INDEX

ees NAUTILUS, VOL. XVI.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES.

Acanthopleura granulata, habits of ;

Adaptation of mollusks to changed conditions :

Adeorbis picta T. Wood = Chlorostoma fasciatum Born

Alyceeus harimensis var. sadoensis P, & H., n. var.

Alyczeus vinctus Pils., n. sp.

Ampelita gonostyla Ancey, f. major

Ampelita robillardi Angas .

Ancylus, surface sculpture in

Angitrema verrucosa at eaten eee Tad.

Anomia navicelloides Aldr. (Pl. IV, f. 13, 14)

Arinia japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Ashmunella, a new fossil

Ashmunella levettei (Bld.) . ‘ 3 :

Ashmunella thompsoniana pecosensis CkIl., n. SUpSPp. .

Astele turbinata T. Wood = Chlorostoma scalare Anton

Aurora Simpson, not Cossmann = Simpsonella CkIl.,n. n. .

Bulimini from Central Asia, two new .

Buliminus albocostatus Ancey, n. sp. .

Buliminus andersonianus var. echigoensis P. & H. , in. var. .

Buliminus hiraseanus Pils., n. sp.

Buliminus larvatus Ancey, n. sp. .

Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimanus Pils., n. var.

Bulimulus dealbatus parsonis Pils., n. sabia

Bulimus carinatus Perry = Cantharidus peronii Phil. .

(iii )

iv THE NAUTITUS.

Calyculine, some notes on the North American . : aa:

Calyculina ferrissii Sterki, n. sp.. : d : : tek

Calyculina hodgsonii Sterki: HSPs Gar : Mare ||

Campeloma milesii, on the specific validity of (Plate Wi) ne peal

Cancellaria annosa Aldr. (Pl. ITI, f. 2) ; : wnt

Cancellaria bifoliata Aldr. (P]. IV, f. 24). ; : 101

Cantharidus peronii Phil. Teen carinatus Perry, eit

Brug. ; : : ; : aay |

Carychium pelnore: Piles He S Pau! p: : é Sg oi

Chama monroensis Aldr. n. sp. (PI. IV, f. 15) : : ~ 100

Chloritis albolabris Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : : > 16

Chloritis bracteatus Pils., n. sp. . ; : , : seek

Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir.,n. sp... : : . LEG

Chloritis tosanus Pils. & Hir.,n. sp. . : . 184

Chondropoma superbum Ere ioceen & Shpson, Nn. sp. Ge ) 88

Chromodoris mefarlandi Cockerell, n. sp... ; ge

Chromodoris porterae Cockerell, n. sp. : : £220

Chromodoris universitatus Cockerell n. sp. : : ee

Clausilia japonica var. okinshimana Pils., n. var. : S76

Clausilia rowlandi Pils. & Gulick,n. sp. . : ai0W

Clavator balstoni Angas var.? herculea Ancey . Tees

Clavator humbloti Ancey, n. sp. . : ol)

Clavilithes columbaris Aldr., n. sp. (PL. III, feta) ; 96

Cochlicopa lubrica var. Hachifeeneis Pils., n. var. : . on

Conchological Section, oa Inst. of Arts and

Sciences . ; : : : -— 96,409

Conus from tertiary oF ican a new : 131

Conus nicholii Wilson a synonym of C. Saemeiione EGGS 143

Conus waltonensis Aldr., n. sp. (fig.) . ‘ Pag! 3

Cooper, Dr. James G.. : ; ; : : See

Crassatellites from Brazil, a new f : : : - LOt

Crassatellites brasiliensis Dall, n. sp. . j : . 102

Cyclinella Dall, n. gen. : ; ‘ : . 5 . 44

Cyclinella singleyi Dall, n.sp. . : : ; : ae: 2

Cyclostoma alayerianum Ancey, n. sp. : : : 7 SIRS

Cyclostoma carnicolor Ancey,n. sp. . 4 ‘ : > 3G

Cyprea arabica var. atra Dautz . , ‘ ; ; pee be LL

Cyprzea argus var. concatenata Dautz . ; ; : . 141

Cypreea argus var. minor Dautz . ; : : V4T

THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprea bregeriana var. barbara Kenyon

Cypreea carneola var. propinqua Garrett

Cyprea carneola var. rubicola Kenyon

Cyprea caurica var. pallida Dautz.

Cyprea eglatina var. pallida Dautz.

Cyprea errones var. albida Dautz.

Cyprea errones var. pallida Dautz.

Cyprza helvola var. borneensis Kenyon

Cyprea helvola var. timorensis Kenyon

Cypreza histrio var. luctuosa Dautz.

Cyprza mappa var. viridis Kenyon

Cypreea miliaris var. diversa Kenyon .

Cyprea nuculoides Aldrich, n. sp. (Pl. III, f. 4, 6)

Cypreza poraria var. insignis Dautz.

Cypreea poraria var. vibex Kenyon

Cyprea talpa var. saturata Dautz.

Cyprea tigris var. lineata Kenyon

Cyprea tigris var. rossiteri Dautz.

Cyprea vitellus var. subrostrata Dautz.

Cyprea walkeri var. rossiteri Dautz.

Cypreea ziczac var. decolorata Dautz.

Cypreidie de la Nouvelle-Caledonie Dautz .

Dalliella, Simpson not Cossmann, — Simpsonella CkIL Mis sag #B

Diplodon websteri Simpson, n. sp.

Diplom natina kobelti var. ampla Pils.

Enteroxenos ostergreni, a new endo-parasitic Gastroped

Epiphragmophora circumcarinata and Pyramidula elrodi

Epiphragmophora exarata var. rubicunda Rowell, n. var.

Erato oligostata Dall, n. sp.

Ethalia tasmanica T. Wood = Mottin aeiitas. L.

Eulimidz, a new genus of Eocene :

Eulota aperta var. mikuriyensis Pils., n. sp.

Eulota caviconus Pils. : :

Eulota cavitectum Pils. & Hir., n. sp..

Eulota despecta var. kikaiensis Prey, no War.

Eulota hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. .

Eulota intonsa Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ; ,

Eulota kinsiuensis var. oshimana Pils. & Hir.,n. var. .

Eulota koliensis var. gotoensis Pils. & Hir., n. var.

v1 THE NAUTILUS.

Eulota mackensii var. formosa Pils., n. var. 46

Eulota minima Pils., n. sp. . : 3 45

Eulota omiensis var. echizenensis Pils. & ER n. var. 76

Eulota peliomphala var. septentrionalis Bhigm Bi oslels:

Eulota sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. sped ES:

Eulota submandarina var. compacta Pils. n. var. 46

Euplecta oxyacme Ancey, n. sp. . ; 64

Fissuridea infrequens Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. III, iS; 9) 98

Fossil land shells of the alah forest bed of the Ohio. River . 50

Ganesella cardiostoma var. kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var. . 116

Ganesella notoensis Pils, & Hir., n. sp. ; . 116

General Notes . : ; 2 OOOO, 95, 106, 119, 143

Gly ptostoma newberryanum var. heaeeanes Bry ant n. var. 70

Hainesia crocea Sowb. in Madagascar, not Mauritius . 81

Haliotis rufescens Swain., notes on : 84

Helicarion (7) dautzenbergianum Ancey, n. sp. ay OS

Helicina japonica and related forms . 130

Helicina japonica var. echigoensis Pils., n. var. » 431

Helicina sadoensis Pils. fe Er, n=sp: ekg

Helicina tantilla Pils., n. sp. 53

Helicophanta alayeriana oe De Spx. 66

Helix var. circumcarinata and Pyramidula plredi 62

Hemiplecta oleata Ancey, n. sp. . 65

Hemiplecta profuga Ancey, n. sp. 65

Heude, Prof. P. 96

Hirasea acuta Pils., n. sp. 5 5

Hirasea diploraplalus var. latispira Pion n. var. 47

Hirasea major Pils., n. sp. . 47

Hirasea profundispira, n. sp. shad

Homonymous generic names Se) dks

Japanese Empire, notices of new ard alieile of fie. 4, 21, 45, 53,

68, 75, 114, 128, 134, 136

Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : ‘

Kaliella hachijoensis Pils., n. sp. *

Kaliella hizenensis Pils., n. sp.

Kaliella kugeensis Pils. & Hir., n.sp. .

Kaliella okiana Pils., n. sp. .

Kaliella pallida Pils., n. sp. .

Lampsilis blatchleyi Daniels, n. sp. (PL. II)

THE NAUTILUS. Vii

Latirus elaboratus Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. III, f.11,12) Bek.

Legrand, William : ; : : : : 260

Leucotenius ellipticus One Nesp.s. : : : xO

Leucotzenius procteri Sowb. 4 : - : 3 ~ 68

Lima agassizii Dall, n. sp. . : A : : : 3 bE

Lima excavata Fabr. . ; : ; F 4 : 16

Lima goliath Sowb. . s : : : : 15, 16

Lima patagonica Dall.,n.sp. . 3 : ‘ : Fas

Limas, notes on the ares : . : : Beck

Limax maximus in Southern Ganeeene ‘ : : . 133

Limnea auricularia in America . : : : : aioe

Limnzea, notes on ; : Sat

Lower California, cruising ad cane off the poset Cie ae< 20

Lucina filosa Tip. : 3 d : ‘ peeltG

Macrochlamys humbloti ee n. sp. : : : aaGO

Macrochlamys granosculpta Ancey, n. sp. . : : - 60

Macrochlamys kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : 18

Macrochlamys perfragilis var. Siratne nas Pils. & Hae phe Vin L29

Macrochlamys semisericata Pils., n. sp. : . 54

Madagascar, contribution fee the paanieies of the

mollusca . : 3 : : ; iO

Mandarina pnd var. conus ee H.-Vars, 5 : rei

Mesodon exoleta, reversed . F ‘ d : ; ape

Microcystina circumdata Pils., n. sp. . - : : . 5d

Microcystina higashiyamana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. . 5 2129

Microcystina nuda Pils. & Hir.,n. sp.. : : : coe fe

Microcystina yakuensis Pils.,n.sp. . ‘ : : a

Miodontiscus n. n. for Miodon Cpr., 1864, not Duméril, 1859 143

Mollusca of the Chicago area. : : : : cade

Mollusca of the Mt. Mitchell region, N. C.. : - PLOT

Mollusks occurring in Southern California . 2 . . 138

Naiad from New Zealand, a new . : ; : : ;;- 30

Neocorbicula fischeri, note on. : ; ; ; a 182

New England marine collecting . i : : . 14,119

Omphalina rugeli oxycoccus Vanatta,n. var... : . 106

Ovula symmetrica Ald.,n. sp. (Pl. III, f. 10). : oe

Pearl,alarge : > S60

Pearl buttons mee anan cared tor Fest: wae: eeels : ae

Pecten subminutus Aldr., n. sp. (Pl IV, f.16,17) . . 100

Viil THE NAUTILUS.

Pholas truncatus in Salem Harbor. : : 5 api ne <0

Physa compacta Pease from Hawaii . : : . 106

Physa gyrina Say E P ‘ ; ; : ise bi

Planorbis parvus Walkeri vemteitae n. var. . : . Me 5:

Pleurodonte anomala Pfr., P. atavus Sp. 1-3

Pleurodonte bronni Pfr., P. browneana Pfr. 1-4

Pleurodonte invalida Ads. . 5 : : 46 ; io

Pleurodonte lindsleyana Chitty . : : 1-3

Pleurodonte okeniana Pfr. 1-3

Pleurodonte pallescens Pfr., P. peracutissima Ads., P. pic-

turata Ads. j ; 1-4

Pleurodonte schroeteriana Pfr. 3 P. simpson Pir : . 1-4

Pleurodonte sinuata Mull., P. sinuosa Fer. , f 1-4

Pleurodonte sinuata group, notes on the distribution . 1

Pleurodonte sloaneana Sh., P. soror Fer.. P. strangulata

Ads. : : : : : : : . 1-4

Pleurodonte Bridentar Per. : : ; i : Ly 28

Pleurodonte valida Ads. : : , ; : Bye)

Pleurotoma (Drillia) caseyi Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. III, f. 1,2) . 97

Pleurotoma weldiana T. Wood = Drillia fucata Rve. . ae!)

Polygyra alabamensis Pils. , n. sp. : ; : : surou

Polygyra profunda, reveraed : 3 : ; : ~ LES

Polygyra texasensis Pils., n. sp. . : : ‘ : nae |

Prime, Temple . : : : g ; ‘ ; . 138

Pruvotina Ckll., n. n., for the typical Paramenia Pruvot . 118

Ptereulima elegans Casey, n. gen. and fe: fig.) ' 4 . 18

Publications received . : . . 22, 33, 60, 107, 120, 139

Punctum conspectum Bld. . ; : ; : : « 138

Punctum morseanum Pils., n. sp. ¢ ; g : gc0

Pupisoma japonicum Pils., n. sp. ; : : : ree

Pyramidula conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. ; : 3 il

Pyramidula elrodi and Helix var. cireumearinata F «TOM

Pyramidula elrodi and Epiphragmophora circumearinata, 62, 83

Pyramidula elrodi, notes on (illustrated) , : . 109, 144

Pyramidula pauper var. hachijoensis Pils., n. var. : : 206

Pyramidula strigosa concentrica in Colorado, A . 106

(Juadrula andrews Marsh, n. sp. (Pl.1I) . F 3 ae

Quadrula beauchampii Marsh, n. sp. (PI. I) : : Na |

Quadrula trapezoides var. pentagonoides Frierson, n. v., 39, 40

THE NAUTILUS.

Rissoa kelseyi Dall and Bartsch, n. sp.

Rissoina bakeri Bartsch, n. sp.

Semele werburtoni T. Wood ead peeealaris i

Shell-bearing mollusca of Rhode Island

Shells of Caihoun Falls, South Carolina

Shells collected on Clit Island, Casco Bay, 1] Meee

Shells collected on San Martins Island, L. California, Mex.

Shell collecting on the Mississippi :

Shells collected in the Sacramento Mts. Ney Mietew

Shells from North Carolina, notes on some.

Sitala latissima Pils., n. sp. .

Slugs as medicine ‘

Sonorella granulatissima Baas n. sp.

Sphaerium deformis H. F. Car penter .

Sphyradium edentula Drap. in Eastern Asia

Tasmanian and West Indian Conchology, notes on

Tertiary mollusca from Alabama, Mississippi and Blorida:

new.

ee eatcllina Biplicnbs Pile, n. =

Trishoplita lischkeana var. hizenensis Pils. ‘& He ,H. Var...

Trishopiita mesogonia var. sbikokuensis Pils. & Te , . var..

Tritonia palmeri Cooper, note on

Trivia atomaria Dall, n. sp. .

Trivia panamensis Dall, n. Sp. :

Unio from Tennessee, description of a new (Plate | a

Unionide in Texas nn Louisiana, collecting

Unio popeii Lea, in New Mexico

Veronicella sloanei Cur., as medicine .

Verticordia dalliana Aldr., n. sp. (Pl. IV, f. 8) :

Verticordia Ben demn niles Alder: n..sp.'€Pl: EV;-f. 22, 23) ,

Verticordia sotoensis Aldr., n. ak (Pi EV, f.- 19-28). -

Vertigo coloradensis and V. ingersolli ,

Vitrea draparnaldi Beck in Washington, D. C.

Wetherby, Albert G. (portrait)

Zonitoides arboreus in Japan

Zonitoides subarboreus Pils., n. sp.

: oadeihe rst ,

“160 aU ae hay a on

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Marich, tT. H.. °. ; ‘ : : 5 : ., Gi wel

Ames, Frank H.. : : ; : j : 95) 96,019

Ancey, C. F. : : ; : . : : . 47, 64, 80

Baker, Dr. F. : : : : : ; 5 : Se

Baker, Frank C. : : : : : s Lee 2p ,ekOn

Bartsch, Paul : : : 2 : ‘ 9, 94

Billups, A.C... : 5 ; : 00,025 112, 119,025

Bryant, F.W. . : d : § 5 ; Sam Ei

Carpenter, Horace F. . : ; : : : om oiled

Casey, Thos. L. . : ; : : : : . as

Clapp, Geo. H. . ; : F : : : : . 84

Cockerell, T. D. A... : _» 19569,-95, 105, LOT, Dr 11s

Paliwm. oH. . ; : . 15, 43, 82, 94, 101, 106, 143

Daniels, L. KE... : ; : : as

Elrod, Morton J. : : P : : ‘ . 109, 144

Frierson, Lorraine 8. . , : , ‘ : Beare

Gulick, Addison . ; : : : : : : :. 368

Hamilton, S. H. . 3 : ; : ; ; : A

Harper, Geo. W.. : : see.

Hedley, Charles . ; : 49, 60

Hemphill, Henry , ; , ; 284

Henderson, J. B., Jr. . : , , : E Pras

Mirase, Y.-. : : : ‘ : 75, 114, 128, 134

Hodgson, ©. 8. . 3 : ‘ ; ; .) 60

Jarvis,P.W. . : ; : ; ie gal

Johnson, Charles W. . : : : ; 23, 36,139, 143

Marsh, Wm. A. . : : : A a oi (

Morse, E. 8. : : : ; emt:

Pilsbry, Henry A. » 4,21. 30,86, 45, 53, 58, 62,/68,-12, 114,

119, 128, 130, 134

Raymond, W. J.. é : , , annie

(xi)

xil

Roberts, $8. Raymond .

Rowell, J.

Simpson, C.T. .

Soelner, G. W. H.

Stearns, R. EH. C.

Sterki, V.

Vanatta, EH. G.

Walker, Bryant .

Weeks, Wm. H., Jr., .

Winkley, Henry W.

THE NAUTILUS.

30, 88

oa 94

61, 83, 183

, ae Y

57, 58, 106

33, 85, 121

. Tg

ee eee ELUS.

VoL. XVI. MAY, 1902. No. 1.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLEURODONTE SINUATA GROUP

BY P. W. JARVIS.

Jamaican Pleurodonte fall into two distinct groups: those that

have two teeth on the peristome, with P. acuta as type (see last

article), and the four-toothed species, with P. sinwata and peracu-

tissima as types.

The species of this second group are:

1. P. valida (Ads.). 11. P. picturata (Ads.).

2. P. strangulata (Ads.). 12. P. atavus (Sh.).

3. P. sinuosa (Fer.). 13. P. lindsleyana (Chitty).

4. P. simpson (Pfr.). 14. P. schroeteriana (Pfr.).

5. P. invalida (Ads.). 15. P. tridentina (Fer.).

6. P. anomala (Pfr.). 16. P. browneana (Pfr.).

7. P. pallescens (Sh.). 17. P. sinuata (Miill.).

8. P. bronni (Pfr.). 18. P. soror (Fer.).

9. P. sloaneana (Sh.). 19. P. peracutissima (Ads.).

10. P. okeneana (Pfr.). 20. P. cara (Ads.).

Pleurodonte valida ( Ads.) (No. 1 in map), John Crow Mountains,

in the extreme east of the island. This common woodland species

is very abundant in the north and eastern parts of this area.'

Pleurodonte strangulata ( Ads.) (Area No. 2), not a common shell,

though rather widely distributed. The remarkable shape of the

aperture at once distinguishes it from its allies.

1Specimens of P. valida were taken near Hope Bay by C. W. Johnson and

W. J. Fox, in 1891.

THE NAUTILUS.

VOW

(6 vauv) ~=YyOuOS -H CU wau4) YNUAJISANIVH “SNAWLY “H

(Ee ik tems 1H Cu uwore 2 eee VLUYNLIId HH

YNWIYILIONHIS H (6 ¥280) YNYIN3IYO'H “WNY3INVOTS 'H

(J 2) INNOYS ‘H

oan val ah 13H

' _ <i

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Pleurodonte sinuosa (Fer.) (Area No. 3). Common on the moun-

tains in the eastern half of the island; often found from 2,000 to

3,000 feet above sea level.

Pleurodonte simpson (Pfr.) (Area No. 4). If this is not a good

Species, it is the small globose local form of H. sémwata found in the

Richmond Valley district, where it abounds to the exclusion of the

other forms of sinuata.

Pleurodonte invalida (Ads.) (Area No. 5) is limited to the low-

lands of St. Catherine and common all over this district, even in the

wooded swamps near the sea. It is found in company with the var.

sublucerna of acuta, and possibly is a diminutive or lowland variety

of H. sinuata.

Pleurodonte anomala (Pfr.) (Area No. 6) is a very remarkable and

readily distinguished species, limited to the Manchester district.

The var. convera of Adams occurs at Balaclava.

Pleurodonte pallescens (Sh.) (Area 7) is limited to the cock-pit

country, and very common in the “sink-holes’’ at Mulgrave, in St.

Elizabeth.

Pleurodonte bronni (Pfr.) (Area 8) is not a common shell, being

limited to a few miles of the coast hills on the north side of the island,

near Rio Bueno and St. Ann’s Bay.

Pleurodonte sloaneana (Sh.) and P. okeniana (Pfr.) (Area 9) are

both distributed throughout this area. P. sloaneana is very common

and found living everywhere, whilst P. okentana (the larger of the

two species) is represented by dead shells alone in the southern and

eastern parts of this area, and at present only found living at Han-

over.

Pleurodonte picturata ( Ads.) (Areas 7, 9, 10, 11, 12). This ex-

tremely pretty shell spreads from the cock-pit country through St.

James, Hanover, Westmoreland and the western parts of St. Eliza-

beth. The var. A. of Adams with the more elevated spire and

closed umbilicus, occurs in the western parts of Westmoreland and

common near Negril.

Pleurodonte atavus (Sh.) (Area 11) is very local, limited to low

coast hills lying west of Little London in Westmoreland, where it is

far from abundant. The arrangement of the teeth on the peristome

and general build of the shell at once distinguish it.

Pleurodonte lindsleyana (Chitty) (Area 11). A few poor speci-

mens of this shell come from the same locality as P. atavus. This

| THE NAUTILUS.

is, also Chitty’s type locality where he obtained a few good

specimens. ;

Pleurodonte schroeteriana (Pfr.) (Area 12). This species abounds

in the wood of the western part of Westmoreland, it occurs much

less commonly in the other parts of this area.

Pleurodonte tridentina (Fer.) and P. browneana (Area 12) are

found in the woods on the northern parts of this area, at a higher

elevation than P. schroeteriana. ‘These two species are allied to P.

schroeteriana, and if not good species, the types are very highly dif

ferentiated varieties. These shells are also subject to considerable

individual variation.

Pleuredonte sinuata (Miill.) is the only species of this group which

is found almost all over the island. Slightly specialized local forms

do occur, but it is remarkable that a shell so widely distributed and

co abundant should be so constant.

Pleurodonte soror (Fer.) (Area 9). This shell occurs in the

Parish of Hanover and the bordering mountains of Westmoreland.

Pleurodonte peraculissima (Ads.). This shell is generally dis-

tributed over the higher regions of Manchester, Clarendon, St. Ann,

Trelawny and St. Elizabeth. In spite of this species being se

widely distributed and varying very much in size, and other minor

characters, there is little doubt as to the extreme varieties belonging

to the same species. Several localities have their typical varieties

of this species.

Pleurodonte cara (Ads.) inhabits the western part of the Island

(the part shaded on the map), and a few stragglers have been found

in the mountains on the north of Manchester and St. Elizabeth.

There are two very distinct varieties of this shell, the type with the

“very thick, strong lip” from St. James and Hanover, and the com-

mon and more widely distributed variety which is of a much lighter

build and with thinner lip.

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY HH. A’ PIESBRY.

EHulota despecta var. kikavensis n. var.

Smaller and more solid than despecta, pink-tinted, at least near

the aperture; the cuticle thin or wanting, hardly yellowish. Inner

THE NAUTILUS. 5

border of the lip more or less thickened, pink or lilac colored, the

throat paler. Whorls 5 to 52.

Alt. 17, diam. 19 mm.

Alt. 15 to 154, diam. 17 mm.

Kikaiga-shima, Oshima group, Osumi.

The fossil specimens from Kikaiga-shima belong to the larger

typical form, which also still exists in the living fauna of the island,

practically indistinguishable from the Okinawa shells, and showing

the same color variations, from brownish-pink to a whitish straw tint.

Punctum morseanum n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, convex, low conic above, convex be-

neath, thin, brownish-corneous. Surface slightly shining, nearly

smooth, but there are a few irregular and low thread-like striz of

growth. Whorls 35, convex, separated by a well-impressed suture,

the last whorl rounded at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture

oblique, rounded, somewhat less than one-fourth of the circle excised

at the parietal wall. Peristome simple and thin, the columellar

margin dilated. Width of the umbilicus one-sixth the diameter of

the shell. Alt. 0.73, diam. 1.9 mm.

Hirado, Hizen, in western Kyishi. Types no. 83024 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 5536 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is much larger than P. japonicum Pils. It differs

from P. amblygona (Reinh.) and its variety pretiosum (Gude) in the

rounded periphery and smoother surface, P. leptwm (Westerl.), de-

scribed from Nagasaki, which is not known to me by specimens, is

apparently different in its sculpture of delicate, crowded, cuticular

lamella, and in the obtuse angulation of the last whorl,

Prof. E. S. Morse informs me that he has demonstrated the exist-

ence of the genus Punctum in Japan by examination of the jaw.

The species he worked on has not been determined, but it may not

unlikely prove to be amblygona Reinh., as that occurs in the region

of Tokyo. The described Japanese species mentioned above I have

referred to Punctum from their shell-characters only. All of them

are extremely small.

Hirasea acuta n. sp. Shell solid, biconvex, acutely carinate at

the periphery, densely and finely striate above, and decussated with

fine spirals below; brown, paler or whitish around the perforation ;

whorls slightly over 4, flat, the last deflexed in front, contracted at

6 THE NAUTILUS.

the mouth. Aperture small, acutely angular at the position of the

keel; basal lip strengthened within by a strong, white, callous rib.

Alt. 14, diam. 34 mm.

Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase).

Not quite so depressed as the slightly larger H. acutissima, and

beautifully decussated beneath.

Mandarina mandarina var. conus n. var. Shell much elevated,

the spire pyramidal, with obtuse apex. Nearly black brown, 2 or 3

early whorls reddish; sometimes with a pale patch at the middle

of the base. Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.

Imotoshima, Ogasawara (Mr. Hirase, no. 896).

Clausilia japonica var. okinoshimana, n. var. Larger than japon-

wea, coarsely fold-striate, with fine spiral striz visible in most of the

interstices; whorls 113. Dark purplish-brown, with a yellowish

berder under the sutures on the middle whorls. Aperture, lamellz

and plice as in C. japonica. Length 31-34, diam. 7-8 mm.

Okinoshima, Tosa. Types no. 80846 coll. A. N.S. P., from no.

585 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Distinguished by its large size, dark color and strongly developed

sculpture. It is not, however, different from japonica in any im-

portant structural feature.

Microcystina yakuensis n. sp.

Shell imperforate, depressed, biconvex, thin, somewhat trans-

lucent, pale yellow, glossy and smooth. Spire low conoidal, com-

posed of 45 convex, slowly increasing whorls separated by a well

impressed suture. Last whorl] rounded peripherally, convex beneath,

impressed at the axis. Aperture lunate; peristome thin and fragile ;

columellar margin reflexed, somewhat thickened. Alt. 1.2, diam.

2.5 mm.

Yaku-shima. Types no. 83035, A. N.S. P., from no. 900 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

This species is a miniature of ‘“ Macrochlamys”’ tanegashime, of

Tanega-shima and Satsuma.

Kaliella Okiana n. sp.

Shell subperforate, conic-depressed, thin, brownish, somewhat

glossy, the upper surface slightly striatulate, base whorl glossy.

Spirally striate. Spire conic, composed of 5 convex whorls, the

last slightly angular in front, becoming rounded. Aperture lunate,

TAIE NAUTILUS. cf

the lip single and thin, columellar margin suddenly dilated and

reflexed at the axial insertion, a little thickened. Alt. 2.1, diam.

2.7 mm.

Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82969 A. N.S. P., from no. 891 of Mr-

Hirase’s collection. Named for Mr. Oki, Mr. Hirase’s correspond-

ent in Hirado.

Kaliella hizenensis n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, depressed-conic, thin, yellowish, some-

what transparent. Surface sculptured with excessively minute,

densely crowded radial striw above, nearly smooth beneath. Spire

low-conic, composed of slightly more than 4 very convex, slowly in-

creasing whorls, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath,

impressed at the axis. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peri-

stome thin and simple, dilated and reflexed at the columellar inser-

tion. Alt. 1.4, diam. 1.9 mm.

Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82970. A. N.S. P., from no. 892 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This very small species, of which 10 specimens were sent, is some-

what like A. pagoduloides, but more depressed and not so large.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM TENNESSEE.

BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCER CO., ILLINOIS.

Quadrula Beauchampii n. sp. PI, 1, lower two figs.

Shell subtriangular, inflated over the umbones and beaks; shell

very thick and solid, thicker before, beaks solid, raised and incurved,

inequilateral, rounded before, obtusely angular behind, ligament

short, thick, light brown, epidermis yellowish-brown, growth lines

close and very prominent, almost sulcate. Shell compressed at the

base, slightly flattened on the sides, umbonial slope rounded, poster-

ior slope rather wide, with a dark impressed line from beaks to basal

margin. Beak sculpture unknown. Cardinal teeth heavy and

solid, rather compressed, corrugate and sulcate, lateral teeth short,

thick and slightly curved. Anterior cicatrices small and deep,

posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed, shell cavity wide,

cavity of beaks deep and obtusely angular, nacre white. Dimen-

sions of an adult specimen: diam, 1.4, length 2.2, breadth 2.3 inches.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Hab.: Little Tennessee River, Tenn., Wm. U. Beauchamp, and:

Holston River, Tenn., Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

Remarks: I obtained three specimens from Wm. U. Beauchamp

a number of years ago; afterwards Mrs. Geo. Andrews sent me

several of them from Holston river, Tennessee.

They are near globatus Lea, but were too different to place with

that species. In outline they are subtriangular, not spherical, and.

rounded like that species. They are more solid and heavy, and @

larger species than globatus. They have a lighter colored epider-

mis, with closer growth lines, and the surface of the shell is rougher.

They need not be confounded with my Andrewsi/, as they differ

in outline, teeth and character of the rays, and are a very much

larger species, and more solid and heavy.

They vary greatly in character of the rays; some are rayless, two

have obscure maculations, while some have very obscure, indistinct

rays. I name this shell after Wm. U. Beauchamp, who first sent

me these shells, and who formerly was greatly interested in this

family of shells.

Quadrula Andrewse Marsh. Pl. I, upper two figs. NauTiLus.

XV, p. 115:

PHOLAS TRUNCATA IN SALFM HARBOR.

BY EDWARD 8S. MORSE.

Pholas truncata, first described by Say in the Journal of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, in 1822, with distribution indicated

as southern, has been reported by others in Connecticut, Vineyard

Sound and New Bedford Harbor. It has never to my knowledge

been found north of Cape Cod. Lately Mr. J. J. Connor, connected

with the Peabody Academy of Science, in digging for Pholas

erispata, in Salem Harbor, Mass., found large numbers of another

species, which proved to be P. truncata. They were found at ex-

treme low-water mark in very hard, fine clay, in company with very

small specimens of P. crispata and large specimens of Petricola

pholadiformis. Many young of P. truncata were also found. The

burrows of this species were very large, in some cases exceeding an

inch in diameter. Prof. Verrill states that in Vineyard Sound they

are found at all elevations between tides. In Salem harbor they

appear only at low tide.

ito)

THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW RISSOINA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Rissoina bakeri spec. nov.

Shell small, sub-diaphanous to milky white. Nuclear whorls two,

quite large, with beveled shoulder, smooth. Later whorls well

rounded, somewhat angulated about one-fourth below the summit,

ornamented by about twelve to fourteen quite well developed axial

ribs and a series of prominent axial striations, between them in the

intercostal spaces, which are about four times as wide as the ribs;

both ribs and striations extend from the summit of the whorls to the

umbilical region, which is bordered by a basal fasciole. Sutures

simple, well marked. Aperture large, very oblique, sub-oval, slightly

notched at the posterior angle, Outer lip varicose.

The type, No. 130562, U.S. Natl. Museum collection, is from

San Pedro, California. It has seven whorls (nucleus included),

which measure: Long, 2.7 mm.; diam., 1.0 mm.

Other specimens examined were collected at White’s Point and

Pacific Beach, Cal., and San Martin Island, Lower Cal. One of

these has as many as sixteen axial ribs. On some specimens these

are quite prominent, while in a few individuals they are but feebly

expressed.

This species is nearest related to R. neweombet Dall, differing

from it in having the whorls more inflated, slightly angulated with

much less conspicuous axial intercostal sculpture, and in having the

base rather prolonged and provided with a much stronger fasciole.

The species is named after Dr. Fred. Baker, of San Diego, Cali-

fornia, whose collecting at San Martin Island has largely increased

the number of species known from that locality.

GENERAL NOTES.

At the March meeting of the Section on Conchology of the

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, two topics were discussed ;

The Preparation and Care of Cabinet Specimens and the genus

Nassa. Under the first topic several very practical suggestions were

made by Prof. R. Ellsworth Call, President of the Section, based

upon his long experience in that work. The discussion of Massa

was illustrated by many specimens from the rich collection of Mr.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

Charles A. Dayton, and also by the specimens in the Children’s

Museum, in which building the meetings are held.—Frank H.

AMES, Seeretary.

ALBERT G. WETHERBY.*

Professor Albert G. Wetherby was born in Pittsburg, Pa., in

1833. While yet a boy his parents removed to the vicinity of Cleve-

land. Here he obtained a rudimentary education, and afterwards

went to college. After his graduation his time for several years was

spent in farming in the summer and teaching a country school in

winter. In 1861 he removed to Cincinnati, where he was appointed

principal of the Woodburn public school. He filled this position

with great acceptability during nine years; but his friends, recog-

nizing his broad scholarship and his special fitness to teach the

natural sciences, urged his appointment to a professorship in the

Cincinnati University, and in 1870 he was elected to the chair

of natural history. But as the University was new, and spending its

money in new buildings and equipment, the chairs of geology and

botany were added to his duties. Professor Wetherby was young,

full of energy and enthusiasm, and during these six years of his

university work accomplished more than mortal man should have

attempted. But even if he had nerves of steel, he saw that he would

soon break down under this overwork, and so he resigned to accept

a more lucrative position in the business world.

Professor Wetherby was a born teacher, and some of his friends

thought he made the mistake of his life in resigning his chair in the

University to accept a business position. But the trustees had

placed upon him burdens too heavy for one man to bear, and he was

too conscientious a teacher to slight his work.

His enthusiasm for his favorite studies was contagious. No one

could be in his society long without feeling the wonderful magnetic

power of this man. On one of his excursions with his class in

geology he penetrated the wild mountain region of South Carolina.

Little did he then think that this region would be his future home ;

that he would spend his last years among these strange people, the

1 The portrait is reproduced from the last photograph which he had taken

and represents Prof. Wetherby at about fifty years of age.—EpiTors.

THE NAUTILUS. 11

followers of Cromwell, who sought to hide from the wrath of Charles

II. in these mountain fastnesses.

He resigned his position in the Cincinnati University to become

the general manager of the American and European Investment

Company, which position he held for two years, ;

In 1886 he was made manager of a large tract of timber and min-

eral lands belonging to the Roan Mt. Steel and Iron Co. This ap-

pointment compelled him to remove with his family to North Caro-

lina. Here his home was located in one of the most beautiful valleys

in the world, about 3000 feet above the sea level and surrounded

with towering mountains. To one who was such a lover of nature

this was an ideal place. Here surrounded by his interesting family

he varied his other duties, which were many, by communion with

nature.

His hospitality was unbounded, and his home was always open to

friend or stranger and especially to any strolling naturalist, who was

always sure of a hearty welcome from the professor and his estimable

wife.

Professor Wetherby, while connected with the Cincinnati Univer-

sity, organized five expeditions for field work and study, in all of

which the writer had the pleasure of being one of the party. Asan

organizer of a camping party he had no superior. He was a very

companionable man, could tell a story, sing a song or play on his

violin to drive away the blues, when the weather was unpropitious,

and could cook a meal under the most unfavorable circumstances

that would satisfy the most fastidious epicure.

The naturalist’s best hunting grounds are generally far from the

lines of civilization. No mountain roads, however impassable, or

swollen streams, could turn him from his course. Difficulties which

would appall ordinary men only seemed to stimulate his indomitable

will power, which always carried him safely through.

Among his numerous friends in Cincinnati, perhaps none

mourned his death more than those who shared with him the joys

and hardships of camp life.

Professor Wetherby was taken sick Jan. Ist, with congestion of

the lungs, at his home in Magnetic City, N. C. He seemed to

slowly improve, when on Feb. 10 he was taken with sinking spells

due to heart failure. He died Feb. 15, and was buried at Magnetic

City, N. C., Feb. 18, 1902.

12 THE NAUTILUS:

The following papers by Prof. Wetherby appeared in the Journal

of Cincinnati Natural History Society, Vols. II to VI, and Vols.

XVI and XVII: Descriptions of new fossils from the Cincinnati

group; also from the Subcarboniferous. Descriptions of new species of

crinoids from the Kaskaskia Group; also from the Subcarboniferous.

Remarks on the genus Pterocrinus. Some notes on American land

shells. Trenton rocks at High Bridge, Kentucky. Remarks on

the Trenton limestone of Kentucky, with descriptions of new fossils.

Geographical distribution of some fresh-water mollusks of North

America. Descriptions of Crinoids from the subcarboniferous of

Pulaski county Kentucky. Descriptions of new fossils from Lower

Silurian and Subcarboniferous of Ohio and Kentucky. Notes

on Trenton fossils of Mercer Co., Ky. Descriptions of new fossils

from the Lower Silurian aud Subcarboniferous rocks of Kentucky.

Directions for collecting and preparing land and fresh-water shells.

Relation of mollusks to shells. Natural history notes from North

Carolina.

Journal of Science, Vol. I. Description of Lepidopterous Larve.

The following articles were published in the Nautitus, Vols.

VIII and IX: A few notes on Helix appressa. A few notes on

Helix tridentata. New records of Reversed American Helices. Re-

marks on the Variation in Form of the Family Strepomatide, with

descriptions of New Species; read before the Cincinnati Natural His-

torical Society, December 7, 1875.

Quarterly Journal of Conchology, No. 11, May, 1877. +‘ Review

of the Genus Tulotoma, with remarks on the geographical distribu-

tion of the North American Viviparidz.”’

The above list of papers published by Professor Wetherby, though

not complete, gives some idea of the versatility of his mind and his

great capacity for work. His last years were spent in a careful

study of the mosses and grasses of the Roan Mt. region, which work,

had he lived to complete it, would have been a valuable contribution

to the botany of North Carolina. He made a fine collection of the

smaller mammals peculiar to the Roan Mt. region, which he pre-

sented to the Smithsonian Institution. His large and valuable col-

lection of minerals he presented to the Cincinnati University. His

collections of plants, of fossils, of land and fresh-water shells, are

very valuable, as they contain many unique specimens and all the

types of the species described by him.

Gro. W. HARPER.

THE NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE I.

MARSH: NEW UNIONID-.

ow.

oe 2)

“pr

THE NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE II.

DANIELS: LAMPSILIS BEATCHEENA:

Tes Nea S.

VoL. XVI. JUNE, 1902. No. 2.

A NEW SPECIES OF LAMPSILIS.

BY L. E. DANIELS.

Lampsilis blatchleyi n. sp. Plate II.

Shell long, elliptical or obovate, compressed, thin, inequilateral,

slightly gaping behind ; beaks low, but little inflated, pointed, with

minute nodulous sculpture ; dorsal and basal outlines lightly curved ;

anterior end somewhat narrowed, rounded; posterior end rounded

and lightly and obliquely subtruncate above ; surface with singular

growth lines ; epidermis somewhat concentrically wrinkled, project-

ing beyond the border of the shell, yellow green with faint green

rays ; pseudocardinals rudimentary, smooth, subcompressed ; laterals

straight, single in the right valve, partly double in the left; nacre

brilliant, iridescent, having a somewhat coppery luster in the cavi-

ties, becoming very thin and greenish at the edges.

Length 45, height 21, diameter 10 mm.

Length 40, height 17, diameter 85 mm.

Soft parts: Marsupium very large, occupying the posterior two-

thirds of the outer gills, each lobe containing apparently about forty

narrow ovisacs, the whole rounded and projecting well below the

inner gills; inner gills united to the abdominal sae throughout their

length; palpi large, elliptical, projecting backward but little;

mantle much thickened on the border, its edges being decidedly

double wavy and dark-colored ; branchial opening rather large, with

stout papillx ; anal opening small, crenulate ; super-anal opening

long, closed below ; foot rather large.

Habitat: Wabash River, Section 32, Linn Township, Posey

14 THE NAUTILUS.

County, Indiana. Found only on gravel bars in swiftly running

water.

Fourteen specimens were collected by the author in August, 1901,

while working for the Indiana State Geological Survey.

The smaller of the two type specimens (figured a little enlarged

on pl. II) is in the Indiana State Museum, the other in the author’s

cabinet. Soft parts in the U. 8S. National Museum.

I am under obligations to Mr. C. T. Simpson for assistance in

preparing the description of the soft parts.

The species is closely allied to L. leptodon Raf., particularly in its

anatomical characteristics ; the shell differs from that species by not

having the wing and by the posterior end being rounded and in the

full-grown shell being not more than one-half the size.

The two small shells found at Hardy. Ark., by Mr. J. H. Ferriss,

by him referred to LZ. simpsoni (Naurvitus, Aug., 1900, page 39),

are without doubt this species.

Mr. C. T. Simpson informs me that Mr. Paul Bartsch of, the

National Museum believes he has found the same species in tle

Iowa River at Iowa City, Iowa. .

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Prof. W. S.

Blatechley, State Geologist of Indiana.

NEW ENGLAND MARINE COLLECTING.

BY REV. HENRY W.'WINKLEY.

Occasional letters ask the following questions: ‘* Can I stock up

duplicates by a week or two in New England? Where is the best

place to collect?’’ An answer to all may be made by narrating my

own experience. During fifteen years I have devoted much time to

collecting. Considerable dredging has been done, but not below

25 fathoms. The most careful searching has been done at Eastport,

Wiscasset, Casco Bay and Old Orchard, Maine, and Wood’s Toll,

Mass. Other places have had some visits. ‘This area contains per-

haps 250 shell-bearing mollusca; of these I have 200 and lack 90.

Of the 200 found by me, 113 species I have only for my own cab-

inet, 12 more I have spared for exchange perhaps once, and 20 more

have yielded a few exchanges. This leaves 55 species that I have

had in quantity.

CHE NAUTILUS. 1d

Let me add notes on the fifty-five: Litorina, Nassa, Ilyanassa,

Mytilus, Mya, Tottenia, and a few others are general in distribution.

Many others are limited, as follows: Ostrea, Venus, Urosalpinz,

Bittium, Sycotypus, ete., common south of Cape Cod, but rare or

wanting to the north. Again, Buceinum, Lunatia, Cyprina, and

others should be sought in Maine. Many shells are found abun-

dantly in limited portions of the coast. Acmaea testudinalis, common

at Eastport, is scarce even in other parts of Maine. COhiton albus

and marmoreus, with Margarita groenlandica, must be gathered at

extreme tides in the Bay of Fundy. To be sure they occur else-

where, but they are small and not abundant. The harvest season

for Lunatia and Cyprina is after certain storms at Old Orchard.

Sometimes these occur once or twice in a winter, or a year or more

may pass without the harvest, but when they roll in they are very

abundant. Dredging has an element of luck. One haul in the

Penobscot Bay gave Nucula proxima enough for some years of ex-

changing. Pecten magellanicus is abundant in small areas, but it is

easy to miss the spot. Another fact is the best region. Buccinum

is common at Eastport, but small. The finest specimens are from

Casco Bay. Yet other things, like Limpets and Chitons are at their

best in Fundy waters.

The New England shells are very much in demand, but the lack

of stock compels one to send frequent regrets. There is an amusing

side to the work. One well-disposed friend asked for a dozen Pecten

tslandicus ; I never saw a dozen. Prof. Verrill tells me that the

government dredgings only yielded three or four in a summer.

It must be understood by the readers of this article that I speak

of my own experience. Some forms that have not been found abun-

dantly by me may be found in quantities at times, yet I think one

may form an estimate of the difficulties we meet in New England.

NOTES ON THE GIANT LIMAS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The reception of a specimen of Lima goliath Sowerby (1883) the

other day led to comparisons of and annotations on the great deep-

water species. The dean of this assembly is the well-known Lima

16 THE NAUTILUS.

excavata Fabricius (1779) from Norway (150-800 {ms.). Next

comes ZL. goliath from Japan (775 fms.), which reaches about the

same size as excavata. A third form is recorded from the West

coast of Patagonia (245-481 fms.), which I shall call LZ. patagonica,

and a fourth Z. agassizii n. sp., from the Gulf of Panama. in 322

fathoms. A section, Acesta, has been proposed to include these

species by H. and A. Adams.

All of them have fine microscopic radial striz and coarser radial

sculpture, which is more pronounced toward the ends of the shell.

In all there is a concentric grooving in the channels between the

ribs, which, when the channels are narrow, takes on the appearance

of punctation. All have a very narrow gape for the byssus and a

flattened or impressed lunular area. All have a very general simi-

larity externally. The Patagonian species has an astonishing like-

ness to ZL. ercavata. It may be useful to record the distinctive

characters.

L. excavata. Convex; the whole disk radially grooved, the

grooving feebler mesially ; the most impressed part of the lunule

close to the hinge line, the shell moderately arcuate, the posterior

outline roundly convex ; color grayish white; resilium broad, some-

what oblique. Alt. 140; lat. 106; diam. 55 mm.

L. goliath. Flatter, broader, the middle of the disk smooth,

posterior radials fine and close-set ; most impressed part of the lunule

lower down, the lunule itself longer, the shell more arcuate ; color

milk white, sometimes with a yellow flush inside, hinge line longer

and resilium slightly more central. Alt. 140; lat. 106 ; diam. 36 mm.

L. patagonica. Narrower and less convex, the whole shell

straighter vertically, the lunule narrower and less impressed, a

slight tendency to divarication in the obsolete radials of the middle

of the disk, otherwise like Z. excavata. Alt. 100; lat. 72; diam.

31 mm.

L. agassizii. Moderately convex; the radial grooving quite uni-

formly distributed distally, feebler mesially near the beaks, the inter;

spaces smoothly convex, and not sharp and corrugated anteriorly;

lunule short, deep and narrow, anterior end of the hinge-line very

short; area of the hinge narrow, and the resilium and pit very

narrow and oblique; color chalky white, with a yellow periostracum.

Alt. 97; lat. 78; diam. 30 mm.

L. goliath and L. patagonica show distinctly obsolete lateral teeth

THE NAUTILUS. 17

near the angles of the hinge-line, but in L. excavata there is no trace

of them, and the hinge of Z. agassizii is too chalky to be certain

about their presence or absence. They are most distinct and prom-

inent. in the young shell. Z. agassizii was dredged by the U.S.

Fish Commission steamer Albatross, as were our specimens of ZL.

patagonica. —

THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLUSCA OF RHODE ISLAND.

BY H. F. CARPENTER.

The following species are additional to those hitherto described in

this series, and complete the list of known species from Rhode Island:

214. Lucina filosa Stimpson.

Lucina radula Gould, Inv. Mass., Ist ed., p. 69, 1840; Mighels,

Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., iv, 318.

Lucina contracta De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 1843.

Lucina filosa Stimp., Shells of New Eng., 17, 1851.

Shell white, thick, orbicular, moderately convex; hinge margin

straight; beaks small, pointed, projected over a small, indented,

smooth, lanceolate lunule. Exterior covered with remote, concen-

tric lamellar ridges, between which are round, thread-like striae.

Interior chalky-white, polished around the margins. Hinge straight,

with one cardinal tooth in the left valve and two small, diverging

teeth in the right valve. Length and height 2 inches: breadth,

1 inch.

This is a rare, deep water shell and was not published in the de-

scription of the “ Shell-Bearing Mollusca” of R. I. because it had

never been found and was not likely to be found in our waters ; but

several specimens were dredged in Narragansett Bay, about two

years ago, by Prof. Herman C. Bumpus, then of Brown University,

in Providence, to whom I am indebted for the specimens now in my

collection.

215. Physa gyrina Say.

Shell heterostrophe, oblong; whorls 5 to 6, terminating in an

acute apex; suture slightly impressed ; aperture a little more than

half the length of the shell; labium a little thickened on the inner

18 THE NAUTILUS.

margin. This species was found in Stafford’s Pond, Tiverton, R. 1.;

by Mr. John Ford and the writer while on a trip to the south-

eastern part of R. J. in search of some of the rare land shells de-

scribed by Mr. John H. Thompson, of New Bedford, Mass: I am

sorry to state that our search for these rare shells was not rewarded

by a single specimen.

216. Sphaerium deformis H. F. Carpenter.

Shell transversely oblong, elongated, both sides of nearly the same

length; anterior margin curved; posterior margin abrupt, forming

an angle with the hinge margin; basal margin having a twist to one

side, as though some one had given it a pinch in the middle, squeez-

ing it together and at the same time twisting it downwards; beaks

large, inclined towards the anterior; valves thin, smooth, of a dirty

brown color.

This species was found in Tiogue Reservoir, in the town of Coven-

try, R. I., by Mr. Richard Allen, who presented them to the writer.

This species, with the somewhat doubtful Cyprina tslandica, which

(it is claimed) has been found in Rhode Island, brings up the num-

ber of species to 217, as per catalogue published by me in 1889,

copies of which may be had free by addressing H. F. Carpenter, 58

Page St., Providence, R. I.

A NEW GENUS OF EOCENE EULIMIDAE.

BY THOS. L. CASEY.

As far as available literature discloses, the following genus seems

to represent a new and very interesting type of Eulimidae, which

may be outlined by the following characters :

Ptereulima n. gen.

Conical, devoid of sculpture, finely attenuate, with simple direct

nucleus, umbilicated, the columella as usual without folds; anterior

whorls having a large flattened process or wing at each side.

This genus appears to be more closely allied to the Chinese

Hoplopteron of Fischer than any other known at present, but the

latter is imperforate and has the apex obtuse.

Ptereulima elegans n. sp.—Almost evenly conical, the surface

THE NAUTILUS. 19

shining, the more recent. whorls perhaps a little more rapidly in-

creasing in size than the first three or four, the apex acute with the

embryonic whorls two ‘in number and very minute, the next three

small and simple, the five sueceeding similar to the

preceding three except. in possessing,

at each side, a

large obtuse aliform process as shown in the figure.

Umbilicus rimate. {nner lip defined throughout by

callus, which is slightly reflected along the umbilicus.

Surface of all the whorls feebly and evenly convex,

the suture fine and simple but distinet. Length 3.5

mm.

Lower Claiborne Eocene (St. Maurice, La.)

The outer lip is broken away in the unique type, but undoubtedly

possessed an aliform projection similar to that immediately above

it. The processes are of the nature of thin varices which served to

protect the animal, and the growth of the shell between these tem-

porary arrests was probably very rapid.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF CHROMODORIS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The species here described are obviously different from C. cal-

forniensis, Bergh, and C. agassizii, Bergh, and I do not find any

descriptions applicable to them.

CHROMODORIS UNIVERSITATIS, n. sp. Length about 67 mm.,

rather narrow, mantle less ample than in C. mefarlandt, not ex-

panded at the sides; rhinophores and branchiz wholly retractile ;

rhinophores stout, with numerous transverse lamelle ; branchiz of

about 12 large simply pinnate plumes, several more or less branched,

and so bipinnate at the ends; oral tentacles just concealed by

mantle ; hind end of mantle gibbous ; foot projecting 20 mm. behind

end of mantle; breadth of sole when crawling 85 mm.

Color rich dark ultramarine blue, the edge of the mantle and the

edge of the foot bright cobalt blue; rhinophores very dark blue ;

mantle with two longitudinal series of oblong very bright orange

spots, about seven ina series ; five round orange spots on the anterior

part of the mantle, in front of the rhinophores ; under surface of

posterior lobe of mantle with a series of eight round white spots, the

20 THE NAUTILUS,

hindmost four large, the others smaller and rather faint; sides of

foot with a series of over ten round or oval orange spots; branchiz

very dark blue, speckled with orange within; sole deep blue.

The splendid blue pigment of this animal is dissolved out. after

death, even in sea-water; but very fast in formalin, producing a blue

liquid which is turned pink by hydrochlorie acid, but is not affected

by alkalies, except that strong alkalies rapidly bleach it. Curiously,

the orange spots of the animal seen through the blue solution, appear

red, though in reality their color is not altered.

Hab.—In rocky pools between tides, San Pedro, Calif., July 28th,

and La Jolla, Cal., early in August, all collected by Wilmatte P-.

Cockerell. The name of the species was sugyested by the fact that

it carries the colors (blue and gold) of the University of California.

It was also collected at San Pedro by the naturalists of the Uni-

versity of California Marine Laboratory.

CHROMODORIS. PORTER, n. sp. Length about 11 mm., form of

C. universitat’s, but uniformily much smaller, and quite different in

markings. Deep ultramarine blue, including the whole of the foot ;

mantle with two rather broad longitudinal stripes of bright orange,

not united posteriorly, and ending anteriorly at the rhinophores, but

anterior to the rhinophores is a transverse orange stripe; median

stripe of C. mefarlandi represented by an inconspicuous lighter blue

line; margins of mantle very narrowly pure white; foot wholly

without marks, except that the hind end has a suffused whitish

stripe. Rhinophores and branchiw entirely retractile. | Branchial

plumes eleven, in a circle, simply pinnate, entirely of the blue color

of the mantle. After death, a number of conical white papillae

(about 9 on each side) appear beneath the hind part of mantle.

After death, the blue dissolves out, and the body becomes a sort of

pale greenish-blue, with the dorsal stripe very white ; and the orange

bands as in life.

Hab.—In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., early in August,

rather common. (Wilmatte Porter Cockerell.)

CHROMODORIS MCFARLANDI,,n. sp. Length about 35 mm.;

mantle ample, covering head, but pointed end of foot projecting far

beyond mantle posteriorly ; rhinophores short and stout, lamellate,

with over twenty transverse lamelle ; branchix entirely retractile,

arranged in the shape of a horseshoe, not entirely surrounding the

anus, which is produced into a truncate cone: branchial plumes.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

twelve, simply pinnate, some of the posterior plumes bifid; oral

tentacles short, wholly concealed under mantle; eyes apparently

absent. Mantle brilliant purple with a yellow margin (continuous

in front and behind), and three longitudinal yellow stripes; the yel-

low of the margin is really bright orange, bordered with white; the

median yellow stripe begins a short distance before the rhinophores,

and runs between them; rhinophores dark purple; foot white with a

purple tint, or quite purple when contracted after death ; the end of

the foot is purple with a dorsal longitudinal orange stripe. The

purple color does not dissolve out in formalin.

Hab.—In rocky pools at low tide, La Jolla, Cal., beginning of

August; San Pedro, Cal., July 27th. All collected by Wilmatte

P. Cockerell. Quite common at La Jolla. Named after Prof.

F. M. McFarland of Stanford University, who has done some excel-

lent work on the nudibranchs of Pacific Grove, Calif.

NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Chloritis bracteatus n. sp.

Shell depressed-globose, almost imperforate, very thin and fragile,

brown. Surface dull to the eye, under a strong lens seen to be very

densely covered with very small crescentic scale-like cuticular pro-

cesses, densely crowded, and arranged in nearly regular descending

rows. Spire convex. Whorls 44, the inner slowly, the last rapidly

widening; separated by a deep suture. Aperture rounded, lunate,

the peristome simple and thin, at the columellar insertion abruptly

dilated, almost closing the umbilicus. Alt. 135, diam. 18 mm.

Nishigo, Uzen. Types no.—. A. N. S. P., from no. 904 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This most northern of all its genus is strongly distinct by its ex-

cessively minute, curved cuticular appendages, unlike the hairs of all

other species of Chloritis.

Pupisoma japonicum n. sp.

Shell globose-turbinate, umbilicate, light brown, very delicate and

fragile. Surface delicately striatulate. Spire conic, the apex ob-

tuse. Whorls 34, strongly convex. Aperture very obliquely ovate,

7M. THE NAUTILUS.

the peristome thin, fragile, unexpanded, the columellar margin

broadly dilated and reflexed. Alt. about 1.6, diam. about 1.5 mm.

Hirado, Hizen. Types no. 82974 A. N. S. P., from no, 890 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is, I have not much doubt, the species collected by Hilgen-

dorf at Yedo and in Idsumo, recorded by Prof. von Martens as

‘‘eine der H. orcula Bens. hodchst ahnliche Art;’’! but it differs

from that Bengalese species in the much larger umbilicus and

smoother surface, as well as in the noticeably smaller size.

Some immature specimens from Kashima, Harima (Mr. Hirase’s

no. 901) are probably the same species. With the two localities

given by Prof. von Martens, this gives Pupisoma a wide range in

central and southwestern Nippon. Until mature shells can be

examined, the identity of the Nippon shells with the types from

western Kiushu cannot safely be assumed, although it is likely.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Catalogue of the Binney and Bland collection of the Terrestrial

Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States and Territories, in the

American Museum of Natural History, with enumeration of types

and figured specimens, and supplementary notes. By L. P. Grata-

cap (Extr. from Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H, xiv, article xxiii, pp. 335-

403. Dec. 3, 1901).

The ‘Binney and Bland collection’

’

was formed by Mr. Binney,

consisting in part of specimens from the collection of Dr. Amos

Binney. It was given by him to Thomas Bland, from whom the

Museum acquired it in 1882. The collection derives its importance

from containing many of the shells illustrated in Terrestrial Mollusks

Vol. III (the plates of which were reprinted in T. M. vol. V),

besides many of Mr. Binney's types. The present list, of which the

scope is stated in the title, is therefore important for reference to

those who have occasion to study critically the land shells of the

U.S. Mr. Gratacap has added notes upon many of the species. In

some cases these record varietal names found upon the original

labels, but elsewhere unpublished.

Five interesting plates showing generic distribution, and the relative

1Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde in Berlin,

1877, p. 101 (Sitzung vom 17, April).

THE NAUTILUS. 23

numbers of species in different parts of the areas covered by the

genera have been added by Mr. Gratacap. To some extent these

charts indicate, incidentally, areas in which but little collecting has

been done. This is especially the case with plate xlii, representing

the distribution of typical Polygyra.

The following names seem to be new to us:

Glandina truncata var. minor Binney MS. (p. 338, Cat. no. 16).

Based upon ‘Variety of Glandina Texasiana Pyret, Ler. Moll.iv,

pp- 141, 205, pl. 77, f. 21. Seems to be a very slender specimen of

G. truncata minor Pils., NAUTILUS xiii, p. 46; Proc. A. N.S., Phila.,

1899, p. 404.

Macrocyclis vancouverensis var. semi-decussata Binney on label (p.

340). Astoria, Oregon. This is doubtless identical with Cireinaria

spartella hybrida Anc., which we have from Astoria.

M. concava var. minor (p. 341). No locality or definition,

Zonites (Gastrodonta) ligerus var. sagdinoides Gratacap (p. 344).

‘‘A very high ‘bee-hive’ form from Indiana.”

Zonites (Hyalina) placentula Shuttl. (p. 350), Catal. no, 294 was

Binney’s earlier identification of placentula, subsequently becoming

the type of Z. lawy. The specimens from Monroe Co., Tenn., and

St. Giles Co., Va., are true placentula, as afterward identified by

Binney. Through the kindness of Mr. Gratacap, I have been able

to examine this series.

Helix ( Patula) alternata var. costigera Bld. MS. (p. 357).

Helix (Patula) perspectiva “var. carinata (p. 358) from Union Co.,

Tenn., is almost planate, and below the periphery the striae approach

extinction.” Under H. (P.) bryanti, Mr. Gratacap writes, ‘* Cer-

tainly interchangeable with var. carinata of perspectiva.”

Triodopsis mullant (Bland), Cat. no. 1275 (p. 883), can hardly be

that species.

Macroceramus (p. 397). The specimens recorded under M. pon-

tificus as from Texas are probably JZ. teranus. That from Central

America is no doubt kiener’, as recorded by Mr. Gratacap (see Man.

Amer. Land Shells, p. 416, fig. 457).—H. A. P.

Some UNDESCRIBED VARIETIES OF Cypraa.—By Mrs. Agnes

Kenyon (Jour. of Conchology, Vol. X, p. 6, April, 1902).—In this

paper the following varieties are described as new:

Cyprea tigris var. lineata. From Fiji. Differs from the type in

possessing a number of longitudinal hair-like lines.

24 THE NAUTILUS.

Cyprea mappa var. viridis. New Caledonia. Both back and

base colored green or with only the dorsal surface suffused with a

greenish tint.

Cyprea bregeriana var. barbara. New Caledonia. ‘Shell dif-

fering from C. bregeriana in the fineness. of the dentition and without

the violet coloring interstices, interior lined with white, not violet-

purple as in C. bregeriana.”

Cyprexa helvola var. borneensis. Borneo. Shell smaller, with nar-

rower sides, not incrassated or angulated, dorsal surface reddish-pink

sprinkled with white, sparsely overlaid with brown spotting, base and

extremities white.

Cyprea helvola var. timorensis. Timor Island. Differing from C,

helvola in having white, not lilac, extremities, which are calloused,

twin callosities at the posterior extremity.

Oyprea poraria var. vibex. New Caledonia and New Hebrides.

Considerably larger than normal examples, and distinguished by a

white porcellanous band or stripe, extending from one extremity to

the other, thus dividing the dorsal surface into two equal parts.

Cyprea miliaris var. diversa. Shark’s Bay, West Australia.

“‘ Specimens very light in color, almost white, but showing spotting

perfectly: they are quite distinct from C. eburnea, the teeth are not

so coarse. the enamel of the dorsal surface is not so shining, the in-

terior is colored pink or pale violet, while the interior of C. ebwrnea

is either white or orange ; specimens are comparatively small.”’

Cyprea carneola var. rubicola. Hawaiian Islands. The color of

the teeth is a “bright rose-pink, in contradistinction to the purple-

hued dentition of C. carneola or the colorless base and dentition of

©. lebbeckiana.’’—C. W. J.

THe Marine Woop-sporers OF AUSTRALASIA AND THEIR

work. A paper read before the Australasian Association for the

Advancement of Seience. By Chas. Hedley. An exceedingly inter-

esting paper, giving an account of their method of propagation and

boring; their ravages, remedies, natural enemies and classification.

The ship-worms of Australasia belong to two genera, Uperotis and

Nausitoria. The genus Teredo is at present unknown in that region,

although ‘* Teredo navalis”’ is indiscriminately applied by engineers

to all ship-worms. The paper is illustrated by four plates.—C. W. J.

eee NA Us:

Von. XVI. JULY, 1902.

No. 3,

CRUISING AND COLLECTING OFF THE COAST OF LOWER CALIFORNIA.

BY FRED. BAKER, M. D., SAN DIEGO, CAL.

Cruising on our southern Pacific coast is less indulged in than

along the Atlantic seaboard, because there is a marked dearth of the

land-locked harbors into which our eastern yachtsmen can run al-

most every night, or in case of a threatened storm. Nevertheless,

two years ago, tempted by our summer promise of continued good

weather, a party of seven, including my wife and two children,

started from San Diego harbor for a run down the coast of Lower

California in the staunch little schooner “ Lura.’”’

A late start made it advisable to anchor over night at the mouth

of the harbor, but this gave a chance to get under way at daylight

for a beautiful run of seventy miles to ‘‘ Todos Santos” bay, on the

sloping shores of which lies ‘‘ Ensenada,” the capital of the northern

department of the Mexican territory of ‘ Baja California.”

As we ran we left broad to the starboard the Coronados, a group

of seven small islands belonging to Mexico, but lying only twenty

miles off San Diego, and a common terminus of our short cruises.

They, like most of the off-shore islands, are bold volcanic masses,

the largest, though less than three miles long, rising 880 feet above

the sea, in many places sheer for hundreds of feet. This is a type

of all the coast line for several hundred miles south. Bluffs and

headlands, with here and there a narrow or broad valley sweeping

down to the sea, but above all and crowning all, the foot-hills and the

great mountains of the Coast Range.

lor)

THE NAUTILUS.

It was just turning dusk as we rounded Ensenada Point into

Todos Santos Bay, which is little better than an open roadstead,

except for the protection offered by the chain of Todos Santos

islands a dozen miles to sea, and the shelter of the Point from north-

west winds. Immediately on dropping anckor we were boarded by

the Comandante of the port, Don Luis Fernandez, and the quaran-

tine officer, our old friend, Dr. Peterson, who courteously waived all

examination, allowing us to go ashore at will. The two nights spent

here with a nearly full moon shining down on us, just enough ground

swell to keep in mind that we were cruising, and the balmy breeze

of semi-tropical summer blowing over us, make a memory picture as

near perfection as this world gives.

The day was busy. First we had the usual difficulties with the

Mexican officials. In the absence of specific instructions, they were

unable to determine whether we should register our craft as a private

yacht or a passenger vessel. In either case they notified us that we

must bear the expense and sdelay of telegraphing to the City of

Mexico for instructions and license. Fortunately our schooner had

on a former occasion been used in fishing down the coast, and after

much argument Senor Victorio decided to grant us a three months’

fishing license, at the same time clearing us with a clean bill of

health for the return trip to San Diego. Under this very satisfac

tory arrangement we could run down the coast as far as the juris-

diction of the northern department reaches—something like 500:

miles—land where we chose, collect what we liked, and when we

were ready, sail away home without touching again at ‘“ Ensenada.”

While our sailing master was arranging all this, the rest of us

passed the day in seeing the few sights of the town, observing Mexi-

ean life, and visiting a few old friends. Among these Mrs. Gastelum

holds first place, not for her society alone, though she is a woman of

wide experience and much knowledge, but because in a former phase

of her existence she was married to a Mexican customs official, who,

during his sojourn at various ports on the Pacific Coast, had collected

many bushels of shells which she has stored away in many boxes

and barrels. This was the second time I had overhauled the lot,

and as before I was astonished at the low price placed on my pick-

ings, after a long conference between herself and her husband—a

later acquisition. As I paid the bill f reflected that while I should

undoubtedly have enjoyed the society of the former husband with.

THE NAUTILUS. PAF

his evident love of shells, the later acquisition was probably more in

harmony with the size of my pocket-book.

Away at daybreak Sunday morning, looking our last on “ En-

senada,” one of the goodliest sights to look upon it has been my

fortune to see in a fair amount of knocking about. A great sweep

of unbroken sand beach from ** Ensenada Point’’ to ** Punta Banda,’’

a distance of eighteen miles, the high range of Punta Banda break-

ing off abruptly into the sea to the south, the horseshoe being

completed by the low mesa-crowned Todos Santos islands. The

town of Ensenada nestles on the low beach under the high ridge

which forms Ensenada Point to the northwest, the broad valley

reaching back with few breaks for twenty miles—then the foothills,

and back of all, as always, the great mountains! It is our dry season

and everything is parched and brown, and the near-by ridges show

great outcroppings of black volcanic rock, but the blending of color

under our brilliant California sun, and the foreshortening of great

distances giving the effect of haze and softness, make a scene of

marvelous beauty.

A glorious sail—free with the prevalent northwest wind—out

through the narrow gate between Punta Banda and the easterly

island of the Todos Santos group, which was alive with seal and

waterfowl, and down a bold coast for twelve miles to cast anchor

under the lee of the “Santo Tomas” headland noted all along the

coast for its frequent storms. Here we divided up, one to sleep, two

to fish, two to hunt deer, and two to collect shells and algae. All

were successful but the deer-hunters. Unfortunately I did not keep

my Santo Tomas collections apart from others, so I can give no fair

idea of my catch, but a single Haliotis rufescens, Swainson, repre-

sents the only species not appearing in the list which closes this

article.

Away again at sunrise for our final southward stretch. All day

we ran almost before the wind, the coast growing generally more

bold and culminating in Cape ‘‘ Colnet,’’ a great promontory pre-

senting an almost unbroken face to the northwest, a cliff many miles

long and many hundred feet high. We round the Cape with a half

gale, and bear away southeasterly to our final destination, the little

island of San Martin, lying five miles off the coast and ten miles

from San Quintin, the first land-locked harbor in 200 miles from San

Diego. We cast anchor at 3 a. m., and all hands slept late.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Of San Martin a few words’ description must suffice. Roughly it

is a round conical island, three miles in diameter, with two peaks,

the higher a typical extinct yoleano rising 471 ft., with an almost

periectly regular crater about 250 ft. in diameter, and between 75 and

100 ft. deep. The island is a solid mass of very hard voleanic rock

with frequent small caves—evidently blow-holes—covered imper-

fectly where reasonably level by a thin soil which supports a mod-

erately abundant vegetation in which various species of cactus are

very plentiful. Up the slopes are great slides of loose rock, and

owing to the cacti and the rougiiness of the way, the climb of a little

over a mile to the top proved a very serious undertaking.

On the north side of the island a moderately level space, covering

between 500 and 1,000 acres, is occupied by rookeries, mostly of

pelicans and cormorants. Lhe birds were most of them just begin-

ning to fly, and a rough estimate convinced us that there were cer-

tainly some millions of them. We spent the greater part of one day

watching them. The young cormorants waddled to the bluffs, spread

their wings evidently for their first trial, and sailed or flew awk-

wardly into the ocean. There they were perfectly at home and

could not be distinguished from the old birds, swimming and diving

with perfect ease. But the pelicans hada harder time. They could

fly very well indeed, but like the Irishman “had a divil of a toime

loighting.” Starting from some slight elevation they would sail

away majestically, managing their great wings and bodies remark-

ably well. After a turn of one or two hundred yards they would

light without slowing up perceptibly, come down with a thud that we

could hear a hundred yards away; turn two or three somersaults,

and straighten up with the same appearance of surprise and offended

dignity which we have all seen drunken men assume when suffering

from similar mishaps. We actually laughed till we cried, and it was

hours past our dinner time before we could agree unanimously to

start for the boat.

Running easterly at a tangent from the southerly edge of the

island for nearly 1000 yards is the so-called breakwater, a nearly

straight line of enormous beach-worn boulders arranged like some

huge artificial jetty. The acute angle has filled in with sand over a

space of about fifty acres. In the bight there is safe anchorage

except in a northeast storm. At two places dips in the breakwater

bring it below high tide level, one opposite the little harbor, and the

THE NAUTILUS. 29

other opposite the sand bar, and here the constant tidal current has

excavated a little circular bay, covering two or three acres. This

bay and the breakwater, with another little bight not much over

thirty feet across, furnished nearly the only good collecting ground

on the island. Otherwhere I found only a few of those hardy

shells capable of standing any amount of buffeting by the waves,

Chitons and Limpets, an occasional Chlorostoma, and the Monoceros

lugubre Sby., which is in evidence along the whole coast from

Ensenada south.

Dredging at moderate depths gave little results. but some of my

fishermen friends who spend much time about this island, which

furnishes some of the great fishing of the coast, make a practice of

bringing up to me rocks which they haul up on their lines from con-

siderable depths, attached to kelp roots. I am, therefore, able to

list a considerable number of deep-water species. It has seemed to

me advisable to publish the following list of shells secured from this

small island and its immediate vicinity as a contribution to our

knowledge of geographical distribution. I have to thank Dr. Wm.

H. Dall of the National Museum, and Mr. Henry Hemphill of San

Diego, Cal., for determining a very large share of the species about

which I was in doubt.

After commenting on the fact that many of the specimens which

I sent to him were too young or too worn to be identified specifically,

Dr. Dall writes, ‘‘ There was a small ssotna among the shells

which we have had for some years from San Pedro, but had not

named, and with your permission we propose to call it R. Bakeri,

Dall and Bartsch. There are also some of the new Pyramidellidg

described in the paper on W. Am. Pyramidellide which Mr. Bartsch

and I have in preparation.”

Our return trip was made much more slowly than the outward

one, as the prevalent wind made it a long tack to windward. The

only break was a uight run against a sharp storm to make the

doubtful shelter of Santo Tomas, where we lay for twenty-four

hours with two anchors out, estimating the chances of a shift of the

wind driving us to sea again. Our cruise lasted seventeen days, and

was unanimously voted a success.

m THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW NAIAD FROM NEW ZEALAND.

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

Diplodon websteri Simpson.

Shell long, rhomboid, compressed or subcompressed, inequilateral ;

beaks subcompressed, pointed, their sculpture apparently a few

irregular lachrymose nodules arranged in a somewhat radial pattern ;

surface with uneven growth lines and impressed rest marks, sculp-

tured throughout with lachrymose nodules which are often V-shaped,

those along the upper part of the low posterior ridge slightly

knobbed ; epidermis dark olive green, clouded with lighter green,

rather dull; pseudo-cardinals small, subcompressed, granulose, two

in each valve; laterals straight, two in the left valve, one in the

right; muscle scars small, shallow and irregular; nacre bluish,

lurid purple near and in the beak cavities, thicker in front.

Length 67, height 52, diam 14 mm.

Length 62, height 32, diam. 17 mm. New Zealand.

Specimens of the above were sent by Rev. William H. Webster,

of Wauiku, New Zealand, to the U. 8S. National Museum. They

proved to be a new species, apparently allied to the Diplodon nove-

hollandiz Gray of Australia, but smaller, less inflated and less solid

than that species. In D. nove-hollandie the anterior third of the

shell is almost destitute of nodules ; in the present species the whole

surface is covered with them. These resemble somewhat those

found on the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes, but are less elevated.

The exact locality was not given.

NEW AMERICAN LAND SHELLS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Most of the following species were discovered by Mr. Jas. H.

Ferriss during a recent flying visit to the Southwest. I am indebted

to Mr. G. H. Clapp for various suggestions regarding them; both

Mr. Clapp and Mr. Ferriss agreeing with me that they are new.

Polygyra alabamensis n. sp.

Shell depressed, about like P. vannostrandi in general contour,

{HE NAUTILUS. ail

yellowish brown, glossy, finely rib-striate above and below; umbili-

cate. Spire low dome-shaped. Whorls about 6, very closely coiled,

the last having the periphery situated high ; a trifle deflexed in front.

Aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thick-

ened within, the outer lip bearing a small, squarish tubercle, bent

inward; basal lip bearing a marginal tubercle, abrupt on its outer,

sloping or buttressed on its inner side. Parietal lamella short, erect,

a trifle curved. Alt. 6, diam. 115 mm.

Auburn, Alabama. Types no. 82556 A. N.S. P., collected by

Carl F. Baker.

The aperture is exceedingly similar to that of P. inflecta, from

which this species differs in the sculpture, closely coiled whorls and

open umbilicus. P. eragint is more depressed, with fewer whorls.

P. vannostrandi has differently proportioned teeth and less closely

coiled whorls.

Polygyra texasensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, but the umbilicus rapidly enlarging at

the last whorl, where it becomes more than one-fourth the diameter

of the shell; depressed, light brown, glossy, lightly and rather dis-

tantly striate, usually with several coarse, strong wrinkles behind

the lip. Spire low, convex. Whorls 54, slightly convex, slowly

widening, the last abruptly descending in front, deeply and narrowly

constricted behind the lip, convex beneath. Aperture small, oblique;

peristome reflexed, thickened, the outer and basal lips each bearing

a compressed tooth, parietal wall with a strong, erect V-shaped

tooth which connects the ends of the lip, the upper branch of the V

slender and low.

Alt. 5, diam. 13.5 mm.

Alt. 5, diam. 12.3 mm.

Colorado City, Mitchell Co., Texas. Types no. 83258, A, N.S.

P., collected by J. H. Ferriss, 1902.

This species is clearly related to P. terasiana (Moricand), which

occurs at the same locality, as well as throughout the greater part of

Texas. It differs from texas/ana in the larger size, with about the

same number of whorls, the more regular increase of the whorls in

width, and the proportionally wider umbilicus, In the great num-

ber of P. texasiana I have seen from many localities, none approach

P. texasensis.

32 THE NAUTILUS.

Sonorella granulatissima n. sp.

Shell depressed, in general shape much like S. hachitana and S.

rowelli ; narrowly umbilicate, the umbilicus between one-eighth and

one-ninth the diameter of the shell; pale corneous-brown, becoming

somewhat whitish around the umbilicus, with a conspicuous red-

brown band above the periphery, and an inconspicuous, ill-defined,

faint and wide one below the suture on the last whorl. Surface

lustrous to the naked eye, but not glossy, under a strong lens seen to

be very densely and evenly granulose, the granulation extending to

the apex, but becoming more effaced on the base, subobsolete around

the umbilicus, where some specimens show faint spiral lines. Spire

very low. Whorls hardly 44, rather slowly widening at first, the

last whorl very much wider, gradually and rather deeply descending

in front, far below the periphery of the shell. Aperture very

oblique, very shortly elliptical, almost circular, the peristome thin,

narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated, ends approaching,

Alt. 10, diam. 19 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 9.7, width 11 mm,

Alt. 9.8, diam. 18 mm.; oblique alt. apert. 8.5, width 9.8 mm.

Huachuca Mts., Arizona; collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss.

The umbilicus is narrower than in S. hachitana and WS. rowell?,

and it differs from both in the dense granulation. It is a species of

delicate beauty, evidently distinct from any form collected by

Ashmun and others in the same region.

Sonorella rowelli Newe., originally described from Arizona, was

taken by Mr. Ferriss at Sanford, and in the Patagonia Mts. Mr.

Ashmun also brought the species from the latter locality, and Dr.

Geo. H. Horn collected a specimen at Fort Grant, Arizona. It is

much like S. hachitana in miniature.

Mr. Binney rejected rowelli from the U. S. list because he

considered it identical with Helix lohrii of Gabb from near Moleje,

Lower California ; but the two species are clearly distinct, and there

seems to be no sufficient reason to doubt the truth of the original

statement that the type of rowelli was taken by Frick in Arizona.

Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis n. subsp.

Much more slender and smaller than any described form of

dealbatus, schiedeanus or mooreanus, but larger and stouter than B.

durangoanus v. Mart. Reddish-corneous, with opaque white streaks

and mottling ; smoothish. Whorls nearly 6, quite convex. Aper-

THE NAUTILUS. 33

ture small, ovate, less than half the length of the shell, the ends of

the lip approaching, Length 15, diam. 7:3, longest axis of aperture

6.5 mm.

El Paso, Texas. Types no. 83259, A. N.S. P., collected by Jas.

H, Ferriss, 1902.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THe Motuiusca oF THE CHIcAGO AREA: Part II., The Gas-

teropoda. By Frank Collins Baker, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Bally No. TIT) pt: 11.

This handsome volume of 288 pages and 9 plates, which completes

Mr. Baker’s work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area, will be a

most welcome addition to the library of every American concholo-

gist.

It has been for years a source of regret to all students of the

American mollusca that so little attention has been given by our

leading conchologists to the study of our fresh-water species. For

more than thirty years practically nothing, except here and there a

description of some supposed new form, bas been published on this

subject. The invaluable monographs published by the Smithsonian

Institute have not only been out of print and scarcely attainable for

years, but are quite out of date from a scientific standpoint. There

is at present no work which gives the results of the material which

has been accumulated in the public and private collections of this

county, since the publication of those monographs, or embodies the

modern ideas of classification. The land mollusks have apparently

absorbed the attention of our working conchologists and the fluviatile

forms have been almost totally ignored. ‘The recent synopsis of the

Naiades by Mr. Simpson has filled a long felt want, and placed that

group in an enviable condition. The studies of Dr. Sterki are

rapidly bringing the species of Spherium and Pisidium out of their

chaotic condition. Similar work upon the fresh-water univalves is one

of the greatest needs of American Conchology to-day. Mr. Baker’s

book is an important advance in the right direction, and should be

an incentive for others to undertake similar work in other states. It

is the first publication in this county, which attempts to treat the

fluviatile forms with the same detail and thoroughness, which has

been given to the terrestrial species. Both the author and the

34 THE NAUTILUS.

Academy are to be congratulated upon the success with which the

undertaking has been carried out.

Beginning with the Pulmonata, the land species, 51 in number,

are first described, a sufficiently full synonomy of each is given with

figures of the shell, and in nearly all cases of the jaw and radula.

Full details of local distribution and of the habits and characteristic

peculiarities of the different forms are also given. Pilsbry’s classi-

fication is of course followed, and the whole treatment of the subject

is in accordance with the latest scientific methods.

