THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. 56
JULY, 1942 to APRIL, 1943
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY
Curator of the Department of Mollu.sks and Marine Invertebrates,
Academy of Xjitural Sciences
H. BURRIXGTOX BAKER
Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pa.
LANCASTEH, PENNSYLVANIA
CONTENTS
Names of new genera and species in italics
AcUs hypergonia Schwengel and McGinty 17
Agriodesma = Agriopoma 33
Alcadia lewisi Pilsbry 4
Alkalinity and freshwater snails 130
Ampelita hemioxia Pilsbry 49
Anaplocamus Dall = Aneulosa Conrad 49
Anomalocardia broggi Pilsbry and Olsson 78
Aorotrema Schwengel and JVIcGinty (Cyclostrema) 17
Aperostoma Troschel 137
Ariolimax columbianus, habitat 96
Atlantic marines 13, 18, 20, 36, 57, 62, 68,
69, 75, 103, 105, 109, 140
Baker, Frank Collins 33, 97, 103
Bartschivindex H. B. Baker (Poteria) 135
BellacepoHs Pilsbry (Cepolis) 86
Brown, Walter Lincoln 102
Bryan, Dr. William A 103
Bunnya H. B. Baker (helicid) 37
Bunnya bernadinae H. B. Baker 37
Calliostoma fascinans Schwengel and McGinty 15
Calliostoma faustum Schwengel & McGinty 14
Campeloma, sex-ratios 138
Carbonates and freshwater moUusks 130
Cayman Islands, inland snails 1
Cepolis, anatomy (BellacepoHs, Levicepolis) 81
Cepolis lewisiana Pilsbry 4
Cerithidea Swainson 20
Chamidae, kev 117
China, inland' 40, 124
Coelocentrum (Ptychocentrum) 91
Coelocentrum bourgeoisae Bartsch 91, 144
Coelocentrum marianum Bartsch 144
Collecting methods, symposium ... 67
Conchological Club of Southern California. . . .68, 102
Cyclostrema {Aorotrema) . 17
Cyclostrema ponlogenes^ch'wengeX &yi.Q,Gmiy 17
Dentalium pilsbryi Rehder 60
Dialeuca, anatomy !>0
Douglassia bealiana Schwengel & McGinty 15
Drupa didyma Schwengel 76
IV THE NAUTILUS
Echinochama 118
Epitonium linteatum Schwengel 77
Eubela mcgintyi Schwengel 76
Euclastaria, anatomy 85
Field Museum of Natural History 67
Florida 13, 18, 34, 62, 75, 103, 109-123
Fulton, Hugh C 68
Geomelania alemon Pilsbry 3
Goniobasis livescens in Douglas Lake 33
Haliotis fulgens turveri Bartsch 57
Helicodiscus apex C. B. Adams 56
Helicodiscus ramsdeni Pilsbry 55
Helix tingitana, abnormal 104
Helminthoglypta tudiculata, habitat 70
Hermit crabs 107
Hibernation, land snail 71
Illinois 73, 104
Indiana 61
Jones, J. W 67
Ladeoluna cistula Pilsbry 5
Lamellaria leucosphaera Schwengel pl- 3, 62
Leucochloridium sporocysts in Succinea 92
Levicepolis H. B. Baker (Cepolis) 88
Madagascar, inland 48
MargineUa dentiadata destina Schwengel 75
Marginella evelynae Bayer 113
MargineUa idiochila Schwengel 75
Marginella nobiliana Bayer 114
Massachusetts marines 57
Mazyck, William Gaillard .99
Megaloma.stoma croceum . . 106
Mesodon appressus 61
Mesodon exolotus, abnormal . 104
Mexico, inland 37, 82, 91
Michigan 33
Microceranius caymanensis Pilsbry . . 5
Morse's Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine .69
Muricidoa ostrctirum, albinos . . 35
Mytihis californianus association 30
Nearctic, east inland 33, 34, 37, 49, 61, 69, 71,
73, 92, 104, 105, lOfi
Nearctic, Rocky Mts 50, 83
Nearctic, west inland . . 70, 83, 96
Neptunea Boding, type. . .69
Nerita scabricosta, viability .34
New York Citv marines . 139
THE NAUTILUS V
Nova Scotia 105
OlivoUa biplicata, colors .43
Oreoholix t'ju^t of Mississippi R . 104
Oxynoe panamcnsis Pilsbrv <k Olsson 80
Pacific marines '20, 30, 34, 41, 43, 49, 57, 72, 78
Palcarctic, inland 104, 124
Pecten eulyraius Bayer 110
Pccten kallinubilosus Bayer 1 10
Pedcn mildredae Bayer 101)
Philippines, marine 9
I^hos adelus Schwengel pi. 3, 06
Potamididae 20
Poteria (Bartschivindex, Pseudaperostoma) 135
Poteria caymanensis oligoptyx Pilsbry 2
Poteria jamaicensis (Wood) 135
Prodallia Bartsch ( Volutidae) 10
Prodallia barthelowi Bartsch 12
Prodallia dalli Bartsch 10
Prodallia johnsoni Bartsch 12
Prodallia stnithi Bartsch 11
Pseudaperostoma H. B. Baker (Poteria) 135
Pseudochama inezae Bayer 122
Pterin xanthia Schwengel pi. 3, 64
Ptychocentrum Bartsch (Coelocentrum) 91
Ptychocochlis Simpson, type 135
Robertson, Imogene C 67
Setipellis stigmatica, anatomy 89
Sherborn, Dr. Charles Davis 67
Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre" 103
Stenotrema hubrichti 73
Strombus raninus nanus Bales 19
Succinea, parasites 92
Tellina mantaensis Pilsbry & Olsson .80
Tellina varilineata Pilsbry & Ols.son 79
Tellina virgo Hanley 79
Tengchiena H. B. Baker (Microcystinae) . 41
Tengchiena rathouisii (Heude), anatomy. .41
Terebra glosscrna Schwengel 65
Thais floridana, sex, morphology 103
Tritiaria Virginian Schwengel . . pi. 3, 65
Trivia maltbiana Schwengel & McGinty. . 16
Tropicorbis havanensis insularum Pilsbry. . 8
Truncatella, record find 34
Uinta Mt. moUu.sks .50
Tnionidae in a pothole . 144
United States, see Atlantic, Nearctic, Pacific.
VI THE NAUTILUS
Varicella caymanensis Pilsbry 7
Varicella caymanensis ampla Pilsbry 8
Viviparidae, Chinese 124
Xanthonyx cordovanus, anatomy 39
Xylophaga atlantica H. G. Richards 68
West Indies 1, 36, 55, 66, 81, 106, 135
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Adolph, Helen M 96
Bailv, Joshua L. & Ruth Ingersoll 108
Baker, H. Burrington 33, 34, 37, 40, 81, 107, 135
Bales. B. R. . . 18, 36
Baver, F. M. . 109, 116
Bartsch. Paul 9, 57, 91, 144
Bequaert, J 20
Chace, E. P .41
Dexter, Ralph W 57
Fluck, William Henry 105
Gifford, D. S. and E. W. . 43
Haas, Fritz 30
He\\-itt, Oliver Harold 92
Hubricht, Leslie 73, 138
Ingram, William Marcus 71, 72, 92, 96
Jacobson, Morris K 139
Keen, A. Mvra . 35
McGinty, Thomas L. . . 13
McLean, R. A 33
Moore, Merrill 108
Morrison, J. P. E. . 103, 104
Nylander, Olof O 106
Olsson, Axel 78
Pilsbrv, Henrv A 1, 48, 55, 70, 78
Rehder, Harald A 49, 69, 69
Reviews 36, 72
Richards, Horace G 68
Richardson, Emma B 102
Schwengel, Jeanne S 13, 62, 75
Shoup, C. S 130
Van Cleave, H. J 99
Van Hyning, T 34
Webb, Glenn R 61
Woolstenhulme, Jack 50
Yen, Teng-Chien 124
F NAl'TILl'S: 5(i (1)
PLATE
10a 11a
A
14 a
i2a
#^
^3a^^
14a
^
14
^-•';^
15
:,n. actual sizf. tlu- otlii-rs culargiHl.)
The Nautilus
Vol. 56 July, 1942 No. 1
LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE CAYMAN ISLANDS
COLLECTED BY THE OXFORD UNIVER-
SITY BIOLOGICAL EXPEDITION, 1938
By H. a. PILSBRY
The Oxford University Biological Expedition to the Cayman
Islands, a party of five under the leadership of Mr. W. G. Alex-
ander, was in the field from April 17 to August 27, 1938. The
primary interests of the Expedition were botanical, entomolog-
ical, herpetological and ichthyological, but nearly every group
of animals received some attention. The small collection of mol-
lusks which was casually gathered by Mr. C. B. Lewis is admit-
tedly incomplete and is largely from Grand Caj'man, the islands
of Little Cayman and Cayman Brae being poorly represented.
The bulk of the collection and the types will be deposited in
the British Museum (Natural History) ; paratypes have been
deposited in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.
Previous information on the mollusk fauna of Grand Cayman
is contained in two papers:
1930. Pilsbry, H. A. Results of the Pinchot South Sea Ex-
pedition: I. Land Mollusks of the Caribbean Islands, Grand
Cayman, Swan, Old Providence and St. Andrew, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sei. 82 : 221-239.
1930. Pilsbry, H. A. Ihid., II, pp. 352, 353.
Reference to former literature may be found in the.se pub-
lications. In the following list the records are for Grand Cay-
man except where otherwise stated.
The collection on which this report is based has added seven
species and two subspecies, and the following genera to the Grand
Cayman fauna : Geomelania, Alcadia, Microceramus and Tropi-
corhis.
(1)
2 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
In my first paper of 1930 a list was given on p. 225 to show
the affinities of the species with those of other regions. The
additions now made do not materially alter the percentages there
given. Of the additional forms, exclusive of culture snails:
4 species of 3 genera are purely Jamaican in their affinities
(Poteria, Lacteoluna, Varicella).
1 species seems nearest a Cuban form, but similar species
occur also in Jamaica (Alcadia).
5 species in which the closest affinities elsewhere are undeter-
mined (Cepolis, Geomelania, Microceramus, Tropicorhis, and
Drepanotrema) . Cepolis and Geomelania occur in both Cuba
and Jamaica, and an anatomic study of Cayman species is needed
to show where they belong. The genera Microceramus, Tropi-
corhis and Drepanotrema are so widely scattered in the Antilles
and mainland that they are not significant in this connection.
Cyclophoridae
Poteria fonticulus Preston
Bos'un Bay, West Bay area; Boilers, near Geo^geto^vn.
Poteria caymaiiensis Pilsbry
Boilers, near Georgetown (from a deep sink in the "karst"
limestone).
Poteria caymaiiensis oligoptyx, new subspecies. PI. 1, figs. 12,
12a, 13, 13a.
Battle Hill, eastern end of Grand Cayman about 2 miles in-
land. (C. B. Lewis, July 3rd, 1938).
The shell is similar to P. caymanensis in form and the rather
wide umbilicus. The surface of the first whorl is smooth, the
rest finely striate axially, and at and above the periphery having
some weak, retractive corrugation, obsolete on the last part of
the last whorl and locally developed elsewhere.
Iloigiit 10.8 mill., (lianictcr 15.3 iiiiu. ; 4-1/3 whorls.
Height 8.5 mm., diaiiu'tor 14 mm.
It differs from /*. caymaninsis only by the weakness of the
oblique corrugation, constant in five specimens taken; but as
the greater part of the island is still nnexjilored, it is quite pos-
sible that intermediate stages of sculpture may exist. For this
rea.son the subspecific rank has been used. If intermediate stages
are not found it will be considered a species.
July. 1!»42| THE NAUTILUS 3
In a larj^'er shell, heiy:ht 11.8 mm., diameter 18.3 mm., only a
faint traee of corrugation is visible. It is from the eastern sea-
side settlement known as East End.
Potcria lacvitcsta Pilsbry
Branching of Forest Glen Rd. from Further Land Rd., North
Side area, about 1^ miles inland from north coast.
POMATIASIDAE
Chondropoma parvicaymancnse Pilsbry
Pond south of Salt Rocks Hill, west end of Little Cayman.
Chondropoma caymanense Preston
Numerous specimens with typical sculpture were taken on the
Xewtown Road at Governor's Sound.
A weakly differentiated race was taken at the Savage-English
Cisterns, on the north coast. The spiral cords are somewhat
narrower and often, but not always, more numerous. It reaches
a slightly greater size, length 12.7 mm., with 4^ whorls remain-
ing.
Chondropoma caymanhraccnse Pilsbry
Halfway across bluff, bush road behind Stakes Bay, Cayman
Brae.
Colohostylus rosenhergianus (Preston)
Boilers, near Georgetown.
Colohostylus caymanicola Pilsbry
Battle Hill, Company Land, and Great Beach, localities two
to three miles into the interior of the eastern end of Grand Cay-
man; branehing of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road,
North Side area.
TRUNCATELLroAE
Gcomelamia alcmon, new species. Plate 1, fig. 9.
Boilers, near Georgetown (C. B. Lewis, August, 1938).
The shell has the usual eylindric shape and deeply eoiistriet-
ing sutures of the genus. The whorls are strongly convex, with
sculpture of strong axial ribs separated by far wider intervals
whieli are very closely and minutely striate spirally. The last
whorl runs free at the end. Aperture broailiy ovate, the peri-
stome free, obtuse, its outer and basal margins expanded.
Diameter above aperture 1.1 mm. ; length of aperture 0.95 mm.
4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
This is described from specimens which have lost much of the
spire, but it should be recognizable by the sculpture. The last
four whorls are of equal diameter. It is the only species of this
genus known from the Caymans. It is somewhat like G. lyrata
Poey, of Cuba, but differs from that, as well as from the smeiller
Jamaican species, by the free aperture and coarser sculpture.
HELICINroAE
Hclicina fasciata snhstriata Gray
Battle Hill, interior of eastern end of Grand Cayman ; branch-
ing of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road, north side
area; Newtown Rd., Governor's Sound ; English Sound (off Great
Sound) ; Bos'un Bay, West Bay area.
Alcadia lewisi new species. Plate 1, fig. 4.
Halfway across bluff, bush road behind Stakes Bay, Cayman
Brae (C. B. Lewis, May 26th, 1938).
The shell is similar in general form to A. minima (Orb.).
The spire is convexly conic, the apex obtuse, the periphery
rounded, base slightly convex. The suture is only lightly im-
pressed. Being dead and bleached, no trace remains of perios-
tracum or color. The half-round aperture is oblique. Peristome
is very slightly expanded, very slightly thickened, barely per-
ceptibly excavated at the base, next to the columella. The col-
umellar callus is flat and rather small.
Height 3 mm., diameter 4.5 mm. ; 4 whorls.
The very shallow, hardly noticeable notch of the basal lip at
foot of the columella, differentiates this species from A. minima
of Cuba, which it resembles otherwise. It is the first Alcadia
from the Cayman Islands.
Helminthoglyi'tidae
Cepolis (Hcmitrochus) streatori Pilsbry
Boilers; Newtown Road, Governor's Sound.
Cepolis (Hrmiirochus) Icwisiana, new species. Plate 1, figs.
14, 14a.
Battle Hill, interior of eastern end of Grand Cayman (C. B.
Lewi.s, July 1st, 1938).
The depressed .shell is thin, narrowly umbilicate, of a uniform
light buff color. The spire is low conic, apex obtuse, the pe-
July, 1942] THE NAITIU'S 5
riphery obtusely anfrular, base convex. Surface rather frlossy,
with weak lines of jrrowth. The oblique aperture is wide, white
within. Peristome narrow, the outer martrin narrowly expanded,
the umbilical half of the ba.sal marjrin reflected, dilated over and
covering the greater part of the umbilicus.
Height 8 mm., diameter 14.5 mm. ; 4 whorls. Type.
Height 9.7 mm., diameter 15.1 mm.
While this species is evidently closely related to C. streatori,
it is a thinner, unieolored shell, with the umbilicus decidedly more
widely open, and it has about half a turn less.
Cepolis (Hemitrochus) cat/manensis ^'Maynard" Pilsbry. Plate
1, figs. 10, 10a, 11, 11a.
Cotton Tree Land; west end of Cayman Brae. figs. 10, 10a,
represent the type specimen. Figs. 11, 11a, are a shell having
the spiral bands continuous, but with some darker streaks.
SAGDroAE
Lactcoluna caymanensis Pilsbry
Boilers, near Georgetown; branching of Forest Glen Road
from Further Land Road, North Side area ; Battle Hill, interior
of eastern end. The generic position of species herein referred
to Lacteoluna is uncertain, as no Cayman specimens have been
dissected.
Lacteoluna summa Pilsbry
Ridge north of Savannah Land, eastern end of Grand Cayman.
Lacteoluna cistula, new species. Plate 1, fig. 7.
At branching of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road,
North Side area.
The shell resembles L. caymanensis but differs in smaller size,
higher spire and larger umbilicus, contained about 5^ times in
the diameter. The surface of the dead shell is weathered, so
that microscopic sculpture, if present, is not visible.
Height 3 mm., diameter 4.6 mm.
BULIMULIDAE
Oxystyla undata jamaicensis Pilsbry
3 specimens, taken alive at Georgetown.
Urocopttoae
Brachypodella caymanensis Pilsbry
Newtown Road, at Governor's Sound.
Microceramus caymanensis, new species. Plate 1, fig. 8.
Battle Hill, interior of eastern end of Grand Cayman. Type
6 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
from branching of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road,
North Side area.
A species related to M. concis^is of Guatemala and Yucatan,
but differing: by its broader shape, the spire with decidedly convex
outlines, and the individual whorls more strongly convex. The
first 1| whorls are glossy, with fine, weak axial striation. Sub-
sequent whorls with strong, retractively axial striation ; on the
spire every second stria terminating in a sutural papilla (or in
some specimens these papillae are partly obsolete), the last turn
often without papillae. There is a blunt, low keel on the back of
the last whorl. The shell is whitish, maculate with pale brown.
Length 8.5 mm., diameter 3.6 mm. ; 9 whorls.
This belongs to a group of very similar Mierocerami, occur-
ring on the mainland, in Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba and Florida. The
Grand Cayman form appears somewhat nearer to the continental
M. concisus than to the West Indian species.
Cerionidae
Cerion martinianum (Kiister).
Old Isaacs', eastern end of Grand Cayman.
Lewis writes: ^^ Cerion martinianum is abundant along the
entire western coast of Grand Cayman, in many places literally
covering the vegetation at the top of the long West Bay Beach.
"I searched quite carefully but never found any living ex-
amples of the species along the eastern coast. It is very curious,
however, that the sand, which extends behind the storm beach
some 200 yards to the foot of the abruptly ri.sing Miocene 'bluff,'
is strewn with dead shells. The people of tliese parts all claim
that these shells were washed up during the terrible hurricane
of 1932. They were strange to the people of the district and as
a result many bottles were filled and kept as curiosities."
The form C. martinianum caymanense Pilsbry is apparently
confined to the north shore, east of the Great Sound. It is weakly
differentiated from C. martinianum by the usually smaller size
and the presence of dark stripes, but the size and color are
variable and there seems to be complete iutergradation with mar-
tinianum.
Small examples measure:
Length 16.2 nun., diameter 8.4 mm.
July. 1042] THE NAUTILUS 7
Leiifrth 16.5 mm., diameter 6.9 mm.
Leii^'tli 21 mm., diameter 9.2 mm.
The localities follow: Sand Cay, head of Ford's Creek, off
Great Sound (Plate 1, figs. 2, 2a) ; behind English Cisterns (Plate
1, figs. 1, la).
According to Lewis' notes, "On Sand Caj' the Ccrion were
almost confined to Thrinax argcntea, the silver thatch, and were
abundant on the under side of the leaves."
Ccrion paiinosum (Maj'uard).
Muddyfoot's Point, east end of Little Cayman; also behind
South Town.
Cerion pannosum copiiim (Maynard).
Point at west end of Cayman Brae.
Cerion lacvigatum (Maynard).
Behind South Town, at west end of dead mangrove swamp,
Little Cayman.
SUBULINIDAE
Suhulina ocfona (Bruguiere).
Branching of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road,
North Side area; Georgetown.
Opeas micra (Orbigny).
XewtoAvn Road at Governor's Sound; Boilers, near George-
town.
Oleacinidae
Varicella caymanensis, new species. Plate 1, fig. 6.
Branching of Forest Glen Road from Further Land Road,
North Side area.
The shell is slender, of 6 whorls joined by a moderately im-
pressed suture ; the diameter contained slightly more than three
times in the length. The whorls are slightly convex, the last
approaching a cylindric form. About 1^ whorls are smooth, the
rest closely and finely grooved vertically. On the last whorl
there is a low vari.x not far behind the lip (in the type). The
aperture is short, broader than in V. pinchoti, contained about
2.6 times in the total length. Outer lip is smoothly finished
and arches gently forward, receding at the base. Tlie short
columella is concave, abruptly truncate at base.
Length 9.8 mm., diameter 3 mm. ; length of aperture 3.6 mm.
8 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
This snail is at once separable from V. pinchoti Pils. by the
concave columella. Also the sculpture is finer and closer and
the form slimmer. It agrees with V. pinchoti in having 1-J
smooth apical whorls.
Varicella caymanensis ampla, new subspecies. Plate 1, fig. 5.
Found with the preceding species, and similar to that in sculp-
ture and the concave columella. It is larger and the last whorl is
broader than in that species.
Length 10.7 mm., diameter 3.6 mm. ; length of aperture 4.6 mm.
This probably represents a separate species, but as only a
single specimen was taken, the constancy of its diiferential char-
acters is uncertain.
SucCINEroAE
Succinea latior C. B. Adams.
Newtown Road, Governor's Sound behind Savage-English
Cisterns, north coast; branching of Forest Glen Road from
Further Land Road, North Side area.
PLANORBroAE
Tropicorhis havanensis insularum, new subspecies.
Cow well. Further Land Road, North Side area, Grand Cay-
man. (C. B. Lewis, July 17th, 1938).
A miniature of T. havanensis (Pfr.), the left side sunken in
the middle, the right side narrowly umbilicate there; periphery
equably rounded. Aperture strongly oblique, the lip thin.
Height 1.4 mm., diameter 4.3 mm. ; 4^ whorls.
These small planorbs may represent a dwarf ecologic form
ratlier than a true subspecies, but as it has been found only in
a single place, it seems simpler to give it a varietal name. The
specimens are evidently adult from the deflection of the last
whorl at the aperture. Tliey have much tlie general appearance
of Qyraulus.
It may be mentioned liere that the species I recorded as ^'Plati-
orbis aff. lanicrianus Orb." (1930, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
82: 239), is an immature specimen of Drepanotrema lucidum
(Pfr.), of which /*. lnni( rimius Orb. is a synonym.
The two fresli water shells of Grand Cayman belong to widely
spread groups. Drepanotrema lucidum occurs in several West
July, 1H42J THE NAUTILUS 9
Indian islamls and on the mainland. Tropicorhis havancnsis
is a Cuban species, but scarcely distin<jruishable forms occur in
Jamaica and elsewhere. The small Cayman form described
above has not been found elsewhere, so far as our collections
show.
Explanation of Plate
Figs. 1, la. Cerion niartiriianum form caymanetuse Pils., actual size and
X 2. Behind English cisterns.
Figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a. Cerion martinianum form caymanense Pils., actual size
and X 2. Sand Key.
Fig. 4 Alcadia lewisi, n. sp., face of type.
Fig. 5. Varicella caymanensis ampla, n. subsp. Type.
Fig. 6. Varicella caymanensis, n. sp. Type.
Fig. 7. Lacteoluna cystula, n. sp. Type.
Fig. 8. Microceramus caymanensis, n. sp. Tj-pe.
Fig. 9. Geomelania alemon, n. sp. Type (spire broken).
Figs, 10, 10a. Cepolis caymanensis Pils. Type, actual size and enlarged.
Figs. 11, 11a. Cepolis caymanensis Pils. Cotton Tree Land, Cayman Brae.
Figs. 12, 12a, 13, 13a. Foteria caymanensis oligoptyx, n. subsp. Tj-pe
and paratype, actual size and enlarged.
Figs. 14, 14a. Cepolis lewisiana, n. sp., actual size and enlarged.
Fig. 15. Tropicorhis havanensis insularum, n. subsp. Type, enlarged.
SOME DEEP-SEA PHILIPPINE VOLUTIDS*
By PAUL BARTSCH
Curator, Divisions of Mollusks and Cenozoic Invertebrates
United States National Museum
On April 21, 1915, a banquet to Dr. William Healey Dall com-
memorating; the completion of fifty years of service to science,
1865-1915, was tendered him at the Cosmos Club of Wa.shinp:ton
by more than 100 associates and friends. At this ^rathering the
following toasts were delivered :
Dall the Alaska Pioneer Dr. Alfred H. Brooks
Dall the Anthropologist Prof. Wm. H. Holmes
Dall the Coast Pilot Mr. Isaac Winston
Dall the Malaeologist Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry
Dall the Paleontologist Dr. T. Wayland Vau<rhan
Dall the Zoologist Dr. C. Hart Merriam
Dall the Nomenclatorist Dr. Ch. Wardell Stiles
* Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
10 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1)
Dall the Poet Justice Wendell P. Stafford
Dall the Man General A. W. Greely
On this occasion a 20-page brochure was distributed which, in
addition to giving a portrait of Dr. Dall and a page of vitae and
a menu, devoted an illustrated page to each toast delivered.
On the plate dealing with "Dall the Malacologist," I figured
''Prodallia dalli Bartsch," a volutid mollusk dredged by us on
the Alhaiross cruise in the profound waters of the Philippines.
I have been remiss in not following this publication with a
detailed description, which is done herewith. I am here also
describing three other species of this genus obtained on the same
cruise.
Genus PRODALLIA Bartsch
1915. Prodallia Bartsch, Banquet Brochure for William
Healey Dall, p. 10.
Large, very elongate-turreted, volutid mollusks marked by pro-
tractively curved axial ribs and fine, closely spaced, spiral lira-
tions. The columella bears 2 oblique folds which are not visible
in the aperture, but are confined to the earlier turns. The oper-
culum is of semi-lunid outline, corneus, and marl- d by numerous,
slender, overlapping, horny lamellae which radiate from the
nucleus and are bent almost at right angles near the edge. Type :
Prodallia dalli Bartsch.
Prodallia dalli Bartsch. Plate 2, figs. 1, 4.
1915. Prodallia dalli Bartsch, Banquet Brochure for William
Healey Dall, p. 10.
Shell large, elongate-turreted, covered with a brownish olivace-
ous, shining periostracum which pales to olivaceous gray on the
anterior half of the last whorl. Nuclear whorls decollated in
both our specimens. The postnuclear whorls are rather high
between tlie summit and the suture, well rounded and cro.ssed by
very regular aiul regularly spaced, somewhat siuuous axial ribs
which are about as wide as the spaces that sejiarate them, and
which tcrniiiuitc at the summit as cusps. Of these ribs []6 are
preseut on the antepenultimate turn. Anterior to this turn the
ribs gradually become less strong and are quite enfeebled on the
last whorl. In addition to this, the wliorls are marked by closely
spaced, fine, spiral lirations. Suture deeply broadly channeled.
Periphery well rounded. Base long, coiu-ave on the left margin
and j)roduced into a slender cohnnella. Aperture irregularly
oval, channeled anteriorly; outer lij) expanded and .somewhat
'nil-: XAi TIMS: :,(i (D
I'l.ATK 2
^'ig-s. 1. 4. I'lodalli:. .1;
i*rodalli:i .sinitlii.
illi. -. l'ro(l;illia l>:iitliil(.\vi. .{. I'mdallia julnisoiii. 5,
July, 1942] THE NAUTILUS 11
rolloi'tinl ami sli<ilitly iioti-luHl anteriorly; inner lip reflected over
the eolumella and parietal wall as a moderately thick callus.
Interior of aperture livid purplish, paler at the edfje.
The type, U.S.X.M. No. 231758, was dredf,'ed by the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at Station 5119 off Cape
Santiajio. Luzon, in 394 fathoms, on prreen mud and sand bottom;
bottom temperature, 43.7°. It lias 11.5 whorls remaining! and
measures: Height, 151 mm.; greater diameter, 51.5 mm.; length
of aperture. 66.5 mm.
A second specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 231759, was dredged by the
Albatross at Station 5284 off Lubang Island in 422 fathoms, on
gray mud and globigerina bottom; bottom temperature, 43°.
Prodallia smithi, new species. Plate 2, fig. 5.
Shell elongate-turreted, covered by a thin, light drab, some-
what shining periostracum. Nuclear whorls decollated in all our
specimens. The postnuclear whorls are high between the sum-
mit and the suture, well rounded and very slightly shouldered at
the summit, all but the last whorl crossed by rather strong, sinu-
ous, retractively curved, axial ribs which are about as wide as the
spaces that separate them. Of these ribs 21 are present on the
antepenultimate turn. These ribs become slightly cusped at the
summit. Suture moderately impressed. In addition to the axial
ribs, the whorls are marked by fine, closely spaced, spiral stria-
tions. Periphery well rounded. Base concave on the left side,
drawn out into a long slender columella. Aperture irregularly
ovate, channeled anteriorly with a notch posterior to the anterior
termination of the outer lip. Interior of aperture pale brown, a
little paler at the edge. The columella does not show any folds
within the aperture. There is a feeble indication of two folds
in the early turns.
The type, U.S.N.M. No. 231760, was dredged by the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries Steamer Albatross at Station 5528 off Bali-
casag Island, Bohol, in 439 fathoms, in globigerina ooze bottom ;
bottom temperature 53.3°. It has 7.3 whorls remaining and
measures : Height, 134 mm. ; greater diameter, 42.7 mm. ; length
of aperture, 65.9 mm. A young specimen of 10 whorls with prob-
ably tlie first missing, was dredged at the same station.
Another specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 235394, was dredged by the
Albatross at Station 5124 on Maestre de Campo Island, in 281
fathoms on soft green mud bottom.
12 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
I take pleasure in naming this for the late Dr. Hugh M. Smith,
Director of the Philippine Albatross Expedition.
Prodallia johnsoni, new species. Plate 2, fig. 3.
Shell elongate-turreted, covered by a thin isabelline-colored,
somewhat shining periostracum. Nuclear whorls decollated.
The postnuclear whorls are rather high between the summit and
suture, with the summit narrowly shouldered. The whorls are
crossed by somewhat sinuous, rather closely spaced, strong axial
ribs which terminate at the periphery of the last turn. Of these
ribs 43 are present on the antepenultimate turn. Tliese ribs are
a little wider than the spaces that separate them and form cusps
at the summit. The whorls are crossed by well incised, moder-
ately strong, and quite regularly spaced, lines on the early turns ;
on the last 2 the spiral sculpture is reduced to mere fine spiral
lirations. Suture moderately deeply narrowly channeled. Pe-
riphery well rounded. Base concave on the left side and produced
into a long narrow columella. Aperture irregularly oval, chan-
neled anteriorly ; outer lip thin, slightly notched near the an-
terior margin. Interior of aperture of about the same color as
the exterior. The columella shows an indication of 2 weak folds
deep within. These are more intensified on the preceding turns.
The type, a not quite mature specimen, U.S.N.M. No. 238419,
was dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross
at Station 5424, off Cagayan Island, Jolo Sea, in 340 fatlioms on
coral sand bottom ; bottom temperature, 50.4°. It has 12.5 whorls
remaining and measures : Height, 104 mm. ; greater diameter, 26
mm. ; length of aperture, 44.5 mm.
This species most nearly resembles P. smithi. It differs from
this in being much more slender and in having a more strongly
channeled suture and the axial ribs much finer and more closely
spaced.
I take pleasure in naming this for Rear Admiral Marbury
Johnson, who was our Skipper during the first half of the Alba-
tross expedition in the Philippines.
Prodallia bartiielowi, new species. Plate 2, fig. 2.
Shell small, elongate-conic, covered with a thin isabelline-
colored periostracum. The nucleus consists of a little more than
one smooth tnrn which is not larger than the succeeding turn.
The posterior whorls are appressed at the summit, all but the last
and a fourth of the preceding turn crossed by strong broad axial
July. 1942 j THE NAUTILI'S 13
ribs which are much wider than the spaces that separate them.
Of these there are 15 on the antepenultimate turn. On the last
portion of the next to the last whorl the ribs bet^'in to disappear,
and on the last turn they are quite obsolete. In addition to this,
the whorls are marked by mieroscopie spiral striations. Suture
moderately impressed. Periphery well rounded. Base concave
on the left side, produced into a slightly twisted columella, which
shows two folds deep within. Aperture irre<rularly elon^rate-
ovate, channeled anteriorly; outer lip thin with a sli<rht notch
near the anterior termination. The columella and parietal wall
are covered with a thin callus.
The tj-pe, U.S.N.M. No. 238444, was dredged by the U. S.
Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross at Station 5425, off Caga-
yan Island, Jolo Sea, in 495 fathoms, on gray mud and coral sand
bottom ; bottom temperature, 49.4°. It has 9 whorls and mea-
sures : Height, 27.3 mm. ; greater diameter, 8.3 mm. ; length of
aperture, 5.8 mm.
This species differs from P. johnsoni in being much smaller and
in having the axial ribs disappear completely on the last whorl.
I take pleasure in naming this for our Navigating Officer, Ben-
jamin Barthelow.
SOME NEW AND INTERESTING MARINE SHELLS
FROM NORTHWEST FLORIDA
By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL and THOMAS L. McGINTY
In October, 1941, one of us (McGinty) did extensive dredging
off the coast of Florida, around and near Destin, Okaloosa
County, and had the good fortune to bring in a great many
rare and beautiful shells, including Aurinia jnnonia, Murex
cahrittii, Conus sozoni, Glycymeris americana, Chionc latilirata,
Eucrassatella gihbsii, and many others, although it was the abun-
dance of small species, many of them new to science, which made
the dredging most interesting.
The dredging possibilities in this part of the Gulf of Mexico
were first brought to the attention of Mr. McGinty by Dr. J. H.
Beal, an ardent shell collector, who for many years has maintained
a summer residence at Ft. Walton, near Destin, and some forty
miles east of Pensacola. Most of the material was taken from
two localities. One, about six miles east of Destin, four miles off
14 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
shore, over a rocky coral reef in fourteen fathoms of water ; and
the other about eighteen miles off shore, south by west of Destin,
over a sandy marl bottom at a depth of eighteen to twenty fath-
oms. Much of the success of this dredging was due to the wide
knowledge of bottom conditions and expert boat handling of
Captain Edwin Marler of Destin, whose skill made it possible to
haul two dredges simultaneously.
All of the tremendous task of dredging, cleaning, sorting and
early identifying has been done by Mr. McGinty, while specimens
of uncertain identity have been sent to Mrs. Schwengel at the
Academy of Natural Sciences, where she has completed the identi-
fication, with the assistance and supervision of Dr. H. A. Pilsbry,
who kindly and generously disclaims any authorship honors.
It is therefore with pleasure that we present the following new
shells under joint authorship. We hope to continue this pleasant
combination of efforts ; Mr. McGinty, with his opportunities for
field work, his fine knowledge of genera and species, and his tire-
less energy and patience in collecting the shells ; Mrs. Schwengel,
with her privilege of association with Dr. Pilsbry, her access to
the wonderful collection and excellent library of the Academy, to
help in the identifying of known, but rare specimens, and in
describing the new species.
The types of course, will stay with the Academy, but a collec-
tion of this material is on display at the Beal-Maltbie Shell Mu-
seum, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida.
Calliostoma (Eutrochus) faustum, n. sp.
Slioll umbilicate, high-conic, ochraceous-buff, with unevenly
spaced white spots on the peripheral ridge; of eight and a half
whorls. The nucleus of one and a half white, rounded whorls;
the next three whorls with throe, four and six beaded spirals,
respectively, which gradually flatten out into bands on the next
four whorls, the bauds s('|)arat('(l by shallow grooves up to the
penult whorl, but on tlx' last whorl these grooves are rei)resented
by five reddish lines. The groove above the peripheral spotted
band more deeply cut, with a moderately defined suture. There
is an axial sculpture of faint, uneven incremental lines. The base
is flat, with twelve flattciu'd spiral bands, tlie two or tiiree near
the pillar becoming iiici-easingly iioduled by converging radial
imprcssious. Unihilicus white and smooth within, bordered by
a nodulous cord, narrow and deeply funnelled. Aperture trape-
July, 1942] THE NAUTILUS 15
zoidal, ontor lip thin. Pillar perpendicular, slijrlitly sifrmoid,
ending' at base with a small tooth. Heiji:ht 8 nun., diameter 7 mm.
Dredged in eighty fathoms off Lake Worth, Florida, by T. L.
Mc'Ginty. Type 178635 A.N.S.P.
This very rare Calliostoma appears to stand near the unfigured
C. hcndersoni Dall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 70, Art. 19, p. 7), from
118 fathoms off the Sambo Reefs, Florida. That is much larger
and has seven or eight subequal beaded spirals on the last whorl,
ten flattened spirals on the base. In sculpture our species com-
pares vaguely with C. zizyphinum L. from the Mediterranean.
Calliostoma fascinans, n. sp.
Shell imperforate, high-conic, white with pecan-brown macula-
tions over shell, and a series of orange-cinnamon spots on every
third or fourth nodule on the periphery. The texture of the en-
tire shell is so thin that the iridescent nacre of the inner lining
shows through. About eight whorls, the first smooth and rounded,
the second whorl .sculptured with two heavily beaded spirals, the
third whorl with three spirals and the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh
and eighth whorls with four each of the beaded spirals. The
second and third spirals are much more heavily beaded than the
others, and low ribs connect them vertically in pairs, the third
spiral forming the over-hanging periphery, the fourth spiral
dropping back abruptly to the suture, which is barely discernable.
On the last two whorls there is a smooth spiral thread just below
the first noduled spiral. The periphery of the last whorl gives a
crenulated aspect to the base of the shell, though the fourth
spiral really forms the rim of the base, which is barely convex,
with eight evenly spaced, lightly beaded spirals, and further
sculptured with fine radial curving threads. Pillar lip perpendic-
ular, slightly concave, callus thin, white, the spiral ribs of the
base showing through it. Aperture trapezoidal. Height 11.6
mm., diameter 6.6 mm.
Dredged off Lake Worth, Florida, in about 400 feet, by T. L.
McGinty. Type 178634 A.N.S.P.
This beautiful little Calliostoma might be compared with C.
veliei Pilsbry, though it is much more narrow at the base, more
heavily beaded, with fewer spirals and much thinner texture.
This species and the preceding will be figured in next Nautilus.
DouGLASSU BEALIANA, n. sp. Plate 4, fig. 2.
Shell elongate-conic, pecan-brown, of about nine whorls. The
16 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
three nuclear whorls are smooth and convex. Slender axial rib-
lets begin on the first post-nuclear whorl, the riblets and spaces
between about equal, but the spaces widen considerably^ with each
succeeding whorl. There are twelve ribs on the 1st, ten on the
2nd, 3rd and 4th whorl, and twelve again on the 6th or body
whorl. The ribs are sigmoid in form, beginning low at the well-
defined suture, grow heavier, almost forming a nodule at the
slightly angled periphery, protractively slanting toward the next
lower suture, except on the body whorl, where they evanesce, giv-
ing place to eight to ten weak spiral threads on the base. There
is a broad, whitish band around the periphery of the 4th, 5tli and
6th whorls, with a slightly darker, narrow brown band immedi-
ately above the white band. Aperture about one-third the length
of the shell, oval, with a deep anal sinus posteriorly, and a feeble
stromboid notch anteriorly. The inner lip forms a reflected
callus over the columella and extends over the parietal wall, pro-
jecting into the aperture at the deep posterior sinus as a heavy
rounded knob. There is a moderately' heavy varix about one-
sixth of a turn behind the edge of the outer lip. Length 7 mm.,
width 2.7 mm.
Dredged by T. L. McGinty in fourteen fathoms off Destin,
Northwest Florida. Type 178702 A.N.S.P.
This shell very much resembles Douglassia enae Bartsch, but
is much smaller and darker, has a slightly larger nucleus, ribs
are sinuous, continue over the sinal band, and it has no spiral
sculpture except at the base. In all other respects it is appar-
ently very similar.
Trivia maltbiana, n. sp. Plate 4, fig. d.
Shell rotundly ovate, right side definitely margined, a little
produced right posteriorly, transversely very closely ribbed
throughout, interstices faintly granuhir, ribs weakly continuous
across slialh)w dorsal sulcus. Vinaceous pink, with a large, pale
pink blotch in center of back. Aperture narrow, moderately
straight except at posterior end where it is recurved, right lip
finely toothed and slightly wider at center, lip edge and both
posterior and anterior canal pale pink. About 30 ribs on outer
lip, of which 9 do not extend to the dorsal sulcus. About 24 ribs
on body whorl, all but 3 or 4 continuous, but these few broken and
overlapping. Length 13 mm., breadth 10 mm., height 8 mm.
Dredged in 14 fms. off Destin, Northwest Florida, by T. L.
McGinty. Type 178703.
This beautiful Trivia differs considerably from others known
Till-: XAi Tii.i s: :,(i ,\
II »
IM.ATK :!
