THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XLV
JULY, 1931 to APRIL, 1932
EDITORS AND PUBLISH! RS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates,
Academy of Natural Sciences
Philadelphia
CHARLES W. JOHNSON
Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History
Boston
<,{,^>^
CONTENTS
OF
THE NAUTILUS, XLV.
Acar Gray 127, 142
Acar bailyi Bartsch 127
Achatina murrea Reeve=Liguus fasciatus 106
Acmaea f uniculata Cpr 21
Acmaea mitra var. f uniculata Cpr 24
American Malacological Union 1, 144
Amphibola avellena Gmel 106
Ampullacera Q. & G., Genotype of 105
Ampullacera avellana Gmel 106
Ampullaria paludosa Say 14
Anculosa carinata Brug 60
Anculosa dilatata Cour 60
Anguispira nimapuna H. B. Baker, n. sp 82
Angulus tenella Verrill 109
Anodontites columbiensis Marshall 16
Anodontites crispata Ortm 16
Anodontites (Ruganodontites) napoensis Lea 17
Area 118, 127
Archeo-Conchological Caribbean Expedition 34
Armsia Pils 125
Ashmunella chiracahuana Dall 141
Barro Colorado Island, Mollusks of 27
Binney, William Greene 37
Boston Malacological Club 25
Burnupia capensis striatissim.a Pils., n. subsp 136
California, Mollusks of Lake Merritt, 138
Carinifex jacksonensis Henderson, n. sp 133
Carinifex newberryi subrotunda Pils., n. subsp 139
Central America, Collecting Shells in West 73
Cerion aguayoi Torre and Clench, n. sp 89
Cerion aguayoi bequaerti Torre and Clench, n. sp 91
Charles Torrey Simpson Park 28
43090
4 THE NAUTILUS
Cochlicopa in China 72
Conoelix lineatus Swains 55
Conus agassizi Dall 106
Conus mahogani Reeve 79
Conus mindanus Hwass 106
Crassispira dirce Dall 52
Cyclostoma aquilerianum Arango 92
Cyrenoida panamensis Pils. and Zetek 69
Discus (Gonyodiscus) marmorensis H. B. Baker, n. sp. 84
Drepanida, New Name for Drapania Laf ont 31
Drapanida f usca Laf ont 31
Drapanida graeffei Bergh 32
Drapanida Tartanella von Ihering 32
Drapanida velox Cockerell 32
Dupuis, Death of Major Paul 28
Dybowski, Death of Benedykt 28
Dysnomia Triquetra Raf ., The Station of 104
Epitonium (Asperoscala) canna Dall 113
Epitonium chamberlaini Johns., n. sp 6
Epitonium charlestonensis Johns., n. sp 8
Epitonium (Asperoscala) cooperensis Johns 8
Epitonium cooperi Strong 31
Epitonium fallaciosum Dall 31, 70
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) gaylordianum Lowe, n. sp 114
Epitonium hindsii Cpr 31, 70
Epitonium (Sthenorhytis) mazycki Dall 9
Epitonium (Nitidiscala ordenanum mazycki Dall 114
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) phaneum Dall 113
Epitonium raveneli Johns 7
Epitonium (Nodiscala) sanjuanense Johns 115
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) strongi Lowe, n. sp 115
Epitonium (Sthenorhytis) subexpansum Johns 9
Epitonium (Sthenorhytis) tinctorium subexpansum
Johns 113
Epitonium tinctum Cpr 70
Euhadra mercatoria n. form perversa Pils 30
Fasciolaria granosa Brod , 79
Florida, Ligging in the Everglades, 10
Goniobasis virginica Gmel 59
Gonyodiscus and Discus 85
Goodrichia, The Genus 71
Helicostyla decorata hybrida Smith, n. subsp 103
Helicostyla decorata jaroensis Smith, n. subsp 103
Helicostyla decorata malleata Smith, n. subsp 103
Helicostyla, fulgetrum gigantea Smith, n. subsp 104
THE NAUTILUS 5
Helicostyla ticaonica iloilana Smith, n. subsp 102
Helix belcheri Pf eiff er 30
Helix effusa Pfr 72
Helminthoglypta cuyamacensis avus Bartsch 29
Helminthoglypta cuyamacensis venturensis Bartsch . . 29, 50
Helminthoglypta f ontiphila Gregg, n. sp 49
Helminthoglypta graniticoia arida Pils. and Field,
n. subsp 20
Hemiglypta iloilana Smith, n. sp 102
Helminthoglypta mohaveana 50
Helminthoglypta reediana Willet, n. sp 134
Helminthoglypta traski isidroensis Bartsch 49
Helminthoglypta traski pacoimensis Gregg, n. subsp. ... 48
Hirasea neiotica liobasis Pils., n. subsp 30
Japanese Current 137
Leptachatina Pfr 125
Ligging in the Everglades of Florida 10
Liguus blainianus jaumei Clench and Aguayo, n. subsp. 99
Liguus f asciatus Miill 106
Liguus fasciatus castaneozonatus Pils 12
Liguus fasciatus nobilis Clench and Aguayo, n. subsp. . . 98
Liguus solidus dryas Pils 106
Liguus solidus graphicus Pils 106
Lithasia obovata pennsylvanica Pils 62
Lymnaea, Aestivation of 140
Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia in California 141
Lymnaea (Pseudosuccinea) columella Say 58
Lymnaea (Fossaria) perplexa Bkr 131
Lymnaea stagnalis wasatchensis Hemph 140
Macoma tenta Say Ill
Macrochlamys cerasina reducta Pils., n. subsp 30
Maine : Land Mollusks of Jefferson, Lincoln Co 37
Mangelia fredbakeri Pils., n. sp 124
Mangilia lineolata Reeve 124
Megomphix lutarius H. B. Baker, n. sp 86
Mitra erythrogramma Tomlin, n. n 54
Mitra lineata. On the Name 53
Mitra loweana Pils., n. n 29
Mitra terplicata Gregorio 54
Mitra tigrina A. Adams 54
Modiolus Lam. versus Volsella Scop 33
Monocondylaea costulata Mordicand 55
Mopalia pedroana Willett, n. sp 101
Murithais 108
Navicula 118
6 THE NAUTILUS
Neritina reclivata sphaera Pils., n. subsp 67
North Carolina, Land Shells of Grandfather Mt 138
Opisthospihon aguilerianum Arango 92
Opisthosiphon aguilerianum holquinense Aguayo,
n. subsp 93
Opisthosiphon caroli Aguayo, n. sp 94
Opisthosiphon quesadai Aguayo, n. sp 95
Opisthosiphon rivorum Aguayo, n. sp 95
Otesia cerasina reducta Pils., n. subsp 30
Panama, Marine Shells of 143
Panamicorbula Pils., n. subgen. of Corbula 105
Pecten (Cyelopecten) catalinensis Willett, n. sp 65
Petricola pholadiformis in California 138
Pholadidea penita var. concamerata Desh 52
Physa gyrina. Continuous Reproduction of 121
Physa humerosa interioris Ferriss 139
Planamastra Pils 125
Pleuroceridae of Pennsylvania 58
Pleurotoma gemmulosa C. B. Adams 51
Pleurotoma grandimaculata C. B. Adams 52
Polygyra clenchi Rehder, n. sp 129
Polygyra edwardsi magnifumosa Pils 28
Polygyra kiowaensis Simps 141
Polygyra peregrina Rehder, n. sp 130
Polygyra perpolita Pils., n. n 136
Polygyra polita Pils. and Hinkl 136
Polygyra troostiana Lea 130
Potadoma Swainson 71
Potamomya inflata C. B. Adams 105
Pupinella rufa, n. form alba Pils 29
Rhinomelania v. Martens 71
Roperia roperi Dall 51
Ruganodontites, new subgenus of Anodontites 16
Say, Thomas, First Paper on Mollusks 112
Schizothaerus nuttallii and varieties in Puget Sound ... 32
Scurria ? f uniculata Cpr 24
Scurria mitra var. tennisculpta Cpr 25
Siphonaria charaeteristica Reeve 75
South Dakota, Mollusks of Yankton, 115
Stagnicola apicina and S. walkeriana 139
Tapes grata Say 79
Tellina jeffreysi Johnson, n. n 109
Tellina tenella Verrill 109
Tellina tenera Say 109
Tellina versicolor Cozzens 110
THE NAUTILUS 7
Thecacera velox Cockerell 32
Tritonalia poulsoni Conr 51
Trophon (Boreotrophon) albispinosiis Willett, n. sp 66
Trophon triangulatus Cpr 60
Tudora moreletiana Petit 92
Turbonilla (Pyrgoiampros) strong! Willett, n. sp 67
Typhis lowei Pilsbry, n. sp 72
Urocoptis heterosculpta Torre, n. sp 88
Urocoptis mellita Torre, n. sp 88
Urocoptis mellita perlonga Torre, n. subsp 89
Urocoptis scalarina portuondi Torre 88
Viviparus japonicus v. Mts 136
Voluta lineata Gmel 55
Zetekia denticulata Dall 51
Zirf aea pilsbryi Lowe, n. sp 53
Zirphaea gabbi Tryon 52
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Agersborg, H. P. Kjerschow 121
Aguayo, C. G 91, 96, 98
Archer, Allan F 34
Baker, Frank C 137, 139
Baker, H. Burrington 82
Baily, Joshua L 138
Banks, Gilbert S 138
Brooks, Stanley T
Clench, Wm. J 10, 30, 71, 89, 98, 112, 136, 142
Cooke, C. Montague 125
Field, Stanley C 20, 29
Grant, U. S 127
Gray, Arthur F 37
Gregg, Wendell 0 47, 131
Goodrich, Calvin , 41, 137
Hanna, G. D 21, 35, 118
Henderson, Junius 32, 133, 140
Johnson, Charles W 6, 33, 107, 109
Jones, David T 115
Lowe, Herbert N 52, 73, 113
MacFarland, F. M 30
Marshall, Wm. B. 16, 55
8 THE NAUTILUS
Pilsbry, Henry A.
20, 29, 30, 36, 67, 69, 72, 105, 106, 124, 136, 139, 142, 144
Rehder, Harold 128, 141
Schalie, Hend Vander 105
Smith, Allyn G 21
Smith, Maxwell 102
Strong, A. M 70
Tomlin, J. R. leB 30, 54
Torre, Carlos de la 88, 89
Vanatta, E. G 106
Willard, Theodora 27
Willett, G 65, 101, 134
Woodring, W. R 31
Zetek, James 69
-/)
X
PHILADELPHIA MEETING, A. M. U.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLV JULY, 1931. No. 1
THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION
While the organization of a society for those interested in
the collection and study of mollusks had been talked about
for some time, the first definite steps toward that end were
taken by Mr. Norman W. Lermond, who carried on an ex-
tensive correspondence with conchologists all over the coun-
try during the past winter. His overtures were nearly every-
where received favorably, 192 persons signifying the desire
to join the proposed society. A list of these was printed and
circulated by Mr. Lermond in March, and a meeting was
called to be held at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, April 30th and May 1st and 2nd.
Twenty-nine persons from twelve states as far apart as
Maine, California and Alabama, participated.
The first session, held at 2.00 p. m., April 30th, was wel-
comed by Mr. C. M. B. Cadwalader, Director of the Academy
of Natural Sciences. Dr. Pilsbry was made chairman and
Mr. Lermond secretary p7^o tern.
After adoption of the constitution (page 3), the follow-
ing officers for the year were elected :
President: Henry A. Pilsbry.
Vice-President: Paul Bartsch.
Secretaries : N. W. Lermond, Imogene C. Robertson (Mrs.
Harold R. Robertson).
Group of members attending the Philadelphia meeting of the
A. M. U., 1931. Unfortunately only twenty of the twenty-nine mem-
bers attending were present when this photograph was taken. 1, H. R.
Robertson. 2, F. Tobleman. 3, Mrs. I. S. Oldroyd. 4, Calvin Goodrich.
5, Imogene C. Robertson. 6, Allan F. Archer. 7, D. T. Jones. 8, J. E.
Andrews. 9, H. A. Pilsbry. 10, W. F. Webb. 11, J. W. Jones. 12,
W. J. Clench. 13, Junius Henderson. 14, Paul Bartsch. 15, H. A.
Rehder. 16, W. B. Marshall. 17, H. G. Richards. 18, T. H. Aldrich.
19, E. S. Marks. 20, N. W. Lermond.
2 THE NAUTILUS
Treasurer : Charles W. Johnson.^ [Imogene C. Robertson,
Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y.]
Council (additional to officers) : Junius Henderson, Wm. J.
Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Mrs. Oldroyd.
Mr. Lermond gave an account of his activities in the pre-
liminary organization. A vote of thanks for this labor of love
was passed, and it was voted to reimburse him for expenses
of printing.
The following papers were read :
Ruganodontites, a New Subgenus of South American
Freshwater Pearly Mussels, by Wm. B. Marshall. Printed in
this number.
Molluscan Faunas of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific
Coast Regions, by Junius Henderson.
Notes on Animals, by H. B. Baker.
Discussion of these papers followed by Dr. Bartsch, the
chairman, and others. Mr. Tobleman spoke on the use of
wood alcohol as a preservative. Greetings were read from
several absent members : Bryant Walker, Fred Baker, Frank
C. Baker, C. T. Simpson, Dr. V. Sterki, B. H. Wright, Dr.
Carlos de la Torre.
In the evening Dr. Pilsbry talked on the Pinchot South Sea
Expedition, with film illustration.
Friday, May 1. Dr. Pilsbry in the chair.
The Microscope in Conchology, by Fred Tobleman, dealt
chiefly with the preparation of molluscan radulae.
Shells that have Strayed far from Home, by Mrs. Oldroyd.
Mollusks as Climate Indicators in the Pleistocene, by H. G.
Richards (lantern slides).
Chinese Land Mollusks, by Allan F. Archer. Specimens
exhibited.
Preservation of Fragile Shells, by Wm. J. Clench.
These papers were discussed by Dr. Bartsch, Dr. Baker,
Dr. Pilsbry and others.
1 Mr. Johnson finding it impossible to serve, the Council appointed
Mrs. Robertson Financial Secretary for the year.
THE NAUTILUS 3
In the afternoon session the following were given :
Liguus of Florida and ''ligging" in the Everglades, by Wm.
J. Clench. Exhibition of specimens. Printed in this number.
Shell Formation in Land and Freshwater Mollusks, by
Prof. David T. Jones.
The meeting was then entertained by reminiscences of
past and present workers in American Conchology, by Tru-
man H. Aldrich, and recollections of Tryon, Dall and others
active years ago, by Mr. Marshall.
By unanimous vote it was resolved that the Union go on
record as favoring the plan now pending in Congress to make
the southern Everglades a National Park.
The question of affiliation of the Union with the A. A. A. S.
was referred to the Council.
All who had joined the preliminary organization are con-
sidered members of the Union.
The President was directed to appoint a committee of three
on nomenclature, himself to be chairman.
After remarks by the Rev. Walter H. Smith on various
aspects of the Union's activities the meeting adjourned.
The annual dinner was attended by 20 members, after
which Dr. Bartsch gave an interesting account of his field
investigations in the West Indies, with lantern illustrations.
It had been arranged to make Saturday, May 2nd, a field
day. Owing to rain this plan could not be carried out, but a
considerable number of members seemed to find informal
talk in the mollusk department of the Academy by no means
the least enjoyable part of the meeting.
At a meeting of the Council held on May 2nd the confirma-
tion of the regional vice-presidents elected by the preliminary
organization was confirmed. The question of local Chapters
was left to local clubs, such as now exist in Boston, Buffalo
and elsewhere.
Constitution of the American Malacological Union
1. This society shall be called "The American Malaco-
logical Union.
4 THE NAUTILUS
2. Its object shall be the promotion of the science of
malacology by holding meetings for reading and discussion
of papers, and for furthering the interests of students and
collectors of shells Iby facilitating acquaintance and co-opera-
tion among the members.
3. Membership shall be limited to persons resident in the
Americas and Hawaii. New members may be proposed by
two members and balloted for by the Council. They shall
pay an annual subscription of $1.00.^ They will receive with-
put other charge all notices, programs, lists of members, etc.;
issued by the Union.
4. The following officers shall be elected annually by
ballot : President, Vice-President, two Secretaries, Treasurer.
5. The Union will be governed by a council consisting of
the officers and four other members to be elected annually
by ballot.
6. The annual meeting shall be held at such time and place
as may be fixed by the preceding annual meeting. Other
meetings may be called by the Council. Meetings of local
branches may be held as such branches may determine.
7. Proposals for the alteration of this constitution when
signed by five members and passed by the Council shall be
acted upon at the next annual meeting. Concurrence of
three-fourths of the ballots cast are necessary for any
alteration.
8. The Nautilus is hereby designated as the official
organ of the Union.
1 Dues were originally fixed at $3.00 a year to include a subscription
to the Nautilus which is $2.00 for four quarterly numbers. On ac-
count of postal regulations governing third class matter, subscriptions
to Nautilus cannot be included in the Union dues, and this article will
have to be changed. Actual dues to the Union are thus $1.00 a year
payable to the Financial Secretary, to whom subscriptions to the
Nautilus may also be sent for transmission to Mr. Johnson, or sub-
scriptions may be sent to Mr. Johnson direct, as formerly.
While members are not required to take the Nautilus they are ad-
vised to do so since abstracts of papers presented at the meetings and
other information relating to the activities of the association will be
available through that medium. By remitting dues promptly the mem-
bers will enable our new organization to function efficiently for the
benefit of all.
the nautilus 5
List of Members in Attendance
T. H. Aldrich, 1026 Glenn Iris Ave., Birmingham, Ala.
John E. Andrews, 50 Orton Place, Buffalo, N. Y.
Allan F. Archer, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Horace B. Baker, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Penn.
Paul Bartsch, National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Stanley T. Brooks, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Penn.
William J. Clench, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.
Calvin Goodrich, Ann Arbor, Mich.
David T. Jones, Marietta, Ohio.
J. W. Jones, 818 E. 5th St., Vinton, Iowa.
Anne Harbison, Philadelphia, Penn.
Junius Henderson, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
Norman W. Lermond, Thomaston, Maine.
Herbert N. Lowe, 2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif.
E. Sydney Marks, Arlington, N. J.
William B. Marshall, United States National Museum, Wash-
ington, D. C.
North McLean, Shrub Oak, N. Y.
Mrs. North McLean, Shrub Oak, N. Y.
Ida S. Oldroyd, Stanford University, California.
H. A. Pilsbry, Philadelphia, Penn.
Harold A. Rehder, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Horace G. Richards, University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Penn.
Harold R. Robertson, 136 Buffum St., Buffalo, N. Y.
Imogene C. Robertson, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo,
N. Y.
Walter H. Smith, Utica, N. Y.
Fred Tobleman, 114 McWhorter St., Newark, N. J. ^■^, p .^
E. G. Vanatta, Philadelphia, Penn. /^vi^^^,
Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y. Ab/b*^^® ^^i^
F. T. Webber, 27 Sycamore St., Holyoke, Mass. feA ^^^ ^\
6 THE NAUTILUS
NEW FOSSIL SPECIES OF THE GENUS EPITONIUM FROM
SOUTH CAROLINA
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
While visiting Charleston, S. C, during the latter part of
March and early April, I spent some time in going over the
collection of shells in the Charleston Museum. Among the
species of special interest was an unusually large fossil
Epitonium, the size of which was surprising, for I had not
heretofore seen a species larger than the recent "precious
wentletrap" (Epitonium pretiosimi L.). The largest speci-
men represents about two and a half whorls, the more apical
whorls missing. That it represented a new species was quite
evident unless perchance that a species had been previously
based on a young specimen. On my way north I stopped in
Washington and through the kindness of the officials in the
National Museum, found two specimens of this species un-
described, one of which practically represented four of the
spiral whorls of this large species. The two specimens will
therefore be considered cotypes and described as though one.
Epitonium chamberlaini sp. nov. PL 1, figs. 1, 2.
Whorls very convex, suture deep, body whorl with nineteen
large narrow, lamelliform costae, which are slightly reflexed
at suture, penultimate whorl with seventeen costae. The
apical section has thirteen costae on the lower whorl, ten on
the upper and eleven on each of the two intermediate whorls.
On the lower part of the body whorl at the sutural line is a
raised spiral ridge between the costae becoming obsolete to-
ward the apex. Lip expanded at the base of the columella.
The exact length of the shell can only be estimated. The
large basal section is 65 mm. and the apical section 25 mm. in
length. That there is part of a whorl missing between the
two sections is quite evident as the distance between the
sutures in the upper whorl of the larger part is about 11 mm.
and in the lower whorl of the smaller section 9 mm. Making
allowance for the broken costae at the base of the large sec-
THE NAUTILUS XLIV
PLATE"
I and 2. Epitonium chamberlaini sp. n. 3. E. raveneli sp. n. 4. E. charlestonensis
sp. n. 5. E. cooperensis sp. n. 6. E. subexpansum sp. n. 7. E. mazyckii Dall.
THE NAUTILUS 7
tion and the apex which probably consisted of another whorl
in addition to the protoconch, it is safe to say, that this large
species when living was about 100 mm. in length.
The larger of the cotypes representing the basal part, fig-
ure 1 (No. 30,112.1 Charleston Mus.) was collected by Mr.
E. Burnham Chamberlain of The Charleston Museum, May
31, 1930, near Charleston, S. C, about a mile and a half above
the Etiwan Fertilizer works on the Cooper River, on a small
island, thrown up by dredging about ten years ago. The
apical portion representing the other cotype (fig. 2) is in the
U. S. National Museum, labeled "Navy Yard, Charleston,
Sloan 444," Station No. 5531, was placed in the Eocene. A
second specimen from the same locality. Station No. 4832,
consists of a small fragment of half of two whorls. A third
specimen. Station No. 4559, from Marl pit at Ingleside Sta-
tion on railroad from Charleston to Summerville, nine miles
from Charleston, S. C, Earl Sloan, coll. 1907 (Oligocene?).
This specimen is 24 mm. in length, 20 mm. in diameter with
16 costae to a whorl.
The following three imperfect specimens from the Eocene,
Ashley River (Dr. Gibbes) are in the Edmund Ravenel col-
lection, Charleston Museum No. 1118. One shows two whorls
with a part of the shell, poorly preserved, covering the in-
ternal cast. Length about 52 mm., diameter 38 mm. A sec-
ond specimen consists of one whorl and a half, about 36 mm.
in length and 29 mm. in diameter, with fourteen costae to a
whorl. Of the third specimen there is only a fragment of a
whorl showing five costae, length 20 mm.
On May 9, 1931, Mr. Chamberlain found 18 fragments of
this species at the same locality where he had found the large
specimen.
Epitonium raveneli sp. nov. PI. 1, fig. 3.
This resembles somewhat the young of the preceding
species, but the costae are round on the edge not narrow and
lamelliform, with only a slight reflection near the suture.
The body whorl has sixteen and the penultimate whorl four-
8 THE NAUTILUS
teen costae ; on the lower part of the body whorl at the sutural
line is a raised spiral ridge between the costae; fine spiral
striae are present between the costae over the entire shell;
aperture round, lip expanded at the base of the columella,
shell light brown. Length of the two whorls 15 mm.
It is said to be Eocene and is described from a specimen in
the Edmund Ravenel collection. No. [1130] in The Charles-
ton Museum. Collected at St. Johns, B [erkeley] , S. C.
Epitonium charlestonensis sp. nov. PI. 1, fig. 4.
Shell elongate, moderately slender, whorls convex the
costae prominent, angulate and slightly reflexed below the
suture, body whorl with twelve the others with twelve and
thirteen costae, the spiral ridge between the costae at the
sutural line prominent and between the costae fine spiral
raised lines. The type which consists of four and part of a
fifth whorl measures 30 mm. Type in the Charleston Museum.
The type and two similar specimens were collected by Mr.
Chamberlain, May 9, 1931, on the same small island from
which the large cotype of E. chambeydaini was taken. One of
the specimens shows slightly more prominent spiral lines
than the type.
Epitonium (Asperoscala) cooperensis sp. nov. PI. 1, fig. 5.
Whorls very convex; body and penultimate whorls each
with fifteen thin lamellif orm costae ; the usual raised ridge at
the sutural line obsolete, above this line the prominent raised
spiral lines alternate large and small, sometimes showing
still smaller lines between these ; below the sutural line the
raised lines between the costae are even and regular in size ;
six of the costae do not reach the columellar lip (probably
abnormal) . Length of the two whorls 31 mm.
One specimen collected by Mr. Chamberlain, May 9, 1931,
on the same small island on the Cooper River from which the
large cotype of E. chamberlaini was taken. Type in the
Charleston Museum.
THE NAUTILUS 9
Epitonium (Sthenorhytis) subexpansum sp. nov. PI. 1,
fig. 6.
Shell short, turbinate, whorls convex, body whorl with nine
large, broad costae, the older costae becoming much thick-
ened, a prominent raised spiral ridge between the costae at
the sutural line and conspicuous spiral striae between all the
costae. In the type the two costae preceding the lip are de-
formed, one being unusually thick, the other very narrow.
Length of the two whorls 29 mm. Type in the Charleston
Museum.
Since my visit to Charleston, Mr. Chamberlain again
visited the locality where he found the large specimen of E.
chamberlaini and among some 23 more or less broken speci-
mens, was this interesting species. The shell resembles in
form E. expansum Conrad of the Miocene, St. Mary's Forma-
tion, but lacks the prominent expansion of each rib into a
broad angle just below the suture.
Epitonium (Sthenorhytis) mazyckii Dall. PI. 1, fig. 7.
Scala (Sthenorhytis) mazyckii Dall. Nautilus, vol. 9, p.
Ill, 1896. Figured in Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Science,
vol. 3, pt. 5, pi. 41, figs. 1 and 2, 1900. Diam. 28 mm.
Miocene, Cainhoy, South Carolina ( W. G. Mazyck) . I had
the pleasure of seeing the type of this interesting species
through the kindness of Mr. Mazyck. Two very pleasant
evenings were spent examining his fine collection.
I am indebted to Miss Laura M. Bragg, Director, and Mr.
Wm. G. Mazyck, Honorary Curator of Conchology, of the
Charleston Museum for the privilege of describing and figur-
ing these interesting shells; to Mr. E. Burnham Chamber-
lain for again visiting the type locality of Epitonium cham-
berlaini and collecting additional materiaFand to Miss Emma
B. Richardson for her kind assistance. I am also under great
obligation to Dr. Paul Bartsch of the U. S. National Museum
for the loan of a specimen representing the more apical por-
tion of E. chamberlaini.
As some question arose as to the age of the fossils found
10 THE NAUTILUS
on the Cooper River, I cleaned out some of the material still
in the shells and submitted it to Dr. Joseph A. Cushman who
found about 35 species of Foraminifera characteristic of the
Eocene, Cooper Marl, thus definitely determining the age of
this formation.
"LIGGING" IN THE EVERGLADES OF FLORIDA
WILLIAM J. CLENCH
Museum of Comparative Zoology
With very few exceptions, the collector of arboreal mol-
lusks has more thrills crowded into one hour of good hunt-
ing than a general collecting trip will yield him in a week.
To locate a hammock containing a colony of Liguus is to reach
a high spot in collecting that has but few equals.
Such was our good fortune during the past winter. I pre-
vailed upon W. E. Schevill, a fossil hunter, to drop his an-
tiquities long enough to enjoy a bit of modern zoology in the
land of sunshine and mosquitoes. The Museum truck was
at our disposal and equipped with our camping duffle we set
out from Cambridge headed for Florida on Feb. 9th, in a
delightful New England sleet and snow storm.
Noon of the following day we stopped at the Academy of
Natural Sciences in Philadelphia to see Dr. Pilsbry. Since
the Pinchot trip, Dr. Pilsbry has scarcely been on speaking
terms with me. After all, a seven months' expedition to the
South Seas is pretty tony, and my ravings of the Tennessee
and Georgia trips I had previously made left him rather cold.
Fortune was with us. The day was cloudy and the worst part
of winter was still ahead — and that's a lot of grief for any-
one living in Philadelphia. We rubbed it in. The joy of col-
lecting in new country, warm weather and old clothes, have
more than ordinary appeal for the Chief, and we handed it to
him. At the end of an hour's talk we could detect real envy,
and considering the books partially balanced we left for
Washington and beyond.
THE NAUTILUS 11
Four days of good roads, warmer weather and car trouble
saw us entrenched at the home of Dr. Fairchild in Coconut
Grove. Here we were able to outfit more completely for our
camping trip and enjoy a few days of delightful hospitality
on Biscayne Bay before entering the Everglades.
Our original plans had called for a boat trip through the
'glades from Pinecrest south to Long Pine Key. However,
the water was too low for such transportation and we de-
cided to go to Long Pine Key, which was but imperfectly
known. This is an area a little west of Royal Palm State
Park. It is composed of glades alternating with pine ridges
or islands. A new road eight miles long has been constructed
running west across about half the length of the key, and we
were to work the territory along this road. A few tomato
growers farming the glades are engaged in a rather precari-
ous livelihood, and from what we saw and learned, the plow-
ing must be done with a motor boat ! When we arrived the
country was fairly dry, though several hammocks, especially
south of the road, had to be reached by wading in water six
inches to a foot in depth.
Through the courtesy of Mr. Frank van Marlen, the man-
ager of the park, permission was granted us to camp near the
park lodge. From here we could drive out each morning to
our collecting grounds leaving our camp set up.
As stated above, only a few hammocks in this region had
been investigated. Most of these were near the road and
readily accessible by walking up the glades. Our introduc-
tion to these hammocks proved them to be far richer than we
had hoped and altogether too good to be enjoyed alone, so
letters were sent to Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Goodrich to join the
party. Mr. Goodrich found it impossible to come, but Dr.
Pilsbry telegraphed that he would be with us as soon as the
southbound train could carry him. He never told me what
excuse he gave the powers that be in Philadelphia for going
to Florida in mid-winter. I find it exceedingly difficult to
explain why the best "lig" collecting is to be found during
the height of the gay season ! ! Tsk ! Tsk !
By the time Dr. Pilsbry had arrived we had amassed a
12 THE NAUTILUS
sizable fortune in Liguus, and during the auto drive from
Homestead to camp, vivid stories of collecting were detailed
at length.
We had made arrangements for Dr. Pilsbry to sleep at the
lodge but to have his meals with us, as our particular type of
tent could only accommodate two people. This arrangement
worked splendidly for all hands.
Hammocks, as these thickets of broad-leaved trees are
called, were found everywhere : in the pine woods, the open
glades or on the edge of both the pine land and glades. In
general they were quite alike other than in size. The flora
of the hammocks is essentially West Indian, with the Ficus,
Lysiloma, Bursera abundant and with them hosts of other
plants unknown to us. The best trees for Liguus in this
region were the Lysilomas, and wherever these trees were
found the '*ligs" were sure to be found as well. At this season
the leaves of the Lysilomas are dark red and this color could
be seen for some distance. This aided materially in locating
*iig" hammocks, as their colors ordinarily blend with the
greens of the pine woods. The story of each day is much the
same. Each daily trip had, of course, its own delight in
locating different color forms or colonies of Liguus that dif-
fered in some way from all others that we had seen.
One Sunday Richard Deckert and Henry Frampton of
Miami came down and we all started out on our longest single
tramp, penetrating the 'glades six miles north of the road.
This trip yielded three pure races of Liguus, namely L. fasci-
atus luteus Simp., L. /. castaneozonatus Pils. and L. /. cingul-
atus Simp., each in a single isolated hammock in the ever-
glade. It is the occurrence of these pure colonies that show
the fixity of these color forms as Mendelian segregants.
On two other occasions Paul McGinty and his sons Paul
and Tom from Boynton spent the day collecting with us.
Maxwell Smith was with the McGintys on their first trip and
that day we drove to the end of the road and then tramped
due west for nearly two miles to visit two large hammocks.
The first contained several large royal palms but the ham-
mock growth in general was so dense that Liguus were rather
THE NAUTILUS 13
difficult to find. Charles Hosier made several trips with us
and directed us as well to many hammocks that possessed
some fine material. Dr. and Mrs. DeBoe of Miami, friends of
Dr. Pilsbry and also ardent "lig hunters", drove down for
collecting two or three times during our stay. Their trips
were made independent of ours but we had the pleasure of
comparing notes and exhibiting material that had been col-
lected during the day.
Through a photographer in Miami we had made a series
of aerial photographs of our section of the Key. The day
the photos were made was a good "flying day" though not so
good for photography. Sufficient haze existed to limit ma-
terially the height at which pictures could be made and conse-
quently the pictures did not exhibit enough detail to locate
many hammocks more than a mile or so from the road. The
road had to be included in the pictures to serve as a guide, as
this flat country ofl^ers but little by way of landmarks. The
pictures covered, roughly, a strip about ten miles long, two
miles beyond the limit of the eight-mile road. We were able
to scale the pictures to distances on the road and readily lo-
cate any hammocks that were noted in the photos.
Hammocks could be located blindly by just walking
through the pine woods, but this is slow and tiresome work as
walking is exceedingly difficult over the rough limestone
rock which is pitted with holes and always badly weathered.
Fortunately for us, rattlesnakes were rare in this region.
Only four were encountered, three of which we managed to
capture, but not alive ! It is quite disconcerting to have your
eyes focused on a Liguus a few feet away and then be sud-
denly alarmed by the ''buzzing" of a rattler. According to
popular belief, a rattler always rattles when disturbed, but
Crotalus No. 3 failed to do so even when being walked over,
around and almost upon — if two inches can be called close
enough to be considered a disturbance.
Mosquitoes were very rare until the last week and then
they became quite abundant, enough so that supper usually
consisted in part of setting up exercises. Also a very large
Tabanid fly appeared during the last week. It's buzz could
14 THE NAUTILUS
be heard fifty feet away. Visions of the northern "green
head" came to mind, and if the bite of these fellows was at all
in proportion to their size it must be equal to that of a dog.
Fortunately their approach was heralded by so much noise
that full preparations could be made to drive them away or
else kill them after they landed and before they had managed
to find suitable territory to puncture.
It is unfortunate to record that this area as well as others
in the Everglade region is being rapidly destroyed. Drain-
age and fire are fast despoiling a unique territory. Unless
steps are soon taken to preserve it, little will remain of the
original fauna and flora.
Attempts are now being made to make this section of
Florida into a National Park. If this project succeeds a re-
markable area will be held for the benefit of future genera-
tions, an area that has no parallel for its kind anywhere else
in the world. As a wild life preserve, especially for birds, it
probably has no equal in the United States, as its interior is
so inaccessable, without roads, that natural conditions would
prevail indefinitely.
There is an appeal for the naturalist in this country that
cannot readily be described. I suppose that it is so totally
different from most country that many of us have seen or
lived in that it intrigues our interest. For all of its flatness,
it is a region of strong contrasts. The open glades or prairies,
the pine woods and the hammocks are sharply defined. A
plant ecologist could find problems for a life's work in any
square mile on the Key. The evolution of a hammock can be
seen from a unit measure of a two-foot willow tree in a small
sink hole to that of Paradise hammock, a square mile in area
with several hundred species of plants. To the malacologist
it leaves little to be desired. Problems of speciation in the
color forms of Liguus, methods of dispersal, adaptation, local
distribution and life histories offer a multitude of studies.
We had noted numerous empty shells of Ampullaria palu-
dosa Say on the canal banks near camp. No live snails had
been seen in the canal though a few had been found in the
solutk)n or sink holes in the glades. One night rather late.