The most striking innovation in this portion of the work is the

adoption of Say’s name of ovad’s for the species commonly known as

Succinea obliqua. This is, however, in accordance with the recog-

nized rules of nomenclature, and it is surprising that it has not been

done before. ‘The Succineas need a thorough revision. The specific

characters exhibited by the shells are slight, and most of the de-

scribed species seem to be exceedingly variable. It is possible that

dissection will show reliable characters in the soft parts that can be

relied on for specific determination. This work has yet to be done

and would be a very valuable contribution to science. The jaws and

radulz if examined in sufficient quantities to determine the amount

of variability in each species, might furnish a sufficiently reliable

basis for classification. The difference shown between the author’s

figure of S. ovalis and Binney’s figure of that of S. tottentana and

that between his figure of the radula of ovad’s and Binney’s figure of

the same, and the remarks on the same subject with reference to the

published figures, the jaw of S. retusa is very suggestive, and shows

the necessity for additional work in that line. It is unfortunate that

the author did not make an original figure of the jaw of S. avara, as

there is reason to believe that Morse’s figure, adopted by Binney, is

not correct.

The treatment of the fluviatile univalves is a welcome addition to

the scanty literature on the subject. The only regret is that the

fauna of the Area is comparatively small and that so many of our

common species are not represented in it.

The keys supplied under the different genera serve to bring out

the differential specific characters, and will be of great assistance to

the student in identifying his specimens. The jaws and radulz of

many of the species are figured for the first time and many anatomt-

cal details of value are given. , This branch of the subject is practi-

THE NAUTILUS. 35

eally the first effort in a new field and forms the most valuable

portion of the entire work. The synonymy is practically that of

Binney with the addition of more recently described forms. Until

a thorough revision of the subject can be made, based on abundant

material from all parts of the country, and the study of the original

types, this is no doubt the wisest course to pursue. The advisability

of printing the MSS. names of Calkins, all of which seem to be

synonyms, may be perhaps questioned.

The treatment of the Limneide will in the main commend itself

to the student. The author declines to follow Crandall in separating

Physa elliptica Lea from P. gyrina oleacea Tryon. Judging from

the figures given, it seems possible that edliptica as differentiated by

CrandalJl does not occur in the Chicago Area. Certainly as species

go in Physa, there is room for a difference of opinion on this subject.

The elaborate descriptions of the Pleurocerid@ are worthy of notice,

and are a refreshing improvement upon the descriptions that do not

describe, of the older authors in treating of this most difficult family.

The union of Gonitobasis depygis to G. livescens seems a rather

radical innovation and will likely provoke dissent. If it serves to

incite discussion and careful study, it will have accomplished a use-

ful purpose. :

The author’s figure of the radula of Cineinnatia cincinnatiensis is

tlie first that has been published of that species. It is remarkable in

not showing the ‘‘ tongue shaped process from the middle of the

anterior surface, reaching beyond the base,” which is given by

Stimpson as a generic characteristic of Amnicola. If the figure is

correct, Cincinnatia must be removed from under that genus and

placed elsewhere. We do not understand the statement on p. 335

that figures 4 and 11 on Plate I. of Haldeman’s Monograph are mis-

named. In the copy before us, both the description and plate give

the proper references. The author also seems in error in his re-

marks on page 336 in regard to Binney’s figure 162 as copied from

Troschel. Neither Binney nor Troschel refer the radula there

figured to Amnicola cineinnatiensis Anth. Both refer it, and prob-

ably correctly, to A. sayana Anth., which is a synonym of Pomati-

opsis cincinnatiensis Lea, an entirely different thing, The synonymy

of the Campelomas is that established by Call and, barring the

reference of Lea’s milesii to subsolidum, is entirely acceptable. There

is reason to believe that [Lea’s species should rather be referred to

decisum. ‘The large specimen figured as decisum on plate 36, fig. 5,

36 THE NAUTILUS.

looks very much like C. integrum. Possibly that species should have

been included in the Chicago fauna.

The paper concludes with a full bibliography of the literature of

the Area, and a list of all the works referred to, which in itself will be

of valuable assistance to the student who desires to familiarize him-

self with the literature, especially that published since Binney’s

Bibliography was issued. Bryant WALKER.

ENTEROXENOS OSTERGRENI, A NEW ENDO-PARASITIC GASTRO-

pop.—In the current number of the Zodlogische Jahrbtcher (xv,

pl. 4, p. 731) a new parasitic gastropod of unusual interest is

described by Kristine Bonnevie. It lives in the body-cavity of the

N. European holothurian Stichopus tremulus, usually near the

anterior end of the intestine, to which it is attached. The adult

animal is vermiform, 6-15 cm. long, 4-5 mm. in diameter, without

visible external opening, suddenly contracted anteriorly, into a

slender style which is run into, and attaches it to the intestine of the .

host. The largest individuals sometimes lie free in the body-cavity.

Vhe integument is smooth, white and opaque. Under the epithelium

there are circular and longitudinal layers of muscle. The internal

anatomy is very simple. There is a narrow, long, central cavity,

running backward from the end of the peduncle of attachment, the

large ovary opening into it distally, while the testis lies anterior.

The eggs are fertilized in the central cavity of the animal, and

undergo development there. No trace of an alimentary canal is

present. The gastropodous nature of the parasite is shown by the

development and embryo.

The relationships of Lnteroxenos are apparently with Entocolax

and Hntoconcha, but it is a more advanced evolution-product. The

author gives provisional and guarded adherence to Schmiemenz’s

theory of the mode of derivation of Hntoconcha from Stylifer-like

ectoparasites, but wisely abstains from homologizing the parts of the

endoparasitic forms with those of normal mollusks, preferring to

leave open the questions of the homologies of the body-wall, style of

attachment and central cavity.—H. A. P.

A Revisep CENSsus OF THE MARINE MOLLUSCA OF TASMANIA.

By Prof. Ralph Tate and W. L. May. (Proc. Linnean Soc., New

South Wales, pp. 344-471. Issued Dec. 19, 1901.)

This valuable contribution consists of an introduction to and history

of marine conchology in ‘Tasmania; a systematic list of species; a

catalogue of synonyms with the corresponding names adopted ; criti-

cal remarks on some species, and descriptions of two new species and

one new genus—(Legrandina). The work is illustrated by five

plates, containing 107 figures and 14 figures in text. A summary of

admitted species shows: 10 Cephalopoda, 504 Gastropoda, 4 Scapho-

poda and 157 Pelecypoda, a total of 653 species, It is a truly up-

to-date catalogue, very few of the more recent improvements in

nomenclature being overlooked.—C. W. J.

THe AVAULIGUS.

Von. XVI. AUGUST, 1902.

COLLECTING UNIONIDZ IN TEXAS AND LOUISIANA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON, FRIERSON, LA.

In July, 1901, Dr. W. S. Strode, Mr. H. G. Askew, and the

writer, took a trip through eastern Texas, collecting Unionide. Dr.

Strode first took a “still hunt’’ on the Sabine river, at Loganport,

where he duplicated the experience of the writer, the results of

which have already been given the readers of Nauti.us (xiii. 79).

We met Mr. Askew at Sheperd, a small town northeast of Houston,

and in close proximity to ‘* Big creek,” and Trinity river.

From Big creek we obtained a few Lampsilis lienosus. This shell

had never before been obtained so far west, nor had it been listed as

a Texas species by Mr. Singley. The Trinity river, though shallow

at this time and place, was swift, with a sandy bottom, a combina-

tion not favorable to unio life, and we had therefore poor luck. We

obtained some magnificent Quadrula pauciplicata ; big, glossy, black

and nearly devoid of plications. They were otherwise interesting on

account of the females being gravid, an unusual condition in this

group. It is a true Quadrula in this respect. Some very fine Q.

trapezoides were also taken. They were remarkably compressed,

and some of them were likewise gravid. They bore their young (or

eggs) in all four gills. This we believe has never before been noted,

and effectually places this species in the genus Quadrula, as defined

by Mr. C. T. Simpson, who placed it here without having the adyan-

tage of seeing a gravid female. We captured a trio of L. amphi-

chenus, which extends both the habitat and size of this remarkable

species, one of them being 54 inches in length. (The writer has

since obtained a dead shell from the upper Brazos river.) A fine

)

38 THE NAUTILUS.

series of shells were found which are in my cabinet as yet unnamed.

They seem to be a perfect connecting link between Q. aurea, hous-

tonensis, and pustulata. We were fortunate enough to find a couple

of Q. chunii, Lea. This is the river in which the types were

obtained and the specimens were typical in every respect. This

shell is a very rare species, and one sadly abused. Whenever a

uniologist gets a shell belonging to the group headed by Q. trigona,

and about whose name he is in doubt, he at once dubs it Q. chunit.

I may be rather harsh on my brother uniologists, but these two shells

are my only chunii to date.

The next day we were at Nacogdoches, Texas. Here we saw the

> an ancient structure over whose walls the

celebrated ‘* Stone Fort,

flags of seven governments have floated. How many of my readers

must plead guilty, as I did, of never having heard of the Republic of

Fredonia?! The full history of this structure was given us by Mr.

1Jn April, 1825, Hayden Edwards made a contract with the government of

Mexico for the introduction of 800 families into Texas. They were to settle in

the neighborhood of Nacogdoches, and be provided with lands under the gen-

eral colonization law. The location proved unfortunate. Nacogdoches had

been settled many years, partly by Mexicans and partly by a roving class of

people who had a prejudice against the Anglo-Americans. When the colonists

selected their lands and commenced improving, some older claimant would

appear. The courts were appealed to, but would invariably decide in favor of

the Mexican constituents. These conditions continued until finally (1826) the

Mexican governor of the province decreed the annulment of the contract and

the expulsion of Edwards and his brother from the territory. But Edwards

had expended several thousand dollars in this enterprise, and his colonists too

had expended considerable in building their homes. The Indians (principally

Cherokees) also had settled near-by under the provisions of the colonization laws,

and being greatly dissatisfied, allied themselves with the Edwards colonists,

who, assuming the name of Fredonians, declared their independence of Mexico.

They proceeded at once to organize a legislative committee composed of eight

Americans and five Indians. Learning that Col. Bean was preparing to resist

their movements, they took possession of the old stone fort. Norris, the de-

posed Mexican Alcalde, collected some friends and on Jan. 4, 1827, entered the

town ; they were attacked by the Americans and Indians and driven off with a

loss of one killed and several wounded. The Fredonians were sadly disap-

pointed in not receiving the co-operation of the Austin colonists, who joined

the 200 soldiers sent from San Antonio to suppress the infant republic. Seeing

the hopelessness of maintaining the Republie of Fredonia, Major Edwards and

his forces retired across the Sabine into the United States and disbanded.

We are indebted to Mr. Askew for the above notes from Thrall’s History of

Texas.

Ep1Tors,

THE NAUTILUS. 39

Askew, who is as loyal a son of Texas as ever drew breath. It isa

shame to the tovn that this fort has been recently torn down and

replaced by a sordid brick store. As soon as we had breakfasted,

we went to the La Nana creek, where we obtained the new species,

Q. lananensis recently described. We also obtained a number of the

most deeply corrugated Q. laticostata we have yet seen. A solitary

Obovaria castanea was taken. Numbers of TVritogonia tuberculata

were found, but much to our disappointment, not a single gravid

female was noted. (This species has not as yet been observed in

that condition.) In this creek we obtained some ZL. nigerrimus and

Strophitus edentulus, neither of which was listed by Mr. Singley.

While cleaning up our catch in the hotel yard, we were joined by an

intelligent-looking party who gravely asked if the ‘ fossils”? we were

cleaning belonged to the Devonian formation! I shall never forget

the guileless look of the doctor, as he gravely replied that they did.

By high noon next day we were at Rockland on the Neches river;

we had taken our dinner, and by 5 p. m. were loaded with all the

unios we wanted. This place is the metropolis of Q. askewii, of

which some examples require a ‘* Philadelphia lawyer ”’ to differenti-

ate from Q. beadleanus. The unios of this river are precisely the

same as in the Sabine river. We obtained some bona-fide Q. nodifera,

a species of the validity of which we had had doubts, but these are

now forever laid aside. From Rockland we then took flight towards

Lake Charles (Louisiana). En route we were compelled to stop

over at Beaumont, Texas; while there we were fortunate enough to

witness the striking of oil by one of the wonderful ‘“ gushers ”’ of

that place. It was a grand sight, the memory of which will never

leave us. Lake Charles we found to be a shallow expansion of the

Caleasieu river, about two miles wide, with sandy bottom, and

covered by floating masses of the ‘* Water Hyacinti,’’ acres and

acres of them. Caleasieu river is an extraordinary stream; for

fifty miles it is sixty feet deep and a quarter of a mile wide, with no

current excepting after rains, and not a shoal or sand-bar. The salt

water comes up 40 or 50 miles during storms, and kills most of the

fresh-water shells.

Those left alive were the following: Q. apieulata (typical),

Q. mortoni, L. texasensis, L. hydiana, L. anodontoides, Q. trapezordes,

variety pentagonotdes (new var.), and finally Glebula rotundata. 1

have in my cabinet two specimens of fresh water mussels (Unio)

40 THE NAUTILUS.

having growing on them a shell of the salt water mussel (Mytilus) ;

both host and mess-mate were alive when taken.

The G. rotundata were unusually fine, the shades of color exhib-

ited by them I have never seen excelled. These were otherwise in-

teresting as a number of them were gravid, and we felt all the im-

portance of being true discoverers, as no student had ever before

noted them in this condition. As regards this part of their physi-

ology they are a true Lampsilis. The possession however of several

unique characteristics will probably keep them in a separate genus.

Mention was made above of a new variety of Q. trapezoides.

This shell differs from the type in having its dorsum very much

arched or bent midway. The posterior is widely biangulated. The

anterior is singularly truncated like W. coruscus, Gld. Lhe effect

being that the outline forms nearly an equilateral pentagon, hence the

name. Aside from its form, it differs in being much smaller, and

frequently entirely devoid of plication on either its sides or posterior

slope. A striking peculiarity is that the posterior end of the liga-

ment is perpendicularly over the centre of the base, whereas in the

ordinary trapezoides the end is situated about three-fourths of the

distance from the anterior to the posterior.

LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED ON SAN MARTIN ISLAND, LOWER

CALIFORNIA, MEXICO.

BY FRED. BAKER, M. D.

Loligo sp? Giant squid. Monoceros lugubre Sby.

Cavolina tridentata Gmel. Marginella regularis Cpr. 30

Cerostoma nuttalli Conr. fathoms.

Ocinebra cireumtexta Stearns. | Marginella jewettii Cpr. Drift.

Ocinebra gracillima Stearns. Marginella pyriformis Cpr.

Ranella californica Hds. 30 Volvarina varia Sby. Drift.

fathoms. Olivella biplicata Sby.

Fusus luteopictus Dall. On Astyris gouldi Cpr. 380 fathoms.

breakwater at low tide. Astyris aurantia Dall.

Macron kellettii A. Ad. Astyris gausapata Gld.

Macron lividus A. Ad. Astyris carinata, var. hindsii Rve.

Nassa fossata Gld. Astyris tuberosa Cpr.

Nassa perpinguis Hds. Anachis penicillata Cpr.

CHE NAUTILUS.

Engina carbonaria Rve. 30

fathoms.

Amphissa versicolor Dall.

Surcula carpenteriana, var.

tryoniana Gabb.

Clathurella affinis Dall.

Mitromorpha filosa Cpr.

Mangelia interlirata£Stearns.

Mangelia variegata Cpr.

Conus californicus Hds.

Cyprea spadicea Gray.

Polinices uber Val.

Crepidula aculeata Gmel.

Crepidula aculeata, var. cali-

fornica Nutt.

Crepidula dorsata, var. ligulata

Gld.

Crepidula rugosa Nutt.

Capulus sp ?

Hipponyx antiquatus Linn.

Hipponyx tumens Cpr. In drift.

Scala hindsii Cpr,

Scala tineta Cpr.

Turritella goniostoma Val.?

Mesalia tenuisculpta Cpr.

Vermetus fewkesii Yates.

Cecum californicum Dall.

Czcum crebricinctum Cpr.

Caecum leve C. B. Ad.

Cecum orcuttii Dall.

Eulima compacta Cpr.

Turbonilla similis C. B. Ad.

Turbonilla tenuicula Gld.

Turbonilla torquata Gld.

Dunkeria gracilenta Cpr,

Dunkeria laminata Cpr.

Odostomia nuciformis, var.

avellama Cpr. ;

Odostomia americana Dall &

Bartsch.

Odostomia (Ivara) turricula

Dall & Bartsch.

Miralda californica Dall &

Bartsch.

Ividia armata Cpr.

Mumiola amiantis Dall.

Chrysallida aequisculpta Cpr.

Chrysallida cincta Cpr.

Oscilla aequisculpta Cpr.

Littorina planaxis Nutt.

Littorina pulchra.

Littorina scutulata Gld.

Lacuna unifasciata Cpr.

Diala marmorea Cpr.

Bittium armillatum Cpr.

Bittium attenuatum Cpr.

Bittium esuriens Cpr.

Bittium quadrifilatum Cpr. ©

Cerithiopsis columna Cpr.

Cerithiopsis metaxe D. C.

Cerithiopsis munita Cpr.?

Cerithiopsis tuberculata Mont.

Triforis adversa Mont.

Cerithidea californica Hds.

Rissoina aequisculpta Cpr.

Rissoina bakeri Dall & Bartsch.

Rissoina infrequens C. B. Ad.

Rissoina interfossa Cpr.

Barleeia acuta Cpr., banded yar.

30 fathoms.

Barleeia haliotiphila Cpr.

Barleeia subtenuis Cpr.

Rissoa acutilirata Cpr.

Rissoa aequisculpta Cpr.

Alvania aequisculpta Cpr.

Alvania carpenteri Weink.

Alvania notabilis Cpr.

Alvania purpurea Dall.

Amphithalamus inclusus Cpr,

Truncatella californica Pfr.

Truncatella stimpsoni Stearns.'

Liotia acuticostata Cpr.

Liotia fenestrata Cpr.

Ethalia supravallata Cpr.

Phasianella compta Gld.

Phasianelia compta,

30 fathoms.

Eulithidium substriatum Cpr.

Var.

pulloides.

Pomaulax undosus Wood.

Chlorostoma fiunebrale A. Ad.

Chlorostoma gallina Fbs.

Gibbula succineta Cpr.

Leptothyra bacula Cpr.

Leptothyra carpenteri Pils.

Leptothyra paucicostata Dall.

Calliostoma splendens Cpr.

Trochiscus norrissii Sby.

Margarita acuticostata Cpr. 30

fathoms,

Scissurella rimuloides Cpr.

Haliotis eracherodii Leach.

Haliotis fulgens Phil.

Fissurella voleans Rve.

Clypidella calliomarginata Cpr.

Megatebennus bimaculatus Dall.

Acmea persona Esch.

Acmea scabra Nutt.

Acmeza rosacea. 4 fathoms.

Acmea spectrum Nutt.

Nacella incessa Hds.

Nacella paleacea Gld.

Williamia peltoides Cpr.

Lottia gigantea Gray.

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr.

THE NAUTILUS.

Isclinochiton magdalenensis Rve.

Rather common, but no large

ones found.

Ischnochiton mertensii Midd.

Ischnochiton sarcosus Dall.

Callistochiton crassicostatus Pils.

Callistochiton infortunatus Pils.

Mopalia muscosa Gld.

Lepidopleurus (Oldroydia) per-

“Not im *Pils:

bry’s Monograph.”

crassus Dall.

Chaetopleure

uuttalli Cpr.

Tornatina inculta Gld.

Tornatina harpa Dall.

Tornatina recta d’Orb.

Gadinia reticulata Sby.

Helix stearnsiana Gabb.

Saxicava arctica Linn.

Semele decisa Cour.

Cumingia californica Conr.

Tellina bodegensis Hds.

Macoma secta Cour.

hartwegil, var.

Petricola carditoides Cour.

Venus fordi Yates.?

Gld.

Psephis salmonea Cpr.

Psephis tantilla Gld.

Tivela crassatelloides Cour.

V. toreuma

Saxidomax nuttalli Cour.

Tapes staminea Cour.

Chama exogvra Cour.

Chama pellucida Sby.

Chama spinosa Sby.

1In “Nautitvs,” Nov., 1901, Dr. Pilsbry describes 7. stimpsoni guadalupensis,

found by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass in Nov., 1899, as the first specimens of this genus

found on any of the islands off Lower California.

collected in August, 1899.

The above two species were

THE NAUTILUS.

Lucina californica Cour.

Luceina nuttalli Cour.

Lucina tenuisculpta Cpr.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Lasea rubra Mont. 30 fathoms.

Lasea rubra Mont., var. sub-

viridis Cpr. 30 fathoms.

Kellia laperousii Desh.

Kellia suborbicularis Mont. 30

fathoms.

Milneria minima Dall.

Lazaria subquadrata Cpr.

Arca gradata Brod.

Modiola (Gregariella) opifex

Say.

Septifer bifurcatus Rve.

Philobrya setosa Cpr. 30

fathoms.

Lima orientalis Ad. & Rve.

Young, dead. 30 fathoms.

Pecten Jatiauritus Conr. Young.

30 fathoms.

Hinnites giganteus Gray. 30

fathoms.

Monia foliata Brod. In Hinnites,

30 fathoms.

Mytilus californica Cour.

NEW SPECIES OF PACIFIC COAST SHELLS.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Shell minute, of a livid pink, with a sub-

Trivia atomaria n. sp.

stratum of olivaceous cast, the whole giving a pinkish brown effect;

form subglobular, with a feeble dorsal sulcus, across which the ribs

usually pass without interruption; in all there are about 18 ribs,

with about equal interspaces, which are slightly sagrinate or minu-

tely irregularly rugose, though the ribs are smooth; these ribs form

an equal number of fine denticulations on the inside of the outer lip

and over the pillar-lip and internal lobe; the extremities are very

slightly or not at all produced; the spire is completely obscured.

Length 5.2, breadth 2.6, height 2.2 mm.

Half a dozen specimens of uniform size were dredged in 18

fathoms, Panama Bay, by the U. S. Str. Albatross.

smallest species I have seen; even the dwarfs of the allied 7. sawb-

This is the

rostratu Gray of the West Indian fauna are larger.

Trivia panamensis n. sp. Shell small, strongly sculptured, sub-

ovate, inflated, with its posterior extremity slightly produced; sculp-

tured with about 15 rather sharp-edged strong ribs, of which about 4

are intercalary and the others continuous over the shell; in the

middle line of the back they dip slightly but are not interrupted or

attenuated ; aperture narrow, strongly and nearly equally toothed on

44 THE NAUTILUS.

each lip; the spire wholly concealed; the interspaces are smooth

and somewhat wider than the ribs. Length 4.2, breadth 3.0, height

2.5 mm.

Two specimens were obtained with the preceding. Both forms

have been submitted to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, of Manchester, Eng-

land, who now possesses the types of Gaskoin’s species, and has given

especial attention to the group. He regards both as new.

Erato oligostata n. sp. Shell small, very nearly the shape of

Trivia atomaria, but not ribbed, of a pale olive green, with the

extremity of the canal] deep rose pink; spire entirely concealed by a

microscopically pustulate layer of greenish white callus; aperture

narrow, very slightly shorter than the spire and not angulate exter-

nally behind ; pillar lip with two anterior pliciform and half a dozen

small pustular more posterior deposits of callus, the outer lip minu-

tely dentate, the teeth smaller in front; the canal very short.

Length 3.2, breadth 2.25 mm.

Found with the preceding. This is perhaps the smallest known

Erato, and while, perhaps, nearest to dwarf specimens of the West.

Indian 2. maugerie Gray, it differs from them in its more rounded

form and less trigonal outline, as well as by the pustulated surface.

The European genus Mysia (Leach) Lamarck, of which the type

is Lucinopsis undata Forbes and Hanley, bas two right and three left

cardinal teeth. A very similar type is found in American waters,

represented in the Antilles by Artemis tenuis Recluz, and on the

Pacific coast by Dosinia subquadrata Hanley. These forms however

differ from Mysta by having three cardinal teeth in each valve.

For this American type I propose the name of Oyclinella, and add

tbe following new species to the fauna of the Pacific coast.

Cyclinella singleyi Dall. Shell solid, nearly orbicular, yellowish

white, with an extremely thin periostracum, moderately inflated ;

surface with very fine close concentric sulci, giving a silky texture

to it; an obscure depression radiates from the beaks near the pos-

terior margin; lunule lanceolate, defined by an impressed line ;

pallial sinus narrow, high, rather blunt, pointing at the umbo; in-

ternal margins plain, the middle cardinals strong, the posterior right

cardinal bifid. Length 40, height 39, diameter 22 mm.

Gulf of California in the Yaqui delta; Singley. It is smaller,

more convex and solid, with vastly larger muscular scars than

C. subquadrata Hanley.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

NEW LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Eulota (Aegista) minima n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, convex above and below,

broadly rounded at the periphery, light yellowish-brown. Surface

densely covered with fine, short cuticular scales, readily rubbed off.

Whorls about 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, slowly

increasing, the last wider, convex beneath, not noticeably descending

in front. Aperture broadly crescentic, oblique; peristome slightly

thickened, very narrowly expanded and subreflexed. Alt. 3, diam.

6.3 mm.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83,369 A. N. S. P. from no. 929 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Much smaller than any other Japanese species of the group, but a

true Aegista in form and sculpture.

Fulota (Plectotropis) hachijoensis n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, biconvex, acutely carinate, pale brown

or whitish corneous. Surface glossy, finely and faintly striate, and

under a lens seem to be very closely and distinctly engraved with

spiral. strice beneath, more obsoletely so above. Whorls 44,

moderately convex, the last descending below the keel in front»

slightly concave above and below the peripheral keel. Aperture

oblique, irregularly oval; peristome slightly expanded above, re-

flexed below, scarcely thickened, the ends somewhat approaching.

Alt. 5.4, diam. 10 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,368 A. N. S. P., from no. 943

of Mr. Hirase’s collection,

The pale color of the somewhat translucent, acutely carinate

shell, and its beautiful sculpture of spiral striz beneath are the more

prominent features of this species. It has the shape, but not the

surface, of Plectotropis, and does not seem closely related to any of

the known species from the adjacent islands of Japan, but resembles

closely the Riukiu species #. ¢nornata Pils., differing chiefly in the

smaller number of whorls.

Eulota ( Aegista) aperta var. mikuriyensis nov.

Similar to var. trachyderma Pils. & Gude, but more elevated and

covered with very much coarser, less crowded, ragged cuticular

46 THE NAUTILUS.

scales, or where they are rubbed off the surface is roughened with

comparatively coarse, short striae. Whorls 53; periphery subangular

at the beginning of the last whorl. Peristome thin, narrowly ex-

panded and subreflexed. Alt. 7.5, diam. 12.5 to 13 mm.

Mikuriya, Suruga. Types no. 83317 A. N.S. P., from no. 937

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

The peristome of this species is of the same character of that of

trachyderma. Mr. Gude dissents from the course I took in subordi-

nating trachyderma to aperta. He writes: ‘I decidedly consider

trachyderma as more nearly related to mimula than to aperta. Only

look at the peristome, which is so decidedly thickened in aperta (and

you must remember that your types of aperta were immature shells).

If you will examine them again I think you will agree with me, and

if trachyderma must be degraded to varietal rank, by all means place

it under mimula”’ (G. K. G. in Hitt. Jan. 7, 1902).

I am now much disposed to adopt this view; but pending a

thorough study of the group, I allow the published status of the

form to remain.

Eulota (Plectotropis) mackensti var. formosa, nov.

Shell similar to #. mackensti and vulgivaga except that the umbili-

cus is less widely open and the lower margin of the lip is less deeply

curved. Alt. 104, diam. 235 mm., whorls 64.

Taihoku, Formosa, Types no. 83332 A. N.S. P., from no. 429

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Schmacker & Bottger have already commented upon this Formosan

form of mackensti, which they had from Tamsui (Nbl. D. Mal. Ges.

1890, 136).

Eulota (Celorus) caviconus Pils.

Nautitus XV, p. 117 (February, 1902). The locality should be

Goto, Hizen,in Kytshi, Mr. Hirase has sent specimens from Ojika-

jima, Hizen (no. 928), which are a little larger than the type lot,

diam, 7.6 mm,

Eulota submandarina var. compacta nov. Differs from the typical

form by the larger umbilicus, more elevated spire of 64 very convex

whorls ; very solid, light chestnut colored, without a peripheral band.

Lip expanded and strongly thickened within. Specimens measure :

Alt. 19.5 to 20, diam. 21.5 mm., and alt. 19, diam. 22.5 mm,

Yakushima, Types no, 82498 coll. A. N.S. P., from no. 777 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

Hirusea major ». sp. Shell depressed, lens-shaped, brown, dull

and densely, finely obliquely striate above, paler, somewhat glossy

and more faintly striate beneath. Spire convex; whorls 5, but

slightly convex, the suture superficial, filled by the peripheral keel ;

last whorl very acutely carinate, the keel narrowly projecting, base

convex, deeply impressed in the middle, Aperture oblique, obscurely

trapezoidal-lunate, the peristome thin in the specimens seen, Alt.

3.3, diam, 6.7 mm, Chichijima, Ogasawara (Mr. Y. Hirase, no, 865),

Much larger than the related H. hypolia, less polished below, and

with a more acute peripheral keel. The specimens may not be fully

mature,

Hirasea diplomphalus var, latispira n, var,

Similar to the typical form except that the spire is wider and less

sunken, Chichijima.

Hirasea profundispira n, sp.

A species similar to H. diplomphalus, but differing in the much

narrower spire, not one-third the diameter of the shell, and quite

deeply sunken, Alt. 2.3, diam. 3.8 mm, Chichijima,

TWO NEW BULIMINI FROM CENTRAL ASIA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

1. Buliminus larvatus, Anc.

Shell rather solid, cylindrical, attenuated and conic towards the

apex, with-an oblique and compressed umbilical fissure, somewhat

shining, whitish flesh-colored, with irregular and oblique rather

straight stripes of a darker hue. Apex brownish or horn-colored.

Spire produced, obtuse. Whorls 7$—-8. slowly increasing, not much

convex, suture simple, not deeply impressed ; the first 4 or 5 whorls

gradually becoming broader, the following of nearly the same diame-

ter, the last one cylindrical, compressed near the chink and obscurely

and obtusely angular at the base, not ascending in front. Aperture

oval, angulated superiorly, a little oblique. Peristome thickened

and labiated internally, but slightly expanded, more broadly so at

the columella. Margins distant, the columellar one simple and

arched, Parietal callosity more or less conspicuous, sometimes

thickened on each side.

Length 144-154, diam. 54, length of apert. 5 mm.

48 THE NAUTILUS.

Loc.: Valley of Urmara, Talas-Alatan, Turkestan. Alt. 8500

feet (O. Rosen).

A distinct form, recalling in shape Bul, Kuschakewitzi, Anc., of

Namangan, Khanat of Khokand, but very distinct and with the

peristome less developed.

Some of the Bulimini that I have described from the same

countries bearing only the very vague locality, Turkestan, I now

avail myself of the opportunity of mentioning the precise localities of :

Bul. Ujfalvianus, Anc., Usgent.

Bul. Turanicus, Anc., Usgent.

Bul. trigonochilus, Anc., Samarkand.

Bul. Annenkowi, Anc., Margelan.

Bul. Kuschakewitzi, Anc., Namangan.

Bul. Bomalotianus, Anc. (emend.), Alai. A smaller, highly

colored variety which I propose to call var. colorata.

Bul, intumescus is also found at Osch, Eastern Turkestan, with

Bul. albiplicatus, von Mart. The former appears to be a widely

spread species.

2. Buliminus albocostatus, n. sp.

Shell small, rather thick, slender, cylindrical, turreted, rimate,

shining, brownish horn-color or brownish, sculptured with strong,

numerous, rather regular, white folds, Apex obtuse, smooth, horn-

colored, Spire long, regularly attenuated, subcylindrical below.

Whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, suture simple,

moderately impressed; the last whorl not much broader than the

preceding one, barely attenuated or narrowed towards the base,

minutely ascending in front. Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, some-

times produced externally, angulated superiorly. Peristome white,

thickened, superiorly straightened, flatly expanded, margins not dis-

tant, joined by a heavy callosity. Columella simple, internally

simple, not folded, externally broad.

Length 85-10, diam, 3, length of apert. 24 mill.

Loc.: Valley of Karagoin, Turkestan (O, Rosen).

A charming and sharply defined, graceful species which I received

at first labeled as “ Bul. albiplicatus, von Mart., variety,” and sub-

sequently as * Bul. albiplicatus, West.” I am not aware it was ever

published by Westerlund. From J. albiplicatus it differs in being

smaller, more slender and the characters of aperture, as well as the

relative proportions, are altogether dissimilar.

OP te (NEAT | LBS

Von. XVI. SEPTEMBER, 1902. No. 5.

NOTES ON TASMANIAN AND WEST INDIAN CONCHOLOGY.*

BY C. HEDLEN, F. l.'S-

The study of Tasmanian conchology has been facilitated by an

excellent catalogue published last year by the late Prof. Tate and

Mr. W. L. May in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New

South Wales. Therein certain species ascribed to Tasmania by the

Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods were rejected from the fauna chiefly

because no later observer had taken them. Though apparently of

foreign origin, their exclusion could not be wholly justified until that

origin was ascertained. At the invitation of Messrs. A. Morton and

W. L. May I undertook their examination. From the result it

appears that five West Indian species were supplied to Tenison

Woods, which he erroneously described as Tasmanian, and as new

to science. They are:

Pleurotoma weldiana, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876

(1877), p. 147, identical with Drillia fucata, Reeve, Conch. Icon.,

pli xx, f.. 169.

Ethalia tasmanica, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),

p- 146, is the common West Indian Modulus modulus, Linne.

Adeorbis picta, T. Weods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas,, 1876 (1877), p.

146, is Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. Wood’s type answers well to

fig. 2a of pl. 63 of Fischer's Monograph in the ‘‘ Coquilles Vivantes.”’

Astele turbinata, T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877), p.

145, is Chlorostoma scalare, Anton, another well-known West Indian

shell.

Semele werburtoni, T. Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1876 (1877),

p- 158, is Codakia orbicularis, Linne, a common Antillean species.

* From the Proceedings Royal Society of Tasmania for 1902.

50 THE NAUTILUS.

FOSSIL LAND SHELLS OF THE OLD FOREST BED OF THE OHIO RIVER.

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, IND.

During the spring of 1902, owing to the unusually heavy rains

which caused much cutting to be done on the banks of the Ohio and

Great Miami rivers, near Lawrenceburg, Indiana, I had a fine

opportunity to examine this interesting formation, the Old Forest

bed, from a conchological point of view.

I had many years previously found large numbers of broken and

bleached shells of species which are foreign to this locality in drift

piles of the Great Miami and Ohio rivers, which I had always put

down as dead specimens which had floated from some point far

above where they were found. I found that this conclusion was

erroneous and that these shells were washed from the deposit which

contained them, and floated to the various drift piles where they first

attracted my attention. .

The Old Forest bed is a stratum of several feet in depth, six to

eight feet below the present surface of the bottom lands of the Ohio,

and contains in many places the well-preserved remains of mammoth

trees; these are covered with a thick layer of yellow clay of an

exceedingly hard and solid texture, which renders very difficult the

extraction of fossils so delicate in structure as the land shells.

About the only satisfactory way to obtain good specimens is to wash

out with water until the clay is softened and then, if good luck

follows you, you may obtain a respectable specimen. The use of a

knife or chisel is absolutely useless, as in nearly every case the fossil

extracted by these means is cracked or broken,

The comparison between these fossil forms and the species now

found in this section is extremely interesting and worthy of study.

To give a general idea of the species and to illustrate the difference

between the fossil and recent faunas, I give the following list with

notes on each species, which will show clearly what time has done

to modify the molluscan fauna to the changed conditions of the

present time.

It is remarkable how well the red coloring matter of all species is

preserved, particulariy in the case of P. alternata Say.

Vallonia pulchella Mull. Traces only of this minute shell.

Polygyra tridentata Say. Not many found, and these much more

elevated and more deeply striated than the local living specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 51

Polygyra tridentata Say. Variety, region of the mouth much

compressed and very deeply striated.

Polygyra inflecta Say. A few broken specimens.

Polygyra profunda Say. Very large well-preserved shells, heavy,

and bands very plainly marked.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Very scarce.

Polygyra exoleta Binn. Common and of usual form.

Polygyra multilineata Say. Perhaps about the most plentiful of

all the species found. This shell has never been found alive within

twenty miles of this deposit.

Polygyra palliata Say.

Polygyra appressa Say. Several broken specimens.

Polygyra elevata Say. Fairly common and well preserved.

Polygyra pennsylvanica Green. Quite common in the deposit,

but rare in this vicinity alive, only ten or twelve specimens having

been found in the last six years after careful search.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Good specimens and fairly common.

Polygyra mitchelliana Lea. Common in the deposit, but rare and

very local alive, only one locality known near Lawrenceburg.

Polygyra stenotrema Fer.

Polygyra monodon Rack. Very rare.

Pupoides marginatus Say.

Bifidaria contracta Say.

Bifidaria armifera Say. Common.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. A few broken specimens.

Circinaria concava Say. Quite common.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Several broken shells.

Gastrodonta ligera Say. Common and in good condition.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Very large forms with distinct and

beautiful color markings.

Pyramidula solitaria Say. Plentiful, large, heavy shells.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Rare.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Rare,

FHelicodiscus lineatus Say. Rare and broken.

Succinea sp. Very large, quite common, and in fine condition,

nothing nearly as large found here alive.

Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Common. I have never taken this shell

alive in the vicinity of Lawrenceburg.

Subsequent search will no doubt increase the numbers of this list,

52 THE NAUTILUS.

as only those shells are mentioned which are perfect enough to

render identification complete.

Poly-multilineata Say, which occurs plentifully in the middle

portions of the State, seems at Lawrenceburg to be conspicuous by

its absence, but is represented in the fossil state in large numbers,

and is an exceedingly well-developed form for this species. In fact

all these fossils are much larger and better developed than the

species which are found alive here at the present time, with the

exception of Pol. albolabris Say., which is in the deposits a very rare

shell, but most abundant in the surrounding woods. This may be

due to the fact that albolubris is a thin and fragile shell, and has not

been able to withstand the pressure of the surrounding soil so well as

elevata and its more solidly-built brethren. However, this theory

would not seem to hold good, as Suceinea, one of the most fragile

land shells, occurs in numbers, of large ‘size, and in a splendid state

of preservation.

A NEW HELIX FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY J. ROWELL.

Epiphragmophora exarata var, rubicunda Rowell.

Shell umbilicate, conic, less depressed than exarata, rather thin,

sculpture somewhat malleated, the malleation lying in ridges parallel

with lines of growth, color dark chestnut-brown, with one black

band, summits of ridges and malleation dark orange-red, interior

ruby-red; whorls seven, rounded, suture impressed, the upper

whorls much less wrinkled than in exarata.

Alt, 21, diam. 27-30 mm. (Occidental.)

Alt. 25, diam. 314 mm. (Freestone.)

Habitat, Sonoma Co., on a high, dry ridge, in the town ‘“ Occi-

dental,” on our ‘*Cal. North Western R, R.”’ I have visited the

place three times, hoping to get other mature shells besides my

original pair, but have searched in vain. All around are exarata

proper and a few cnfwmata, in the redwoods. But on my last trip,

I stopped over at the town ‘ Freestone,” six miles this side of Occi-

dental ; I chose the place because there the redwoods and the open

country meet, and I thought that for this reason it would be the

right place for my shell, and a dense fog helping me, I was delighted

to find quite a number of fine specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

A NEW FLORIDIAN HELICINA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Helicina tantilla n. sp.

Shell very small, much depressed, finely and weakly striate.

Spire low, convex, with rather straight outlines. Whorls 34, rather

slowly widening, the last much wider, rounded at the periphery,

convex beneath, impressed around the central callus. Aperture

quite oblique, semi-circular, the lip obtuse, not noticeably expanded.

Umbilical callus but slightly convex, not filling the cavity to the

level of the surrounding convexity of the base. Alt. 1.3, diam.

2.5 mm.

Palm Beach, Florida. Type no. 77349 A. N.S. P., coll. by H.

A. Pilsbry.

This tiny Helicina is quite distinct from all the Antillean species

I have been able to compare. A single bleached specimen was

gathered in June, 1899, with other small land shells, in the woods

about a quarter of a mile from the Atlantic beach, I did not notice

it at the time, or I would have made search for more; it was only

detected when the material was being sorted at home. No further

specimens have turned up in the three years since this one was taken,

and it is now published in the hope that some reader of the Nav-

TILUS who may visit that most beautiful of the winter resorts of

east Florida, may search for the species, and complete the descrip-

tion by finding living specimens. It has no resemblance to the

young of H. orbiculata.

NEW LAND MOLLUSKS FROM THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Alyc@us vinctus n. sp. Moderately umbilicate with conic spire

and the general aspect of other described Japanese species of

Alyceus. Whorls 32, the first 14 smooth, corneous-brown, follow-

ing whorls dull, whitish, sculptured with lamellar rib-striz and finer

spiral threads, the riblets as usual much more crowded on the back

of the last whorl. Constriction of neck rather strongly marked,

and with the portion following it, smooth, free from riblets, or with

weak strie only. ‘“ Tube” long, reflexed, lying in the suture,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture oblique, circular, the peristome blunt, continuous, strength-

ened by a very strong external rib which is beveled to the lip-edge.

Operculum yellow, thin. Alt. 2.7; diam. 3.6 to 4 mm. Tanega-

shima, Osumi. (Mr. Hirase, no, 916.)

Readily distinguished by the excessively heavy collar behind the

lip and the comparatively conspicuous spiral threads. ( Vinetus, bound,

in allusion to the heavy, hoop-like lip-rib.)

Macrochlamys semisericata n, sp. Shell perforate, moderately

depressed, dark reddish-brown, thin and somewhat translucent; the

surface polished below, dull with a silken sheen at the periphery and

above. Sculpture of excessively fine, close, slightly waved, parallel,

slightly oblique rib-stria above, extending from the apex to below

the periphery, the base smooth. Whorls 44, slowly increasing,

convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last much wider,

rounded at the periphery. Aperture oblique, lunate; peristome

thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion, Alt. 3, diam.

5.2 mm. ;

Kurozu, Kii, Types no. 83374, A. N.S. P., from no. 935a of Mr.

Hirase’s collection. Slightly smaller specimens were found at

Nachi, Kii, Mr. Hirase’s no. 955,

Distinguished from JZ. cerasina v. awaensis and M. tanegashime

by the silken lustre of the upper surface, produced by fine parallel

strie. It is much smaller than awaensis. (Semisericatus, clothed half

in silk.)

Zonitoides subarboreus n. sp.

Shell extremely similar to Z. arboreus (Say), from which it

differs in the wider, less deeply lunate aperture, and the slightly

wider umbilicus. The shell is brownish yellow. Surface glossy,

irregularly striate, smoother below, without spiral stria. Whorls

41, convex, separated by an impressed suture. Alt; 2.7,, diame

6 mm., or slightly smaller.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83375, A. N.S. P., from no. 951

of Mr. Hirase’s collection; collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.

This species is more devressed than Z. nitidus, and the base is

less convex. If found in the United States, the differences from Z.

arboreus would hardly be noticed; but its location on an island over

one hundred miles off middle Japan, together with the slight diver-

gence noted above, seem to indicate a distinct species. (Subarboreus

THE NAUTILUS. 55

might mean under trees, but here it refers to the resemblance to

Zonitoides arboreus, one of the commonest snails of North America.)

Microcystina circumdata n. sp. Shell perforate, depressed, with

low, conic spire, glossy, light yellowish-brown, somewhat trans-

lucent. Sculpture of slight growth-lines, and under a strong lens

there are seen to be excessively minute, close, engraved spiral lines

above, and shallow, weak, and much coarser spiral sulci beneath.

Whorls 44, convex, slowly increasing, joined by an impressed suture,

the last whorl rounded peripheraliy, impressed around the perfora-

tion. Aperture lunate, oblique; outer margin of the peristome thin

and simple, the columellar margin thickened within, narrowly

dilated at the insertion. Alt. 2, diam. 3.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83376, A. N.S. P., from no. 949 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is larger and less depressed than J/. yakuensis, which

resembles it more than any other species which I have compared.

(Circumdatus, surrounded, 7. e., by the sea.)

Kaliella hachijoensis n. sp. Shell imperforate, globose-conic,

smooth except for faint growth-strie, yellowish-brown. Spire conic

with slightly convex lateral outlines, the apex obtuse. Whorls 54,

convex, separated by an impressed suture, the last inconspicuously

and bluntly angular at the periphery, convex beneath. Aperture

lunate, but slightly oblique ; peristome thin and simple, the columellar

end reflexed, whitish. Alt. 2.7, diam. 3.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83277, A. N.S. P., from no. 941 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection, collected by Mr. Nakada, 1902.

Kaliella pallida n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, depressed conic,

glossy and smooth except for faint growth-lines, translucent, pale

yellowish-corneous, becoming whitish towards the apex. Spire

conoidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, convex, the suture impressed,

Last whorl rounded at the periphery, a little angular in front of the

aperture, convex beneath. Aperture broadly lunate, the peristome

thin and simple, triangularly dilated at the columellar insertion,

Alt. 2.5, diam. 3 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. ‘Types no, 83378, A. N.S. P., from no, 952 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

These species are somewhat similar in contour to K. nanodes

(Gude) and K, reinhardti (Pils.), but are apparently different from

any of the described Japanese species. (Padllidus, pale.)

56 THE NAUTILUS.

Sttala latissima n. sp. Shell minutely perforate, low trochiform,

dull brown. Surface nearly lustreless, showing two or three spiral

cuticular threads on the upper surface of the last and next earlier

whorls. Spire conic. Whorls 43, convex, separated by a deep

suture, the last whorl angular at the periphery, flattened, only

weakly convex beneath. Aperture oblique, somewhat square, the

peripbery thin and simple, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt.

1.5, diam. 2.3 mm.

Yayeyama, Riukiu group. Types no, 83379, A. N.S. P., from

no. 953 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Distinct by its very broadly conic shape. (Latissimus, widest).

Pyramidula pauper var. hachijoensis n. var.

Shell low-conic above, convex beneath, higher than P. pauper,

angular at the periphery ; regularly rib-striate, dark brown. Whorls

44+; umbilicus about one-fourth the diameter of the shell, being much

narrower than in pauper or depressa. Alt. 3.7, diam. 6.5 mm.

Hachijo.jima, Izu. Types no. 83324, A. N.S. P., from no. 950 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Although there is now a tendency to regard island races, where

intergradation with the stem-form can not occur, as of specific rank,

yet it seems to me that the relationships of such forms as this are

best indicated by the use of a trinomial. The elevation of the spire

and the narrower umbilicus readily distinguish this sub-species.

Buliminus luchuanus var. oshimanus nov. Shell similar to B.

luchuanus, but differing in being thinner, with more conic spire, far

less copious dark variegation, 7 to 74 whorls, and a thinner lip.

Length 18.3, diam. 7 mm.

Length 16.3, diam. 6.3 mm.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 838381 A. N.S. P., from no. 930 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Buliminus hiraseanus n. sp. Shell rimate, egg-shaped, being

short, broad and compact, the spire short, conic with convex outlines,

apex obtuse; yellow or brown; surface minutely decussate. Whorls

about 6, hardly convex. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome white,

expanded and somewhat reflexed, thickened within, a small nodule

on the parietal wall defining a narrow channel at the upper angle.

Length 8.5-9, diam. 5 mm. Mukojima, an islet southwest of

Hahajima, Ogasawara. (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 919.)

THE NAUTILUS. 57

Diplommatina kobelti var. ampla Pils.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, p. 28. The locality is Goto,

Hizen, not Uzen as given in the original description.

Carychium hachijoensis n. sp. Shell ovate-conic, whitish, slightly

translucent, nearly smooth, the growth-lines being very faint. Spire

conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 44, convex, separated by a deep

suture. Aperture ovate, a little less than half the length of the

shell; the peristome reflexed, much thickened throughout, white;

Outer lip bearing a strong tubercle on its inner margin above the

middle; columella conspicuously truncate, ending below in a strong

tooth-like fold, and bearing a stout, projecting lamella above.

Length 1.5, diam. 0.8 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,382 A. N.S. P., from no. 946

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species differs from C. noduliferum Reinh. in its shorter spire

of fewer whorls, the absence of striation, and the smaller size.

Tornatellina biplicata n. sp.

Shell imperforate, pyramidal, thin, brown, nearly smooth; spire

straightly conic, the apex obtuse. Whorls 54, convex, separated by

a well impressed suture. Aperture oblique, rather narrow, some-

times showing a strong narrow, white rib within; peristome simple;

columella spiral, forming a strong callous fold; parietal lamella thin

but high. Length 3, diam. 1.7 mm.

Hachijojima, Izu. Types no. 83,380 A. N.S. P., from no. 948

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is more lengthened than 7. ogasawarana, or T.

varicifera, but less so than 7. nakadai (biplicatus, two-folded).

Cochlicopa lubrica var. hachijoensis nov. Shell short and wide,

with very obtuse apex; whorls 53. Length 6, diam. 2.7, length of

aperture 2.4 mm.

Hachijo-jima, Izu. Types no. 83,383 A. N.S. P., from no. 940

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

LIST OF LAND SHELLS COLLECTED IN THE SACRAMENTO MTS., NEW

MEXICO.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

During April and May of the present year Messrs. J. A. G. Rehn

and H. L. Viereck collected natural history specimens in the Sacra-

mento Mts., Otero Co., New Mexico, for the Academy of Natural

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Science of Philadelphia. Collecting was done at Cloudcroft, in James

Caiion, elevation 9500 feet, in the Canadian zone, where the follow-

ing species were taken :

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa _ Vitrina pfeifferi Newe.

CkIll. Euconulus fulvus Mill,

Vallonia cyclophorella Ane. Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Thysanopbora ingersolli Bld. Zonitoides milium Mse.

Pupa sonorana Sterki. Punctum pygmaeum Drap.

Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Succinea avara Say.

Vertigo concinnula Ckll.

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa Ckll. was found in great abundance

under logs and branches at Cloudcroft, the type locality.

At Highrolls, Otero Co., New Mexico, elevation 7000 feet, in the

Upper Sonoran zone, the following species were collected :

Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa _ Bifidaria armifera Say.

Ckll. Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Vallonia cyclophorel!a Ane. Succinea avara Say.

FHolospira roemert Pfr. and Vitrea indentata umbilicata “ Singl.”

Ckll. were taken at 4600 feet elevation in the Middle Sonoran zone,

in the Alamo Cafion near Alamogorda, Otero Co,, New Mexico.

GENERAL NOTES.

LIMN2ZA AURICULARIA IN AMERICA.—In Scrence, July 11, 1902,

p- 65, Dr. R. E. Call records the occurrence of a well-established

colony of this species in Flatbush, Brooklyn, N. Y. They were

probably introduced on plants.

PLANORBIS PARVUS WALKERI N. var.

This variety is similar to P. parvus, but distinguished by having

the lip internally thickened.

Types in coll. of Academy of Natural Sciences, no. 81143 from

Hartland, Vt., gift of Mr. Bryant Walker; cotypes in coll. Walker.

It also occurs at the following Michigan localities: Oakland Co.;

Detroit; Cambridge, Sewell Co.; Antrim Co.; Fenton, Genesee Co.;

Lake near Charlevoix; and Grand Rapids, all communicated by

Mr. Bryant Walker.—E. G. VanarTra.

VERTIGO COLORADENSIS AND V, INGERSOLLI.—In our Revision

of Pup, 1900, pp. 599, 603, Mr. Vanatta and I stated that we had

not seen the descriptions by Mr. Cockerell published in the British

Naturalist, 1891. The missing number of that journal has now been

THE NAUTILUS. 59

received, and as there are probably but few copies accessible to

American conchologists, we reprint below the passages relating to

American Pupide.

“In the ‘Journ. of Conch.,’’ 1889, p. 63, a small species of Pupa

from Colorado was named P. coloradensis, but not described. It is

a distinct species allied to corpulenta, but decidedly smaller (length

14 mill.), more striate and slightly narrower. There are four

apertural lamelle, [p. 101] one on the parietal wall, one on the

columella, and two—the lower one the largest—on the outer wall.

“*Pupa ingersolii Ancey MS., mentioned on p. 64 of the same

volume, has also never been described. It is allied to coloradensis,

but 2 mill. long, cylindrical, dull-brown, with half a whorl more,

and a double lamella? on the parietal wall. P. montanella, indicated

on the same page as P. coloradensis, proves to be a form of P. pento-

don—T. D. A. C.” (The British Naturalist, 1891, part v. pps

100, 101.)

The description of P. ingersolli is so abbreviated that in a critical

group like the modesta group of Vertigo it may be doubted whether

it is sufficiently diagnostic. Prof. Cockerell, who has affirmed the

identity of ¢ngersolli with his concinnula, seems to have held a differ-

ent view when describing the latter. As the original description of

ingersolli is only about two lines long, and quite inexact for con-

ctnnula, it may fairly be held, I think, that it was not recognizably

defined, and the name concinnula should not be displaced.—H. A.

PILSBRY.

ASHMUNELLA LEVETTEI (Bld.). Specimens of this species

(formerly referred to Polygyra) were taken alive in the Huachuca

Mts., Arizona, by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, and have been dissected by

Mr. E. G. Vanatta. It proves to be a typical Ashmunella anatomi-

eally. Since this is the case, it is altogether likely that the related

Polygyra mearnsi Dall will follow suit; so that Ashmunella will

include numbers 84 to 89 of the check-list of 1897. It should be

mentioned that Mr. C. F. Ancey had already, on conchologie or

distributional grounds, referred (evetted to Ashmunella, but Mr.

1Jt will be noticed in this connection that the number of whorls is not stated

in the description of P. coloradensis. H. A. P.

2The term ‘‘a double lamella’? may be applied to the parietal process of

Bifidaria procera, armifera, contracta, etc., but it is conspicuously inexact when

used for a species with two separate and distinct lamelle upon the parietal

wall, as in Vertigo. H. A. P.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

Vanatta’s investigation places the generic position of the species on

an indisputable basis.—H. A. Pitssry.

A LarGe Prart.—A short time ago, one of the students of the

Southern Collegiate Institute, of Albion, IIl., had occasion to use a

live Unio in illustrating some point in zodlogy. When the shell

was opened there was found in the mantle quite a large, regularly-

formed pearl, 12 mm, wide, and 7 mm. high. The pearl was found

in the anterior side of left valve. There is quite a depression in the

valve where the pearl was found, although it was not connected with

the shell. The Unio from which the pearl was taken is U. multi-

plicatus Lea, and is a mature shell. It was found in the Bonpas

Creek, not far from where it empties in the Big Wabash River.—C,

S. Hopeson.

Mr. Stomon Rous, whose stock of Cape shells is well known to

many of our conchologists, has removed to 929 DeKalb Ave.,

Brooklyn, N. Y. He reports the receipt of large consignments of

Scuth African shells, including most of the recently described species.

NEW PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Cueck List or Norty AMERICAN Natapes, by B. H. Wright

and Bryant Walker. 8vo, pp. 19, Detroit, 1902. An alphabeti-

cally arranged list of species with the genera and groups indicated,

and the distribution briefly stated. It will prove useful for checking

collections, as well as for determining the modern genera of collec-

tions labeled by Lea’s system. It is based upon Simpson’s

Synopsis.

NECROLOGY.

A veteran conchologist, Witt1aAm LeGranpb, of Tasmania, has

just died, aged 82. He was a book-seller in Hobart, and printed

(with his own hands) a little book, Collections for a Monograph of

Tasmanian Land Shells (1871), which Tryon noticed in- Volume ITI.

of the Manual of Conchology. Much of the Tasmanian material

described by Hanley was, I believe, obtained by him, and Tenison-

Woods described many shells from his collection. Tate and May

named a genus Legrandina after him. Turris legrandi Ten.-Wood ;

Columbella legrandi T.-W.; Calliostoma legrandi T.-W.; Gibbula

legrandi Petterd; Zidora legrandi Tate, perpetuate his memory.

His collection was purchased by C. E. Beddome.—C. HED Ley,

Sydney, N. S. Wales, July 9, 1902.

We regret to record the death of Dr. J.G. Cooper, at Haywards,

California, on July 19, at the age of 72 years. Extended notice

will follow.

aE NAUTILUS:

Von. XVI. OCTOBER, 1902.

HELIX VAR. CIRCUMCARINATA AND PYRAMIDULA ELRODI.

BY ROBT. E, C. STEARNS.

I have to thank Mrs. M. Burton Williamson of this city for the

opportunity to examine a specimen of Pyramidula elrodi described

by Dr. Pilsbry on pages 40-41 of Tue Nauti us for August, 1900.

As the example was sent to Mrs. Williamson by Professor Elrod

there is no doubt as to its authenticity. The form is unquestionably

the same as that described by me in the Annals of the N. Y. Acad.

of Sciences, Volume I, November, 1879, as Helix var. etreumeart-

nata,' Mrs. Williamson’s specimen differing only in size, being .85

as compared with .92 and 1.0i of an inch, greater diameter, of my

examples.

Several specimens of circumcarinata were given to me by the late

A. W. Crawford, of Oakland, some before and some after my de-

scription was written. He had numerous examples, received from

an acquaintance or friend, who gave ‘‘ Turloch, in Stanislaus county,

Cal.,’’ as the locality where he had found them. Subsequently Mr.

Crawford discovered he had been deceived and stated the true local-

ity as being ‘“‘near Columbia, in Tuolumne county.’”’ His friend

may have been guilty of a second fib. As I noticed certain charac-

ters suggestive of possible relationship to the well-known Epiphrag-

mophora mormonum, which occurs in the Tuolumne region, I have

regarded the later habitat given by Mr. Crawford as quite probable.

1See Binney’s Manual of Am. Land-Shells, 1885, p. 141; also, Pilsbry’s

Catalogue, Phila., 1898, p. 4.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

The general region in which Columbia is situated remains to be

explored ; it has been barely glanced at. Though the occurrence of

circumearinata thereabouts has not been verified by subsequent col-

lectors, its non-occurrence there cannot safely be assumed upon the

ground of extreme remoteness from the Montana region explored by

Professor Elrod, when we have the more extraordinary fact in the

matter of distribution, exhibited by the occurrence of Pyramidula

hemphilli Newe. (heretofore credited to Arizona, Nevada, Idaho,

Utah and Colorado), on Catalina Island, twenty-five miles distant

from the mainland of southern California, where Mr. Hemphill,

some months ago, collected numerous living examples, fifty or more,

which he kindly showed me.

Here is a conundrum in geographical distribution, of great interest

and certainly ‘‘a hard nut to crack.”

Hemphill’s original find of this peculiar form was in the White

Pine mining district, extreme eastern Nevada.

A few years ago the distribution of Vallonia pulchella’ was given

as “Montana eastward, from Canada to, or nearly to the Gulf of

Mexico. Europe.” In September, 1900, it appeared suddenly

upon my grounds in Los Angeles and continued to be abundant for

some months; it is now scarce. Whence it came and whither it is

going, who can tell ?

Los Angeles, Cal., August 26, 1902.

‘‘PYRAMIDULA”’ ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA

CIRCUMCARINATA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Dr. Stearns, having expressed the opinion that the two Helices

named above are specifically identical, I have again compared them,

and find my previous idea of their distinctness confirmed. My

material consists of the types and numerous other specimens of P.

elrodi and two specimens of E£. circumcarinata, an adult and a

young one, received from Dr. Stearns years ago, about the time the

species was described. The difference between Dr. Stearns’ views

and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due to his

1See Tue Navurizus for October, 1900.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

having, perhaps, no examples of e¢rewmcarinata at hand for direct

comparison with e/rodi.

The following differences appear on comparing the shells: With

the same general figure and size, P. elrod? has a wider umbilicus,

and viewed from above, the last whorl is wider; the base is more

convex, being swollen and almost subangular around the umbilicus ;

the rib sculpture is coarser; the finer spiral sculpture is much de-

veloped in P. elrodi, especially beneath, while 2. cirecwmearinata

shows no spirals there, but only minute papillae scattered between

the ribs. The shape of the apertures differs: In P. e/rodi the trans-

verse axis does not much exceed the longitudinal, while in e¢rcum-

earinata it is conspicuously greater. In Dr. Stearns’ species, the

basal lip is narrowly reflexed, while in P. elrodi it is at most merely

expanded a little. Finally, the apices show important differences.

In E. cireumearinata the first 14 whorls appear smooth, a high

power showing a minute, even, criss-cross pebbly sculpture, like that

of H. mormonum, and the next whorl shows only very weak riblets,

with papilla between them ; while in P. e/rodi the strong riblets be-

gin earlier, and there is no trace of the mormonum type of sculvture,

even in young removed from the uterus of the mother.

These facts indicate, in my opinion, that the great general simi-

larity between the two species in question is merely superficial, and

probably the result of similar conditions acting upon organisms

originally diverse, and indeed not closely related. P. e/rodi belongs

undoubtedly to the P. strigosa group; while, although its soft

anatomy is unknown, e¢rewmcarinata will probably prove to belong

where Dr, Stearns placed it, near mormonum, although with present

knowledge it is in all probability distinct from that specifically. In

other words, I think the two species belong to different genera.

It might be as well to say here that the strégosa group of snails

is not correctly placed in Pyramidula. They do not belong in the

Endodontide at all, but are Helicide, nearer Sonorella than any other

group, but constituting a new genus which will be suitably defined

in the near future.

In South Australia there is a group of snails called Glyptorhagada,

some species of which resemble P. edrodi remarkably in form, sculp-

ture and color. They belong, however, to a different sub-family of

Helicid@, and the resemblance, as in the case of 2. eireumearinata,

is a case of convergent evolution.

64 THE NAUTILUS.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF

MADAGASCAR.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Helicarion (2) Dautzenbergianum Anc.

Testa imperforata, convexo-depressa, angulata, tenuis, pellucida,

nitens, corneo-virens, supra angulum medianum fascia rubrofusca sat

angusta circumdata, indistincte et obsolete lineis radiantibus sub-

plicosa. Spira depresso-conoidea, subobtusa, convexa. Anfractus

41 celeriter crescentes, subconyexi, sutura distincta sed haud_ pro-

funda; ultimus magnus, dilatatus, utrinque convexus, medio angu-

latus, basi subtumidus. Apertura ampla, distincte obliqua, extus

angulata, lunato-oblonga, leviter supra convexo-producta, basi regu-

laviter usque ad columellam arcuata, marginibus remotis.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 154, alt. 94, alt. apert. (oblique) 9 mill.

Hab.: “ Montagne d’ Ambre,” N. Madagascar.

A very remarkable species on account of the keel and its very

peculiar shape and coloration. It may, perhaps, be referable to

Euplecta or Hemiplecta.

Euplecta oxyacme Anc.

Testa fragillima, subimperforata, conico-trochiformis, parum

nitens, opacula, corneo-lutescens, concolor, sub valida lente lineis

confertissimis incrementi notata et striis argutis permultis spiralibus

decussata, subtus paulo nitidior. Spira elevata, perfecte conica,

rectilinearis, acuta. Anfractus 6 regulariter crescentes, priores con-

vexiusculi, inferi applanati, sutura lineari, appressa; ultimus acute

et compresse in medio carinatus, infra convexus, supra carinam

planodeclivis, antice haud deflexus. Apertura lunata, extus angu-

lata, subobliqua, marginibus distantibus, supero recto-declivi, basali

regulariter arcuato, columellari leviter supra perforationem parvulam

expansiusculo, eam fere prorsus occultante.

Diam. maj. 134, min. 113, alt. apert. oblique 53, alt. 93 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

Of the same shape and size as Rotula argentea, Reeve, but of

thinner texture and different -color. It may belong to the same

genus, but is perhaps related to Huplecta (?) feneriffensis, Angas.

The generic reference, therefore, is doubtful.

CHE NAUTILUS. 65

Hemiplecta oleata Anc.

Testa globoso-depressa, tenuis, anguste perforata, oleoso-nitens,

supra tenuissime et irregulariter granulata; subtus magis nitida,

lineis radiantibus incrementi notata et sub valida lente striolis spi-

ralibus undulatis valde confertis cincta, superne fusca, ad_peri-

pheriam zonula pallida cingulata, infra peripheriam intense castanca,

denique basi pallidior. Spira convexa, obtusa. Anfractus 5 con-

vexiusculi, regulariter erescentes, sutura appressa nec profunda

divisi, ultimus amplus, vix rotundato-angulatus, basi convexus.

Apertura subobliqua, lunata, marginibus distantibus, callo nitido

tenuique junctis, supero convexo-declivi, basali regulariter arcuato,

columellari anguste in trianguli forma expanso, subincrassato.

Peristoma acutum, rectum.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 305, alt. 23, alt. apert. oblique 17} mill.

Hab.: Antsianaka Country (E. Perrot).

Very distinct from Hemiplecta Balstoni, Angas, H. Cleamesi, E.

A. Smith, and 7. formosa, Anc., all also from Madagascar.

Hemiplecta profuga Anc.

Testa depressa vel subgloboso-depressa, tenuis, perforata, nitida,

supra subsericea, luteo-cornea, infra angulum medianum zona fusca

angustaque cingulata. Spira plus minusve conyexa, conoideo-

depressa, obtusa. Anfractus 5-54 convexiusculi, regulariter cres-

centes, oblique obsoleteque lineis incrementi confertis vix sculpti,

supra passim et inconspicue subgranulati, sutura parum profunda

discreti, ultimus ante medium angulo ad aperturam paulatim evan-

escente aut subrotundata cinctus, basi convexior. Apertura sub-

obliqua, lunata, transverse irregulariter oblonga, extus subangulata,

marginibus remotis, basali antice subsinuato, columellari in trianguli

forma supra perforationem circularem et minutam anguste dilatato.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 184, alt. apert. oblique 8 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra, N. Madagascar (Humblot).

This is allied to H. oleata, but is much smaller, more depressed

and of lighter color. The sculpture also is more obsolete.

Macrochlamys granosculpta Anc.

Testa perforata (perforatio parva, sed aperta, circularis), tenuis

depressa, oleoso-micans, sordide luteo-cornea, vix lineis incrementi

notata, striis confertissimis spiralibus passim, sed ad suturam

presertim, granulosis decussata, apice levi. Spira depresso-sub-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

conoidea, obtusa. Anfractus 44 convexiusculi, regulariter crescen-

tes, sutura appressa, superficiali ; ultimus supra convexiusculus, infra

convexior. Apertura subobliqua, lunata, sat ampla, transverse

oblonga. Peristoma acutum, marginibus distantibus, columellari in

trianguli forma everso.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 84, alt. apert. oblique 75 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country, N. E. Madagascar (Humblot).

The two specimens I have seen of this species probably are young

ones, altogether the species is quite distinct from any other from

Madagascar on account of its peculiar sculpture.

Macrochlamys Humbloti Anc.

Testa anguste perforata, conoideo subdepressa, tenuis, nitidissima,

fusco vel purpureo-cornea, zona pallida, albescente, dilutaque infra

suturam ornata, subloevigata, infra lineis incrementi radiantibus

obsolete notata et sub valida lente exiliter striis spiralibus incisula.

Spira conoidea, subobtusa. Anfractus 55 regulariter et sat lente

accrescentes, convexiusculi, sutura levi, appressa; ultimus supra

convexo-declivis, infr’ convexus, subdepressus. Apertura parum

obliqua, lunata, truncato-oblonga, Peristoma simplex, marginibus

distantibus, columellari minute in trianguli forma expanso.

Diam. maj. 124, min. 12, alt. 8, alt. apert. oblique 6 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

Quite unlike the other species hitherto recorded from the island,

the sutural white band being an unusual feature in the genus.

Flelicophanta Alayeriana Anc.

Testa imperforata aut vix subrimata, depressa ovato-globosa, soli-

dula, primum loete fulva et inconspicue griseo multifasciata, deinde

in ultimo intense brunnea et paulatim nigricans, ac proeter zonam

pallideorem initio ultimi anfractus supra peripheriam concolor,

epidermide nigra glutinosa decidua induta. Spira brevissima, con-

vexa, obtusa, apice subplanata. Anfractus 4, celerrime accrescentes,

convexiusculi, sutura impressa in ultimo sublacerata divisi ; embryo-

nales tenuiter oblique striati, penultimus granulis parvis et elongatis

irregulariter asperatus, ultimus ab initio granulis destitutus, irregu-

lariter plicatulus, maximus, inflato-depressus, ad aperturam super-

ficialiter atque spiraliter submalleatus, basi convexus. Apertura

perobliqua, diagonalis, late ovalis, sublunata, intus atro-cyanea, mar-

garitacea, nitida. Peristoma incrassatum, expansum, basi breviter

THE NAUTILUS. 67

reflexum, hepaticum, margine columellari crasso, albo, nitido, dila-

tato, medio late et indistincte subtuberculato, parietali albescente,

callo nitido crassiusculo obtecto.

Diam. maj. 694, min. 52, alt. 41 mill.

Hab.: Bora County, 8S. Madagascar (Sikora).

This is a beautiful species, between H. gloriosa Pfeiffer and H.

Ibaracensis Angas, but nearer to the latter one. It is however

smaller, more globose, the aperture is larger, of a more oblique

shape and the columellar margin is thicker.

Ampelita Robillardi Angas.

This does not appear to be a very variable species. The shell is

more or less depressed and the upper line is sometimes wanting.

Hab.: Fort-Dauphin, 8S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).

Ampelita Madagascariensis Lam.

Hab.: Fort Dauphia, S. Madagascar.

Ampelita gonostyla Anc., f. major.

Hab.: Bora Country, Madagascar (IF. Sikora).

The specimen is larger and has a bluish lip, thicker than in the

typical form.

Leucotenius ellipticus Anc.

Testa elliptico ovalis, glandiniformis, solida, alba, strigis subrectis

fuscis nonnullis angustisque passim picta, subobliqua confertim cos-

tulata, costulis infr’ medium ultimi anfractus evanidis. Spira satis

producta, regulariter conoideo-attenuata, obtusa. Anfractus 84 sub-

plani, regulariter crescentes, sutura subirregulari propter costulas ;

ultimus oblongus, dorso convyexo-attenuatus. Apertura subrecta,

pyriformi-ovalis, superne angulata, lactea. Peristoma vix incrassa-

tum, obtusiusculum, basi leviter effusum, ad columellam late dilata-

tum ac supra perforationum angustam reflexum, marginibus remotis,

allo nitido junctis.

Long. 54, lat. 254, alt. apert. 25 mill.

Hab.: Andrahomana, S. Madagascar (Sikora).

I at first supposed this species might be LZ. Favanni Lam., var.

elongatula, of Crosse (Journ. de Conch., 1868, p. 185), also found

in southern Madagascar, but the present form is quite different in

shape, number of whorls and sculpture from the true ZL. Favanni

Lam., the latter being similar in sculpture to the Budimulus dealba-

68 THE NAUTILUS.

tus var. Ragsdalei Pilsbry. It is the fourth species: recorded of the

genus, the others being :

L. Favanni Lam.

L. crassilabris Gray.

L. Procter? G. B. Sowerby.

The latter is much like a dwarfed example of Favanni, but is

shorter and more conic.

Clavator Balstonit Angas.

Hab.: Imerina (F. Sikora); also Antankaratra Country (Humblot)..

The specimen of Imerina is shorter and more ventricose than.

others I have seen.

_ Clavator Balstoni Angas, var.? herculea Anc.

Testa extmizw magnitudinis; differt a Cl. Balstoni Angas, non

solum statura insigni sed etiam spira magis producta, anfractibus 9°

(nec 8), testa magis elongata, paulo solidiore, apertura magis incras--

sata, margine columellari longiore, crasso, summo subacuto.

Long. 144, diam. 454, alt. apert. 48 mill.

Hab.: N. W. Madagascar (Humblot)..

Owing to the variability of the species, I dare not separate this-

very large and remarkable specimen from Cl. Balstoni, which is-

looked upon by some conchologists as a synonym of Cl. eximius:

Shutt., but considered as distinct by Crosse & Fischer ; altogether it

might prove to be a different species.

(To be concluded).

LIST OF LAND MOLLUSCA FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF

SAPPORO, YESSO.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND ADDISON GULICK,

A number of land shells collected by Mr. Paul Rowland at and

near Sapporo, in Ishikari province, Yesso, and submitted to us for

study, adds to our scanty knowledge of the Hokkaido species.

Eulota (Euhadra) peliomphala var. septentrionalis (Ehrm.). Mt.

Moiwa, two miles from Sapporo, and Maruyama, 1} miles from the

same place. Specimens from the former place are typical in color,

having two broad dark bands and an umbilical patch. At the second

locality two of three shells have a narrow band above the upper wide:

one, and the third has opaque creamy streaks, interrupting the-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

bands, as in ordinary peliomphala. All have the characteristic

dark apex.

Eulota (Euhadra) blakeana (Newe.). Mt. Moiwa.

Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainesi Pils. Maruyama.

Eulota (Mastigeulota) gainesi var. gudeana Pils. Sapporo Park.

Clausilia micropeas var. hokkaidoensis Pils. Mt. Moiwa.

Clausilia rowlandi n. sp. Garukawa, 10 miles from Sapporo.

This is a very distinct new species of Euphzdusa, named in honor

of Mr. Paul Rowland.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). “Garukawa.

Pyramidula pauper (Gld.) Yubari, 50 miles from Sapporo.

Kaliella sp. Mt. Moiwa. A large species, identical with Mr.

Hirase’s no. 678.

Succinea lauta Gld. Maruyama.

Helicina hakodadiensis Hartm. Mt. Moiwa.

The Kaliella is one which has been the subject of some corre-

spondence between one of us and Mr. G. K. Gude, and there seems

to be no doubt that it is an undescribed form. The new Clausilia

will be described and illustrated in “ Additions to the Japanese

Land-snail Fauna,’’ No. 7. The range of Helicina, Eulota pel.

septentrionalis and Clausilia is extended some distance northward

by Mr. Rowland’s collection.

UNIO POPEII, LEA, IN NEW MEXICO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

In the list of New Mexico mollusca the genus Unio has not

appeared, but I always hoped that some species would turn up in the

eastern portion of the Territory. When recently at Roswell, in the

Pecos Valley, Miss Bessie Peacock, of that town, brought me some

single valves of a Unio which she had found in North Spring river,

Roswell. I was, of course, greatly interested ; and next day, guided

by Miss Peacock, visited the place and had the good fortune to find

a complete specimen. The shells are fresh and the species is evi-

dently still living in the river.

I sent the specimen I had found to Mr. C. T. Simpson, who kindly

reports as follows: “ This is Unio popedi, Lea, and it is quite a long

way out of its known range. The type came from the Rio Salado,

a tributary of the Rio Grande, and since that was found other speci-

70 THE NAUTILUS.

mens have been taken in Southwestern Texas. A few years ago

Dr. Edgar A. Mearns collected it abundantly near Ft. Clark, South-

western Texas, and obtained a number of living specimens, which

he sent to me. Some of these were gravid and showed it to be a

true Unio.”

A NEW VARIETY OF GLYPTOSTOMA NEWBERRYANUM.

BY F. W. BRYANT.

G. newberryanum var. depressum.

This variety differs from typical Glyptostoma newberryanum (W.

G. Binney) in being very much depressed, the altitude of shells with

an equal number of whorls being less than two-thirds that of Binney’s

species. ‘The diameter is correspondingly reduced. The aperture

is also less round than in G. newberryanum. A specimen measures,

alt. 11, diam. 27 mm.

Dead shells of this variety are found in abundance on the bluffs

north of Ensenada, Lower California.

It has also been collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill near Wilming-

ton, Los Angeles Co., California.

THE MANUFACTURE OF PEARL BUTTONS FROM FRESH-WATER

MUSSELS.

In the manufacture of pearl buttons the centre of activity has

shifted from the China Sea to the river towns of the Mississippi.

Altogether unknown in this region a dozen years ago, this industry

has grown to such proportions that it now empleys the services

of thousands of people, and the output has become so great that it

materially affects the button market of the world.

About twelve years ago a German buttonmaker named Boeple

wandered into Muscatine from the old country. He saw for the

first time the mussel shells of the Mississippi river. He examined

them closely and expressed the opinion that they were good material

for buttons. Up to this time fresh-water shells were considered

unsuitable for any such use, and authorities on the subject were

naturally skeptical in regard to Boeple’s opinion of their usefulness.

He persisted in claiming that the “niggerhead”’? mussel from the

waters of the Mississippi river would make, if properly handled and

finished, the finest pearl buttons yet produced. He took some

THE NAUTILUS. ‘a

specimens to the factories at Waterbury, Conn., and after consider-

able experimenting one concern there determined that with some

changes in their machinery the shell of the strange mussel from the

* Father of Waters”? would make a button to compete with the best

of those from other parts of the world. ;

First one concern and then another began to use the Mississippi

shell, until the foreign one was almost abandoned. In the beginning

the shells were shipped east in the rough and prepared for use atter

their arrival there, but the freight rates were so high that one enter-

prising firm soon shipped that part of its machinery which makes the

“blanks"’ out to Muscatine, and, what generally results when some

pioneer leads the way to a good thing, others soon profited by the

example and came also. The industry has spread both up and down

the river, until almost every town of any importance, from St. Paul,

Minn., to Alton, Il]., is now engaged in some form of the industry.

The manner of catching the mussels is interesting. A fisherman

equips himself with what is known to the clan as a “John boat.”

This is a flatboat on the order of a scow, about 20 feet long and 34

feet wide. Upon the inside of the boat are placed eight uprights,

which are between three and four feet high and have crotched tops.

Four of the uprights are placed on each side of the boat, at just

enough distance apart to accommodate the four 10-foot pieces of inch

gaspipe that rest upon them. To each of the gaspipes are attached

20 four-foot stagons, similar to those used on an ordinary trout line,

and each stagon has four hooks, with four prongs.

The fisherman goes out in his ‘‘ John boat” with as much con-

fidence as if it were the finest craft afloat. Once in the stream, he

casts his gas-pipes, one by one. As the hooks drag along the bottom

of the river they come in contact with the open shells of the mussels,

which immediately close up on them. Thus attached, they are

brought to the surface and taken off. The distance the hooks are

dragged each time depends altogether on the thickness of the bed,

and varies from three boat-lengths to an eighth of a mile.

The rivers of Arkansas are said to be so thick with mussel beds

that they crop out of the water when it is low. The men put on

rubber boots and shovel the shells into the boats. In the Upper

Mississippi district, shells are quoted in car-lots, ranging from 15 to

30 tons in weight, but the Arkansas dealers have astounded every-

body in the business by sending out quotations on 500-ton lots and

72 THE NAUTILUS.

promptly filling all orders sent them. The men sell the mussels to

the button factory operators at so much per 100 pounds. The wages

they make depend upon their diligence and the luck they meet with in

getting in a thick bed, but range from $1.50 to $5 per day. There

is one big mussel bed near Canton, Mo., about eight miles in length.

The process of making the shells into buttons is interesting.

The shells are first cut up into blanks the exact size the buttons are

to be; then they go to the grinder, a machine which grinds the black

back off of them; after that to the facing machine, which cuts the

face on them; next to the backer, which bevels the back; then the

drill, which puts in the eye-holes; from here they go to the polish-

ing room, where the glossy finish is put upon them; after that they

are sorted, put on cards and boxed up.

There are about 40 factories in Muscatine, and the amount paid

out weekly in wages is $10,000. There are factories in Davenport,

Fort Madison, Burlington, Quincey, LaGrange, Canton and many

other points.

There is an added interest in the business of mussel fishing on

account of the likelihood of finding pearls. It is not an uncommon

thing for a fisherman to find a pearl valued at $100, and one lucky

fellow found a beauty which sold for $5,000. Every follower of the

business has a little bottle filled with specimens, which eventually

find their way to the market.—Phila. Record.

GENERAL NOTES.

