make discoveries. liast summer, while I was in Hono-

lulu, Dr. D. S. Ji)rdan obtained a number of fishes new to the

islands (some new to science) by visiting the market each morn-

ing. Perkins, in his classic Introduction to the Fauna Hawaii-

ensis, stated that in his opinion only about half the endemic or

truly native species of insects had been discovered and de-

scribed. Dr. C. Montague Cooke tells me that he could now

about double the species of LcpUichatuKi described in the mono-

graph, and he has numerous undescribed snails of other genera.

Thus the present investigator is in the doubly happy position

of finding plenty of important work to do, while the founda-

tions have been securely laid by masters of the science.

In still another respect the worker of today has advantages.

He finds paved roads around the islands, and facilities for get-

ting about are vastly superior to those of former times. Dr.

Perkins writes me (October, 1924): " It is hard to realize now

the conditions under which I worked, from 1892 to 1897 par-

ticularly. Roads were bad, often impassible in wet weather,

and I did most of my work on foot. . . I cut many paths

myself single-handed through the densest wet forests, sometimes

8 or 9 miles in length, and lumped tent, guns, and all ap-

paratus and food on my back in such places."

In the following account of my own brief explorations, I am

enabled to give the names of the snails through the kindness of

Dr. C. Montague Cooke, who identified nearly all my speci-

mens. I am responsible for the slugs. The hours I spent at

the Bishop Museum, looking at the wonderful collection of

Hawaiian shells and hearing Dr. Cooke discuss the problems

involved, are never to be forgotten. May all his learning and

enthusiasm find full expression in print, where it will reach

those in other lands, and of later days ! He speaks at times of

organizing collections and data so that posterity may find it

easy to proceed. This he has done and is doing daily, but who

can expect that a successor of equal ability will be found ? The

history of science shows that unfinislied work is too often

neglected, or falls into incompetent hands, as indeed is true of

human activities in general. Let any one familiar with modern

78 THE NAUTILUS.

zoology name a dozen or twenty of the leading men now grow-

ing old, and ask himself who will step into their shoes. In too

many cases one has sadly to say that no candidate is yet in

sight, and none is likely to appear.

I had scarcely more than arrived in Honolulu when (July

16) Mr. 0. H. Swezey, of the Sugar Planters Experiment Sta-

tion, kindly offered to show me Mt. Tantalus and the upper

part of the Manoa Valley. Mrs. Faus, formerly a student in

our department at the University of Colorado, took us up the

mountain in her car, and we circled round through the forest

on an obscure trail known to Mr, Swezey, who pointed out the

characteristic plants, insects and molluscs. Having been famil-

iar with the literature of Hawaiian natural history since 1891,

when I helped Dr. A. R. Wallace collect data for the second

edition of "Island Life," it was with feelings readily to be im-

agined that I saw the Achatinella snails on the trees, caught the

bees of the insular genus NesopTosopis, observed the splendid

butterfly Vanessa tammeamea circling through the glades, found

the singular longicorn beetle Plagiihmystis pulverulentiis in its

native home. The entomological results of the trip might form

the subject of another article, but we are now concerned with

the snails. The species collected on Mt. Tantalus were as fol-

lows:

Achatinella vulpina olivacea Reeve. This is the most widely

spread form of vulpina, and ought to have been the type of the

species. As is shown in Man. Conch., it occurs in ten or twelve

valleys, the typical vulpina apparently only in three. My

olivacea shells vary from green and pale j'ellowish to reddish-

brown; usually bandless, but rarely with a ]>eripheral black

band.

A. stewartli producta. Reeve. These are sinistral; remarkable

for their large size. The type ol producta is dextral, and one

wonders whether the sinistral rare on Tantalus (referred to in

the Manual) is not an indcjiendent dcveloinuent. It is more

robust than the dextral producta iron\ the head i)f Manoa

Valley, and looks like a different thing.

A. lorata Fer. A beautiful peg-top-f^iiaped siiell; some of the

phase called pallida *' Nuttall," Reeve; others pure white, the

mut. alba, also named, but not described, by Nuttall (1839).

THK NAUTILUS. 79

Amiistni lextilis h'vv. One specimen.

Ldviinflla (/niviila F6r. I got only dead shells.

Aurirulella diaphana Smith. Sinistral.

Torudtcllidf-'^ procerulus Ancey. This minute species originally

Jesorihcd from Maui, is widely distributed over the islands. Is

it a very ancient, conservative form, or has it some unusual

means of travel ? On Kauai I found another Tornntellides

{vKicromphala Ancey) which has a similar wide distribution.

Endodonta (or Nesophila) apparently a new species, which

will be described by Dr. Cooke. It is a minute form, with

rounded periphery and strong ribbing. I found several in a

dead and dry tree-fern stem. It was astonishing to find an ap-

parent novelty in such a well-worked localit}', within sight of

Honolulu.

Si(ccinea rotayidata and a small Helicina complete the set.

From near the top of Mt. Tantalus we crossed a marshy de-

pression and came down a zigzag trail at the head of Manoa

Valley. Although the distance was short, we found different

snails, as follows:

Achatiaella hcllidn Smith, of the pale, straw-3'ellow, slightly

olivaceous, form, wholl}^ without bands, except a very faint

brownish one below the suture. This may be called mut.

straminea, basing the name on the shell figured in Man. Conch.,

plate 41, f. lOd, but my shell is exactly the same.

A. stewart'd Green. Beautiful green shells, usually with two

black bands, but one of my shells is bandless. All are sinis-

tral, whereas the original type was dextral.

A. stewartii producta Reeve. A long dextral shell, with nar-

rower aperture than in my stewart'd or the Mt. Tantalus ^^ pro-

dvda.''

Amastra turritella Fer. Varying from warm reddish-brown

to practically black.

Auriciddla auricida Fer. Both sinistral and dextral shells of

this neat little species, and the body whorl varying from white

through fulvous to deep reddish-brown. One sinistral shell is

entirely very pale yellowish.

Also Phlhnesin and Opeas,

80 THE NAUTILUS.

At a later date I went with the Trail and Mountain Club to a

waterfall at the head of Manoa Valley, in a deep gulch. Here

I found the introduced Opeas javanicuni Reeve, and what was

much more interesting, a series of the slug PhUomycus (nistralis

Bergh. This is a rather small pale grey slug, with three longi-

tudinal bands, and irregular mottling both between and below

the bands. I have investigated the synonymy, with special

reference to the findings of Collinge (Journ. of Malacology,

Dec, 1899), and reach the following conclusions:

(1) It is quite probable that the slug was introduced from

China, and it may be, as Collinge claimed, identical with P.

bilineatus (Benson). It has a jaw with numerous sharp ribs,

which associates it with bilineatus and separates it from the

Japanese P. confusus (Ckll.), which also differs in other respects.

It must be remembered, however, that Benson's slug came

from Chusan I., off the coast of China, and may be a local en-

demic species. A Chusan specimen in the British Museum is

reddish-brown, and superficially appears rather unlike the

Hawaiian animal. Thus it is premature to assume identity,

and the Hawaiian species must continue to stand as P. australis.

(2) It is certain that P. australis is distinct from the Japa-

nese P. confusus (Ckll.) and the Formosan P. formosensis

(Ckll.). P. chinensis (Ckll.), found 1300 miles up the Yang-

tse, is more uncertain, but I now believe it is not audralis.

It remains, of course, for some one to ascertain what forms

of PhUomycus occur in various localities in eastern Asia. One

may surmise that when these are properly collected and studied,

many species will be found.

Much lower in the ^lanoa Valley, within the limits of Hono-

lulu, the introduced slug VeronirrUa Icydigi (fc?imroth) is

common.

After returning from the expedition to Kauai, described be-

low, I was much occupied with the meetings of the Pan-Pacific

Food Conservation Conference, and had little time to hunt for

snails on Oahu. At Kawaihapai, on the north side of the

island, I found it extremely dry, and on the mountain side

overlooking the sea could find only Svcrinea caduca Mighels and

the introduced-, £t</o<a sirnilaris. 1 had been brought uj) in

•nil-: .\ A I 111. IS. '^1

England to hiok upon Succiiicit as almost scniiaciuatic, and it

was surprising to find the genus in the dryest possible places.

In Oahu, and particularly at Waimea on Kauai, I found hill-

slopes with Oinintid, looking exactly like places in Madeira and

Porto Santo which were most prolific in endemic Helicidae.

But in the Hawaiian Islands one has to go to the moist forest

for the native snails, xeroi)hytic regions proving extremely bar-

ren, with rarely anything better than some common introduced

form. There are some endemic insects which inhabit xero-

phytic stations, but probably such areas were extremely re-

stricted prior to the changes brought about by man. At Sacred

Falls, overlooking the northeast coast, I obtained Amastra in-

flata Pfr. and Leptachatina fragilis Gulick. The latter appears

in the Manual as a synonym of L. ginnmea Gulick, but I infer

that Dr. Cooke now considers it distinct.

In the fossil bed along the face of Diamond Head, where col-

lecting is uncomfortable on account of the burs of the grass

Ctiicfirus, I found Leptachatina oryza Pfeiffer, and L. subcylin-

dracea Cooke, the latter evidently distinct, but first published

as a variety of L. oryza.

When I svent to the islands, one of my chief ambitions was

to visit Kauai, the northernmost and in some ways most inter-

esting island. On making enquiries, I was discouraged, being

told that the journey would be both expensive and difficult.

Very fortunately, I learned at this point that the Trail and

Mountain Club was arranging their first expedition to the

island, and had no difficulty in making arrangements to go

along. As the Trail and Mountain Clubs have a system of

interchangeable membership, the fact that I was a member of

the Colorado Club at once gave me good standing in that of

Honolulu. The trip, with a company of sixteen thoroughly

congenial people, men and women, was made under the leader-

ship of Mr. R. J. Baker, a well-known photographer of Hono-

lulu. For fifty dollars each we had five glorious days on the

island, with everything found, including a large truck to take

us about, and also the steamer journeys back and forth. There

was even enough left over for a celebration at the Outrigger

Club at Waikiki, and a ride in an outrigger canoe. Certainly

82 THE NAUTILUS.

the visitor who cares for out-of-door things cannot do better

than get acquainted with the Trail and Mountain Club, which

has a permanent office in the Young Hotel.

At a point on the eastern coast of Kauai, we left the road and

took the trail leading inland, eventually reaching the Upper

Anahola Valley. At different points along the trail I found

snailSj including Lepiachatina cylindrata Pease, L. striatula

Gould, Microcystis chammoi Pfr., Eulota sbnilaris Fer., Opeas

clavulinum var. haivaiiense S3'kes, and Helicina knudseni Pilsbry

and Cooke. Mia'ocystis chamissoi, except for its larger size, is

extremely similar to M. venosa Pease, which my wife collected

last summer on the Island of Rarotonga.

There is a waterfall at the head of the Anahola Valley, which

the part}'^ hurried on to see, but I stopped at a sharp turn in the

trail, where the vegetation was dense and conditions looked

promising for snails. I was richly rewarded by the discovery

of several specimens of Nesophila capiUata (Pease), which had

not been found since Pease (Am. Journ. Conch., II, 1866, p.

292) recorded it as Helix capillata from the "Sandwich Islands."

Dr. Cooke has one of Pease's original specimens, so there is no

doubt about the identity. The species is omitted from the lists

An Manual of Conchology.

On the north side of Kauai are the famous Hacna caves, and

in this vicinity I met with Succinea lumbnli^ Gld., Microcystis

chamissoi and Eulota similaris. The Eulota were of the bandless

form (f. nnicolor F6r. ), while that from the Anahola Valley

shows a brown band (f. zonulata Fer.). Such variation doubt-

less occurs throughout the range of the species.

Near the Haena caves, in the sand hills, I was able, follow-

ing Dr. Cooke's directions, to find the deposit of fossil shells,

containing great quantities of the variable Cariiia dolei Ancey,

which appears to be now extinct, all the known specimens

being presumably from this deposit. The genus Onrlia, witl)

many species, is confined to Kauai and the neigliboring island

Niihau. Along with the Cardia I obtained the following:

Avtnslra nvchola Cld. Possibly also extinct, as the Manual

says that although the species is common in collections, all the

.specimens have the apiiearance of having been collected dead.

TlIK NAUTILUS. 83

Leptachntiiia brevicula Fease? The name queried l>y Dr.

Cooke, ajul in fact it ai)[)ear.s to he a difforeiit species, the aper-

ture heiiig conspicuously cliiTercnt from that of a cotypc figured

in the Manual.

L. hrei'icula micra Cooke. This is known in a living state

from altitudes of 1500 to 1700 feet.

L. leucochila Gulick.

L. antlqua Pease? Name queried by Dr. Cooke. It is like

the Koloa beach shells tigured in the Manual, but very differ-

ent from the more slender shell figured by Pease. Surely it

should receive a new name.

Tornatellides macrumphala Ancey. One juvenile.

Endodonta laminata Pease. A typical Endodonla^ with keel.

NesophUa sp., apparently undescribed, but Dr. Cooke had 3

already, his MS. species "No. 8."

Hclicina berniceia Pilsbry and Cooke. Only known fossil.

It would appear that these sandhill deposits are of Pleistocene

age, reminding one very much of the deposits in the sandhills

at Cani§al, Madeira, and with apparently about the same pro-

portion of extinct species. I greatly regretted that I could not

spend more time collecting in this locality.

THE TYPE OF ANCYLASTRUM IS ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS, MULLEE

BY A. S. KENNARD, A. L. S. AND B. B. WOODWARD, F. L. S.

But for the fact that more pressing work engaged us, Mr.

Bryant Walker's reading of the facts governing the selection of

the type of Ancylastrum^ would have been challenged before.

The Rule (Art. 80, 11 e) is quite clear: "Species are ex-

cluded from consideration in determining the type of genera

. . . which were not included under the generic name at the

time of its original publication."

When Anryltistrina was created^ the species cumingianics had

' Nautilus, XXXV, 1921, p. 5.

*Journ. de Conchy!. , iv, 1853, p. 63. The name was employe*!, as the

author admits, in afjrcemenl witli Mo(iuin-Tandon, who, however, claims it

as his own (Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 483).

84 THE NAUTILUS.

not even been conceived; it first appears as a nomen midum in

what Mr. Walker admits was a later paper {torn. ciL, p. 170),

but it was not born until July, 1854 (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1853 [1854], p. 91). It is quite obvious, therefore, that by no

amount of sophistry can cumingianus be made the type of An-

cylastrum.

The case is reall}"^ quite simple. Although Beck in 1837 had

divided the genus and created Aa-oluxus for the Incustris group

he gave no reasons for so doing. It was Gray in 1840' who

made the division on anatomical grounds. He did not, as

Bourguignat erroneously asserts, make at that time two genera,

but as his numeration of his genera and species shows, sepa-

rated off his Velletln as a subgenus, without, however, giving it

that distinction. His arrangement was:

3. Ancylus

1 . Ancylus fluviatilis

Velletia

2. Velletia lacustris.

His two divisions were each for a single species and therefore

even then monotypical, but all doubt as to the intended types

is set at rest by his article in the Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847

(p. 181), where the same arrangement obtains and the two

species are definitely named by him as types.' This last paper

has entirely escaped Mr. Walker's observation. It was not

until 1857 in his second edition of Turton's Manual (pp. 210

and 220) that Gray made these divisions into two distinct

genera.

Expressed in modern manner Gray's classification in 1840

and 1847 was:

Genus Ancylus

8ubg. Avryliis {s. s. )

Subg. Velletln.

Bourguignat in 1853 (lor. rlL, p. 03) accepted Gray's sub-

divisions, but, as the fjishion then was, instead of retaining the

' Turlon'H Manual, mw cd.. p. 217.

' Here also he admits that Acrohrua and Velletia are synonyms.

THE NAUTILUS. 85

name of the genus for one section as "s. s." he gave a distinc-

tive name for each section, thus:

Genus Aurylm

S. g. Anci/lfistrum.

S. g. Velletiu.

Bourguignat'R AiicijUistnim was therefore merely a nom. nov.

for Aiin/lus as Hmited by Gray.

Now by the Rules (Art. 30, II, f . ) "In case a generic name

without originally designated type [in this case Ancyln.struin']

is proposed as a substitute for another generic name, with or

without type [in this case Ancylus, type A. fluvintilis] the type of

either, when established, becomes ipso facto type of the other."

Hence the type of Ancyhistrum is by the Rules beyond question

A. flumatilu (Miiller), and Mr. Walker's Pseudancylus^ goes to

swell the ever-lengthening list of unwanted synonyms.

ON THE HELIX PERSPECTIVA OF MEGERLE VON MUHLFELD VERSUS

THAT OF SAY

BY A. S. KENNARD A. L. S. AND B. B. WOODWARD, F. L. S.

Megerle's paper "Beschreibung einiger neuen Conchylien "

was published in the Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde Berlin, Vol.

viii (pp. 3-11), the title page of which is dated 181S. It

seems, however, that the volume in question was published in

four parts: Pt. i, 1816; pt. ii, 1817; pt. iii, 1817, and pt. iv,

1818,' and tliat Megerle's paper appeared in the first part.

Say's name came out the following year in the Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philad., i, p. 18. Consequently Megerle's name

holds, and the Helix solaria, of Meuke becomes its synonym,

' Nautilus, XXXV, p. 58.

^See Isis, 1818. col. 144S, 1707 and 1809 [The refemu-e to Megerle's

paper on pape or column 14S3 — I'xl.] also M(?in. .\cad. .Sci. .St. IVtersbourg,

vi-ix. — ('. Davics Sherborn (Index Aniinalium). This appears to have been

known, in part at all events, to i'inuey and Bland, for they give the correct

date for Helix eereolus Megerle, whicli api)ears in the same paper.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

whilst Say's species will have to take the later name Helix

patida of Deshayes, and following the nomenclature of the

Pilsbry- Johnson "Catalogue" (Nautilus, XI, p. 141) be

known as Pyramidula {Gonyodisciis) i>atula (Desh.), or yet bet-

ter as Goniodiscus patula (Desh.).