I'l'.-. I. I:i. I'tfli;! x;illflli:i S.-Iiuriifr,.|. l', i ),mi>,'I:.ssi,i l.r.i Ii;i h;, S,||\vrli;,'rl
A. .\Ir(;iiity. :!. (Vclo.stri'm.i |.(.iif(.f,'i.iics S. A; M. 4. I'lu.s .i.l.'lus Sclnv. T,.
Aclis h.viKTtroni:. S. .V: M. C. 7. Tiiti:iii:i vii>riiii:ir S.liw. S. I.;iiii,.|l:.ii:,
leiicosphacra Seliw. y, Maist-niiia globosa Perrv.
July, 1942J THE NAUTILUS 17
from Florida. T. suffusa Gray is much smaller, more rotund, hits
{granular ribs and is sprinkled with brown dots. T. pcdiculus L.
is about the same size and shape, but brown in color with ribs
nodular or crenulated, and four black spots toward the dorsal
sulcus.
ACLIS HYPERGONIA, u. sp. Plate 3, fig. 5.
The shell is rimate, slender, the diameter contained about 2.6
times in the lengrth ; translucent \vhite; glossy; thin; of about 7^
whorls. The first 2i whorls are rather strongly convex ; all fol-
lowing whorls are strongly carinate at the shoulder, the surface
below the carina moderately convex, contracting to the suture.
The first 2 =!= carinate whorls have two spiral ridges below the
carina, but these disappear on the last 2 or 3 whorls. Last whorl
rounded below the keel, somewhat tapering at the base. The
aperture is oval, angular above, somewhat produced basally ; the
columellar margin is reflected partly over the narrow umbilicus.
Length 3.25 mm., diameter 1.25 mm.
Dredged off Lantana, Florida, in 550 feet. Type 178704 A.N.
S.P., others in the Schwengel and McGinty collections.
The strong carination of the shoulder at once separates this
Aclis from others of the region. A. bermudensis Dall & Bartsch,
1911 (Proc. U.S.N.M. 40: 278) is of stouter figure, with only some
of the early whorls shouldered, while in our species the keel ex-
tends upon the last whorl. The spiral cords or ridges below the
shoulder are variable, appearing distinctly on from 1 to 2i
whorls, and in some individuals they are very weak. There is
sometimes a small spiral cord above the shoulder carina. Lines of
growth are scarcely visible. The name refers to the whorls being
angular above.
Cyclostrema (Aorotrema) pontogenes, n. subg. et sp. PI. 3,
fig. 3.
The openly umbilicate, white shell is strongly bicarinate with
flattened spire, of 3\ whorls, the first two planorboid. The first
1| whorls are smooth, convex, the convexity increasing on the
next whorl, and overhanging outwardly on the last whorl, form-
ing a strong but blunt upper carina. There is a more extended
and somewhat up-curved carina at the periphery, a deep concav-
ity between the two carinae. Below the peripheral keel the sur-
face slopes straightl}' to the prominent ridge around the umbilicus.
18 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
On the last li^ whorls there is a secondary sculpture of fine low
spiral threads, their intervals crossed by finer growth lines, giving
a minutely punctate appearance in some places ; these spirals not
extending into the funnel-shaped umbilicus. Aperture with the
columellar margin deeply concave in the middle. Outer lip in-
serted just below the keel of next-to-last whorl, gently sloping
to the first carina, then concave to the stronger and more extended
peripheral carina, below which it slants straighth' to the base.
Height 1.3 mm., diameter 1.9 mm.
Dredged in 18 to 20 fathoms, off Destin, Northwest Florida, by
T. L. McGinty. Type 178697 A.N.S.P.
This species is similar in size, sculpture and form to C. cis-
tronium Dall, but the spire is flatter, second carina much more
extended in a "pie-crust" manner, the last whorl not descending
and the aperture more angled and not separated from the body-
whorl as in C. cistronium.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF STROMBUS RANINUS
GMELIN
By B. R. bales, M.D.
For many years, malacologists who have had occasion to collect
at the southern end of Lake Worth, Palm Beach County, Florida,
have observed that a large proportion of Strombus raninus
Gmelin (formerly known as Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck)
in this region were very much smaller than those taken at other
stations in Florida.
A series taken in April 1936 and another in April 1942 seem to
indicate that the dwarf form is constant and has suflScient other
differences from the true S. raninus as to constitute a valid sub-
species. There are several points of difference: (1) The Lake
Worth shells average decidedly smaller. (2) The tip of the lii>
never extends beyond the apex or spire. (3) A series demon-
strates a very much darker eoloration. (4) The grain of the shell
substance is much finer ; many specimens are so glossy that they
appear to be oiled, while normal iTidividiiiils are much duller in
surface texture.
Measurements of 93 normal specimens from Key West, Stock
Island, Boca Chica Key and East Sister's Key, all located among
I'llK N A I "I" I LI S: :)(i (1)
I'l.A'ri-: 4
■• t '
Fi^^s. ;i. li, Strdiiilms r.iniiiiis nanus, c, Stronilms raninus. .Scak' mark - 1
incli. il. Trivia nialtldana. Scali- line = in nun.
.July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 10
the Florida Koys. <:ive an averajje measurement of 79 mm., with
the lonjrest speeimen measurinjr 97 mm. in lenp:th and tlie shortest,
57 mm. These measurements are from tlie base or aperture to the
apex. The sex of these was not determined. A series of 248 of
the dwarf subspecies g:ives the followinrr measurements:
Number of males examined, 116. Longest shell (from base to
tip) 65 mm. Shortest shell, 38 mm. (One in the McGinty collec-
tion measures 36.7 mm.) Averaj^e of 116 shells, 50 mm.
Number of females examined, 132. Longest shell, 67 mm.
Shortest shell, 51 mm. Average of 132 shells, 60 mm. All
measurements are of fully mature adults.
In one hundred per cent of the dwarf subspecies, the lip is
shorter than the spire with the exception of three individuals,
where they are of equal length. Of the 93 shells of normal S.
raninus Gmel., 81 specimens or 87^ % have the lip of the shell
noticeably longer than the tip of the spire, while 12 individuals or
12h ','l have the tips shorter or of equal length. In view of the
above facts it seems reasonable to give this dwarf, subspecific
rank as
Strombus raninus nanus, new subspecies. Plate 4, figs, a, b.
Description as of Stromhus raninus Gmeliu (or S. hituhercula-
tus Lamarck) with tlie following differences: — it is (1) Definitely
smaller. (2) Tip of lip never extends above apex of shell. (3)
Average coloration darker. (4) Texture much finer and often
very glossy.
Type and Paratype No. 178696 in the Academy of Natural
Sciences. Paratypes in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in
the Bales, McGintj' and Koto collections.
Type locality: Southern end of Lake Worth, Palm Beach
County, Florida.
It is evident that the measurements of the small specimen of S.
raninus mentioned on p. 3 of Clench's monograph of Strombus
in Johnsonia are those of this subspecies.
Since this Strombus has always been known among concholo-
gists as the "dwarf from Lake Worth," it has been given the
name of iianus, i.e., dwarf.
20 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
RANDOM NOTES ON AMERICAN POTAMIDIDAE
By J. BEQUAERT
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
While preparing a revision of the Western Atlantic Potami-
didae for "Johnsonia" some matters of synonymy and nomen-
clature had to be considered which could not properly be dis-
cussed there. Yet the conclusions reached seem sufficiently inter-
esting to warrant publication.
1. The genotype of Cerithidea Swainson, 1840, Treatise of Ma-
lacology, pp. 198, 203 and 342. On p. 342, Swainson mentioned
two species : C. lineolata Griff. Cuv. 14. f . 4 ; and C. fragilis. lb.
32. f. 12. One of these must be the genotype. So far as I can
trace, the first valid type designation is by Pilsbry and Harbison
(1933, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 115), who state that a
new species of Cerithidea they describe has a character "not
possessed by the genotype, C. ohtusa (Lam.)." Swainson 's first
species, Melania lineolata Griffith and Pidgeon (1834, Cuvier's
Animal Kingdom, 12, PI. 14 of Moll., fig. 4) is, from the excellent
figure, unquestionably identical with Cerithium ohtusum La-
marck (1822, Hist. Nat. An. sans Vert., 7, p. 71). This M. lineo-
lata was renamed Cerithium truncatum by Griffith and Pidgeon
in their Index (pp. 596 and 598), because of the earlier Melania
lineolata (Gray) {Stronihus lineolatus Gray, 1828), shown on
PI. 13, fig. 4 of the same work.
J. E. Gray in 1847 (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 154) gave as
first choice for the type of Cerithidea, Murex decollatus Linnaeus
(1767), and as second clioice, Stromhiformis cost at us da Costa
(1778) ; but neither of these species Avas originally included by
Swainson. For a similar reason, Kobelt's designation of ^'Cer.
decollatum L." (1888, Syst. Conch. Cab., 1, Abt. 26. p. 4) is also
invalid. Wenz (1940, Ilandbuch d. Paliiozool., Gastropoda, Bd.
6, pt. 6, p. 742) cites as type, on the authority of Makiyama, "C.
lineolata Griffitli and Pidgeon \Melania] = decollata (Linm')
[Murex]. ^^ This is erroneous on two scores. First, Griffith and
Pidgeon 's Melania lineolata (of PI. 14, fig. 4) is not the East
African Cerithidea da-ollnta, but the Indo-Malayan C. ohtusa.
Secondly, Makiyama (1936, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ.,
July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 21
ser. B, 11. No. 4, p. 221) selected Mclania lincolata Griffith and
Pidnreou, 1834, as type ; but he did not decide what it was, merely
notinj; that it seemed "not very different from Cerithidea decol-
lata (Linne, 1767)."
Swainson's second species, Cerithium fragile Deshayes (1833),
is a fossil shell of the genus Pot amides.
2. I recognize only three species of Cerithidea now living in
the "Western Atlantic: C. costata (da Costa, 1778), C. pliculosa
(Menke. 1829), and C. scalariformis (Say, 1825).
Cerithidea insulaemaris Pilsbry and Harbison (1933) is known
only from the Miocene of New Jersey. I am unable to under-
stand why Wenz (1940, op. cit., p. 742) cites it as from the Mio-
cene to ? Recent; and quotes it as "Rezent" under the figure
which he copied from the original. Moreover, it was taken from
a well, not near the locality "Well." No Potamididae have been
found alive on the Atlantic coast of America north of South
Carolina.
3. The following names I regard as synonyms of Cerithidea
costata (da Costa), in its typical form, that is with smooth or
almost smooth longitudinal ribs : Stromhiformis costatus da Costa
(1778) ; Cerithium lafondii Michaud (1829) ; Cerithium am-
higuum C. B. Adams (1845) (cotypes of Adams' species have
smooth ribs and his description does not mention that they are
nodulo.se) ; Cerithium salmacidum Morelet (1849) (cotypes
seen) ; Cerithium petitii Schramm (1869) {nomen nudum; vali-
dated by Tryon, 1887, as a synonym of C. costata) ; and Ceri-
thidea pupoidea Worch (1876).
Cerithidea costata turrita Stearns. Cerithidea turrita Stearns
(1872), is at most a race of C. costata, peculiar to the west coast
of Florida. It is on the average smaller and more slender than
typical costata.
Cerithidea costata heattyi J. Bequaert (1942) was proposed
for the form of C. costata with more or less nodulose ribs figured
by Reeve (1866) as C. amhigua (not Cerithium ambiguum C. B.
Adams, 1845). The type locality is St. Croix, Virgin Islands;
but it is also known from the Bahamas, Barbuda and Trinidad.
4. Cerithidea minnor Morch (1876, Malak. Bliitt., 23, p. 92;
Cuba) is the only published name, based on a Western Atlantic
22 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1)
potamidid, which I am unable to recognize. The description fits
a variant of C. costata; but the measurements are unlike any
adult I have ever seen of that species: "Long. 1^ mm.; lat. 2^
mm." From the unusual disproportion between length and
width, I suspect that the length given is a misprint. Perhaps the
type is still in existence and may settle the matter.
5. Cerithidea plicidosa (Menke) is the earliest valid name for
the species usually called C. iosioma. Morch (1876) saw the type
of Cerithium pliculosum Menke (1829) at the Copenhagen Mu-
seum and he included it among his West Indian varicose Ceri-
thidea ("T varicigera, labro incrassato"), all of which I regard
as one and the same species. The following names I regard as
synonyms of Cerithidea plicidosa: Potamides iostomus Pfeiffer
(1839) and Cerithium lavalleanum d'Orbigny (1842). On the
other hand, Cerithium varicosum Valenciennes (1832), Cerithium
varicosum Sowerby (1834), Cerithidea aguayoi Clench (1934),
Cerithium fortiusculum Bayle (1880), Cerithium hanleyi Sowerby
(1855), Cerithium lafondii Michaud (1829), and Cerithium hege-
wischii Philippi (1848) were based on different species. C. la-
fondii I synonymize with Cerithidea costata, after a careful study
of Michaud 's original figure, as well as that by Kiener (1841^2).
The remaining names do not refer to Western Atlantic shells (see
below).
C. plicidosa veracruzensis J. Bequaert (1942) was proposed
for the Mexican and Central American form in which the spiral
ridges are at least as pronounced as the vertical ribs, producing
a cancellate surface. The tj'pe locality is Vera Cruz, Mexico.
I have also seen it from British Honduras, Guatemala and
Nicaragua.
6. The following names arc synonyms of Cerithidea scalari-
formis (Say) : Pirenn scnlarifonnis Say (1825), Potamides tenuis
Pfeiffer (1839), and Cerithidea hanUyana Reeve (1866).
7. All Batillaria of the Western Atlantic belong to one species,
Batillaria minima. (Gmolin), the following published names re-
ferring to individual variants in color or sculpture of the typical
form: Murex minimus Gmelin (1790), Cerithium. clathratum
"Menke" (1828, nomen nudum) Morch (1876), Cerithium
nigrcsccns Menke (1828), Cerithium septemstriatum Say (1832),
July. 1!)42J THE NAUTILUS 23
Ccrithinm hetcrochjtcs Potiez and Michaud (1838) (not of La-
marck. 1822), Cerithium pdoritanum Kiener (1841-1842) (not
of Cantraine, 1835), Cerithium eriense "Valenciennes" Kiener
(1841-1842)/ Cerithium alhovittatum C. B. Adams (1850), and
Cerithium alhocoopcrtum C. A. Davis (1904). Some colonies are
only of one type, but others are a mixture of several variants,
with all transitions. None of these variants are <Treo^'rapliically
or ecolojrically segregated ; hence they do not, in my opinion, de-
serve to be recognized in nomenclature.
Only two forms of B. minima appear sufficiently distinct to
warrant varietal or subspecific names: Batillaria minima rawsoni,
described as Cerithium rawsoni "Krebs" Morch (1876), is defi-
nitely known from Bermuda and the Bahamas. Batillaria
minima degenerata, described as Cerithium (Pyrazus) septem-
striatum var. degeneratum Dall (1894), occurs in the Bahamas
and Hispaniola.
The following names are not synonyms of B. minima: Trochus
striatellus Dillwyn (1817), Cerithium peloritanum Cantraine
(1835), Cerithium laevigatum Philippi (1844), Cerithium ni-
grinum Philippi (1848), Cerithium desolatum Bayle (1880), and
Cerithium heteroclytes Lamarck (1822). (See below.)
Cerithium hrongniartii Maravigna (1840), C. hymerense Cal-
cara (1840) and C. pirayni Benoit (1843), sometimes referred to
B. minima, are Mediterranean shells, not related to that species
and not further considered here.
8. Cerithium (Potamides) hegewischii Fhilippi (1848, Zeitschr.
f. Malak., 5, p. 19 ; 1849, Abb. Beschr. Conch., 3, pt. 4, p. 15, PI. 1
of Cerithium, fig. 6) was described merely from "Mexico."
Morch (1876) thought he recognized it in a shell from Texas, evi-
dently of what I call Cerithidea pliculosa (Menke) {=iostoma
Pfeiffer) . Tryon (1885, Man. of ConchoL, Ser. 1, 9, p. 161 ; name
misspelled hegwischii) regarded it as a synonym of the Pacific
C. montagnei var. pulchra C. B. Adams (1852) ; while v. Martens
(1900, Biol. Centr. Amer., Terr. Fluv. Moll., p. 570) treated it as
a variety, of the Pacific Potamides (Cerithidea) raricosus
1 The supposed occurrence of this snail in Lake Erie was no doubt due to
a badly written label. Possibly it bore the name of the collector ( ff^yries)
or the old Indian name of the Island of Trinidad ("lere").
24 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
(Kiener), which he separated specifically from moniagnei
d'Orbigny (1841). I am inclined to accept v. Martens' view.
The large Cerithidea of the Pacific coast, from southern Cali-
fornia to Ecuador, are readily separable into two species, a con-
clusion reached long ago by Carpenter (1856). These two spe-
cies bear somewhat the same relationship to each other as the
Atlantic C. pliculosa and C. scalar if or mis.
Cerithidea moniagnei (d'Orbigny), described as Cerithium
moniagnei d'Orbigny (1841, Voy. Amer. Merid., 5, Moll., p. 443,
PI. 63, figs. 3-4; Guayaquil River, Ecuador), has strong vertical
ribs, weak or no spiral ridges above the periphery, and usually
no varices ; sometimes there is one fine, rib-like varix on the pen-
ultimate or antepenultimate whorl ; the mouth is subcircular. with
the outer lip well spread out and a.seending on the body-whorl;
the columella is short, very thick in the adult, and has a fold on
the back. Carpenter (1857, Cat. Mazatlan Shells, p. 342) recog-
nized it correctly. He also pointed out that Cerithium reevi-
anum C. B. Adams (1852, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 5, p.
380; 2i mi. E. of Panama) is the same; but that Cerithium Jargil-
lierii Philippi (1848) is a different species, from the Far East.
I have seen C. moniagnei from Mexico (Mazatlan), San Salvador
(Gulf of Ponseca), Nicaragua (Corinto) and Panama (Bella
Vista; Punta Paitilla).
Cerithidea hegeivischii (Philippi) has, in addition to the verti-
cal ribs, strong spiral ridges producing tubercles where they cut
the ribs; there are several (5 to 7) very thick varices, spaced
along the spire ; the mouth is rounded-subquadrate, with the outer
lip thickened but not expanded and not ascending on the body-
whorl ; the columella is little or not thickened and bears no fold
on the back. Philippi gave the length of his type as 15 lines
(=32.7 mm.). 1 am unable to separate, even as a variety, Ceri-
thidea ? varicosa var. mdzatlnnica Car])entor (1856, Cat. Mazat-
lan shells, p. 344; Mazatlan, Mexico), after examining cotypes at
the Mus. Comp. Zoiil. It averages 24 ram. in length, exceptionally
reaching 33 mm. Reeve (1866, Conch. Icon., 15, Cerrihidea, PI.
1, fig. 8) figured one of the rare specimens with only one varix
well developed. I have seen typical C. hegewischii from Mazat-
lan and the coast of Sonora (Guaymas; 10 mi. N. of Guaymas;
July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 25
Punta Pefiaseo; Kino Bay). Some of these specimens are transi-
tional to var. albonodosa, to which Carpenter referred sj)ecimens
from Guaymas (1864, Kept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863,
p. 667).
In the northern part of its range C. hegewischii is more slender,
with the varices lower, though conspicuously dirty white. This
is Cerithidea alhonodosa Carpenter, 1857, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don for 1856, p. 205 (San Diego, California), which he later
stated was probably a variety of his mazatlanica. Reeve (1866,
Conch. Icon., 15, Cerithidea, PI. 1, figs, la^h) figured it correctly.
I have seen C. hegewischii var. alhonodosa from California (San
Diego) and Lower California (Magdalena Bay; Espiritu
Santo Id.).
South of Mexico C. hegewischii grows much larger, with coarser
sculpture, producing the var. pidchra (C. B. Adams), which,
however, intergrades with the typical form. I have seen it from
Nicaragua (Corinto), Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya) and Panama
( Panama City ; Punta Paitilla ; Bella Vista ; Empire, C. Z. ) . The
following names appear to be synonyms of pulchra, being either
preoccupied or of later date: Cerithium varicosum Valenciennes
(1832), Cerithium varicosum Sowerby (1834), Serithium val-
idum C. B. Adams (1852), Cerithidea solida "Gould" Carpenter
(1857), Cerithium fortiusculitm Bayle (1880), Potamides meta
Li (1930), and Cerithidea aguayoi Clench (1934).
Cerithium pulchrum C. B. Adams, 1852, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, 5, p. 380 (2^ mi. E. of Panama) [1852, Panama Shells,
p. 156]. According to the description this could only be the
large form of C. hegewischii, since it has "very stout varices 240°
distant." It was correctly figured by Reeve (1866, Conch. Icon.,
15, Cerithidea, PI. 4, fig. 29) and Kobelt (1890, Syst. Conch. Cab.,
1, Abt. 26, PI. 11, figs. 7-8). E. v. Martens' C. montagnei var.
pidchra (1900, op. cit., p. 570) was. however, the variant of C.
montagnei with a single, thin, rib-like varix.
Cerithium varicosum Valenciennes, 1832, in Humboldt and
Bonpland, Observ. Zool. Anat. Comp., 2, p. 282 (supposedly from
Cumana, Venezuela). This is readily recognized as the large
form of C. hegewischii of the Pacific. The type locality was
erroneous, as shown bv the statement that it was collected witlk C ^ r* ^^
ILU
^^
L I 8 R > . « Y
26 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1)
C. humholdtii and C. lamarckii, both forms of the species of
Rhinocoryne peculiar to the Pacific coast of Central America.
The specific name is preoccupied by Cerithiuni varicosum
(Brocchi) Def ranee, 1817.
Cerithium varicosum Sowerby, 1834, Genera of Shells, No. 42,
PI. 213, fig. 5 (with brief description in letterpress; no locality) ;
1855, Thesaurus Conchyl., 2, p. 887, PI. 186, figs. 280-282 (Real
Llejos or Realejo, on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua). This is
clearly the same as C. varicosum Valenciennes, although it is
described as a new species.
Cerithium validum C. B. Adams, 1852, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist.
New York, 5, p. 381 (2i mi. E. of Panama) [1852, Panama Shells,
p. 157]. This was taken together with C. pulchrum and appears
to be based on large and slender specimens of the latter, reaching
1.6 inch (40.6 mm.) in length, while pulchrum is said to be 1.25
inch (33.7 mm.) long. It is what Reeve figured as C. varicosa
from Real Llejos (1866, Conch. Icon., 15, Cerithidea, PI. 3, fig.
19a ; his fig. 19&, presumably based on a specimen from Jamaica,
is C. pliculosa Menke).
Cerithidea solida "Gould" P. P. Carpenter 1857, Rept. 26th
Meet. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1856, p. 230 (without description;
as a synonym of valida C. B. Ads. and varicosa Sow.; Panama).
Cerithium fortiusculum Bayle, 1880, JI. de Conchyl., 28, p. 250,
was a new name proposed for Cerithium varicosum Sowerby
(1834).
Potamides mcta Li, 1930, Bull. Geol. Soc. China, 9, p. 267, PI.
6, fig. 50 (Bay of Panama; "probably recent"). As shown by
Pilsbry (1931. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., S3, p. 433). tliis was
ba.sed, not on a fossil, but on a worn examjile of Cerithidea hcge-
wischii var. pulchra (C. B. Adams) (= valida C. B. Adams).
Cerithidea aguayoi Clench, 1934, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
40, pt. 1, p. 110 (new name for Cerithium varicosum Sowerby,
1834; not of Defrance, 1817; a new name was proposed by Bayle
in 1880). This was iiu'ludod by error in tiie list of marine mol-
lusks of the Athmtic coast of the United States, Sowerby 's .species
being from the Pacific coast of Central America, as shown above.
The error started witii Morch (1876. Mahik. Bliitt., 23, p. 88),
who believed Potamides iostoma Pfeitfer to be Sowcrbv's C. vari-
July, 1942] THE NATTiLrs 27
cosuni. Dall also mentioned C. varicosa as occurriiif; in Texas
(1889, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 37, p. 140), these specimens
being C. plicidosa (Menke) (=iostoma Pfeiffer), a species which
he does not list.
9. The earliest valid name for the most common Californian
Potamidid is Cerithidea calif ornica (Haldeman), described as
Ceriihium (Potamis) calif ornicum Haldeman, 1840, Monofrr.
Limn. Fresh-water Univ. N. America, No. 1, unnumbered back
page of cover (California; with description). I have seen many
lots, the species being known from Bolinas Bay to San Diego and
in Lower California to Todos Santos Bay. I am not fulh^ con-
vinced that it is more than a race of C. hegewischii. Carpenter
also seemed to believe that it intergrades with his mazailanica
(= hegewischii) (1864, Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863,
p. 655). The following names are synonyms of C. calif ornica:
Ceriihium sacratum Gould (1849), Potamis pullatus Gould
(1855). Cerithidea fuscata Gould (1857), and Pirena calif ornica
"Nuttall" Carpenter (1857).
Cerithium (Potamis) sacrattim Gould, 1849, Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., 3, p. 118 (Sacramento River. California) ; 1852, U. S.
Explor. Exped. Wilkes, 12, Moll., p. 144, PI. 10, figs. 166-166a.
The northern Californian specimens of C. calif ornica are often
more weakly costate than those from farther south ; but there are
man3' transitions. It is possible, moreover, that Haldeman 's
types came from near San Francisco.
Potamis pullatus Gould, 1855, Explor. Surv. R. R. Mississippi
to Pacific, App. to Prelim. Geol. Rept., p. 25 (San Diego, Cali-
fornia) ; 1856, Repts. Explor. Surv. R. R. Mississippi to Pacific,
5, pt. 2, p. 333, PI. 11, figs. 23-24. This was based on typical,
strongly costulate C. calif ornica.
Cerithidea fuscata [Potamis fuscata] Gould, 1857, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London for 1856, p. 206 (San Diego, California). Based on
typical, strongly costulate C. californica.
Pirena californica "Nuttall MS" was cited by Carpenter
(1857. Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1856, p. 206) as a synonym of
C. fuscata Gould.
Cerithidea californica var. hyporhyssa (Berry). Described as
Cerithidea sacrata var. hyporhyssa Berry, 1906, Nautilus, 19,
28 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
p. 133, fig. (San Diego, California), this is no more than an eco-
logical form, characterized by the smooth or nearly smooth, flat
whorls. It intergrades with typical californica in the type
locality.
10. Cerithium hanleyi Sowerby, 1855, Thesaurus Conch jd., 2,
p. 874, PL 183, fig. 193 (no locality). This is a true Cerithium,
by the deep, oblique basal channel, and the sinus in the upper
angle of the mouth. It seems to be identical with Cerithium
ruhro-lineattim Sowerby (1855, o/j. cit., 2, p. 874, PI. 183, fig.
199), as Tryon recognized. Cerithidea hanleyana Reeve, 1866,
is a true Cerithidea (C. scalariformis Say), but it is not Sowerby 's
C. hanleyi.
11. Cerithium heteroclytes Lamarck, 1822, Hist. Nat. An. sans
Vert, 7, p. 74 ("mers de la Nouvelle-Hollande"). The size
(15f French lines = 35.5 mm.) alone makes the reference to Batil-
laria minima impossible, the largest specimen seen of the latter
being only 21.5 mm. long (usual size, 12 to 18 mm.). Lamarck
states that the specimen was given to him by Macleay, hence there
is no reason to doubt his locality. His shell was most probably
a deformed specimen of Batillaria australis (Quoy and Gaimard,
1834), and I have seen one from Tasmania which fits the descrip-
tion. If this synonymy is correct, the Australian species will
have to be called Batillaria heteroclytes (Lamarck). On the
other hand, Cerithium heteroclytes Potiez and Michaud, 1838,
Gal. Moll. Douai, 1, p. 365, PI. 31, figs. 21-22 (without locality),
was not Lamarck's species, but a deformed Baiillaria mini ma.
The figure, supposedly natural size (according to Expl. of Plates,
p. 49), is only 18.3 mm. long.
12. The following names appear to be based on the Mediter-
renean Pirenella conica (Blainville, 1829) :
Cerithium. pcloritanum Cantraiiu\ 1835, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles,
2, p. 392 (near the lighthouse at Messina, Sicily). The erroneous
listing of this name as a synonym of Batillaria minima was due
to the fact that Kiener's (figured) C. pcloriianum (1841-1842),
from "the coasts of Florida," was the North American species.
Cerithium laevigatum Philippi, 1844, Enum. Moll. Siciliae,
2, p. 161, PI. 25, fig. 32 (Sea of Sicily) (not of Eichwald, 1830).
Apparently based on a worn P. conica; certainly not Batillaria
minima.
July, 1942] THE NAUTILUS 29
Cn-ithlum desolatum Bayle, 1880. Jl. de Conehyl., 28, p. 247,
is a new name for Ccrithiiim laevigatinn Philippi (1844) ; hence
also a probable synonym of P. conica.
13. Ccrithium nigriuum Philippi, 1848, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 5,
p. 24 (no locality) ; 1849, Abb. Beschr. Conch., 3, pt. 4, p. 20, PL
1 of Cerithium, fig:. 19. This is a synonym of Cerithium variabile
C. B. Adams, 1845 (Cerithium fcrnigineum Say, 1832; not of
BrujJTuiere, 1792). The characters which Philippi uses to dif-
ferentiate his nigrinum from Say's septemstriatum are precisely
those that separate C. variabile from Batillaria minima.
14. Trochus striatellus Dilhvyn, 1817, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells,
2, p. 213, is merely Trochus striatellus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat.,
10th Ed., 1, p. 760, from the Mediterranean, the only definite
synonym cited by Dillwyn. He adds, as doubtful synonyms only :
Cerithium zonale Bruguiere, Murex minimus Gmelin and Lister's
fig:. 81, PI. 1018 of the Hist. Conehyl. The species is unrecog-
nized, but there is no reason to believe that it could have been
Batillaria minima. Hanley (1855, Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia, p.
325) saj's it was not in Linnaeus' own collection. He regards
Bruguiere's doubtful synonymy wdth Cerithium zonale as dis-
agreeing with part of the original description.
15. The earliest correct name for the only know'n species of
Rhinocoryne v. Martens (1900), of the eastern Pacific, is R. hum-
boldti (Valenciennes). This was described as Cerithium hum-
boldti Valenciennes, 1832, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Observ.
Zool. Anat. Comp., 2, p. 280 (supposedly from Cumana) and is
readily recognized. The type, was, however, not found at Cu-
mana, Venezuela, but somewhere on the Pacific coast of South or
Central America. Kiener (1841-1842, Spec. Gen. Icon. Coq.
Viv., 6, Cerithium, p. 83, PI. 26, fig. 2) apparently figures the
type.^
Cerithium 7amarc/rn' Valenciennes, 1832, op. cit., 2, p. 281 (from
the same locality as C. humboldti), is the rare individual variant
of R. humboldti with two peripheral rows of spinose tubercles,
instead of one. At the Museum of Comp. Zool., one such speci-
2 In the copy at Mus. Comp. Zool., the section of Kiener 's work covering
the "Famille des Canalif^res" is bound as vol. 6. In other copies, this
forms vol. 4.
30 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
men was found among some 50 normal ones, all from Panama. It
might be called R. humholdti var. lamarckii, but is scarcely worth
naming. Kiener presumably figured the type (1841-1842, op.
c*^., p. 84, PI. 27, fig. 3).
Cerithium pacificum Sowerby, 1834, Genera of Shells, No. 42,
PI. 213, fig. 9 (without locality or description). This is a
synonym of the earlier Rhinocoryne humholdti (Valenciennes),
as Kiener pointed out a century ago. It was based on the typical
form, with one row of spines.
16. It has been claimed that both Cerithidea costata (da Costa)
and Batillaria minima (Gmelin) live not only in the Western
Atlantic, but also in the Mediterranean, on the coast of Sicily.
Aradas and Benoit (1870, Conchigliologia Viv. Marina Sicilia,
pp. 231-233) report the first as "Cerithium costatum," and the
second as "Cerithium eriense," and believe that both were intro-
duced alive from the Antilles, attached to the bottom of ships.
Having seen no Sicilian specimens, I am unable to dispute the
identifications. If these were correct, it is more probable that
the shells were imported in ship's ballast. That they now occur
alive and are acclimatized in Sicilv needs confirmation.
THE HABITS OF LIFE OF SOME WEST
COAST BIVALVES
By dr. fritz HAAS
Chicago, 111.
(Concluded from page 113)
3. On Some Members of the Mytilus calif ornianus Association.
The California mussel certainly is one of the commonest, if not
the commonest bivalve of the West Coast. Thanks to a conij^ara-
tively heavy shell jukI to strong byssus threads, tlie species is
enabled to maintain itself even in liabitats which, bocanse of the
heavy sni'f which bcjits them, W(tnhl be uninhabitable for otlier
molhisks. WlKirfpiics jind clilTs wliich otlicrwisc would be almost
destitute of an ('i)ifiiuna, may have a pad of mussels packed side
by side and mostly covering the substratum to invisibility. Other
organisms which arc not so |)crfectly ])roteeted against the surf
aeticm, invariahlv settle on and between the California mussels
July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 31
and siiK-e tlie composition of this accompanying fauna is locally
rather constant, we are entitled to speak of a well-defined
'*Mytilus califoniianus association." I have just referred to the
species of this association as "locally constant"; this means that
within the wide range of Mytilus californianus, which is only
little affected by varying water temperature, its associated forms
vary according to the great difference of the water temperature
south and north of Point Conception. Some of these forms ac-
company the Mytilus in almost its whole range, some have their
northern limit at Point Conception, while on the other hand,
northern species do not occur south of this point.
My own experience deals with only a few members of the
Mytilus californiayius association.
In southern California, the most obvious animal accompanying
this association is another mytilid, characterized by a radiating
sculpture on its shell. Its correct name is Brachidontes {Hor-
momya) multiformis Carpenter, but it is mostly quoted in the
literature as Mytilus adamsianus Dunker or Mytilus stearnsii
Pilsbry and Raymond ; it is not a true Mytilus, but has to be
placed in the genus Brachidontes Swainson, subgenus Hormomya
Moerch, whose t>T)e species is the Atlantic Mytilus exustus La-
marck. Intermixed with the Brachidontes multiformis in the
same association, but generally in much inferior numbers, lives
another sculptured mytilid, very similar to multiformis in size
and shape, but actually very different: Septifer hifurcatus Con-
rad. I found that the two species are very often confounded by
the Californian collectors. You will note that in Brachidontes
multiformis the umbo is only subterminal, very inflated and
therefore projecting beyond the ventral margin, while in Septifer
it is terminal, flatter, and not projecting. The inner surface of
the shells exhibits a still more striking difference in the septum
from which Septifer has its name, which is entirely lacking in
Brachidotites.
At the present time, only Brachidontes tnultiformis interests us,
since it is the host shell of two commensal bivalves of the genus
Lasaea, L. cistula Keen and L. subviridis Dull. Both species are
rather common at La Jolla, and I found them exclusively on the
shell or the by.ssus of Brachidontes multiformis; not a single
32 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (1)
specimen lived on Septifer or on the much more abundant Mytilus
calif ornianus! This statement fully agrees with an earlier ob-
servation made by Charles R. Orcutt who too, according to a
notice on a label in the San Diego Museum, collected lasaeas on
Brachidontes multiformis. Several lasaeas, however, were de-
tected in dead Donax-sheWs or in cups of Balanus, but on these
objects, one or several Bra^chidontes had fastened their bj'ssus, so
that even in these seemingly aberrant habitats the close relation
with this mytilid is maintained.
An association analogous to that of the California mussel, is
developed in Peruvian waters, where Mytilus calif ornianus is re-
placed by its close relative M. magcUanicus Chemnitz and Brachi-
dontes multiformis b}' the almost identical Brack, graiiulatus
Hanley. In a thick bunch of a Mytilus magellanicus association
scraped off from rocks at Chincha Norte Island, Peru, Brachi-
dontes granulatus was represented by a fair number of specimens
and on them, and exclusively on them, some lasaeas were found
which I have provisionally classified as Lasaea miliaris Philippi,
though they are practically inseparable from the North American
Lasaea cistula Keen; the specific name, however, is of no impor-
tance relative to the fact that in this Peruvian locality a species
of Lasaea restricts its habitat to a mytilid which constitutes only
a minority among the leading species of the association.
In spite of this supporting case from Peru, the observation
made in southern California, tliat Lasaea does not live in close
community witii the commonest mytilid, but only with an accom-
panying species, cannot be generalized. North of Point Concep-
tion, Brachidouirs multiformis does not occur, its place in the
Mytilus calif ornianus association being vacant. But both the
species of Lasaea are found north of Point Conception, and at
Pacific Grove, the only locality north of this point where I col-
lected, I found tlicni on the shell and on the byssus of the domi-
nant Mytilus calif ornianus itself! The only possible explana-
tion of this strange behavior is that while the lasaeas prefer
Brachidontes to all other host shells, Mytilus californianus is a
second choice, to which they attach themselves when no Brachi-
dontes are available, but the details of their commensalistic rela-
tion to these mvtilids arc still entir(>Iv unknown.
July. 1942] THE NAUTILUS 33
For tlie sake of t'ompleteness, it must be mentioned tluit, at
Pacific Grove, I washed out both species of Lasaca from fastholds
of kelp, where they cannot have led a commensalistic life and
where they must have retired for protection only. My failure to
detect free living lasaeas in similar habitats at La Julia by no
means proves that they cannot occur there.
NOTES AND NEWS
Exact Dates of the Nautilus. — Vol. 55 (1) : pp. 1-36 + i-viii
(index and title-pagres of vol. 54), pis. 1-2, was mailed July 11,
1941; (2) : 37-72, pis. 3-5, Oct. 24, 1941; (3) : 73-108, pis. 6-7,
Jan. 12, 1942 ; (4) : 109-144, pi. 8, May 7, 1942.— H.B.B.
We are grieved to record the death of Frank Collins Baker,
on May 7th. A notice of his life and work will appear later.
Agriodesma. — In the original description of Pitar felipponei
Dall, 1916 (Nautilus 29 (10) p. 113), it is introduced as "Callo-
cardia (Agriodesma) felipponei, n. sp." The subgeneric name
used here has puzzled me for some time. After a check of the
literature I came to the conclusion that it is either a typographical
error or a slip of the pen on the part of Dall. I believe Agrio-
poma Dall, 1902, was intended. He stated in his remarks that
the species felipponei is closely allied to aresta Dall, which is
listed in the 1902 Synopsis under Agriopoma. Under present
usage the species would be called Pitar (Pitar) felipponei (Dall).
— R. A. McLean.
Goniobasis livescens in Douglas Lake, Michigan. — In 1912,
14th Kept. Mich. Acad. Sci. : 209, the original absence of this spe-
cies was noted, with the hypothesis that it immigrated into nearby
lakes from the south after the time of the glacial Lake Algonquin.
At the time, the objection was made that this absence might be
due to some unknown environmental factor, which rendered
Douglas Lake unsuitable for this species. To test this objection,
in 1913 two lots of G. livescens, from near the north end of the
east shore of Burt Lake, were planted, one in North and the other
in South Fishtail Bays, near the east end of Douglas Lake. When
34 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1)
the region was revisited during the summer of 1927, the
descendants of the second lot had become very numerous and had
spread as far as Grapevine Point, but no individuals were found
in North Fishtail. So far as I can remember, the facts have not
been published previously in regard to this artificial introduction
of a species into a lake where it was formerly absent. — H. BuR-
RiNGTON Baker.
Record Find of Truncatella. — On February 22, 1928, my son,
0. C. Van Hyning and myself found under a six-foot rotten cab-
bage palm log on the premises of Mrs. Hattie E. Gore, Postmis-
tress of Captiva Island, Lee County, Flordia, the following list of
Truncatella:
12,853 Truncatella bilahiata Pfeiffer.
7,554 Truncatella carihaecnsis Reeve.
6,679 Truncatella caribaeensis succinea Adams.
10,632 Truncatella too young for identification.
In all, 37,868 shells. This number is what we easily scraped
up with our hands from under the log. AVith care and time we
could have gathered a considerable more. — T. Van Hyning.
Viability of a Marine Snail. — On October 5, 1941, Miss Betty
Hammerly, member of an expedition of the California Academy
of Sciences, picked up near La Paz, Baja California, Mexico, a
pound or two of moist gravel in which small shells were abundant.
This was placed in a large tin can ; enclosed with the sand was a
small, tightly-sealed tin can in which were a few beach shells,
some dry cotton, and two live Ncrita- scabricosta Lamarck. The
lid of the outer tin was fastened down with adhesive tape. This
material was donated to Stanford University February 5, 1942.
When the inner can was opened, one of the nerites was observed
to be alive. Since here was a ready-made desiccation experiment,
the can was dosed and thereafter observations wore made once a
week to determine how long the snail could live. On February
20 it seemed to be dead. The sand was then transferred to a shal-
low pan and covered with frcsli water. Placed in this, the snail
emerged in about an hour and began trying to feed. ^Vhen the
fresh water was replaced by sea water the snail became moderately
active and moved jil)out among the gravelly sand scraping what
July. 1042] THE NAUTILUS 35
nutriment it could from the bits of rock. An alg:ae-covered stone
from Jlonterey was offered but this food was not acceptable. Be-
cause of the lack of suitable food the nerite grew feebler and died
sometime during the week-end of March 7-8, 1942, five months
after it had been removed from its proper habitat. During four
and a half months of this time it had been without food and water,
its own moisture conserved only by a pad of dry cotton in which
it was packed and by the tight sealing of the can. The moist
gravel in the outer container would have been of some aid, per-
haps, in retaining a humid atmosphere in the small tin.