THE NAUTILUS
15
after a feast of grapefruit we proceeded to the canal with the
flashlight to wash up. A pair of live Ampullaria were found
slowly crawling along the bank. Investigation of two hun-
dred feet of canal yielded over 100 specimens. During the
day this mollusk had been buried in the mud and algae in the
deep water of the canal. At night, protected by darkness, it
could feed at leisure along the bank. The presence of many
large birds that feed on them has probably been a factor in
producing this habit. Elsewhere in Florida these snails have
been easily found during the daytime.
Ampullaria must be an important food item for many birds
if their dead shells can be considered an index. Lang^ has
published an account of the feeding habits of Rostrhamics
sociabilis, the Everglades Kite on Ampullaria in British
Guiana and in all probability the same thing occurs with the
kites in the Everglades. Planorbis intercalaris Pils. must
as well offer an abundant food supply for birds as it is very
common in many sections of the open glades.
After five successful weeks we drove to Miami, Schevill
and I returning directly by boat to New York. Dr. Pilsbry
remained over a few days with relatives in Coconut Grove.
There is much country still unknown and we have hopes
that in the future more trips can be made for Liguus explora-
tion. Frankly, ''ligitis" is a serious malady and when once
infected a complete cure is impossible. It is seasonal and has
a definite periodicity concurrent with the drying up of the
glades, the disappearance of the mosquitoes and the first
heavy snow storm in the north.
1 Lang, H. Nautilus 37; pp. 73-77, 1924.
V
«^® v:;^^
fi^.'^ '^-m^^ V\^
' L I S /< .^ s Y U
16 THE NAUTILUS
RUGANODONTITES, A NEW SUBGENUS OF SOUTH AMERICAN
PEARLY, FRESH-WATER MUSSELS
BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL
U. S. National Museum
The shells of the genus Anodontites, to which this new
subgenus belongs, have no hinge teeth, practically no beak
sculpture, and but few other characters which can be used
for classifying them into groups. The surface sculpture
seems to offer one means of dividing them into subgenera or
sections, and it is this feature which has been used in defin-
ing the new subgenus Ruganodontites. Notes are added
hereto relating to the minute radial sculpture found on many
South American and African Naiades.
Ruganodontites, new subgenus of Anodontites.
Shell elongate, thick, usually somewhat falcate, with a
broad, shallow depression running from the beaks to the
middle of the ventral margin. Periostracum thick, micro-
scopically radiately striate, much puckered and wrinkled as
if from shrivelling, the wrinkling occurring also in the cal-
careous portion of the shell. The wrinkles are obscurely
divided into narrow, gradually widening rays extending
from the beaks to the margin. Nacre greenish-livid. Type
Anodontites colombiensis Marshall.
1921 Anodontites colombiensis Marshall (Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. Vol. 61, art. 16, No. 2437, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 5; pi. 2,
figs. 13, 14; pi. 3, figs. 5, 13, 14).
1921 Anodontites crispata Ortmann (Mem. Carnegie Muse-
um, VIII, p. 589, pi. 40, figs. 7, 8 ; pi. 41, figs. 2, 3) . Not
Anodontites crispata Bruguiere, 1792.
Type locality: Rio Colorado, Province of Santander, Re-
public of Colombia. The Colorado is in the Caribbean drain-
age system. It is tributary to the Rio Magdalena and lies on
the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental. High mountains
separate the Magdalena and its tributaries from the great
areas drained by the Orinoco and Amazon River systems.
THE NAUTILUS I7
The National collection contains the type and three para-
types (Cat. No. 341472) collected and presented by Dr. C.
Wythe Cooke. Also two specimens from the Rio Sucio, near
Dos Bocas, Santander, Republic of Colombia (Cat. No. 365,-
313) collected and presented by Mr. T. A. Link. Also two
specimens (Cat. No. 381553) from Rio de la Paila, at Paila,
Republic of Colombia, presented by the Carnegie Museum.
This river is a tributary of the Rio Cauca, which in turn is
tributary to the Magdalena, which it joins about 100 miles
from the Carribbean Sea. These specimens were collected
by Eigenmann in 1912, and were part of the lot treated by
Ortmann (1. c.) as Anodontites crispata Bruguiere.
This species is important not only as being the type of the
new subgenus. Rug anodontites, but also as being the species
which Ortmann took to be the true A. crispata Brug., the type
of the genus Anodontites. Had Ortmann's identification
been correct it would have resulted in throwing Styganodon
von Martens into the synonomy of Anodontites s. s., but
Styganodon (type A. tenebricosa Lea) is subgenerically dif-
ferent from Anodontites s. s. (type A. crispata Brug.), and
A. crispata Ortmann is subgenerically different from both.
(See Marshall, Nautilus XLIII, pp. 128-131, 1930.)
At present the only other species known to fall into the
new subgenus is
Anodontites (Ruganodontites) napoensis Lea.
1868 Anodont a napoensis Lea (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
Vol. 12, p. 162 ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 6, p. 324,
pi. 53, fig. 157).
1869 Anodonta napoensis Lea (Obs. on Genus Unio, Vol.
12, p. 84, pi. 53, fig. 157).
1900 Glaharis napoensis Simpson (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Vol. 22, No. 1205, p. 920).
1914 Anodontites {Anodontites) napoensis Simpson
(Descr. Cat. Naiades, Vol. 3, p. 1417).
The National Museum contains Lea's type (Cat. No. 25429)
and one other specimen also received from Lea (Cat. No.
86608). Both came from the Napo River, Ecuador. This
is in the Upper Amazon drainage. The periostracal sculp-
18 THE NAUTILUS
ture and that of the underlying calcareous portion of the
shell almost exactly minic this feature of the type species.
The fact that the new subgenus is based mainly on sculp-
ture will testify that I count this feature of considerable
importance in the South American Naiades. As a rule the
naiad shells are so large and of such crude structure that
the use of a lens and the microscope have been neglected in
studying their external details. In 1922 while I was ex-
amining with a lens a specimen afterward described as
Diplodontites cookei, the light by mere accident fell upon
the specimen in such a way as to show hints of a minute,
radial sculpture of a kind hitherto unknown in the Naiades.
Microscopical examination revealed exceedingly fine radiat-
ing threads, numbering 90 or more to the millimeter. Ex-
amination of many of the South American and some of the
African Mutelidae proved that similar microscopic sculpture
occurs on practically all specimens in good condition.
It is necessary to explain here that in this paper the
family name Mutelidae is used in the sense in which it was
used by Simpson in 1900 in his Synopsis of the Naiades, and
is equivalent to Ortmann's subfamily, Mutelinae. As de-
fined by Ortmann, his family Mutelidae includes not only
Simpson's family Mutelidae in a subfamily Mutelinae, but is
enlarged to include also a subfamily Hyriinae for all other
South American Naiades then known and which had been
placed by Simpson in the family Unionidae. The Hyriinae
have glochidia. Ortmann has figured a number of them ; and
I have seen them in at least one species, Diplodon huapensis
Bartsch. According to Ihering the Mutelinae have lasidia,
which, consisting of three pieces, are essentially different
from glochidia which have but two pieces. Glochidia and
lasidia could not logically be placed in the same family.
Therefore., at the present time Ortmann's classification can
not be accepted as more than a suggestion. If it be proved
that Ihering's observations were erroneous (as we are in-
clined to think they were) and that the Mutelinae have
glochidia, not lasidia, then the way is cJeared for acceptance
of Ortmann's arrangement. Just now the most important
THE NAUTILUS 19
need in the study of the South American Naiades is confirma-
tion or denial of the correctness of Ihering's statements con-
cerning lasidia. At present he is the only one claiming to
have seen embryos of that kind.
Examination of great numbers of Naiades of families other
than the Mutelidae shows that this fine sculpture apparently
is found in the Mutelidae only. It seems marvelous that for
more than 130 years it could have escaped the attention of
naturalists, including Bruguiere, who described the first spe-
cies, Anodontites crispata, in 1792. It was somewhat of a
shock to me to realize that I, too, in 40 years' work, had
never seriously studied the external features of these shells
under high magnification and that the finding of new details
was due to an accident and not to my own, directed intellig-
ence. Since then the Naiades have had a new meaning to
me, and now I do not feel that I have made a full acquaint-
ance with the shell of any particular species until I have ex-
amined it in five ways, viz.: 1st by touch and *'heft;" 2d
by the unaided eye ; 3d by the use of a fairly strong hand
lens to bring out sculpture, which, though evidently present,
is too small for the eye to interpret. The use of great mag-
nification at this stage results in making things too big for
the eye to appreciate. 4th by the use of a microscope to
bring out minute details. 20 to 50 diameters is usually suf-
ficient, and, of course, reflected light should be used. 5th by
immersing a portion of one valve in boiling potash-solution
for a few minutes in order to remove the periostracum
from that part. The sculpture on the white calcareous sur-
face of the shell will be found to be the same as that seen
on the periostracum by the unaided eye, or by the use of a
hand lens. The microscopic radiating threads remain in-
visible, probably because the calcareous surface is much
pimpled and pitted by the ends of the tiny hexagonal
prisms of the prismatic structure.
In addition to the above it is well to have also some
weather-worn specimens. A broken specimen will show the
thickness of the prismatic and nacreous layers. In some of
the South American Mutelidae the former is very thick, and
20 THE NAUTILUS
its color throughout may be white, or sometimes of a deli-
cate pinkish or greenish tint.
It is generally believed that the faunae of South America
and West Africa are distinctly related. The microscopic
sculpture of the Mutelidae of the two regions offers another
though slight confirmation of this belief. If the Mutelidae
of the two regions had a common ancestry it is striking that
a minute detail like this should have survived the great
changes wrought by Nature through the use of time, place,
circumstance, segregation, or any or all of the elements
which are supposed to enter into the variations found in
animal form and structure.
Still unanswered is the old query : "Which came first, the
hen or the eggV The survival of details during the prog-
gress of variation might give rise to another query: Which
lasts longer, basic structure or apparently unimportant de-
tails?
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW DESERT HELICID SNAIL
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND STANLEY C. FIELD
Helminthoglypta graniticola arida, new subspecies.
Vol. 44, pi. 7, fig. 5.
Hill opposite cement quarry, 5 miles north of Victorville,
San Bernardino Co., California. Type and paratypes coll.
ANSR, collected by Mr. Stanley C. Field; other paratypes
in his collection.
The shell is depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus contained
6 to 61/2 times in the diameter: between cinnamon-buff and
chamois colored, with a narrow chestnut band above the
periphery. The surface is somewhat glossy. First third of
a whorl is smoothish, followed by an area of rather coarse
radial wrinkles, partly interrupted into oblong granules,
continuing nearly to the end of the first whorl, then chang-
ing to fine, wavy radial wrinkles. On the intermediate
THE NAUTILUS 21
whorls there are retractive growth wrinkles and forwardly
descending series of minute rather inconspicuous papillae,
which are scarcely visible on the last whorl, where the
wrinkles are smooth or in places slightly roughened. The
whorls are convex and increase slowly. The suture is rather
deeply impressed throughout, and descends very little in
front. The aperture is shortly oval, peristome very narrow-
ly expanded basally, slightly dilated at the columellar mar-
gin.
Height 9 mm., diam. 15.5 mm.; 5l^ whorls.
This form differs from H. mohaveana (=H. riparia) and
H, jaegeri by its more closely coiled whorls, the last one
noticeably narrower in an apical view. It resembles H.
graniticola Berry in this respect, but dffers from that by the
decidedly wider umbilicus, contained 6 to 61/2 times in the
diameter, while in H. graniticola it is contained 8 times.
NOTES ON ACMAEA FUNICULATA (CARPENTER)
BY G. D. HANNA AND ALLYN G. SMITH
There seems to be much uncertainty regarding this inter-
esting shell. It was described only too briefly by Carpenter
from Monterey, California, in 1864, and has never been fig-
ured. Pilsbry gave a translation in 1891, and this was
copied verbatum by Oldroyd in 1927. The little additional
published information may be found in the citations below.
We recently enjoyed a day of dredging in Monterey Bay,
and among other interesting things we obtained a fine shell
of this form. It was ''dead" but in excellent condition.
While discussing the generic determination recently with
Mr. George Willett, he agreed that there was some doubt
as to the correctness of the assignment to ''Acmaea" where
it has been placed since Pilsbry wrote his treatise. Mr.
Willett had much additional information to offer. He has
dredged it at Forrester Island, Alaska, and in the channel
22 THE NAUTILUS
between Catalina Island and the mainland he obtained the
largest and most beautiful specimens we have seen. He
very kindly supplied the following notes for inclusion here-
with:
"The only specimen of Acmaea funiculata I have taken in
Alaska w^as dredged in 20 fathoms off Forrester Island. It
is a small one, measuring in millimeters 10.7x9.3, alt. 5.5.
Of seven specimens dredged in 30 to 40 fathoms off Catalina
Island, the largest measures 20x17.5, alt. 11.8. An excep-
tionally elevated example measures 17.7x15, alt. 12.5. I
have examined hundreds of specimens of Acmaea mitra
without finding any intergradation with funiculata.''
Some of his specimens were living when dredged and he
preserved one in alcohol, which he offered to us for study.
An examination of this shows conclusively that it does be-
long to Acmaea {sensu stricto) and has been correctly as-
signed a place close to the type of the genus, A. mitra Esch-
scholtz, 1830.
The animal has no branchial cordon and the branchial
plume is far back on the left side of the neck. The radula
has three teeth on each side of the median line as in A.
mitra but the shape of the individual elements differs con-
siderably from Ball's and Pilsbry's drawings of mitra. (See
Amer. Journ. Conch, vol. 6, 1871, p. 241, pi. 14, fig. 1 ; and
Man. Conch., vol. 13, 1891, p. 7, pi. 42, fig. 82). In that
species, the teeth are broadly cordiform while in the Cata-
lina Island funiculata, they are decidedly more pointed and
not heart-shaped. These differences are so pronounced
that figures of both radulae are reproduced herewith.
In a group of animals known to vary so widely as Acmaea,
observations should be based on numerous individuals but
in this case, as the radular differences are so pronounced
and other characters are likewise different, it seems that
funiculata should be considered as a species distinct from
mitra, and not as a subspecies or variety.
The strong, radial ribbing of funiculata is well known to
those who are familiar with the form at all ; in mitra, how-
ever, there is no trace of radial sculpture except "occasion-
THE NAUTILUS
PLATE 2
Fig. I. Aciuaea fuuiculata (Carpenter). Radula from
specimen dredged hy George Willett between Catalina
Island and San Pedro, California.
Fig. 2. Acmaex mitra Escholtz. Radula, after Dall,
Amer. Jour. Concb vol. ^, 1871, p. 24 1, pi. 14, fig. i.
Figs. 3, 4. A cinaea fun icu'afa (C-^ir'ptnter). Plesiotype
No. 5412, Calif. Acad. Sci. Length 8a) mm.; width 7.0 mm.;
altitude 5.0 mm. Dredged in Monterey Bay, California, be-
tween Pacific Grove bell buo}^ and Del Monte wdiarf in
'^5 fms.; July 20, 19.^0. Photographs by A. E. Burns, Pacific
Telephone and Telegraph Co., vSan Francisco.
THE NAUTILUS 23
ally" (according to Dall and Carpenter) in very young in-
dividuals. The habitat is likewise different. A. mitra is a
common littoral species from Alaska to San Diego, but the
ribbed funiculata has not been found except by dredging in
fairly deep water, 20 to 50 fathoms, so far as we have been
able to determine.
Carpenter's original specimen was dredged by Cooper in
1861 off Point Pinos, Monterey Bay in 20 fathoms and the
latter has stated that he obtained six specimens (Amer.
Journ. Conch, vol. 6, 1870, p. 60) but the location of any but
the type is not known to us. They may have been in the
California Academy of Sciences where many of Cooper's
shells were deposited ; if so, they were destroyed in the fire
of 1906. The type, however, is preserved in the National
Museum and Mr. Wm. B. Marshall has advised that it bears
number 14799. (Letter, Nov. 28, 1930) . He further stated
that: *'In our collection Dall treats A. tenuisculpta Car-
penter as a synonym of funiculata, and, I think rightly. The
type of tenuisculpta is No. 15490 from Neah Bay, Washing-
ton; the largest specimen, one of the type lot measures,
length 21 mm., width 17 mm. The largest specimen of
funiculata in the collection measures, length 15 mm., width
12 mm. It is No. 224634 from U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
Stat. 2944, 30 fms. rocky, surface temperature 59°, Lat. 34°
00' 00", Long. 119° 28' 30", near Santa Cruz Island, Cali-
fornia, Feb. 6, 1889.
It seems clear that funiculata may not reach the large
size of mitra, and it is almost always free from the coralline
algal growths and serpula borings so characteristic of the
latter. In the young stages, however, mitra is often clean
and it so happens that a good series was obtained in Mon-
terey Bay at various times, chiefly by dredging; there is
not a trace of radial sculpture in any of the lot. In addition
to the specimen of funiculata from Monterey, illustrated
herewith, we have three smaller ones from Carmel Bay.
They show the same pronounced radial sculpture.
It also appears that funiculata is usually more acutely
conical than mitra, more ovate in outline and the basal
24 THE NAUTILUS
plane is more definitely concave, this being almost flat in
mitrcL.
In view of the differences noted, and the absence of defin-
ite intergradation with mitra it seems that funiculata should
be held to be a distinct species and the following synonymy
is accordingly offered:
AcMAEA FUNICULATA (Carpenter). PI. 2, figs, 1, 3, 4.
Scurria ? var. funiculata Carpenter, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci.
1863 (1864), pp. 612, 650; "Scurria (? var.) funiculata. Monterey;
rare." (p. 612). "Scurria ? var. funiculata. With rounded riblets,
somewhat nodulous." Monterey, Cooper (p. 650).
Scurria (?) funiculata Carpenter, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci.
vol. 3, 1865, p. 214.
"Scurria (?) funiculata, Cpr. (?) n. s. State Collection, No. 466d.
"? Sc. t. parva, albida, regulariter conica, apice acuto, elevate,
parum antrorsum rito; liris validis, rotundatis, interdum vix nodu-
losis, irregulariter, hue et illuc duplo (dupliciter ?) vel tripliciter
dispositis; margine a costis extus undato; cicatrice baud conspicuo.
Long. 0.50, lat. 0.38, alt. 0.26, div. 80°. Hab. Monterey, 6 dredged
dead. Cooper.
"S'o different from the most strongly marked young specimens
of Sc. mitra that I presume it to be distinct. The genus depends on
the animal, which has not yet been seen."
Scurria (? var.) funiculata Carpenter, American Journ. Conch,
vol. 2, 1866, p. 347. (Above latin diagnosis repeated verbatum).
"Long. 0.24, lat. 0.18, alt. 0.12 11., div. 80°. Rahitat.— Monterey,
Cooper.
"One very small specimen was sent by Dr. Cooper to the Smith-
sonian Institution, so different in sculpture from the most strongly
marked specimens of Scurria mitra, that I presume it to be distinct.
The ribs, which are stout for the size, are sometimes single, some-
times gathered into twos and threes; with wide interspaces, in which
intercalary riblets appear.
Scurria mitra var. funiculata Carpenter. Cooper, Amer. Journ.
Conch, vol. 6, 1870, p. 60.
"Str. Fuca to Monterey; deep water, 6 dead, 20 fms. Near Ft.
Pinos."
Acmaea mitra var. funiculata Carpenter. Dall, Amer. Journ.
Conch, vol. 6, 1871, p. 242; "The striated variety ( tenuis culpta, Cpr.)
appears very distinct from the smooth form, but every gradation
may be found in a very large series. The unique type of Scurria?
funiculata, Cpr., now before me, differs from the smallest specimen
of tenuisculpta, only in having the riblets even more prominent, close,
THE NAUTILUS 25
rounded, and being- thinner and smaller. It appears to me to be
only a very marked and probably individual variation. It may, how-
ever, eventually prove conspecific with 'Patella Lamanonii' Schrenck,
(Amurl. moll.) which is with little doubt the same as 'Patella jjalli-
da\ Gld. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1859)."— Pilsbry, Man. Conch,
vol. 13, 1891, p. 25; "Shell small, whitish, regularly conical, apex
acute, elevated, a little in front of the middle; sculptured with strong
rounded riblets, sometimes a little nodulous; sometimes single, some-
times gathered into two's and three's; with wide interspaces in which
intercalary riblets appear." Length 6, breadth 4^/^, alt. 3 mill.
Monterey, California. (Translation of Carpenter's Latin diagnosis).
"A curious small shell, having the contour of A. mitra, but with
strong*, smooth, crowded, unequal ribs. The measurements are from
the type in the S'mithsonian Institution." — Dall, Bull. 112, U. S.
Nat. Mus. 1921, p. 168; **Shumain Islands, Alaska, to Magdalena Bay,
Lower California." — Oldroyd, Stanford Univ. Publ. Geol. Sci. vol. 2,
pt. 3, 1927, p. 145; (Pilsbry's translation quoted),
Scurria mitra vasr. tenuiscidpta Carpenter, American Journ.
Conch, vol. 2, 1866, p. 346. (Very short description of the form of
mitra which shows faint riblets near the apex; no locality given; no
figure). — Pilsbry, Man. Conch, vol. 13, 1891, p. 25; "Sculptured with
distant radiating striae or lirulae."
Acmaea var. fiiniculata Carpenter, Dall, Nautilus, vol. 28, 1914,
p. 14, "Merges by imperceptible degrees into the later tenuisculpta
and that into mitra Eschscholtz."
BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB
The Boston Malacological Club has held its meetings dur-
ing the past season, in the Library of the Boston Society of
Natural History, on the first Tuesday evening of each month,
from November to May, inclusive, the October meeting hav-
ing been omitted.
At the first meeting, the Club was addressed by a former
member, Mr. William F. Clapp, who told of his floating
laboratory for the study of marine biology, made on an old
schooner, which has been refitted to the requirements for
research work. Mr. Clapp also spoke of his work for the
government, in investigating the food of our edible fishes,
and of the need of enlarging our list of these.
26 smiinvN ani
In December, Dr. David L. Belding told of the "Life His-
tory of the Atlantic Salmon" and of his research work along
the shores and rivers of Eastern Canada. Several reels of
moving pictures added much to the interest of the subject.
Mr. Allan F. Archer spoke at the January meeting, on a
"Summer Collecting Trip in Cuba". He v^as fortunate in
meeting several of the Cuban collectors, and arranging trips
with them. These were in the provinces of Matanzas, and
Pinar del Rio, where his search was rewarded by specimens
of Urocoptis, Condropoma, Helicina, and Regina, as well as
by nine different color-forms of Liguus, which formed an
interesting exhibit.
In February, Mr. Charles W. Johnson gave a paper en-
titled "Historical Reminiscences" dealing with the lives and
achievements of twelve New England conchologists. These
were Amos Binney, his son William G. Binney, Joseph P.
Couthouy, Charles B. Adams, Robert E. C. Stearns, William
Stimpson, William H. Dall, Jesse W. Mighels, John G.
Anthony, Augustus A. Gould, Addison E. Verrill, and the
Malacological Club's first president, Edward S. Morse.
The March meeting was given to a paper on Cephalopods,
by Prof. P. E. Raymond of Harvard, who described the
structure and habits of the very early forms, and from them
traced the descent of the present forms.
At the April meeting the Club listened to a talk by Dr.
Hervey W. Shimer, Professor of Paleontology at the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology, on "What is the use of
fossils, anyway?". Dr. Shimer spoke first of the interest
found in the study of paleontology, from the standpoint of
history, and of the development of the plants and animals of
the earth from the forms of many million years ago, and then
of the value which a knowledge of the subject brings to
modern economics. He gave as one instance of this, the dis-
covery of oil fields by the finding of certain fossils — and as
another, the use of inferior material in a roadbed, proved
conclusively by finding in it fossils which could not possibly
have been in the stone for which the contract called. Many
lantern slides added to the interest of Dr. Shimer's paper.
THE NAUTILUS 27
Mr. William J. Clench, of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, at Harvard, spoke at the May meeting, giving an
account of a recent collecting trip to Florida, where Long
Pine Key, in the Everglades, was the field of his activities,
and Liguus the object of his trip. He exhibited a superb set
of Liguus.
The May meeting being the Annual meeting, the election
of officers took place, three of these being re-elected. They
were : President, Mr. Francis N. Balch ; Vice-President, Mr.
Allan F. Archer; Secretary-Treasurer, Miss Theodora
Willard; Executive Committee, Miss Mildred Seymour, Mr.
Harold A. Rehder.
On May 27th the Club held its annual Field Day. Seven-
teen members and six guests went by motor to Marion,
Mass., cars being furnished by several members, and two
hours were spent in collecting Helix nemoralis in the special
locality where they flourish plentifully. After a picnic
luncheon under the trees, the party went on several miles to
a beach near Wareham, where, although the tide was nearly
full, thirty-two species of shells were found.
The day was a perfect one, with a warm sun and a cool
breeze, and the trip was greatly enjoyed. This brought the
Club's twenty-first year to a close.
Theodora Willard, Secretary,
NOTES AND NEWS
MOLLUSKS OF Barro COLORADO ISLAND. — In the last Re-
port of the B. C. I. Biological Laboratory Mr. James Zetek
has given a list of 30 species of mollusks collected on the
Island. No doubt numerous additional species remain to be
discovered on this lovely island.
Mr. H. N. Lowe has been working on his West Mexican
and Central American collections at the Academy of Na-
tional Sciences of Philadelphia since the Malacological
Union meeting.
28 THE NAUTILUS
The Charles Torrey Simpson Park. — Those who have
hunted Liguus in the old time Brickell Hammock at Miami,
before the marvellous expansion of that city over it, will be
glad to hear that a part of the old hammock which remains
unchanged has been made a city park, dedicated on April
first to Dr. Simpson. It is a well-deserved honor to a veteran
naturalist. — H. A. P.
News has been received of the death of Major Paul
DUPUIS of Brussels on May 1st. Major Dupuis is chiefly
known to America conchologists by his papers on land and
freshwater shells of the Belgian Congo, collected by him-
self during some years of service there. Since the war he
has been Conservator of the Musee Royal d'Histoire Na-
turelle.
Mr. Frank C. Baker was elected first Vice-President of
the Illinois State Academy of Sciences at the recent Peoria
meeting.
Dr. H. Burrington Baker is collecting mollusks of Idaho
and adjacent States for his anatomical and systematic
studies.
The death of Benedykt Dybowski, on January 31, 1930,
at the age of 97 years has been announced. He is best
known as an investigator of the Lake Baikal fauna.
Report on the [Blake] Mollusca: Gastropoda and
SCAPHOPODA, by Wm. H. Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, vol.
XVIII, is wanted by James Zetek, Drawer Z, Balboa, Canal
Zone. Anyone having a copy to dispose of will please com-
municate with him.
POLYGYRA EDWARDSI MAGNIFUMOSA (Pils.) WaS picked up
by Prof. C. R. Crosby at Highlands, Macon Co., N. C, the
specimens sent to me by Prof. S. C. Bishop. — H. A. P.
Snails Force Fliers to Move. — British Royal Air Squad-
ron abandons Irak base because of pests. — The Daily Mail
(London, May 18) in a dispatch from Basra, Irak, says snails
compelled the British Royal air force to abandon its base at
THE NAUTILUS 29
Lake Habbanya, near Bagdad. The site of the intended camp
was found to swarm with myriads of snails which carried
germs of the disease bilharziasis, which British troops dur-
ing the World war dubbed ''Bill Harris". It is more com-
monly known as schistosomiasis, and causes internal bleed-
ing. The correspondent said that Basra would now probably
be chosen as the site for the base. — Boston Herald, May 18,
1931.
Note on California Shells of the Helminthoglypta
CUYAMACENSIS GROUP. — I was rather surprised recently to
find specimens of a species and subspecies of this group at a
considerable distance from locations mentioned by Dr.
Bartsch (Calif. Shells of the traski group, Proc. U.S.N.M.,
Vol. 51, p. 610) when he described them.
The type and only specimen of H. cuyamacensis avus
Bartsch is stated to have come from Los Angeles County;
specimens have been found recently by me in the foothills of
the Tehachapi Mts. in San Bernardino County.
The type of H. cuyamacensis venturensis Bartsch is stated
to have been collected by Yates in Ventura County, and an-
other specimen on hand is without specific locality. I found
a large colony of these under logs at the Eastern end of the
Soledad canyon road in Los Angeles County.
I have not been able to find any report of these shells other
than given by Dr. Bartsch, and the locations in which I found
them are separated from the type localities by many hills
and valleys that have been well collected over, and at certain
angles by wide expanses of flat desert. — Stanley C. Field.
MiTRA loweana, n. n. for Mitra lowei Dall, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash. 16: 173 (1903). Not Mitra lowei Dohrn, Proc.
Zool. Soc. Lond., 1862: 203.— PiLSBRY.
Japanese Land Mollusks. — Certain forms having been
distributed from Japan under manuscript names are here
provided with definitions.
Pupinella rufa, n. form alba. — Shell white throughout.
Hirado, Hizen. Type and paratypes, 82268 A.N.S.P.
30 THE NAUTILUS
HiRASEA NESIOTICA LIOBASIS, n. subsp. — The Shell differs
from H, nesiotica by having the base nearly smooth in the
middle, weakly striate near the periphery, while in H. nesi-
otica there are fine, distinct striae over all but the umbilical
region. Diam. 4.2 mm. Chichijima, Ogasawara. Type and
three paratypes, 87516 A.N.S.P. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Otesia cerasina reducta, n. subsp. — Much smaller than
'' Macro chlamys" cerasina; alt. 3.7 mm., diam. 5.5 mm., 5
whorls. Yutagawa, Uzen. Type and paratypes, 87544
A.N.S.P.
EuHADRA mercatoria, n. form, perversa. — Shell sinistral.
Loochoo (87524 A.N.S.P.) ; also taken on Kumejima. — H. A.
Pilsbry.
Helix belcheri Pfeiffer.
Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1845, p. 128.
Conch, Icon VII, pi. 190, f . 1328.
In Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 82, p. 423, Prof. H.
Burrington Baker refers to this species as an "ancient nomen
dubium of unknown habitat". The dimensions given by
Pfeiffer show that Reeve's figure is, roughly, about twice
natural size, though no indication is given to that effect. As
Pfeiffer states explicitly that it is described from the Cuming
collection, I thought it would be well to try and settle its
identity, and after a prolonged search at the British Museum
I found the type lot of three specimens labelled in Pf eiffer's
handwriting, ''H. belcheri Pf r., brought by the Sulphur, Capt.
Belcher, 1842". They are evidently a young Streptaxid, and
very careful and detailed comparison has fixed them as S.
apertiLs Martens. — J. R. leB. Tomlin.
A Preventative for the Scaling of the Periostracum.
— The method given below has been employed to prevent the
scaling of the periostracum, the cracking and the complete
fragmentation of certain shells due to drying.
Dissolve 4 oz. of paraffin in 300 cc. of xylol over water
bath or by placing on a radiator. Shells can then be dipped
THE NAUTILUS 31
in this solution and allowed to dry for a few hours. The
xylol evaporates and leaves a thin film of paraffin over the
surface. If needed, the paraffin is readily removed by placing
in xylol or in warm water.
The method has given complete satisfaction in preventing
the fragmentation of Paryphanta or other genera possessing
a heavy periostracum and only a small amount of calcium
carbonate. It also prevents the cracking of the Unionids
and the scaling of the periostracum in such genera as Cyprina
and Egeria, etc. It has many advantages over the use of
petroleum jelly and glycerin, both of which soil labels, trays,
and also in its permanency. It is much superior to various
forms of shellac as it can be readily removed and does not
change the appearance of the shells. — William J. Clench.
Epitonium Fallaciosum. — In attempting to identify
Pleistocene wentletraps from San Pedro it became necessary
to fix the status of Epitonium fallaciosum, a name proposed
by Dall (U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc, vol. 53, p. 478, 1917) for a
California species that Carpenter confused with the Panamic
E, hindsii (Carpenter) . No type material was designated, so
any specimen of any California species that Carpenter re-
ferred to hindsii is available, though a lectotype should be
chosen from Carpenter's material that was available to Dall.
Any discussion of the status of fallaciosum based on a later
usage by Dall or anyone else is irrelevant so long as a type is
not selected. I herewith designate as the lectotype a speci-
men in a lot of five from San Pedro labeled ''Scalaria hindsii
Cpr., San Pedro, P. P. C.[arpenter]" (U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat.
No. 46222; length 17.7 mm., diameter 6.7 mm.; 11 varices.)
This selection restores the name fallaciosum to the species
Dall undoubtedly had in mind and makes E. cooperi Strong
(San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Trans., vol. 6, No. 7, p. 194, 1930)
a synonym of fallaciosum. — W. P. WOODRING.
Drepanida, New Name for Drepania Lafont, Preoccu-
pied.— In 1874 A. Lafont proposed the name Drepania for a
new genus of nudibranch mollusks, with Drepania fu^ca La-
font, from the Bay of Arcachon, France, as the type species
32 THE NAUTILUS
(Journ. de Conchyliologie (3), XXII, 14, p. 369) . A second
species, D. graeffei Bergh, from Trieste, was added in 1881,
and a third, D. tartanella von Ihering, from Naples, in 1885,
the latter being probably identical with the Trieste species.
In 1901 Cockerell described a new species of Dorid from
San Diego, Calif., as Thecacera velox in the Journal of Malac-
ology, VIII, 3 p. 87. In a more detailed study of the last
named species I have recently shown (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
(4) , XVIII, 15, 1929, p. 495) that it is not a Thecacera, but
belongs to the genus Drepania as fixed by Lafont. By the
kindness of Professor Cockerell my attention has been called
to the previous use of the name Drepania by J. Huebner for a
genus of Lepidoptera in his "Verzeichniss bekannter Schmet-
terlinge", 1816, p. 149. The name is therefore preoccupied
and cannot be used. I here propose the name of Drepanida
as a substitute for Drepania Lafont. The species at present
known belonging to this genus are the following :
1. Drepanida fusca (Lafont). Arcachon.
2. Drepanida graeffei (Bergh) . Trieste, Naples.
Drepanida tartanella (von Ihering). Naples.
3. Drepanida velox (Cockerell). San Diego, La Jolla.
— F. M. MacFarland, Stanford University, Calif.
SCHIZOTHAERUS NUTTALLII AND VARIETIES ON PUGET
Sound. — In the October issue of The Nautilus, Frizzell
places my Big Hope Island, Pleistocene record of S. n.
maxima Middendorff under the name S. n. capax Gould, on
the ground that they are exact synonyms and that Midden-
dorff's name maxima is preoccupied by Lutraria maxima
Jonas, 1844. Carpenter's assertion, to which he refers as
though it settled the matter, that ''this species" assumes
both elongate and rotund varieties which completely inter-
grade, is inclusive. The fact that intergrading specimens
may be found at various localities is precisely what should
be the case if they are subspecies or varieties; otherwise
they would be considered distinct species. However, I am
now inclined to believe that maxima Midd. and capax Gould
are synonymous, but it does not at all necessarily follow
THE NAUTILUS 33
that the Big Hope Island material is capax. Instead of be-
ing ''a rotund specimen," as Frizzell assumes, the Big Hope
material consists of 21 specimens in good preservation and
much broken, discarded material. This collection was care-
fully compared with a large collection of typical recent
capax from two localities on Fidalgo Island, from two to
five miles distant. The difference is constant, the Big Hope
fossil material being invariably thick, very coarse and
rough, proportionately higher and the beaks more nearly
central than in any recent material I have seen from there
or elsewhere. A large proportion of described and named
subspecies and varieties are based upon variations every-
where mingled, with no pure colonies. Surely where pure
colonies are found, as in the present instance, there is great-
er reason for recognizing the variations by name. I have not
access to either Jonas' or Middendorf 's works, for the pur-
pose of determining whether Tnaxima is in fact preoccupied,
but Carpenter cited Middendorf 's name as Ty^esus maximus,
while Mrs. Oldroyd cited it as Lutraria Tnaxima. Anyhow, it
seems probable that it is a synonym of the recent capax,
and is therefore not available for the Big Hope Island form.