AGNATHOMORPHOUS AULACOPODA

BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER

In a recent paper (1924, Occ. Papers Mus. Zoo. Univ. Mich.,

no. 156), a provisional arrangement of the " Streptaxidae "

was presented. This was mainly based on radulae, although

certain other features of the anatomy of Scolodonta (Systrophiella)

eudiscus and of Redartemon jessei (one incomplete specimen)

were included.

Since then, I have dissected Strqytaxis (Odontartemon) glaber

normalis Jousseaume and reexamined the other two species.

These new data, which will be figured in a future paper, force

a quite different conception of the relationships than that indi-

cated in the article cited above.

The animal of Streptaxis glaber normalis is very similar to that

of Bedartemon jessei. Foot: strictly holopod; i. e. , without

pedal grooves. Pallial complex: described and figured in this

or a related species by Dr. Pilsbry (1907, Man. Con. XIX, fig.

lii-5); lung venation much weaker than in R. jessei. Penis:

shorter and stouter, but fundamentally similar in structure;

lower half surrounded by a heavy, muscular sheath, which at-

taches along the vas deferens; penial retractor inserted at apex

and attached to diaphragm on the right of spermoviduct

("uterus"). Vas deferens: arises from base of spermoviduct,

runs straight across to penial sheath, encircles the penis, and

finally passes up along tlio side of that organ to enter at its

apex; arrangement i-iniilar in R. jessei {op. cit., fig. x-55), and

portion above penial sheath shown in my figure (although I

did not recognize it at the time). Free ocular retractors: short;

THK NAUTILUS. 87

right one fused postcriad with the left to form a common hand,

which is about half as long as either free muscle and joins the

tail retractors near the level of the mantle edge. In R. jessei,

both eye retractors join a broad band of muscles that retract the

snout; in both species, the right ocular is completely free from

the genitalia. Jaw: absent, only represented as a low, rounded

fold above the buccal aperture.

Further study of the animal of Scolodonta eudiscus brings out

the following additional features. Columellar muscle: receives

the long penis retractor near the base of the liver, the pharyn-

geal muscle at about the middle of the body cavity, then the

two right oculars and finally the two left ones, which unite

with the tail retractors near the foot; right ocular bands pasB

between penis and vagina. Jaw: represented by a definite,

sharp-edged, crescentic fold, which looks like a true jaw but is

quite plastic; examination under high magnification shows that

this structure is covered with a thickened epidermis composed

of polygonic cells. Thus, although a coherent jaw is absent, a

vestigial, homologous development is certainly recognizable.

Foot: margined on either side by a distinct pedal groove, both

of which terminate at a definite, caudal mucous pore below a

small, dorsal projection; above each pedal groove, a rounded

ridge is marked off, except near the caudal end, by another,

less regular furrow; each longitudinal ridge terminates anteriad

as a small, suprapedal lobe under the snout. The foot of

Htqqna (Happiella) guildingi (Bland) is fundamentally similar,

but the j)rojection above the mucous pore is very much longer,

as figured by Bland himself (1805, A. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y.,

VIII, 157-9, figs. 3).

From the above descriptions, it will be seen that Scolodonta

(subgenus Systrophielln) and Happia (section Happiella) cannot

be included in the Streptaxidae as they are apparently much

niore closely related to the Aulacopod families than to the

Holopod ones. In fact, they appear to have certain characters

in common with the superfamily Agnatha, but Scolodonta, at

least, differs in the close approximation of tlie cerebral ganglia,

which are practically fused as in the Agnathomorpha. For

these reasons, a separate family is necessary for at least Scolo-

05 THE NAUTILUS.

dontn and Happia; from the radulae and shells, I believe that

this should also include Austroselenites, Zuphos (?), Drepanostom-

ella, MartineUa (?) Miradiscops, Tamayoa and Guestieria.

The American families of Sigmurethra with purely carnivor-

ous dentition, all of which have short cerebral commissures,

may be separated by the following provisional key:

A' Foot aulacopod, bounded by pedal grooves and with a

caudal mucous pore; penial retractor a branch of

columellar muscle Scolodontidae

A" Foot holopod; penial retractor usually attached to dia-

phragm

B' Kidney oblong, parallel to pericardium; jaw well de-

veloped; radula with Zonitid laterals

Haplotrematidae

B" Kidney not parallel to pericardium; jaw obsolete;

radula with strictly aculeate laterals

C Kidney oval, transverse; right ocular retractor typ-

ically not associated with genitalia; shell helicoid

to discoid Streptaxidae

C" Kidney triangular, oblique; right ocular retractor

passes between penis and vagina; shell usually

elongate, often with truncate columella

Oleacinidae

The Scolodontidae may be further defined by the following

sets of characters. Shell: thin, transparent to translucent,

helicoid to discoid, with simple or emarginate peristome.

Kidney: very long; parallel to pericardium as in the Haplo-

trematidae. Jaw: vestigial (to functional?). Laterals of

radula: anterior ends narrow and elongate; cusps aculeate or

fimbriate.

The Streptaxidae certainly include Streptnxi.^ and Rcdartemon

(Artemon of authors); the other American groups are probably

Polygyratia^ Systrophia, Entodlna and Ridleya (?). Shell: heav-

ier and more opaque, usually with reflected peristome, often

with teetii or lamellae. Jaw: truly absent. Laterals of radula:

anterior ends expanded to form large areas for attachment;

cusps strictly aculeate. Although the venation of the lung is

THK NAUTILI'S.

89

very weak in the smaller species, it resembles that of the

Oleacinidae in at least one of the larger forms (Rectartanoii

lessei).

AN ABNORMAL CLAM

BY J. HENRY BLAKE

During my visit to Provincetown, Cape Cod, in August, there

was given to me a curiously deformed clam, Mya armaria Linn.

This specimen was dug with other normal clams from the

'* flats " at the western end of the harbor by Mr. Newcomb, a

native of the town. It was alive when taken and apparently

as " happy " as its neighbors.

Its striking abnormality attracted my attention and I have

90 THK NAUTILUS.

thought it of sufficient interest for the readers of The Nautilus.

The two illustrations here given, natural size, will show the ap-

pearance of the specimen better than any words I may offer.

The right valve is much smaller, quite flat, in one part a

little concave, and about half covered with a yellowish epi-

dermis. The left valve is extremely convex and thicker than

the right, its umbone projecting over the latter, and with slight

radiations on the anterior part.

One can easily contemplate the volition of some enthusiastic

paleontologist who found such a shell in a fossil state, and it

suggests a lesson to the hasty so-called species maker.

C0NCH0L0GIST8 IN THE MAKING

BY p:dwin e. hand

Hyde Park High School, Chicago, Illinois

As aftermath of the World War, it seems that very little can

be accomplished without "a drive." There's a drive for this

and a drive for that, a lot of advertising is done, a day set apart

and the trick is turned.

Since no one has started a drive for future conchologists we

are pegging away in the good old-fashioned way. If results

are inadequate, why not have a Drive ?

Given 150 young boys and girls about 14, to be taught gen-

eral science, how do we get them interested in the lowly snails

and their shells.

A tea strainer securely tied to a stick six feet long accom-

panies us to .Jackson Park, just south of the beautiful art build-

ing of World's Fair fame. On the bottom of the clear water

lagoon, within easy reach, lie thousands of Goniofxisia and Pleu-

rocera. On the bank, with eager, ex]>ectant faces, stand 40 of

these boys and girls seeing a snail for the first time in their

lives.

A few sweeps of the tea strainer and ( lutugh snails arf^ gath-

ered to place in their outstretclied hands all the specimens they

wish to take bonif and ])\i\ro in their "glass of water" acjuar-

riiK .NArTiLii.s. 91

iuins. Those are watched a few days and ])roudly introduced

to little brother or sister or friends. Afterwards the poor snails

are killed by dropping into boiling water, then in a few seconds

removed from their shells, the shells cleaned and mounted in

the cigar-box apartments. The names and recjuired data are

written in corresponding spaces on inside of cover; other kinds,

Plaiwrbis, land shells, etc., are added; trades are made, gifts

from friends begin to come in; a few sea shells are bought, and

Boon the boxes are on exhibition.

A new game has been tackled, and by following directions a

touchdown is scored. The collections are judged by votes of

their makers, and prizes are awarded. The tirst prize this time

was a Xenophora — the original shell collector — whose story

would have been unbelievable without the experience of the

senses of sight and touch.

Then comes the question of correlation of this work with

their other studies. What can be more noticeable than the

"Aa«</7j<^" in its three-fold complex; the shell, natural and

sectioned; the poem, so technically exact and so marvellously

musical, from which always some bright boy or girl can quote,

and the magazine (ours, not "new thought") absolutely new

to all ?

Yes, and books: Baker's "Molluscaof the Chicago Area";

Ward's " Catalog of Mollusca"; Rogers' "Shell Book," to be

ordered for one of their Christmas presents, and other books too

numerous to enumerate.

We correlate with history. The money cowry and its story

is in the boxes. Peden hnslatm "dredged from 50 fathoms off

San Pedro," gift of the Oldroyds, with its " bristling spears "

and coupled with its cousin jncohnevs^ carries us back to the

times of the crusaders.

The bleeding tooth, olives galore, Cypraea anmilns, with its

ring of gold, from the Bnsines.=? Manager of The Nautili's, and

a perfect shower of shells from Becker, A. J. Brown, Chace,

Farrer, Ferriss, Remington and others to come when they read

this — connect us with the greatest of all sciences — generosity or

is it Love? Many of these children are surprised when I tell

them that these shells are sent (if I am wrong, please correct

92 THE NAUTILUS.

me), because the donors want others to feel the joys they have

felt, not onl}' in receiving but in giving.

Finally, Purpura connects us with royalty and the Shell on

the Stamp of Travancore, to Philately.

Polygyra texasiana texasensis, obtained by the author at San-

derson, Texas, this summer, reposes in the boxes as a constant

reminder of Dr. Pilsbry's tussle with the naming problem.

Thus it goes on 3'ear by year.

Friend Higgins reminds us that "naturalists are born, not

made." Friend Johnson tells of Remington and Clench who

were drawn into the field of conchology by visiting the Boston

Society of Natural History. Our Mr. Conrad sent forth Dr.

Zetek, from his school and mayhap there be many others.

I may not have a single famous collector to my credit, but I

claim the honor of having given thousands of Chicago boys and

girls a new outlook on life; a love of nature's beauties from

stars to snails; a knowledge of great names in many realms, and

of books for their own libraries. But I suppose if we want real

rabid conchologists or anything else, we shall have to get up a

drive.

Hear, ye high schools, let's have a drive !

NEWFOUNDLAND SHELLS

BY E. G. VANATTA

Mr. Bayard Long collected the following species of Mollusca

while on a botanical exj^edition in Newfoundland. He noticed

Arion nler (L. ) at many places near I)uy Bulls. This is the

only American locality for the species, except one specimen

found in a garden at Detroit, Michigan, as reported by Dr.

Bryant Walker. The Arions were identified from dried speci-

mens by the jaws and radnloi and Mr. Long's notes. The

single (tonyodiscus a'onkhitei is not quite so angular as tyjucal

var. anthonyi l*ils. LymiKva pei-egrn gciserkola Beck, described

from Iceland, is also an addition to tiie American fauna. It

has been compared carefully with Iceland specimens.

THE NAUTILU8. 93

Vertigo hoppii Bk. (?) Brig Bay and Flower Cove.

PoliUi hammonis (Strom), Brig Bay.

Avion nter (L. ), Bay Bulls.

Arion fasciatus Nils., Trepassey and Whitbourne.

Oonyodiscics cronkhitei anthoni/i Pils.. Brig Bay.

Succinea avara Say, Brig Bay and Flower Cove.

Succinea oralis Say, Flower Cove.

Lymncea pahistris (Miill.), Sandy Cove and Flower Cove.

Lymnaea peregra geisericola Bk. , Junction Pond, Whitbourne.

Anodonta marginnta Say, Junction Pond, Whitbourne.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MARINE SHELLS OF SANIBEL, FLORIDA

BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH

University of Michigan

During the summer of 1923, a second trip was made to Sani-

bel, Florida. Unfortunately, this trip was made during the

same season of the year as the previous trip, and, as a conse-

quence, seasonal differences in the fauna were not observed.

However, a few additional species were obtained and more notes

on some of the species collected on the first trip was secured.

(Naut. Vol. 37, pp. 52-56, 1923.)

General conditions on the island were similar to those of

1921, except for a deposit of mud and silt along the gulf side of

the island, some four or five hundred feet off shore. Heavy

rains in the fall of 1921 caused the Caloosahatchee River to carry

an unusual amount of sediment into San Carlos Bay, which was

carried by the outgoing tides around the point of the Island and

deposited off shore. This caused a condition unfavorable to

many sand-loving species and, compared with their abundance

on the former trip, their absence was noticeable.

Many more trips were taken during 1923 to the northwest

end of the island in the region of Blind Pass and Clam Bayou.

Very large specimens of Bmycon perversus were collected in the

Pass, the species being especially plentiful around the beds of

Venus campechienais. Three large specimens of Pinna muricata

94 THE NAUTILUS.

and a single specimen of Conus proteus were found alive in shal-

low water at the entrance of Clam Bayou. The Pinna were

buried, hinge down, in the sand, with about an inch of the

shell protruding into the water, and were covered with a growth

of algae which concealed them very effectivel}'. A new part of

Clam Bayou was visited which yielded a very rich harvest of

Barnea costatn. These shells were located by small holes in the

sand which occurred usually in groups of from three to twenty.

They were buried about eight inches in the sand, their siphons

extending about halfway to the surface.

The following list is composed of new records and notes not

recorded on the previous list:

Pecten nodosus (L.). — A single small valve only, I have seen

specimens of this species accredited to Sanibel 5} inches long.

Mytilus recwfus Raf. — Tarpon Bay. A single valve only.

This was found with some debris on an oyster bar near the

wharf landing.

Venus campechiensis Gmel. — On my last list this species was

noted only from Clam Bayou. This year a few specimens were

taken in Tarpon Bay in about five feet of water. A large bed

of this species was found in Blind Pass, a strip of water sepa-

rating Sanibel from Captiva Island to the north.

Cyrend floridond Conr. — Very common. Tliis species was

only collected dead in 1923. However, on this trip, a small

bed was found in Tarpon Bay, located near high-water line

among the mangrove roots. It was peculiar to note that these

were especially abundant in the sand (1 to 2 inches deep) in

the little rivulets draining this swamp area. Similar beds were

located all around the bay, always near high-water line, under

the circumstances noted.

Tellina nlternata Say. — Three dead specimens of this species

were picked up at low water along the beach.

Cerithium Jluridanvvi ^locrch. — Gulf side of island. A single

specimen only.

Cantharus tindus Conr. — Tarpon Ba}'. On my previous list I

reported this species only from the gulf side of the island, and

inhabited by hermit cral)K. On this trip several specimens were

taken alive in llic hay on the oyster bar.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

Valuta junonia Hwass. — A splendid specimen of this species

was presented to nie by a retrident of the island. This was one

of eight specimens collected along the beach by him during the

winter of 1922-1923.

Crq)idula aculeala Gmel. — Gulf side. Two specimens only.

This seems to be a deeper-water form than the other species of

Crepidula collected on the island. Both of these specimens

were attached to the base of a sponge which was brought in by

a storm.

A great many more species undoubtedly exist on and about

this island. During both trips only a short time was devoted

to marine collecting, and more intensive work would reveal

many species not recorded so far, especially if it extended over

sections of the island along San Carlos Bay. During the winter

months many specimens are cast up on the beach that are never

seen at any other season of the year. A local collector had a

specimen of Dolium collected during the past winter (I believe

Dolium galea L.), and he described many other shells, but his

descriptions were too meagre in detail for specific determination.

NEW SHELLS FKOM JAPAN

BY WM. H. BALL

Mr. J. B. Langford of Honolulu, long a noted collector of

Hawaiian marine mollusca, has of late been domiciled in .Japan

where his activities have continued. His collections have been

chiefly littoral, and, since the earthquake, have been diminished

by the dislocation of the shoreline and consequent disappear-

ance of many of its normal population of mollusca. Most of

the species sent were familiar, but a few appear to be unde-

scribed, especially a remarkable Chiton, which, having been

submitted to Dr. Pilsbry, seems to typify a new group as well

as a new species. In his opinion it is most closely related to

the Placiphorella group.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

Langfordiella, new genus.

Form broad and short, little elevated, the girdle produced in

front as in PlaciphoreUa ; insertion plates short, thick, and

pectinated, the tail valve without slits. Type, Langfordiella

jcqjonica n. sp. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333541.

Langfordiella japonica n. sp.

Valves narrow and wide, much eroded in the specimens, a

young individual shows no defined jugal area, the general upper

surface of the valves smooth except for incremental lines and

two strong ribs extending to the margin; insertion plates in the

adult short, thick, strongly pectinated; in the anterior plate

about 12 groups of pectinations; intermediate valves with one

slit between coarse pectinations; tail valve heavy, with no slits

and feeble indications of pectination; sinus very shallow, hardly

defined. Interior of valves white, with a greenish tinge on the

anterior valve. Girdle brownish, leather}'', produced in front,

irregularl}^ studded with short stout brown spinules, often with

a swollen apex, and slender microscopically scaly hairs not dis-

tributed with any apparent relation to the sutures; gill rows

ambient, muzzle triangular. In a dry specimen the shelly

portion measures 32 mm. ; over all, with the contracted an-

terior portion of the girdle 39 mm. ; breadth of valves 31 mm.

The coloration of the upper surface is difliicult to determine,

owing to erosion, but in the youngest specimen there are red-

dish longitudinal streaks with pale intervals while the distal

portions of the valves are nearly black. One of the larger

specimens is more generally reddish, and another is almost

wholly blackish.

Locality. Kmi Busliiu, .Japan; others are from Nemoto

Bashiu.