There are three points of significance in this record: first, the
evidence that at least some of the Xeritidae are by way of becom-
ing adapted to life away from the ocean, thus supporting the con-
clusions of malacologists that the pulmonates have descended
from such marine groups as Littorina and Nerita; second, the
demonstration of the plasticity which organisms must develop in
order to live successfully in the rigorous environment of the
intertidal zone. Third, the viability of this specimen suggests
that under favorable conditions adult marine snails might be
able to survive transportation over considerable distances (as by
floating logs) and that species-migrations in the past might have
involved some adult mollusks as well as larval forms. — A. Myra
Keen.
Albinos of Muricidea ostrearum Conrad. — During the winter
of 1941-1942 a series of specimens of Muricidea ostrearum Conrad
was collected along the Florida west coast. Examination of the
shells revealed the fact that there were a number of albinos in the
two lots taken. Those collected in Venice Bay, Sarasota County,
numbered 173 specimens, and of this lot 46 were albinos; while
the lot collected at Punta Gorda Beach, Charlotte County, num-
bering 402 specimens, contained but 10 albinos. It seems that
the center of abundance of these albinos is Venice Bay, for the
proportion of albinos to normally colored specimens is roughly
25 per cent, contrasted with the 2\ per cent of albinos taken at
Punta Gorda Beach. A number of the specimens from Venice
Bay show much loss of color, but have a few faint markings.
This species was apparently feeding upon oysters in company
36 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 56 (1)
with Muricidea multangula Philippi and Urosalpinx perrugatus
Conrad.
Albinism among mollusks of various families found along the
west coast of Florida has often been noted. Albino specimens
of Stromhus alatus Gmelin are not infrequentlj' found all the way
south from Tampa to Bonita Springs, Sanibel and Marco, and
specimens with some color, but strongly albinistic in character are
often seen. There are many pure white specimens of CanceU
laria reticulata L. found in the region about Naples, Florida. —
B. R. Bales, M.D.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Land Shells of the Bimini Islands, Bahama Islands (Proc.
New England Zool. Club. 19 : 53-67. 1942 ) . By Wm. J. Clench.
Some snails of these little cays, between Andros and Florida, have
been noticed by Dall, Pilsbry and Clapp. Clench's additions,
including Melampus and Detracia, bring the list to 28 species.
The slender evidence for Oxystyla undafa on the Biminis is given
from Bland's manuscript. The two cerions, C. himinictisc and
C. pillshuryi, appear to be the only snails special to the islands.
The name Plagioptycha macrodon Menke is used to replace P.
duclosiana Fcr., owing to a misapprehension on the part of the
author as to the date of Fcrussac's name. The correct reference
to the Histoire is pi. 51 a (not 5a), fig. 6. The name Helix du-
closiana was published on p. ii of the Explication dcs Planches,
issued with livraison 22 (1822). This species will therefore con-
tinue to stand as duclosiana Fcr. — H.A.P.
JoiiNSONiA, numbers 4 and 5. No. 4 relates to the genera Tcc-
tarius and Echini)ius (new name for Nina Gray, 1850, not of
Horsfield, 1829), by W. J. Clench and R. T. Abbott. No. 5
comprises the genera Cerithidea and Bntillaria, by Jos. C.
Be(iuaert. Several of the species described in these two numbers
have not been well understood, and some errors of long standing
are corrected. Tlic illustrations contiiuie the high standard of
earlier parts.
06lC/<^x
&
The Nautilus
Vol. 56 October, 1942 No. 2
A NEW GENUS OF MEXICAN HELICIDS
By H. BURRINGTON BAKER
This is the 9th paper on the inland Mexican mollusks collected
in 1926 for Dr. Bryant Walker. In the plate, the scales repre-
sent lengths of one millimeter, except those for figure 4 (.01 mm.)
and 4-T (.1 mm.). Abbreviations not explained in the text are
tabulated in Bishop Museum Bulletin 166, p. 337 (1941).
BuNXYA BERXADINAE, ncw gcuus and species. Plate 5.
The single type specimen (University of Michigan Museum)
was collected Sept. 3, on the wall of the old monastery at El
Desierto de los Leones (C, II, 11, b), altitude 9800 ft., D. F. B.
bernadinae, named for my wife, is the type of the genus Bunnya,
which agrees so closely with Xanthonyx, in shell, mantle reflec-
tion, form of body, tail "horn" and arrangement of pallial com-
plex, that the two genera must be closely related. But, Bunnya
differs markedly in its 3 double dart-sacs, producing 6 darts, and
in the sharply differentiated sculpture on the embryonic whorls
of its shell. In fact, in its genitalia, Bunnya appears to approach
Humboldt iana, which occurs with it in tiie temperate zone, al-
though the tropical Xanthonyx has more in common with Averel-
lia. From the description, Xanthonyx potosiana Dall (1905,
Smithson. Mi.sc. Coll. 48: 190) from the Alvarez Mts., San Luis
Potosi, seems to have similar embryonic whorls and may be a
Bunnya, but is a larger rimate shell, with more rapid whorl in-
crease, longer columellar callus and apparently with its later
growth-wrinkles somewhat stronger.
Shell (figs. 1-2) imperforate but with foveola deep jmd narrow
(although half open inside aperture) ; whorls rapidly increasing,
depressed but well rounded; thin and translucent, slightly glossy,
light brownish buff colored, somewhat darker at apex, with irides-
(37)
V^
38 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
cent interior when fresh. Embryonic whorls 1^, with first quar-
ter whorl sunken, soon assuminf; quite sharp and regular but low,
closely spaced (14 per mm. on last) and arcuate growth-wrinkles,
crossed by microscopic spiral ones; suture deep. Later whorls
immediately assuming more widely spaced but much more irregu-
lar, weakly rounded and arcuate growth-wrinkles ; spirals obsoles-
cent and broken (major ones absent) ; suture more broadly but
fairly well impressed. Aperture large, transversely ovoid in
plane about 45° to shell-axis; peristome arcuate above, sharp and
thin. Parietal callus only indicated by obsolescence of growth-
wrinkles. Columella sharp, scarcely thickened, with short adnata
callus.
Shell altitude 9.9 mm., major diameter 129 (12.8 mm.) [at 2
whorls 6.75 mm., 2^ wh. 8.2 mm., 2.5 wh. 11.05 mm., 2f wh. 17
mm.?], min. diam. 96 (9.45 mm.); aperture altitude 81 (8.05
mm.), diam. 117 (9.45 mm.); 2.6 -^ whorls [over 2| to parietal
angle].
Living animal softer and less vigorous than X. cordovanus; tail
"horn" verj^ prominent and constantly wiggling; foot yellowish
with irregular black blotches, which are larger anteriad and tend
to form 2 longitudinal bands, separated by about i top of head;
tentacles black. Shell-lap continuous, without shell-lobes, re-
flected about 5 mm. over shell on right side, and with irregularly
radial black marks.
Preserved aninuil with tail rounded above; middorsal groove
weak and irregular; "horn" about twice as long as its base and
papillate. Shell-lap narrowest anteriorally over head ; over
twice as extensive caudad, where it is coarsely papillate (else-
where smoothish). Mantle collar (fig. 3; only .6 perimeter shown
and viewed from inside so shell-lap hidden) with iirominent
parietal mantle-lappet (MR) and small angulopalatal one (MA),
which is widely separated, across neck, from basopalatal (MP;
less than half shown) that is short but extensive (about .4 perime-
ter) and lies on left side. Lung 1.5 length of kidney (K) whieli
is about twice pericardium (H), nnich shortened along hindgut
(IICi) side and bent abrnptly at anterior end of pericardium;
ureter (KD) complete; urinary sinus (LK) narrow; minor vena-
tion (mainly omitted) very evident over kidney and on right side
of aninud but almost absent to the left. Ovotestis (G, fig. 6;
spermoviduct much straightened) a biconic mass of irregularly
clavate alveoli, almost comi>Ietely buried in basal 'i of ajiical liver
lobe; talon (nncovered at GT) nincli as in Jlnmhohltiana ; albu-
men gland ((iCi) with ai)ical lobe above and basal oiu^ below
])os1erior end ol" diaphragm. Uterus (UT) widely convoluted
and folded to fit in short l)ody cavity. Spermatheca longer than
October. 1942] the XAiTiLrs 39
body cavity, with sac (S) above aorta and near albumen jrland;
divertieiilum (SD) and junction inflated by flocculent material
but with no traces of horny spermatophore. Dart-jrlands (WG)
3. compound alveolar, loosely bound by connective tissue into a
rinjr. ami with short ducts (WD, f. 9; viewed from ventral side)
runnin}! in va<rinal wall to between openinj^rs of dart-sacs. Dart-
sacs (WS) 3; each basally with 2 fusiform muscular dart-papilla
sacs (WPS), which open either side of dart-papilla; internally
(fi*r. 8; very diajirammatic longitudinal section) double at apex
and secretinfr 2 darts (WB) ; dart-papilla (WP) sin<^le and short;
vaprinal entrance surrounded by a fold which is hifrher on either
side, so as to form 2 lips. Darts (5 found in dart-sacs) decalcified
by alcohol, but evidently very like those of Humholdtiatia.
Va*rina (V) below dart apparatus lonfritudinally plicate inter-
nally, with a short ventral diverticulum (VD), which contained
a shed dart. Prostate (DG) attached full lentrth of uterus.
Epiphallus (E) large with short flagellum (EF) ; internally
(transverse section at E, fig. 6) with 4 large pilasters. Penial
retractor (PR) arising near apical end of diaphragm and insert-
ing around penial apex. Penis (P) too small to contain large,
externally wrinkled and papillate, cylindric verge (PV, fig. 7;
half of penial wall removed), with epiphallic opening (EP)
between 3 flattened papillae at tip. Atrium (Y) opening just
behind right inferior tentacle. Jaw (fig. 5) with 10 flat ribs or
plaits, of which only outer edges are sharply marked ; growth-
lines prominent. Buccal mass ovoid; salivary glands about as
long, lanceolate and separated. Radula (fig. 4) : central with
triangular mesocone and weak ectoconal notches; laterals 12-13,
mainly bicuspid (right 2nd has 2 ectocones), with obtusely
pointed to abruptly rounded mesocone ; marginals 19-18, usually
tricuspid, but outermost irregularly dividing side cusps; 115
rows (T) counted. Oesophagus slender only to nerve ring;
remainder enlarged and continuous with stomach; intestinal
S-loops as usual; anus external, below and shortly behind pneu-
mostome. Cerebral commissure short but distinct; penial nerve
from right cerebral ganglion ; buccal commissure as long as each
ganglion; pleural connectives shorter than each cerebral
ganglion; visceral ring ganglia almost fused. Lateral pedal
retractors apparently fused to tail fan. Riglit tentacular muscle
almost free; right ommatophoral retractor in penioviducal
angle; retractors of inferior tentacles with short branches to
region around corner of mouth. Verj^ slender buccal retractor
arising from left tentacular muscle.
Xanthoxyx cordovanus (Pfeiffer). Strebel und Pfeffer,
Beitrag 4: 37, anatomy. Cf. X. sumichrasti (Brot),
40 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
Fischer et Crosse, Miss. Mex. 1 : 192, and X. salleanus (Pfr.),
Pils., Proc. Malae. Soc. London 4 : 28.
My one specimen, from a tree-trunk in the creek valley below
Sumidero (D, II, c, 6), near Cordoba, was so firmly muscular
and wiggled so furiouslj^ that I was startled into dropping it.
The embryonic whorls of its shell are as in X. cordovanus but the
later whorls approach those of X. salleanus and are much more
glossy than those of Bnnnya. Although its male organs are quite
large, its female genitalia are still immature, and possibly the
spermathecal diverticulum becomes less conspicuous when fully
adult. [S. & P. found none.]
Living animal like Buyinya, but: Foot pallid, mottled with
brown ; tail with brown middorsal stripe ; ommatophores dark ;
edge of shell-lap brown.
Preserved animal also similar but : Shell-lap about twice as
broad and coarsel.y pebbled throughout. [In S. & P., figs. 7, A-B,
appearance of shell-lobes and short tail "horn" evidently due
to contraction.] Lung considerably smaller, Avith brownish
bands; kidney with much more shortened hindgut margin so that
shape appears more oblong [Cf. S. & P., f. 7-C] Spermatheca
very slender but with distinct cylindrie diverticulum [like in
X. sumichrasfi]. Dart-glands 2, with few tubules [probably more
in adult], with ducts entering vaginal wall above still rudi-
mentary dart-sac. [Cf. S. & P., f. 7-F; gnii = dart-glands;
gm = dart-sac, placed like vaginal diverticulum of Bunnya.] Epi-
phallus proper very much shorter than flagellum [like Pils., f.
14] ; penial retractor inserting around junction with penis, which
is relatively larger; vergic papilla flattened ovoid [like S. & P.,
f. 7-G], with epipliallic opening near its base but continued to
apex by deep groove [somewhat as in Avcrcllia]. Jaw with
11-13, higher ribs, of which both edges are sharply marked
[see S. & P.] about 14 teeth bicnsjiid and 20 with some trace of
entocone [S. & P. give 22 bicuspid and 10 tricuspid] ; outer teeth
more commonly dividing entocones and ectocones; 131 rows
counted. Buccal ret i-actor even slenderer, but with similar origin
[Cf. Pils.].
A NEW GENUS OF CHINESE MICROCYSTINAE
llY II. BURRliNGTON B.\KKU
Througli the generosity of Mr. Teng-chien Yen, the anatomy
(Plate 6) of a specimen of Ilyallna rathouisii Ileude (1882, Moll.
riiK XAiTiiJS: :»(i
PLATK .')
Figs. ]—'.*. Jiiinii)/!! hi iiitiiliiini
UK XAi'rin'S: .-)() (2)
'LATH (i
Fiirs. ]--, li it(/cli i< iia rallnKiisii.
F\ii. 1. ('illlidslniiiil filii.^, t: III . |i.i;^i' It. ■_', Cilllitishintil filscilKlii.'
'A, Tiiihni iiliiss) iiui. 1, X i/liiiiliiiiiti (ilhiiil it-it.
\K 1.-.
October. 1942] the nautilus 41
terr. Fl. Bloii : 14), from Ling-Yiugr, West Lake, Hanjychow,
China, has been studied. Surprisinfrly, it appears to represent a
frroup of Mieroeystinae (Ilelicarionidae), wliieh is not known
from the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and is now made the type of
a new genus, Tengchicna. The shell of T. rathonisii somewhat
resenil)les that of Liardetia, and has rather heavy, but irre^^ular
prrowth-wrinkles, which obscure the spiral striae above the acute
an«rle of its later whorls, a smoothish base with more conspicuous
spirals, and a similar externally rimate umbilicus, which is in-
ternally closed bj' a thin callus. But, it is heavier and larjrer.
Since it lacks a penial appendix, T. r'athoidsii appears anatomi-
cally closer to the Fijian subgenus Laua of Diastole, from which
it differs in its large spermatheca, short epiphallus, apically
swollen penis with heavy stimulator fold, simply bicuspid radular
marginals, and superficially rimate shell.
Animal like Diastole (Laua) lauae H.B.B. (1938, Bishop Mus.
Bull. 158 : 55) but : Unpigmented, except for black ommatophores.
Lung colorless, 7 times as long as its base or 4 times kidney length,
which is thrice its base or 1.5 times pericardium. Ovotestis (G,
f. 1 ; scale = 1 mm.) with 5 triangular lobes of few clavate alveoli,
imbedded in basal half of apical liver lobe. Recurved talon (GT)
exposed ; smaller irregularly ovoid carrefour imbedded in al-
bumen gland (GG). Uterus (UT) not gravid. Spermatheca (S)
thin walled, elongate fusiform, with short stalk. Epiphallus (E)
small, entering near penial apex and insertion of retractor (PR).
Penis (P) internally, in basal half with two pilasters, one of
which is continuous with large and high, transversely convoluted
fold (outlined at PP) in apical half. Jaw with weak rounded
median lobe. Radula (fig. 2; scale = .01 mm.) with 9 tricuspid
laterals, 17-19 slender bicuspid marginals and 19-17 short outer
marginals with additional cusps ; 98 transverse rows (T ; scale = .1
mm. ; blocks of 9 teeth indicated).
FIELD NOTES ON SOME WEST
COAST MOLLUSKS
By E. p. CHACE
During the winter of 1941-42 Mrs. Chace and I did quite a bit
of collecting near ]\Ionterey. We made several trips to Del Monte
Beach and found and broke up many chunks of shale that had
come in from the bottom of the bay. One in particular was very
thrilling : a block nearly 3 feet square and 18 inches thick. When
42 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
I broke it np I found several fine specimens of Parapholas cali-
fornicus Conr., 4^ to 5 inches long, all dead but well-preserved
shells. When washing these out I saw that one of them had other
shells inside and on separating the valves I found 1 Paphia
staminea 21 inches long, 4 others about 1 inch long and 1 beauti-
fully frilly specimen of Venerupis lamellifera Conr., 1| inches
long. "What little space was left inside the pholad was filled with
sand. In this same rock were some Adula falcata Gld. 3i inches
long and a few Lithophagus plumula Hanley. Other rocks broken
the same day added the following species to the list of borers and
nestlers. Pholadidea ovoidea Gld., P. pcnita Conr., P. rostrata
Val., 1 Schizothaerus nuttallii Conr., Adula calif orniensis Phil,
Kellia laperousii Desh., Pctricola carditoides Conr., Saxicava
pholadis Linn., Entodesma saxicola Baird., Cumingia lamcUosa
Sby., 2 Pododesmus macroschisma Desh., and 2 fine Paphia
staminea ruderaia Desh., and several CrepiduJa nummai'ins Gld.
var. perforans Val.
Some of the Venerupis lamellifera were quite small and flat,
and showed fine radial sculpture between the beautifully devel-
oped frills. They had not grown large enough to fill the holes
in which they were nestling. Others taken from Lithophagus
holes were long and narrow and fitted the holes so closely that the
frills were all worn off except on the posterior portion. These
had a superficial resemblance to Pctricola carditaidcs. Nearly
all of the Paphia were the normal form but 3 or 4 had the frills
of var. rudcrata Desh. very strongly developed, so tliat at first
glance they could be taken for specimens of Venerupis lamel-
lifera.
One of the Kellia. laperousii Desh. that I took from the shale at
Del Monte Beach was tlie largest that I have ever seen, measuring
33 X 26 mm.
Collecting near Point Pinos was quite interesting and the high-
lights of that locality were: three live specimens and several dead
pairs of Venerupis lamellifera from a thin seam of gravel that
was exposed wlicn I pried off a large slab of ledge rock. A goodly
number of Aemaai triaiiguldris Cpr. aJire. 1 believe its usual
situs is known to few eollcM'tors. It lives on the stems of calcare-
ous, pink algae and usually the alga grows on tlie shells also,
making them verv diflieult to see. Aemaea ochracea Dall, not
October. l"J4l2J the nautilus 43
common in collections, ^vas found livinp: on small rocks in the
deeper tide-pools, collectable only at a minus tide. It bears a
superficial resemblance to the young of .1. linutfula, but this latter
species lives up at the mid-tide level.
Chiton collecting here was good ; 26 species were found. The
highlights were CalUstochitcm connellyi Willett, previously known
only from the type locality near Ensenada, Lower California, and
Lepidochitona lowci Pils.
Another interesting find was made a few miles south of Carmel.
This was a large, heavy specimen of Marcia kenncrlcyi (Cpr.)
Kve., dead, but the valves still held together by the ligament.
While collecting at Morro Bay several j'ears ago we found
Cnjptomxja calif ornica Conr. which has very short siphons, living
about 6 inches below the surface but adjacent to the numerous
crab burrows into which it extended its siphons.
Regarding the West Coast mytilids : students here on the coast
consider Mytilus mnltiformis Cpr. a good species, of the Mexican
and Central American coasts. It is very small, seldom reaching
^ inch, and grows in large mats on the surface of rocks. The
northern limit of its range is Cape San Lucas. 3Iytih(s adam-
sianus Dunker is listed from Santa Barbara to Panama (]Mr. H.
N. Lowe listed it from San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua). At present
California collectors are calling our local shell M. adamsianus,
but it is possible that future study maj' show differences between
our California shell and those from further south. In that case
the name stear-nsi Pils. & Raym. may be available for our Cali-
fornia shell.
Along the coasts of Los Angeles and Orange counties large
colonies of Lasaea live in crevices of the ledge rock. Sometimes,
but by no means always, M. adamsianus lives in the edges of these
same crevices with the end of the shell exposed to the light.
Septifer hifurcatus, on the otlici- liaiul, is usually well hidden
from the light.
COLOR VARIATION IN OLIVELLA BIPLICATA
IN VARIOUS LOCALITIES
By D. S. and E. W. GIFFORD
In The Nautilus, volume 55, pages 10-12, we published an
account of color variation in a series of 2757 specimens of Olivella
44 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
tiplicata collected alive at Bolinas, Marin County, California.
Subsequently, we have collected in other localities with the idea
of determining if the percentages for the color variations were
the same everj-where. There became apparent a considerable
deviation in this regard at different localities.
The places at which we collected range from Port Orford,
Oregon, in the north, to Ensenada, Baja California, in the south.
Including the published Bolinas series, we have the following:
Port Orford, Curry County, Oregon, 553 specimens; Crescent
City, Del Notre County, California, 978; Trinidad, Humboldt
County, California, 911 ; Tomales Bay, Marin County, California,
558; Bolinas, Marin County, California, 2757; Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz County, California, 1806 ; Monterey, Monterey County, Cali-
fornia, 1199; Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo County, California,
514; Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, California, 695;
Ensenada, Baja California, 4. This makes a grand total of 9975.
The xanthochroistic specimen found at Bolinas was not dupli-
cated, so it remains unique in a series of 9975. It is the only
specimen that lacks the characteristic purple coloring near the
canal, which gives this species its common name of Purple Olive
Shell.
In the following counts we shall distinguish two main cate-
gories: (a) shells with no trace of orange in aperture, (b) shells
with orange in aperture. Within these two categories we shall
separate "normal" colored shells from albinos. The so-called
normal color range will be as defined in the preceding article
(page 10, third paragraph). Lastly, (c) we shall record the
total albino count.
Our table reveals Santa Cruz as the center of abundance (35/1 )
of shells with trace or more of orange in the aperture. Then fol-
lows Monterey, across Monterey Bay from Santa Cruz, with 25',( .
Crescent City ranks third with 13',t, Bolinas fourth with 11%.
It is remarkable that Tomales Bay, north of Bolinas, runs only
2%,- and Trinidad, .south of Crescent City, runs less than 1%.
Both lie between Crescent City and Bolinas. Port Orford, north
of Crescent City, also yields less than V/( of shells with trace of
orange. It is evident that somewhat different heredities mark
the poj)u]ati()ns of different localities. For occurrence of orange
in the a])ertnre, there are with certainty two centers: (a) Crescent
October. 194'2]
THE NAUTILUS
45
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■^ CC Oi CO «0 rH
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tic2
ocooot^cooooo
1— I Ol i-l i-H
1— 1 CO ■<*< O
oa ITS (M
U ^H I— I
o 3-^
(M T-H CO (M i-H i-l
^ Ci -^ rH
i-H Oi CJ O
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CO lO t^ ■»*<
OS t^ to o
•*! CO t^ Ol
ir^ 00 00 ■»*<
01 05 00 C<l CO
-* Ol lO lO
O t- •»!< to
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^io-^i-(M<ioooa>i-ioo
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46 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
City, (b) Bolinas-Santa Cruz. However, if collecting between
Bolinas and Santa Cruz reveals somewhere a population with
reduced occurrence of orange, we may then be justified in re-
garding Bolinas and Santa Cruz as separate centers. As it
appears now, Santa Cruz is the center of high frequency (35%),
diminishing at Monterey (25%) to the south and at Bolinas
(11%) to the north. Perhaps the 2% of Tomales Bay represents
a further northward tapering off from the Santa Cruz center of
abundance. Morro Bay and Santa Barbara to the southward
are in about the same categorj^ as Trinidad and Port Orford, with
1% or less. Whether the four Ensenada specimens are truly
indicative of absence of orange, it is impossible to say with such
a small series.
The table is also revealing as to albinism, which seems to have
no certain correlation with the presence of orange in the aper-
ture. Santa Cruz and Monterey head the list for frequency of
albinism (12%). Tomales Bay and Morro Bay are second, with
10%. Then follows Bolinas with 8%, Santa Barbara with 5%,
Trinidad with 4%, Crescent City with 1%, and Port Orford with
less than 1%. Monterey Bay again appears as the center of
abundance of albino specimens. From this center the abundance
diminishes to the south and to the north. The greater abundance
at Tomales Bay (10%), to the north of Bolinas (8%), may be
merely due to the Tomales series being too small a sample.
Illustrating the fortuitous factor in collecting, yet at the same
time reinforcing the validity of our percentages, is the case at
Santa Cruz. Our total series of 1806 was collected on May 31st
(876 specimens), and November 17th (930 specimens). On May
31st the percentages ran as follows: No orange in aperture, 68% ;
orange in aperture, 32/7 ; iilbinos, 13', ( . On November 17th:
No orange in aperture, 63%; orange in ainM-tnre, 37%; albinos,
12%. Tlie figures presented in the table combine the results for
the two days: No orange in a])erture, 65% ; orange in aperture,
35%; albinos, 12%.
Certain general imjiressions emerge from viewing large series
of the normal colors. From Bolinas northward one gets the im-
pression of drabness in the series, while from Santa Cruz south-
ward the shells in general appear bluer and less drab and gray.
Also to the southward the bishoji iMir]ile appears more conspicu-
October, 1942] the naitilis 47
oiisly on the aperture portions of the shells. Southern shells on
the whole averajre smaller than northern ones. Tlie ravajjes of
the parasitic sponfje, CUona, which mars shells at Bolinas, was
ob.served nowhere else.
Some albinos at Bolinas have an ivory tone which is lar<jrely
lackinpr from Monterey southward and replaced there by a veiled
suffusion of purple, which seems to correlate with the greater
abundance of this color in the normal colored shells. Indeed,
some shells have a suffusion of purple in the parietal callus wliich
is normally white, unless there is a trace of orange or yellow.
Many immature shells of normal color have very thin horn-
colored lips (especially true in the north), which is evidently a
continuation of the so-called wash of horn color mentioned in the
Bolinas article. Another feature of many immature (half-grown
or one-third grown) shells is the presence of a dark spot on the
parietal wall projecting out slightly from under the upper edge
of the lip. In the north (Port Orford to Tomales Bay), this
spot is usually maroon, in the south (Bolinas to Santa Barbara)
it is usually purple.
The months in which the specimens were collected are as fol-
lows: Port Orford. Crescent City, and Trinidad in July, 1941;
Tomales Bay in April and August, 1941 ; Bolinas in November
and December, 1940, and January, 1941 ; Santa Cruz in May and
November, 1941; Monterey in May, 1942; Morro Bay in May,
1942 ; Santa Barbara in June, 1941, and January, 1942 ; Ensenada
in June, 1941.
Very young shells were most abundant in January at Bolinas,
in July at Port Orford and less so at Crescent City, but absent
at Trinidad. This seems to imply either two breeding seasons, or
else a summer breeding season in the north and a winter breeding
season in the center (Bolinas) and south. Supporting the latter
view was the absence of very young at Morro Bay and Monterey
(one exception) in May, and at Tomales Bay in April and
August. At Santa Barbara in January, however, five very small
young were obtained, again suggesting a winter breeding season.
At Santa Cruz we found no very young in either May or Novem-
ber. The very young shells collected at Port Orford were marked
with longitudinal wavy brown lines on the ventral surface as at
Bolinas {op. cit., p. 12). A unique example of retention of this
48 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
infantile character is to be seen in a half-grown shell from
Tomales Bay.
Tomales Bay also yielded another unusual specimen. It is an
adult, quite brownish-gray in general cast of color. On the body
whorl are two encircling parallel gray stripes, each varying from
1 to 2 mm. in width and 3 mm. apart.
At Santa Barbara dark gray shells were more abundant than
elsewhere, but were usually only half grown, suggesting a pos-
sible fading with age. Two half-grown shells were unusual in
possessing a sort of lemon-horn color on the body whorl. Wher-
ever one collects a large series of this beautiful species, unusually
colored individuals appear.
Although this paper deals with color variation, we cannot re-
frain from calling attention to the variation in form which is best
expressed by the index derived from dividing maximum diameter
by maximum length. "We have selected by eye a few extreme ex-
amples. The bulk of the specimens lie between these extremes.
A low index indicates slimness, a high index obesity. It will be
observed that the range in our own random series of eight is from
44 to 60. The individual millimeter measurements and indices
follow :
Port Orford, normal color, 27 x 14, index 52.
Port Orford, normal color, 27 x 12, index 44.
Tomales Bav, albino, 21 x 12, index 57.
Tomales Bay, albino, 24.5 x 12. index 49.
Santa Cruz, orange trace, 21 x 11, index 52.
Santa Cruz, orange trace, 25 x 15, index 60.
Morro Bay, normal, 18 x 10.5, index 58.
Morro Bay, normal, 18.5 x 9.5. index 51.
DESCRIPTION OF A HELICOID SNAIL
FROM MADAGASCAR
By 11. A. I'll.Sl'.in'
About lialf a century ago I (igurcd a Madagascar sliell under
the name Amjjelita hemioxid, in the Manual of Conchology (9:
155, pi. 41, figs. 31-33. July 27, ]8!)4), intending to describe it
in this journal. Evidently' it jiassed out of mind. I\Iy friend
Dr. Jos. Bequaert found the same species, which he identified
Oi'tobor, 1942] the naitilus 49
by the fifrures. in the M. C. Z. at Harvard, and he has snprprested
that I eoniplete the definition of my lonj;-for<;otten species.
Ampelita hcmioxia Pilsbry, 1894. The depressed shell is openly
unibilii-ate, witii low. convexly conoid (or merely convex) spire
and carinate periphery, the keel weakeninji and becoming: blunt
or somewhat rounded in the last half or third of the last turn ;
base slijihtly convex, very bluntly anjiular around the funnel-
shaped umbilicus. Color, tawny-olive above and in the umbilicus,
the base paler, nearer honey yellow. The later whorls are some-
what convex in the upper part but become weakly concave near
the lower suture and the periphery. Suture not impressed. The
surface has a rather weak irregular sculpture of retractive
wrinkles of growth and in some places, shallow, indistinct mallea-
tion. Under the microscope it shows superficial but rather close
spiral striation on the last two whorls, weaker on the base. The
indistinctly triangular aperture is strongly oblique, whitish
within. Peristome is white, rather narrowly reflected, the ba.sal
margin straight, often with a slight convexity within near the
foot of the narrow, subvertical, concave columellar lip.
Height 19.2 mm., diameter 39.3 mm. ; 4f whorls. Type.
Height 19.5 mm., diameter 46.8 mm. ; 4^ whorls.
Height 17.5 mm., diameter 39.7 mm. ; 4^ whorls.
Height 17.2 mm., diameter 37.7 mm. ; 4i whorls. (M.C.Z.)
The figured type and 7 paratypes are 64437 A.N.S.P. In the
lot are three dark specimens of carob brown or Vandyke brown
color, with a lighter, indistinctly defined band around the um-
bilicus. One or two of the lighter specimens show some brown
suffusion. In one specimen the last whorl descends nearly 2 mm.
to the aperture, as described for A. shavi, but in others there is
no descent. The example figured in 1894 happened to be the
highest of the lot of 8.
This belongs in a group of clo.sely similar sharply carinate
shells comprising A. novacula Mts., A. xystera Val. and the
scarcely different A. shavi E. A. Smith, but in hemioxia the keel
weakens on the latter half of the last whorl.
The Harvard specimen (M.C.Z. 140361) is about typical in
color, but the spiral striation is .somewhat more clearly engraved.
A NOTE ON THE GENUS ANAPLOCAMUS DALL
By H.\R.\LI) a. REIIDKIi
Ball, in 1896 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 18, 1895, pp. 8-9),
described a new genus and species, Anaplocanuis horealis, said to
50 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
have been dredged by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer
Albatross in 61 fathoms south of Unimak Island, Alaska. In his
remarks he calls attention to its close resemblance to the fresh-
water shell Anculosa dilotata Conrad. Both here and in 1902
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 24, no. 1264, pp. 550-551, pi. 38, fig.
4), he places this form provisionally near Trichotropis. In his
Summary of the Marine Shellbearing Mollusks of the Northwest
Coast of America (Bull. 112, 1921, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 160), he
erects a distinct family for this genus, placing it immediately
after the Rissoinidae. Thiele (Handbuch der Syst. "Weichtier-
kunde, vol. 1, 1929, p. 245) places this family, which he prefaces
with a query, after the family Trichotropidae, and most recently
Wenz (Handbuch der Paliiozoologie, vol. 6, Gastropoda, pt. 4,
1940, p. 896) disposes of it in the same way. The anomalous
nature of this species, which has never been found since the orig-
inal discovery, has on several occasions strongly aroused our
attention, and after preparing a radula from the dried-up animal
of one of the shells and carefully comparing the shell, operculum,
and radula with those of the Anculosae, it is quite clear that we
are here dealing with specimens of Anculosa dilafaia Conrad.
In the collection of the U. S. National Museum there are several
lots of A. dilatata collected in West Virginia by the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries at approximately the same time when the specimens
of Anaplocamus were supposed to have been dredged. With
these, the specimens from the type lot of Anaplocamus horcalis
agree very closely in general appearance. Undoubtedly a mix-up
in locality labels is to blame for this unusual state of affairs. The
generic name, therefore, may be used for this group of somewhat
atypical Anculo.sae, whose claim to valid distinctness awaits closer
anatomical study. This note calls attention to the availability of
the name for these fre.sh-water forms, and to the fact that the
family Anaplocamidae, and the name Anaplocainus horralis Dall,
are to be stricken from the rolls of marine mollusks.
UINTA MOUNTAIN MOLLUSKS
Uv JACK WOOLSTKNIII'LMK
Sec. Lieut., U. S. Marine Corpsi
The following collections from the Uinta Mountains of Utah
and vicinity were made in 1939-41. Earlier records from this
' Home luldross: K.-ininH, Utali. drndiiate assistant (on leave of absence),
Bi()ln;.'y I'( ]pt. riiivcr.sity of Ut:i!i.
OftdlxT. lf)42] THE NAUTILIS 51
area wore published in a previous report (Woolstenluilnie, J.,
May 20, 11)42. Xew records of MoUusea. Bull. T'. of Utah, Vol.
32. No. 11— Biol. 8er.. Vol. (i, Xo. 9— pp. 3-14). Tiiis study rep-
resents a iM'eliniinary ])rintin^ of a portion of the material for
the Master's thesis at the University' of Utah, prepublished be-
cause of interruption of my graduate work by call to active duty
in the U. S. Marine Corps.
I wish to thank Dr. R. V. Chamberlin, head of the Biology
Department, for facilities, for financial aid, and for permission
to prepublish this material; also my graduate committee, Dr.
David T. Jones, chairman; Calvin Richins, who served as chair-
man the first year ; Dr. William Behle ; and Dr. Seville Flowers,
for guidance, constructive criticism, and for approval of the
above prepublication plan ; and again, Dr. Jones, who, after my
call to the service, aided in condensing the material into the
present form.
The Uinta Mountains are unique, not only as the highest moun-
tains in the State of Utah, but as one of the few east-west ranges
in the western United States. Their present configuration, espe-
cially in regard to the numerous lakes, is a result of Pleistocene
and recent glaciation. The Uinta Mountains have been quite
inaccessible, and parts are yet unexplored. The road through
Kanias has for several years been one of the main approaches to
the region. Ecological notes are withheld for the present, that
here a systematic list of species may be presented, which reports
all my collecting to date. Duplicates of some of the species are
being deposited in the moUuscan collections of the Museum of
Invertebrate Zoology of the University of Utah,
In order to conserve space, all localities, in alphabetic order,
are numbered in parentheses as below. Subsequent to this list
the number of the locality alone will be used. (1) Beaver Creek
Canyon, Kanias, Utah; (2) Center Canyon, ten miles up Daniel's
Canyon, Ileber City, Utali ; (3) Chalk Creek, twelve miles east
of Coalville; (4) Daniel's Canyon, Utah; (5) Daniel's Canyon,
five miles from Heber City, Utah; (6) Daniel's Canyon, head of
canyon; (7) Duchesne, Utah, stream one mile we.st of towai; (8)
Duchesne, Utah, stream three miles north of town; (9) Duchesne,
Utah, three miles west of town; (10) Echo, Utah, two miles east
of town; (11) Echo Canyon, five miles east of Echo, T'tah; (12)
Echo Canyon, ten miles east of Echo; (13) Echo Canyon, twenty
52 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
miles east of Echo; (14) Echo Reservoir, east side, two miles
north of Coalville; (15) Evanston, Wyoming:, three miles west of
town; (16) Evanston, Wyoming;, one mile west of town; (17)
Evanston, Wyominjr, one mile east of town; (18) Francis, Utah,
two miles west of Francis; (19) Francis, Utah, two miles west
of Francis, in spring along: Provo River; (20) Hayden's Pass,
Uinta Mountains, Utah, elevation 10.500 ft. ; (21) Hayden's Peak,
west slope, elevation 11,000 ft. ; (22) Ileber City, two miles north
of tow^n; (23) Heber City, three miles east of town; (24) Iloyt's
Canyon, two miles east of Oakley, Utah; (25) Indian Hollow, two
miles west of Kamas; (26) Karaas, Utah; (27) Kamas, Utah,
tw^o miles west of town; (28) Kamas, Utah, six miles east of
Kamas; (29) Kamas, Utah, eleven miles north of Kamas; (30)
Kamas, Utah, mouth of Beaver Creek Canyon ; (31) Kamas, Utah,
diversion canal, one mile north of town; (32) Maxwell Spring:,
Beaver Creek Canyon, Kamas, Utah; (33) IMirror Lake, meadow
three miles east of the lake, Kamas, Utah; (34) Red Pine Canyon,
Uinta Mountains, Kamas, Utah; (35) Roosevelt, Utah; (36)
Roosevelt, Utah, stream west of to^v^l; (37) Roosevelt, Utah,
stream midway between Roosevelt and Ft. Duchesne, Utah; (38)
Roosevelt, Utah, swamp, five miles west of town; (39) Smith-
Morehouse Canyon, Weber Canyon, eleven miles east of Oakley.
Utah; (40) Strawberry Reservoir, Utah; (41) Strawberry Reser-
voir, stream along- highway, two miles west of reservoir; (42)
Vernal, Utah, three miles north of town; (43) Weber Canyon at
Oakley, Utah; (44) Weber River, one mile west of Oakley. Utah;
and (45) Woodland, Utah, Bench Creek.
The list of species is systematically, instead of alphabetically,
arranged. I reg:ard the new record of Radix OKricuhiria (L.)^
as one of the outstanding: records of the list. In second place. I
should rate the record of Orcohelix peripherica wcbiricDta Pils.
In the list below the locality is first g:ivcn by number in paren-
theses, then tiie date, and finally the number of specimens. Semi-
colons appear between each record.
Systematic List of Species
Margan'tifcra munjaritifi ra (Linn.). (26), Jnl. 16, 1939. sev-
eral.
Musculiion truncaliDn (Linslcy). (45). Sept. 5. 1940. two
adults; (33). Sept. 13, 1941. one.
I
2 .Since tlic .•iiitlior 'h ciili.stnu'nt hoiiic coMtrovrrsy li;is ari-soii over Badix
auricnlaria (cf. Frank C. Raki-r, Nai T., Vol. 55, No. .3, pp. 105-106, Jan.
1942) which may require further cliecking of this record. — David T. Jones.
October. 1942] the nautilus 53
MuscuKum uintamsc (Call). (18), Oct. 19. 1941, two; (33),
Sept. 13. 1941. seven; (25), Oct. 4, 1941. four; (26), Sept.
6. 1940. one; (45), Sept. 5, 1940, five.
Pisidiuni ahdifum Haldenian. (13). Oct. 24. 1941. three; (41),
Nov. 10, 1941, one; (20), Sept. 13, 1941, one; (32), Jul. 15,
1939, two; (26), Sept. 6, 1940, two.
Pisidiiim comprcssum Prime. (26), Sept. 6, 1940, one.
Pisidium variabile Prime. (39), Sept. 17, 1939, two; (26), June
12, 1939, several; (32). July 15, 1939, one; (27), Aug. 24,
1939, two.
VaUo)i{a puIchcUa (Miiller). (1), Aug. 31, 1939, several.
Vallonia albula Sterki. (24), Oct. 10, 1941, four; (29), Nov. 4,
1939, five (D. Mulaik) ; (39), June 18, 1940, four.
Vallonia gracilkosta Reinhardt. (2), Nov. 9, 1941, ten.
Oreohclix periperica weberiana Pilsbry. (14), Oct. 11, 1941,
four.
OreohcliT strigosa depressa (Cockerell). (14), Oct. 11, 1941,
eight; (12), Oct. 24, 1941, four; (19), Nov. 9, 1941, nine;
(23), Nov. 1, 1941, five; (5), Oct. 10, 1940, four; (21), Aug.
6. 1941. two; (3^^), Sept. 2, 1939, four (high-spired) ; (34),
July 5, 1939, two.