I have found no other name which seems applicable. Hence
the fossil form from Big Hope may be known as Schizo-
thaerus nuttallii bighopensis. — JUNIUS HENDERSON, Univ-
sity of Colorado.
Modiolus Lam., 1799, versus Volsella Scop., 1777. — In
Special Publication No. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 98, Aug.,
1930. Dr. Ralph B. Stewart in making Modiolus a synonym of
Volsella says: ''There seems to be no escape from it. Inas-
much as Mytilus modiolus was the first species cited by Scopoli
and the only Linnean species, it is certainly eligible as type
of Volsella as selected by Gray even though it does not corre-
spond to the original diagnosis of the genus. Scopoli did not
realize that Mytilus modiolus was edentulous." Is this science
or just a little juggling in nomenclature? One rule that we
cannot very well set aside calls for a recognizable descrip-
tion or figure. Scopoli gives us neither. Trying to make an
34 THE NAUTILUS
edentulous shell the type of Scopoli's Volsella will not work.
Systemists owe something to biologists and should take into
consideration the result of an unnecessary change like this
before advancing it. — C. W. Johnson.
The Land Mollusks of Jefferson, Lincoln Co., Maine.
— The following is a list of land mollusks that were obtained
in a bush covered stretch of land between Three-Corner and
Clary Lakes. Polygyra albolabris (Say) . P. fraterna (Say) .
Retinella binneyana (Morse), very common. Glyphyalina
indentata (Say). Euconulus fulvus (Mull.) Zonitoides
arborea (Say), very common. Pseudohyalina limatula
(Ward). Agriolimax campestris (Say). Gonyodiscus
cronkhitei catskillensis Pils., very common. Helicodiscus
parallelus (Say), common on a leaf covered bank above
Three-Corner Lake. Succinea ovalis (Say), very common.
Vallonia pulchella (MiilL), in an old cemetery. — Allan F.
Archer.
Archeo-Conchological Caribbean Expedition of 1931.
— Under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural
History, Mr. H. J. Boekelman is planning a trip in the inter-
est of "Archeo- and Ethno-Conchology, The study of man's
use of shells". The expedition plans to cover the Greater and
Lesser Antilles, the northern coast of South America and
the eastern coast of Central America. The subject as out-
lined in a four paged paper is very interesting, and the work
will no doubt add much to our knowledge of the prehistoric
life of the aborigines. — C. W. J.
publications received
Some Notes On Liver-Fluke Investigation. By J. N.
Shaw. Journ. American Veterinary Med. Assoc, Vol. 78
(n. s. Vol. 31) , No. 1, Jan., 1931, pp. 19-24. The liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica, which infests sheep, and has caused con-
siderable damage in Oregon and nearby states is found to
THE NAUTILUS 35
have as intermediate hosts, Lymnaea (Galba) hulimoides
Lea, L. (G.) hulimoides techella Haldeman, and L. (G.) fer-
ruginea Haldeman. Methods for detection of the parasite,
symptoms, treatment, and control are given. — G. D. Hanna.
Salmon Poisoning. By B. T. Simms, C. R. Donham and
J. N. Shaw. American Journ. Hygiene, Vol. 13, No. 2,
March, 1931, pp. 363-391.
Salmon Poisoning. By B. T. Simms, C. R. Donham, J. N.
Shaw and A. M. McCapes. Journ. American Veterinary
Med. Assoc, Vol. 78 (n. s. Vol. 31), No. 2, Feb., 1931, pp.
181-195, 2 text figs.
These two papers give an extremely interesting history of
the tracing of a parasitic fluke, Nanophyetus salmincola
Chapin, through various members of the salmon and trout
family, then through the intermediate host, our well known
western stream snail, Goniobasis plicifer'a silicula Gould, and
finally into dogs, foxes and other carnivorous mammals. The
disease is often fatal and is very common in those parts of
Oregon, Washington and California inhabited by the Gonio-
basis.— G. D. Hanna.
The Gastropods of the St. Louis, Missouri, Pennsyl-
VANiAN Outlier, Aclisina and Streptacis. By J. Brookes
Knight. Journ. of Paleontology V, March, 1931. These
genera of small, slender Gastropods, somewhat Pyramidella-
like in form and apical structure, are referred to a new
family, Streptacididae. Six species, three of them new, are
described.
The Pleurocerid Genus Eurycaelon. By Calvin Good-
rich. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 223. The
genus is characterized by the collumellar notch of the shell
and the marginal teeth, the inner and outer being alike, with
five or six cusps. Two species are recognized, E. anthonyi
(Budd. Redf.) of the upper Tennessee and tributaries, and
E. crassa (Hald.) of the Clinch and Powell rivers, both being
described and figured.
36 THE NAUTILUS
A New Shipworm from Venezuela. By Paul Bartsch.
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 79, Art. 8, 1931. Teredo {Neo-
teredo) healdi from Maracaibo Harbor.
Biology of Cohol (Ampullaria luzonica Reeve) a Com-
mon Philippine Freshwater Snail. By Andres M. Nono
and Andres M. Mane. The Philippine Agriculturist, 19,
March, 1931. This snail is used for food and bait. The
average period of incubation is 15.5 days. The snails reach
mature size (29.18 mm.) in 27 weeks. It is a lowland form,
living commonly in irrigated tracts. In the dry season they
burrow as deep as 8 to 15 cm. in the soil for the summer rest.
The Naiades or Pearly Freshwater Mussels of
Texas. By John K. Strecker. Baylor Univ. Mus. Special
Bull. No. 2, 1931. The last catalogue of Texas Unionidae,
that of J. A. Singley, enumerated 79 species and varieties,
partly accepted from other authors, and only 45 accepted by
Strecker as valid Texan forms. To this number 14 actually
have been added, making a total of 59 species and varieties
positively known from Texas. The distribution of these
species is given in detail. A few important streams, such as
the Nueces River, are still very little known. — H. A. P.
Neartic Vitreine Land Snails. By H. Burrington
Baker. Proc. A.N.S.P. Phila., 1931. The genera considered
are Pristilomo, Anc. with six subgenera of which five are
new; Paravitrea Pils., with four new subgenera; Pilsbryna
H. B. B., with P. castanea, n. sp., from Dove, Marion Co.,
Tenn. Keys to the subgenera and species, and anatomical
notes on many species are given, with, for comparison, an-
atomical notes on the Palearctic Vitrea subriTnata. Eight
plates illustrate the anatomy and shells. By this admirable
essay, with Dr. Baker's former papers, the systematic rela-
tions and nomenclature of our small Zonitidae are at last
reduced to satisfactory order. — H. A. P.
WILLIAM GREENE BINNEY,
1833— 1909
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLV OCTOBER, 1931. No. 2
WILLIAM GREENE BINNEY
BY ARTHUR F. GRAY
William Greene Binney was born at Boston, Mass., Oct.
22, 1833. The home of his parents was then at 62 Mt. Vernon
St. He was the son of Dr. Amos Binney and Mary Ann
(Binney) Binney. He was a descendant in the seventh
generation from Capt. John Binney of Hull, Mass., 1678-9,
fisherman and gentleman, the ancestor of almost all of the
name in America. He died there on Nov. 10, 1698; his
widow, Mercy, also died in Hull, Jan. 19, 1708-9.
His father Dr. Amos Binney, 1803-1847, was one of the
founders of the Boston Society of Natural History, in 1830,
its President for four years, and served the society also as
Treasurer and Curator. Dr. Binney accumulated an exten-
sive and valuable library on natural history subjects, a large
portion of which is now lodged in the library of the Society.
During an all too brief life, he gave particular attention to
the study of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the
United States, he prepared materials and had many fine cop-
per-plates executed for a work on the subject; the results of
these studies were afterwards published in three quarto
volumes in a monumental form, posthumously, under the
able editorship of Dr. Augustus A. Gould.
Binney's early schooling was obtained in the Boston Pub-
lic Schools and in 1850, at the age of seventeen, he entered
Harvard College. Never of a strong constitution, he was
obliged to leave college before the time for graduation, on
account of continued ill health ; however, he returned after
an interval, took up his studies and received in 1857 his de-
38 THE NAUTILUS
gree A.B. as of the class of 1854. In 1884 Harvard conferred
on him the honorary degree of A.M.
From his father William G. Binney seems to have in-
herited his taste for natural history, more especially for
conchology, and as for many years he remained a semi-in-
valid, he devoted much time to a close and intimate study of
our American land shells, though to a lesser extent he studied
some of our fresh-water groups and wrote valuable and
much used papers relating thereto (No. 32, 34 and others in
the appended bibliography) . He carried on his researches
with great persistence and care and many of his papers on
the lingual dentition, jaws and genitalia of our land and
fresh-water shells, are monuments to his patience and skill,
not only as a biologist but also as a skilful draughtsman.
Thus he carried on his lines of research, following in a very
thorough manner the line laid out and so ably started by
his father.
We find him publishing papers on various conchological
subjects as early as 1856; during the year he also edited
''Descriptions of Terrestrial Shells of North American, by
Thomas Say", in which all of Say's scattered and generally
inaccessible papers relating to our terrestrial species were
first brought together. In 1858, he brought forth "The Com-
plete Writings of Thomas Say on Conchology of the United
States", this he edited and published in an octavo volume of
252 pages, and reproduced all of Say's plates, some 75 in
number, from the original coppers. In 1859 he issued as
Volume IV, a supplement to the well-known work of his
father on the Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the
United States, some 207 pages, with six colored plates ; again
in 1878, he published at Cambridge as Volume V, of the
same, in 449 pages, with 104 plates and 312 wood-cuts, a
most complete and full account of our land Mollusca. Still
later and at various dates he issued four supplements to his
last volume.
In 1863-4 an important work entitled "Bibliography of
North American Conchology, Previous to 1860", appeared
from his pen. It was published in two parts, American
THE NAUTILUS 39
Authors and Foreign Authors. In its 956 pages it listed all
writers of papers, also gave lists of all species described in
them. In 1864, he edited, with George W. Tryon, Jr., "The
Complete Writings of Constantine Smaltz Rafinesque on
Recent and Fossil Conchology". In 1869, with Thomas
Bland, "Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America:
Part I, Pulmonata Geophila" appeared, and in 1865 Part II,
on the "Fresh-water Shells" by Binney, these highly im-
portant publications forming part of the series on the land
and fresh-water shells issued by the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. All were fully illustrated with wood-cuts.
In 1870 at the request of the Massachusetts Legislature
he edited as a Second Edition of Gould's "Report on the
Invertebrata of Massachusetts", his well-known "Inverte-
brata of Massachusetts", an important contribution of 524
pages, with 12 plates and 756 wood-cuts. The latter were
engraved from drawings made by the late Prof. Edward S.
Morse.
Still later, in 1885, "A Manual of American Land Shells"
by him came from the press. This was issued as Bulletin
No. 28, by the United States National Museum.
His more important publications are given above, yet he
found time to produce a large number of important papers
on Mollusca which appeared in the publications of our scien-
tific societies, at comparatively frequent intervals.
For over thirty years he enjoyed a close intimacy with
Mr. Thomas Bland with whom he worked and became closely
associated. Mr. Bland's intimate knowledge of the land
shells of the West Indies and their geographical distribu-
tion, gained during his residence in Barbadoes and Jamaica,
covering a period of ten years or more, besides a world-wide
correspondence with all the important workers both in
Europe and America upon that subject, especially fitted
him as a mutual friend and co-worker. During their asso-
ciation under joint-authorship some twenty-five papers and
books were published. The relationship thus formed was of
mutual value to both and continued until Mr. Bland's death
in August, 1885,
40 THE NAUTILUS
Mr. Binney also corresponded with nearly all of the active
collectors of land shells in North and Central America, as
well as many foreign authors, collectors and museums from
whom he received many new, undescribed, or little-known
species. He published descriptions of many of these, more
particularly those belonging to the North American fauna.
Mr. Binney was a member of the principal scientific socie-
ties both here and abroad. The inclemency of the weather in
Boston forced him to seek a milder climate. Accordingly he
visited France, and resided in Paris for two or three years
after giving up his work at Harvard. He was married at
the American Embassy in that city, March 20, 1855, to Miss
Marie Louise Chamberlain, daughter of Judge William
Chamberlain of Philadelphia, a brilliant and highly accom-
plished lady, with whom . he lived to celebrate his golden
wedding. After his return from Europe, he took up his
residence at Burlington, N. J., where his valued contribu-
tions to conchology were produced and where he passed
away August 3, 1909. His remains with those of his wife,
rest in the lot of his father in Mt. Auburn, she having died
the year previous. They were survived by their two
daughters, Mrs. Frank W. Earl (Marie Binney) , of Burling-
ton, N. J., and the Princess Pietro Paulo di Camporeale
(Florence Ethel Binney) , of Rome, Italy, where she has
resided since her marriage in 1888.
The writer enjoyed an intimate and lengthy acquaint-
ance with Mr. Binney from 1876 till he ceased his work on
the land shells, and had the privilege of supplying drawings
of many shells for his works. A large portion of Binney's
library is now in his possession.
Binney's frequent visits to Europe, gave him access to the
many foreign museums and art galleries, and he inherited
not only the love of nature but that of art from his father.
He was a brilliant linguist, speaking the French and Italian
tongues fluently, an excellent Latin scholar, a most genial
and kindly gentleman, always interested in the younger
workers in his favorite branch, giving freely of his time and
kindly advice to those who came to him or choose to write
THE NAUTILUS 41
him. In his death America lost one of its most careful and
accomplished conchologists.
The bibliography which will appear in the next number
of Nautilus, while possibly incomplete, shows the extent
and value of his services. I trust it may prove of use to
searchers for his writings.
SOME CONCHOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS
BY CALVIN GOODRICH
One cannot do the necessarily repeated readings of early
descriptions of fresh water mollusks in America without
coming to wonder what manner of men did the original col-
lecting, the circum.stances of this collecting and, sometimes,
where exactly the collections were made. Gradually, one
picks up a certain amount of dependable information on the
subject. A realization develops of how exceedingly re-
stricted v/ere the means of travel in the first fifty or sixty
years of the Nineteenth Century. Customs that are now
almost forgotten are revealed. Errors get themselves re-
solved some way. Probably more than anything else which
leaves an impression is that collecting was carried on, in
large part, as casually and spasmodically as the school teach-
er abroad gathers together her impedimenta of souvenirs.
In an incomplete list of names taken from Lea's "Observa-
tions" are those of thirteen doctors, only four of whom ap-
pear to have been collectors in the strict sense. The others
pocketed a few shells as the things met their eyes, and by
avenues more or less devious these shells reached Isaac Lea.
This is probably why so many of Lea's types are "dead"
specimens. The doctor of that day, if he lived west of the
eastern seaboard or in the south, was compelled to go about
on horseback. He was compelled, too, to hunt for fords, to
halt at ferries, to wait with such patience as he had while
floods subsided and permitted the resumption of travel. Such
42 THE NAUTILUS
occasions were opportunities whose final results were pub-
lication at Philadelphia. Nine of the list were geologists
whose duties were broad, and might range from compiling
zoological catalogues to recommending sites for mill dams.
To the names of two men, the ''Esq." is attached. One was
of the Darien district of eastern Georgia and the other of
northern Alabama, and I suppose that the "esq." in the
cases indicated that both were what were known as "gentle-
men planters", a designation that Jefferson Davis bore at a
period of his life. Three Union army officers found time
amid the stresses of the Civil War to send mollusks from
their stations. One was in the dust and smoke of Sherman's
March to the Sea. Another barely escaped capture during
an enveloping maneuver. The Rev. George White, who col-
lected from northern Alabama to middle western Georgia, I
take to have been a circuit rider, and if Bishop Elliott could
not be called that, he at least journeyed about as a circuit
rider did. President Joseph Estabrook had a touch of pic-
turesqueness. He was born in New Hampshire and died in
Anderson County, Tennessee. It is written of him that "he
was given to elegant ruffles and fine boots, to the prodigious
use of snuff, to shooting even on Fast-day and, capping all,
to dreams which told him faithfully how to win $5,000 by
lottery". Retiring from the presidency of East Tennessee
University at Knoxville, he undertook to bore into the earth
till he obtained salt. Death ended the enterprise before all
his savings had been poured into the hole.
Flowing from the Cumberland Plateau in East Tennessee
are two neighboring streams. Daddy's and Mammy's creeks.
The old east and west road across the plateau dips steeply
into a hollow of an inner fold of Walden Ridge, and in this
hollow runs Mammy's Creek. I climbed afoot from Rock-
wood in the rain several years ago to visit the spot because
the creek is the type stream of Lea's Melania rufa, later
changed to rufescens. There was to be no consolation for the
rain and mud. The creek was polluted with mine waste. But
I am as certain as a person may be in the circumstances that
this was the exact type locality. It was the only crossing
THE NAUTILUS 43
made by a main road. It was such a place at which a driver
would stop, water and rest his beasts and prepare against
the climb up the ascent, as abrupt one way as it was the
other. And here a traveler would drop from the stage to
ease his legs, peer into the clear, shallow water and bring
away a few mollusks which ultimately would come to Dr.
Lea. Incidentally, it may be told that the name of the stream
provides a measure of the literary politeness of 1841. The
Mammy's Creek of the natives became Mamma's Creek in
the Philosophical Society Proceedings.
The English term ''watering place" that flourished for
many seasons in America and finally gave way to ''resort"
once had a southern analogue, "retreat". Perhaps this
marks an ecclesiastical influence. But in another sense the
use of the word was military. For the "retreat" often was
fled to as a refuge from the yellow fever of the lowlands.
An early geological report of Tennessee gives several pages
to describing the cool airs, the abundant brooks and freedom
from disease of mountain "retreats" of that state. A linger-
ing establishment of the kind, sprawling over a mountain
top and nearly collapsing from decay, sheltered me once
while typhoid ran its course, and though it could have served
as a symbol of poverty it was steadfast to a tradition of hos-
pitality and kindness. In such a place in the old days, there
was naturally a great amount of leisure. Guests strolled
around, and strolling they saw snail shells, maybe for the
first time in their lives. The shells, by ones and twos and
little packets, reached describing naturalists and became
blessed binomially, some less deservingly so than others.
A northern "watering place" was Yellow Springs, Ohio.
A spring gushes here from a hillside in sufficient quantity to
make a good-sized stream. The place was popular with
people of Cincinnati, and thither went Thomas G. Lea,
brother of Isaac, who had promised he "would look after
the shells of his vicinity" when he moved west. He did it so
well at Yellow Springs that he sent back lots in which Isaac
found two forms he announced as new. Also, Thomas
roamed afield and in Buck Creek, fifteen or so miles from
44 THE NAUTILUS
the springs, he took the clam we know now as Anodontoides
ferussacianus huchanensis Lea. A footnote on Buck Creek
is in Ortmann's "Monograph of the Naiades of Pennsyl-
vania", reading, "Location unknown. Possibly near Cin-
cinnati?" The location is given correctly on the cover of
Number 8 of Conrad's "Monography of the Family Union-
idae", and it seems likely that in Ortmann's copy of this
work the covers had been discarded.
All sorts of possibilities develop out of the attempt to
follow the course of Conrad in his journey to Claiborne
and back. His intention to go south was announced upon
the cover of Number 2 of Volume I of "Fossil Shells of the
Tertiary Formations of North America", bearing date of
December, 1832. The "New Fresh Water Shells of the
United States", introduction and text, provides hazy clues
to the route and the excursions in Alabama. There is further
light among the descriptions in the monograph on the Unios.
Other information I owe to Mr. T. H. Aldrich and to various
volumes of history.
Conrad was on the James River in Virginia in March,
1833. There was then no railroad running south out of
Philadelphia and the railroad between Baltimore and Wash-
ington was not opened until 1835. When John Quincy
Adams went home to Massachusetts in 1825, he travelled by
coach to Annapolis, crossed Chesapeake Bay by steamer, by
coach again to Newcastle, Delaware, and up the bay and
river to Philadelphia by steamer; time twenty-four hours.
It is reasonable to suppose that Conrad reversed this jour-
ney" on his own trip eight years later. After getting to the
James River and to Petersburg by stage, it was possible for
Conrad to go on to the Roanoke River by rail. Audubon was
on this railroad in 1833, and found that passengers could not
give much attention to scenery since they had to devote
themselves to putting out the sparks the flew upon their
clothes from the locomotive. By stage or horseback, Con-
rad reached Charleston. Here a railroad, in course of build-
ing to the Savannah River opposite Augusta, Georgia, could
be used for seventy-two miles. This line had the first Ameri-
THE NAUTILUS 45
can constructed locomotive, an engine that exploded because
its attendant disliked the sound of escaping steam and tied
down the safety valve. Conrad, as he himself sets down,
collected around Augusta. Thereafter, he had to use stage
or horseback to his destination at Claiborne. He took op-
portunity to peek into the Oconee, Ocmulgee and Flint rivers
of Georgia. The stay in Claiborne was for six months. Ex-
cursion was made to Mobile and again to the Tombeckbe
River (now Tombigbee) at St. Stephens, an old capital of
Alabama that has ceased to exist as a community. He visited
Wilcox County, where his host in Monroe County had a
plantation. By the evidence of his descriptions, Conrad was
on the Black Warrior River in Green County at Erie, a
village that either has disappeared or changed its name, for
it is not to be found on present-day maps or in gazetteers.
How he got there is not mentioned, but thanks are paid to
one Dr. Robert Withers of Greene County, probably for
hospitality.
Mr. Aldrich has given me Conrad's route home. It was
"Claiborne on the Alabama River to Selma by boat. From
Selma to Elyton (now Birmingham) by stage. Thence
across the upper reaches of the Black Warrior River to
Huntsville. I don't know the route from Huntsville, but
presume it cut across the eastern part of the state of Ten-
nessee to Bristol; then to Lynchburg, Washington, Balti-
more and Philadelphia". About thirty miles north of Ely-
ton was Blount's Springs (since contracted to Blount
Springs). He collected near here, apparently staying for
a day or two. He took naiades in the Black Warrior by
prodding a sharpened stick between their gaping hinges
where they lay in six to eight feet of water. Beyond Blount's
Springs, Conrad collected in and on the banks of Flint River,
reduced now to Flint Creek. In this same district, he
assigned to the Tennessee system a tributary stream that be-
longed to the Black Warrior just as Lea, upon another occa-
sion, gave to the Tennessee system a creek that belonged to
the Cumberland. So far, Conrad kept to the main roads.
But the "New Fresh Water Shells" shows that he swung
46 THE NAUTILUS
westward as far as Tuscumbia, touching Florence, Muscle
Shoals and Elk River. This digression was made easily-
possible by a new railroad, whose cars were drawn by horse,
that joined the navigable water of the Tennessee above the
shoals with that below them. It is curious that no hint of
this part of the journey is given beyond Elk River "near its
junction with the Tennessee". One may guess that the
newer stage drivers did not linger at fords long enough to
permit Conrad to stuff his pockets with shells.
In 1853, John G. Anthony, then a citizen of Cincinnati,
walked through Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia as far as
Macon, "with the double purpose of renovating health, and
of collecting the numerous and varied species of fluviatile
shells with which our Western streams and rivers abound".
Home again, he described fifty melanians, twenty-one of
which were placed within the area of his journey. He "re-
gretted his inability to give a more precise statement of
habitat" than the names of states because the precautions
he "had taken for keeping his collections distinct proved in-
sufficient". Of the twenty-nine other melanians, twenty-
two were assigned to Alabama, four to Ohio, one to Ohio
doubtfully, one to Indiana and one to locality unknown.
Unhappily, such precautions as were taken in which Mr.
Anthony put trust were themselves insufficient. Walking,
he could not have carried many specimens. Means of car-
riage for them were doubtless very inconvenient at times.
The material just would get mixed. One comes to picturing
him as taking up a shell and saying to himself, "Now, where
did I get that?" The answer to the question was several
times wrong. For example, five species that quite certainly
were taken in Kentucky within the Green River drainage
were written down as from Tennessee. In one case wherein
Anthony broke his rule of keeping locality names confined
to states and confidently assigned the species to a Tennessee
creek he specified the wrong stream. Nor did confusion halt
here. Mr. Anthony got the shells of his travels mixed with
those from elsewhere. Three species that were credited to
Alabama belonged by rights to Tennessee; one whose loca-
THE NAUTILUS XLIV
PLATE 3
I, 2, Zirfaea pilsbryi Lowe. 3, Neritina reclivata sphaera Pils.
4, Cyrenoida panamensis P. and Z.
THE NAUTILUS 47
tion was given as Indiana appears to have came from Ken-
tucky. Tryon learned that Mr. Anthony's published locali-
ties and those of his labels did not always agree, and prob-
ably that was why he felt warranted in remarking that one
of the Anthony species that was said to be from Alabama
was more likely from North Carolina. But this time Anthony
was right. The shell was Alabaman. Since Anthony had
been in the banking business, which at least has a legend for
accuracy, his mistakes may seem the harder to understand.
But it must be recalled that the man was in ill health. There
is a pathetic note on one of the Anthony labels, now in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology: "New species det. while
1 was blind, by touch alone." It would be pleasant to record
that this sense of touch was accurate. Unfortunately, it
was not.
Two gentlemen of eastern Georgia were responsible for
errors of the kind made by Anthony. Lea received from
James Postell of St. Simon's Island mollusks the locality for
which was given as Etowah River, one of the two big rivers
forming the Coosa. Lea made four species of the lots. Three
species were of the Florida '"phase" which is quite distinct
from that of the Coosa. The fourth seems to have come
from Flint River of western Georgia, or one of its tribu-
taries. The Flint fauna, too, is unlike the fauna of the
Coosa. James Hamilton Cooper, a friend of Postell's and
near enough to him to be called a neighbor, turned the Postell
error the other way about. He sent Conrad six melanians as
from the Savannah River. They were, in fact, from the
upper Coosa River drainage.
TWO NEW HELICOIDS FROM LOS ANGELES COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
BY WENDELL 0. GREGG
During the past several months an effort has been made to
locate all the non-marine mollusca which have been reported
from Los Angeles County, California. This search has
48 THE NAUTILUS
brought to light quite a number of forms which had not been
previously reported from this locality. In a number of in-
stances the known ranges have thus been extended many
hundreds of miles. Among the unusual finds are the two
helicoids which I am describing in the following paragraphs.
Helminthoglypta traski pacoimensis, new subspecies.
PI. 4, figs. 5, 6, 7.
Description: Shell helicoid, spire moderately elevated,
whorls 51/^, convex, slowly increasing, last whorl descend-
ing behind the thickened peristome. Base rounded, umbil-
icus small, permeable to the apex and half covered by the
reflected inner lip. Aperture subcircular, oblique; outer
lip very slightly expanded, inner lip broadly expanded at the
base. Color light golden brown, paler on the base, the
shoulder marked with a band of liver brown, bordered above
and below by a somewhat narrower band which is lighter
in color than the body of the shell. Periostracum somewhat
glossy, irregular incremental lines are strongly marked on
all whorls; entire surface of shell finely wrinkly-granulose
with a strong coarse overlying papillation. This papillation
is widely spaced on the body whorl. On the preceeding
whorls it is more closely spaced and in unworn specimens
each papilla bears a minute stubby hairlike periostracal
process. The papillation on the younger whorls is noticeably
arranged in both oblique and spiral series. The spiral sculp-
turing which consists of incised spiral lines is moderately
developed on the penultimate whorl and is strongly marked
over the entire body whorl.
Measurements: The type specimen measures as follows:
Maximum diameter, 20 mm.; minimum diameter, 16.3 mm.;
altitude, 13.5 mm.; umbilicus, 1.7 mm. Paratype, max.
diam., 20 mm.; min. diam., 16.4 mm.; altitude, 13.5 mm.;
umbilicus, 1.7 mm.
Type: No. 1033 Collection of Los Angeles Museum. Para-
types in collection of writer. The type with about 14 speci-
mens (mostly immature) were taken in Pacoima Canyon,
San Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles County, Calif., about one-
THE NAUTILUS 49
half mile below prison camp, on Feb. 21, 1931. They were
found mostly under bark and fragments of rotten logs.
Remarks: The only other described form of H. traski
which bears papilla over the body whorl is H, traski isidro-
ensis Bartsch. This form may be distinguished from isidro-
ensis by its more strongly incised spiral lines over the body
whorl and by the presence of coarse papillae distinctly spaced
over the entire under surface as well as upper surface of the
body whorl.
Helminthoglypta fontiphila, new species. PI. 4, figs.
8, 9, 10.
Description: Shell small, thin, helicoid, moderately flat-
tened, whorls 5, convex, last whorl descending slightly be-
hind the peristome. Base rounded, umbilicus rather large,
patulous, about one-seventh the greater diameter of the
shell. Aperture subcircular; peristome thin and not ex-
panded. Color, dark olive-buff, marked on the shoulder of
the whorl by a narrow chestnut-brown band which is bord-
ered on either side by a somewhat narrower band, lighter
in color than the body of the shell.
First two and a half or three whorls finely granulose while
the entire remainder of the shell is covered by numerous fine
papillae overlying a finely wrinkly-granulose groundwork.
These papillae generally appear to be arranged in oblique
series and on unworn specimens each papilla bears a minute
hairlike periostracal process giving the shell a finely hirsute
appearance.
Measurements: The type specimen Pleasures as follows:
Maximum diameter, 15.7 mm.; minimum diameter, 13.5
mm. ; altitude, 8.7 mm. ; umbilicus, 2.3 mm. Measurements
of largest paratype : Maximum diameter, 16.7 mm. ; mini-
mum diameter, 14 mm.; altitude, 8.8 mm.; umbilicus, 2.5
mm.
Type: No. 1032 Collection of Los Angeles Museum. Para-
types in collections of writer, E. P. Chace, G. W. Willett and
S. S. Berry.
Type Locality: This odd race of Helminthoglypta was first
50 THE NAUTILUS
discovered on March 26, 1931, in a rather restricted area
around a spring, west side of road, about one-half mile be-
low dam, Little Rock Creek Canyon, north side of San
Gabriel Mts., Los Angeles County, Calif. On May 10, 1931,
the writer revisited the locality with Mr. and Mrs. E. P.
Chace, at which time about 50 additional specimens were
taken. Much of the material however consisted of dead or
immature specimens. At this time a number of specimens
were taken directly across the canyon below a leaking flume
under leaves and rocks which were constantly moistened
with cold water.
Additional Localities: Quite a number of specimens have
been taken at various localities in Soledad Canyon, Los
Angeles County, ranging from 5.5 to 8.5 miles from the Mint
Canyon Highway (Solemint Service Station). This area
might be roughly termed as the western half of the canyon
proper. They were found in each locality near the Soledad
Canyon Road, under rotten logs and in piles of brush. Each
locality was but a few feet from the Santa Clara Creek.
This shell bears a close relationship to the Mohavean
group of Helminthoglypta. It is the first of that general
group to be taken within the limits of Los Angeles County.
It is the only one of that group which apparently is found
only near streams or springs. It may be distinguished from
H. mohaveana by the following differences: It is smaller,
thinner, flatter, more highly colored and the papillae are
finer and bear hairlike processes. It may be distinguished
from H. cuyamacensis venturensis Bartsch by its much thin-
ner shell, smaller size, more flattened form, thin inner lip
which is not expanded, larger and more open umbilicus
which is not covered in any portion by the inner lip. The
paratype of venturensis which I have before me is consider-
ably lighter in color but that characteristic may be due to
fading.
The figures accompanying this description are from
photographs made at the Los Angeles Museum. I am in-
debted to Dr. Alex. Wetmore, Asst. Secretary of the U. S.
National Museum, for the loan of the paratype of H. cuyam-
THE NAUTILUS XLIV
PLATE 4
I, 2, Pccteii catalinensis Willett. 3, Trophon albospinosus Willett 4, Turbonilla
strc ngi Willett. 5—7, Helminthoglypta traski pacoimensis Gregg.
8—10. Helminthoglypta fontiphila Gregg.
THE NAUTILUS 51
acensis venturensis. I am also indebted to Mr. George W.
Willett of the Los Angeles Museum, whose splendid collec-
tion of Southern California helicoids has made possible a
careful comparison with all the species which are common
to the desert region, and through whose efforts the loan of
the paratype of H. venturensis was secured.
WHAT IS ROPERIA ROPERI DALL?
WITH NOTES ON TURRIDAE AND COLUMBELLIDAE
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
While at the National Museum July 22, 1931, checking up
identifications on some of my recently collected west Ameri-
can material, I took the opportunity to make a critical ex-
amination of the unique type of the shell Dr. Dall described
as Fusus roperi, new subgenus Roperia. The shell has long
been a puzzle to West Coast collectors, and has never been
taken since except for one other specimen thus marked in
the collection and plainly showing teeth on the outer lip.
I found a set of immature and rather worn specimens of
Tritonalia poulsoni in the collection and without telling what
they were looking at, had them compared by Mr. Wm. B.
Marshall, Dr. Ralph B. Stewart and Dr. W. P. Woodring,
and the unanimous decision was that they were one and the
same shell without the slightest doubt. The second speci-
men labeled Fusus roperi has the mature lip with strong
teeth as in Tritonalia poulsoni.
It seems that Roperia roperi Dall will have to be entirely
dropped from the list and placed in the synonomy of Tri-
tonalia poulsoni
In Philadelphia, while comparing our Turridae with the
types of C. B. Adams' species and checking up with Dall's
paper on the family (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 56), we found
Zetekia denticulata described on page 73, fig. 1, pi. 1, is the
identical species described by C. B. Adams in the Panama
Catalogue No. 173, as Pleurotoma gemmulosa, both from
Panama.
52 THE NAUTILUS
The species described as Crassispira dirce Dall, page 22,
pi. 6, fig. 3, is the same species as Pleurotoma grandimacu-
lata C. B. A. No. 174, Panama Catalogue.
On page 25, vol. 30, of The Nautilus, in an article on
west American Columbellidae Dr. Dall made the statement
that C. terpsichore Sby., 1822, equals C. lyrata Sby., 1832.
This error evidently came from tv^o lots in the national col-
lection both from Panama, one labeled C. terpsichore and
the other C. lyrata, both being the same species. The name
Col. lyrata Sby. should stand for the Panamic form as it was
described from Panama by Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1832, p. 114,
while C. terpsicJiore Sby. was described from Nevis, West
Indies, Sowerby, Genera of Shells, fig. 6. The two forms
are quite distinct, and the true C. terpsichore seems never
to have been reported from the Panamic region.
NOTE ON THE WEST COAST ZIRFAEA
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
While going over the collections of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia, May-July, 1931, I had the op-
portunity of examining the type specimen of Zirphaea gabbi
Tryon. This name Dr. Dall has used for our West Coast
form for some years; it was earlier known as Z. crispata.