Mr. Langford notes that the coast where these specimens were

collected was raised during the earth(|uake about ten feet. The

bottom is a soft rock in which the chitons made little circular

holes to roost in. These holes are very numerous but at pres-

ent all empty.

THK NAUTILUS. 97

Slilifer C(v>tanei'3 n. sp.

Shell small, smooth, naticoid with a short mucro; very dark

chestnut brown; whorls about three, exclusive of the mucro,

the last much the largest, somewhat appressed, the suture not

deep; surface with microscopic spiral striulae, and faint incre-

mental lines, base rounded, imperforate, pillar thin, arcuate;

aperture ovate, the margin thin. Height, 4.5; max. diameter,

3.3 mm. Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333545.

Locality, Emi Bashiu, Japan, Langford. Attached to an

echinoderm of undetermined species, which has disappeared

from the locality since the earthquake.

The color of this and the following species is unusual, the

greater number of the members of the genus being pure white.

Stilifer perdepressus n. sp.

Shell very dark chestnut, of about three whorls with prom-

inent mucro; the last whorl much the largest, much depressed,

suture appressed, surface smooth except for lines of growth;

base rounded, pillar thin, the upper part reflected over an im-

pressed umbilical dimple; aperture ovate, the outer lip obliquely

retractive. Height, 2.75; max. diameter, 3.0 mm. Type, U.

S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333546.

Locality. On echinoderms at Chikura Bashiu, Japan, Lang-

ford.

Strombiformis langfordi n. sp.

Shell minute, yellowish, except the last whorl which is pale

with a peripheral yellow-brown narrow line; surface polished,

suture appressed: hardly evident: whorls about nine, the apical

whorl blunt, the shell slightly dextrally bent; the whorls flat-

tened, the base somewhat produced, imperforate; aperture sub-

ovate with the lip and pillar thin. Height, 5.0; max. diameter,

1.5 mm. Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333555.

Locality. Shimoda Izu, Japan, on Hcliocidaris cr(u>siirpina

(A. Agassiz), Langford.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE MACTEAS OF THE WEST COAST

BY A. M. STRONG

The Mactras of the Pacific Coast of North America have

always been a difficult group to collectors and students. Al-

most all the species are known to have a very wide range but as

they are seldom found above low-tide line and the thin, brittle

shells do not last long when washed ashore, but few good speci-

mens are to be seen in the collections. Even now some of the

species are very imperfectly known and there has been much

confusion in the application of the names given by the early

writers whose meager descriptions were based on poor material.

The literature on the group is not extensive in the works

commonly quoted. Gray, in the Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, de-

scribed Mactra exoleta from the Gulf of California. In the same

year Conrad in the Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. , vol. 7, de-

scribed Mactra planulata, Mactra californica and Cryptodon nuttallii

from shells collected by Nuttall on "muddy marshes bare at

low tide" at Santa Barbara. Three species were described by

Gould, Mactra falcata from Puget Sound in the Proc. Boston

Soc. Nat. Hist, for 1850 and Mactra nasuia from San Pedro and

Lutraria nndulata from La Paz in the Proceedings for 1851.

Gould in his Otia, p. 210, says of nasuta Gld., "This species

agrees so nearly with M. falcata Gld. , that until a direct com-

parison is made it may be considered synonymous." Car-

penter, in his review of these different species (Report of 1863,

p. 613) says: " Conrad's types being lost, and his species im-

perfectly described from very young specimens, a difficulty at-

tends their identification. Dr. Cooper found very large valves

(resembling Schizothaerus) in abundance, but much deformed

by the entrance of sand, and apparently killed by the fresh

waters of a great (lood. The large shells belong to two very

distinct species, wliich are probably those of Conrad; among

the small shells is perhaps a third, which may be Dr. Gould's

su]»j>resscd rja.st/to." Car|»('iitcr's application of the earlier

names was unfortunate and resulted in much of the later con-

fusion, particularly as seen in the labels in the older collectionB.

THE NAI'TILIS. 99

Connul in the Amcr. Journ. Conch., vol. 3, p. 193 (18G7)

<U'8criheti Mdctra dolahriformvi and Mactra catilliformis from

Panama. Both of these species are now also credited to Cali-

f(^rnia waters. Dr. Dall in the Nautilus, vols. 7 and 8 (1894),

redescribed several of the species and added Mactra heinphilli

from San Diego. In the same connection he guggested the

name of Mactra alaskana for the Alaskan shell ])reviously re-

ferred to Mactra falcata Gld. The next work on the group

appears in a review of the nomenclature of the Family Mac-

tridae by Dr. Dall published in the Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci.,

vol. 3, part 4 (1898), where these various species are listed

under genera, subgenera and sections with a number of changes

from the previously used arrangement. Finally in Bull. Dept.

Geol., Univ. of Ca!., vol. 9 (1916), Earl L. Packard reviewed

all the West Coast species, both living and fossil. The results

of this last work does not appear in the list of West Coast

Shells in Bulletin 112 of the United States National Museum.

We now have the following species recognized from the West

Coast whose ranges are reported to reach as far north as San

Diego.

Anatina undulata Gould, 1851.

This is the Lutraria undulata of Gould, the Raeta undulata of

Carpenter, and the Labiosa undulata of Arnold and Keep. The

range is given by Dall as San Pedro to Panama and it is fully

descril)ed in Arnold's Paleontology of San Pedro, p. 177. It is

a southern shell of which a few valves have been found washed

up on Southern Califoi'nia beaches and it is easily recognized

by the "concentrically undulated " surface.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) californica Conrad, 1837.

This shell is fully described by Packard and Arnold as well

as by Dall in the Trans. Wagner Inst, of Sci., vol. 3, part 4, p.

876. It is not the Standella californica of Carpenter or the

Mactra californica of Cooper but seems to be in part at least the

Standella nasuta of Carpenter. Dall gives the range as Neah

Bay to San Diego but Packard gives Mactra anguMa Desh. as a

synonym and as this was a Panama shell the range can be

100 THE NAUTILUS.

greatly extended. The species is not uncommon in Southern

California and living specimens are sometimes found on the

mud flats at low tide. It is the smallest of the Coast species,

an inch and a half or less in length and according to Arnold is

distinguished by its thicker shell, nearly central beaks and more

obtusely rounded anterior end.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) dolabriformis Conrad, 1867.

This species was redescribed by Dall in the Nautilus, vol. 7,

p. 138, and the description is copied in Orcutt's Molluscan

World, No. 1627. Dall gives the range as from Lobitas, Cali-

fornia, to Topolabampo, Mexico, but Conrad's type is given as

from Panama. It is a rare species of which a few specimens

have been dredged in Southern California waters. The shell is

much compressed, resembling Spisula falcata Gld., but with

more central beaks, more elongated shape, and larger, the adult

three and a half to four inches in length.

Mactra (Mactrotoma) nasuta Gould, 1851.

There has been a great deal of difficult}' in fixing Gould's

shell. He gives the localities in " Otia " as San Pedro and La

Paz. The shells to which Carpenter, Cooper, Keep, and others

applied the name are now considered to belong to other species.

Dall gives the range as San Diego,? West Columbia, and Old-

royd has recently. Nautilus, vol. 31, p. 97, reported the species

from Puget Sound. Packard in his paper, p. 278, lists the

shell and gives as synonyms M. californica Desh., M. fragilis

Cpr. , and M. deshnyesii Conr., all of which were from the Gulf

of California. Packard says of the shell, "The lack of sulcate

beaks, the pronounced gape, the more ventricous form, besides

several details of hinge, will serve to separate this species from

M. cnlifornicd Conrad with which it is often associated."

Mactra (Mactrella) exoleta Gray, 1837.

This is the Mactra exoleta of Gray, Carpenter, and Arnold and

the Mactra veritricosa of Gould and C. B. Adams. The range is

given by Packard as San Diego to Panama. There may be

some (question as to the accuracy of the San Diego record for

THE NAUTILUS. 101

tlie livinj; shell tlioujih it is well uutluMiliraud from there as a

Pleistocene fossil. Arnold gives ii full description, j). 175, and

says that it is easily distinguislied by "the sharply angular

trigonal shape, great convexity, elevated umbo, and sharp suit-

marginal posterior ridge."

Spisula (IIhmimactra) voyi Ciabb, 18GG.

While this species was first described from a fossil by Gabb

in his Pal. Cal. vol. 2, p. 24, Packard states, p. 283, that it is

represented by a living form in Dall's S. (polynyma Stimpson,

var. ) ala.-<kana. This synonymy would include in part the

Madra falcatn of authors. Dall gives the range for the living

shell as Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound and he described it in

Nautilus, vol. 7, p. 138, and vol. 8, p. 40.

Spisula (Hemimactra) catilliformts Conrad, 18G7.

This species was redescribed by Dall in the Nautilus, vol. 7,

]). 137, and the description is copied in Orcutt's Molluscan

World, No. 1625. It is the Standella califomica of Carpenter

and the Madra califomica and Mactra plamdata of Cooper. The

shell is well figured in Keep. The large, thin valves, four

inches or more in length, are not infrequently washed up on

the California beaches during storms. Arnold says of it, " dis-

tinguished by its large size, broad, almost oval outline, promi-

nent cartilage pit, long depressed area in front of the umbo, and

nearly equally rounded ends." Dall gives the range as Neah

Bay to San Diego but Conrad in his original description states

" Inhabits Panama."

Spisula (Hemimactra) hemphilli Dall, 1894.

This species was described from San Diego by Dall in the

Nautilus, Vol. 7, p. 137, and the description is copied in Or-

cutt's Molluscan World, No. 1626. The range is given by Dall

as San Pedro to San Diego. It is the largest of the Coast

species, reaching a length of six inches, and according to Pack-

ard is distinguished from catilllformis by the more elongated

shape, longer laminae, and more oblique pallial sinus.

102 THE NAUTILUS.

Spisula (Symmorphomactra) falcata Gould, 1850.

Dall in the Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., vol. 3, part 4, gives this

species as the type of the subgenus Symmorphomactra, though in

the later Bulletin 112 of the United States National Museum he

lists it with the Hemimactras. Carpenter and Cooper included

in the species shells which are now considered to belong to

other species and Cooper considered M. nasiila Gld. a synonym.

It is a rather small shell, about two inches in length, and is

sometimes found at low tide near the entrances to the California

bays. The range is given by Dall as Puget Sound to Coronado

Islands. The species is described by Arnold, p. 176, who

states, "distinguished from the other species by narrower,

more acutely rounded anterior end, and interior radiating

ridges. ' '

Spisula (Symmorphomactra planulata Conrad, 1837.

This is a little known species. It is the Spisula j)/a?n(/a<a of

Dall in the Nautilus, vol. 8, p. 40, but not the Standella plan-

ulata of Carpenter or the Madra planulfita of Gabb, Cooper or

Stearns. Packard in his paper, p. 293, describes the species

and states that it is of the general size and shape of S. falcata

Gld. but flatter and more inequilateral. Dall gives the range

as Monterey to Cape San Lucas.

ScHizoTHAERUs NUTTALLii Courad, 1837.

This the Cryptodon tniUallii of Conrad, the Tresiis maximns of

Middendorf and Gray, and the Lutraria capax of Gould. It is

a well-known Coast shell, ranging from Wrangell, Alaska, to

San Diego, and has been fully described many times.

The synonymy and localities listed would give all these

species a vcr}' great range and raises a question either as to tlie

accuracy of the type localities or as to the correctness of apply-

ing the names to the California shells. In spite of the fact that

five of the species appear in the California lists as ranging to

Panama none of them appear in Zetek's recent list of Panama

shells. Until more is known of the off-shore fauna of the West

Coast of Mexico and Central America it will be very difficult to

answer these questions.

THE NAUTILI'S. lOJ

NOTES

Ckphalopods or Elephants on the Mayan Stel.k. — In

Nature for August 2, Dr. II. 0. Forbes discusses the supposed

elephant sculptures on the !?telic of Copan and Tikal, conclud-

ing that they are really conventionalized cephalopoda. The

illustrations given appear to support his contention, which

seems the more probable as squids are already known to enter

into the raytholog}' of the natives of Ecuador.

The muskrat in Czechoslovakia. — Fiber zibethicus was intro-

duced in Bohemia in 1906 as a fur animal. It bred with as-

tonishing rapidity, and now threatens the balance of the fresh-

water fauna. It is a serious enemy of the mussels, especially

the pearl mussel, Margaritana margnritifera, which it destroys

by gnawing through the shell over the posterior adductor

muscle. H. Prell, in Die Natunoissenschaften, Sept. 12, 1824^

has given an account of its ravages.

Friedrich Borcherding, — A sketch, bibliography and por-

trait appeared in Archiv fur Mollluskenkunde, 1924, pp. 58-66.

Borcherding died March 4th, at the age of 75. He was known

to American conchologists chiefly for his work on the Achati-

nellidre of Molokai, and his monograph of Carelia.

Lake Titicaca mullusks. — Since the publication of my paper

on Mollusks of Lake Titicaca (Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1924, i)p.

49-54) I have seen a work in which certain species are illus-

trated: Eine Priihistorische Metropole in Siidamerica, by Arthur

Posnansky (Berlin, 1914). On plate II, of Vol. I, there are

photographic figures said to represent Palucleslrina culmineay

P. andecola, Ancylus tilicacensis and PlanoHm titicaccnsi.^, no

authorities given. The first two are the species so named by

d'Orbigny. The Planorbis is probably P. titicacensis of Clessin.

The '■'■ Ancylus^ ^ titicacemis is a Pisidium ! Whether it is ident-

ical with my Pisidium tiiicacense can hardly be decided, but it

is at least quite similar. The shells are mentioned on pages

104 THE NAUTILUS.

33 and 34, but without descriptions or references. A species of

Hippocampus is also figured from the lake. — H. A. Pilsbry.

AcANTHiNA. — In preparing my "Notes on the Acanthina

from California" published in the Nautilus for July, 1924, I

overlooked a recent paper published in the Proceedings of the

Malacological Society of London, August, 1918. In this paper

"On the Radula of the genus Acanthina, G. Fisher", by Rev.

A. H. Cooke, a new subgenus Acanthinucella is jjroposed for

the California shells and it is pointed out that Monoceros uni-

carinata Shy., has priority over Monoceros engonata Conr. Our

old friend Monoceros engonata Conr. therefore becomes Acanthina

(Acanthinucella) spirata Blainv., var. unicarinata Shy. — A. M.

Strong.

Sea Gull Drops Clam on Policeman. — The habit of sea gulls

to carry clams in their talons to a considerable height and drop

them on a hard surface to break, so that the bird can feed on

the bivalve, nearly proved disastrous to Abe Loche, a former

policeman of Atlantic City, N. J.

Loche was walking along the Boardwalk when one of the

gulls flew high above him and dropped the clam directly on

the man's head. He fell and had to be carried into a nearby

drug store for treatment. — Boston Globe.

Shells Wanted.— Mr. E. E. Hand, of the Hyde Park High

School, Chicago, would like to exchange with other High

Schools. Also to receive as gifts or will ])ay for common

species in lots of 50 or 100.

Helminthoglypta umbilicata cayucosensis. — A subspecies

or local race of H. vmhU'irata has been found by Mr. E. P.

Chace and Mrs. Chace on bluffs six miles north of Cayucos, San

Luis Obispo Co., Cal. "The exact locality is the face of the

ocean bluff almost within reach of the spray, near 'China

Camp,' A. R. Storni ranch. The snails were living mider the

beach aster and hen-and-chickcn plants. The blulT at this

THK NADTILUS. 105

point is about 40 ft. high, the lower half rock, tl)c upper clayey

loam."

This race clifTers from luiibilicaln by the smaller uml)ilicuR,

contained 11 to IG times in the diameter of shell, by the dark

color, bet^Yeen russet and cinnamon-brown of Ridgway (while

the typical //. umhilicnUi is from old gold to Isabella color).

When denuded it is very close to pecan brown. The banding

is similar, the dark band being darker than Ridgway's carob

brown. It is profusely malleate, as in umbilicata. Height 16,

diam. 25.5 mm., 6 whorls (type, No. 134843), or somewhat

smaller, height 14.7, diam. 22.3 mm. — H. A. Pilsbry.

Amblema neisleri nest located. — In 1918 Mr. L. S. Frier-

son sent me some money to be used toward finding the rare

Amblema neisleri (Lea). This was after he had examined a

specimen the writer sent him from Florida for identification,

and I think he stated it was the first specimen he had ever

seen. Well, I used his money several times over since then in

the endeavor to locate them, and it is only within the last few

weeks that a nice little lot of choice specimens was received

from a fisherman up on the Chipola River in northwest Florida.

These came accompanied with Amblema boykiniana (Lea) and

Elliptio incrassatus (Lea), very fine specimens of both. As long

as they last I will send a few specimens of the neisleri to anyone

desiring them, — T. Van Hvning, Director, The Florida State

Museum, Gainesville, Florida,

Physa cupraeonitens and Physa sayi warreniana in Hot

Springs. — Physa cupraeaaitens was described by Professor T. D.

A. Cockerell in 1889, from Wellsville Hot Springs, Colorado.

Since then it has been "lost" to science. Last September I

was able to stop for a few moments in passing the type locality

in an automobile, and found the species still abundant both in

the spring where it issues from the tunnel in the rocks and in

the rivulet that comes from the bathing pool just below the

spring. The water is quite warm, but, though it is called a hot

spring, I would hardly speak of it as really hot.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

One might easily suppose the small size of this species to be

due to its warm-water habitat, but that seems to be discredited

by another species in much hotter water that we found on the

same trip. In a spring a short distance above the bathhouse at

Mount Princeton (formerly Hortense) Hot Springs, southwest

of Nathrop, about twenty miles up the river from Wellsville,

we found in fair abundance a species determined by Dr. Bryant

Walker as Physa sayi loarreniana. They are smaller, but not

much so, than specimens from elsewhere. The water of this

spring was quite uncomfortably hot. In the still hotter water

of the big spring at the bath house we found no mollusks at all.