Microphysula ingersolli (Bland). (39), Sept. 17, 1939, one;
(24), Oct. 10. 1941, one; (6), Nov. 10, 1941, three.
Pupilla blandi Morse. (45), Sept. 5, 1940, one; (39), June 18,
1940, five; (29), Nov. 4, 1939, two (D. Mulaik) ; (26), Sept.
20, 1939, one (seven whorls); (24), Oct. 10, 1941, three;
(13), Oct. 24, 1941, two; (6), Nov. 10, 1941, one; (2), Nov.
9, 1941, three (six and a half whorls).
Vertigo modesta parietalis (Ancey). (33), Sept. 13, 1941, two.
Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). (45), Sept. 5, 1940, one.
Vitrina alaskana Dall. (28), Oct. 20, 1940, one (S. and D.
Mulaik) ; (29), Nov. 4, 1939, six (D. Mulaik) ; (4), Oct. 15,
1939 (Stanley Mulaik); (39), June 18, 1940, one; (32),
Sept. 20, 1939, two; (45), Sept. 5, 1940, four; (6). Nov. 10,
1941, .seven; (13), Oct. 24, 1941, two; (33) Sept. 13. one.
Euconulus fulvus alaskcyisis (Pil.sbry). (6), Nov. 10. 1941,
three; (24), Oct. 10, 1941, four; (45), Sept. 5, 1940, two;
(39), June 18, 1940, one; (26), Sept. 20, 1939, two.
54 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller). (45), Sept. 5, 1940, four; (26),
Sept. 6, 1940, four.
Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). (29), Nov. 4, 1939; two (D. Mu-
laik); (28), Oct. 20, 1940, five (S. and D. Mulaik) ; (39),
June 18, 1940, three; (26), Sept. 6, 1940, fourteen; (4), Oct.
15, 1939 (S. Mulaik) ; (24), Oct. 10, 1941, two.
Deroceras agreste (Mull.) (26), Sept. 20, 1939, several.
Deroceras gracile Raf. (26), Sept. 6, 1940; several; (35), Nov.
9, 1941, ten.
Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb). (45), Sept. 5, 1940, two; (26),
Sept. 6, 1940, five; (39), June 18, 1940, two; (14), Oct. 11,
1941, four.
Discus cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. (6), Nov. 10, 1941, four;
(24), Oct. 10, 1941, one; (45), Sept. 15, 1940, five; (39),
Sept. 17, 1939, one; (28), Oct. 20, 1940, one (S. and D. Mu-
laik) ; (30), Jul. 2, 1939, several.
Punctum pygmaeum Draparnaud. (33), Sept. 13, 1941, one;
(26), Sept. 6, 1940, several.
Succinea avara Say. (26), Sept. 6, 1940, several; (16), Oct. 24,
1941, one; (13), Oct. 24, 1941, three; (14), Oct. 11, 1941,
six (lymnoid form).
Radix auricularia (Linn.). (19), Oct. 19, 1941, several.
Stagnicola capcrata (Say). (32), Sept. 20, 1939, two; (8), Nov.
9, 1941, two; (23), Nov. 1, 1941, seven.
Stagnicola palustris nuttaUiana (Lea). (44), Oct. 19, 1941, ten;
(36), Nov. 9, 1941, eleven; (3), Oct. 11, 1941, three; (22),
Nov. 9, 1941, nine; (37), Nov. 9, 1941, one; (41), Nov. 10,
1941, one (small) ; (19), Oct. 19, 1941, three; (14), Oct. 11,
1941, three; (17), Oct. 24, 1941, several; (40), Oct. 5, 1940,
three; (31), Apr. 7, 1939, three; (45), Sept. 5, 1940, one;
(8), Oct. 5, 1940, one.
Fossaria ohrussa (Say). (15), Oct. 24, 1941, one; (13), Oct. 24,
1941, one.
Helisoma triroh'is trirolvis (Say). (14), Oct. 11. 1941. six.
Gyraulus parvus Say. (38), Nov. 9, 1941, ten.
Gyraulus vennicularis ((lould). (10), Oct. 24, 1941, one; (14),
Oct. 11, 1941, one; (13). Oct. 24, 1941, two; (40), Oct. 5,
1941, several.
October. 1942] Till:: nautilus 55
Physa ompuUacca (Gould). (45), Sept. 5, 1940, several; (40),
Oct. 5, 1940, one; (32), Sept. 20, 1939, four; (9), Oct. 5, 1940,
six; (42), Oct. 5, 1940, several; (19), Oct. 19, 1941, ten; (16),
Oct. 24, 1941, two; (25), Oct. 4, 1941, five; (23), Nov. 1, 1941,
several; (37), Nov. 9, 1941, one; (14), Oct. 11, 1941, two;
(13),0ct. 24, 1941, five.
Physa virgata (Gould). (14), Oct. 11, 1941, one; (40), Oct. 5,
1940, three.
Paludestrina longinqua (Gould). (7), Nov. 9, 1941, five; (11),
Oct. 24, 1941, four; (2), Nov. 9, 1941, several; (37), Nov. 9,
1941, one; (26), Apr. 7, 1939, several; (43), Apr. 7, 1939,
one.
Valvata humeralis calif ornica Pilsbry. (40) , Oct. 5, 1940, several.
HELICODISCUS IN THE WEST INDIES
By II. A. PILSBRY
This genus of land snails, widely spread in continental North
America, has only quite recently been known from the "West
Indies. Dr. C. G. Aguayo^ in 1935 reported an undetermined
Cuban species from Rejondon de Baguanos, Holguin. Years ago
my friend Charles T. Ramsden sent two specimens of a species
somewhat resembling H. singleyanus and H. nummiis, from
Oriente Province. I give myself the pleasure of naming it for
him.
Helicodiscus ramsdeni, new species. Fig. la.
Guaso River at confluence with Jaibo River, GuantJinamo,
Cuba. Type and paratj-pe 46706 A.N.S.P., collected by Charles
T. Ram.sden, 1914.
The minute shell is subdiscoidal, broadly umbilicate, the um-
bilicus contained about 3i^ times in the diameter, the spire slightly
convex; whorls very slowly increasing. The surface is glossy,
closely and distinctly striate, and with many impressed spiral
lines about as widely spaced as the striae. Aperture lunate,
wider than in the H. parallelus group, about as in H. singleyanus.
Lip simple. No internal teeth seen. Height 0.8 mm., diameter
1.6 mm. ; 3i whorls.
1 Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ' ' Felipe Poey, " 9 : 123.
56
THE NAUTILUS
[Vol. 56 (2)
Two bleached specimens of nearly the same size were found in
mud from the river bottom. It is apparently a member of the
subg:enus Hebetodiscus, differing: from H. singleyanus by the
decidedly stronger striation and especially by the distinct, evenly
spaced spiral lines.
° d
Fig. 1, a, Uclicodiscus ramsdeni. b, Helicodiscus apex, immature,
the same, adult lectotype and paratype.
c. d,
Scale lines = 1 mm.
Helicodiscus apex (C. B. Adams). Figs, lb, c, d.
Many years ago Professor C. B. Adams found a minute shell
in Jamaica which he called Helix apcxr Tiiis wa.s dumped into
the .synonymy of Helix (now Hawaiia) miuuscula, which is a
larger striate shell with decidedly larger aperture and otherwise
different. But the type lot in the Amherst collection, 33 speci-
mens, demonstrates its true phue in the system, so far as possible
without examination of the soft anatomy. It has waited nearly a
century to be herded into its proper family and genus.
It is a small species, height 0.9 mm., diameter 2.1 mm., of scant
5 whorls, having the traiisluconco and ('()h)r and the smooth sur-
face of H. singleyanus, mid tootlilcss in the adull stage; but
several yonng ones of about 1 to 1.2 mm. diainetcr have two jiairs
of internal teeth situated as in tyjiical Hdirodiscns, as in fig. lb.
It is thus a connectin'T link, li;ivini:- the teeth of Helicodiscus
2 ContriliuticiMS to Conchology No. '.i, p. 'Mi; no. 4, p. 52. 1849.
October, 1D42J the NArTiLUs 57
proper, in tlie immature stajre, and tlie size, texture and color of
the sub^'enus Hcbciodiscus.
Where in Jamaica Adams picked these shells up is unknown.
He rarely jrave localities for his Jamaican shells, but later collec-
tions have supplied them for most of the larger species. It is
one of the Jamaican minutiae still to be rediscovered.
A NEW SUBSPECIES OF HALIOTIS
(H. FULGENS TURVERI)
By PAUL BAKTSCH
During the cruise of the Albatross in 1911, which extended
from San Diego to the head of the Gulf of California, I collected
a specimen of a Haliotis belonging to the fulgens group (U.S.N.M.
No. 464211), in Santa Maria Bay. which was badly worn but much
more elevated than the typical race.
Recently Mr. A. Sorensen secured some specimens from Magda-
lena Bay, which is nearby, which makes it necessary to recognize
the southern race as a distinct subspecies. This is readily dis-
tinguished from the typical race by being much more elevated.
The type, U.S.N.M. No. 508764, presented by Mr. A. Soren.sen,
measures : Height, 68 mm. ; greater diameter, 173 mm. ; lesser
diameter, 140 mm. The type has 3 breathing apertures ; my speci-
men has 5.
The southern race is much more heavily eroded and encrusted
than those from the northern region.
I take plea.sure in naming this race for H. R. Turver, Director
of the Santa Cruz Museum of Natural History, who accompanied
Mr. Sorensen on his trip to the Gulf.
NOTES ON THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF
CAPE ANN, MASSACHUSETTS
By RALPH W. DEXTER
Kpnt State University, Kent, Ohio
During the summer months of 1933-37 and for brief periods in
1938 and 1940 the writer was engaged in ecological studies on the
marine communities at Cape Ann, Massachusetts. Reports on
these communities are in process of preparation for publication.
Because several malacologists and others have shown interest and
have made inquiries concerning the molluscan species found in
58 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
the tidal and subtidal communities of this region, it seems de-
sirable to present at this time, a separate list of the moUusks with
a few notes concerning the distribution and abundance of each.
Collections were made on the intertidal zone b}' hand picking and
by means of a clam fork, while a naturalist's dredge was used
for subtidal collecting. Intensive collecting took place along and
in a tidal inlet known as the Annisquam River. Numerous
dredgings have been made in Ipswich Bay, several in Sandj' Bay,
and one series of dredgings made along the eastern coast of Cape
Ann and in Gloucester Harbor.
I. Amphineura
Neomenia sp. Numerous specimens dredged in Ipswich Bay.
Chaetopleura apiculata Sa3^ Several specimens dredged in
Sandy Bay.
II. Gastropoda
Onchidoris hilamcllata (L.). Dredged in the tidal inlet and
occasionally found under flat stones along spring low water line.
Aeolis sp. Several dredged in the inlet.
Melampus hidcntatus Say. Common in the liigh fox-grass
{Spartina patens) marshes. Often found in small groups under
solid objects. Occasionally found in ujiper margin of the thatch
grass {Spartina glabra) marsh.
Acmaca testudinalis. Found on intertidal and subtidal rocks,
shells, mussels, hermit crabs, in the deeper waters of the bays
as well as in the inlet.
Poliniccs hcros (Say). Common on all mud and sand beaches
and bars, on bottom of inlet and in the bays.
Crcj)idnla furnicata (L.). Many specimens on rocks and nuis-
sel beds in subtidal waters and along low water line.
Crepidula plana Say. Commonly found as a commensal with
hermit crabs (Pagunis spp.). Collected in submerged tidal zone,
in pools, and in subtidal region of inlet and bays.
Littorina litorca (L.). Found abundantly in oxcvy habitat and
community. Most numerous along lower liali" of tlie intcM-titlal
zone. Dredged from inlet and bays. Found in snuill brackish
estuaries of nearly fresh water and above high water line.
I.illorina saxatilis ()livi (coinnionly kn(»\\n as />. rudis Maton).
Ahundaut after 1984 on rockv shores lu-ar and above hitrh water
October, 1942J the naitilis 59
line and on and anionfr marsh jrrasses, partii-ularly Spartitui
glabra. Oeeasionally swarm on the mud of marsh creeks. Few
specimens, which were probably washed down, were dredged in
the inlet. Remarkable fluctuation in abundance observed.
Littorina obtusata L. (commonly known as L. palliata Say).
Abundant on seaweeds attached to intertidal rocks and among
marsh grass in the low, thatch grass marshes.
Lacuna vincta (^lontagu). Commonly collected on subtidal
algae, particularly brown algae, in the inlet and in all bays. Very
scarce, however, in 1935.
Rissoa aculcus (Gould). Abundant on mud, firm sand, and
among mats of the green alga Chactomorpha linum. Few speci-
mens were dredged from the inlet.
Skeyiea planorhis (Fabricius). One shell found among sea
wrack cast along inlet.
Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. One shell found on Wingersheek
Beach bordering Annisquam Harbor.
Thais lapillus (L.). After 1936 common on barnacle-covered
rocks and mussel beds. Few specimens, probably washed down,
collected while dredging inlet. This species was scarce for sev-
eral years preceding 1936.
Nassa trivittata (Say). Common on sand and mud bottoms of
inlet and bays. Few specimens collected on mussel beds near
mean low water line.
Nassa ohsoleta (Say). Abundant on soft, black mud; found in
large discontinuous groups, especially in marsh creeks. A few
specimens penetrate into lower margin of the marshes.
Buccinum undatum L. A number were dredged from Ipswich
Bay.
Ncpfunca decemcostata (Say). Several dredged from Ipswich
Bay.
Coins stimpsoni Morch. Several dredged from Ipswich Bay.
III. Pelecypoda
Solemya velum Say. Numerous in all intertidal sand and mud
flats and bars.
Solemya borealis Totten. One shell found at Wingersheek
Beach.
Anomia aculeata L. Dredged in small numbers from river
60 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
bottom and from all the bays. Two specimens were found on a
rock among intertidal boulders bordering Annisquam Harbor in
1933. While these may have been washed in, that did not appear
to be the case because of their natural position. Ordinarily' this
species is found below one fathom.
Mytilvs edulis L. Widely distributed and abundant, forming
mussel beds and colonies over flats and among rocks ; common in
crevices and around bases of rocks. Also common among thatch
grass. Many specimens, chiefly small ones and seed, dredged
from river bottom and from all bays. The variety pellucidus was
often found among the others, on the intertidal mussel beds par-
ticularly.
Modiolus modiolus (L.). A few specimens were found at
Spring low water line among the rocks on the northern shore of
Gloucester Harbor and among the rocks on the eastern shore of
Annisquam Harbor. Several were dredged in Ipswich Bay and
in Sandy Bay.
Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn). Common in low thatch marshes
of Spartina glabra, especially on margins of marsh creeks. Occa-
sionally extend out into mud flats and rarely in crevices of rocks.
Modiolaria nigra (Gray). One shell found on shore of Glou-
cester Harbor.
Astarte castanea (Say). Few shells dredged in Sandy Bay.
Vcnericardia horefllis Conrad. Few shells dredged in Sandy
Bay.
Arctica islandica (L.). A number of specimens dredged in
Ipswich Bay and Sandy Bay.
Liicina filosa Stimpson. A few specimens collected from mud
flats.
Cardium pinnuUiium Conrad. Several dredged from the inlet
and a few from Sandy Bay.
S})isiila solidissima Dillwyn. Many collocted in sand at sjiring
low water line at Wingerslicck BiMcli bonltM-ing Ipswich Bay.
Mactra lateralis Say. Nuiiu'rous in a sand ])ai- of the inlet.
Vinus mcrcf fiaria L. A nnniber coUei'ted in santl at spring
low water on Annis(|uam beaches.
Oemma gemma (Totten). Abundant on sand, mud and among
mats of the green alga CIkk (oniorpha Union. Oceasioiudly in
the lower margin of thatch marshes. Many dredged from inlet.
October. 1942] the naitilus 61
Callocardia convexa Say. A number of shells collected on
\Vin«2:ersheek beach.
Peiricola pholadiformis (Lam.). Several specimens dug from
a sandy-mud bar.
TcUina teticra Say. A number dredjred from soft, clay bottom
of the inlet.
Macoma halthica (L.). Widely distributed and common in
mud and sand beaches and bars.
Ensis dircctus Conrad. Widely distributed and common in
mud and sand and occasionally dredged from channel.
Siliqua costata (Say). Many collected in sand bar of inlet.
Mya arenaria L. Widely distributed, and except for 1934,
abundant in all mud and sand sediments. Sometimes found in
low marshes. Seed collected on mussel beds and dredged from
river bottom and Ipswich Bay.
Saxicava arctica (L.). Common in holdfasts of Laminaria
spp. and often among blue mussels along low water line.
Dredged from inlet and all bays, especially in holdfasts.
Cyrtodaria siliqua (Spengler). One shell dredged from Sandy
Bay.
Teredo navalis L. One colony found in drift wood along shore
of inlet.
Xylophaga sp. Several specimens in water-logged stem
dredged from inlet.
Cochlodesma leanum (Conrad). Several shells collected at
Wingersheek beach by Mrs. Frances Beardslee.
Lyonsia hyalina (Conrad). Two specimens collected along
low water line, one attached to group of mussels, one in sandy-
mud ; several dredged from inlet.
IV. Cephalopoda
Loligo pcalei Lesueur. Observed in shallow water of inlet.
Some found stranded on marshes following spring tides.
MESODON APPRESSUS (SAY) IN MARION
COUNTY. INDIANA
By GLENN R. WEBB
On October 26, 1941, a colony of Mesodon appressus (Say) was
found in southwestern Center Township, Marion County, Indiana
62 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
along the east bank of "White River (West fork) in the region of
the Harding Street Bridge.^ Aside from a scattering of speci-
mens eastwards of the bridge-head, the colony is as yet confined
to the southwest corner of Harding Street and the River on and
about weed-covered, man-made gravel hills. Specimens are least
plentiful on the more nearly level areas adjacent to the hills.
Another group of hills, less than 500 feet distant, are as yet un-
colonized by appressus although other species occur there. The
present extent of the colony is about that of a moderate sized
city lot.
A rough estimate of the relative abundance of appressus and
of the larger species associated with it was determined in the
course of 2-3 hours of collecting in the most favorable part of
the colonized area — the extreme NW hill — after heavy rains. On
this occasion every living snail encountered (exclusive of the
minute species) was collected. Expressing the abundance of
each species as a percentage of the 469 snails obtained, their rela-
tive abundances are as follows: Anguispira alternata (Say)
62.26%, Mesodon appressus (Say) 29.63%, Mcsodon elevatus
(Say) 4.05%, Succinea avara Say 2.77%, and Mesodon clansus
(Say) 1.27%.
So far as I know, the closest point at which appressus occurs
indigenously is about 54 miles distant.- It would thus seem that
the Marion County colony has resulted from a chance introduc-
tion of specimens. Spring collecting (1942) reveals the colony
to have survived the winter unharmed. The subsequent history
of the colony should prove interesting.
Specimens have been deposited in the collections of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. In making the identi-
fication, the genitalia of about a dozen specimens were examinetl.
NEW FLORIDAN MARINE MOLLUSKS
By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL
Lamellaria leucosphaera, now species. Nautilus 56, PI. 3,
figs. 8.
Shell naticoid, tliiii. IraiispariMil, with a sliizlit milky cloudi-
1 Loc. H + 4 -.
2 1929. Cahn, A. R. and Kemp, J. T., "The Terrestrial Mollusca of
Turkey Run State Park, Indiana." Naiit. 4.'? (2) pp. 66-68.
October, 1942] tiil: naltilus 63
ness, smooth, shininj? and faintly iridescent. Niu-leus very small,
flat and jilassy, of about 1\ wliorls, followed by two abnijjtly
largrer, convex whorls. Suture impressed. Sculpture of fine
incremental lines. Aperture broad, ovate, nearly two-thirds the
size of the shell. Columella concave, spirally «]:yrate, allowing a
view up the spire from the base of the shell. Length 16 mm.,
breadth 15 mm., thickness 11 mm.
Dredged by Carl S. and Alice D. Miner, in about 1^ to 2
fathoms in Pine Island Sound, off Red Fish Pass, Captiva,
Florida. Type A.N.S.P. No. 178718.
This shell is very similar in form and size to Marsenina glohosa
Perry, but the shell is completely enclosed in the mantle, has no
fine microscopic revolving threads as has M. glohosa, is not quite
so globose, the next-to-last and body whorls being more oblique
and the spire being a little more produced.
The following description of the animal was made from a living
aquarium specimen observed closely over a period of days by
Louise M. Perry. Thanks and appreciation are accorded her.
"Length 20 mm., width 15 mm., height at center 16 mm. In
external appearance the animal is grayish, jelly-like, oval in out-
line, gently and symmetrically rounded to a central, elevated
summit where the shell is visible through the semi-transparent
mantle. The mantle completely covers the body and the shell,
whose apex is seen posteriorly at the right. Structural details
of the dark liver are visible through mantle and shell.
"The mantle is grayi.sh, semi-transparent; its free edges are
thin and delicate, rounded behind, slightly 'frilled' at the sides
where there are three indentations or slits. These slits may be
deepened by contraction of the body of the mantle. Directly
in front the mantle has a deep central fissure whose edges are
folded and reflected to form a siphonal canal which is directed
forward and upward at an angle near 25 degrees. This siphonal
canal can be lengthened or shortened and widened.
"The outer surface of the mantle is peppered with small black
dots tending to circular grouping and surrounded by numerous
granular api)earing, refractile, white 'sugar grains.' Less iniinor-
ous and irregularly placed are clusters of these dots conically
elevated above the general surface level. The free edges of the
mantle are thickly covered with minute pin dots like fine sugar
crystals, slightly refractile, as are those over the body of the
mantle. The dots are entirely absent from the mantle's inner
surface. Under low magnification the entire surface of the mantle
64 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
appears finely granular throughout its thickness. Its whole sur-
face is sensitive to touch.
''There seems to be no distinctly separate head. Two tentacles
are present, about 3 mm. long, bluntly pointed and carried well
apart like the horns of a Texas 'longhorn.' The eyes are brilliant
black, set in bulbous enlargements near the outer sides of the
bases of the tentacles.
"The foot is elongate, oval, somewhat squared at the anterior
extremity forming corners which can be turned inward for use
as clasping processes. Also the entire extent of the lateral borders
of the foot can be reflected over the plantar surface and used as
clasps.
"The creature creeps sluggishly, and can sustain itself in a
reversed position beneath the surface film."
Pteria xanthia, new species. Nautilus 56 : PI. 3. figs. 1. la.
The shell is obliquely ovate, of fragile, horny texture, of a light
cadmium color. The rays of scales are strongly developed, but are
more or less worn off except on the lower third of valve. The an-
terior wing is very thickly laminate, almost forming a frill, but
thinning to about eight rays thereafter on the left valve. The
laminations on the seventh ray are much wider and longer, about
12 mm., and are in exact prolongation of the convexity from umbo
to posterior margin, looking very much like the tail of a fish ; this
illusion being carried out by the laminations on the tip of the
posterior wing, where they are again longer and heavier, turning
slightly upward and looking like a dorsal fin. These rays of
laminations or scales are much more frequent on the right valve
than on the left, having smaller and intermediate rays between
each of the heavier rays. The rounded umbones are at abont
the anterior fourtli, and do not project above the cardinal margin,
wliicli is straigiit except at the tip of the posterior wing, where
it turns obliquely upward. The byssal notch is much larger
than in most pterias, taking practically all of the anterior wing
space on the right valve. The interior of the valves is maereous,
ending in a distinct line a short distance from the free margins.
Lejigth 35 mm., height 18 nnn. (exclusive of the projecting scales.)
The Type, 178717 A.N.S.P.. was dredged off Cajitive Island,
Florida, by Alice D. Miner, in December lf)41.
This shell has been compared with Pterin vitria Reeve, which
it most nearly resembles, though it is not as oblique, tlie color
is ycih)W instead of o})aquc while, and the laminations are much
longer, tliough not as j)rofuse as in /*. lutrai Keeve.
October, 1942] tiiic nautilus 65
Terebra glossema, new species. PI. 6. fi<r. 3.
Shell elon^'ate. apex very minute but rounded, consisting of 1^
smooth, faintly pink whorls, followed by 14 slijrhtly convex
whorls; milk-white, taperinp: refrularly from base to apex. Axial
sculpture of small, retractivel.y curved ribs, scarcely equal to
their intervals. 27 on the last Avhorl. JSjiiral sculpture bejrins so
faintly on early whorls as to be undiscernible except throu«rh a
lens, but {rradually strengrthens into 5 or 6 unevenly spaced,
squarely cut linear p:rooves, a much wider grroove definin<r the
sutural fasciole. Microscopic spiral lines appear between the
grrooves on the last three whorls. These grrooves do not com-
pletely cut the summits of the ribs, thereby retaininj; the con-
tinuity of ribs from apex to base. Aperture small, columella
smooth and recurved into the deeply channelled notch, siphonal
fasciole convex.
Len<rth 24 mm., width 6 mm.; length of aperture, 5 mm.,
width 2 mm.
Dredged in 7 to 8 fms. off Pelican Shoal, Florida Keys, by the
author and Ted Dranga in April, 1939. Type 175131 A.N.S.P.
It was illustrated in The Nautilus, Vol. 53, No. 3, January, 1940,
plate 12, fig. 14.
T. glossema, taken in the dredging off Sanibel in 1941, shows
the first 8 or 9 whorls of ochraceous buff, with a paler band on
the next to the last whorl and on the base.
Tritiaria (Antillopiios) virginiae, new species. Plate 3, figs.
6.7.
Shell medium-sized, moderately slender, with 3^ nuclear whorls,
the last 1| bearing a sub-basal spiral keel, which gradually lowers
until it disappears in the suture. The last third of the apex bears
4 or 5 widely spaced, curved, axial ribs. Six rounded whorls fol-
low, with a well defined suture and sculptured with two spiral
ridges on first whorl, three to four on the second, increasing to
five on succeeding whorls and ending with from 14 to 16 on body-
whorl, with one and sometimes two faint ridges, the first heavier
than the second, in intervals between spiral ridges. The entire
shell is covered with small axial ribs, unevenly spaced, inter-
spersed with heavier varix-like ribs, forming nodules where these
ribs cross the spirals. There are between 22 and 26 axial ribs on
the body whorl. The color is light buff with faint cinnamon-buff
splotches on the earlier whorls, which develop into three faint
bands on the body-whorl, the cinnamon-buff on three spiral ridges
66 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
forming the first two bands and on six spirals for the third or
anterior band. Aperture long-oval, white and shining. Canal
deep, but little recurved, externally with a convex, but low
siphonal fasciole. There are ten strong lirae within the outer lip,
ending about li mm. from edge of lip. Columella bears a basal
fold, above which are four irregular denticles. Parietal wall
bears a spiral ridge, slightly above the middle. The posterior
angle of the aperture has a slight callus. Near the base of the
outer lip there is a shallow stromboid notch. The spiral ridges
crenulate the edge of the outer lip.
Length 24 mm., width 10^ mm. Length of aperture 12^ mm.
Length 22 mm., width 9h mm. Length of aperture 11^ mm.
Dredged at 65 fms. off Palm Beach. Florida. Type 178716
A.N.S.P.
Phos( ?) ADELUS new species. Plate 3, fig. 4.
The small shell of 8 whorls is almost half as wide as long. The
apex is blunt, the 2^ embryonic whorls smooth, turned in at the
tip. The 6 following whorls are well rounded, suture distinct,
beginning with 8 longitudinal rounded ribs on first whorl, 9 on
the second, 10 on the third and fourth, and 13 on the 5th and
body-whorl, with spaces between each rib equalling width of rib,
except behind varix near lip, where space is half again as wide.
The entire shell is covered with alternate heavy and light revolv-
ing elevated lines, continuous over the ribs. There are 5 heavier
lines over basal concavity, which are slightly granose where the
longitudinal ribs fade out. The linos lieconie again smaller upon
the siphonal fasciole. The incremental lines are quite distinct,
giving a faint reticulated appearance to the surface of the shell.
The color is pale pinkish-buff with orange-cinnamon irregular
markings over the ribs, forming a faint band over the upper por-
tion of eacii whorl. Aperture elliiitical, a lamellar ridge on
parietal wall forming a distinct posterior sinus. Below this ridge
are several thickened folds in the callus. Columella bears a
strong basal fold below which is the short, deep canal. There
are 14 strong lirae within the outer lip, which has a crcnulated
edge. The first and the fourteenth lirae are heavier. The first is
opposite the ridge on parietal wall and the fourteentli is oj^posite
the basal columellar fold. Length 16^ mm. Breadth 8^ mm.
Length of aperture 8} mm.
Locality: Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic. Type 178477
A.N.S.P.
October. 1942] the xaitih-s 67
NOTES AND NEWS
Dr. Cuarles Davies Siierborn. — All naturalists conoernod
with taxonomy will hear with deep regret of the death of Dr.
Sherborn on June 22, within a week of his eighty-first birthday.
He was the author of papers on paleontology as well as on nomen-
clature, but his great Index Animaliuin, covering all sy.stematic
names from 1758 to 1850, is his lasting memorial.
The Symposium on IVIethods of Collecting was a valuable
feature of the Maine meeting A. M. U. 250 copies of these
papers have been printed, and can now be obtained from the
Secretary A. 'M. U., Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Buffalo Museum
of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. The price is 25^.
A Collection of mollusks, from waters all over the world, has
been added to the department of zoology of Field Museum of
Natural History. It includes more than 100.000 specimens of
shells, accumulated during a period of some forty years by Wal-
ter F. Webb, of Rochester, N. Y. The collection was acquired
through the interest of Stanley Field, president of the museum.
According to Dr. Fritz Haas, curator of lower invertebrates, the
permanent scientific value of the collection is enhanced by the
fact that it includes other important private collections which
Mr. Webb had purchased in Europe and America, some of them
dating as far back as the eighteen-sixties. (Science.)
The Buffalo Museum of Science announces that Imogene C.
Robertson was made Research Associate in Malacology, the ap-
pointment effective July 1 when she retired after fifteen years'
service on the Staff. Mrs. Robertson was Curator of Biology,
Registrar, and Scientific Editor. She has brought the Museum
and its work to national attention by serving as Financial Secre-
tary of the American Malacological Union, a position to which
she has been reelected annually since its organization in 1D31.
The Board passed a resolution expressing keen appreciation of
her work and regret at her retirement.
J. W. Jones, member of the American Malacological Union, and
father of Dr. David T. Jones of the University of Utah, died of
68 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
cerebral hemorrhage on May 10th, 1942, at the age of 80 years.
A native of Ohio, he was much interested in the larger land snails
of that area, particularly of the family Polygyridae. He at-
tended the first meeting of the American Malacological Union at
Philadelphia, where he became acquainted with many members.
His burial w^as in the Mt. Auburn Cemetery, near his home at
Vinton, Iowa.
The Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern
California are occasionally mimeographed and sent to those who
are too far away to attend the meetings. And how it lightens the
heart to be taken into their genial company, even at this distance !
It is suggested that anyone desiring to receive copies of the Min-
utes should send some 1^ cent stamps, to pay postage, to the
Secretary, Effie M. Clark, 403 S. Mariposa St., Los Angeles.
Hugh C. Fulton, the well-known English conchologist and
dealer, passed away on May 11th, 1942. His widow, Mrs. Weena
C. Fulton, is carr.ying on the firm at the same address, 2 Florence
Road, Ealing, London W. 5, England.
Xylopiiaga atlantica, new species. Plate 6; fig. 4. —
Shell globular with a conspicuous transverse furrow, gaping in
front and closed behind. Posterior portion of the shell rather
smooth Avith faint irregular concentric lines. Anterior to tlie
furrow and parallel to it are some conspicuous ridges. Anterior
margin of the shell reflected and covered by two small accessory
valves on which there are conspicuous ridges approximately at
right angles to the ridges parallel to the furrow. Dinu nsions:
length 11.0 mm.; width 11.0 nnn.
Locality: from drift wood "East Coast of United States."
Type 178741 A.N.S.P. Paratype Newark Museum.
Larger tlian X. dorsalis Turton and with a more prominent
furrow; it is also more gibbous and has the posterior extremity
more rounded. The specimens were in a inoce of wood and were
submitted for identification by Mrs. Virginia AUlridge of the
Newark Museum, Newark, N. J. It is interesting to note that
the otlier western Atlantic species of XiflopluKja. X. dorsalis
(Turton) and A'. abyssoj'UDi Dall, are known only from deep
water. — Horace G. Richards.
October, 1942] the nautilus 69
The Genotype of Neptunea. — In writinp: the opinion on the
type of Neptunea "Bolten" Roedinjr. published in The Nautilus,
vol. 54, no. 4, April 1941, I overlooked a type desifrnation four
years earlier than that of Kobelt (1876). Monterosato in 1872
(Xotizie intorno alle Conchifrlie fossili Monte Pelle<rrino e Fica-
razzi, p. 17) designated ''Fusus antiquus monstr. contrarius" as
the type, a perfectly valid designation, as contraria is the fifth
species under Neptunea in the Boltenian Catalogue. This will
fortunately involve no change in the concept of the name, as
antiqua Linne, the type designated by Kobelt, and contraria
Linne, are congeneric. — H. A. Rehder.
Dentalium (Antalis) pilsbryi, new name. — The name Den-
talium (Antalis) j^seudohexagonum ^'Ihering" Henderson (Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., no. Ill, 1920, pp. 46-47), given to a species rang-
ing from Brazil north to Florida, is preoccupied by Dentalium
pseudohexagonum "Dall" Arnold (Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 3,
1903, p. 186) from the Pleistocene of San Pedro, California. As
I have been unable to find any substitute name proposed for the
Antillean species, I am bestowing on it the specific name pilsbryi,
honoring, in a small measure, the man whose epochal work on
the Seaphopoda smoothed the way for all later workers. — H. A,
Reiider.
Names Proposed as Newt in Morse's Terrestrial Pulmon-
ifera of Maine. — Some uncertainty as to the type species of
Striatura has arisen from the publication of that and other new
names by Professor E. S. Morse in two places. In the "Observa-
tions on the Terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine" (Jour. Portland
Soc, N. H., 1 : 17, March, 1864) Morse introduced and defined
"Striatura, nov. gen." with S. ferrea nov. sp. and S. milium
Morse. He made no allusion to any previous use of these names.
In the "Synopsis of the fluviatile and terrestrial mollusea of the
State of Maine," by Edward S. Morse, a four-page leaflet pub-
lished without date, he listed Striatura milium Morse and S.
ferrea Morse. In a note he stated that "all names in Italics are
proposed by the author, full descriptions of which are now in
preparation." From this it is inferred that Morse prepared MS.
70 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
of the Synopsis before publication of his Journal article, but
when the list was actually printed remains uncertain.
Tryon in a review, 1865, gave the date 1863 for this leaflet;
but since Morse stated that part of the names ' ' have been adopted
from W. G. Binney's Checklist of Dec. 9th, 1863" (Smiths.
Misc. Coll. No. 000, the preface dated as above), it seems unlikely
that this Checklist could have been printed and issued after Dec.
9, 1863, in time for Morse to have used it and issued his SjTiopsis
in the same year. Someone has written * * 1864, ' ' on the Academy
copy of the Synopsis, in an ink unlike that used by Morse on the
same page. H. B. Baker (1928) has given the date of this leaflet
as 1864, but without giving any authority for that date, or stat-
ing that the leaflet was undated.
"We conclude that names in an undated list cannot be given
priority over a dated publication in which the names in question
are expressly introduced as new. — H. A. Pilsbry.
Habitat Data on Helminthoglypta tudiculata (Binney) at
Balboa Beach, California. — The information presented here
should add to the published data concerning the conditions under
which Helminthoglypta tudiculata (Binney) s.s., lives in South-
ern California. Pilsbry (1939, Monogr. no. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., p. 72) states: "It lives among bushes and plants back of
Pacific Beach near San Diego. At Murray Dam. near San Diego,
Mr. Ingles found it *in the leaf mold between loose rocks, under
very moist conditions.' Inland Mr. Kelsey found it aestivating
in crevices of large rocks."
Twelve living individuals and five empty shells were collected
from the shores bordering the salt water lakes formed by the in-
land extension of Balboa Bay at Balboa Beach, California. Col-
lecting areas were on the old road leading to Santa Ana one and
eight-tenths and three and three-tentlis miles from the coast
highway 101. Four others were taken at the base of the sand-
stone bluffs on the road loading fi-oni l>alboa Island to Corona
del Mar. The collections were nimle in .Inly ^T). 1941. All were
aestivating.
Salt water lakes: One individnal was collected beneatii a lux-
nr'iaiit growtli of the ice plant. M(S(nibr!i(niHin))i(i)). This indi-
I
October. 1942] the nautilus 71
vicinal had four epiphrafrms sealinjr the entrance to its shell.
Five empty shells coUeeteil beneath patches of ice plant indicate
that in this area //. tudiculata is definitely associated with this
plant. Five individnals were fonnd aestivatinjr under a water
carried debris pile composed of twigs and jrrasses six inches in
thickness fifty feet from the margin of one of the salt lakes ; the
plants growing in the vicinity were willows and bladder-pod
bushes. Six specimens were taken from beneath dried horse
manure ; one of these had six epiphragms sealing the aperture.
Corona del Mar road: The individuals taken here were found
beneath sandstone rocks and dried grasses at the base of sand-
stone bluffs. Mr. F. R. Aldrich of the Aldrieh Museum, Balboa,
California, has collected individuals from crevices in these bluffs.
— William Marcus Ingram, Mills College, California.
The Role of Vacant Shells in Snail Hibernation. — While
collecting mollusks on November 22, 1940, in the Sapsucker
woods, Ithaca, New York, two Euconulus fulvus (Miiller) and
one Haplotrcma concavum (Say) were found under rather odd
circumstances. These individuals were taken from within vacant
shells of the large wood snail, Mesodon thyroidus (Say).
The M. thyroidus shells were collected from beneath the fallen
bark of a maple tree. The bark was covered by three inches of
beech and maple leaf humus. Curiosity prompted the writer to
break open the M. thyroidus shells, thus exposing the smaller
snails. One Euconulus and the Haplotrcma were removed from
one shell, and one Euconulus from the other. The former Eu-
comdus was at rest in the second apical whorl and the latter in
the third apical whorl of the M. thyroidus. The bodies of the
Euconulus were withdrawn from their body whorls toward the
apical whorls, and both were perfectly dormant. Although no
epiphragm was ob.served at the aperture of either, these snails
were no doubt in hibernation. The immature H. concavum was
at rest in the third apical whorl of the larger .species. This im-
mature individual had a complete epiphragm at its aperture, and
was quite obviously hibernating.
The two small snail species had apparently crawled into the
empty shells of the larger mollusk at the onslaught of cold
72 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 56 (2)
weather. Five additional shells of M. thyroidus were collected in
areas adjoining the one from which the empty shells containing
the small mollusks were gathered, but none housed living snails.
The occurrence of small species of snails within the discarded
shells of larger species may be a rarity rather than a rule ; further
field collecting during the winter months will no doubt bring
more data to light.
It is interesting to note, that the shell of M. thyroidus which
was sheltering the immature Haplotrema from adverse weather,
was probably enhancing the survival of a predator of its kind.
On numerous occasions Haplotrema has been observed feeding
on M. thyroidus in the woods about Ithaca. — William Marcus
Ingram.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
A REVIEW OF THE VoLUTiDAE. By Maxwell Smith. 127 pages,
of which 26 are full-page plates. Small 4to, cloth, price $6.
Published by the author, Lantana, Florida. In this attractive
volume Mr. Smith discusses the nomenclature, classification and
distribution of the volutes, followed by descriptions of the species.
The 26 plates are beautiful examples of the author's skill with
the camera. A feature which those using the work will appreci-
ate is that opposite each plate the explanation of figures and
references to pages are given. — H.A.P.
Illustrated Key to West North American Pelecypod
Genera. By A. ^lyra Keen and Don L. Frizzell, Stanford
University Press, Stanford University, C'al. No date. Small 4to,
28 pp. Price 75c. This kej-^ is designed to provide means for the
generic identification of West coast bivalves. The text is \)yo-
vided with several hundred clear line figures of hinge and exterior
of all genera. Though tlie shell characters of bivalves are prob-
ably more definite than those of univalve shells, they are less
understood by shell collectors and students, especially those of
the smaller forms. We do not know of any work giving so dear
and easy an insight into the mysteries of tlie bivalve hinge. It
slionld be useful to east coast students also. — H.A.P.
The Nautilus
Vol. 56
January, 1943
No. 3
HUNTING STENOTREMA HUBRICHTI
By LESLIE HUBRICHT
While examining some topographic maps of southern Illinois
I noted, on the Alto Pass Quadrangle, an area called Pine Hills,
which was without doubt the most rugged region in southwest-
ern Illinois. It looked as though it ought to be an ideal place
for snails, so I resolved to visit it at the first opportunity. Ac-
cordingly on October 14. 1939, I paid the region my first of
several visits.
Fig. 1. Stenotrema hubrichii, actual .size and pnlarged. (From Land
.N[ollu.sca of North America, fig. 42.T.)