Tryon's species was described from a very dead and some-
what damaged valve sent by Gabb from San Francisco, and
said to be probably from Japan. The illustration (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, Monography of the order Pholadacea,
pi. 1, fig. 1) is a very accurate representation of the shell in
question, and is not our common Calif ornian species at all. On
making a careful comparison of the type specimen with
large examples of Pholadidea penita var. concamerata Desh.
from Monterey we find that without a doubt they are one
and the same species. Thus the name Zirphaea gabbi Tryon
will have to be placed in the synonomy of Pholadidea penita
THE NAUTILUS 53
var. concamerata Desh., and our California species of Zirfaea
is left without a name. I propose for it the new name
Zirfaea pilsbryi,
Zirfaea pilsbryi, new species. PI. 3, figs. 1, 2.
Type 50809 A. N. S. P., from Bolinas, California (Henry
Hemphill). Paratypes in Lowe collection.
Shell large, transverse, obliquely divided by a shallow fur-
row proceeding from the umbonal apex to the basal margin
and forming a corresponding rib on the internal surface of
valve. Posterior to the furrow the shell is marked only by
growth wrinkles ; on the anterior half they appear as sharp
ribs which are produced into sharp spines in unevenly
spaced radiating lines continuing to the sharply crenulated
margin. Diameter of type, 36 mm.; alt., 37 mm.; length,
75.5 mm.
Our shell differs from the typical North Atlantic Z.
crispata (Linn.) in being a longer and narrower shell, with
the apophysis, or internal spoon-shaped process, much
broader and much more concave. The anterior end of our
shell is more markedly attenuated, the dividing furrow more
oblique and not so prominent as in Z. crispata (L.)
In the north it reaches a large size, up to 120 mm. long
(Newport, Oregon, coll. by J. G. Malone). Mr. Malone re-
ports that they are eaten. A large one sent to the Academy,
Philadelphia, weighed 17 ounces shell and all.
ON THE NAME MITRA LINEATA
BY J. R. LE BROCTON TOMLIN
There are no less than five uses of this combination to be
considered :
(a) Mitra lineata Schumacher, Ess. Nouv. Syst., p 239,
1817. According to Dautzenberg and Bavay in Journ. de
Conch. 67, pp. 150, 153, this shell was a Varicella; but Schu-
macher only says that his Mitra "a la forme a peu pres de"
54 THE NAUTILUS
Chemnitz's figures 1372, 1373 (he meant 1371, 1372) in
vol. IV, which represent the well-known Varicella leuco-
zonias (Gmelin) . Schumacher goes on to say how his species
differs from that of Chemnitz, and evidently mentioned
these figures chiefly on account of the color, M. lineata be-
ing described as "d'une couleur brune avec des lignes
blanches longitudinales, tres serrees". Kiister described and
figured a Mitra from the Gotha Museum which agrees well
with Schumacher's account. In any case, from all the evi-
dence obtainable, lineata Schum. seems to be a synonym
of paupercula L. It is incredible that so good a conchologist
as Schumacher would group a Varicella with five genuine
species of Mitra, to form his half-dozen examples of the
genus.
(b) Mitra lineata Hoeninghaus, Neues Jahrb., 1831, p.
152, for a tertiary fossil from Dax. This is a nomen nudum.
(c) Mitra lineata Isaac Lea, Contrib. Geol., p. 168, pi. V,
fig. 174, 1833, for a Claiborne fossil. De Gregorio in Ann.
Geol. Paleont., livr. 7, p. 73, Jan., 1890, describes a var.
terplicata, possessing only three columellar folds while Lea's
type has four. He had not seen the quadriplicate form. In
Lea's type the anterior fold forms the inner outline of the
columella continuing downward and would very probably
not be counted as a fold by Gregorio. It is, therefore, at
present doubtful whether the two authors really had differ-
ent shells before them, and it seems best to let Mitra terpli-
cata Greg, stand for M. lineata Lea, at any rate for the
present.
(d) Tiara lineata Broderip (ex Swainson MS.), P. Z. S.
London, 1835, p. 195, 8/4/1836, for a Mitra from Salango,
W. Colombia, dredged by Cuming. It is well figured in
Reeve's Conch. Icon. II, pi. xvii, fig. 127. This species may
be renamed Mitra erythrogramma. It is recorded in Journ.
of Conch. XVIII, p. 158, from Gorgona Island, and from
James Island, Galapagos.
(e) Mitra lineata Swainson, Treatise Malac, p. 319,
1840. This is based on a figure in the Encycl. Method, and
is the same species as tigrina A. Adams.
THE NAUTILUS 55
Some authors have taken Gmelin's Voluta lineata, Syst.
Nat. ed. xiii, p. 3454, to be a Mitra. The figures referred to
in Martini, however, more probably represent the common
Mediterranean Pollia (Vorbignyi (Payr.)- The type is un-
fortunately no longer to be found in Spengler's collection at
Copenhagen.
Swainson's Conoelix Uneatus, Zool. Illustr., ser. 1, vol. 1,
pi. 24, Jan., 1821, is probably a discolored M. conica Schum.,
according to Reeve.
I am indebted to Dr. Pilsbry for advice on species (a)
and (c).
MONOCONDYLAEA COSTULATA MORICAND " " \ ^'^"^^
WILLIAM B. MARSHALL 7^
Dr. F. Haas in "Senckenbergiana", vol. 13, No. 1, page 48,
figs. 31a and 31 b, 1931, has discussed the type and another
specimen of Unio (Monocondylaea) costulata Moricand,
1858.^ His figures of the type are excellent, and he has sent
to the United States National Museum copies of the still
more excellent original photographs from which these fig-
ures were made. This type is deserving of even closer study
than has been given to it, for while both Moricand and Haas
place it in Monocondylaea, it has some features which seem
to make it impossible that this can be the correct genus. If
it be the correct genus, the species is certainly an aberrant
one.
As Haas points out, Moricand's figure over-emphasizes
the depression running from the beaks to the ventral mar-
gin, and also has the ribs entirely out of proportion. In
fact Moricand's figure might be said to be more or less
diagrammatic, indicating that he was satisfied to transmit
to his readers a general impression without being too ex-
act. In his description of this species, Moricand says, "epi-
1 1858. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, p. 453, plate 15, figures 1
and la.
56 THE NAUTILUS
dermide . . . olivaceo, unicolare". If the species be true
Monocondylaea the color should not be uniform, as Mono-
condylaea should always have one or more green rays on the
posterior area much darker than the surrounding portion
of the shell. It may be that wishing to transmit only a
general impression, Moricand did not think this feature
worth mentioning, if, in fact, it does exist in the type. The
National Museum contains a specimen of the very next
species described by Moricand as Monocondylaea reticulata,
which is in our records as having been received by Isaac
Lea indirectly from the author through Mr. W. A. Haines.
In his description of this species, Moricand says: *'Epi-
dermide olivacea, unicolare, reticulato". Our specimen con-
tains a distinct green line on the posterior area, while near
the beaks there are several of these radiating green lines.
The green on this area is as it should be in this genus.
In describing costulata Moricand says: ''Epidermide
crasso". In French he adds, ''peu adherent:'. Probably an
examination of the type would show that the reason he was
impressed by an apparent unusual thickness of the perio-
stracum was because he unwittingly was dealing with the
periostracum and the prismatic layer combined. Haas' fig-
ures show distinctly that the periostracum of the type of
costulata is given to splitting and peeling. In the many
specimens of Monocondylaea that I have handled, there has
never been one that had a peeling periostracum. All the
species of the genus and, in fact, practically all species of
South American Mutelidae (as defined by Simpson, not Ort-
mann) except a few of the very large ones such as Leila
blainvilleana, are formed on what I might call a *'hug-me-
tight" principle; that is, the prismatic layer is thick and
even after long drying in the dry atmosphere of a museum
it clings to the nacreous layer beneath it. It has been my
experience that any species of naiad which has a peeling
periostracum has a thin prismatic structure, and when there
is any peeling, both the periostracum and the prismatic
layer come off together. Even in some of our North Ameri-
can gigantic naiads such as Megalonaias gigantea Bar.
THE NAUTILUS 57
(Quadrula heros Say), which are prone to peel, the pris-
matic layer is a mere film. When peeling occurs it makes
the flakes of "periostracum" appear to be very thick. This
peeling periostracum throws another element of doubt into
the position of this species in Monocondylaea,
Radiating ribs should not occur in Monocondylaea. Ac-
cording to Haas, the prominent radiating ribs on M. costu-
lata do not show in the calcareous structure underneath.
The sculpture of the periostracum should show in the pris-
matic layer, but except when the external sculpture is bold,
such as spines or convolutions or ridges, it does not usually
show in the nacreous structure, and that is probably the ex-
planation of the absence of these ribs in the exposed calcare-
ous portion of Moricand's type. An examination of the
peeling portion of the shell will probably show that the pris-
matic layer has come away from the nacreous layer with
the periostracum. If hot caustic potash solution be applied
to a small portion of one of the ribs, to remove the perio-
stracum without effecting the prismatic portion, the ribs
which show so plainly in the periostracum should, according
to all rules, show in the prismatic layer, and this layer
should show also the beautiful arrangement of the ends of
the hexagonal prisms which constitute it. Periostracal and
(or) prismatic layers are the elements in external sculpture.
Nacreous layer is to be regarded as a filling, smoothing and
stiffening material, which forms in varying quantities as
needed for different parts of the interior and which, when
broken, can usually be roughly repaired with the same ma-
terial. Doctor Haas is right when he says that the rib-like
radiations of the interior between the pallial line and the
ventral margin has nothing whatever to do with the ex-
ternal ribbing. This is a feature belonging entirely to the
nacreous layer only.
The cardinal area of costulata is not what it should be in
typical Monocondylaea. Typically, the tooth of the left valve
should hook around in front of the tooth in the right valve,
and there should be no distinct socket for the former to sink
into in the latter.
58 THE NAUTILUS
Some may think that too much value has been given to
surface characters. Probably many of us, before we had
gained much experience in malacology, have had some diffi-
culty in distinguishing between imperfect specimens of
Lymnaea (Pseudosucciriea) columella and Succinea. Later
we learned that columella has the periostracum beautifully,
minutely, spirally striate, and that this does not occur in
Succinea. When the periostracum is removed the striation
still shows plainly in the calcareous portion. This single in-
stance is sufficient to show that minute details are of con-
siderable importance.
Readers of The Nautilus may find it worth while to ex-
amine specimens of Monocondylaea in their collections to see
whether any of them have a peeling periostracum, taking
care, of course, not to mistake erosion for peeling. We shall
be glad to hear of any such specimens.
U. S. National Museum.
THE GASTROPOD FAMILY PLEUROCERIDAE IN
PENNSYLVANIA
BY STANLEY T. BROOKS, PH.D.
Due to the great number of papers on this subject by
A. E. Ortmann, Bryant Walker, F. C. Baker, and Calvin
Goodrich, the author does not deem it necessary to go into
the complicated explanation of all df the geographical fac-
tors involved. Mention will be made of the various routes
of migration with the understanding that all students of
this field of work will have undoubtedly referred to the other
more comprehensive publications.
This paper, therefore, will outline the distribution of the
Family Pleuroceridae in this state and will but mention the
extent of the migration into the northeastern states. This
Commonwealth is again the Keystone State in that all of the
species of this family, in the region indicated, have been
THE NAUTILUS 59
distributed by the watersheds of Pennsylvania or by related
or adjoining bodies of water.
In distributional work we do not have a great body of ex-
perimental facts upon which to base our theories. It is nec-
essary, then, to study the conditions and facts of present
distribution and to apply to these facts the most logical
assumptions and theories of the geologist and geographer.
It is with this view in mind that the author writes the fol-
lowing paragraphs in the hope that further accumulation of
knowledge will help to elucidate some of the present
haziness.
1. Goniobasis virginica (Gmelin).
During the preglacial uplift of the eastern part of the
United States and the subsequent formation of the present
drainages the rivers flowing to the Atlantic emptied some
miles farther out to sea than at the present time. The river
of interest in the distribution of this species was the Chesa-
peake River and included in its great flow the present Dela-
ware, Susquehanna, Potomac, James and Roanoake Rivers.
This confluence of freshwater made it possible for G, vir-
ginica to make its way into the drainages of the above rivers
(being derived from the south) .^ The fact that the glacia-
tion of the Pleistocene Period did not extend over the entire
drainage of all of these streams may explain their apparent
retention of this species (or the one from which it was de-
rived) through the turbulent period of the ice.
The presence of this species in the Connecticut River
(Deep River, Conn., and Agawam, Mass.) cannot be ex-
plained in this manner unless there was a period of fresh
water communication between the New York Sound and the
1 The identification of G, symmetrica as the ancestral form of G.
virginica is doubtful. However, G. virginica does point to a south
coast origin (Ortmann, A. E., "The Alleghenian Divide and Its Influ-
ence upon the Fresh Water Fauna," Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, LII,
1913, 287-390) and has only advanced into its most northerly locali-
ties following' the path of some of the Naiades. This point will un-
doubtedly be elucidated by further collecting and study of the south
coast drainage and its relative (in case of stream capture) western
drainages.
60 THE NAUTILUS
Delaware Embaymeiit or that during this time the waters
near the coast were fresh or only slightly brackish from the
drainage of the glaciated regions thus enabling G. virginica
to live through this period under fairlj^ normal conditions.
According to an opinion advanced by Dr. A. E. Ortmann
and Dr. Bryant Walker the presence of various naiades on
the eastern slope is due to a distribution from the Mississippi
Valley through the St. Lawrence Embayment by means of
the preglacial Erigan River. From this source a general
migration down the east coast took place. The distribution
of G. virginica will have to rest between these two theories
until either their southern affinities or their western affini-
ties finally give up the secret.
Localities in the Carnegie Museum Collection.
Wissahickon Creek, Roxboro, Philadelphia Co. ; Delaware
River, Yardley, Common Creek, Tullytown, Delaware River,
Penns Manor, Bucks Co. ; Lehigh River, Bethlehem, North-
ampton Co. ; Susquehanna River, Selinsgrove, Penns Creek,
Selinsgrove, Snyder Co.; West Branch Susquehanna River,
Williamsport, Lycoming Co.; North Branch Susquehanna
River, Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co. ; Chemung River, South
Waverly, Bradford Co. ; Frankstown Branch Juniata River,
Hollidaysburgh, Blair Co. ; Codorus Creek, York, Cone-
wago Creek, York, York Co.; Condoquinet Creek, Carlisle,
Cumberland Co. ; Raystown Branch Juniata River, Arden-
heim, Frankstown Branch Juniata River, Alexandria, Hunt-
ingson Co.
2. Anculosa carinata Brugiere.
3. Anculosa dilatata Conrad.
The two species of this genus, in Pennsylvania, are so
closely linked in their distribution and past history that it
is much better to discuss them together. Anculosa carinata
has the widest distribution (Susquehanna Drainage and
tributaries of the Potomac River) of the two species. It is
indicated by Ortmann (I.e.), and his profiles of the various
streams of the Alleghenian Divide that there has been much
stream capture by the James, Roanoake and Potomac Rivers
of the headwaters of the western streams, the Cheat, New
and Greenbriar Rivers. This would afford a passage for the
THE NAUTILUS 61
Mississippi Valley fauna to the eastern drainage and indi-
cates a probable means of the origin of carinata. It is still
doubtful, according to Goodrich, just what the relationships
of carinata to dilatata are but from the record of the drain-
ages it seems probable that carinata has been derived from
the Mississippi Valley fauna. The absolute history of this
species will remain for future studies. The great variation
in the two species and the obvious mixture of specific char-
acteristics in some of the mountain streams of West Vir-
ginia gives credence to this theory. In Pennsylvania the
Monongahela River alone has A. dilatata (captured from
New River) and this distribution is confined to the upper-
small-stream-reaches of this river in Fayette County. The
Susquehanna River has obtained A. carinata from the Poto-
mac Drainage by stream capture in the southern part of the
state. The absence of this genus from the Delaware River
does not preclude any possibility of a distribution from the
sea-ward side of the Alleghenies along with G, virginica.
Its absence does indicate that carinata arrived into this
drainage (Susquehanna) after the fresh waters of the old
Chesapeake River were covered by the sea. Hence a later
distribution.
Localities in the Carnegie Museum Collection.
OHIO (monongahela) drainage
Anculosa dilatata
Cheat River, Cheat Haven, Fayette Co.
POTOMAC DRAINAGE
Anculosa carinata
Wills Creek, Hyndman, Bedford Co.; Great Tonoloway
Creek, Fulton Co. ; Conococheague Creek, Green Castle and
Scotland, West Branch Conococheague Creek, Mercers-
burgh Junction, West Branch Little Antietam Creek,
Waynesboro, Franklin Co.
SUSQUEHANNA DRAINAGE
Anculosa carinata
Conewago Creek, Table Rock and York Haven, York Co. ;
Condoquinet Creek, Carlisle, Cumberland Co.; Lost Creek,
62 THE NAUTILUS
Mifflintown, Juniata Co.; Frankstown Branch Juniata
River, Huntingdon Co.; Raystown Branch Juniata River,
Bedford and Mt. Dallas, Bedford Co. ; Penns Creek, Selins-
grove, and Susquehanna River, Selinsgrove, Snyder Co.;
North Branch Susquehanna River, Tunkhannock, Wyoming
Co. ; Chemung River, South Waverly, Bradford Co. ; Rays-
town Branch Juniata River, Ardenheim, Huntingdon Co.
4. Lithasia obovata pennsylvanica (Pilsbry)
This species, formerly identified and described as a Gonio-
basis, is, according to Calvin Goodrich, a Lithasia.
L. obovata pennsylvanica forms the greater part of the
Pleurocerid fauna of the Beaver Drainage and is associated
with Pleiirocera canaliculatum in the Allegheny River. It,
the former, is a common species of the Falls of the Ohio and
has, like canaliculatum, migrated into the Ohio River at the
retreat of the Ice and the subsequent formation of a suitable
habitat in the new drainage.
Localities in the Carnegie Museum Collection.
BEAVER DRAINAGE
Little Beaver Creek, Smiths Ferry, Cannelton, Darling-
ton, New Galilee and Enon Valley, Beaver Co. ; Beaver
River, Wampum, Slippery Rock Creek, Wurtemburg, Ma-
honing River, Mahoningtown, Edinburg, Hillsville and Ne-
shannock Creek, Eastbrook, Lawrence Co.; Neshannock
Creek, Leesburg, Otter Creek, Mercer, Shenango River,
Sharpsville, Pymatuning Creek, Pymatuning Twp., She-
nango River, Shenango, and Little Shenango River, Green-
ville, Mercer Co.
OHIO (ALLEGHENY) DRAINAGE
Back River, Ohio River, Neville Island, Allegheny Co.;
Allegheny River, Alladin, Kelly and Parkers Landing, Arm-
strong Co. ; Allegheny River, Woodhill and' Walnut Bend,
Venango Co. ; Allegheny River, Hickory, Forest Co. ; Alle-
gheny River, Warren, Warren Co. ; French Creek, Cochran-
ton and Meadville, Crawford Co.
5. Pleuroeera canaliculatum (Say)
6. Pleuroeera acuta (Rafinesque)
P. acuta and P. canaliculatum are both of the Ohio Drain-
age and are more easily discussed together. Whether acuta
developed from canaliculatum or not is a question. They
THE NAUTILUS 63
are related forms and merge, one into the other, at various
points where their territory overlaps.
After the maximum glaciation of North America and dur-
ing the recession of the ice lobes there was developed the
Ohio and the Great Lakes Drainages. During or after this
formative period when the drainage was to the south acuta
made its way into the Great Lakes System. There it has de-
veloped into the typically attenuated form as we know it
today.
At the same time the canaliculatum stock was migrating
into the Ohio and has penetrated to the headwaters of the
Allegheny River. In the Monongahela River there has been
only one station found of this species; the rest of the river
being barren. At the Falls of the Ohio we have a short,
robust form of canaliculatum and as we progress up the Ohio
and into the Allegheny there is a gradual elongation of the
shell. This elongation reaches its peak in the upper reaches
of the Allegheny. If these upper Allegheny forms are laid
side by side with acuta from Lake Erie one cannot see where
the one species ends and the other begins. The reason for
this elongation, we may say, is an accumulative ecological
reaction between the species and its environment. Accumu-
lative because the species seems to react to its environment
to a greater extent as they progress northward in their
migration. This is an obvious reason but will have to
suffice until studies have been made to determine the eco-
logical forces, the reactions of this species to its environ-
ment or forces, and the relative heritability of these environ-
mental effects.
Localities in the Carnegie Museum Collection.
LAKE ERIE .^«k^
Pleurocera acuta i r r A R ^ } 3
Lake Erie, Erie Co. V^\
OHIO DRAINAGE ■' ^"^
Pleurocera canaliculatum ^
Allegheny River, Godfrey, Armstrong Co., Walnut Bend,
Venango Co., Hickory, Forest Co., Warren, Warren Co.;
64 THE NAUTILUS
Ohio River, McKees Rocks and Neville Island, Allegheny Co.,
Industry and Smiths Ferry, Beaver Co.; Youghiogheny
River, Boston, Allegheny Co.
7. Goniobasis livescens (Menk)
This species is the common lake form of the Great Lakes
and extends in its distribution through the Finger Lakes and
into the St. Lawrence River. Surprising as it seems it is
also an inhabitant of the upper parts of the Allegheny Drain-
age and in the Beaver Drainage. It also occurs farther
west in some of the streams of Ohio. In the Allegheny
Drainage it is found only in Conneaut Lake, Conneaut Out-
let, and French Creek. The evidence here is that it gained
this distribution from the old Ohio-Lake Erie Canal of which
Conneaut Lake was a ''feeder". It has been a late origin or
otherwise this species would have been found farther south
in French Creek. The only explanation for the greater dis-
tribution in the Beaver River is the same; the Lake Erie-
Ohio Canal. Furfher collections to the west may explain
the presence of this species in this region to a better
advantage.
Localities in the Carnegie Museum Collection.
LAKE ERIE
Lake Erie, Erie, Erie Co.
BEAVER DRAINAGE
Little Beaver Creek, New Galilee, Darlington and Can-
nelton, Beaver Co.; Little Beaver Creek, Enon Valley and
Beaver River, Wampum, Lawrence Co.; Shenango River,
Shenango, Mercer Co.
OHIO DRAINAGE
Ohio River, Smiths Ferry, Beaver Co.; French Creek,
Meadville, Cochranton, Conneaut Lake, Conneaut and Con-
neaut Outlet, Conneaut, Crawford Co.
8. Goniobasis haldemani Tryon
This is a doubtful form and has been very sparsely col-
lected in Lake Erie in Pennsylvania. Just what its history
and relationships to the other members of this genus is, is
not known.
THE NAUTILUS 65
THREE NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM CATALINA ISLAND,
CALIFORNIA
BY G. WILLETT
Pecten (Cyclopecten) catalinensis, sp. nov. PI. 4,
figs. 1, 2.
Description: Shell small, shining, transparent, very frag-
ile; right valve white, unmarked; left valve with about
twenty, somewhat irregular, brown, radial rays, running
from the median part of the disk to the margin ; these rays
show through the transparent shell so plainly that, to a
casual inspection, the right valve appears rayed also. Ventral
margin of left valve convex ; that of right valve flexible and
reflexed when closed. Sculpture of left valve consisting of
fine growth lines, crossed, in the umbonal region by very
fine, wavy striae, visible only under a strong lens. Ventral
two-thirds of right valve marked by fine, closely spaced,
incised, concentric lines, with wider interspaces; similar
lines also apparent on the anterior auricle above the rather
shallow byssal notch. Ears in both valves nearly equal in
size. On the left valve the ridges running from the sides of
the shell to the umbo, and dividing the discal from the
auricular regions, are so sharply defined as to be almost
carinate: these ridges, meeting at the umbo, form the two
sides of a perfect tt-iangle.
The type. No. 1020 Collection Los Angeles Museum, and
another smaller specimen, were taken by the writer in 100
fathoms off White's Landing, north side of Catalina Island,
California, July, 1928. The type measures in millimeters:
height, 7; breadth, 7.5; hinge line, 5; diameter, 1.6.
Remarks: This little pecten appears nearer to Pecten co-
cosensis Dall than to any other species known to the writer.
It differs strongly from that species, however, in more near-
ly equal ears, lack of spines on the hinge-line, and entirely
different color markings.
66 THE NAUTILUS
Trophon (Boreotrophon) albospinosus, sp. nov. PI. 4,
fig. 3.
Description: Similar to Trophon triangulatus Cpr. (Cal.
Acad. Sci., 3, 1864, p. 224) , not of Ball (Bull. 112, U. S. N. M.,
1921, p. 109), but larger, with proportionately greater
diameter, longer spines, and different color. In color, similar
to T. macouni Ball (Can. Bept. of Mines, G. S. Branch, Mem.
No. 14-N, p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 7), but very different in shape
from this species, being much wider proportionately, with
shorter canal, more acute angles and longer spines, and lack-
ing the prominent spiral cords of macouni.
The type. No. 1028 Collection of Los Angeles Museum, has
six whorls, the apex being lost. The first two of these whorls
are roundly rectangular at the shoulder, the last four very
acutely angulated. Varices eight, sharply laminated, form-
ing open, somewhat curved spines at the shoulder. The
shoulder keel, between the spines is a poorly defined spiral
cord. The type shows no other spirals, but two smaller
specimens in the writer's collection have an indication of
another cord on the body whorl, about one-third of the dis-
tance from the shoulder to the anterior extremity of the
shell. Outer lip thin ; canal short and open. Color of shell
dark brownish purple; spines white; interior of aperture
brown. The type, the largest specimen seen, measures as
follows, in millimeters. Length, 21; diam. 14.4; last whorl
12.
The type and nine other specimens were taken by the
writer in about thirty fathoms, off White's Landing, north
side of Catalina Island, California. In the same locality a
dozen or more specimens of T. triangulatus were secured, all
of which were bluish-white in color.
Trophon triangulatus Cpr. also belongs in the subgenus
Boreotrophon, as used at present, and not in Austrotrophon,
where it is placed by Oldroyd (Marine Shells of W. Coast
of N. A., 1927, Vol. 2, part 2, p. 28) .
THE NAUTILUS 67
TuRBONiLLA (Pyrgolampros) strongi, sp. nov. PL 4, fig. 4.
Description: Shell very slender: chocolate brown (nu-
clear whorls decollated). Post-nuclear whorls almost
straight along the sides, only very slightly rounded toward
the shouldered summit and the periphery, marked by strong,
rounded, slightly protractive axial ribs, of which there are
18 on the first and second, 16 on the third to sixth, 18 on the
seventh, 20 on the eighth and ninth, and 24 on the tenth
(last) turn. Intercostal spaces two or three times as wide
as the ribs. Periphery of the last whorl obtusely angulated,
marked by the continuations of the axial ribs, which remain
strong to the columellar region.
The type. No. 1019 Collection of Los Angeles Museum, has
ten post-nuclear whorls, and measures : Length, 6.8 mm. ;
diam., 1.6 mm. It was taken by the writer in 25 fathoms off
the north shore of Catalina Island, California, July, 1920.
A smaller specimen taken at the same time is in the writer's
collection.
Remarks: This species is proportionally the most slender
of our known west American PyrgolamvTOS. In dimensions
it more nearly resembles some of the slender species of the
sub-genus Turhonilla. It is probably as close to T. hali-
brecta Dall and Bartsch as to any member of its sub-genus.
From this species it differs markedly in more slender pro-
portions, different number of axials and their much stronger
continuation on the base.
I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. A. M.
Strong, the well-known student of west coast mollusca, and
my companion on several dredging expeditions.
Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California.
A NEW RACE OF NERITINA RECLIVATA SAY
BY H. A. PILSBRY
NERITINA RECLIVATA SPHAERA, new SUbsp. PI. 3, fig. 3.
The shell is less elevated than N. reclivata, the spire ex-
tremely short, rising very little, the last whorl strongly con-
68 THE NAUTILUS
vex above the periphery, not flattened and sloping as in
reclivata. Color grape green, densely marked with fine black
lines and with a black line following the suture, as in
reclivata.
Length, 15 mm.; diam., 16 mm.; length of aperture, 14
mm. ; 4 whorls.
Ojus, Florida. Type and paratypes No. 154935 A.N.S.P.,
collected by Mr. Roger P. Gray.
This snail was brought in by Mr. Innes, with specimens
of N. virginea, which had been sent by Mr. Roger P. Gray
of the Roger P. Gray Fish Hatcheries, Ojus, Florida. On
application to Mr. Gray he kindly sent numerous specimens,
with the following notes. **They are found in one of the
drainage canals draining Lake Okechobee, a few miles from
the Atlantic. They usually occur on giant Vallisneria and
reeds, mostly in shallow water, but I have never found them
in the mud or among rocks. The water is not very clear,
yet I feel that it is clean. It is not salty. They seem to eat
all algae. I put quite a number of them in a Mollienesia
pool which I have, which was practically full of algae, in
strictly fresh water, and they have eaten up all the algae.
They live nicely in fresh water."
In many hundreds of N. reclivata from many localities
there are none having the globose shape, short spire and
relatively large aperture of these shells. The apices of all
the specimens are perfect, so that the full height of the spire
is seen.
A^. reclivata Say has been subordinated to N. lineolata
Lam. by Prof, von Martens. The figures referred to in
Encycl. Meth. certainly do not resemble the Florida shells.
I prefer to use the well established name. C/. H. Burrington
Baker, P.A.N.S. 1923 : 141.
Dr. Baker has made N. reclivate a subspecies of N. vir-
ginea, but it seems better left separate. He recognizes
Lamarck's original N. lineolata as the young stage of
AT. zebra Brug. of northern South America.
THE NAUTILUS 69
A PANAMIC CYRENOIDA
BY H. A. PILSBRY AND JAMES ZETEK
CyFvENOIDA panamensis, new species. PI. 3, fig. 4.
Near Panama City. Type 155418 and paratypes 155419
A.N.S.P. ; others in Zetek collection.
The shell is rounded, modified by the subtruncate posterior
end, the weak dorsal curvature and the rather prominent
beaks, which turn more to the anterior end than in C. ameri-
cana; plump. Covered with a dull chamois periostracum
with some Isabella colored concentric streaks, or suffusion ;
this periostracum is very minutely laminate along lines of
growth, and is persistent except at the beaks of old speci-
mens. The interior is grayish white. Hinge rather narrow.
Anterior limb or both limbs of the left cardinal teeth bifid
at summit.
Length, 18 mm. ; height, 17.5 mm. ; diam., 10.3 mm.
The largest shell seen is 20.7 mm. long. The species of
Cyrenoida are much alike, but this certainly differs from
the Cuban C. americana Morel, by its more anteriorly di-
rected beaks, larger size and more persistent periostracum.
C. guatemalensis Pils. is more nearly circular. C. floridana
Dall is a smaller shell, with thinner periostracum and nar-
rower hinge. None of these have the bifid cardinal tooth of
C. panamensis.
It is found in abundance, and has been collected several
times, one lot in the collection must have been taken 60 or
70 years ago. **The Cyrenoida panamensis came from Pena
Prieta which is now the 'exposition site' of the city of Pan-
ama, also known as Hatillo. I have it also from California
which is also a part of the city, adjacent to the other. In
both cases they came from that narrow stretch which is
brackish and where mangrove grows. Now the entire area
is well drained and built up, but I am sure it will be found
further west toward the Rio Mata Asnillo (sometimes
written Matasnillo) ."
70 THE NAUTILUS
FURTHER NOTES ON EPITONIUM FALLACIOSUM
BY A. M. STRONG
In The Nautilus for July, 1931, W. P. Woodring has a
note in which he designates a lectotype for Epitonium fal-
laciosum Dall, 1917, stating that in doing this he '"restores"
the name to nomenclatorial standing. While there is no
question about the desirability of retaining old names wher-
ever possible, in this case it is not possible to do so.
In order that a new specific name be valid it must be ac-
companied by a description, an illustration or a bibliographic
reference. E. fallaciosum Dall, 1917, was proposed for the
shell ''commonly known from California as S. hindsii Cpr."
with the following additional statement: "Carpenter de-
scribed from Panama a species of Nitidoscala with 8 varices,
under the name of S. hindsii. By some confusion he later
transferred the name in 1865 to a well known shell from
California which has 11 to 14 varices." No figure was given
or any further description or bibliographic reference. The
matter is fully discussed in the Transaction of the San Diego
Society of Natural History to which Dr. Woodring refers.
It is shown that the only published description of ''S.
hindsii'' from California is that by Arnold in 1903 and that
the shell he describes should take the name of Epitonium
tinctum (Carpenter). Arnold's work has been extensively
used by California conchologists ever since its publication
and as it was largely based on Dall's identifications it may
be taken as representing his opinion at that time. This was
the shell "commonly known" as S. hindsii prior to 1917 and
E. fallaciosum Dall is placed as a synonym under it. "A
well known shell from California with 11 to 14 varices" can
not be taken as a description as there are six or eight species
of Epitonium from California with from 11 to 14 varices.
One of the most common of these is E. tinctum (Carpenter) .
Dall in 1921 supplied a bibliographic reference, "Keep,
West Coast Shells, p. 183, fig. 174", (1911) which is a figure
of a mature specimen of E. tinctum (Carpenter).
THE NAUTILUS 71
If E. fallaciosum Dall, 1917, is not a synonym of E.
tinctum (Carpenter), 1864, it must be taken that it is a
substitute name for a California species misidentified by
Carpenter as "Scalaria hindsii" and it clearly ranks only as
a musuem label name because it has no published data mak-
ing it possible for conchologists to recognize it. It therefore
would be a nomen nudum. Dr. Woodring's choice in 1931
of the paratype of E. cooperi Strong, 1930, for the lectotype
of E. fallaciosum Dall makes the latter practically an exact
synonym of the former.
NOTES AND NEWS
Mr. d'Alte Welch has been appointed assistant in the
Department of Mollusca in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
The GENUS Goodrichia. — About the time I published this
genus (1929), to include two new forms from the Cam-
eroons, both Thiele and Spence figured new species that are
apparently members of this same genus. In a modern
study, Thiele has made a revision of the Melaniidae which
includes all known members in sj^stematic order (including
the American Pleuroceridae, which is treated as a sub-
family). Thiele places his new form under Rhinomelania
which he considers a subgenus of Potadoma. Rhinomelania
is entirely different from the figure he has given for his new
form, and its affinities even to its proper family is still ques-
tioned. The following is a list of the known species of
Goodrichia:
G. trochiformis CL, 1929, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 69, p.
118, pi. 1, figs. 3-4 (Genoholotype).
G. pilsbryi CL, 1929, Ibid, p. 119, figs. 5-6 (considered now
as a full species).
G. angulata Thiele, 1928, Potadoma (Rhinomelania)
angulata Th., Zool. Jahr. Abt. Sys. 55, p. 387, pi. 8, fig. 12.
G. nyongensis Spence, 1928, Potadoma nyongensis Sp.,
Jour, of Conch. 18, p. 215, pi. 2, figs. 1-3.
72 THE NAUTILUS
In Thiele's classification Goodrichia would be placed as
the last genus under the subfamily Melanatriinae. — W. J.
Clench.
A FACSIMILE REPRINT of those parts of the "Beschreibung
der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitdt zu Rostock" by
H. F. Link, 1806-1808, which refer to Mollusca, is being pre-
pared for issue on 1st October next. The edition is limited to
150. Copies may be obtained on application to Mr. J. R. le B.
Tomlin, 23, Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-by-Sea, Sussex, or
to Mr. R. Winckworth, 71, Whitworth Road, London, S.E.25.