Unfortunately we had no way of taking the temperature of

any of these springs, hence cannot make as definite a report as

the records of mollusks in hot springs, especially in Europe,

cited by Dr. Brues in his recent paper on animal life in the

thermal waters of Yellowstone Park (Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts

and Sciences, LXI, 371-437, 1924). — Junius Henderson.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Systematische Index der rezentex Cypr.f.id.e, Dr. Phil.

F. A. Schilder; Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte, 90 Jahrg. heft 4,

pp. 179-214, Berlin.

Kritisches Verzeichnis der rezenten und fossilen

Cypr.'EEN, von F. A. Schilder. Abh. d. Archiv. fiir Molkis-

kenkunde, Bd. 1, heft 2, pp. 1-192, Frankfurt am Main, 1924.

In the first paper above noted, Dr. F. A. Schilder has re-

viewed the whole family of Cypraiida^, in which he includes

also the Amphiperasidte and Triviidic. He divides this group

into five subfamilies, twenty-three genera, and fourteen sub-

genera. He includes Pedkidaria in the Amphiperasinre. He

gives a useful list of the fossil forms, the earliest of which,

Cypraorlns gemmelaroi, appears in the Jura. This is followed

by a condensed systematic Catalogue with the synonymy ap-

proved by tlie author.

THK NAUTILUS. 107

The second paper, after eight pugcs of introduction, give3

seventy-two pages to a bibhography of tlie literature relating to

the family, followed by an nlj)ha!)etical .synonymic list of species

and a two-page addendum of additional matter whicth r,iinc too

late to be incorporated in the original paper.

It will be seen from this brief summary that the aullior's

point of view is similar to that of Cossmann, in that it sub-

ordinates everything to a strictly conchological arrangement,

without reference to distinctions indicated by anatomical char-

acters, basing the classilication entirely upon the form of the

ehell.

Notwithstanding the fact that man}'' malacologists will take a

difYerent view, the data brought together with so much labor

cannot fail to be of service to any one interested in the classifi-

cation of the group, and to earn their gratitude to the compiler.

— W. H. Dall.

Marine Shells of Puget Sound and Vicinity. By Ida

Shepard Oldroyd (Publications Puget Sound Biol. Sta., vol. 4,

271 pages, 49 plates, 1924). This will prove to be one of the

most useful publications on the West Coast shells ever pro-

duced. Correlating descriptions and bringing the nomenclature

up to date of the fauna of a given area, is a useful and commend-

able piece of work, and will do much to increase the general

interest in conchology. The illustrations for the most part are

excellent. — C. \V. J.

New Species of Mollu.sks of the Genus Chilina. By

Wm. B. Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 66, art. 13, pp.

1-5, pi. 1, 1924). Seven new species are described.

New Mollusks from Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador, By Paul

Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 66, art. 14, i)p. 1-9, pis.

1-2, 1924). Fourteen new species of Pyramidellidae and

Melanellidae are described.

New Species of Ferrissia from Lower California. By

Bryant Walker (Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 14, pp. 430-432,

1924). Two new species, F. hayacnlifornica and F. occidentalism

both figured.

108 THE >fAUTILUS,

A DRIVE FOB THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Hand's suggestion in his article about a Drive, seems

appropriate also to The Nautilus, for certainly "results are

inadequate." The Nautilus, like all scientific journals, was

"hard hit" by the Great War. We lost most of our foreign

subscribers, and the increase in the cost of printing making a

raise in the subscription price necessary, had unfortunate re-

sults at home: we now have fewer subscribers than in 1915.

In one of our appeals we spoke of discontinuing the paper

unless there was some improvement in conditions. After this

we noticed that several subscribers did not pay their subscrip-

tions. Finally when they did, one apologized for his delay,

saying, "I would have sent it before but thought you might

stop publishing." Compare this with an English friend who

always sends three years in advance. He has faith in The

Nautilus and in American Science.

There seems to be for Conchology a great field for missionary

work. There are seventeen states which are not represented on

the subscription list of The Nautilus. The figures for our

large cities are still more surprising: 41 of the cities in the

United States which have over 100,000 inhabitants, not one of

whom is sulliciently interested in Conchology to feel the need

of our valuable paper.

For the past thirty-five years the present editors of The

Nautilus have done the work and paid the deficits clieerfully.

These^deficits would have been larger but for the generosity of

a few contributors who have paid the bills for their illustrations.

Our last appeal, October, 1922, was written in rather a jocular

vein, to]^keep up our spirits. It was evidently taken as a joke,

few subscribers responding. The question of continuing The

Nautilus is now up to you. The Drive is on. IIV muxt futve

50 new mbacribers before May Id. The editors will do their part,

but all those who love to study the Mollusca vinst do theirs too,

otherwise the Nautihis nmcricaniiii cannot Iniild its 39th septum.

— II. A. P. AND C. W. J.

The Nautilus.

Vol. XXXVIII APRIL. 1925. No. 4

ON A TANGANYIKA BEACH

BY CHARLES HEDLEY

It is not the sea, one told oneself; but the other self insisted

that it was, pointing to the level horizon where sky and water

meet, to the waves rippling with the familiar song upon the

sand, to the wide beach overgrown with sea-convolvulus and

even to the sea gulls flying overhead. A glimpse of reeds and

papyrus growing off shore is a help to appreciate that this is

indeed a lake.

Not being the sea, to what can it be compared ? The lake

front at Chicago is recalled by the beach, the waves and the

horizon. But beyond the Tanganyika beach rise range beyond

range till the eye rests on an eight thousand foot mountain in

the blue and hazy distance. Happily does Burton's phrase of

"the lovliest glimpses of the Mediterranean" express it. But

against the Mediterranean background is set a foreground which

might belong to New Guinea or Tahiti, a group of blacks at

play upon the shore, hills sloping steeply to the sea, green with

banana plantations, dotted with brown thatched huts and

flagged with palms.

In clear weather, for now is the rainy season, the hills may

be seen across the lake which is only forty miles wide, though

it stretches north and south for 450 miles. The surface is

110 THE NAUTILUS.

2500 feet above the sea while the depth is incredible; four thou-

sand feet is a published record, but a Belgian officer informs

me (I know not on what authority) that it extends half as far

again to two thousand metres. The former record exceeds the

depth of any lake in the world except Lake Baikal in Siberia.

Lake Tanganyika has the narrowest zone of internal drain-

age, the few small streams entering it being incapable of car-

rying down much sediment. The exit is a small stream which

runs west to the Congo. This lake then has a promise of im-

mortality beyond any other lake whose destiny is either to be

filled in by tributaries or breached and drained by exit streams.

Yet it was once larger, for all around are inland cliffs composed

of lake deposit and separated by a level terrace from the water.

Lake Tanganyika lies in the Great Rift Valley of Africa.

This is a huge crack in the crust of the earth which dates back

at least to the Cretaceous epoch. It runs for several thousand

miles from the Jordan Valley in Syria through the Red Sea,

Lakes Rudolph, Tanganyika and Nyassa to Cape Corrientes in

South Africa.

Water in the lower strata of the lake is said to be salt. Since

more water is received and evaporated by the lake than is

spilled into the Congo basin, the salinity of the lake is probably

increasing. My neighbor at the hotel table tells me that even

the surface water is unwholesome and should not be drunk un-

less boiled. He also cautioned me to be careful when collecting

along the beach l)ecause there are numerous and ferocious croc-

odiles which often snatch and kill the negroes. So impatient

was I to see at last the wonderful shells of Tanganyika in their

home, that I could scarcely wait till I had secured a room at

the hotel and despatched a meal, before making for the lake

side. When I reached it there ai)peared along the water side a

long swathe of storm-tossed shells. These were, if I remember

right, the Neothaiima, large and solid gasteropods, some purple,

some yellow, some ovate conical, sonie with a broad sutural

furrow that recalled Kl)urna. This, which perhaps is a deriva-

tive of Vivipara, is a dominant form and continued in great

abundance as far as my promenade extended. It was obvious

that the molluscs lived close by within the sweep of the waves.

THE NAUTILUS. Ill

The exit of the Lukuga River was not far off and as it seemed

promising I walked across to it. Over a broad flood plain at

the river bank were scattered great quantities of shells. Among

them a large river mussel, Irldina, was conspicuous. On pick-

ing it up, there appeared a taxodont hinge, something strange

to find in a river mussel. Where the shells were thickest I sat

down to make a closer search. As I did so, I remembered

being warned at the hotel that just here was where the biting

flies might inflict the sleeping sickness on their victims and

resolved not to linger long. The first thing I found was a large

solid Melania-like shell, Paramelania, which brought the pic-

ture of it in Smith's paper at once to mind. Then I was re-

warded with one after another of its associates. A Nassoid

shell, Edgaria, was the most abundant; this seemed to exhibit

endless variation of color, form and sculpture. There may

have been several species in a handful that I gathered, but a

hasty glance could distinguish no consistent features. A glossy

white Naticoid was the next to attract attention, this and a

rarer Crepiduloid species (Spekia) seemed the most un-lacustrine

shells imaginable. Then I found a brown shell with a white

zone, for all the Avorld like a Planaxis, that on a coral beach

would have appeared quite conformable. Most eccentric of all

was a tiny white acicular shell (Syrnolopsis) like Eulhna but

with the plait of Pyramidella. These were quite common when

the proper place was reached. Not one Tiphohla did I see; its

absence is accountable by the deeper water that it is said to

inhabit. Mixed with the thalassoid shells were a few ordinary

fluviatile types, Lymnfea, Planorbis and Ampullaria. There

were also a few land shells carried down by the storm water.

This hasty glimpse at the Thalassoid fauna of Tanganyika

was ample reward for much wearisome travel. An impression

remained of the extraordinary dissimilarity between this and

any other fauna, and hence of its probable extreme antiquity.

The lake presents itself as a refuge where biological conditions

may have remained unchanged for a prolonged period. While

the thalassoids slept in Tanganyika their contemporaries may

have perished elsewhere through foreign competition and change

of temperature and of other physical conditions. Elsewhere liv-

112 THE NAUTILUS.

ing fossils like Nautilus and Trigonia linger here and there, but

in Tanganyika we seem to see not odd members but a whole

association of species preserved beyond the common span.

Albertvillej Tanganyika, Congo-Beige, Central Africa.

February 9, 1926.

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME OF OUR EAST AMERICAN

SPECIES OF PECTEN WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES

BY W. H. BALL

There has been in the past some confusion in regard to the

names of our more common species of Pecten, and in revising

the series in the National Museum, it seemed desirable to put

them on a sound basis by scrutinizing carefully the original

sources. This has led to the cleaning up of some doubtful

points as will be seen by the following data.

Peden (Placopecten) grandis Solander

Ostrea grandis Solander, Portland Cat., p. 50, No. 486; p. 99,

No. 2168, 1786.

Ostrea magellanica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3317, 1792.

Pecten tenuicostatus Mighels, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV,

p. 41, pi. 4, fig. 7, 1842 (young shell).

Pecten fusais Linsley, Am. Journ. Sci., vol. 48, p. 276, 1845

(nude name); Gould, Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd ser. VI, p. 235,

fig. 6, Sept., 1848 (young shell). Not/u«cusof Gmelin, 1792.

Pecten brunneus Stimpson, New England Shells, p. 48, 1851

(new name for P. fusciis Linsley).

Pecten (Placopecten) clintonins Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. VI,

p. 261, 1884 (not of Say).

Pecten (Placopecten) grandis Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Ill, pt.

4, p. 727, 1898.

This species has been dredged in rather deep water from

Labrador to points off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

There is a marked difference between varieties of this species;

the young form has the radiating .''culpture minutely iml)ricate,

a feature which is sometimes jiersistent in tlie adult, while in

the majority of specimens the imbrication is wanting after ado-

THE NAUTILUS. 113

lescence. In color the species varies from pale to dark pur-

plish, rare individuals show dark and pale radiations.

Fecial (^Plagioclenium) gihhvs Linne

Ostrea gihba Linne, Syst. Nat. ed. X, p. 698, 1758.

Ostrm jiabellum Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3321; 1792 (after Regen-

fuss. Conch. I, pi. 9, fig. 33).

Pcden lineolaris Lamarck, An. s. Vert. VI, p. 166, No. 12, 1819.

Pecten didocatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1st ser. II,

p. 260, 1822; Am. Conch., pt. 6, pi. 56, figs. 2, 2a, 1834

(Encycl. M^th. pi. 213, fig. 3, not named), Binney's wSay, p.

214, pi. 56, f. 2, 2a 1858.

Pecten purpuratxts Conrad, Am. Marine Conch., p. 10, pi. 2, fig.

1, 1831; not of Lamarck, An. s. Vert. VL p. 165, 1819.

Pecten (Plagiorlenium) gibbus Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Ill, pt.

4, p. 745, 1898.

Found in comparatively shallow water from North Carolina

to the Antilles.

This is the common Pecten of the southern shores from the

Carolinas to the Antilles. It varies in color to a remarkable

extent, but never reaches the size of its northern relatives.

Pecten sowerbi Guilding, 1826, is supposed to be one of the An-

tillean color varieties. The number of ribs in the typical form

averages twenty, none examined had less than eighteen and

only one out of 154 had as many as twenty-three. A specimen

from West Africa is exactly matched by one from Florida,

though the African form seems to show few of the brilliant

colors common with the Antillean varieties.

Pecten gibbm, variety amplkostatus Dall

Pecten gibhua, var. amplicottatna Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. III.

pt. 4, p. 747, 1898. Texas Coast to Carthagena.

This is a larger and heavier form than the typical gibbits. It

has from twelve to fifteen strong flattish ribs and all the speci-

mens seen have the lower valve white and the upper valve of a

grayish color. It is also found in the Florida Pliocene.

After study of a multitude of specimens, I am now inclined

to separate specifically from P. gibbus the forms formerly re-

garded as variety nxtcleus and irradians. This was also Stimp-

114 THE NAUTILUS.

son's opinion, expressed in his unpublished manuscript in my

possession.

Pecten (Plagioctenium) irradians Lam.

Pecten irradians Lamarck, Ann. s. Vert. VI, p. 173, 1819;

Chenu, 111. Conch. Ill, p. 8, pi. 39, figs. 10, 11, 1843;

Sowerby, Thes. Conch., Pecten, p. 62, pi. 17, figs. 139, 140,

1842; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Pecten, pi. 6, fig. 26, 1852; W.

G. Binney's Gould's Invert. Mass., fig. 496, 1870. Not of

Potiez et Michaud, Gal. de Douai, II, p. 87, pi. 91, fig. 6,

1844.

Pecten concentrkus var. borealis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. II, p. 260, 1822.

Pecten concentricm Conrad, Am. Marine Conch., pt. 1, p. 8,

pi. 1, figs, 2, 3, 1831; Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 134, fig. 88,

1841; not of Say.

Pecten turgidus Sowerby, Genera, Rec. and Fossil Shells, pt. 31,

fig. 1, 1825; not of Gmehn, 1792.

Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus borealis Johnson, Fauna of New

England, Moll., p. 29.

Ranging from Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas, but abun-

dant only to the northward.

This is the characteristic New England form, large, thin

Bhelled, rather compressed, gray and white with rarely a dull

red, yellow or brownish variation, the ribs averaging 17 to 20,

the basal margin with prominently acute scalloping.

Potiez and Michaud describe this shell as having an imbricate

elevated thread in the channels between the ribs, which never

occurs in this species. Their text says it has twenty ribs, but

their figure shows twenty-eight.

In the south, perhaps by hybridization, the valves sometimes

take on a more inflated form and heavier shell, intermediate

between the northern form and the variety concentricus, usually

with a larger number of ribs than in the latter form.

Pecten irradians var. concentricus Say

Pecten concentricus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1st ser.

II, p. 259, 1822.

Coast of New Jersey to Hog Island, Eastern shore of Virginia,

and South Carolina.

This form which agrees closely with Say's description, differs

THK NAUTILUS. 116

from the typical irradimis by being more inrtated, more solid,

with rather uniformly seventeen ribs, the lower valve is yellow-

ish, sometimes slightly zoned with gray, the upper pretty uni-

formly bluish gray and somewhat flatter, the incremental lines

prominent; the valves are white inside, sometimes blotched to-

ward the margin with reddish brown. Full grown specimens

have a length parallel to the hinge line of about 70 mm. , and a

diameter of 45 mm. This variety does not seem to have been

figured.

Pecten (Plagioctenium) nucleus Born

Ostrea nucleus Born, Index Mus. Caes, p. 92, 1778; Test. Mus.

Vind., p. 107, pi. 7, fig. 2, 1780.

Ostren turgida Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3327, 1792 (after Chem-

nitz, Conch. Cab. VIII, p. 323, pi. 65, figs. 621, a-h, 1784).

(Not of Sowerby, Genera, pt. 31, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1825).

Pecten micleiis Sowerby, Thes. Conch., Pecten, pi. 14, fig. 25,

1842; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Pecten, pi. 22, fig. 89, 1853.

Florida Keys to Venezuela.

Having examined a very large number of these shells, I find

them exceedingly uniform in size and coloration, showing none

of the bright colors of young P. gihbus, but maculated gray and

white, sometimes both valves, but the lower valve is usually

pure white. The shells are well inflated and thinner than

5'oung gihbus of the same size.

Pecteni (Euvola) tereinus n. sp.

Shell small for the group, depressed, thin, pale, the colors

when present delicate; the lower valve with about twenty-five

low flattened ribs, with shallow not channeled interspaces, or

with the ribs obsolete altogether, or ill defined; concentric

sculpture weak; the ears subequal, hardly sculptured, the bys-

sal notch shallow, with no ctenolium; internally the valve is

white, the grooves corresponding to the ribs, extend over the

whole disk and are well defined; upper valve flat or slightly

concave, with about 19 narrow elevated not dichotomous ribs

with wider interspaces; the concentric sculpture well marked;

this valve is usually more effectively colored than the other;

internally it is grooved like the other; the outline of the shell

116 THE NAUTILUS.

is nearly circular, the hingeline short, the cartilage pit very

small; height 28; length of valves 30; of hingeline 19; diam-

eter 4 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333632.