CANTHARIDUS PERONII Phil. In this journal for May, 1901

(xv, p. 8), I noted that it was Perry who first gave a name to this

species, Bulimus carinatus. I find that this name cannot stand on

account of the earlier Bulimus carinatus of Bruguiere, and the name

given by Philippi will be retained. In the same note, the second ¢

was omitted from the name Bulimus eximius Perry, by typographical

error.—H. A. Pilsbry.

ANGITREMA VERRUCOSA AT LAWRENCEBURG, INDIANA.—I am

able to list an entire new shell to this locality, Angitrema verrucosa

Raf. This shell had so far never been found in the upper Ohio,

the mouth of the Wabash, 275 miles below this point, being its

locality according to Say. I was fortunate enough to obtain 60

specimens of this shell, and send you a set for the collection.—A, C.

Billups.

DR. JAMES G. COOPER.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVI. NOVEMBER, 1902. No. 7.

DR. JAMES G. COOPER.

On the nineteenth of July, Dr. Cooper, a man prominent in the

scientific history of Western America, died at his home in Haywards,

California. For nearly fifty years he labored with zeal and earnest-

ness for the advancement of zodlogical kuowledge. Trained as a

physician and for years engaged in the practice of his profession, he

yet found time for work of lasting value in the domain of nature-

study. He suffered from ill health for many years, yet as one of the

pioneers in the western field, his name will be held in grateful re-

membrance for what he has done in zoélogical science.

His father, William Cooper, one of the founders of the Lyceum

of Natural History, now the New York Academy of Sciences, was

eminent as a naturalist. From him Dr. Cooper received the early

training which in large measure prepared him for his later career.

Born in New York, June 19, 1830, James commenced his school life

at the age of ten years, while living with his family on a farm near

Hoboken, N. J. On his way to school it was his delight to collect

birds or shells or anything else in animate nature which he might

find, thus showing those traits which were afterward a dominating

factor in his life work. Later he studied medicine, and received his

degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York in

1851. After two years spent in the city hospita!s, he was appointed

physician on a government survey for a railroad between St. Paul

and Puget Sound. A part of his duty was to make zodlogical and

botanical collections, and in this way he began the observations and

discoveries for which the scientific world is permanently indebted to

him. During the succeeding years he spent most of his time in col-

74 THE NAUTILUS.

lecting on the Pacific coast. In 1855, after the abandonment of the

survey, he was at Gray’s Harbor, then at Whitby’s Island, then for

six weeks in the Santa Clara Valley, in California, after which he

went to Panama to collect shells for his father, who wrote the article

on West Coast Shells for the Pacific R. R. Reports. Until 1860,

Dr. Cooper continued his field work on the Pacific coast, much of

the time at his own expense. In that year he was appointed Zodlo-

gist of the California State Geological Survey under Whitney. While

engaged in this work, he collected along the coast from San Diego

to Bolinas, as well as inland. His observations on the land birds

were embodied in the report on Ornithology, edited by Professor

Baird and justly regarded as ‘‘ by far the most valuable contribution

to the biography of American birds that has appeared since the time

of Audubon.” (Baird.) Dr. Cooper’s report on Conchology still

remains in manuscript form in the library of the University of Cali-

fornia. This report contains information of the highest value, especi-

ally in its voluminous notes on geographical distribution.

Through the latter part of the Civil War, Dr. Cooper served as

surgeon in the Second Cavalry, California Volunteers. In 1866, at

Oakland, California, he married Miss Rosa M. Wells. His later life

was spent in the practice of his profession, until, with failing health,

he retired to Ventura county, then in 1875 to Haywards. Although

no longer as active in collecting as in earlier years, his scientific work

was continued with the ripe experience and knowledge of zodlogy

which the years had brought him. Some of his later work was done

for the State Mining Bureau in the identification of fossils, in the

“description of new species, and in the publication of a Catalogue of

Californian Fossils. For the Academy of Sciences also, of which he

was an early member and at one time vice-president, he performed

valuable service, both in conchology and in paleontology. Some ot

his latest papers were based on material collected by members of the

Academy.

Dr. Cooper published more than forty papers on conchology be-

tween 1859 and 1896. His discoveries of new species and varieties

of mollusks were numerous. Of the 116 new forms credited to him,

65 were described by Dr. Philip P. Carpenter, 16 by W. M. Gabb,

17 by Dr. Cooper himself, and the remainder by William Cooper,

Gould, Bland, Newcomb and Tryon. It is noticeable that so few

were described by Dr. Cooper. Owing to a lack of scientific books

THE NAUTILUS. 75

and authenticated collections in California, he sent most of his new

species to more favored workers for description. Dr. Carpenter says

of the species collected by Dr. Cooper: ‘‘ The diagnoses . . . pub-

lisd in the Proce. Cal. Ac. N. S.. . . should be credited to the

zealous zovdlogist of the survey, rather than to the mere artist-in-

words who endeavors to represent their forms to the reader.”’ Dr.

Cooper described a few species collected by other workers in the

field, but of these there is no enumeration at hand.

Dr. Cooper was a man of noble character and kindly disposition.

He was tall and slender, not very fluent in conversation unless the

topic under discussion was one of special interest to him. Many of

the younger students of zodlogy in California remember with grati-

tude his aid so freely given them in their studies. Since his death,

besides extended notices in the daily papers, there have appeared a

memorial by Wm. H. Dall in Science for August 15, and one by

W. O. Emerson, together with a list of ornithological papers, in the

current number of the Condor. The last is the Bulletin of the

Cooper Ornithological Club and contained in its first issue, 1899, a

much longer account of Dr. Cooper’s life work. A partial list of his

conchological papers will be found in Bulletin 4, California State

Mining Bureau. The present portrait is from a photograph taken

in 1865, and was sent to the writer by Mrs. Cooper, who still lives

in Haywards. Witiiam J. RAyMonpD.

University of California, Oct. 15, 1902.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Mr. Nakada, who collected so successfully in the Bonin Is.

(Ogasawara-jima), has now gone into western Hondo, through the

provinces Echizen and Kaga, and continuing northward will collect

in Noto and Sado Island. Among many other interesting discov-

eries, he has found Sphyradium edentulum Drap. (new to eastern

Asia), Bifidaria plicidens Bs. (descrived from India), magnificent

specimens of Hulota (Euhadra) senckenbergiana, one of the finest

helices in the world, and many other beautiful shells.

76 THE NAUTILUS.

Chloritis albolabris Pilsbry & Hirase, n. sp.

Shell depressed, the alt. about half the diameter, but slightly con-

vex above, several earlier whorls being coiled in a plane, the tip of

the apex turning down; umbilicate, the width of umbilicus about

one-fifth that of the shell, thin but moderately strong, greenish,

somewhat russet tinted above. Surface dull, marked with low

growth-wrinkles, and set with rigid, short, black-brown, tapering

bristles, arranged in oblique lines as usual, but in part irregularly

placed. On the latter part of the last whorl the bristles stand nearly

a half mm. apart. Whorls 44, convex, slowly widening to the last,

which is fully double the width of the preceding whorl, is well

rounded at the periphery and beneath, and descends slowly in front.

Suture deeply impressed. Aperture quite oblique, widely lunate,

the peristome white, narrowly reflexed, thickened with a narrow rim

within, the ends approaching.

Alt. 9.6, diam. 20 mm.

Alt. 9, diam. 18 mm.

Yaku-shima, Osumi. Types no. 85883 A, N. S. P., from no.

958 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This fine Chloritis needs comparison with no other Japanese

species. The wide umbilicus, stiff, dark-colored bristles, and thick

white lip, are conspicuous features differentiating it from other forms.

(Albolabris, white-lipped.)

Eulota ( Aegista) kobensis var. gotoensis P. & H., n. var.

Much smaller than kobenss, with narrower umbilicus ; whorls 54;

sculpture and color as in kobensts. Aperture more nearly circular,

the lip thick and white, as in kobensis. Alt. 6.5, diam. 12 mm.

Goto, Hizen. Type no. 83877 A. N.S. P., from no. 969 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

E. kobensis (Schm. & Bttg.) has hitherto been known from Awaji,

Setsu and Yamashiro, adjacent provinces, though the former is

insular. The occurrence of a race far to the southwest is therefore

interesting,

Eulota ( Plectotropis) omiensis var. echizenensis P. & H., n. var.

Shell depressed, conic or low-conic above, convex beneath, um-

bilicate, the width of the umbilicus one-third the diameter of the

shell; brown; surface nearly lusterless, sculptured with slight and

THE NAUTILUS. (il

irregular growth-lines and bearing sparse triangular cuticular pro-

cesses, nearly wanting in some individuals. Whorls 5 to 53, con-

vex, the last angular at the periphery, the angle disappearing be-

hind the outer lip, slowly descending below the angle of the pre-

ceding whorl. Aperture very oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of

the circle excised by the preceding whorl. Peristome thin, expanded.

Alt. 4.5, diam. 7.3 mm.

Alt. 5, diam. 7 mm.

Arato, Echizen. Types no. 83879 A. N. S. P., from no. 752a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This western race is distinguished from omiensis by its more conic,

elevated spire, and sparser cuticular shreds.

Eulota (Aegista?) intonsa Pils. & Hirase, n. sp.

Shell depressed, somewhat lens-shaped, umbilicate, the umbilicus

less than one-fourth the diam. of the shell; thin; light brown with

some indistinct corneous streaks, and corneous around the umbilicus.

Surface somewhat shining, rather roughly papillose-striate, the last

whorl densely set with short, hair-like cuticular processes, in part

rubbed off. Whorls 5 to 53, slowly widening, somewhat convex,

the last whorl strongly angular at the periphery, much more convex

below the angle than above, shortly descending in front. Aperture

oblique, oval; peristome thin, the upper margin slightly expanded,

outer and lower margins expanded and narrowly reflexed, the termi-

nations converging, parietal wall covered with a thin varnish.

Alt. 6, diam. 12 mm.

Alt. 5.3, diam. 11.5 mm.

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku). Types no. 85378 A. N.S. P., from

no. 960 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A species with much the contour of Plectotropis, but more like

Aegista in sculpture and texture, so that both of us are disposed to

refer it to the latter group. It is quite unlike any Japanese species

yet described. The aperture reminds one somewhat of Trachia.

(Intonsus, unshaven).

Pyramidula conica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, conic, rather thin, dark purplish-brown, closely,

finely and rather irregularly striate. Whorls 44, very convex, sepa-

rated by a deep suture, the last rounded at the periphery and beneath.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

Aperture oblique, rounded, about one-fourth of the circumference ex-

cised at the parietal wall by the preceding whorl; peristome simple

and thin, the columellar margin a little dilated. Alt. 1.5, diam.

2.7 mm.

Suimura, Awa, Shikoku. Types no. 83884 A. N.S. P., from no.

"961 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is excessively similar to the common European P.

rupestris, type of the genus Pyramidula. In fact, if found in the

western Palzarctic area, it probably would not be separated more

than as a subspecies. However, the whorls are more tubular, espec-

ially the last one. The Chinese Pyr. orphana (Heude) is also

closely related, but comparison with a specimen received from Pére

Heude shows it to be perceptibly rougher and with the last whorl

more depressed.

The species of the typical group of Pyramidula differ from those

of the more widely distributed section Gonyodiscus in wanting

regular rib-strie. This is more constant than the degree of eleva-

tion, which varies widely in both groups. Some large forms, such

as Pyr, solitarta, also want the ribbed sculpture. It has elsewhere

been shown that the teeth and jaw of P. rupestris are like those of the

ordinary discoidal species; so that Dr. von Moellendorff’s hope that

it will prove generically distinct does not seem likely to be realized.

Macrochlamys kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell very narrowly umbilicate, globose-depressed, thin, greenish-

yellow. Surface very glossy and smooth, marked with faint growth-

wrinkles, the inner whorl densely and finely engraved with spiral

strie, which are obsolete or nearly so on the last whorl. Whorls

44, rather rapidly increasing, the last about double the width of the

preceding, rounded peripherally, convex beneath, impressed at the

axis. Suture shallow, edged by a fine white line. Aperture slightly

oblique, wide lunate, the peristome thin and simple, slightly dilated

at the axial insertion. Alt. 9.5, diam. 15 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83881 A. N.S. P., from no. 974 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A fine large species, allied to M/. dulcis Pils., but much more

clobose. M. perfragilis Pils,, from Oshima, is very similar in form,

but has an even smaller umbilicus and more oblique aperture. be-

sides wanting the incised, clear-cut spirals on the inner whorls.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

Microcystina nuda P. & H., n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate or nearly so, depressed, yellowish, glossy

and smooth. Whorls 4, slowly increasing, the last indistinctly and

obtusely subangular at the periphery, above the middle; impressed

around the axis. Aperture lunate, subvertical, the lip simple, acute,

dilated at the axis, the columellar margin a little thickened. Alt.

1.2, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83880 A. N.S. P., from no. 973 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Apparently related to the smaller J/. s‘napidium, both belonging to

Reinhardt’s group Discoconulus. (nudus, naked).

Kaliella kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell subperforate, low-trochiform, yellowish and glossy. Surface

marked with faint growth-lines, the second whorl] delicately and very

minutely costellate; base showing some faint spirals. Whorls 5,

somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last angular at the peri-

phery, convex below. Aperture lunate, oblique, the peristome

simple and thin, columellar margin subvertical, narrowly expanded.

Alt. 2.4, diam. 3.2 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 83882 A. N.S. P., from no. 971 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A shell almost identical in contour with K. of/ana, but smooth

and glossy, and a little larger.

Kaliella gudei Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell large for the genus, perforate, conic, thin, pale yellowish,

somewhat translucent, smooth except for slight, irregular growth-

lines. The outlines of the spire are slightly convex, nearly straight,

last whorl with a narrow, thread-like peripherel keel, which ascends

the spire and is visible as a narrow border above the suture. Whorls

6 to 64, quite convex, the last convex above and below the keel,

slightly impressed around the perforation. Aperture truncate-lunar, ©

the lip simple, columellar margin dilated, reflexed. Alt. 5, diam.

6.2 mm.

Kayabe, Ojima. Types no. 81922 A. N.S. P., from no. 678 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection. Also Hakodate, Ojima. Mt. Moiwa, two

miles from Sapporo, Ishikari (Paul Rowland); all in Yesso.

This is the largest Japanese species, and one of the largest of the

80 THE NAUTILUS.

genus. It is related to KA. (?) ceratodes Gude, but that is a much

smaller and smoother shell. A. gudez was at one time identified

with H. labilis and with H. pupula of Gould, both described from

Hakodate, but Mr. G. K. Gude directed attention to its distinctness

from these species.

CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF

MADAGASCAR.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Clavator Johnsoni E. A. Smith.

Hab.: Central Madagascar (Humblot).

Clavator obtusatus Gmelin.

Hab.: Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora). Also found at

the northern end of the island (Alluaud).

Clavator Humbloti Anc.

Testa magna, imperforata, elongato-attenuata, solidula, epidermide

fusco lutescente infra transverse et exiliter fusco multifasciata in-

duta, sub epidermide alba, nitidula. Spira regulariter usque ad

apicum attenuata, elongata, obtusa. Anfractus 9? (supremi fracti),

regulariter crescentes, convexiusculi, sutura mediocri in ultimis

minute et leviter subcrenulata discreti, longitudinaliter striis confertis

incrementi exarati, in 5 inferis lineis spiralibus impressis magis dis-

tantibus decussati ; ultimus elongatus, inferne attenuatus. Apertura

subobliqua, basi leviter recedens, irregulariter oblongo-attenuata,

superne angulata, basi ampliata, intts ccerulescens. Columeila

antice angulatum producta, inttis contorto-subplicata, crassiuscula.

Peristoma obtusum, supra columellam dilatatum et adnatum, mar-

ginibus distantibus, callo nitido basi preecipue conspicuo junctis.

Long. 95, diam. 274, alt, apert. 31 mill.

Hab.: Antankaratra Country (Humblot).

This fine species appears to be allied to C7. Moreleti Desh., but is

much larger and is very distinct.

Pachnodus rufoniger Reeve.

Hab.: ‘* Montagne d’ Ambre,” Diego Suarez; Antankaratra (Hum-

blot).

THE NAUTILUS. 81

Planorbis Madagascariensis E. A. Smith.

Hab.: Vinaninony and Fenoarivo.

Planorbis trivialis Morelet.

Hab.: Same localities,

Acroptychia equivoca Pfeiffer.

Hab,: Antankaratra (Humblot).

I think that A. manieata, Cr. and F. is the same as this.

Hainesia crocea Sowerby.

Hab.: Andrahomana, S. Madagascar (Sikora).

I do not see that any precise locality was ever given for this

species, erroneously ascribed to Mauritius by Benson.

Cyclostoma carnicolor Anc.

Testa pro genere mediocriter sed profunde umbilicata, globoso-

conica, solida, supra partm, inferne magis nitida, superne spiraliter

multisulcata, proetered lineis incrementi sub lente decussata, carnea

vel rubella, ad apicem luteola, fascia fuseo-ceerulea infra peripheriam

cincta. Spira conoidea, apice sat minuto, obtuso, Anfractus 54

convexo-rotundati, ultimus bene rotundatus, subtts fasciam levi-

gatus, dein iterim circd umbilicum et in umbilico ipso confertim

concentrice liratus, antice breviter ascendens. Apertura albida,

intus candida vel luteola, fascia transmeante. Peristoma expansum,

marginibus approximatis, callo subemarginato junctis, columellari

dilatato-reflexo. Operculum testaceum, sordide album, anfractibus

4, nucleo subcentrali,

Diam. maj. 234-264, min. 18-20, alt, 21-26 mill.

Hab.: Andrahomana (Sikora).

Nearly related to ©. asperum, Pot. and Mich., but much less

rugose and of different color. It may be the southern analogue of

asperum, which lives in the northern end of Madagascar.

Cyclostoma Alayerianum Anc.

Testa globoso-turbinata, pro genere anguste umbilicata, parim

crassa, spiraliter confertim acutique lirata, liris in ipso umbilico con-

spicuis, infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus levioribus, ochraceo-

fulvescem, fasciis angustis 2 fuscis, quarum una angulo superiore

aperture incipit, altera minus conspicua supra peripheriam ultimi

cingulata. Spira turbinata, apice levi, obtusulo. Anfractus 5

valde convexi, sutura profunda, inferne minute plicatula, ultimus

82 THE NAUTILUS.

rotundatus, ad finem brevissime et leviter subascendens. Apertura

partim obliqua, subcircularis, intts luteola. Peristoma subinter-

ruptum, anguste, ad columellam paulo magis expansiusculum.

Diam. 93, alt. 94, alt. apert. vix 5 mill.

Hab.: Region of Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar (F. Sikora).

Although this small species bears some resemblance with others,

like C. undatoliratum Boettg., ete., still I cannot identify it with

any of them.

Cyclostoma obsoletum Lam.

Hab.: Province of Boeni.

Cyclostoma filostriatum Sowerby.

Hab.: Fort Dauphin (F. Sikora).

About the geographical distribution, it may be of interest to note

that Helicoplianta magnifica has been found in Imerina, where it is

said to be very scarce (Sikora), and Heliophanta cornu-giganteum,

Chemnitz, in southern Madagascar, near Fort Dauphin (Sikora).

NOTE ON NEOCORBICULA FISCHER.

BY W. H. DALL.

In a small collection of freshwater shells from Uruguay, recently

received, are specimens of Corbicula obsoleta Deshayes and C. imosa

Maton. The latter is the C. variegata Orbigny, and the type of

Fischer’s section Neocorbicula, proposed for the American Corbiculas,

which have separate siphons and a small pallial sinus, while the

European types of the genus Corbicula have an unsinuated pallial

line.

Several of the specimens above mentioned had the animal matter

dried up within the shell, and in removing this it was discovered that

the shells contained a large number of nepionic young of varied size,

some nearly two millimeters in length and already showing radiating

lines of color. There were 15 to 20 of the young fry in each indi-

vidual, and while the dried matter gave no distinct indication of the

original arrangement, the fry in each case were in the umbonal

cavities.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

I have run over the literature and manuals and have not found

any reference to viviparity in Corbicula or Cyrena, though of course

it is well known in the allied Spheriuwm and Pisidium. If it is a

characteristic of the Old World Corbdiculas, it is singular that it has

not been hitherto noted.

The prodissoconch in these young shells is rounded, polished and

translueent, and presents no remarkable peculiarities.

If the brooding of the nepionic young in a marsupial sac is a fur-

ther point of distinction between the New and Old World forms, it

is probable that it may be regarded as raising the value of the sub-

division to higher than sectional rank.

‘PYRAMIDULA”’ ELRODI AND EPIPHRAGMOPHORA CIRCUMCARINATA.

BY ROBERT E. C, STEARNS.

In connection with my remarks upon the above-named forms in

the October number of THe Nautitus, and Dr. Pilsbry’s com-

ments that follow, he says: ‘* The difference between Dr. Stearns’

views and my own, of the affinities of the two Helices, may be due

to his having, perhaps, no examples of circwmearinata at hand for

direct comparison with e/rodi.”” ‘This suggestion is correct. I have

not seen an example of circumcarinata for ten years, and only a

single specimen of H/rodi, that heretofore referred to by me.

The dominant features of these shells are surprisingly alike. The

many though less conspicuous characters indicated by Dr. Pilsbry in

their bearing on the distinctive point, must therefore be accepted.

The remarkable similarity exhibited between the forms in question

are presumptively, as Dr. Pilsbry observes, the result of similar envi-

ronmental conditions “ acting upon organisms originally diverse, and

indeed not closely related.”

Closeness of relationship or otherwise, among land-snails inhabit-

ing the same geographic or physiographic area, though the area may

include a broad extent of territory, is another and very interesting

question.

Regarding the relations of the strigosa group of snails, I have for

a long time held the opinion that it was decidedly out of place in

84 THE NAUTILUS.

Pyramidula, and am pleased to learn on the authority of Dr. Pilsbry

that the proper position of this large and varied group will soon be

made known.

Los Angeles, Cal., October 12, 1902.

GENERAL NOTES,

‘«Situas ” as Mepicine.—While in Port Antonio, Jamaica, last

March, I collected some Veronicella sloanei Cuv., and having noth-

ing to put them in, wrapped them in paper and left them on a table

in my room at the hotel. During my absence they escaped and be-

gan crawling around, much to the disgust of the colored chamber-

maid who happened in about that time. On my return she filed a

vigorous protest against the “ nawsty things,” and wanted to know

what I intended to do with them. She then informed me that they

were good for all forms of lung trouble and asthma. They are used

as follows: Take a green cocoanut, cut off the end, and dron a good

sized ‘‘slug”’ into the milk, in which it will dissolve. The milk is

then drunk and is a “‘ sure cure for asthma.”

It would be interesting to know whether this is a survival of the

old European belief in the efficacy of the slime of ‘ slugs” in pul-

monary troubles, carried to the island by the early English settlers,

or whether it is a part of the African pharmacopeeia introduced with

the slaves.—Gro. H. Ciapp.

Nores oN HALioTis RUFESCENS Sw.—For several months a

company of Japanese fishermen has been engaged in collecting

abalones onsSan Clemente Island, and drying the animals for the

Japanese and Chinese markets.

Among the shells sent from this island to San Pedro for shipment

I recognize quite a large number of fine Haliot’s rufescens Sw.,

which is not, or is only very rarely found along the shore of the

mainland of southern California at the present time.

Last year I collected an interesting series of this beautiful shell in

the shell-mounds on San Nicolas Island, but most specimens of the

shell in those mounds are broken or in -an advanced stage of disin-

tegration,

Recent collectors of abalones report living specimens of the red

abalone very rare on San Nicolas Island.—Hrnry HEMPHILL.

ee. N AUT IESs

Von. XVI.

DECEMBER, 1902. No. 8.

SURFACE SCULPTURE IN ANCYLUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

Owing to the simple character of the shell, which presents but few

of the salient specific features which enable the more specialized

groups to be readily determined, the North American Ancyli, like

the Succineas, have received but scant attention from our collectors,

and great contusion exists in regard to the identification of nearly

all the described species.

The species of the earlier authors were based almost wholly upon

the shape, contour of the slopes and position of the apex. The sur-

face sculpture was as a rule overlooked. With the exception of the

few species characterized by radial ribs or incised lines, in only four

of the eastern American forms is the character of the surface mens

tioned at all in the original descriptions, and then only with reference

to the growth lines,

Bourguignat, in 1853 (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1V, p. 63), was

the first to point out the apical sear as a peculiarity of the genus, and

Pilsbry (Nautitus, IX, p. 139) is the only American author who

has noticed its presence in any American species. It is present in

all of tiem, but is much less conspicuous in those species which group

around A, fuscus than in those of which A. rivularis is the leading

form.

Pilsbry also was the first (doc. cvt.) to call attention to the fact

“that nearly all specimens are more or less coated with foreign mat-

ter, sometimes calcareous, but generally ferruginous (which) must be

removed before the color and finer sculpture can be observed,” and

to give a practical method for cleaning the shells.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

A recent study of the eastern North American species has devel-

oped some unexpected peculiarities in regard to their surface sculp-

ture, which are of value in determining many of the species and

which may prove to be of importance in reference to their phylogeny

and classification.

In studying the Ancyli, it is necessary to have the shells thor-

oughly cleaned with dilute oxalic acid and to use a compound micro-

scope of at least 50 diameters; not unfrequently a power of 100 diam-

eters is required, especially with the smaller species, to reveal the

characteristic sculpture. Under a simple lens of 10 diameters the

shell, when cleaned, appears to be smooth and shining, but under a

higher power a more or less developed system of sculpturing is vis-

able in nearly every species. This consists of two elements: first

the concentric lines of growth, and second, a radial sculpture more

or less evident, which in its fullest development, as in A. peninsule

and eugraptus, presents a series of fine, conspicuous, radial riblets

extending from the apex to the peritreme.

The concentric sculpture formed by the growth lines is not usually

very strongly developed. It never presents the regular clear-cut

striation such, for instance, as is presented by Planorbis trivoivis,

but is irregular and more or less indented, varying in the different

species,

The radial sculpture in all the species examined, when present,

consists of fine transverse elevations varying from very fine, irregu-

lar, discontinuous ripples to continuous riblets covering the entire

surface. When present at all, their position is radial.

The only species in which any other kind of radial sculpture has

been noticed is the A. borealis Morse, in which the surface is marked

‘‘with fine, regularly interrupted radiating lines.” It is not ex-

pressly stated that these are incised, but such would seem to be the

inference. Unfortunately no authentic specimens have been acces-

sible for examination,

There is a large degree of individual variation in the development

of the radial sculpture, even in those species which have been estab-

lished upon its presence and in which it is best developed. A. pen-

insule is the only one in which it seems to be uniformly present.

A. filosus is frequently nearly smooth and, judging from specimens

from both the Coosa and the Cahawba, the radiating sculpture is

decidedly irregular. The same holds true in regard to A. eugraptus.

A. ovalis has not been examined.

——

THE NAUTILUS. 87

On the other hand, in nearly all the so-called smooth species there

is a distinct tendency toward the formation of a minute, transverse,

irregular and discontinuous rippling of the surface, which, especially

on the lateral slopes, tends to form irregular riblets extending anter-

iorly. The median portion of the anterior slope is less apt to be

affected in this way.

While it is, as yet, too soon to speak positively, it seems possible

that an examination of a large amount of material may lead to dis-

carding the presence of a well-developed radial sculpture, unaccom-

panied by other peculiarities of size and shape, as a ground for spe-

cific distinction. The A. excentricus Morelet may be cited as an

example of this kind. It is described as smooth or with very fine

concentric lines only, and apparently on this ground alone is dis-

tinguished from the A. radiatus Guilding. Bourguignat (J. de C.,

iv, p. 155), on other grounds, only allows it varietal rank; but

Crosse & Fischer (Moll. Mex., ii, p. 87) hesitate to follow him on

account of the absence of the radiating striz, which are so prominent

in radiatus. An examination of specimens of A. excentricus from

Texas, collected by Singley, shows that in all of them the radiating

sculpture is incipiently present and that in some there are well-

developed riblets present on the antero-lateral slopes, the median

portion of the anterior slope being practically smooth. (See also

Pilsbry, Naut., iii, p. 64.) A larger series would probably necessi-

tate the uniting of the two forms.

The most striking feature, however, in the radial sculpture of the

Ancyli is the presence, in many of the species, of a circle of fine rib-

lets or striz on the apex, radiating from the apical scar. These

apparently have not been noticed before. When present in a species,

they are invariably to be found, and that quite independent of the

presence or absence of a radial sculpture over the entire surface, and

they may be entirely wanting in species with a well-developed ribbed

surface, as in A. ewgraptus. When the radial sculpture is persistent

over the whole surface, the riblets originate from these apical striz,

but when that sculpture is not present, they cease a very short dis-

tance from the apex. This apical sculpture is characteristic of the

more elevated species with an acute apex, of which A. rivularis is the

leading form. ‘The scar in these species is situated on the tip of a

sharp, prominent apex and, with its circle of radiating ribs, is very

conspicuous and easily observed.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

In a large number of species, however, the apex is smooth and the

radial riblets when present originate below the apex. These are the

wide, ovate or subcircular species, usually more or less depressed, of

which A. fuscus may be considered the type. In these the apex is

blunt and smooth and the apical scar is not conspicuous. In A. pen-

insule, however, the riblets in some speeimens seem to extend clear

up tothe scar, but not into it. While in this respect this species

seems an exception to the rule, that the depressed species have the

apical region smooth, nevertheless its affinities are all with that group,

and in spite of the apparently intermediate character of its apieal

sculpture, it seems better to class it with them. A similar tendency,

though much more feeble, has been observed in one set of A. dia-

phanus.

The eastern American species, so far as examined, fall into two

natural groups characterized by their shape and contour as well as

this difference in apical sculpture. Pilsbry has already indicated

them (loc. cit.) on other grounds, and if is interesting to find that

the distinction apparently also holds good on structural grounds of

some importance.

The following list of eastern American species is arranged with

reference to their apical character :

Apex striate. Apex smooth. Not examined.

rivularis. Suscus. obscurus.

tardus. diaphanus. elatior.

parallelus. excentricus. calearius.

shimekit. holdemanit, borealis.

filosus. eugraptus. ovalis.

peninsula.

Any collector, who has any of the unexamined species as here

listed, will confer a favor by communicating with the writer.

A NEW HAITIEN CHONDROPOMA.

BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JR., AND CHAS. T. SIMPSON.

Chondropoma superbum.

Shell having a small umbilicus, usually truncated, subsolid, some-

what shining ;

those remaining in the truncated shell 4; sculpture consisting of

whorls 7, the two nuclear ones smooth and waxy;

THE NAUTILUS. 89

rather fine axial threads, becoming finer behind the aperture ; suture

narrowly canaliculate, its lower edge finely denticulate; last whorl

decidedly solute, free about one-fifth of its length ;

aperture almost regularly oval, vertical when viewed

from its outer edge, oblique when viewed from the

front; outer lip heavy, rounded and well reflexed ,

inner lip narrower, scarcely reflexed above; base

within the umbilical region with faint spiral lire 3

color brownish white, marked with brown spots

arranged in longitudinal and revolving series.

Operculum paucispiral, finely ridged, calcareous

without, horny within ; nucleus excentric.

Length 25, greatest diameter 14, least diameter

11 mm. Length of aperture 10, diameter 7 mm.

Another shell. Length 21, greatest diameter 13, least diameter

7mm. Length of aperture 9, diameter 6 mm.

Found on a high limestone hill back of Thomazeau, Haiti, many

specimens, living and dead.

This species is somewhat closely related to Chondropoma wein-

landi Pfeiffer, which is found on the plain about Thomazeau, but it

is larger, solider, more finely developed and painted, and has the

last whorl much more solute and the outer lip more solid and

reflexed. It varies a good deal in size and color pattern. There

are occasionally faint longitudinal brown bands, and the darker

spots which are usually longest in a spiral direction may become

angular, rounded or almost blunted into axial rows.

It is a magnificent species, often quite as beautiful as C. magnificum.

SOME NOTES ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CALYCULINE, WITH NEW

SPECIES.

BY DR. V. STERKI.

The genus Calyculina has been pointed out by T. Prime’ without

a name, and named by Clessin.?. It seems well-defined, since no

species have been seen which were in doubt whether to be ranged

under Sphzrium or Calyculina.

1 Mon. Corbiculidz, 1865, p, iv.

2 Mal. Bl. xix., 1870, p. 150, and used in ‘‘ Cycladeen,” p. 253.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

One of the features, however, considered characteristic, and from

which the generic name was derived, is not constant. The beaks are

not always capped, or calyculate, and in C. transversa, e. g., they are

simply rounded, as arule, while in all other species, examples with

rounded, not calyculate, beaks, are occasionally found, and some-

times at a large percentage. As stated elsewhere, it seems that this

is caused, at least partly, by the seasons during which propagation is

effected. ;

It has been asserted, and repeated, that the Calyculine have a

cyclical period of life, within one year, depositing their young in

spring. This seems not to hold good. Of Cal. transversa Say, e. g.,

I have collected specimens at all stages of growth, and also gravid

animals in all seasons, also in midwinter, and nearly the same can be

said of C. partumeia, truncata and securis. And among materials

sent for examination from different places and collected at various

seasons, the musscls were found of different ages and sizes.

Since the publications of T. Prime and Clessin, little has been

said about our Calyculine, During the last eight years I had

chances to examine many thousands of specimens, owing to the

efforts and the kindness of a number of conchologists. Yet the

materials extant are still insufficient, especially from the Southern

and Western States. Most of the species seem to be rather variable,

and some considerably so, in regard to size, shape, surface appear-

ance and color, and some forms could be referred to certain species

only after careful examination and often repeated comparison, and

even then doubtfully in some instances. More materials from many

localities are very desirable, j

They preferably inhabit quiet waters, to which they are best

adapted, with their thin and fragile shells. Pools, ponds, ditches,

slow rivers and creeks often abound with them, where they are

crawling among plants and dead leaves. In fast running streams,

with coarse bottoms, they are scarce, and so along the shores of

larger lakes.

So far as I know them now, the species are the following:

1. C. elevata Hald. A southern species, with comparatively

strong shells. The specimens are not always so high and of such

circular outlines as in T. Prime’s figure. A rather small, but well

inflated form from Kansas sems to range under this species,

2. ©. contracta Pr. Seems to be a good species. Seen from

THE NAUTILUS. 91

Alabama and Louisiana. Specimens from Kentucky (Bowling

Green, collected by Miss Price) are slightly different in shape,

being more rhomboid, but probably range with contracta.

3. C. hodgsonti n. Somewhat like contracta, but rather larger,

somewhat more elongated; the shell is thicker, the nacre whitish,

the hinge stronger; the posterior end is not so markedly or so ob-

liquely truncated. The surface is rather dull, the color a vivid yel-

low, to plumbeous around the umbones, in older specimsns. It has

some resemblance with C. transversa, but is less elongated, more

equipartite, the shell and hinge are stouter, the superior margin and

the hinge more curved, especially so the posterior lateral teeth.

Size: long. 14, alt. 11. diam. 6.5 mill.

From a mill pond at Albion, IIl., collected years ago by Mr. C. S.

Hodgson. It is in many collections under various names, e. g.,

Sphaerium aureum Pr., from which it is very different. So well

marked a form must be described and named, even if known from

only one place, so far, and even if it should ultimately prove to be a

variety, e. g., of C. contracta, which, however, is not probable. I

take pleasure in naming it after its discoverer, Mr. Hodgson.

4. C. transversa Say. Widely distributed and common in all

kinds of waters. Fairly constant in shape, but rather variable as to

size and color.

5. C. ferrissii n. sp. Shell elongated, equipartite, rather well in-

flated, beaks in the middle, narrow, moderately prominent, somewhat

inclined forward, slightly or not calyculate ; superior margin curved,

sloping from the beaks anteriorly and posteriorly ; scutum and scu-

tellum slight but distinct, long and narrow ; inferior margin well and

regularly curved ; anterior and posterior part rounded, without any

angles, the former somewhat less high; surface with some irregular,

not sharp, but partly rather deep striz, more or less arranged in

zones, polished ; color plumbeous around the beaks, with broad light

yellow zones along the margins; shell thin, hinge fine, plate quite

narrow, teeth thin and slight, the laterals placed at angles with the

longitudinal axis, rather long ; ligament fine and very long.

Size: long. 13, alt. 10, diam. 7 mill.

Hab.: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Frierson, Louisiana;

in the former States collected by Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, in whose honor

the species is named, in the latter by Mr. L. S. Frierson.

So far as known, the present Calyculina is decidedly distinct, and

92 THE NAUTILUS.

moreover, was found in company with C. transversa, which it resem-

bles in being so elongated. But its beaks are not anterior, narrower

and less full, the hinge margin is not so straight, and the anterior

and posterior ends are rounded, not truncate. :

6. C. partumeia Say. Widely distributed and decidedly variable,

some forms being hardly recognizable. At Garrettsville, Ohio, Mr.

Streator has found a form with exceptionally broad, full, rounded

beaks, quite unlike those of a Calyculina.

7. C. jayensis Pr. (Sphaerium jayanum, in Mon. Corb.). One of

the rarer species, and known from Indiana and Michigan to Wiscon-

sin and Iowa. Seems to be valid.

8. OC. truncata Linsley. Rather common, and somewhat variable.

In regard to shape and surface appearance, it usually resembles

more C. partumeda than securis. Yet in some forms the posterior

end is rather obliquely truncated, and the beaks are rather strongly

inclined towards the anterior. The mussel is more inflated, as a

rule, than the dimensions given in Prime’s description,

Clessin (Cycladeen, p. 246) says: ‘It appears to me somewhat

doubtful whether C. truncata can be regarded as a good species.

Around the type of Cal. securds are grouped several species (Sph.

contructum, rosaceum, sphaericum, truncatum, lenticula), which, ac-

cording to European principles, would unhesitatingly be regarded as

varieties.”

In all probability, Clessin had insufficient materials on

hand.’ ©. truncata has been collected in many places over a wide

territory, and has been found distinct. Quite commonly, I have

found C. secur’s and truncata associated, and the two often also with

C. partumeia. ©. contracta is evidently of another type. As to

rosacea and spherica we refer to the following.

9. C. rosacea Pr. There is a small Calyculina with a thin, trans-

parent, horn-colored, or almost colorless shell, narrow, moderately

high beaks, which is evidently distinct from the other species. It

is known from different places in Michigan, Illinois, New York and

Virginia. For years it has been a stumbling block, since most forms

did not agree exactly with Prime’s description of rosacea, and yet

they could not well be ranged under any other species. After all, it

seems that they are rosacea.

1 As directly evident from some of his descriptions and notes. . g., he says

in the description of C. secwris : ‘“‘ shell shining,’ which is rather an exception

than the rule. Some of his descriptions were made from single specimens, as

he states.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

10. C. securis Pr. Widely distributed, common, and quite vari-

able in size, shape, surface sculpture and color. The shell is more

or less inflated ; the beaks are more or less prominent, broader or

narrower, often not calyculate, but simply rounded; the posterior end

is more or less truncate, the disproportion between the anterior and

posterior parts various; the surface of the shell is usually dull or even

rough from fine scales of the epiconch, but sometimes smooth or even

glassy. The color varies from brown to a vivid yellow or orange

(crocea Lewis).

11. &. spherica Anth. I have seen no authentic specimens and

no Calyculine from the original place, and consequently am unable

to judge about it, It appears to be very near secezis, also from some

Michigan specimens received as spherica.

12. @. rykolti Normand. From Traverse City and from Straits

Lake, Michigan, Mr. Bryant Walker has sent specimens of a Caly-

culina, which so closely resemble ©. rykolti from Germany and

Sweden that they can hardly be regarded as distinct. More materi-

als may bring additional evidence.

Larger specimens (of the size given as typical by Clessin) from

Saguache, Colorado, were in the collection of the late Dr. James

Lewis, now in possession of Mr. Bryant Walker. The agree with C.

rykolti, but must also be compared with the following :

13. C. raymondi Cooper. The specimens I have from Washing-

ton (Spokane, Mrs. Olney, and Seattle, Mr. Randolph), are evidently

not mature. They have much resemblance with C, rykolti, and it

would be of special interest to know whether such forms also inhabit

eastern Asia.

14. C. deformis Carpenter. My specimens are from Rhode Island

and New Jersey, not authentic but probably true. Whether this

Calyculina is a good species, or a form of secur7s, as has been as-

serted, I am unable to decide, for the present. At any rate, it is a

remarkable form, seems to be distinct.

15. C. lacustris Mull. (?). To Mrs. M. Olney I am indebted for

a few specimens from the Spokane river, Washington, which can in no

way be distinguished from C. lacustris, from several European coun-

tries. They appear absolutely identical. More specimens from other

places would be very welcome.

Of C. subtranversa Pr., lenticula Gld., and tenue Pr., I have no

materials. Under the first name, C. transversa from Texas have been

sent out.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

A NEW RISSOA FROM CALIFORNIA

BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH.

Rissoa kelseyi Dall and Bartsch.

Shell of medium size, elongate-conic. white, variously banded, or

uniformly chocolate brown. Nuclear whorls mammillate, smooth.

Post-nuclear whorls slightly rounded, ornamented axially by a few

broad, depressed, almost obsolete ribs which are best seen near the

summit of the whorls, and many irregular, more or less deeply im-

pressed striations, which extended almost undiminished to the um-

bilical region. The spiral sculpture however is more conspicuous

than the axial, and consists of deeply impressed lines which are

more closely placed and less strongly developed near the summit of

the whorls than at the periphery, grading gradually in this respect

between these two regions. Sutures simple, well marked. Per-

iphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, the latter ornamented

by spiral sculpture similar to that between the sutures, but a little

more distantly spaced and more strongly impressed. Eighteen of

the spiral lines appear between the sutures upon the penult whorl

and ten upon the base. Aperture large, oblique, decidedly effuse

anteriorly ; posterior angle acute, peristome continuous; columella

strong, short, somewhat twisted and slightly revolute.

The type has seven post-nuclear whorls and measures: long, 6.3

mm., diam. 2.5 mm.

Seven specimens were sent to the National Museum by Mr. F.

W. Kelsey, who collected them at Pacific Beach, California. The

type and two specimens now form no. 168605 of the U.S. N. M.

collection, the remaining four being in Mr. Kelsey’s collection.

This species appears to be nearest related to Rissoa albolirata

Carpenter, but is larger in every way than that form; there are also

minor differences in sculpture.

VITREA DRAPARNALDI, BECK., IN WASHINGTON, D. C.

BY GEORGE W. H. SOELNER.

On the 22d of May, 1901, I visited a greenhouse in this city for

the purpose of investigating its snail life, and was rewarded by find-

ing a colony of what I at that time firmly believed to be finely de-

THE NAUTILUS. 95

veloped specimens of Vitrea cellaria. A number of specimens were

collected and labeled accordingly, and as many have since passed

into the hands of friends, it may be well! to state, in the interest of

those who may not be familiar with the specific characters which

differentiate this species from V. draparnaldi, that. my identification

of these shells was erroneous.

A recent search among the disintegrating ruins of an old mill in

Georgetown, one of the oldest sections of the city, very unexpectedly

brought to light specimens of a Vitrea which, notwithstanding its

quite close resemblance to draparnaldi, is undoubtedly, I think, cel-

laria, although the shells obtained are unusually small and fragile,

which is probably due to their out-of-door life. The largest measured

only 8.75 mm. greater diameter. Owing to their smaller size and

the different color of the animal and shell, I was at once impressed

with the belief that I had found two species. A re-examination of

specimens was, therefore, necessary, and after carefully comparing

my first lot with Mr. Frank C. Baker’s description and remarks on

V. draparnaldi,' I was delighted to find that I had discovered this

species ; the specimens agreeing exceedingly well with his description

in every detail. Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Geo. H. Clapp, of Pittsburg,

Pa., to whom I have sent examples, have kindly verified the identi-

fication.

Being anxious to know if the colony was flourishing, I again vis-

ited the nursery on November 3, 1902, and again secured a number

of fine specimens, the largest measuring 16 mm. greater diameter.

This interesting find not only adds another species to the list of

the mollusks of the District of Columbia, but another locality, and

that a remote one, to the geographical distribution of this handsome

introduced species, which seems to be gradually spreading over the

United States. As far as I know, this is the first record for this shell

east or southeast of Chicago, Illinois.

Washington, D. C., November 15, 1902.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Notes on Limnaza.—The receipt of Mr. F. C. Baker’s very ex-

cellent work on the Mollusca of the Chicago Area suggests a few

remarks on Limnxa. It seems unfortunate that American workers

1 Mollusca of the Chicago Area, Part Il; Chicago Academy of Sciences, April

25, 1902.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

do not pay more attention to the European forms of the circumpolar

types. Judging from the names, one would suppose that the Ameri-

can variations of JZ. palustris, etc., were quite different from those

found in Europe. If this is the case, it is a fact of much interest ;

but it has never been demonstrated by comparisons, nor is it sug-

gested by the figures in Mr. Baker’s work. The variety erpansa

Hald., of 4. palustris, is to be compared with the European var.

contform’s Bourg., which on the face of things appears to be the

same; while other American pa/ustris seem referable to varieties

elungata Moquin (Baker, Pl. xxxu, first three shells of fig. 1), and

perhaps con7ca Jettreys. In fact, it is not yet clear that there is any

Americar variation of Z. palustris which cannot be duplicated in

Europe. With regard to L. stagnalis, it is well said that the typical

European form is not that found in America, bet it is apparently not

true that the American form (appressa Say) is absent from Europe,

T have seen plenty of European specimens which could not, I think,

be distinguished from the American ones; such appear to pertain to

the variety fragilis (Linné) and its allies. Some one should

minutely examine the anatomy of these forms, to see whether it is

not possible that there are two species, viz.: (1) Z. stagnalis (L.),

European; (2) Z. fragilis (L.), Europe and America, including

appressa Say. raphidia Bourgt., vulgaris Westerlund, ete.

Limnzea Woodrvffi Baker, appears from the eres: to be the

European LZ. peregra, in which case it must have been introduced.—

T. D. A. CocKERELL.

Tue death is announced of the Jesuit Father Prof. P. Heupe,

on January 3d, at Zikavei, near Shanghai, at the age of 66 years.

At the NovemBper MEETING of the Section on Concno.oey,

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Mr. S. C. Wheat exhibited

two specimens of fresh-water mollusca taken from a stream in New

Jersey, which, upon careful inspection by Dr. R. Ellsworth Call,

were pronounced to be hybrids between Margaritana marqinata and

Anodonta undulata. The specimens aroused much interest, as such

hybrids are very rare. A specimen of Anodontu tmplicuta seven

inches in length taken from Prospect Park Lake was also shown.

These specimens were added to the collection in the Children’s Mu:

seum.—F. H. Ames, Sec.

Pet de mollusques nouveaux provenant de Vile Obi (Moluques).

In Le Naturaliste, Nov.. 1902, p. 247, Mr. Dautzenberg has described

and figured a series of Helices and two Leptopomas. Of the former

HT. ( Albersia) omissa seems to be identical with //. (Albersia) ob/ensis

Mart. (Archiv f. Naturg. 1899, pl, 3). A. (Papuina) ob/ensis

Dautz. is apparently HW. (P.) plseus Mts. H. ( Papuina) groulti is

a fine, pyramidal, carinate species of the pi/eolus group, somewhat

similar to P. rynchostoma Ptr.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS, XVI. PLATE III.

ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.

PLATE 1V

THE NAUTILUS, XV!

Z aa ese

CEO

ai =>

ALDRICH: EOCENE MOLLUSCA.

Eee AT Pieces

Von. XVI. JANUARY, 1908. No. 9.

NEW SPECIES OF TERTIARY FOSSILS FROM ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI

AND FLORIDA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

The following species are principally Eocene; descriptions of two

species have already appeared in THE NauTILus and they are now

figured for the first time. One new species from the Oligocene of

Oak Grove, Fla., has been added. The Oligocene deposit of Oak

Grove has been pierced by a deep well near Mobile, Ala., and no

doubt it will be found still further to the westward. I am indebted

to C. W. Johnson, of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, for

comparisons with types in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila-

delphia. All the drawings have been executed by Dr. J. C. MeCon-

nel, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington, D. C.

PLEUROTOMA (DRriLiiA) Caseyin. sp. PI. III, fig. 1, 2

Shell fusiform, whorls ten to eleven, first four smooth, apex pointed,

the balance of the whorls nodular with a connecting line situated at

the periphery. About nine nodes on each whorl. The balance of

the spiral sculpture consisting of close-set, rounded lines, which are

stronger on the lower part of each whorl ; suture nearly concealed by.

a strongly raised and rounded band which is wavy and closely ap-

pressed. On the humeral area the spiral lines are cut by fine curved

lines formed by the former retral sinus, sinus nearly semi-circular.

Canal open and slightly spatulate.

Length 11 mm., width 3 mm.

Localities: Red Bluff, Miss., Byrams Ferry, Pearl Re “Ihe, ana

Vicksburg, Miss.

Resembles Drillia teranopsis Harris, but is carinated at the. periph-

wi el

98 THE NAUTILUS.

ery, more strongly striated and with a deeper retral sinus. Maj.

Thos. L. Casey, U. S. Engineers, has sent me examples from the

upper part of the bluffat Vicksburg. The shell is named in his honor.

CANCELLARIA ANNOSA Aldr. PI. III, fig. 3.

This species was described in THe Navutitus, Vol. XI, p. 97,

January, 1898.

CYPpRHZA NUCULOIDES n. sp. PI. III, figs. 4, 5 and 6.

Shell broadly ovate, rounded, globose, extremities slightly pro-

duced, surface smooth, basal callus heavy and extending upwards

about one-third on each side, base flattened, rounded into the aper-

ture, resembling in this respect OC. pinguis Con., but broader. Aper-

ture rather narrow, denticulated.

Length 17 mm., greatest breadth 14 mm.

Localities: From the Claibornian at De Soto, Miss., McLeod’s

Mill, Miss., and Dubose’s Mill, in West Alabama.

This species has a more flattened base than C. spherotdes Con. and

has a much heavier basal callus. The inner lip is smooth below the

denticulations.

CLAVILITHES COLUMBARIS n. sp. PI. II], fig. 7.

Shell fusiform, whorls ten, apex bulbiform, consisting of three

whorls,:the third constricted; the next four spirally striated and

tuberculated, the last two strongly turreted and excavated below the

sutural shoulder. Aperture small, constricted at posterior. Canal

long, narrow.

Length of figured specimen 52 mm.

Localities: Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod’s Mill, Miss., also

in West Alabama, same horizon. This species approaches the form

described by Harris as Clavilithes humerosus Con., var. texanus, but

the size and extremely prominent shouldered whorls and the constric-

tion below are peculiar. The figured example is the most perfect

one obtained, but the shoulder is even more prominent in other speci-

mens. On comparing this species with C. longevus Lamarck, I find

it has one less embryonic whorl and a higher spire.

FIsSURIDEA INFREQUENS, n. sp. PI. III, figs. 8, 9.

Shell medium size, with broadly ovate periphery at base, rather

depressed ; substance of shell thin, foramen in anterior half, small and

narrowly ovate.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

Greatest breadth at base 22 mm., height 6 mm.

Locality : On the Chickasawhay River, three and one-half miles

below Quitman, Miss., below the O. selleformis bed, Claibornian,

This species differs from any Tertiary species known by the very

thin sbell in comparison with its size, and its very fine cancellation,

The interior is filled with matrix.

OvuULA SYMMETRICA n. sp. PI. III, fig. 10.

Shell smooth exteriorly, spire produced, pointed and slightly spat-

ulate, outer lip reflected, margined on the interior with numerous

crenulations, and curved from spire to base. Aperture narrow, the

inner margin of same denticulated near the spire and with three or

four folds at base.

Length of figured example 9 mm.

Localities: McLeod’s Mill and on the banks of the Chickasawhay

River, three and a half miles below Quitman, Miss.; close to the

Wautubbee beds of the Claibornian. This species differs from both

O. subtruncata and O. texana of Johnson, and it has been kindly

compared with the types by C. W. Johnson.

The specimen from the bluff below Quitman is broken, but if per-

fect would be about 13 mm. in length.

LATIRUS ELABORATUS n. sp. PI. III, figs. 11, 12.

Shell small, whorls nine, the first three smooth, the fourth partly

so, the balance nodular and crossed by spiral lines, the lines faint on

the upper part of each whorl, becoming coarser below and developing

plaits at the top of the transverse nodes; the younger whorls have

two coarse spiral lines about their centre.

Suture irregular, closely appressed. Outer lip nodular within, the

pillar lip smooth with the exception of two slight raised plaits about

the centre of the aperture within; canal produced and but slightly

curved.

Length of the largest specimen 11 mm., breadth 44 mm.

Localities : Matthew’s Landing bed, at C. Jones, Wilcox Co., Ala.,

and in the Black Bluff clays near Grave Yard hill, Ala. The figures

are of a small specimen and do not show the two plaits on the pillar

lip because they are too far within the aperture.

ANOMIA NAVICELLOIDES Aldr. PI. IV, figs. 13, 14.

For description see Tue Nauritus, Vol. XI, p. 97, January, 1898.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

CHAMA MONROENSIS n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 15.

Shell of medium size, strongly rugosely plicated, lamellar. Upper

valve with 6-8 leaves turned up to nearly a vertical at their ventral

edges, each leaf covered with radial raised lines running in couples.

Upper valve slightly convex, lower valve convex and inequilateral.

Resembles somewhat (. corticosa Con., but. is smaller and more

profusely ornamented. One lower valve has twelve leaves or corru-

gations. The upper valve is shown in the figure natural size.

Locality: The O. sellzformis bed, at White’s Marl bed, Monroe

Co., Alabama.

PECTEN (PSEUDAMUSIUM) SUBMINUTUS n. sp. PI. 1V, figs. 16, 17.

Shell minute, thin, surface smooth, not polished, valves rather flat,

ears small, subequal in the right valve and unequal in the left. Fine

rugose striz on the ears of the right valve, vertical to the hinge line

but not reaching it, but they run down over the submargin. One

ear in the left valve with five or six radiating ribs, the other smooth;

interior smooth, the cardinal margin cross striated.

Alt. 3 mm., lat. 3 mm. of the largest specimen.

Localities: Red Bluff, Miss., Jackson, Miss.

This little shell is evidently adult. It is probably found at Vicks-

burg also. It is not rare, closely resembles Pecten Guppyt Dall in

form, but is smaller.

VERTICORDIA DALLIANA n. sp. Pl. IV, fig. 18.

Shell small, rather flat, surface ornamented with sharp curved ribs,

in the present specimen thirteen in number, nine on the anterior,

then a concave space as if one rib was missing, then two more ribs

about the middle of the shell, then a wide concave space and then

two more ribs, the last one almost at the margin, Ribs serrating the

ventral margin. Cardinal tooth strong, erect ; lateral tooth long and

curved.

Breadth 24 mm., height from beak to base 2 mm.

Only one valve found; it is about the same size as V. eocense

Langdon. The muscular scars are slightly impressed. Pallial line

not perceptible.

VERTICORDIA SOTOENSIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 19-21.

Shell small, strongly ribbed with twelve ribs, then a blank space,

then two ribs near the margin, beaks blunt and rounded, ventral

THE NAUTILUS. 101

margin serrated; lateral tooth long and curved. Interior very por-

cellaneous; muscular scars slightly impressed.

Localities: Claibornian of De Soto and McLeod’s Mill, Miss., and

also in West Alabama, same horizon.

This species closely resembles V. dalliana Nobis, but differs in the

number of ribs and the absence of one space which appears on the

other. It is also more rounded.

VERTICORDIA QUADRANGULARIS n. sp. Pl. IV, figs. 22, 23.

Shell stout, valves nearly quadrangular, rather thick and globose.

Surface with numerous coarse, rounded ribs. Entirely covered with

granulations; deeply excavated behind the beaks; possesses both

cardinal and lateral teeth, Muscular scars are deeply impressed.

Pallial line strongly marked. Internal basal margin showing the

ribs.

Height and breadth equal, 7 mm.

Several valves were found. This species belongs to the Section

Haliris Dall. The laterals are more strongly developed than in most

forms of this section. It is distinet from V. mississippiensis Dall in

having fewer and more rounded ribs and a more depressed lunular

area.

CANCELLARIA BIFOLIATA n. sp. PI. IV, fig. 24.

Shell small, whorls six, first two smooth, the third partially so,

and the last three strongly cancellated. The ribs prominent, spiral

lines alternately coarse and fine. Umbilicus open, pillar lip with

two plaits. Shell appears to be turreted from the strong ribbing.

Length 7 mm., breadth 4 mm.

Locality : Oak Grove, Florida, Oligocene of Dall.

This little species differs from C. mississippiensis Con. in its less

number of plaits on the pillar, its higher spire and open umbilicus.

A NEW CRASSATELLITES FROM BRAZIL.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Among some dead shells dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission

in fifty-nine fathoms mud, east of Rio Janeiro, Brazil, were a num-

ber of valves which were inadvertently put away among a lot of

Astartes. On overhauling the latter, lately, these valves were found

102 THE NAUTILUS.

and re-examined, proving to be an undescribed species of Crassatel-

ites from a region where none had been reported hitherto.

CRASSATELLITES BRASILIENSIS n. Sp.

Shell solid, small for the genus, yellowish-white, covered with a

thin brownish periostracum ; valves ovate, slightly squarish behind,

rapidly descending and rounded in front, with pointed, slightly flat-

tened beaks, sculptured with a few (5 to 10) low concentric waves

beyond which the disk is smooth, or concentrically striated with

some very obscure, fine, radial lines near the anterior base; lunule

narrow, elongate, bounded by an obscure sulcus inside of which the

area is excavated ; escutcheon similar but much larger; basal margin

minutely crenulate within, hinge normal, the resilium immersed but

rather short and wide; muscular impressions well defined. Height

27.5: length 36; diameter 15 mm., some specimens being propor-

tionately a little shorter.

The posterior end is obscurely truncate, but in some specimens

slightly rostrate. On the whole, the species has much the aspect

externally of a smoothish Astarte. ‘The bottom temperature where

dredged was 57° Fahr. The beaks are usually a little behind the

anterior third of the valves.

SHELL COLLECTING ON THE MISSISSIPPI.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

For a number of years it has been the custom of the Chicago

Academy of Sciences to have a Field-day some time during the

month of July and to spend the day investigating some notable or

particularly interesting locality, from a zodlogical, botanical or geo-

logical standpoint. These excursions are not only attended by mem-

bers of the Academy, but by the faculties and students of the Chicago

University, the Northwestern University and kindred scholastic

bodies.

Saturday, July 12th, was chosen as the field-day for 1902, which

dawned bright and pleasant. About one hundred and fifty people,

including many of the charming ‘ co-eds”? from the Zodlogical De-

partment of the Chicago University, met at the Chicago, Milwaukee

and St. Paul depot, from which the special train left at eight o’clock

THE NAUTILUS. 103

for Savanna, Illinois, our objective point. ‘The ride consumed sev-

eral hours and we arrived in sight of the Mississippi about noon.

Our first thought was for the ‘inner man,” and we hastened in a

body to the river bank, where we bargained with the boat renters

and secured row-boats. No sooner were our bargains completed than

we scrambled into our boats and rowed across the river toward a

group of islands, where we ate our lunches.

The pull across the river was very interesting, especially to several

of the ‘‘co-eds,’’ who bravely volunteered to row one or two of the

boats, for there was a seven-mile current which made this a matter

of great exertion. The writer had never before seen the ‘* Father of

Waters,” and he must confess that a peculiar feeling came over him

as he rowed across the swiftly-flowing stream and thought of the

many historic scenes which had taken place on or near this mighty

river since De Soto first sawit. But the most interesting fact to him

in connection with this river was that it afforded a home for more

Unios than any other stream in the world.

As soon as lunch was out of the way we began a hunt for clams,

and before the time arrived for the departure of our train we had

accumulated several bushels, beside numerous examples of fresh-

water gastropods, such as Campeloma and Vivipara.

About a mile above Savanna we found several men engaged in

‘fishing’ for clams, which they sold to the button-factories at Mus-

catine and other places in Iowa and Illinois, Their method of fishing

was ingenious, A bar of iron (frequently a gas pipe) six or seven

feet long is strung with four-pronged hooks, made of bent and twisted

telegraph wire. The strings are about five inches apart and two or

three hooks are attached to each string, making two or three rows of

hooks attached to the bar. As many as forty hooks are frequently

strung on one bar, the whole appliance being locally known as a

‘‘crowfoot ” dredge or grapple. A piece of rope is tied near each

end of the bar, forming a sort of bridle, and to this is fastened an-

other rope, twenty-five or more feet in length, by which the dredge

is pulled over the bottom of the river.

At first sight one would hardly suppose that with such an instru-

ment a person would be able to gather very many clams, but the

fishermen told us that several tons could be obtained with this appa-

ratus in a comparatively short time, The clams are caught in this

way: in many parts of the river the Unios lie packed by thousands,

104 THE NAUTILUS.

their shells half protruding from the mud and slightly gaping, as is

natural with all these mollusks when at rest. As the fisherman pulls.

the dredge along the bottom over these Unio beds the prongs of the

hooks become caught between the open valves of the shell, which

immediately close and fasten themselves to the prong. A single

haul may yield over one hundred shells caught in this way.

The inordinate collecting of shells for the button industry bids fair

to exhaust the supply before many years have passed unless wise laws

are enacted and enforced. Not only are many tons of these shells

taken every year, but a large number are wilfully wasted by the

fishermen. An example of this waste came under the notice of the

writer on this occasion. Having failed to secure as many specimens

as were wanted, a fisherman was asked if he knew a good place to

gather clams. He replied that just above a large grain elevator some

fishermen had dumped a boat-load on the shore. Not realizing fully

what he meant, we walked to the spot indicated and there beheld a

sight which made at least one of the party both glad and sad. Piled

on the shore for a distance of a quarter of a mile were thousands upon

thousands of clams, some alive, others with gaping shells and a few

entirely devoid of the animal. Not less than twenty-five species were

represented, many of them useless for the manufacture of buttons, but

of great value to the conchologist of the future who may wish to study

these species. The fishermen were either too lazy to throw them

back into the water or else thought that if they threw them on the

shore they would avoid catching them again on their hooks. Such

wanton destruction as this, if not stopped, will soon exterminate many

of the species. ‘Those which were thus destroyed were comparatively

thin shelled, such as Anodonta, Alasmidonta and Symphynota.,

The species collected by the different parties were as follows :

Lampsilis ventricosa Barnes. Plagiola securis Lea.

ligamentina Lamarck. elegans Lea.

anodontoides Lea. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque.

fallaciosa (Smith) Simpson. Strophitus edentulus Say.

recta Lamarck. Anodonta corpulenta Cooper.

parva Barnes. Arcidens confragosus Say.

alata Say.’ Symphynota costata Rafinesque.

gracilis Barnes. é complanata Barnes.

leptodon Rafinesque. Unio gibbosus Barnes.

1One specimen of alata was curiously deformed, one valve being perfectly

flat while the other was very convex.

THE NAUTILUS. 105

Unio crassidens Lamarck. obliqua Lamarck.

Pleurobema xsopus Green. ebena Lea.’

Quadrula plicata Say. tuberculata Rafinesque.

undulata Barnes. metanevra Rafinesque.

heros Say. Vivipara intertexta Say.

lachrymosa Lea. Campeloma integrum DeKay.

pustulosa Lea. subsolidum Anthony.

pustulata Lea. Polygyra multilineata Say.

trigona Lea.

The last was found to be a common inhabitant of the islands in

the river and in the woods bordering the Iowa side of the river.

At Carroll Creek, ten miles from Savanna, Mr. C. C. Adams, of

the University of Chicago, collected the following species, all being

very common :

Amnicola limosa Say, __ Physa integra Haldeman.

Physa gyrina Say. Succinea ovalis Say.

A NEW FOSSIL ASHMUNELLA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

ASHMUNELLA THOMPSONIANA PECOSENSIS subsp. nov.

Small (diam. max. 12, min. 10.5 mm,); last half of last whorl

very distinctly transversely ribbed, recalling A. altiss’ma; lip and

teeth strongly developed, basal tooth single.

Hab.: Vallé Ranch, Pecos, New Mexico, in a light reddish deposit

of uncertain age, Nov. 30,1902, (T. D. A. and W. P. Cockerell.)

The commonest shell in the deposit is Pyramidula strigosa coopert.

Vallonia cyclophorella is also abundant.

Last year my wife collected a dead shell of a recent Ashmunella at

the old Pecos Pueblo, which is only a few miles from the Vallé Ranch.

It is A. thomsoniana, with max. diam. 13.5 mm., basal tooth single.

There is no sign of the ribbing of the fossil form.

1This species is called ‘“ nigger-head” by the fishermen, and is considered

the most desirable shell for the cutting of pearl buttons.

106 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON SOME SHELLS FROM NORTH CAROLINA.

BY E. G. VANATTA.

OMPHALINA RUGELI OXYCOCCUS N. var.

This variety is distinguished from the typical O. rugeli Binn. by

being densely microscopically granulate above and having the base

nearly smooth.

The type is in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences

of Philadelphia, No. 68743, collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, June,

1896, at Cranberry, N.C.

Locality: Cranberry, N. C., collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel, Dr.

Henry Skinner and Mrs. Geo. Andrews; also at Banners Elk,

Watauga Co., N. C., by Mrs. Geo. Andrews.

The following species were collected by Mr. Joseph Willcox during

July, 1902.

At Blowing Rock, Watauga Co., N. C., the following were taken:

Goniobasis proxima Say (38500 Polygyraandrewse normalis Pils.

feet elevation). Circinaria concava Say.

Polygyra albolabris Say. Philomycus carolinensis Bose.

And at Cranberry, Mitchell Co., N. C., the following species:

Polygyra andrewse normalis Pils. Polygyra tridentata Say.

monodon fraterna Say. Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewis.

stenotrema Feér. Circinaria concava Say.

thyroides Say. Pyramidula perspectiva Say.

subpalliata Pils.

NOTES.

Hawattan Puysip#.—It has been held by Pease and others that

the reversed fresh-water shells resembling Physa, found in the

Hawaiian Islands, are all Limnzids belonging to Ameria or some

related group. Part of them certainly are, but a species, believed to

be Physa compacta Pease, received from Mr, H. W. Henshaw, of

Hilo, Hawaii, proves, on anatomical examination, to be a Physa,

though whether referable to Physa s.s. or to Aplexa cannot be deter-

mined, owing to the contraction of the mantle edge which, in Bo

appears not to be digitate—W. H. DaLt.

‘“ PYRAMIDULA” STRIGOSA CONCENTRATA.—I have lately re-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

ceived a couple of specimens of this form (max. diam. barely over 12

mm.), collected by Mr. C. S. Onderdonk, at Alpine, Chaffee county,

Colorado, at between 10,000 and 12,000 ft. This is a long way from

the original locality, but I sent one to Dr. Dall, who certified that it

is the genuine concentrata. There are two dark bands. both narrow

but strongly developed. This var. concentrata is extremely close to

my var. minor (max. diam. 14 mm.), described in Journ. of Con-

chology, 1890, p, 175. The latter, however, is not alpine.

No doubt the Colorado concentrata have evolved independently

from the New Mexico and Arizona ones, and, therefore, might per-

haps be considered entitled to a different name.—T. D. A. Cock-

ERELL.

ERRATUM.

NatrTi.us, p. 96, line 8 from top: For coniformis read corvt-

formis.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Tue Mo.Luusca OF THE Mt. MITCHELL ReGIon, NortTH CArRo-

LIna.—By Bryant Walker and H. A. Pilsbry. Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sci., Phila., 1902, pp. 413-442, Pls. xxiv, xxv.—In vol. xiv, p. 45,

we noticed Professor Pilsbry’s account of the Mollusca of the Great

Smoky Mountains. The present paper sets forth the results of the

exploration of the French Broad river region by Messrs. Ferriss and

Walker “and two ladies” in 1901. The Roan Mountain fauna

being pretty well known from the investigations of Wetherby, Walker

and others, it now becomes possible to determine with some degree

of accuracy the range of the different species in this part of North

Carolina and adjacent Tennessee. It had previously been made

clear that the Roan Mountains and Great Smoky regions, though

only about seventy-five miles apart, possessed molluscan faunz which

were by no means identical ; the expedition of 1901 sought to deter-

mine whether the valley of the French Broad river might be the

dividing line between the Roan and Great Smoky faune, and whether

Mt. Mitchell, with an altitude of 6,711 ft., might not produce some-

thing peculiar to itself. With the results of the expedition before

them, the authors conclude that the French Broad river is not the

dividing line between the two faune just mentioned, and, in fact,

108 THE NAUTILUS.

that there is probably no sharp line of demarcation anywhere. It is

found, however, that the French Broad river region has itself some

of the characteristics of a distinct faunula, although Mt. Mitchell, the

centre of the explorer’s hopes, proved disappointing. A comparative

list, showing the distribution of the species, is presented on pp. 420,

421. To the Roan Mountains list should be added Philomycus

secretus, described from thence, and Vitrea carolinensis wetherbyi,'

sent to the present writer from Roan Mountain by Wetherby. The

true V. carolinensis probably does not occur at Roan Mountain, as

I gathered from Wetherby’s letter when sending the wetherbyi, that

he knew only the latter.

Leaving out a few probably erroneous records, we find 105 species

and races of land mollusca recorded from the whole region discussed.

Of these, only 33 are recorded as common to all three faunule, 7. e.,

the Roan, French Broad and Great Smoky. Three are common to

the Roan and Great Smoky regions, and have very likely been over-

looked in the French Broad. 25 are from the Roan alone, 10 from

the Roan and French Broad, 8 from the French Broad alone, 7 from

the French Broad and Great Smoky and 19 from the Great Smoky

alone.

The same peculiar features of the fauna as were observed in the

Great Smokies are seen in the Mt. Mitchell region. The Pupide

are represented by a single example of Strodilops, and this a southern

form. Not a single Limnzid was found anywhere ; not even Physa.

The new forms described in the paper are: Polygyra tridentata

tennesseensis W. & P., P. andrewse intermedia W. & P., Vitrea ap-

proxima W.& P., V. vanattai P. & W., Gastrodonta gularis theloides

A. D. Brown MS., and G. gularis decussata Pils. & Van.; while

Polygyra hirsuta vars. altispira and pilula are raised to specific rank.

Pyramidula alternata mordax was rediscovered by the expedition,

and is fully discussed and figured.

Altogether, the paper is certainly a most satisfactory one, and we

can only hope that it will be followed by a long series of similar ones.

It will be some time before Messrs. Pilsbry, Walker, Ferriss and

their friends exhaust the possibilities of the Appalachian Mountains,

which seem to contain an extraordinarily varied and interesting mol-

luscan fauna.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

1On page 430, the date of.publication of wetherbyi is said to be 1901. It

should be 1900.

‘YVNVLNOW “SLIN NOISSIW “AsV GTY¥NOGIN

—

S—

JHE NACE:

Von. XVI. FEBRUARY, 1908. No. 10

NOTES ON PYRAMIDULA ELRODI PILS.

BY MORTON J. ELROD.

This shell was first collected on the sides of the Mission Mountains,

above Post Lake, in the summer of 1899. About forty were taken,

all dead. Specimens were sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of the Philadelphia

Academy of Sciences, who described the species in Nauritus, Vol.

XIV, 40, naming the shell after the collector.

During the collecting expedition of the University of Montana

Biological Station, in July, 1900, a stay of ten days was made at

McDonald Lake for the express purpose of making further investiga-

tions of this species. During this time some three quarts of speci-

mens were collected, of all sizes and varying colors, from the dark

brown of the living shells to the bleached white of the dead ones.

Also some three dozen ‘living snails were secured, which were

drowned, and in a number of cases, beautifully expanded.

The distribution of the species, so far as known, appears to be quite

local, and is deserving of further study. At present it seems con-

fined to the mountain slopes forming the amphitheatre around and to

the east of Post Lake. On the south side of the lake, owing to the

dryness of the rocks and soil, it appears very scarce, one living and

several dead shells being the result of an afternoon’s search. <A search

on the north bank during the same time on the same day resulted in

a quart of shells, a dozen living. While no search has been made in

the mountain slopes east of the lake, there can be little doubt of its

presence, since the shell is found on both sides of the lake.

On the north slope of the lake four small streams tumble over the

110 THE NAUTILUS.

rocky wall of the mountains, making beautiful little cascades. The

first of these, beginning next the plain, appears to come out of the

rocks high up, flows through a small canon between the cliffs, and

shortly afterward disappears in the loose talus below. Earlier in the

year these loose, talus rocks are wet with melted snow, but at the

time of collecting, in July, they were hot and dry.

On the talus below the first fall, shells were found abundantly.

On the talus of the ravine, a few feet to the west, only a few were

found. while still further west none whatever could be found any-

where. This little stream from the mountain, therefore, seems to

mark its distribution on the mountain towards the west. Acting on

this basis, the rocks were followed upward along the sides of the

mountain, following the little gully of the stream mentioned. Shells

were found as high as we went, a distance of 1,500 feet, or up to a

total elevation of 5,000 feet above the sea. Time did not permit a

search higher.

The limit of distribution of the shells, as mentioned, ends abruptly.

A search eastward from the mountain stream caused the discovery of

shells in abundance for a mile; beyond this we did not go. There

is a great deal of difficult mountain climbing necessary to explore

these regions, and a half day does not permit one to go far. But

from the fact that they have been found on the slopes of Mt. Mc-

Donald, across the lake to the south, it would appear evident that the

unexplored canons and mountain sides forming the large amphithea-

ter supplying the lake’s waters, support the Pyramidulas.

The writer has been in different places in the Mission range, from

one end to the other, on the western slopes, and nowhere else have

CHE NAUTILUS. 1 Wes LE

the shells been found. Whether or not they are on the eastern

slopes, on the Swan river side, is yet to be determined.

The habits of the shells are very peculiar. Shells are rarely found

among the bushes or where there is much vegetation. They are

found on the surface among the loose rocks of medium size, but not

among the large boulders or the finer talus. When bleached, they

are a beautiful white, their color against the dark brown or lichen-

colored sandstone making them very conspicuous objects. The cor-

rugations show plainly from a distance, and there is no difficulty

whatever in seeing the dead shells when in the region where they

are to be found.

The living ones are not so easily discovered. They are dark

brown, almost identical in color with the rocks among which they

live, and very easily overlooked. When the animal dies the color .

changes to a delicate pink, and later the shell becomes a beautiful

clear and pearly-white.

A search was begun for living shells by following up the talus

where the shells were found most abundantly. After descending

over a thousand feet, we came to a small ledge of rock forming a

sharp promontory with a cliff below, on which we stopped to take a

photograph of McDonald Peak, which showed up beautifully from

this point.. This ledge forms the western wall for the small canon

through which the aforementioned stream comes. ‘The loose rocks

on the top of the cliff were overturned. It was with much surprise

that shells were picked up, and among them one apparently alive.

Diligent search revealed the fact that this small ledge, not more than

thirty feet in extent, was the home of a colony of these interesting

creatures. A quart of shells was secured, among them a dozen live

ones, the first ever found. This ledge is shown on the left of the

picture.

This home of the shell is very interesting and romantic. Living

on the cliffs of one of the most rugged ranges in the State, with scant

vegetation, it has a life common to few shells. It prefers the crannies

among the loose rocks, hiding there from enemies.

After finding this first colony, a second trip was made over the

same route, only farther: up the mountain. Other colonies were

found, with occasionally a live one. Search was then made lower

down, among the rocks near the lake, resulting in finding live ones

at different places, though to do so required considerable digging in

112 THE NAUTILUS.

the rocks, in order to get down below the hot, dry rocks to where

there was a little moisture.

It seems apparent that the living shells live among the loose stones,

in the early spring crawling around over the damp rocks. As the

warm spring and summer days approach, the rocks become dry. The

snails previously crawling over them cease activity, and instead of

all of them crawling for protection under the loose rock, some throw

their protective film across the opening of the shell while yet on the

rocks; the sun kills the animal, which dies, leaving the dead shell to

bleach and become a conspicuous feature on the rocks. Here the

shells remain, very few of them washing any distance.

All of the living shells taken appeared dead except a few. Invari-

ably, however, when a shell sank in water the snail within was alive.

It is probable that the species is continued by the hibernation of

some of the more fortunate individuals which are deeper in the rocks,

where there is more moisture.

ADAPTATION OF MOLLUSKS TO CHANGED CONDITIONS.

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, INDIANA.

Many years ago the Ohio river at and below Cincinnati, Ohio, was

one of the most prolific hunting grounds of the collector of the fresh-

water species of mollusks. At that time abounded in immense

numbers (as is shown by the large quantities of duplicates in the

collections of all the old collectors) Aneulosa praerosa Say. About

twelve years ago this shell disappeared almost entirely and for many

years not a single specimen was found; this year, however, a few

adults and large numbers of young shells have been found in locali-

ties where it is certain that no shells have existed for many years.

The explanation of this occurrence is as follows; A. praerosa Say

wasa long time ago one of the most common of the river snails; the

growth of the city of Cincinnati and the numerous factories along the

banks of the river, each and every one adding to the filth of the water,

pouring in sewage and acids, have rendered the water so foul that the

Anculosa of the old day have been exterminated, all but a few of the

most hardy of the species, which probably crawled to the lowest and

most inaccessible parts of the river, where they managed to exist and

to produce young: the young shells have become more used to the

changed conditions, which worked such havoc with their ancestors,

THE NAUTILUS. 113

and their descendants are so little affected by the foul water that they

are now thoroughly acclimated and are produéing young in large

numbers used to the surrounding conditions. As this is the case, we

may now look for Anculosa praerosa Say in nearly all its old haunts,

where it will thrive under conditions which would have proved fatal

to its ancestors. Many of our forest snails have been forced, by the

clearing of the timber and tilling of the soil, to more or less adapt

themselves to conditions not slightly, but very materially changed

from those to which they were originally used. One of the most

ready to take to the new mode of life was perhaps Pyramidula alter-

nata Say, which is now one of the most sociable snails that exists in

North America; this snail can be found in all our citics and doing

well surrounded by conditions which are, without the slightest doubt,

entirely strange to its nature—the rubbish heaps in every back yard

harboring hundreds of fine and well-developed specimens in every

stage of growth. Another forest snail which has taken kindly to

open country life is Polyyyra appressa Say. By setting a trap (a

board greased with lard, placed about one inch above the ground) in

a dark and damp alley between two houses in a low part of the town,

I captured in ten nights the following number of snails: 9, 12, 10,

13, 26, 23, 18, 21, 12, 11—in all 155 adult specimens; young and

immature specimens were not counted. ‘This trap cleaned up all the

snails in the immediate vicinity, as after that date the captures began

to drop off and at the end of three weeks no more were taken. P.

monodon Rack. and inflecta Say have in a smaller degree taken to

open country life and are now common on nearly every railroad cut

or fill under old cross-ties, but in nearly every instance deprived of

the shade of the trees which seemed to be so necessary to their orig-

inal abode. With Pol. albolabris Say and exoleta Binn., however,

the change from woodland to open country does not agree. I have

for years tried the experiment of transporting these eminently forest

snails to places which, while being favorable for their maintenance,

were still very different from their native haunts, and the result bas

been with both species a signal failure, and of three thousand that I

transported three years ago, a very few only have managed to sur-

vive. They laid many eggs but very few of them ever hatched, and

at the present time I doubt if there are twenty living snails to be

found. Pol. thyroides Say is perhaps of the larger snails the most

hardy, and the least affected by changed conditions. Mr Geo. H. |

114 THE NAUTILUS.

Clapp, of Pittsburg, Pa., informs me that Vallonia has adapted itself

to open life and can now be collected in immense numbers in places

very different from its original haunts. ‘The question of the adapta-

tion of mollusks to changed conditions is one of great interest, and in

no country can the subject be so well studied as in America, where

man and man’s inventions change the whole face of an immense tract

of country in a very short time. We know that the object of mol-

luscan life (and in fact all life) is to preserve its own existence and

to reproduce its own species. With rapidly-changing conditions, the

snail must either adapt itself to these conditions or cease to exist, and

it will be most interesting for many years to come to watch the strug-

gle and to record the cases of success or failure. Complete local lists

of species carefully made up, collections of large series of species from

every possible locality and a knowledge of that locality and its con-

ditions, will enable all students in this branch of molluscan evolution

to arrive at a convincing and satisfactory conclusion. While in the

older countries of Europe the forest snail has become now adapted to

open country life, we have no records to bear upon the time when

this change was taking place, and in all probability it was much more

gradual than will be the case in this country of rapid and great

changes.

NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

As already stated in a former number of the Nauritus, Mr,

Nakada spent the autumn in exploration in the Hokuriku region,

which includes provinces along the west coast of middle Hondo.

The material examined shows that area to have but few endemic

species, most of those collected being widely-distributed forms, already

well known from other places. He reached Sado Island, where he

found numerous species, the more interesting being a handsome new

Euhadra, a sharply-carinate new Helicina, and specimens of Blan-

fordia japonica A. Adams. This last is perfectly distinct from the

mainland form I called B. jap. var. simplex, which will now be raised

to specific rank. B. japonica has a strong rounded ridge or varix

behind the lip, such as is seen in many Truncatellas. Mr. Nakada

returned to Kyoto, and started, November 5th, for Tosa province, in

THE NAUTILUS. 115

Shikoku, with Mr. Adzama. We hope to have still more good things

from this prolific province.

Mr. Hatai, who assisted Mr. Nakada in Ogasawara (Bonin Islands),

continued to collect there after Mr. Nakada’s return. On September

25th he started from Chichijima to go to Yuo-jima, small islands

southward from the Ogasawara group. He reached Kita-Yudé-jima

safely, but owing to stormy weather, a landing on Naka-Yu6-jima

could not be made. ‘The vessel stayed at sea, but the storm in-

creased, and the ship was lost. After more than eighty days, no

tidings of him have come. Mr. Hatai was faithful to the work, and

his untimely loss through his efforts to increase our knowledge of

these island faunas is deeply felt.

Hulota ( Huhadra) sadoensis P. & H., n. sp.

Shell rather narrowly umbilicate, somewhat trochoidal, buff-

whitish, with a sharply-defined dark chestnut band just above the

periphery, a wider one, fading at the edges, on the upper surface, and

a very broad band extending over most of the base, the interior of

the umbilicus also dark ; these bands leave the pale ground-color in

narrow belts below the suture, above and below the periphery, and

around the umbilicus. Surface glossy, irregularly obliquely striate,

and showing the usual very fine spiral lines. Spire elevated, conic,

the apex obtuse. Whorls 54, moderately convex, the last depressed

but not angular, very slightly descending in front. Aperture very

oblique, somewhat lunate ; peristome expanded and reflexed, dilated

half over the umbilicus, white, except where colored by the bands.

Alt. 17, diam. 24 mm.

Sotokaifu-mura, Sado. Type no. 83909 A. N. S. P., from no.

994 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This seems quite distinct from other members of the peliomphala

group of Helices. The coloration reminds one of Hpiphragmophora

mormonum var. eala.

Eulota (Plectotropis) kiusiuensis var. oshimana n. var.

Similar to #. kiusiwensis in texture, sculpture, umbilicus and per-

ipheral keel; but the spire is higher, and the color chestnut-brown

instead of yellowish.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 83891 A. N.S. P., from no. 914 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Ganeselia notoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell imperforate, resembling G. stearnsi and G. papilliformis in

general shape; pale greenish-buff, thin, dull with the luster of silk,

but the early whorls are glossy, and there are some narrow, oblique,

glossy streaks. Smooth to the eye, but under a lens showing slight

growth-lines and almost obsolete spiral striation. Spire high, with

slightly convex outlines. Whorls 64, moderately convex, the last

slowly descending in front, convex beneath. Aperture very oblique,

round-lunate, the peristome narrowly expanded, subreflexed ; colu-

mella vertical, narrow, dilated over the umbilicus and appressed.

Alt. 23, diam. 19 mm.

Kitanoshd, Noto. Type no. 85892 A. N.S. P., from no. 289 ¢ of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is a pale species, differing from G. stearnsi in color and the

less convex whorls, which in stearns? are swollen just below the suture.

In G. pagodula and G. papilliformis the columella is different in

shape.

Ganesella cardiostoma var. kagaensis Pils. & Hir., n. var.

Shell imperforate, somewhat globosely conic, light chestnut-colored,

with an indistinct, pale, peripheral band; thin, somewhat transpar-

ent, smooth and glossy, slightly wrinkled by growth-lines, and very

densely, minute striate spirally. Spire conic, with convex outlines.

Whorls 53, convex, the last rounded peripherally, very convex be-

neath, especially at the last half; slightly descending in front, and

contracted behind the lip. Aperture oblique, lunate-triangular, the

lip thin, brownish, expanded, reflexed below, the steeply-sloping

baso-columellar margin straightened, dilated over the umbilicus,

where the base is deeply impressed. Alt. 15, diam. 14 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Type no, 84321 A. N.S. P., from no. 975 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

This form differs from G. cardiostoma Kob. (described from Kyoto,

but not yet found there by Mr. Hirase), in the darker color (cardi-

ostoma being yellowish-corneous, like japonica), and the very convex

base, while cardiostoma is said to be flattened there.

Chloritis echizenensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell shaped almost exactly like C. bracteatus, but glossy, the

raised dots (not bairs) far less crowded, though still close; the apex

THE NAUTILUS. 1) 74

more obtuse, earlier 24 whorls coiled about in a plane. The sculp-

ture is about as close as in C. pumila, but the processes are shorter,

the shell larger, more elevated and glossy. C. perpunctatus is more

depressed, smaller and narrowly umbilicate, while in echizenensis the

perforation is almost closed by the reflection of the lip at its axial

insertion. Alt. 13, diam. 19 mm., whorls 44.

Omiishi, Echizen. Type no. 84256 A. N.S. P., from no. 981 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Related to the several species mentioned above, and best described

by a comparison with them.

NOTE ON TRITONIA PALMERI COOPER, 1882.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The type locality of this species is San Diego, California, where it.

is said to be common. Cooper’s description would hardly distinguish

it from allied species, but as I know of only one species from southern

California according with the description of 7. palmer?, 1 assume that

it is in fact the animal Cooper had in hand. The following notes,

based on a specimen collected by Dr, W. R, Coe at Deadman’s Island,

San Pedro, California, July 18, 1901, may serve to facilitate the

recognition of the species. The description is from life.

Length about 17 mm.; white, suffused with yellow dorsally ; ten-

tacles pale yellowish-brown; ends of lamella yellowish; dorsum

rugose with small warts. Close to 7. lineata A. & H., but differs by

its strong yellow suffusion above and absence of opaque white dorsal

lines. Ramose branchial lamella irregularly bipinnate, five on each

side. Veil bilobed, each lobe produced into five or six finger-like

filaments (two in 7. lineata). Tentacles almost as in 7’ lineata; with

the principal axis cylindrical and truncate, and numerous lateral

branched processes, not so long as central axis. No eyes visible.

The species of 7ritonia seem to be most easily distinguished by the

character of the veil. J. palmeri has more processes on the veil than

T. lineata, but very much fewer than in 7. holmbergii, in which,

however, they are very short.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME HOMONYMOUS GENERIC NAMES

BY T. ID). A. COCKERELL.

In the course of some recent investigations, I found that certain

names proposed by Mr. C. T. Simpson (Proe. U. S. Natl. Museum,

1900) for groups of Naiades were homonyms. I wrote to Mr. Simp-

son, asking him to propose substitutes, but he has preferred to leave

this in my hands. The names are:

Dalliella Simpson, t. ¢., p.. 832 (not Dalliella Cossmann, 1895).

This may be called Simpsonella; type Simpsonella purpurea (Ano-

donta purpurea Val.).

Aurora Simpson, t. ¢., p. 849 (not Aurora Rag., 1888, nor Aurora

Sollas, 1888). This may be called Diaurora.

Anodontoides Simpson, is later than Anodontodes Hamps., but the

difference of a letter is sufficient to prevent homonymy.

The name Carinella Mabille, pertaining to a tolerably distinct see-

tion of Arion, is a homonym of Carinella Sowerby, 1839. If it is

thought worth while for the section mentioned to have a name, a new

one must be found.

Geyeria Buckman, 1899, for a genus of Ammonites, is a hom-

onym of Geyerta Buchecker, 1880.

Paratropis Boettger, 1891 (sect. of Omphalotropis), is a homonym

of Paratropis Simon, 1889.

In 1890, Brauer and Bergenstamm gave the name Paramenia to

a genus of Diptera from New Zealand. In 1891, Pruvot applied the

same name to a genus of Aplacophora (Arch. Zool. Expér., ix).

Under these circumstances, Pararrhopalia Simroth, 1893, regarded

as a subgenus of Paramenia Pruvot, may stand as a genus; type

Pararrhopalia pruvoti (Paramenia pruvoti Sims.). Typical Para-

menia Pruvot may be called Pruvotina.

Ridleya Ancey, 1901, is later than Rdleia Dendy, 1888, but I

think both may stand, by the difference of a letter.

Ischnodactylus Cossmann, 1890, is a homonym of Jschnodactylus

Pels., 1886. Pasithea Hartman, 1881, invalidates Pasithea Meyrick,

1883, the first being a genus of Mollusca, the second of insects.

Zygenopsis Felder, 1874, prevents the use of Zyg@nopsis Roche-

brune, 18384, proposed for a genus of Mollusca.

THE NAUTILUS. 119

GENERAL NOTES.

ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS (Say) IN JAPAN.—In a recent lot of shells

sent by Mr. Hirase, there are specimens of this common North Amer-

ican species, from Tokyo. The shells are quite indistinguishable

from American specimens. One with the soft parts dried in enabled

me to compare the dentition, which proves to be substantially that of

the American species, the formula being 20.6.1.6.20. In a Philadel-

phia arboreus examined there are 19.6.1.6.19 teeth, the shapes of the

individual teeth being the same in both. A slender, nearly straight

dart, in a club-shaped sack, was found in the Tokyo specimen.

The form described by me as Z. subarboreus, from Hachijo island,

Izu, is distinguishable chiefly by the somewhat larger size, and the

same seems to be true of H. yessoensis Reinh., described from Hako-

date, which is probably also a Zonitoides, but I have not yet seen

specimens.—H. A. Pirssry.

1 have recently found a very fine reversed specimen of Polygyra

profunda Say in Hamilton Co., Ohio, not far from Laurenceburg.—

A.C, Biiiups.

At the December meeting of the Section on Conchology of the

Brooklyn Institute, the president of the Section, Dr. R. Ellsworth

Call, exhibited a reversed specimen of Mesodon exoleta, which is very

rare in that form.

Mr. Wm. H. Weeks, Jr., reported on a collecting trip on the coast

of Maine, as follows:

‘* Shell Collecting on Cliff Island, Cusco Bay, Maine.—So much

has been said regarding the conchologist at Casco Bay that little can

be added, The writer spent a most delightful ten days at Cliff Is-

land during last August and much of that time was spent in hunting

mollusks. Shore collecting gave fine suites of Purpura lapillus, Lit-

torina palliata, Littorina littorea, Littorea rudis, Acmaea testudinalis

and Macoma fusca. <A diligent search on shore for the famous

Buccinum undatum revealed only dead specimens, but fishermen

brought in fine suites found in lobster traps, also fine specimens of

Neptunea decemcostata and Sipho islandicus found well out to sea.

Dredging gave sparingly such forms as Astarte sulcata, Nucula pro«-

ima, Lyonsia hyalina, Nassa trivittata, Pecten magellanicus, Modiola

modiolus, etc. Polinices heros was obtained at low tide well off shore

120 THE NAUTILUS.

and Helix hortensis was in abundance on the island. A few Helix

albolabris were also captured.”—F. H. Ames.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

AN ANNOTATED CATALOGUE OF SHELLS OF THE GENUS PaAR-

TULA in the Hartman collection belonging to the Carnegie Museum.

By Herbert H. Smith (Ann. Carnegie Mus. I, no. 3). The rich

series of Partule brought together by Dr. W. D! Hartman, having

passed with his collection into the possession of the Carnegie Museum,

has now been catalogued, with full details concerning each of the

240 suites contained therein. The total number of species is 83,

besides many named forms which Dr. Hartman regarded as varieties ;

in all 1,647 specimens. We feel rather skeptical about the specimens

considered hybrids by Hartman (Catal., pp. 471-473). There is not

much evidence of hybridism between really distinct species of Gas-

tropods. The notes comprise the data accompanying each lot and

more or less descriptive commentary on the shells themselves, but

consist largely of extracts from the letters of Mr. Andrew Garrett,

who collected the major part of the specimens. Within his province,

Garrett was one of the best conchologists of his time, and his experi-

ence in the field gives his opinions on these shells great weight. The

catalogue is arranged according to Dr. Hartman’s latest MS.; and

embodying as it does the results of both Hartman’s and Garrett’s

mature thought on this difficult genus, it must be regarded as one of

the most important papers on South Pacific land snails. Although

Mr. Smith has modestly ‘‘ abstained from expressing opinions and

made only a few suggestions,”’ his judicious notes earn for him the

thanks of conchologists.

PRELIMINARY CaTALOGUE of [Japanese] Marine Shells in the

collection of the Natural History Department, Tokyo Imperial

Household Museum. By T. Iwakawa. Part I, consisting of Cepha-

lopoda, Pteropoda and Pectinibranchiata forms a book of 84 pp.,

recording 893 suites. Localities are carefully noted, both in English

and Japanese, and the list will be chiefly useful to students of the

Pacific fauna for the numerous definite Japanese localities. The

known faunas of the Riukiu and Ogasawara groups, hitherto but little

known, are largely increased by these revords.

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mk NAUTILUS, XVI,

PLATE y.

THEN AUTILUS.

Vou. XVI. MARCH, 1903. No. IL.

ON THE SPECIFIC VALIDITY OF CAMPELOMA MILESII LEA.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

There has been considerable difference of opinion expressed, both

in regard to the specific validity of this form and in regard to its

relations to the other recognized species of the genus.

The types were collected by the late Manly Miles, formerly State

Geologist of Michigan, in Branch Lake, Antrim county, in the ex-

treme northwestern part of the State, and were described by Dr. Lea,

in 1863.’ Binney, in 1865, included it in the aggregation which he

assembled around Campeloma decisa. Dr. James Lewis, in his re-

view of Binney’s work in the Am. Jour. of Conchology,’ declared

that it “has claims to the rank of a species that must be recognized.”

And later, in the same Journal,‘ associated it with decisa in the group

characterized by ‘‘shells of thin texture, whorls usually regularly

rounded, suture well impressed, spire regular in proportion and, when

perfect, acute.”

Tryon, in his continuation of Haldeman, concludes that “it does

not exceed the usual variation of deezsa,’’ and does not allow it even

varietal rank. Call, in his elaborate paper ‘‘ On the Genus Campe-

loma,’’® refers it to C. subsolida Anth. And in this he is followed

1Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1863, p. 156.

2. & F. W. Shells, Pt. III, p. 42 (1865).

3A. J. of C., IV, p. 60 (1868).

*A. J. of C., V, p. 33 (1869).

>Mon. F. W. Univalve Moll., p. 28 (1870).

® Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab. N. H. I., p. 155 (1886).

22 THE NAUTILUS.

by Baker,' in his recent work on the ‘ Mollusca of the Chicago Area.”

Lea’s figure,’ which is copied by Tryon, is either very poor or else

represents an abnormal specimen. Binney’s figure, which is stated

to be from one of the types, is more accurate and represents the spe-

cies as usually found at the present time.

Campeloma milesii has not as yet been recorded from outside the

state of Michigan. In that State it has a well-defined and somewhat

peculiar distribution and, wherever found, seems to preserve its essen-

tial characteristics as fully as any of the other recognized species of

the genus (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9). It is an interesting coinci-

dence, if nothing more, that its range is substantially the same as that

of Limnea catascopium and Physa ancillaria magnalacustris, which

are the characteristic univalves of the shores of the Great Lakes and

of the rivers and lakes in close proximity to them. ‘The localities

thus far recorded for mi/esii are the Detroit River, Saginaw Bay,

Carp Lake and Crooked Lake Emmet county, Branch Lake Antrim

county, North Lake on Beaver Island in Lake Michigan and the

Pine River Marquette county. In most of these localities it is asso-

ciated with C. dectsa and in some with C. rufa. On the other hand,

the range of CO. subsolida in Michigan is quite different. This species

on the eastern side of the State has not been found north of the Clin-

ton River. On the western side it is abundant in the St. Joseph and

Grand Rivers and apparently ranges as far north as Charlevoix,

which is the only place where it has been found associated with

milesti. Neither form has been reported from the interior of the

State, and subsoiida does not seem to be found in waters of any of

the Great Lakes. From this, it is evident that the ranges of the two

forms are quite different and only impinge in the extreme northwest-

ern part of the lower peninsula.

Compared with ©. subsolida, as found in the southern part of the

State (fig. 11), and which is quite typical, it differs both in form and

texture. Subsolida is a large, thick, heavy shell, with a blunt apex,

sinuous lip and with a heavy white deposit on the parietal wall. It

is practically free from erosion. On the other hand, melesia has a

thin shell, a regularly-tapering, acute spire, a thin, transparent pari-

etal callus, a much less sinuous lip, and is usually only about half the

1 Moll. of Chi. Area, p. 361 (1902).

2 Observations, XI, pl. 24, fig. 114.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

size. It is extremely subject to erosion, and mature specimens with

a perfect apex are comparatively rare. If, as has been stated, milesi?,

like exzl’s, is a sexual variation of subsolida, it is remarkable that it

has not been found associated with that species in localities where

that species is abundant, and it is still more remarkable that where

it is found, its slender form is persistent and equally characteristic of

both sexes. The only form of swbsolida with which milesti can at all

be compared, is the slender form from the Mississippi Valley known

as ©. exilis Anth. (fig. 10). Just what the relations of this form

with the typical swbsolida are, have never been satisfactorily ex-

plained. If, as generally considered, it is merely a sexual variation,

it is a curious fact that it has never been found in any of the Michi-

gan rivers where the typical form is.abundant. But however that

may be, while superficially resembling mzles¢i in its slender elongated

form, it differs, like the typical swbsolida, in the shape of the spire,

the less rounded whorls, and consequently less impressed suture,

shape of the lip and texture. It seems clear, therefore, that mzlesiv

cannot be referred to swbhsolida even as a varietal form.

There yet remains to be considered its relation to the congeneric

forms, with which it is frequently found associated. The character-

istic color and texture of C. rufa are always sufficient to distinguish

it, even when the erosion of the upper whorls has destroyed the out-

line of the more elongated mlesi7.

Lewis was quite right when he grouped decisa and milesii together,

and it must be confessed that the exact relation of the two forms is

not free from doubt. M/esii is more closely related to decisa than to

any other species, and it is possible that when a greater abundance

of material can be had, it may be relegated to varietal rank. But

from our present knowledge, the forms seem quite as distinct as any

of the more closely-related species of Campeloma, which are recog-

nized, and it would seem better to keep them separate until their

specific identity can be unquestionably established. Compared with

decisa as it is commonly found, milesi7 is a thinner, more elongated

shell, with a more acute apex; the upper whorls are more convex

and the suture rather more deeply impressed ; the aperture is smaller

and narrower. This difference is well shown in the two forms as

found together in the Pine River, Marquette county (figs. 9 and 12).

Then, too, there is a marked difference in the shape of the young

when ready for extrusion. It will be remembered that Dr. Lewis

124 THE NAUTILUS.

laid great stress on such differences in his study of this group, rely-

ing on the well-recognized prinvipal that ‘‘ marked differences in the

embryos and young of a class of beings are specific.” The young

milesti when ready for extrusion is uniformly larger than the young

of decisa (milesti 4.75 x 3.50, dectsa 4.25 x 3.50 mill., specimens fig-

ured). The shell is more slender and noticably more elongated, the

apex being well elevated above the next whorl, while in deezsa the

apex is depressed, giving a planorboid shape to the apex, and rises

scarcely if at all above the second whorl. This difference, shown by

figs. 5 and 6 from the two species as found together in the Detroit

River, is characteristic and persistent. ‘There is no substantial vari-

ation in the young of the Detroit River mzles’7, and none in fourteen

different lots of decisa, from localities as widely separated as Port

Cram, N. J., Detroit River, Grand Rapids and Marquette county,

Michigan. The color in both forms is the same, a pale green, and

both have raised revolving lines of epidermal tissue.

It is unfortunate that no detailed anatomical examination of either

species has ever been published. it is quite possible that when that

is done, other differences will be found which will confirm the view

herein expressed. In the meantime, it certainly seems advisable to

recognize the specific validity of this interesting form.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

1. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.

2. Campeloma milesii Lea. Detroit River, Michigan.

3. Campeloma milesii Lea.. Detroit River, Michigan.

4. Campeloma milesii Lea. Saginaw Bay, Michigan.

5. Campeloma milesii Lea. (Young.) Detroit River, Michigan:

(Young.) Detroit River, Michigan.

Charlevoix, Michigan.

Carp L., Emmett Co., Michigan.

Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.

10. Campeloma exilis Anth. Illinois River, Illinois.

11. Campeloma subsolida Anth. Clinton River, Macomb Co., Mich.

Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.

6. Campeloma decisa Say.

7. Campeloma milesii Lea.

8. Campeloma milesii Lea.

9. Campeloma milesii Lea.

12. Campeloma decisa Say.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

THE LAND SHELLS OF CALHOUN FALLS, S.C.

BY A. C. BILLUPS, LAWRENCEBURG, IND.

Local lists of shells, no matter how incomplete they may be, are

always useful to those interested in the study of geographical distri-

bution, and without them no work could be done in that branch to

any degree of satisfaction.

Many collectors fail to make these lists because they deem them

of little special interest, and because they feel they can give no ac-

count of any new thing. These lists of themselves form no article

of great interest when taken singly, but when a large number of

them, covering a large area of country, are brought together, they

form a most valuable source of information to the specialist. It

should be the aim of every naturalist to add his share to the sum of

general knowledge, no matter how small that share may be, and for

these reasons I feel it not wasted time to give the result of one day’s

hunt, in what most likely is an unworked locality.

This day’s work took place at a bad time of year, on a cold, bright

morning on the 9th of December, 1900, at a place known on the map

as Calhoun Falls. I say on the map, as the Falls proper are a long

three miles from the hotel, general store and saw mill bearing that

name. They treated me well, however, at the hotel, as some sports-

men had spent the day there and had added a quantity of delicious

game to the usual southern country fare of ‘*hog and hominy.”

Between the combined resources of hotel and sportsmen, I put away

one of the best dinners I ever sat down to, and one which I shall

long remember.

Calhoun Falls, S. C., is in Abbeyville county, on the Sea Board

Air Line, about twenty-five miles southwest of Greenwood, South

Carolina, and fifty miles east of Athens, Georgia.

The country two miles back from the river is of a very sandy soil,

interspersed with red clay, and the timber principally pine. The

creeks are all small, sandy and swift, running over a bottom com-

posed only of sand, and occasionally a few yards of bare rock buried

in sand; they contain no molluscan life whatever, and time spent in

their investigation is wasted.

The Savannah River, at a point about half a mile below the rail-

road bridge, breaks into a series of falls, or rather rapids, full of small

126 THE NAUTILUS.

islands and rocks, and two miles below attains a width of nearly

three-fourths of a mile. A few of these islands are of fairly large

extent and heavily wooded with pine and oak.

The rapids extend for a distance of five miles and bear the same

character throughout, the rocks all rest upon a clean, sandy bed, and

over the entire length of the rapids I could find no trace of water

shells of any description, The streams in this section of the country

all seem to be alike in this respect, with the exception, perhaps, of

Clear Creek, a stream about three miles from this point, which is

said to contain large quantities of Unio of which, however, I have

had none other than oral evidence.

The banks of the river on the South Carolina side are in many

places very steep and covered with hard-wood timber. I may here

state that it is only wasted time to attempt to find shells under pine

logs. I have tried it often and always with the same results, namely,

2 tired back, torn hands, a considerable gain in bodily temperature,

and few if any specimens to add to the bottle. As an athletic exer-

cise it is without an equal, but from a collector’s point of view, a

decided failure.

Beginning at the railroad bridge and working down stream, comes

a stretch of bottom land covered by one of the most dense cane brakes

I ever saw, extending to the water edge, and which gives evidence

of being submerged at high water. I turned many logs at this point‘

but they were in too close contact with the clear sand and produced

nothing.

Beyond and below this cane brake the banks of the river rise at a

distance of fifty yards from the water to quite steep hills, thickly

timbered with oak and maple, and the soil of a much more solid con-

sistancy. Here, under logs on the hill side, I found Polygyra ap-

pressa Say, Polygyra stenotrema Fer. and several Zonitoides, together

with a few specimens of Polygyra tridentata Say. Under one log I

found a colony of Polygyra barbigera Redf., but a most careful search

under many other similar logs near by failed to discover any more.

On the bottom land several water-soaked and spongy logs produced

Gastrodonta interna Say and Zonitordes elliott’ Say in great numbers,

they were all obtained by picking the wood apart with a knife and

shaking out the shells into a handkerchief. The contrast between

the light delicate pink of the former and the pale green of the latter

was very marked and beautiful.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

After leaving this part of the bank I traversed two miles of red

clay soi], covered with pine and shrub, which, though most carefully

searched, produced nothing whatever. Below this, several streams

were crossed, containing nothing but the usual sand and water.

The banks now become very steep and in many places the bare

rocks are exposed, badly cracked and weather-worn. Here in the

crevices of the limestone, so far back as to require the aid of a stick

to reach them, I found some beautiful specimens of Polygyra obstricta

Say, a few alive and many dead, at the base of the cliff.

Numerous specimens of Polygyra and Pyramidula were found

among the loose and broken fragments of stone, which were here

piled in great profusion, between the cliff and the river, but which

were all above high-water mark.

Beyond this place, where the rocks are less numerous and covered

by a rich, black soil, I took a few fine specimens of Polygyra albola-

bris major Binn. alive and also found many dead and _ broken shells.

From this point I left for the hotel, by what I took to be a short

cut through the woods but which proved to be very far from an air

line. I reached home, however, after about a two hours’ tramp, hav-

ing spent one of the most enjoyable days I can remember, and well

satisfied with the results of my trip. It must be remembered that

this tramp was made at a very bad time of year and when all shells

were in their winter quarters.

The following is a complete list of all the material taken :

SHELLS TAKEN AT CALHOUN FALLS, SOUTH CAROLINA.

Polygyra tridentata Say. A large, dark-colored shell, found quite

plentifully among the loose rocks and broken fragments.

Polygyra tridentata var. A much smaller shell than the preceed-

ing, showing a pinkish shade about the lip. Scarce,and in company

with the above.

Polygyra rugeli Shutt. Quite common under logs.

Polygyra inflecta Say. Under logs and among loose stones.

Polygyra albolabris major Binn. Under logs and chips in the

black soil.

Polygyra palliata Say. Eight specimens from the heavily-timbered

hill side.

Polygyra obstricta Say. From the cracks in the limestone cliffs.

Polygyra appressa Say. Among the loose stones with tridentata.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Polygyra elevata Say. Four dead shells only, in drift near the

river.

Polygyra thyroides Say. Two dead and one living, on the hill side.

Polygyra barbigera Redf. A numerous colony under one log only,

evidently in their winter quarters.

Polygyra stenotrena Fer. A smali number, not common and gen-

erally distributed.

Polygyra stenotrema exodon Pils. Very common under the logs

and loose stones. (Determined by Bryant Walker.)

Polygyra hirsuta Say. One or two specimens only.

Circinaria concava Say. Five adult and several partly-grown

shells found, under leaves, logs and stones on the hill side.

Omphalina fuliginosa Griff} Several specimens, deep in thick

beds of leaves.

Gastrodonta intertexta Binn. <A few fine shells, in the earth under

the logs.

Gastrodonta interna Say. Large numbers, in water-soakéd logs

near the river.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Quite common, under the bark and in

rotten wood.

Zonitordes elliott’ Redf. Large numbers, in water-soaked logs.

Pyramidula alternata Say. <A strongly-ribbed variety. Quite

plentiful, under the large loose rocks.

Pyramidula perspectiva Say. Quite common, in decayed logs on

the hill side.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Scarce, in company with P. striatedla.

Flelicodiscus lineatus Say. Ten specimens, under bark of dead

wood.

NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Helicina sadoensis Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell depressed and acutely carinate, about equally convex above

and below, dull red or reddish-yellow, sculptured with fine, irregular

wrinkle-striz and very fine, crowded spirals above and below. Spire

low-conic with somewhat convex outlines. Whorls about 4, the last

convex below, not descending in front. Aperture oblique, of the

THE NAUTILUS. 129

usual shape ; lip well expanded and thickened ; a noticeable angle at

the base of the columella. Umbilical callus small but rather thick,

pox-marked. Operculum is sparsely granulose and retracts barely

within the lip. Alt. 2.5, diam. 4.5 mm., to alt. 3, diam. 5 mm.

Sotokaifu, Sado. Types no. 84380, A. N.S. P., from no. 991 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection. :

Related to H. hakodadiensis Hartm., but quite distinct by its acute

peripheral keel.

Alyceus harimensis var. sadoensis n. v.

Similar to A. harimensis in size, form and striation, but the strongly

constricted neck is quite smooth, the umbilicus is noticeably wider,

the reflexed sutural process is more prominent, and the peristome is

much thickened outside and beveled towards the edge.

Aikawa, Sado. Types no. 83895 A. N.S. P., from no, 996 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Macrochlamys perfragilis var. shikokuensis Pils, & Hir., n. v.

Shell depressed, yellow, subtransparent, with the form of J. per-

fragilis Pils., of Oshima, Osumi, but with the same number of whorls

it is much smaller. It is also very similar to M. dulcis Pils. in shape,

but the umbilicus is narrower and almost closed by the triangular

reflection of the columellar lip, and the very glossy surface is smooth,

without the spiral lines of M/. dulcis. Whorls 43, alt. 6.5, diam.

13 mm.

Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku). Type no 84259 A. N.S. P., from no.

1000 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Microcystina higashiyamana Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, conic, brown, somewhat transparent,

glossy, and marked with fine, indistinct growth-lines. Spire conic,

the apex obtuse. 54 convex whorls, very slowly widening, the last

distinctly angular at the periphery, convex beneath, a little impressed

in the middle of the base. Aperture oblique, somewhat lunate, the

outer lip simple, columellar lip turned back, strengthened by a nearly

vertical white callus a little way within. Alt. 2.2, diam. 3 mm.

Higashiyama-mura, Awa, Shikoku Island. Type no. 84379,

A. N.S. P., from no. 1002 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Distinguished by the conic, Kaliella-like shape and the white cal-

lus within the columellar margin.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Buliminus andersonianus var. echigoensis P. & H., n. var.

Shell similar to B. andersonianus Mlldff. except that the spire is

a little wider, not quite so straightly conic, and the size is much

greater. Dark vinous-brown with a green-buff border below the

suture, the mouth purple-bordered inside.

Length 294 to 303, diam. 11 to 114 mm.; whorls fully 8.

Myokozan, Echigo. Types no. 83896 A. N.S. P., from no. 750a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

B. andersonianus was originally described from Yesso; but Mr.

Hirase has found it not only in Ojima, the southern province of that

island, but also in the province Uzen, in Nippon (Hondo); the speci-

mens being typical. This large race is from still farther south.

HELICINA JAPONICA AND RELATED FORMS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Helicina japonica was described from ** Tabu-Sima,”’ that is, Tobi-

shima, an islet of the Province Ugo, on the west coast of Nippon.

Adams gave no dimensions; but the figures in Sowerby’s Thesaurus

Conchyliorum, which were evidently drawn from his specimens,

measure alt. 8, diam. 9.6 mm. However, even where no size-mark

is given in the Thesaurus, the figures of many small species are

slightly enlarged. Thus, on the same plate with H. japonica, the

figures of H. convexa, concinna, etc., are enlarged, while those

of some other species are not so. Therefore the dimensions of these

figures cannot be relied upon as showing the true size of H. japonica.

The specimens before me from Tobishima, the type locality, measure

alt. 6, diam. 8 mm., or are a little smaller, alt. 5, diam. 7.2mm. The

surface is glossy or dulled by slight erosion, and is rather finely but

deeply striate. The lip is expanded and in fully adult shells is dupli-

cate, and very much thickened on the face. The moderately thick

basal callus is densely, conspicuously roughened. The specimens

from Sado are like those of Tobishima, but of a dull red-brown color.

A larger race, diam. 9.5 to 10,5 mm., red, or sulphur-yellow, glossy

and handsome, occurs at Kashima, Harima. It has the fine ai ci

of typical japonica.

H. reinti Kobelt, described as a variety of H. japonica, is much

larger, alt. 10, diam. 14 mm. The type locality is unknown, but

THE NAUTILUS. 131

specimens exactly typical occur at Ibuki, Omi. It is much less stri-

ate than japonica. In the specimens I have seen the surface is dull

from loss of the cuticle, which is evidently deciduous and very thin.

It varies in color from white or sulphur-yellow to deep crimson.

Some shells from Kotsuzan, Awa (Shikoku) having all other charac-

ters of reiniz, have the last whorl covered with glossy cuticle like the

small form expolita. Reinii may prove to be specifically distinct from

H. japonica, and for the time being may be so considered.

The various forms may be tabulated thus:

I. Shell distinctly striate or costulate (H. japonica).

1. Striation close and fine.

a. Diam. 7 to 8 mm., typical H. japonica.

b. Diam. 9 to 11 mm., H. japonica, var. from Harima.

e. Diam. 15 to 16 mm., H. japonica var. uzenensis.

2. Very coarsely ribbed; diam. 10-11 mm., H. japonica var.

echigoensis.

11. Surface not distinctly striate (H. reinzi).

1. Surface dull, denuded of cuticle; diameter 12 to 15 mm.,

typical H. reinit.

2. Surface covered with a smooth, polished cuticle; diam. 10

to 13 mm,, H. reinii var. expolita.

H. j. echigoensis is a new variety from Omimura, Echigo, types no.

84384, A. N.S. P., from no. 575a of Mr. Hirase’s collection. It is

strongly and coarsely ribbed.

A NEW CONUS FROM THE TERTIARY OF FLORIDA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

Conus waltonens’s n. sp.

Shell medium in size, substance rather thin; spire elevated, with

nine whorls, including the apex, which is rather sharp, profile of

spire slightly broken by a shoulder just above the suture on each

whorl, the suture impressed, each whorl of the spire concave, and

marked by numerous curved lines; periphery sharp; body whorl

below the keel in some specimens over one-half smooth, then below

this bearing two or three spirals of evenly-spaced nodules without

any grooves between, gradually changing to rows of nodules on bands

132 THE NAUTILUS.

between grooves, which are eight or ten in number, the nodules fading

away as the canal is reached, but in the type specimen the nodules

are present over the whole of the smooth part without, however, any

grooves between. Anal notch rather deep, and marking the spire

with its former positions; outer lip thin, pillar lip straight with a

very slight twist ; aperture straight above, widening near the base.

Length 20 mm., max. diameter 12 mm.

Locality : Shoal Creek, Walton county, Florida.

Remarks: This shell bears a close resemblance to Conus puneti-

culatus Hwass, and is doubtless an ancestral form, thus adding an-

other link to the chain of evidence of a connection between the At-

lantic and Pacific Oceans during Tertiary times.

This species has been in my possession for many years and until

lately was not known to me from any other locality, but on looking

over some specimens of fossils from the Number 2 well of the Mobile

Oi! Co., bored near Mobile, Alabama, I found two or three speci-

mens of it, and from its position over three hundred feet above the

Oak Grove (Fla.) horizon in this well, it would seem to indicate that

this deposit on Shoal Creek is much younger than the Oak Grove

beds. The assignment of these beds to the Oligocene must, in the

writer’s opinion, be better substantiated than at present. There are

so few species common to the * Chipola” of Dall and the Vicksburg

formation, it would seem better to confine the use of the term ‘ Olig-

ocene”’ to the latter, which is in accordance with Conrad’s original

diagnosis, and put the Chipola, Shoal Creek and Chattahoochie beds

into one formation, calling them all Miocene, and if this should

eventually be done, then this formation should bear the name its

discoverer, D. W. Langdon, Jr., gave it of ‘* Chattahoochie.”

D. G. Harris figures a Conus puncticulatus Hwass from the Gal-

veston deep well. It is probably the same species as the one herein

described. The pustules on the living shell appear to be in the

grooves while on the fossil form they are between them.

Ble] seta Wiesel ales

VOI VL.

APRIL, 1908. No. 12.

MOLLUSKS OCCURRING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

The following species, not heretofore made known as occurring in

Southern California, have been detected in Los Angeles and else-

where in this part of the State within the past two years. The large

slug imax maximus first observed in the southeasterly part of Los-

Angeles, has been quite numerous. It is found in considerable

abundance in many localities in the Walnut Grove Tract, including

my own grounds. Its color caused me to doubt its identity, so I

sent specimens to Dr. Pilsbry. He referred them to the foregoing

species with the comment, ‘* that it was not the common form, but a

melanistic variety which I have never seen from the East.” An-

other slug determined by Dr. Pilsbry for Mr. Williamson is Liémax

flavus, occurring in Los Angeles, apparently rare as yet. In March,

last year, I detected a few examples of Punctum conspectum Bland,

on my lawn near the water faucet; some 9 or 10 specimens; these

were named by Professor Dall. I have failed to find further ex-

amples after careful search. Vallonia pulchella, so exceedingly

abundant on my grounds in August, 1900 (see the Nauritus, Vol,

XIV, pp. 65-67) is now quite scarce. .

Mr. Hemphill reports Limax maximus as occurring in San Diego

in the nursery of the well known florist, Miss Kate O. Sessions of

that city.

The appearance and disappearance of forms like V. pulchella and:

P. conspectum is not easily explained.

Helix aspersa became exceedingly abundant on my premises, so:

numerous as to be a pest; by persistent search it is now nearly ex--

134 THE NAUTILUS.

terminated. The hunt will have to be kept up, else it will soon be-

come as abundant as ever. Rost. E. C. Stearns.

Los Angeles, Feb’y 24, 19038.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Chloritis tosanus n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, the spire but slightly convex, very

thin, uniform brown. Surface slightly glossy, closely set with short

hairs arranged in regular oblique rows. Whorls 43, very convex,

separated by a deeply excavated suture, the last whorl rounded peri-

pherally and beneath. Aperture slightly oblique, rounded-lunate ;

peristome thin, acute and not expanded except at the columellar in-

sertion, where it is widely dilated, partly covering the umbilicus.

Alt. 10, diam. 17.5 mm.

Shinjo-mura, Tosa. Type no. 84415. A. N.S. P., from no.

1015 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is the first Ch/oritis found in Shikoku. It is very

like C. perpunctatus, but about twice the size. In C. fragilis the

hairs are much more widely spaced. C. hirasez is far more widely

umbilicate.

Hulota (Celorus) cavitectum n. sp.

The shell resembles H. caviconus, but is larger, not quite so high,

the umbilicus contracting more rapidly within. Brown; covered

with oblique cuticular threads and small scales, the scales predomi-

nating on the last whorl and base. Whorls 63, slightly convex, the

last strongly carinate at the periphery, a little convex beneath, de-

scending rather deeply below the keel in front. The aperture is

nearly horizontal, transversely oval. The peristome is brown, thin,

the upper margin not expanded, lower margin reflexed, bearing a

white tubercle on the inner margin. Alt. 5, diam. 10 mm.

Kochi, Tosa. Type no. 84416, A. N.S. P., from no. 1033 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

E. caviconus of western Kyushu is smaller, has more whorls, a

well-like umbilicus, and finer sculpture, the cuticle of HL. cavitectum

THE NAUTILUS. 135

being roughened like that of a Plectotropis. It is the first Calorus

found in Shikoku Island.

Trishoplita lischkeana var. hizenensis n. var.

The shell is transparent-whitish, with a red-brown band at the

periphery, which is angular in front, becoming rounded on the latter

part. ‘The band ascends above the suture. The surface is glossy,

and under the lens is seen to be very finely striate, and decussate by

very close, fine, shallow spiral striae, Whorls 43. The umbilicus

is about one-eighth the diameter of the shell. Peristome thin, ex-

panded below, hardly so above.

Alt. 5.8, diam. 9 mm.

Alt. 5.8, diam. 8.8 mm.

Ukujima, Hizen. ‘Types no. 84414. A. N.S. P., from no. 1019

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This little shell has the red-brown band and decussate surface of

the much larger shell I described as 7. collinsoni var. okinoshime

(Proc. Acad. Nat. ‘Sci., Phila., 1901, p. 547. It is also related to

T. c. var. casta (NauTILUS XV, 'p. 19), also a larger shell, from

the province Hiuga, in eastern Kyushu; “and to 7. Uschkeana

(Kobelt), from Hagi, Nagato, on the northwestern coast of south-

western Hondo (Nippon). 7. Uschkeana is more elevated than

hizenensis, and though compressed, the last whorl is not angular.

Otherwise the two forms seem to be alike, so far as we can tell from

the published description and figures of lischkeana.

One of the present authors, in referring these forms to A. Adams

collinsoni some years ago (NAuT. XV, 19), was influenced by the

belief that the locality “ Tago” given for that species was situated in

western Shikoku~ but this was an error, ‘Tago being a seaport of the

province Izu, on Suruga Gulf; and as collinsoni is described as a de-

cidedly more globose shell than casta, etc., though similarly colored,

it will probably prove to be specifically distinct from the forms casta

and okinoshime.

Trishoplita mesogonia var. shikokuensis n. var.

The shell is similar in form to 7. mesogonia (Pils.), but differs im

sculpture, being very closely and finely striate spirally. The types

are red-brown, fading towards the suture and base, with a pale line

at the angular periphery, and more or less streaked with whitish-

corneous. Whorls 53. Alt. 7.3, diam. 11 mm.

136 THE NAUTILUS.

Sodayama, Tosa. Types no. 84412. A. N.S. P., from no. 1016

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

T. mesogonia is from the province Tango in western Hondo,

Hilizan on the western side of Lake Biwa, ete. It varies from

reddish-brown to nearly as pale as Z. goodwint. The variety from

Shikoku is similar in shape, but constantly different in sculpture.

The types are variegated as described above. A series from Kochi,

Tosa (Mr. Hirase’s no. 580), has neither the pale peripheral band

nor the streaks of the shells from Sodayama, and varies from pale

‘brown to nearly as light a tint as 7. goodwint. Specimens of this

lot were compared by Mr. Gude with his 7. goodwint var. carinata,

and said to ‘differ in the body-whorl, and the aperture is smaller

and more rounded.”? Others were found at Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

Mr. Hirase’s no. 823, like the Kochi lot.

Arinia japonica n. sp.

The shell is very minute, gray, cylindric, terminating above in an

extremely short, low brownish cone of hardly two whorls. Surface

Justerless, sculptured with narrow ribs, like a Diplommatina. These

ribs are fine and rather close, but onthe last whorl they become

very widely spaced. Whorls 53, convex, the last whorl distorted,

being smaller than the preceding whorl, and strongly ascending in

front. It is very shortly and inconspicuously rimate. The aperture

is vertical and circular. The peristome is continuous, very narrowly

expanded, and thickened outside behind the edge. The volumella is

simply concave. Length 2. diam. 1.2 mm.

Goto, Hizen. Types no. 84413. A. N.S. P., from no. 1018 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This tiny snail is the first Arinia from Japan, and by far the

most northern Of its kind. It is remarkable ior the very obtuse

summit.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOME JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

Several of the Japanese snails described in the NautiLus during

the past year or two are illustrated on the plate accompanying Mr.

Hirase’s catalogue of Japanese shells inserted in our advertising

pages this month. As some of them have not before been figured, it

seems proper briefly to refer to them.

THE NAUTILUS. itsy/

The Euhadra section of Hulota is represented by two fine species.

Fig. 3 is £. callizona var. dixoni Pils. (Nautitus XIV, p. 60).

This elegant shell is from the province Idzumo. It is named for the

President of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Fig. 4, /. sencken-

bergiana var. awaensis Pils., isa race from Shikaku of the species

from western Japan, the largest Japanese Helix. Figs. 5, 6, Plecto-

tropis elegantissima var. cara Pils. (Nauritus for Jan., 1901, p.

107) is from Great Riukiu Islands.

Ganesella Pargillierti Phil., from the same island (fig. 13), is a

very characteristic Riukiuan snail; and fig. 1, G. myomphala Mart.,

is the largest Japanese member of the same genus, and to my eye,

one of the most beautiful Helices. It is rather widely distributed in

southern Japan.

Clausilia martensi var. reiniana Kob., is the largest living Clau-

silia. It is not an uncommon species in central Japan.

Cyclophorus hiraset Pils. and Pupinella oshime Pils. are two

operculate forms from the island of Oshima, in the “ Riukia Curve.”

Figs. 7-10 belong to the wonderful fauna of the Bonin Islands

(Ogasawara-jima). These mere dots on the great Pacific have a

varied snail population of about 50 species, all but half a dozen dis-

covered by Mr. Hirase’s collectors, chiefly by Mr. Nakada, whose

work is deserving of high praise. Fig. 7 is the var. trifaseiata of

mandarina mandarina Gray, from Nakanojima, a little islet not

shown on ordinary maps. The genus Mandarina comprises a half

dozen species, the largest, MW. ruschenbergeriuna Pils., NAUTILUS

IV, p. 64, figs. in text, exceeding our big Polygyra chilhoweens’s in

size. It was supposed before Mr. Hirase’s explorations, to be from

the Riukiu Is. Che species of Mandarina are all from the Bonin

lis:

the common Camena cicatricosa is a well-known member. Fig, 8

, and are strong, solid shells, related to a Chinese group of which

is Fumetesta mirabilis Pils., from Hahajima, the southern large island

of the Ogasawara group. The name * wonderful starved shell”? is

from its lank, emaciated appearance. Hirasea profundispira Pils.,

fig. 9 (Nautitus XVI, p. 47), is one of the numerous genus

Hirasea (Nautitus XV, p. 118), consisting of small shells very

peculiar in shape. AHrasiella clara Pils., fig. 10 (Nautitus XV,

April, 1902), is the sole representative of a related genus. These

genera are all confined to the Ogasawara-jima,

138 THE NAUTILUS.

HABITS OF ACANTHOPLEURA GRANULATA.

BY S. H. HAMILTON.

The south coast of Cuba west of Santiago de Cuba is a sharp, dock-

like escarpment bounded by very deep water. In the cavities of the

coraline rock, from ebb water to that just wetted by each wave, are

the homes of this chiton. The impact of the waters of the Caribbean

against this coast, not being broken by any beach or shallow water,

is often very powerful and destructive. I observed that with each

successive wave the chitons brought their girdles flush and tight with

the rocks, while during slack water they raised, so as to let the re-

ceding fluid circulate freely around their gills. At the time of my

visit to Cuba I was unacquainted with the visual organs of the

tegmentum, and supposed that Acanthopleura granulata had acquired

a rythmic movement by experience and was so enabled to live ina

more exposed situation than other mollusks. It now seems evident

to me that the megalapores are so well developed in this species that

it can perceive the oncoming wave before it strikes.

TEMPLE PRIME.

In the death of Temple Prime, which occurred on the 25th of

February last, another of the old-time Conchologists has passed away.

Mr. Prime was born in New York City seventy years ago, and after

graduating at Harvard, studied law but never practised. He was

greatly interested in science, particularly Conchology, and studied

with Professors Agassiz and Silliman. In the early sixties he pub-

lished numerous papers, mostly in the Proceedings of the Acad. Nat.

Sciences, Philada., upon the Cyelades, in which he was especially

interested and an authority. His exhaustive Monograph of the

Corbiculide was published under the auspices of the Smithsonian

Institute, Washington.

Mr. Prime was also a student of Genealogy and History, and at

the time of his death was at work ona French history. He was

actively interested in political affairs, being what is called an Inde-

pendent, and in 1860 was secretary of legation at The Hague, Holland.

As president of the Citizens’ League for good government in Hunt-

ington, he took a lively interest in local affairs and was a large con-

THE NAUTILUS. 139

tributor towards its educational and other interests, notably the

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Association, the indebtedness of which

he greatly reduced and finally cancelled.

Personally Mr. Prime was a generous friend, ever ready to help

any worthy cause with purse or counsel, and he wiil be greatly

missed in the community in which he spent so many years of his life.

S. Raymonp Roserts.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY VENERIDAE AND OF THE NorTH

AMERICAN RECENT SPECIES. By. Wm. H. Dall (Proc. U. 8. Natl.

Mus. xxvi, 335-412, plates xii_xvi, 1902).

This synopsis gives in condensed form the results of another of

Dr. Dall’s elaborate studies on the Pelicypods. The revision of the

nomenclature involved a great amount of work, necessitating many

generic and specific changes. A complete bibliography is given,

followed by the synopsis of classification of the genera and sub

genera, and a revision of the species with descriptions of twenty new

species.

Dr. Dall divides the Veneride into four sub-families: Dosiniine,

Meretricine, Venerine, Gemmine ; represented on the Atlantic coast

by 59 species, and on the Pacific by 80 species, two being natives of

both oceans.

From the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States the fol-

lowing species are recorded : Dosinia concentrica Born.; D. elegans

Con.; D. discus Rve.; Transennella cubaniana Orb.; T. stimpsont

Dall; T. conradiana Dall; Gouldia cerina C. B. Ads. is now placed

in the genus Gafrartum Bolten 1798, and Macrocallista nimbosa

Solander 1786, is adopted in place of Callista gigantea Gmel. 1792 ;

M. maculata L.; Callocardia (Agriopoma) morrhuana Linsley, re-

places Cytherea convera Say (not Brong.), and C. sayana Con., the

two latter names were applied to the Miocene form which is con-

sidered distinct from the recent. Callocardia texasiana, Dall; C.

zonata Dall; Pitaria albida Gmel.; P. fulminata Mke. (Cytherea

varians Hanley); P. simpsoni Dall; P. eweymata Dall, and P.

(Hysteroconcha) dione L. The latter is more familiarly known as

Dione dione or D. veneris Desh. By elimination the genus Cytherea

Bolton 1798 should be restricted to form like C. listeri Gray ( Venus

140 THE NAUTILUS.

erispata Desh.), C. rigida Dillw. 1817 (V. rugosa Gmel. 1772, not

Linn. 1771), C. rugatina Heilp. and ©. strigillina Dall. Cyelinella

tenuis Recl. (Lucinopsis tenuis); Chione cancellata L. ( Venus cancel-

lata), C. subrostrata Lam. (V. beaut Reel.), C. mazyckit Dall; C.

intapurpurea Con.; C. grus Holmes; ©. pygmaea Lam.; C. paphia

L.; C. latilirata Conr. (V. varicosa Sowb.); Anomalocardia brasiliana

Gmel. (Venus flexuosa Born, not Linn., and V. macrodon Hanley are

syn.) A. cunetmeris Con. ( V. rostrata Sowb.); Venus mercenaria L.;

V. campechiensis Gmel. (V. mortoni Con.), Liocyma fluctuosa Gould;

Gemma gemma Tott.; G. purpurea H. C. Lea (G. concentrica Dall.),

and Parastarte triquetra Con.

From the Pacific coast north of Mexico the following are received :

Dosinia ponderosa Gray (Pleistocene only, on the California coast),

Transennella tantilla Gld.; Tivela (Pachydesma) stultorum Mawe.

(more familiarly known as Pachydesma_ crassatelloides Conr.),

Amiantis callosa Con.; Pitaria newcombiana Gabb.; Cytherea fordi

Yates; Saxidomus nuttallii Conr.; S. gigantea Desh.; Chione flucti-

fraga Sowb.; C. undatella Sowh. (V. simillima Sowb.); C. suecineta

Val.; Venus kennicottii Dall; Mareia kennerleyi Rve.; M. subdiaphana

Cpr.; Paphia (Protothaca) staminea Conr. The genus Paphia

Bolton 1798, replaces Zapes Megerle 1811, the latter is however

used as a sub-genus. Five varieties of P. staminea are recognized

Petiti Desh. (rigida Gould); laciniata Cpr.; ruderata Desh.; orbella

Cpr., and suleulosa Dall. P. tenerrima Cpr.; Liocyma beckii Dall;

L. viridis Dall; L. seammoni Dall; Venerupis lamellifera, Psephidia

lordi Baird ( Psephis lordi), P. ovalis Dall, and Gemma gemma Ton.,

the latter introduced into San Francisco Bay on “ seed ”’ oysters.

A number of forms on the Pacific coast are closely related to

species of the Atlantic faura, and probably had a common ancestry

when the two oceans were connected at the isthmus. Dosinia

ponderosa ** recalls somewhat the Atlantic D. contentrica;” Tivela

byronensis Gray (7. radiata Sowb,), is ‘the analogue of 7. mae-

troides Born of the Antilles ;”? Macrocallista squallida Sowb., is the

analogue of M. maculata of the Atlantic fauna, and Callocardia

catharia Dall, is represented in West Indies by C. aresta Dall and

Simpson; Pitarta tomeana Dall is ‘*the apparent analogue of P.

fulminata of the Atlantic fauna.” P. (Hysteroconcha) lupanaria

Less. is ‘'a larger but less elegant analogue of the Antillean P. dzone

L., easily recognized by the violet spots at the base of the spines ;”’

CHE NAUTILUS. 141

P. (Lamelliconeha) cireinata of the Atlantic can hardly be separated

from P. alternata of the Pacific; Cytherea magdalenze Dall is the

analogue of C. strigellina Dall, of the Atlantic fauna; C. rigida

Dillw. is found on both shores; C. multicostata Sowb. is allied to

CO. listeri ; Chiane subrostrata lives on both coasts; forms of C. un-

datella often resemble C. cancellata; C. purpurissata Dall is elosely

related to C. puber Val.; C. pulicaria is the analogue of C. tntapur-

purea of the Atlantic fauna; while C. obliterata Dall ‘is the an-

alogue of C. latilirata Conr., and C. mariz Orb. of C. paphia L.”’>—

Gawd:

REVISION DES CYPR&ID& DE LA NOUVELLE-CALEDONIE, par

Ph. Dautzenberg, Journal de Concihyliologie, Vol. L, pp. 291-384,

1902. In this interesting paper the author records about 70 species,

and a number of varieties including several which are described as

new. The following is a brief review of the new forms:

CYPRAEA ARGUS var. MINOR, applied to specimens under 55 mm.

in length.

C. ARGUS var. CONCATENATA, shells with numerous small ocellated

spots disposed in small chains, which cross each other more or less

regularly ; at the points of intersection the remarkably large rings

sometimes transform into brown spots.

C. CARNEOLA var. PROPINQUA Garrett (Cat’l Cypreide), very

short, reflected, approaching in form C. arenosa, dorsal region with a

violet ring more or less apparent.

C. TALPA var. SATURATA. In this variety the three dorsal bands

are less clearly defined, the entire shell being tinted with a deep

brown.

C. TABESCENS. ©. rashle’ghana, ©. alveolus, and CO. elaiodes are

all considered varieties of C. tabescens.

C. CAURICA var. PALLIDA. This has the form of var. obscura

Rossiter, but tending to albinism, while var. obscura tends to

melanism.

C. ARABICA var. ATRA. Tinted with black over the entire dorsal

surface. This var. corresponds to the var. n/gricans of O. eglatina.

C. EGLATINA var. PALLIDA. Based on two shells with very

marked tendencies to albinism.

C. HISTRIO var, LUCTUOSA. This presents exactly the same ex-

142 THE NAUTILUS.

tent of melanism as the var. nigricans of ©. eglatina, but without a

tendency to rostration.

C. TIGRIS var. ROSSITERT, Is characterized by the dorsal surface

being a beautiful orange, the scattered brown spots being few in

numbers.

C. VITELLUS var. SUBROSTRATA. Based on a specimen showing

a tendency to rostration.

C. prroNes L. Under this species three varieties are recognized,

var. ovwm Gmel.—sophiz Brazier, a color var. albida, entirely white

except for light spots of brown on each side of the extremities, var.

pallidior, with dorsum very pale, base recurved, callus very thick,

white, without spots at the extremities.

C. WALKERI var. ROSSITERI is based on Luponta bregeriana

Rossiter (1882) not Crosse (1868).

C. z1czAc var, DECOLORATA. Specimens tending to albinism.

C. miliaris Gmel. and C. eburna Barnes are both considered varieties

of C. lamarcki; but in uniting these forms why make ©, lamarcki

Gray 1824 the species and C. miliaris Gmel. 1790 a variety ?

C. PORARIA var. INSIGNIS is unusually shining or seemingly

translucent, dorsal region orange, without spots, base beautifully

tinged with violet.—C. W. J.

BIOMETRIKA, a new journal for the statistical study of biological

problems (Cambridge, England) contains several papers on mollusks.

In vol. 2, part 1 (Nov., 1902), Miss Abigail C. Dimon has studied

at length the variation and correlation of Nassa trivittata and obsoleta

from Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island. She discusses the influence

of density and stillness of water on depauperization. Both species

were found at that locality to be smaller than normal type, this be-

ing attributed to lack of density of the waters of Long Island Sound

as compared with the open ocean. While this explanation may

apply to NV. trivittata which is a snail inhabiting open beaches, it is

certain that the small size of WV. obsoleta is not thus to be explained,

because this is a species of the salt meadows and inlets, and the

largest individuals we have ever collected were taken in a stream in a

mud-flat, which ran fresh at low tide, and being far from the open

ocean, could not have been very dense when submerged at high tide.

There is great need for improved mechanical devices for rapidly de-

termining quantitatively the various characters both of form and

THE NAUTILUS. 143

-color in shells. We do not see much use in carrying the decimals

-of mm. to two or more places in measuring the length of shells of the

‘size of these, but then it does no great harm if the measurer | a3

plenty of time. There is a wide field for this kind of work among

‘our mollusks, and the data to be obtained are of great value.—H. A. P.

Part 4 of Vol. I of the same journal contains a valuable statistical

investigation by C. Hensgen on the band variations of Helix nemoralis,

‘at several places in Strasburg. The paper is too extensive for ab-

-stract, but it may be mentioned that the curve for number of bands

has its major mode at 0 with a well-marked minor mode at 3 bands.

eed oA:..P,

GENERAL NOTES.

Conus PROMETHEUS Hwass.—A synonym of this species which

I have not seen noticed in the monographs is Conus nichohit Wilson,

1831; figured in James Wilson’s ‘ Illustrations of Zodlogy,” pl. 36.

‘The specimen described measured 84 inches long.

In the revision of the CaArpiTacEA, lately printed by the Academy

of Natural Sciences, I preserved the name Miodon for a form of

Venericardia found on the Pacific coast and applied by Carpenter in

1864. For Miodon Sandberger, 1870, given to a fossil form of

Cyrena the name Miodontopsis was proposed. In Sharp’s Index

Zoologicus just received, I find Miodon however was used for an

ophidian in 1859 by Duméril, and therefore Carpenter’s shell will

have to have a new name also. In this case I would propose

Miodontiscus for the Venericardian.—W. H. Datu,

Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss and the senior Editor of the NauTiLus are

collecting mollusks and ferns in the Southwest.

So many years have elapsed since a general work covering the

entire mollusca has appeared, that it is of interest to many readers of

‘Tue Navuritus who have not access to the larger libraries to know

what are the general views of leading biologists regarding the relative

144 THE NAUTILUS.

position of the larger groups. This feature is very clearly shown in

an excellent ** Manual of Zodlogy,” by Richard Hertwig, recently

translated by Prof. J. S. Kingsley. “ This American edition is not

an exact translation, With the consent of the author, the whole text

has been edited and modified in places to accord with American

usage.” :

The Mollusca (Phylum V1) are divided into five classes, of which

the Amphineura, including two subclasses, Placophora (Chitons) and

Aplucophora are considered the most primitive. Class II comprises

Acephalu or Pelecypoda, in which the views of Pelseneer are closely

followed. The order Protochonchi@ includes most of the families

grouped by Dr. Dall under Prionodesmacea, except the Natade, which,

with the remainder of the families, are placed in the order Hetero-

conchiz. The Nuculide are considered the most primitive, while the

more highly specialized families, like the Teredid@ and G'astroche-

nid, are placed at the other extreme. Scaphopoda (Class III) are

placed between the Pelecypoda and Gasteropoda; the latter being

divided into three orders: Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pul-

monata. The Prosobranchs are divided into two suborders: Aspido-

branchia—of which the Docoglossa ( Limpets) are the most primitive—

andthe Pectintbranchia. Heteropoda ‘in all details of gills, genitalia,

heart and nervous system are true Pectintbranchi, but from an ex-

clusively pelagic life have acquired peculiar modifications.” The

Opisthobranchia consists of three suborders: Teetébranchia, Ptero-

poda—* pelagic forms which in most points of structure agree with

and Nudibranchia. Class V comprises the Cepha-

the Tectibranchi”’

lopoda.—C. W. J.

The junior editor of the NaAuTILus has been appointed Curator of

the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. ‘This will be

his future address.

Errata.—In the article ‘Notes on Pyramidula elrodi Pils.” in

the February Nautitus, McDonald Lake of the Mission Mountains.

should be read instead of Post Lake. There are two McDonald

Lakes in Montana, and the authorities seem to think the same name

for two lakes within a hundred miles of each other must stand.—

M. J. ELRop.

CATALOGUE

LAND SHELLS OF JAPAN

TO BE HAD OF

Y. HIRASE

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI,

KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.

1903.

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Havine collected Japanese land, fresh-water and marine

shells for many years, the number of species in my possession

has now reached several thousand. Among these are many

new species, found by myself and my assistants. In the land

shells especially, the new species outnumber those known before

my researches began.

With the aid of numerous assistants I have been able to ex-

plore many parts of Japan, including the Riukiu (Loo-choo)

Islands, and the Ogasawara (or Bonin) group, where a rich

fauna of new and strange land shells was found. I hope in

future to extend the work, and send collectors to China, Corea

and Formosa.

All the species are sent to Dr. Pilsbry, of Philadelphia,

U.S. A., who kindly determines them, sc that 1 believe that

those receiving specimens from me may place confidence in the

names, and will find them an important and useful addition to

their collections. ;

Attention is called to the importarice of securing authentic~

specimens from the original localities of the many new species in

my collections.

Catalogues of marine and fresh-water shells are in preparation.

Specimens will be sent on approval to purchasers known to

me or giving satisfactory reference.

Y. H1rase.

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eral

CATALOGUE

BAND Shere:

TO BE HAD OF

Y. HIRASE,

SHIMOCHOJA-MACHI, KARASUMARU, KYOTO, JAPAN.

Notr.—Species and varieties marked thus * are new forms, described from

specimens from my collection. Where no prices are given, specimens are not

always in stock.

ACMELLA.

*853 vagans, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, $0.08-.12

*856 minima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara, .07-.10

ALYCAEUS.

*831b biexcisus, Pils. Suimura, Awa. (Shikoku), .05-.08

*298 harimensis, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*996 harimensis, var. |

cadoensis, P. & H. Aikawa, Sado,

*476 hirasei, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro, © .04-.07

*499 melanopoma, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .04-.07

*298b reinhardti, Pils. Kashima, Harima, .05-.08

*704 satsumanus, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*723 tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*916 vinctus, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

AURICULA.

442 reiniana, Kob. Hirado, Hizen, ‘,07-.12

(5)

*455

311

*750a

*468

*758

*602

*597

*478

919

*598

*930

509

582

587

549

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BIFIDARIA.

armigerella, Reinh.

ogasawarana, Pils.

chichijimana, Pils.

plicidens, Benson.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Riozen, Omi.

BLANFORDIA.

bensoni, A. Ad.

simplex, Pils.

japonica, A. Ad.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Sotokaifu, Sado.

BULIMINOPSIS.

meiacoshimensis,

A. Ad. & Rve.

turrita, Gude.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Loochoo,

BULIMINUS.

andersonianus,

Mildff.

andersonianus, var.

echigoensis, P. & H.

callistoderma, Pils.

callistoderma, var.

hachijoensis, Pils.

callistoderma, var.

ogasaware, Pils.

eucharistus, Pils.

hirasei, Pils.

hiraseanus, Pils.

luchuanus, Pils.

luchuanus, var.

oshimanus, Pils.

reinianus, Kob. v.

reinianus, Kob.

(small var. )

reinianus, var.

extorris, Branc.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

Myokozan, Echigo.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hachijo, Izu.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Yaeyama, J.,oochoo.

Kikai, Osumi,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Yaeyama, Loochoo.

Oshima, Osumi.

Shirakata, Sanuki.

Arakura, Tosa,

Okinoshima, Tosa.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

.05-.08

.03-.05

.O7-.12

.05-.08

.06-.10

.05—.08

.08-.15

.08-.12

.08—.12

.06-.10

*411

*484

*618

*946

555

*729

445

*958

*354

*981

*13

*786

*843b perpunctatus, Pils.

*735

424 addisoni, Pils.

*663c agna, Pils.

*1014 aenea, Pils.

501 attrita, Bttg.

*764b attrita, var. in-

*1013 aratorum, Pils.

*450b aulacophora, Pils.

*733b aulacopoma, Pils.

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

reinianus, var.

hokkaidoensis, Pils. Shikunobe, Ojima,

reinianus, var.

omiensis, Pils. Ibuki, Omi,

CARYCHIUM.

eymatoplax, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo,

hachijoensis, Pils. Hachijojhma, Iza.

noduliferum, Reinh. Nishigo, Uzen,

pessimum, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

CASSIDULA.

labrella, Desh. Hirado, Hizen,

' CHLORITIS.

albolabris,

Pils. & Hir.

eucharistus, Pils.

echizenensis,

Pils. & Hir.

fragilis, Gude.

hirasel, Pils.

Yakushima, Osumi.

Oshima, Osumi,

Omushi, Echizen.

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

Kurozu, Kii.

Totsugawa, Yamato.

pumila, Gude. Mikuriya, Suruga.

CLAUSILIA.

Kagoshima, Satsuma,

Yakushima, Osumi.

Tosa.

Ibuki, Omi,

fausta, Pils. Tomisato, Kii,

Tosa.

Fukura, Awaji,

Hirado, Hizen,

503 aurantiaca, Bttg.

738 aurantiaca, var.

erberi, Bttg.

782 aurantiaca, var.

Nohara, Yamato,

Gojo, Yamato,

plicidens, A. Ad. Kashima, Kii,

.25-.40

.05-.08

.07-.10

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.05-.08

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*450a awajiensis, Pils.

*818 bigeneris, Pils.

254 bilabrata, Smith.

*1002 bilabrata, var.

tosaensis, Pils.

brevior, Mart.

*634 callistochila, Pils.

*894 caloptyx, Pils.

“770c caryostoma, var.

jayi, Pils.

434c caryostoma, Mlldff.

*306b comes, Pils.

*632a crenilabium, Pils.

*632b crenilabium, Pils.

(var. )

*874 demonorum, Pils.

*819 dalli, Pils.

410a digonoptyx, Bttg.

739a ducalis, Kob.

*913a ducalis, var.

decapitata, Pils.

740 ducalis, var.

doreas, Pils.

*765b ducalis, var.

mediocris, Pils.

*986 echigoensis, Pils.

*663a entospira, Pils.

*563 euholostoma, Pils.

687 fultoni, Sykes.

*794 graciee, Pils.

592 hakonensis, Pils.

*306a harimensis, Pils.

*764a heteroptyx, Pils.

*423 hirasei, Pils.

*586 hiraseana, Pils.

593

*546b hokkaidoensis, Pils.

*789 holotrema, Pils.

686 hyperolia, Mart.

Fukura, Awaji,

Goto, Hizen.

Senzan, Awaji.

Shiujomura, Tosa.

Oshima, Izu,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Yakushima, Osumi.

Jomura, Ki.

Banzai, Awa.

Kashima, Harima,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kikai, Osumi.

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

Nishigo, Uzen,

Miyamura, Hida,

Kashima, Harima.

Miyamura, Hida,

Tomisato, Kii.

Myokozan, Echigo.

Tanegashima, Osumi.

Mikuriya, Suruga,

Ushirogawa, Tosa.

Nachi, Kii,

Oshima, Izu.

Kashima, Harima,

Tomisato, Kii.

Kagoshima, Satsuma,

Okinoshima, Tosa,

Kayabe, Ojima.

Nachi, Kii.

Oshima, Izu,

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.08-. 12

.O7-.10

.05-.08

.10-.15

.07-.10

.O7-. 10

.06-. 10

.04-.07

.06-.10

.06-. 10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS,

*457 hyperoptyx, Pils. Loochoo,

*733 subignobilis, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

*486b iotaptyx, Pils. Ibuki, Omi,

*292 iotaptyx, var.

clava, Pils. Senzan, Awaji,

*657a ischna, Pils. Kioragi, Higo,

*754 jacobiana, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

56a japonica, Crosse. Senzan, Awaji,

198 japonica, Crosse.

(large var. ) Takeya, Izumo,

*403 japonica, var. inter-

plicata, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen,

11 japonica, var.

nipponensis, Kob. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*56e japonica, var. per-

obscura, Pils. Shirono, Buzen,

*657b kochiensis, Pils. Kioragi, Higo,

*934 kurozuensis, Pils. Kurozu,:Kii.

564 martensi, Herklots. Mikuriya, Suruga,

500 martensi, var.

reiniana, Kob. —Ibuki, Omi,

*768 martensi, var.

tinctilabris, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

737 micropeas, Mlldff.

(var. ) } Mikuriya, Suruga,

*486a mikado, Pils. Ibuki, Omi,

*654 mima, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*762 mitsukurii, Pils. §Tomisato, Kii,

*546a monelasmus, Pils. Kayabe, Ojima,

*646 munus, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

*932 neniopsis, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*652 nesiothauma, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

*434 nolani, Pils. Fukura, Awaji,

463 oostoma, Mlldff. Mikuriya, Suruga,

*926 oostoma, var.

goniopoma, Pils. Wakayama, Kii.

*696 oostoma, var.

dactylopoma, Pils. Kashio, Awaji.

10 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*748 orthatracta, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.

*674 oscariana, Pils. Fukuregi, Higo,

*653a oshime, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*695 oxycyma, Pils. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*954 pachyspira, Pils. Miyai, Kii.

*584 perignobilis, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa,

*410b perpallida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen,

*306c pigra, Pils. Kashima, Harima,

*663b pinto, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

*817 plagioptyx, Pils. Goto, Hizen.

473 platyauchen, Mart.

(var. ) Nishigo, Uzen,

669 platyauchen, Mart.

(small var. ) Mikuriya, Suruga,

502 platydera, var.

lambda, Bttg. Nohara, Yamato,

*763 platydera, var.

kiiensis, Pils. Tomisato, Kii,

*434d platyderula, Pils. Aki, Awa.

*653b pseudoshime, Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

*664a ptychocyma, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

*664b ptychocyma, var.

yakushime, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi,

*993 sadoensis, Pils. Misakimura, Sado.

656 schmackeri, Sykes. Kochi, Tosa,

987 sericina, Mlldff. Omimura, Echigo.

*736b sericina, var.

rhopalia, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga,

*506 shikokuensis, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa,

*820 shikokuensis, Pils.

(small var. ) Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

*506c shikokuensis, var.

inokuchiensis, Pils. Inokuchimura, Tosa.

*345 sieboldi, var.

diptyx, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

622 stearnsii, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo,

*594 stearnsil, Pils.

(small var. ) Loochoo.

.08-.15

.06-.10

.0&-.12

.06-. 10

.06-.10

.05-.08

.04-.07

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.08-.12

.O7-.10

.07-.10

.08-.15

.07-.10

.05-.07

.04—.06

.08-. 12

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS. 11

*670 stereoma, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi, .08-.12

*661 stereoma, var.

cognata, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .06-.10

*670a stereoma, var.

hexaptyx, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

*671 stereoma, var.

nugax. Yakushima, Osumi.

*505 subaurantiaca, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .06-.10

*488 subjaponica, Pils. Ibuki, Omi, .05-.08

*766 subulina, var.

leucopeas, Pils. Tomisato, Kii.

*688 surugensis, Pils. Mikuriya, Suruga, .06-.10

*1007 sus, Pils. Muya, Awa.

*662 tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .O8-. 12

*813 tantilla, Pils. Goto, Hizen, .08—.12

8 tau, Bttg. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .01-.02

*550 tosana, Pils. Ushirogawa, Tosa, .O7—.12

*638b tryoni, Pils. Hachijo, Izu, .08-.12

*§16 una, Pils. Goto, Hizen.

462 valida, var.

fasciata, Sykes. Miyako, Loochoo, .04-.06

*633 valida, var. -

perfasciata, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo, .05-.08

732 (Reinia) variegata,

A. Ad. Hirado, Hizen, .04-.07

*942 (Reinia) variegata,

var. nakadai, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

675 vasta, Bttg. Fukuregi, Higo.

** CRYSTALLUS.”

*, .. velatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

*,.. sulcatus, Gude. Kyoto, Yamashiro.

COCHLICOPA.

862 lubrica, Mill. Shikunobe, Ojima, .05-. 07

CYCLOPHORUS.

2 herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro, .02-.04

Ht34, HIRASE: JAPANFSE LAND SHELLS.

*421 herklotsi, var.

expallescens, Ehrm. Kagoshima, Satsuma,

*644 hirasei, Pils.

*574 kikaiensis, Pils.

*684b kikaiensis, Pils.

372 turgidus, Pfr.

684a turgidus, Pfr.

Oshima, Osumi.

Kikai, Osumi,

Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

Loochoo,

(fossil, large var.) Kikai, Osumi,

*713 turgidus, var.

*612

*307

*604

512

*870

*620

*822

angulatus, Pils.

Loochoo,

CYCLOTUS.

campanulatus, Mart. Senzan, Awaji,

hirasei, Pils.

micron, Pils.

Loochoo,

Kashima, Harima,

DIPLOMMATINA.

cassa, Pils.

collarifera, S. & B.

dormitor, Pils.

insularum, Pils.

kiiensis, Pils.

*305b kobelti, Ehrm.

*812

*629

kobelti, var.

ampla, Pils.

luchuana, Pils.

305a nipponensis, Mlldff.

*647

oshime, Pils.

*836a pudica, Pils.

521

*487

*649

*639

*668

*296

*648

*510

*679

pusilla, Mart.

pusilla, var.

omiensis, Pils.

saginata, Pils.

septentrionalis, Pils.

tanegashime, Pils.

tenuiplica, Pils.

turris, Pils.

uzenensis, Pils.

yakushime, Pils.

Kodakari, Hida,

Ibuki, Omi,

Kikaigashima, Osumi.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

Kashima, Harima,

Goto, Hizen,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kashima, Harima,

Oshima, Osumi.

Nachi, Kii,

Kashima, Harima,

Ibuki, Omi,

Oshima, Osumi,

Kayabe, Ojima,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

Kashima, Harima,

Oshima, Osumi,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Yakushima, Osumi,

.05-.07

.06—. 10

.10-.15

.03-.05

.10-.15

.12-.20

.04—.06

.06-.10

.08-.05

.04—.07

.05-.08

.04—.06

.05-.08

.04-.06

.06-.08

.04—.07

.04-.07

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.06-.10

.04—.06

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.06-. 10

*295

**680

*451

*761

*787

*937

343

*960

288

*969

#353

*929

*590

*753

475

998

272

*815

359

528

271

224

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

iwakawa, Pils.

iwakawa, var.

- yakushime, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi,

ENNEA.

Kashima, Harima,

EULOTA (AEGISTA).

aperta, Pils.

aperta, var.

cavata, Pils.

aperta, var.

trachyderma, Pils.

aperta, var.

mikuriyensis, Pils.

friedeliana, Mart.

intonsa, Pils. & Hir.

kobensis, 8S. & B.

kobensis, var.

gotoensis, P. & H.

martensiana, Pils.

minima, Pils.

mimula, Pils.

mimuloides, Gude.

oculus, Pfr.

subchinensis, Nev.

vermis, Rve.

Fukura, Awaji,

Tomisato, Kii,

Ikoma, Kii.

Mikuriya, Suruga.

Hirado, Hizen,

Suimura, Awa.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Goto, Hizen.

Sedake, Osumi,

Oshima, Osumi.

Kayabe, Ojima,

Itanami, Omi.

Loochoo,

Loochoo.

Loochoo,

EULOTA (COELORUS).

cavicollis, Pils.

caviconus, Pils.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Goto, Hizen.

EULOTA (EUHADRA).

blakeana, Newc.

var. blakei, Kob.

blakeana, var.

sericea, Gude.

caliginosa, Ad. & R.

callizona, var.

amaliae, Kob.

Shikunobe, Ojima,

Nobusayama, Teshiwo.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Tadachi, Shinano,

.04—.06

.05-.08

.O7-.12

.08-.12

.04-.07

.10-.15

.15-.25

.08-.12

.03-.12

.20-. 30

.06-.10

.10-.15

.08=.12

.05-.08

*87

399

*239 ©

393

472

*556

*547

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

callizona, var.

congenita, Smith.

callizona, var.

dixoni, Pils.

callizona, var.

maritima, P. & G.

eallizona, var.

minor, Gude.

connivens, Pfr.

connivens, var.

phaeogramma, Anc.

grata, Gude.

luhuana, Sowb.

luhuana, var.

aomoriensis, G., P.

*186b luhuana, var.

248

199

arimensis, G., P.

luhuana, var.

eoa, Crosse.

luhuana, var.

idzumonis, P. & G.

*73b luhuana, var.

*682

*116

371

496

*683

*357

231

319

560

nesiotica, Pils.

luhuana, var.

Kobe, Settsu.

Inga, Hoki,

Hagi, Nagato,

Itoman, Loochoo,

Kikai, Osumi,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Hirado, Hizen,

Chojamura, Mutsu,

Tadachi, Shinano.

Mikuriya, Suruga,

Takeya, Idzumo.

Tanegashima, Osumi.

pachya, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil)

luhuana, var.

tsushimana, Mlldff.

luna, Pils.

mercatoria, Gray.

mercatoria, var.

atrata, Pils.

mercatoria, var.

dzmonorum, Pils.

oshime, Pils.

peliomphala, Pfr.

(large var. )

peliomphala, var.

brandtii, Kob.

Izuhara, Tsushima,

Iwamizawa, Ishikari.

Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

Oshima, Osumi,

Gomeli, Kai,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Manabe, Hitachi,

.12-.20

.05-. 08:

.06—. 10:

.04—. 06.

.05-.08:

.30-.50:

.O4—.07

.O8—. 15:

.10-.15,

.15-.20

.04—.07

.05-.08:

.10-. 30)

.15-.20

.15-.30

.05-.08

.08-.15

.07-.10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

peliomphala, var.

herklotsi, Mart. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

peliomphala, var.

nimbosa, Crosse. Toyado, Shimotsuke.

peliomphala, var. sep-

tentrionalis, Ehrm. Shikunobe, Ojima,

quaesita, Desh. Nishigo, Uzen,

sadoensis, Pils.& Hir. Sotokaifumura, Sado.

scaevola, Mart. Ibuki, Omi,

senckenbergiana, K. Kokubu, Hida,

senckenbergiana,

Kob. (var. ) Takeya, Izumo,

senckenbergiana, var.

awaensis, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

submandarina, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

submandarina, Pils. Kikai, Osumi, (fossil. )

submandarina, var.

compacta, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi,

submandarina, var.

magna, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

yaeyamensis, Pils. Loochoo,

EULOTA (EULOTELLA).

similaris, Fer. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

commoda, A. Ad. Kayabe, Ojima,

EULOTA (PLECTOTROPIS).

aemula, Gude. Takeya, Izumo,

deflexa, Pils. Tobishima, Ugo,

elegantissima, Pfr. Naha, Loochoo,

elegantissima, var.

cara, Pils. Kunchan, Loochoo,

hachijoensis, Pils. | Hachijo-jima, Izu.

horrida, Pils. Nishigo, Uzen,

inornata, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo,

kiusiuensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi,

kiusiuensis, var.

oshimana, P. & H. Oshima, Osumi.

.04-.06

.06-. 10

.05-.08

. 20-.30

.15-.25

.08-.15

.20-—. 30

.12-.20

.15-.25

.25-.35

.40-. 60

.02-.04

.06-. 10

.06-.10

.12-.20

.05-.08

.O7-.12

.12-.20

.15-.35

.15-.25

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS,

*464 lepidophora, Gude.

273 mackensii,

A. Ad. & Rve.

*752 omiensis, Pils.

*752a omiensis, var.

*773

461

*694

110

echizenensis, Pils.

pannosa, Pils.

scepasma, Pfr.

shikokuensis, Pils.

trochula, A. Ad.

10a vulgivaga, S. & B.

10b vulgivaga,S. & B. var.