The price will be £1, or $5.00, post free. Advance sub-
scribers may receive a copy at 15s. or $3.75, post free.
COCHLICOPA IN China. — Opeas lata Ping, 1929, Palaeont-
ologia Sinica, Series B, vol. 6, fasc. 5, appears to be only a
form of Cochlicopa lubrica, of which several have been de-
scribed from China (Man. Conch. XIX, p. 324). Opeas
fragilis Ping, from Hopei Province, is an addition to the 25
supposed species of Opeas already described from China. —
PiLSBRY.
Dr. Carlos Guillermo Aguayo y Castro, Assistant Pro-
fessor of Biology and Zoology, University of Havana, has
been appointed a Fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim
Memorial Foundation, to pursue taxonomic studies in the
fields of Malacology and Entomology.
Helix effusa Pfr., Malak. Bl. XIII, 1866, p. 78, being a
homonym of Helix effusa Fischer de Waldheim, Mus. Demi-
doff III, 235 (1807), may be called Suavitas monteplatonis.
The type locality is Mt. Platon, Haiti. — Pilsbry.
Typhis lowei, n. sp. — A small, trivaricose species in
w^hich the varices are continuous from whorl to whorl, pro-
duced and incurved posteriorly, where the included tubes
are terminal. Length, 14.5 mm.; diam., 8 mm. Montijo
Bay, R. P., collected by H. N. Lowe. This lovely and curious
little Typhis will be figured in a paper now in press. — H. A.
Pilsbry.
(lu I L I S i*^: n R Y
The Nautilus. ^'*i<:
Vol. XLV JANUARY, 1932. No. 3
SHELL COLLECTING IN WEST CENTRAL AMERICA
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
On this my third consecutive winter collecting expedition
in west coast ports below our southern border, the first stop
was Champerico, Guatemala.
All passengers and baggage landed here have to be lowered
over the side of the large steamer to small boats, from which
you are again hoisted to a rickety old pier and a tiny narrow
gage railway which runs to the Capital.
The coast line looked anything but favorable to a conch-
ologist so I decided to spend the next week visiting the points
of interest in the interior and going on by rail to La Union,
Salvador, on the Gulf of Fonseca. A new rail connection has
just been finished between Guatemala City and San Salvador
by which it is now possible to go by rail the entire distance
from the U. S. A. to the Gulf of Fonseca. Tagucigalpa in
Honduras is now the only Central American capital not to be
reached by railroad.
The Champerico coast is a long line of white surf on an
endless stretch of black sand beach as far as the eye can
leach. I was told that the next three ports below here are
similar open roadsteads. If one were here immediately after
a storm there might be some luck, but at other times nothing.
La Union, a little town of some five thousand inhabitants,
is one of the principal coffee ports m Central America. The
coast line here at low tide is a vast expanse of mud flats where
the native women and children wade at low tide in search of
things edible for the soup pot. The family pigs follow along,
also searching out marine delicacies. The Modiolus guyanen-
74 THE NAUTILUS
sis Lam. burrows separately in the mud but the smaller
Modiolus mutabilis Cpr. lives in great masses thirty feet or
more across, raised above the surrounding flats, thus fur-
nishing excellent foraging for the hogs at extreme low water.
For two days, dui-ing my stay, a stiff northerly wind blew,
the last day so bad that the tri-weekly launch from Amapala
could not land but had to ride out the storm all that day and
night. At the first low tide after, the beach yielded a plenti-
ful assortment of Modiolus, Dosinia, several species of Venus
and Callista and two species of the lovely red Tellinas and
other occasional rarities.
The hotel cook for a small *'propina" kindly boiled all my
shells for me, and after a thorough cleaning, dried them in
the hot sunshine in the patio.
The large black and white Columbella rugosa Sby. seemed
to be very abundant everywhere, but at extreme low tide a
few species of rare gastropods could occasionally be found
under stones on the mud flats. An interesting species of
Crepidula was found living on Modiolus guyanensis Lam.
taking form and color from its host. Chitons and Cypraea
were conspicuous by their absence.
Returning one day from "Isla Perico" my boatman rowed
me through the mangrove-lined river passage. Here we
passed literally acres of bars covered with oysters, all dead,
evidently killed by fresh water floods. Area tubereulosa Rve.
is very abundant here; all through the mangrove swamps,
the snapping together of the valves is plainly heard as one
rows along. They are much used for food by the native popu-
lation, being called coriles here, and in Nicaragua by the
name tuehia. They are eaten raw, like oysters, with lime
juice, but the dark mahogany color of the flesh did not look
appetizing to me.
At the end of ten days the full moon tides were over and
my specimens in condition to send through the mail, so I took
the first steamer for Corinto.
Here in place of mud flats were miles of white sand beach.
A few pairs of fine Mactra and other bivalves came ashore
here. I had quite a thrill at collecting my first Agaronia
THE NAUTILUS 76
testacea Lk. plowing through the sand at low water in com-
pany with the chocolate colored Terebra luctuosa Hds. and
the sportive little banded Olivella columellaris Sby., which,
instead of the usual slow gait of that genus, had the jumping
movements of a trained seal, usually burying itself in the
sand between each wave, leaving only the two spreading
tentacles protruding. On one of the best tides, I took a
''cayuca" with two native rowers to the Isla Cordon, the
island at the entrance to the bay, on which is the lighthouse.
Here I had thrill number two in finding my first live
Siphonaria characteristica. I supposed I was finding S. gigas
Sby., but that species did not turn up till Panama, and at no
place did I find any intergrades of the two species. Although
not a rare species it is so beautiful that one wants to take all
in sight until you find that quite impossible, both as to loca-
tion and tide.
The large Purpura crassa Blv. with its beautiful purple
stained columella put in its first appearance here. On the
mud flats across the bay from town were great colonies of
Olivella volutella Lk. in six distinct beautiful color forms.
Corinto had about the fewest species of any of the ports
visited. After a busy ten days of collecting, I took the train
for Granada, that picturesque old Spanish town on the
shores of Lake Nicaragua. On returning stopped at her
ancient rival Leon and the newer capital Managua, beauti-
fully located on the lake of that name, which in two short
weeks after my visit was to be utterly destroyed.
San Juan del Sur the next port south, a picturesque little
town, snuggles on one side of beautiful San Juan Bay, palm
fringed and hill surrounded. It has the quaint smoky kero-
sene street lamps and other luxuries of a by-gone period.
Water for domestic use is carried into the houses, likewise
the bath tubs.
I had an upstairs room at the house of the Comandante
with balconies on front and back where I could dry my shells.
I soon found the roof to be well populated with sportive
tropical rats, which at night seemed to enjoy playing rat
billiards with my cypraeas and cones trying to see how many
76 THE NAUTILUS
they could roll down the knot-holes in the floor. Sometimes I
would find them half way down the back stairs or rolled
under the bed.
One of the redeeming features of the place, however, were
the meals, for the Comandante's wife had learned to cook in
American style, while on a visit to California.
The day I landed, and for six days following, a stiff north
wind howled through the town night and day ; it seemed as
though the houses would surely all lose their corrugated iron
roofs. At last the wind subsided and the balance of my stay
was simply perfect. The beach was well supplied with col-
onies of Olivella columellaris Sby. in two color forms, a yel-
low one which was rather rare; also quite a few agaronia
testacea Lk. ; I took three specimens of a beautiful orange
color, like Cypraea aurantia.
While collecting them at low tide I noticed to my surprise
that before drawing within the shell each individual cast off
the posterior part of the foot, about one-third of the entire
length. Otherwise the animal could not entirely withdraw
into the shell. The species has no operculum. The portion of
the foot which it is possible for the mollusk to cast off, is
clearly defined by a line of separation on the under side and
is actually attached by a mere thread. The detached portion
pulsated with life for several minutes after being separated.
On the further side of the bay were plenty of Siphonaria
characteristica, Columbella, and several species of chitons.
Columbella labiosa Sby., to my amazement, clung to the
sides of exposed rocks like Thais, and the Columbella rugosa
Sby. were sitting around everywhere on top of the rocks, not
underneath where most of the genus are supposed to live.
The next bay to the north, "Nacas Colo", proved the most
profitable collecting ground. In going there every day I had
to pass a huge rubber tree on the edge of the clearing where a
large colony of white-faced monkeys had their home. At
sight of me they always started a great chattering, wonder-
ing, I suppose, at the queer human creature who picked up
many shells (Siphonarias) only to throw away the nice juicy
animals and keep the useless "conchas".
THE NAUTILUS 77
On the further side of Nacas Colo where the rocks and
sand beach meet, I took some fine live Vasum coestum Brod.
and Murex regius in the sand between the rocks ; and on top
and sides of these same rocks, in much the same location as
our Murex trialatus in California, was a small colony of the
extremely rare Murex oxycantha Brod., the young shells
quite free from incrustations. This was one of my best finds
as I had never taken but one of these before and that was a
badly incrusted specimen at Mazatlan.
While digging for bivalves in the clam beds among a mix-
ture of small stones and sandy mud, I was much surprised to
find a Sigaretus with brick red body about six inches in
length, of course completely enveloping the beautiful brown
shell.
Although I offered my native companion a peso each, he
was unable to unearth another one, although he set his whole
family to digging next day.
On my second visit to Nacas Colo, I explored the near side
of the bay. It was the lowest of the February tides and was
running out fast, exposing parts of the beach not seen before.
When about half way to the outer point, I noticed in a little
sheltered cove what seemed to be masses of white foam float-
ing on the water. By the time I had reached the spot I found
quite a coral reef exposed so that I could wade out and search
for mollusks. Here I took my first living Coraliophilla madre-
porarum Sby. I had taken dead shells at both Tres Marias
and Acapulco last year. I had a small iron bar with me and
must have smashed up a good wagon load of coral before the
incoming tide put a stop to operations. A number of beauti-
ful living specimens of Cypraea arabicula Lk. and Pustularia
pustulata were found underneath the coral masses. The
latter species was much larger though paler in color than
those found under rocks. The coraliophila were almost al-
ways clinging to the large inside stems of the coral which
necessitated careful search of the broken fragments.
San Juan del Sur was one of the richest collecting grounds
I have found on the entire coast. Many small treasures would
occasionally turn up such as Murex erosus Brod.; Murex
78 THE NAUTILUS
obeliscus Ads.; Murex radiatus Ads.; Bursa callata Brod.,
and several Tritons, with their thick fur overcoats, would be
taken alive at times.
The natives poetically refer to the coral as "los flores del
mar" or flowers of the sea ; they gather nice specimens and
tint them with all colors like Joseph's coat. They brought
some around to the Comandancia expecting me to buy some
of their weird concoctions. They wanted eighty cents from
the American but the comandante's wife finally bought the
largest piece for fifteen cents, and it proudly adorns the
center table in the sola today.
Many of the natives had been telling me what quantities
of fine shells there were at Santa Elena Bay, so to satisfy
my curiosity, we fitted out for a two-day expedition with the
large cabin launch ''Chumba". There were sixteen in the
party all told, and everyone slept on deck that night except
three who went out hunting deer and tapir.
As Sta. Elena is just inside the Costa Rica border we had
to stop at a small port. Las Cruces, on the frontier to obtain
permission to land. We had the Comandante of San Juan
with us and the Comandante of Las Cruces came along also
to enjoy the fishing.
At Las Cruces, in getting back on the launch, I and my
camera went overboard. After being fished out, I dried my-
self on deck in the hot sunshine but the poor camera had
shipped some salt water in the shutter and refused to work
the rest of the trip, besides losing a roll of irreplacable film.
We did a lot of trolling on the way over with excellent re-
sults in large fish. We arrived at our destination just about
dark and some of the men went ashore to clean the large
catch of fish which were salted and dried next morning. By
daylight we were all ready to go ashore. The tide was out
early and exposed large mud and sand flats at the upper end
of the bay where we were anchored.
That morning I took my first living Stromhus galeatus
Sby. which were plowing along through the mud at extreme
tide. Across the river mouth were rich clam flats where
some of the men dug enough Venus subrugosa Sby. for a
THE NAUTILUS 79
meal and others took a whole barley sack full of Area tuber-
culosa Sby. in the mangroves bordering the river. I took
some of the most beautiful color patterns of Tapes grata
Say I have ever seen. Feeding on the bivalves were many
Murex regius Wood, often three of the younger ones trying
to open the same Dosinia. That morning I took my only liv-
ing specimens of Fasciolaria granosa Brod. and they were
beauties too. It seems to be a very rare species all along the
coast, even dead shells are rarely seen.
Two days later I had all my Nicaraguan catch cleaned and
dried, and I fairly swamped the little San Juan Post Office
with packages. After sixteen very pleasant and profitable
days at this Nicaraguan port I left for Puntarenas, Costa
Rica.
Puntarenas as its name indicates lies on a long sand spit
in the Gulf of Nicoya. The inner bay or Estero gives anchor-
age for small craft and river boats which bring down cattle
and much valuable hardwood timber from the inland forests.
The shore is lined with saw-mills.
The outer side of the peninsula has a fine new steel pier
just completed, where the larger steamers land. At extreme
low water, many large sand bars make their appearance in
the inner bay, each one seeming to have some particular
species not found on the others. On one small bar were the
only living Potamides pacificum taken on the whole trip. On
the largest bar at the mouth of the channel I found some
giant Melongena patula completely in the mud, at another
place was a large school of Conus mahogani Rve. and at the
extreme end fine Conus. Many fine color forms of Olivella
volutella Lk. and an occasional live Cassis abreviatus Lk. and
Dolium. ringens Sby. plowing through the sand. I was sur-
prised to find Dolium living on sand flats when at Mazatlan
I had taken them in ledges of rock inhabited by Patella TYiexi-
cana Sby. in open wave-beaten locations.
Puntarenas seems to be the metropolis for Area grandis,
for I have never seen them in such abundance or size any-
where else — occasionally large pairs would be found which
would weigh several pounds each. Great heaps of the shells
80 THE NAUTILUS
would be found back of every hotel and restaurant along the
water front. The fishermen gather them at low tide on the
sand bars in the bay and keep them in beds between tides
ready for use at any time. Many families have large areas
paved with the shells on which to dry their laundry in the
hot sun. A double row of the shells set in the edge of the
cement walks in front of some of the better homes would
often be seen. In some parts of the bay were large bars
studded with pairs of Pinna, but not a living specimen ! Evi-
dently they had been killed out by fresh water mud, for on
attempting to set foot on these seemingly solid bars, one
would sink to the knees in soft ooze, the broken shells cut-
ting one's flesh, making landing next to impossible.
I chartered a launch with crew of three men to cruise the
upper part of the Gulf of Nicoya ana some of the islands. The
collecting as a whole was not what might be expected as the
tides were not sufficiently low, but nevertheless a few rarities
in bivalves turned up. On the edges of the mangrove swamps
I took the finest Littorina pulchra (well named !) I had ever
seen. They were as large as strawberries and were up as
high as my head on the mangrove trees. They were not very
plentiful and travel through mangrove swamps is not the
best going. On one island the cook gathered a bucket of large
Neritas and that evening we had Neritas fried with black
beans and white rice and were not so bad when one is hungry
— the Neritas were rather tough, however. The natives refer
to beans and rice cooked together as Moros y Cristianos,
Quite expressive !
After two weeks of Puntarenas I went by rail to the capital
for a few days to cool off in the higher altitude. At San Juan
one sleeps under a blanket, while on the coast a sheet is too
much.
The third day after reaching Panama, I started out to ex-
plore the Monti jo Bay country about two hundred miles
north. I am sure that sometimes it is well that we do not
forsee the days, inconveniences and obstacles incidental to a
certain anticipated trip or we probably would not take it. I
was rewarded, however, with some of the best collecting of
THE NAUTILUS 81
the winter. Suffice it to say that I left Panama on a Wed-
nesday morning and did not reach Mariato till Saturday
midnight. The latter part of the trip was made by launch
down the tidal river San Pablo into the Bay of Monti jo and
almost everything seemed to happen to enliven the trip, from
breaking the rudder to running aground on a sand bar, in the
black moonless night, opposite Tres Islas.
At Mariato I had very comfortable quarters on the coco-
nut plantation and had a horse at my disposal every day. The
upper reaches of the bay are simply endless miles of man-
grove swamps, but after passing the river Suai the coast line
gradually changes to mud flats, sandy mud, then clear sand
beach with many Olivella and numerous bivalves. About three
miles further a long reef of shelving rock runs out a good
half mile from shore, the outer part is only accessible at the
lowest tides of the year for an hour or so, as the tides of
twenty feet or more run in very rapidly once they have
turned. I made daily trips to this reef for five days and
while my horse dozed in the shade of a treee by the beach, his
master turned literally tons of rocks and was well rewarded
by lovely Cypraea, Cones, Mitra, Cardita, Murex and Triton,
in no great quantity, but enough to keep up one's enthusiasm.
Once more I had to thank the hermit crabs for some of my
rarest species — much like the location in Mazatlan where I
had such good luck two years ago, a small bunch of small
rocks on the edge of the mud flats yielded three species of
Cancellaria and several Pleurotomas, Terebas, etc., all of
which I had dredged in deep water off the Mexican coast.
Some of them were as fresh and perfect as living shells.
As the tides were over I reluctantly bade farewell to
Mariato and after a trip of two days and two nights by dug-
out canoe, on foot, on horseback and lastly by autostage, I
finally reached Panama and civilization once more. Two
days later I left for Taboga Island, reputed to be very rich in
molluscan life. During my nine days' stay, there were the
full moon tides of April which were extremely good. I
worked diligently every day turning over tons of rock and
coral both there and on Taboguilla and I must say that at
82 THE NAUTILUS
times no doubt Taboga is very rich but during my stay it was
the poorest collecting, regards number of species, of any
place I have visited on the coast of Central America.
My dredging this trip has been rather a failure. At La
Union I was unable to secure a launch. At Corinto I had the
Pilot's boat two mornings with fair success. At San Juan
del Sur after the third haul we lost the dredge completely
and had to have another one made after much difficulty.
At Puntarenas I could not find any suitable dredging
ground; too much mud.
At Taboga, the very opposite, coarse gravel but no shells —
the gravel so coarse in fact it would not wash through the
dredge net. At a small island between Taboga and the main-
land we made a few hauls with mostly live Pecten circularis
as results. These seem to come into shallow water only at
certain seasons of the year — probably at spawning time.
The Cypraea arabicula, Ranella caelata and several Thais
were all spawning on the rocks at this season.
NEW LAND SNAILS FROM IDAHO AND EASTERN OREGON
BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER
Among the species collected in the Idaho Transition-Area
during the summer of 1931, the following appear to be new:
Anguispira nimapuna and Discus (Gonyodiscus) marmor-
ensis from Idaho and Megomphix lutarius from eastern
Oregon. Arguments are presented to show that the generic
term Discus should take preference over the more familiar
Gonyodiscus. Types are in the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.
ANGUISPIRA NIMAPUNA, new species. Plate 5, figs. 4 to 6.
Type locality near northeast corner of section 32, T. 32 N.,
R. 4 E. (Boise Meridian) at about 116° W. Long, and 46° 5'
N. Lat. ; quite common in a small, shallow, lava rock-slide
near bottom (altitude about 1,350 feet) of southv/est-facing
THE NAUTILUS 83
slope (with sparse brush and a few yellow pine) on east side
of South Fork of Clearwater River, across road from monu-
ment to Chief Joseph (on battleground of Nez Perce or
Nimapu Indians), one mile south of Stites, Idaho County,
Idaho. Aestivating (Aug. 24), especially near roots of scat-
tered, service-berry bushes ; more deeply hidden than Poly-
gyra ptychophora and an Oreohelix, but less so than Poly-
gyra mullani and Polygyrella polygyrella, which buried them-
selves in the black, coarsely granular soil beneath the rock-
slide; not found in the adjacent, larger slides or at any other
locality.
Shell (pi. 5, figs. 4 to 6) small (for genus) , much depressed
(type) to depressed conical, angulate at periphery; olive-
brown to straw-color, often with very vague, darker flam-
mulae, and with greenish tinge predominating in young
specimens ; translucent when fresh and with satin-like luster.
Whorls 5% (type), gradually increasing and depressed.
Embryonic whorls 2; first almost smooth but with weak
traces of the oblique sculpture of A. alternata; second gradu-
ally assuming nepionic ribs. Young shells more sharply
angulate than adults. Last whorl with 54 (type) , heavy, low,
widely spaced growth-ribs (about Vs as wide as interspaces) ,
which are positively arcuate above periphery and negatively
so below (much as in A. alternata), and with extremely
delicate, closely spaced, fairly regular, secondary riblets
which are crossed, in the major interspaces, by fine, irregu-
lar, spiral striae. Umbilicus large, 3.19 (type) to 3.64 (para-
type) times in major diameter; ogival. Aperture depressed,
angulate. Peristome simple and sharp; markedly oblique
(about 50° to axis of shell) ; emarginate just below suture.
DIMENSIONS
Altitude Maj. diam. Min. diam. Alt. apert. Diam. apert. Whorls
Type 5.33 229(12.2) 201(10.7) 58(3.09) 146(4.52) 5%
Paratype 6.14 193(11.9) 178(10.9) 49(3.01) 157(4.72) 6
A. nimapuna is the first Anguispira of the typical group
that has been found west of the Rocky Mountains. Its rela-
tively thin shell, very delicate microscopic sculpture and al-
84 THE NAUTILUS
most uniform coloration immediately distinguish it from the
species of the eastern United States,
Discus (Gonyodiscus) marmorensis, new species. Plate 5,
figs. 1 to 3.
Type locality about 116° 20' W. Long., 45° 35' N. Lat.,
elevation near 3,000 feet; quite infrequent in steep, north
facing, mossy talus slope, shaded by fairly open stand of
mesophytes (dominated by grand fir and large yew), below
cliffs of white, crystalline marble that tends to crumble into
angular gravel and sand, about 2 miles up middle fork of
John Day Creek canyon, which opens into Salmon River
canyon near southeast corner of section 14, T. 26 N., R. 1 E.
(Boise Meridian), Idaho County, Idaho.
Aestivating (July 30) 1 to 3 feet below surface on dirty
rocks which were wedged between and against the roots of a
large clump of dwarf maple, along with Radiodiscus abietum,
Microphysula ingersolli, G. cronkhitei, Polygyra mullani, P.
ptychophora, Anguispira kochi, Oreohelix haydeni, Pristi-
loma idahoense, P. subrupicola, etc.
Shell (PI. 5, figs. 1 to 3) small but heavy, moderately
(type) to decidedly depressed, dome-shaped above with
flatter base ; thread-carinate at periphery ; dull, with narrow
varices of buff and brown alternating with broader flam-
mulae of dark chestnut (often more evident in young and in
bleached shells than in fresh adults). Whorls 6i/^ (type),
very gradually increasing ; suture abruptly impressed. Em-
bryonic whorls 2 ; half of first almost smooth but remainder
with fine, protractive and retractive striae ; about l^ of last
showing slight traces of nepionic ribs. Young shells bicon-
vex, much more depressed but with vaguer carina than
adults. Last whorl with lateral surface about 40° from
vertical, with moderately convex base and with peripheral
angulation marked off as a thread-carina by shallow grooves
above and below it ; with about 70, low, heavy growth-ribs,
which are Vs to 1/2 width of interspaces and which extend
from suture to below periphery but disappear almost com-
pletely on most of base, although traces are often present on
THE NAUTILUS 85
the umbilical wall ; with microscopic sculpture (more distinct
above carina) consisting of irregular, anastomosing growth-
wrinkles, crossed by occasional spiral striae that seldom can
be traced beyond a single major interspace. Umbilicus large
and funicular, 2.94 times in maj. diam. Peristome simple and
sharp, slightly oblique (about 30° to axis of shell), very
slightly emarginate below suture.
DIMENSIONS
Altitude Maj. diam. Min. diam. Alt. apert. Diam. apert. Whorls
Type 4.64 175(8.13) 166(7.72) 39(1.81) 156(2.82) 61/2
Discus has been used here as the genus and Gonyodiseus
as a section for the following reasons. Fitzinger ( 1833, Beitr.
Landesk. Oesterr. Ill : 98, 99) proposed two genera which in-
cluded species that are now combined in one. Gonyodiseus
(p. 98) had, for monotype, G. perspectivu^ (Meg. v. Mtihlf .) ,
from southern Europe, which should not be confused with
Say's preoccupied name for the nearctic D. patulus (Desh.).
Discus (p. 99) included its type by subsequent designation of
Gray (1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 174), Helix ruderata
Studer, which is very close to the nearctic D. eronkhitei
(Newc). Page priority was formerly considered valid, and
Gonyodiseus has been given precedence over Discus by most
recent authors, but the International Commission has wisely
decided (Opinion 40) that priority (at least in the case of
species) is not affected by mere paginal sequence, but must
be determined by subsequent selection. So far as I can ascer-
tain, H. and A. Adams (1855, Gen. Rec. Moll. II: 116) were
the first to take definite action in the present case and they
used Discus as a genus, with Gonyodiseus as one of its
synonyms.
Discus marmorensis is very different from any of the other
nearctic species. It does resemble considerably, both in shell
and soft parts, the palearctic D. perspeetivus (Muhlf.) but
has a much heavier, more elevated shell, with greater con-
trast between the sculpture of its apical and that of its basal
sides. It is apparently the first nearctic species of Gonyo-
diseus, an otherwise palearctic group.
86 THE NAUTILUS
Megomphix lutarius, new species. Plate 5, figs. 7 to 9.
Macrocyclis hemphilli W. G. B. (1886, 2nd Suppl. : 25),
Weston, Ore. (A.N.S.P. 11793); not W. G. B. (1879).
Circinaria hemphilli Pils. (1898, Naut. 11: 128), Walla
Walla, Wash. (A.N.S.P. 11795). Cf. Haplotrema hemp-
hilli Henderson (1929, Univ. Colo. Studies 17: 97).
Type locality about 118° 25' W. Long., 45° 45' N. Lat.,
elevation over 2,000 feet; frequent on an almost vertical,
lava exposure, overgrown with dry moss, ferns and scattered
bushes, below north-facing slope with Douglas fir (Pseud-
otsuga) and only a few feet from the practically dry bed of
Pine Creek, about 5 miles above Weston, Umatilla Co., Ore-
gon. Aestivating (Aug. 10), buried 2 to 5 inches under yel-
lowish dust and dirt in hollows of the outcropping ledges,
near Polygyra, Microphysula, Haplotrema, Anguispira, Ra-
diodiscus ahietum, Gonyodiscus cronkhitei, Pristiloma idaho-
ense, P. subrupicola, etc.
Shell (PI. 5, figs. 7 to 9) quite small, thin and much de-
pressed; rather dull, light corneous with a slight greenish
tinge. Whorls 5l^ (type) , quite gradually increasing; suture
well impressed. Embryonic whorls 2, almost smooth but
with extremely weak traces of fine, closely spaced, spiral
striae and with nepionic growth-lines gradually appearing
on last 1/4 whorl. Last whorl terete, slightly descending, with
closely spaced, low but distinct growth- wrinkles (more evi-
dent than in M. hemphilli), which are crossed by exceed-
ingly fine, irregular, closely spaced, spiral striae (only visible
under high magnification and in strong light). Umbilicus
large, 3.35 times in maj. diam. Aperture well rounded except
near sutural angle where outline is more convex. Peristome
thin and sharp, easily broken (all shells show mended
places) ; slightly arcuate above periphery and almost vertical
(about 20° to axis of shell) .
DIMENSIONS
Altitude Maj. diam, Min. diam. Alt. apert. Diam. apert. Whorls
Type 4.59 196(9.01) 172(7.88) 75(3.45) 108(3.73) 514
Paratype 5.14 204(10.5) 177(9.1) 72(3.68) 115(4.25) 514
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE 5
1—3. Discus marmorensis H. B. Baker. 4 — 6. Anguispira nimapuna H.
B. Baker. 7 — 9. Megomphix lutarius H. B. Baker.
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE 6
New Cuban Shells — Torre, Aguayo, and Clench
THE NAUTILUS 87
M. lutarius is very closely related to M. hemphilli from
western Oregon and Washington, but is a smaller shell and
has relatively stronger growth-wrinkles, which give it a
duller sheen. These differences, although apparently con-
stant, are confessedly smaller than the range of variation
displayed in some of the other, better known species of north-
western snails. The anatomy of paratypes of M. lutarius is
also very similar to that of the genotype (H. B. B. ; 1930,
Naut. 43 : 96, pi. 5, fig. 1-4) , but the spermoviduct of the new
species is much broader basally; its albumen gland is rela-
tively larger ; the apical half of its more elongate talon is re-
curved ; and the 7 lobes of its ovotestis are not so completely
subdivided. Also, its radular formula is 5 + 9 + 7 + 1 + 21,
with 101 transverse rows, and the inner marginals are less
elongate and more nearly intermediate between the laterals
and the outer marginals. However, the differences in the
spermoviduct and the albumen gland are perhaps due to the
more complete maturity of the western animals (even of con-
siderably smaller individuals than the type), while the
peculiarities of the ovotestis and radula might be correlated
with size.
Description of Plate 5
All figures are made with aid of camera lucida. Scales
represent 2 mm. ; upper is for fig. 4 and lower for figs. 1 and 9.
Figs. 1-3. Discus (Gonyodiscu^) marmorensis (John Day
Creek, Idaho) . Vertical view and apical and basal outlines
of type shell (A.N.S.P. 156442).
Figs. 4-6. Anguispira nimapuna (Stites, Idaho) . Vertical
view and apical and basal outlines of type shell (A.N.S.P.
156441).
Figs. 7-9. Megomphix lutarius (Weston, Ore.). Apical
and basal outlines and vertical view of type shell (A.N.S.P.
156443).
,^\c^Aiy.
c
Lui L i B K A R Y
^s^^^
jy
A'ffi
('^
88 THE NAUTILUS
SOME NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIS
BY CARLOS DE LA TORRE
UROCOPTIS HETEROSCULPTA, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 11.
This species belongs to the group of U, crispula Pfr. by
having the internal axis with two lamellae, the superior one
being larger. It is similar in size and shape to U. artemisiae
(Gundlach), differing from it and from any other species of
the group by its peculiar sculpture; the axial riblets being
much more closer together on the last 4-6 whorls, often hav-
ing a sharp transition between the two forms of sculpture.
The length of the shell ranges from 12.5 to 17 mm., the /logo-
type measures 13.5 mm. in length and 3 mm. in diameter.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47987. Found on the stone walls
of "Finca El Ingles", near Sierra del Grillo, Madruga, Ha-
vana Province. (C. G. Aguayo, collector.) Paratypes:
M. C. Z. No. 60831 and 80609, from the same locality. Also
in the author's collection and in the collection of C. G. Aguayo.
UROCOPTIS SCALARINA PORTUONDI, subsp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 12.
This subspecies differs from the typical form of the species
found in "Abra del Yumuri", Matanzas, by its stouter form
and stronger sculpture, which is formed by a less number of
axial riblets, (14-16 in U. scalarina, 8-9 in U. s. portuondi.)
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47901, from "Sierra del Grillo",
Madruga, Havana Province. E. Portuondo, collector. It
measures: length 9.6 mm., diam. 2 mm. Aperture 1.8 mm.
width. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No. 47892, from the type lot.
Also in the author's collection and in the collection of C. G.
Aguayo.
UROCOPTIS MELLITA, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 14.
Shell slender, very long, very brittle, translucent, often
decollated, cylindrical, the first whorls forming an acute
cone. Whorls convex, 28 to 30 in complete specimens, 7 to 9
less in decollated shells. Last whorl very long, disjointed.
Color dark honey. Surface smooth and brilliant, with obso-
lete axial undulations, which become more numerous and
THE NAUTILUS 89
conspicuous on the last whorl. Columellar axis with a twisted
revolving ridge ; obsolete on the last whorls. Aperture circu-
lar, peristome white and expanded. The length of the shells
ranges from 17 to 23 mm.
The holotype measures: length 20 mm., diameter of the
largest whorl 1.6 mm. Aperture 1.2.
HoloUjve: M. C. Z. No. 47900, from "Finca El Ingles".
Sierra del Grillo, Madruga. Habana Province. C. de la Torre,
collector. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No. 52767 and 84865, from the
type lot. C. G. Aguayo, collector. M. C. Z. No. 52969, from
Sierra del Grillo, Madruga. N. W. Lermond, collector. M. C. Z.
No. 78026, from the type locality. M. Jaume, collector.
M. C. Z. No. 86605, from the type locality, P. J. Bermudez,
collector. There are also paratypes on the author's collection
and in the collection of C. G. Aguayo.
Urocoptis mellita perlonga, subsp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 13.
This subspecies differs from U. mellita, by its larger size,
thinner columellar axis, longer last whorl, paler coloration
and stronger sculpture; the axial undulation being substi-
tuted by very riblets widely spaced. The holotype measured :
length 25.5 mm., diam. 2 mm. Aperture 1.4 mm.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47899, from Loma de la Reforma,
Pipian. Habana Province. C. de la Torre, collector. Para-
types: In the author's collection and in the collection of S. G.
Aguayo.
Although this subspecies is easily distinguishable from the
typical form, it is so closely related to it by its glossy surface
and its shape, that it seems to be convenient to consider it
only as a subspecies.
WEST INDIAN MOLLUSKS NO. 2— NEW CUBAN CERIONS
BY C. DE LA TORRE AND W. J. CLENCH
Cerion aguayoi, sp. nov. Plate 6, figs. 6, 7.
Shell solid, rimately umbilicate, cylindrical to subcylin-
drical. Most specimens slightly wider above the middle.
90 THE NAUTILUS
Color white to greyish white. Interior of aperture occa-
sionally slightly pink-yellow. Whorls flat, 91/2 to 101/2- First
two nuclear whorls glassy, striate axially with fine hair like
ridges. Remaining whorls opaque. The axial striation is
generally lost beyond the fifth whorl though some speci-
mens retain the striation throughout. Spire forming usually
an angle of approximately 90°. The angular portion is com-
posed of six to seven whorls, the remainder are more or less
flat sided. Aperture rounded to rounded-ovate; fully adult
specimens are somewhat holostomous, in others the parietal
wall is lightly calloused. Peristome white, reflected. Colum-
ella straight. Parietal tooth well centered, but not sharply
developed. Columellar tooth usually present but slightly de-
veloped, occasionally obsolete or reduced to a slight thickness
on the columella.
Sutures very slightly indentated. Sculpture composed of
axial growth lines irregularly spaced on the majority of
specimens examined. Certain specimens, however, exhibit a
strong tendency to develop axial ribs which are an appar-
ent outgrowth of the sculpture exhibited on the early whorls
of all specimens.
On the basal area of the body whorl the riblets become fine
and more numerous.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47902, Road to Caletones, about 6
Km. W. of Gibara, Oriente, Cuba. C. G. Aguayo, collector,
August, 1927. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No. 47903 and 52783, and
in collections of C. de la Torre and C. G. Aguayo.
THE NAUTILUS 91
This species belong to the group of C, vroteus Gundlach,
and like it is found in Gibara, Cuba. C. aguayoi is restricted
to a very small area about 4 miles from C. proteus. It differs
from C. proteus by its smaller size and by the shape of the^
shell, the apex being rounded, less obtuse. In C. proteus the
whorls are very flat and irregularly at the sutures, often pro-
truding slightly beyond the next whorl. An occasional speci-
men of C. aguayoi shows a trace of the peculiar condition.
Cerion aguayoi bequaerti, subsp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 8.