Miami Florida, to the Bahamas and south to Cape Roque,

Brazil. The type specimen was dredged off Key West at station

3318 of the U. S. Fish Commission, in 45 fathoms, coral, bot-

tom temperature 75° F.

This species differs from P. raveneli, its nearest relative, in

the obsolescence of the external ribbing, the absence of chan-

nelling and color in the spaces between the ribs; in the de-

pressed form, and in the production of the internal grooving

over the whole disk, while in P. raveneli it is confined to the

more marginal portion. This latter feature is probably due to

the thinner shell in P. terdnus. The coloration is uniformly

more delicate and paler.

Pecten {Euvola) raveneli Dall

Pecten (Euvola) raveneli Dall, Trans. Wagner Inst. Ill, pt. 4, p.

721, pi. 29, fig. 10, 1898 (Pliocene).

Pecten niedius of American catalogues.

The Antillean shell which has been commonly identified with

P. medius Lamarck, is really a different species.

Ostrea (Pecten) medius Gmelin (Syst. Nat. 3330), based on

Gualtieri's figures N, O, on plate 74, is really unidentifiable,

but bears some resemblance to Pecten fricatus Reeve. Pecten

medius Lamarck (An. s. Vert. VI, p. 163, 1819), is basel on

Chemnitz (Conch. Cab. VII, pi. 60, figs. 586-7) who states

that his shell was received from Forskal who collected it in the

Red Sea. The name medius in this connection is preoccupied

by Gmelin. Sowerby in the Thesaurus states that his P.

medius Lamarck, was labeled P. latico»tatus in the British

Museum collection. But this name is })reoccupied by T>amarck

for a fossil species, "the largest known Pecieu," a giant eight

inches in breadth. None of the figures attributed to P. medius

Lamarck can be identified with the true West Indian shell;

Reeve especially (Conch. Icon., fig. 44) gives a large figure

which is neither Lamarck's P. medius nor a West Indian species.

Apparently none of the authors who have copied references

THE NAUTILUS. 117

from one another and applied them to various different species

were acquainted with our shell, at any rate they have not fig-

ured it. A description follows, since the Pliocene form has lost

its color.

Shell of moderate size, thin, the lower valve much inflated,

the upper valve slightly concave or nearly flat; the latter with

a straight hingeline and almost exactly equal ears, each with

four or five subequal minutely imbricate radial ridges; radial

sculpture of the disk about twenty-five low-rounded ribs with

sub-eijual interspaces in which toward the margin traces of in-

cipient intercalary threads may appear; the concentric sculpture

is of prominent fine low lamellae overrunning the whole sur-

face; internally the ears are prominent, the margin deeply radi-

ally grooved, the grooves extending about halfway over the

disk, the wider interspaces flattish, with paired elevated lines

at their margins; the hingeline is finely cross-striated, with a

groove on each side of the cartilage pit to receive a slender

lateral ridge from the opposite valve. The lower valve is pale

with about twenty-six strong flattish radial ribs with narrower

channeled interspaces faintly marked with concentric incre-

mental lines; the ribs toward the margin are in adult shells

divaded by a shallow median groove; in many specimens the

interspaces between the ribs are marked with a conspicuous

brown line; the ears are subequal, somewhat reflexed and feebly

sculptured; there is only a shallow byssal notch without a

ctenolium; the internal grooving resembles that of the other

valve but extends somewhat further toward the umbo; the

basal margin is notched by the sculpture; height of shell, 40;

length, 47; length of hingeline, 24; diameter, 12 mm. U. S.

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333634.

The shell described was collected by Captain Jefferson Moser,

U. S. N., at St. Martin's Reef, Florida, in three fathoms. The

range of the recent form is indicated by specimens from North

Carolina and Bermuda to Porto Rico, in the Museum collection.

The coloration is mostly white and pinkish, often with

brownish lines in the grooves of the lower valve. The interior

is usually white, with more or less color around the margin.

The Pliocene form to which the name raveneli was first ap-

118 THE NAUTILUS.

plied is somewhat coarser than its recent representative, but I

think there can be little doubt of their specific identity.

Pecten (Chlamys) omatus Lamarck

'iOstrea sauciata Gmelin, Svst. Nat, p. 3328, 1792, after Chem-

nitz, Conch. Cab. VII, pi. 69, fig. H, 1783. Dillwyn, Rec.

Shells 1, p. 161, 1817.

"IOstrea crenvlata Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3329, 1792, after Lister,

pi. 175, fig. 12a. (left).

Pecten omatus Lamarck, An. s. Vert. VII, p. 176, No. 50, 1819

Conrad, Am. Marine Conch, pt. 1, p. 12, fig. 3, 1831

Sowerby, Thes. Conch., Pecten pi. 14, figs. 77-78, 1842

Reeve, Conch. Icon., Pecten, pi. 19, fig. 68, 1853.

Chemnitz's figure 69 is poor and the species can hardly be

regarded as identifiable. Ostrea crenulata Gmelin is referred by

Dillwyn to the P. radula of authors, the largest figure on Lister's

plate: but Gmelin' s reference is apparently for the left lower

figure of Lister, which seems to represent our shell. However

some doubt must attach to this identification.

The first positively identifiable name for this species is

Lamarck's omatus for which he cites the same figure of Lister

as that used by Gmelin for 0. crenulata.

This shell is white, elegantly sparsely spotted with purple,

the ribs are usually worn smooth and rather strong, though

originally they were covered with extremely fragile cup-like

iml)ricating lamellae which are very rarely intact. Of the 20

ribs, three are usually untouched by the purple color. The

posterior ear is almost obsolete. Our largest specimen is about

26 mm. in height.

Pecten (Cfdamys) senlis Reeve

? Pecten sentis Reeve, Conch. Icon., Pecten, pi. XXIX, fig. 125,

1853.

Pecten omatus (var.) most lists of Antillean Pectens.

This is a compjion south Florida and West Indian shell, usu-

ally referred to as Pecten ornatii.s though perfectly distinct when

carefully studied. The shell is usually bright scarlet or dull

purjde, i)aler toward the umbones, very rarely white or white

with maculations or rays. When fully adult it has about forty

THE NAUTILUS. 119

fine ribs, more or less alternated, which when unworn carry

minute erect low scales which bridge the interspaces and con-

nect laterally with those on the adjacent ribs to a greater or less

extent. This sculpture is lost, but leaves traces on most beach

specimens. The posterior ear is hardly developed, the anterior

much larger. The interior is white, grooves reflecting the ex-

ternal sculpture. The byssal notch is wide and shallow. Both

valves are usually similarly colored. Our largest specimen is

36 mm. high, 80 mm. wide, and the j)air has a diameter of

about 10 mm.

Reeve's shell is obscurely figured and insufficiently described,

without a habitat, but as far as the characters given go, they

agree with those of this species.

Pecten (Chlamys) liocymatus n. sp.

Shell (right valve) small, oblique, moderately convex, with

about 20 low rounded entire ribs with narrower shallow inter-

spaces; the surface somewhat worn, is smooth except for con-

centric lines of growth which may originally have been more

prominent; profile subcircular, the ears small, subequal, with a

few radiating threads on the anterior ear; the byssal notch

shallow; the interior partly grooved in harmony with the ex-

ternal ribs, the edges of the flat interspaces threaded; hinge

line straight, in the right valve with a groove each side of the

resilifer to receive a corresponding ridge from the opposite valve,

these grooves are sharply cross-striated; height, 30; width of

shell, 28; of hinge line, 16; diameter (of right valve), 5 mm.

U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 62290.

Dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross at

station 2604, in 34 fathoms, sand, bottom temperature 79° F. ,

39 miles off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; two right valves.

These specimens, perhaps originally white, have been dis-

colored by the action of the sea water. I have not been able to

find any species recent or fossil which is at all closely related to

this one.

Pecten (Aequipecten) hdiaaui n. Kp.

Shell of moderate size, more or less mottled and zoned in

120 THE NAUTILUS.

pinkish and crimson on a white surface, outline subcircular,

verj-^ shghtly oblique; ribs about 20, not dichotomous distally;

narrow, almost keeled, with wider interspaces; valves equal, in-

equilateral, the ears subequal, the byssal notch wide and shal-

low, with a ctenolium of four teeth; the right valve somewhat

paler than the other; the microscopic surface sculpture com-

prises a row of small pointed scales on top of the ribs, a smaller

series on each side of each rib and 3 or 4 much finer prickly

threads in the bottom of the channels between the ribs; the in-

terior of the valve is more or less clouded with brownish purple,,

grooved to correspond to the external ribs, the ends of the tlat-

tish interspaces slightly excavated, the resilifer rather large;

height, 38; length of valves, 40; of hinge line, 41; diameter,

11 mm. U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333635.

Bahamas, fide W. F. Webb.

This species has the general appearance of P. phrygium Dall,

with which it had been placed in the collection, but the micro-

scopic surface is quite different.

Pecten (Aequipecten) acanthodes n. sp.

Shell of moderate size, subcircular, olivaceous brown with

small paler motthngs; with 22 minutely spinose ribs, the spines

in three subequal rows, with two or three smaller prickly

threads in the narrower interspaces, the spines are excavated on

the dorsal surface, more prominent laterally and on the upper

border of the hinge-line; ears subequal, the anterior slightly

larger, both with about five radiating spinose threads; byssal

notch shallow, the ctenolium with eight teeth; internally the

color and sculpture reflect that of the exterior; the flat inter-

spaces between the grooves marginally threaded; hinge-line

cross-striated and feebly longitudinally grooved; height, 32;

width of shell, 32; of hinge-line, 26; diameter, 11 mm. U. S.

Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 333697.

Range from Southern Florida to the Antilles.

Than P. exasperatus this shell is less inflated, wider, and with

less prominent spines. All the si)ecinHMis seen are uniformly

colored.

THE NAUTILUS. 121

NOTE ON THE NAME OF OUB COMMON OYSTER

BY W. H. DALL

It seems that Solander's name of dongaia is preoccupied by

Born for a different species, so that we can fall back on the

familiar virginica. The synonymy is as follows:

Oatrea virginica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3336, 1792.

Ostrea elongaUi Solander, Portland Cat., p. 55, No. 1303, p.

151, No. 3312, 1786.

Ostrea virginiana 'Bolien, Mus. Bolt., p. 169, 1798.

Not Ostrea elongata Born, Index Mus. Caes., p. 92, 1778;

Test. Mus. Vind., p. 103, pi. 6, fig. 2, 1780.

IDENTITY OF PATELLA TENITILIRATA CARPENTER

BY J. R. LE B. TOMLIN

Carpenter described this limpet as P. (? toreuma) tenvUirata

in the Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1855, p. 233, without figure,

on the strength of specimens in the Cuming collection said to

have been collected by Hartweg at Monterey.

The type-lot of three specimens is now before me, and if the

shell had been figured there would probably have been little

hesitation on the part of subsequent monographers in assigning

it to its true position. Carpenter's locality and his tentative

reference of his supposed new species to P. toreuvm Reeve have

completely camouflaged the situation.

The three shells are very ordinary, rather worn examples of

Cellana radians GmeVm, the common New Zealand limpet. The

British Museum has more than one series of the real P. toreuma

Reeve, ex coll. Cuming, also labeled Monterey. This of course

is equally erroneous.

122 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME LAND SHELLS FROM THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA

BY G. DALLAS HANNA

The California Academy of Sciences has two fairly extensive

collections of land shells from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska,

among which there are several species not hitherto recorded

from the region. Since their distribution has an important

bearing on some biological studies the list seems worth publish-

ing.

One collection was made by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, entomolo-

gist of the University of California. In 1907 he spent consider-

able time on Unalaska Island and to the westward, and his

success in finding minute species is not often duplicated among

professed conchologists.

The other collection was made by me in the vicinity of Un-

alaska at various times when enroute to or from the Pribilof

Islands, 1913-1920.

The northwestward extension of what Van Dyke* has called

the Vancouveran fauna is particularly worthy of note. What

he has found among the insects appears to be true also of the

land shells.

It is true that Dr. Dall * suspected the occurrence of Pohjgyra

Columbiana and Circinaria vancouverensis at Unalaska to be due

to the transplantation of spruce trees from southeast Alaska,

but the wide distribution of these snails and other species in

that vicinity makes this explanation seem doubtful. If a sim-

ilar situation did not exist among the insects the accidental

planting theory would suffice, perhaps; but it seems very im-

probable now that so large a number of species of animals

would have been thus introduced with the few trees which were

brought.

Special search among the small groves of spruce trees on

' The DiRtribution of Insects in Western North America, by Edwin C.

Van Dyke, Anns. Knt. Soc. Araer. Vol. 12, 1919, pp. 1-12. Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci. 4th ser. Vol. 11, 1921, p. 157.

' Dall, Nautilus, Vol. 31, 1917, p. 13.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

several different occasions failed to reveal any land shells ex-

cept Succineti, Vitrimi and Vertigo. The others were found

ahout the roots of herbaceous vegetation and grasses of the roll-

ing hill country. Dr. Van Dyke's finding of the Polygyra at

Makushin Bay many miles removed from the transplanted

trees strengthens the belief that this and the other species have

lived on the Aleutians for a long period of time.

Succinea chrytns Westerlund.

Makushin Bay, Unalaska Island; Glacier River, Unalaska

Island; Unalaska town; Amoknok Island near Dutch Harbor;

Nazan Bay, Atka Island (Van Dyke).

At these localities the species has not attained the large size

and beautiful golden color of the shells from St. Paul Island,

200 miles to the northward.

Vertigo modesta Say.

Makushin Bay, Unalaska Island; Unalaska town; Unalaska

Island; Dutch Harbor, Amoknok Island; Nazan Bay, Atka

Island (Van Dyke); Expedition Island near Unalaska; Hog

Island in Broad Bay near Dutch Harbor (G. D. H.).

The large number of specimens from these localities shows

considerable variation and a strict identification would probably

necessitate putting some of them under the named varieties but

my study does not seem to warrant this disposition at present.

Columelln dltwola (Ingersoll).

Near Unalaska, Unalaska Island (G. D. H. ). This appears

to be the large boreal form rather than the shorter edentula of

the eastern United States,

Cirdnaria va-ncouverenMs (Lea).

Near town of Unalaska, Unalaska Island; Makushin Bay,

Unalaska Island; Amoknok Island (Van Dyke); Expedition

Island near Unalaska; across straight from Unalaska wharves,

Amoknok Island and near town of Dutch Harbor, same island

(G. D. H.).

My attention was first called to this species as a resident of

124 THE NAUTILUS.

the Unalaska region by Dr. Alex Wetmore, then of the U. S.

Biological Survey, who found it there in abundance in 1912.

Precise directions led me to the same spot in 1916 where large

numbers of the species were found. Many of them had been

broken and the animal removed, presumably by fieldmice.

Subsequently the species was found widely distributed in the

region and abundant in favorable localities.

Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newcomb).

Unalaska town, Unalaska Island; Dutch Harbor, Amoknok

Island; Nazan Bay, Atka Island (Van Dyke); Hog Island in

Broad Bay near Amoknok Island (G. D. H.).

The species is very abundant in some places and appears to

be the same as the form found in the higher mountains of Cali-

fornia and northward.

Punctum conspectum (Bland).

Found sparingly on Amoknok Island, at numerous places by

both Dr. Van Dyke and me. It has been listed from Unalaska

previously.'

Polygyra columbiana (Lea).

Unalaska Island, several places about Bay; Makushin Bay,

Unalaska Island; Amoknok Island, several places (Van Dyke)

(G. D. H.).

Many live specimens collected do not appear to differ from

those found far southward in the range of the species.

Euconolus fuhus alaskciisis Pilsbry.

Unalaska Island, at town; Amoknok Island, near Dutch

Harbor (Van Dyke) (G. D. H.); Makushin Bay, Unalaska

Island; Nazan Bay, Atka Island (Van Dyke); Hog Island in

Broad Bay near Amoknok Island (G. D. H.).

Polita binntyana (Morse).

Unalaska Island, near town; Amoknok Island, near Dutch

Harbor (G. D. H.).

' Dall, Harriman Alaska Expedition, Vol. 13, 1910, p. 53.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

Vitrina ala^kana Dall.

Unala-skji Island, near town; Amoknok Island, near Dutch

Harbor (Van Dyke) (G. D. H.); Makushin Bay, Unalaska

Island; Nazan Bay, Atka Island (Van Dyke); Hog Island in

Broad Bay, near Amoknok Island (G. D. H. )•

Pristiloma arctica (Lehnert).

Near Dutch Harbor, Amoknok Island (Van Dyke) (G. D.

H.); Near town, Unalaska Island; Expedition Island near

Unalaska (G. D. H.).

Zoo genius harpa (Say).

Near Dutch Harbor, Amoknok Island; near Unalaska town,

Unalaska Island; Hog Island in Broad Bay near Amoknok

Island (G. D. H.).

Prophyaaon andersoni (J. G. Cooper).

Near town of Unalaska, Unalaska Island; many places on

Amoknok Island (G. D. H.).

Two color phases of what appears to be this slug are very

abundant on both islands mentioned. In the early spring they

were collected in large numbers crawling over the dead vegeta-

tion where the snow had melted.

LTHN£A AUBICULABIA (LINH.) IN CALIFORNIA

BY G. DALLAS HANNA AND H. WALTON CLARK

The finding of Lymvsen anri/ndarin in California during 1024

extends the range of this exotic form several hundred miles to

the westward. Its first occurence in the state was noted in a

pool in the Japanese tea garden, in Golden Gate Park, San

Francisco (H. W. C. ). Later it was found in abundance in

the fountain pool at the resort known as Byron Hot Springs,

Contra Costa County, California (G. D, H.).

Both of these localities are such to indicate that the molluska

were " planted " in some manner but there is no way to trace

positively the source of the original stock.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

A clue to the manner of introduction may be found in the

fact that it is one of the favorite aquarium snails, and is sold in

considerable numbers by dealers in aquariums and aquarium

supplies under the name of "African or Paper-shelled Snail. "

The same people supply aquatic plants, and snail eggs might

be easily distributed by these.