*825 vulgivaga, var.

lanx, Pils.

Loochoo,

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Itanami, Omi,

Arato, Echizen.

Atsumi, Uzen,

Loochoo,

Yoshida, Lyo.

Izuhara, Tsushima,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Ibuki, Omi,

Suimura, Awa (Shikoku),

EULOTA (ACUSTA).

394 despecta, Gray.

459 despecta, Gray.

(large var.)

685 despecta, Gray.

(large var., fossil. )

*474a despecta, var.

kikaiensis, Pils.

*249 gainesi, Pils.

216 gainesi, var.

gudeana, Pils.

409 sieboldiana, Pfr.

*14 sieboldiana, var.

minor, Gude.

Naha, Loochoo,

Loochoo.

Kikai, Osumi.

Ushika, Teshiwo,

Kiyokawa, Ojima,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

GANESELLA.

*352 adeline, Pils.

*783b cristata, Pils.

*975 cardiostoma, var.

kagaensis, P. & H.

*734 fausta, Pils.

*508

*309

ferruginea, Pils.

jacobii, Pils.

japonica, Pfr.

Oshima, Osumi,

Nachi, Kii.

Hakusan, Kaga.

Mikuriya, Suruga.

Ushirogawa, Tosa,

Ibuki, Omi,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

.04-.07

.10-.15

.15-.25

. 12-.20

.06-.10

.05-.08

.10-.15

.04-.07

.10-.15

.06-.10

.03-.05

.25-.40

.10-.15

.15-.25

.O7—.12

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

*513a japonica, var. cari-

nata, Pils. & Gul. Ibuki, Omi,

*548a japonica, var.

granulosa, Pils. | Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*252 japonica, var.

heteroglypta, Pils. Fukura, Awaji,

106 japonica, var.

satsuma, Pils. Kamo, Shima.

460 largillierti, var.

cincta, Pils. Loochoo,

585 largillierti, var.

cosmia, Pils. Shimaziri, Loochoo,

74 myomphala, Mart. MHirado, Hizen,

3828 myomphala, var.

fusca, Gude. Kokubu, Hida,

96 myomphala, var.

minor, Gude. Toyonishikami, Nagato,

*260 myomphala, var.

omphalodes, Pils. Omikado, Inaba.

*289c notoensis, Pils.& Hir. Kitanosho, Noto.

*824 optima, Pils. Suimura, Awa (Shikoku).

*61 pagodula, Ehrm. Nohara, Yamato,

*788 selasia, Pils. Nachi, Kii.

*834 sororcula, Pils. Kikai, Osumi (fossil).

289 stearnsii, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*689a tanegashime, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*689b tanegashimee, var.

dulcis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi.

*577 wiegmanniana, Pils. Kochi, Tosa.

GEORISSA.

*471 japonica, Pils. Kashima, Harima,

*623b luchuana, Pils. Yaeyama, Loochoo.

HIRASEA.

*897 acuta, Pils. Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

*848 acutissima, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

*849 biconcava, Pils. . Hahajima, Ogasawara.

.10-.15

.O7-.12

.10-.15

.O8-. 12

.08-.12

.15-.25

.10-.15

.12-.20

.30-.40

.10-.15

.04—.07

.10-.15

*800

*863

*847

*864

*850

*865

*854

*801

*863c

*802

*867

*806

595

*852

759

*575

*808

*809

*862

*558

308

*55

*991

470

*624

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

chichijimana, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

diplomphalus, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

eutheca, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

goniobasis, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

hypolia, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

major, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

(Fametesta) mirabilis,

Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

nesiotica, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

profundispira, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

sinuosa, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

HIRASIELLA.

clara, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

HELICINA.

capsula, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

hakodadiensis,

Hartm. Kayabe, Ojima,

hirasei, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

japonica, A. Ad. Tobishima, Ugo (type loc. ),

japonica, var.

uzenensis, Pils. | Nishigo, Uzen,

ogasawarana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

ogasawarana, var.

discrepans, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

ogasawarana, var.

optima, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

osumiensis, Pils. Kikai, Osumi,

reinil, Kob. Ibuki, Omi,

reinil, var. expolita,

Pils: Senzan, Awaji,

sadoensis, Pils. & Hir. Sotokaifa, Sado.

verecunda, Gld. Loochoo,

yaeyamensis, Pils. | Yaeyama, Loochoo,

*807b yoshiwarana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

*807a yoshiwarana, var.

arata, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

.08-.15

.10-.15

.05-.08

.10-.15

.08—. 12

.06-. 10

.10-.15

.05-.08

.04—.06

.03-.05

.04—.07

*857

448

"8627

*641

*482

*518

*609

“519

+678

*655

*971

*697

*678

7K oe

941

*892

“*720

-*300

“*466

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS,

yoshiwarana, var.

microtheca, Pils.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

KALIELLA.

acutangula, A. Ad.

austeniana, Pils.

borealis, Pils.

ceratodes, Gude.

circumcincta, Reinh.,

var. elata, Gude.

crenulata, Gude.

fraterna, Pils.

gudei, Pils. & Hir.

harimensis, Pils.

kagaensis,

Pils. & Hir.

kyotoensis, Pils.

gudei, Pils. & Hir.

. lioderma, Pils.

hachijoensis, Pils.

hizenensis, Pils.

modesta, Pils;

multivolvis, Pils.

nahaensis, Gude.

*6§25b nahaensis, var.

*490

**8.46

*891

*514

*952

*743

*302

*607

* w:e

kunchana, Pils.

nanodes, Gude.

ogasawarana, Pils.

okiana, Pils.

pagoduloides, Gude.

pallida, Pils.

prealta, Pils.

reinhardti, Pils.

ruida, Pils.

. subcrenulata, Pils.

*6§25a yaeyamensis, Pils.

*606a yamatoensis, Pils.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Yaeyama, Loochoo.

Kayabe, Ojima.

Kashima, Harima.

Kochi, Tosa.

Kashima, Harima.

Kayabe, Ojima.

Kashima, Ojima,

Hakusan, Kaga.

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Kayabe, Ojima,

Kashima, Harima.

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

Hirado, Hizen.

Oshima, Higo.

Kashima, Harima,

Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo,

Kyoto, Yamashiro.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hirado, Hizen.

Kashima, Harima.

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

Ryozen, Omi.

Kashima, Harima,

Gojo, Yamato.

Kochi, Tosa.

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

Gojo, Yamato,

.08-. 12

.05-.08

.06-. 10

.05-08

.08-.12

.05-.08

.04-.07

.10-.15

.05-.07

.06-.10

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

LEPTOPOMA.

275 vitreum, Less.

446

Yaeyama, Loochoo,

MACROCHLAMYS.

cerasina, Pils.

cerasina, var.

awaensis, Pils.

doenitzi, Reinh.

dulcis, Pils.

fulgens, Gude.

gudei, Pils.

kagaensis, Pils.

micrograpta, Pils.

perfragilis, Pils.

perfragilis, var.

shikokuensis, Pils.

semisericata, Pils.

tanegashime, Pils.

Tobishima, Ugo,

Tairiuji, Awa (Shikoku),

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Nachi, Ki.

Loochoo,

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Hakusan, Kaga.

Kashima, Harima.-

Kunchan, Loochoo.

Kotsuzan, Awa.

Kurozu, Kii.

Tanegashima, Osumi,

MANDARINA.

exoptata, Pils.

exoptata, var.

obtusa, Pils.

hirasei, Pils.

mandarina, Gray.

mandarina, var.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima. Ogasawara,

mandarina, var.

ponderosa, Pils.

mandarina, var.

conus, Pils.

ruschenbergeriana,

Pils.

pallasiana, Pfr.

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Imotoshima, Ogasawara.

Chichijima, Ogasawara.

MELAMPUS.

caffer, Krauss.

Hirado, Hizen,

.05-.08

.08-.15

.08-.12

.06-.08

.05—.08

.06-. 12

.25—.40

.10-.15

.25-.40

..15-.25

.03-.05

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

MICROCYSTINA.

*949 circumdata, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

*482 ceratodes, Gude. Kashima, Harima.

*667 hiraseana, Pils. | Tanegashima, Osumi.

*803 hahajimana, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

*973 nuda, Pils. Hakusan, Kaga.

483 sinapidium, Reinh. Kashima, Harima,

*900 yakuensis, Pils. Yakushima, Osumi.

*1002 higashiyamana,

Pile.-& ir. ; Higashiyama, Awa.

NESOPUPA.

*855 dedecora, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara,

OMPHALOTROPIS.

*588 japonica, Pils. Kashiwashima, Tosa.

OPEAS.

*286a brevispira, Pils. Kashima, Harima,

456a gracilis, Hutt. Loochoo,

*286b kashime, Pils. Kashima, Harima,

*313b kyotoensis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*456b obesispira, Pils. Loochoo,

313a pyrgula, A. Ad. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

OTESIA.

673 japonica, Mlldff. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

PUNCTUM.

*553 amblygonum, var.

pretiosum, Gude. Fukura, Awaji,

*517 japonicum, Pils. Kashima, Harima,

*553b morseanum, Pils. Hirado, Hizen.

PUPINELLA.

*665a funatoi, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi,

*645 oshime, Pils. Oshima, Osumi,

51 rufa, Sowb. Senzan, Awaji,

*731b rufa, var. alba, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

.06-. 12

,08—. 12

.06-.10

.O8—.12

.05—.08

08-12

(OD =207

.04—.07

.05—.07

.04—.07

.06—. 10

.03-.05

.06-.10

22 HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS,

*665b rufa, var. tane-

gashime, Pils.

Tanegashima, Osumil,

PUPISOMA.

Hakusan, Kaga.

PYRAMIDULA.

*972 edentulum, Drap.

*96§1 ~conica, Pils.

405 pauper, Gld.

529 \patiper, Var.

depressa, A. Ad.

“4950 pauper, var.

hachijoensis, Pils.

*710b aegialites, Pils.

444 cecillei, Phil.

*709 pachyodon, Pils.

453 Pythia sp.

*717 circumcincta, var.

elata, Gude,

*953 latissima, Pus.

SPIROPOMA (FORMERLY COELOPOMA),.

53 japonicum, A. Ad.

Suimura, Awa.

Nishigo, Uzen,

Nobusayama, Teshiwo,

Hachijo-jima, Izu.

PYTHIA,

Loochoo.

Hirado, Hizen,

Loocnoo.

Loochoo,

SITALA.

Takayama, Lyo,

Yaeyama.

Senzan, Awaji,

Tanegashima, Osumi,

SPHYRADIUM.

*658 nakadai, Pils.

972 edentulum, Drap.

"642 hirasei,. Pils.

312 horticola, Reinh.

408 lauta, Gld.

..*617a ogasaware, Pils.

*617b punctulispira, Pils.

.04—-.07

.05-.08

.03-.05

.06-. 10

Hakusan, Kaga; Kiyotaki, Omi.

SUCCINEA.

Tsuchiura, Hitachi,

Kyoto, Yamashiro,

Nishigo, Uzen,

Hahajima, Ogasawara,

Hahajima, Ogasawara.

- 05-.08

.04-.07

.03-.05

.06—.08

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

TORNATELLINA.

*948 biplicata, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

*626 inexpectata, Pils. © Yaeyama, Loochoo,

*799 ogasawara, Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

*851 tryoni, Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

TRISHOPLITA.

*600 collinsoni, var.

easta, Pils. Obi, Hiuga.

*691 collinsoni, var.

okinoshimee, Pils. Okinoshima, Tosa.

*565 cretacea, Gude. Ushirogawa, Tosa,

*566 cretacea, var.

> bipartita, Pils. Toyonishikami, Nagato, .

*)07 dacostee, Gude. Kagoshima, Satsuma.

*344 dacoste, var.

strigata, Pils. Hirado, Hizen,

*648 dacostee, var.

awajiensis, Pils. Anaga, Awaji,

7 goodwini, Smith. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

*5 goodwini, var.

kyotoensis, Pils. Kyoto, Yamashiro,

310 hilgendorfii, Kob. Ibuki, Omi,

*746 hilgendorfii, var.

chikubushimee, Pils. Chikubushima, Omi.

*751a hilgendorfii, var.

tenuis, Pils. [buki, Omi,

*303 hilgendorfii,. var.

rufa, Pils. Kashima, Harima.

*601 hiugensis, Pils. Obi, Hinga.

580 mesogonia, Pils.

(var. ) Kochi, Tosa,

581la pallens, Ehrm. Arakura, Tosa,

*387 pura, Ehrm. Inga, Hoki.

*581b smithiana, Pils. Arakura, Tosa,

*389 tosana, Gude. Ushirogawa, Tosa,

*751b tosana, var.

anozona, Pils. Akasaka, Mino.

» + ,05-.08

12-20

.10-.15

.06-. 10

.05-.08

.O6-. 10

.05-.08

.06-.10

.06-. 10

.10-.15

.L0-.15

.10-.15

HIRASE: JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

TROCHOMORPHA.

*6§50 gouldiana, Pils. Oshima, Osumi, .06-. 10

631 horiomphala, Pfr.

( fritzei, Bttg. ) Kunchan, Loochoo.

TRUNCATELLA.

*811c kiusiuensis, Pils. Tanegashima, Osumi, .05-.08

VERTIGO.

*570 hirasei, Pils. Yanagawa, Chikugo.

VALLONIA.

281 tenera, Reinh. Osaka, Settsu.

ZONITOIDES.

1005 arboreus, Say. Tokyo.

554 minusculus, Binn. Fukura, Awaji, .04-.07

*951 subarboreus, Pils. Hachijojima, Izu.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1. Ganesella myomphala Martens. Hirado, Hizen.

Fig. 2. Clausilia martensi var. reiniana Kob. Tbuki, Omi.

Fig. 3. Eulota callizona var. dixoni Pils. Takeya, Idzumo.

Fig. 4. Eulota senckenbergiana var. awaensis Pils. Suimura,

Awa.

Figs. 5, 6. Eulota elegantissima var. cara Pils. Riukiu.

Fig. 7. Mandarina mandarina var. trifasciata Pils. Nakano-

shima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 8. Fametesta mirabilis Pils. Hahajima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 9. Hirasea profundispira Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 10. Hirasiella clara Pils. Chichijima, Ogasawara.

Fig. 11. Cyclophorus hirasei Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 12. Pupinella oshime Pils. Oshima, Osumi.

Fig. 13. Ganesella largillierti Phil. Riukiu.

Figures 8, 9, 10, 12 are enlarged, the others are natural size.

CoA

EWC]

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JAPANESE LAND SHEETS:

PELE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XVII.

MAY, 1903, to APRIL, 1904.

BOSTON :

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. Piuspry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,

PHILADELPHIA.

C. W. Jounson, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History

BOSTON.

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INDEX

PME NAUTILUS, VOL. XVI.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Abida. é 3 : . oe

Achatinellide, Sessa Ree of new species . : . 34

Aquillus Montf. . z ‘ : : : : pr!

Alea . ‘ 4 : : : Bae

Alycceus awaensis Sei & ice n. sp.. . : Fae |e by

Amastra fossilis Baldwin, n. sp. . : ; : ‘ 3 oo

Amastra henshawi Baldwin, n. sp. a : ‘ . 34

Amastra saxicola Baldwin, n. sp. : A : : . 34

Amastra senilis Baldwin, n. sp. . ; : : : 54.39

Amnicola augustina Pils.,n. sp. . : : . : eG:

Amnicola galbana Hald. , ; : : ; . «39

Ancylastrum : 3 : d : 5 bbe

Ancyli adhering to mae becdes : : : ; . 120

Ancyli, notes on Eastern American . ; : 13, 25

Ancylus diaphanus Hald. (PI. IT, figs. 13- 18) 3 17, 31

Ancylus excentricus Morelet (PI. I, figs. 19-21). Ss 4 non

Ancylus fuscus Adams (PI. I, figs. 1-9) ; ; : 15,19

Ancylus fuscus Adams var. eugraptus Pils. (Pl. I, figs.

10-15). : : : : 2 17,19

Ancylus, Reniiece and i ; ‘ ; : p14

Ancylus haldemani_. ; LUBY

Ancylus kirklandi Walker Nn: ap: (PL Ee fied. 1- 19) ‘ 29,31

Ancylus obscurus Hald. (PI. I, figs. 16-18) . ; . 14, 25, 28

(iii )

iv THE NAUTILUS.

Ancylus peninsulz Pilsbry & Johnson (PI. IT, figs. ary

Ancylus rivularis Say.

Ashmunella thomsoniana Onuneees a Pecos: Ni: M.

Bernier, Julien

Bulimalus blanfordianus Snes n. 7

Bulimulus ephippium Ancey, n. sp.

Bulimulus goniotropis Ancey, n. sp.

‘Cancellaria rapella Johnson, n. sp.

Cataloguing a collection of shells

‘Carychium pessimum var. borealis P. & H.,n. v. ;

‘Cerithium albocoopertum Davis, n. sp. (PI. IV, figs. 32, 33).

‘Chione cancellata in the Jersey City market

Chloritis tosanus Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Chondrus

Ciam-orous crow.

©Clanculus gemmulifer var. salle Bie ons Vs

Colobostylus, distribution of Jamaican Breees of

Colobostylus albus Sowb.

Colobostylus banksianus Sowb. .

Colobostylus bronn? Ads.

Colobostylus chevalieri Ads.

Colobostylus humphreyanus Pfr.

Colobostylus interruptus Lam,

Colobostylus jayanus Ads. .

Colobostylus lamellosa Ads.

Colobostylus nuttii Pils.,n. sp. .

Colobostylus redfieldianus Ads. .

Colobostylus tectilabris Ads.

Colobostylus thysanoraphe Sowb.

Colobostylus yallahensis Ads

Dentalium vallicolens Raymond, n. sp.

Ennea iwakawa var. oshimana P. & a Nn. V.

Eosinica Aldr., n. subgen.

Epiphragmophora orophila Ancey, n. sp.

Epiphragmophora turtoni seas n. sp.

Eucore

Eulota onieueear Pils. & Fea. n.sp..

Eulota endo Pils. & Hir., n. sp. :

‘Eulota luhuana yakushimana Pils. & Hir., n. v. .

28,31

2680

. 102

. 148

nis ae)

119

129

. 130

gol!

Be i 5)

. 120

62, 65

_ 128

19, 20

. 116

. 105

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Eulota (#gista) friedeliana var. peraperta P. & H.,n.v. . 45

Eulota (Agista) kobensis var. discus P. & H.,n.v. . . 105

Eulota (Euhadra) connivens var. diversa P. & H.,n.v. . 53

Eulota (Huhadra) euterpe Pils. & Hir.,n.sp. —. ax: 44

Kulota (Euhadra) queesita var. decorate P: & Hig nevi nO

Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina var. pimaceinens P. a Hs

Hy V. : . d3

Eulota (Buhadre) otsnein Snes var. ifn. & H. ;n.v.: 53

Eulota (Eulotella) commoda var. izuensis P. & H.,n.v. . 105

Eulota (Plectotropis) conomphala P. & H., n. sp. , «2 45

Eulota (Plectotropis) marginata P. & H., n. sp. . 44

Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis var. hadaks P. & H. ,n.v. 105

Faula . ; : ‘ : : ; é 2 : Selle

Fauxulus . : ‘ ‘ 2 a EUG

Ferrissia Walker, new anaes of aed . : : plisko

Fulgur, notes on the genus . ‘ #3

Fulgur, occurrence of zinc in : : d . 144

Peneaalla moellendorfliana Pils. & Air sn By 4 : Siais

Gastrochzna mowbrayi Davis (PI. IV, fig. 21)... 9128

Gastrocheena striatula Aldr. (fig. 2) .. ; : 19, 20

General Notes. : 12, 36,-58, 71, 84, 120, 130, 144

Gibbula affinis var. cognata Pils., n. v. : ; : ./ (269

Gibbula incarnata Pils.,n. sp. . : ; . =) | eal

Gibbula vittata Pils., n. sp.. ; : : : ‘ = (69

Goniobasis, a proposed study of. : : : : 22,32

Gundlachia and Ancylaus_. F : ; +20

Guppya miamiensis Pils., n. sp. . ; ‘ : seu.

Haldemania ; ‘ ; : 3.444

Helicogona ee ronan in Mewipasdlend : : » Ldt

Helicostyla, the use of the generic name _.. 2 . 7a8

Helix hortensis at Perce, P.Q. . ; : : E veg UAL

Helix hortensis in New England, , ; : d a SL

Isthmia ; : ‘ ; : : : , « 4

Jaminea 115

Japanese shells, Be eeripiian of new 31, 44, 52, 69, 18, 104, 116

Japonia sadoensis Pils. & Hiren. sp. - f ; apt 31105

Japonia toshimana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. : 2 : . 104

Kaliella harimensis var. sadoensis P. & H., n.v.. 2 . 46

Kaliella nesiotica Pils. & Hir.,n. sp. . : , ‘ . , 54

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Kaliella preealta var. izushichitoensis P. & H., n. v.

Kaliella sororcula Pils. & Hir., n. sp. .

Kaliella xenica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Leevapex Walker, new section of Ancyli

Lambert, Le Pere

Laux .

Lauria

Law, Annie M.

Béscaria? divaricata Tehneen, n. oo

Lotorium : :

Macrochlamys decens Pils. & Ser. 78. (6p. :

Macrochlamys izushichitojimana P. & H.,n. sp. .

Marston, George 8. :

iScinenpus coffeus var. pleecreres Danie n. V.

Melampus coffeus var. bishopii Davis, n. v. . ‘

Melampus coffeus var. verticalis Davis, n. v.

Melampus flavus var. albus Davis, n. v.

Melampus flavus var. purpureus Davis, n. v.

Metzgeria californica Dall, n. sp.

Mollusca of the Bermuda Islands, notes on the .

Mollusca on Pike’s Peak Colorado : ,

Molluscan fauna of one log [Des Moines, Iowa] .

Mollusks of Cedar Lake, Indiana ;

Monilea (Rossiteria) nucleolus Pils., n. sp. .

Montana Shells . ‘ : :

Mt. Desert, Maine, Land preile of : : ,

Murex marcoensis Sowerby, note on .

Murex messorius var. rubidum Baker .

Nesopupa tamagonari Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

New land mollusca from middle Arner ica

New species of eocene fossils from the lignitic of Alawanne!

Odontostomus deraini Ancey, n. sp.

Odontostomus gemellatus Ancey, n. sp.

Odontostomus glabratus Ancey, n. sp.

Odontostomus squarrosus Ancey, n. sp.

Olney, Mrs. Mary P. .

Oreohelix :

Periploma sulcata Dall., n. sp.

Phasianella tristis Palen, . sp.

THE NAUTILUS. vii

Pisidium ashmuni Sterki, n. sp. . 42

Pisidium complanatum Sterki, n. sp. 19

Pisidium ecostatum Sterki, n. sp. . 22

Pisidium cuneiformis Sterki, n. sp. 81

Pisidium danielsi Sterki, n. sp. 42

Pisidium mainense Sterki, n. sp. . 21

Pisidium ohioense Sterki, n. sp. . 20

Pisidium rowelli Sterki, n. sp. 80

Pisidium obtusale Pfr. 43

Planorbis magnificus Pils., n. sp. . 15

Pleistocene mollusks of White Pond New Seay 38

Pleurotomaria hirasei Pils., n. sp. : 36

Polygyra townsendiana var. ptychophora 4

Polygyra tridentata discoidea Pils., n. subsp. ; 142

Polyplacophora of the Conchylien Cabinet, notes on . 58

Porphyrobaphe galactostoma Ancey . . 89

Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma Ancey, n. sp. 83, 104

Porphyrobaphe victor Pfr. . .

Porphyrobaphe yatesi Pfr. 89, 104

Price, Miss 8S. F. : ; : 71

Pristiloma japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp. es

Ptychochilus . H6

Publications received . 24, 47, 58, 12, 92, 107, 132

Punctum infans Pils. & Hir.,n. sp. . ‘ ; . 107

Pupacea and associate forms, notes on the nomenclature of . 114

Pupilla . 115

Pyramidula solitaria poe |

Pyramidula strigosa Gld. » t-5

Pyramidula strigosa Gld. var. alpina Elrod : n. var. 2

Pyramidula strigosa Gld. var. Cooperi W. G. B. 4

Quadrula, observations on the genus , 111

Rossiter, Richard ’ 36

San Nicholas Island, notes on tie Mollask Gane » 66

San Salvador, Bahamas, a partial list of the marine mol-

lusks of . 57

Saraphia ; 115

Schismope rimuloides (Gor ) at dan Dieke, Cal. 84

Scissurella dalli Bartsch, n. sp. 90

Septid, note on the family 55

viii THE NAUTILUS.

Shell collecting days at Frenchman’s Bay, Me. . wine oo DLOQ

Shells of Douglas Co., Wash. 84

Sigaretus noyesii Dall, n. sp. Bisse

Siphonaria alternata var. intermedia hee. n. V. ale

Siphonaria alternata var. opalescens Davie: TesVew: 5125

Sitala niijimana Pils. & Hir., n. sp. 1 Se

Somatogyrus constrictus Walker: n. sp. (PL. AE fig. 3). . 135

Somatogyrus coosaensis Walker, n. sp. (PI. ve figs. 6,7) ...187

Somatogyrus crassus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 11,12) . 138

Somatogyrus georgianus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 18). 139

Somatogyrus hinkleyi Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 1, 2) . 185

Somatogyrus nanus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 4) . . 136

Somatogyrus obtusus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 10) . 138

Somatogyrus parvulus Tryon (Pl. V, figs. 22, 23) ‘ 142

Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus Walker, n. sp. (P1.V figs. 15 16) 140

Somatogyrus pilsbryanus Walker, n. sp. (PI. V, fie. 20,21) 142

Somatogyrus umbilicatus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, fig. 5) Ls

Somatogyrus virginicus Walker, n. sp. (Pl. V, figs. 17, 18,19) 141

South America, new land snails from. 82, 89, 102

Sphyradium iG

Streptostyla clavulata Mapes , 0.-Sp. 56

Streptostyla sumichrasti Ancey, n. sp. 56

Stylobates Dall, n. gen. 62

Stylobates seneus Dall, n. sp. igo 62

Succinea ikiana Pils. & Hir., n.-sp. Bee ey

Tellina levigata var. stella, n. v. ,1Z8

Tertiary fauna of Florida, contmbutioné to ihe 94

Tonicia arnheimi Dall, n. sp. : 37

Tornatellina cient wos Pils. & ie ;D4sp: s+ OS

Torquilla : ; » LS

Trishoplita mesogonia var. minima P. m H. >t ve J AOG

Trivia ritteri Raymond, n. sp. 85

Trochidz, a new genus of 4 61

Umbraculum (Eosinica) elev Han Ne ae ht? ; od

Unio declivis Say, the specific value of (PI. ITI,) 49, 51

Unio geometricus Lea. (Pl. III) 49, 51

Unio tetralasmus Say (PI. III,) . , 49, 51

Unio, notes on the structure of the shells of - 98

Unio (Quadrula) . Ban ey

THE NAUTILUS.

Unionide, observations on the byssus of

Velletia

Vertigo paleusinna Pils.

Vertigo japonica Pils. & Hir., n. sp.

Vitrea,a new British .

Vitrea radiatula var. radiata Pils. & Hir., n. v.

Vitrina depositing eggs,

Volvaria avena var. southwicki Davis, n. v.

Wolcott, Mrs. Henrietta H. T.

eT) eat rae ae wi My AON: Aen iy 7 ranitiaey ay

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INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich, T. H.

Ancey, C. F. :

Baker, Frank C.

Baldwin, D. D.

Bartsch, Paul

Billups, A.C. .

Blaney, Dwight .

Cockerell, T. D. A.

Clapp, Geo. H.

Colton, H. 8.

Dall, Wm. H.

Davis, C. Abbott

Elrod, Morton J.

Frierson, Lorraine 8. .

Hedley, Charles .

Hinkley, A. A.

Hirase, Y. .

Jarvis, P. W.

Johnson, Charles W.

Lowe, Herbert N.

Pilsbry, Henry A.

Raymond, W. J..

Rous, Sloman ,

Stearns, R. EB. C. .

Sterki, V.

Van Hyning, T. .

Walker, Bryant .

Whiteaves, J. F..

Williamson, Mrs. M. Betton

Winkley, Henry W.

‘ ; Pay i

. 56, 82, 89, 102

_ 88, 57, 88, 112

. 22

. 109

36, 130

: : : ; . oY

a (Gos OO; OL. 83, 97, 114, 122

. 125

5 : : 1

. 49, 76, 98, 111

, 119

: : . “32

31, 44, 52, 78, 104, 116

: ; ’ ‘ ; 62

24, 72, 73, 94, 96, 120, 132, 143

; . 66

31, 36, 44, 48, 52, 58, 65, 69x Toy Cle US,

84, 92, 104, 107, 113, 116, 131, 142

2 ee ees ereen lee

> r30

. 120

; . ; : : . 20, 42, 79

° : : ; f : . 130

18, 25, 133

, US

39, 92, 132

: SPA

(xi)

| a : al ee f oe eae a 4 | i} i ad Jy

ar : , ‘ae vit te 2 8 willed

e SC a - Oe ie ee ee Rees

hil es ated Me ee ree

ett ee “a : oe ee i BS 2

1; ee Sons: ¥ 4 Poa

& Rei « - ; |

= Lae ahy a F ] ra |

ait Me, LUA POOR one

1 a : : ; aoe yt a =) ist ee

Arie oe Pee le Cele

ee : ig - _ ’

ep oe head ae re ee CN 5.

cPae a eT ie RT cag

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aa A:

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Pic's y

LHe NAUTIERS:

Vor. ow LE.

MAY, 1903. No. 1.

TO OUR READERS.

With the present issue, the publication office of THe Nautitus

is changed from the Wagner Institute, Philadelphia, to the Boston

Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. This change is in con-

sequence of the appointment of Mr. Jonnson, the Business Man-

ager and Junior Editor, to the curatorship of the Boston Society.

All subscriptions, advertisements and other business communications

should hereafter be addressed to Mr. Jounson, at the Boston

Society ; while MSS. for publication should be sent to Dr. PitsBry,

at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Books and

papers for review may be sent to either or both of the editors.

MONTANA SHELLS -PYRAMIDULA STRIGOSA.

MORTON J. ELROD.

_ The various forms of Pyramidula strigosa give a series of exceed-

ingly interesting and widely varied structure. The series found in

western Montana shows plainly the result of different environment.

The different forms of strigosa vary from the large shells along Flat-

head Lake, measuring 24.34 mm. in diameter, to the very small speci-

mens described below. On July 15, 1900, the ascent of Sinyaleamin

mountain was made. At height of 8,500 feet an alpine variety was

found among the loose rock. There was very little vegetation. No

trees were near. They had been left 500 feet below. An occasional

scrubby plant and the lichens of the rocks afford the food. Ten days

Bi;

2 THE NAUTILUS.

later an ascent was made of McDonald’s Peak, fifteen miles further

north in the range. At height of 7,500 feet a hunt was made for

tlhe shells, and the first were found at 7,800 feet, continuing until

nearly 8,500, when the rocks were so large and so steep it was useless

to search for them.

Finding specimens on the high slopes of two peaks in the same

range, at about the same altitude in each case, seems to indicate that

they are not found lower. At this altitude the summer is short.

The months of June, July, August, with possibly a little of Septem-

ber, is the period of activity. Snow was not far from the specimens

found. In one case, only a few feet from the shells was a large snow

bank.

The slope on McDonald on which they were found lies to the

west. The shells here would receive the sun early in the forenoon,

and the last rays as the sun sank behind the hills would strike the

ridge on which they were living. The conditions were much more

favorable than on Sinyaleamin peak. ‘The snow melts sooner, the

ridge is broader with more pulverized rock and more vegetation.

The absence of snow tempers the winds. ‘The altitude is a few hun-

dred feet lower, which might make a difference.

Search was made for an hour or more for the shells. A large shell

vial was filled, a couple of dozen live ones being placed in a separate

vial, Living specimens on both McDonald and Sinyaleamin peaks

were proof that they live there at the present. The summit of Me-

Donald is too rough and broken, without soil or vegetation, for shells

to live. None were found.

As these shells show decided differences from any yet collected,

they are here given as a separate variety, and description follows.

They seem distinct enough to mark a separate species.

Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var. alpina n. var.

Shell snfall; brownish-gray, tending toward light horn color, in

dead shells turning to pearly white; lustre somewhat silky ; shell flat,

little elevated; lines of growth, under hand lens, fine, an occasional

increment of growth giving the appearance of sculpturing; suture

well impressed, the periphery well rounded ; aperture nearly circular,

slightly obovate, somewhat higher than wide; markings as in strigosa,

the upper band continuing in the spire, gradually disappearing ; um-

bilicus medium, circular, deep, subcylindric.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

Large diam., 7-10 mm., average of ten specimens, 8.91 mm.;

greatest depth, 3-5 mm., average of ten, 4.34 mm.; aperture, 3.65—

4.38 mm., average of eight, 3.99; whorls, 4-4.50 mm., average of ten,

4.26 mm.

Specimens taken at 8,500 feet, on Sinyaleamin mountain, Mission

Range, Montana. Also taken on McDonald Peak, same range. Alt.

7,800 to 8,500. Types at the University of Montana.

The averages from the seven localities where shells have been col-

lected show very conclusively the effect of altitude on the size of the

shells. Increase in altitude diminishes the length of the season, the

. amount of heat received, the amount of food supply, and the chances

of life. The result is to stunt or dwarf the animals attaining the

heights. This is plainly shown in the sizes of shells at the different

altitudes. As vreater altitudes are reached, shells reduce in diameter,

in depth, in the size of the aperture and in the number of whorls.

Young specimens taken from the adults at Flathead Lake had shells

with 2.25 to 2.50 whorls. If all the young at different altitudes start

with the same number when born, the reduction of shell growth in

spirals is easily deduced. The very significant observation is that a

few hundred feet in altitude shows a corresponding reduction in size

of the shells. The smallest shells are but three-eighths the diameter

of the largest, one-third of the depth, have an aperture two-fifths as

large, and have but two-thirds the number of whorls. The relative

proportions of the largest, from Flathead Lake, to the smallest, on

Sinyaleamin mountain, are seen from the following approximate

ratios :

. Largest shells. Smallest shells.

Large diam. to depth . : «\ s Mittond 14 to7

Depth to width of aperture . - 28 to 22 20 to 22

Large diam. to aperture’. Zod tor del 21 to 11

Lhis story, in brief, as brought out by study, is as follows: Pyra-

midula strigosa, var. coopert, from some source got into the Flathead

Lake region. At this altitude, 3,000 feet, it flourished and grew, but

the slow-moving animals migrated. As they ascended the mountain

sides, following the streams to the banks of the lakes, and then as-

cended the wooded slopes the difficulties in securing food for exist-

ence became more of a problem. The shorter season required more

hardy animals. Stunting or accidental variation produced smaller

individuals, which would not require so much food on account of the

4 THE NAUTILUS.

reduced size. ‘The ascent of the mountain continuing, the reduction

in size became more pronounced, resulting in the specimens as found.

The shells at high altitude are less than one-half the size in any

dimensions, as a consequence being less than one-eighth in volume.

Present collecting shows that all but the two extremes have been by

some perchance killed, although later search may produce the inter-

vening specimens. But in many places in the mountains of western

Montana shells of medium size are found at from 5,000 feet to 6,000

feet or higher.

Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var. Coopert W. G. B.

This species abounds along the banks of Flathead Lake and along

the banks of lakes in the Mission mountains. At Sinyaleamin Lake,

in this range, altitude about 3,800 feet, they were not uncommon, but

could not be called abundant, Associated with it, but occurring in

very small numbers, was Polygyra townsendiana Lea, var. ptycho-

phora A. D. Br., and Pyramidula solitaria Say. At McDonald

Lake, in the same range and fifteen miles further north, the species

was abundant, in common again with the Polygyra and P. solitaria

Say. Here some two quarts were secured by a day’s search among

the dead leaves and under decaying logs. To gather them was to

crawl on hands and knees among the dense growth of small trees and

underbrush, the interlacing dead branches being a constant hindrance

as well as a menace to clothing. Many live ones were secured. A

large series was gathered which had evidently been killed and eaten

by squirrels. As the pine squirrel, Scturus richardsoni Buck, was

rather abundant; he is charged with the damage, though ‘it is not

unlikely the little chipmunk, 7amdas sp., takes a part in the work.

This collecting was in July, 1900.

The shells were generally opened at the apex of the spire, a large

opening being made. An occasional shell was punctured at some

other place, but not many. The enemy seems to have discovered

how and where to strike in order to secure the meal with the least

effort. Pyramidula strigosa var. Coopert had the larger number of

shells thus injured—fifty-four. Of Pyramidula solitaria fifty were

found cut by animals, and but three of Polygyra townsendiana var.

ptychophora. The two former were much more abundant, and

coopert more conspicuous than solitaria. P. townsendiana were quite

difficult to find, and the small number of injured shells shows how

THE NAUTILUS. 5

this affects their mortality through foes. Being of the same color as

the decaying leaves and moss, and for the most part under logs and

debris, they seem to escape their enemies more readily than the two

species of Pyramidula.

Along the banks of the Flathead Lake, near the University of

Montana Biological Station, this species was also found in rather

largé numbers. In July, 1899, numbers of shells were found con-

taining young. While they were in colonies, yet the specimens were

much scattered, and it required much care and search to find them.

The search was usually made after a rain, which was the most suit-

able time for finding them, but at the same time the conditions made

the work very disagreeable.

Pyramidula strigosa Gld., a small variety.

Shells entirely different from those mentioned in the preceding

paragraph are found on most of the lower slopes of western Montana.

They fit in between coopert and alpina, but are not found associated

with either variety. Nowhere does it seem abundant. The small

size is probably due to the shortness of the season at which the ani-

mals can live. By July the hills and mountain slopes have become

dry and parched, although in this month there are occasional light

showers. Their dimensions, in millimeters, are as follows for ten

specimens taken at 5,000 feet: Large diameter, 11.95 to 16.73, aver-

age 13.83; depth, 5.30 te 7.40, average 6.12; aperture, 4.72 to 6.67,

average 5.07 ; number of whorls, 4.8 to 5.4, average 6.15.

Pyramidula strigosa Gld., var.

A series of shells was collected on the Tobacco Root range by Earl

Douglass and E. H. Murray, which the writer has examined. An-

other series was taken by Prin. P. M. Silloway, of Lewistown, Fergus

county. These are the only collections of strigosa made in the State

east of the Rocky Mountains, so far as the writer knows. They are

immediately recognized as differing from those west of the divide.

The sculpturing is coarser and they look thicker and more earthy.

They are decidedly greater in depth than those found on the higher

slopes west of the divide. They differ in these particulars also from

the high altitude form alpina. In general shape they are much like

cooperi, but very much smaller, The dimensions in mm., average of

ten specimens, are as follows: From Tobacco Root mountains, alti-

tude 7,000 feet. Large diameter, 15.21 ; depth, 9.30; aperture, 7.06;

6 THE NAUTILUS.

whorls, 5.05. From Lewistown, altitude 4,792 feet. Large diam-

eter, 16.80; depth, 11.78; aperture, 7.66; number of whorls, 5.28.

From the above it will be seen that the specimens at higher alti-

tude are diminished in size, as also in the number of whorls in the

shell, as is the case of those west of the main range.

The following table of comparisons of ten average specimens will

give a better idea of the differences than can be given in any other

way:

. | Large | No.

Altitude. | Dean Depth. | Aperture. howe

| lt rh 2 7 J Al :

Flathead Lake. . . .| 3,000 23.12 13.96 10.85 6.01

McDonald Lake . 3,300 22.16 12.98 10.66 | 5.99

Sinyaleamin Lake. . ..| 3,800 21.82 12.28 1024) |) baie

Lewistown. . nino. 4,792 16.80 11.78 7.66 5.28

Wid IUGy 5 5 6 6 a) |) SOOO 13.83 6.12 5-57 balls

Tobacco Root Mts. . .| 7,000 15.21 9°30 nO 5.05

McDonald Peak. . . .| 17,800 LOS = za09 4.25 4.47

Sinyaleamin Peak . .]| 8,500 8.91 ad 4.34 3.99 4.26

In examining the preceding table, it will be remembered that the

specimens from Lewistown and the Tobacco Root mountains were

taken east of the continental divide, all the others from the west

slope. The series ranges from 3,300 to 8,500 feet altitude. There

is a gradual diminution in each measurement, the smallest and high-

est specimens showing about one-third the dimensions of the lowest

and largest, with the whorls diminished almost two, or nearly one-

third.

The two collections from the east side of the range show the same

reduction, but the series is much smaller. I thought there was an

error in the altitude of those from the Tobacco Root range, but as

Mr. Douglass insists there is not, it appears that conditions there

must differ from those prevailing elsewhere in the State.

WRITINGS OF JAMES G. COOPER, M.D., ON CONCHOLOGY AND PALAF-

ONTOLOGY, WITH LIST OF SPECIES DESCRIBED BY HIM.

COMPILED BY WILLIAM J. RAYMOND.

Abbreviations: Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences,

first series: Pr. C. A. S.; second series, Pr. C. A. S. (2).

THE NAUTILUS.

Bulletin of the California Academy of Sciences: Bull. C. A. S.

American Naturalist: Am. Nat.

American Journal of Conchology : Am. J. Conch.

An asterisk denotes that the species was discovered by Dr. Cooper.

In addition to the species named in this list, more than eighty were

discovered by Dr. Cooper and described by Neweomb, Carpenter and

Gabb in 1863 and 1864.

1. Report of Explorations and Surveys for a Railroad to the Pacific

Coast, Washington, 1860, XII, Part 2. . Report upon the Mollusca

Collected on the Survey, by William Cooper, with notes by J. G.

Cooper, pp. 369-386. Also published in The Natural History of

Washington Territory, by J. G. Cooper, M. D., and Dr. G. Suckley,

U.S. A., 4to, pp. xiv, 497, New York, 1859.

* Ohrysodomus middendorffii n. sp. (William Cooper).

* Nassa gibbsii n. sp.

*Ancylus caurinus n. sp.? (No description.)

* Planorbis planulatus n. sp.

_ Also Pac. Railroad Rep., I, 219-221, 1855, Natural History Re-

port. Incidental references to Mollusca.

2. Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by Dr. J. G.

Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860. By T. Bland and

J. G. Cooper, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII, 1-9, Pl. 1V, 1861.

* Helix mullani n. sp.

* Helix polygyrella n. sp.

3. On some New Genera and Species of California Mollusca.

PrC. A. S. F1,/202-207. 1863;

Strategus n. gen. * Pleurophyllidia californica n. sp.

* Strategus inermis Nn. sp, * Doris montereyensis n. sp.

* Molis opalescens n. sp. * Doris sanguinea n. sp.

* Holis todinea nu. sp. * Doris alabastrina n. sp.

*Tritonia palmeri n. sp. * Doris sandiegensis n. sp.

4. Strategus (preoccupied) changed to Navarchus. Pr. C. A. S.,

TLE, 8.

5. On New or Rare Mollusea Inhabiting the Coast of California.

Pr. C. A. S., III, 56-60, fig. 14. 1863.

Neaplysia n. subgen. *Triopa cataliné n. sp.

* Aplysia californica n. sp. * Dendronotus tris n, sp.

* Doris albopunctata n. sp. * Holis barbarensis n. sp.

6. On the New Genus of Terrestrial Mollusca Inbabiting Califor-

nia. Pr. C. A. S., III, 62-63, fig. 15. 1863.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

* Binneya notabilis n. gen., n. sp.

7. Descriptions of New Species of Marine Shells from the Coast

of California, by Wm. M. Gabb. Pr. C. A. S., 11], 1865. Described

by Dr. Cooper, page 188.

* Gadinia (Rowellia) radiata n. subgen., n. sp.

8. Description of a New California Helix, with notes on others

already described.. Pr, C. A. S., III, 259-261. 1866.

* Helix sequotcola n. sp.

9. Ou a New Species of Pedipes Inhabiting the Coast of Califor-

nla? Pr CAs; | 29425 fet 29 1866:

* Pedipes unisulcata n. sp.

10. The West Coast Helicoid Land Shells. Pr. C. A. S., III,

831-9. A synopsis of 55 species.

11. Geographical Catalogue of the Mollusea found west of the

Rocky Mountains, between 33° and 49° north latitude. Pamph.

4to, 40 pages. San Francisco, 1867. 795 species named, with

geographical range.

12. Cronise’s Natural Wealth of California. San Francisco, 1868.

Chapter on Zoology by J. G. Cooper, M. D. 55 species of Mollusca.

mainly edible, pages 499-501.

13. The Fauna of Montana Territory. Papers in six issues of

Am. Nat. on Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Fishes ; and the Shells of

Montana, vol. II, 486-7. 1868-9. 24 species enumerated, with

notes.

14. On a New Californian Terrestrial Mollusc. Am. J. Conch.,

TV, 209,210, Pl. 18; fics. 1=3. 1869:

Ammonitella yatesti n. gen., n. sp.

15. On the Distribution and Localities of West Coast Helicoid

Land Shells, &e. Am. J. Conch., 1V, 211-240. 1869.

16. Notes on the Fauna of the Upper Missouri. Am. Nat., ITI,

294-9. 1869. Includes list of 7 Mollusca.

17. The Naturalist in California. Am. Nat., II], 182—9 and 470—-

481. Incidental references to the Mollusca, 1869.

18. The West Coast Fresh-Water Univalves, No.1. Pr. C.A.S.,

IV, 93-101. <A synopsis of 43 pulmonate species. 1870.

* Ancylus caurinus W. Cp. is here described. See No. 1.

* Planorbis occidentalis n. sp.

19. On a New Californian Helicoid Land Shell. Am. J. Conch.,

V.,.196=7, DI hers ets a0:

THE NAUTILUS. 9

Daedalochila harfordiana n. sp.

20. Notes on West Coast Land Shells, No. I]. Am. J. Conch.,

V, 199-219. 1870. Additions to paper No. 15, with classification

of the Helices of the West Coast.

21. Notes on Mollusca of Monterey Bay, California. Am. J.

Conch., VI, 42-70. 1870. A list of 197 species, with notes.

22. Additions and Corrections to the Catalogue of Monterey Mol-

lusca. Am. J. Conch., VI, 321-2.

23. Note on Gadinia and Rowellia, Am. J. Conch., VI, 319, 320.

24. Note on Waldheimia pulvinata Gld. Am. J. Conch., V1, 320.

25. Monterey in the Dry Season. Am. Nat., 1V, 756-8. Refer-

ences to the Mollusca.

26. Catalogue of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Western Slope of

the United States. Part IJ. San Francisco, 1871. 30 pages,

Intended merely as a check-list and for labels, supplementing the

Geographical Catalogue of 1867.

27. On Shells of the West Slope of North America. No. 1.

Pr. C. A. S., 1V, 150-6, notes on 51 species; No. II, IV, 171-5,

notes on 54 species.

_ 28. On New Californian Pulmonata, ete. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

Phila., 1872, 143-154, Pl. 3.

*Limax (Amalia) hewstoni n. sp. * Assiminea californica n. sp.

* Limax campestris Binney, var. * Alexia setifer n. sp.

occidentalis n, var. * Arion ? andersoni n. sp.

*Ariolimax californicus n. sp. _* Lysinoe diabloens’s n. sp.

* Ariolimax niger n. sp.

29. On the Law of Variation in the Banded California Land

Shells: Pre CrA.8;,-V 2, 121-5, Plo VI, Vib, k8ts:

30. Note on Alexia setifer and its Allies. Pr. C. A. S., V., 172.

1873.

31. California During the Pliocene Epoch; in the Miocene

Epoch ; The Eocene Epoch in California; Note on Tertiary For-

mation of California. Pr. C. A. S., V, 389-392, 401-404, 419-421,

422. 1874.

32. The Origin of California Land Shells. Pr. C. A. S., VI, 12-

14. 1875.

33. On Shells of the West Slope of North America. No. 111.

Pr. C. A. S., VI, 14-27. 1875. Notes on about 75 species. See

No. 27:

10 THE NAUTILUS.

34. The Age of the Tejon Group, California. Am. Jour. Sci.,

3d ser., vol. 14, 821-2. 1877. From Pr. C. A. S., Nov., 1874.

39. Notes on Some Land Shells of the Pacifie Slope. Proe. Am.

Phil. Soe., XVIIT, 282-288. 1879. Notes on about 20 species.

36. On Fossil and Sub-Fossil Land Shells of the United States,

with Notes on Living Species. Bull. C. A. S., I, No. 4, 235-255.

1885.

37. West Coast Pulmonata; Fossil and Living. Bull. C. A.S.,

II, No. 7, 355-376 and map; Bull. C. A. S., II, No. 8, 497-514;

Pre C.7AcnSen(2)), 1 1 1S24 se vsS%

38. Catalogue of Californian Fossils. Cal. State Mining Bureau,

7th Ann. Rep, State Mineralogist, 221-308. 879 species of Mol-

lusea, with geographical range of those in the list now living. 1888.

39. Fresh-Water Mollusca of San Francisco County. Zoe, I,

196 = 75 t890:

40. The Value of Fossils as Indications of Important Mineral

Products. 9th Ann. Rep. State Mineralogist, 284-6. 1890.

41. Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Nevada, near

lat. 88° (with Plate I), by W. J. Raymond. Additional Notes and

Descriptions of New Species by J. G. Cooper, M. D. Pr. C. A. S.

(2), TLE, 61=69"and) 70-91. 1890:

Primella n. subgen. (of Spherium).

Spherium raymondi n. sp.

Ancylus caurinus W. Cp., var. subalpinus n. var.

Planorbis subcrenatus Cpr., var. disjectus n. var.

42. On Land and Fresh-Water Shells of Lower California. No.

1.) PrsiC FAa S22). c-.99= 10 seals ile

Bulimulus inscendens W. G. B., subsp. bryanti n. subsp.

Ehodea californica Pf., subsp.? ramentosa n. subsp.

43. The same, No. 2. _ Pr: C. A.S. (2), Il], 207-217. 1892:

Bulimulus inscendens W. G. B., var. beldingi n. var.

Bulimulus sufflatus Gid., var. insularis n. var.

Columna ramentosa J. G. C. replaces Rhodea subsp. ramentosa.

Columna ramentosa J. G. C., var. abbreviata n. var.

Helix areolata Pf., var. exanimata n. var.

44. The same, No. 3. Pr. C. A. S. (2), II], 838-344, Pl. XHT,

XIV. 1893. Fuller descriptions and figures of species named in 1

and 2,

Melaniella ? eiseniana n. sp.

CHE NAUTILUS. 11

Planorbis anitensis n. sp.

Planorbis peninsularis n. sp.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say, sonorensis n. subsp.

45, The same; No: 4... -PriC. A. S. (2), 1V; 180-145; PlV, VI

1894.

Bulimulus ( pallidior ?) vegetus Gld., var. vegerspiza n. var.

Melaniella tastensis n. sp.

46. The same, No. 5. Pr. C. A. S. (2), V, 163-5. 1895.

Bulimulus decipiens n. sp.

Pliocolumna n. gen.

47. Catalogue of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca of Lower

California. Zoe, III, 12-25. 1892.

48. Catalogue of Californian Fossils. Bull. No. 4, Cal. State

Mining Bureau, 65 pages and P]. I-VI. 1894. See No. 38.

Part II. Bibliography and References. Includes many titles of

papers on Recent Shells. Part III. Additions to the Catalogue of

Californian Fossils Obtained since 1888. Part 1V. Remarks on

Fossils Collected by Dr. S. Bowers. Part V. Descriptions and

Figures of New Species. Thirty-seven new species Cretaceous and

Cretaceous B (or Eocene). See p. 7.

49. Catalogue of West North American and Many Foreign Shells.

Printed for the State Mining Bureau. Also a complete list of Mol-

lusca known to inhabit the West Coast of North America, from Sitka,

Alaska, to Cape St. Lucas, and inland to the Rocky Mountains, north

of Mexico. 1894.

50. On Some Pliocene Fresh-Water Fossils of California. Pr. C.

A. S. (2), 1V, 166-172, Pl. XIV. 1894.

Margaritana subangulata n. sp.

51. Catalogue of Marine Shells, collected chiefly on the eastern

sbore of Lower California. Pr. C. A. S. (2), V, 34-48. 1895. List

of 191 species.

52. On West Mexican Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca, Pr. C.

A. S. (2), V, 166-9. 1895. Seventeen species and varieties.

53. On Some New Cretaceous (and Eocene?) Mollusca of Cali-

fornia, Pr. C. A. S. (2), VI, 330-337, Pl. XLVII, XLVIII. 1896.

Sistrum cretaceum n. sp. Triplicosta n. subgen,

Littorina subobesa n. sp. Pholadomya (Triplicosta) pro-

Calliostoma lignitica n. sp. gressiva Nn. sp.

Sigaretus costotus n. sp.

12 THE NAUTILUS.

No. 48. Bull. 4, Cal. State Mining Bureau. Cretaceous and

Eocene species :

Terebra wattsiana n. sp. Fusus supraplanus n. sp.

Surcula crenatospira n. sp. Mitra simplicissima n. sp.

Surcula monilifera n, sp. Stomatia intermedia n. sp.

Surcula inconstans n. sp. Calliostoma kempiana n. sp.

Pleurotoma perkinsiana n. sp. Tornatella normalis n. sp.

Pleurotoma decipiens n. sp. Bulla assimilata n. ‘sp.

Drillia ullreyana n. sp. Tornatina erratica n. sp.

Mangilia suturalis n. sp. Siphonaria capuloides n. sp.“

Cordiera gracillima n. sp. Astarte semidentata n. sp.

Cancellaria trelaniana n. sp. Crassatella lomana n. sp.

Ancilla ( Oliverato) californica Cucullea bowersiana n, sp.

n. subgen., n. sp. Corbula triangulata n. sp.

Bittium longissimum n. sp. Mytilus dichotomus n. sp.

Cerithium fairbanksi n, sp. Crenella santana n. sp.

Potamides carbonicola n. sp. Megerlia dubitanda n. sp.

Potamides davisiana n. sp. Waldheimia imbricata n. sp.

Miocene and Pliocene species :

Agasoma barkerianum n. sp. Anodonta (nuttalliana) lignitica

Trophosycon kernianum n. sp. n. var.

Limnea contracosta n. sp. Amnicola yatesiana n. sp.

Planorbis pabloanus n. sp.

GENERAL NOTES.

A New Britisu Virrea.—In the last (April) number of the

Journal of Conchology, Mr. B. B. Woodward describes a new Vitrea

from Cheshire, v. rogersi. It stands near v. alliaria and v. helvetica,

and has been identified also as v. glabra. It is named for the late

Mr. T. Rogers of Manchester, who first (1870) found British speci-

mens.

Errata.—Owing to the absence of both editors from Philadelphia

during the printing of the April number, some typographical errors

escaped correction on the proofs. On p. 136, 4th line, the first word

should be Hieizan. In the second paragraph on p. 137, the second

word should be dargilherti, and the 16th line from bottom of same

page should begin with a capital M. On p. 139 the term Pelecypods

is misspelled. There are also some other like errors.

THE NAUTILUS, XVII.

WALKER: EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.

ATE I.

PE NGA OFERL US

Vou. XVII. JUNE, 1908. No. 2.

NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

An attempt to determine the Ancyli of Michigan leads necessarily

to a critical study of all the species described from the States east of

the Mississippi. The following notes embody the results of the in-

vestigation, and are published in the hope of stimulating a more

active interest in this most perplexing and little understood group.

The amount of material examined has been considerable. In ad-

dition to that in my own collection, which includes the Jas. Lewis,

DeCamp and Lothrop collections, I have had the entire collections

of Dr. V. Sterki, Dr. R. J. Kirkland, A. A. Hinkley, Jas. H. Ferriss

and Geo. H. Clapp, and through the kindness of Dr. Pilsbry a suite

of seventy-three trays from the collection of the Philadelphia

Academy of Natural Sciences. I am also indebted to Dr. Pilsbry

for examining the type of Ancylus haldemani, which corrected my

previous conception of that species, and established the validity of

the species described as A. kirklandi. Iam also under obligations

to Messrs. Frank C. Baker and Henry Hemphill for valuable

material.

The lack of authentic examples of many of the rarer species has

been a source of great embarrassment. But by process of elimina-

tion and careful study of the original descriptions, it is believed that

in most cases the difficulty has been successfully overcome.

In studying the Ancy/i well cleaned specimens are the prime

requisite. They can then be easily separated in the two sections

14 THE NAUTILUS.

characterized by the smooth or striate apex. In differentiating the

species in these groups, the shape and contour of the shell are the

main elements to be relied upon, the sculpture of the surface being an

exceedingly variable factor, which, by itself, cannot in most cases be

considered a specific character. As in all fresh-water forms, a very

large degree of variation must be allowed for. But in spite of this,

it is believed that nearly all the described species should be allowed

to stand, and, although in certain instances it is not always possible

to determine the exact specific relations of particular specimens, yet,

as a rule, the lines between the different forms can be drawn with a

reasonably satisfactory degree of certainty.

Bourguignat, in his ** Notice sur le genre Ancylus,” in 1853 (J. de

C. IV., p. 68), divided the genus into two subgenera: Ancylastrum,

with the apex inclined to the right, and Vellet‘a, with the apex in-

clined to the left.

Clessin (1882), in the Conchlien Cabinet, considered these two

groups to have only a sectional value. He also restricted Ancylas-

trum to the Eurasian species which group around A. fluviatilis ; and

with the exception of A. fragilis and oregonensis, which he referred

to Velletia, and the large western A. newberryi and patelloides, which —

he placed in a new genus, Lanz, included all the North American

species in a separate group, Haldemania, which he characterized as

follows: “Shell conical, apex not bent backwards and only slightly

removed from the centre-line of the shell, aperture round or oval.

Type A. obscurus Hald.” ;

Unfortunately Haldemania is preoccupied, having been used by

Tryon in 1862 (Proc. P. A. N, S., 1862, p. 95) for the group of

Viviparide now known as Lioplax, so that his very appropriate

name cannot be retained.

As has already been shown (NavurtiLus, XVI., p. 85), the North

American species included in Clessin’s Haldemania are divided into

two natural groups, characterized by the presence or absence of apical

sculpture. These groups are, at least, of sectional value, and must

be recognized.

Owing to the uncertainty which still prevails as to just what

Haldeman’s obscurus really is, and the consequent inability to say

with accuracy to which group that species belongs, it does not appear

desirable to retain obseurus as the type of either section. Whenever

an examination of Haldeman’s type shall definitely determine where

THE NAUTILUS. 15

the species belongs, Haldemania can be written as a synonym of that

group. Until this is done, the matter must rest in abeyance.

Leaving the position of the western species, which are outside the

scope of this paper, for future consideration, I propose to divide the

eastern American species of Ancylus into two sections, characterized

as follows :

Ist. Leevapex, sec. nov.

Shell usually depressed, apex obtuse or sub-acute, smooth. Type:

A. fuscus Ads.

2. Ferrissia, sec. nov. ea Se

Shell usually elevated, apex acute, radially striate. Type: A.

rivularis Say.

Section Levapex.

This section includes all the larger species of Ancylus, which are

characteristic of the lakes and slow-flowing streams of the northern

States, the Mississippi Valley and Florida. They are usually found

on the reeds, dead leaves and submerged timber in such localities,

and are rarely, if at all, found on stones, dead shells, ete., in rapidly

flowing streams, where they are replaced by the species of the section

Ferrissia. With the exception of <A. diaphanus and, possibly, A.

obscurus, the species of this group seem to be wholly lacking in the

mountain streams of the Appalachian region between the Ohio river

and Florida.

I. AncyLus Fuscus Adams (1840). Pl. L., figs. 1-9.

Adams’ description calls for a large depressed, elliptical shell,

moderately curved at the sides, with a moderately prominent, obtuse

apex, slightly behind and to the right of the middle ; 7? mm. long,

41 wide and 14 high. No mention is made of the outline of the

slopes. Haldeman states that all these are rectilinear, while

Gould describes the shell as regularly convex. None of these au-

thors refer to the surface sculpture. But subsequent writers have

assumed that the surface was smooth.

Specimens answering these requirements are common, and show

that the species has an extensive range from Massachusetts west, at

least, to the Mississippi Valley and south to New Orleans. I have

not seen any specimens from Kentucky, Tennessee, the South At-

lantic or the Gulf States east of Louisiana.

The very limited amount of material examined from Massachu-

16 THE NAUTILUS.

setts, none of which is typical in size, does not show any considerable

variation in the contours of the shell. But in the west, where it is

an abundant species, there is considerable variation in this respect.

In 1896 (Nauri.us, IX., p. 189), Dr. Pilsbry described a shell

similar in shape, though narrower and higher, with the surface

ornamented with ‘ very fine, somewhat irregular, radial striz, more

distinct toward the periphery ” as A. ewgraptus.

The large amount of material examined has forced me to the con-

clusion that ewgraptus is only a ribbed form of fuscus. In almost

every considerable number of specimens, all the variations can be

found from those with a smooth surface, through those with the sur-

face more or less radially rippled, to those with the fine ribs of

typical ewgraptus. This variation in the sculpture is not confined to

the western specimens. In two sets of A. fuscus from Winchester,

Mass., in different collections, which, so far as shape and contour is

concerned, are entirely typical, the surface varies from the typical

smooth fuscus to examples with as well developed ribs as the major-

ity of the western eugraptus. Nor are the western specimens of

eugraptus uniformly higher and narrower than the typical eastern

examples of fuscus. While, perhaps, they average higher than the

eastern specimens, they vary insensibly from the depressed form of

typical fuscus to elevated specimens higher than the typical eugrap-

tus, so that I have not seen my way clear to separate the eastern

from the western form on any substantial difference in shape.

Assuming the Massachusetts form to be typical fuscus, it may be

described as a depressed, oval or slightly obovate shell, with the left

side more arcuate than the right; anterior and right slopes straight,

posterior and left slopes slightly convex ; apex very obtuse, not ris-

ing above the general outline of the shell, smooth, slightly behind

and to the right of the middle. Translucent horn-color, shining.

Surface with faint growth lines, otherwise smooth or with irregular

and discontinuous transverse ripples which tend to form irregular

radial riblets.

From central New York to the west there appears to be a much

greater degree of variation. The shells tend to become narrower and

more elevated, and with a greater convexity to the left slope. But

throughout the peculiar, rounded, obtuse apex remains as a valuable

specific characteristic in differentiating it from <A. kirklandi, dia-

phanus and obscurus.

THE NAUTILUS. 17

One peculiar form can, I think, be traced directly to the habitat

of the animal. In nearly every lot of western shells are to be found

a number of specimens, very narrow and elongated, with both of the

lateral sides decidedly convex and with the sides nearly parallel.

When placed on a flat surface the shell rests on the middle of the side

and the ends are elevated and arched, giving a trough-shaped appear-

ance to the shell, when placed apex downward. Now, fuseus is a

dweller upon reeds and otber aquatic vegetation. When it lives

on the flat side of a reed or leaf it grows normal in shape and the

peritreme touches the surface all the way around. But when it lives

on a round reed such as Scirpus lacustris, which is narrower than the

full grown shell, it adapts itself to its position and grows to fit the

reed, the ends following the convex surface of its support and the

sides lapping down around the reed itself.

The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows:

Fig. 1. Length 5.5, width 4, alt. 1.25 mm.

Fig. 4. Length 7.25 width 4.5, alt. 1.75 mm.

Fig. 37. Length 8.25, width 4.5, alt. 3 mm.

Variable within the limits above specified, nevertheless, A. fuscus

is a consistent and well defined species, which need not be confused

with any of its allies. It differs from A. kirklandi by its more de-

pressed and more regularly oval shape and more nearly central, more

obtuse, less prominent and less eccentric apex; from A. diaphanus

by its elongated, oval shape and more obtuse apex and from A. ob-

scurus by its more depressed, less acute and more central apex and

straight posterior outline.

Var. eugraptus Pilsbry (1896), Pl. I., figs. 10-15.

Typically slightly narrower and considerably higher than the

typical fuseus, but subject to great variation in this respect. Figures

10-12 from New Orleans and 13-15 from Reeds L., Kent Co.,

Mich., represent the exiremes. Surface with ‘very fine, somewhat

irregular radial striz, more distinct toward the periphery.”

Type: length 6, width 4, alt. 1.8 mm.

Fig. 10. Length 7, width 4.75, alt. 1.8 mm.

Fig. 13. Length 7.25, width 4.25, alt. 2.25 mm.

II. ANcyLus p1iaPHANUS Hald. (1841). Pl. I1., figs. 13-18.

This is a well marked species and, in all the localities where the

typical form is found, seems to be very constant in its characters and

18 THE NAUTILUS.

subject to less variations than many of the other species, For this

reason I hesitate to refer to it the more elliptical forms from the

western States, which are usually referred to it, but which seem to

me rather referable to A. kirklandi, and until a larger amount of

material shall have demonstrated the identity of these shells with the

typical form, prefer to restrict the species to the author’s type, “ dis-

tinguished by its circular and flattened form and central inconspic-

uous apex.”’ As thus limited, it is found in the Delaware river at

Easton, Pa., the Ohio river at Pittsburg and Edgeworth, Pa., the

Illinois river, the Tennessee river at Knoxville, Tenn., and the Hol-

ston river, Tenn. ‘The specimens from the last locality are those

quoted without identification by Lewis in his paper ‘‘ On the Shells

of the Holston River” (A. J. of C., VI., p. 222), and later referred

to ‘‘haldemani ?” (Proc. P. A. N.S., 1872, p. 110). Haldeman’s

description, though brief, is quite to the point, and leaves little to be

added. It may be said, however, that the apex is smooth, the sur-

face smooth or delicately shagreened with fine transverse ripples,

which in none of the specimens examined become sufficiently raised

or connected to be called ribs; the anterior and left slopes are

slightly convex, the posterior and right nearly straight ; the left side

is usually more arcuate than the right and often decidedly so, the

general shape, however, even then remaining subcircular. There is

some little variation in height as shown by the figures, and, in the

more elevated examples, the shell is less circular, the anterior and

left slopes become more decidedly convex and the apex rather less

central, being, as it were, tipped backward by the more rapid growth

and greater convexity of the anterior portion of ‘the shell. The

largest examples seen are from the Ohio river at Edgeworth, Pa., col-

lected by Mr. George H. Clapp. Those from the Holston and Ten-

nessee rivers are decidedly smaller, the example measured from the

Holston being exactly typical in size.

Fig. 18. Length 7, width 5.5, alt. 2 mm.

Fig. 16. Length 7.5, width 5.5, alt. 2.56 mm.

Holston River. Length 5.5, width 4.5, alt. 2 mm.

Tennessee River. Length 5, width 4, alt. 2.

Explanation of Plate I.

All the figures are drawn on the same scale. The outline figures

are transverse sections through the apex or point of greatest altitude,

THE NAUTILUS. 19

. A. fuscus Ads., Winchester, Mass.

. A. fuseus Ads., Grand River, Kent Co., Mich.

. A. fuscus Ads., Black Lake, Ottawa Co., Mich.

0-12

v7)

ey as

bo & b

+ me

2. A. fuscus eugraptus Pils., New Orleans, La.

5. A. fuscus eugraptus Pils., Reeds L., Kent Co., Mich.

. A. obscurus Hald., Volusia Co., Fla.

s. 19-21. A. excentricus Mor., Barton Creek, Travis Co., Tex.

(Io be Continued.)

bj bof a} a} Pe} bay ey

0g og 08 09 3S Og O09

G nm

_ —

al, ee

TWO NEW SPECIES OF EOCENE FOSSILS FROM THE LIGNITIC OF

ALABAMA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

UmBRACULUM (EoSINICA) ELEVATUM Dn. sp. Fig. 1.

Shell small, outline ovate, depressed conic, substance rather thin,

apex partially immersed, pointed backwards to the left. Surface of

shell with numerous radiating folds, strongest at the margin, grad-

ually becoming weaker and dying out some little distance from the

apex, a few concentric striz or growth lines showing one-fourth the

distance down from the apex ; interior smooth, polished, rather pearly,

the apical point marked by a rounded pearly protuberance ; interior

margin fluted. Longest diameter, 18 mm., width 12 mm., height

5 mm.

Locality. Wood’s Bluff, Ala., lignitic stage.

The type is in the State Museum. This shell resembles a limpet,

Freq. 1. Fig. 2.

UMBRACULUM ELEVATUM. GASTROCHEZENA STRIATULA.

and has some of the characters of Tylodina Raf., but I consider it an

Umbraculum somewhat like U. plicatulum Martens from Cuba. The

interior of our species is very different. It should be placed in a

920 THE NAUTILUS.

new subgenus, EosrnicaA, which may be described as ovate-conic,

radially ridged, interior smooth, terminating in a rounded protuber-

ance and interior margin generally crenulated.

GASTROCHENA STRIATULA n. sp. Fig. 2.

Shell small, substance thin, ventral opening large, ovate anteriorly

and pointed at posterior with its margin turned outward towards the

anterior end of shell. The shell is pointed anteriorly, rounded pos-

teriorly with surface closely concentrically striated. Widest part of

valve 6 mm., length 10 mm.

Locality. Wood’s Bluff, Ala. This specimen was found im-

bedded in a coral, and unfortunately was broken. The cavity ig

rounded and smooth. It is rather wider and shorter than usual in

this genus.

Part of type in my collection, balance in State Museum.

NEW PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Pisidium ohioense n. sp.

Mussel minute, equipartite, well inflated, elliptical in outline;

beaks in the middle, rather broad, rounded, prominent over the

hinge line ; superior margin little curved or almost straight, with

slightly marked, rounded angles at the scutum and scutellum ; the

other margins rounded or the posterior subtruncate ; surface some-

what shining, horn colored, very finely. and irregularly striate,

usually with a few coarser lines of growth; shell thin, translucent ;

nacre glassy-transparent, muscle insertions slightly marked ; hinge

fine, plate narrow, cardinal teeth fine, lamellar, the right slightly

curved, abruptly thickened and bifid at the posterior end, the left

anterior longitudinal, almost straight, the posterior slightly oblique

or longitudinal and parallel with the anterior and extending to over

about its middle; lateral teeth comparatively stout, their cusps

pointed, the outer ones of the right valve small but well formed ;

ligament rather stout.

Size: Long 2.5, alt. 2-2.1, diam. 1.5 mill.

Long 2, alt. 1.6-1.7, diam. 1.2—1.4 mill.

Long 1.8, alt. 1.5, diam. 1.3.

Young: Long 1, alt. 0.8, diam. 0.3 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

Habitat: A pond near Garrettsville, Portage Co., Ohio; a brook

near Indian mounds, and a very small stream, Kent Co., Michigan.

In December, 1901, Mr. Geo. J. Streator collected several hun-

dred specimens, most of them immature and young. They were re-

garded as a new species and named, but not published, waiting for

more materials. Since then Dr. R. J. Kirkland has secured over

three hundred specimens from the first named place in Michigan, and

half a dozen from the latter. Last March Mr. Streator has again

found a number of examples at Garrettsville, O. Most of the spec-

imens were incrusted with a ferruginous or blackish coating, some-

times very thick.

This Pisidium is remarkable for the position of the beaks, which

are not posterior, a feature also found with Ps. medianum. The

species is somewhat variable in regard to size and shape ; the largest

specimen seen was 2.7 mill. long, and moderately inflated. There

is a more different form, found among the Ohio and Michigan speci-

mens, averaging smaller, 1.7—2.0 mill. long, comparatively shorter,

well inflated, with the anterior part a trifle longer than the posterior,

the anterior end subangular, the supero-anterior slope being slightly

marked, and the color is somewhat lighter.

In one specimen of the more typical form from Michigan, the

beaks are low, flattened on top, or rather impressed, and with con-

centric, elevated ridges around the flattened areas, somewhat like

those of Pis. ferrugineum Pr.

Pis. mainense n. sp.

. Published as Pis. walkeri St. var. mainense St. in the NAuTILus,

XII., p. 79. Since then numerous specimens were collected in

Michigan by Dr. R. J. Kirkland from Reed Lake, Green Lake, Pine

Island Lake and Little Bostwick Lake, and proved distinct from P.

walkeri, which is widely distributed and fairly constant. P’s. main-

ense is considerably smaller, less elongate, less oblique, the anterior

and posterior parts are less disproportionate in size. The hinge is of

rather the same character as that of walkeri, but in the specimens

examined from both Maine and Michigan, the left anterior cardinal

tooth is rather longer, and the cusps of the laterals are more abrupt,

especially so in the left valve.

Size: Long 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 2.

Long 3.5, alt. 3, diam. 2.3.

Long 3.7, alt. 3.1, diam 2.2 (L. Bostwick Lake).

92 THE NAUTILUS.

The original specimens had been collected at several places in

Aroostook Co., Me., by Mr. Olaf O. Nylander.

Pis. costatum n. sp. (fossil).

Mussel small, somewhat oblique, strongly inflated, with three or

four concentric, prominent ridges on each valve; beaks rather pos-

terior, large, much projecting over the hinge margin, flattened on

top with a sharp, prominent concentric ridge around the flattened

part; outline of the valves rather oval or ovoid, with the supero-

anterior slope somewhat less curved, the anterior end subangular and

the posterior end subtruncate ; surface with fine, irregular striz and

lines of growth between the ridges; shell rather thin; hinge rather

short, stout and compact, plate moderately broad, and short, cardinal

teeth well formed, the right slightly curved, thicker at the posterior

end, the left anterior large, almost straight, ascending obliquely and

the lamella strongly curved up, its posterior part projecting over the

inferior edge of the plate ; the posterior rather parallel with the an-

terior and extending over about two-thirds of the latter; lateral teeth

close to the cardinals and the ligament, short, those of the right valve

stout, pointed, the outer ones very slight, especially so the anterior,

the grooves short and deep, the left laterals moderately stout, high,

pointed ; ligament short and strong.

Size: Long 2.5, alt. 2.1 (with the beaks), diam. 2.3 mill.

Fossil in a marl bed at Monitor, Bay Co., Michigan, in company

with other Pisidia, collected and sent for examination by Mr. Bryant

Walker.

This species seems to stand near Ps. ventricosum Pr., but its beaks

are less posterior, and the outlines are rather different. It also re-

sembles P. scholtziz Cless. as described and figured, with the flattened

beaks. This feature, however, does not seem to be constant. In

two specimens of P. scholtzii which I owe to the kindness of Mr.

Clessin, the beaks are slightly ‘‘ calyculate,” but not flattened on top.

Also in a few younger valves of P. costatum, the beaks are less

flattened, and the ribs slighter. ;

A PROPOSED STUDY OF GONIOBASIS.

LAWRENCEBURG, IND., May, 1908.

EpitTors OF THE NAUTILUS:

For many years I have been under the impression that the infor-

THE NAUTILUS. o3

mation that now exists and is at the command of the conchologist,

in reference to the genus Goniobasis, both in the form of labeled

collections and literature, is in such shape as to be practically useless

to the average collector for the following reasons :

Ist. That the local collectors and students have in their collections

recorded species and varieties of species, many of which are entirely

due to local surroundings, and which should not be recognized, as

they now are, as distinct species. These have never been brought

together in numbers sufficient to allow of a proper estimate as to

their value as separate species.

2d. That the individual study of this family, in many cases with-

out the means of comparing large numbers of so-called species and

varieties, has resulted in much confusion and caused a prevalent

erroneous conception of their value as species.

3d. That the great difficulty which the study of this family pre-

sents, the liability to error, and the dislike of any one to publish work

which may afterwards prove to be wrong, has deterred many from

putting forward their individual information, which would be of great

value when used in connection with a mass of similar information

from other sources.

With these facts before me, I believe that some step ought to be

taken to at least do something to throw additional light on this large

genus of North American mollusks,

My idea is as follows ; Take George W. Tryon’s Strepomatide of

North America, use his list of the Gontobasis as a basis, and build

up a monograph of the genus on the foundation and along the lines

laid down by him.

Many “species ” very closely related in geographical distribution

are named as such simply from a variation of color, a variation which

exists in almost every known species to a greater or less degree.

With a large collection of my own, with the opportunity of exam-

ining several others of fair dimensions and containing large series ot

Goniobasis, and with a tolerably large proportion of the existing

literature at hand, I am satisfied that with the generous help of

others interested in this matter I may undertake the task, hoping

that some good end may be obtained. I propose to send out to all

students of the subject lists of all the described species of the genus

Goniobasis, requesting them to correct such lists to the best of their

judgment and ability, and to supply me by exchange or loan with

24 THE NAUTILUS.

sufficient material, and with such information as may tend to satis-

factorily solve all questions that may arise. By this means I might

hope to accumulate sufficiently ample and valuable information to

serve forthe eventual publication of an up-to-date work on the subject.

Yours truly, A. C. BiLuups.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Notes on Prosoprancuiata, No. I, Lotorrum.— By H.

Leighton Kesteven. Proc. Linn. Soc. of New South Wales, 1902,

Pt. 3, pp. 443-483, pl. xvii.

This interesting paper again brings before us the old genus Triton,

which, being pre-occupied, has long been abandoned in Mollusca, but

regarding a substitute there seems to be a very diversified opinion.

The author has gone thoroughly over the ground, adopting Lotoriwm

Montfort, as proposed by Harris (Catl. Tertiary Moll. in Brit. Mus.,

Bt, 1897):

Montfort’s names are the earliest that can be considered (Conch.

Syst., ii, 1816). Aguellus (type M. cutaceus Linn.) appears on page

579, and Lotorium (type M. lotorium Linn.) on page 583. The right

to amend Aguillus to Aguilus and to discard it on grounds of uncer-

tain etymology is questionable ; still its similarity to Aguila makes

the name less desirable than Lotoriwm, and as only a few pages in-

tervene between the two names, it seems a small matter to discuss,

still strict ruling would probably make Aguwillus the generic name.

The author does not agree with Dr. Dall and Simpson (Moll. of

Porto Rico, p. 416), who by elimination makes Septa Perry, 1811,

the type genus of the family Septidg, and recognizing three other

genera, Ranularia and Lampusia Schumacher, 1817, and Lotorium

Montf.

The author’s statement that, ‘‘the whole of the species included

by Tryon in Triton (sensu strictu), Simpulium, Cymatium and Gut-

turnium, form one natural genus,” is apparent to any one who has

made a study of all the species based solely on conchological char-

acters.

From the figure of Perry’s Septa rubicunda, and the habitat ‘¢ New

Holland” assigned, I should consider it 7. australe Lam. and not T.

nodiferus Lam. The apices of twenty-nine species are described and

figured.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS XVII. ’ PE ARE SLL

WALKER: EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.

THe NAUTILUS:

Vou. XVII. JULY, 1903. No. 3.

NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI.

’ BY BRYANT WALKER,

III. Ancytus opscurus Hald. (1844). Pl. 1, fig. 16-18.

I am in great doubt as to the identification of this species. Hal-

deman’s type, a single specimen, came from the Nolachucky River,

below Greenville, Tenn. It has been cited from Jamaica by Adams,

from St. Thomas and Porto Rico by Shuttleworth and from Guada-

loupe by Fischer. ‘The citations of Crosse (J. de C., xl, p. 38) and

of Dall and Simpson (U.S. Fish Com. Bull., i, p. 871) of this spe-

cies in their catalogues of Porto Rico mollusca, are based wholly on

the original citation of Shuttleworth. Both Bourguignat and Clessin

question the West Indian localities and Mazé in his ‘‘ Catalogue re-

visé des mollusques terrestres. et fluviatile de la Guadaloupe,” ete.

(J.de C., xxxi, p. 29, 1885), states that he had neither found it there

himself nor seen it in any of the local collections. More recently,

Dr. W. H. Dall has quoted it from several localities in Florida

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 273).

Haldeman compares the type with A. rivwlaris and haldemani and

his outline figure justifies the comparison.

Clessin’s description is substantially taken from Haldeman, the

dimensions given being the same. But his outline figure is quite

different and he has modified his description to agree with his figure,

placing the apex in the last third of the length and calling it ‘* very

obtuse ” instead of following the author’s statement ‘‘apex but slightly

projecting, rather more than one-third of the shell posterior,” He

26 THE NAUTILUS.

quotes no other localities than those of Haldeman, Adams, Shuttle-

worth and Fischer. His figure is so decidedly different from Halde-

man’s that it would seem to have been drawn from an actual speci-

men, but he does not so state. He also compares obscurus with

diaphanus, saying that it differs only by its more posterior apex.