This subspecies differs from the typical form in being
larger, more cylindrical and the spire more tapering. In the
specimens examined by us there is no indication of the "wide
point" which occurs just above the middle in both C. proteus
and C. aguayoi. The locality of C. aguayoi bequaerti is about
50 Km. east of Gibara, the locality of the other forms.
Holotype
Paratype
Paratype
Paratype
Paratype
Paratype
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 86177, dunes at Lucrecia light-
house, near Banes, Oriente, Cuba. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No.
86176.
This subspecies is probably a direct offshoot of C. proteus
stock and apparently may be a form of parallel development
similar to that of C. aguayoi. However, it seems best in our
present understanding of these forms to consider it a
subspecies of the latter species to which it more closely
approximates.
NEW SPECIES OF OPISTHOSIPHON FROM EASTERN CUbI
BY C. G. AGUAYO
This paper is the first of a series to be published on Cuban
Mollusks, for which the author is indebted to the Guggen-
92 THE NAUTILUS
heim Foundation in awarding him one of its fellowships
which permits him to study in American Institutions. The
author also wishes to thank Dr. Thomas Barbour for permit-
ting him to work in the Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Dr. Carlos de la Torre for many wise suggestions, and Mr.
William Clench for his useful criticism.
The malacological fauna of the region of Holguin, Cuba
has been almost unknown; Gundlach and Arango had ob-
tained but very few species from this locality. During the
year 1914, Dr. Carlos de la Torre and the late John B.
Henderson visited "El Yayal", five mil^s south of the town
of Holguin, but as yet the results of their trip remains un-
published.
From 1926 to 1931 I made several excursions to that re-
gion, and had the opportunity of finding several new species
of land shells among which, those of the genus Opisthosiphon
were very remarkable. They constitute a group of umbili-
cate shells quite different from most of the remaining Cuban
species of that genus.
In addition to the new species I include here some notes
relating to Opistho siphon aguilerianum (Ar.) , whose generic
position and type locality have been fixed by the Cuban
naturalist de la Torre, who has been kind enough to permit
me to publish an abstract of his notes about this species.
Opisthosiphon aguilerianum (Arango).
Cyclostoma aguilerianuTn Arango, Ann. Real. Acad. Cienc.
Med. Fis. Nat. Habana, t. XII, p. 280. 1876.
Tudora ? aguileriana Arango, Fauna Malacologica Cubana,
p. 21. 1878. Crosse, Journ. Conch. 39, p. 301. 1890.
The generic status of this species was not established by
Arango in his original description owing to the lack of the
operculum, but later he refers it to the genus Tudora on ac-
count of the similarity of the shell to Tudora moreletiana
Petit, now an Opisthosiphon. He failed to assign the locality
and only says : "Hallado en la Isla por Mr. Wright".
De la Torre considered it as an Opisthosiphon. He says:
"In my opinion Cyclostoma aguilerianum was a Bahama
THE NAUTILUS 93
species related to Op. bahamensis and I supposed it to be
wrongly considered as a Cuban shell, but three years ago I
received some shells from Gibara, Eastern Cuba, sent by
Dr. Lauredano Gonzalez, in which I recognized the Op.
aguilerianum Ar., whose type locality can now be established
with certainty."
The specimens given to me by Dr. de la Torre range from
9.5 to 11 mm. in length, and from 5.5 to 5.8 mm. in diameter.
Opisthosiphon aguilerianum holguinense, subsp. nov.
Plate 6, fig. 1.
The shell is ovate-conic; the spire decollated, leaving 3^2
moderately convex whorls, the last being slightly free, open-
ly umbilicate. The suture is well impressed. The color is
light straw, ornamented by encircling rows of elongated pale-
chestnut spots (often obsolete) arranged in axial rows. The
sculpture consists of axial riblets regularly spaced, which ex-
pand into hollow white somewhat flattened bulbs at the
suture above. The spiral sculpture is restricted to the um-
bilical area of the shell. The aperture is vertical, oblong-
ovate. The peristome is double; the inner peritreme projects
slightly, the outer peritreme is widely expanded, concentric-
ally ribbed, adnate to the preceding whorl, without any ten-
dency to project backward over the umbilicus. Above the
aperture it is slightly bent backward and merges into a re-
curved siphon which passes into the space behind the last
whorl. The siphon communicates with the interior of the
shell through a pore. The operculum is typical of the genus.
The length ranges between 8.8 to 12.2 mm.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47990, from Cerro San Juan, Sao
Arriba in Holguin, province of Oriente. Collected by C. G.
Aguayo, January, 1930. It measures: length 11.5 mm.,
diameter 6 mm., length of the aperture within 3 mm., width
of the aperture within 2.5 mm. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No.
47991, and in the author's collection, from the type lot, col-
lected by Garcia Castaneda and Aguayo.
This subspecies is closely related to the typical form but
differs by the larger number of axial riblets, which are
94 THE NAUTILUS
nearly straight, not incurved near the bulbs above as in 0.
aguilerianum; the bulbs are less globose.
Opisthosiphon caroli, sp. nov. Plate 6, figs. 2, 3.
The shell is ovate-conic, spire decollated, leaving three and
a half moderately convex whorls, the last very slightly free ;
openly umbilicated, apical whorls disjoined as in genus
Ramsdenia. The color ranges from chestnut to light straw,
ornamented by encircling rows of elongated chestnut spots,
giving an appearance of axial rows. The sculpture is formed
by axial riblets irregularly spaced. Most of the riblets ex-
pand into hollow white bulbs at the sutures, the upper bulbs
being much larger. Spiral sculpture consists of series of
crenulations on the axial riblets, forming regular encircling
rows. Aperture vertical, rounded-oval; peristome double,
the inner peritreme is projecting, the outer is expanded,
adnate to the whorl above, bent forward on the right side,
straight on the left side ; above the posterior angle the outer
peritreme is expanded into a projection affixed to the whorl,
the face of this is concentrically ribbed. Operculum typical
of the genus.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47992. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No.
47993 and in the author's collection.
Described from numerous specimens collected by the
author under stones at **Loma de la Caridad", 30 Km. west
of Holguin.
Measurement of the type: length 11 mm.; diameter 6.2
mm.; length of the aperture within 3 mm.; width of the
aperture within 2.5 mm.
The shell ranges from 9 to 12 mm. in length, and the aver-
age numbers of riblets counted was 67.
This species differs remarkably from any other of the
known Opisthosiphon by the disjoined apical whorls, but be-
longs to the group of O. sculptum and 0. echinatum of the
S. E. of Cuba.
Named after the Cuban malacologist Dr. Carlos de la
Torre, to whom I am indebted for most of my knowledge in
the field of zoology.
THE NAUTILUS 95
Opisthosiphon rivorum, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 4.
Similar to Op, caroli in its general features, but differing
in the following characters: apical whorls not disjoined;
color generally lighter (in 68 specimens only 8 were dark
colored) ; axial riblets wider in spacing and less in number
(average 54), with hollow white bulbs in all the riblets at
the suture both above and below; the crenulations stronger
but less in number ; the peritreme is more bent forward at the
right side.
HoloUjpe: M. C. Z. No. 47994. It measures: length 11.5
mm., diameter 6.6 mm. ; length of the aperture within 3 mm. ;
diameter of the aperture within 2.5 mm. Paratypes: M. C. Z.
No. 47995 and in the author's collection.
Described from several specimens collected at "Los
Arroyos", 28 Km. West of Holguin, by C. G. Aguayo, August,
1928.
The shells range from 9 to 12.3 mm. in length.
Opisthosiphon quesadai, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 5.
Shell ovate-conic, decollated, leaving three and a half
moderately convex whorls, the last very slightly free, openly
umbilicated. Color light straw with encircling rows of
elongated light chestnut spots, giving an appearance of axial
rows. The sculpture consists of numerous axial riblets.
Most of the riblets expand into hollow white bulbs at the
suture above. Spiral sculpture formed by series of feeble
undulations of the axial riblets. Aperture vertical, ovoid;
peristome doubled, the inner peritreme is expanded, adnate
to the suture above, bent forward in the right side, slightly
bent backward in the left side. There is a projection affixed
to the whorl above the posterior angle of the outer peritreme.
The length of the shell ranges from 10.2 to 12 mm.
HoloUjpe: M. C. Z. No. 47996, from '*La Cantera", San
German, Holguin. Collected by Raul Quesada, August, 1928.
It measures : length 11.7 mm., diameter 7 mm. ; length of the
aperture within 3.5 mm. ; width of the aperture within, 2.7
mm. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No. 47997, and in the author's col-
lection.
96 THE NAUTILUS
Differs from the two above species by the more numerous
and less conspicuous axial riblets; the less projecting spiral
sculpture; the larger diameter, and the form of the outer
peritreme which is bent backward in the left margin. The
distribution of the brown spots is also different.
Named for my friend R. Quesada, its discoverer.
TWO NEW CUBAN UROCOPTIS
BY C. G. AGUAYO
This description of two new species of Urocoptis from
Madruga, Havana Province, Cuba, serves as sequel to the
previous paper by Dr. Carlos de la Torre in which he makes
known the Urocoptis mellita from that same region and to
which the former species are related.
Urocoptis tenuistriata, sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 15.
Shell slender, very long, subf usiform, the largest diameter
being in the first third of its length, suddenly tapering to the
apex, and evenly reducing the diameter toward the base.
Whorls convex, last one long and disjointed. Color dark
horn. Surface opaque. Sculpture formed by dense and fine
axial oblique striations imparting a wax-like luster. Colum-
ellar axis very stout and slightly twisted. Aperture rounded,
peristome white and expanded. The length ranges from 22
to 25 mm., but most specimens have a length of 23 mm.
The holotype measures: length 25 mm., diameter 2 mm.
Aperture 1.3 mm.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47898, from "Finca El Ingles",
Madruga, Havana. C. G. Aguayo, collector. Paratypes:
M. C. Z. No. 60858, from the type lot. M. C. Z. No. 84866,
from the same locality. P. J. Bermudez, collector. M. C. Z.
No. 52970, from Sierra del Grillo, Madruga. W. M. Lermond,
collector.
Paratypes also in the collection of Dr. Carlos de la Torre
and in the author's collection.
Similar to U, Tnellita Torre, differing by its larger size,
larger diameter (in specimens of 20.8 mm. in length, U,
THE NAUTILUS 97
mellita had a diameter of 1.5 mm., and U. tenuistriata of 1.9
mm.) ; stouter apical third; rough sculpture, different ap-
pearing surface, larger basal whorl, and stouter columellar
axis.
The habit of this species is somewhat different to that of
U. mellita, the last being found over the limestone cliffs or
"paredones", and the U. tenuistriata on the stone walls, or
the big stones at a certain distance from the mountain. It
has been distributed under the manuscript name of U. mellita
perlonga Torre, with which it was wrongly identified. The
true U, m. perlonga from "Loma de la Reforma", Pipian,
herein described, has not been sent out in exchange.
Urocoptis tenuistriata clenchi, subsp. nov.
Shell slender, subcylindrical, evenly tapering toward the
apex from whorls 6-7. Very seldom decollated. Whorls 23-25,
slightly convex. The largest diameter being at the whorl 7.
Last whorl disjointed. Aperture rounded, peristome white,
expanded. Sculpture formed by very numerous and minute
axial riblets or striations. Columellar axis very slender and
twisted. Color and luster as in TJ. tenuistriata. The length
of the shell ranges from 17-21 mm. The holotype measures :
length 19 mm., diameter 1.9 mm. Aperture 1.2 mm.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47893, from ''Madruga, Km. 67 on
carretera". W. S. Brooks, collector. Paratypes: M. C. Z.
No. 36863. Same data as holotype. Also in the collection of
C. G. Aguayo, from the type lot.
This shell seems to be intermediate between U. mellita and
U. tenuistriata. Differs from U. mellita by its size, wider
diameter, rough sculpture, and by its fewer whorls; from
U. tenuistriata by its smaller size, fewer whorls, shape of the
shell, and by its internal axis, which is much thinner.
Description of Plate 6
Fig. 1. Opisthosiphon aguilerianum holguinense Aguayo,
subsp. nov. (Holotype), 4x.
Fig. 2. Opisthosiphon caroli Aguayo, sp. nov. (Para-
type)), 8X.
Fig. 3. Opisthosiphon caroli Aguayo, sp. nov. (Holo-
type), 4x.
98 THE NAUTILUS
Fig. 4. Opisthosiphon rivorum Aguayo, sp. nov. (Holo-
type), 4x.
Fig. 5. Opisthosiphon quesadai Aguayo, sp. nov. (Holo-
type),4x.
Fig. 6. Cerion aguayoi Torre and Clench, sp. nov. (Holo-
type.)
Fig. 7. Cerion aguayoi Torre and Clench, sp. nov. (Para-
type.)
Fig. 8. Cerion aguayoi bequaerti Torre and Clench, sub-
sp. nov. (Holotype.)
Fig. 9. Liguus fasciatus nobilis Clench and Aguayo, sub-
sp. nov. (Holotype.)
Fig. 10. Liguus hlainianus jaumei Clench and Aguayo,
subsp. nov. (Holotype.)
Fig. 11. Urocoptis heterosculpta Torre, sp. nov. (Holo-
type), 2x.
Fig. 12. Urocoptis scalarina portuondi Torre subsp. nov.
(Holotype), 2x.
Fig. 13. Urocoptis mellita perlonga Torre, subsp. nov.
(Holotype), 2x.
Fig. 14. Urocoptis mellita Torre, sp. nov. (Holotype),
2X..
Fig. 15. Urocoptis tenuistriata Aguayo, sp. nov. (Holo-
type), 2x.
Figures 6-15 by George Nelson.
WEST INDIAN MOLLUSKS NO. 3— TWO NEW SUBSPECIES OF
CUBAN LIGUUS
BY W. J. CLENCH AND C. G. AGUAYO
LiGUUS FASCIATUS NOBILIS, subsp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 9.
Description: Shell solid, elongate, polished. Color, apex
and columellar area deep pink, the pink of the early whorls
extending through the fourth whorl. This color gradually
shades into light yellow which becomes a deep lemon yellow
on the last two whorls. The peripheral area of the body whorl
supports a rather wide band of brown which may or may not
be edged with a narrow band or between two bands of white.
There are on some specimens several blue-gray flames. In
addition there may be an interrupted, narrow brownish band
on the upper side of this solid band of brown. This secondary
THE NAUTILUS 99
interrupted band is usually the insertion area for the axial
flames. Occasionaly another interrupted band is produced
along the lower edge of the suture, the main band being cut
along its middle by the development of each whorl. The
flames, when present, extend between these interrupted
bands. Whorls 7, convex. Angle of spire acute, formed at
approximately 43°. Outer lip acute though materially thick-
ened a short distance below the edge. Parietal wall somewhat
calloused. Suture slightly indented. Sculpture of only very
fine growth lines.
Length Width Ap. length Ap. width
42.5 mm. 22 mm. 16 mm. 10.5 mm. Holotype
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 47904, Cayo Juan Tomas, Mouth
of Cabanas Bay, Pinar del Rio Province, Cuba. C. G. Aguayo,
collector, July, 1929. Paratypes: In the collection of C. G.
Aguayo, from Cabaiias Bay, Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
Remarks: This species is characterized by the presence of
the brownish band at the periphery of the whorls and the
lack of spiral green lines which are usually to be found in the
other forms of this variable species. It differs from Liguus
fasciatus pictus Reeve from Florida in being more elongate
proportionally, in having deep pink especially on the colum-
ella which is usually absent or very pale in F. pictus, and in
possessing the brownish unbroken band.
Liguus blainianus jaumei, subsp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 10.
Description: Shell solid, elongate, shining. Color por-
celain or milk white, other than the first 21/4 to 4 whorls
which are pink. Only three specimens in a little less than one
hundred examined by one of us had a faint, narrow peri-
pheral green line. Whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing in
size. Angle of spire acute, produced at about 43° to 46°.
Aperture ovate. Lip not reflected and usually thickened
within. Thinly calloused on the parietal wall. Columella
straight, thick, slightly twisted and slightly truncated, pure
porcelain white. Suture slightly impressed. Sculpture of
numerous fine axial gro^vth lines. Occasionally a few speci-
mens exhibit a tendency to become slightly coarse in this
100 THE NAUTILUS
character and the growth lines become more or less grouped
to form slight ridges.
Ap. length Ap. width
15 mm. 9 mm. Holotype
15.5 9.5 Paratype
17 9.5 Paratype
16.5 9.5 Paratype
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 91720, Mangas, on road between
Mangas and Candelaria, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. W. J. Clench
and P. Okkelberg, collectors, August, 1929. Paratypes:
M. C. Z. No. 91578, same data as for holotype, also M. C. Z.,
collected in the same place by Dr. M. Jaume. Additional
paratypes in the collection of C. G. Aguayo, M. Jaume and C.
de la Torre.
Remarks: This is the first recorded Liguus possessing a
deep pink tipped spire, that does not have this same color on
the columella. It seems to be nearest in relationship to Liguus
blainianus but differs from that species in the complete ab-
sence of color other than the pink on the spire. It differs
materially in general outline from L. fasciatus crenatus
Swain., the only other known white form from this area in
Cuba. It would appear to be an albinistic form of L. blain-
ianus, as is L. /. crenatus of L. fasciatus.
The area from which this form occurs is quite isolated
ecologically from other Liguus-inhabited territory in the
same region. Different soil conditions surround this "island"
and the different flora of grass land and palms form a
rather effective barrier. L. b. jaumei were most abundant on
the royal palms.
Liguus blainianus Poey has heretofore been considered by
some conchologists as a subspecies of L. fasciatus. It differs
materially in shape from that species in having a more acute
spire, a more constricted aperture and much less globose
whorls. For the difference in the general character noted
here, we feel that L. blainianus and L. b. jaumei should be
held specifically distinct from L. fasciatus and the many color
forms of this latter species. L. b. jaumei occurs in an area
about 30 miles S. E. of E. from Sierra de Rangel, the type
locality for L. blainianus.
THE NAUTILUS 101
A NEW CHITON FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BY G. WILLETT
Los Angeles Museum
MOPALIA PEDROANA, sp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 1.
Description: Shell rather small, oval, moderately elevated,
with almost straight side slopes. Head valve with eight or
nine slender radial ribs, which are crossed diagonally by fine,
closely-spaced riblets, with pitted interspaces : these riblets,
visible only under a lens, are about forty in number, slight-
ly curved, and run from the posterior to the anterior margin
of the valve. Lateral areas set off by a faint, diagonal cord,
which bears four or five tubercles : these areas are sculptured
by rather poorly defined ribs, some of which are almost
parallel to the diagonal cord, and others running from this
cord to the posterior margin of the valve. Central areas on
each side with about fifteen rows of granulose riblets with
pitted inter-spaces, these riblets becoming fainter and more
closely spaced toward the jugum. Beaks conspicuous. Tail
valve with poorly defined mucro; sculptured with about
twenty wide, somewhat curved radial ribs, which are dis-
cernible only on the posterior portion of the valve. Color of
shell pink, mottled with white, in three examples, purplish
in one, and dark green in another. This latter specimen has
a triangular spot of white in the center of the head valve.
Girdle rather wide, with sutural series of fine setae and a
marginal series of still finer ones.
Type: No. 1025, collection Los Angeles Museum, collected
by the writer in fifteen fathoms, off San Pedro, California,
August, 1930. One additional specimen was taken in the
same locality, and three more in fifteen fathoms, off South
Coronado Island, Lower California, in August, 1931. Para-
type: No. 156264, A.N.S.P.
Measurements of type in millimeters: Long., 14.6; lat.,
9.6; alt., 3.4.
Remarks: The sculpture of this chiton is very different
from that of any species known to the writer, with the excep-
tion of Mopalia lignosa Gld., which in a general way it closely
102 THE NAUTILUS
resembles. From this species it differs in smaller size, differ-
ent coloration, possession of well defined diagonal riblets on
all the valves, tuberculation of cords setting off lateral areas,
and much finer setae on the girdle.
NOTES UPON PHILIPPINE LAND SHELLS WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS
BY MAXWELL SMITH
Hemiglypta iloilana, new sp. Plate 7, fig. 2.
Shell broadly conic, with well defined peripheral keel.
Three and one-half nuclear whorls yellow brown, two suc-
ceeding whorls deep flesh color and last two straw brown.
The latter are characterized by an indistinct continuation of
the deep flesh coloring in the form of a band a short distance
below the suture. Below the white peripheral region is a
strong reddish brown band. The nuclear whorls are smooth,
the remainder marked by slanting incremental lines broken
up by irregular spiral lines which give the surface, especial-
ly near the periphery, a reticulated appearance. The base is
yellow brown, polished and clearly shows numerous growth
lines; shell imperforate. The suture is moderately im-
pressed, the last whorl excurved at the peripheral keel.
Aperture broad and narrow, peristome thin above carina,
moderately strong below ; interior bluish white, parietal wall
lightly covered with callus.
The type, in the writer's collection, is from Passi, Province
of Iloilo, Island of Panay, P. I.
Helicostyla ticaonica ILOILANA, new subsp. Plate 8, fig. 6.
This race differs in being larger and more elongated than
most of those found in Luzon and elsewhere. The hydro-
phanous cuticle is strongly marked with dark chocolate
spiral bands upon the last whorl, with yellow bands and
blotches upon the penultimate whorl, the darker portion ex-
tending to and forming a zone of solid color upon the parietal
wail. Just below the suture the oblique streaks run straight
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE /
I. Mopalia pedroana Willett. 2. Hemigl3'^pta iloilana Maxwell Smith.
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE 8
1—5. Helicostyla decorata jaroensis M. Smith. 6. Helicostyla ticaonica iloilana
M. Smith. 7. Helicostyla fulgetrum gigantea M. Smith.
THE NAUTILUS 103
for a short distance in contrast to those which conform to
the peristome.
The type is in the wi'iter's collection. This form resembles
Hidalgo's unnamed variety shown in Obras Malacologicas
Plate CXXXI, fig. 7. Passi, Iloilo Province, Island of Panay,
is the habitat of the new subspecies.
Helicostyla decorata malleata, new subsp.
Shell readily distinguished by its oblique impressed ridge-
like growth lines upon the back of the last whorl which lean
toward horizontal. These are more plainly visible to the naked
eye than under a glass. Aside from the type, in a series of
eighty shells, only two others show an extremely slight in-
clination toward malleation. Habitat Jaro, Island of Panay,
P. I. This subspecies also occurs in Guimaras Island.
Helicostyla decorata jaroensis, new subsp. Plate 8, figs.
1-5.
This protean race is unusually interesting and cannot be
accounted for without an examination of the habitat. Ro-
tund and dwarf forms appear to be in the majority. This
may be explained by some decided deficiency at the habitat
which results in a greatly modified environmental existence.
Less than twenty-five percent of a long series before me con-
sist of elongated shells (fig. 5) ; more than twenty-five per-
cent are dwarfs (figs. 1, 2), the remainder being intermedi-
ate forms (figs. 3, 4).
The usually diminutive size and broad shell separate this
form. Only one example shows the peripheral band of the
typical decorata although a number exhibit it upon the
earlier whorls. It differs from H. decorata albolabiata
Molldf . in smaller size and narrower aperture.
Helicostyla decorata hybrida, new subsp.
The size, form and flesh colored apical region of H. pictor
are present but the lack of persistent hydrophanous epi-
dermis and presence of brown peripheral and sutural bands
bind it to decorata, to which it appears most allied. It appears
104 THE NAUTILUS
advisable to put these facts on record together with the
habitat, viz. : Sapian, Panay, P. I.
Helicostyla fulgetrum gigantea, new. subsp. Plate 8,
fig. 7.
This form differs from Broderip's type, which, incident-
ly, is pale yellow, in being much larger, broader with more
impressed suture and decidedly narrower body whorl. Whorls
7 (typical apparently only 6) , with color pattern as variable
as in other races of fulgetrum.
Hidalgo figures three examples of fulgetrum upon his
Plate LXXVIII in the Obras Malacologicas. Of these fig. 3
most closely resembles this form except for its much smaller
size. Upon his Plate CLXII fig. 6 illustrates a much greater
development of the final whorl than in the present race.
Habitat Igbaras Mountains, Province of Iloilo, Island of
Panay, P. I. Type in the writer's collection.
NOTES AND NEWS
The Station of Dysnomia triquetra (Rafinesque). —
In the August, 1931, issue of the Japanese conchological
journal ''Venus", Mr. Jiro Mariyama describes the burrow-
ing habit of a species of the group of twisted Areas compris-
ing A. tortuosa, A, semitorta and others. The animal so lies
that the entire posterior surface is in the plane of the top of
the mud. Mr. Mariyama's illustration of this habit reminds
me forcibly of an observation last summer. Two of us were
collecting in the Elk River at Fayetteville, Tennessee. A dam
had been emptied recently, leaving a flat of mud and gravel
exposed to the air. In this area were a great many naiads
still squeezed between pieces of gravel where they had flour-
ished while the dam was in use and where, apparently un-
able to move, they had died when the water went out. Among
the mollusks were female specimens of Dysnomia triquetra.
They lay so that their truncate posterior ends were parallel
with the surface of the mud. This made them difficult to see,
and many times as we walked up and down the exposed bar
THE NAUTILUS 105
we picked up, or rather dug out, individuals from spots that
from other angles of vision had seemed to be barren of shells.
— Henry Vander Schalie.
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell writes from Pretoria that
he and Mrs. Cockerell will sail from Cape Town December
1st. "We have spent days on the Lualaba River and nights
on Lake Tanganyika, gone up to Lake Kivu, visited the
Victoria Falls (extraordinarily beautiful), and the Zimbab-
we ruins. The only good collecting for land shells was at
Tshibinda, 6,000 ft., west of Lake Kivu. There are very great
areas where snails are few or nearly lacking. This may be
largely due to burning of the low vegetation every year, but
also to the unfavorable conditions, intense dryness part of
the year, and lack of limestone. We made great collections
of insects."
Note on a Panamic Corbulid Clam. — Panamicorbula,
new subgenus of Corbula. {Potamomya C. B. Adams, 1852,
Cat. Shells Panama, p. 296, not of Sowerby, 1839.) The shell
is not rostrate; the right valve is very slightly larger, with
a deeply sunken chondrophore, an erect anterior cardinal
tooth, and long laterals, the posterior strong, tapering to-
wards both ends, the anterior weak. Left valve with a broad
suberect chondrophore, its face bipartite, a deep socket in
front of it, and no lateral teeth or sockets. Type Potamomya
in f lata C. B. Ad.
This group of rather thin, inflated Corbulidae appears to
be restricted to the Panamic Province in brackish water. It
is not related to the brackish or fresh water Corbulids of
eastern South America (Potamomya=Eredona) as Prof.
Adams supposed, but seems to be an independent derivative
of Corbula, perhaps to be considered archaic in having well
developed lateral teeth.
Specimens have been seen from Mazatlan and Puntarenas
(Lowe), Panama (C. B. Adams, J. Zetek), Ecuador and
Peru (A. A. Olsson). — H. A. Pilsbry.
The Genotype of Ampullacera Q. & G. — In Proc. Lin-
nean Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. 25, p. 511 (1900), Hedley stated
106 THE NAUTILUS
that Ampullarina Sowerby was based upon (Amphibola)
avellana (Gmel.) , and he proposed the name Salinator for the
Australian A. fragilis Lam. E. A. Smith, in the same journal
for 1901, vol. 26, p. 14, suggested that as Ampullacera Quoy
and Gaimard (1832, Voy. Astrolabe, Zool. II, 196) con-
tained both A. avellana and fragilis, Hedley should have used
that name for the latter. However, Mr. Smith did not desig-
nate A. fragilis as the type, so that the nomenclature is still
uncertain. I would therefore designate Ampullacera avellana
type of Ampullacera. The names Amphibola Schum., Thalli-
cera Swains, and Ampullacera therefore are identical, all
having A. avellana (Gmel.) as type. — Pilsbry.
ACHATINA MURREA Reeve. — In the Conch. Icon., vol. 5,
1849, Reeve figured two different color forms of Liguus
under the name of Achatina murrea. His figure 22a is now
selected as the type. This is a young L. fasciatus and prob-
ably of the typical form. His figure 22b has been named L.
fasciatus roseatus by Pilsbry. This arrangement makes A.
murrea an absolute synonym of L. fasciatus Miill. — W. J.
Clench.
Liguus solidus dryas. — In revising the names of shells
figured in my paper ''A Study of the Variation and Zooge-
ography of Liguus in Florida", 1912, 1 noticed that L. solidus
is represented on plate 37, fig. 16 by a form which would
now be considered to differ enough to require a racial or
form name. Typical solidus has the apex and columella
pure white, while in this form, which I call L. s. dryas, these
parts are rose colored, as in L. solidus graphicus. Typical
L. solidus is not figured in my paper, but is defined on page
463.— H. A. Pilsbry.
CONUS AGASSizi Dall. — This common Bermudan species
has recently been synonymized with Conu^ mindanus Hwass
(Proc. Malac. Soc. London, XIX, 17). On consulting the
original description and figure of the latter, we are unable
to concur in this opinion. None of the specimens we have
seen have the "cingidis numerosis puncticulatis" of min-
danus, which seems to be specifically different. — Pilsbry and
Vanatta.
the nautilus 107
publications received
List of Types of Pelecypoda in the Carnegie Museum.
List of Types of Amphineura and Gastropoda in the Carnegie
Museum. By Stanley T. Brooks and Betty Watt Brooks.
Ann. Carnegie Mus. Art. 6 and 7, 1931. The Carnegie
Museum contains types of many species described by Hart-
man, Ortmann, G. H. Clapp and others, and a large number
of paratypes and topotypes of other authors. The original
references and localities are given in these useful lists.
— H. A. P.
Catalogue of the Marine Pliocene and Pleistocene
MOLLUSCA of California, together with a Summary of
THE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS OF THE FORMATIONS IN-
VOLVED. By U. S. Grant, IV, and Hoyt Rodney Gale. (Me-
moirs San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 1-1036, pis. 1-32,
Nov. 3, 1931). This beautifully executed quarto volume
comes as a great surprise to many and deserves a much fuller
review than time and space will permit. Part 1, pages 19-78,
gives a summary of the stratigraphy. Not being familiar
with the geology of the region, I can only refer to the "sys-
tematic catalogue" with its discussions of species and genera.
The new ruling (article 30) "type by subsequent designa-
tion" is causing many changes in nomenclature. If every one
could agree and the rules were less conflicting, a degree of
fixity could perhaps be reached, but, this happy state is still
a long way off. The authors have however handled the great
problem of nomenclature remarkably well. The amount of
labor involved can only be appreciated by those who attempt
this line of work. The changing of a genotype is often very
confusing, even when the name does not change, for it often
causes the raising of many subgenera to generic rank.
For Area the type is now considered to be A. antiqua L.
For Pecten the species adscensionis Osbeck 1765, has been
made the genotype. Is this (originally a pre-Linnaean
species) recognizable as a species? Certainly it is far from
typical. I have previously criticised the use of Volsella Scop.
in place of Modiolus Lam. in The Nautilus, vol. 45, p. 33.
108 THE NAUTILUS
Using the family name Codakiidae instead of the more
familiar Lucinidae seems unnecessary. The rules say the
family name shall be based on the "name of its type genus",
and does not say the oldest genus. It seems best that the rule
of priority should also apply to families and as long as the
genus exists the oldest family name should be used. The
genotype of Lucina is now L. pensylvanica. There seems very
little ground for taking Divaricella out of the Lucinidae.
The treatment of the Cardiidae seems rather radical but is
probably better than using many genera. Again I object to
the use of Claviidae in place of the old and familiar
Cerithiidae, because Clava Martjm happens to be five years
older than Cerithium, especially since the binominal stand-
ing and method of publication of Martyn's work is ques-
tioned.
I approve of the authors' treatment of Neptunea Bolten,
but am wondering if anything is gained by making the group
a family. Its relation to Fasciolariidae on the one hand and
Buccinidae on the other, often makes it difficult to define.
Colus seems like a good genus as genera go. Every one will
be glad to return so near to the genus Nassa as Nassarius
Dumeril, 1805, family Nassaridae, genotype N. arcularia.
The Pyrene-Columbella matter is handled very justly.
Mitrella Risso 1826 is used in place of Astyris H. and A. Ads.
1853. The position in which the genus Thais is placed in the
family Muricidae seems rather startling. It seems to warrant
at least the rank of a subfamily. A new subgenus —
MURITHAIS is proposed for Murex trunculus L.
The illustrations are excellent. This great work is of more
value to the conchologists than to most of the paleontologists
and the authors deserve the highest commendation for pro-
ducing such a valuable work in these days of nomenclatorial
chaos. — C. W. Johnson.
The Nautilus.
Vol. XLV APRIL, 1932. No. 4
SOME NOTES ON THE NEW ENGLAND SPECIES OF TELLINA
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON
No doubt many like myself have been at a loss to separate
Tellina tenella Verr. from Tellina tenera Say, especially if
they have attempted to use the figures given by Verrill. In
1872 VerrilP described and figured a species under the
name of Angulus modestus. The name being preoccupied it
was changed by Verrill to Angulus tenellus in 1873-. Recog-
nizing Angulus as a genus Verrill also changed tenera to
tener. It is certainly at most, only a subgenus. Dall in 1900^
says: — ''The name tenella has been used earlier in Tellina
but I have lost the reference." I have been unable to find
a species T. tenella prior to 1873 ; perhaps Dr. Dall had in
mind Tellina tenella Jeffreys 1881^, described from C.
Sagres, Portugal, a very different shell, for which the new
name Tellina jeffreysi is here proposed.
The question of Tellina tenella was recently called to my
attention by Mr. J. Henry Blake who brought to the Muse-
um his entire New England collection of the genus, includ-
ing some specimens of T. tenella determined by Verrill. One
specimen, the first that I have seen agreeing perfectly with
the one figured by Verrill, represents a specimen that is far
from what should be considered typical of the species. The
form of the shell is abnormal and the irregular grovd:h lines
are due to erosion. A perfect specimen has the dorsal mar-
gin straight and not "slightly concave" and is smooth with
fine, regular concentric lines.
1 Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, vol. 3, ser. 3, p. 285, pi. 6.
2 Invert. Animals of Vineyard Sound, p. 677, pi. 30, fig. 224.
3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, p. 295.
4 Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1881, p. 721, pL 51, fig. 4.
110
THE NAUTILUS
The two species are quite readily separated, T. tenera
being much higher and the lower edge of the valves more
arcuate. It measures from 8 to 10 mm. in height and from
12 to 15 mm. in length. The largest specimen of T. tenella
before me is 7 mm. in height and 12 mm. in length. The
color of the two species varies from white to pinkish. In
tenella the periostracum is often thicker than in tenera,
giving the shell a yellowish appearance. The teeth of the
hinge are more equal in size in tenella than in tenera.
Fig. 1. Tellina (Angulus) tenera Say. Fig. 2. Macoma tenia Say.
Fig'. 3. Tellina (Angulus) tenella Verrill. Fig. 4. Tellina (Angulus)
versicolor (Cozzens) DeKay.
The figure that is apt to mislead a student is that given
on Verrill's plate 6 figure 1, showing what is said to be the
pallial line of T. tenera. Say does not mention this char-
acter, but Gould says, ''sinus of the pallial impression near-
ly reaching the anterior muscular impression." An exam-
ination of all specimens referable to T. tenera shows that
the distance between the pallial line and the adductor
muscle scar is less than the width of the muscle scar ; while
VerrilFs figure shows the distance to be more than double.