An analogous case is furnished by the discovery of several

small "Cumberland Terrapin" Chrysemys elegans, one of the

handsomest of our aquatic turtles, and native to the central

states drained by the Mississippi (Indiana, Kentucky, etc.).

Large examples of these are found in the markets of Chicago;

smaller ones are sold at San Francisco by dealers in pets, under

the name of "Japanese" or "Coin" turtles. Many purchas-

ers, finding their pets not thriving in captivity, or becoming

tired of them, sometimes bring them as donations to the Stein-

hart Aquarium, or apparently release them near or at the pools

in the park where they can often be seen basking on stones.

All that have been collected thus far had not reached sexual

maturity, so that the species may be said to be introduced but

not naturalized.

It is probable that Lyimi«a aiiricidaria may have been carried

from place to place in the same manner and for the same

reasons. The species is sufficiently known to attract atten-

tion still. It is worthy to note that all of the occurrences are of

the species living under artificul surroundings. Who will be the

first to find it established in a natural body of water? Our

specimens are large and handsome, being over 25 mm. in alti-

tude. The periostracum is a light straw color and the shells are

much thinner and more diaphanous than the specimens com-

pared from England.

Records of this species in North America are scarce. Baker '

in 1911 listed it from a greenhouse in Chicago, Illinois, and

from Brooklyn, New York. Hannibal in 1912 ' recorded it

from Utah but })robably through errors in synonymy. In the

same year Henderson * did Ihul the species in an artificial pond

* LyranKidre of North America, 1911, p. 182.

M'roc. Mai. Soc. Ix)ndon, Vol. 10, 1912, p. 140.

> Nautilus, Vol. 26, 1912, p. H4.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Later ' he added Dotson Reser-

voir near Fowler, Colorado, to the known hHalitiff.

California Acadetny of Science,'',

San Francisco, California.

VAGABONDING FOR SHELLS

BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR. AND W. .1. CLENCH

The authors have been impelled to write this article because

they feel that they have accomplished something of value to

conchology, and because they hope that their account of it may

induce others to attempt similar trips. The " expedition " was

made under the auspices of the Museum of Zoology at the Uni-

versity of Michigan, the expenses of the trip being borne by the

Museum and by Dr. Bryant Walker of Detroit. The greater

part of the material collected will eventually go to the collec-

tions of the above named. Thanks are due to Dr. Walker and

to Mr. Calvin Goodrich for help in the way of advice, sugges-

tions as to the best places to collect, and gifts of maps and

other equipment. A formal report of the species collected will

come out later.

The purposes of the trip were several. In the first place, we

wanted to collect as large a series of Physa as possible to pro-

vide more material for Clench's doctoral thesis, which is on the

Physa of the U. S. east of the Rocky Mts. We wished to get

our Physa in alcohol for anatomical study, for there is a scarcity

of such material. Secondly, we were anxious to collect through

the Tennessee River system, particularly the upper portion,

which neither of us had ever seen, and which is one of the

richest collecting fields in the country. We also had a list of

various places, furnished us by Mr. (ioodrich, which was desir-

able to collect in either because they were new territory, or be-

cause they were the locality of certain doubtful species. Most

of these we cleaned up. Last, but not least, we were out to get

'Nautilus, Vol. 32, 1918, p. 71, and Univ. Colo. Studies, Vol. 13, No. 2,

1924, p. 162.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

some los. The authors collected shells together as boys, and

at that time one of the things we promised ourselves to do some

time was to go on a hunt for los. This trip promised an oppor-

tunity of doing that and of renewing our boyhood memories.

Before leaving, Clench prophesied that this year would see the

last of the los! It wasn't quite so bad as that, but we did suc-

ceed in taking several hundred. There are undoubtedly a few

left in the French Broad River, which we did not touch. We

had carte-blanche as to where we might go, but were guided

largely by the above considerations. We left Ann Arbor on

July 19 and returned Sept. 8.

In our choice of equipment we were able to profit by the re-

sults of a similar trip made the preceding summer by Clench.

We bought a 1922 Ford touring car in excellent condition and

proceeded to load up the running boards and back seat until it

looked like a gypsy outfit. We were handicapped by the fact

that we had to carry full camping equipment and supplies as

well as the collecting kit. We had a very handy auto tent,

two folding cots, two folding chairs, and a folding table. This

last was bought because of Clench's experience the summer be-

fore, and it was certainly useful. In our grub box we carried

cooking utensils and canned food, mainly beans. Both the

authors were originally from Boston. We had another large

case containing wading boots, sieves, jars, boxes, vials and

bags, of which one can't have too many on such a trip. A

duffle bag for each of us, a suit case of "civilian" clothes, a

dispatch case for papers, a case for toilet articles, a lantern,

blanket rolls, water jug, emergency can of gasolene and one of

oil, and a container of alcohol filled up the back. We had a

very fine two-mantle gasolene lamp which was invaluable.

Although the museum appropriation for this trip came largely

from the conchology de])artment, we received contributions

from the insect and reptile departments, so had to carry along

equipment for collecting such specimens. The insect equip-

ment was limited to nets and cyanide jars, hut we had to take

a large milk can partly filled with formaldehyde to preserve

rejjtiles. The reptiles were put in this to harden and preserve

them, then injected and wrapped in gauze and shipped back.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

We also had a plant press and a minnow seine. All these

things gave us license, when asked our business, to say we were

collecting '' plants and animals " for the University of Michigan.

This was all right till one obliging fellow offered us a pet wood-

chuck! Then we hit upon the happy phrase " we are making

a Biological Survey." They knew what a survey was anyway.

With all this mass of equipment aboard you would say we

must have spent half the day packing and unpacking. It is

true that it did take us an hour or more for this operation at

first, but before long we evolved a system, so that by the end

of the trip we could pack in less than fifteen minutes and make

camp in less time than that. We were surely a spectacle and

got many a kick out of the reactions of the beholders. Vaga-

bonds indeed!

One of the most enjoyable incidents of the whole trip came at

the very start. We left Ann Arbor about nine in the morning

•'heading south." We collected a little, mainly Physa, and

reached Toledo in the afternoon, where we hunted up Mr. Cal-

vin Goodrich. He very kindly insisted on our putting up with

him, so we had an opportunity to inspect his large collection of

Pleuroceridae and "talk shop." As the catch where we were

going would be largely of that family, we wanted all the

" dope " we could get. We had a very enjoyable visit, all too

short, for, as Mr. Goodrich remarked, it isn't often that three

shell collectors get together.

The next day, Sunday, we set out bright and early bound

southwest for Bluffton, Ind. We had heard unfavorable news

from Mr. Goodrich that all the rivers in the south were swollen

from heavy rains, and that unless they went down we would

see very little good collecting. Our original intention was to

strike south through Cincinnati and Cumberland Gap to the

headwaters of the Tennessee River, then work down to Hunts-

ville, Ala. and then north to Louisville. Upon receipt of this

unwelcome news, we decided to reverse the itinerary, so as to

reach the heavy collecting last, in the hope that by then the

rivers would be low. This turned out to be a wise move.

We camped the first night near Hicksville, Ohio, a half-mile

ofif the main road. We can hear the ringing reply, even now,

130 THE NAUTILUS.

of the farmer on whose land we asked permission to camp.

" You bet your life you can! " he said. We want to say right

here that if the camper is neat-appearing and respectful, and

leaves no rubbish or disorder of any kind behind him, he will

have no trouble finding a place to camp, and we were not once

refused in the whole 1700 miles we traveled. It is usually

better to go a little off the main road before camping. One

should be very careful about water, and we carried a bottle of

Halozone tablets which we usually added to the water. Coun-

try folk are always hospitable and often brought us out cake,

pie and other dainties.

We were sorry to leave the wonderful concrete roads of Ohio,

but we had little to complain of in Indiana. There was very

little collecting from Toledo to BlufiPton. On the banks of the

St. Mary's River at Fort Wayne we found some fine Succinea

avara Say and a few other land shells. At Bluflfton we hunted

up Mr. E. B. Williamson, the dragon fly expert, and a mem-

ber of the museum stafif. We were cordially invited to make

his home our headquarters for as long as we cared to stay in

Bluffton. We were glad to stay two days while we rearranged

our outfit, supplied what we found lacking, and collected in

the vicinity. We found quite a few Flanorbis, Physa, Polygyra,

Succinea along the Wabash and near by. The river itself was

disappointing, because it was in high water. The collection of

dragonflies which Mr. Williamson and his brother have gotten

together is one of the best in the world, and we learned many

pointers from observing their laboratory and field methods.

Such precision, accuracy and care of detail are well worthy of

copy.

After bidding a cordial forewell to Mr. Williamson and his

family, we headed south again. We collected our first lot of

Gnniobasift in the Nolund River, two miles west of Centerville,

Ind. They were probably G. seinicarinatn. Say. After that,

Plenroceridae formed the greater part of our catch. We arrived

at Bloomington on the night of the 25th in a pouring rain. It

being too wet to make camp and cook a meal in any degree of

comfort, we put up at a hotel and after supper took in the local

movie and wrote up our field notes. This latter was always a

THE NAUTILUS. 131

part of Dur evening duties, with a study of maps and a plan for

the next day's trip.

It may be well here to mention how we kept tield notes and

cleaned our catch. As soon as we finished collecting at one

spot, the entire catch was put in a can or hag and a slij) of

paper bearing a number put with it. Under the same number

this entire lot of shells was entered in a field note-book, with

full particulars as to ecologic data, etc. Here is a specimen

entry :

"No. 103. Pleurocera, Cawpeloma, Angitrema and Ancnlosa.

Little Tennessee River, Morganton Ferry, Tenn. Along muddy

banks and on rocks and shoals. 8/22/24."

That, by the way, was one of the finest lots we ever collected.

Our lot numbers ran serially from 1 to 145, the last collected on

Sept. 4. On our next trip we shall start with No. 146. Every

80 often we filled the cans of the last few days' catch with alco-

hol, usually doing it in the evening. Then, next morning, one

of us would stay in camp, empty out the alcohol and dry the

lots separately in the sun, while the other collected. At the

same time full labels were written out and the shells wrapped

up and sent back to the museum as soon as enough for a box

had accumulated. We used denatured alcohol, which, while

not as good as pure alcohol, is cheap and readily obtainable

locally. Later, if it is desired to examine the animal for radula,

it can be soaked out. This end of the collecting was not much

fun, but very necessary. We are setting it down because some

one else may want to adopt it and improve on it. In accounts

of collecting trips the authors usually neglect to state how the

shells were cared for and sent back, and we have often won-

dered what methods were followed. John B. Henderson in his

" Cruise of the Thos. Berrera " is one of the few exceptions.

Our methods of collecting were very simple. When you see

the shells, go in after them. At first we used to pack them up

along the edge, walking out on boards and so forth. But after

a while we got so that we waded right in after them, shoes,

puttees, and all, and our feet and lower limbs were continually

wet from one stream to the next and from one day to the next.

Yet we never once took cold on the whole trip. Back in camp

132 THE NAUTILUS.

we used to put on dry clothes, but pull the wet ones back on in

the morning. If the shells were pretty far out and were plenti-

ful, we put on swimming trunks and old boots and went on out.

We struck no really good collecting until about ten miles

south of Bloomington, Ind., and then every stream was thick

with Fleurocerids, Phyaa, and often naiades. We took ten lots

of Pleuroceridae between Clifty Creek, Columbus, Ind., and the

Ohio River at Louisville. We stopped at Mitchell, Ind. , a day

to inspect the curious cave formations there. In an icy cold

stream issuing from Donaldson Cave, we took a shell which

resembled Goniobasis semicarinata, Say. In the cave itself we

hoped to find blind fish, but saw only one and it got away.

We did collect two small salamanders. From Mitchell south,

the country became very rugged and beautiful, quite a contrast

to the extreme flatness of central Indiana. The good ship

"Asthma", however, never failed us, in spite of the load she

was carrying. In the whole 1700 miles she never gave us any

real trouble, although we did change tires seven times one day !

But that was on the " boulevards " of Kentucky. It was with

real regret that we sold the gallant little car in Knoxville. She

should have been put to pasture like all noble steeds.

We collected a fine series of Goniobasis indianemis Pils. in the

Blue River, taking lots at several points three or four miles

apart. This is the type locality for that species. Here we also

collected three specimens of what looks very much like an

Ancv,losay but will be determined later. The first stage of our

trip ended at Louisville, where we got our accumulated mail,

stocked up on beans again, and pulled out for Cave City, Ken-

tucky.

For the first fifteen miles after leaving Louisville we struck

concrete roads and were beginning to have a high opinion of

Kentucky roads and the Dixie Highway in particular. Then

we hit a detour, then more detour, worse than the last, and

more of it for about sixty miles. When the}' repair a road in

Kentucky they take the whole stretch at once. Words cannot

express the meanness of those roads, and we were so busy

" praising " them that we forgot to take pictures of them. We

passed near Lincoln's birthplace, and now we know why he

THE NAUTILUS. 133

left Kentucky. Furthermore we struck no collecting for about

forty miles after leaving liOuisville. In a way, we are grateful

for those detours, though, because in taking one we were led to

one of the richest collecting spots of the whole trip. As we

were pounding along in the midst of the hills, we decided to

stop a while and cool the engine. Right where we stopped we

noticed a sign which said " Visit the dam and eat at Glenbrook

Hotel," and an arrow pointing down. "Dam" sounded like

water (though it was what we had been saying for many miles),

and water meant shells, so down we went, and we certainly

found shells. The dam and brook below were plastered with a

small black Goniobam and we also took several hundred fine

Phjjsa microstoma Say out of the pond above. They have dam-

med up a big spring there for power purposes. As there were

also indications of land shells, we drove down and camped be-

side the hotel for two days while we collected. In the spring

above and below the dam and in a neighboring spring we took

several quarts of shells, taking care to keep the lots separate.

I have never seen shells more plentiful in one spot except in

First Creek at Knoxville. We also discovered to our surprise

that we were only a hundred yards above Rio on the Green

River, so we hastened to get a boat and collect in the river.

The Green River, and it is green, was one of the places we

wanted to hit, because it has not been collected in above Mam-

moth Cave to any extent. We took half a dozen species of

Pleuroceridae, including Anculosa, and a fine lot of naiades.

Also along the sides of the glen above the spring we found

many land shells, Chivphalma^ Polygyra of many species, and

others. So the detours were not an unmixed blessing; indeed,

we found that to get the good shells, one must get ofif the good

roads. So it was with a sense of time well spent that we left

Rio.

At Cave City we sent our first shipment north, two big boxes,

and then we went out of our way a few miles to see Mammoth

Cave. It turned out that this word should be in the plural, for

we found on arriving that there were half a dozen caves or

more, many said to be more splendid than Old Mammoth.

Acting on advice we had received, we spent a morning explor-

134 THE NAUTILUS.

ing Great Onyx Cave and count it time well spent. Here also

we collected a salamander, mole crickets, and a blind beetle.

It was in one of these caves that Call discovered Carychium

stygium, but we saw none. We also collected again in the

Green River here, and then pulled out and set off for Nashville,

Tenn.

There was not much collecting till we struck the Cumberland

River just above Nashville, and here we took a fine lot of shells,

finding Angitrema for the first time, big, spiny ones that looked

like young lo. This was the only day we really suffered with

heat and we finally stopped collecting to run into town and

cool off at a soda fountain and read our mail. This ended the

second stage of our trip.

From Nashville south to Huntsville, Ala. the collecting be-

came very rich, every stream being loaded. It seems that the

forecasts and reports of high water were not borne out, for in

practically every stream we could wade across and see bottom.

In fact, only once on the whole trip did rain so muddy a stream

that we could not collect in it. It was an ideal summer from a

conch ologist's standpoint, for it rained scarcely once throughout

the belt we collected in for the whole two months.

The Duck River, which w'e crossed at Shelbyville proved a

big disappointment, for we found only one shell, a naiad.

Doubtless this stream is polluted right there. But one mile

south of Shelbyville, in a large tributary of Duck River, we

found very good collecting. Here we took our first Anculosa in

quantity, a nodulated species. They were in what we soon

found to be their characteristic situation — on the edges or

underside of fiat rocks in very swift water, usually at the head

of a riffle.

The Elk River, one mile south of Fayetteville furnished the

best collecting we had so far found. Here from the river itself

and from a small slough close by we took about three gallons

of Pleurocera and Anculosa. We also began to get Campelomn

from now on. A few days before, we took the first Vn'iparn of

the trip along the marshy edge of a river one mile north of

Murfreesboro. Shortly after leaving this locality we crossed

the line into Alabama, and came on into Huntsville. This

THE NAUTILUS. 135

town has been made famous l)y the work of many other col-

lectors, notably H. E. Sargent, H. H. Smith and H. E.

Wheeler. The latter in two excellent papers in the Nautilus

gave a list of the shells of Monte Sano, a high plateau overlook-

ing the town. Before going up Monte Sano we collected in the

Big Spring in the heart of the town. This spring contained a

puzzling species of Goniohnms, puzzling because Sargent had

distributed it as G. •perstriata. Goodrich recognized them as G.

nasi^uld and thought the two names might be synonymous.

The shells we found were G. nassula, but we turned up the true

G. perstriata in Spring Creek. It happened that the day we

visited the spring men were cleaning out water weeds, so we

simply sat down and leisurely picked a box full of the little

fellows. In the afternoon we drove up Monte Sano through

one of the two toll-gates left in Alabama and camped on top.

Next day we devoted to scrambling over the mountain, and

found many of the shells listed by Wheeler, but not all, for it

had been an exceedingly dry summer and land shells seemed to

be very scarce. For the first time in our experience we took

Helicina. This ended the third stage of our journey.