My first view of the Pine Hills was very disappointing, as
they had been badly burned and cut over. I drove along the
little road at the ba.se of the high cliffs and examined the talus
slopes at several places without fiiuling anytliing of especial in-
terest, until near the north end of the bluffs I came to a place
where about twenty feet of the outer talus had been removed
for road material. The cliffs are compo.sed of a thin-bedded
limestone which breaks off in small pieces which can be used for
this purpose without additional crushing. In the older talus
(73)
74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. r)6 (3)
thus exposed, shells were abundant. By far the most abundant
of these shells was a flat, carinate stenotreme, which I recognized
immediately was no described species. The shells were so abun-
dant that about six hundred were collected in an hour, tofjether
with a large number of shells of other species. It was later
named Stenotrema huhrichti by Dr. Pilsbry, whose figures are
here used to illustrate it, by courtesy of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences. I began a search of the undisturbed talus slopes
for living specimens, but without success. On subsequent trips
I examined the talus slopes along the entire length of Union
County without finding a single recent shell ; and fossils only i i
the Pine Hills region. It appeared that the species was extinct.
During August, 1942, I again visited the Pine Hills, not to
try to find S. hnhrichti, but to get better series of some of the
other species found there. It had rained the day before, and
the weather was cloudy and threatening — an ideal day for
snailing. As I climbed the talus slope at the mouth of a short,
steep ravine, or "head-in" as the natives call them, I found a
dead shell of S. huhrichti — the first shell of this species that I
had found on top of the talus. As I climbed higher up the
slope I found a second specimen and then a third; and then I
found a woodchuck hole from which the shells had obviously
come. Since other snails were common I continued to climb tiic
slope and into the head-in. And then I found a part of a fresh
shell which had been eaten by a shrew or mouse. Tlie species
was not extinct! I overturned a large number of rocks but
found only two living specimens. I then turned my attention
to the cliff on the south side of the hoad-in. This proved to be
their real habitat, as they were fairly connnon here in crevices
in the rock, and about the roots of plants on the upper part ol'
the cliff, showing a decided preference for such situations as
would require the collector to risk his neck to collect them.
Their flattened shells enabled them to enter crevices that ^'.
frntmium (which was found in sin.ill nnnd)ers with them),
could not enter.
At one time the Mississip|)i IJivci- flowed alonu tlic l)ase of
the Pine Hills. Due to the influence of tlu^ river the bluffs were
probably much more moist than at present, and at that time
S. huhrichti inhabited the face of the main hintf. Later, when
.lamiary, lf)4.'{] the nautilus 75
the river eut tliroujrh west of Foimtain lIlufT. thus inoviiifj: about
five miles away, the Pine Hills became drier ami the snails
moved baeU into the ravines where there wan still suflfieient
moisture.
Because the species was described from fossil nmterial the
character of the epidermis could not be jriven. In life the shell
is reddish brown and is densely covered with minute short hairs
on both surfaces.
NEW MARINE SHELLS FROM FLORIDA
By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL
Marginella denticulata destina, n. subsp. PI. 7, fij:. 1.
Shell smooth, polished, amber brown or arg:us brown color,
opaque; fusiform, five rounded whorls, distinct sutures; spire
elevated ; lateral outlines of body-whorl rounded, becomiu}?
straijrht near the base. Aperture elliptical, more than half the
lenjrth of shell ; columella slijrhtly concave, with four very stronj;
plications, the first horizontal and the followin<r three increas-
injrly oblique. There is a very shallow anal retraction ; the
outer lip is moderately thickened, and either smooth within with
the weak trace of a tooth near the upper end, or havinpr weak
traces of three or four teeth near the middle of the lip. Lenjrth
7 mm., breadth 3.5 mm., lontrth of aperture 4 mm., Avidth of
aperture 1 mm.
Dredpred in 18 to 20 fathoms of water off Destin, N.W. Florida,
by T. L. McGinty. Type No. 178838 A.N.S.P.
This shell is very similar to M. denticulata opalina Stearns,
thouph not quite as lono: and slightly wider. The color is
darker and opaque rather than translucent, with no sujrjrestion
of bands as in M. d. opalina. The aperture is wider and longer
and the outer lip not quite so thickened. In opalina the out-
lines are concave toward the base, as noted by Stearns.
Marginella idiochila, n. sj). PI. 7, figs. 2, 3.
Shell snudl ; smooth and glossy; biconic; light ochraceous buff
with a narrow white band below the distinct suture, a wider
white band below the periphery of the body-whorl and a nar-
row white band at the base. The apex, of about one whorl, is
bluntly rounded, followed by four slightly rounded whorls.
Aperture slightly less than half the length of the shell ; outer
76 THE NAUTELiUS [Vol. 56 (3)
lip thick, weakh^ denticulate within, shortly aseendinof where it
joins the body-whorl, and extended into a heavy, toothlike proc-
ess projecting forward at about the lower third of the lip ; there-
after dropping off into a thin edge to and around the well-
defined anterior notch. Columella with four folds, the first
horizontal and the others increasingly oblique. Height 4.5 mm.,
width 2.2 mm., length of aperture 2.75 mm.
Dredged by T. L. McGinty in ninety fathoms off Palm Beach,
Florida. Type No. 178908 A.N.S.P.
This shell is somewhat similar to, and only slightly larger
than, M. denticulata Conrad. The spire of M. denticidata is
more produced and the outlines barelj^ concave, while M. idio-
chila is slightly convex. M. denticulata is pure white, while our
shell is buff with white bands, or in other words, white with two
buff bands, and has the very distinctive knob or toothlike proc-
ess on the outer lip, which makes it easy to recognize.
EUBELA MCGINTYI, U. Sp. PI. 7, figS. 4, 5.
Shell small, fragile, fusiform, dull buff faintly and indis-
tinctly clouded with white, Sinusigera nucleus of about four
whorls and light brown colored; followed by four adult whorls
with the surface smooth and polished. The suture is appressed,
and by transparence bordered with a flat band ; anal f asciole
faintly sculptured with growth lines, the notch rather deep,
rounded and close to the suture. Axis is crossed at the base
with four or five low, strongly oblique cords, beginning at upper
part of pillar and ending at lower edge of lip. One specimen
shows one or two very low spirals above the suture. Aperture
elongated, with a rather long anterior canal, columella white,
nearly straight, outer lip thin and arched forward. Ileighth
5.4 mm., width 2.25 mm.
Dredged in 80 fathoms oft" Lake Worth, Florida, in the sum-
mer of 1940, by Thomas L. McGinty, for whom the shell is
named. Type No. 178907 A.N.S.P.
This shell is very similar to the figure of Daphndla sofia Dall,
but lacks the subsutural puckered band of that species, being in
this respect more like the variety hypcrlissa Dall. It is much
smaller and more slender and the axis is not twisted and mi-
nutely pervious in basal view, as described by Dall.
Drupa didyma, n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 7.
This small slicll, of 8V2 rounded whorls, with well defined
sutures, lias a coniparat ivcly large nuelcus of .']'/. whorls, the
Jiuuiary. 1943] thk nai'TIM's 77
earlier ones y:Iossy with fine ^'ranules alonjr tlie sutnre, the last
one covered by fine rounded papillae and terminated by a nar-
row, elevated, curved varix, of a li^ht brown color. The fourth
whorl bejrins abruptly with two spiral cords, which form nodules
where the axial ribs cross. The fifth, sixth and seventh whorls
have three nodular spirals, and the body, or eiprhth whorl, has
seven of these noilulcd spirals. Over the larjrer sculpture run
evenly spaced spiral {rranular threads, two and sometimes three
between each noduled spiral. The color varies from apricot-
buff to cinnamon-rufous, with the nodules a carob-brown. Aper-
ture bluish-white within, about % the lenp:th of the shell, ra(juet-
shaped. sliirhtly flarin<r outer lip with five or six lirae, the upper
three or four heavy and the two lower much fainter. The shal-
low anal notch is accentuated by the first lira and a tubercle on
the heavy callus at the upper end of the parietal wall. The
sirrmoid columella and parietal wall are covered by a heavy re-
flected callus, which becomes free and erect toward the base,
leavinjr a shallow slit or crevice in the umbilical re^rion, and
forminjr the outer wall of the short, deep, recurved anterior
canal. Leng:th 10 mm., width 5 mm., leno-th 11 mm., width
6 mm.
Dredjred in 200 feet, off Palm Beach, Florida, by T. L. Mc-
Ginty, June 20, 1940. Type No. 178763 A.N.S.P.
This shell is very similar to "Ricinula" acuminata Reeve, ex-
cept that his illustration appears to have more lirae in the outer
lip and the color in .some instances is darker than the "uniform
yellowi.sh brown" of R. acuminaia. Reeve gives no habitat for
his shell, which is very sketchily described. Drupa nodosa
C. B. Adams, from the Florida Kej-s and the West Indies, is
similar in shape, thou<rh larjrer; is a greyi.sh white with black
nodules, which are larger and more pronounced, and the sutures
are more appres.sed than in Drupa didyma.
The name, from the Greek, means a twin, in allusion to its re-
semblance to the West Coa.st Drupa luguhris (C. B. Adams), as
figured by Tom Burch (Nautilus 54: 46, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6, 7.)
Epitoniu.m (Cirsotrema) linteatum, n. sp. PI. 7, fig. 6.
Shell small, slender, elongated with 10 or 10'^ well rounded
whorls, well defined oblique sutures, with e(|ually spaced hol-
lows and nodules, giving a serrated appearance. Transparent,
glossy white nucleus of the two remaining whorls, the first
whorl or whorl and a half being lost. Each whorl is crossed by
closely spaced, little-elevated axial ribs, which follow from the
78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
nodule at the suture ; the first four whorls each havinjr one
stroni; varix, the last three whorls without this varix, except on
the body w'horl, where it forms the heavy, well-rounded outer
lip of the small, round-ovate aperture. The entire shell is
crossed by fine punctate spirals, these punctations arrancred
evenly spirally and axially, so as to <iive the appearance of fine
linen. The punctations are not so distinct over the low ribs but
are quite strong over the varix which forms the outer lip. The
aperture is surrounded by a thickened continuous rim close to
the edjje of the lip, within the varix. No umbilicus. Lenjrth
of type 10.6 mm., width 2 mm., lenfrth of aperture 2.2 mm.,
len<i,th of aperture of broken specimen, 4.2 mm., approximate
length of complete shell estimated at about 20 mm.
Dredged by T. L. McGint^' in 75 fathoms off Palm Beach,
Florida. Type No. 178787 A.N.S.P.
NEW MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE
WEST COAST
By H. a. PILSBKY and AXEL OLSSON
Anomalocardia broggi, n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 7.
Shell solid, oblong-subtrigonal, widest in the anterior portion
or along a line extending from the beak to the anterior-ventral
margin which is also the zone of greatest inflation. Anterior
side is broadly rounded and bordered above by a nearly straight
luMular mjirgin. Posterior side is njirrowly rounded and nearly
twice the length of the anterior. The sculpture consists of con-
centric, rib-like folds present on the umbos and on the anterior
submargins, generally obsolete or absent elsewhere and a series
of fine, radial threatls or striae, on some s]>ecimens nearly obso-
lete. The ground color is white or reddish brown with zigzag
brown lines and generally 3, brown bands radiate from the beak.
Lunule is narrowly cordate and flat. Escutcheon is narrow,
excavated, its boi'der strongly angulated in the left valve.
Iliiigc noi-mal, the ccnti'nl cardinal tooth large. Ventral margin
niinnlcly crciiulatcd. Pallia] sinus very small. Length 4(i mm.,
height 37 mm., scinidianiclci" 17 mm. (ty]ie).
This species has pi-ohahly often been confused with Anomalo-
cardia subrugosa Shy. which it may rej^hK-e in the south. We
have definite records of suhnujosa, south as far as Boca Pan.
near Zorritos in northern Pern. Anomalocardia sKhriigosa is a
very variable species in color, size and strength of its sculpture.
Till-: XAi Tii.rs: :>); uii
I'LATK 7
/
'(P
y\ii. 1. Mdiiihit Ihi ill iiliriilala ilisdiid. Fijjs. 12-1!. .U. iilinrliilii. Fif^s.
4-."), Eiihila iiicj/inlfii. Fifj. (5, EpHmiiii in liiiliiil ii m. Fi;j. 7. Ifmiui iliilinini.
Figs. 8-9, Covloccntrum hinntirnisni .
TIIK XATTIU'S: .-)(; ^:i}
IM.ATE 8
l''iys. 1 -4. 'I'llliiia intnitui iiai.'i. \'^\n. •">, '/'. iiriii>. V^K- '•• '''• >'<ii'ilin> <il<f-
Kiy. 7. .hiiiiiiiilnraiiliii hnitini. I''i^;s. s '.). (txiiiin, ixiiiiiiiii iinis.
January. 1!)4M| tiik nautilus 79
It is best characterized by its stronp:, posterior-dorsal fold ex-
tcndiufr from tlie beak to the posterior extremity which is {gen-
erally stroujrly sculptured by concentric ribs. In the present
species, this fold is absent or feebly developed only near the
beak. Chiotic suhinihricnta Sby. has often been referred to
Auonialocardia but belonjrs with the true Chiones. The young
of subimbricata have the concentric ribs on the umbos with
sharp, lamellar ed<i:es as in cancellata. As a fossil, Anomalo-
cardia bru(j<ji is common in the Peruvian Tablazos.
Type material : 178909 A.N.S.P., from Bayovar, Sechura, north
Peru. Also Zarumilla, Peru.
Tellina (Scissula) varilineata, n. sp. PI. 8, fig. 6.
The shell is small, thin, white, the anterior end well-rounded
and about one-fifth longer than the posterior. In addition to
the lines of growth which are faint, the surface is neatly sculp-
tured with a series of fine lines which begin at the posterior-
umbonal ray and cover the entire central and anterior portions
of the disk. These lines are oblique to the growth-lines in
the central portion but on the anterior side are nearly parallel
to them. A narrow, smooth ray extends from the beak to
the posterior- ventral extremity. Posterior-dorsal area slightly
arched and sculptured with a series of regular, thread-like
ridges. Hinge normal. Pallial sinus large, long, its lower side
confluent and its end nearly reaching the anterior muscle scar.
Length 17 mm., height 9.75 mm., semidiameter 2.1 mm.
Tellina virgo Hanley (PI. 8, fig. 5), the only other previously
known Scissula from Panama and the west coast of northern
South America, differs by its larger, higher and thinner shell
and as may be seen by the figure has a sculpture formed by
coarser and decidedly more oblirpie striae. The types of Tel-
lina varilineata were collected on the beach at Bucaro along the
southern shores of Los Santos Province, Panama. It ranges
southward to northern Peru; we have specimens collected at
Puerto Pizarro, Province of Tumbez, where it occurs with Tel-
lina virgo Hanley.
Type material: 178910 A.N.S.P., from Puerto Bucaro, Prov-
ince of Los Santos, Panama. /\
80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
Tellina (Eurytellina) mantaensis, n. sp. PI. 8, figs. 1^.
Shell rose-colored, more deeply so on the umbos, becoming
somewhat brownish tinted ventrally. Its outlines as figured,
has the anterior side a little longer than the posterior and the
valves are a little convex, the left valve slightly more than the
other, the posterior end narrower, its extremity, obliquely sub-
truncate. The general sculpture consists of flat, concentric
ridges which are well-developed below the middle, the umbos
being smooth and glossy or marked only by the fainter lines of
growth. In the right valve, the posterior-dorsal area is well-
marked and more strongly sculptured tluin elsewhere by regular,
waved, raised threads, most strongly formed at its inner margin.
In the left valve, the posterior-dorsal area is nearly smooth but
shows faintly small, radial lines. Anterior-dorsal margin un-
differentiated and plain. Interior rose-colored except around
the margins and in the thickened cavity below the beaks which
are white. A thickened ray borders the inner side of the anterior
muscle scar. Hinge of the right valve with a strong anterior,
lateral tooth adjacent to the cardinals and a more distant poste-
rior, lateral tooth. Hinge of the left valve weaker and with
smaller laterals. Pallial sinus deep, confluent below, its end
nearly reaching the anterior muscle scar. Length 81 mm., height
11 mm., diameter 6.75 nmi.
Type material : 178904 A.N.S.P., from Manta, Ecuador.
OXYNOE panamensis, u. sp. PI. 8, figs. 8, 9.
The shell is oval, the diameter about 72 per cent of the length ;
thin, fragile and transparent, with a short, obtuse prominence
in place of tiie spire and a deep sutural sinus; whorl decidedly
contracted below the summit and showing some weak arcuate
wrinkles there, the surface elsewliere being nearly smootli.
Length 5.5 mm., diameter 4 mm.
This sliell is not so wide as si)ecimens of (). oJiracca Ref. com-
pared; it lias a deeper sutural sinus and is distiiu^tly contracted
i\car the summit, which is not the case with olivacca. (). aniU-
Inrum ]\I<")rch is a much more globose shell. Specimens of 0.
viridis Pease, from the author, also differ by their very globose
contour.
The specific characters of Oj-j/nor are chiefly expressed in the
coloration and proportions of the living animal (Cf. Eliot, Jour.
of Conch. 11: 300), but as no species has been recorded from
the West (^oast up to this time, and the shell ajipears to differ
recognizably from the Hawaiian and Aiitillcjiii as well as the
.lamiary. IW.*?] the nautilus 81
^lediterraneaii species, all of which we have compared, it seems
well to call attention to the presence of the jrenns in the Panamic
rcjiion, thou^'h a full ilcscription awaits the fin(lin<i of living
animals.
S>ir Cliarles Eliot has preferred the jreneric name LopJwccrcus
Krohn, 1847, to Oxynor Rafines(jue, 1819, on account of the
insufficient definition of the latter. Of course nearly all of
Hafinesque's names were inadequately defined; his taxonomic
writings are admitted to be unmitigated rubbish. Krohn 's
paper, on the other hand, was a scholarly and well illustrated
jiroduction. I'nfortunately, Lophocercus was preceded not only
by Oxxjnoc but also by the poorly characterized and still-born
Icarus Forbes, 1843 ; probably it is best to continue the use of
Oxynoc, though credit for the real introduction of the genus
into scientific zoology belongs to Krohn.
Type material : 178894 A.X.S.P., was found by one of us
(Olsson) among small shells on the north shore of Boeas Island,
Province of Bocas del Toro, Panama.
SOME ANTILLEAN HELICIDS
Bv H. BURRINGTOX BAKER
These anatomical notes are founded on material from Cuba,
generously sent me by Miguel L. Jaume and C. G. Aguayo, and
on animals from Jamaica, Haiti and Puerto Rico, collected dur-
ing the summers of 1934 and 1939. In the plates, the scales
for the figures of genitalia, spermatophores and jaws represent
1 mm.; those for the lines of the right half of radular rows (T),
on which widths of the lateral field and equal blocks of marginal
teeth are indicated, .1 mm.; and those of radular teeth, .01 mm.
(10 microns). In the descriptions, Cepolis squaDiosa is de-
scribed in most detail because it appears to be closest to Cepolis
s.s. All spermatophores observed are mentioned. Differences
which have already been included in the key and discussions
are usually not repeated under the separate species.
In the following synopsis of the groups of Antillean helicids,
each group is followed by its type species, with the type island.
82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
and asterisks are used to mark groups or type species of which
the anatomy is still unknown :
CEP0LI8 Montfort (1810), subgenus Hemitrochus Swainson
(1840) : sections Euclastaria Pilsbry (1926), C. musicola (Sh.),
Puerto Rico; Tacnioraphe * Pils. (1933), C. leucoraphe (Pfr.),
Hispaniola ; Cysticopsis Morch (1852), C. cubensis (Pfr.), Cuba;
Hemiirochus s.s., C. varians (Menke), Bahamas, -\- Polytaenia
Martens (1860), C. multifasciata* (W. & M.), Bahamas.
Subgenus Cepolis s.s.: sections Plaqioptycha Pfeiffer (1856),
C. loxodon* (Pfr.), Hispaniola; Cepolis* s.s., -\- Cepolum
Montfort (1810), C. cepa nicolinsianum Montfort, Hispaniola;
Bellacepolis Pilsbry, new, type C. squamosa (Fer.), Puerto
Rico; Levicepolis, new, type C. horiqueni II. B. B., Puerto Rico;
Jeanneretia Pfr. (1877), C. multistriata* (Desh.), Cuba; Eury-
campta Martens (1860), C. honplandi (Lam.), Hispaniola;
Coryda Albers (1850), C. alauda (Fer.), Cuba, + Histrio Pfr.
(1855), C. dennisoni (Pfr.), Cuba.
POLY MIT A Beck (1837), P. picta (Born), Cuba.
SETIPELLI8 Pilsbry (1926), ^S'. stigmatica (Pfr.), Cuba.
DIALEUCA Albers (1850) : sections Lcptoloma Martens
(1860), D. conspersula fnscocincta (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica; Dia-
leuca S.S., D. nenioraloides (C. B. Ad.), Jamaica.
Because of the considerable radular and other differences,
some of the sections of Cepolis should probably be elevated to
subgenera (but give no excuse for a recent careless tendenej^
to treat them as genera), although more species must be exam-
ined and some of those dissected years ago need additional study
before this can be satisfactorily done. The following key out-
lines the genera and subgenera of Antillean helicids and indi-
cates their relati()nsliii)s with the other North American groups.
A. Dart-bearing (if not, see J) ; hirge epi|)liallus with llagelhnn
(see II) ; s])crmatlieca long and often with diverticulum (see
E) ; dart-glands not sacculate apically or single (see D), but
2, which enter basally enlarged vagina (see C) near base of
single dart-sac (see B) ; mainly tropical Central America:
genera Avvrvllia, Lcpiarionta, Xanthonyx.^
r>. Like A hut with more than 2 dart-glands, which enter vaginal
\\;dl above more than oiu^ dart-sac; mainly temperate On-
tral America: ....genera liiiiniya, Humboldt ianar Lysinoe.
1 Xanthonycidiic Strebel & Pfeffcr is tlu' »':irlicst. (187*>) f:iiiiily iiiuiic for
an American jiciiiis.
- Ilumboldlianinac Pil.sl)ry (1930).
January, 1943] the nautilus 83
C. Like A but dart-jrlands entorin«i dart-sac near apex (Cf. E) ;
shell internal and perieardiuni inside kidney; Mexico:
frenus Mcfosirnron.
D. Like A but dart-sac on atrial vestibule or/and dart-p:land
becominj? sinjjle or/and apically sacculate (finally forming
dart-sheath and developing: 2 proximal jrlands on its ducts) ;
western North America :
jzenera Monadcnia, Micrarlonta, Jlih^iinthoghjpta.^
E. Like D but ductless dart-sheath with lar<i:e sheath-<rlands ;
proximal gland single, emptying near apex of dart-sac (Cf.
C) ; iinbranehed spermatheca not reaching aorta (see A) ;
Antillean genera.^ Spermathecal sac above middle of uterus ;
penis and verge small, almost opposite atrial sac ; shell not
hirsute; jaw smoothish (see H) ; radular central and laterals
unicuspid or nearly so (see G) ; genital talon short or swollen
only at imbedded base; sheath gland with 2 basally con-
tiguous or confluent groups of many parallel tubules, which
empty into shallow convexity of dart-sheath (see F) ; Cay-
mans, Jamaica and Florida to Virgin Islands :
genus Cepolis, subgenus Hemitrochus.
F. Like E but talon clavate or digitiform and emerging from
albumen gland ; sheath-gland usually bilobed and consisting
of numerous, usually shorter tubules, which radiate pin-
nately from large, simple or bifid duct ; Cuba to Virgin
Islands : subgenus Cepolis s.s.
G. Like E or F but radular central and laterals tricuspid and
elongate like marginals; Cuba : genus Polymita.
n. Like E but short epiphallus with almost no flagellum (see
A); spermathecal sac below middle of uterus; penis and
verge larger, below atrial sac ; shell hirsute ; with sunken
spire ; jaw ribbed ; one sheath-gland with few long tubules
and another vestigial or absent; Cuba: ...genus Setipellis.
I. Like II but epiphallus ab.sent, so penis, which is above atrial
sac and apparently secretes membranous spermatophore, is
entered by vas through retractor and between low folds;
shell, jaw and talon more like F; 2 sheath-glands subequal
and distant ; Jamaica : genus Dialcuca.
J. Like A but without dart-apparatus or vaginal eidargement;
flagellum vestigial or absent; spermatheca unbranched ;
southwestern North America : genera Sonorella,^ Tryonigens.
3 Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry (1939).
<Cepolinae H. B. B. (April, 1939). Cepoliinae Pilsbry (Dec, 1939).
5 Sonorellinae Pilsbry (1939).
84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
Another noteworthj^ feature of the Antillean helicids is their
extremely long kidney (K, f. 13). In many species, the genital
talon (GT, f. 10) is about as large and evident as in AverelUa.
The unbranehed spermatheca (S) is eoluraellar in position and
thus perhaps corresponds to the diverticulum of Averellia. The
dart-sae (WS), Avith its basal sphincteric sac of the dart-papilla
(WPS, f. 11), is always seated on an "atrial" sac (WA, f. 10),
but this vestibule opens above the penis (i.e., into the vagina)
in Setipellis (f. 14), as in some species of Hclminthoqlypta and
Monadenia and like the dart-sacs of Micrarionta and groups A
to C of the key.
In all the Antillean genera, the peculiar sheath-glands (WG,
f. 10) are bipartite to some degree and, in most species, this dual
division is continued into the cavity of the dart -sheath (WGS;
outlined only) by an incomplete partition (at WGP) that runs
between the glands to the atrial sac ("WA) and from the last
to the dart-sheath beyond (see f. 8). Partly because of their
double nature, the dart-sheath, which is also present in Hel-
minthoglypta, and its compound tubular sheath-glands seem to
me to be homologous with the terminal sacs of the dart-glands
of Micrarionta and perhaps with the dart-glands of the genera
in groups A to C. The resemblance between these structures in
Pilsbry's fig. 115 (Land Moll. N. A. I) and in Hanna's drawing
(copied as Pilsbrj^'s f. 91) appears more than fortuitous. Simi-
larly, the proximal dart-gland (WDG), of which Hclmintho-
fjlypta has 2, probably corresponds to the swellings on the ducts
of some species of Eremarionta (Pilsbry, f. 115-2b). The ducts
between the dart-sheath and the proximal glands are retained in
Hchninfhofihfpta but apparently have become obsolete in tlie
Antillean groui)s. Incidentally, von liieriug's "ductus recep-
taculo-uterinus" is actually a blood-vessel, wliitli has numerous
branches to the prostate, uterus and dart-apparatus and may
reach the last as low down as the middle of the dart-sac.
The ribbed jaw of Setipellis (f. 17) removes another difference
between the Antillean and most mainland genera. The radulae
of the terrestrial species of Cepolis (e.g., f. 2) are rather similar
to those of numy mainland genera, but the arboreal species tend
to develop broadly rounded or truncate mesocones (see f. 20).
Till-: XAiTii.i s: :.(i
I'LATK !i
Fij^s. ]-'2, Crpolis iiiiisirola. Fiy. '-'i, <'. ilihili.s. Fi;;s. 4-."). ('. tirainini-
ciihi. Fi^. t), ('. h)iri<iii) iitit . Fijjs. 7-H, ('. imtisl inctn.
TIIK X A I TILTS: :)(j (3)
PLATE 10
Kijrs. !»-13, Cjtnlis siiiiiiiuitsa. |-'ijrs. 14 17, S,(ii>,llis si iiininl ini. Fij;.
KS, lUdlt lira cniisjii rsnln.
Januui-y. 1943] the nautilus 85
Cepous (Euclastaria) mtsicola (Shiittlowortli). PI. 9, fifrs.
1-2. Man. Conch. 3: 97.
The dissected animals were collected Aujr. 20-21, mainly on
the {zronnd, in the canyon of Rio Grande de Arecibo (PN 1),
Pnerto Rico (A.N.S.P. 178775).
Like C. gratninicola bnt : Apex dark above. Lunj? with com-
plicated pattern of white spots on black or vice versa; 1.2 len«rth
of kidney, which is almost 5 times pericardium. Ovotestis
(omitted" from f. 1) with 4 fans of alveoli. Talon (CxT) a
slender thread, expanded into 2 discs at apex. Spermatheca
(S) reachin<r .7 up short uterus (UT). Sheath-<j:lands (WG)
2, confluent only where tubules, mostly lonp:, discharp:e. Dart
•rradually expanding towards base. Dart-papilla somewhat
swollen basally. Verge (uncovered at PV) with opening (hid-
den) near base and with apex spatulate. Atrium (Y) opens as
far behind right tentacles as distance between them. Radular
formula (f. 2) 42 + R + 13 + 29 --= 85 in 164 rows; central and
inner laterals with acute mesocone and lateral notches; inner
marginals elongate tricuspid, with mesocone obtusely pointed
and entocone smaller; outer teeth often dividing ectocone.
(\ (E.) DEBiLis (Pfeiffer). PI. 9, fig. 3. Man. Conch. 3: 101.
Xaut. 52: 144.
The dissected animals were collected by C. G. Aguayo, April,
1931, near Matanzas, Cuba. The figured genitalia are not quite
mature ; in an adult, the sheath-glands are longer.
Like C. mnsicola but: Head without median stripe. Ovotestis
(organs above middle of uterus omitted from f. 3) with 5 fans.
Talon short, mainly buried in adult; emergent and apically bifid
in young. Spermatheca (S) reaching .8 up uterus. Epiphallic
body of spermatophore 3-sided, with angles produced into simple
ridges. Verge (uncovered at PV) teat-shaped. Radular for-
mula 33 -f R + 9 + 24 r= 67 in 133 rows.
C. (IIemitrochus) graminicola (C. B. Adams). PI. 9. figs.
4-5. Man. Conch. 5: 36. Cf. C. rariaiis (Menke), Pils.,
Land. Moll. N. A. I: 26, f. 13, anat(miy.
The dissected animals were collected in late June on leaves of
trees, near Mandeville (MM3b), Jamaica (A.N.S.P. 165783).
The genitalia resemble those of C. varians in the vestigial talon,
the spermatheca, the high insertion of the penial retractor and
86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
in the ductless sheath-gland, but, in C. graminicola, the last
seems still more diffuse, the vagina and verge are shorter and
the flagellum is longer. In figure 4, the convex sides of the
sheath-glands are shown, as in Pilsbry's of C. varians; in all
my figures of other species, the opposite flat sides are shown.
Like C. squamosa but: Head with black dorsomedian stripe
and lateral bands ; sole edged with black. Lung with veins out-
lined in brown; 1.5 times kidney. Ovotestis (omitted from f. 4)
with 3 lobes. Talon (dug out at GT) not emergent, consisting
of a stubby fan of clavate caeca. [In 2 animals, only base of
dart, like that of C. varians, remained.] Dart-papilla and its
sac (WBS) longer and not swollen basally. Verge (uncovered
at PV) conic with rounded tip; epiphallic opening near base,
but continued almost to apex by groove. Atrium (Y) opens
twice as far behind right tentacles as they are apart. Radular
formula (f. 5) 37 + R + 11 + 26 = 75 in 137 rows; all teeth
more elongate.
C. (Plagioptycha) iNDisTiNCTA (Ferussac). PI. 9, figs. 7-8.
Man. Conch. 5: 14. Cf. C. duclosiana salvatoris (Pfr.),
Man. Conch. 9: 185, anatomy.
The dissected animals were obtained late in June, 1934, under
rocks, about up to Kenskoff from Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Appar-
ently, C. duclosiana has a much more deeply bifid sheath-gland
than does C. indistincta, which seems quite closely related to the
type species of Plagioptycha.
Like C. squamosa but : Foot with dark lateral band and head
with dark middorsal stripe and onimatopliores. Lung with
brown or black spots; 1.4 length of kidney. Ovotestis (omitted
from f. 8) with 2 lobes. Sheath-ghind (WC) undivided; parti-
tions (WGP) of sheath-cavity heavy and broad. Verge (un-
covered at PV) little more than a ring with teat-shaped papilla
on one side. Atrial opening as far from right tentacles as dis-
tance between them. Jaws thickened mesally. Radular for-
mula (f. 7) 40-f R-f 14 + 26 = 81 in 64 rows; central and
laterals acute; inner marginals more elongate, with entoeoue and
mesocone subecjual.
Cepolis ( Bella cepolis) squamosa (Ferussac). new subgenus.
PI. 10, figs. 9-13. Man. Conch. 5: 95.
One adult animal was collected, Sept. 2, alter a scareh of
almo.st a month, in (h'ad Cccrojna leaves caught in the crotch of
January. V^V^] the nautilus 87
a small tree, about 5 ft. up, near Old Loiza (EN 1), Puerto
Rico (A.N.S.P. 178776). The section Bcllaccpolis Pilsbry lacks
the well marked basal tooth of Ccpolis s.s. and is more strongly
decussate and <rranulate. It does have the tooth-like indentation
above and along the carina behind the aperture; this is lacking
in Jcanncrctia. It is probably the nearest relative of Cepolis
s.s. yet dissected.
Like Avcrcllia cordovoiia (Pfr.), H. B. B. (1927, Proc.
A.X.S.P. 79: 242) but: Foot fairly large and stout; dark on
sides and tentacles; tail rounded above without median groove;
sole narrowly rounded at tip. Mantle-collar (f. 13) with glands
rarely invading lung; basal shell-lobe (LU) rounded; mantle-
lappets fairly short; palatal ones (MA, MP) widely separate.
Lung witii heavy black network; minor venation strong (not
shown) ; about 7 times as long as its base or twice very narrow
kidney (K), which is 7 times its base or 5 times pericardial length
(H). Ovotestis (omitted from f. 10), with 4 lobes, each with
few fans of clavate alveoli. Talon (GT) clavate, with white
conical tip and not imbedded in albumen gland. Carrefour
with clavate apex (dug out at X) and with bulb under prostate
(DG). Spermatheea unbranched, with sac (S) just below
aorta; long stalk (SS) columellar in position [spiral twist due
to enclosed spermatophore]. Sheath-gland (WG) roughly semi-
circular in cross-section; flat side (uppermost in all my figs, ex-
cept C. muiiicola) with duct (WGD), from which numerous,
short to moderately long, mucous tubules radiate, so that only
ends are visible on convex side; bifid more than half its length.
Dart-sheath (WGS) thin, attached at apex of proximal dart-
gland but with no duct visible; partition (WGP) much heavier
than outside wall. Proximal dart-gland (WDG) globose, with
short duct eiitcrincr dart-sac subapically. Dart-sac (AVS) ellip-
soid, thick walled, opening through dart-papilla (WP, f. 11).
Dart similar to C. varians, but with base gradually enlarged;
evidently shed, since one was found free in atrial sac. Sac of
dart-papilla (WPS) appearing externally as heavy muscled
sphincter and internally (f. 11 opened lengthwise) weakly pli-
cate; extending shortly into apex of large vestibular sac (WA),
which is internally smooth. Epiphallus (E) with long flagellum
(EF) and opening (EP) near base of flattened verge (uncov-
ered at PV) ; retractor (PR) arising near base of uterus and
inserting on epiphallus. Spermatophore (pieces found in sper-
matheea) with epiphallic body (f. 9-A, transverse section)
roughly 4-sided with 3 angles irregularly bipartite and 4th with
some recurved hooks; tail (f. 9-B) circular in section but con-
sisting of spirally involute plate. Penis proper (P) small;
88 THE NAFTiLrs [Vol. 56 (3)
internally with weak axial folds near base. Atrium (Y) open-
ing quite high and about 2 mm. behind ommatophore. Jaw rib-
less. Buccal bulb about as broad as long. Salivary glands thin
and diffuse, more or less confluent above. Oesophagus above
nerve-ring as stout as and continuous with stomach, which thus
appears verv long and half included in bodv-cavitv. Radular
formula (f.^12) 42 + R -f 15 -j- 27 = 85 in 165 rows (T) ; cen-
tral and inner laterals unicuspid with narrowly rounded meso-
cone; outer 1 or 2 laterals with small ectocone; inner marginals
tricuspid with rounded mesocone and stout entocone ; outermost
11 becoming shorter and broader with ectocones and entocones
subdivided.
Cepolis (Levicepolis) boriquenae H. B. B.. new subgenus.
PI. 9, f. 6. Naut. 53: 107.
The dissected animals were collected, mainly in dead Cecropia
leaves caught in vines, and shrubs, in the canj^on of Rio Grande
de Arecibo (PN 1), Puerto Rico A.N.S.P. 178777). The sec-
tion Levicepolis is more arboreal than typical Plagioptycha and
has a radula, spermatheca and flagellum much more like those
of C. dermatina. Its shell is imperforate instead of rimate.
Like C. squamosa but : Foot less pigmented. Lung lightly
shaded, with black spots along suture; 1.4 times kidney length.
Ovotestis (omitted from f. 6) with 3 lobes. Spcrmathecal sac
(S) .6 way up uterus. Duet (WGD) of sheath-gland (WG)
undivided. Verge (uncovered at PV) subconic, with basal
opening and a sulcus on opposite side (up in tig.). Peuis (P)
surrounded by a free sheath. Radular formula 50 -|- R -|- 9 +
41 = 101 in 136 rows ; teeth similar to those of C. (Jcrninfiiw but
laterals often with less abruptly truncate mesocone.
C. (Jeanneretia;*) oermatina (Shuttleworth). PI. 11, figs.
19-21. Mau. Conch. 5: 50. Cf. Hrli.r pamJIda Poey. Me-
morias II: 88, pi. 6, f. 6, genitalia.
The dissected animals were collected Sept. 8 in d('M\ Cecropia
leaves caught in vines jiiul ti'ces, near Adjunfas (IM\-4). Puerto
Rico (A.N.S.P. 178774). ('. dermatina seems fairly closely re-
lated to (L h()ri({uenae and may be nearer Levicepolis than to
the ( "nlian .1 ( (iniu n t ia.
Like (■. s(]Hani(tsa but : Head ilark above; lung brownish along
veins ami over kidney. Ovotestis (G, f. 19) with 5 lobes. Talon
(GT) almost digitiform. Uterus (UT) with apical gelatinous
swellin<r. Sperniatliccal sac (S) shorter ; spcrniatopliorc fi)artly
rilK NAI'IMLIS: .■)(; (.•{)
I'l.ATl-: II
Fi{js. li'-'Jl, Cipiilis ilrniKiliint. ViH>*. llli-l24, Ditilt iicn luiiKiraloidis
V\ii. -'>. I). MiihfDiiicti.
.laniiary, 1!)4.'51 the nautilus 89
in stalk and not completely empty) with ej)ii)iiallie body 8-sided
(f. 2()-A. eross-sei'tion), bearing', alon<r one anf;le, a row of
hooks, wiiieh enrve towards side and away from tail (f. 20-B.
lateral view). Dart-slieath of fi<rnred animal filled with masses
of miieus. Ver<re (uncovered at PV) a short dome, excised near
biise by epiphailic orifice. Radular formula (f. 21) 43 -|- R +
10 -|- 32 = 87 in 129 rows; central and laterals with truncate
mesocone ; inner mar<rinals more sqnarisli. but outer more
elonjrate.
Setipellis stigmatica (Pfeiffer). PI. 10, fi^rs. 14-17. Man
Conch. 3: 100. Naut. 52: 143.
The two animals dissected were obtained by Migjuel L. Jaume
at Puerta de Ancon, Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba (A.N.S.P.
163914). Althou{?h its large penis, reduced epiphallus, ribbed
.jaw and Suavitas-\ike shell demarcate Setipellis as a genus, its
short spermatheca and two sheath-glands are approached by
Euclastaria, which Pilsbry on conehologic grounds also consid-
ered congeneric.
Like C. squamosa but : Head dark with white spot on either
side and shading into pale tail. Lung (and apical whorls) dark ;
1.4 length of kidney, which is 4 times pericardium. Talon (GT,
f. 14) extremely slender basally. One sheath-gland (\VG) with
almost no duct and about 9 long tubules; other vestigial (fig.)
or absent; both attached below dart-apparatus. Dart in dart-
sac (WS). Epiphallus (E) very short, with blunt flagellar
caecum (EF) ; opening through slit in side of conic verge (PV,
f. 16). Penis proper (P; opened lengthwi.se in f. 16) with
sheath (PS) which receives branches from retractor (PR) ; in-
ternally with stronger axial folds. Atrium (Y) opening Ijelow
omraatophore and behind inferior tentacle. Jaw (f. 17) with
5 ribs, of which median is strong and outermost verv weak.
Radular formula (f. 15) 40 + R + 16 -f 24 = 81 in 134 rows;
central with narrowly rounded mesocone ; inner laterals with
acute ones; marginals, maiidy tricuspid, with mesocone and
entocone snbequal.
DiALEUCA (Leptoloma) conspersula (Pfeiffer). PI. 10. fig. 18.
Man. Conch. 5 : 38. Cf. C. c. platystyla (Pfr.), Man. Conch.
9 : 183, jaw and radula.
The figured genitalia are from the typical subspecies, col-
lected Aug. 1, near Bullett Hall (NMV), Jamaica (A.N.S.P.
165749), but a radula is from var. fuscocincfa (C. B. A), ob-
90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
tained July 28, at Comfort Hill (NM2a, A.N.S.P. 165768). In
an animal of the typical form, the right eye muscle was caught
over only the penial retractor but, in those of the variety, it
Avas still in the peniovidueal angle.
Like D. nemoraloides but: Foot almost black; sole dark on
later thirds. Mantle-collar dark. Lung veins darkly outlined.
Ovotestis (omitted with % spermoviduct from f. 18) with 5
lobes. Sheath-glands (W6) stouter; sheath (WGS) and espe-
cially partition much thinner. Spermatheca (S) reaching .4 up
uterus. Dart broken off near base [slightly curved and flat-
tened towards tip in var.]. Dart-papilla longer than its sac
(WPS). Penis (P) internally with outer vergic fold much
higher, inner one shorter and both principal pilasters high to
near base. Radular formula 44 + R + 18 + 26 in over 137
rows.