Pilsbry, in his description of A. eugraptus (NaAut. ix, p. 139),

compares that species with both fusews and obscurus.

These are the only references to obscurus that I have been able to

find. The only specimens I have seen, which are at all referable to

this species, are in the collection of A. A. Hinkley, from Volusia

county, Florida, and are said to have been identified by Dr. Dall.

There are eleven specimens in this lot, of which six are A. penin-

sule, the remainder are quite different and may be obscwrus. At the

time Dr. Dall’s paper was published, A. peninsule had not been

described and, if these specimens were identified by him, the mixture

of the two forms raises a query not only as to which form he identi-

fied with A. obscurus, but also in regard to the identity of the speci-

mens referred to that species from the several Floridan localities

quoted in his paper. Both of the forms represented in the Hinkley

lot are characteristic, wide, depressed Levapices and such as would

be expected from a lake country, being closely related to A. fuscus.

As has already been stated, the only species of Levapex from the

region from which Haldeman’s type came, that has been clearly

identified, is A. diaphanus. With that exception, all the Ancyli seen

from that region belong to the section Merrissia. This fact, taken in

connection with Haldeman’s figure and his comparison of obscwrus

with rivularis and haldemani, raises a very serious doubt in my mind

whether the Floridan specimens referred to have been correctly

identified. It certainly seems remarkable that so acute an observer

aa Haldeman should have made such a comparison, if he had before

him a shell similar to those of the Hinkley lot.

1 regret that I have not been able to have Haldeman’s type ex-

amined critically in regard to the apical characters. When that is

done, I should not be at all surprised if it proved to be a genuine

Ferrissia. In the meantime, it seems best to describe and figure the

Hinkley shell, as it may be represented in other collections under

this name, leaving the question of its identity with Haldeman’s spe-

cies for future determination. When cleaned, the shell is a light

yellowish horn-color, shining, very thin, fragile and transparent;

THE NAUTILUS. 27

depressed, quite regularly oval in shape, the left side being rather

more arcuate than the right; apex subacute, though not much ele-

vated behind the middle of the shell and decidedly turned to the

right; the anterior slope is nearly rectilinear, the right and left

somewhat convex above, concave below and flattening out toward

the periphery ; the posterior slightly concave ; surface with the lines

of growth faint but quite regular, slightly rippled transversely or with

fine radial ribs (in two of the five specimens examined, radial ribs

are developed as strong as in A. fuseus eugraptus). Length (fig. 16)

6.5, width 4.5, alt. 1.5 mm.

It will be observed that while this shell is larger and more de-

pressed than the typical obseurus, the proportion of the length to the

breadth is almost exactly the same. The longitudinal outline, how-

ever, is much nearer to Clessin’s figure than it is Haldeman’s.

The affinities of this form are with A. fuseus, kirklandi and penin-

sule. It is, however, more closely related to kirklandi than to the

others and possibly may prove to be a southern development of that

species. It differs, however, by its more depressed, narrower and

more regularly oval shell, and the peculiar concavo-convex outline of

the lateral slopes. From fuseus, it differs decidedly in contour by

reason of the more posterior, more prominent and more excentric

apex and the peculiar lateral slopes. The shape and color are so

entirely different, that there is no reason to confuse the ribbed form

with A. peninsule, which is found associated with it.

IV. ANCYLUS EXCENTRICUS Morelet (1851). PI. 1, fig. 19-21.

This species is the sole representative in the United States of a

group of general distribution in the West Indies, Mexico and Central

America, characterized by the prominent, rather obtuse and very

excentric apex and, usually, well-developed radial ribs over the sur-

face. The only recorded localities are Comal Creek, New Braun-

fels, and Barton Creek, Travis county, Texas. Specimens from the

latter locality, collected by Singley, are before me and are larger

than those from Comal Creek, cited by Pilsbry (Navur. iii, p. 64),

and agree almost exactly with the dimensions given by Morelet, the

size of the specimen figured being, length 74, width 44, alt. 2 mm.

A. excentricus is so entirely different in shape from all other North

American species that there is no possibility of confusing it with any

of them. Another peculiarity of this species is the depression of the

28 THE NAUTILUS.

apex. In all other North American species the apex is the point of

greatest altitude, but in excentricus, the highest point of the shell is

anterior to the apex.

There is some question as t# the specific validity of this form.

Bourguignat (J. de C. iv, p. 175) considered it to be only a variety of

A. radiatus Guilding, characterized by the apex being slightly more

acute. And in this, he has been followed by Clessin (Conch. Cab.,

Ancylus, p. 67). Crosse and Fischer (Miss. Sci. Mex., ii, p. 37)

state that it differs from radiatus by its thinner shell, more pointed

and more excentric apex and the absence of the radiating striz, and

on this account prefer to recognize it as distinct, although admitting

that the two forms are very close to each other. Von Martens (Biol.

Cent. Am., p. 402) also describes the shell as ‘‘ without radial sculp-

ture’? and considers it distinct. Pilsbry, in his notice of the New

Braunfels specimens, however, mentions slight indications of most

delicate riblets radiating from the apex. All of the five specimens

from Barton Creek have the radial ribs more or less developed. In

most of them the ribs are stronger along the antero-lateral slopes, the

median portion being nearly smooth or only slightly rippled. In one

example, however, the well-developed ribs extend over the entire

anterior slope.

Under these circumstances, the approximation of the Texan shells

to A. radiatus seems very probable. Whether this is also the case

with the typical form from Guatemala, must remain uncertain until

authentic material can be critically studied. I have not been able

to make any comparison of the Texan specimens with radzatus.

V. ANCYLUS PENINSUL& Pilsbry & Johnson (1896). PI. I,

figs. 19-21.

This beautiful species, which is readily distinguished by “its large

size, broadly oval and depressed form, blunt apex and the dense radial

striation,” is apparently peculiar to the inland waters of Florida,

where it seems to be very generally and abundantly distributed. In

addition to the original locality, the St. John’s River, specimens have

been seen from Volusia and Manatee counties and from Lake Jessup,

which indicate a general range over the state. It is possible that

some of the localities cited by Dall for A. obseurus (Proc. U. 8S. Nat.

Museum, 1885, p. 273) belong to this species.

THE NAUTILUS. 29

VI. ANCYLUS KIRKLANDI n.s. PI. II, figs. 1-12.

Shell large for the genus, thin, translucent, horn-colored ; broadly

oval or obovate, sides nearly equally curved, ends broadly rounded ;

quite elevated ; apex subacute, behind and to the right of the middle,

and decidedly turned to the right ; posterior and right slopes straight

or slightly concave, anterior slope quite convex, left slope decidedly

convex ; surface with the growth lines regular and distinct and more

or less rippled by transverse wrinkles, which frequently tend to form

feeble, irregular radial riblets.

Fig. 1 (type): Length 8, breadth 54, alt. 2.5 mm.

Grand Rapids, Mich.: Length 9.25, breadth 5.5, alt. 2.5 mm.

Grand Rapids, Mich.: Length 8.25, breadth 5, alt. 2 mm.

Hardy, Arkansas: Length 6.50, breadth 5, alt. 2 mm.

Fig. 4: Length 6, breadth 4.50, alt. 2 mm.

Fig.7: Length 5.75, breadth 4, alt. 2 mm.

Fig. 10: Length 5.25, breadth 3.25, height 2 mm.

This fine large species is a well-defined one and has wide range,

extending from Trenton, N. J., west to Hardy, Ark. The specimens

from the last locality were cited as A. haldemani by Pilsbry (Proce.

P. A. N.S., 1900, p. 457), and, from this identification, that species

was placed among those with smooth apices in the Naurt. xvi, p. 88.

A recent examination by Dr. Pilsbry of the type of A. haldemani has

shown that that species has a striate apex and, therefore, does not

belong in Levapex at all. A. kirkland? is distinguished by its large

size, decidedly elevated shape and its prominent, subacute apex,

which is decidedly turned to the right. There is some considerable

variation in shape, as shown by the above measurements, some

examples being more elongated with nearly parallel sides. There is

also considerable difference in height. But in all cases the subacute,

prominent apex and the convex, left slope are characteristic, and

always distinguish it from fuscus, in which the apex, even in the

more elevated examples, is always bluntly rounded and the left slope

scarcely convex.

Kirklandi is more nearly related to the Florida shell herein re-

ferred to as obscurus than to any other species, but differs by its

broader form, greater elevation, more acute and more eccentric apex

and greater convexity of the left lateral slope.

The finest specimens of kirklandi come from Grand River, Kent

county, Mich., where they have been collected in great abundance

30 THE NAUTILUS.

by Dr. R. J. Kirkland, after whom the species is named. The

Arkansas specimens collected by Ferriss are nearly as large. Toward

the east the species seems to diminish rapidly and uniformly in size

to an extent which would almost justify their recognition as a vari-

etal race. Ohio specimens (fig. 4), collected in considerable numbers

by Dr. V. Sterki, are uniformly smaller than the type, while those

from Roaches Run, opposite Washington, D. C., and the Potomac

River at Alexandria. Va. (figs. 7-10), are still smaller than those

from Ohio. <A single example in the collection of the Phil. Academy

from ‘Trenton, N. J., is similar to these, but slightly larger. Were

it not for the intermediate character of the Ohio shells, these speci-

mens would probably be considered a distinct species, characterized

by their small size, proportionately higher and narrower shell and

more convex anterior slope. But as shown by the figures, the larger

and wider Virginian shells grade indistinguishably into the Ohio

form, as that does into the immature specimens of the still larger

typical form. That this difference in size is a local peculiarity is

shown by the fact that in the considerable amount of material col-

lected by Dr. Sterki, both in Ohio (several localities) and in the

Potomac and its tributary, Roaches Run, near Washington, not a

single specimen was obtained which by its greater size would seem

to indicate that the balance of the specimens obtained were immature

shells. ‘There are also several trays in the Academy’s collection

from ‘‘ Washington ”’ similar to those collected by Dr. Sterki. From

Michigan and several other western localities, occasional small and

medium sized, high, narrow specimens have been noticed which,

though larger, seem indistinguishable from the corresponding eastern

form (fig. 10). But these do not seem to be persistent varieties in

any one locality, being usually associated with the usual form of

kirklandi; but rather sporadic individuals which for some reason

have failed to develop normally. It is the occurrence of such speci-

mens, together with the inability to find any marked specific charac-

ter in the eastern forms, except the difference in size, that has caused

me to refrain from giving them varietal rank until additional ma-

terial shall give a better opportunity to pass upon the exact relations

to these various forms.

PLATE II.

Figs. 1-3. A. herklandi Walker (type), Grand River, Kent Co.,

Mich.

THE NAUTILUS. 31

Figs. 4-6. A. kirklandi (var.), Tuscawaras R., New Philadelphia,

Ohio.

Figs. 7-9. A. kirklandi (var.), Roaches Run, opp. Washington,

D. C.

Figs. 10-12. A. kirklandi (var.), Roaches Run, opp. Washington,

Figs. 13-15. A. diaphanus Hald., Ohio R., Edgeworth, Pa.

Figs. 16-18. A. diaphanus Hald., Ohio R., Edgeworth, Pa.

Figs. 19-21. A. peninsule. P. & J., Volusia Co., Fla.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE,

Japonia sadoensis n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, conic, dull dark brown ; sculpture of very deli-

cate, thread-like oblique striz, widely and irregularly spaced, and

numerous regularly spaced spiral cuticular threads, which bear rather

long hairs, very easily rubbed off, being preserved only on the latter

part of the last whorl in some specimens, wholly lost in others.

Whorls 43, very convex, the last tubular, Aperture oblique, circular,

the peristome thin, continuous, in contaet with the preceding whorl

for a very short distance above ; columellar margin slightly expanded.

Alt. 4, diam. 4.7 mm.

Niibo-mura, Sado. Types no. 84768 A. N.S. P.

This species is clearly distinct from J. barbata and citharella Gld.,

described from Oshima in the Riukiu group, and J. musiva Gld., of

unknown locality. Dr. von Modllendorff has recognized Gould’s

J. barbata in specimens collected by Mr. F. W. Eastlake in the

Hakone mountains (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. liv, 1885, p. 67); this

gives another Japanese locality for the genus, but in view of the

geographic separation, I think that the Hakone form will prove dif-

ferent from that described by Gould from Oshima.

Chloritis tosanus n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, slightly convex above, convex beneath, very

thin, fragile and chestnut-brown; densely sculptured with very short,

darker, curved hairs, arranged in oblique lines as usual, but a little

ay THE NAUTILUS.

irregular in some places. Whorls 43, very convex, separated by a

deep suture, the last whorl large, rounded at the periphery and be-

neath. Aperture broadly lunate, slightly oblique. Peristome thin

and unexpanded, suddenly dilated and recurved at the axial inser-

tion, half covering the umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. 17 mm.

Shiujo-mura, Tosa. Type no. 84415 A. N.S. P., from no. 1015

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

It is similar to C. perpunctatus, but nearly twice the size. In

C. fragilis the hairs stand about twice as far apart as in this species,

which is the first Chloritis from Shikoku Island.

Kaliella xenica n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, pyramidal, much higher than wide, the

spire with nearly straight lateral outlines and very obtuse apex ;

thin, yellowish, faintly and finely striate. Whorls 63, slightly con-

vex, the last obtusely angular at the periphery, convex beneath.

Aperture broadly lunate, the peristome thin, columellar margin re-

flexed. Alt. 3.7, diam. 2.7 mm.

Shukunegimura, Sado. Type no, 84762 A. N. 8S. P., from no.

1041 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species resembles A. pre@alta in general shape, but its outlines

are noticeably more convex, the apex is more obtuse, and there are

fewer whorls. (Xenikos, strange.)

A PROPOSED STUDY OF GONIOBASIS.

BY A. A. HINKLEY.

The article in the June Nauriius, under the above heading, by

Mr. A. C. Billups, was read with interest. It is time something

should be done to bring this interesting group of shells out of the

present chaotic condition. The work will be difficult, owing to more

or less variations in all the species and the wide geographical distri-

bution of some, together with the meager description often given and

sometimes drawn from only two or three specimens ; added to this,

some of the types are inaccessible or lost.

There are twenty-four species of Goniobasis listed in G. W. Tryon’s

monograph on Strepomatide as being found north of the Ohio River

or in that stream, viz. :

THE NAUTILUS.

G. intersita Hald. G. infantula Lea.

G. suturalis Hald. G. louisviilensis Lea.°

G. costifera Hald. G. pulchella Anth.

G. cubicoides Anth. G. gracilior Anth.

G. spartenburgensis Lea. G. translucens Anth.

G. iota Anth.! G. interlineata Anth.

G. tecta Anth. G. ohioensis Lea.

G. gibbosa Lea.? G. brevispira Anth.

G. depygis Say. G. semicarinata Say.

G. livescens Menke. x. haldemani Tryon.

G. milesii Lea. G. informis Lea.‘

G. lithasioides Lea. G. virginica Gmel,

The specific value of some of the above is doubtful, and to settle

points in question will require large series of specimens, preferably

from the localities where the types were found. I would suggest that

any one who can do so, collect such a series, including all stages of

growth, make a note of the situation where found, and send the same

to Mr. Billups, if he decides to go ahead with the work.

I am sure some new species will be found, but I hope no specimens

will be deseribed as new until their validity is well established.

If the different groups of the Strepomatide could be studied as

thoroughly as Jo has been by Mr. Chas. C. Adams, a large share of

the doubtful species could be eliminated. There are other species

which show nearly as great a variation as the Jo; for instance, Pleu-

rocera canaliculatum Say has a wide variation in form and varies

from a smooth surface to one with two well-developed grooves on the

body-whorl. Angitrema armigera Say is also quite variable in both

form and tubercles, some specimens having a row of double tubercles

on the periphery of the body whorl. Iam strongly of the opinion

that the specimens described by Dr. Lea as Meseschiza grosvenorti

were young Ang. armigera Say; his description and figure fits many

of the young of that species, excepting for the notch, which is prob-

ably abnormal, as Tryon held. Angitrema duttoniana Lea and Lith-

asia downiet Lea may only be variations of Ang: armigera Say ;

specimens I have collected in Tennessee seem to indicate it.

1Ohio? see Amer. Jour. of Conchology.

* Described from two specimens and said to be a ‘‘ remarkable species.”

% Described from two imperfect specimens.

* Described from two specimens.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

I would like to see an interest taken in this neglected group of

mollusca.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF ACHATINELLIDZ FROM THE

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY D. D. BALDWIN.

Amastra henshawi n. sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate or subperforate, solid, ovately conical,

apex subacute; surface lusterless, striated with somewhat irregular

lines of growth; embryonic whorls under a lens showing very deli-

cate radiating sulcations. Color varies from light to very dark

brown, the upper whorls generally much darker than the body whorl ;

the lower whorls with traces of a deciduous, brown epidermis.

Whorls 6, somewhat convex, the last one with a light carination at

the periphery ; suture well impressed. Aperture ovate, a little ob-

lique, livid white within ; peristome acute, slightly thickened within,

extremities united with a thin, livid-white parietal callosity ; colu-

mella white, flexuous, abruptly terminating in a thin lamellar plait.

Length 18, diam. 10 mm.

Habitat: South Kona, Island of Hawaii.

Found in damp woods at the roots of ferns and nearly buried in

trash, at altitudes of from 1,800 to 4,000 feet.

We take pleasure in dedicating this shell to Prof. H. W. Henshaw,

formerly of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. He

discovered both this and the following species. The Professor is at

present a resident of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, and his explorations are

contributing largely to our knowledge of the land fauna of this island.

Amastra saxicola n, sp.

Shell dextral, imperforate, rather solid, elongately ovate-conic,

apex subacute; surface lustreless, sculptured with delicate growth

lines ; embryonic whorls smooth and polished. Color reddish-brown,

tending to lighter shade on the middle whorls; apex pearly white ;

destitute of the usual fugacious epidermis of this genus. Whorls 7,

slightly convex; suture well impressed. Aperture ovate, a little

oblique, pinkish within. Peristome simple, acute, not thickened

within, extremities joined by a very thin, pinkish parietal callosity ;

THE NAUTILUS. 35

columella white, flexuous, terminating in a moderately-developed

lamellar plait.

Length 203, diam. 10 mm.

Habitat: Kau, Island of Hawaii.

This shell seems to live among and under rocks to an unusual

degree. It is found on old lava flows attached to the under side of

rocks, or in loose soil and trash at the base of bunch grass growing

on lava flows. The locality is very arid.

Amastra senilis n. sp.

Shell fossil, dextral, deeply perforated, the perforation penetrating

to the apex; moderately solid, globose with a short conical spire,

apex acute; surface sculptured with coarse, irregular growth lines,

with a few irregular cross striz or ridges on the three lower whorls ;

embryonic whorls under a lens exhibiting delicate and regular sulca-

tions. Color of the living shell unknown. Whorls 7, convex.

Aperture sinuately oval, a little oblique; peristome simple, acute,

not thickened within, extremities joined by a thick parietal callosity ;

columella terminating in a slight, flexuous fold.

Length 25, diam. 18 mm.

Habitat: Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.

This and the following species were discovered and sent to me by

Mr. Eugene Horner, of Paauila, Hawaii. They were found at a

place called Palihoukapapa on the Hamakua slope of Maunakea, at

an elevation of 4,000 feet. The shells were imbedded in the earth

about one foot below the surface.

Prof. Henshaw reports other similar localities on the island of

Hawaii where there are extensive deposits of fossilized land shells

about a foot below the surface of humus. Nearly all the known

genera of Hawaiian land shells are represented in these deposits by

species, some still extant, others probably now extinct. The deposit

of earth above the fossilized shells indicates several hundred years

antiquity.

Amastra fossilis n. sp.

Shell fossil, dextral, minutely perforated, somewhat solid; elon-

gately conical, apex rather acute; surface striated with somewhat

irregular growth lines; embryonic whorls under a lens exhibiting

very delicate and regular sulcations. Color of living shell unknown.

356 THE NAUTILUS.

Whorls 7, slightly convex. Aperture oblique, ovate; peristome

simple, very thin, columellar margin slightly expanded over the

umbilicus ; columella terminating in a flexuous thread-like plait.

Length 18, diam. 9 mm.

Habitat: Hamakua, Island of Hawaii.

This shell in shape resembles some of the forms of Amastra turri-

tella Fer., which is found on the island of Oahu.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We have lately learned, through Mr. Charles Hedley, of the death

of two New Caledonian conchologists—Ricuarp Rossiter, on Jan-

uary 16, 1903, aged 62 years, and JuL1EN Bernier, March 3d, at

the age of 55 years. Both died at Noumea. Rossiter formed a large

collection of shells, and supplied the types of many new forms to the

editors of the Journal de Conchyliologie, to John Brazier, of Sydney,

N.S. W., his brother-in-law, and to Dr. W. D. Hartman, of West

Chester, Pa. His collection will probably be acquired by the Colo-—

nial Museum at Noumea. Julien Bernier was Clerk to the local

Parliament of New Caledonia, and founded the ‘* Musée Colonial ”

at Noumea. Some of his material has been described in the Journal

de Conch. and elsewhere. Placostylus bernieri Hartman, and vari-

ous other species discovered by him, preserve his memory.

A New PLevuroromariA.—Mr., Y. Hirase, of Kyoto, Japan, has

recently discovered a new species of Pleurotomaria, related to P. bey-

richt, from which it differs in having much more numerous, distinctly

beaded spiral cords. In shape and color it resembles P. beyrichi.

The new form will be described under the name Pleurotomaria

hiraset.—H. A. Pitspry.

ASHMUNELLA THOMSONIANA Cooper«®.—I have just found this

form living in abundance at Pecos, New Mexico. The greatest

diameter of five specimens measured is 16,15, 15, 15, 154 mm., thus

averaging larger than the original specimens. The basal tooth is

single, with at most a faint indication of doubling.—T. D. A.

COCKERELL.

ae NU bus.

Von. XVII. AUGUST, 1908. No. 4.

TWO NEW MOLLUSKS FROM THE WEST COAST OF AMERICA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The National Museum has received through the kindness of Mr,

J. S. Arnheim, of San Francisco, several interesting shells collected

by Capt. William Noyes, of San Francisco, of which two appear to

be undescribed.

Sigaretus noyesii n. sp.

Shell depressed, mottled purplish brown above, pale or nearly

white below, pale purplish with two obscure revolving brown bands

internally, nucleus minute, two-whorled, translucent, subsequent

¢; surface with obvious incremental

whorls two, rapidly enlargin

lines, and faint, very fine, partially obsolete, spiral striation ; covered

with a yellowish silky periostracum; suture distinct but not im-

pressed ; axis rather widely pervious, body with a slight, transparent

coat of callus; pillar lip hardly thickened or reflected, general form

gibbous; alt. 10, major diam, 36, minor diam. 26 mm.

Gorgona Islands, Colombia, in the Gulf of Panama.

This species is a West American analogue of S. maculatus Say, of

the east coast, which is more solid, more convex, with much more

conspicuous spiral sculpture, and has the coil of the whorls impervi-

ous or nearly so.

Tonicia arnheimi n. s).

Shell small, back rather rounded, girdle narrow, naked, yellow

brown ; color pale pink with pale brown dotting, two white lines en-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

closing a dark brown streak on the dorsal keel of the intermediate

valves; eye spots with a metallic silvery lustre; anterior valve with

seven, posterior with eight notches, the teeth radially striate ; inter-

mediate valves with one lateral notch on each side; interior colora-

tion pinkish white with a magenta axial streak ; sculpture much like

that of 7. crenulata Sowerby, but central areas with much sparser

riblets and no defined central smooth area, the sutural crenulations

stronger and forming a wider band, the pleural ruge mostly fore and

aft in direction, the second valve larger than the rest and with a

more conspicuous mesial smooth area. Interior with sinus square

not denticulate. Anterior and posterior plates with obscurely radial

pustules and very numerous eyes. Length 15, lat. 7, height 4 mm.

in the dried animal.

Noyes Cove, Narborough Island, Galapagos Group, in 20 fathoms;

Capt. Noyes.

This species is clearly of the group of J. crenulatus but is sepa-

rated by sufficiently distinct characters. The brilliancy of the eye

spots, each situated in a deep, minute pit, is very remarkable. There

are on this small creature nearly 1000 of them.

PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS OF WHITE POND, NEW JERSEY.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.

The Chicago Academy has recently received from Dr. Stuart

Weller, Paleontologist of the University of Chicago, a collection of

Pleistocene mollusks from the marl] beds of White Pond, near Marks-

boro, New Jersey. The material consists of about a quart of mixed

shells, which, when studied quantitatively, gave some interesting re-

sults. Vulvata and Amnicola made up ninety-five per cent. of the

entire lot, the former being forty-five and the latter fifty per cent.

Of the remainder, Planorbis bicarinatus made up two per cent.,

Planorbis campanulatus one per cent., and the rest of the species the

other two per cent. Aplera was the rarest, there being but two

specimens in the entire lot.

I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker for assistance in determin-

ing some of the material. The list of species is as follows:

Pisidium compressum Prime. Normal.

THK NAUTILUS. 39

Amnicola limosa Say. Very variable and abundantly represented.

Amanicola galbana Haldeman. This characteristic fossil is very

abundant in the White Pond formation. It shows some variation .

in the height of the spire, but seems to be easily separated from A,

limosa. Several monstrosities of galbana were found in this collec-

tion ; two were sealariform and the others (6) had the spire variously

contorted, like the forms of Planorbis complanatus figured by Euro-

pean conchologists. One specimen had the spire almost concealed

by the gibbous last whorl. Monstrosities seem to be rare, as only

eight were found in a lot of over two thousand specimens.

Valvata tricarinata Say, var. confusa Walker. ‘This is nearly as

abundant as the Amnicolas. Only a small percentage of the speci-

mens were typical confusa with two well-defined keels, the majority

having the basal keel strongly developed, the upper part of the whorl

being rounded. In some specimens the two keels are so strong that

they form elevated ridges.

Physa ancillaria Say. Not uncommon.

Aplexa hypnorum Linne. ‘Two specimens of a small Aplexa which

seems referable to hypnorum are in the collection.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Typical, but not abundant.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Many specimens of this species show

a tendency to form spiral lines, similar to those on var. striatus

Baker.

Planorbis deflectus Say. Common and typical.

Planorbis exacutus Say. But one specimen of this species was

found.

Limnea galbana Say. Not common.

Limneea humilis Say. Not common.

Succinea retusa Lea. Not common.

ON CATALOGUING A COLLECTION OF SHELLS.

BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.

When I began to catalogue my shells I used a ledger blank book,

but in time the book looked untidy, as the space was not sufficient for

the addition of species new to the collection that from time to time

40 THE NAUTILUS.

were added to it. ‘Chen I copied the whole list, leaving space for

the introduction of species not listed. But in some cases the blank

spaces were not needed while more space was required for families

and genera not represented in the book. Again I copied the entire

catalogue, excepting the west coast species which I listed on cards to

form a card catalogue. In time this second book began to look far

from neat, so I tried a new plan. I used “* Ward’s Catalogue of the

Mollusca,” marking with a small mark such species as I had, and

inserted blanks between the printed leaves for species that were not

found in the price list; but this made the pamphlet rather bulky and

also necessitated my looking over two lists, the printed one and the

written one, in order to find if I had certain species. The plan was

satisfactory at first, then I thought out a better one which I will

give you.

T used a patent cover for blank leaves such as students use for

laboratory notes, examination papers, etc., in colleges and schools.

I bought paper the proper size for the cover, about eight by ten

inches. This paper had holes stamped out at the right place for the

metal clasps to be inserted. I use ruled paper, as names and. locali-

ties are quickly seen on the same line, but this is a matter of taste, as

dots can mark the space between names of shells and their localities.

The classification is a matter of choice. I use the same as that

found in ‘“*Tryon’s Structural and Systematic Conchology” for

marine shells, excepting the west coast shells, for which I use an-

’

other classification. My reason for using Tryon’s is, if I get a shell

from a family new to me I know where to list it immediately by re-

ferring to the Systematic Conchology, for by constantly studying and

referring to this work I have become tolerably conversant with the

classification.

I wrote only on one side of the paper when making out this new

list, and paged only this side. This left a blank opposite each page

to be used if the page became full. This blank page I numbered

alphabetically to correspond with the numbered page. For example,

if I required the blank leaf opposite page 5, I numbered it 5*, and if

I found it necessary to add new leaves at this place they would be

paged 5°, 5°, 5%, etc. on the left page, on the right 5’, 5’, 5°, ete.

The possibility of adding new leaves, one after another, or of taking

out and rewriting the leaves is the strong feature in favor of using

these covers. The use of the alphabet, or as much of it as is needed

THE NALTILUS. 41

in conjunction with the figures, makes repaging from time to time

unnecessary when the book is enlarged.

At the front of this catalogue I have an index of genera arranged

alphabetically. By indexing according to genera much space is

saved and it does not take much time to refer to the page for species

if one does not remember just where the species may be found in the

classification.

For the use of beginners I will tell how I list specimens on a page.

After leaving space at the left hand of each page for the binding of

the leaves with the metal clasps, I write the name of the shell, by

whom named and the locality all upon one line, keeping the locality

of each species at the extreme right hand of the page. At the left

hand I write the initials or some letter to indicate from what source

the shell or shells were received, also the number of specimens.

Above the name of the genera and species I write the name of the

family in large letters. J use red ink for this, as the family name is

more prominent in this way. As noted before, if the space for the

specific name becomes too crowded I write upon the opposite page

the name of the specimen I desire to list, indicating this upon the

page where the others are listed. As they are listed specifically ac-

cording to the alphabet the place assigned to it upon the blank page

is the same as upon the page that is filled.

For West Coast shells, as before mentioned, I use cards. When

a new specimen is listed upon a new card it is placed with the names

of the rest of the genus. Any data desired are written upon each

card. I got my cards cut and a hole punctured in each one by the

thousand.* All cards for the specific name are the same size, those

for the families and genera have an offset at the top. That is, a

raised margin was left at the top of each card, these were raised

sometimes at one end sometimes at the other end, and others had the

margin in the center. When genera are listed upon a few cards the

raised margins would hide each other if they were not placed at a

little distance from each other, but if one generic name is at the ex-

treme right hand of the row of cards in the box or drawer, another

in the middle, still another at the extreme left hand, these generic

names are readily detected by the eye, whereas if they followed one

another all in a row some would be hidden from sight.

*Itis best to use the cards of the Library Bureau, as they are of uniform

size and quality.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Pisidium ashmuni un. sp.

Mussel somewhat elongate, moderately inequipartite; scarcely ob-

lique, moderately inflated; superior and inferior margins moderately

curved, supero-anterior slope curved down to the rounded anterior

end situated well below the median line; posterior end subtruncate,

with more or less of an angle at the scutum; beaks somewhat pos-

terior, rather broad, rounded, moderately elevated over the hinge

margin; surface shining, with microscopic, shallow, rather regular,

crowded striae, and one or a few impressed lines of growth: color

pale horn, shell translucent, thin ; hinge slight, plate narrow ; cardi-

nal teeth rather long, fine, lamellar, the right curved with its an-

terior end much shorter and situated much higher up on the plate

than the posterior which is somewhat thickened ; left anterior of the

same shape as the right, rather hook-like at its anterior end, the

posterior oblique, slightly curved and passing over about two-thirds

of the anterior; lateral teeth rather long, produced far beyond the

pointed cusps; outer laterals of the right valve slight but distinct ;

ligament rather slight.

Size: Long. 2.8, alt. 2.3, diam. 1.6 mill.

Long. 2.3, alt. 1.9, diam. 1.4 mill.

Most specimens are intermediate.

Habitat: San Rafaels, New Mexico, collected by Rev. E. H.

Ashmun, in whose honor the species has been named.

Pis. ashmunti ranges under the abditum group. It is easily recog-

nized, being of about the same size with P/s. splendidulum St. It is

more elongate and its beaks are broader.

Pisidium danielsi n. sp.

Mussel slightly inequipartite, moderately and regularly inflated,

outlines nearly short oval; all margins well curved, or the posterior

subtruncate, anterior end rounded, rather below the median line;

angles at the scutum and scutellum not marked in most specimens,

slightly so in some; umbones little posterior, low, slightly projecting

over the hinge margin, moderately broad, each with a depression be-

low the apex and above a slightly raised, concentric ridge; surface

with somewhat coarse, subregular and sharp striz, and a few coarser

DAE, NAUTILGS. 43

lines of growth, rather dull and microscopically rugulose; color

grayish white to yellowish horn, in some specimens slightly plumbe-

ous around the beaks; shell moderately thick, nacre white, muscle

insertions distinct but not impressed ; hinge rather stout, plate rather

broad ; right cardinal tooth strongly curved over a deep excavation,

its posterior part thickened and grooved to bifid, the left anterior

strongly curved and rather massive, placed rather high up on the

plate, the posterior oblique, curved, its anterior part reaching to or

over the middle of the anterior; Jateral teeth stout, the cusps rather

short, the outer ones in the right valve rather small but well formed ;

ligament strong.

Size: Long. 4.5, alt. 3.9, diam. 2.6 mill.

_ Habitat: Marsh from a spring on Lake James, Steuben Co., In-

diana, numerous specimens collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels, of the

Indiana Geological Survey, in whose honor the species is named.

During the season of 1902 Mr. Daniels has collected many and in-

teresting Pisidia and Spheria, especially in northern Indiana, a

section from which very little had been known.

The present species has some resemblance with—typical—Pis.

strengit, but in the latter species the outlines are more angular, the

beaks narrower and more prominent and rounded, the striation is

finer, and the hinge slighter. Pis. danielst is of special interest.

From the features of the surface, the beaks and the hinge, there is

no doubt but that it ranges under the same group with P. com-

pressum, kirklandi, cruciatum, fallax, etc., although the rounded out-

lines, the low beaks, and the moderate and regular convexity would

“_ suggest rather the contrary at first sight. Young specimens, how-

ever, have an unmistakable similarity of the outlines with those of

Pis. compressum Pr. In some of the specimens the beaks are

broader, and the depression and ridge are less marked or almost ob-

solete, just as it is with certain forms of Pis. compressum.

Pisidium obtusale C. Pfr.

At the same place as the preceding Mr, Daniels has collected

numerous specimens which are distinct from all North American

species described, but exactly like Pis. abtusale from several places

of Europe, and appear to be identical with that species. They are

rather large and almost globular; long. 3.6, alt. 3.1, diam. 2.6 mill.

It is to be expected that the same will be found also at other places.

44 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTICES OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE,

Eulota (Huhadra) euterpe n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, the upper surface low-conic, lower

surface convex. Last 14 whorls white under a thin yellow cuticle,

which is in part worn off in the type specimen ; the periphery marked

with aw narrow dark chestnut band, the edge of which appears above

the suture of the penultimate and last whorls; the inside of the um-

bilicus of the same dark color; tuner whorls red-brown, the apex

whitish. Surface rather glossy, rather closely plicate-striate above,

somewhat smoother below the periphery. Whorls 6, slightly con-

vex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in

front, déstinctly angular at the periphery, the angle almost disappear-

ing just below the lip. Aperture oblique, lunate, white and show-

ing the brown band within, peristome reddish-brown, a little thickened

within, the upper margin slightly expanded, the outer and basal

margins reflexed, columellar margin dilated. Alt. 24, greater diam.

39, lesser 34.5 mm.

Prov. Kunchan, Riukiu. Type no. 1078 of Mr. Hirase’s col-

lection.

This very handsome Luhadra belongs to the group of #. merca-

toria. It is similar to that species in the umbilicus and shape of the

peristome, and the slow, regular increase of the whorls; but it differs

from mercatoria in the depression of the whole shell, the more angular

periphery, the finer and closer sculpture, and in coloration. Only

one specimen has been received.

Eulota (Plectotropis) marginata n. sp.

Shell broadly and openly umbilicate, convexly low-conic above,

convex beneath, solid and strong; light brown, surface lustreless,

sculptured with irregular growth-wrinkles only. Whorls 7, but

slightly convex, slowly and regularly increasing, separated by a

slightly impressed suture which is distinctly margined above. Last

whorl slightly descending in front, acutely carinate at the periphery,

the keel narrowly impressed on both sides; base convex, not angular

around the umbilicus, but very suddenly curving into it. Aperture

oblique, nearly as high as wide; the peristome slightly thickened

THE NAUTILUS. 45

within, white, noticeably grooved at the position of the keel, below

which it is more thickened, expanded and narrowly reflexed. Alt.

14, diam. 27, width of umbilicus 6.5 mm.; width of aperture 11, ob-

lique alt. 10.5 mm.

Kunchan, the northern province of Riukiu Island. Type no.

84924 A. N.S. P., from no. 1080 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A large, solid species, with the keel margined on both sides, and

projecting a trifle at the suture.

Eulota (Aegista) friedeliana var. peraperta n. vy.

Differs from friedeliana from Nagasaki, the type locality, in the

more widely open umbilicus and the noticeably smaller aperture in

shells of the same size. Alt. 9, diam. 17 mm.; width of umbilicus

0.0 mm.

Isshochi, Higo. Type no. 84925 A. N.S. P., from no. 343a of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Eulota ( Plectotropis) conomphala n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, low-conie above and below the acute

peripheral keel. Thin, light brown, nearly lustreless, slightly stri-

ated with growth lines, and showing very fine, close, rather indis-

tinct spiral lines under a lens, obsolete in places. On the upper sur-

face there are sparse, short cuticular processes, easily rubbed off.

Whorls 64, slowly widening, nearly flat, the keel of the last whorl

bearing a fringe of cuticular filaments, triangular at their bases.

Base angular around the deep, conic umbilicus. Last whorl very

little descending in front. Aperture oblique, the upper margin of

the peristome simple, basal margin thin, very narrowly reflexed ;

columellar margin dilated above. Alt. 9.5, diam. 19.5 mm.

Yakujima, Osumi. Type no. 84926 A. N.S. P., from no. 905a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A very distinct, thin species, noticeably bi-conic in shape, and

angular around the regularly conic umbilicus. It is an interesting

addition to the fauna of Yakujima.

Hirasea planulata u. sp.

Shell imperforate, discoidal with rounded periphery and level

upper surface. Yellowish brown, dull and very densely, very finely

radially striate above, becoming smooth and glossy beneath. Spire

46 THE NAUTILUS.

almost level, but the inner whorls are very slightly sunken. Whorls

54 to 53, convex, slowly widening, the last falling a little to the

aperture and noticeably contracted at the lip; the base impressed in

the middle as usual. Aperture nearly vertical, narrowly crescentic,

the lip thickened within by a strong white rib. Alt. 1.8, diam.

3.5 mm., or a little smaller, alt. 1.4, diam. 3.2 mm.

Hahajima, Ogasawara. Type no. 82976 A. N.S. P., from 849b

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This was formerly thought to be a small form of H. biconcava,

but the study of additional specimens of both show H. planulata to

be constantly smaller, with a nearly level spire, while in béconcava

the spire is conspicuously sunken.

Kaliella incensa n. sp.

Shell almost imperforate, depressed, the spire very low, conic, the

base convex, periphery rounded in fully mature shells; thin, yellow,

translucent and smoothish, under a strong lens seen to be minutely

and closely striate obliquely above, the striz decussate on the earlier

whorls, the base smooth.

Whorls 32, but slightly convex, the last nearly double the width

of the preceding. Aperture slightly oblique, lunate, the peristome

thin, columellar margin suddenly dilated and reflexed near the axial

insertion. Alt. 1.6, diam. 2.8 mm.

Hakusan, Kaga. Types no. 84788 A. N.S. P., from no. 973a of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A small species with few rather wide whorls, the last one rapidly

widening. The columellar lip is more oblique than usual. It might

be placed in Microcystina, but it has the sculpture of Kaliella.

(Incensus, unrecorded.)

Kaliella harimensis var. sadoensis n, var.

This variety is somewhat larger than K. harimensis. It also re-

sembles K. okiana, but the columellar margin is less widely dilated.

It is from Shukunegimura, Sado; types no. 84764 A. N.S. P., from

no. 1034 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

THE NAUTILUS. 47

ES ae

GEORGE T. MARSTON.

We regret to announce the death of our friend and correspondent,

George Terence Marston. He was born in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1867.

When he was five years of age his father died and his widowed

mother moved to De Pere, Wisconsin. He attended the public

schools and graduated from the high school at the age of fourteen

years. He immediately found employment in a bank at De Pere,

but was soon called to a position of higher responsibility in a bank at

Green Bay. Here his ambition and tempermental intensity of

nature led him to overwork, and after a few years he resigned his

position and sought to regain his health by a vacation at the seaside.

He came to Quincy in 1891 and was employed in the bank of the

State Savings Loan and Trust Company. His clear mind, industry,

mastery of the principles of business and a rare talent for the accurate

and systematic management of details, made him a valued and

trusted man.

Though compelled to devote himself to business, his special de-

light was in scientific studies, especially conchology. He had col-

lected and had in his cabinet specimens of nearly every species found

in Wisconsin, and cherished a hope of some day being able to have

the time to prepare a work on the mollusks of that State.

His Jast work was in photographing the embryological develop-

ment of the snail, with some very good results. Among his contri-

butions to the NAvTiLUs was an article on the occurrence of Helicina

occulta Say, in Brown county, Wis.

He was married to Helen E. Collins, daughter of W. H. Collins,

Oct. 3, 1898, who with two children survives him.

GENERAL NOTES.

REVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CyRENACEA. By

William H. Dall. Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., vol. xvi, pp. 5-8, 1908.

In working over the Cyrenacea for the Memoir on the Tertiary

Fossils of Florida, Dr. Dall found the nomenclature and classifica-

tion of this super-family in much confusion, and while the details are

48 THE NAUTILUS.

reserved for the memoir a synopsis of the arrangement adopted has

been given in this pamphlet, which deals with the families of

Cyrenidzx and Sphertide.

In the Cyrenidz twenty-three proposed genera, subgenera and

sections are listed and type specimens with synonyms are given;

to these Dr. Dall has added one new genus and four new sections.

Of the genus Donacopsis Sandberger, 1872, he says: ‘+1 suspect

this to be merely a subdivision of Oyrena.”

Of the family Spheriide fourteen genera, subgenera and sections

are listed with type specimens. Section Oyclocalyx, subgenus

Cymatocyclas, and subgenus Tropidocyclas are new. The three

types are Pistdium scholtzii Clessin, P. compressum Prime, and P.

henslowianum Sheppard.

‘© Pera Leach, and Huglesa Leach, 1852, are synonymous with

Corneocyclus s. s.,” and Galileja Costa; Huglesia Leach, 1840;

Pisum Gray, 1847, not Megerele, 1811; Cordula Leach; Fluminina

Clessin; Cycladina Clessin, and Rivulina Clessin, are, according to

Dr. Dall, not separable from Pisidium s. s.—Mrs. M. Burton

WILLIAMSON.

Lanp SHELLS OF CuRACAO.—In Mr. Smith’s useful review of

the land shells of this island (Proe. Malac. Soc., London iii, 113)

several species seem to have been overlooked: Cionella gloynii and

Succinea gyrata, both described by Gibbons in the Journal of Con-

chology II, pp. 1385, 136, plate I, Stenogyra octonoides, Pupa fallax,

and Drymeus multilineatus noticed on p. 186; also Man. Conch.

XIII, p. 29. Perhaps Cronella gloynit belongs to Mr. Smith’s group

Neosubulina. Another species, ‘* Macroceramus imermis Gundl.,”

is also reported. The dentition of some of these specimens has been

examined by Binney, and proves to be like that of A/. gossez, so that

the Curacao shell is a member of the genus Microceramus. It is no

doubt distinct from the East Cuban Mac. tnermis, and may be re-

lated to or identical with Pinerta bonairensis Smith, The latter is

probably a Microceramus, but I have not seen specimens. Mr. Gib-

bons’ note adds six species to the fauna of Curacao, raising the total

number now known to twelve.—H. A. PiLssry.

THE NAUTILUS, XVII PLATE III,

FRIERSON : UNIO DECLIVIS AND U. TETRALASMUS.

THE NAUTILUS.

Vou. XVIT. SEPTEMBER, 1903. No. 5.

THE SPECIFIC VALUE OF UNIO DECLIVIS, SAY.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

The synonymy of Unio tetralasmus Say, given by R. E. Call in

the ‘Transactions St. Louis Academy of Sciences, vol. vii, 1895,

page 52, has been very generally followed; wholly by some, and

partially by others. Mr. Call says: ‘It preserves its specific

character so generally that it is a matter of great surprise that so

many synonyms should fall under it. The study of the figures,

descriptions and localities above indicated will furnish convincing

evidence of identity. Of the total number [of synonyms] listed

seven came from Louisiana and contiguous territory ; of these seven,

five are from the same state (Lowisiana) and of those five two are

from the same bayou.’’ I have faithfully studied the descriptions,

etc., above indicated, together with the shells themselves in their

native habitat, Louisiana, with the result that I find U. declivis

Say, to be readily recognizable as a perfectly distinct species from

the balance of this group, with U. geometricus Lea, as a synonym

(according to Dr. Lea himself). Unio declivis is, moreover, very

rare as compared with the rest of the group, and generally misunder-

stood. In order that students may recognize the shell it is figured

herewith, and the following specific differences noted :

First. It never attains the extreme size of U. tetralasmus as

shown by the following measurements, based on adult specimens of

each :

50 THE NAUTILUS.

U. declivis, length 85, height 45, diameter 35 mm.

U. tetralasmus, length 133, height 70, diameter 50 mm.

Second. The beaks of U. declivis are more nearly terminal than in

U. tetralasmus (both Say and Lea mention this fact in describing

the species).

Third. The color of the nacre of U. declivis is ‘ purplish” (vide

Say and Lea), while that of U. tetralasmus is always white, very fre-

quently dull, with large blotches of olive-brown. This is an in-

variable characteristic of the thousands I have collected.

Fourth. U, tetralasmus Say, is rounded or bluntly pointed pos-

teriorly, with a rounded or obsolete posterior ridge ; while U. declivis

when perfect is much more acutely rostrate posteriorly, as noted by

Mr. Say, with a ‘ subcarinated ’’ posterior ridge.

Finally, these species inhabit different stations, U. declivis being

found in rivers (Say’s type and Lea’s U. geometricus both came from

Bayou Teche, a navigable stream) while U. tetralasmus invariably

lives in the “small streams and ponds of the South,” as stated by

Conrad. An apparent exception being Lea’s U. symmetricus which

he said came from (Alexandria, La.) the Red River; but he pro-

cured his shell at second hand from Dr. Hale, who no doubt was in

error, as he assuredly was in the case of other shells said to have

come from the same river. ‘These shells can live in localities where,

from three to six months at a time, there is absolutely no water ; in

fact living shells have been thrown out by the plowshare, and hun-

dreds have been seen killed by fire sweeping over the dried-up

ponds. (See plate III, middle figure.) This ability to withstand

droughts is no doubt a cause for the misunderstanding of the group.

Mr. Simpson, in his ‘Synopsis of the Naiades,” says: ‘‘and if

there were no connecting links, it would be easy to make half a dozen

species out of it.”” If the species happens to grow in constant waters,

they form more or less perfect shells, and are easily seen to be distinct

species. But on account of their drought-resisting abilities and the

preference for small streams in the case of the tetralasmus crowd, it

may easily be seen that a majority of the adult shells have had to

resist droughts and live through a succession of dormant stages.

During these dormant periods, the mantle of the animal is partially

withdrawn and the deposition of the epidermis and columnar layers

ceases, but the inner nacre is still deposited. The mantle is especi-

ally withdrawn from the end of the prominent rostrated portion of

THE NAUTILUS. dl

U. declivis. In consequence there are produced in this way many

variations and malformed specimens.

A colony of rough, black and corroded JU. tetralasmus was taken

from a stream across which a boy could jump, and planted in a rail-

road tank of fifteen avres, newly made by the K.C. 8S. R. R. Two

years after, one of their progeny was taken from this tank, with a

yellow, smooth epidermis as hard and glossy as glass, and as distinct

from JU. declivis as luteolus is from ligamentinus (see pl. iii, upper

figure).

In this connection, the writer would remark that in an article

published several years ago (Nautitus XI, 3), under the caption

“‘Conchological Notes from Louisiana,’ he spoke of the above-

mentioned difference in habitat of U. declivis and U. tetralasmus.

But at that time all of his specimens were named according to preva-

lent tradition, and he exactly reversed their names.

Like many other young collectors, the writer has in this way sent

out numbers of shells with erroneous names, and helped to make

confusion worse confounded. He hopes herein to correct at least one

of these errors, and at the same time to render justice to that most

excellent naturalist, Thomas Say.

By comparing the figure with that given by Conrad in his Mono-

graphy, page 45 (and on which Mr. Call’s synonymy is based, no

doubt,) it will be seen that the shells of U. declivis and U. tetralas-

mus are utterly unlike.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Upper figure. U. tetralasmus Say. R. R. tank, De Soto, La.

Middle figure. U. declivis geometricus Lea. Dried bed of Lake

Connisnia, La., showing stunting and periodicity of growth induced

by successive droughts.

Lower figure. U. declivis Say. Bayou Plaquemine, La., at

Church Point.

A NEW SPECIES OF METZGERIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

The genus Metzgeria Norman, has hitherto been known from a

single species, the pusilla of Sars or alba of Jeffreys. ‘This is re-

ported from the coast of Norway and the northeastern North At-

BY THE NAUTILUS.

lantic in relatively deep water. A second species from the Santa

Barbara Channel, California, has lately reached me.

Metzgeria californica n. sp.

Shell small, translucent white, with a pale straw-colored, dull,

wrinkled and rather conspicuous periostracum; nucleus small,

smooth, white, obliquely inclined, of nearly two whorls; there are

four or five rounded subsequent whorls separated by a deep, not

channelled, suture; sculpture of about nine rather prominent,

rounded axial ribs extending from suture to suture and on the last

whorl to the base, separated by wider interspaces and crossed by

numerous subequal spiral threads, covering the whole shell, their

wider interspaces striated by the incremental lines. Aperture about

half as long as the shell, the outer lip sharp, the throat smooth and

white; the pillar white, not callous, with three distinct, oblique plaits

beside the slightly raised margin of the canal, these are only visible

from the side of the aperture; anteriorly the pillar is tortuous,

slightly recurved, open and rather wide. Length of shell 14, of

aperture 7; width of shell 6 mm.

This species is easily discriminated from M. pusilla by its deeper

sutures and more convex whorls, and by having a more tortuous

pillar with three or four distinct oblique plaits instead of only two.

On a direct view, at right angles to the plane of the aperture, the

plaits are invisible, but are perfectly distinct from a point more

laterally situated. The operculum is elongate-quadrate with apical

nucleus. The shell, with other specimens from the same locality,

was sent to the National Museum by J. H. Paine.

NOTICES OF NEW LAND SHELLS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE,

Kulota (Euhadra) quesita var. decorata n. v.

Smaller than gu@sita, and much more coarsely sculptured with

irregularly spaced, fold-like striw, which are well raised and in part

light yellow; the ground-color of the shell being either that. of

quesita or of the form perryz, the types being of the dark pattern.

Alt. 22, diam. 85 mm. (Okuki).

Alt. 18.5, diam. 28 mm. (Chojamura).

THE NAUTILUS. 53

Okuki and Chojamura, Mutsu. Types no. 84884 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 985a of Mr. Hirase’s coll.

Eulota (Euhadra) connivens var. diversa n. v.

Shell resembling the smaller 2. connivens var. phaogramma Anc.,

but larger, with the periphery strongly angular, like a thick Plecto-

tropis. Alt. 18, diam, 25.3 mm.

Riukiu I. Type 84877 A. N.S. P. Collector unknown.

Eulota (Huhadra) submandarina var. miyakejimana n. v.

Shell similar to H. swbmandarina, but the whorls of the spire are

flatter, less convex.

Alt. 18.6, diam. 25 mm.

Alt. 16.5, diam, 21.7 mm.

Miyakejima, Izu. Types no, 84879 A. N.S. P., from no, 1067 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Eulota ( Euhadra) submandarina var. niijimana n. v.

Decidedly smaller than H. swbmandarina; subangular at the

periphery, with 42 to 5 whorls.

Alt. 12.3, diam. 17.5 mm.

Alt. 12, diam. 17 mm. ;

Niijima, Izu. Types no. 84880 A. N.S. P., from no. 1051 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Ennea twakawa var. oshimana n. var.

Differs from 2. twakawa in being much larger; from var. yaka-

shime in the decidedly more slender form, Alt. 4.3, diam. 1.7 mm.

Oshima, Osumi. ‘Types no. 84875 A. N.S. P., from no. 936 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Like almost all of the species of Oshima, this is quite noticeably

differentiated from the allied form of the main islands of Japan.

Tornatellina kitaiwojimana n. sp.

Shell perforate, globular, with short, very obtuse, conic spire ; thin’

and fragile, transparent horn-colored, faintly and finely striate.

Whorls 334, convex. Aperture large; columella bearing a promi-

nent, squarish double fold; parietal wall bearing a small, rather

short entering lamella. Length 2.7, diam. 2 mm.

54. THE NAUTILUS.

Kita-Iwojima, Izu. Types no. 84965, A. N.S. P., from no. 1094

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

An extraordinary species, very unlike any other yet known from

the region. Kita-Iwojima is one of the Sulphur or Volcano Islands,

a little group lying southwest of the Ogasawara group, and on a line

with the Izushichito group, or “ Seven islands of Izu.’’ They were

discovered by Bernard de Torres in 1543, and are governed by

Japan from the Ogasawara Is. Volcanic forces are still active in

this group, which is regarded by Yoshiwara as a continuation of the

Fuji chain, rather than orogenically belonging to the Ogasawaran

volcanic chain.

The following species of land shells have been found on Kita-

Iwojima :

Tornatellina inexpectata Pils.

Tornatellina kitaiwojimana Pils.

Tornatellina hataiana Pils.

Opeas gracile ogasawaranum Pils.

Kaliella prealta var. izushichitoensis n. v.

Shell smaller than K. prealta, with decidedly stronger peripheral

angle. Brown, somewhat transparent.

Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 84961, A. N.S. P., from no. 1060a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. Also, Niijima, Izu, no. 1060 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

Kaliella nesiotica n. sp.

Shell conic, with very slightly convex lateral outlines, obtuse sum-

mit, acutely thread-carinate periphery and slightly convex base ;

transparent brown. Whorls fully 6, slightly convex, parted by a

suture in which the fine thread-like keel ascends. Sculpture of ex-

tremely minute, rather widely-spaced hair-striz. Aperture basal,

squarish, the columellar margin reflexed above. Alt. 3.6, diam.

3.2 mm.

Miyakejima, Izu. ‘Types no. 84964, A. N.S. P., from no. 1072

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Near K. crenulata Gude, but the excessively fine hair-like striz

are much more widely spaced in this species.

Sitala niijimana n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, with conic spire, obtuse apex, strongly

THE NAUTILUS. es

angular periphery and convex base; thin, fragile, and of a pale,

somewhat transparent horn-color. Surface faintly marked with

growth-wrinkles, and under very strong magnification, showing an

excessively minute, close decussation of radial and spiral lines.

General outlines of the spire straight. Whorls 34, convex. Colu-

mella reflexed above. Alt. 2, diam. 2.38 mm.

Niijima, Izu. Types no. 84963, A. N.S. P., from no. 1057 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

The rather acutely angular periphery is nearly in the middle of

the height of the shell. It is referred to the genus Sttala on account

of its spiral sculpture, which is, however, excessively minute.

NOTE ON THE FAMILY SEPTIDE.

BY W. H. DALL.

In the Report on the Mollusks of Porto Rico, I adopted for the

family 7ritonide of authors, the name Septide, and for the typical

genus the name Septa, proposed by Perry in 1811. Perry’s list of

species comprised six, beside which he mentions the Murex tritonis

of Linné (spelling the specific name tritonia, but his meaning is ob-

vious). His genus was equivalent to the genus 7riton, as used by

authors of the first half of the 19th century. His largest and most

conspicuous species, which he compares with Murex tritonis, belongs

to the same group as the latter, which was generally accepted as the

type of the old genus 7rzton and reserved for it by Montfort when he

divided the genus, a year earlier than Perry. Therefore I accepted

Septa rubicunda Perry (—Triton nodiferus Lam.) as the type of

Perry’s genus and applied the name to the congeneric species of

Porto Rico, since Zriton is preoccupied.

In an interesting and useful paper by H. Leighton Kesteven, re-

ferred to in the June number of the Nautixus, the author does not

accept the name Septu because Perry’s first species is a Lotor’um and

without argument is taken by Mr. Kesteven as type. He shows very

clearly that the name cannot be used for Lotorium, but does not

observe that I never proposed to so use it. I used it for the group

of Murex tritonis L., which is generically distinct from the group of

which Lotorium is a member, and which, as Mr. Kesteven shows,

56 THE NAUTILUS.

has no other name at present which is valid. I was not obliged to

take the first species of Septa as a type, knowing it to be a Lotorium,

and did not. ‘The species for which I used it had no valid generic

name and Septa was applicable, and should, I think, be adopted.

ON SOME NEW LAND MOLLUSCA FROM MIDDLE AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

I. Streptostyla Sumichrasti, n. sp.

S. Sumichrasti, Crosse & Fischer, in coll. Sallé.

Testa cylindraceo-oblonga, tenuis, nitidissima, obsolete et flexuosa

substriatula, lete fulvo cornea, concolor sed ad apicem obtusulum

pallidior. . Spira gradata, conoideo-attenuata. Anfractus 65 convex-

iusculi, sutura canaliculata divisi, ultimus elongatus, latere dextro

leviter planulatus. Apertura subauriformis, superne longe attenuata,

basi subdilatata; lamina columellaris tenuis, vix callosa, elongata,

spiraliter torta, basi antice vix truncata. Peristoma obtusiusculum,

_flexuosum, medio antice dilatatum, basi recedens.

Long. 29, diam. 13, alt. 194 mill.

Hab. in isthmo Tehuantepec, reipublicaee Mexicana (coll. Ancey,

Dautzenberg, Jousseaume).

A fine large species related to the smaller S. lurida, Shutt. and’.

Bocourti, Cr. & Fisch., but much more slender than the latter and

of a more graceful oblong shape than the former. This is surely dis-

tinct from any species I examined in the collection of the late A.

Sallé, now in the possession of Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg.

Il. Streptostyla clavulata, n. sp.

Testa parvula, primo aspectu Ferussaciis ex grege F. procerule

similis, tenuis, nitida, obsolete vix striatula, verisimiliter statu re-

centi pallide cornea, sed emortua albido-hyalina, cylindraceo-elon-

gata, oblongula. Spira producta, regulariter attenuata, obtusa,

apice magno. Anfractus 61, subplanulati, sutura appressa, parum

distincta, infra pellucido marginata divisi; ultimus cylindraceo-

oblongus, basi subattenuatus. Apertura superne angusta, basi dila-

tata, lamina columellaris brevis, parum valida, subcallosa, leviter

THE NAUTILUS. 57

spiraliter torta, basi antice truncatula. Peristoma obtusum, medio

antice flexuoso-productum, basi recedens.

Long. 82, lat. 3, alt. apert. 4 mill.

Hab. in America centrali (?).

A small elongate shell, quite unlike any other I am acquainted

with and resembling a Ferussacia. I am indebted for a specimen to

Mr. Ph. Dautzenberg, who procured two examples in a lot of loose

miscellaneous shells from various localities.

A PARTIAL LIST OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF SAN SALVADOR,

BAHAMAS,

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

The following partial list of San Salvador shells is based on a col-

‘lection exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition, and now in

the Field Columbian Museum, by whom it was referred to the

writer for identification.

San Salvador, or Watling Island, is one of the Bahama Islands,

and lies just north of the Tropic of Cancer. Its molluscan fauna is

like that of the West Indies and Florida. The specimens are mostly

beach shells.

Arca barbata Linne. Cerithium literatum Born.

Lucina dentata Wood. Trivia pediculus Linne.

Lucina pennsylvanica Linne. Trivia quadripunctata Gray.

Subemarginula octoradiataGmelin, Lambidium oniscus Linne.

Acmea punctulata Gmelin. Tritonium chlorostomum Lam-

Fissurella barbadensis Gmelin. arck,

Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck. Pyramidalla dolabrata Linne.

Nerita tessellata Gmelin. Columbella ovulata Lamarck.

Nerita versicolor Lamarck. Columbella mercatoria Lamarck.

Nerita peloronta Linne. Olivella nivea Gmelin.

Neritina pupa Linne. Conus mus Hwass.

Hipponyx antiquatus Linne. Conus verrucosus Hwass.

Polinices lactea Guilding Bulla occidentalis A. Adams.

Natica canrena Lamarck. Melampus flavus Gmelin.

Tectarius muricatus Linne. Cerion sp.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES, NEWS AND REVIEWS.

Tue Usk oF THE GenerRIC Name He ricostyLta.—In the dis-

cussion of the nomenclature of ‘‘ Cochlostyla,” it has not been noticed

that Mérch, in 1865, used the name Helicostyla to include Avina,

Corasia, Helicobulimus, ete. He gives a new name Pythohelix for

the species boholensis and fulgetrum and misspells Orustia (“ Onistia’’)

and Corasia (‘‘ Coracia’”’). See Journ. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 385.

= Aa

THe ZoédLtoaetcaL Recorp, Vol. xxxix, 1902. Mollusca. By

E. R. Sykes, B. A., assisted by E. A. Smith, I. S. 0., pp. 85. The

total number of titles recorded is 611; this of course including many

papers purely palzontological. As in the preceding records compiled

by Mr. Sykes, the summaries relating to Anatomy and Distribution

are especially full, and cannot fail to be of the utmost utility to many

students. Thus, on p. 45, references to all articles dealing with

inland mollusks of the United States may be found. It may be well

to call attention here toa slip, whereby the species of New Mexico are

placed under ‘“ Neotropical, Mexican Region,” p. 44, and omitted

from “American Region.” While New Mexico has a ‘ Lower

Austral”? element in Holospira, this genus has occurred only in.a

few places in the extreme south, and the fauna as a whole is over-

whelmingly ‘‘ nearctic.”” Again, Washington, Oregon and Bahamas

are put in the ‘‘ Transatlantic Province” (p. 50), whereas the two

former should have been placed in the “ Californian,” and the latter

in the ‘ Caribbean.”” The systematic part seems to be very well

done; though in treating the Pelecypoda, a further classification

would certainly facilitate reference. The several parts of the

Record may now be purchased separately, the Mollusca for 4, the

Brachiopoda 1 shilling.’ They will be found well worth the price,

even to the local naturalist, for the information on what is being

done the world over in the study of mollusks.

Novres ON POLYPLACOPHORA OF THE CONCHYLIEN CABINET.—

The monograph on this group, by S. Clessin, has now progressed

grap group, by ’ prog

1From the Zodlogical Society, 3 Hanover Square, London.

THE NAUTILUS. 59

far enough to show the general quality of the work. The figures are

all bad copies, as well as most of the descriptions; and such classifi-

cation as there is is only right by accident ; such cases being readily

accountable for by the law of chances. If it were only a reasonably

careful compilation, the work might still have a certain value; but

it abounds with minor blunders, such as ‘* Chiton sowerbyanius”’ for

C. sowerbyanus, “* Port Jankson,” ‘* Chiton goodalii,” etc.; but per-

haps the most amusing case in the part just issued is that of Chiton

suleatus Wood. This is renamed Chiton Woodii Cles., and said to

be from ‘‘ Lord Woods Insel der Gallopagos.’’ The new name is of

course quite unnecessary, because Ch. sulcatus Wood dates from

1814, some years prior to any other use of that specific name. The

new vame Chiton (Callochiton) Carpenteri Cles. (p. 64), is a syn-

onym of Callistochiton pulchellus Gray, besides being. pre-occupied,

see p. 25 of the same work. When the monograph on Scaphopoda

in the Conchylien Cabinet was issued, I thought that for blunders and

general inadequacy it could not be surpassed ; but the work on Chi-

tons, by the same author, promises to be a close second.—H. A. P.

Zweiter Beitrag zur Binnen-conchylien des Miocins von Oppeln in

Schlesien.—Von Prof. Dr. A. Andre. Hildesheim, Dec., 1902.

In this further study of a Miocene land-shell fauna, Prof. Andree

brings out several novelties of unusual interest. The new group

Gyralina contains Hyalinia (G.) roemeri n. sp., a form very similar

to our Helicodiscus lineatus. There is a new species of Strobilops,

described under the name Strobilus. Also several interesting Heli-

ces. Adelopoma martenst n. sp., is a minute Diplommatina-like

form, in which relation is found with South American species de-

scribed under the genus Adelopoma of Doering, ranging from Argen-

tina to Guatemala. In this connection it may be well to call atten-

tion to the fact that forms of the same genus occur in eastern Asia.

** Diplommatina’’ pusilla Mart. of Japan, and its variety omdensis

Pils., which are placed by Kobelt (Tierreich, Cyclophoriden) in

Cylindropalaina, really have all the shell characters of Adelopoma.,

Also D. amurensis Mouss. (Journ. de Conchyl., 1887), from Vladi-

vostock, which is apparently identical specifically with puszlla Mart.

Another German Miocene species, Diplommatina dietzi Flach, is re-

ferred by Dr. Andrew to Adelopoma. The distribution of the genus

60 THE NAUTILUS.

is somewhat similar to that of Clausilia and the Belogonous Helices

—European, Oriental and South American.— H. A. Pilsbry.

A BroLtogicaL RECONNOISSANCE IN THE VICINITY OF FLAT-

neAD Lake [Montana ].—By Morton J. Elrod. (Bulletin Univ. »

of Montana, No. 10.) A synopsis of work in all branches of Zoél-

ogy done at the Biological Station of the University of Montana.

Besides a good many notes on mollusks throughout the text, there is

a catalogue of Montana shells (pp. 170-174), and illustrations of a

series of varieties of Pyramidula strigosa (plate xxvii) and P. Elrodi

(pl. xxxil).

CLASSIFICATION OF THE British SPECIES OF THE GENUS

Soten L., ete. By H. H. Bloomer (Journal of Malacology, x,

1903). Mr. Bloomer, continuing the series of articles upon the an-

atomy of Solen, gives us a description and illustrations of Ceratisolen

leqgumen, Solecurtus strigillatus and S. candidus. 'The former has

much in common with S. ens’s, while as would be expected, Sole-

curtus differs in many respects. Respecting the true Solens, Mr.

Bloomer looks upon “ Solen vagina as a more primitive form, and

Ensis ensis and E. siligua as more specialized forms.” Cultellus

pellucidus coming somewhere between. He finds anatomical differ-

ences between Solen and Ensis, sufficient to call for the generic sep-

aration of the latter group, which until very recently has been con-

sidered a subgenus of Solen. These careful, comparative studies in

Pelecypod anatomy are valuable and worthy of imitation.

MRS. MARY P. OLNEY.

We have recently learned with great regret, of the death of Mrs.

Mary P. Olney, of Spokane, Wash. Mrs. Olney was a devoted

lover of nature, and notwithstanding her advanced years, has taken a

very active interest in the study of mollusca. Interesting notes such

as: ‘* Odor of snails,” ** Young Pyramidula strigosa,” ete., were fre-

quently contributed to Tue Nautinus, and one form, Polygyra

mullani var. OLNEY®, was dedicated to her.

AEE «Ned eL LIBLS.,

Vou. XVII. OCTOBER, 1903. No. 6.

A NEW GENUS OF TROCHIDE.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In dredging between Oahu and Molokai in the Hawaiian Islands,

in depths varying between 220 and 486 fathoms, sandy and rocky

bottom, the U. S. Fish Commission steamer ‘* Albatross”? obtained a

number of specimens of a large deep-water gastropod shell, occupied

by hermit crabs and completely covered by the extended basal mem-

brane of a large Actinca. It is not uncommon to find gastropod

shells covered by sponges or hydroid zoophytes, commensal with a

Paguroid crab, and it often happens that the zoophyte grows beyond

the margin of the aperture forming a shield for the growing crab, to

their mutual advantage; since the crab in such cases does not have

to seek a new habitation on the ground that the old one has become

too small for him, while his movements prevent the zoophyte from

becoming smothered by the mud, as might happen if the crab sought

another domicile and left the old one lying on the bottom. In such

cases the lime of the original shell is often gradually absorbed, though

the sponge or zoophyte retains more or less of the original form. In

the present case, however, the original shell appears to be normally

so deficient in lime as to be practically of a flexible, horny consistency

and chiefly composed of a rather tough, thick layer of conchioline.

In order that it may retain its shape, it is necessary to keep it in

alcohol, as in the case of Zorellia and some forms of Velutinide.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

STYLOBATES Nn. g.

Shell depressed-turbinate, few whorled, feebly calcified, with a

deep, funicular umbilicus bordered by a carina; surface wrinkled in

harmony with the incremental lines; aperture ample, interrupted by

the body whorl, the pillar lip straight, the outer lip and base continu-

ously arcuate ; the suture appressed. Animal? operculum?

Stylobutes @neus n. sp.

Shell large, flexible, with three rapidly-enlarging whorls, which

are moderately convex above, descending to a well-marked but not

deep appressed suture; base convex, the margin of the umbilicus

earinate, its cavity straight-sided and funicular; last whorl expanded

at the aperture, which has a thin, simple margin, straight at the ter-

mination of the umbilical coil, slightly angular at the intersection of

the umbilical carina, the lips above separated for a short distance on

the body whorl; shell of yellowish-gray color (in alcohol) with a

well-marked, brassy lustre ; sculpture of small, irregular wrinkles

harmonizing with the lines of growth; outer lip somewhat sinuous

and gently excavated at the periphery ; upper margin of the aperture

alvancing beyond the lower. Maximum diameter about 75, mini-

mum 40, height 35, diameter of umbilicus about 10 mm.

Habit. station 8898 of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer ‘‘Alba-

tross,’’ in the Hawaiian Islands. There are occasional minute granu-

lations on the surface which may, however, be merely individual

peculiarities. The soft parts and operculum are as yet unknown.

This large and peculiar shell does not closely resemble any other

deep-water form yet recorded, While its proper classification must

remain unsettled until the soft parts are obtained, its general form

and habit recall several of the 7rochidz, and bear a curious super-

ficial resemblance to the New Zealand land shell formerly known as

Belix (now Paryphanta) busbyt.

DISTRIBUTION OF JAMAICAN SPECIES OF COLOBOSTYLUS.

BY P. W. JARVIS.

In this group there are thirteen clearly marked species:

Colobostylus interruptus (Lam.). C. nuttii Pils.

C. humpbreyanus (Pfr.). C. albus (Sowerby).

THE NAUTILUS. 63

C. thysanoraphe (Sowerby). C. banksianus (Sowerby).

C. jayanus (Ads.). C. yallahensis (Ads.).

C. redtieldianus (Ads. ). C. tectilabris (Ads.).

C. bronni ( Ads.). C. lamellosus (Ads.).

C. chevalieri (Ads.).

Colobostylus interruptus (Lam.) (Area No. 12). Living specimens

of this species are very rare, and only occasionally found on the Dal-

las mountains, but weather-beaten shells are very abundant on Long

and Dallas mountains, lying to the north of Kingston. In Mr, Henry

Vendrye’s list of Jamaican Land and Fresh- Water Shells, it is classed

under Choanopoma.

Oolobostylus humphreyanus (Pfr.) (Area No. 4) inhabits a very

wide area, from the Cockpit country in St. Elizabeth and Trelawny,

westward to “Silver Spring,’ in Westmoreland. The differences

between specimens from distant localities are very slight and there

seems to be no tendency to vary amongst individuals.

Colobostylus thysanoraphe (Sow.) (Area No. 6) occurs on the high

mountains in the center of the island. Fairly abundant in the Cave

Valley district.

Ovlobostylus jayanus (Ads.) (Area No. 7) is common throughout

Manchester. This species is somewhat nearly allied to C. thysano-

raphe. I have not yet found either any intermediate varieties or

both species in one locality.

Colobostylus redfieldianus ( Ads.) (Area No. 5) occurs in the two

parishes of Westmoreland and Hanover. Varies considerably in size

and color.

Colobostylus bronni (Ads.) (Area No. 1). The metropolis of this

shell is the highland parts of St. James and Trelawny where it

abounds, it is common in smaller numbers throughout these two

parishes.

Colobostylus chevalieri (Ads.). The typical form of this very pretty

shell occurs somewhere in the mountains near Montego Bay. I have

not yet found it. Dr. F. A. Sinclair, who has kindly given me speci-

mens, did not take note at the time of the exact locality. The varie-

ties album and virgatum of Adams, are found together at Green

Island in Hanover (Area No. 138).

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THE NAUTILUS. 65

Colobostylus nuttit Pils. (Area No. 2), is found on the Coast moun-

tains at Braco, near Duncans.

Colobostylus albus (Sowerby) (Area No. 3). The typical forms of

this species inhabit the coast mountains from Port Maria to St. Anns

Bay and for a few miles inland. The var. fuseus of Adams, comes

from the John Crow hills in Portland (Area 14).

Colobostylus banksianus (Sowerby) (Area No. 7). This species

has its headquarters in Manchester and spreads for a considerable

distance across the borders of St. Elizabeth and through the Cockpit

country.

Colobostylus yallahensis (Ads.) (Area No. 9). The types of this

species came from ‘“ Roaches Gully,’ on Creighton Hall Estate, in

St. Thomas; it is also found at one or two other places on the Yal-

lahs hills. This species also crops up at Schwallenburg (Area 9 A)

on the slopes of Mount Diablo, in St. Anns. I do not know of its

having been found anywhere else than in these two small areas.

Colobostylus tectilabris (Ads.) (Area 10), inhabits the central and

southern parts of Manchester. It is widely distributed over this area

but not common.

Colobostylus lamellosus (Ads.) (Area No. 11) is found on the

mountains of the South Coast of St. Elizabeth.

A NEW JAMAICAN COLOBOSTYLUS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Colobostylus nuttii n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate-conic, similar in general shape

to C. chevulieri (C. B. Ad.); surface very finely, densely and regularly

striate throughout, the striz more spaced and sharper on the early

whorls, exactly as in C. albus. Coloration various, but usually consist-

ing of a wide, purplish or purple-brown belt, leaving a pale or whitish

band below the suture and around the umbilicus; the penult. whorl

or whorl and a half bicolored, the lower part dark, the upper whitish ;

the upper whorl always purple-black. 3 to 35 very convex whorls

remain, the summit being truncate. The aperture is vertical, chest-

66 THE NAUTILUS.

nut-brown within, at least in large part, not quite circular, being a

little longer than wide, and with the inner margin less arcuate than

the outer. Peristome moderately broad, with a low, brown, raised

inner rim, and whitish or white expansion, which is dilated into a

slightly recurved or concave lobe above, adnate to the preceding

whorl ; it is also a little dilated at the columellar margin. The um-

bilicus is smooth within, but rarely shows faint traces of a few spiral

cords.

Length 17, diam. 13 mm.

‘Length 15, diam. 11 mm.

The operculum is white externally, slightly concave, rather coarsely

-wrinkled tangentially, and with about 24 whorls after the blackish

nucleus, which is situated at about the lower third, and much nearer

the columellar than the outer margin. The edge is very deeply

grooved, the sides of the groove smooth or nearly so.

Braco, Trelawny, in northwestern Jamaica, the types collected by

‘Mr. George Nutt, and sent by Mr. P. W. Jarvis.

This species differs from C. chevalier? in the sculpture of fine vertical

-striz, the obsolescence of spiral cords around the umbilicus and in col-

oration. C. albus, which has similar sculpture and operculum, differs

in the narrow lip, not dilated above. The latter species is the most

mearly related form known to me.

Sometimes the wide median color zone is split by a lighter per-

ipheral tract; or it may be reduced to a narrower belt below the

periphery.

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF SAN NICHOLAS ISLAND.

BY HERBERT N. LOWE.

San Nicholas, the most bleak and barren bit of land in the whole

group of the Santa Barbara Islands, lies apart from its more favored

sister islands, sixty-five miles from the mainland. It is a small

island, barely nine miles long, by four or five wide, without a vestige

of a tree of any kind, and very little of the cactus, which grows in

such quantities on the other islands. About half its area is a great

desert of shifting sands where lie the bleaching bones of an extinct

race of Indians which inhabited the island many years ago. Many

THE NAUTILUS. 67

strange and interesting implements of stone, bone and shell have

been found, showing very skillfull workmanship.

On this favored spot it was the writer’s good fortune to spend three

weeks in scientific research during the month of February, 1902.

The marine shells are all of rare occurrence, with the exception of

Acmea gigantea, Haliotis cracherodii and Mytilus californianus, which

grow on the rocks by the thousand. The red ‘ abalone,” Haliotis

rufescens, used to be very abundant on the island, as was also the

giant Cryptochiton stelleri, but are now of very rare occurrence. The

smaller species, such as Ocinebra circumtexta, Marginella varia,

Gadinia reticulata, Mitromorpha filosa, Megatebennus bimaculutus and

a few of the smaller chitons were found under stones in little shel-

tered inlets away from the heavy surf.

The remainder of the coast line is composed alternately of great

ledges of smooth rocks and strips of smoother sand beach. Unlike

the other islands, with their steep cliffs jutting off abruptly into deep

water, San Nicholas is low, lying with bluffs sloping gradually to the

water’s edge, with shallow water a long distance from shore. A belt

of kelp, in places more than a mile wide, surrounds the island, mak-

ing a landing very difficult. A fair idea of the marine species in-

habiting the coast may be obtained from the bleached shells found on

the old Indian camp grounds, as they seemed to have eaten molluscs

of every description, principally the Haliotis, fragments of which

cover the mounds by the million, and the irridescent shells reflecting

the rays of the sun in a gorgeous and dazzling play of color, present

a picture long to be remembered.

The following is a list of marine species found on the Indian

mounds:

Cyprxa spadicea Gray. Cryptochiton stellert Midd.

Trivia solandri Gray. Cardium quadrigenarium Con.

rato vitelina Hds. Cardium biangulatum Sby.

Acmeza gigantea Gray. Rupellaria lamellifera Con.

Acmeza mitra Esch. Lucina californica Con.

Acmea pelta var. nacelloides Dall. Tenus fordii Yates.

Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Hinnites giganteus Gray.

Chlorostoma montereyensis Kien. Pecten xequisulatus Cpr.

Chlorostoma funebrale A, Ad. Tapes staminea Con,

Gadinia reticulata Cpr. Norrissia norrissit Sby.

68 THE NAUTILUS.

Lucapina crenulata Sby. Monoceros lapilloides Com.

Fissuridea aspera Esch. Olivella boetica Cpr.

Pachypoma inequale Martyn. Oliva biplicata Sby.

Pomaulax undosus Wood. Purpura saxicola Val.

Ocinebra circumtexta Stearns. Mytilus californianus Con.

Fusus barbarensis Trask. Haliotis rufescens Swain.

Mitra maura Swains. Haliotis cracherodii Leach.

Cancellaria cooperi Gabb. Haliotis corrugata Gray.

Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. Natica sp.

The reefs where the Acmzxa gigantea have their home, jutting out

between the sand beaches, are, after every storm, temporarily cov-

ered over with sand. At such times a large quantity of sand gets

under the mantle of the Acemea, causing little nodules to be formed

on the inside of the shell, from the size of a pinhead to that of a small

bean. The shells were of unusual thickness, to withstand the con-

tinual pounding of the surf.

As I have previously stated, the island is almost destitute of vege-

tation, making the land shells few and far between, The only species

were: Helix tryoni, found alive in small numbers ;_H. feralis, one

fresh specimen and occasional dead ones; #. sodalis, none but dead

and bleached ones. I should probably not have obtained any live

FHelices had it not been for a rain storm which came on while I was

on the island, when the tiny creatures seemed to sprout as it were

from the bowels of the earth. After every rain storm there comes a

fierce, drying, west wind, which makes the snails “ hunt their holes”

in a liurry, and any unfortunate Helix not under cover is made short

work of by the scorching winds and sand blowing upon them. About

the only food for the snails is a low-growing salt bush, at the roots of

which they burrow in the dry season. At the east end of the island

are found the few scattering live Helices with comparatively few dead

shells, while at the west end of the island the dead and bleached

shells lie by the thousand on the great stretches of shifting white

sand. As there is no vegetation whatever at that end of the island,

and the prevailing winds, in the opposite direction, makes it impos-

sible for them to have been driven there by that agency, it remains

an unanswered question how came these myriads of dead and

bleached shells in this sand desert ?