Our next objective was Chattanooga, Tenn. It was a ques-

tion whether to take the road up the north bank of the Ten-

nessee, or the south bank. We finally decided on the latter

because the road was reported much better. So we turned

south till we hit the river at Whitesburg Ferry Landing. Here

we found a great quantity of naiades embedded in new wash of

the river, all clean, in perfect condition, nacre and hinge un-

harmed. We took a large series of each species. A little far-

ther on we crossed the Flint River where we spent several hours

collecting large numbers of Vivipara, Campeloma, Anculoaa, and

several species of Goniohasis and Pleiirocera. The river was

very muddy, but normally so, no doubt, because there was no

trouble getting the shells. We put up for the night at New

Hope and collected in Paint Rock River next day. In the

deepest parts the river was only breast-high, rock bottom with

a layer of silt or gravel, so we put on trunks and covered every

foot of the bottom for a half mile. We are quite sure we got

every species there, and a nice lot it was. As usual there were

136 THE NAUTILUS.

two distinct species of Pleurocera, probably more; one, a squat,

heavy form found on rocks, the other a longer, slender species

found on mud and on logs. We recognized among the naiades

such old friends as Proptera alata Say and Leptodea fragilis Raf.

We crossed the Tennessee at Guntersville, turned west over

Bear Mountain and then headed north. Albertsville, Ala., was

the farthest south we reached. There was very little further

collecting till we reached Chattanooga, and in this respect we

were sorry we did not take the northern road. The only

notable collecting was a good series of a fine, large Pleurocera

from Lookout Creek about four miles north of Valley Head.

On Aug. 13 we rounded Lookout Mountain and entered Chat-

tanooga. This ended the fourth stage of our trip.

At this point Paul J. Adams of Knoxville, Tenn. joined the

expedition as an additional collector and stayed with us till the

end of the trip. His knowledge of the country around Knox-

ville and the Great Smoky Mountains was extremely useful to

us and enabled ue to cover much more ground that we other-

wise would have. On the other hand we were able to show him

wrinkles about the "shell game," which were new to him.

We now began to strike more of the localities which Mr. Good-

rich had suggested as desirable to visit, either because these

were type localities or represented only by puzzling and inade-

quate material. We laid out our course especially to hit such

places. The first of these was Chickamauga Creek at Lee and

Gordon's Mill, just outside the military park. The reason for

visiting this was to check up with material from Crawfish

Springs in the park which was the type locality for Pleurocera

planicostata. We found shells plentiful there and collected

several quarts. We then drove west to reach the Conasauga

River, which is the type locality for eight species of Goniobasis

alone. We were also anxious to collect in this river because it

belongs to the Gulf drainage and for that reason presents a

different fauna from that of the Tennessee. The shells did in-

deed look different from any we had so far seen and we took

large lots from two places on the Conasauga, as well as Mill

Creek, Coahuila River and several other streams. We recog-

nized among these Gonivhtu'iis niurrayensis Lea — this is its terri-

THE NAUTILUS. 137

tory. By accident, while buying postcards in Dalton, CJa., we

saw a picture of "Country Club Lake", which was not on the

map. Arriving there we found a fine large Pleiirocera of the

lake type. Mr. Goodrich is now working at identifying all this

material.

A few miles beyond Dalton we turned north again into Ten-

nessee and went out of our way to visit the Ocoee River dam at

Parksville. This dam has backed up the river for ten miles

and made a large inland lake; we were interested to see what

the shell life would be and we also wanted to collect in the

Ocoee, as no shells have been reported from there recently, if at

all. We found out why; there are no shells in the river. We

learned that farther up the river near Ducktown, sulfuric acid

was produced as a waste in zinc smelting, and run off into the

river. This has completely killed all forms of water life, not

even a fish being found. This affects even the Hiwassee River,

into which the Ocoee flows, so that we found no shells in either.

It was a somewhat new experience, for we had grown so used

to finding shells in every creek that we had acquired the habit

of piling out of the car, grabbing an empty can and wading

right out. At times it almost got monotonous. We climbed a

small mountain. Sugar Loaf Hill, beside the dam and found

quite a few of the smaller land shells at 1100 feet.

From the dam we drove west to Cleveland, Tenn. There

was a Ganioba»is reported many years ago from a "spring near

Cleveland on road to Ducktown " which we wanted to look up,

and we also wanted to investigate a small lake, also called

" Country Club Lake ", shown on the map near the town. We

reached the lake just before dark and pitched camp in a grove

of pines, the most ideal camping spot of the trip. Next morn-

ing we collected thoroughly in the lake and in its inlets and

outlets, and took two fine Goniohasis and a beautifully-ribbed

Pleurocera in great quantity. We found a few naiades also.

Our catch here was particularly interesting as the lake drains

into the Conasauga River. In fact, the ridge just back of the

lake was the dividing line between the Conasauga and the Ten-

nessee drainages. About noon we started a hunt for the elusive

spring and found it without much trouble. There were a few

138 THE NAUTILUS.

of the Goniobasis, which we gathered, but did not linger long,

for the water was icy cold and quite deep, and typhus was re-

ported by the local hospital.

We now headed north for the Tennessee River at Loudon,

which we reached at dusk. Here, at Sam's Island, Dr. C. C.

Adams reported large numbers of /o, form lovdenensh^ and we

were all on fire to diminish the local race. Next morning we

borrowed a boat and went down river. At once we began to

find Sti'ephobaxis, Angitrema, Anculosa, and several Pleurocera

and Ancylus. But no lo ! The Tennessee was still a little

high, however, and we might have had better luck a month

later. Finally, one of us did find the first lo of the trip, a fine,

big loudenensis] and he at least will always remember the thrill

he felt when he put his hand on those big spines. The thrill

never wears off with lo even when we later collected several

hundred in a day. Although we felt the bottom barehanded

for many yards around that spot, a swift rocky shoal, we found

no more. So a little after noon we drove north again to Lenoir

City where our mail awaited us, stocked up on beans again,

and drove northward till we struck the Clinch River at Riley

Ferry, not many miles above the mouth. Here again we took

only a lone lo, but a wonderful catch of naiades, many species,

some of which were old friends. Although we saw ideal situa-

tions for lo, we could find none. Perhaps this is because we

had not yet learned how to look for them, or because until the

water is very low, they are quite dispersed. There is a trick to

lo collecting. Later we found the most plentiful on fairly swift

shoals, at the head of the riflles and at the end, just under the

edges of rocks and smooth ledges, usually spire pointing down

stream. Never in water over three feet deep, sometimes partly

out of water. This is surely the queen of fresh-water shells.

During the next day we made a loop to the north and col-

lected Goniohnsln and Physa in Bear Creek, Poplar Creek, and

several sjjrings, coming out on the Clinch again at Emory

River. We camped here and made extensive collections on the

shoals, again l)agging a lone lo, but many Anculosa, some

knobbed, Amjitreina, StrcjtltolHisi^, etc. The Ancidosa were par-

ticularly large and fine here.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

leaving Kingston, we struck west to run down another

doubtful locality, Cane Creek and Toco Creek near the North

Carolina line. We eventually found both of ihese and neither

had any shells at that point. The rapid deforestation has

changed the character of these creeks and given them a shifting,

sandy bottom unfavorable to shells. Such is liable to be the

fate of many other streams; and many others are being dammed

for power, also changing the shell life. So they should be sur-

veyed as soon as jwssible. In getting to these creeks, we fol-

lowed the Little Tennessee and were amply repaid for our

trouble by the rich collecting we got along it. At Coytee Shoals

we found Angitrema, Physa, Unios, Sphaermm, and a very docol-

lated Pleurocera, while a few miles farther at Morgantown Ferry

we made one of our richest hauls — 700 very large, fine Campe-

loma, probably C. coardatum Lea, over 1000 specimens of a

giant Pletirocera nearly two inches long, and the usual run of

Anculosa, etc. Although we hunted carefully we found no trace

of lo in this river, though conditions seemed ideal and some of

the natives reported finding "spiny shells" on the shoals.

Dr. C. C. Adams and his collectors reported the same lack of

success. It would be interesting to follow this up and see if

there are any in the head waters.

We examined the Tellico River at two places near Vonore and

found a few Pleurocera, then headed west again for Sweetwater.

Sweetwater Creek was one of the localities we wanted to check

up on. It is polluted below the town, but we struck it just

above the town, near the pumping station, and not only took a

large series of Pleurocendxie from the creek itself, but also col-

lected several kinds of Goniobasia from Cannon Spring and a

small pond close by. This was a good haul.

We now continued north to Lenoir City again, collecting in

Turkey Creek en route, and ferried over the Tennessee. We

wanted to run into Cades Cove, and climb one of the peaks of

the Great Smoky Mountains, This would enable us to cut

Little River in many places. We certainly did survey the

latter river thoroughly, for we took eight lots out of the river

from points extending from near the mouth almost to the

source. Our trip into Cades Cove and the hike up Thunder-

140 THE NAUTILUS.

head is one of the high lights of the summer. The road into

the Cove, while in good shape, is surely the crookedest road in

the world, for its length. Coming out we counted 226 turns in

ten miles, many of the hairpin variety. This was Paul J.

Adams' old stamping ground, and we left our machine in the

barn of a friend of his, made up our packs and started on the

hike up. These mountains are the highest east of Rockies, and

though this one was only about 5,500 feet elevation (Thunder

Head), it seemed much more before our tired legs reached the

top. The going was made a little easier by picking up an oc-

casional Polygyra andreivsi Binn. A dozen of these will fill your

pack. Next to P. chilhoiveensis Lewis, also found in these

mountains, this is the queen of the Polygyras. Adams assured

us that in a wetter season, land shells would have been much

more plentiful. We saw far too few. We made the top in a

cold fog, and hastened to seek shelter in the cabin of a cattle

herder, old Tom Sparks, another friend of Adams. Early in

the morning we tumbled out and went up the crown of the

mountain just over the North Carolina line where we got a

superb view of the rugged peaks. Then back for a hasty break-

fast and the long pull down which seemed even harder on the

legs than the hike up. Shortly after noon we got back to the

car, packed up and pulled out. In packing we missed a bag

containing two dozen eggs we had just bought and concluded

the farmer's dogs must have gotten them. About a week later,

Clench, after much complaint from the other two on the con-

dition of his duflfle bag, decided to clean it out and found the

whole two dozen where the farmer had put them to be out of

reach of his dogs! Curtain! We are still laughing at that.

We now turned north to Knoxville, stopping just once to

collect several quarts of big Pleurocera from Nale Creek. We

were in a hurry now because Clench felt an attack of his old

malaria, contracted the previous summer, coming on. When

we reached Adams' home in Knoxville, Clench was just able to

wobble up to bed. Strong doses of quinine brought him around,

however, and two days later he was out collecting again. We

cannot express enough gratitude for the kindness and hospital-

ity which the Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Adams showed us then and

later.

THE NAUTILUS. 141

As soon as Clench was over his attack we made a trip to the

Holston River in company with the veteran collector Manley

1). Barber, a resident of Knoxvillc and Rev. Mr. Adams. Mr.

Barber promised us some lo on a shoals about twelve miles up

the Holston, and was able to make good on his promise. For

the first time we took lo in some quantity, nearly 200, as well

as many other shells. These los were big spiny fellows, possi-

bly typical form spinona. On the way back we collected in

Swan Pond Creek and had very good success. While waiting

for Clench to get well, trips were made to the Tennessee River,

with poor success, and to First Creek with wonderful luck. At

the latter place, although the stream was quite cluttered with

rubbish, the water was literally crowded with Pleurocerids.

Never have we seen shells in such quantity. We filled \x\) all

our cans and buckets in a short time — we could have filled

barrels — and then turned home. It would pay to make a com-

plete survey of that stream, it is so rich, and we hope Adams

will do it. Another bit of collecting we did in Knoxville was

a search for land shells at Cherokee Blufifs and for Hdix nemo-

ralis Linn., introduced near the campus of the University of

Tennessee. About 100 live specimens of the latter were carried

to St. Louis by Remington and "planted" on the grounds of

the Principia School.

On Aug. 30 we left Knoxville on the last leg of the trip.

Our intention was to collect farther up on the Clench and the

Powell and perhaps run into Virginia. We were going after lo

in quantity now. Leaving Knoxville we collected in Second

Creek, Knob Fork Creek and Beaver Creek, and struck the

Clinch at Clinton. Here we collected a big series of Campeloma

and Pleicrocera. A few miles beyond we again hit the Clinch

at the old Moore's Ferry and found the usual run of shells, in

quantity, and about 100 lo, small, of the form brevis. We now

headed for the mouth ef the Powell River where we wanted to

get a big series, as there is some talk of a dam being built there.

We found a few lo here in both the Clinch and Powell, as well

as some fine StrepkobasiSy Anculoaa, naiades, and the river forms

of Pleurocern.

Another stop was made on the Clinch near Maynardsville,

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Teun. where we secured a fine catch of mussels. Then we

made a detour to strike the Powell near Cumberland Gap, and

had very good success there. For the first time we took over

100 lo which were nearly smooth. It would be hard to say

what these shells are, as they intergrade, but they range between

form lyttonensis and form powelle^isk. We kept zigzagging be-

tween the Powell and the Clinch here, until we turned northeast

at Tazewell toward Kyle's Ford on the Clinch. A collection

made in the Little Sycamore Creek was remarkable for having

a few Anculosa in it, as well as some forms of Pleurocerids new

to us. Anculosa were not usually found in small creeks. This

day we made camp just before a pelting rain caught us. We

saw the storm coming and stopped at the first handy spot, but

quickly moved after the storm when we found we were camped

close to a very dead calf ! Once before we found we had

camped near a departed mule. We favor a law in Tennessee

requiring farmers to bury deceased animals.

We came out on the Clinch about six miles below Kyle's

Ford, Tenn. and proceeded to collect all the way up to the

ford. The river here is a series of shoals, quite clear, and we

could see the los on the ledges. At Kyle's Ford the}' were

particularly thick, as many as ten being brought up in one

scoop of the hand. These los are from the type locality for the

form brevis. It was thrilling work, though back-breaking, to

grope for shells and keep a footing in the swift water. But our

long-awaited dream of collecting lo had come true and we

chalked off another aim achieved in conchology. We still have

a few left. This was the hist collecting we did, for our funds

were almost exhausted and our time was about up too. Indeed,

we had stretched the appropriations for two so as to cover ex-

penses for three, and we considered that good managing. On

Sept. 5, we drove back to Knoxville. All that remained now

was to dispose of the car, pack our outfit and take the train

back to Ann Harbor. The Rev. Mr. Adams kindly took the

car off our hands and we were glad to know it was with friends.

We feel very tender toward that car. On Sept. 8 we reached

Ann Arbor again, having stop])ed in Detroit a few hours to re-

port to Dr. Walker and spent a pleasant hour with him.

THK NAUTILUS. 143

Our work, while very scattering, did jipproach completeness

on the Little and Clinch Rivers — we collected at eleven stations

on the latter river. As the upper reaches of the Clinch have

been explored by Goodrich and Ortmann, the Clinch may be

said to be thoroughly explored now. We estimated that we

brought back over 250,000 Bpecimens, Dr. Walker says no

such volume of work has ever been done on the Plevroceridae at

one time. The whole work was really in the nature of a sur-

vey, and when the results are made clear, will furnish a basis

for further work later. We want however, to give the los time

to come out of their hiding places again. It is reported that

the canned-bean industry had a big year! A wonderful trip,

vagabonding for shells!

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Pelecypoda from the Marine Oligocene of Western North

America. By Bruce L. Clark (Univ. Calif. Pub., Bull. Dept.

Geol. Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 69-136, pis. 8-22, 1925).

Forty-four new species are described and figured with notes and

figures of many others.

The fossils of the Lower San Pedro Fauna of the Nob Hill

Cut, San Pedro, California. By T. S. Oldroyd (Proc. U. S.

Nat. Mus., Vol. 65, Art. 22, pp. 1-39, pis. 1-2, 1924).

Twenty-two new species and subspecies are described from this

Pleistocene formation which contains some 242 species of shells.

Discovery of a Balkan Fresh-water Fauna in the Idaho Forma-

tion of Snake River Valley, Idaho. By W. H. Dall (U. S.

Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 132-G, pp. 109-115, pi. 26, Nov.,

1924). Seven new species, including four of the remarkable

genus Orygocei-as are described. A new genus Payettia is pro-

posed, type Lntia dalli White.

Opisthobranchiate Mollusca. By Frank M. MacFarland

(Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 4 Ser., Vol. 13, pp. 389-420, pis. 10-

12, Nov., 1924). One new species Aglajn hakeri and a new

genus Tridachiella, type Tridachid ? diomedea are described and

figured.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

The Boring Mechanism of Teredo. By Robert C. Miller

(Univ. Cal. Publications Zool., Vol. 26, pp. 41-80, pis. 3-6,

1924). An interesting paper on a much discussed subject.

WooD-BORiNG MoLLUSKS FROM THE Hawahan, Samoan and

Philipine Islands. By Robert C. Miller (Univ. Cal. Pub.

Zool., Vol. 26, pp. 145-158, pis. 8-11, 1924). Three new

species — Teredo furcillatm, T. samoaemis, and 7\ trullifermis are

described and figured.

Conditions under which Goniobosis livescens occurs in

THE Island region of Lake Erie. By Frederick H. Krecker

(Ohio Jour. Sci., Vol. 24, pp. 299-310, 1924).

NOTES

On the Type Locality of Polygyra townsendiana brunnea. —

Mr. Walter Eyerdam of Seattle, Washington, writes that he

collected the types of Polygyra townsendiana brunnea Vanatta at

Coal Creek, a small branch of Cowlitz River, which flows into

the Columbia River about ten miles south of Kelso, Cowlitz

County, Washington. It was described in the Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philada, Vol. 76, 1924, p. 25, as being from along the

Columbia River near Kelso. — E. G. Vanatta.

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell and Mrs. Cockerell expect to

visit Argentina during the summer. Fossil insects will be their

primary object, but mollusks are also to be collected.