DiALEUCA (s.s.) NEMORALOIDES (C. B. Adams). PI. 11, figs. 22-
24. Man. Conch. 5 : 40.
The dissected animals (A.N.S.P. 165785) were collected with
C. graminicola. Although conchologically similar to Coryda,
Dialeuca is anatomically the most divergent genus in the Antil-
lean helicids, and is apparently more related to SetipcUi^. It
completely lacks an epiphallus, unless the space between the
vergic folds be considered a vestige.
Like C. squamosa but : Foot pale brownish ; tentacles dark.
Lung whitish, with some brown anteriad; 1.3 length of kidney,
which is almost 4 times pericardium. Ovotestis (omitted from
f. 23) with 7 fans of alveoli. Sheath-glands (WG) 2, almost
on opposite sides of dart-sheath (WGS) and Avith ])artition (not
shown) ending between them; tubules fewer and mostly much
longer. Vas deferens (D) sliort, entering (EP. f. 22) near apex
of penis between vergic fields (PV). Penial retractor (PR)
looping forward under right ommatophoral retractor and
nerves, then back to insert around vas entrance. Penis (P)
internally (opened lengthwise in f. 22) with stronger pilasters
basally; ai)ical half ))('])])le(l, with 2 principal pilasters (PP)
l)irMi"cating to form high vergic loops (PV). Atrium (Y) opens
2 mm. behind and little below onimat(>])h()re. Radular formula
(f. 24) 41 + R+ 14 4-27-^83 in 137 rows; outer marginals
more elongate.
January. 1943 J toe nautilus 91
Dr.vLEi'CA (s.s.) suBCONicA (C. B. Adams). PI. 11, fi«?. 25.
Man. Conch. 5 : 40.
The fijrured animal was collected Aug. 29-31, in the John Crow
Mts. (EEJ), Jamaica (A.N.S.P. 165750).
Like /). tumoraloidcs but: Foot darker. Lunj; lifrhtly pif?-
mented with row of black bars alonj; suture; 1.4 len|]:th of kid-
ney. Ovotestis (omitted with most of spermoviduct from f. 25)
with 4 lobes. Talon straifrht or recurved. Spermatheca (S)
reaching: almost halfway up uterus. Sheath-prlands (WG)
closer; sheath (WGS) and partitions thinner. Penis (P) with
thinner vergric folds scarcely continued into principal pilasters.
Jaw with 5 weak undulations. Radular formula 49 + R + 16 -f-
33 = 99 in 156 rows.
A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF
COELOCENTRUM
By PAUL BARTSCH
Ptychocentrum, new subgenus. — In a sending of shells re-
cently received from Miss Marie E. Bourgeois, is a specimen col-
lected by Pablo Roveglia at Tecpatan, Chiapas, Mexico, the
columellar axis of which is decidedly different from that of any
other shell known. I therefore consider it entitled to a distinct
group designation, which is here bestowed. The axis of this
shell is moderately broad and hollow, expanding about one-
fourth of the distance posterior to the base into a broad basally
curved lamella. The axis and the posterior portion of the la-
mella are crossed by strong, retractively curved axial ribs. The
portion of the axis anterior to the hoodlike expansion of the
lamella is smooth. In the last portion of the last whorl the axis
consists of a mere spiral twist, of which the reduced lamella
forms the outer edge. The axially ribbed hollow axis suggests
Cocloccntrum; the strong spiral lamella, Eitcalodium. Type:
Coelocentrum {Ptychocentrum) hourgeoisac, new species.
COELOCENTRUM (PtYCHOCENTRUM) BOURGEOISAE, UCW spCcicS.
PI. 7, figs. 8, 9.
Shell large, cylindro-conic, pale chestnut brown with white
suture. The whorls remaining are very slightly rounded, nar-
92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
rowly shouldered at the summit and crossed by irregular, re-
traetively slanting, somewhat vermieulated, sub-obsolete axial
riblets, which are best pronounced near the summit and the
suture. Suture moderately constricted. Periphery of the last
whorl slightly angulated. Base short, well rounded with an
umbilical pit marked by the continuation of the feeble axial rib-
lets. The last whorl is solute for about one-twentieth of a turn.
Aperture irregularly oval ; peristome thickened and reflected.
The interior of the aperture shows the columellar fold on the
inner lip which it renders sigmoid. The type, U.S.N.M. No.
536900, has 9.1 whorls remaining, W'hich measure : Height, 54.6
mm.; greater diameter. 18.3 mm.; lesser diameter, 16.2 mm.
Columella as defined in the subgeneric diagnosis.
SPOROCYSTS OF LEUCOCHLORIDIUM IN
SUCCINEA FROM NEW YORK STATE
By William Marcus Ingram
Mills College, California
Zoological Laboratory, Cornell University
AND
Oliver Harold Hewitt
Zoological Laboratory, Cornell University
Two different sporocysts of Lcucochloridium are reported for
the first time from New York State. The previously reported
North American records of sporocysts of Leucochlorid ium are
Iowa (Magath 1920), I\Iichigan (Ward 1918), Ohio (Woodhead
1935), Illinois (Miller 1936), Indiana (Call 1898). Loui.siana
(Gower 1936), and Tennessee (Byrd 1940). INIcIntosh (1932)
has described several species of adult L( iicorhI(tri(]ii()n from
Michigan and Alaska.
]>oth of the sporocyst types discussed here were taken from
Succinea ovalis Say. One, collected al Illiaca, New York on
May 23, 1940 by AV. E. Ileming, was banded with green, white,
and dark i)rown ; another collected on tiie Ivlniund Xih's lluyck
Preserve, Rensselaerville. Albany County, Xew York. (»n June
28, 1940 by tiie .senior author, was banded witii brown and white.
These two coUectioiLS of Succiiua have been the only ones found
in the two New York localities. At Hensselaerville, 300 speci-
.laniian. 1!)4:{| thk NAiTiLrs 93
mens of iS'. oralis were jrathered from the area in which the in-
fected snail was found, but all were without parasites.
Tin: Ithaca Sporocyst
The {rreen. white and dark brown mature sporocyst branch
was situated in the riglit tentacle of Succiiiea. When brought
into the laboratory, the pulsating action of this sporocyst was
vigorous, often causing it to contract completely out of the ten-
tacle into the haemocoel, out of sight of the observer. After
such violent contraction took place the branch always regained
its position in the right tentacle, never erring and entering the
cavity of the left tentacle, or being trapped in the haemocoel.
The pulsations only took place when the branch was kept away
from direct light. When the rays from a 60 watt bulb were
thrown on the snail the branch became less active in its pulsa-
tions, and eventually contracted out of the tentacle. When the
direct light was removed the pulsating movements were resumed.
When the branch was completely retracted, it was noted that
the right tentacle had been permanently stretched until it was
about twice the size of the left one.
The mature sporocyst branch was removed and placed in nor-
mal saline solution. In the solution it began to discharge meta-
cercaria from two holes caused by injury in removing it from
the body of the snail. The metacercaria were popped out with
such force that they were sent from 10 to 15 mm. away from
the sporocyst branch.
Measurements of the sporocyst branch were taken after it had
been preserved in three percent formaldehyde; it was 14 mm. in
length and 2 mm. broad. The color of the mature sporocyst
branch was most varied. Tlie extreme distal end was light
brown with three wart-like protuberances colored deep reddish-
brown arranged around the center of the distal end. This zone
was .25 mm. wide. The next color band, 2 mm. w ide, was yellow-
green flecked with white and red-brown spots which overlapped
one another. Next was a zone of unspotted green about 1.25
mm. wide. This zone was followed by a band 1 mm. in width
which had a white background with irregular green spots in an
unorderly circlet. The most proximal band was 2 mm. in width
94
THE NAUTILUS
[Vol. 56 (3)
with irregular longitudinally arranged streaks of red and white
alternating with one another. The remaining portion of the
sporocyst branch and its stalk were white in color.
The Rensselaerville Sporocyst
In the single specimen of Succinea ovalis collected at Rens-
selaerville, Albany County, New York, three well developed
sporocyst branches were found. One was situated in each ten-
tacle, and a third between them in the haemocoel. These
branches were removed from the snail, the colors were noted,
then they were preserved in three percent formaldehyde and
measured. The left branch was 19 mm. by 4 mm., the right
branch 17 mm. by 3 mm., and the middle branch 15 mm. by 3
mm. All three were banded very similarly with bro^^^l and
white. The right and center branches each had sixteen bands
of color, while the left branch had eleven. In the table below,
which lists the color bands in order beginning at the distal ends,
one can see that the three branches were similar in appearance.
Color Bands of
Right Branch
red-brown
white
brown
white
brown
dark brown, narrow
light brown
white
light brown
white
light brown
white
dark brown
white
dark brown
(lark brown, broken
the Rensselaerville Sporocyst Branches
Center Branch
red-brown
white
brown
white
brown
white
brown
(hirk brown, narrow^
11 till 1 brown
white
liiilit brown
Avhitc
light ])r()wn
Avliite
light brown
(lark brown, l)rok(Mi
Left Branch
red-browai
white
brown
dark brown, narrow
white
light brown
white
b ro wn
white
brown
(lark brown, broken
Below the dark brown, broken line, the proximal portion of
the mature bran('h(^s liad nuin(^rous incomploto transverse brown
lines.
January, 1943] the nautilus 95
Tlie left and center branches were opened, and the nietacer-
eariae contained in them were counted. In the left branch
were 160 metacercariao. and in the middle branch were 100
inetacercariae.
Acknowledgments
The writers wish to thank Mr. Frank Collins Baker of the
University of Illinois for identification confirmation of Huccinea
ovalis (Say). Gratitude is expressed to Mr. Ralph Smith, As-
sistant in Invertebrate Zoolo<ry at Cornell University for his
cooperation, and to Dr. W. E. Ileming of Whittier College, Cali-
fornia, for the Ithaca collection.
Bibliography
Byrd, E. E.
1940. Larval flukes from Tennessee I. A new mother
sporocvst of a LeucocMoridium. Rep. Reelfoot
Lake Biol. Sta. 4: 117-123.
Call, R. E.
1898. A descriptive illustrated catalogue of the molhisca
of Indiana. Rep. State Biologist, Indianapolis,
p. 403.
GOWER, C.
1936. New sporocysts of Leucochloridium from Louisiana.
Journ. Parasitol. 22: 375-378.
McIntosh, a.
1932. Some new species of trematode worms of the genus
Leucochloridium Carus, parasitic in birds from
Northern ^Michigan, with a key and notes on other
species of the genus. Journ. Parasitol. 19: 32-53.
Magath, T. B.
1920. Leucochloridium prohlematicum n. sp. Journ. Para-
.sitol. 6: 105-114.
Miller. E. L.
1936. Studies on North American Cercariae. Illinois Biol.
Monogr. 14: 96-99.
Ward, II. B.
1916. Notes on two free-living larval trematodes from
North America. Journ. Parasitol. 3 : 10-20.
WOODHEAD, A. E.
1935. The mother sporocvsts of Leucochloridium. Journ.
Parasitol. 21: 337-346.
96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
HABITAT OBSERVATIONS OF ARIOLIMAX
COLUMBIANUS GOULD
By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM and HELEN M. ADOLPH
Mills College, California
Evidence is presented here which indicates that the Cali-
fornia native slug, Ariolimax columhianus Gould, tends to have
a possible homing instinct. Data indicate, too, that a possible
temporary commensalism exists during extended dry periods
between the sow bug, Porcellio scaber Latreille and this slug.
Observations were carried out behind the Mills College Campus,
Oakland, California.
One specimen of Ariolimax colnmhianus Gould was found in
fallen humus of Salix in the bottom of a dry stream bed, which
was shaded throughout the day by overhanging willows. The
slug had excavated a concave depression approximately one by
four inches in the loose soil washed into the stream bed from
the banks; the concavity was lined on the bottom by secreted
mucous. Slime tracks to and from the collecting spot indi-
cated a probable homing instinct. Fecal masses in all stages
of dessication from fresh to dry were observed in the same area.
Both fecal masses and dried slime tracks were detected on a
semi-prostrate willow up to a height of three feet above the
ground, giving evidence of arboreal tendencies.
A second Ariolimax colnmhianus Gould was collected from the
base of a four to five foot, decomposed granite and stream de-
posited bank. No trees overhung the stream, but dead grass
hung down approximately a foot over the bank. The mollusk
had dug a concavity in the soil about two by six inches; the
concavity ])()ssesse(l a roof composed of two decomposed granite
rocks. Fecal masses in all stages of drying within the concavity
and dried slime tracks around the burrow were observed. In
the surrounding area fecal masses and slime tracks in various
degrees of dryness were noted extending as far as fifteen feet
from the retreat. This evidence and the fact that no other slugs
were found in this vicinity supports evidence that this indi-
vidual exhibited a iioniing instinct. This slug species appar-
ently makes extensive foraging tri|)s.
January. 1!>43| the nautilits 97
In the two slii«r foncavities recorded, tlie sow bu<r, PorccUio
scabcr Latreille, was abundant crawling beneath the sliiprs,
while in the surrounding: areas they were rare. It is quite pos-
sible that such an association enhances the survival rate of sow
bujr populations throughout the dry season typical of this re-
gion of California. If the above animal association is further
confirmed it is probably one of temporary commensalism.
It is suggested that the California slug collectors make use
of the two types of "signs," fecal masses and slime tracks, in
locating these animals. During a dry spell if these "signs" but
no slugs are observed, a return to the same region during a rain
will generally bring success in collecting. Slug "signs" have
often been observed in Redwood Canyon behind Llills College,
California, during dry periods. By marking the areas and
returning to them during rainy periods many collections have
been made.
In lower Redwood Canyon "signs" of Ariolimax columhianus
Gould have often been observed on exposed roots of the live
oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee and Sequoia sempervirens Endl.
"Signs" have been observed beneath wild blackberry bushes
and on oak leaves on the alluvial land at the canyon's mouth.
During the rainy season the slug has been seen in abundance
(trawling on oak leaf humus {Q. agrifolia Nee) in east Oakland,
California.
FRANK COLLINS BAKER
(December 14, 1867 to May 7, 1942)
Frank Collins Baker, President of the American Malacological
Union, died on ^lay 7, 1942, after failure to recover from a
major surgical operation. Ever since 1894 he had been recog-
nized as a leading figure in the study of Mollusca in the Middle
West. In addition, he has been a very active worker in the
fields of paleontology, ecology, archeology and museum
administration.
Born on December 14, 1867, of pioneer colonial stock, he re-
called shells among his earliest memories in the home of a sea-
faring grandfather. Through most of his life, shells and the
animals which produced them continued to command his in-
98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
terest. For the students of JMollusca, his continuous stream
of smaller papers, from 1889 onward, was punctuated period-
ically by outstanding contributions such as his two volumes on
the Mollusea of the Chicago Area (1898 and 1902) ; his mono-
graph on the Lymnaeidae (1911) ; his studies on the Mollusea
of Oneida Lake (1916-18) ; his Life of the Pleistocene (1920) ;
his two monumental volumes on the Mollusea of Wisconsin
(1928) ; and his Fieldbook of Illinois Land Snails (1939). He
had completed the tj^ped copy and drawings for one volume of
what he considered as his magnum opus, a proposed two volume
treatise on Planorbidae, based on an exhaustive analj^sis of
comparative morphological details. He was in the midst of
writing the second volume when the hand of death held him.
His early training he had secured at Brown University and as
Jesup Scholar in the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. Like
so very many of the prominent museum specialists of an earlier
generation, he secured broad experience in the Ward Natural
Science Establishment of Rochester, New York. On June 12,
1892, he married Lillian May Hall, who died in 1934.
Baker came West to install the Ward display of Invertebrates
for the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago and remained
in the mid-west for the rest of his life except for the two years
(1915-17) when he carried on ecological researches for the
New York State College of Forestry.
In 1894, he became Curator of Zoologj'' in the newly founded
Field Columbian Museum. Later in that same year he accepted
the post as Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, an
institution which he served faithfully and ably for 21 years.
During this period, he made numerous contributions to museum
methods and administration and carried on a continuous pro-
gram of researches in the Academy where the names of men like
Kennicott and Stimpson stood as background for his labors.
In 1918, he assumed the position as Curator of the I\Iuseum
of Natural History in the TTniversity of Illinois, which he held
until his retinMiiciit as Curator Emeritus in 1939. Ketirement
(lid not mark the close of his jictivc career, for he contimied to
work on liis research until the day he was stricken.
Tlirough his entire career he has always held a])pointments
wherein museum woi-k and research were his direct obligations.
FRANK COLLINS BAKER
January. 1!)4."^] the nautili's 99
Yet by his scientific displays, his ambitious pro«rram of re-
search, and his kindly interest in others, he exercised preat
infiuence upon students. He was never too busy to answer
([ucstions for students but he <rave jrenerously of his time to the
public school children visitinjr the museum as well as to the
grraduate student seeking his assistance and mature advice on
a research problem. As a result of his vision and his labors,
the Museum in the University of Illinois has unparalleled values
as an aid in science teachin<r at all levels.
Always interested in the history of the development of Mala-
colofry from the older science of Concholopry, he has aptly written
biojrraphical sketches of the pioneers such as A. A. Gould, Rob-
ert Kennicott, William Stimpson, Georgre Washingrton Tryon,
and Victor Sterki for the Dictionary of a American Biojrraphy.
Those wiio knew him chiefly as a student of shells should not
forjret that his orijrinal researches on Pleistocene paleontology
broujzht him wide recojrnition, includin«r election as Fellow of
the Geological Society of America and Fellow of the Paleonto-
lojrical Society.
In his relatively early studies he became deeply interested
in the relation of animals to their environment and carried the
ecological approach through most of his researches. In recent
years responsibility for coordinating some programs of field
studies in archeology stimulated his interest in ethno-conchology,
and in this field he published several contributions.
The generous and kindly personality and the endless patience
of Frank Collins Baker will long be remembered by those who
came to know him, either professionally or personally.
n. J. Van Cleave
WILLIAM GAILLARD MAZYCK
William Gaillard Mazyck ilied at his i-esidence in Charleston
on July 24, 1942, at the age of ninety-five. He was the son of
Alexander Harris and Emma Anna Gaillard Mazyck and was
bom at Cordesville, South Carolina, October 12, 1846. Both
of his parents were of Huguenot descent. On October 12, 1869,
he married Miss Henrietta Vallee Ronan. They had four chil-
dren, three of whom survive him.
100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
In his early boyhood Mr. IMazyck -was educated in the private
schools of Charleston but the economic chang:es brought about
by the War Between the States put a stop to his formal educa-
tion. As a boj' and young man, Mr. Mazyck was very delicate
and for that reason was not able to join the Confederate Army.
Instead, he was employed in the machine shops of the North-
eastern Railroad (now the Atlantic Coast Line) in Charleston,
moving to Florence, South Carolina, when the shops Avere trans-
ferred there during the "War. At its close he returned to
Charleston where for a time he was librarian of the Charleston
Library' Societ3^ About 1869 he became a printer and, during
this and the two years following, published a number of pamph-
lets and small books. In 1871 and 1872 he was a reporter for
the Charleston Daily News, leaving ncAvspaper work in the latter
year to again enter the railroad service, this time as a clerk.
But unsettled conditions soon necessitated curtailment in the
office, and in 1876 Mr. Mazyck was glad to secure work as a
laborer, helping to lay street railway tracks.
In 1878 he went to work with the South Carolina Railroad
Company as a clerk and in 1885 was made assistant treasurer of
the Company', which position he held until 1895. In 1895 he
helped to organize the Equitable Fire Insurance Company and
served as it secretary and treasurer until 1933. "When he died
he was vice president and a member of the board of directors.
At the time of his death lie was the oldest living member of
the Sumter Guards and of Charleston's tliree oldest charitable
and social organizations, the South Carolina Society, St. An-
drew's Society, and St. George's Soeietj'. He was a charter
inember of the Huguenot Society of Soutli Carolina and at one
time was one of its vice presidents. He was a devoted member
of the Episcopal Church.
Mr. ]\Iazyck was active in Masonry, being a past master of
Landmark Lodge, No. 76, Ancient Free Masons, and was serving
his fifty-third year as its secretary. He Avas also a past grand
hi.storian of the (Jrand Lodge and a j)ast district deputy grand
master of the First IMasonic District and prelate of South Caro-
lina Commandery No. 1, Knights Tem])lars for many years be-
fore his death. In the Scottish Rite he had attained the degree
of Knight Commaiidor of the Court of Honoi*. In 1936, for out-
January, 194^] the nautilus 101
standing: work in Masonry, he was presented with the first Albert
C. Maekay medal to be coined under authority of the Grand
Lod<^e of South Carolina.
He was deeply interested in the history of his native state.
One of his proudest boasts was that he, as a boy of fourteen, had
been the first person in Charleston to see the white flag going
uj) over Fort Sumter when Major Anderson surrendered in
April 1861. Another of his War-Between-the-States recollec-
tions was seeing Ilunley's submarine unloaded from the freight
■ ar and being allowed to look inside of it and afterwards seeing
it make a test dive under the Confederate training ship "Indian
Chief" anchored in the Cooper River.
In March 1866 he joined the Elliott Society of Science and
Art and was elected treasurer in November of that year; in
1868 he was appointed recording secretarj'- and served in that
dual capacity through the last regular meeting of the Society
in 1891.
But Mr. Mazyck's first love was conchology. As a boy of
about eight he made the acquaintance of Dr. Edmund Ravenel,
whom he spoke of as his conchological patron saint, and through
whose influence he began his life-long interest in that science.
He afterwards enjoyed the help and inspiration of Professor
Francis S. Holmes and, later, of Professor Lewis R. Gibbes,
both of the College of Charleston. He corresponded with
conchologists in every country in the civilized world, among
them being W. G. Binney, Thomas Bland, Dr. Lorenze G. Yates,
John G. Anthony, J. G. Cooper, Dr. Louis Pytzyes of Belgium,
Captain E. Caziot of France, and John Ponsonby of England.
He wrote extensively for the newspapers on historical sub-
jects and contributed scientific papers to the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelpliia, Nautilus, and the Elliott So-
i-icty. He was the author of "The Charleston Museum, its
Genesis and Develoj^ment." 1008; "Catalogue of IMollusca of
South Carolina," which was published as Contribution II from
the Charleston Museum in 191:5; "Waifs, 1865-1887," a collec-
tion of poems published in 1887 under the pen name of Charle-
ton Dare; and "Biographical Sketches of Grand High Priests
of the Most Excellent Grand Royal Arch Chapter of South
Carolina."
102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
On March 31, 1906, he was appointed by the trustees of the
Charleston Museum, Honorary Curator of Conchology and he
continued to hold that position until his death. When the Ed-
mund Ravenel Collection of mollusks was given to the Museum,
many years after Dr. Ravenel 's death, it had suffered fjreatly
from neglect and Mr. Mazyck spent much time in reidentifying
the specimens. Pie was a generous contributor to the Museum's
collection.
His collection of shells, numbering some 170,000 specimens, is
rich in land snails, in which he was especially interested. "While
Mr. Mazyck collected many of the specimens himself, others were
obtained through exchange with collectors throughout the world.
During his life time he was ever ready to help with the Mu-
seum's collections and problems and in his will he has left his
splendid collection to the Museum, Emma B. Richardson.
WALTER LINCOLN BROWN, 1866-1942
Shell collectors all over the United States have lost a friend
in the sudden passing of Walter Lincoln Brown, who died at
Hermosa Beach, Calif., on Sept. 23, 1942.
Although his parents were Maine people, Mr. Brown was born
in Watertown, Mass., in 1866. He had lived in Southern Cali-
fornia for nearly 40 years and had been a member of the Concho-
logical Club of Southern California since Sept. 1919.
(/ircunistances made it impossible for Mr. Brown to do a
great deal of fiekl work, but he exchangetl widely, and for some
years his place of business has been a gathering place for col-
h'ctors of both shells and jiostago stamps. In both lines, begin-
ners and those more advanced found him a helpful and generous
friend.
Mr. Brown is survived by his widow, Mrs. ]\Iyra W. Brown,
who has the sympathy of many friends in her loss. — CoNcno-
logical Club of Southern California, Effie M. Clark, Secy.
.lanuary. 1!U:?1 the XATTiLrs 103
NOTES AND NEWS
The Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de la Torre" held its
eijjhth session on Friday. Nov. 9, at the residence of Dr. Luis
Sanchez de Fuentes, in the Vedado, Ilabana. An interesting
projrramme included communications by Dr. Carlos de la Torre,
Dr. Ricardo de la Torre. Dr. L. S. Fnentes, M. L. Jaume. Dr.
Airuayo and Dr. A. Moreno.
Reprints of some of Frank C. Baker's papers are available.
While the supply lasts, these will be sent gratis to those who
request either by title of desired articles or by indicating the
subjects of their interest, as: (1) Pleistocene Molluscs, (2) Gen-
eral works on Mollusea, (3) Ecology, (4) Snails, (5) Bivalves.
Also, a few copies of the IMonograph on Lymnaeidae (1911) are
available at the reduced price of $3.50. Address requests to:
318 Natural History, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.
Dr. William A. Bryan, Director of the Los Angeles ]\Iuseum
of History, Science and Art, died June 18, 1942, aged sixty-six.
Dr. Bryan published a useful work on the fauna of Hawaii,
which contained an account of the mollusks.
Notes on the Reproductive Morphology of Thais. — It
seemed desirable to eliminate sex as a factor in the morphological
differences of the shells of Thais fioridana floridana Conrad and
T. f. haysae Clench, recently submitted to the United States
National Mu.seum for determination, by Victor Schechter of the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, at Pensacola, Florida.
The typical subspecies was represented by 20 J'c^ and 17 $$
from Santa Rosa Sound. Pensacola, Florida; hai/sar by 12 (^(^
and 14 5$ from Baritaria Bay, Louisiana ; all individuals of
rather uniform external appearance in the respective subspecies.
No secondary sexual differentiation of the shell was discov-
ered. Incidentally, however, the examination of these snails
for sex revealed a very primitive condition. These animals of
the genus Thais are fundamentally hermaphroditic ; both male
and female reproductive ducts are present in each individual.
Sex differentiati<»n of the individual is here functional, with
the ducts of the opposite sex in an undeveloped or atrophied
condition.
104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
In the (functional) male, the verge is larg:e, about % to one
inch long, somewhat like a thick ribbon, often partly coiled in
a flattened helix (in preserved specimens). Its cross section is
that of a flattened ellipse, and its distal end is simple, sharpened
like the tip of a tent stake. Also present in the (functional)
male is the rudimentary uterine canal, along the right edge of
the mantle chamber, parallel to the rectum.
In the (functional) female individuals, the verge is very
small, appearing usuall.y as the size, shape, and color of a quar-
ter inch piece of No. 40 white cotton thread, attached to the side
of the neck behind the tentacles. In the (functional) female,
the uterine canal is fully developed, glandular walled, elliptic
to circular in cross section, with a slit-like lumen. In the pre-
served specimens it was seen as a prominent yellowish structure
about 3 mm. in diameter, paralleling the rectum through the
penultimate half turn. — J. P. E. Morrison.
Oreoiielix East of the Mississippi. — The Shimek Collection
of Loess fossil shells, now a part of the United States National
Museum collections, contains one lot of shells that constitutes a
hitherto unpublished record. This lot, U. S. N. M. No. 507846,
contains six specimens of Orcohclix strigosa iowcnsis Pilsbry,
from the Loess of Copperas Creek, Illinois, opposite Muscatine,
Iowa. They Avere from the collection of F. M. Witter.— J. P. E.
Morrison.
Abnormalities in Helix {Alabastrina) tiiujitana Paladilhe.
and Mesodon exoletus Binney. — It was the writer's good for-
tune to find, some j'ears ago, in the public markets, crates con-
taining Helix tingitana Paladilhe and two of its varieties, slcssica
and lacticolor Pallary. These snails, as their crates indicated,
came from Tunisia, North Africa. At first sight tliese mollusks
might easily be mistaken for Helix loctea Mueller. The dis-
tinction, however, is easily made by observing the carinated
whorls of the earlier parts of the shell, which sometimes, though
rarely, persists to the penultimate whorl of the mature shell ;
al.so by noting the peculiar dome-like spire with its flattened
whorls, giving the spire a more or less evenly rou tided aspect,
unlike that of Helix loctea, in which the whorls are rounded.
The i)resence of Helix tingitana Paladilhe in tliis country evi-
Jamiaiy. 194:}] tiip: nautilus 105
dently oscajiod tlio notice of our naturalists. At any rate, it was
the writer's privile<2:e to call the attention of two of our preat
museums to them, and it was Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry who deter-
mined their name. So variable are these shells that anyone espe-
cially interested in structural and color variation in a species,
would find this one quite to his purpose. Subspecies based on
bands or their absence, on color, mottlinpr, altitude of spire, or
complanate form, migrht be made. Perhaps the variety-makers
of Europe have done all this, so why add to the synonymy?
Three mature snails of this species were kept for a while in a
small vivarium, Avhere e^gs were laid and the younp: hatched, all
of which had very sharp keels on the periphery. They were all
colors and variously banded, and some were high-spired and
some were low. They died when a few weeks old. Out of many
hundreds of mature shells examined, six had abnormal denti-
form plications within the aperture, on the columellar wall, just
below the suture of the body of the whorl, and running parallel
to and very close to the suture. They are always placed trans-
verse, and are never axial. One wonders how many geological
ages it would take for natural selection to make these "teeth" a
normal characteristic, as in dentate Polygyra.
At the upper end of I lion Gorge, near Ilion, New York, there
is a deep, steep, narrow gorge or ravine, running down to the
main gorge. It is walled with limestone, dripping with water,
dank and cool. A little water-course runs down through it.
Except for the road, crowded in between the creek and the high
bluffs, it is still unspoiled, as God made it. It is alive with
snails, especially Mesodon exoletus Binney. Out of several hun-
dred found there, two were sinisti-al. The left-hand turn gives
this snail a very strange aspect, as though it were an entirely
different species. But, as with men, so with snails, some just
happen to be that way. — William Henry Fluck.
In Xova Scotia. — In September 1032, in company with Dr.
Reiner Bonde of the University of Maine Experiment Station of
Presque Isle, Maine, we went up to the Bay of Fundy and we
reached Hopewell Cape rock on the second day of September in
the afternoon. The tide was very low. There are well-built
steps leading down to the beach below, so we went down to see
what might be found. Here the Petitcodiac River was heavilv
106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
laden with red mud which covers everything. At extreme low
tide I noticed a small outcropping of rock, and to my great sur-
prise I found in the rock crevices a good many Thais la])iUuf! L.
They are uniform, of a light yellow ochre color on the outside,
and darker brownish purple inside, and are on the average 22
mm. in length. They were plentiful and I collected a large se-
ries. Littorina litorea L. were quite plentiful, but very small,
like young specimens. Littorina rudis Don., one of ordinary
size. Acmaea testudinalis Miill., specimen under rock slabs.
In the mud below the ledge one Macoma halthica, a dead shell,
and also a Nassa.
From Hopewell Cape we went up the Petitcodiae River to the
Hillsborough gypsum mine. Here I found two living specimens
of Helix hortcnsis, one the common yellow variety and one of the
banded type. "We then continued our journey and did not at-
tempt to collect any more shells. — Olof O. Nylander.
Megalomastoma croceum (Gmelin) apjmrently reipiires a
new synonym, which might be named in honor of Dr. Bartsch,
and would serve to fill the vacuity between his "Farcimen cro-
ceum, height more than 30 nun."^ and his consistently mis-
spelled "F. hjahnersoni, heiglit less than 20 mm."' The type
male measures 24.9 by 10.3 mm., with 6I/4 whorls remaining.
The 11 males of the type lot average 25.2 nun. (23.1 to 27.4 mm.)
and the 14 females 24.7 mm. (21.1 to 28.5 mm.) in height. The
lot was collected Aug. 11, 1939, in coffee and sparse woods near
and on the top of :\Iontoso. alt. 2000-2500 ft., near Maricao,
Puerto Rico. Because tlie peak of ]\Iontoso (or Montuoso), near
the western end of the main range, is moderately dry and mainly
cultivated, the local form of M. croceum burrows into the non-
calcareous soil (luring dry weather, and, as a result, w^ars off its
epidermis and polishes its shell so well that "axial ribs not
strong" certainly applies, as it also does to the typical ecologir
form from the limestone lowhinds, where tiie shells usually do
develop more whorls, but extensively intergrade witli the Mon-
toso lot.
A few miles from Montoso, in the Maricao Forest, the natural
(or less disturbed) rain-forest accumulates lieavy damp leaf-
1 1942, U, S. Nat. Mils. Hull. 181 : 44, 45.
.laiiiiary. 1!)4.'{| THE Naittilus 107
liiiinus. so tliat M. crocnini, of similar size, docs not buri'fiw. and
thus retains not oidy its sliarj^ ^n-owth-threads hnt also its epi-
dermis, which \arit>s from the " vicenti-cerea'' of Pfeiffer's (h'-
seription of 'W. hjalniarsoni Lon'j. 15-21 mill." to dark chest-
nut. Thus, these last examples probably are more aberrant
than Bartsch's '' Farcimcn curium" from the moderately humid
foothills of the Sierra Luciuillo, although their sharp growth-
threads sliould not be called "axial ribs stronj;. '' In any ca.se,
Dall and Simp.son founded the name on a worn shell, and Hu-
cares, their type locality, is on the lowlands, without limestone,
not far from Humacao, where most of the shells are smallish
(mine 24.7 to over 34 mm. lonj?) and living: adults vary from
badly worn to retention of the fjrowth-threads or even some of
the epidermis.
Actually, Dr. Bartsch's namesake would be nothing: new, since
the best fifrure of the form hjalmarsoni and measurements of
lots interfrradinp: with typical M. croccum have been published
by von Martens.- The hitter's comments are still valid; only
one species of the section Ncopnpina is as yet known from
Puerto Rico and, on the basis of size or retention of sculpture,
it is not even divisible into jieofrraphic subspecies. Because M.
crociuin. which includes Bartsch's 3 "species," inhabits both
limestone and non-calcareous soils and ranrres from semi-desert
to moderate rain-forest, it varies f^reatly and, in fact, has de-
veloped some very striking: ecologric forms, especially in the rich
forests between Sierra Morales and the west end of the main
ranjje, where it does not need to burrow and wear itself down
to the very bone. In size, it appears to reach its maximum on
the mesophytic limestones of the northeastern lowlands, de-
creases slifjhtly towards the drier limestones near the west end
(mine from near Quebradillas measure 26 to 31 mm.), but shows
the most marked decrease off the limestone and up the more
humid mountains (my smallest, from the pass soiith of Ad juntas,
measures 18 mm.). — II. Burrinoton Baker.
Do Hermit Crabs Inhabit Sinistral Shells? — In January,
1938, the writers visited Brijrantine Beach, New Jersey, and
found it covered with shells of the genus Busy con. About 50
2 1877, Jahrb. dcutsoh. malak. Oo.sell. 4: 341, pi. 12, f.
108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (3)
specimens were taken, of which seven were sinistral. It was
then noticed that while many of the dextral specimens were
occupied by hermit crabs, all of the sinistral specimens were
vacant. The explanation is, not that the hermit crabs are able
to distinguish dextral shells and to select them by preference,
but that the sinistral shells are all fossils that have been im-
bedded in indurated mud where the crabs do not have access to
them. An interesting opportunity for research is suggested
here. Are either of the sinistral species of Busy con from the
south ever occupied by hermit crabs? And if so, do these crabs
exhibit a reversal of axial asymmetry? And when in the course
of their development they abandon their old shells to seek larger
ones, do they select dextral or sinistral shells indifferently, or
do they always select shells that are coiled in the same direction ?
The writers would be glad to hear from any Florida collectors
about any observations they may make on hermit crabs in sinis-
tral shells. — Joshua L. Bailt, Jr., and Ruth Ingersoll Baily,
4435 Ampudia St., San Diego, California.
A MOMENTARY THOUGHT ABOUT THE WAR
How sad to hear these names in conflict tossed :
Mindanao — Davao — and Celebes,
Whore Ares and Belloiia weave their web.
One wonders what avails the awful cost
(In mollusc life as well as human life)
Of battles, with their carnage aiul tlicir sti-ife.
As mortals spend their energy abo^■e
The molluses occupy tiiemselves below
Building np islands with their cast-olV shells
While men above endure a thousand hells
For countless liours trading metal shells
Far less aesthetic, more destructive far
Than any that one finds ujMin a bar
Of sand or on a bea(th, or in a cove.
.MF,uini>L Moore
The Nautilus
Vol. 56 April, 1943 No. 4
OBSERVATIONS ON MARINE MOLLUSCA, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
By F. M. BAYER 1
During the past several months, a number of interesting obser-
vations on marine mollusks, inchiding some new species, have
come to my attention as a result of dredging and shallow water
collecting. Dredging was done off Virginia Key (Dade County),
with W. A. Royce and Homer V. Geib, in July, 1941, and off Palm
Beach (Palm Beach County) in 70 fathoms in September, 1941.
Cyphoma intermedia Sowerby.^ Plate 14, figure 27.
Previously, no student has had the opportunity to examine the
living animal of this species, and consequently^, for a considerable
time its generic status was uncertain; because of its shell charac-
ters, it naturally alternated between Cyphoma and Simnia. A
living specimen, which survived for a considerable time after
capture, was taken from a gorgonian dredged from seventy
fathoms off Palm Beach, and the following characters were noted:
Shell somewhat immature, but typical of the species, very pale
flesh colored; mantle light buff, palest in the median area with a
marginal dark strip, and another similar strip near its attachment
to the body, heavily and regularly spotted with dark reddish
brown ; spotting less dense over the median light area, where the
spots are a trifle diffused; edge of the mantle with a fine white
border broadly l)ut shallowly scalloped on the inside; siphon dark
reddish brown, flared as in Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry; foot, head,
and tentacles a rather light brown or fawn color, the tentacles
somewhat darker; foot the same color, with dark brown radiating
stripes. The radula is typical for the genus, and is similar to
Cyphoma gibbosa.
* Assistant Director, The Florida State Museum.
» Pilsbry, H. A., and T. McGinty, Nautilus 53: 1, p. 1.
(109)
110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Pecten (Chlamys) mildredae Bayer.^
In my original description of this shell, I considered it as a
variety of the well known Pecten imbricatus Gmelin. After not a
little additional study and consideration, I have deemed it advi-
sable to raise this to full specific rank. I still believe, however,
its nearest affinity to be P. imbricatus, as indicated by its similar
scheme of ribbing (not number of ribs), its cupped scales, its ex-
ternal and especially its internal coloration, and the large size
reached by adult individuals, as I have previously stated. The
largest Pecten sentis rarely even approaches the size reached by a
full grown Pecten imbricatus or P. mildredae; the commonest color
phase of P. mildredae is the same as the usual color form of P.
imbricatus, although it may also occur in brilliant red, purple, and
pure white, as P. sentis does: this is as far as the similarity between
these two goes.
Pecten (Lyropecten) eulyratus, sp. nov. Plate 14, figure 28.
Shell small, subcircular, thin, compressed; auricles broad, un-
equal, byssal notch moderately large, with six teeth in the
ctenolium; sculpture consisting of fifteen raised, somewhat
squarish ribs on the upper valve; two or three radial threads in the
interstices, and concentrically sculptured by very fine lines of
growth; auricles with five or six radial striae; lower valve with
sixteen squarish, elevated ribs, interstices a trifle smaller than the
ribs; concentric sculpture of fine growth lines; auricles with about
five rather broad radial riblots, finely squamose, crossed by lines
of growth. Color dirty white, yellowish at the umbonos and on
the auricles, marked by zigzag lines and flecks of opaque, snowy
white, and scattered fawn colored flecks; under valve obscurely
but similarly marked. Alt. 20.5 mm., lat. 20.0 mm., diam. 5.0
mm., hinge line 15.0 mm.
Taken from Biscayne Bay (Dade County), Florida, by Mr.
W. A. Royce, who probably has done more intensive collecting in
this rich field than any other collector. The type is in his cabinet.
This shell may be distinguished from th(> allied Lyropecten
antillarum Rdcluz by its greater number of narrower, higher ribs,
and somewhat greater compression.
Pecten (Lyropecten) kallinubilosus, sp. nov. Plate 14, figs.
30, 31, 32.
Shell rather large, sub-circular, rather ine(|uivalve, heavy;
auricles broad, une<|ual; upper valve sculptured by fourteen
' Bayer, Ted, Nautilus, .').'>: 2, page 4G, plate 3, f. 10, 17.
April, 1943] the nautilus 111
smooth, moderately broad ribs, the interstices between which are
of slightly lesser width than the ribs; lower valve with the same
number of ribs, in this case the interstices being a trifle larger than
the ribs; concentric sculpture obscure, consisting merely of fine
growth lines; auricles sculptured by rather fine radiating threads;
byssal aperture rather ample, with five strongly developed teeth
in the ctenolium. Color white, mottled and clouded with a rather
light purplish brown, the marginal three-eighths being marked the
heaviest; toward the umbones there is an indication of tawny
yellowish, and three of the ribs on the upper valve are largely of
this color: the central rib, and the third rib from it on either side.