At the west end occasional springs of fresh water drip from over-

THE NAUTILUS. 69

hanging ledges of rock to little pools on the sand beach, and then

flow to the great ocean without having benefited the island in any

way. In these little pools a few small stunted Physas were found.

During the winter season the island is the rendezvous of Japanese

fishermen, who catch lobsters for the Los Angeles market. They

also make a business of hunting abalones at low tide. The meats are

cleaned from the shells, boiled in salt water and spread on the flat

rocks to dry, when they are sacked up and shipped to Japan and

China, and considered a great delicacy by the celestial epicures,

The shells are sent to Los Angeles and made into pearl buttons,

souvenir spoons and various “ curios”’ to tempt the pocket-book of

the tourist.

NEW JAPANESE MARINE MOLLUSKS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Phasianella tristis n. sp.

Shell imperforate, globose turbinate, thick and solid, dark reddish-

brown, the apical whorl whitish ; smooth. Spire short. Whorls 3,

rapidly increasing, the last rounded. Aperture more than half the

length of the shell, oblique, rownded-oxvate ; columellar margin regu-

larly concave, flattened and callous. Alt. 3.6, diam. 3 mm.

Rishiri, Kitami. Types no. 85222 A. N.S. P., from no. 1367 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Near P. oligomphala, but the aperture is less oblique, the shell

more solid and of a more sombre color.

Gibbula affinis var. cognata n. v.

Differs from G. affin’s of the Viti Is. in having the larger spiral

cords more equal and regularly spaced, the apical whorls rose-colored.

Riukiu I.

Gibbula vittata n. sp.

Shell narrowly but openly umbilicate, conic, fleshy-brown, striped

longitudinally with white, the white stripes about half as wide as the

darker ones. Surface nearly lusterless. Whorls subangular above

70 THE NAUTILUS.

the middle of the upper surface, the last also angular at the periph-

ery; sculptured with narrow spiral cords, of which there are four

between the peripheral angle and the shoulder, the surface nearly

smooth or with one cord above the shoulder. Base with about nine

spiral cords. Whorls nearly 6. Aperture oblique, rounded, angular

at the base of the columella, smooth within. Columella straightened

in the middle. Umbilicus smooth and white within. Alt. 6, diam.

5.3 mm.

Riukin I. Types no. 82087 A. N.S. P., from no. 1318 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

Gibbula incarnata n. sp.

Shell perforate or closed, turbinate, coral-red, uniform or with

some paler or whitish spots at the periphery, a small area around the

columella white. Sculptured with nearly smooth spiral cords as wide

as their intervals, nine in number on the penultimate whorl. On the

somewhat flattened base there are about 8 finer cords. Spire conic,

the apex obtuse. Whorls’5, convex, the last subangular around the

base. Aperture oblique, irregularly rounded, smooth within. Colu-

mella wide and ecalloused. Alt. 5.3, diam. 5.

Kumihama, Tango. Types 82141 A. N.S. P., from no. 1323 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Monilea (Rossiteria) nucleolus n. sp.

Shell depressed globose-conic, narrowly umbilicate ; white with an

interrupted buff zone above, and conspicuously variegated with squar-

ish black-brown spots, of which there is a row of broad ones below

the suture (three or four on a whorl), a row of smaller ones just

above the periphery, and another on the base. Besides these, there

is an irregular articulation or dotting of dark brown on the spiral

cords. Surface glossy, sculptured with numerous very low and sub-

equal, nearly smooth, spiral threads, almost obsolete on the base, but

reappearing at the border of the umbilicus; and showing under a

lens, subregular, close, longitudinal grooves, almost obsolete, but visi-

ble near the suture and umbilicus. Whorls 5, convex, the last well

rounded. Aperture oblique, the columellar margin deeply concave

in the middle; columella abruptly truncate at the base. Outer lip

bevelled to a sharp edge, thickened and spirally lirate within. Alt.

5.6, diam. 6.3 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

Compared with M. nucleus Phil., this species differs in being

smaller, with the whole sculpture much fainter, subobsolete. It is

also more depressed, and the umbilicus widens more at the opening.

Clanculus gemmulifer var, pallidus n. v.

Differs from gemmulifer by its pale, yellowish-brown tint, with

roseate apex, and some indistinct, paler, radial flames; only a few of

the lire having sparse black beads, each between two white ones.

Kashiwajima, Tosa. Types no. 85221 A. N.S. P., from no. 9106

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

MISS 8S. F. PRICE.

We learn with deep regret of the death, at her home at Bowling

Green, Ky., on July 3d, of Miss Sadie F. Price. Miss Price was

born at Bowling Green. Her parents were Alexander M. and Marie

Price. For many years Miss Price had been actively interested in

the flora of her State, upon which she published a number of articles,

among them a useful illustrated work, ** The Fern Collector’s Hand-

book.” Ornithology also claimed her attention, and in the last

dozen years she became interested in mollusks, and becoming ac-

quainted by correspondence with conchologists working upon inland

species, she collected assiduously and successfully, publishing a list of

her local collections in this journal for November, 1900. Miss Price

assisted upon the Kentucky exhibit at tlhe Columbian Exposition,

where she exhibited plants and a series of paintings of the birds of

Kentucky, which attracted much attention. Like a true naturalist,

Miss Price passed on to many pupils the love of nature. She is sur-

vived by her sister, Miss Mary Price, with whom she had lived for

Many years.

GENERAL NOTES.

Herix nortensis aT Perce, P. Q.—Dr. John M. Clarke reports

this species as very common in the limestone regions at Perce, Gulf

of St. Lawrence. A specimen sent is of the five-banded form.—

BA: BP:

72 THE NAUTILUS.

Pror. T. D. A. CockerELL, of East Las Vegas, New Mexico,

has removed to Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Rey. A. B. Kenpie, of Brookline, Mass., has sold his large col-

lection of land shells to the Franklin and Marshall College, Lancas-

ter, Pa.

Tue largest fresh-water pearl on record was found at Genoa, Wis-

consin, by seventeen-year-old Frank Hastings while he was fishing.

It weighs 185 grains and is pure white. It measures 43 of an inch

in diameter. <A local dealer bought the pearl, just as it was when it

came from the shell, for $2,675.— Cleveland Leader.

Mrs. S. L. Witiiams, of Chicago, has recently added to her

large and beautiful collection of Cypreide a specimen of Cyprea

broderipii Gray. We believe this is the only specimen in America.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A New Lanp SHELL FROM CaLirornia. By Paul Bartsch

(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xvi, pp. 103, 104, 1903). Sonorella wal-

cotliana is described from Palm Springs, San Diego Co., where it

occurred in crevices of rocks.

On Some ADDITIONAL FossILs FROM THE VANCOUVER CRETA-

CEOUS, WITH A REVISED List OF THE SPECIES THEREFROM. By

J. F. Whiteaves. (Geological Survey of Canada, Mesozoic Fossils,

vol. i, part 5, pp. 809-415, plates 40-51.)

This part is similar to the one published in 1879, consisting of a

report of the many collections received since that time. Some 27

species of Cephalopoda are recorded, including six new species. The

Gastropoda are represented by 380 species, 12 of which are new.

sScaphapoda two species, and Pelecypoda 48 species, 10 being new to

science. The synonymy and bibliography is given in full and the

illustrations are excellent. The work is a valuable contribution to

American paleontology.—C. W. J.

oes NAUTILUS.

Von. XVIT. NOVEMBER, 1908. INGE 7.

SOME NOTES ON THE GENUS FULGUR.

BY CHAS. W. JOHNSON.

In the very interesting and valuable paper, ‘Studies of Gastro-

poda IJ, Fulgur and Sycotypus,”’ by Amadeus W. Grabau (Amer.

Naturalist, August, 1903), the author has again brought to generic

rank the name of Sycotypus. No stronger evidence is brought forth

to uphold this view than that already given, viz., the character of the

protoconch, as pointed out by Conrad. Dr. Dall and others consider

the condition of Conrad’s specimens to have been pathologic, while

the many tertiary forms seem to completely bridge all distinguishing

conchological characters, leaving only the ciliated periostratum, a

feature which is lost in the fossils and in Fulgur pyrum is often obso-

lete or wanting. Still Sycotypus, as a rule, forms a recognizable

group, very convenient in tracing the origin of many of the species.

Has the protoconch of F. pyrum been studied? It may have no

bearing on the subject, but it is interesting to note that while the

ege-capsules of F. canaliculatum are readily distinguished from F.

carica and F. perversum by having a single-keeled edge, those of F.

pyrum are biangular, resembling those of 7. perversum in miniature.

In tracing the ancestral relations of the various so-called species,

Mr. Grabau has brought out many points which deserve careful con-

sideration. Every one who has made a study of the tertiary species

probably has a different view in regard to the relationship of the

various forms, and these views should be freely given and the con-

sensus of opinion adopted.

All agree that the Eocene Levifusus is probably the immediate

74 THE NAUTILUS.

ancestor of Fulgur, the latter being first represented in the Oligocene

and Lower Miocene by F. spintger and its several varieties, and in

the middle Miocene by F. fusiformis.

From this form was probably derived, as Mr. Grabau states, ‘ the

large and ponderous Fulgur maximum Conr.,” which apparently,

through the varieties ¢ritonis and filosum,? leads to the recent F. carica

and its variety e/iceans. On the other hand, the sinistral form un-

doubtedly evolved from F. maximum in the upper Miocene much

earlier than Mr. Grabau’s table would imply, and by forms such as

F. adversarium and F. obfilosum leads directly to the recent F. perver-

sum, and its rare variety kiener? Phil. presenting exact parallels to

the &. tritonis filosum and F. carica eliceans series, thus strengthening

the theory of a common ancestry. During the Pliocene, F. perver-

sum seems to have extended and found more favorable conditions

further south, for it is really more plentiful and better developed in

the Caloosahatehie than in the Waccamaw beds. On the gulf coast

at the present time it is more abundant than on the Atlantic, while

F. carica is not found at all in the Gulf of Mexico.

In the Caloosahatchie beds there appeared a new form, F. rapum

Heilp., probably derived from F. perversum (as such forms of perver-

sum as Mr. Grabau has called obrapum would indicate) and appar-

ently representing a reversion to the maximum type.

T would not consider obrapum to be sinistral rapum, neither would

I consider obfi/osum to bea sinistral fi/osum; for while admitting a

common ancestry, the immutability of the recent perverswn and

carica has given us reason to believe that the same stability has ex-

isted since they originated. To admit the mutability of sinistral and

dextral forms only makes ** confusion worse confounded.” F. rapum,

through the form tritonoides Grabau, leads to the recent /. coarcta-

tum Sowerby of the Gulf of Mexico, an extremely rare shell which

may possibly be extinct. The long anterior canal of the monstrosity

F. candclubrum Lam., as figured by Kiener, indicates a position here,

rather than under e/¢ceans.

1In a bed which overlies the Chipola and having an out-crop in a mill-race

two miles east of Argyle, Fla., I found this species, identical with specimens

from St. Mary’s, Md. ;

2 F. filosum did not originate in the upper Miocene, as indicated by Mr. Gra-

bau’s table; F. maximum, tritonis and filosum are all associated with J. ancile at

Yorktown, which moreover is the type locality for filosum.

THE NAUTILUS. 7d

The Sycotypus group probably originated, as Mr. Grabau suggests,

with such forms as F. burnsii, perizenatum and tampaensis in the

Upper Oligocene (Lower Miocene?) and F. coronatum and rugosum

in the Middle Miocene. It seems rather a doubtful conclusion to

refer to F. rugosum as the direct ancestor of F. canaliculutum. I

have not seen the ‘ Faison variety ” of / canaliferum referred to,

but I am inclined to consider /. alvea/us and ineile as intermediate

forms and to trace the line of ancestry of F. canaliculatum and pyrum

through the same formations in which I trace /. cariea and percver-

sum, viz., the Miocene of Virginia and North Carolina and the Plio-

cene of the Waccamaw and Caloosahatchie.

The typical &. ¢nerle of Yorktown seems to have evolved into two

forms in the Duplin county beds; the one, F. conradii* Tuomey and

Holmes, leads to the so-called canul/ferum Conr., the type of which

is the F. canaliculatum T. & I., from the Waccamau, and in no way

separable from the recent form. The other form, derived from ¢nez/e,

represents a very mutable species, and to the various forms had been

applied the names of F. carolinens’s, excaratus, elungatus and pyri-

formis. ‘These exhibit, however, all gradations and extend through

the Pliocene to the recent / pyrum Dillw. ;

F. concinnum does not belong to the ‘* Middle Miocene.” The

type locality is Sampson Co., N. C., and I found it also along the

Cape Fear River, ten miles above Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., in a

bed typically Duplin. I do not know the forms which Conrad de-

scribed as amenum and Kerri and a study of the form from Walker’s

Bluff, N. C., might throw additional light on the subject.

THE GREATEST AMERICAN PLANORBIS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Planorbis magnificus n. sp.

The shell is very large and high, sinistral as usual, the upper or

spire half yellow or pale brown, the lower or umbilical half dark

brown. Surface glossy, finely marked with growth-lines, and usually

some spiral series of minute long granules, as in many species of pond

1That F. conradii represents an intermediate form between inci/e and canali-

culatum is clearly shown by a series in the Joseph Willcox collection of Ful-

gurs, presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

76 THE NAUTILUS:

snails (but without thread-like stria such as Planorbis trivolvis has).

Spire narrow, decply sunken, with steep sides; the summit of the

whorls acutely angular. Umbilicus deeply funnel shaped, the base

of the whorls so narrowly rounded as to appear almost angular.

Whorls nearly 5, the last very large, rounded at the periphery, some-

what flattened and sloping above, more convex below it. Aperture

but slightly oblique, irregularly ovate, angular or subangular above,

broadly rounded below, the peristome slightly expanded.

Diam. 36, height 24.5 mm.

Diam. 34, height 22 mm.

Lower Cape Fear River in the vicinity of Wilmington, North

Carolina, collected by Mr. Wm. P. Seal.

This species is remarkable not more for its size than for the great

width, far exceeding any other species. It differs from P. trivolvis,

ammon and their allies in the surface sculpture and narrower umbili-

cus. Planorbis corpulentus Say is also somewhat related, but: its:

differential features will be obvious in a comparison with Mr. Bryant

Walker’s illustrations and description of that species, Naurieus

XIII, p. 133, plate 3 (April, 1900).

OBSERVATIONS ON THE BYSSUS OF UNIONIDE.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

Recently, while collecting young or very small Unionidae, two

species were obtained having a byssus. Seven or eight specimens of

Lampsilis texasensis Lea, were taken so provided, and one specimen

of Lampsilis fallaciosus Simpson. The ZL. terasensis varied from

one-eighth to one-half inch in length, while the LZ. fallaeiosus was

five-eighths of an inch long.

The size of the shell and the length of the byssus did not appear

to bear any constant ratio, nor did the size (or diameter) of the

byssus vary. ‘The most of the terasensis and also the fallactosus were

taken by means of a combination flour scoop and sieve such as is

used in our kitchens. This was used to scrape up the bottom, and

then the mud washed out leaving the larger stuff behind. In this

way the original position occupied by the shells could not be ascer-

tained; but several specimens were taken attached to sticks, and

these were hanging suspended in the water clear of the bottom.

THE NAUTILUS. 77

The byssus was attached to the soft parts at about one-fourth dis-

tance from the anterior to the posterior end.

One of the texasensis had a byssus cylindrical in shape, about half

the diameter of a human hair laid alongside for comparison. But

that of the others and also of the fallaciosus was roughly ribbon-

shaped, and resembled a flat piece of ‘* molasses pulled-candy,”’ both

in texture and in contour. While wet they were very elastic, but

exceedingly brittle when dry, appearing to be of the same composi-

tion as the ligament of the shell. These ribbons were irregularly

twisted, now to the right, now to the left, as well as vertically undu-

latory. This gave them a sort of spiral spring effect which was

quite noticeable.

The proximal end, when separated from the soft parts by slight

traction, was bulb-shaped and attached to a style-like process which

occasionally could be drawn from between the valves. My appli-

ances were not equal to the task of determining whether this process

was an outgrowth of the foot or of the mantle. The distal ends were

attached to quite a little raft of heterogeneous material, and I believe

that this ‘raft’ serves to make a float, analogous to the balloons by

which spiders sail through the air in the autumn months. None of

them seemed to be directly fastened to any large body such as sticks

or old shells, but merely entangled with the moss or alge growing on

the sticks, etc. The lengths of these byssi were about three to

eight inches.

Several very small Quadrulas were taken. But no byssus was

noted on any of them. Could this feature be a characteristic of

Lampsilis and closely allied genera?

A NEW GUPPYA FROM FLORIDA.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

Guppya miamiensis n. sp.

The shell is perforate, almost exactly like Guppya gundlachi in

shape, size and color ; glossy and smooth, with no trace of spiral lines,

even under high magnification. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.3 mm., whorls 33.

Miami, Dade Co., Florida. Types no. 77083 A. N.S. P., col-

lected by S. N. Rhoads, 1899.

In Mr. Rhoads’ list of Miami shells, published in a former num-

78 THE NAUTILUS.

ber of this journal, this was listed as G. gundlachi.. Mr. Geo.. H.

Clapp, who obtained some of Rhoads’ specimens, directed my atten-

to its distinctness. G. gundlachi occurs at a neighboring locality,

Lemon City, Fla., as well as throughout the St. John’s valley, and

in west Florida—probably extending all over the peninsula. It was

collected by Mr. Singley at Hidalgo, Texas, and is a well-known

West Indian and Mexican species. G. gundlachi is invariably,

characterized by the presence of a sculpture of very minute regular,

and close, spiral striae, as mentioned in the descriptions of Pfeiffer,

von Martens and others, and as I have confirmed in numerous speci-

mens from Florida, Texas, Mexico and the West Indies.

NEW LAND SNAILS OF THE JAPANESE EMPIRE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Eulota luhuana yakushimana n. var.

Shell small with conic spire, yellowish red-brown or bright yellow-

ish green, indistinctly streaked with darker or sometimes with two or °

three bands faintly indicated; wrinkle striate with dense fine spiral

lines as usual. Whorls 54, the last very deeply descending below

the periphery of the preceding whorl. Umbilicus very narrow and

rapidly contracting within. Aperture nearly horizontal, the upper

and lower margins subparallel; peristome narrowly reflexed, thick-

ened within.

Alt. 17.5, diam. 23. width of umbilicus 2 mm.

Alt. 17, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 2.5 mm.

Yakushima, Osumi. Types no. 85752 A. N.S. P., from no. 895

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This race has the small, contracted umbilicus of #. l. nestotica, but

it differs in the very small size and conic spire.

Ganesella moellendorffiana n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, with low conic spire, the base

concave around the moderately open umbilicus, one-tenth the diameter

of the shell; thin, reddish brown, with a narrow, darker band above: -

and a pale band at the periphery. Surface glossy, weakly marked

with growth-wrinkles and densely engraved with minute, spiral lines.

Whorls 6, convex, very slowly and regularly increasing, the last but

THE NAUTILUS. 79

very slightly descending anteriorly, very slightly angular in front,

becoming rounded. _ Aperture lunate, moderately oblique; peristome

thin, narrowly reflexed. Alt. 20.5, diam. 29.6, width of umbilicus

3 mm.

Amagisan, Izu. Type no. 85753 A. N.S. P., from no. 1140 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection. ;

This is one of the finest of the japonica group of species, resemb-

ling G. jacobiz in contour, but much larger, with a comparatively

wider umbilicus and darker in color. It is named in honor of Dr.

O. von Moellendorff, in whose untimely death malacology has lost

one of the most acute and industrious authorities upon Oriental snails.

Pristiloma japonica n. sp.

Shell minute, imperforate, discoidal, the upper surface very low,

conoidal, base convex, periphery rounded; pale yellow, somewhat

translucent, glossy and almost smooth, very faintly striate radially

above. Whorls 53, slowly widening, slightly convex, the base im-

pressed in the center. Aperture nearly vertical, narrowly lunate,

the outer lip acute and thin, strengthened a short distance within by

a white, callous ridge, showing as a buff streak outside; columellar

margin narrowly reflexed at the insertion. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.7 mm.

Toya, Kuziro, in eastern Yesso. Types no. 85754 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 1146 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

It is impossible to say whether this is really a Pristiloma until the

jaw and teeth can be examined; but from the close resemblance of

the shell to P. lansing?, the generic reference seems probable. There

is nv Oriental group to which it could properly be referred, to my

knowledge. It is a new generic type for Japan.

NEW PISIDIA.

BY V. STERKI.

Pis. complanatum un. sp. Mussel inequipartite, slightly oblique,

moderately inflated ; superior margin short, somewhat curved, with

rounded, more or less projecting angles at the seutum and scutellum ;

posterior part short, truncate, passing with a rounded angle in the

inferior margin, which rises in a strong curve to the rounded-angular

anterior end ; supero-anterior slope not well marked, slightly curved ;

80 THE NAUTILUS.

beaks rather posterior, projecting over the hinge margin, slightly

bulging anteriorly and posteriorly, flattened laterally ; surface with

very fine, almost regular strie# and a few faint lines of growth, with

a slight, silky gloss; color light to brownish-horn; shell scarcely

translucent; nacre thin, with the muscle insertions visible but not

impressed ; hinge slight to moderately stout, plate rather narrow,

right cardinal tooth curved, occupying the whole width of the plate,

its anterior end abruptly thick and grooved or bifid, its ends are con-

nected by the sharp, inferior edge of the plate, thus forming a groove ;

left anterior cardinal tooth short, curved or angular, the posterior

quite short, small, oblique ; lateral teeth moderately stout, with short,

pointed cusps, the outer ones of the right valve quite small but dis-

tinct ; ligament short, comparatively stout.

Long. 3.2, alt. 2.8, diam. 1.8 mill.; long. 2.7, alt. 2.4, diam. 1.6

mill.

Habitat: Little Black Creek and lakes in Muskegon Co., Michi-

gan, sent by Mr, Bryant Walker.

This species is different and distinct from all our Pisidia, It

somewhat resembles P. ultramontanum Pr., but is much smaller, its

beaks are narrower, of different shape and more prominent. Some

of the specimens from the creek are higher over the beaks and in the

posterior part, and thus the mussel is of a rather different shape. In

others, the beaks are less flattened, laterally.

Pis. rowelli n. sp. Mussel well inflated, elliptical-ovate in outline,

angles at scutum and scutellum slightly projecting, broadly rounded ;

posterior margin just perceptibly subtruncate, supero-anterior slope

slightly marked; beaks a little posterior (“in normal position”),

large, rounded, projecting over the hinge margin; surface shining,

slightly and irregularly striate, with a few coarser lines of growth ;

horn colored to brownish over the beaks, usually with a lighter zone

along the margins, not sharply defined; shell translucent, rather

thin; hinge slight, plate rather narrow ; right cardinal tooth angular,

with its posterior part thicker and grooved, left anterior short, tri-

angular, placed high up on the plate, the posterior much longer,

oblique, curved ; lateral teeth with rather short, abrupt cusps in the

left valve ; the outer ones in the right valve small; ligament slight,

Long. 7.5, alt. 6.2, diam. 4.5 mill.

Habitat: Near Sisson, at the foot of Mount Shasta, California,

collected by Rev. J. Rowell.

THE NAUTILUS. 81

This large and beautiful Pisidium cannot be mistaken for any other

species. It seems to be related to abditum Hald., and some of the

old-world Pisidia. Young specimens are very little inflated, and

of a light, almost whitish color.

Pis. cuneiforme n. sp: Mussel inequipartite, oblique, moderately

to rather well inflated, mostly so near the beaks; hinge margin

slightly curved, the angles at the scutum and scutellum projecting ;

anterior part considerably longer, attenuated, somewhat cuneiform,

and directed downward, the end rounded, supero-anterior slope well

marked, straight or slightly curved; posterior part short, subtruneate ;

beaks moderately large and slightly elevated over the hinge margin ;

surface finely and irregularly striate, pale to yellowish horn-colored,

or whitish, dull to shining; shell opaque to subtransluvent, thin ;

hinge slight, short, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth placed far towards

the anterior, well formed ; the right curved, its posterior part slightly

thicker and grooved; the left anterior well curved, the posterior

slightly so, almost longitudinal and above the anterior, long; right

lateral teeth slight, cusps low and rounded, the outer ones well

formed ; in the left valve the cusps are short, high, abrupt, pointed ;

ligament slight.

Long. 2.8, alt. 2.4, diam. 1.8 mill.

Habitat : Michigan and Minnesota. In Michigan: Byer’s trout

pond, Kent Co.; Blue Lake and Green Creek, Muskegon Co.; Hess

Lake, Newaygo Co.; Lake Michigan, at High Id. Harbor. Clear-

water River, Stearns Co., Minn. Collected by Messrs. Bryant

Walker, H. E. Sargent and R. G. Kirkland.

Specimens were received in 1895, and again in ’98 and ’99, and

then regarded as representing a distinct species. Yet the number of

specimens from each place being limited, it seemed advisable to wait

for more materials.

Pis. cunetforme las some resemblance with P. subtruncatum Malm.

and (var.) cuneatum Blz., of Europe ; but the beaks are broader, less

elevated ; the surface striation and appearance are different, and the

young of both show more differences between each other than the

adult. Of our North American species, it has resemblance only with

some forms of P. compressum, but our species is much smaller and

its anterior part is longer, comparatively. Young and _ half-grown

specimens are comparatively shorter, less inequipartite and less ob-

lique.

§2 THE NAUTILUS.

A well-marked feature of the hinge is, as it seems, the relative

position of the teeth, the distance between the cardinals and posterior

lateral cusps being twice as long as that between the cardinals and

anterior laterals. In other species, e. g., Pts. compressum, variabile,

noveboracense, that difference is much less marked, and in P. vtr-

ginicum the cardinals are about equidistant from the laterals.

NEW LAND SNAILS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Epiphragmophora orophila Anc.

Testa umbilicata, umbilico margine columellari fere prorsus ob-

tecto, depressa, solidula, subnitida, fusco-olivacea, supra medium

fascia fulva cincta, supra oblique et irregulariter striata, striis rugi-

formibus, subtus exilioribus, preterea passim et minute malleata

atque spiraliter infra impressiuscula. Spira convexa, obtusa, late

subconoidea. Anfractus 54 convexi, sutura impressa, in ultimo sub-

irregulari discreti, ultimus relative magnus, antice sat breviter de-

flexus. Apertura obliqua, transverse oblonga, intus fuscula, fascia

transmeante. Peristoma album, incrassatum, anguste expansum,

basi reflexum et intus dilatatum, ad columellam late supra umbilicum

eversum, marginibus sat remotis, basali declivi.

Diam. 294, min. 24, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Peruvie.

This shell, received by MM. Sowerby and Fulton as £. clausom-

phalos (?), Dev. & Hupé, is quite unlike the latter, but is related to

a species of smaller size that one of these gentlemen sent me some

years agoas £. Farrist Higg., or rather #. Aigginst Pfr., the former

name being preoccupied. However it does not seem to correspond

with the original diagnosis. The present species is larger, its sur-

face is rough but of a plain brown color, ornamented with a brown

band and the umbilicus is nearly closed.

Epiphragmophora Turtoni Anc.

This I have described in the journal as probably Bolivian, but

subsequently my friend Mr. Gude has described from Paraguay an

Jt. Dormeri, which appears to be very close to it and of which I have

seen the type in his collection. Both are probably from the same

THE NAUTILUS. 83

country. J. turtoni is larger, a trifle more depressed, and is fur-

nished with a single median brown band. Otherwise the two species

are very much alike.

Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma, n. sp.

Testa imperforata, solida, ovato-oblonga, nitida, striis incrementi

leevibus oblique notata, in parte infera ultimi anfractus obsolete et

superficialiter lineis spiralibus vix impressa, sub epidermide lutescente

fuscula vel cinereo-iulva, atque strigis seu lineis undulatis vel fulgu-

ratis crebre picta, preterea obscure saturatius 3 vel 4-fasciata,

fasciis ob lineas perszpe interruptis, duabus primis in anfractibus

superis continuatis, apice pallido. Spira conoidia, modice elongata,

obtusa. Anfractus 64 convexiusculi, duo primi microscopice punc-

tati, ultimus regulariter oblongus, ad aperturam brevissime ascendens.

Sutura parum profunda, inferne (an casu fortuito?) impresso margi-

nata. Apertura subobliqua, elliptico-oblonga, intus ccerulescenti-

albida, fauce nitida, fusco-carnea; superne angulata, postice ad basin

columellx tantisper subangulata. Columella intus plica supera me-

diocri alba oblique ascendente munita, postea subarcuata. Peris-

toma callosum, crassum, undique breviter expansum et reflexum,

albido-carneum, ad basin dilute fusculum, marginibus callo valido

ejusdem coloris junctis.

Long. 74, Jat. 31, alt. apert. (oblique, cum perist.) 334 mill.

Hab. in Colombia (?).

I saw only one example of this beautiful species and it is in my

collection. I can compare it with no other, the color of lip and

throat being a striking feature.

( To be continued.)

MES, HENRIETTA H. T. WOLCOTT.

We regret to chronicle the death of Mrs. Henrietta H. T. Wolcott,

of Dedham, Mass., following a severe accident. She passed away

after mucb suffering, October 8th, in the 78th year of her age. Mrs.

Wolcott was deeply interested in the study of nature, was a proficient

botanist, and of late years interested in Conchology. A wide traveler,

she was never happier than when engaged in gathering interesting

material suitable for educational purposes; and many small, well-

84 THE NAUTILUS.

chosen school collections were given by her to educational institu-

tions and public schools. In the course of her travels she frequently

obtained new or rare specimens which she shared with cordial pleas-

ure with those students to whom they were of special interest. Her

last contribution of this kind was the Sonorella Wolcottiana from

Palm Springs, in the desert region of southeastern California. Phil-

anthropic work also claimed much of her attention, to which she

brought a mind clear and sensible, broadened by experience of many

years at home and in distant countries. Mrs. Wolcott was the

daugher of Joseph and Eleanor Eustis, of Boston, and the widow of

the late John W. Wolcott. She leaves a son and two daughters, be-

sides many, not bound by ties of relationship, yet who will remember

her as a friend, benefactor, or co-laborer.—W. H. D.

NOTES AND NEWS.

SHELLS oF Doveras Co., CENTRAL WaSsHINGTON.—Prof. R.

E. Snodgrass collected a small series of shells at Grand Coulee, Blue

Lake, in July, 1902, comprising the following species.

“Pyramidula,”’ strigosa Gld. Planorbis trivolvis var. horni

(small var.). Tryon.

Agriolimax campestris Binn. Planorbis parvus Say.

Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Physa triticea Lea.

Succinea gabbi Tryon. Pisidium compressum Prime,

Limnza nuttalliana Lea. Pisidium sp. undet.

Limnea adeline Tryon.

Limnza near sumassi Bd. >

This locality must be near or at the western limit of P. strigosa.

Specimens are in the coll. of the Washington Agricultural College

136

at Pullman, Wash., and that of the Academy at Philadelphia.

A. Pilsbry.

SCHISMOPE RIMULOIDES (Cpr.) at San Diego.—This species was

described by Carpenter as a Serssurella, from Mazatlan. In examin-

ing some specimens sent some years ago as *‘ Vanikoro?”’ by Henry

Hemphill, I found that they were the species named above. I do

not know that this genus has been reported from California hitherto.

—Pilsbry.

“ere NAP oes.

Von. XVIT. DECEMBER, 19038. No. 8.

A NEW CALIFORNIAN TRIVIA.

BY WILLIAM J. RAYMOND.

During the summer of 1901 the University of California, with the

financial aid of friends in Los Angeles, maintained a Marine Bio-

logical Laboratory at San Pedro, California, and carried on biolog-

ical exploration along the coast from Redondo to Newport, around

Catalina Island, and from Los Coronados Islands to La Jolla in the

vicinity of San Diego. The large gasoline launch * Elsie” was

chartered for the summer and equipped with apparatus for the study

of the physical environment of marine life, including depth, temper-

ature and salinity of water and character of bottom. Collections of

specimens were made within the regions named, from shore-line to

an extreme depth of 100 fathoms. For this purpose the launch was

provided with a winch and rope, dredges, trawls, tow-nets and re-

ceptacles for the preservation of the specimens. The molluscan col-

lections, which were large and interesting, were placed in the writer’s

hands for identification and report. In advance of a complete report

it is desirable to put certain observations on record, among them the

descriptions of new species encountered. A previously known but.

undescribed species of 7rivia is:

Trivia ritteri n. sp. Shell small, white, form ovate, inflated,

anterior extremity slightly produced, spire completely covered, but

rather prominent, base convex, outer lip margined, strongly sculp-

tured with about twenty, smooth, sharp ribs, much narrower than the

interspaces which are nearly flat and scarcely roughened by irregular

ruge parallel to the axis of the shell, no sulcus, the ribs continuing

86 THE NAUTILUS.

unchanged in width across the back, except that occasionally a few

ribs near the spire are interrupted at the median line; a few short

intercalary ribs are usually present on the sides of the shell ; aperture

rather wide, armed with 17 to 18 denticulations on the outer lip,

and 14to 16 on the inner. Two extreme specimens in size measure :

length 11.5, breadth 8.6, height 7.2 mm.; length 9.2, breadth, 6.5.

height 5.7 mm.

Catalina Island, 60 fathoms (Cooper) ; Monterey (Dall) ; Cortez

Bank, 54 fathoms (Dall); Catalina Island near Avalon, 40 fathoms

(Sta. 21, U. C. M. B. L.); off San Pedro, about 50 fathoms (Sta.

$8,°U..C; M. Be 1.).

A dead specimen and a fragment of a second, collected more than

thirty years ago by Dr. Cooper, as cited above, but wrongly identi-

fied as Trivia sanguinea Gray, are now in the museum of the Uni-

versity of California. If the admission of 7. sanguinea to the Cali-

fernian fauna rests solely upon this identification, the name should

be removed from our lists. See Cooper’s Geographical Catalogue of

the Mollusca Found West of the Rocky Mountains, 1867, No. 626.

To Dr. Dall is owing the citation of localities which considerably

extend the known range of J. ritter?. A specimen was submitted by

Dr. Dall to Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, of Manchester, England, who

considered it new after comparison with 7. multilirata, europea,

candidula, pellucidula, etc. In the character of the ribs it somewhat

resembles 7. buttont Melv., but differs in color, being white instead

of straw-colored, in having about twenty instead of fourteen ribs, and

in its size, the latter species being 5.6 mm. ‘in length. 7. retteri

differs from 7. ewrop@a in the ribs, which in the former species are

less numerous, sharp, and much narrower than the interspaces, while

in the latter they are more rounded and wider. The shell of the

latter is also more inflated. From J. panamens/s Dall, the present

species differs in much greater size and more uumerous ribs. It

gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to Professor

William E. Ritter, in charge of the University of California Marine

Biological Laboratory at San Pedro, 1901,

ANNIE M. LAW.

For much of our knowledge of the mollusk fauna of east Tennes-

see and western North Carolina we are indebted to two ladies, Miss

THE NAUTILUS. 87

Annie M. Law and Mrs. Georce AnpreEws. Before them,

RuGev had made a beginning in this beautiful but difficult mountain

country. Until Ferriss and his friends began their explorations,

these three enthusiasts were the only naturalists to exploit the region

for land mollusks.

Miss Law! came from distinguished English ancestry. Her par-

ents were John and Ann Law, of Carlisle, England. Her uncle,

Richard Law, was governor of Malta. Other relatives who rendered

services to the State were Chief Justice Lord Ellenborough, the

Bishop of Bath and others. The Law family records were destroyed

during the Civil War, so that the exact date of Miss Law’s birth

cannot be ascertained ; but her father, John Law, came to America

about 1850, Miss Law being about nine years old at that time.

‘Mr. Law located some nine miles from the town of Maryville,

Blount county, Tepn., a wild, mountainous country, though there

was a watering-place about two miles distant where the elite of the

South came through the summer for health and rest. Otherwise our

neighbors were illiterate. There were no schools or churches, so that

our parents were our teachers and companions. My father died in

1852 or 753. During his lifetime on the farm, my sister would ride

into Maryville and recite Latin and algebra to Dr. Anderson (the

founder of Maryville Theological Seminary) once or twice a week.

Then moving into the town, she still continued these studies. She

passed the examination for teaching school, and received a certificate

at the age of thirteen. Being large for her age, she was given a

school. She was proficient in music and gave lessons.

« Through Col. W. G. McAdoo, of Knoxville, she was introduced

to Dr. James Lewis, of Mohawk, N. Y., who wished her to collect

shells. She had from childhood a taste for shells, mineralogy, ento-

mology, botany, in fact everything connected with nature. She

began a correspondence with Dr. Lewis about 1868, which continued

until his death. She had also a number of other correspondents in

America and abroad.

‘TI might write a long story about some of her trips while collecting.

After being in California four years, she returned to Tennessee and

spent several months there. On one occasion, Dr. Lewis wished some

1 The following account is from data and a biographical sketch furnished by

Mrs. Fannie Law Andrews, Miss Law’s younger sister.

85 THE NAUTILUS.

particular shell from Bald Mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains.

She procured a young man friend and two horses, and setting out

from Concord, Knox county, went to the top of the Big Bald and

procured the shells desired. They had to spend the night there.

During the night there was a terrific thunder-storm far beneath

them. She never enjoyed a trip more. Another trip she made in

Monroe county was from Jalapa to Telico Plains. The distance was

not great, but it was a bitter cold morning, the banks of the river

covered with ice. She wore rubber boots, and wading in, got beyond

her depth; but she got the shells. On this trip, I was her com-

panion. As there was no house on the side I was on, I followed with

bare feet. She suffered very much, not having dry footwear; but

we soon reached a comfortable fire at a friend’s, dried our things and

were made comfortable. My sister never seemed to think of her own

comfort when engaged in the search for shells. Many such exposed

trips she made, the effects of which I think undermined her health.

‘¢When she returned to California the second time, I was with

her. We came by way of Mohawk, N. Y., visited the family of

Dr. Lewis, and had the pleasure of seeing his collection. We also

made a flying trip to Florida, visiting Jacksonville, St. Augustine,

Palatka and Silver Springs. Wherever we were, she collected shells.”

In California, Miss Law made her home at Watsonville, Santa

Cruz county, with her sister, Mrs. Andrews, until her death, January

12, 1889.

Among the species discovered by her are G'astrodonta acerra, Vit-

rinizonites latissimus, Polygyra chithoweensis and P. lawt.

NOTE ON MUREX MARCOENSIS SOWERBY.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

In the Journal of Malacology, volume 7, p. 162, Mr. G. B. Sow-

erby has described a Murex marcoensis from Marco, Florida. This

form was previously noted by Dr. W. H. Dall and the writer of this

note, it being considered by them a color variety of Murex mes-

sorius Sowerby. Dr. Dall, in speaking of Murex messorius says

(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., v. 18, p. 196), ‘*The Florida specimens

are often of a deep rose-pink.”” In Trans. Acad. Sciences, St.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Louis, the writer remarked on p. 377, ‘+ Dr. W. H. Dall has char-

acterized a variety rubtdum, from Cedar Keys, Florida, the shell

being of a deep pink color.”” The writer was in error in stating

that Dr. Dall had characterized the variety rubidum, he having

simply referred to the rose color.

The history of this variety will therefore stand as follows :

1889. Dall: Murex messorius (Sowb.) Reeve, pink variety, Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool., v. 18, p. 196.

1897. Baker: Murex messorius (Sowb.) Reeve, var.> rubtdum

“ Dall” Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, v. 7, p. 377.

1900. Sowerby: Murex marcoensis, Journ. of Malocology, v. 7,

p. 162.

If the two forms are the same, which I have no reason to doubt,

it will stand as Murex messorius var. rubidum Baker.

NEW LAND SNAILS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Porphyrobaphe galactostoma Anc.

P. galactostoma Anc. in Bull Soc. Malac. Fr., 1890, p. 153 (juv.).

P. yates Pfr. var. albolabris Dohrn, in Cat. Staudinger.

Testa imperforata, solidula, subglutinosa nitens, oblongo-attenuata,

vix lineis incrementi notata, epidermide luteo-virenti induta, fasciis 4

badiis (supera angusta, infera late sed parum distincta), strigis ful-

guratis luteis interruptis in ultimo anfractu eximie picta, fasciis 2

superis in anfractibus prioribus conspicuis. Spira conoidea, regu-

lariter attenuata, apice obtuso, pallide lutescenti-albo, microscopice

punctato-rugoso seu vermiculato. Anfractus 6} convexiusculi, su-

tura lineari, albida, infra linea fusca marginata, ultimus oblongus, ad

aperturam breviter ascendens. Apertura subobliqua, inferne dis-

tincte recedens, elliptico-oblonga, utrinque angustata, ad basin colu-

melle angulata, nitide lactea, fauce alba. Columella superne late

calloso-plicata, postea fere recta, cum basi sinulum latum efficiens,

expansa et dilatata. Peristoma candidum, callosum, late expansum

et reflexum, nitidum, marginibus callo eximie candido junctis.

Long. 78, lat. 33, alt. apert. (oblique cum perist.) 38 mill.

Hab. Eastern Peru (fide Staudinger).

90 THE NAUTILUS.

This is closely allied to P. sublabeo Anc., P. vicaria Fult., and P.

Yatest Pfr., all from Peru, but is remarkable for its pure white re-

flected lip. It was originally described from a juvenile specimen,

imperfect in several respects.

Porphyrobaphe victor Ptr.

I secured an authentic specimen of P. Augusti Jouss. (Bull. Soc.

Zool. de Franee, 1887, p. 1, pl. III, fig. 10), and cannot see that it

differs from Pfeiffer’s species.

Bulimulus Blanfordianus, n. sp.

Testa anguste et obtecte rimata, oblongo-attenuata, parum solida,

lineis incrementi grossiusculis, sub suturam pliculosis, infra et prope

aperturam levioribus, et striis exilibus, in ultimo anfractu parum

conspicuis crebre sculpta, castaneo-fulva, punctulis luteis parvis

passim notata, apice nudo, pallide fuscescente. Spira conica, lateri-

bus convexis, acutiuscula. Anfractus 64 convexiusculi, ultimus ob-

longus, subattenuatus. Apertura distincte obliqua, intus nitide

coerulescens, ovalis, supra attenuata. Peristoma simplex, obtusum,

margine dextro regulariter convexo, basali rotundato, columellari

dilatato, perforationem fere omnino tegenta, adnato, lacteo, dextro et

columellari callo coerulescente junctis. Columella intus pliciformis,

spiraliter recedens.

Long. 55, lat. 254, alt. apert. 274 mill.

Hab. Iquico, Bolivia, 3500 met. above the sea (fide Fulton).

A very large Bulimulus, respectfully dedicated to Mr. W. T.

Blanford, the well-known writer on Indian shells. It is closely

allied to Bulimulus anthisanensis Ptr., from Ecuador, but is much

larger and more capacious. In that respect it resembles B. inca

d’ Orb., more than any other species from the same country, but the

two species are clearly distinct.

A NEW SCISSURELLA FROM PATAGONIA.

BY PAUL BARTSCH.

Scissurella dalli spec. nov.

Shell minute, moderately elevated, whorls increasing uniformly

and rapidly in size from the extreme apex to the aperture. Nepionic

THE NAUTILUS. 91

whorls one and one-half, not enlarged, dextral, translucent, shining,

without sculpture. Post-nepioniec whorls two, decidedly inflated,

with the slit about half way between the suture and the periphery,

open only in about one-twelfth of the last turn, marked on the rest

as a narrow, moderately deep, depressed groove, which is bounded

on each side by a raised thread. The remaining ornamentation of

the whorls consists of feeble, raised, equally-spaced, axial riblets,

which follow the curve of the outer lip. These riblets are best de-

veloped between the suture of the whorls and the slit, becoming en-

feebled toward the periphery and quite obsolete on the base. In

addition to these, a few ill-defined spiral lirations manifest themselves

under high magnification between the suture and the slit. Suture

strongly impressed. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded. Base

rather depressed and somewhat concave toward the umbilical region,

marked by the faint continuation of the axial riblets and many ex-

ceedingly fine spiral stria. Umbilicus narrow, deep, bounded by a

weak basal fasciole. Aperture large, broadly pyriform with continu-

ous peritreme, posterior angle obtuse, somewhat patulous anteriorly ;

outer lip thin; columella oblique, thin; parietal wall distinct, re-

flected upon the body whorl, partly closing the umbilicus.

The type is in the U.S. Nat. Museum collection, No. 171400, and

comes from the Gulf of St. George, Patagonia. It measures, long.

0.8 mm., diam. 1.4 mm.

GENERAL NOTES.

Vicrina Devositinc Eaes.—You may be interested to know

that on November 8th, and again to-day (November 15th), I found

Vitrina limpida Gld., depositing their eggs. The eggs are white,

almost round, some of them being slightly pointed at one end, and

about 1 mm. in diameter. They are laid in bunches of six or eight,

under rotting wood on the ground.

In the ten years during which I have been watching this ‘* colony,”

I have never seen a young shell, but think the eggs are hatched in

the early spring, the snails reaching maturity in the autumn. From

October to January is their active season, and during those three

months they can be found moving around on any pleasant day. Have

found them very active when the temperature was below 40°.—Gkro.

H. Crary, EpGewortu, Pa.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

MoLiusks Or Our SouTHEASTERN Coast.—The United States

National Museum has recently published a reprint of its Bulletin No.

37: ‘A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks

and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with

illustrations of many of the species,” by William Healey Dall. The

first edition of this work, published in 1889, having become exhausted,

the reprint has been found advisable to meet the requests for copies.

The body of the reprint is a verbatim copy of the earlier edition,

but the usefulness of the work has been much increased by the addi-

tion of 21 new plates, containing 188 figures.

It is a classified list of the shell-bearing marine mollusks found

between Cape Hatteras and Mexico. For each species the author

has indicated the extreme northern and southern range, and some of

the more important intermediate localities ; the range in depth; the

range in time, and its occurrence in Europe, if it be known to occur

there. The average length of specimens of part of the species is

given. 95 plates, containing many hundreds of excellent figures,

illustrate a great many of the species. ‘The reprint is obtainable by

those properly entitled to receive it—W. B. M.

List oF British NoN-MARINE Mottusca.—By B. B. Wood

ward (Journal of Conchology, x, pp. 352-367, Oct. 1, 1903).

British conchologists have been among the most conservative in

matters of nomenclature and taxonomy. For many years it seemed

that no material innovation from the arrangement in Jeffrey’s Brit-

ish Conchology could obtain recognition in the non-marine mollusks

of the tight little isle. In the last few years all this has been

changed. The great progress of malacological svience abroad and

the revival at home, signalized by the formation of the liveliest

Malacological Society in the world, has finally lead to the revision of

the British list now before us. The general classification followed is

that of Fischer, but greatly modified in details of family and generic

divisions. A few points of especial interest to American concholo-

gists may be mentioned bere. The name Vitrea radiatula is pre-

ferred to that of V. hammonis. Mr. Woodward concludes that

‘there is a costate form of Vallonta in America distinct from the

THE NAUTILUS. 93

costate variety of V. pulchella present in Britain, and I recommend

that until it can be demonstrated more conclusively than has at

present been done that there are two British species, the costate form

be classed as a variety of the typical V. pulchella.”” The name

Tachea being preoccupied for a genus of birds, Cepea Held is substi-

tuted. The nomenclature of ‘* Buliminus’’ is discussed, and that

name is replaced by Hna of Leach, and the family name is changed

to Enide. Pupa is discussed at iength. It appears that that name

was first used for species of Actzwon and Cerion, and finally by

Drapernaud for what is now known as Pupa. Mr. Woodward con-

cludes that Jaminia Risso, 1826, is the earliest available name for

the Pupa muscorum group.

In the Basommatophora, Phytia myosotis replaces the familiar

Alexia, preoccupied in Coleoptera, and Ovatella takes the place of

Leuconia, being earlier. Planorbis glaber J-ffr. is definitely sep-

arated from the American P. parvus. Mr. Woodward disputes the

propriety of Dall’s course in substituting Corneocyclas for Pisidium,

but otherwise the generic nomenclature of bivalves calls for no

special comment.

Mr. Woodward uses the emended forms “ Dreissensia,”’ ‘* Vivipara,”

‘* Aplecta”’ and ‘+ Assemania,” a course against the- general usage

in this country.—H. A. Pivssry.

On Some Motuiusca Known ro Occur in INp1ANA.—By W.S.

Blatchley and L. E, Daniels (27 Ann. Rep, Dept. Geology and Nat.

Resources of Indiana for 1902). This paper of 100 pp. is supple-

mental to the report on Indiana mollusks by Dr. R. E. Call, pub-

lished in 1899. Some 92 species are added to the fauna of the

State, a large number of them being figured and all described. Some

little known or new forms are among those illustrated, such as

Succinea calumetensis Calkins, Limnea woodruffi Baker, Ancylus

shimekii Pils., Lithasia obovata biconica and Goniobasis indianensis

Pils., various Pisidia described recently by Sterki, Lampsilis

blatchleyi Daniels, etc., so that the report is of general interest to

those studying our inland mollusks.

The same Annual Report includes A Cueck List oF INDIANA

Motuusca witH Locauitiks, by L. E. Daniels. 277 species have

been ascertained to occur within the State.

94 THE NAUTILUS.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TERTIARY. Fauna or FLoripa.—By

Wm. H. Dall. Trans. Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadel-

phia, vol. iii, pt. vi.

This constitutes the concluding part of Dr. Dall’s extensive work.

The entire volume (iii) comprising 1654 pages and 60 plates, consti-

tuting the most valuable and exhaustive treatise on the American

Tertiary fauna ever presented, and forming a work indispensable

both to the conchologist and paleontologist.

Parts I and II are devoted to the Gastropoda, and the remaining

parts to the Pelecypods, Part III being given up entirely to a new

classification of the latter. All the parts as they have appeared have

been reviewed in the pages of Tue Nauri us.

The present work takes up the family Venerida, with a history of

the various generic names employed; most of the changes in nomen-

clature have, however, been noted in the ‘* Synopsis of the Veneridz’’

(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxvi, 335), but this work in many. cases

covers the ground more thoroughly, giving the complete generic and

specific synonomy of many of the recent forms which extend into the

tertiary. 41 new species are described.

In the family Lucinide there are 33 new species, and in the

Chamidez seven. The subgenus Hchinochama Fischer is given gen-

eric rank. The family Carditidz is also well represented in the ter-

tiary, 18 new species being described. The Cyrenidz contains sev-

eral new forms, the section Cyrenodonax Dall., the type of which, C.

formosana Dall, n. sp., “ Recent in Formosa, at the mouth of the

Tamsui River,” is described in a foot-note. Miodontopsis is proposed

for Miodon Sandberger 1870, not of Carpenter, 1865. Hgeria Roissy

is adopted in place of Galatea Brug. (Galathea Lam.) 1803, not

Fabr, 1798. Type G. radiata Lam.

In regard to the smal] fresh-water forms usually referred to the

Cyrenide, Dr. Dall says: *‘ While closely related, it seems more

convenient to place Sphaertwn and Corneocyclas (= Pisidium Pfeif-

fer) in a separate family,” Sphaeriide.

Crassatellites Kriiger 1823, which supplants Crassatella Lam. 1801,

not of Lam. Prodome 1799, is largely represented in the American

tertiary. The recent C. floridana Dall, described from a young shell,

proves to be the same as (. gibbesii T. & H. Crassinella Guppy is

given only subgeneric standing. C. /unulatus Conr. is restricted to the

fossil, the recent form being C. mactracea Linsley.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The Astartidz number 22 species, of which seven are new. Cyclas

Bruguiere 1798 (1st species Venus islandica Linn.) replaces Cyprina

Lam. 1818, and is located with 7rapezium and Coralliophaga in the

family Pleurophoridx. Pandora carolinensis Bush is considered the

same as the Miocene P. arenosa Conr. Laternula Bolten 1798 =

Anatina Lam, 1809.

To the readers of Tur Nautiius the many recent changes in

nomenclature may, perhaps, be better understood by the following

extract from the author’s preface: ‘In the years which have elapsed

since this Memoir was begun, the subject of zodlogical nomenclature

has been much discussed and the general consensus of opinion seems

to trend towards the acceptance of names for which no diagnosis was

originally supplied, provided the species cited under them are identi-

fiable. This change from the British Association rules of 1842 is

responsible for much unnecessary overturning of formerly accepted

names with no visible benefit to science, but since it appears to ex-

press the will of the majority, it seems useless to oppose it, and in

Parts 1V-VI it has been complied with, except in the case of the

anonymous auctioncer’s catalogue, known as the ‘ Museum Calonni-

anum.’ This compilation from a manuscript of Hwass, edited by Da

Costa, and printed for the auctioneer, George Humphrey, has usually

been credited to the latter. I confess, my desire to settle the nomen.

clature on a firm basis, though great, has not been equal to the ac-

ceptance of these anonymous, undefined, worthless names, which

would involve the loss of much that is fundamental in the nomencla-

ture of mollusks. I still hope that the common sense of naturalists

will find a way—if necessary, an arbitrary way—to eliminate this

publication from authorized sources of nomenclature. ‘The ‘Museum

Boltenianum’ stands on a different footing, and the principal change

which its acceptance involves in the earlier part of this work is the

substitution of the name Busycon for the more familiar Fulgur.”

The part closes with a “ Discussion of the Geology,” followed by

descriptions of the several stages or horizons and lists of the species

recognized in each, also a summary in tabular form, showing the re-

lations of the faunas to one another. Some idea of the amount of

labor involved in preparing this great work may be derived from a

foot-note on page 1552: ‘It may be of interest to note that during

the progress of this work approximately eight thousand three hun-

dred and fifty species have been discussed or compared, and eight

96 THE NAUTILUS.

hundred and sixty new forms described. More than fifty new group-

names, from sections to genera, have been proposed, and more than

five times as many reduced to the rank of synonyms as unnecessary

or belated. The number of species known at present between the

beginning of the Oligocene and the present fauna is between three

and four thousand, probably less than half as many as will eventually

be obtained and discriminated.” —

The richness of the tertiary fauna is clearly shown by the lists of

species, the bed of the Caloosahatchie River alone containing 639

species, of which 48 per cent. are recent and 28 per cent. are peculiar

to the bed. From the Chipola beds 333 species are recorded, about

one-half being peculiar to it, thirty-five species surviving to the exist-

ing fauna. The Oligocene marl of Bowden, Jamaica, is also very

productive, thus far yielding 435 species, of which 12 per cent. ap

pear to be identical with recent species.—C. W. J.

A List or Species oF Moutusca FROM SoutTu AFrica, form-

ing an appendix to G. B. Sowerby’s Marine Shells of South Africa.

By Epear A. Suita (Proc. Mal. Soc., London, v, 354—402, pl. xv).

This valuable fauna list enumerates 390 species, including over 300

species not in Mr. Sowerby’s work. Nine species are described as

new. The region covered includes only the coasts of Cape Colony

and Natal. It may be of interest to know that the so-called Fulgur

africanus Sowb., based on a half-grown shell in poor condition, is a

Fusus ; a figure given of the adult shell shows a columellar callus de-

tached from the whorl at the lower part, forming an umbilical

rimation.—C. W. J.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-EIGHT NEW GASTROPODA FROM THE

Persian Gur, GuLF or Oman, AND NortH ARABIA SEA. By

Jas. Cosmo Mervitt and Rost. Stanpen. (Ann. and Mag. of

Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. xii, pp. 289-324, pl. xx—xxiii.)

This paper contains some very interesting forms, among them two

species of the genus Homalaxis, a species of Scissurella, one Klecnella,

and a Fluxina. All of the species are excellently figured.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVII. JANUARY, 1904. No. 9.

GUNDLACHIA AND ANCYLUS.

BY WM. H. DALL.

During the last ten years I have frequently announced to acquaint-

ances and assistants interested in conchology, my belief in certain

propositions hitherto unsupported by proof, bearing on the so-called

genus Gundlachia, viz:

1. That Gundlachia is merely an Ancylus which has under favor-

able circumstances been able to form a calcareous epiphragm and

survive the winter, which ordinarily kills the great mass of individ-

uals, and, while retaining the shell of the first year, to secrete an en-

larged and somewhat discrepant shell during its second summer.

2. That not all Ancyli necessarily have the ability to do this, but

the practice may have developed in certain small species; and in

tropical regions where the dry season takes the place of winter it is

possible that survival may become more or less habitual with some

of these species, though evidence of this is still needed.

On no other hypothesis could I account for the fact that single

specimens, or a small lot of specimens on a single occasion (after a

specially favorable season ?), of Gundlachia have been reported from

various parts of the world and described as species, but which no-

body has been able to find a second time or in any considerable

numbers. Also that the young Gundlachia cannot be distinguished

from an Ancylus and usually resembles some common species of

Ancylus of the same ponds in which the Gundlachia appears ; while

the only species which have been repeatedly collected as Gundlachia

98 THE NAUTILUS.

come from tropical or southern countries. There is nothing dis-

tinctive in the radula or soft parts of Gundlachia, as far as yet ob-

served, to separate it from the analogous Ancylus.

A paper which, for the first time, brings to bear on this hypo-

thesis facts which seem to render it sufficiently acceptable to publish,

has been contributed by Erland Nordenskidld to the Zodlogische

Anzeiger, XX VI, pp. 590-593, July, 1908, with seventeen figures.

In this paper to which the reader may profitably refer, a process

such as my hypothesis assumes is fully illustrated in Ancylus mori-

candi WV Orbigny, from the Chaco region of Brazil, up to the point of

the completion of the epiphragm and the determination of the

identity of the forms bearing it with the typical first year Ancylus.

The formation of the second-year shell or Gundlachia by these indi-

viduals, alone remains to be demonstrated to establish the hypothesis

as a fact.

NOTES ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE SHELLS OF UNIO.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

The shells of Unio are stated by most authors to be composed of

three layers, known as the “ epidermis,” the ‘columnar ” or ‘ pris-

matic”? layer, and the “ nacreous,” or simply called the “ nacre.”

As a matter of fact, however, these shells are composed of four

layers, the nacre being composed of two distinct layers. These may

be readily noted in a polished section of some thick-shelled species,

and especially if a species be chosen, such as QObovaria retusa

Lamarck, showing the two layers in different colors. A clearer idea

of the two layers may be obtained if the secreting ‘‘mantle” be

studied. This part of the animal, though called by a single name

“mantle”? really is composed of two distinct portions, and should

have two names. That portion extending from the beaks to the

pallial line is thin, and one is tempted to say structureless, while

from the pallial line to the margin, it is thickened, and plentifully

supplied with nerves and muscles. The extreme edge of this is

thickened, and secretes both the epidermal and columnar layers.

From this edge to the pallial line is secreted a layer of nacreous

material which may be called the extra-pallial layer. If a section

of any thick-shelled species be made, it can easily be seen that the

THE NAUTILUS. 99

elements of growth of this layer are diagonal to the general surface

of the shell. From the pallial line to the beaks is deposited the

the elements of which are parallel to

fourth, or intra-pallial layer

the general surface. The sectionized shell will show the extra-

pallial layer wedge-shaped, with the apex at beak, and base occupy-

ing the distance from the pallial line to the margin, while the intra-

pallial layer is also wedge-shaped, with its apex at the pallial line.

Because the pallial line is composed of very many small muscle-

scars disposed in a line, if the two layers could be separated, a sur-

face would be exposed “radially ridged.”” Sometimes, by decay,

this separation is effected, partially, near the beaks, and the “ false

beaks ’’ so exposed are strikingly ‘ radially ridged ’’—so much so as

to deceive an expert like Dr. Lea. If a thick-shelled Unio like

Quadrula trigona be burnt, this structure can be very readily demon«

strated.

It is not impossible that this appearance of decayed or fossilized

Unios has given rise to the opinion, as stated by Mr. Chas. T. Simp-

son, that the primeval Unios were provided with “radial beak-

sculpturing.” The difficulty experienced by every collector of ob-

taining living shells showing beak-sculpturing, and the a priort im-

probability of fossil shells retaining this very perishable character,

lends an air of probability to the above theory, which may be further

strengthened by the curious fact that no North American Unio re-

tains the slightest tendency to show their beaks so sculptured.

LAND SHELLS OF MT. DESERT, MAINE.

BY H. S. COLTON.

On Mt. Desert Island last summer I found land shells in six local-

ities. At Hall’s Quarries I found Zonitocdes arboreus near the shore

at the edge of the woods. From Seal Harbor I received Vitrea ham-

monis Strom, Pyramidula striatella Anth., Helicodiscus lineatus Say

and Carychium exiguum Say. At Coryledge point under boards

within a yard or two of the place where the beach began, I found

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Pupa muscorum in untold numbers, Cochlicopa lubrica Mill, Vitrea

hammonts Strom, Zonitoides arboreus Say and Succineu obliqua Say.

At Southwest Harbor Village, under planks, by the road-side I

found:

Vitrea hammonis Strom. | Vertigo ventricosa Morse.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Sphyradium edendulum Drap.

Zonitoides milium Morse. Cochlicopa lubrica Mull.

Vitrina limpida Gld. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Euconulus fulvus Mill. Vallonia excentrica Sterki.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say.

The great majority of the species that I found were in Sea Wall

and McKinley Villages. These two villages were about three miles

apart. Here the conditions were the same. New board-walks were

being built along the road and the planks of the old one were thrown

irto the gutter and into the adjoining fields. I found the following

under these boards or in the grass near the boards:

Sea Wall Village. McKinley Village.

Vallonia excentrica Sterki, abun. Vallonia excentrica Sterki.

Pupa muscorum 'L., abundant. Vertigo ventricosa Morse.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill, abun. = Cochlicopa lubrica Mill.

Vitrina limpida Gld. abun. Vitrina limpida Gld.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Vitrea hammonis Strom.

Euconulas fulvus Mull. Euconulus fulvus Mull.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Zonitoides arboreus Say.

Zonitoides exiguus Stimp. Agriolimax agrestis I. ,

Agriolimax compestris Binn. Agriolimax compestris Binn.

Pyramidula striatella Anth. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Flelicodiscus lineatus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Succinea obliqua Say. Succinea obliqua Say.

Suceinea avara Say. Succinea avara Say.

Acanthinula harpa Say. Acanthinula harpa Say.

I visited a number of islands but explored only a few carefully.

I spent an hour on the evergreen woods of Suttons and found a few

Zonitoides arboreus Say. An hour on Baker’s Island, an hour on

Black Island and six hours on Little Goat’s Island, revealed me noth-

ing. On Little Ram Island, a rock about a hundred feet long cov-

ered with about three feet of soil which supports a number of dead

spruce trees, I got Zonitoides arboreus and Suceinea obliqua under

some dead wood. On Greening’s Island, where I lived and explored

THE NAUTILUS. 101

most carefully, I discovered two specimens of Succinea avara Say

under a board in a swamp. On Little Cranberry Island, under

boards near the woods, I found :

. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill. Agriolimax compestris Binn,

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

EHuconulus fulvus Miill. Succinea avara Say.

With the exception of the places where the board-walk was be-

ing repaired, land shells were the most plentiful on great Cranberry

Island. The island is shaped like the letter G and is about four

miles long. I explored the western part of the island or the back of

the G most carefully. The western shore is composed of ledges of

solid rock behind which lies an extensive bog. Where the rock

wall is low the surf has built ‘sea walls’ by piling up cobblestones,

making a steep beach back of which lies the swamp. This swamp

and the higher places near the shore are covered with grass, on top

of which the sea in times of storm has cast old planks, stumps, boxes

and all kinds of rubbish. It was under these that the shells were

found. There was one exception however. Pyramidula alternata

Say, I found under stones. I found them within a foot of where the

vegetation ended and the rocks began that went down to the sea.

Indeed all the species enumerated below were found within twenty

feet of the beach. Sprinkled through the grass are the shells of

Buecinum undatum, Littorina and Mytilus edulis. Some have been

washed up, others have been carried by the crows and gulls. It has

been suggested that it is owing to the abundance of calcium carbon-

ate in the soil due to these decomposing shells that land shells are

so very abundant at the edge of the sea.

Vallonia costata Miill. Agriolimax compestris Binn.

Pupa muscorum L. Pyramidula alternata Say.

Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Suecinea obliqua Say.

Euconulus fulvus Miill. .

Little Duck Island lies about eight miles to the southward of Mt.

Desert and is the most isolated that I visited. It is about a halfa

mile in diameter and is half covered with a dense growth of woods,

principally spruce. Half is bare of trees and is covered with coarse

grass, granite ledges out-cropping here and there. Between the

woods and the field there is an area of trees. It was here under

102 THE NAUTILUS.

sticks that I found nearly everything. I did however find Zonitoides

arboreus Say and two specimens of Helix hortensis and P. alternata

Say away from any trees. A year ago Succinea obliqua was found

in great abundance around a spring, but I did not notice them there

this year. This year I found them in the area of dead wood.

Pupa muscorum L. Helix hortensis Mull!

Cochlicopa lubrica Mull. Pyramidula alternata Say.

Euconulus fulvus Mill. Pyramidula striatella Anth.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Vitrea hammonis Strom. Succinea obliqua Say.

NEW LAND SNAILS FROM SOUTH AMERICA.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Bulimulus ephippium Anc.

Testa anguste et profunde perforato (perforatio supra columellari

margine obtecta), conoideo-ovata, tenuissima, papyracea, sericea,

parum micans, pallide fulvo-lutea, concolor, obsolete et oblique pli-

culosa, plicis parum regularibus. Spira regulariter conoidea, apice

obtusiusculo, microscopice spiraliter striato atque longitudinaliter un-

dulato. Anfractus 6 convexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus amplus,

initio vix subangulatus, subattenuatus, antice leniter et longiuscule

deflexus. Apertura ovata, superne subattenuata et angulata. Per-

istoma tenue, brevissime expansiusculum, haud reflexum, margine

columellari late in trianguli forma dilatato, callo parietali nullo.

Long. 204, diam. 12, alt. apert. (oblique) 114 mill.

Hab. Bahia, Brazil (teste H. Fulton).

This is a member of the Eudioptus section.

Bulimulus goniotropis, n. sp.

Testa angustissime perforata, pyramidata, fulvo-cornea, concolor,

tenuis, microscopice et confertim spiraliter impressa, striis vix per-

spicuis, haud profunde incisis, lineis incrementi obliquis subnotato,

nitidula. Spira regulariter conica, producta, lateribus rectis, apice

sat minuto, oblique et flexuose costulato et striis microscopicis spira-

libus sculpto. Anfractus 7 planiusculi, regulariter crescentes, sutura

appressa linea impressa marginata divisi, ultimus medio angulatus,

infra convexo-declivis, supra angulum vix convexus. Apertura ob-

THE NAUTILUS. 103

liqua, emarginato-ovalis, extus haud angulata. Peristoma subin-

crassatum. Undique breviter patens, ad basin et columellam magis

dilatato-expansum, marginibus distantibus, supero strictiusculo, colu-

mellari supra perforationem in trianguli forma reflexo.

Long. 204, lat. 114, alt. apert. (oblique) 103 mill.

Hab. Espirito Santo, Brazil.

In texture like B. pile/formis Moric., but in general form more

like B. perlucidus Spix.

Odontostomus squarrosus, 0. sp.

Differt a peraffini O. exeso, Spix, impressionibus teste magis

numerosis, parvulis, minus elongatis, testa subinde minus undata,

plica columellari debiliore, dente supero marginis dextri magis ob-

lique sito, minore ac minus lato; ceterum O. exeso simillima. An

ejus varietas ?

Long. 394, lat. 144, alt. apert. (perist. incluso), 185 mill.

Hab. Brazil.

Odontostomus glabratus, n. sp.

Testa oblongo-fusiformis, perforata, solidula, nitidula, levigata,

obsolete sed in anfractibus prioribus distinctius suboblique striatula,

alba, cinereo irregulariter multinotata et strigata. Spira conoideo-

attenuata, apice sat minuto, sub lente costulato. Anfractus 9 con-

vexiusculi, sutura impressa, simplici discreti, ultimus ovato-oblongus,

ampliusculus, latere dextro depressus et late scrobiculatus, basi

parum attenuatus. Apertura superne angulata, subovalis, fere recta,

ringens, scilicet: dente lamelliformi parum crasso in pariete, plica

columellari supera oblique intrante, dente basali uno sulco extero

correspondente et dentibus 2 in margine dextro, primo parvulo,

secundo majore, in medio sito. Peristoma expansum, prope insertio-

nem strictiusculum, postea leviter angulatum, marginibus remotis,

callo incrassato junctis.

Long. 25, diam. 9, alt. apert. 8} mill.

Hab. Sierra de Cosquina, Argentina.

Intermediate, as it were, between O. Wagneri Pfr., and leptodon

Mart.

Odontostomus Deraini Anc.

Testa rimato-perforata, fusiformis, subnitida, sordide alba, corneo

vel cinereo (statu emortuo) conspersa et irregulariter strigata, con-

104 THE NAUTILUS.

fertim et oblique rugoso-plicata, rugis infra magis levibus, Spira

elongata, conoideo-aitenuata, producta, apice obtuso, sat parvo, quasi

subtruncato, sub lente microscopice costulato. Anfractus 9, con-

vexiusculi, sutura impressa, ultimus oblongus. Apertura irregulari-

ter ovalis, supra angulata, basi ad columellam leviter angulata, parum

obliqua, ringens, scilicet: dente lamelliformi magno, compresso in

pariete, plica columellari supera oblique intrante, subquadrata et

mediocri; dente basali acuto, scrobiculo extero profundo correspond-

ente; et dentibus 2 in margine dextro, primo minutissimo, secundo

majore plice columellari opposito. Peristoma initio strictum, tum

undique expansiusculum, subincrassatum, album, marginibus callo

nitido junctis.

Long. 22, diam. 63, alt. apert. 7 mill.

Hab. Sierra de Cosquina, Argentina.

Allied to O. Riojunus Doering, but larger and with different

aperture,

Odontostomus gemellatus Anc.

The ground color is brownish in fresh specimens, not white as in

the type (a bleached example). . A small tooth is sometimes present

just above the large columellar plate. The apex is like in O.

puncetatissimus Lea.

Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma Anc.

Since I sent the diagnosis of Porphyrobaphe sarcostoma, I have

seen the figures given in the Manual of Conchology of some varieties

of P. Yates’, and acknowledge that my specimen was an extreme

form of Pfeiffer’s species.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Japonia toshimana n, sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate, covered with a dark brown

cuticle, roughened by delicate wide-spaced thread-like or lamellar

striz and two series of long curved bristles near the periphery.

Spire conic. Whorls nearly 5, the first 25 rounded, the next sub-

angular in the middle, the last obsoletely biangular, fringed at the

angles. Aperture slightly oblique, circular, the peristome simple

TiI3K NAUTILUS. 105

and thin, in contact with the preceding whorl for a short distance

above. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mm.

Toshima, Izu.. Types no. 85755 A. N.S. P., from no. 1133 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species is larger and more conspicuously fringed than J.

sadoensis, and darker colored. It does not correspond to any of

the species described by Gould.

Eulota (Aegista) kobensis var. discus n. var.

This form is almost flat above, though the individual whorls are

convex. The last whorl is angular at the shoulder, and very convex.

beneath. The umbilicus is extremely wide and shallow, its width

contained 24 times in that of the shell.

Alt. 5.5, diam. 17, width of umbilicus 7 mm.; whorls 52.

Alt. 6, diam. 16, width of umbilicus 6 mm.; whorls 54.

Amasaki, prov. Tosa. Types no. 85770 A. N.S. P., from no.

1108 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Eulota ( Eulotella) commoda var. izuensis n. var.

The shells of this race are similar to #. commoda from Kayabe,

Ojima except in having a much narrower umbilicus. Alt. 5.5,

diam. 7, umbilicus 1 mm. wide.

Oshima, Izu. Types no. 85790 A. N.S. P., from no. 1138 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

Eulota ( Plectotropis) shikokuensis var. hadaka n. var.

Differs from Plectotropis shikokuensis by having comparatively

few long low tubercles in place of the dense clothing of scales of

shikokuensis, and there is no peripheral fringe.

Irazuyama, Tosa. Types no. 85802 A."N.S. P. from no. 1099

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. (Hadaka, naked.)

Eulota endo n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed-globose with low conic spire;

chestnut brown, glossy, smooth except for slight growth-lines. Spire

conoidal, the apex obtuse. Whorls 5, slowly and gradually increas-

ing, a little convex, the last convex peripherally, very slightly de-

scending in front. Aperture oblique, rounded-lunate, the peristome

thin, narrowly expanded, the columellar margin dilated and white.

Alt. 5.7, diam. 7 mm. |

106 THE NAUTILUS.

Seta, Omi. Types no. 85784 A. N.S. P., from no. 1113 of Mr.

Hirase’s collection.

This small, pea-like species differ from Z. ee (A. Ad.) by

its much less convex whorls (Hndo a pea).

Trishoplita mesogonia var. minima n. var.

This race differs from 7. mesogonia in being much smaller, with

the peripheral angle decidedly weaker. It is thin, pale brown or

brownish corneous, with a tendency to be paler below the suture,

and frequently with some whitish spots there; whorls 53.

Alt. 6.5, diam. 8.5 mm.

Alt. 6, diam. 8 mm.

Tokushima, Awa (Shikoku). Types no. 84713 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 832 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Macrochlamys izushichitojimana n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, depressed, with low conoid spire and a

distinct peripheral angle in front, the last whorl becoming rounded

on the latter part; very thin, brown, somewhat translucent. Sur

face somewhat glossy, sculptured with irregular, low, coarse wrinkles

along the growth-lines above, smoother and more glossy beneath.

Whorls 43, slowly and regularly increasing. Aperture lunate, the

lip simple and acute, with a small triangular dilation at the axial in-

sertion.

Alt. 3.8, diam. 6 mm.

Miyakejima, Izu. Types no. 85944 A. N.S. P., from no. 1058a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection. Also occurs on Niijima, Hirase’s no.

1058, the specimens being slightly smaller with 43 whorls, and a

little paler.

This species is related to MW. semisericata, but it is larger with

more elevated spire, rougher surface and a distinct peripheral angle.

Macrochlamys decens n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, depressed, biconvex, the spire low con-

oidal, the periphery obtusely angular, and the base convex; thin,

amber-brown, somewhat translucent. Surface somewhat glossy, with

slight, irregular sculpture of fine growth-wrinkles. Whorls fully 6,

convex, very slowly and regularly increasing. Aperture lunate, the

peristome simple and acute, with a small triangular dilation at the

axial insertion, the columella noticeably thickened within. Alt. 3.3,

diam. 5.3 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

Omi-mura, Echigo. Types no. 85782 A. N.S. P., from no. 1119

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species of the Discoconulus group is larger than most other

Japanese forms of that type, and has more numerous closely-coiled

whorls than the related species.

Punctum infans n. sp.

Shell depressed, openly umbilicate, chestnut brown, the inner

whorls corneous ; sculptured with irregular, low and curved, rather

widely spaced, obliquely radial wrinkles, which are nearly obsolete

beneath, where a faint, close and fine spiral striation may be seen.

Spire flattened, the inner whorls projecting slightly. Whorls 3, the

last wide, obtusely angular at the periphery, much more convex be-

neath. Peristome thin and acute. Alt. 1, diam. 1.9 mm.

Hachijo, Izu. Types no. 85781 A. N.S. P., from no. 1067a of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This shell is more angular than the allied P. amblygonum. The

generic reference is uncertain.

Kaliella sororcula n. sp.

Shell minutely perforate, trochiform, the spire conic with very

slightly convex lateral outlines and obtuse apex, base convex ; thin,

brown, nearly lusterless above, the base somewhat glossy. Whorls

nearly 6, convex, the last with an acute, thread-like peripheral keel,

which may usually be seen in the suture of the preceding whorls.

Aperture oblique, rather narrow. Peristome thin and acute, the

columellar margin arcuate, narrowly reflexed and thickened. Alt.

3, diam. 4.8 mm.

Amasaki, Tosa. Types no. 85771 A. N. S. P., from no. 1109

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

With the shape of K. (?) ceratodes Gude, this species lacks the

brilliant gloss of that, the surface being dull, like the much larger

K. gudei Pils. and Hir., and it is seen to be faintly striatulate under

a strong lens.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE PALEONTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF THE MARINE

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE OF SAN PeEpRO, CaLirornia.—By

Ralph Arnold (Mem. Cal. Acad. Sciences III, 1903). 4to, 420

pp-, 87 plates. This important work, which has engaged Mr.

Arnold’s attention for some years, consists of three parts, of which

Part I is devoted to general descriptions of the Pliocene and Pleisto-

cene beds, their stratigraphy and faunal relations. Mr. Arnold

concludes that during the latter part of the Pliocene the climate was

much colder than at present, 18.5 per cent. of the species of the

108 THE NAUTILUS.

Deadman Island Pliocene being now found living only to the north,

many of them not south of the Puget Sound district. During the

Pleistocene, warmer climate ensued, the upper San Pedro beds indi-

cating more tropical conditions than those now prevalent. The

marine Pleistocene has been found to be enormously developed on

the West Coast.

Part II, the descriptions of species, occupies the greater portion

of the volume. Nearly all of the species are fully described, and

illustrated by good pen-drawings. Since most of the forms are still

living, the full descriptions and illustrations will render the work of

great use to students of the recent shells of the West Coast ; and it

should have a wide circulation among West Coast conchologists.

Many new forms are described, a large proportion of which will

doubtless be found to be also recent. The nomenclature is fairly

brought up to date, but there are some exceptions which one might

reasonably expect to see corrected, such as the retention of Trophon

belcheri in ‘* Chorus,” the use of ‘* Ranella”’ for Gyrineum, of

’

‘* Hipponyx’’ for Amalthea, and of *‘ Phorcus” for Chlorostoma

pulligo. Neither of the species biémaculata and callomarginata be-

longs to Clypidella, as was shown over ten years ago. The Chitons

seem to have gone astray as to family classification. The two species

of Planorbis described and figured are incorrectly named. In the

Scaphopoda, Mr. Arnold admits Dentalium heragonum Sby. and

D. pseudoheragonum Dall, placing D. neoheragonum S. & P. in the

synonymy of both. The fact is that hexagonum is an oriental

species not found in California, and pseudoheragonum is a MSS.

name, not before published. The common Californian species is

rightly known as D. neohexagonum. Similarly, Cadulus fusiformis

S. & P., a species published and figured some years ago, is placed in

the synonymy of the hitherto undefined MSS. name ‘ C. nitentior

Cpr.” The figure and description given fix the name nitentior on

what seems to be the tube of a serpulid annelid. Notwithstanding

these and various other oversights, the nomenclature is in the great.

majority of species abreast of the times. Among many interesting

facts brought out, is the absence of Haliot’s before the Pleistocene

in Californian strata. The plates illustrate not only the fossils, but

also characteristic views of the principal terranes.

Part III, bibliography, gives a useful list of works dealing with

West Coast mollusks, including a complete bibliography of the

writings of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns.—H. A. P.

LHe NAUTILUS”:

Von. XVII.

FEBRUARY, 1904.

SHELL COLLECTING DAYS AT FRENCHMANS’ BAY.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

It is with the desire to return some of the pleasure the writer has

derived from the interesting accounts of collecting trips which have

appeared in the NAuTiILus, that the following description of a dredg-

ing trip in Frenchmans’ Bay, Maine, has been written:

Taking a calm morning, with the tide nearly at low-water mark,

we start off in a small scow in tow of our fifty-foot steamer. A calm

day is to be preferred, as the labor is much reduced, a rough sea

making it very uncomfortable in the pitching scow.

The scow is fitted with seats, and gives us plenty of room to coil

the 100 fathoms of rope, places for pails, tubs and sieves, with safe

corners for glass jars of sea water. We usually dredge in what we

know as good fishing-ground, as more shells are found in such places,

though all kinds of bottom are tried.

The dredging stations for the day are planned beforehand and we

look forward with no little anticipation to the hauling up of the

dredge.

We are always hoping to find alive the Pecten tslandicus, Thracia

conradi, or the Aporrhais occidentalis, as we have only dredged dead

specimens before; and the chance of adding new species to our

collection keeps us continually hard at work.