It was rather puzzling at first, until I happened to glance
THE NAUTILUS 111
at Macoma tenia Say and found that here was the exact
proportion shown in his figure 1. One can only conclude
that after drawing the outline of T, tenera he inadvertently
picked up a specimen of M. tenia to draw the pallial line.
His figure (2) of T. ienella is correct, the distance between
the pallial line and muscle scar being a little narrower
than in T. tenera.
The distribution of T. tenera is from Prince Edward
Island to the Gulf of Mexico. It is the Tellina elucens
Mighels 1844, T. agilis Stimpson 1857, and T. omoia Rave-
nel 1875. Tellina ienella seems to be confined chiefly to
the waters of southern Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Long Island Sound. Arthur P. Jacot records it from Long
Beach and Staten Island, N. Y. Dall in referring to ienella
says: "The shell referred to this species from Tampa,
Florida, by me, appears on further study to be distinct."
Tellina versicolor was only recorded by Cozzens in 1836^
and later described by DeKay in 1843-. According to De-
Kay the species was "first detected by Mr. I. Cozzens on the
shores of the Hudson at Glass-house point, a few miles
above the city." Just what part of the present city of New
York this locality would now represent I am unable to say,
but the fact would now be of little value as far as the
species is concerned. Fortunately we are able to positively
identify this beautiful little shell which stands quite distinct
among the small tellinas. The figures by DeKay are poor,
giving the impression that the shell is much higher than it
really is. The description and measurements, however,
agree with specimens now to be found in favorable localities
near New York City. Some beautiful specimens collected at
Far Rockaway, N. Y., were sent to the Museum by Mr.
Arthur P. Jacot, he also obtained some specimens at Long
Beach, N. Y. The color is an opalescent white usually with
rays of pink that widen toward the margin. The pallial line
is very close to the adductor muscle scar. Length of the
largest specimen before me is 14 mm., height 8 mm.
1 In Jay's Catl. Shells, ed. 2, p. 12.
2 Natural Hist. N. Y. Moll., p. 209, pi. 26, fig. 172.
112 THE NAUTILUS
THOMAS SAY— HIS FIRST PAPER ON AMERICAN MOLLUSKS
BY W. J. CLENCH
The first paper published by Thomas Say on Mollusks
appeared under the caption of Conchology in "The First
American Edition of the British Encyclopedia or Diction-
ary of Arts and Sciences" by William Nicholson, published
by Samuel A. Mitchell and Horace Ames, Philadelphia,
1816. The article appeared in Volume 4, and covered from
p. 8 to p. 21 (pages not numbered, however), accompanied
by 4 plates all drawn by Say. Six pages are devoted to a
general discussion on shells in general with references to
various characters by which they are differentiated and
notes on shell structure. The remaining eight and one-half
pages are given over to the descriptions of our common
east American forms.
The volume is marked on the book as Volume 4. The
fly-leaf carries a characteristic method of indicating the
volume by punching out four small stars. The end of the
volume reads ''End of Volume H". It would appear from
this that a change of policy took place after the series was
published — by doubling the number of volumes, each one
would be less bulky. Another point that bears this out is
that Vol. I (half of the original Vol. I) ends in the middle
of a sentence while Vol. IV (the last half of the original
Vol. II) is completed to the end of a definition. In addition
Vol. I states ''Vol. I A...B" but only covers completely to
"Areometer". I obtained only two volumes of this set in a
Washington secondhand book store several years ago. The
original set was broken up and it was fortunate that both
the first and the fourth volumes were among the remainder,
the first for the title page and the fourth for Say's article.
Many citations for this work are dated 1817 in error. A
second edition appeared in 1818 and a third in 1819 (cf.
Binney, Bibliography of American Conchology, 1863, pp.
254-256) . Binney didn't see the first ed. (1816) but quoted
the reference as supplied by Mr. S. Hanley. His listing of
Say's species in error as from Vol. II was due in all prob-
ability to the change in volume binding as described above.
THE NAUTILUS 113
ON FOUR NEW SPECIES OF EPITONIUM FROM WESTERN
CENTRAL AMERICA
BY HERBERT N. LOWE
During the Spring of 1931 the writer collected a fine
species of Epitonium from Monti jo Bay, Panama. This is
the largest reported thus far from the Panama region and
appears to be quite distinct from any described species;
it is not represented in either the national collection
or that of the Philadelphia Academy. While dredging
at San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, two apparently new
species of Nodiscala were taken, descriptions and figures of
which appear in this paper, with a Nitidiscala obtained in
the Gulf of Fonseca. Illustrations of three of Dr. Dall's un-
figured species are given ; these specimens having been com-
pared with the types in the National Museum.
Epitonium (Asperoscala) canna Dall. PI. 9, figs. 7, 8.
Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 56, page 341.
From Magdalena Bay. Described as a shell of six varices
and six whorls exclusive of the lost nucleus. Alt. 9 mm.,
diam. 5 mm. Our specimens were dredged at Mazatlan. The
smaller specimen tallies exactly with the unique type speci-
men. A second much larger shell measures 16.5 mm. alt. by
6 mm. diam., a few spiral striae on base of each whorl.
Epitonium (Asperoscala) tinctorium Dall. PI. 9, fig. 6.
Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 56, page 340.
From Magdalena Bay, has eleven to twelve varices and six
or more whorls exclusive of the lost nucleus, uniformly finely
spirally striate; a narrow purple brown band in front of
the suture. Alt. 7 mm., diam. 3 mm. Our shell was taken at
Montijo Bay and measures, alt. 5.5 mm., diam. 27 mm., with
six whorls and two nuclear whorls ; eleven varices. It plainly
shows the dark band at suture.
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) phanium Dall. PI. 9, fig. 2.
Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 56, page 341.
From Magdalena Bay. Eight whorls including two nu-
114 THE NAUTILUS
clear, seven or eight continuous varices without angles or
spines. Alt. 8 mm., diam. 4 mm. Our specimen is from
Montijo Bay. Alt. 5.2 mm., diam. 23 mm., light varices,
nine whorls including two nuclear.
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) gaylordianum, new species. PI.
9, fig. 1. Montijo Bay, Panama (Lowe), Type 157987
ANSP. Paratypes : Lowe collection.
Shell large for the genus, solid, with seven well rounded
whorls with about three or four earlier whorls missing.
Suture deeply impressed. There are twelve to fourteen stout,
smooth, slightly reflected varices to the whorl, inclined to
angularity just below the suture, not continuous up the spire.
There is a trace of very indistinct spiral incised lines. Base
well rounded, aperture ovate, slightly effuse below ; basal lip
and parietal wall with a broad callus, reflected above. Outer
lip with a strong varix. Alt. 28.5 mm., diam. 9.5 mm. This
is one of the largest species of the genus reported from the
west coast, and is named in honor of Ilsien Nathalie Gaylord
who has done much nature writing for children.
Epitonium (Nodiscala) ordenanum, new species. PI. 9,
figs. 3, 3 a. San Juan del Sur, dredged 20 fathoms. Nica-
ragua (Lowe). Type 157988 ANSP.
Shell small, milk white, elongate conic, evenly covered
over the entire surface with fine spiral, punctate incised
lines. Nine rather flat whorls with well defined suture. Fif-
teen conspicuous rounded ribs, which have a tendency to
coalesce at the suture and lap over the edge of preceding
whorl making a coronate effect at the suture. Aperture
oval, with strong, much thickened varix. Alt. 7 mm., diam.
2 mm. This shell is much slimmer, and has flatter whorls,
than E. sanjuanense, and while having the same number of
whorls it is only about two-thirds the size. There are also
three more ribs to the whorl.
This species is named for Senor Ordefiana, Comandante
at San Juan, at whose home I stayed during my two weeks'
sojourn there.
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE 9
Lowe: Epiloniiim
THE NAUTILUS 115
Epitonium (Nodiscala) sanjuanense, new species. PI.
9, fig. 4. San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua. Type 157989
ANSP. (Dredged 20 fath. Lowe.)
Shell small, milk white, elongate conic, of nine well
rounded whorls, evenly covered over entire surface with
faint spiral, punctate incised lines. Suture well defined.
There are twelve prominent rounded ribs. Aperture oval
with strong, much thickened varix. On each of the two pre-
ceding whorls is an equally strong varix. Alt. 10.5 mm.,
diam. 3.5 mm.
Operculum dark brown, pancispiral with nearly basal
nucleus, lightly marked with growth wrinkles.
Epitonium (Nitidiscala) strongi, new species. PI. 9, fig.
5. La Union, Gulf of Fonseca, San Salvador (Lowe, 1931) .
Type 155535 ANSP.
A species of rather stout figure, having five varices, con-
tinuous from whorl to whorl, ascending the spire spirally,
making about one turn around it. The varices are very broad
and strongly recurved. Intervals smoothish, glossy, showing
faint traces of spiral scratches in places, and with a rather
weak thread defining the base. The apex is lost, seven strong-
ly convex but compactly united whorls remaining. Aper-
ture shortly oval. Length 19 mm., diam. 9.1 mm.
The broad, recurved varices characterize this fine species,
which is named in honor of one of our keenest workers on
west coast mollusks.
MOLLUSKS IN THE VICINITY OF YANKTON,
SOUTH DAKOTA
BY DAVID T. JONES
818 East Fifth St., Vinton, Iowa
The following collections were all made by the author in
the summer of 1925, while teaching at Yankton College, but
the material was not examined or classified until recently at
116 THE NAUTILUS
Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio. All shells, unless otherwise
stated are in a subfossil condition. The cornfield in Cedar
County, Nebraska, many years ago was a bed of the Missouri
River, and still is overflowed. It is opiDosite Yankton, between
the Nebraska bluffs and the Yankton bridge, within walking
distance of Yankton. Cedar Bluffs, the mouth of the James
River (locally, the "Jim"), Sisters Grove, Chalkstone Cave,
and Smutty Bear's land are all on the South Dakota side, the
last three being up the river from Yankton. Smutty Bear's
land was visited in company with A. W. Westhorpe, late
archeologist of Yankton, on a collecting trip for Indian
flints and hammers. It is a plain along the Missouri, some-
where near Lakeport, and is the former hunting ground of
Smutty Bear, a banished renegade of Chief Strike-the-Ree's
Yankton Indians. All other localities are common local
names.
Vallonia parvida Sterki. Hills west of Sisters Grove and
Chalkstone Cave, several, some apparently recent; mouth
of James River, a few; ditch flowing through cornfield into
Kaiser Creek, Cedar Co., Neb., one subfossil; Cedar Bluffs,
two subfossils.
Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Hills west of Sisters Grove
and Chalkstone Cave, three juvenile subfossils; mouth of
James River, four subfossils.
Polygyra monodon (Rackett). Near Yankton bridge
across Missouri River on Dakota side, one; hills west of
Sisters Grove, a few ; bluffs of Cedar Co., Neb., a few ; Smutty
Bear's land, many, subfossil and recent; mouth of James
River, one.
Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Hills west of Sisters Grove
and Chalkstone Cave, fifteen specimens, some recent ; mouth
of James River, many; subfossil and recent; bluffs of Cedar
Co., Neb., three specimens, recent.
Gastrocopta contracta (Say) . Hills west of Sisters Grove
and Chalkstone Cave, three ; mouth of James River, three.
Gastrocopta holzingeri (Sterki). Hills west of Sisters
Grove and Chalkstone Cave, four.
THE NAUTILUS 117
Gastrocopta procera (Gould). Mouth of James River, six
specimens.
Pupilla syngenes dextroversa (P. & V.) Hills west of
Sisters Grove and Chalkstone Cave, one specimen, subfossil.
Like the Montana record of syngenes, this is ''far from
home". The shell checks nicely with specimens from Zion
National Park, Utah, in regard to size and shape, though the
aperture is plugged up, and the outer lip of the Dakota shell
has a Vertigo-like sinuous curve, which is lacking in the
Utah specimens. The Dakota shell is faded as are the other
subfossils with which it occurs.
Vertigo ovata Say. Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb., one, sub-
fossil.
Retinella hammonis (Strom) . Mouth of James River, one.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Hill west of Sisters Grove and
Chalkstone Cave, two ; mouth of the James River, two ; bluffs
of Cedar Co., Neb., one.
Hawaia niimiscula (Binney) . Hills west of Sisters
Grove and Chalkstone Cave, six, probably recent ; near Yank-
ton bridge on Dakota side, one ; mouth of James River, eight.
Anguispira alternata (Say). Smutty Bear's land, many,
subfossil, but with color markings faintly showing. Some
very high-spired.
Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) . Hills west of Sisters Grove
and Chalkstone Cave, six; some living; cornfield. Cedar Co.,
Neb., several ; mouth of James River, many ; Nebraska bluffs
of Cedar Co., four ; Cedar Bluffs, four.
Succinea avara Say. Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb., many.
Succinea ovalis Say. Smutty Bear's land, one.
Succinea haydeni Binney. Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb., one,
subfossil.
Stagnicola palustris elodes (Say). Cornfield, Cedar Co.,
Neb., many; Cedar Bluffs, one juvenile.
Stagnicola caperata (Say). Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb.,
many ; near Yankton bridge on Dakota side, one.
Fossaria modicella (Say). Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb., a
few; near Yankton bridge on the Dakota side, one juvenile;
Cedar Bluffs, one juvenile.
118 THE NAUTILUS
Fossaria obrussa (Say) . Cedar Bluffs, one.
Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Cornfield, Cedar Co., Neb.,
many.
Planorbula armigera (Say). Cedar Bluffs, one adult sub-
fossil, also one juvenile.
Gyrauhis parvus (Say). Hills west of Sisters Grove and
Chalkstone Cave, three juvenile subfossils; cornfield. Cedar
Co., Neb., several, mostly juvenile subfossils; Missouri River,
near bridge, Yankton side, two ; mouth of James River, two.
Gyraulus altissimus (F. C. Baker). Cedar Bluffs, one;
species questioned.
Gyra/alus umbilicatellus (Cockerell). Cedar Bluffs, one,
apparently recent.
Physa gyrina Say. Marne Creek in city of Yankton, many,
living; cornfield. Cedar Co., Neb., many, subfossil.
Valvata tricarinata Say. Cedar Bluffs, one juvenile sub-
fossil.
Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis (Anthony) . Mouth of the
James River, two ; Cedar Bluffs, several.
Amnicola limosa (Say). Mouth of the James River, one;
Cedar Bluffs, many.
SphaeriMm striatinum (Lam.). Marne Creek in city of
Yankton, several, living.
Users of this list may also wish to consult W. H. Over's
lists of South Dakota mollusks in The Nautilus, Vol. XXIX,
1915, and in Vol. XLI, 1928; also Junius Henderson's list in
The Nautilus, Vol. XLI, 1927. None of these lists, however,
have records from Yankton County or the adjacent Nebraska
region. The study of these Yankton shells has been especially
interesting, as in this fauna eastern and western forms are
intermingled.
A PROTEST AGAINST THE USE OF "NAVICULA" FOR A GROUP
OF MOLLUSCA
BY G. D. HANNA
The use of the name ''NavicuW in place of the century-
old ''Area'' was apparently first advocated by L. R. Cox in
THE NAUTILUS II9
1927, acting upon a suggestion by Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin. The
problem has also been considered by Ralph B. Stewart, 1930,
and J. Marwick, 1931. Dr. Stewart expected that the rules of
nomenclature which apparently make the change necessary
might be waived in this instance and it is hoped that that
suggestion will be acted upon favorably.
The process of displacing the long accepted definition of
Area is somewhat complicated and rests upon that fruitful
source of trouble, the designation of type species of super-
specific groups.
It seems probable that other interpretations may be
possible on the evidence thus far presented and there is no
certain assurance that all of the pertinent facts have been
gathered together for the case. Even so, there is some reason
to doubt that the use of the name Area for the last hundred
years is completely invalid. I do not propose to discuss this
phase of the subject further at present because my protest
against the substitution of "Navicula" for the molluscan
group is based upon other reasoning.
The largest and most common group of diatoms is known
as "Navicula" the world over. A conservative estimate of the
number of species is well over 1,000. Originally they were
called *'oat animals" because of the fancied resemblance of
individuals to grains of oats. The genus dates from Bory de
Saint-Vincent, 1822, and has Navicula ostrearia Bory for
type species.
These organisms were considered to belong to the animal
kingdom at the time the name was proposed and for many
years afterwards. Even now some competent biologists be-
lieve the diatoms are a little closer to the animal kingdom
than to the plants. Certain it is, they are in the border zone
between the two and may be shifted back and forth in-
definitely.
The use of the name ''Navicula'' for "Area" will certainly
promote great confusion. Much of the food of the Navicula
ark consists of the Navicula diatom. The writer of an eco-
logical paper would find it very embarrassing to be forced to
make such a statement as : *'One of the chief constituents in
120 THE NAUTILUS
the food of Navicula midticostata [the mollusk] is Navicula
multicostata [the diatom] ." A great many specific names are
duplicated in the two groups.
In paleontology both organisms are often found in the
same strata and reports are already in progress where it is
necessary to list diatoms belonging to Navicula and shells
which will be ''NavicuW if the proposed substitution be
accepted.
It is true that the rules of nomenclature now permit the
duplication of genus-names in botany and zoology but at the
time Blainville (1824) proposed Navicula for a group of
mollusks that name was definitely invalid. The diatom genus,
Navicula was already in use and the foremost biologists of
the time considered the members of the group to be animals
and so considered them for many years thereafter. There-
fore, Blainville's ''Navicula'' was a homonym in scientific
circles for 50 years and it only ceased to be with the gradual
transfer of the diatoms to the realm of botany. Whether they
will always remain so placed cannot be answered at this time.
In view of the doubt it would seem to be desirable to avoid
confusion if possible.
It is earnestly requested that students hold the substitu-
tion of Navicula for Area in abeyance temporarily with the
hope that the International Commission of Zoological No-
menclature may see its way clear to suspend any rules which
may be necessary in order to declare Area a nomen con-
servendum.
References
Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. G. M. Diet. Class. Hist.-Nat.,
vol. 2, 1922, p. 128. [Ref. from Boyer.]
Blainville, H. M. D. de. Diet. Sci. Nat., vol. 32, 1824, p. 321.
[Ref. from Stewart.]
Cox, L. R. Rept. Palaeo. Zanzibar Protectorate, 1927, p. 93.
Stewart, Ralph B. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Sp. Publ.
No. 3, 1930, pp. 83-86.
Marwick, J. New Zealand Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 13, 1931,
p. 56.
THE NAUTILUS 121
THE RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO CONTINUOUS
REPRODUCTION IN THE PULMONATE SNAIL,
PHYSA GYRINA SAY
BY DR. H. P. KJERSCHOW AGERSBORG
Atlantic University, Virginia Beach, Va.
Waste water from a corn products manufacturing plant
at Decatur, Illinois, having a temperature from 28° to 35° C,
provided continuously all the year a highly favorable medium
for the fresh- water pulmonate, Physa gyrina Say. The tem-
perature was practically constant during all ordinary work-
days, including Sundays, for the entire year. In winter, when
the temperature of the air was — 10° C, that of the waste
water ditch was still between 28° and 35° C.
The constant, high temperature of the waste water, with
a certain amount of organic matter in solution, furthered the
growth of fission fungi {Sphaerotihcs natans, Clonothrix,
Beggiatoa rustica, and their allies) ; these bacteria developed
in enormous masses in the ditch, forming a black and putres-
cent sludge bed over a foot in depth. On the top of the sludge
bed, and around the edges of the stream was a continuous
mat of Sphaerotilus and related species, mixed with the slime
algae, Oscillatoria prolifica and 0. limosa. Upon this flora,
Physa sustained itself. It grew and reproduced, even in the
middle of winter.
In fact, this mollusc occurred in countless numbers, in solid
masses covering the banks and bottom of the entire ditch
for nearly a mile. It occurred as far up in the ditch to with-
in the range of 33° C. (the temperature decreased farther
and farther down the ditch) .
Masses of nidosomes were deposited on the back of in-
dividual snails, on twigs projecting over the water, slightly
touching it, on pebbles and stones along the sides of the
stream — on every solid particle of the substrate. These situ-
ations provided more or less permanent positions for the
nidosomes during the embryonic development. The top of
the sludge bed was not satisfactory for this purpose. Nido-
somes deposited on the back of individual snails, thereby be-
ing carried about from place to place during the embryonic
122 THE NAUTILUS
development, evidently had been lodged in the most suitable
situation.
I found only one embryo in each egg capsule. Many cap-
sules were without any eggs.
Occasionally, when the work at the manufacturing plant
was shut down, and the snail was subjected to the regular
season's temperature, there was a great mortality amongst
the snail population. Some snails buried in the surface layer
of the sludge bed, which, owing to decomposition going on
there, was of a higher temperature than the cold lake water.
When the plant resumed operation and vv^arm w^ater had
been flowing down the ditch for a few days, the snails
occurred again seemingly as abundantly as before the cold
vv^ater bath.
The shell of this snail was so thin and brittle that it was
difficult to handle the shell without breaking it. This condi-
tion of the shell was probably due to the nature of the food
upon which the snail was living; the amount of calcium in
the water was about the same as that found in Lake Michi-
gan, e.g., between 27.9 and 33.0 in parts per million.
A complete chemical analysis of the water from typical
snail beds, taken on the 5 and the 13 of February, 1929,
snail beds, taken on the 5th and the 13th of February, 1929,
show the water contained the following:^
February 5, 1929 February 13, 1929
Turbidity 40. Turbidity 5.
Sediment, Gray shreds (S. natans) Sediment, Gray shreds (S. natans)
Odor Faint earthy Odor Faint earthy
Residue on evaporation.. 341. Residue on evaporation,. 342.
Loss on ignition 103. Loss on ignition 92.
Suspended solids 26. Suspended solids 17.
Free ammonia 0, Free ammonia 0.
Organic nitrogen 1.36 Organic nitrogen 0.76
Nitrites 0.024 Nitrites . 0.075
Nitrates 0.3 Nitrates 0.9
Oxygen consumed 14.0 Oxygen consumed 12.8
Chlorides 13. Chlorides 10.
Alkalinity 165. Alkalinity 205.
Dissolved oxygen 5.7 Dissolved oxygen 5.5
Biological oxygen demand Biological oxygen demand
(five days) 15.1 (five days) 15.4
Calcium . 33.0 Calcium 27.9
I I am indebted to Engineer W. J. Dov^ner and the Chemist C. C.
Larson of the State Department of Public Health, Division of Sanit-
ary Engineering (Springfield, Illinois) for collecting the samples of
water and making the chemical analyses, respectively.
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE 10
I — 3. Polygyra clenchi Rehder, 3X. 4, 5. Chiton miltoplax Rehder, qx.
THE NAUTILUS 123
The chemical data of the above table show that the water,
in which this snail thrived so wonderfully well, was semi-
polluted. What chemical substances that were the account-
able factors for the thin, brittle shell remains an open ques-
tion. I suggested that the food itself, the fungi (S. natans,
et al.) were responsible for the abnormal nature of the shell.
Another factor, perhaps, was the high temperature of the
water which promoted a rapid devolpment and a rapid suc-
cession of generations, so that there was not enough time
for the building up of a normal shell. Still another factor
might be the absence of enemies. There was seemingly no
particular selective principle in operation promoting the sur-
vival of the more fit. On the sea coast - where only thick-
shelled snails occurred in the exposed places, and thin- and
thick-shelled individuals occurred side by side in sheltered
places, e.g., under the docks, there was evidently a selective
principle in operation. In the case of Physa gyrina Say,
which lived in the starch- waste water ditch, all had an equal
chance for development and propagation. So that this thin
shelled condition was probably relative and not absolute in
nature. A more thorough study of this phase of this problem
is necessary to settle this point.
This variety of thin-shelled snails is descended from the
ordinary pond snail, P. gyrina, very common in ponds and
streams in Illinois, which had migrated into the warm starch-
waste water ditch from nearby waters or moist meadows.
The ditch was established in 1923. Judging by the great
number of individuals present in the ditch, this snail, seem-
ingly, did not have any enemies which preyed upon it in this
particular situation.
From the above it is seen that if food and temperature com-
parable to summer conditions continue through winter in
northern climate, a fresh water snail that normally would
hibernate during the coldest part of the year will project its
summer activities and reproduce its kind at maximum rate
throughout the entire year.
2H .P. K. Agersborg (1929). Factors in the evolution of the Prose-
branchiate mollusc Purpara lapillus. Nautilus 43:45-49.
124 THE NAUTILUS
A MISIDENTIFIED LOWER CALIFORNIAN SNAIL
BY H. A. PILSBRY
Mangelia fredbakeri, new species. PL 11, fig. 11. San
Hippolite Point, Lower California, collected by Henry
Hemphill. Type and paratype: 46059 ANSP. ; others
113849.
The shell is solid, fusiform, white with brown spots on part
of the axial ribs above the periphery and on the basal slope,
where they more or less coalesce into spiral bands ; wanting
in the peripheral region. First two whorls smooth;^ two
spirals then appear, and on the third whorl three spiral cords
and weak axial ribs. The last whorl has ten rounded axial
ribs about equal to their intervals and 11 or 12 strong spiral
cords, of which five are above the periphery. On the face of
the penult whorl are four cords. The oblong aperture is
slightly narrowed at the anterior end, and has a distinct
sinus at the upper end of the outer lip, which is very little
retracted there. Anterior to the sinus the outer lip has two
low tubercles. The slightly sinuous inner margin of the aper-
ture is plain. Length 4.5 mm., diam. 1.9 mm.
This species has been known in collections as Pleurotoma
or Clathurella lineolata Reeve. It is presumably the "Mangi-
lia lineolata Reeve" of Bull. 112, U, S. Nat. Mus., p. 82 (ex-
clusive of reference) , but so far as I know our shell has never
been described. Mr. le Brocton Tomlin, who kindly com-
pared specimens for me with the type of P. lineolata. in the
British Museum, writes as follows: ''Your Lower Cali-
fornian turrid is not the least like Pleurotoma lineolata
Reeve. I found the type (ex coll. Gray) without any diffi-
culty. It is an elongate, narrow shell with longish, narrow
aperture and somewhat obscurely banded, altogether of a
usual palaearctic type of Mangelia. I have but little doubt
that it is identical with i¥. multilineolata (Desh.) of the
Mediterranean."
The generic reference of our Lower Californian snail is
1 Described from a young paratype; all specimens are somewhat
worn, and in the type and other adult shells one or more whorls are
lacking.
THE NAUTILUS 125
provisional. It is one of those forms with both columbellid
and turrid shell characters, but temporarily referred to the
genus Mangelia of authors. Named for an old friend, the
author of valuable papers on the Lower Californian fauna.
THE GENUS ARMSIA
BY C. MONTAGUE COOKE, JR.
Armsta Pilsbry, 1911 (Manual of Conchology 21, p. 132,
type PterocUscus petasus Ancey), a monotypic genus, was
placed by Pilsbry after Planamastra with the following note :
"While evidently related to Planamastra, Armsia has been
diversely differentiated, and probably represents a parallel
phylum derived from the same amastrine stock before the
spire had become flat."
Arvisia petasus is to be considered a rare shell, since dur-
ing the last twenty-nine years material has come into the
Museum's collection from only eighteen colonies, eight of
which were from the small valley of Pukaloa. Most of this
material, which is limited to the Waianae Mountain Range,
was collected either by Spalding or Cooke. Additional mate-
rial has come from Thaanum, Meinecke, and Oswald. The
large majority of the specimens were found "dead".
None of the Museum's specimens were collected south of
the Pohakea Pass. The Museum has specimens from
Kanehoa, Popouwela, Pukaloa, and Haleauau on the eastern
side of the range, Mokuleia on the northern side, and Makaha
and Waianae valleys on the western side.
From the much more abundant material at my disposal
than Dr. Pilsbry had, I have reached somewhat different con-
clusions as to the position of this genus.
The embryonic whorls, as mentioned by Pilsbry, are dis-
tinct from those of Pterodiscus and Planamastra. Compari-
son with embryos of other Amastridae shows that they are
unlike the typical flattened embryos of any Amastrini, but
are almost identical with the embryos of the species of
Leptachatina placed in the subgenus Thaanumia.^
1 Manual of Conchology, 21, p. 82, 1911,
126 THE NAUTILUS
A comparison of the embryos of Leptachatina, Thaanumia,
and Armsia shows that the embryos of some of the species in-
cluded in Thaanumia and Armsia are almost identical. The
characteristic flattening of the embryonic whorls separated
by a rather deep suture does not occur in any species of
LeptachafAna in the restricted sense. The characteristic
costae of Armsia are alike in some Leptachatinas and all the
species of subgenera Thaanumia and llikala, A less import-
ant character, but one that may be of some significance, is
that none of the Leptachatini (including Armsia) are even
distinctly agglutinated, while many species of Amastra, most
of the species of the subgenus Cyclamastra, and all the species
of Pterodiscus and Planamastra are more or less heavily
agglutinated when collected alive.
The animals of several adult specimens were opened with
the hope that embryos would be found, but none were preg-
nant. In a similar number of adult Amastrini, a number
would have contained embryos, no matter at what season of
the year they were collected.
Unfortunately, only a few very young specimens of Armsia
are in the Museum's collection. The youngest of these
(93388) has two and a half whorls and is nearly 2 mm. in
diameter ; the next had from three to three and a half whorls,
and in none of these is there any indication of a columellar
fold, neither is there any indication of radial striation on the
embryonic whorls, although the spiral striae are distinct
under a lens.
With this evidence, it seems that Armsia should be placed
in the group Leptachatini next to the subgenus Thaanumia.
It should be considered of generic rank, separated from
Leptachatina by the absence of a columellar fold, its very
broad umbilicus, and its sharply angulate periphery. It is
the only known leptachatinid assuming the helicoid shape.
Armsia bears the same relationship to the subgenus
Thaanumia of Leptachatina, as Planamastra to the subgenus
Cyclamastra of Amastra.
THE NAUTILUS 127
NOTES ON AGAR GRAY
BY U. S. GRANT
University of California at Los Angeles
In a recent interesting paper^ Dr. Bartsch discussed briefly
some west American species of Acar, proposed two new ones
and elevated Acar to full generic standing. While the taxo-
nomic value which should be given to superspecific group
names must, unfortunately, be largely a matter of personal
opinion, I regret the modern tendency to elevate most of the
group names which have been considered of sectional sig-
nificance to full generic standing. Perhaps Acar should be
considered a distinct genus, but would it not be just as well
to look upon it as a reticulated subgenus of Barbatia, with
somewhat different shape and muscle scars ? Little seems to
be gained in placing too much emphasis on minor subdi-
visions other than adding to the complexity of an already
sufficiently esoteric science. In some cases the phylogenetic
history of a group of species or of a combination of shell char-
acters (sometimes brought to light by paleontologic research)
will give some basis for judgingthetaxonomic value of a group
name, lor if certain distinctive group characters can be dis-
covered to have considerable antiquity then the presumption
might be that the group is well established and has had time
to thoroughly establish its separate existence. For example
Acila dates back at least to the Cretaceous and might well
be considered a genus distinct from Nucula from which it
certainly sprung in the Mesozoic. I do not know the geologic
range of Acar, but if it began in the Miocene, whose faunas
are distinctly more modern than and different from those of
even the Oligocene, I should be inclined to consider it a sub-
generic group.
Bartsch subdivided Area gradata Broderip and Sowerby,
aiictorum, into the typical form (from Mazatlan), Acar
bailyi, new species (from Balboa, Orange County, Cali-
fornia), and Acar panamensis, new species (from Panama,
1 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 80, Article 9, pp. 1-4, pi. 1, 1931.
128 THE NAUTILUS
the Galapagos Islands, and Mantua, Ecuador) . The South-
ern California shell named A. bailyi is quite small and ap-
pears to be specifically distinct from gradata but A. panci-
mensis may be only a more coarsely sculptured variety of
the Mazatlan species. In all probability A. panamensis is
the same as "Byssoarca'' pusilla Sowerby (Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, Part 1, pp. 18-19, 1833) , for there seems to be noth-
ing in Sowerby's original description by which to separate
it from Bartsch's species, and Carpenter (Cat. Reigen Coll.
Mazatlan Moll., p. 142, 1855-57) suggested piisilla was very
close to A. gradata. Furthermore, Carpenter {id., p. 142)
stated in his discussion of gradata that it varied ''consider-
ably in the fineness or coarseness of the cancellated mark-
ings" as well as in several other characters, so that it is im-
probable there are more than two distinct forms of such a
variable species worthy of separate names.
The clearing up of old specific confusions is of much value
but there are still many old and partially overlooked specific
names that need investigation. It is hoped that some conch-
ologist who has a sufficiently large series of shells available
will make a careful comparison of the Caribbean Barbatia
domingensis (Lamarck) which Dall called, apparently
erroneously, Barbatia reticulata, with the Pacific Barbatia
gradata and its allies. It is possible that the form called
pusilla may be identical with the Caribbean Miocene to Re-
cent B. domingensis (Lamarck).
TWO NEW POLYGYRAS FROM NORTHERN ARKANSAS
BY HARALD REHDER
Mr. Ernest J. Palmer of the Arnold Arboretum, during a
botanical expedition, collected at Calico Rock, in northern
Arkansas, two forms of Polygyra which are apparently new.
Calico Rock, a typical river bottom town, in Izard County, is
situated on the White River, which meanders through a
rather narrow valley. The snails were found along the dol-
THE NAUTILUS 129
omitic bluffs which contain the valley and which are topped
in places by a sandstone cap.
POLYGYRA CLENCHI, new species. PI. 10, figs. 1-3.
Shell rather solid, depressed, upper surface rather flat-
tened ; openly umbilicate, the diameter of the umbilicus one-
tenth that of a shell. Whorls about five, flattened on top;
last whorl rounded at the periphery. The color is dark straw
with a dull luster. The sculpture consists of rather low ir-
regular striations (not as regular as in P. indianorum Pils.)
and minute, irregular, impressed, spiral lines; nuclear
whorls smooth. Aperture subcircular, slightly oblique. Peri-
stome white, thickened, the upper part hardly expanded, the
lower part expanded but not reflected. A very thin glaze
joins the ends of the peristome.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 81347, from the foot of dolomitic
bluffs of White River at Calico Rock, Izard County, Arkan-
sas. Collected by Ernest J. Palmer. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No.
81348, and Coll. H. Rehder.
This species is close to P. indianorum Pils. in general
shape, and in the minute spiral lines, but differs in being
less regularly and distinctly finely striate, and in being wide-
ly umbilicate. It seems to lack the gloss seen in indianorum.
It also differs in having the upper part of the lip not ex-
panded, being in this respect like P. roemeri Pf r. The rest of
the lip is however more expanded than in roemeri^ but not
as much as in indianorum, where the lip is subreflected. This
gives the lip a rather broader appearance than the lip of
roemeri and indianorum.
This species is a member of the Ozarkian fauna, and ap-
parently a close relative of P. indianorum, which has been
found thus far only south of the Arkansas river.
130 THE NAUTILUS
POLYGYRA PEREGRINA, new species. Fig. 1.
Shell in form and sculpture like P. troostiana Lea, but
tending to average slightly larger; whorls about 6 to 6^4,
about a half a whorl more than in specimens of troostiana of
the same size. Color generally pale corneous, somewhat
glossy. Umbilicus smaller than in troostiana. The import-
ant difference, however, is in the teeth. The parietal tooth is
more pointed and prominent ; the basal tooth is further out
Fig. 1. Polygyra peregrina Rehder. Fig. 2. Polygyra troostiana
Lea.
on the lip, not as deep as in troostiana, and is longer and not
as conical ; the superior palatal tooth is deeper and broader.