On the lower valve, which is lighter in color, the ribs are marked
vNith a lighter purplish brown and the interstices are almost en-
tirely white. The auricles are also white, marked with purplish
brown and flecks of opaque white. The interior is white, with the
dark exterior color showing through at the edges where the shell
is thin. Alt. 36 mm., lat. 38.5 mm., diam. 15 mm., hinge line
27.5 mm.
Gulf of Mexico, off the region of Saint Marks, Florida, in about
twenty fathoms, fide Joseph M. Hall, Sarasota. Type in his
collection.
MuREX (Poirieria) multispinosus Sowerby.
Recently, a specimen referable to this species was brought to
my attention. This was collected from about two hundred me-
ters of water off Japan. This record materially increases the
range of the species, since it was previously known from Cebu,
Philippines, onl}'. The specimen agrees very nicely with the
original description, but the figure of the type ^ shows a smaller
aperture, rather lower spire, and longer canal. This might easily
be the fault of the figure, for there is no point of separation in the
description, which follows:
"Testa fusiformis, antice producta, postice conica, sordide
albida; spira elato-conica, gradata, ad apicem papillaris, luteo-
fusca, leviter obliqua; anfractus 63^^, primi \Yz (apicales) laeves,
rotundati, caeteri obtuse angulati, spiraliter obscure lirati, obtuse
bicarinati, longitudinaliter undulatim eximic lamellati, varicibus
9-10 aculeatim spinosis instructi; anfractus ultimus supra con-
vexus, infra rostratus; rostrum elongatum, rectiusculum, supra
spinosum, infra laevigatum; apertura ovata, intus laevis. Long.
23, lat. 13 mm."
* Sowerby, G. B. Proceedings of the Malacological Society, volume VI,
page S, 1904-5.
112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Several Floridian marginellids have been contributing more
than their share to the taxonomic miseries of the student of
Florida mollusks, and have consequently^ led to no little confusion
in identification. The name Marginella carnea has been used
rather promiscuously to include several distinct forms.
Marginella carnea D. Humphreys Storer. Plate 14, figs. 17,
18.
"Shell oblong, of a beautiful flesh color; below the middle of
the lowest whirl crossed transversely by a whitish band, com-
mencing at the exterior margin of the right lip, and losing itself
upon the columella: right lip thick, white, indistinctly denticulated
within, and continued in mature shells to the apex of the spire,
which it partially or entirely covers. Aperture narrowed. Four
folds upon the columella. Inhabits Key West, near the United
States Barracks." ^
This is Doctor Storer's original description of this beautiful
shell. In addition, the color is a rather orange shade, which fades
out as the outer lip is approached. The callus from the outer lip
is clear or white, and is not noticeable. Likewise it is very ob-
scure on the columellar area. The species is found rather
abundantly from the region of Cape Florida southward throughout
the Florida Keys. The specimens illustrated are from the ocean
side of Key Largo, near Dove Creek. Width, 10.75 mm., length,
18.00 mm.
Marginella amabilis John H. Redfield. Plate 14, figure 23.
" Af. amabilis is larger and more elongate than .1/. carnea, and
the rich flesh-colored tinge which the l)ack of tho sliell exhibits, is
arranged in three bantls in the former, while in the latter only two
are evident. The junction of the spire and lip is less shouldered
in M. amabilis, and the lip is usually marked with two brown
spots. In short, it is as closely related on tlie ono hand to M.
oblo7i(/a Swains, as it is to M. carnea Storer on the other, and has
near affinities also to ^f. guttata Dillwyn." ^ Length, 0.75 inch,
* Storor, I). Humphreys, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. I, article
xxiv, piiKO l*)."), pinto 9, fiKuros 3 find 4, 1S37.
* Rcdlioid, .loliM H., Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,
volume V, page 225, 1852.
April, 1943J the nautilus 113
(20 mm). Breadth, 0.4() inch, (12 mm). A very old, worn ex-
ample meji>!uretl 25 mm. long and 14 mm. broad.
The back of the shell is a rather light flesh color, not orange, as
in the following species, M. roosevelti. The coloring of the dorsal
region fades before the outer lip is reached. The callus is milky
white, and the spire, although partly covered, is well produced.
The illustrated specimen is from the collection of Dr. T. Van
Hyning, of the Florida State Museum, and was taken in the Gulf
of Mexico off the Cedar Keys.
Marginella roosevelti Bartsch and Rehder.^
The shell is large, ovate and shining, with the dorsal part bril-
liant orange with two faint pale spiral bands. Shell marked by
five reddish brown spots; one at the apex, one at the back of the
columella a little above the lip, two on the outer lip, and one at
the base. Length of type, 23.0 mm., major diameter 13.3 mm.
This species is broader than M. amabilis, and the spire is much
lower. So far as I know, there have been no Florida examples
taken, but specimens of Marginella amabilis have been confused
with it, and so identified.
Marginella obloxga Swainson.^
Shell somewhat pyriformly oblong, flesh colored, tinged and
obscurely three-banded with fawn, spotted above and below,
spire small, scarcely exserted, callous, whorls sloping at the upper
part, then rather gibbous, more or less attenuated towards the
base; lip thickened, white, indistinctly spotted with fawn red.
Marginella evelynae, sp. nov. Plate 14, figs. 24, 25.
Shell sub-pyriform, thick, rather heavy, highly polished; outer
lip thickened, indistinctly denticulate within; spire scarcely pro-
duced, nearly or quite covered by a callus from the posterior angle
of the outer lip; callus also reflected back on the body whorl from
the outer lip to a distance of about 1 or 2 mm., encircling the
anterior canal, and also covering the columellar face; very dark
flesh color, almost a coral red, which is weakest at the columella,
but which extends completely to the outer lip, which is white, and
unspotted; the callus is yellowish; four plaits on the columella.
7 Bartsch, Paul, & H. A. Rehder, Smiths. Miscell. Coll, Volume 98, number
10, page 5, plate 1, figures 2 and 3.
* Reeve, Lovell. Conchologia Iconica, Marginella. (Swainson, Zool. Illustr.
ser ii, no. 9, plate xliv, f. 1.)
114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
The type measures: Long. 16 mm., width, 10.5 mm., contained in
the author's collection; paratypes in the collections of Mr. and
Mrs. E. S. Vail, Daytona Beach, and W. A. Royce, Miami.
Holotype: Length 16.0 mm., Width 10.5 mm.
Paratype: 18.0, 12,0 Royce
Paratype: 17.5, 11.0
Paratype: 17.0, 11.0 Vail
Paratype: 17.0, 11.0 Vail
Paratype: 16.0, 10.25 Vail
This table indicates the uniformity in dimensions of specimens
of this species. All the specimens we have seen are from the type
locality, Hillsborough Inlet, east Florida. M. evelynae dififers
from M. carnea in that it is more pj'riform, darker, and lacking in
the transverse white band of that species. Occasionally a hint of
a paler zone is seen. The shell is named for Miss Evelyn E.
Gross.
Marginella nobiliana, sp. nov. Plate 14, figs. 19, 20.
Shell slightly pyriform oblong, rather heavy, very highly
polished; outer lip thickened, indistinctly denticulated toward the
basal part; spire slightly exserted, partially or entirely covered by
a pale fawn callus; callus 1-2 mm. wide reflected back from the
outer lip, present but not noticeable on the columellar face, ill
defined at its outer margin. Color dark flesh tint with one
transverse whitish band anterior to the middle, and another, more
obscure, at the shoulder; lip white, unspotted, callus white except
at the apex and base, where it is pale fawn; the flesh color of the
body whorl fades out to white before the outer lip is reached.
Four distinct plaits are present on the columella. Length of
type, 22 mm., width 13 mm.
The type was dredged from seventy fathoms off Palm Beach,
Florida, and is in the author's collection; illustrated paratype
from the collection of Dr. T. Van Ilyning, The Florida State
Museum, others in the Royce collection.
This species differs from M. cvclynac in being consistently larger,
with a much less pronounced shoulder, antl consequently less
pyriform shape. The color is somewhat lighter, and two whitish
bands are present. From M. carnea it differs in color, being more
pink, and in iuiving two pale bands instead of one; in shape it
differs in being larger and less slender. We have seen no speci-
mens from shallow water. The species is named for Mr. Noble
Mason. Measurements of the type lot are as follows:
Till-: \ Ai'rii.is: ,-)(; (4^
'L.\'I"K I'J
t'\H^. J, -, Cltdinii Idcliicd. F'm. '.), ('. vuiiiin (jdl n. J-'i^^. 4, J'.sr mlnclKt imi
iddians variiyata. Fig. •"), Psi lulDclitiiiui .s]i. Fig. (>, ClitiiiKi flornla. Fig. 7,
f'lrtin Diililri (hn . Fig. s, Miirfiiiit llii utiltuifiti.
THE XAl'TIU'S: .l(i (4)
PLATE 13
Fiys. !'. Ill, < Ikiiihi siiiiiosii. Fij,'. 11, C si luin.sii finiiii. F\^. 1-. '
iiiiKi i<<iili,ill,i. V'nis. ].',, 14. ErIinK.rhiiwil iiniin Ihi.
TIIK NAI IlLl S: .-)(; (J
IM.A'n-: 1 I
Fif^s. l."i. Ill, Cliiiiiiii Miiidd. Fiys. 17. I^, MurtiiinUn riirinii. V\ns. !!•,
I'll, .\f. nnhUiiiim. Figs, lil, I'l'. .1/. t/iilliilii. Fi^j. :2.'l, .W. (ininhilis. Figs. 24.
I'-". -W. mliiiini. Fij;. 2<i. Clmiiin .siiiiiii.\ii hi riniith n.si.s. F\iX. 27, ('iiiiliniini
iiiti rill) ilia. Fi>(. 2S, I'lrttn i nil/ ml us. Fig. 2!*, /'. iiiililhiniin. Fiys. :!(t-.')2.
/'. kiilliii iihili).'<iis.
THE XAl'lMLl'S: -Ki (4)
PLATE 15
l'"iL'. ■'•'■'•. ;i il, /'■-•' iiili>fli(iiii(i im :<ic
April, 1943] tue nautilus 115
Holotype: Length 22 mm.. Widtli U mm. Palm Heach, 70fath.
Paratvpe: 20 12 Lantana, 14 fath.
(FSM)
Paratype: 21.75 13 Lantana, dredged
(Royce)
Paratype: 20 12 Lantana, dredged
(Royce)
There is apparently little variation in size and proportion in
this species, other than that which would be normally expected.
The paratypes were all dredged by Frank Lyman.
Marginella guttata Dillwyn. Plate 14, fig. 22.
The normal shell, as found in Florida and the Bahamas, is about
18 mm. long and 101 2 broad, with the thickened lip and columellar
plaits characteristic of the genus. The color is light pinkish fawn,
obscurely bifasciate with a paler tint, heavily marked with irregu-
larly scattered milky flecks 2 mm. or less in length. Several
brown flecks are disposed as follows: two very light, nearly con-
fluent spots at the angle of the outer lip near the posterior canal;
one rather dark spot at the base of the outer lip, near the anterior
canal; one rather dark spot about halfway between the two, on the
outer lip ; one rather heavy spot halfway between the median and
anterior spots on the outer lip; and a flush of brown, often hardly
amounting to a spot, on the callus which covers the side of the
spire. The spire is only moderately exserted, and partially
covered by a callus extended from the posterior termination of the
outer lip. This species is found in moderate abundance on the
ocean side of Key Largo, and elsewhere in the Florida Keys.
There is a form of this species which is taken in deep water (see
plate 14, fig. 21) that seems to be somewhat different from the
typical form. It differs in being much larger, 25.5 mm. in length
and 15 mm. broad, and in having the spire less exserted and more
covered b}' the callus. The color is more of a lavender brown,
with large white flecks, and an obscure bifasciation. The deep
water form, while not sufficiently different to warrant separation,
is still consistently enough so to deserve mention.
116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
THE FLORIDA SPECIES OF THE FAMILY CHAMIDAE
By F. M. BAYER i
The chamas ^ have been in a state of confusion for quite some
time. Pilsbry and McGinty's review of the group (Nautilus
51 : 3, pp. 73) threw much light on the matter, but even at that
time information concerning certain species and varieties was
fragmentary or lacking. Until then, illustrations were, for the
most part, poor, and positive identification was difficult or
impossible.
Many kindnesses were extended the author in this work, and
especial thanks are due Dr. F. G. Walton Smith, Department of
Zoology, the University of Miami; Director T. Van Hyning, of
The Florida State Museum, in whose Section of Comparative
Florida Mollusca the species discussed herein are contained;
Alfred H. Patterson, of Miami; and Mr. and Mrs. James Donovan,
of Norfolk, Virginia.
A large series of examples of all the species from both coasts of
the state, as well as the Keys and Tortugas, was examined. The
greater part of the material used as a basis for this study was
collected from Carysfort Reef by A. H. Patterson, and from
Biscayne Bay by Noble Mason and the author. Photographs are
by Bob Vollmer, Miami; Trent Rogers, Gainesville; and C. C.
Sherley, Miami.
While working over the large series of shells collected for this
work, and many from private collections as well, some observa-
tions of unusual interest were made. From the observed ma-
terial of the genus Pseudochama, P. i-adions varirgata is certainly
not the only one of its genus to be fountl in the Florida area, as has
been supposed. One species turned up by Mr. Patterson forms a
striking addition to the Florida mollusk fauna, and although there
are some West Indian species described that niigiit oa.^ily be found
in this area, the new shell is not likely to be confused with any of
the possible indigenes not now confirmed as Floridian. This
species entirely lacks tlie marginal cronulation typical of the other
■ The University of Miami, C\)nvi Gables, and Assistant Director, The
Florida State Museum, Gainesville.
'The word Chnina CDinos from the Greek, mejuuiig a Rapor, and is pro-
nounced kd'-ma.
April, 194;^] THE nautilus 117
Pseudochama species of Florida, and has an entirely different type
of sculpture. In addition, another species of Pscudochama was
collected at Palm Beach Inlet which does not satisfactorily fit in
with any of the known forms, l^nfortunately, due to lack of
adequate material, this species cannot be placed properly at the
present time. Despite this fact, I have, however, included it in
the key, since it is my desire to have this key as complete as
possible, and yet avoid revising it entirely at a later date. Infor-
mation concerning it will be published as soon as time allows. A
figure is given herewith (fig. 5).
Key to the Florida Species of the Family Chamidae:
1. Shell usually free when adult; nearly equivalve, lunulc well
developed; long, erect tubular spines on radiating costae:
ECHINOCHAMA arcineUa Linne.
Shell usually attached when adult, very inequivalve, no
lunule; flattened foliations, not tubular spines: (2)
2. Apex of free right valve turning in a counterclockwise spiral:
Genus CHAM A (3)
Apex of free left valve turning in a clockwise spiral :
Genus PSEUDOCHAMA (10)
3. Interior margins of valves crenulate: (4)
Interior margins of valves not crenulate: (8)
4. Pallial line passing around anterior end of anterior adductor
scar, and joining it anteriorly; red markings, if present, are
spots : (5)
Pallial line not passing around anterior end of anterior ad-
ductor scar, but joining it posteriorly; red markings are
blotches which more or less cover the surface, sometimes
entirely: Chama sarda Reeve.
5. Shell usually about 50 mm. in diameter when adult; profusely
sculptured with broad foliations; color, yellow, purple, or
white: Chama macerophylla Gmelin.
Shell usually 35 mm. or less in diameter when adult: . . . . (6)
6. Foliations profuse, concentric, no radial corrugation: .... (7)
Foliations scant, scattered; radial corrugation more or less
prominent: Chama congregata Conrad.
7. Sculpture of upper and lower valves similar; fluted foliations
rather widely spaced ; several radial series of red or pink spots:
Chama jlorida Lamarck.
Sculpture of upper and lower valves dissimilar; foliations of
upper valve relatively short, closely spaced; lower valve
having concentric ruffles not divided into foliations; white,
with livid brown radial streaks: Chama lactuca Dall.
118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
8. Broad, cupped, striate foliations; one, sometimes two radial
furrows from umbo to posterior basal area of the free valve ;
shell not excessively heavy: Chama sinuosa Broderip.
Few, if any, foliations; sculpture effaced; radial furrow weak
or obliterated; shell heavy: (9)
9. Shell with attached valve not excessively deepened, but very
thick and heavy:
Chama sinuosa firma Pilsbry and McGinty.
Shell with lower valve very deep, and spirally coiled; very
heav}^ sometimes unattached:
Chama sinuosa bermudensis Hcilprin.
10. Interior margins crenulate; radially corrugate exterior; shell
colored, especially on the fronds: (11)
Interior margins not crenulate, but finel}^ shagreened; broad,
raised concentric ruffles not cut into fronds; color pure white:
Pseudochama inezac, n.sp.
1 1 . Flattened, sometimes striate foliations, no spinelike processes ;
radially corrugate; color, white more or less marked with
lavender: Pseudochama, species indet.
Short, spinelike, or somewhat flattened foliations usually but
not always present; strongly radially corrugate; color whitish,
marked with maroon or red-brown:
Pseudochama radians variegata Reeve.
EcHiNOCHAMA ARCiNELLA Linuacus. Plate 13, figs. 13, 14.
Shell usually free when adult; equivalve, with about fifteen
radial costae bearing erect tubular spines, which are very long in
young specimens, but often worn down in adults. The interstices
between the ribs are pitted; remnants of a thin, light brown
periostracum may occasionally be seen in the lines left by growth
pauses. The possibility that the Florida race of E. arcinclla may
prove to be subspecifically different from the typical West Indian
form, as suggested by Pilsbry and McGinty, seems to rest on the
larger size and greater number of ribs of the latter. Some Florida
specimens examined seem to indicate that the general run of
Florida specimens have not reached the maximum size, and that
the number of ribs on the under-sized individuals is increased by
intercalation as growth proceeds, until maximum size, and the
typical number of ribs, is arrived at. The young specimen shown
in our photograph possesses only seven ril)s, while an ordinary,
normal, Florida specimen (35 mm.) has nine, with two or three
introduced, and a larger specimen (45 mm.) has thirteen, several
April, 194;}] THE NAUTILUS 119
of which wore introduced by intercahition. When the maximum
size is reached, tlic ribs number fifteen or sixteen, more or less.
Julia Gardner ' considers Echinochama as a subgenus of
Pscudochama; indeed. Echinochama follows the characters of
Pscudochama in attaching by the right valve, and in hinge
construction. However, most of the recent authorities give
Echinochama full generic rank, and I follow that decision.
Range: North Carolina to the West Indies. Records: St.
Marks, northwest Florida, 20 fath. (J. M. Hall); Lake Worth
(Bayer); Marco (Royce); Naples (Van Hyning).
Chama sarda Reeve. Plate 14, figs. 15, 16.
The shell is rather small, snow-white, with stains of brilliant
red more or less covering the upper valve, sometimes completely,
leaving only the flattened spines white. The attached valve is
usually deep pink or red internally, pinkish and w'hite externally.
There is sometimes a slight radial corrugation on the upper valve;
the internal margins are sharply crenulate, and the pallial line
joins the anterior adductor scar at the nearest point. It is dis-
tinguished from Chama florida by its irregular foliation, its radial
corrugation, and more or less widespread red staining. It is ap-
parently an uncommon shell in Florida, although numerous lower
valves were once to be seen on the rocks at Jupiter Inlet, east
Florida, and a few at Palm Beach. The rocks at Palm Beach
were dredged from the channel, and the top valves were all lost
before any collecting could be done. Mr. Patterson collected the
specimen illustrated on our plate, and the one in the author's col-
lection, from Carysfort Reef. Range: East Florida, Florida
Keys, and W>st Indies. Records: Palm Beach Inlet (Bayer);
Carysfort Reef (Patterson); Lantana, Florida, 40 fathoms, and
Ocean Ridge, Florida, 40 fathoms (Lyman).
Chama macerophylla Gmelin. Plate 13, fig. 12,
Shell profusely foliate with flattened, striate fronds, which vary
in development in accordance with the habitat of the individual.
The exterior color may be yellow with a few red spots under the
fronds, various shades of purple, or pure white. Occasionally
specimens are seen which are white and yellow, white and purple,
» Gardner, Julia: U. S. Geol. Sur. Professional Paper 142 B, p. 9.5. 1926.
120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
or yellow and purple, and these combinations are unusually beau-
tiful. The interior margins are crenulate, and the pallial im-
pression passes around the end of the anterior adductor sear
before joining it anteriorly. It is the most abundant, and most
easily recognized of the Florida Chamas. Range: Florida to the
West Indies. Records: Lake Worth; Biscayne Bay (Mason and
Bayer); Old Rhodes Key (Lyman); Tortugas, Garden Key
(Russel); Marquesas (Van Hyning); Sarasota, 5 fath. (Royce),
Chama congregata Conrad. Plate 12, fig. 3.
This is one of the smaller species, whitish with tawny or maroon
corrugations and prickles; the interior is white, usually stained
with brown. The inner margins are markedly crenulate, and the
pallial line proceeds around the anterior adductor scar, and joins
it at the outer margin. It is easily recognized by its nondescript
color, radial corrugation, and scanty foliation. The specimen
figured is a rather large individual from Palm Beach Inlet, col-
lected by Mr. and Mrs. Donovan. Range: North Carolina to the
West Indies. Records: Palm Beach Inlet (Donovan); Biscayne
Bay (Mason and Bayer); Fort Walton (Lyman); Big Pass,
Sarasota (Royce).
Chama Florida Lamarck. Plate 12, fig. G.
The shell is rather small, subcircular, with concentric rows of
fine, rather elongate, fluted foliations. The ground color is white,
with several radial rows of deep pink or carmine spots, which give
the shell a striking appearance. The interior of both valves
white, the upper pink stained. The interior margins are crenu-
late, and the pallial lino jiassos around the end of the anterior
adductor scar, and joins it at the anterior end. The species is
often so covered with the common encrusting agencies that it is
quite unrecognizable. The specimen shown comes from Car^'sfort
Reef. Range: South Florida to the West Indies. Records:
Biscayne Bay (Donovan); Soldier Key; Carysfort Reef (Patter-
son); Garden Key, Tortugas, (Rus.scl).
Chama lactuca Dall. Plate 12, figs. 1, 2.
In this species, the sculpture of the upper and lower valves is
entirely different. The upper valve has rather short, concen-
April, 194;] I THE NAUTILUS 121
trically arranpod foliations closely sot upon its surface, each frond
grooved beneath. The color is dirty white, streaked with brown.
The lower valve has sharp, raised concentric ruffles, which are
fluted here and there, but not divided. The color is dirty white.
The inner margins of the valves are finely crenulate, and the
pallial impression passes around the anterior adductor scar,
joining it at the anterior end. It is a shell of deeper water, found
from ten to one hundred fathoms. The figured shell is from the
collection of Mr. and Mrs. Donovan, and was taken at Palm
Beach in 10 fathoms. Range: North Carolina to the West Indies.
Ch.\m.\ sinuosa Broderip. Plate 13, figs. 9, 10.
Shell large, not very heavy, sculptured with radially striate,
cupped fronds arranged in concentric series; a deep furrow runs
from the umbo to the posterior basal margin of the free valve, and
a weaker furrow may run to the anterior basal margin. (In older
specimens, the young shells have the sulci rather close together,
when two are present, and these diverge as maturity is reached,
causing large specimens to appear three-parted.) The interior
margins are smooth, and devoid of any crenulation. Color dirty
white, cream, or pale fawn, with a reddish brown spot at the base
of, and another beneath, the majority of the fronds; each frond
lightly sprinkled with tiny spots of brown arranged on the radial
striae; the furrow (or furrows) on the upper valve may be dark
brown, and the adjacent fronds are also touched with brown.
The interior is white and china-like.
Chama sinuosa is probably the finest east American Chama,
beautiful alike in coloration and sculpture. The specimen on our
plate, in the Van Hyning collection, is a very fine shell, dredged
from 40 fathoms off Yamato, east Florida, by Frank Lyman.
Specimens from shallow water do not have such deep color, and
the spines are apt to be more flat and spreading than cupped.
C. sinuosa and its varieties may always be distinguished by the
smooth inner margins.
Chama sinuosa firma Pilsbry and McGinty. Plate 13, fig. 11.
The outstanding difference between this and the typical sinuosa
is the effaced sculpture and increased thickness and weight. I
am inclined to agree with its authors in their suggestion that firma
is an ecologic form. All the same, a name for such well defined
forms is convenient. The shell shown on the accompanying plate
122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
was collected from a somewhat sheltered situation on Garden
Key, Dry Tortugas, and consequently, a few marginal folia are
developed. Range: Boynton (Palm Beach County) Florida, to
the Tortugas.
Chama sinuosa bermudensis Heilprin. Plate 14, fig. 26.
Shells referable to this subspecies have been taken from the
moat surrounding Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry Tortugas.
The shells are similar to the heavy C. s. firma, but differ in having
extremely spirally coiled and cupped lower valves, and deeper
upper valves as well. Most specimens are heavily incrusted by
thick, limy deposits, which form excellent boring-grounds for
boring worms and mollusks, such as Gastrochaena. The illus-
trated shell is from the Van Hyning collection, and was collected
on Garden Key. Range: Bermuda and the Tortugas.
PSEUDOCHAMA RADIANS VARIEGATA ReCVC. Plate 12, fig. 4.
As a general rule, this is one of the smaller species, although
large individuals are not uncommon. The sculpture is usually
rough and unlovely, consisting of stubby processes and points,
radial corrugations, and concentric growth marks. The color is
usually dirty white, marked with reddish brown or maroon, the
interior white, more or less stained by the color of the outside,
especially at the margins. There is a noticeable crenulation of
the inner borders. The shell on the plate was collected from
Biscay ne Bay by Noble Mason.
PSEUDOCHAMA INEZAE, sp. UOV. Platc 15.
Shell rather large, subcircular, very thin and light; attached by
the right valve; hinge teeth weakly develojied; sculpture of about
eleven flared, concentric ruffles, which are very thin and irregularly
margined, but not cut into fronds. The marginal frills are
radially striate, and somewhat fluted, recurved a little liownward
on the upjK'r vnlv(\ The interior margins lack any crenulation,
but are finely shagrecned at the edge, especially on the lower
valve. The shell is pure, alabaster white, with no trace of
coloring whatsoever. Greatest diameter, 42, least, 38 mm.
The illustrated type was collected i)y Mr. Patterson from the
wreck of an old steamship, which rested in about ten fathoms, off
Carysfort Reef. It is named for Mrs. Patterson.
April, 11)43] THE NAUTILUS 123
The chiimas are, at best, an inhorontly difficult and somewhat
confusing group. Their great variation is a result of widely
varying local conditions, such as water purity, food supply, pro-
tection from weathering effects, and dozens of other factors for
each specific locality. The same species from two localities,
perhaps only a few yards distant, may differ from each other to a
greater degree than do two totally different but related species
from the same place. In utilizing the accompanying key, these
factors must be kept in mind in order to arrive at accurate
identifications. Undoubtedly new information will continue to
be forthcoming, as new material is collected, and relationships will
become increasingly clearer.
ExpLA.\.\TiON OF Plates 12 to 15
Plate 12. Fig. 1, Chama lactuca Dall; diam. maj. 11, min. 10 mm.; upper
valve, off I^antana, Fla.; photograph by Bob Vollmer. Fig. 2, same, lower
valve; diam. maj. 12. .5, min. 11 mm.; photo by Vollmer. Fig. 3, Chama
congregata Conrad, dorsal view; diam. maj. 28, min. 26 mm.; Palm Beach Inlet;
photo by Vollmer. Fig. 4, Pseudochama radians variegata Heeve, upper valve;
diam. maj. 41, min. 32 mm.; Biscayne Bay; photo by Vollmer. Fig. 5,
Pseudochama sp.; Palm Beach Inlet; photo by Vollmer. Fig. 6, Chama florida
Lamarck, dorsal view; 22 mm.; C'arysfort Reef; photo by Hi-Tone. Fig. 7,
Pecten mildredae Bayer, exterior and interior of upper valve; alt. 3.3. lat. 30
mm.; photo by Rogers. Fig. 8, Marginella oblonga Swainson; 23 mm.; original
illustration, copied by Hortense C'hristensen.
Plate 13. Fig. 9, Chama sinuosa Broderip, exterior of upper valve; diam.
maj. 68, min. 63 mm.; photo by Hi-Tone. Fig. 10, same, interior of lower
valve; diam. maj. 66, min. 65 mm. Fig. 11, Chama sinuosa firma Pilsbry and
McGinty, upper valve; diam. maj. 54, min. 38 mm.; Garden Key, Tortugas;
photo by Vollmer. Fig. 12, Chama macerophylla Gmelin, upper valve; diam.
maj. 44, min. 33 mm.; Biscayne Bay; photo by Vollmer. Fig. 13, Echinochama
arcinelUi Linnaeus, left valve; diam., excl. spines, maj. 15, min. 13 mm.; young
shell from Lake Worth; photo by Vollmer. Fig. 14, same; right valve.
Plate 14. Figs. 15-16, Chama sarda Reeve; 25 mm.; Carysfort Reef; photo
by Hi-Tone. Figs. 17-18, Marginella camea D. H. Storer; long. 18 mm.;
photo by Rogers. Fig. 19, M. nobiliana, n. sp., Type; long. 22, lat. 13 mm.;
photo by Rogers. Fig. 20, same; long. 20, lat. 12 mm.; paratype. Fig. 21,
M. guttata Dillwyn, var.; long. 25 mm.; photo by Rogers. P'ig. 22, same; long.
18 mm.; photo by Rogers. Fig. 23, M. amabilis Redfield; long. 24 mm.
Fig. 24, ^f. evehjnae, paratype; long. 17.5 mm.; photo by Rogers. Fig. 25,
M. evelynae, n. sp.. Type; long. 16, lat. 10.5 mm.; photo by Rogers. Fig. 26,
Chama sinuosa bermudensis Heilprin; oblique view; photo by Rogers.
Fig. 27, Cyphoma intermedia Sowerby, drawing from life. Fig. 28, Pecten
exdyratus, sp. nov., type, upper view; alt. 20.5, lat. 20.0 mm.; photo by Iv H.
124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Bone. Fig. 29, P. antillarum Recluz; photo by Bone. Fig. 30, Pecten
kallinubilosus, sp. nov., type, upper valve; alt. 36, lat. 38.5 mm.; photo by
Rogers. Fig. 31, same, lower valve. Fig. 32, same, interior of upper valve.
Plate 15. Fig. 33, Pseudochama inezae, n. sp., Type; diam. maj. 42, min.
38 mm.; all figs, by Mr. Charles C. Sheriey. a. Exterior of right valve,
b, Exterior of left valve, c, Interior of left valve, d. Interior of right valve.
The fine shagreen surface, or granulation, is easily seen at margins of shell in
fig. d; present but not noticeable in c.
A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE RECENT SPECIES
OF CHINESE VIVIPARIDAE i
By TENG-CHIEN YEN
One of the most comprehensive monographs of Viviparidae is
Kobelt's work, in continuation of Kuester's, on " Paludina Lam. —
Vivipara Montf.," which was issued at different intervals during
1906-1909 in the new edition of Conchyhen-Cabinet by Martini
and Chemnitz. This work has practically included all the forms
of the family known to the author at that time. Since then, this
group of freshwater mollusks was subsequently studied by a
number of authors, notably Annandale (1920, 1921, 1924) and
Rao (1925, 1928), whose attention was particularly directed to
the Asiatic forms; Prashad (1928) presenting a synthetic study
in distribution and evolution of both recent and fossil Vivipari-
dae; and Kuroda (1929) on the classification of the .Japanese
forms.
But, nevertheless, a revised synopsis of the family in generic
and minor divisions was not available till the pul)lication of the
first part of Thiele's "Handbuch" in 1929. Later on in 1936,
Taki also attempted to present a "Revision of System of
Viviparidae," but his "revision" docs not seem to make any im-
portant change other than reducing a few of Thiele's subgenera to
sections (BcUntnya Jousscaume, Dactylochlami/f^ Who = A n(]uJya(ira
Rao, Helcrugcn Annandale, etc.) and his genera into sul)genera
{liivularia Heude, Margarya Nevill, Neothanma Smith and
Tidotornn TlaMciuMn). Such changes do not seem to offer a
better background for further study of the family and sometimes
may cause confusion.
'This work w!i.s dono with a Knint-in-aid from the American Philosophical
Society in Pliiliidclphiu, Pu.
April, 1943] tue nautilus 125
However, an important contribution by Rohrbach, which casts
now light on the revision of Viviparidao, came to our attention
in 1937. On the basis of a comparative study of Bellamya
unicolor and its allied forms, the author was led to the conclusion
that these African forms should be separated from the typical
Viviparus, and they show close relationship to the species of
CipangopaJudina.
In the following pages I attempt to arrange the species of
\'iviparidae so far known from China into their proper genera.
Most of these species has been hitherto assigned to Viviparus
(s. 1.), although the attention has been called previously, for a few
of these forms, by Annandale, Rao, Prashad and others, that they
should be separated from the typical Viviparus. Moreover, all
the genera comprised in the present work have been generally
accepted by recent authors, and their generic ranks seem to be well
established.
In addition to the 08 species and subspecies treated in this
work, there are two more forms which can only be considered as
doubtful in generic position. One is Paludina deformis Heude
1890 (Mem., p. 130, pi. 25, fig. 8-9), another is Paludina heudei
Ping 1938 (Bull. Mus. Heude, Malac, I (5), p. 2, pi. 1, fig. 1-2,
non Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905).
Genus VIVIPARUS Montfort, 1810, Conch. Syst., II, p. 247.
Genotype: Helix vivipara Linn6.
The genus is used here in sensu strido which has been hitherto
used in sensu lalo for many of the Chinese species. More closely
related species of this kind may be represented by a few compara-
tively small-shelled and banded forms found in the northeastern
provinces of China. These forms were formerly suppo.sed by
authors to be more closely related to Cipangopaludina chinensis
(Gray) or Bellamya quadrata (Benson), but they are different
from the former by the smaller size and thicker shell substance,
and from the latter by the more roundly convex whorls, desti-
tute of spiral sculpture and peripheral keel. These forms seem
to resemble closely such species as V. viviparus and V. contectus
which exist so commonly in Europe as far as to western Siberia.
These forms are often banded but the color bands are sometimes
absent or onlj^ faintly traceable inside of the aperture. The
apical whorls, as often well preserved in the young but decollated
126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
in the adult, are rather depressed or nearly flattened, never being
mucronate as that of the species of Cipangopaludina. Two spe-
cies are at present known and their geographic range does not
seem to extend further south than Kirin province.
Viviparus praerosus (Gerstfeldt 1859) — Amur region
V. chui Yen 1937 — Kirin, Kirin province
Genus BELLAMYA Jousseaume, 1886, Bull. Soc. Zool. France.
XI, p. 478. Genotj'pe: Paludina bellamya Jousseaume.
A number of Chinese species which has hitherto assigned into
Viviparus (s. 1.) or a group called " Vivipari Dissimiles," seems to
be well included into Bellamya. As already pointed out by
Rohrbach in 1937, this group is different from the typical species
of Viviparus, and the relationship among B. unicolor, dissimilis
and quadrata was well discussed by Prashad in 1928 (p. 180).
Moreover, it differs from other genera such as Cipangopaludina
and Angidyagra by its more or less oblong outline of shells, smaller
size, obtusel}^ or strongly keeled at the periphery, thinner
columellar margin and having scarcely convex or rather flattened
whorls.
Bellamya quadrata (Benson 1842) — Chow-shan Island, Chekiang
Syn. purificata Heude 1890 — Siang river, Hunan
chengtehensis Taki 1936 — Chcngteh, Jehol
B. quadrata minor (Nevill 1885) — Kulangsu, Amoy, Fukien
B. q. reevei (Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905)
Syn. quadrata Reeve, non Benson, — Shanghai, Kiangsu
B. q. boettgeri (Heude 1890) — Hainan Island, Kwangtung
B. q. orientalis (Lea 1860) — China
Syn. aeruginosa Reeve 1863 — Canton, Kwangtung
B. q. turrita (Yen 1939) — Canton, Kwangtung
B. q. ecarinata (Kobelt 1906) — north river. Canton. Kwangtung
B. q. acutecarinata (Kobelt 1906) — Canton, Kwangtung
B. q. dispiralis (Heude 1890) — Yunnan
B. q. fantozatiana (Heude 1890) — upper Han river, Hupci
B. q. lapillorum (Heude 1890) — Ningkuo-hsien, .\nhwei
B. q. heudei (Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905)
Syn. aeruginosa Heude, non Reeve, — Yangtze valley
Bellamya lilhophaga (Heude 1889) — Ningkuo-hsien, Anhwei
B. dcmolita (Heu(le 1890) — Kwangtuh, .\nhwei
B. smitfii (Yen 19}2)~-Hunan
B. limnophila (Mabille 188())~Ta-li-fu, Yunnan
B. scccrncnda (Mabille 188()) — Ta-li-fu, Yunnan
B. margaryoidcs (Annandale 1924) — Ta-li-fu, Yunnan
April, 1L)43] the nautilus 127
r.enus riPANOOPALUDINA Hannibal. 1912, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Lond., X, p. 194. Genotype: Poliidina niallcata Reeve.
The name w:us proposed by the author as a subgenus of
Idiopoma, and its description was based on several lots of "intro-
duced" specimens collected in California which were identified as
P. maUeata Heeve. In 1020 Annandale proposed Lecythoconcha
as a distinct genus for Paludina lecythis Benson and its allied
forms, which, as pointed out by Prashad 1928, fall into the same
group of species for which Cipangopaludina was described. The
former has thus invalidated the latter. It was treated as a section
of Viviparus by Thiele.
The generic characters were well described by Annandale 1920
for Lecythoconcha (Rec. Ind. Mus., p. 114) and subsequently by
Rao in 1925 (Rec. Ind. Mus., p. 133) and in 1928 (ibidem, p. 421).
It has a wide distribution in Eastern Asia as far west as Burma
and Northern India and it was introduced into North America.
The following forms have been described from China:
Cipangopaludina chinensis (Gray 1834) — China
Syn. leucostoma Heude 1890 — Peihai, Kwangtung
diminuta Heude 1890 — Kwangteh, Anhwei
C. chinensis hainanensis (Kobelt 1906) — Hainan Island,
Kwangtung
C. c. stelmaphora Bourguignat 1862 — Peking, Hopei
C. lecythis (Benson 183(5) — Yunnan
C. lecythoidcs (Benson 1842) — Chow-shan Island, Chekiang
C. I. fluminalis (Heude 1890) — Yangtze valley
C. /. aubryana (Heude 1890) — Kwei-chow
C. I. occidentalis (Annandale 1924) — Yunnan
C. ventricosa (Heude 1890) — Kwei-chow and Yunnan provinces
C. V. calhayensis (Heude 1890) — Yangtze valley
C V. wingatei (Smith 1900) — Hunan
C. V. patris (Kobelt 1906)
Syn. lecythoides Heude, non Benson, Chow-shan Island,
Chekiang
compacta Kobelt, non Nevill, Hainan Island, Kwangtung
lecythis crassior Annandale 1924 — Western Yunnan
C. haasi (Prashad 1928)
Syn. longispira Heude, non Smith, Chen-tuh, Szechwan
C. ussuriensis (Gerstfeldt 1859) — Lower Amur river
C. lapidea (Heude 1890) — Chien-tuh, Anhwei
C. delavayana (Heude 1889) — Ta-li-fu, Yunnan
C. latissima (Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905) — Mongtze, Yunnan
128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Genus ANGULYAGRA Rao, 1931, Rec. Ind. Mus., 33, p. 301.
Genotype: Paludina oxytropis Benson.
This genus was proposed by Rao in 1925 as Dactylochlamys
(non Lauterborn 1901) and renamed by him in 1931 as above.
The shell is of moderate size, conical, thin, and bearing spiral
ridges. The generic characters were well noted b}'^ Rao (Rec. Ind.
Mus., 27, p. 132). The species found in China are as follows:
Angulyagra costata {Quoy et Gsamard 1832) — Canton, Kwangtung
A. thersites (Reeve 1863) — Canton, Kwangtung
A. oxytropoides (Heude 1889) — Chao-tung Lake, Yunnan
A. polyzonata (Frauenfeld 1862) — (Canton), China
A. quangdungensis (Kobelt 1907) Kwangtung
A. annulata (Yen 1939) — Hunan
Genus MARGARYA Nevill, 1877, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
46 (2), p. 30. Genotype: Margarya melanoides Nevill.
This genus is so far only known from western part of Yunnan
province, a few subspecies or varieties, differentiated by the
sculpture, have been recognized by the authors being as follows:
Margarya melanoides Nevill 1877 — Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
Syn. tuherculata Neumayr 1887 — Ta-li-lakc, Yunnan
delavayi Mabille 1886 — Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
M. m. carinata (Neumayr 1883) — Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
M. m. francheti (Mabille 1886)— Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
Syn. rotundata Neumayr 1887 — Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
M. m. tropidophora (]\Iabille 1886) — Ta-li Lake, Yunnan
M. m. mansuyi Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905 — Mongtze, Yunnan
M. m. monodi Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905 — Koui-an, Yunnan
M. m. ohsoleta Dautzenberg et Fischer 1905 — Mongtze, Yunnan
Genus MEKONGIA Crosse et Fischer, 187(), .Jour, de Conchy.,
24, p. 316. Genotype: Paludina jullieni Deshayes.