The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Conchological Section of

the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences was celebrated on Tues-

day, October 23, 1924. Covers were laid for sixty guests. The

President of the Section, Miss Mary E. Walker, has served in

that office most of the quarter century; the Section having been

founded by Miss Elizabeth J. Letson (Mrs. William Alanson

Brvan). The Rev. George F. Williams acted as toastmaster.

Responses dealing with conchological topics of general interest,

reminiscenses of early days and adventures of the club, poems

in appreciation of shells and other topics appropriate to the

occasion were made by Messrs. Chauncey J. Hamlin, Henry R.

Rowland, John E. Andrews, Dr. W. L. Phillips and Mrs. Burr

H. Nicholls. The chief address of the evening was by Dr.

Bryant Walker, whose subject was "Mollusks and Disease."

The Section has 29 Active Meml)ers, 7 Associates and 5 Hon-

orary Members. Monthly meetings are held from September to

May, with papers on conchological and other natural history

and cognate subjects. Long life to the Buffalo Conchological

Section!

$2.00 per Year. ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy

THE

NAUTILUS

a quarterly

1)i:\»)Tp:d to the interests

vV^ '^ OF CONCHOLOGISTS

• — \y EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

K^

A. PiLSbRV, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

T-ol. XXX Vni. JULY, 1924. No. 1

CONTENTS:

A Visit to Sweden. By Olof 0. Nylmder 1

Polygyra appressa linguifera and sanctageorgiensis By //. A. I^hhnj

and £. d. Vanalla .... ...... 4

The affinities of Balea africana Melv. and Pons. By I/. A. Pilsbry , . 6

Land shells of Admirals Cave, Bermuda. By E. G. Vanatla ... 6

A remarkable Ciecid from Florida. By W. II. Dall. .... 7

Freshwater Mollusca froni Makenzie River basin, Canada. By E. ./.

miittaker 8

A new species of Physa from Texas. By U. J. Clench . .12

Radula technique for Physa. By W. J. Clench 13

A new Physa from California. By Frank C. Baker . . . .15

Notes on Lacuna from the California Coast. By A. M. Strong . .16

Notes on .Vcanthina from California. By A. M. Strong . . . .18

Marine shells of Drier Bay. Knight Island, Alaska. By Walter Ef/erdam. 21

Some unpublished plates of Conrad's " Unionidie ". By Wm. J. Fox . 28

Dr. Nelson Annandale. Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen. W. H.

Golisch 30

Notes 32

Publications Received 34

C. W. JOHN.SON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, .Mass.

Entered u Secoad-Clase matter at the Uomon Pott-Office.

ii THE NAUTILUS.

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years' study in field aud laboratory, with

200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts

given. Nos. 1 to 9 now issued, 150 pages, 37 hand-colored plates. Catalogue

of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the

author

457 Crafts St., "West Newton, Mass.

SHELLS

Wanted : Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells.

Send list of what you have to e.xchange, or will collect.

Offered : Fine Philippine Land Sliells.

WALTER r. we:bb,

202 'Westminster Road.

ROCHESTER. N. Y.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Fxped. ; Shells of the N. I'acific E.xplor.

Exped., and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, ] 839-' 62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare

publication are available at tlie unusually low rate of #2.50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mats.

Secondhand Books on Art, History, Science, Geology,

Botany, Conchology, Entomology, Zoology, &c.

Send for Tandy's NfW List.

Address, M. TANDY, Dallas City, Illinois.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells of Cal-

ifornia, for other shells not in my collection,

Wkndell 0. (Jregg, M. D.,

304 N. Boyle Ave., Los Angeles, Calif.

Wanted: Either by exchange or purchase, Mexican and Cen-

tral American shells. J. K. LeB. Tomlin,

23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonard-on-Sea, England.

TUK NAUTILUS. Ill

ITe-w Shell Catalog-ue

We have cumi'U'ted llio iiroparaliou ami publiciitiou of Uio fourth

etlitiou of our complete catalof^uo of MoUusca. This edition contains

one hundred and twenty-four paj^es and two liundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of j)ublication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c.

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to live dollars.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Florida and West Indian Shells

For Sale and Exchange

Send lists of duplicates and desiderata.

N. "W. LERMOND

P. O. Address: Gulfport, Fla., until May 1

After that date, Thomaston, Me.

FOR SALE

Back Volumes of The Nautilus

Vols. 4 to 20, $1.00 eacli; Vol. 21, S3. 00; Vols. 22 to 27,

$1.00 each; Vols. 28 to 30, $1.50 each; Vols. 31 to 30, $2.00

each. Vol. 21 will be sold only with a complete set. We can-

not furnish Vols. 1 and 2 ( " Conchologist Exchange") and

Vol. 3 of The N.autilus.

Also for Sale a Number of Interesting Works on Conchology.

Address:

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

IV THE NAUTILUS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the

Pupillidae, Pupoides, Pupilla, etc.

Issued. quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00.

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

p. 0. Address, GLEN RIDGE. NEW JERSEY, U. S. A.

SOWBRBT & FULTON

(Proprietor, HUGH C. FULTON)

Tbe Largest and Finest Stock of Stiells in the Wcrld

Specimens Sent on Approval

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Collections and Specimens

Named and Arranged

27 Shaftesbury Road

Ravenscourt Park, London "W. 6. England

$2.00 per Year. ($2.t0 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PiLSBRY, Special Curator of the Department of Mollusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. xxxvnr. ootober, 1924. No. 2

CONTENTS :

On the Rio Grande. By James II. Femas ....... 37

Some old Pleurocerids and a new one. By Calvin Goodrich . . .43

Marine Mollusca of the Bridgeport, Connecticut, Region. By Arthur Jacot 49

Two new Naiades from Nicaragua. By Bryant Walker . . . .51

California Helices. By H. A. PiUbry ....... 54

Collecting in Southern Florida, the Bahamas and Cuba. By D. L. Emery 56

Eulota Maackii, a Siberian Snail. By T. D. A. Cockerell . . . .62

Notes ............. 65

Publications Received 66

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, .Mass.

tCnlered m Hecond-OlaiK matter at the Boaton Post-oaicc.

11 THE NAUTILUS.

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty j-ears' study in field and laboratory, with

200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts

given. Nos. 1 to 9 now issued, 150 pages, 37 hand-colored plates. Catalogue

of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the

author

457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass.

SHELLS

"Wanted » Fine American Land and Fresh Water Shells.

Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect.

Offered » Fine Philippine Land Shells,

WALTER r. WEBB,

202 ^Westminster Road,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Kxped. ; Shells of the N. Pacific Explor.

Exped., and deKcriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, 1889-'62. 2-56 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare

publication are available at the unu.sually low rate of f2.50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mais.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells of Cal-

ifornia, for other shells not in my collection.

Wendell 0. Gregg, M. D.,

816 Montrose Ave., Montrose, Calif.

Wanted: Unionidae and Mutelidae, not in collection. Send

list. J. R. LeB. Tomlin,

23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonard -on -Sea, England.

For Exchange: Southern California marine shells, for other

shells not in my collection. Morris E. Caruthers,

120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.

TlIK NAUTILUS. Ill

JfTew Sliell Catalogr^e

We have ci'iupleied the prcpiualiou unci publiouUou of tlie fouitb

editiuu uf our complete catalogue of MoUusca. This edition contaiuB

>ue hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to seud the catalogue out free of charge. The i>rice of the cata>

loyue bound with heavy i>aper cover is 55c. ; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c.

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dollars.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE. ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Florida and West Indian Shells

For Sale and Exchange

Send lists of duplicates and desiderata.

N. W. LERMOND

P. O. Address: Gulfport, Fla., until May 1

After that date, Thomaston, Me.

FOR SALE

Back Volumes of The Nautilus

Vols. 4 to 20, $1.00 each; Vol. 21, $3.00; Vols. 22 to 27,

$1.00 each; Vols. 28 to 30, 81.50 each; Vols. 31 to 36, $2.00

each. Vol. 21 will be sold only with a complete set. We can-

not furnish Vols. 1 and 2 ( " Conchologist Exchange") and

Vol. 3 of The Nautilus.

Also for Sale a Number of Interesting Works on Conchology.

Address:

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Maes.

IV THE NAUTILUS.

THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY.

The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the

Pupillidae, Pupoides, Pupilla, etc.

Issued I quarterly in parts" of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00.

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

p. 0. Address, GLEN RIDQE, NEW JERSEY, U. S. A.

SOWBRBY & PULTON

(Proprietor, HUGH C. FULTON)

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

Specimens Sent on Approval

SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE

Collections and Specimens

Named and Arranged

27 Shaftesbury Road

Ravensoourt Park, London "W. 6. England

$2.00 per Year. ($2.'0 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF COXCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PiL^BRY, Special Curator of the Department of Moliusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXXVIII. JANUARY, 1925. No. 3

CONTENTS :

The family Lancida? distinguished from the Ancylidiv. By //. A. Pilsbry 73

A visit to the Hawaiian Islands. By T. D. A. Cockerell . . . .76

The type of Ancvlastrum is Ancylus fluviatilis Miiller. By ^4. S. Kennard

and B. B. W'oodward 83

On the Heli.\ perspectiva of Meperle v. Miihlfeld vs. that of Say. By A. S.

Kennard and B. B. Woodivard ........ 85

Agnathoraorphous Aulacopoda. By //. Burrington Bakn . . .80

An abnormal clam. By ./. Henry Blake ....... 89

Gonchologista in the making. By Edwin E. Iland . . . . .90

Newfoundland Shells. By E. O'. Vanalln 92

Additions to the list of Marine Shells of Sanibcl, Florida. By William J.

Clench 93

New Shells from Japan. By W. TT. Ball 95

Notes on the .Mactras of the West Coast. By A. M. Stron;/ .98

Notes lOH

Publications Received 106

C. \V. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Kntered as Becoad-Clasfi matter at the Boiton Poit-Office.

u- ^

11 THE NAUTILUS.

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years' study in field and laboratory, with

200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts

given. Nos. 1 to 9 now issued, 150 pages, 37 hand-colored plates. Catalojiue

of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the

author

457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass.

SHELLS

'Wanted : Fine American Land and Fresh ^V^ater Shells.

Send list of what you have to e.xchange, or will collect.

Offered : Fine Philippine Land Shells.

WALTER r. WilBB,

202 "Westminster Road,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Marine, Land and Fresh-water shells of Cal-

ifornia, for other shells not in my collection.

Wendell 0. Gregg, M. D.,

815 Montrose Ave., Montrose, Calif.

Wanted: Unionidae and Mutelidae, not in collection. Send

list. J. R. LeB. Tomlin,

23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonard-on-Sea, England.

For Exchange: Southern California marine shells, for other

shells not in my collection. Morris E. Caruthers,

120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif.

For Exchange: West American shells and others. Will also

exchange shells for stamps desired in his collection or stamps

for shells.

Wanted: Copy of Keep's West American Shells.

W. L. Brown, Route No. 1, Box No. 140, Anaheim, Calif.

TlIK NAI'TII.L'S. HI

XTevT Sh.ell Catalog-ae

Wo liiivo coiuplctetl the iiri'imratioii and iiuhlifalinn of the foiutl)

edition of our complete catalo)i;ue of Mollusca. This edition coutalDB

one hundred and twenty-four pa^es and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

io^;ue bound with heavy pai>er cover is 55c. ; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c.

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dolUvrs.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Kxped. ; Shells of the X. Pacific Explor.

Exped.. and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, 1889-'G-. 256 pages, containing descrij)tions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare

publication are available at the unusually low rate of ;f 2. 50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mats.

FOR SALE

Back Volumes of The Nautilus

Vols. 4 to 20, $1.00 each; Vol. 21, S3.00; Vols. 22 to 27,

$1.00 each; Vols. 28 to 30, $1.50 each; Vols. 31 to 30, 82.00

each. Vol. 21 will be sold only with a complete set. We can-

not furnish Vols. 1 and 2 (" Conchologist Exchange") and

Vol. 3 of The Nautilus.

Also for Sale a Number of Interesting Works on Conchology.

Address:

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

IV THE NAUTILUS.

THE 3IANUAL OF COXCHOLOGY.

The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the

PnpilHdae, Pupoides, Pupilla, etc.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00.

S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Treasurer,

p. 0. Address. GLEN RIDGE. NEW JERSEY, U. S. A.

The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World

We have just published a new edition of our MARINE AMD FRESH-

"WATER GASTROPODA CATALOGUE, consisting of 71 pages

and a full index. This issue has been made still more useful as a check-list and

for reference by the addition of the families and also of many additional generic

names. It has the usual wide margins fur adding species not noted therein.

Price, $1.00, post free

In Hand.— A New Catalogue of the Land Shells

Spechnetis Identified. Exchnnge Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

(SOWERBY & FULTON)

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

rpHE undersigned desires assistance in obtaining lots of Pisid-

ium from all parts of N. America ; also alcoholic specimens

of Succinea, Vertigo, Lymnaea (Radix) and Planorbis (Gyraidus).

HANS SCHLESCH

14 Qu3tav Adolfsgade, Copenhagen, Denmark

$2.00 per Year. ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 ct«. a copy

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PiLSBRT, Special Curator of the Department of MoUusca,

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

C. W. Johnson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Vol. XXXVni. APRIL, 1925. No. 4

CONTENTS :

On a Tanganyika Beach. By Charles Hedley . . . . . .109

Notes on the nomenclature of our East American species of Pecten. By

W. II. Dall 112

Note on the name of our common oyster. By W. II. Dall . . .121

Identity of Patella tenuilirata Carpenter. By J. R. LeB, Tomlin . 121

Some land shells from the Aleutian Islands. By G. Dallas Ifanna . .122

Lymniea auricularia (L. ) in California. By O. Dallas Ilanna . . . 125

Vagabonding for Shells. By /*. 5, Remington, Jr., and H'. J. CUnch . 127

Publications Received .......... 143

Notes 144

C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,

Boston Society of Natural History,

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

Eatered MSecoad-Cl&ss matter atthe Boston Po«t-Office.

11 THE NAUTILUS.

A New Work on the Cerionidae

By CHARLES J. MAYNARD

This book is the result of fifty years' study in field and laboratory, with

200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valuable facts

given, Nos. 1 to 9 now issued, 150 pages, 37 hand-colored plates. Catalogue

of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the

author

457 Crafts St., "West Newton, Mass.

SHELLS

Wanted s Fine American Land and Fresh'Water Shells.

Send list of what you have to exchange, or will collect.

Offered : Fine Philippine Land Shells.

WALTER r. WEBB,

202 "Westminster Road.

ROCHESTER. N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

For Exchange: Marine, Land and Fresh- water shells of Cal-

ifornia, for other shells not in my collection.

Wendell O. Gregg, M. D.,

815 Montrose Ave., Montrose, Calif.

Wanted: Unionidae and Mutelidae, not in collection. Send

list. J. R. LeB. Tomlin,

23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonard-on-Sea, England.

For Exchange: Southern California marine shells, for other

shells not in my collection. Morris E, Caruthers,

120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, CaHf.

For Exchange: West American shells and others. Will also

exchange shells for stamps desired in his collection or stamps

for shells.

Wanted: Copy of Keep's West American Shells.

W. L. Brown, Route No. 1, Box No. 140, Anaheim, Calif.

THK NAUTILUS. HI

ZTevr Sliell Catalogue

We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth

edition of our complete catalogue of MolluKca. This edition contains

one hundred and twenty-four jjagcs and two hundred and twenty-three

illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of publication, we are

unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata-

logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter-

leaved with blank pages, 70c.; and interleaved and cloth bound, 90c.

We will credit the amount paid for catalogue on first order for shells

amounting to five dollars.

Ward's Natural Science Establishment,

76-104 COLLEGE AVE, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Otia Conchologica

By A. A. GOULD

Shells of the Wilkes, U. S. Explor. Exped. ; iShellsof the N. Pacific Explor.

Exped. , and descriptions of shells reprinted from various publications with

rectifications, 1839-'62. 256 pages, containing descriptions of 18 new genera

and about 1290 new species. A library in itself. A few copies of this rare

publication are available at the unusually low rate of f2.50.

Address, SECRETARY, Boston Society of Natural History

234 Berkeley St., Boatoo, Matt.

FOR SALE

Back Volumes of The Nautilus

Vols. 4 to 20, $1.00 each; Vol. 21, 83.00; Vols. 22 to 27,

$1.00 each; Vols. 28 to 30, SI. 50 each; Vols. 31 to 3t), 82.00

each. Vol. 21 will be sold only with a complete set. We can-

not furnish Vols. 1 and 2 ( " Conchologist Exchange") and

Vol. 3 of The Nautilus.

Address :

THE NAUTILUS

234 Berkeley Street,

Boston, Mass.

IV THE XACTILUS.

THE MANUAL OF COXCHOLOOY.

The volume now in progress contains a monograph of the

Pupillidae. Pupoides. Pupilla. etc.

Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.

Plain Edition, per part $3.00. Colored Edition. $5.00.

S. RAYMOND EOBEETS, Treasurer,

p. 0. Address, GLEN BIDGE. NEW JEBSEY, U. 8. A.

Ibe Largest ana Finest Stock of Stiells In the World

We have iust published a new edition of our MARINE AMD FRESH-

"WATER GASTROPODA CATALOGUE, consisting of 71 pages

and a fuli index. This is5ue has been made sull more useful as a check-list and

for reference by the addition of the families and also of many additional generic

names- It has the usual wide margins for adding species not noted therein.

Price, $1,00, post free

In Hand.— -A New Cataiogue of the Land Shells

Speritnett.< Identified. Exrhange Invited

HUGH C. FULTON

SOWERBY & FULTON;

27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England

rPHE undersigned desires assistance in obtaining lots of PiMd-

■^ iuia from all parts of X. America ; also alcoholic specimens

of Siuxinea, Vertigo, Lymnaea (Radix) and Planorbi^ (Gyraulus).

HANS SCHLESCH

14 Gustav Adolfs^ade, Copenhagren, Denmark

Mill N^ Ml >l I IHH Vl(>

UH 17XS ^