These differences in the teeth are the important characters,
and may easily be seen in figures.
Holotype: M. C. Z. No. 81349, from the foot of dolomitic
bluffs of White River at Calico Rock, Izard County, Arkan-
sas. Collected by Ernest J. Palmer. Paratypes: M. C. Z. No.
81350, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. No. 157620, and Coll. H. Rehder,
from same locality.
As may be gathered from the description, this species is
closely allied to Polygyra troostiana, differing however dis-
tinctly and constantly in the nature of the teeth. Its habitat
THE NAUTILUS 131
is 350 miles west of the region where troostiana is found,
across the Mississippi River, and is apparently a member of
the Cumberlandian fauna as defined by Pilsbry (Mollusca of
the Ozarkian Region, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 531
[1906]).
It is quite unusual to find two new forms of Polygyra in
one locality in the Middle West, but I am certain even more
will be uncovered when the Ozarkian region is thoroughly
explored, especially northern Arkansas.
LYMNAEA (FOSSARIA) PERPLEXA IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
BY WENDELL 0. GREGG
A small fresh-water gastropod which has been puzzling
me for the past ten years has proven to be L. (Fossaria) per-
plexa F. C. Baker and Junius Henderson.^ This well-named
species first came to my attention in 1922, at which time
specimens were incorrectly identified by H. Hannibal as L.
truncatula. The specimens were found in Hallenbeck Park,
Los Angeles, around the base of a leaking hydrant. The fol-
lowing year specimens were taken in a small lake in Elysian
Park and also clinging to moist flowerpots in a greenhouse
in Lincoln Park, Los Angeles. Most of these specimens were
quite immature. In 1924 two specimens were taken in the
Rio Hondo near Montabello and again in 1928 about three
dozen specimens were taken in a small creek north of the
Los Angeles River and opposite Griffith Park. On June 8,
1930, a small colony was found along the creek in Big Tu-
junga Canyon, about one mile below the dam. Later that
year specimens were found in a small brook near Ave. 64,
in La Loma Lake, brook connecting La Loma Lake with the
Arroya Seco, and Arroya Seco Creek, below La Loma Drive,
all four localities in Pasadena. Specimens taken at 6,400 ft.
1 Nautilus, XLII, 103-104, 1929.
132 THE NAUTILUS
elevation at Bear Flats Meadows, near Mt. San Antonio, San
Gabriel Mts. are also probably referable to this species.
The shells from Big Tujunga Canyon and from near
Griffith Park were examined by F. C. Baker and definitely
identified as perplexa. I have carefully examined topotypes
of that species kindly furnished by Junius Henderson and
have compared them with all of the above mentioned speci-
mens.
The above records of material taken in varied localities
in Los Angeles County and collected over a period of eight
years show quite conclusively that this form is a well estab-
lished member of our fauna and not a species accidentally
introduced. It seems strange that a form so widely dis-
tributed over Los Angeles County should have escaped notice
all these years in a community where there were so many
conchologists. However it has never been found in abund-
ance; frequently several trips to the same locality have
yielded only a small set. Mony of the specimens found have
been *'too young for identification," at least until one has
been sufliiciently patient to procure and study a complete
series ranging from very small to fully adult shells. Because
of its small size it is probable that many a shell collector has
passed it by thinking it the young of one of our well known
forms.
It was stated by Junius Henderson in 1929- that perplexa
was known only from Grand Coulee, Wash., the type locality,
nearly a thousand miles north of Los Angeles County. Hanni-
baP reported Lymnaea Unncatula from southern California
giving quite a number of localities. It is known, however,
that truncatuisi does not occur in this region. Since the speci-
mens from Hallenbeck Park which he identified for me as
truncatula have turned out to be perplexa, it is reasonable to
believe that many of his records of truncatula in southern
California are also referable to that species.
2 University of Colorado Studies, XVII, No. 2, p. 134.
3 Bulletin, Southern California Acad. Sci., XI, No. 1, pp. 25, 26.
THE NAUTILUS 133
CARINIFEX JACKSONENSIS, NEW SPECIES, FROM WYOMING
BY JUNIUS HENDERSON
Jackson Lake, Wyoming, south of Yellowstone Park, is
the type locality of Lymnaea (Stagnicola) jacksonensis
Baker, and Pomatiopsis robusta Walker. The depth and
area of the lake has been greatly increased by the construc-
tion of a long, high dam, thus changing shore conditions. I
have visited it several times at high water stage and failed to
find any moilusks. Last August Mrs. Henderson and I
stopped there in passing and found the water level very low,
due to withdrawal of water for irrigation during the hot, dry
season. Just back of the dam, on coarse gravel bottom, in
water only two or three inches deep, we found live moilusks
in abundance including a new species of Carinifex. Speci-
mens were submitted to Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, who is very
familiar with the species of this genus, both living and fossil,
and he agrees that it is undescribed. Soon after returning to
Boulder I received from Dr. S. S. Berry dead shells of the
same species obtained in South Fork of Snake River, just
below the lake, perhaps washed out from the lake.
Carinifex jackonensis, n. sp. PI. 11, fig. 6.
Shell compact, closely coiled, similar in general form to
C. netuberryi (Lea), but much smaller, the largest live ma-
ture shell but 11.5 mm. in major diameter, one dead shell (a
cotype) measuring 13.5 mm. in diameter and 11 mm. in alti-
tude. It varies greatly in elevation of spire, consequently in
proportion of width to height. The umbilicus is usually pro-
portionately about as in newherryi, but in very flat speci-
mens it is quite wide. Whorls 4, slowly and regularly increas-
ing in size, somewhat convex above and below the shoulder.
Shoulder strongly angled well above the middle of the whorl,
in flat specimens about level with the apex. A very slight de-
pression just back of the shoulder above and another just
below the shoulder, causes it to stand out as a low ridge, a
feature more or less developed also in other species of the
genus. The open umbilicus is defined by a similar ridge,
134 THE NAUTILUS
spirally ascending the opening. Suture slightly channeled.
On some specimens very fine, irregular, obscure, spiral striae
are visible, especially toward the umbilicus, and several
rather obscure spiral ribs often occur betv^een the shoulder
and the umbilicus. The shell is covered throughout with fine,
fairly regular axial striae, which become coarser on the last
whorl, giving the whole shell, under a lens, a peculiar rough-
ened appearance, not noticeably smoother below the shoulder.
A NEW HELMINTHOGLYPTA FROM MONTEREY COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
BY G. WILLETT
On July 5, 1930, the writer, accompanied by his wife and a
party of friends, visited a fossil deposit of Miocene marine
molluscs situated in Lowe Canyon, southern Monterey Coun-
ty, California. This locality lies between Ranchita and Vine-
yard canyons, on the westerly slope of the Diablo Range,
about one mile east of the Vineyard Canyon road, which
runs from San Miguel to Parkfield. Owing to prevailing ex-
cessive heat, only a short time was spent in examining the
interesting deposits of fossil pectens and oysters, but during
this time two helicoid fragments were found, which, though
very imperfect, did not seem to belong to any species known
to the writer.
On March 31, 1931, we again had the opportunity to visit
Lowe Canyon, and a two hours' search among the ledges of
f ossilif erous rocks produced about a dozen specimens, mostly
dead and in poor condition, but including three or four that
were good enough for comparative study. As had been sus-
pected, these proved to belong to an apparently undescribed
species. This may be known as :
HELMINTHOGLYPTA REEDIANA, new SpecieS. PI. 11, figS. 8,
9,10.
Description: Shell rather small for the genus, moderately
elevated ; aperture almost circular, oblique ; inner lip barely
THE NAUTILUS 135
reflected and encroaching slightly on the umbilicus; epi-
dermis horn-colored ; last whorl encircled by a reddish-brown
band about one-half millimeter in width. Entire upper sur-
face of type covered with irregular diagonal row^s of fine
papillae, these papillae merging on the the last whorl to form
broken, raised lines, which extend over the base almost to
the umbilicus. The extent and prominence of this papulation
vary somewhat individually; in some specimens it extends
onto the base, as in the type, and in others it ceases abruptly
at the suture of the body- whorl. Last whorl marked by faint,
incised, closely-spaced spiral striations, which are apparent
on some parts of the surface and absent on others.
Type No. 1030, collection Los Angeles Museum ; collected
by G. Willett, in Lowe Canyon, Monterey County, California,
March 31, 1931. Paratypes in collection of the writer.
Measurements of type in miUimeters: Max. diam., 17.1;
min. diam., 14.8; alt., 10.5; umbilicus, 2.8; number of
whorls, 6.
Named for Mr. Fred M. Reed, of Riverside, California,
well known shell collector.
Remarks: In general appearance H. reediana resembles
H. traski carpenteri Newc, which occurs on the eastern side
of the same range of mountains, but it differs from that
species in slightly larger umbilicus and wide-spread papula-
tion. Should specimens be found in the territory intervening
between the known ranges of the two forms, they may prove
to be but subspecifically distinct, but in the absence of such
material, it is probably best to regard them as different
species.
The writer is indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Robert Work, of
Ranchita, who originally guided him to the Lowe Canyon
locality, as well as to the California Academy of Sciences,
through Dr. G. Dallas Hanna, who furnished for compara-
tive purposes a series of H, t. carpenteri, a species poorly
represented in our collection.
Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California.
136 THE NAUTILUS
NOTES AND NEWS
GusTAVE F. DOLLFUS. — We have heard with great regret
of the death on November 6, 1931, of this eminent worker on
mollusks, recent and fossil, at the age of 81 years.
ViviPARUS JAPONicus V. Mart. — Another New England
record for this species was obtained in a small ice pond one-
half mile east of Houghton's Pond, Blue Hills Reservation,
Mass. Specimens were collected in the fall of 1930 and again
in 1931. Young were fairly abundant, and from all indica-
tions the species has become well established. The presence
of goldfish would indicate as well that the form was intro-
duced at the time the fish were planted. — W. J. Clench.
If POLYGYRA POLITA P. and H. (NAUTILUS 21:38) is con-
sidered a homonym of "H. tridentata polita" Wetherby
(Naut. 8 :44) , it shall be called Polygyra perpolita. The off-
hand way this name of Wetherby's was proposed, by a man
who did not believe in subspecific names, leaves some doubt
as to its validity. — H. A. Pilsbry.
BURNUPIA CAPENSis STRiATissiMA, n. subsp. — The shell is
brown, higher than B. capensis Wkr., with very close, strong
radial striation, stronger than in any described African
species. Apex strongly recurved, close to or overhanging
the right side.
Length 8.2 mm., width 5.3 mm., alt. 4 mm.
Length 7.3 mm,, width 4.5 mm., alt. 3.4 mm.
Quthing, South Basutoland, South Africa, collected by Dr.
F. G. Cawston. — Pilsbry.
Collecting in Tennessee. — Vander Schalie and I over-
hauled some of the southern streams during a three weeks'
trip, revisiting the place where Rhoads collected in the Harp-
eth, doing the Duck River in four places, the Buffalo in five,
the Elk in two and what remains of the original Muscle
Shoals. Many of the southern streams are silted up with field
wash. The Tombigbee, for example, is a mud hole now. The
Buffalo, after the floods went down, was sweet, clean and a
THE NAUTILUS 137
delight for collecting. We did well in the Tennessee and the
Elk by feeling, but it was tough work. Conrad's collecting
place in the Black Warrior was visited. Scarcely a sign is left
of the stage road he used, and to get to his crossing we had to
follow dim paths bordered by high weeds wet with dew,
which was equivalent to falling into the river. — Calvin
Goodrich.
You MAY BE INTERESTED TO KNOW that we had a very suc-
cessful time in southern Illinois, combing the Ozark range
from the Ohio to the Mississippi River, and collecting from
base to top of the higher hills. Apparently there are some
forms which are like the southern Indiana and western Ken-
tucky species. The collection is especially rich in Polygyra,
which fairly abounds in these limestone hills. As far as
possible I shall work up the collections this winter so that
gaps may be filled in next summer. — Frank C. Baker.
The Kurd Shio and the American Coast.— I have lately
come upon some further information upon the Japanese cur-
rent. I was told by different persons that this last spring
glass fish net floats were common on the beach, some with
Japanese lettering or words blov^ni in the glass ; also bamboo
was common, some pieces several inches in diameter. One
piece was found with a spear point lashed on the end with
something like rattan used in wrapping. — J. E. Malone,
Portland, Ore.
Two IMPORTANT WEST COAST SHELL COLLECTIONS have
recently changed hands. That of the late C. E. White, num-
bering some 6,500 species of marine shells, and of Miss
Jeanett Cooke, comprising some 2,500 species of land, fresh-
water and marines, many of which were collected by Captain
Porter in the Gulf of California. Mr. Herbert N. Lowe of
Long Beach, Calif., has acquired both of these collections,
and is incorporating them with his already extensive collec-
tion. They are being cataloged with the able assistance of
Mr. E. E. Hand of Chicago, who is now making his home in
Long Beach.
138 THE NAUTILUS
Lake Merritt Mollusks.— During a recent visit to Oak-
land I had opportunity to observe the molluscan fauna of
Lake Merritt. Originally a fresh-water lake, it is now con-
nected by a dredged channel with San Francisco Bay, and a
set of flood gates maintain the water at high tide level. These
artificial conditions make it difficult both for the molluscs to
establish themselves, and for the collector to obtain the mol-
luscs. In several hours walking along the shore, I found but
four species, as follows:
Modiolus plicatulus Lamarck.
Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck.
Mya arenaria Linne.
Nassarius obsoletus Say.
It is interesting to note that none of these species is native
to the Pacific coast, but all are Atlantic forms that have
probably been introduced into San Francisco Bay with seed
oysters.
Dr. S. S. Berry informs me that he believes that this is the
first record of Petricola pholadiformis from this coast.—
Joshua L. Baily, Jr., San Diego, Calif.
Some Land Shells from Grandfather Mt., N. C. — This
list of mollusks from Grandfather Mt., although undoubted-
ly incomplete, seems worthy of note, as three of the species
found here have not been reported from Roan Mt., which is
only about 20 miles west of Grandfather Mt. The shells were
collected by the author during a hurried stop on the south
side of the mountain in September, 1930.
Polygyra altispira Pils. Fairly common.
Polygyra tridentata Say. Very common. All of the speci-
mens are smaller than the usual, one full grown specimen
having a major diameter of only 11.5 mm.
Polygyra toheatleyi Bid. Rare, thin and toothless.
Mesomphix rugeli W. G. B. One young specimen.
Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewis. Fairly common.
Vitrinizonites latissimus uvidermis Pils. Rare. Neither
latissimus nor uvidermis have ever been taken as far north
as this locality, while the latter has been considered peculiar
THE NAUTILUS XLV
PLATE
9 ^
\j-j
I — 3. Cdrinifex newberryi. 4. Scalariform Physa. 5, Distorted Cerithidea
californica. 6. Carinifex jacksonensis. 7. Lymiiaea utahensis. 8, 9, 10.
Helminthoglypta reediana. 11. Mangelia fredbakeri. 12. Physa h. interioris.
THE NAUTILUS 139
to the Great Smoky Mountain region. The one specimen of
uvidermis found was quite typical.
Ventridens gularis decussata P. & V. Rare. This sub-
species has not been reported from Roan Mt.
Anguispira alternata Say. Rare.
Haplotrema concavum Say. Fairly common.
— Gilbert S. Banks.
Physa humerosa interioris Ferriss, 1920 (Nautilus
34:2, 4, 7), is, in my opinion, a form of Physa virgata Gld.
As the name is in print, I am figuring, PI. 11, fig. 12, the face
of the type and back of a paratype. No. 45871 ANSP., from
the west branch of Navajo Creek, Coconino Co., Arizona.
Length 12.7 mm. Color a brownish cinnamon-buff. Physa
traskii Lea and P. orbignyana Lea are, in my opinion, also
forms of P. virgata; the former is larger than interioris but
otherwise very similar. — Pilsbry.
Carinifex newberryi subrotunda, n. subsp. — The cinna-
mon brown shell has a low convex spire of 41/4 whorls, sep-
arated by a conspicuously channelled suture, a narrowly
rounded ridge near it. On the last whorl the keel near peri-
phery becomes low and weakly indicated, the periphery
rounded. Height 9 mm., diam. 13 mm. Head of Fall River,
Siskiyou Co., CaHfornia. Type 73494 ANSP., paratypes in
California Acad. Sciences. Specimens were distributed
under this name in 1924, and an abridged definition is now
published in advance of an illustrated account. — Pilsbry.
Stagnicola apicina and Stagnicola walkeriana. — The
receipt of Mr. Goodrich's excellent paper on the ''Mollusks
of Keweenaw County, Michigan," brings to my attention the
fact that a change made several years ago for a common
species has been overlooked. In the "Revised Check-list of
Michigan Mollusca" the same reference occurs. In these
papers the authors followed my disposition of the species as
set forth in the ''Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America,"
where this species is referred to Stagnicola apicina Lea, the
type locality being the Willamette River, Oregon. When pre-
paring the volume on the "Fresh- water Mollusca of Wiscon-
140 THE NAUTILUS
sin" the incongruity of the reference of the Michigan species
to this western species was recognized and in The Nautilus,
39 :119, 1926, the Michigan and Wisconsin species was given
a new name, Stagnicola walkeriana Baker. In the 'Tresh-
water Moilusca of Wisconsin," Vol. I, p. 247, the species was
again described and figured and reasons for its separation
from apicina given. S. walkeriana is a very abundant species
in Lakes Superior and Michigan and in many of the tribu-
tary rivers of these lakes — Frank C. Baker.
Prolonged Aestivation of Lymnaeids. — It has long been
known that some Lymnaeidae, such as caper ata, ohrussa,
bulimoides, hendersoni, etc., have developed an adaptation
to life in pools and ponds which are dry during a great deal
of the time. The moilusks live in a dormant state in the moist
mud beneath the dry surface of the pool bed during droughts,
and promptly become active when the basin fills with water.
An unusually prolonged occurrence of this sort was brought
to my attention by some specimens of L. (Stagnicola) buli-
moides cockerelli Pils. and Ferr., received January 5 from
Professor R. J. Gilmore, of Colorado College, Colorado
Springs, Colorado. He found them alive in a few pounds of
soil from the bottom of a pool at that city. The pool seldom
contains water for more than 60 days in a year, and during
1931 was occupied by water for less than 30 days, yet the
snails are normal and the adults are of full size. — Junius
Henderson, University of Colorado.
Comments on Western Lymnaeidae. — In 1930 Mrs.
Henderson and I stopped for a few moments at a slough
about three miles west of Montpelier, Idaho, and obtained
eight live specimens of Lymnaea stagnalis wasatchensis
Hemphill, mostly immature though large. Three adults each
measured over 60 mm. in length. The largest recorded
measurement of an American Lymnaeid of which I have a
note is 57.5 mm., L. s. jugularis (appressa) , Baker's Lym-
naeidae of North America. The measurements given in the
original description of wasatchensis run from 32.5 to 45 mm.
In 1931 we again visited the slough and found it "bone
THE NAUTILUS 141
dry." Of course there were no live specimens, but dead shells
were abundant, all adults well above 50 mm. in length, but
none up to 60 mm.
Specimens of Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia Linn., from
Aptos, California, sent in to the University of Colorado
Museum by Mrs. Paul E. Richter, add another to the Ameri-
can localities for this European species. — Junius Hen-
derson.
POLYGYRA kiowaensis. — In the Third Supplement to the
Fifth volume of the Terrestrial Air-Breathing Mollusks, etc.
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, 19, No. 4 [1890] ) on page
199 W. G. Binney gives the original description, copied from
the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, p. 449,
(1888) , of Polygyra kioivaensis Simpson, and a figure. The
specimen from which the figure was drawn, and labeled as
such, is in the W. G. Binney Collection, a part of which is
now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Binney says
that he received the shell from Simpson himself, but it is
readily seen that it is not P. kiowaensis at all, as a glance at
the figure alone will show. The specimen was compared with
a cotype of P. kiowaensis in the M. C. Z. collection. Un-
fortunately there is no locality with the specimen, which
makes its specific determination difficult, but it is, without
doubt, a species of Aslvinunella belonging to the chiricahuana
group, and very close to that species. — Harald Rehder.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Some Factors Affecting the Replacement of the
Commercial Fresh-water Mussel. By M. M. Ellis. Bureau
of Fisheries, Fishery Circular No. 7. Extensive field observa-
tions show that "extensive and rapid reduction, amounting
in many places almost to extermination of the mussel fauna,
is to be expected if the erosion and pollution problems are
not solved, in view of various improvements for navigation
now existing or already authorized throughout the Mississ-
142 THE NAUTILUS
ippi, Ohio and Tennessee drainages." This pamphlet is for
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C,
price 5 cents.
MoLLUSCAN Provinces in the Western United States.
Univ. Colo. Studies, v. 18, No. 4, 1931. By Junius Hender-
son. The subject outlined four years ago in Nautilus 41 :85,
is here taken up in detail, with a map showing Prof. Hender-
son's conclusions.
Entovalva (Devonia) perrieri (Malard) in the West-
ern Atlantic. By W. J. Clench and C. G. Aguayo. Occ. Pap.
Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 8, pp. 5-8, 1931. This remarkable
little bivalve was found at Woods Hole and North Falmouth,
Mass., on the holothurian Leptosynapta.
The West American Mollusks of the Genus Acar.
By Paul Bartsch. Proc. U. S. N. Mus., vol. 80, Art. 9, 1931.
Acar Gray, usually considered a section of Barbatia, is given
generic rank. The small form common in southern Cali-
fornia is described as A. bailyi, — certainly a well marked
species. A, gradata B. & S. is the form of the Mazatlanic
area, and A. panamensis, n. sp., that of Panama. The latter
seems rather hard to separate from gradata. All are figured.
— H. A. P.
The Paryphantidae of New Zealand: Their Hypo-
thetical Ancestry, with Descriptions of New Species
AND A New Genus. By A. W. B. Powell, 1930. Eecords of
the Auckland Institute and Museum, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 17-56,
7 pis. An exceedingly interesting and valuable paper dealing
with the taxonomy, distribution and relationships of this
group in New Zealand. A genus, Wainuia, genotype. Helix
Ursula Pfr., six species of Paryphanta, with two subspecies,
one species of Schizoglossa and three species of Rhytida are
described as new. The family name of Rhytididae is changed
to Paryphantidae in accordance with the generally accepted
THE NAUTILUS 143
rule^ that the family name is to be based on the oldest genus
name included in the family. — W. J. Clench.
Descriptions of New Marine Mollusks from Panama,
with a figure of the genotype of Engina. By Paul Bartsch.
Proc. U. S. N. M. 79, Art. 15, 1931. Anachis tabogaensis,
Anachis dalli, Eudaphne (n. gen.) aUemani, Mitra marshalli,
Rissoina cdlemani, Engina panamensis and E. tabogaensis
are fully described and beautifully figured. Dr. Bartsch's
descriptive work is so thorough that we hesitate to mention
a serious omission, — the entire absence of comparisons with
knov/n species of the region. Thus, a few words explaining
how Anachis tobagoensis differs from A. lentiginosa Hinds
(plus C. guatemalensis Rve. and C. tessellata C. B. Ad.)
would be most helpful. Also a comparison of Anachis dalli
and A. nigricans (Sowb.), Engina panamensis and E. car-
bonaria (Sowb.) , Eudaphne and Daphnella Hinds, and so on.
It may be supposed that differences exist, and no doubt the
points of distinction are obvious to Dr. Bartsch, but it would
do no harm to point them out to those who have not made a
deep study of the species, yet who may have occasion to
identify specimens. Of course, if all previously known shells
were described with the full details given by Dr. Bartsch the
differential features could be reached by a laborious com-
parison of descriptions, but actually we have the brief de-
scriptions of Sowerby and Reeve to deal with. A new species,
like any isolated fact, has very little value until brought into
some relation with existing knowledge. — H. A. P.
1 There is no such rule; custom has been on the side of accepting
family names on the basis of their priority, like all other systematic
names, but there have been many exceptions. The varying contents
of families due to shifting of genera makes the names based on the
oldest genus rather unstable. People who love change are using the
oldest genus fad as a pretext to indulge their passion for changing
the names of long recognized families. — Ed.
144 THE NAUTILUS
THE WASHINGTON MEETING OF THE AMERICAN
MALACOLOGICAL UNION
The second Annual Meeting of the Union will be held in
Washington, May 26 to 28.
The headquarters will be at the Harrington Hotel, 11th
and E Streets, Northwest, only a couple of squares from the
National Museum. The rates are : Single rooms with bath,
$2.50 and up; double rooms with bath, $3.50 and up. It is
probable that the annual dinner likewise will be held at this
hotel.
Members having papers to read are asked to send titles
to the Secretary or to Dr. Paul Bartsch, so that a program
can be prepared.
Let us make the Washington meeting an excellent one,
even better than the one held in Philadelphia— if that is posi-
ble. No member of the American Malacological Union should
miss the opportunity to combine in one excursion patriotism,
science and pleasure. Remember the historic places close at
hand— Mt. Vernon, White House, Woodlawn, Wakefield,
Christ Church, Old Pohick Church, Great Falls. General
Washington knew them all—played, worked, worshipped in
them.
Science and art are here in the Smithsonian Institution,
the National Museum, the Freer Gallery, the Corcoran Gal-
lery, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Army Medical Museum,
the National Zoological Park and many other institutions.
Tentative plans include a motor trip to Plum Point on
the Chesapeake Bay, the locality which yielded the first
American fossils. Also a visit to the Biologists' Field Club
on Plummer Island, in the Potomac above Washington.
Our advice is : attend the meeting and bring the mem-
bers of your family so that they, too, may enjoy and profit
by a visit to Washington during its bicentennial celebration
of the birth of George Washington.
s53
$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
THE
NAUTILUS ,.,,,..,
A QUARTERLY '^
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS x^
OF CONCHOLOGISTS \Q>^b^^
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : xf^ |jr K
H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of MoUusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
C. W, Johnson, Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLV. JULY, 1931 No. 1
CONTENTS
The American Malacological Union 1
New Fossil Species of the Genus Epitonium from South Carolina.
By Charles W. Johnson 6
"Ligging" in the Everglades of Florida. By William J. Clench . 10
Ruganodontites, A New Subgenus of South American Pearly, Fresh-
water Mussels. By William B. Marshall 16
Description of a New Desert Helicid Snail.
By Henry A. Pilsbry and Stanley C. ^ield 20
Notes on Acmaea Funiculata (Carpenter)
By G. D. Hanna and Allyn G. Smith 21
Boston Malacological Club 26
Notes and News 27
Publications Received 34
C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
202 ^Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P, McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : Conch. Exchange, Vol. I, No. 2, Vol. II, all except Nos.
7 and 9. The Nautilus, Vol. Ill, Nos. 10 and 12. J. R. leB. Tomlin,
23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims Marne, France.
THE NAUTILUS iii
SotitH African SKells
We have just purchased a collection of South African
Shells, mostly marine gastropods, including such rarities as
Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir-
cular N-328, which gives a complete list of the specimens
with prices.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANINOUNCEMEINT!
The Index to The Nautilus— Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
/ hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three {$3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
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PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business established in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00.
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THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of MoUusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
C. W. Johnson, Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLV. OCTOBER 1931 No. 2
CONTENTS
William Greene Binney. By Arthur F. Gray 37
Some Conchological Beginnings. By Calvin Goodrich ... 41
Two New Helicoids from Los Angeles County, California.
By Wendell O. Gregg 47
What is Roperia Roperi Dall ? With Notes on Turridae and Colum-
bellidae. By Herbert N. Lowe 51
Note on the West Coast Zirfaea. By Herbert N. Lowe ... 52
On the Name Mitra Lineata. By J. R. Le Brocton Tomlin . . 54
Monocondylaea Costulata Moricand. By William B. Marshall . 55
The Gastropod Family Pleuroceridae in Pennsylvania.
By Stanley T. Brooks, Ph.D. 58
Three New Marine Mollusks from Catalina Island, California.
By G. Willett
A New Race of Neritina Reclivata Say. By H. A. Pilsbry . . 67
A Panamic Cyrenoida. By H. A. Pilsbry and James Zetek . . 69
Further Notes on Epitonium Fallaciosum. By A. M. Strong . . 70
Notes and News 71
C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass.
EJntered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
IVALTER F. ^WEBB,
202 ^Westminister Road, ROCHBSTCR, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for A.chatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : The papers by Conrad and Gabb published in the Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vols. 2, 3 and 4,
Second ser., or the entire vols. Also wanted Cretaceous fossils in ex-
change for Tertiary fossils of Alabama. T. H. Aldrich, Smith Hall,
University, Alabama.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims Marne, France.
THE NAUTILUS iii
SotitH African SKells
We have just purchased a collection of South African
Shells, mostly marine gastropods, including such rarities as
Voluta africana and Voluta ponsonbyi. Let us send you cir-
cular N-328, which gives a complete list of the specimens
with prices.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN AININOUNCEMEINT!
The Index to The Nautilus — Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order:—
/ hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three {$3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business estat>lishecl in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00.
LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.
Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
For Sale
TRYON, George W. AMERICAN MARINE
CONCHOLOGY or descriptions of the shells of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to
Florida. FINE EDITION with 44 colored plates
which are duplicated in India Tint. 8 vo. Philadel-
phia, 1873. Half Morocco (slightly worn), $50.00.
This is one of the rarest American publications on
natural history; but 25 copies of this edition were
published. Address: H. BORGEN, 425 So. Car-
lisle St., Philadelphia, Pa.
$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Counlries.) 50 els. a eepif
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of MoUusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
C. W. Johnson, Curator of Insecta and MoUusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLV. JANUARY 1932 No. 3
CONTENTS
Shell Collecting in West Central America. By Herbert N. Lowe . 73
New Land Snails from Idaho and Eastern Oregon.
By H. Burrington Baker 82
Some New Cuban Urocoptis. By Carlos De La Torre ... 88
West Indian Mollusks No. 2— New Cuban Cerions.
By C. De La Torre and W. J. Clench 89
New Species of Opisthosiphon from Eastern Cuba.
By C. G. Aguayo 91
Two New Cuban Urocoptis. By C. G. Aguayo .... 96
West Indian Mollusks No. 3 — Two New Subspecies of Cuban Liguus.
By W. J. Clench and C. G. Aguayo 98
A New Chiton from Southern California. By G. Willett . . 101
Notes upon Philippine Land Shells with descriptions of New Forms.
By Maxwell Smith 102
Notes and News 104
Publications Received 107
C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass,
/^C3.\C,4^^
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-OfRce.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcKase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
202 "Westminster Road, ROCHBSTE^R, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : The papers by Conrad and Gabb published in the Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vols. 2, 3 and 4,
Second ser., or the entire vols. Also wanted Cretaceous fossils in ex-
change for Tertiary fossils of Alabama. T. H. Aldrich, Smith Hall,
University, Alabama.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially VolB. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims Marne, France.
THE NAUTILUS iii
Illtistrated Catalog;tie of SKells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT!
The Index to The Nautilus — Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or tv/o. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three {$3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
IV THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World
Business established in 1861
Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as
check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA.
Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00.
LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00.
Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY 85 FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
For Sale
TRYON, George W AMERICAN MARINE
CONCHOLOGY or descriptions of the shells of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to
Florida. FINE EDITION with 44 colored plates
which are duplicated in India Tint. 8 vo. Philadel-
phia, 1873. Half Morocco (slightly worn). $50.00.
This is one of the rarest American publications on
natural history; but 25 copies of this edition were
published. Address: H. BORGEN, 425 So. Car-
lisle St., Philadelphia, Pa.
$2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. a copy
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY H
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : ^**~
H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
C. W. Johnson, Curator of Insecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History.
Vol. XLV. APRIL 1932 No. 4
CONTENTS
Notes on the New England Species of Tellina.
By Charles W. Johnson 109
Thomas Say: his first paper on Mollusks. By Wm. J. Clench . 112
Four new Species of Epitonium, By Herbert N. Loiue . . . 113
Mollusks in the Vicinity of Yankton, South Dakota.
By David T. Jones 115
A Protest against the use of "Navicula" for a group of Mollusks.
By G. D. Hanna 118
The relation of temperature to continuous reproduction in Physa.
By H. P. Kjersohow Agersborg 121
A Misidentified Lower Californian Snail. By H. A. Pilsbry . . 124
The Genus Armsia. By C. Montague Cooke, Jr 125
Notes on Acar. By U. S. Grant 127
Two New Polygyras from Northern Arkansas. By Harald Rehder 128
Lymnaea (Fossaria) perplexa in Southern California.
By Wendell O. Gregg 131
Carinifex jacksonensis, new species, from Wyoming.
By Junius Henderson 133
A New Helminthoglypta from Monterey County, California.
By G. Willett 134
Notes and News 136
Publications Received 141
Washington Meeting of the American Malacological Union . . 144
C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager,
Boston Society of Natural History,
234 Berkeley Street,
Boston, Mass.
Entered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office.
ii THE NAUTILUS
Wanted to PurcHase
Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature,
with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of
duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of
value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand
species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world.
WAI^TE:R F. WEBB,
202 ^'Westminster Road, ROCHBSTKR, N. Y.
A General Index to The Nautilus
This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by
Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs.
Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains
over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to
THE NAUTILUS
234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass
EXCHANGE NOTICES
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) in-
cluding three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphi-
dromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphrobaphe and Placo-
stylus. Send your list to
Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich.
Wanted : The papers by Conrad and Gabb published in the Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Vols. 2, 3 and 4,
Second ser., or the entire vols. Also wanted Cretaceous fossils in ex-
change for Tertiary fossils of Alabama. T. H. Aldrich, Smith Hall,
University, Alabama.
Wanted : Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida,
Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for
or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni-
versity of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe-
cially VoU. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address
The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass.
For Exchange : European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary)
for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing.
J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims Marne, France-
THE NAUTILUS in
Illustrated Cataloj^ue of SHells
In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page
illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a
few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free
of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells.
Write now before it is too late.
WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc.
P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y.
The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science
of the University of Rochester.
AN ANNOUNCEMENT!
The Index to The Nautilus — Part II
A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional
Geographically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II
covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is
planned to issue this index every ten years.
The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper
and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound
with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by
George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over
100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries.
Due to the great amount of labor and the, expense of publishing, it
will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The
number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of The
Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please
send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Lab-
oratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTS-
BURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A.
In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index
to The Nautilus please sign the following order: —
/ hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or
money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special binding not
included.
I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support
by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this
Index will not be printed and no responsibility will remain between the
contracting parties.
Signed,
iv THE NAUTILUS
THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY
The volume now in progress completes the monograph
of the Pupillidae.
Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume.
Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00.
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA,
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence
Business established by So^verby in 1861
SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE
Good Adult-Specimens Correctly Labelled at Moderate Prices
Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for
Reference and as Check-Lists.
HUGH C. FULTON
(Late SOWERBY & FULTON)
27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England
For Sale
TRYON, George W, AMERICAN MARINE
CONCHOLOGY or descriptions of the shells of the
Atlantic Coast of the United States from Maine to
Florida. FINE EDITION with 44 colored plates
which are duplicated in India Tint. 8 vo. Philadel-
phia, 1873. Half Morocco (slightly worn). $50.00.
This is one of the rarest American publications on
natural history ; but 25 copies of this edition were
published. Address: H. BORGEN, 425 So Car-
lisle St., Philadelphia, Pa.
MBL WHOI LIBRARY