Mekongia was proposed as a subgenus of Paludinn based on
tlu; species P. jullieni Deshayes from Ca-Lgniou. It is charac-
terized by its thick shell substance and heavy callus of columellar
margin; the outer lip, however thick, seems to be somewhat
retreating and aj)erturo more or less contracted. On account of
the thick callous margin of cohmiella, I include herewith two
species which bear si)iral ridges. By examining the species avail-
able, I consider the genus as related to tiie Indian Taia on one
hand and the Chinese Rivularia on the other.
I
April, 1943] the nautilus 129
Mekongia magnaciana (Hcude 1889) — Chungking, Szechwan.
M. rusiostoma (Grodler 1885) — Chin-chi, Kwci-chow
M. liuiana (Yen 1937) — Anhwa, Plunan
M. hunanensis Yon 1942 — Hunan
M. bodtgcri (Kobelt 1907)— non Hcude 1890 — Hainan Island,
Kwangtung
M. wilhclmt (Yen 1939) — Canton, Kwangtung
M. subcostata (Gray 1834)— China
M. rivularis (Kobelt 1907) — Hunan
Genus RIVULARIA Heude, 1890, M^moires, p. 179. Geno-
type: Paludina auriculata Martens.
This genus has been so far known from Siang river of Hunan
and its neighbouring provinces Kweichow, Kiangse, Hupei and
Anhwei.
Rivularia auriculata (Martens 1875) — Siang river, Hunan
R. elongata Heude 1890 — Tsi-yang river, Hunan
R. calcarata Kobelt 1907 — Pao-ching, Hunan
R. hicarinata Kobelt 1907— Hunan
R. ibex Gredler 1894— Hunan
R. ovum Heude 1890 — Hunan and Kweichow provinces
R. globosa Heude 1890 — Hung river, Hunan
R. porcellanea Kobelt 1907 — Ichang, Hupei
R. glaiidina Heude 1890 — Pao-yang Lake, Kiangse
R. subelliptica Heude 1890 — Ningkuo-hsien, Anhwei
BIBLIOGRAPHY: For further literature on Viviparidae prior to
1928, refer to Prashad's work in 1928.
Chang, Ming-Chuex, The Anatomy of the Fresh Water
Viviparous Snails, Bull. Peking Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill (4), pp.
45-55, 2 pis., 1929.
H.\A8, Fritz, Malacological Notes, Zool. Ser., Field Mus. Nat.
Hist., 24 (8), pp. 93-96, text-fig., 1939.
KuRODA, T., Notes on the Nomenclature of the Japanese Species
of the Genus Viviparus, The Venus, I (3), pp. 98-102, 1929.
Li, Fu-Ching, Anatomy von Paludina, Chinese Jour. Zool., I, pp.
1-10, 7 pis., 1935.
Prashad, B., Recent and Fossil Viviparidae, Mem. Ind. Mus.,
VIII (4), pp. 13.5-251, 1 pi., 1928.
Rao, H. Srinivasa, Angulyagra oxytropis (Benson), Rec. Ind.
Mus., 33 (3), p. 301.
Rohrbach, F., Oekologische und morphologische Untersuchungen
an Viviparus (Bellamya) capillatus Frauenfeld und Viviparus
(Bellamya) unicolor Olivier, unter Beriicksichtigung anderer
tropischer Formen und im Hinblick auf phyletisehe Bezieh-
130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
ungen, Archiv fur MoUusk., 69 (5/6), S. 177-216, mit 20
Abbild., 1937.
Taki, I., Mollusca of Jehol, Rep. 1st. Sc. Exped. to "Man-
choukou," V, 1, 1 (4), pp. 140-159, \nth pis., 1936.
Thiele, Johannes, Handbuch der svstematischen Weichtier-
kunde, Erster Teil, 1929.
Yen, Teng-Chien, Die chinesischen Land- und Siisswasser-
Gastropoden des Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Abhandl.
senck. Naturf. Ges., 444, S. 1-233, 16 Taf., 1939.
A Review of Chinese Gastropods in the British
Museum, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 24 (5/6), pp. 170-288, 17
pis., 1942.
DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH-WATER GASTROPODS IN
RELATION TO TOTAL ALKALINITY OF STREAMS
By C. S. SHOUPi
During four summers (1938-1941) the biological survey parties
of the Tennessee Division of Game and Fish have collected speci-
mens of aquatic mollusks as a part of the fisheries survey work.
Lists of some of the species taken have already been published,
(Shoup and Peyton, 1940; Shoup, Peyton and Gentry, 1941) and
Mr. Calvin Goodrich, who kindly identified the specimens, has
already reported (1940) on the sequence of distribution of our
species from the Obey River drainage of Tennessee.
At the present time 47 of the most abundant species of
gastropods have been obtained from 156 localities out of a total
of 420 different collecting stations in the minor watersheds of the
principal drainages of the state. Most tributaries from which
collections have been taken, particularly in the basin of the Big
South Fork of the Cumberland, the Obey River, and nearly the
whole of the Tennessee drainage in East Tennessee, flow over
bedrock characteristic of a particular geological formation, and in
many instances discernil)le dilTercnces in total alkalinity, usually
as bicarbonate (acid carbonate) alkaUnity, can be definitely as-
sign(>d to the presence of a particular bedrock stratum charac-
teristic of the individual stream. We have been interested in
this geochemistry of the natural waters, and I have attempted to
' Depurtment of Biology, Vanderbilt University.
April, 11)43] THE NAUTILUS 131
show here our findings rcparding distrilMition of various species of
snjiils in waters of definite degrees of total alkalinity, and what we
have discovered thus far regarding the apparent productivity in
terms of frequency of snail collections in the numerous stations
of different alkalinity limits.
It has generally been assumed that with aquatic mollusks
carbonate and bicarbonate in solution in fresh waters produce a
more favorable environment than very soft waters having no
appreciable hardness. This has been partially indicated by
Adams (1915, p. 47) and by Boycott (1936, p. 148), but as the
latter author indicates, the great trouble is to disentangle the im-
portance of quality of water from geographical distribution, the
physical characters of the habitat, and available food materials as
factors promoting abundance of a species at any locality. I have
not considered, in our tabulation of distribution, the abundance
of a species, but rather the presence of particular species. For
the most part, the more alkaline streams yielded greater volume
of collections of each species present. The final effect of ecological
factors is their sum and the beneficial effect of calcium in many
localities may be overridden by other unfavorable circumstances.
Nevertheless, if enough collecting is carried out in sufficient num-
bers of localities, with simultaneous determination of hardness or
total alkalinity, one should obtain some kind of picture of distri-
bution of species in the soft-water and hard-water streams.
Few reports on collections give chemical characteristics of
natural waters at the time the collections were made. The New
Hampshire stream .survey reports (Hoover, 1938; Warfel, 1939)
show Campeloma, Pfiysa, Lymnaea, and Helisoma have been ob-
tained from the very soft waters of that region, while in New
York (193()) Campeloma decisum and Pleurocera acuta appear in
waters of moderate alkalinity. On the basis of our present
records of the chemistry of natural waters in Tennessee, I cannot
see any disagreement in our tabulation of species distributed in
various alkalinity ranges with those previously reported by
Goodrich (1928, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938) for Tennessee.
Table I indicates distribution of our collections in relation to
total alkalinity as determined by methyl-orange titration at the
time of collection and at the site of collection. This shows, ac-
132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Table 1. Range of distribution of species in waters of total
alkalinity as shown in parts per million CaCOa.
Goniobasis clavaeformis 5-220
Goniobasis proxima 6- 8
Goniobasis emeryensis 7-12
Campeloma decisum 7-135
Goniobasis gerhardtii 9-13
Campeloma lewisii 10- 20
Helisoma anceps 1 1- 35
Pleurocera curtum 17-19
Goniobasis interrupta 17- 25
Pleurocera modestum 1 7- 50
Pleurocera parvum 17- 85
Anculosa subglobosa 17-165
Goniobasis laqueata 17-179
Physa microstoma 21-180
Lithasia verrucosa 22- 25
Lymnaea columella 22- 34
Physa gyrina 22- 34
Pleurocera canaliculatum undulatum 24-198
Goniobasis angulata 35-165
Physa pomila 41-45
Pleurocera canaliculatum filum 55- 75
Anculosa praerosa 56-198
Lithasia geniculata pinguis 60- 65
Pleurocera alveare 63-117
Lithasia armigera . 63-113
Lithasia geniculata 63- 90
Campeloma pondcrosum 63- 70
Somatogyrus dcpressum 70- 75
Goniobasis ebenum 70-100
Lithasia obovata 80-161
Lithasia armigera stygia ... 89- 92
Lithasia geniculata venusta 89-106
Lithasia obovata f . depygis 89- 93
Lithasia obovata sordida 99-145
Lymnaoa obrussa 100-125
Goniobasis carinifora 105-110
Pleurocera striatum 110-115
Goniobasis teres 113-115
Pleurocera waikcTi 11()-118
Pleurocera nobile 116-120
Pleurocera unciale 116-220
Anculosa umbilicata 130-135
Goniobasis plicatostriata 134-199
April. 1*J43] THE NAUTILUS 133
Table 1. — (Continued)
Goniobasis acutorarinata 189 142
Gonioba.'^is arachnoidea. . . 100-164
Lvmnaoa humilis modicella. . 178-182
Physa integra 208-220
cording to our present records, that there may be a tendency for
certain species to be restricted to hard or soft waters, while others
are well-distributed chemically, but locally restricted in certain
drainage areas. Of the Pleuroceridae, Goniobasis laqueata and G.
davaeformis, for example, are found in a wide range of total
alkalinity, but separated in distribution; the former being taken
by us mainly in the Ordovician streams of Middle Tennessee, and
the latter from the upstream drainage of the Tennessee River in
East Tennessee. Many more upland streams with extremely soft
water were examined than those with considerable bicarbonate or
even normal carbonate in solution. Some of the torrential non-
calcareous streams could be discounted as productive on the basis
of physical factors, but so many were of suitable ecology with a
fair bottom fauna other than snails that the value of only 10.2
percent (Table 2) cjuite indicates the low productivity of streams
below 20 parts per million of bicarbonate.
Certain soft-water streams of the Cumberland Plateau are as
low as 2-G parts per million bicarbonate, flowing in the sandstones
134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
and shales of the Pennsylvanian (Lee formation), with no avail-
able calcium for shell-building. Such waters were found to be
very unproductive. At the other extreme of hardness of 160-220
parts per million total alkalinity, sluggish lowland streams which
otherwise might be most productive of snails may be made
adverse by intermittent flooding and by movement of deposits of
erosion silt, since for the most part their flow is through cultivated
land.
It would be of interest to study further this possible relation of
species distribution to water hardness in other regions. Possibly
this field evidence of the influence of total alkalinity can supple-
ment experimental studies on the quantity of bicarbonate or
carbonate necessary for growth and shell building.
Literature Cited
Adams, C. C, 1915, Mem. Natl. Acad. Sci. 12 (2): 1-184.
Boycott, A. E., 1936, Jour. Animal Ecology 5 (1): 116-186.
May.
Goodrich, Calvin, 1928, Occ. Papers, Mus. of Zool., Univ. of
Mich., No. 192: 1-18.
Goodrich, Calvin, 1934-1938, Occ. Papers, Mus. of Zool., Univ.
of Mich. I, No. 286, 1934; V, No. 318, 1935; VI, No. 347,
1937; VII, No. 376, 1938.
Goodrich, Calvin, 1940, Nautilus 53: 73-79. Jan.
Hoover, E. E., et al., 1938, N. H. Game and Fish Dept.,
Concord, Report No. 3: pp. 1-238.
New York, State of, 1936, Suppl., 26th annual report. Biol.
Survey. No. XI: pp. 1-373.
Shoup, C. S., and J. H. Peyton, 1940, Report, Reclfoot Lake
Biol. Sta. Vol. 4, Misc. Publ., Tenn. Div. of Game and
Fish, Nashville, No. 2: pp. 106-116.
Shoup, C. S., J. H. Peyton and Glenn Gentry, 1941, Report,
Rcelfoot Lake Biol. Sta. Vol. 5, Misc. Publ., Tenn. Div. of
Game and Fish, Nashville, No. 3: pp. 48-76.
Warfel, H. E., ct al., 1939, N. 11. Game and Fish Dept.,
Concord, Report No. 4: pp. 1-256.
April, 1943] the nautilus 135
TWO NEW SUBGENERIC NAMES IN POTERIA
By H. BURRINGTON BAKER
For the reasons outlined below, Bartschivindex type Potcria
varians (C. H. Adams)/ is proposed for a fairly distinct Jamaican
section of Potcria s.s. Dr. Paul Bartsch (p. 82) ^^ has described
and exquisitely figured a rather distinctive operculum of the sec-
tion, but, as stated in 1934," the successive whorls of the calcareous
lamella do not always touch or even overlap, so that the group is
not sharply demarcated from either Cydocayynania or Cyclobakeria.
Similarly, in the subgenus Ncocyclotus, Pseudaperostoma type
Poteria inca (d'Orbigny) '^ from east lowland Bolivia, is proposed
for the mainland section, which I defined in 1923.^^
For Bartschivindex, Bartsch used Ptychocochlis Simpson,^ but
that name was proposed as a substitute for Platystoma "Klein"
Fischer,^ and Simpson stated that it was "typified by Ncocyclotus
jamaiccnsis Chemnitz (Miss. Sci. au Mex. 7th part, p. 149)." At
the place ^ cited by Simpson, Fischer et Crosse accepted Platystoma
Klein, "of which Chemnitz has described the t\^pe under the name
of Turbo jamaiccnsis; " its very peculiar operculum is distinguished
by its numerous (6 or 7) whorls, notably concave and with margins
raised and slightly reflected " (translation). The preceding might
include more than one species, but the description of the operculum
was taken from Pfeiffer's ® for "Cyclotus jamaiccnsis (Turbo)
Chemnitz." So, Turbo jamaiccnsis (Chemnitz) Wood ^ was more
definitely designated as the type of Ptychocochlis in 1922 " (Cf.
Pilsbry & Brown),'" which made it an absolute synonym of Poteria
Gray.^ But, since Bartsch has incompletely quoted Simpson's
designation, overlooked mine and seems to have copied Pilsbry
and Brown's '" identification of Chemnitz's figures, a discussion of
this tangled, purely legal question may be worth the trouble.
POTKRIA J.\MAICEN8I8 (Wood).
Although Chemnitz ° often has been cited as (preferably in pa-
rentheses or quotation marks), and actually is the real authority
* Bibliographic notes arranged under speoie.s and genus heading.s.
• Turbo janiaicensis, etc. Chemnitz, 1795, Conch. Cab. 1 1 : 277, pi. 209, figs.
2057, 2058, non-binomial; not used as binomial by Dillwyn, 1.S17, Desc. Cat. II:
889, but simply quoted, with a query, in synonymy; contrast Pfeiffer (1846).
136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
for many specific terms, he unfortunately cannot be quoted as the
legal author of any species, because he was not a binomial writer,
and has no status in nomenclature. As all students between 1828
and 1910 agreed, his Turbo jamaicensis, etc. obviously was
founded on both the lineata and corrugate - forms of P. jamaicensis
(Wood), because: 1. He stated that the whorls, so far as seen
above the suture, were lightly plicate or even corrugate (figured).
2. He said that the round shelly operculum was circled (circinato?)
and cut by concentric channels, which is quite the way that of
Wood's species looks to the naked eye (Cf. Fischer).'' 3. If
not purely imaginary, the operculum in his fig. 2058, which shows
even rapider whorl-increase than in P. jamaicensis, either was
viewed by the artist from its inner (horny) surface or was drawn
in from some sinistral species, since its sutural spiral is reversed.
4. The first description of any operculum of Bartschivindex was
that of C. B. Adams,'' half a century later.
The legal author, that is, the first legal reference for Turbo
jamaicensis is apparently W. Wood,^ who also used it, without
citation of Chemnitz or Gray, in ^'Cyclostoma Lamarck." Unless
definitely refutable, all subsequent usages ^ legally are correct or
* Turbo jamaicensis Wood, 1828, Index test., ed. 2, Suppl.: 18, pi. 6, Turbo,
fig. 3; Cijclostoma jamaicense, p. 36; neither Chemnitz nor Gray cited.
2 C. corrugatmn Menke, 1829, Verz. Conch. Samml. Malsburg: 10; 1830, Syn.
meth. Moll.: 39; probably nude, since a misspelled abbreviation of a poly-
nomial, without "bibliographic reference," is scarcely a "definite citation of an
earlier name" (see Opinion 1); but vested in synonymy by Pfeififer (1846); shell
(minus operculum) figured by Chemnitz now designated type; not of Sowerby
(1843). » C. j. Gray in Wood, Sowerby, 1843, The.s. Conch. 1 : 96, pi. 23, figs.
12, 13, with Chemnitz in synonymy. C. j. Chemnitz, Pfeiffer, 1846, Conch.
Cab.: 16, minus operculum; '' C. B. Adams, 1850, Contr. Conch. 8: 143; 1852,
Ann. I.,yc. New York 5: 59. Apcrosloitm j. Cliemn., Pfr., 1847, see note 14.
'' Cyclotus j. (Gray), Gray, 1850, Nomcnd. moll. an. Hrit. Mus. 1:11, in main
part; Poteria also validated. « C. j. Chemn., Pfr., 1852, Mon. pneumon. viv.:
25, with T. j. Wood (1828) in synonymy. Platystomaj. Chemnitz, ^Fischer,
1885, Man. Conch.: 744; not P. Morch (1852), etc.; Platy.stoma Klein (1753)
was prebinomial and could not be ".several times preoccupied"; * F. <t C,
188S, Reel). Zool. (7) 2: 149-150; described operculum now selected as type.
Neoajdottis j. Chonin., "Simpson, 1,S95, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 17: 431. A.j.
(Sowerby), '" Pilsbry and Brown, 1910, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiladolphia 62:
533-4. Poteria j. (Wood), " H. B. B., 1922, Nautilus 36: 15; 1934-5, Naut.
48: 66, 86. P. j. (Gray), etc., Bartsch, " 1942, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 181:
105-112.
April, 1943] the nautilus 137
incorrect identifications and revisions or clarifications of Wood's
species. Although, lus Pilsbry and Hrown ^^ remarked, Wood's
figure, without operculum, "defies identification," Sowerby ' has
figured the operculum of an apparently rougher and brighter
shell, and made this variable species recognizable. However,
since Gray ^ named Sowerby's figures Cyclotus lineatus and
included Wood and Chemnitz in the synonymy of "C jamaicensis
(Gray)," Wood's poorly drawn type shell, which apparently came
from the British Museum, may have been a corrugate example.
PSEUDAPEROSTOMA VS. APEROSTOMA.
For Pseudaperostoma, Bartsch (p. 124) '^ used Aperostoma
Troschel," but apparently forgot that the old (1901) method of
genus division by "restriction" was eliminated in the new (1907)
article 30 of the international rules, which explicitly defined
"type designation." Anyway, he evidently overlooked the truth
that Pfeiffer,^'' who in Bartsch's claims "restricted" Troschel's
group to Poteria blanchetiana without mention of either species,
was still including A. mexicanum in Aperostoma four months
later; " was still retaining both species in his equivalent group
(Cyclotus) in 1852; ^^ first transferred A. mexicanum to a separate
genus (Cyclophorus) in 1858; " and even then did not see the
operculum of the typical form. For these reasons, Herrmannsen's
earlier (1852) " designation of A. mexicanum as type unfortu-
nately cannot be circumvented; the "Genus Cyrtotoma Morch"
(p. 169) ^2 remains an absolute synonym of Aperostoma Troschel;
Aperostomatinae (1922) ^^ or Poteriinae Thiele (1929) super-
sedes "Aperostominae, new subfamily" (1942); and Neocyclotus
Fischer et Crosse (1888!), which includes Poteria inca {-\- P-
blanchetiana?),^^ continues to be the correct name for the "Genus
Aperostoma" Bartsch.
"1835, Magasin Zool. 5, Syn. moll. Am. m6rid.: 29. 'MS47, Zeitschr.
Malak. 4: Aperostoma Troschel, p. 44 (March no.), included Cyclosloma volvulus,
C. mexicanum, C. hlanchetianum "und viele andere"; Pfeiffer, pp. 47 (March)
and 104 (July), removed Cyclophorus volvulus and added others; C"f. Sykes,
1901, Jour. Malac. 8: 107-S. Petit, ISoO, Jour, de Conch. 1: 38, selected no
type but simply quoted Pfeiffer's (1847: 104) groups §1 and §2 with, as
"typ- [icae, -is or -i?]" of them, two "Species which the author of the genus
doubtfully referred to it" (Article 30). " Indicis gener. Suppl.: 10, first type
designation (C meiicana). •• Mon. pneum. viv.: 19, 34. "Suppl. 1: 55.
"Biologia C. A.: 3. »» Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 137: 30, 39-46.
138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Incidentally, although von Martens (1890) '^ revived Apero-
stoma so as to replace Neocy dolus, apparently Sykes (1901) ^* was
the first to propose that "we regard blanchetianum (= inca) as
the type," according to the code adopted that year, but changed
in 1907. So, let us follow his good example, and take the dumb
rules as they come.
NOTES ON THE SEX RATIOS IN CAMPELOMA
By LESLIE HUBRICHT
Several years ago, I collected a large number of Campeloma
from the Meramec River, at Kirkwood, St. Louis County, Mis-
souri and introduced them (apparently unsuccessfully) into an
artificial lake in Fairgrounds Park, St. Louis. Since I had been
told that males were rare in this genus, I placed them in an
aquarium before making the introduction and as they crawled
about I sorted out the males by the enlarged right tentacle.
Much to my surprise, I found that there were about two males to
three females.
Since then whenever I cleaned a collection of this genus, I have
noted the sex and have marked it on the shell. In the following
table are listed all the lots in my collection in which the sexes were
thus noted.
At Kirkwood, every specimen over one-fourth inch in diameter
was collected so that the ratio is not influenced by that natural
human tendency to pick the biggest, which influenced the ratios of
some of the other lots. The shells of mature females have about
twice the volume of those of mature males.
From the following table, the sex ratios in Campeloma, in the
Midwest at least, are apparently similar to those found in
Viviparus by Van Cleave and Lederer (Jour. Morph. 53: 499-522,
1932), who concluded that the two sexes were born in equal num-
bers but because of the longer life span of the females they were
apt to exceed the males by a ratio of as much as two or three to
one. However, some of the above lots do not contain males altho
the samples arc large enough so that they should have been col-
lected had they been present. In tlie.se lots, the shells are thin
and (l('paiii)enite and, under adverse conditions, parthenogenetic
races j)robably have developed.
MARINE MOLLUSCA OF NEW YORK CITY
By morris K. JACOBSON
It is now more than twenty years since a listing of marine
moUusks of the New York City area was undertaken by Mr.
Arthur Jacot {Nautilus 32: 90-94, 33: 111-115, 34: 59-60). For
the past two or three years the present author has been going over
much the same ground, concentrating on the Rockaway Penin-
sula, stations 4 and 5 in Mr. Jacot's article (ib. 32: 91). It might
be of interest to see in what respects a more recent list differs from
the older.
Before beginning, it is proposed to add to Mr. Jacot's five sta-
tions two more, namely, station 6 just east of the Marine Parkway
Bridge on the Rockaway shore of Jamaica Bay, where the
receding tide exposes some hundred feet of sand and mud and
140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
rocks; and station 7 at 117 Street near the Yacht Club, where
Odostomia are found in large numbers.
The present paper will consist of three parts. First it is pro-
posed to list species found in 1939-42 that do not appear on the
Jacot list; second those species that appear on both lists; and
third, species that were found only by Mr. Jacot.
Species found recently and not mentioned by Mr. Jacot.
Nucula proxima Say. One valve on dredged land at 6.
Noetia ponderosa Say. Mr. Jacot reported three valves from
Long Beach, but I have found them in moderately large numbers
at 4 and 5. Since they are generally conceded to be fossil, it is
possible that recent erosion of undersea beds has made them more
plentiful.
Cyprina islandica Linne. Two valves at 4. Astarte undata
Gould. Seven valves at 4.
Venericardia tridentata Say?. Of this species, apparently far
out of its given range, Mr. Richard A. McLean of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia says in a letter to the author
(Nov. 17, 1941) : "The small Venericardia is very like V. tridentata
Say, but does not seem to match exactly. We have similar
specimens in our own collection from Delaware Bay. They look
like yours and are marked tridentata wnth a question mark after
it. Perhaps they are an undcscribed species, but I would hesitate
to describe them without a very thorough search of the literature."
Laevicardium mortoni Conrad. Single valves not uncommon
at 4.
Donax fossor Say. Very common during the summer months
of 1938 and 1939 at 4. Since then rare, comj)letoly lacking in
1942. Color variation in the shell interior is pronounced, from
white to (loop ]Mirplo. Thoro is also a color series tinged witli
yellow.
Saxicava arctica Linne. One valve at 0.
Barnea costata Linne. Several fragments at 4. This species
is reported from Now York by S. Smitli, Catalogue of the Mollusca
of Staten Island (Natural Science Association, Proc, Vol. I, p. 35
and p. 50) but Mr. Jacot says: "I do not know of their having
been reported (since) from the vicinity of the city." {Naut. 32:
114). The present listing then reestablishes them as a New York
species. The same statements apply to Littorina irrorata, Natica
April, 11>4:}] THE NAUTILUS 141
pusilln, jiiid Xassarius vibcx (see below), hut not to Ilnminoea
solitaria, which I have found at Centerport, Long Island, but not
nearer.
Circulus (Lydiphnis) liratus Verrill. This is probably a new
locality record for this species, which C. W. Johnson records only
from Cape Hatteras.
Stylifer stimpsoni Verrill, two specimens at station 4. Epi-
tonium angulatum Say, several at 4. Epitonium humphreysii
Kiener, several at 4. Turbonilla winkleyi Bartsch, several at 4.
Natica pusilla Say, three specimens at 4 (Cf Barnea costala above).
Crucibulum striatum Say, four specimens at 4. Hydrobia salsa
Pilsbry, several specimens at 6. Onoba aculeus Gould, several
specimens at 6. Littorina irrorata Say, not rare at 4 (Cf Barnea
costata above). Sella adamsii H. C. Lea, one specimen at 4.
Nassarius vibex Say, four specimens at 4 (Cf Barnea costata above).
Buccinum undatum Linne. Jacot reports one with much sur-
prise (NaiU. 34: 60), but worn specimens, bearing marks of having
been occupied by Pagurus, are not uncommon. Egg cases con-
taining prenatal forms are occasionally found.
Coins stimpsoni Morch. Eight specimens found at 4, all bear-
ing marks of having served as a dwelling for Pagurus.
Busycon carica Gmelin. Not uncommon generally. Omission
of this far from rare species from Mr. Jacot's list is surprising.
Mangelia cerina Kurtz and stimpson. Two specimens at 4.
Species appearing on both lists.
The names used by Mr. Jacot have been changed, where neces-
sary, to conform to C. W. Johnson's List of Marine Molluscs etc.
(Boston 1934.) I have also adopted Dr. Johnson's method of
omitting parentheses around authors' names.
Area campechiensis pexata Say. Area transversa Say. Ostrea
virginica Gmelin. Pectcn irradians Lamarck.
Pecten grandis Solandcr. Mr. Jacot found IG specimens con-
taining the animal beside a number of valves after a great storm
at 4 {Naut. 34: 60). I have never been so fortunate, though I
have occasionally found worn valves.
Anomia simplex Orbigny. Mytilus edulis Linne. Mytilus
edulis pellucidus Pennant. Modiolus demissus plicaiulus Lamarck,
common in Jamaica Bay. Periploma leanum Conrad, at Far
Rockaway, on the bay shore.
142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Pandora gouldiana Dall. Mr. Jacot found only one valve at 1.
It is however not at all uncommon at 4 and 5.
Astarte castanea Say. This was the only "species of note" Mr.
Jacot found at 4.
Venericardia borealis Conrad, several specimens at 4. Divari-
cclla quadrisulcata Orbigny; frequent at 4 and 5; specimens fre-
quently look very fresh.
Rochefortia planulata Stimpson. Quite common in 1941 and
1942 clinging to red sea weeds and, apparently by preference, to
bryozoa. The animal attaches itself by a clear, elastic, single
threaded byssus which it extrudes from the center of the ventra
margin.
Callocardia morrhuana 'Linsley' Gould; not rare at 4; live
specimens occasionally found in winter months. Venus merce-
naria Linne, not common at 4 and 5. Venus mercenaria notata
Say, difficult to be sure of identification of worn valves. Gemma
gemma Totten.
Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. I have frequently found
young of this species caught by the byssus of Mytilus edulis.
These forms are usually much distorted and nearly deprived of
their corrugations, but otherwise seem not to have suffered from
their captivity. The peculiar color manifestation which Mr.
Robert C. Alexander noted in specimens collected at Cape May,
and felt "may be an artificial condition caused by an excess of
some chemical in the sea or the land of the locality," (Naid. 54: 4),
is also present in many immature forms here. This color was
also noted by Dall on Pacific coast Petricolas in 1900 (Naut. 13: 9)
where ho described it as follows: "... variously mottled and
tinted with purple or reddish brown and yellow." Dall decided
this was a common condition of nepionic forms of Petricola
teUimyalis Ciirpcntor (ib. 13: 11).
Tcllina tcncra Say; especially fine and large specimens were
plentiful in 1941 and 1942 at 4. Tellina tenella Verrill, occasion-
ally at 4. Tagclns gibbuft Spongier. Siliqua costata Say, frag-
ments at 4. Spissula solidissima Dillwyn. Spissida solidissima
similis Say, more common at 5. Mulinia lateralis Linne, also
at (). ^fya arenaria Linne, most common at 7. Corbula contracta
Say, also at 4.
Bamea truncata Say. Most common at 5. Live specimens
occasionall>' found ;it I in water loggotl wood.
April, 194:1] THE nautilus 143
Zirfaea criftpata Linno. Somewhat less common than tho pre-
ceding. In .smaller wood fragments, Barnca and Zirfaea are never
found together.
Teredo navalis Linne, common in driftwood at 4.
Epitonium multi striatum Say, Five small .specimens at 4.
Pyramidellafusca C. B. Adams, several specimens at (i. Odoslomia
impressa Say, one specimen at 6. Odoslomia trifida Totten, com-
mon at 7. Odostomia bisuluralis Say, a few specimens at 6.
Polinices dupUcata Say. Polinices heros Say. Polinices triscriata
Say. Crepidula fomicata Linne. Crepidula glauca convexa Say.
Crepidula plana Say. Paludestrina minuta Totten, not uncom-
mon at 4 and (i. Liltorina liltorea Linne, also at G and 7. Litto-
rina saxatilis Olivi, has become quite common in Jamaica Bay.
Liltorina pnlliata Say, occasionally small specimens at 4. Lacuna
vincla Montagu, common in Summer of 1941 at 4. Triphora
perversa nigrocincia C. B. Adams, not uncommon at 4. Ceri-
thiopsis greenii C. B. Adams, not uncommon at 4. Bittium
altematum Say; common at 4, immature forms especially .so.
Eupleura caiidala Say. Urosalpinx cinerea Say.
Mitrella lunala Say. Common in 1939 and 1940 on sea weeds,
bryozoa etc. A very lively creature which can float PhysaAWiQ
on the under surface of still water.
Anachis avara similis Ravenel, one specimen at 4. Nassariua
ohsoleta Say. Xassarius trivittata Say. Busycon canaliculatum
Say. Cylichna oryza Totten, not uncommon at 4. Acteon
punctostriaius C. B. Adams, three specimens at 4. Adeocina
canaliculata Say, common at 4, when conditions are right.
Melampus lineatus Say. Alexia myosotis Draj)arnaud, one speci-
men at 4.
Species .not found or .not ide.ntified by present author
WHICH appear o.\ Mr. Jacot's list.
Nucula proxima truncula Dall. Yoldia spf
Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. Station 1, where this species waa
found by Mr. Jacot, has not been revisit<id as yet.
Aligena elevata Stimpson.
Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. It is surprising that one valve
of this rare species was reported and no sign of the rather common
Laevicardium mortoni.
144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 56 (4)
Gemma 'purpurea H. C. Lea. Tellina versicolor Cozzens.
Macoma balthica Linne. Dentalium sp. Pyramidella winkleyi
Bartsch?
Turbonilla nivea Stimpson. More or less severely damaged
turbonillas are quite common at 4, but their condition and the
natural difficulty of this group make reliable identification ex-
ceedingly difficult. Possibly this and the follo\\-ing turbonillas
are represented in this group.
Turbonilla aequalis Say. Turbonilla vinea Bartsch. Turbonilla
areolata Verrill. Crepidula glauca Say. Paludestrina laevis
DeKay. Adeorbis supranitidus lirata Verrill (= Circulus liratus
Verrill??).
NOTES AND NEWS
An Interesting Cache. — The National Museum has just re-
ceived a very interesting collection of Naiads collected by Dr.
L. W. Stephenson and Mr. Marc O. Miller in the Brazos River,
upstream from Black Bridge, 15.5 miles northeast of Cameron,
Milam County, Texas. These fresh-water clams came from "one
pot hole in a sandstone concretion. This pot hole was about 12
inches in diameter and 15 inches deep. The shells were in a mix-
ture of loose sand and pebbles." They were probably washed in
by the stream in flood time. Dr. Stephenson tells me that the pot
hole was dry in the dry season. The collection embraces 7 species
as follows: Amblema perplicata (Conrad), 15 specimens and 6
valves. Megalonaias gigantca (Barnes), 2 valves. Quadnda
forsheyi (Lea), 21 specimens and G valves. Quadnda houstoncnsis
(Lea), 21 specimens and 4 valves. Arcidcns confragosus (Say), 1
young specimen. Proptcra coloradocnsis (Lea), 1 young speci-
men. Lampsilis fallaciosa (Smith), 1 specimen. — Paul Bartsch.
New Name in Coelocentrum. — I am indebted to Drs. Clench
and Baker for l)ringing to my attention the preoccupation of my
Coclocerdruvi {Plychoccidruin) bourgcoisae (Nautilus, vol. 5G, pp.
91-92, 1943) by Dr. Pilsbry's Coelocentrum (Schizopyle) bourgcoisae
(Nautilus, vol. 53, p. 27, 1939). I therefore take pleasure in re-
christening my species Coelocentrum (Ptyrhocentruyn) mnrianum.
— Paul Bartsch.
i
Vol. 56 JULY, 1942 No. 1
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Land Mollusca of the Cayman Islands Collected by the
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Some Deep-Sea Philippine Volutids. By Paul Bartsch 9
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IV THE NAUTILUS
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In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
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vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, ail nos.; vol. 22. nos. 1, 3, 6,
9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; or any of these volumes. Address
Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penua.
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acliatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimuius, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostyliis.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boyuton, Florida.
Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.
Prof. C. M. Steenberq, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark.
New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.
Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.
West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.
Tom Burch, 1611*8. Elena Ave., Rcdondo Beach, Calif.
TUE NAUTILUS 111
For Exchange : My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in South-West
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first letter.
B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.
For Exchange: Native material for live land mollusca, especially Cepaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.
Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.
Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your list;
ask for mine.
Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.
MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST
By
Louise M. Perry
Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with clear,
definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photo-
graphs of specimens.
Copies may be ordered from —
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)
WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith
Now ready
Illustrations of more than 1600 species, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,
special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sample
pages free.
MAXWELL SMITH,
Lantana, Florida
IV THE NAUTILUS
123 Years of Research
LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA
(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY
Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As
the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car-
ried on in Say's steps.
In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.
Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.
The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.
Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.
Volume I, Part One (issued Doc. G, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription $7.50, if purcliased sepa-
rately $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00,
if purchased separately $12.00.
For sale by
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA
19th Street and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Penna.
Vol. 56 JANUARY, 1943 No. 3
THE
NAUTILUS,
A gUARTEKLV ^O^
DJ: VOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF COXCliOLOCUSJJS^ j
KDITOKS AND PUBI.ISHKRS / ••
Hknky a. IMlsury, Curator of the Department of MolluiiM,' •
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia T^ ;
H. BiKRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania
CONTENTS
Hunting Stenotrema Hubrichti. By Leslie Hubricht .... 73
Xew ^Marine Shells from Florida. By Jeanne S. Schwengel 75
\ew Marine Mollusks from the West Coast. By H. A. Pils-
hry and Axel Olsson 78
Some Antillean Helieids. By H. Burrington Baker 81
A Xew Subgenus and Species of Coeloeentrum. By Paul
Bartsch 91
Sporoeysts of Leucochioridium in Succinea from New York
State. By Wm. M. Ingram and Oliver H. Hewitt .... 92
Habitat Observations of Arioliniax Colnmbianus Gould.
By Wtn. M. Ingram and Helen M. Adolph 9G
PVank Collins Baker 97
William Gaillard Mazyck 99
Walter Lincoln Brown 102
Notes and News 103
*2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy
HORACE B. BAKER, linniness Manaijrr
University of Penn.sylvania, Zoological Laboratory,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
1
Entered a>» SerontiriaHH matter, Octol)er 29, 19:52, at the Post Office at
Pliiladolphia. Pa., under the Art of March .'{, 1879.
11 THE NAUTILUS
THE NAUTILUS:
A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Bakf.r.
Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (Januarj', April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.
Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written
ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.
f pp. S PP- 16 pp.
50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50
100 copies 3.00 4.75 8.00
Additional 100s 1.00 1.50 3.00
Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]
The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of Thk
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of Tnr.
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10 ; vol. 4, no. 1 ; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, nos. 1, 3, 6, 9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11 ; or any
of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., ITniv. Penna.
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liijuit.t) including
three of the rare L. .soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
liulimulus, Cocliiostyla, Orthalicus, rorpliyrobapho and I'lacostylua.
Send your list to Paii, I*. McGintv, Bdvnton, Florida.
Wanted: Pupillidao jireserved in alcohol for dissection.
Prof. C. M. Steenberg, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norrcgade 10, Denmark.
New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.
Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St.. Maiden. Mass.
West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.
Tom Birch, 1611 S. Elena Ave., Rcdondo Beach, Calif.
THE NAUTILUS 111
FoK ExcHANciK: My list of diiplii-ato slu'lls, in-rsoiially takt-ii in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. R. R. Bales. M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.
For Exchanok: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaca
nemoralis, Otala species, and HclLr aspersa.
Gi.ENN R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.
Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list ; ask for mine.
Dr. F. Haa.s, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, CTiieago, Illinois.
MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST
By
Louise M. Perry
Chapters on gcncralia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descrijitions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.
Copies may be ordered from —
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Paper cover, $.3. .50; cloth bound, .$4.r)0)
WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith
Now ready
Illustrations of more than lliOO species, 19(10 separate figures, 151 pages,
special features, map, cloth bound, $4.riO postpaid in United States. Sam-
ple pages free.
MAXWELL SMITH,
Lantana, Florida
IV THE NAUTILUS
123 Years of Research —
LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA
(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY
Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing' the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman. Conrad. Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.
In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the ])ast 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy ]\Iedal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.
Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the ])ubli-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "'
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
sjjecies as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy' make the volumes comprising this ^Monograph iiulis-
jx'nsable to students of land mollusks.
The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.
Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the lielicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.
Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, lO.'W) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately. $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August ]. in4()) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
separatelv, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.
For sale by
THE A(^ADEMV OF NATUliAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA
PiTii Street and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.
Vol. 56 APRIL, 1943 No. 4
THE
NAUTILUS
A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
Henky a. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MolluBca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
H. BuREiNQTON Baker, Professor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania
CONTENTS
Observations on Marine Mollusca, with Descriptions of New
Species. By F. M. Bayer 109
The Florida Species of the Family Chamidae. By F. M.
Bayer 116
A Preliminary Revision of the Recent Species of Chinese
Viviparidae. By Teng-Chien Ten 124
Distribution of Fresh-water Gastropods in Relation to Total
Alkalinity of Streams. By C. S. Shoup 130
Two New Subgeneric Names in Poteria. By H. Burringtori
Baker 135
Notes on the Sex Ratios in Campeloma. By Leslie Huhricht. 138
Marine Mollusca of New York City. By Morris K. Jacohson. 139
Notes and News 144
$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy
HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager
University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 19.^2, at the Post Office at
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of Marcti 3, 1879.
11 THE NAUTILUS
THE NAUTILUS:
A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.
Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.
Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written
ON OR attached TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.
4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.
50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50
100 copies 3.00 4.75 8.00
Additional lOOs 1.00 1.50 3.00
Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]
The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.
EXCHANGE NOTICES
Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, nos. 1, 3, 6, 9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; or any
of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.
For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liguus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidronius,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.
Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.
Prof. C. M. Steenberg, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark.
New England Coast Siieli,s for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.
Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass.
West Coast Shells for exdiange. My list sent on request.
Tom BuRcn, 1611 S. Elena Ave., Kedondo Beach, Calif.
THE NAUTILUS HI
For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.
Foe Exchanok: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Ccpaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Ilelix aspersa.
Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.
Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list ; ask for mine.
Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.
MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST
By
Louise M. Perry
Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.
Copies may be ordered from —
THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)
WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith
Now ready
Illustrations of more than 1600 species, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,
special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sam-
ple pages free.
MAXWELL SMITH,
Lantana, Florida
IV THE NAUTILUS
123 Years of Research —
LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA
(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY
Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of MoUusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.
In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
MoUusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.
Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of ''Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollnsks.
The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.
Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.
Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.
For sale by
THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA
19th Strkkt and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.
^
MHI MIIDI I IHK MM
UH 17XE I