To-day we try first, some hard bottom off the northern end of

Long Porcupine Island and the first. haul brings in about a dozen

fine live specimens of the large scallop, the Pecten tenuicostatus. This

110 THE NAUTILUS.

great scallop, six or seven inches in diameter, is good eating, and we

lay them aside to appear later in a different form on the breakfast

table. The large stones and dead shells are looked over carefully

and we find attached to them the Cructbuluwm striatum, and the Chi-

tons, Zonicella marmorea, Tachydermon albus, and the Tachydermon

ruber. On a previous trip we dredged a single, fine specimen of the

Hanleya mendicaria. This rare Chiton is usually found in much

deeper water than the bay.

The remaining sand and mud ts now poured into large sieves with

handles and looked over carefully. We find alive the beautiful

Margarita obscura, Margarita undulata and Margarita cinerea.

These are not uncommon, however, and are hurried into the glass

jars of water, to be studied later under the microscope. We are

always glad to find the Seadaria groenlandica, though we find few

alive. Many kinds of Bela are found, among which are the common

Bela incisula, also the Bela scalaris, Bela harpularia, Bela pleuroto-

maria, and the more rare Bela violacea and Bela gouldi/. Also in

this section we find the Velutina haliotoidea, Trichotropis boreulis, and

the Lunatia groenlandiea, and the Trophon clathratus.

The contents of the sieves are now washed over the side of the

scow; the mud washed away and the cleaned sand and shells poured

into pails, labelled with the station, depth of water and character of

bottom, to be looked over after being dried at home.

A great many specimens are in this way obtained, and much ma-

terial collected to be separated on rainy days.

We move on now a quarter of a mile to a station with muddy bot-

tom at 25 fathoms, where in a few hauls of black, sticky mud we find

numbers of Leda tenu/suleata, Yoldia thractaeormis and Yoldia supo-

tilla, with quantities of Astarte undata, Cardita borealis, a few of the

Cardita novangliae, Cardium pinnulatum, Thracia truncata, also, of

course, great numbers of Nucula proxima, Nucula delphinodouta and

Nucula tenuis.

Another haul nearer shore, on harder bottom, brings us /?/ssoa

carinata and Rissoa exarata. Here also we find the Chrysodomus

decemcostatus, the Sipho stimpsonti and Sipho pygmaeus, and a few

young Serripes groenlandicus, with the pretty zig-zag markings which

disappear in the older specimens.

The material is also washed and sifted after being picked over,

and with aching backs we rest in the scow as we go ploughing

THE NAUTILUS. 111

through the water on the way home. It is by no means easy work

hauling the dredge, leaning over the side of the scow to wash the

contents of the sieves, and we have narrow escapes from sea-sickness

on rough days.

Outside the islands, in deep water, we have dredged the Denta-

lium striolatum, valves of the Panomya norvegica, Mya truncata and

Liocyma fluctuosa, and alive the Menestho albula, Admete couthouyi,

Puncturella noachina, Lepeta caeca, Modiolaria nigra, Modiolaria dis-

cors and Modiolaria corrugata, also the Cardium islandicum.

On arriving home, the material collected is spread in the sieves to

dry in the sun, and we find it difficult to wait until it is dry enough

to bring into the work room. It is only by careful picking over that

the smaller species are obtained and it is in this way that we get good

series of the Rissoide. The Rissoa, or rather Cingula castanea,

Rissoella eburnea, Turbonella nivea, Turritella acieula, and Turritella

erosa, Molleria costulata, Retusa gouldii and Retusa petenuis, and the

Diaphana debilis.

Many live specimens are put into shallow dishes, and under the

microscope it, is most interesting to watch the Margaritas, Belas,

Lunatias and the active Yoldias moving about.

A day’s dredging thus means a good deal of work, and after all

comes the labelling and putting in the cabinet, last but not least of

a day’s dredging.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENUS QUADRULA.

BY L. S. FRIERSON.

In his admirable Synopsis of the Naiades, Mr. Chas. T. Simpson

says (page 766), that although he had examined thousands of ani-

mals of the plicata group of Quadrula, he had never seen but a

single one having eggs in the gills, and that other students had found

them equally barren. In Nauritus (vol. xv, no. 4, p. 39), H. von

Thering speaks of the specimen of Q. heros Say, examined by Lea, and

of the specimen seen by Sterki, and he seems to be rather doubtful

whether Quadrula (of this group at all events) always carry eggs in

all four gills. My observations of late have been singularly lucky in

this respect and will, I think, settle this point. The first specimen

112 THE NAUTILUS.

found gravid by me (of this group) was a Q. trapezoides, May 10,

1901. Since that time I have opened and examined dozens of gravid

specimens. They are gravid from May to September, after which I

have never found eggs in their gills. Of Quadrula pérplicatus Con-

rad, I have taken but two specimens, June 7, 1901, and August 19,

1903. In one the gills (all four) were but one-half filled with eggs,

the lower half of each gill being empty. The other was a normal

Quadrula. Quadrula heros had never been taken gravid by me

until October 8, 1903, a young specimen proved to be in that condi-

tion. Its gills (four) were packed full of uncountable ova. These,

under the microscope, were perfectly spherical and undeveloped,

showing that they were recently extruded from the ovary.

On November 24, 1903, a batch of about fifty-were brought me by

a negro, to be sent to Mr. Chas. Conner, of Philadelphia. After

packing fifteen or twenty for him, the remainder were opened, and to

my surprise, fully half were gravid. Mr. Conner reported several of

his also gravid. Most of these eggs were not yet developed into

glochidia, several specimens having eggs in the ‘* mulberry stage.”’

January 7, 1904, out of seven specimens opened, four proved to

be gravid. These were full of glochidia, but they did not seem to

be perfectly developed or ready to be extruded, being very sluggish.

These observations prove two points: First, that the plicata group

belongs safely to Quadrula, as defined by Mr. Simpson, and that the

specimen noted by Sterki and H. von Ihering must have been ab-

normal. Secondly, that the seasons of ovulation are different in

different species of the same group, Q. trapezotdes being a summer

breeder, while Q. heros is an autumn or winter breeder.

THE MOLLUSKS OF CEDAR LAKE, INDIANA.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Some months ago, the Monon Railroad invitéd the writer to visit

Cedar Lake, Indiana, to witness the seining of the lake for ‘ pirate”

fish, such as carp, gars and pickerel. Incidentally a collection of the

mollusks was made, which seems of more than passing interest. The

lake is a body of cold water, of considerable extent and of great depth

in places. The species collected are as follows:

THE NAUTILUS. 113

Valvata tricarinata Say.

Valvata tricarinata var. confusa Walker.

Valvata bicarinata Lea.

Valvata bicarinata var. normalis Walker.

A quantitative study of the Valvatas collected is very interesting.

275 specimens were collected, of which 117 were typical tricarinata,

104 bicarinata var. normalis, 31 tricarinata var. confusa, 21 bicart-

nata, 1 specimen was 4-carinate and 1 specimen of d¢carinata was

almost ecarinate.

The most common forms of the carinate Valvatas would seem to

be tricarinata and bicarinata var. normalis ; typical bicarinata seem-

ing the rarest.

Amnicola limosa Say. Common.

Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry. A single specimen of this very distinct

species was found, but a careful search of the lake would probably

reveal a number of specimens. It is one of the most characteristic

of the fresh-water mollusks.

Planorbis campanulatus Say. Very common.

Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common.

Planorbis exacutus Say. Apparently rare, as only two specimens

were found.

Planorbis parvus Say. Very common.

Limnea caperata Say. Fairly common.

Limnea humilis Say. Not common.

Physa heterostropha Say. Not common.

Physa gyrina Say. Not common.

Succinea retusa Lea. Common.

A NEW FLORIDIAN AMNICOLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Amanicola augustina n. sp.

Shell narrowly umbilicate, brown or olive-brown, smooth, ovate~

conic; spire convexly conic, the apex rather obtuse. Whorls 43,

quite convex, separated by deeply-impressed sutures. Aperture

about half as long as the shell, broadly ovate, obtusely angular above ;

peristome acute, continuous, dark-edged, adnate to the preceding

114 THE NAUTILUS.

whorl for a short distance above. Operculum as usual in the genus.

Length 3.2, diam. 2.2, longest axis of aperture 1.6 mm.

A small stream near St. Augustine, Florida. Types no. 58088,

A. N.S. P., collected by Charles W. Johnson.

This species is larger than A. floridana Ffid., with a longer spire

and more obtuse apex. It was collected in some quantity by Mr.

Johnson many years ago. It was at first identified as Bythinella

tenuipes Couper, and so recorded in NAuTILUs iii, p. 137; but fur-

ther investigation has shown that it belongs to a different group of

species.

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PUPACEA AND

ASSOCIATED FORMS.

BY W. H. DALL.

The publication of Mr. Woodward’s list of British land shells and

certain work on which I have been engaged, have recently drawn

my attention to this subject, which I have found so involved and so

imperfectly represented in many publications on the group as to lead

me toa tolerably thorough investigation, some of the results of which

are here expressed.

I take it as axiomatic that (1) the type of a group must be one of

the species mentioned when the name of the group was first pub-

lished ; (2) that in consolidating several old genera one of the old

names and not a new one must be employed for the consolidated

group; (3) that when a heterogeneous group is subdivided, its name

must be retained for one of the resulting subdivisions; and (4) that

we are under no obligation to accept the first species of a list as the

type of a group for which no type has been selected by the original

author, but that we should accept the decision of the first subsequent

author who undertakes to select types from the original Jist in revis-

ing it.

In the following notes only the question of nomenclature is con-

sidered, the validity of the sections is left to the specialist in this

difficult group. In matters of specific synonymy, I have depended

on L. Pfeiffer, Pilsbry and Sterki.

Isthmia Gray, 1821. The sole example cited is Vertigo pygmea

Drap., which must be regarded as the type. Staurodon Lowe, 1852,

and Dexiogyra Stabile, 1864, are synonymous.

THE NAUTILUS. BS

Jaminea Risso, 1826; not Brown, 1827. Brown cites the name

as of Bruguiere, but I have found no reference to this origin of it

elsewhere. Risso’s group is heterogeneous, and was intended for the

large Pupas in which the body whorl interrupts the peristome, while

for the small species of Vertégo, etc., with a continuous peristome, he

proposed a genus Saraphia, none of the species contained in which

can be positively recognized. Risso’s first species is Vertigo minu-

tissima Hartmann, which should properly have been placed in Sara-

phia. Those which agree more or less with his diagnosis have since

been separated into a number of groups in the following order chro-

nologically: Abida, Sphyradium, Eucore, Torquatella. There are

also three unidentifiable species. Risso’s second species was the last

to be separated and should have been reserved for Jaminia, of which

Torquatella must be regarded as a synonym. ‘This type is Turbo

muscorum Linné, not Draparnaud.

Chondrus, Cuvier, 1817, not of Lamouroux, 1813. | Cuvier’s

Chondrus was divided into two groups not named and. with no type

citéd. In 1821, Gray cited Pupa cinerea Drap., as an example, but

Cuvier’s name is pre-occupied in Polyps. The next name for this

group is Jorquilla Studer, 1820, type P. secale Drap. Torquilla had

been used by Brisson in 1760 for a bird. Now Brisson is a non-

binominal writer and his geuera have only been adopted by an arbi-

trary over-riding of the rules of nomenclature. Nevertheless I am

inclined to believe that such arbitrary acts are sometimes beneficial

to science and to be praised rather than blamed, when the occasion

is suitable, and the consensus of opinion of the specialists in the de-

partment affected, practically unanimous. Rejecting Zorguilla, the

next name in order is Ab¢da Leach, in Turton, 1831, sole example

cited P. secale, which must be regarded as the type. Several other

names have been proposed to take the place of Chondrus by too hasty

writers, such are Granaria Held, 1837, Pupella Swainson, 1840,

Chondrina Reichenbach, 1847; while further subdivisions of the type

are Sandahlia and Granopupa Westerlund, 1887.

Alza Jeffreys, 1830. This heterogeneous group, beside species of

Isthmia and Jaminia, contained originally Pupa edentula Drap.,

afterward separated as Sphyradium and Pupa minutissima Hartmann,

which must be taken as the type.

Pupilla Leach, in Turton. 1831. Two species are cited, one being

already the type of /Jaminia, the other, namely, P. umbilieata Drap.,

116 THE NAUTILUS.

necessarily becomes the type of Pupilla. Gastrodon Lowe, 1852,

not of Rafinesque, 1815, and Reinhardtia Boettger, 1878, are syn-

onymous. Lauria Gray, 1840, was proposed for P. umbilicata and

P. anglica Fér.; if Laurda is retained at all it must be for the latter,

in which case Levostyla Lowe, 1854, is synonymous.

Eucore Agassiz, in Charpentier, 1837, was proposed for P. tridens

and P. quadridens Drap. Gonodon Held, Dec., 1837, Chondrula

Beck, 1858, and Chondrulus Westerlund, 1890, appear to be syn-

onymous.

Sphyradium Agassiz, 1837, has been adopted for P. edentula Drap.,

by the process of elimination; Paludinella Lowe, 1852, not of Pfeif-

fer, 1841; Hdentulina Clessin, 1876, not of Pfeiffer, 1855; and Col-

umella Westerlund, 1876, are synonymous, Sphyradium (ferrarz)

Hartmann, 1840, has been named Coryna by Westerlund, 1887.

Sphyradium Martens, in Albers, 1860, is a synonym of Oreula Held,

Faula H.and A. Adams, 1855, not of Blanchard, 1850, was re-

named Fauxuius by Schaufuss in 1869. P. capensis Kurr, appears

to be the type.

Ptychochilus Boettger, 1880, founded on Pupa tantilla Gould,

seems to have priority over Nesopupa Pilsbry, 1900. Bifidaria

Sterki, in Pilsbry, 1891, contained two species, P. contracta Say and

P. servilis Gould. P. contracta being taken as type by Sterki in

1892, for his section Albinula, P. servilis must be considered the type

of Bifidaria s. s.,and not P. hordacea, for which Sterki’s Hubifidaria,

18938, will stand, if the sections are valid otherwise.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Eulota chishimana n., sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed globose, with conie spire, rather thin,

pale yellow, becoming white on the spire, the last whorl encircled

by three bands, that at the periphery dark chestnut and sharply de-

fined, the others much paler, reddish-brown, and indistinctly defined,

one in the middle of the base, the other on the upper surface, as-

cending the spire midway between sutures on the penult. whorl, or

obsolete except on the last whorl. There are also one or two dark

THE NAUTILUS. ee

oblique streaks indicating places of growth-arrest. Sculpture of

irregular, rough and coarse wrinkles in the direction of growth lines,

and under the lens, irregular fine spiral lines are seen. The spire

is much smoother than the last whorl. Whorls about 6, moderately

convex, regularly increasing, the last rounded peripherally, not de-

scending in front. Aperture not very oblique, lunate, white and

conspicuously banded within. Lip broadly reflexed, strengthened by

a narrow callous ridge within, the face flat or concave, the thin outer

portion dark flesh colored, the ridge lighter or white. The peri-

pheral band extends to the lip-edge.

Alt. 20.5, diam. 26,5 mm.

Alt. 19.5, diam. 25 mm.

Kunashiri Island, in the Chishima (Kuril) chain. Types no.

86324 A. N.S. P., from no. 1153 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This fine Evhadra, of a type unknown in the main island of Japan,

is the first to be reported from the Kuril chain. Other land shells

from Kunashiri will be described in a future communication.

Vitrea radiatula var. radiata n. var.

This variety is smaller than radiatula, and of a pale reddish-brown

tint, not greenish. It is decidedly larger than V. radiatella (Reinh.),

and less depressed. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm.

Toya, Kuziro, in eastern Yesso (Hokkaido). Types no. 85788

A. N.S. P., from no. 1147 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Alyceus awaensis n. sp.

This shell is larger and more elevated than A. reinhardti, pale

brown. Sculptured with spaced riblets, which on the swollen last

half whorl became fine and densely crowded. The neck is moder-

ately contracted and smooth. The aperture is circular, lip thin, nar-

rowly reflexed. There are sometimes some spiral striz on the spire,

not visible in all specimens. Alt. 3.8, diam. 2.6 mm.

Hiyama, Awa, Island of Shikoku. Types no. 84958 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 1083 of Mr. Hirase’s collection,

Succinea tkiana n. sp.

A species of the S. avara group, but more solid that that species

and of a bright amber color. Whorls 3, very convex and parted by

deep sutures. Sculpture of irregular, coarse wrinkles. Aperture

ovate, the upper insertion of the outer lip arcuate.

118 THE NAUTILUS.

Length 8.5, diam. 5, length of aperture 5 mm.

Length 7, diam. 3.6, length of aperture 4 mm.

Wataramura, Iki. Types no. 85747 A. N. S. P., from no. 1148

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Vertigo japonica n. sp.

Shell minute, oblong, about equally obtuse at both ends; brown,

nearly smooth. Whorls 5, parted by deep sutures, the last whorl

tapering downwards, impressed by a deep furrow terminating above

the middle of the outer lip. Aperture irregularly ovate, contracted

by four teeth: a long parietal lamella, a strong columellar lamella

and two short, deeply-placed palatal plica. Peristome thin, very

narrowly expanded, the outer lip projecting forward and bent inward

at the upper third, at the termination of the external furrow. Alt.

1.7, diam. 1 mm.

Ikusagawa, Ojima. Types no. 85746 A. N.S. P., from no. 1143

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species from southern Yesso is related to V. hirasec from

Kyishu, but differs from that species in having much larger teeth.

Both belong to a group of Vertigines which lives throughout the~

whole northern part of the Holarctic region.

Nesopupa tamagonari n. sp.

Shell extremely short and broad, very obtuse at both ends,

chestnut-brown, nearly smooth, somewhat glossy. Whorls 43,

rapidly increasing, parted by slightly-impressed sutures; the last

whorl forming more than half the length of the shell, tapering down-

wards, bearing a strong crest or ridge close behind the outer lip.

Aperture small, squarish-oval, obstructed by six teeth: a long, enter-

ing parietal and a much shorter angular lamella; a deeply-placed

columellar lamella; a small, tubercular basal plica, and two short

but high lamellar palatal plice. Alt. 1.3, diam. 1 mm.

Chichijima, Ogasawara. Types no. 85745 A. N.S. P., from no.

855a of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A peculiar, almost globular Mesopupa, related to N. dedecora, but

shorter, with a weaker crest, which is nearer to the lip. ( Tamagon-

art, egg-shaped.) .

This is the second Ogasawaran species of a Polynesian genus, dis-

covered by Mr. Hirase’s collectors. These little strangers are per-

THE NAUTILUS. 119

haps the only exclusively Polynesian element in the snail fauna of

the Bonin Islands. TZornatellina also is doubtless a group of Poly-

nesian origin, though in the ages of its existence it has spread to the

borders of the Pacific, from New Zealand to the Japanese islands.

Carychium pessimum var. borealis n. var.

Differs from C. pessimum in being smaller and less conic, more of

an oblong shape. Harutori, Hokkaido. Types no. 85772 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 1144 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

LE PERE LAMBERT, S. M.

BY CHARLES HEDLEY.

‘Half a century ago, a little band of Marist missionaries landed in

New Caledonia to convert to their faith the cannibal savages of that

island. For years, lance or casse-téte daily threatened them with

cruel death. They knew no society but the disgusting companionship

of brutal savages. From the danger, hardships and squalor of their

life, these cultured gentlemen turned for relaxation to the pleasant

paths of science. . To them we owe most of our knowledge of the

fauna, flora, geology and ethnology of New Caledonia. One by one,

Montrouzier, Thomassin, Rougeyron—this noble company of hero,

pauper, saint and savant—have gone to their rest. The last patri-

arch, Father Pierre Lambert, died in Noumea, on November 3,

1903, aged 82 years.

He wrote a few short papers in the Journal de Conchyliologie, but

he will be chiefly remembered as a collector. One of the finest of

the cones bears his name, as does one of the largest Placostylus.

Souverbie dedicated to him species of Peeten, Melanopsis, Trochus,

Euchelus, Xenophora, Mitra, Cuncellaria, Pleurotoma, Rissoina and

Eulima, also the genus Lambertia.

Pere Lambert published a memoir on Ethnology—Moeurs et

Superstitions des Néo-Calédoniens, Noumea, 1900, pp. vi, 360, with

60 illustrations. An important but little known book.

120) THE NAUTILUS.

GENERAL NOTES.

Ancytt ADHERING TO WATER BEETLES.—Two interesting ex-

amples of Ancyli attached to the elytra of water beetles, recently

came under my observation through the kindness of Mr. Albert P.

Morse, who collected them at Wellesley, Mass. One a Dinutes

(whirligig beetle), collected April 26, 1900, has an Ancylus fuscus

Adams, 4x 2.5 mm., situated dorsally and extending about equally

over each elytron; whether it adhered with sufficient strength to

prevent the beetle flying, can only be surmised. The habit of Dinutes

in gyrating on the surface of the water, often in the bright sun-light

for hours at a time, is not strictly conducive to the life of an Ancylus

thus situated, for it would be entirely out of water while the beetle

was on the surface, although during the early spring the beetle prob-

ably spent most of its time beneath the water.

The other, a Dytiscus, collected in October, 1898, carried an An-

eylus parallelus Hald., 5x 2.5 mm., near the end of the left elytron.

Both cases present an interesting factor in the distribution of species,

which probably in many instances accounts for the sudden appear-

ance of mollusks in small, artificial ponds—C. W. JoHnson.

Cram-orous Crows.—The following newspaper clipping, if true,

shows that the amiable, inoffensive clams of the Northwest coast are

having a hard time of it, and are entitled to the sympathy of all con-

chologists without distinction of age, sex or color:

** Scare-crows are now placed upon slate roofs in Victoria, B. C.

The crows, which swarm on the beach and dig for clams, fly over the

buildings and drop the clams on the roof, by this means breaking the

shells and leaving the meat free to be eaten. In many cases, when

the clams were dropped, the slate would be broken.”

Such conduct on the part of the crows is certainly discreditable ;

they should be placed on the black-list.

I] fare the clams to hungry crows a prey,

And brought to grief in such a crow-ill way.

The clam is probably Saxidomus giganteus Desh., quite common

in the Vancouver region and the principal edible clam of both

“ Injuns”’ and white folks thereabout, and solid enough to break roof

slates if not political ones, when dropped from a considerable elevation,

S. giganteus is abundant between ordinary tide marks; it is great in

soup ; an excellent clam.—Rosr. E. C, Stearns, Los Angeles, Cal.

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THE NAUTILUS, XVII. PLATE IV.

DAVIS: BERMUDA SHELLS.

ee INA thls S:

Vou. XVII. MARCH, 1904. Noss

HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEW ENGLAND.

BY REV. HENRY W. WINKLEY.

_ The following is a suggestion. I cannot say that I am convinced

that it is a proof, but I offer these thoughts for what they are worth.

We must associate H. hortensis with northern European forms rather

than with the American land shells. Its distribution in New Eng-

land is most singular, limited as it is to widely separated spots,

mostly small islands of the east coast. It certainly cannot have had

the same migration as Polygyra or Pyramidula or it would be dis-

tributed as they are. Undoubtedly at the close of the glacial period,

the American types worked north and east into New England; but H.

hortensis was not one of them, That it came from Europe is evident..

Commerce-voyages of Norsemen or other explorers have been sug-

gested. This theory becomes absurd when oné examines the locali-

ties where H. hortensis lives. These places are not ports and never

have been. Some of them are the last places a man would land, not”

the first. Let us now ask the question of an earlier migration.

Circumpolar species exist. Other forms common to Europe and

America would make an interesting study. That there was a pre- |

glacial period when forms migrated around the northern regions is a

settled fact. Did H. hortensis come then and survive? The writer

has been much interested in the glacial theory, and has doné some ©

field work on the New England area. That the glacier covered all

of New England is an accepted fact, but when we say all, is there

not a chance for exceptions. Along the southern éoast we may point

L222 THE NAUTILUS.

to Long Island as a terminus. The sound is not deep and tides not

great, this barrier would be and was crossed. The eastern coast is

different. The trend of the ice, though slightly deflected towards

the east, was in a southerly direction ; comparatively little passed off

the east coast. Add now a study of Greenland, as it is under conti-

nental glaciation conditions and probably exactly as New England

was. Peary’s exploration shows a range of animals like the musk-

ox, arctic wolf and others at Independence Bay, and practically the

extreme northern limit of Greenland, and this implies food on which

they live. In other words, Greenland under a glacier yet has a

shore line of animal and vegetable life. The distribution of Z.

hortensis fits the theory that it is a survivor. The present abodes

are such that it could not have been carried from one to the other

and not have found a home on the mainland more than it has. On

the other hand Grand Manan, outer islands in Casco Bay, the ex-

tremity of Cape Ann and Cape Cod, are places that would be last

resorts. A more exhaustive treatment of the subject would deal

with elevation and subsidence, possible islands or land in the east

now submerged. The stronger tides that would break up a mass of

ice extending seaward. I leave these topics and present only the

simple suggestion.

A NEW 8PECIES OF PERIPLOMA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

Periploma sulcata n. s.

Shell rotund, white, with the left valve flatter, thin, sculptured

with numerous, close-set, irregularly concentric, more or less inter-

rupted, low ridges, separated by subequal shallow interspaces ; the

surface is also microscopically shagreened, and there is a low rib ex-

tending from the beak to the lower margin of the ill-defined rostrum

and an ill-defined furrow radiating from the beak toward the anter-

ior base, in the right valve; beaks low, distinctly fissured ; anterior

dorsal hingeline rounded, posterior ditto, shorter, nearly rectilinear,

forming with the elevated rib a subtriangular space which is free

from. the undulations which cover the rest of the shell; interior

shining, hardly nacreous, the muscular impressions very small, the

pallial line obscure ; chondrophores prominent, spoon-shaped, extend-

THE NAUTILUS. 123

ing obliquely forward, and with their connecting resilium sustaining

a proportionately large triangular lithodesma ; the chondrophores

are supported behind by well-developed clavicular props, which are

inserted posteriorly on the surface of the valve below the linear

hingeline. Length 32, height 27, diameter of right valve 6 and of

the left valve 4 mm.

This elegant shell, in a somewhat damaged condition, was thrown

upon the beach at San Pedro, Cal., after one of the heavy winter

storms and collected by Mrs. T. S. Oldroyd, to whom we owe so

many additions to the fauna of this region.

This species is, we believe, the first Per?ploma known to possess an

undulated sculpture, and bears to those of the ordinary type such a

relation as that of Oyathodonta to Thracia or Labiosa to Raeta. The

differences of sculpture and in the form of the lithodesma suggest

that, as in the case above cited, P. salcaia is entitled to a sectional

name for which Halistrepta is proposed.

A NEW DENTALIUM FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM J. RAYMOND.

Dentalium vallicolens n. sp. ;

Adult shell large, rather slender, moderately curved posteriorly,

the latter half nearly straight; cream-white, often yellowish toward

the mouth, shining where not eroded, earlier portion usually dull and

chalky because of erosion; growth-lines fine, irregular, distinct,

rarely an encircling groove due to repaired fracture; at the apex

there are longitudinal, low, rounded, inconspicuous threads, of which

seven or eight are more prominent and three to six in each inter-

space are less prominent; these die out, and fine, superficial striae

appear, visible under the glass and continued to the mouth of the

shell, seven or eight per millimeter of circumference ; aperture

simple, circular, mouth slightly oblique.

Two specimens measure: length 64.5, diam. of aperture 5.3 of

apex 1.5, at middle “4.6, height of arch from chord 2.5 mm.; length

64.0, diam. of aperture 4.7, of apex 1.4, at middle 4.2, height of

arch from chord 3.0 mm.

Young shell strongly curved, very slender for the first eight or

ten millimeters of length, then rapidly enlarging; at first seven or

124 THE NAUTILUS.

eight angled, the angles defined by sharp ribs with channeled inter-

spaces, then passing into the sculpture of the adult by successive in-

terpolations of secondary riblets, while the primary ribs lose in prom-

inence and the section of the shell becomes circular.

Length 16.7. diam. of aperture 2.0, of apex 0.3, at middle 0.1,

height of arch from chord 1.8 mm.

University of California Marine Biological Laboratory : Station

12, Vincente (or Redondo) Submerged Valley, Santa Monica Bay,

145 fathoms, temp. 45.5° F., bottom sand and mud; also scattering

specimens from station 14 off Point Fermin, 100 fathoms, temp.

46°; station 70, La Jolla Submerged Valley, between 117 and 54

fathoms ; station 79, off San Diego, 64 fathoms.

The Vincente submerged valley where this species was found in

considerable numbers, is one of a series of such valleys described and

mapped by Prof. George Davidson, of the University of California,

in Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 3 Ser. Geology, Vol. 1, No. 2. Opposite

Redondo the 100-fathom line marks the edge of a gently sloping,

submarine plateau which extends seaward about seven miles. Out-

side of this plateau the bottom descends much more abruptly. The

Vincente valley is nearly 300 fathoms deep and about one and one-

half miles wide where it breaks through the edge of the plateau. It

carries a depth of 100 fathoms to within one and one-half miles of

the beach, thus bringing the colder water of greater depths, with

its accompanying fauna, close inshore. It is probable that the

Dentalium here described will be found in deeper water as marine

exploration proceeds along the coast of southern California.

The sculpture of this fine, large species recalls D. ceratum Dall

(Florida, Cuba, Barbados), but the former is larger, the adult shell

is proportionately wider, the young is more attenuated at the apex,

and the superficial striae are continued to the mouth, even on the

largest specimens. At the length of Dall’s species, D. vallicolens is

more than twice as wide. The peculiar sculpture of the earlier por-

tion and the striation of the latter, readily separate the present

species from D. pretiosum and D. indianorum, even if the angled

apex be lost, as is almost invariably the case in the adult. Erosion

has in some specimens proceeded so far that patches only of the

outer layer of shell are left. In others it seems to have attacked the

shell beneath the outer layer so that longitudinal lines and encircling

rings of opaque white appear beneath the outer, shining layer which

then begins to scale off.

THE NAUTILUS. 125

NOTES ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS.

BY C. ABBOTT DAVIS, S. B.

Last July and August were profitably spent in collecting insects

and mollusks among the three hundred beautiful islands now called

the Bermudas. Like the Hawaiian group, they are chiefly interest-

ing because of their isolated geographical position, being nearly 700

miles distant from any other land. Commerce, however, is rapidly

changing the fanna and flora of Bermuda to such an extent that old

records, 2. e., records of twenty years standing, are obsolete or unre-

liable. Large quantities of West Indian shells are constantly being

brought to the island to sell to the unsophisticated traveller, and some

of the stores actually sell these shells as Bermudian. Even the

native colored boys are anxious to sell shells for ‘‘ tuppence,”’ and

they are not particular about the historical side, so that one has to

beware of all shells not collected in situ.

The expeditions of Prof. Helprin in the summer of 1888, and of

Prof. Verrill in the spring of 1898 and of 1901, form the nucleus of

most of the authentic published data. I had pianned a trip to Ber-

muda for July and August 1903, but upon learning of the Bristol-

Mark expedition, I decided to go with them, and the following notes

are a part of the records of our trip.

In 1900, Dr. Pilsbry revised the ‘* Air-breathing Mollusks of the

Bermudas,” and my research differs little except in minor details.

For instance, he agrees with Mr. Smith that Suceinea bermudensis

Pfr., is S. barbadensis Guild., but states that the animals need a

careful study. I agree with the latter statement and as proof of it

illustrate three Bermudian forms. Fig. 1 is the common form, Fig.

2 was occasionally taken at Flatts, I'ig. 3 is the fossil variety.

Physa acuta Drap., has not been recorded since G. Brown Goodes’

record of 1888. We took it from rain-water tanks in Devonshire

Swamp.

The variety pulchella Pfr., of Truncatella caribeensis Sowb., is

always found dead. This, taken with the fact that this mollusk lives

at the high-tide mark, and is therefore apt to be water-worn, makes

pulchella simply a worn carribeensis.

In a lot of several hundred carribxensis received recently from the

West Indies, there is a complete series showing the wear on these

126

THE NAUTILUS.

shells, even to fresh transparent specimens. Prof. Verrill has lately

addeu the following to Dr. Pilsbry’s list :

Blauneria heteroclita Montg., Hyalina lucida Drap.

Peciloronites zonata Verr. (Fig. 17), Siphonarta henica Verr.

My records add the following:

Carychium exiquum Say. (var.). Sub-fossil.

Vitrea cellaria Mull. Several at Hamilton.

Felix pisana Mill. Several at St. Georges (Fig. 18).

Planorbis dilatatus Gld. Dev. Swamps, (Brackish water).

Paludestrina tenuipes Cooper (var.). Eve’s Pond.

The beautiful genus Melampus needs revision, and as I collected

(personally) several quarts of these bewildering shells, I will attempt

the following key to the Bermudian forms :

Aperture narrow and short, shells small, pointed at both ends,

greasy, brownish or blackish, no teeth (see Fig. 4).

M. bulloides Mont.

Aperture wider and longer, at the extreme base a very promi-

nent fold, shells larger, apex pointed, greasy, color brownish

or purplish, with one or more revolving white or yellowish

bands, row of teeth within the outer lip very numerous, (Fig.

5). M, flavus Gmel.

1. Color plain brown or purple, no stripes, (Fig. 6).

Var. purpureus n. V.

2. Size and shape same as purpureus, immaculate white

when alive, rare, found only at Hungry Bay, (Fig. 7).

Var. albus n. v.

Aperture still wider, shell wide at the top, apex abrupt, two or

more well developed teeth on the inner lip, often attaining to

double the size of flavus, not green, (Fig. 8 is the Florida

form). M. coffeus Linn.

1. Larger, and apex more pointed than in coffeus, the row

of teeth in outer lip very irregular and uneven, banded

spirally, with brown and white, width of bands very trreg-

ular, (Fig. 9). Var. gundlachi, Pfr.

2. Pilsbry says: ‘* Scarcely if at all to be distinguished from

‘the prior MW. gundlachi Pfr., but not attaining so large a

size.” These are probably the juvenile gwndlachr, the

lack of color and lustre in the large ones being due to

longer exposure and yet they look like another variety so

the smaller ones are called (Fig.10). Var. redfieldi, Pfr.

THE NAUTILUS. 127

3. Size and shape same, but the revolving bands of light and

dark color alternate evenly, (Fig. 11).

Var. alternatus n. v.

4. Smaller, darker, polished, beautifully mottled with more

or less prominent vertical stripes, (Fig. 12).

Var. verticalis n. v.

5. Stout, plain brown form, with no markings whatever.

(Fig. 13).

Named in honor of mine host Mr. Geo. A. Bishop, Supt. of Public

Gardens, Hamilton, Bermuda.

As to Siphonaria, Verrill has described in the ‘* Transactions of

the Conn. Academy of Science,’’ a species called S. henica. So far

as is known, only one specimen—the type—is in existence. This

was taken at Bailey Bay on the north shore. We collected over

three pints of S. alternata Say, and found many of the var. brunnea

Var. bishopii n. v.

Hanley, also two others.

2. Shell small (size 16x13 mm.), blackish, opaque opalescent,

rare, Hungry Bay, south shore (Fig. 15). Var. opalescens n. v.

3. Intermediate in size and coloration between brunnea and opal-

escens. Very thin, translucent, always distinguished by radial black

lines from apex to margin, covering the whole or a part of the inner

surface. Common on the south shore at high-tide mark (Fig. 16).

Var. intermedia n. v.

There are undoubtedly many marine species which might be

added to the published lists of Dall, Heilprin, Verrill, and others ;

but the great difficulty just now is to eliminate equivalent nomencla-

ture. I have not seen records of the following species taken by us

in Bermuda:

Acmeza punctulata Gmel.

Anachis catenata Sowb.

Alabina adamsii Dall.

Asaphis deflorata Linn.

Bittium varium Pfr.

Chione beaut Recl.

Chione pygmexa Lam.

Coralliophila abbreviata Lam.

Cypreacardia hornbeckiana

Morch.

Cythara simulata Rve.

Ocinebra intermedia Ads.

Nussa consensa Rav.

Natica livida Pfr.

Nitidella cribraria Linn.

Olivella rosalina Duel.

Ostrea folium Linn.

Pecten ornatus Lam.

Pitaria fulminata Mke.

Purpura undata Lam.

Rissoina pulchra Ads.

Semela proficua Pult.

128 THE NAUTILUS.

Eulima gracilis Ads. Spirula australis Lam.

Gastrochzena ovata Sby. Tellina promera Dall.

(Fig. 20.) Tellina sybaritica Dall.

Litiopa bombyx Kein.

Vermetus erectus Dall. This shell is quite common, but generally

has the erect portion broken off, as in Fig. 19.

The following are undoubtedly new forms. Cotypes of each are

deposited (with the Melumpus and Siphonaria) in the museums at

Washington, Philadelphia, Boston and Providence.

Gastrochenu mowbrayt sp. n. (Fig. 21).

This has often been mistaken for a juvenile G. ovata, (Fig. 20) as

it resembles ovata in shape and color, but neither in size, nor habitat.

In Bermuda G. ovata has an alt. of 20 mm. and bores a hole about

10 mm. in diameter in the solid brain-corals, or shell-rock.

On the other hand, G. mowbray? is found in the dead or dying stems

of the branch coral (Oculina) the entire stem of which could be put

into a tube of ovata. G. mowbrayi occupies a cavity a little larger

than the shell (which is about 6x38 mm., the cut showing an ex-

tremely large specimen) with a small opening to the outer surface of

the coral. These shells are often grouped so closely together, as to

undermine the strength of the coral, (see Fig. 22). Locality, Har-

rington Sound, dredged in 20 to 40 ft. Named in honor of Mr.

Lewis Mowbray an enthusiastic Bermudian naturalist.

Tellina levigata Linn., var. stella n. v.

T. levigata is called the ‘sunset shell”? by the natives, and it

well deserves the name on account of its beautiful bands of orange

or pink alternating with delicate yellow tints. About one out of

twenty of these shells has diverging, radial pink rays (like 7.

radiata). For this nameless variety I propose the name stella

(Fig. 34) collected at Flatt’s Inlet.

Volvaria avena Lam., var. southwicki n. v.

Volvaria avena (Fig. 28) is common along the north shore of

Bermuda, and is widely known and easily recognized by its con-

spicuous transverse orange bands, size 9 x 3 mm.

On Hamilton Beach I found a smaller constant variety (Fig. 24)

which had a uniformly dark, mottled ground with no bands of color.

Alt.6x2mm. This variety is named after my friend, Mr. Jas.

THE NAUTILUS. 129

M. Southwick, Curator of the Roger Williams’ Park Museum,

Providence, R. I.

Key to the Bermudian Species of the Genus Cerithium.

The species of this genus were the hardest to revise owing to the

fact that the descriptions being brief and often inaccurately figured,

no two museums have them named alike. A generous use of the

microscope is necessary to distinguish species, and while there are

undoubtedly intergrades, the majority are I think, distinct species

and not varieties. They are so dissimilar that. they can be readily

separated. Most of the species may be picked up in Bermuda by

the thousand. I brought home at least a half bushel for study.

A. Very small, jet-black inside and out, often decollate, nodules

in vertical rows of three dashes. Bermuda torm, Fig. 25; Haiti

form, Fig. 26; white-tipped Florida form, Fig. 27.

OC. minimum Gmel.

B. Larger, stouter, plain black or dirty brown inside and out,

' spirals very uneven, nodules in vertical rows of three dots

(Fig. 28). C. nigrescens Mke.

C. Shell stout, spirals uneven, handsomely variegated black and

white or yellow and white, nodules in vertical rows of three

dots (Fig. 29). ©. variabile Ads.

Note.—This shell has been called ertense Val., and even

placed as a variety of ferrugincum Say, which it does not re-

semble in the least. (See the original figure and description

of ferrugineum by Say.)

D. Long

g, narrow, yellowish-brown, spirals very irregular, three

vertical nodules united, forming vertical ribs, by far the rarest

form in Bermuda (Fig. 50). C. ferrugineum Say.

E. Long, narrow, apex sharp, black with a white revolving band

below the suture, the black band contains dashes and the white

band dots, spirals regular, blackish inside (Fig. 31).

C. septenstriatum Say.

F. Larger than any of the above, spirals regular. A whitish

ealcarious deposit distinguishes this shell (Fig. 32). When

this covering is removed by acid or wear as in Fig. 33, it re-

veals a brownish interior with white bands on which the

nodules are shaped like an exclamation point (!), the two

upper dots being united. The apex is always very sharp.

C. albocoopertum sp. n.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

Any other Bermudian records would be gratefully received by the

writer, as he has in press a “ Check-List of the Bermudian Mollusca.”

GENERAL NOTES.

Mo..usca on Pike’s Peak CoLorapo.—lLast fall I collected

Pupa muscorum (L.), Vallonia eyclophorella Ancey, Huconulus

fulvus (Miill.) and Zonitoides arboreus (Say) by the printing office

on Pike’s Peak, 10,000 ft. alt. I put them on record because of the

altitude; the dominant vegetation of the place consists of Achillea,

Dasiphora, Fragaria, Salix, Rosa, Populus tremuloides, Carduus,

Geranium, Epilobium, Delphinium, Arctostaphylos uva-urst, Cam-

panula, Potentilla, Allium, Pedicularis, Gentiana, Picea, Pinus,

Juniperus, Antennaria, Artemisia, Pentstemon, Machaeranthera, Rud-

beckia, Frasera and Calochortus: nearly all circumpolar genera, it

will be observed, the last five only being exclusively American. I

have a note that I found also Succinea avara, but kept no specimens.

==}, D. A. CockERELL.

CHIONE CANCELLATA LINN. IN THE JERSEY City MARKET.—

A strange shell in the market always interests the conchologist. A

short time ago my brother gave me a Ohione cancellata which he had

found with some clams ( Venus mercenaria) purchased of Mr. Brittain,

a fish dealer on Bergen ave., Jersey City, N. J. He said there were

several in the basket from which the clams were taken. Desirous

of knowing whence they came, I inquired of Mr. Brittain where the

clams were gathered and he said he believed they came from North

Carolina.—SLoman Rous.

Ture Motiuscan Fauna or ONE Log.—On October 15th, 1 col-

lected from the under side of an old log, 12 inches in diameter and 9

feet long, in the vicinity of Des Moines, Iowa, 634 living specimens of

the following species :

Polygyra albolabris Say, 1.

Polygyra appressa Say, 140.

Zonitoides arboreus Say, 244.

Zonitotdes minusculus Binn., 69.

Conulus fulvus Miill., 12.

Suecinea avara Say, 5.

THE NAUTILUS. 131

Corychium exiguum Say, 4.

Bifidaria pentodon Say, 1.

Bifidaria armifera Say, 1438.

Strobilops labyrinthica Say, 3.

Agriolimax campestris Binn., 12.

Many other logs yielded abundantly of the same and other species.

—T. Van Hynine.

Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss is collecting shells and ferns in Arizona,

He reports great success, and the specimens sent in give evidence

that he has not lost the knack of finding the finest kinds of snails.

There are several forms of Sonorella, Ashmunella chiricahuana and

some new forms of the Jevetted type, two new species of Oreohelix,'

one of them ornamented with whorls of hairs, besides the ‘ small

stuff.’__H. A. Pinssry.

VERTIGO ANDRUSIANA Pils. when fully adult has two teeth on the

parietal margin, at least in some specimens, and a very minute tooth

above the upper palatal plica. Until nearly adult, the basal fold is

not developed.—H. A. P.

HELICOGONA ARBUSTORUM IN NEWFOUNDLAND.—Adult living

specimens of this common British and European land snail were col-

lected by Dr. Robert Bell in the middle of July, 1885, on grassy

slopes facing the sea, near the narrows of St. John’s Harbor, New-

foundland. So far as the writer is aware, this is the first tine that

this species has been found, in a living state, on the American side

of the Atlantic.. Dr. Bell says that many wrecks of vessels take

place on this part of the coast, and that a little farther to the south

of the locality where these snails were found, there is a small patch

where the common heather (Calluna vulgaris) grows. ‘This marks

the spot, he adds, where an emigrant ship was stranded, and the

beds of the emigrants, which were stuffed with heather, were taken

ashore and emptied out.—J. F. Wuireaves, in The Ottawa Natural-

tst, vol. xvii, no. 11, p. 192, Feb., 1904.

1 Oreoheliz is a. new genus for the Rocky Mountain Helices of the //. strigosa

group, hitherto wrongly placed in “ Patula”’ or Pyramidula, from which they

differ by the lack of pedal furrows.—/H/. A. P,

oe THE NAUTILUS.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

ScIENTIFIC RESULTS OF THE TRAWLING EXPEDITION oF H,

M. C.S. Tuetis, Mottusca Pt. II, ScapHorpopa anv GasTRO-

popa.—By Charles Hedley (Memoirs Australian Mus. IV, pp. 327—

402, plates 36-38). This interesting and valuable paper contains

the descriptions of 37 new species and three new genera: Hpzgrus,

Myxa, and Fascinus. The new forms together with many others are

illustrated by 52 excellent figures in the text. The author has

adopted Calcar Montfort, 1810, in place of Astralium Link, with

the following note: ‘It is obvious that Astradium Link cannot

honestly be said to have been published in 1807. Probably as a

published name Astralium should date from Herrmannsen’s article in

the Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society of London for 1851, p.

231. Unless the rules of the zodlogical nomenclature are to be

broken, Calcar must be used instead of Astralium. Cassidea Brug,

1789 is used in place of Semicassis (Klein 1753, pre-Linnean) Morch

1852.—C. W. J.

DIAGNosEs OF NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM THE SANTA

BaRBARA CHANNEL, CaLirornia. By William Healey Dall

(Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., Dec. 138, 1908, pp. 171-176).

In this interesting paper Dr. Dall describes ten new west-coast

species. Of this number all, excepting Mitra dolorosa trom the Gulf

of California, were dredged at Santa Catalina Island during the

summer of 1903, by Messrs. Lowe and Paine. One genus, Macrom-

phalina, is new to the west coast. New species are: Act@on (Ric-

taxis) paine’, Clathurella lowe’, Mangelia fanchera, Mitra lowet, Mitra

dolorosa, Murex (Ocinebra ?) painet, Lunatia draconis, Macromphalina

californica, Scala sawine and Ischnochiton biarcuatus. As will be

seen by the feminine endings two species are named for ladies. Be-

sides the species from the Gulf of California, Lunatia draconis has

been dredged at Drake’s Bay, Monterey and the Farallones Islands.

Of the specific name draconis Dr. Dall says: ‘t As Drake was long

known to the Spaniards as ‘El Drako,’ I have named the species

draconis in his honor.’ Seala sawinz has been dredged off the

Coronada Islands, Avalon and at the Isthmus. The type is from

the harbor side of the isthmus at Santa Catalina and was dredged by

Dr. Dall in 1873. With these exceptions all the species were

dredged off Avalon. Another new species of a genus not before

known to inhabit the west coast was described by Dr. Dall in THE

Navtitus, Sept., 1908, under the title, “* A New Species of Metz-

geria.”’ This species collected by J. H. Paine, Dr. Dall named

Metzgeria californica.—Mrs. M. Burton Williamson,

THE NAUTILUS, XVII:

O GO|

/4. IS,

WALKER: ON SOMATOGYRUS.

ebb NACE! FT Tbr:

OE: XVII. APRIL, 1904. No. 12.

NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

_ Through the kindness of Mr. A. A. Hinkley, of Du Bois, Ill., I

have had the opportunity of examining the Ammnzcolide collected on

his recent trip to the Coosa river, and the larger portion of the

_ species herein described are from his collection. The others have

been received from the different sources stated in the descriptions.

The new species collected by Mr. Hinkley are remarkable for the

diversity of form exhibited, which was quite unexpected in view of

the very general similarity in that particular of the species already

discovered. The collection also shows that the earlier collectors on

the Coosa practically ignored the smaller forms in the more exciting

pursuit of the peculiar Plewroceridae of the river, and that there yet

remains much to be done before the molluscan riches of that wonder-

ful stream will be exhausted.

The late Dr. Jas, Lewis in his ** Fresh Water and Land Shells’

(1876), lists four species of Somatogyrus as occurring in Alabama,

viz:

S. aureus Tryon. S. parvulus Tryon.

S. currierianus Lea. S. subglobosus Say.

Having Dr. Lewis’ collection in my possession, I am able to check

up his determinations in the light of our present information. It is

evident, from the condition of his specimens, many of which are not

even washed, to say nothing of having the black and ferruginous de-

posits removed, with which they are frequently covered, that Dr.

164 THE NAUTILUS.

Lewis had not given any critical study to the group, and that his

determinations were at the best superficial. It is of interest there-

fore to consider his list serzatiém, and to make such corrections as are

necessary. S. aureus. Dr. Lewis confounded this species with S.

parvulus Tryon and georgianus herein described. For the first error

he is not wholly responsible, as the only genuine parvulus he had

was received from Dr. Lea as aureus. His. specimens from the

“Tennessee River’? and ‘* Cahawba River”’ are georgianus. Thiose

from the Coosa are partly georgianus and partly aureus. ‘Those from

the Alabama river are correctly named.

It may be added that aureus was found in the Coosa at Wetumpka

by Mr. Hinkley, where it has also been collected by Mr. A. C.

Billups. It is also in the Lewis collection from the Holston river,

Tenn., the Etowah river, Ga., the Tennessee river, Jackson Co.,

Ala., and from Bridgeport, Ala. It was also collected by Dr. Pils-

bry and myself in the Tennessee river at Knoxville, Tenn., on our

return from the Pentadelphian expedition in 1901. I have it also

from Decatur, Ala., collected by De Camp.

S. currierianus, Dr. Lewis’ specimens from Decatur, Ala., are

labelled ‘* Type” and seem to be correct. See Pl. v, figs. 8 and 9.

S. parvulus. As stated above, the only specimens referable to

this species (see Pl. v, figs. 22 and 23) from the Connesauga river,

Ga., were received from Dr. Lea under the name of aureus. His

specimens from the Tennessee river at Bridgeport, Ala., are imma-

ture aureus, as are also those from the Coosa.

S. subglobosus. There are no specimens under this name from the

Coosa river in the Lewis collection. Those from the Alabama river,

while differing somewhat in contour from the typical form of the

Ohio valley, seem substantially the same.

The characteristic feature of the Coosa river species of Somatogy-

rus is the heavy flat columellar callus, which usually quite obliterates

the umbilicus. This is present in nearly all the species. The

former connection of the Coosa with the Tennessee drainage is shown

by the occurrence of S. subglobosus, aureus and georgianus in both

systems and the narrow, rounded columellar callus in S. obtusus and

umbilicatus, which is characteristic of all the species of the Ohio and

Tennessee drainage, except S. georgianus and the form referred to

S. currtertanus by Tryon'in Mon. F. W. Univ. Moll., p. 62, Pl. 17,

fig. 13.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

All the figures are drawn on the same scale so that the relative

size of the different species is represented on the plate.

Somatogyrus hinkleyi n. sp. Pl. v, figs. 1 and 2.

Shell globose-conic, imperforate or with a mere chink at the um-

bilicus, light horn-colored, smooth, growth lines scarcely evident.

Spire elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls 4-44, those of the apex con-

vex, penultimate and body whorls more or less shouldered; suture

deeply impressed ; body whorl large, convex or in shouldered ex-

amples somewhat flattened at the periphery and obtusely angled

below. Aperture large, rounded above, somewhat flattened at the

base and decidedly angled at the junction of the lip with the base of

the columella and angular at the upper insertion of the lip; lip

simple, in aged examples somewhat thickened within. Columella

heavy, callused, flattened and nearly straight, callus thinner on the

parietal wall. Alt. 43, diam. 3? mm. Alt. 5, diam. 34 mm.

Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), five miles above

Wetumpka, Wilsonville and Fort Williams’ Shoals. Also Talla-

poosa river at Tallassee, Ala.

This fine species was collected by Mr. Hinkley in considerable

numbers at all the localities above mentioned, except at Tallassee,

where only a single specimen was found. It occurred ‘on rocks in

swift water, generally on the under side. Sometimes several indi-

viduals were found close together.”’ It differs from all the known

species in the elevated spire and conical form excepting S. pennsyl-

vanicus and virginicus herein described, but those species are much

smaller and decidedly different in contour. Young shells have the

whorls decidedly convex, the shoulder not appearing until after the

third whorl. The penultimate whorl shown in its entirety in half-

grown specimens is usually quite quadrate, owing to the shoulder and

flattening of the periphery. In mature specimens the shoulder tends

to become less evident and often entirely disappears. I take great

pleasure in naming this unusual form after its discoverer, Mr. A. A.

Hinkley, whose recent trip to the Coosa was so fruitful in novelties.

Somatogyrus constrictus n. sp. Pl. vy, fig. 3.

Shell small, conic, light horn-colored, smooth, except for the fine

growth lines. Apex eroded in all specimens seen, the portion re-

maining consisting only of the last 2-24 subeylindrical whorls, which

are very convex with a deeply-impressed suture, the body whorl is

136 THE NAUTILUS.

somewhat inclined to be gibbous. Aperture small for the genus and

nearly round, obtusely angled above. Columella concave with a

heavy, flat callus, which extends unbroken between the extremities

of the lip leaving the umbilicus scarcely exposed. Lip simple, some-

what flattened along the basal portion and obtusely angled at its

junction with the columella. Alt. 3, diam. 25 mm.

Coosa river, five miles above Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also

at Wetumpka and near Wilsonville.

Only a few specimens of this species were found by Mr. Hinkley

at any of the above localities, ‘never more than one in the same

place, and always on the under side of rock in swift water.” Un-

fortunately all the specimens are badly eroded so that it is impossible

to give the apical characters. No young specimens that can be re-

ferred to the species were found. This species is remarkable for its

elevated amnicoloid shape and deeply constricted whorls, but the

heavy columellar callus reveals its generic affinities.

Somatogyrus nanus n. sp. Pl. v, fig. 4.

Shell very small, imperforate, conic-globose, pale greenish-yellow,

smooth, shining. Spire very short and rapidly acuminating to the

sub-acute apex. Wharls 8, those of the spire but slightly convex,

separated by a shallow suture; the body very large, forming most of

the shell, convex, somewhat flattened toward the suture. Aperture

quite narrowly-angled above, widening and regularly-rounded below.

Columella concave, flattened, with a heavy callous, which entirely

covers the. umbilicus and becomes thin and transparent on the pari-

etal wall. Alt. 23, diam. 2} mm.

Coosa river, five miles above Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also

at Wetumpka, Wilsonville and Fort Williams Shoals above Farmer,

Ala.

This little species is apparently the most abundant form in the

Coosa. It was ‘‘found in all places on rocks in swift water, scattered

or collected in bunches of any number up to 25 or 30.” It is well

characterized by its small size and the short, acute apex, which with

large body whorl and slightly-impressed suture, gives a peculiar

mamilliform shape to the shell. The shells are almost invariably

covered with a thin, greenish deposit, which under the microscope

appears to consist of innumerable, oval granules, closely but irregu-

larly agglutinated on the surface.

THE NAUTILUS. 137

Somatogyrus umbilicatus n. sp. Pl. v, fig. 5.

Shell small, globosely depressed, umbilicate, light greenish-yellow,

smooth, except for the fine, rather unequal, lines of growth, Spire

short, obtusely elevated. Whorls 34, those of the spire convex and

separated by a well-impressed suture ; body whorl large, gibbously

convex, Aperture sub-circular, rather longer than broad, obtusely

angled above and slightly flattened along the basal margin. Colu-

mella concave, narrowly reflected: columellar callus, moderately

heavy, rounded, reflected over but not concealing the round, deep

umbilicus, thin and transparent on the parietal wall. Alt. 3, diam.

3 mm.

Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also at Fort Wil-

liams Shoals above Farmer, Ala.

This species is remarkable for its depressed, valvata-like form and

round, deep umbilicus, which readily differentiates it from all other

known species of the genus. It does not appear to be very abundant

at Wetumpka, and only a single example was collected at Fort Wil-

liams Shoals.

Somatogyrus coosaensis n. sp. PI. v, figs. 6 and 7.

Shell small, globose, imperforate, light yellow, smooth, with very

fine lines of growth. Spire very short, apex obtuse. Whorls 34,

rapidly increasing, those of the spire but slightly convex and sepa-

rated by a very shallow suture; body-whorl inflated, large and

convex. Aperture large, very oblique, expanded and well rounded

above, obliquely flattened at the base. Columella concave, with a

heavy, flat callus, which entirely covers the umbilicus, but rapidly

attenuates above the axis; parietal wall with a thin transparent

callus. Lip simple, the upper extremity projected along the body

whorl at its insertion, at which point it is abruptly curved in to meet

the parietal wall and rapidly drawn back below, forming a decided

angle where it unites with the base of the columella. Alt. 34, diam.

4mm.

Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also five miles

above Wetumpka, and at Fort Williams Shoals above Farmer, Ala.

Very abundant at the first two localities, but only a single specimen

was taken at the last. ‘This species is about the size of S. currier-

tanus (Figs. 8 and 9) to which it is closely related, but differs in the

less elevated spire, slightly impressed suture, regularly rounded body

138 THE NAUTILUS.

whorl, which is not shouldered as in that species, and in the decided

angle at the junction of the columella with the basal lip. The bright

honey-yellow color is eminently characteristic. It resembles young

specimens of S. crassus, but differs in the particulars stated in con-

nection with that species.

Somatogyrus obtusus n. sp. Pl. v, fig. 10.

Shell small, globular, narrowly umbilicate, greenish white, smooth,

shining. Spire very short, apex obtuse. Whorls 34, those of the

spire convex and slightly shouldered, separated by a well impressed

suture, body whorl large, globosely convex. Aperture subcircular,

rounded above, obtusely angulate below. Lip simple, meeting the

body whorl at nearly right angles at its insertion on the parietal

wall, expanded below and somewhat thickened within along the

basal margin. Columella concave, narrowly reflected: columellar

eallus not very heavy, and rounded; parietal wall covered with a

thin transparent callus. Umbilicus distinct, narrow, somewhat con-

tracted by the reflected columellar lip. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

Coosa river, just above the railroad bridge at Farmer, Ala.

Only eight examples of this distinct, little form were obtained, but

they are very uniform, varying only in size. S. obtusus differs from

nearly all the Coosa river forms in the narrow, rounded columellar

eallus and distinct umbilicus. In this respect it is allied to the

species of the Tennessee and Ohio drainage, grouping around S,

integer, but differs from them all in the obtuse apex, globular form

and the decided angle at the junction of the columella with the basal

lip.

Somatogyrus crassus n. sp. Pl. v, figs. 11 and 12.

Shell small, globose, very solid, imperforate, light greenish yellow,

smooth, lines of growth very fine. Spire short, apex obtuse.

Whorls about 4, those of the spire slightly convex, suture well im-

pressed. Body whorl large, somewhat gibbous and swollen above.

Aperture large, rounded above, somewhat flattened basally and ob-

tusely angled at the junction of the lip with the columella. Lip

simple, thickened within, by a deposit of callus. Columella con-

cave, with a heavy, flat callus which extends from one extremity to

the lip of the other, and entirely covers the umbilicus. Alt. (apex

eroded) 4.25, diam. 4.25 mm.

Coosa river at Wetumpka, Ala. (type locality), also five miles

above Wetumpka.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Only a single adult specimen was found. But quite a number of

half-grown individuals occurred. This species differs from all the

others known from the Coosa, except S. georgianus, in the solid

shell, heavy columellar callus, thickened lip and in the inflation of

the upper part of the body whorl. In these respects it resembles S.

georgianus, but differs in size and in being imperforate, lacking the

axial groove, less gibbous, and more globose. The apex is eroded in

all the specimens so that the exact number of whorls could not be

determined. ‘The immature shells are about the size of S. coosaensis

and somewhat resemble that species, but differ in the thicker shell,

color, smaller and more regularly rounded aperture, which is scarcely

angled at the base, the upper extremity of the lip is also less curved

in at its insertion.

Somatogyrus georgianus n. sp. Pl. v, fig. 13.

Shell globose, turbinate, perforate, thick, solid, light greenish-

yellow, smooth, except for fine growth lines. Spire short, obtuse.

Whorls about four, those of the spire convex with a well-impressed

suture, body-whorl large, very convex and inflated above. Aperture

large, obtusely-angled above and broadly-rounded below. Columella

concave with a very heavy, narrow callus, which extends to the

upper insertion of the lip and is adnate to the body whorl only at its

upper end, and below the narrow umbilicus is separated from the

body whorl by a deep axial groove. Lip simple, but thickened

within, its insertion on the parietal wall is below the periphery. Alt.

(apex eroded) 5, diam. 44 mm.

Chattanooga river, Chattanooga Co., Ga. (type locality), also

Tennessee river, Cahawba river and Alabama river, Ala. (Lewis

Coll.).

A couple of indifferent specimens have been in my possession for

several years, which were found among some Pleuroceridz collected

by R. E. Call. A larger suite in Mr. Hinkley’s collection from the

same source, and three lots from the Lewis collection have served to

confirm the distinctness of the form. This species resembles JS. sar-

genti (pl. v, fig. 14) in the inflation of the upper part of the body

whorl, but differs in lacking the shoulder characteristic of that species

and in the peculiar formation of the columella, which is unlike that

of any other species except S. pumilus Con. and S. trothis Doh. It

also resembles S. crassus, but is larger, the body whorl more elong-

140 THE NAUTILUS.

ated and more inflated above and has an entirely different form of

columellar lip. Dr. Pilsbry has kindly compared some of the Ten-

nessee river specimens with the unique type of Conrad’s pumilus, and

writes that while pumzlus has the same peculiar axial groove, it is

smaller (alt. 3.9, diam. 3 mm.), different in color and has the aperture

more oblique. Doherty’s species is smaller, about the size of \S. in-

teger, and has the axial groove only slightly developed. The three

species, however, form a natural group more closely related to each

other than to the other species in the genus. Many of the specimens

in the Lewis collection have the aperture rather more expanded

below than in the typical form.

This species is apparently ovoviviparous. In four out of fifteen

examples in the lot from the Tennessee river, young shells of about

24 whorls and about 14 mm. in height and breadth were found lodged

behind the opercula of the adults in various degrees of extrusion. In

two cases the young shells dropped out in the cleaning process, the

outer edge of the operculum being forced out of its normal position

to allow the passage of the young. In the other two, the young are

further within the shell and the operculum is set in nearly its usual

position. An interesting monstrosity, which apparently belongs to

this species, occurred in the lot from the Cahawba river. Nearly the

whole of the body whorl is encircled at the periphery by a strong

carina. It appears from beneath the upper insertion of the lip and

continues around the whorl about three-fourths of the circumference,

when it rapidly subsides and entirely disappears before tlie lip is

reached. ‘There is no trace of it on the upper whorls that remain.

The axial groove is bounded on the inner side by a sharp angle, which

merges into the edge of the lip at the base.

Somatogyrus pennsylvanicus n. sp. Pl. v, figs. 15 and 16.

Shell small, obtusely conic, narrowly umbilicate, sometimes im-

perforate, light horn-color, smooth, with very fine growth-lines. Spire

elevated, apex obtuse. Whorls about 44, convex, slightly flattened

toward the suture, which is well impressed. Aperture ovate, less

than half the length of the shell, angled above and rounded below,

slightly flattened along the basal lip. Columella nearly straight with

a rather heavy, but narrow, rounded callus, which is thin and trans-

parent in the parietal wall. Umbilicus a mere chink or entirely

covered by the callus deposit. Lip simple, somewhat thickened

within, especially on the basal part. Alt. 33, diam. 24 mm,

THE NAUTILUS. 141

Columbia, Pa.

About thirty specimens of this amnicola-shaped species were in the

collection of the late Dr. G. A. Lothrop, labelled Amnieola decisa,

but unfortunately with no indication from whom they were obtained.

The large number of species from that locality in the collection would

indicate that Dr. Lothrop had been in correspondence with some col-

lector residing in that vicinity. At first sight, it would be taken for

an Amnicola, but the columellar callus is decisive on its generic posi-

tion, which is confirmed by the allied S. virginicus and by Mr.

Hinkley’s discovery of a somewhat similar elevated form (S. hink-

ley’) in the Coosa. It is similar in shape to that form, but is smaller,

the whorls more rounded, the columellar callus is narrower and

rounded, and there is no decided angle at the junction of the basal

lip with the columella. In shape it resembles also somewhat S.

virginicus but differs in the particulars pointed out in connection with

that species.

Somatogyrus virginicus n. sp. Pl. v, figs. 17, 18 and 19.

Shell small, globosely conic, imperforate, light greenish-yellow,

smooth, shining, lines of growth very fine. Spire elevated, obtusely

conic. Whorls about 4, those of the spire convex, with a well-

impressed suture, body whorl subglobose, regularly convex. Aper-

ture ovate, angled above and broadly rounded below. Umbilical

region impressed, but covered by a rather broad, rounded columellar

callus which becomes thinner and transparent on the parietal wall.

Columella nearly straight. Lip thin and sharp. Alt. (fig. 18) 33,

diam. 3mm. Alt. (fig. 17) 33, diam. 2} mm.

Barnard’s Ford, Rapidan R., Va. (W.J. Farrer Coll.)

This species in its elevated form resembles S. pennsylvanicus, and

the two with S. Ainkleyi form a natural group quite distinct in shape

from all the other known species. It differs from the latter in its

smaller size, more convex body whorl and narrow, rounded colu-

mellar callus, and from the former in being somewhat larger, less

solid, more globose, thin lip, color and especially in the impressed

umbilical area, which is one of the most distinctive specific charac-

ters. Like many of the Amnicola, there are two forms represented

in the series, one being decidedly more slender than the other as

shown by the figures, otherwise they are entirely similar. This is

probably a sexual difference, but has not been observed in any other

species of this genus.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

Somatogyrus pilsbryanus n. sp. Pl. v, figs. 20 and 21.

Shell small, gibbous-globose, scarcely perforate, rather thin, light

yellow-horn colored, smooth, lines of growth very fine. Spire short,

conic, obtuse. Whorls 34, those of the spire convex, separated by a

well-impressed suture, body whorl large, very convex, gibbous.

Aperture large, widely ovate, obtusely angled above and regularly

rounded below. Umbilical region impressed. Umbilicus a mere

chink. Columella concave, with a heavy, flat callus, which becomes

thin and transparent on the parietal wall. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mm.

Tallapoosa river, Tallassee, Ala.

This is another of the new species discovered by Mr. Hinkley. It

occurred quite abundantly and is a well marked and distinct form.

It is related to S. parvulus, Tryon (PI. v, figs. 22 and 23), in gen-

eral appearance, but differs in the wide, gibbous body whorl, more

obtuse apex and in the heavy, flat, columellar callus, S. parvulus

being more acutely conical, with the body whorl regularly rounded

and with a narrow, rounded, columellar callus. Dr. Pilsbry has

kindly compared it with the types of Tryon’s species and concurs in

its specific distinctness. I take great pleasure in naming it after him.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Polygyra tridentata discoidea n. subsp.

The shell is larger than .tr7dentata, more depressed, the spire

usually nearly flat. Whorls 55, closely and sharply striate. Umbili-

cus more widely expanding at its opening, showing more of the pre-

ceding whorl. The aperture is more or less ‘‘ dished,” the parietal

tooth directed towards: the upper lip-tooth, which while varying

somewhat in shape has a tendency to be rather wide and flat-topped.

The lower lip-tooth is more acute, both being strictly marginal.

Alt. 94, diam. 203 mm.

Alt. 8, diam. 19 mm.

Alt. 84, diam. 185 mm.

Charleston Landing, Clarke Co., Southern Indiana, Cotypes in

coll. A. N. S. P. and of L. E. Daniels.

During a recent visit, Mr. G. H. Clapp called my attention to the

form of P. tridentata found around Cincinnati, and widely known in

THE NAUTILUS. 143

collections. A recent sending from Mr. L. E. Daniels of the same

race from a point further down the Ohio valley is made the occasion

for describing it. The subspecies seems to be a characteristic and

abundant form along the lower Ohio river, its range southwestward

as well as up the river still remaining to be ascertained.

It resembles the large P. tridentata complanata in shape, but is in-

variably sharply striate and does not reach so large a size.

DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW TERTIARY FOSSILS.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Canceliaria rapella n. sp.

Shell very fragile, spire but slightly elevated, depressed and ex-

eavated near the suture, with three and one-half whorls including the

protoconch, the latter smooth and consisting of one and one-half

whorls ; body whorl with about twenty-

five spiral ridges, those on the central

portion flattened and _ obsoletely

grooved, lines of growth prominent

and on the spire give the interstices

between the spirals a punctated ap-

pearance ; columella with two promi-

nent folds and a slight umbilical

rimation. Length, 29 mm.

Miocene, Magnolia, Dauphin Co.,

North Carolina.

One specimen of this delicate shell

was found while cleaning the marl

from the interior of a large Busycon

maxima var. tritonis Conr., collected

-by Mr. Joseph Willcox. It is related pre ine Wee

to ©. venusta Tuomey and Holmes,

but the shell is much thinner, spire less elevated and excavated

near the suture. Type in the museum of the Wagner Free Insti-

tute of Science, Philadelphia.

Linearia? divaricata n. sp.

Shell very thin, compressed, nearly equilateral, umbones smooth,

144 THE NAUTILUS.

from which extend upwards of sixty radial ribs, those of the anterior

* and posterior divaricating toward

their respective margins, a few of

the upper ones curving upward

to the hinge line, the larger ribs

frequently forked near the mar-

gin, lines of growth quite promi-

nent. Length 15, alt. 8, diam.

4 mm.

Eocene (Lower Claiborne), Berryman’s place, two miles northeast

of Alto, Cherokee Co., Texas. Type in the Lea collection of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (Acc. no. 9706).

This interesting specimen represents both valves intact, the matrix

filling the interior is quite hard and the shell so thin that an attempt

to develop the hinge would undoubtedly destroy the specimen. I

can therefore only refer it doubtfully to the genus Linearia until

LINEARIA DIVARICATA,

more material is obtained.

GENERAL NOTES.

OccuRRENCE OF Zinc IN Futeur.—In Science for January 29,

1904, P. 196, Mr. Harold C. Bradley, of Yale University, states

that : “ In the course of an investigation on the chemical physiology of

certain invertebrates, undertaken under the direction of Dr. Lafay-

ette B. Mendel, it was found that the ash of the hepatopancreas of

the large carnivorous gastropod Sycotypus canaliculatus contains an

element hitherto unobserved in such connection, namely zinc * * *

samples of ash from Sycotypus canaliculatus gave approximately

eleven per cent. and twelve per cent. respectively of ZnO.”

«At the same time qualitative examinations were made of speci-

mens dredged from various parts of Long Island Sound about New

Haven and in all cases zine was found in large quantities in the ash

of Sycotypus and Fulgur carica * * * The significance of this

unique occurence of zinc in the economy of Sycotypus and Fulgur is

still to be determined, as is the nature of the combination in which

it exists. These points, together with the distribution of the element

in other marine forms about the Sound, are at present being in-

vestigated.”

Tue Senior Epitor or Tue Navtivuvs is on a collecting trip

through Florida and Cuba. He will return the latter part of April.

THE

NAUTILUS

A MONTHLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF

CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XVIII.

MAY, 1904, to APRIL, 1905.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS:

H. A. PitsBry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ot Natural Sciences

PHILADELPHIA.

C. W. JoHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,

BOSTON,

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INDEX

THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XVIII.

INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.

PR ee SMR N ie See Niastirn ate ie, WF kis =, ope Ay AOE

Achatina . af ee : : : . 144

Admete ma odig Geass Dall, n. Sp. . ; : : : . 123

Agriolimax agrestis in Geioene . : Cae

Alabama shells collected in October and Nas ee 1903 37,54

Alea . 2 ‘ . HOS Lae

Alyczeus pearance Paobey & ieee, D.Aps 3 sacra

Ancyli, notes on Eastern American . : : 16, .28,.15

Mie toss ampla, picta, plicata, ete. . , : . 42

Ancylus borealis Morse (Pl. VI, figs. 14— 16) : : . 80

Ancylus elatior Anth. (Pl. V, flea. 10-12) . : ; ait ebe

Ancylus filosus Conrad (PI. 1V, figs. 1-8) c 3 sod ees

Ancylus haldemani Bet. (Pl. VI, figs. 9-13) P : rinks

Ancylus ovalis Morse . . - ot hs

Ancylus parallelus Hald. (Pl. V, ae re 9). ; . mers |

Ancylus pumilus Sterki (Pl. VI, figs. 20-22) ; ; . 82

Ancylus rivularis Say (PI. I, fies! 1-10, 138-15) . ; 1T, 25

Ancylus shimeki Pilsbry (Pl. VI, figs. 17-19) . ‘ apes!

Ancylus tardus Say (PI. I, figs. 11, 12, 16-23, Pl. 1I, 1-22) . 27

Aporema Dall . , ‘ ; ; ; . 143

Arca ponderosa at Ghutliat, Mia : : , : .- 48

( iii )

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Arion circumscriptus on Goat Is., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 91

Ashmun, Rev. E. H. (Portrait) Sates : . 120, 121

Ashmunella, a new : 72

Ashmunella walkeri commis, n. sp. . 53

Bermudian mollusks, some notes on h29

Bifidaria + LOR

Buccinum from the Kee Talia: new species of 87

Buccinum chishimanum Pils., n. sp. 88

Buccinum inclitum Pils. n. af 87

Cambridge Natural History: errata comerted 58

Cape Cod mollusks, some notes on 129

Carychium nipponense Pils. & Hir., n. sp. 7

Cave-snails 67

Cecilioides acicula Mill 130

Cerion incanum Binn. 137

Clams affected by sewerage 60

Clausilia pilsbryana Ancey, n.n. for C.< oscariana Pils, peor 21

Delaware, a glimpse at the shell fauna of 63

Diplothyra . . 102

Drymeus nubilus Sie ‘p, roolecweeers Pfr, var. Fone:

anus Pils. : : : : : ; ee

Ena . : ; : : : 105, 106, 115, 117

Erato albescens Dall, n. Sp. ; : : . 124

Eucore ; ; . 103, 105

Eulota (Bivista) eminens Pils. & er, i. Sp: : : 4

Kulota (Adgista) friedeliana var. punioseuia P. @ ae 34

Eulota (Aigista) friedelinana var. vestita P. & H., n. v. 33

Eulota (Aigista) kobensis var. pertenuis P. & H., n. v. 34

Eulota (Agista) kobensis var, koshikijimana P. & H.,n. v. 34

Eulota (Aigista) mimula var. goniosoma P. & H., n. v. 4

Eulota (Aigista) tokunoshimana P. & H.,n. sp. . 33

Julota (Huhadra) irrediviva P. & H., n. op. 32

Eulota (Plectotropis) pannosa var. i naliinnne P.& H. 5 Ve ae

Eulota (Plectotropis) pressa P. & H., n. sp. : 33

Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis Savane | Bestel a 3

Ferrissia Walker : ; é : : ; 16,75

Genota riversiana Ray fonds n. sp. 27, 14

Glochidia of Unio on fishes . 142

Haliotis, a peculiar 67

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

Helix conella, A. Ad. peas syn. of Plectotropis deflexa

Pir. 3

Helix hortensis at Chatham. Mass. 48

Helix hortensis on Little Duck Island, Maine 46

Helicina pterophora Sykes — H. exyrhyncha Cee &

Debeaux . 22

Iron Bound Islands, Mame, fine shells alee : : set

Jaminia 103, 105, 114, 117

Japanese shells, feceripen of new 3, 32

Leda amblia Dall, n. sp. . 123

Liguus fasciatus on the Florida East su 88

Limax (Amalia) hewstoni in California jee (86

Limax maximus in California 12, 23, 34

Limnzas, new American 10, 62

Limnea wae crystalensis Bees, n. var. 11

Limnea reflexa hemphilliana Baier n. var. 11

Limnea reflexa iowaensis Baker, n. var. wer yO

Lioplax pilsbryi Walker, n. sp. : , . 133

Lymnea decollata oronoensis Baker, n. var. » 62

Lymnea bryanti Baker, n. sp. : . 141

Lymnea desidiosa Say, var. aT Say. 5 LT

Lymneza humilis Say , . 125

Lymnea owascoensis Baker, n. sp. sepa

Lymnea parva Lea : . 126

Lymnea randolphi Baker, n. sp. . ae

Lymnea stagnalis higleyi Baker, n. var. mee i

Lymneas, critical notes on the wuinller . 125

Lucina (Miltha) childreni Gray, and a new species from the

Gulf of California 0

Macrochlamys cerasina rma ee & Hymn. oun ae

Macrochlamys chaunax P. & H., n. sp. ogre ie

Magilia perattenuata Dall, n. sp.. . 123

Margaritana margaritifera in Pennsylvania wurdl

Marrat, Frederick Price 120, 143

Martesia of the Eastern United States 100, 112

Martesia cuneiformis Say (Fig. 2) . 101

Martesia striata Linn (Fig. 1) : : . 100

Martesia (Diplothyra) caribea Orbigny (Fig. 3). : . 102

Martesia (Martesiella) fragilis Verrill & Bush he

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Medionidus simpsonianus Walker, n. sp. 136

Melania hahajimana P. & H., n. sp. 8

Melania libertina var. gigas P. & H., n.v 9

Molluscan stampede SS 31

Museum Boltenianum . , 4 pois; gg

Myrtle Beach, a new locality in S. Carolina for recent and

fossil iia : ; 60

Natica prietoi Hidalgo, at Algiers UI

New collector in the field [a chipmunk | : : i REO

Notes and news . : : + 12,°235:365595, 67, 84-91 aan

Nudibranchs, Californian 131

Omphalina pilsbryi Clapp, n. sp. 30

Oreohelix clappi Ferriss, n. sp. 53

Oreohelix strigosa mesoelfel Cockerell, n. sien 113

Cstrea arrosis Aldrich, n. sp. (Pl. III) Eocene of itaiaent 61

Oyster, a distorted 24

Panacca Dall, n. gen. 143

Panopea bitruncata Conrett (Plate IV) 13

Parmulophora Dall, n.n, for Parmulina Dall, preoe. 113

Parreysia barnumi Pils.,n. n, for Unio browni Whitf. preoe. 12

Patinigera Dall, n.n. for Patinella Dall., 1870 (not ee

1848) 113

Pennsylvanian snails nad fhe State Foslopist Loi

Petriola Dall, n.n. 143

Phacoides (Miltha) Sneha Dall, n. sp. DRE

Pholeoteras euthrix 67

Physa gyrina : 31

Pisidium atlanticum Sterki, n. sp. 128

Pisidium limatulum Sterki, n. sp. 108

Plectopylis in the Riukiu Islands 58

Plectopylis (Sinicola) hirasei Pils., n. sp. 58

Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) cataline Raymond, n. sp. 2

Pleurotoma (Genota) stearnsiana Raymond, n. sp. 1, 15

Pleurotoma from the pliocene of California, a new 14

Polygyra appressa tryoniana Pils., n. subsp. 89

Polygyra wheatleyi clingmanica Pils., n. subsp. . 90

Polygyra monodon and P. hirsuta, Albino . 92

Polygyra (Stenotrema) barbata Clapp, n. sp. 85

Polygyra stenotrema seminuda Clapp, n. var. 86

THE NAUTILUS. vil

Polygyra tridentata discoidea in Indiana 92

Psilocochlis Dall, n. subg. ; 9

Ptychocheilus : : ‘ : 4 SON

Publications received . : : . 24, 68, 92, 108, 120, 132

Punctum apertum Pils. & Hir., n. sp. 5

Punctum elachistum Pils.& Hir., n. sp. = : sage ae

Pupa, note on the nomenclature of the snails usually called. 103

Pupilla : : : . 108, 105, 116, 118

Pupillidz, notes on the vonterelanine Ola Zs 105; 114.9016

Santa Catalina Island, a dredging trip to es)

Saraphia 105, 106

Scalaria candidissima at eters 21

Schizostoma castaneum, constrictum, ete. . 40

Scissurella (Schizotrochus) kelseyi Dall, n. sp. . 124

Scyphomya vel Aes

Sensitiveness of He to weather Surnleink US

Septidz ; 69

Snails and slugs in the Sew ieraaniedal Bney, ionedia 22

Sonorella lohrii lioderma Pils., n. subsp 59

Southwestern shells : : : ‘ : eta!)

Sphyradium s-- ShOS; LOFT Sear

Stenothyra formosana Pils. & Hie 2 Sp: 8

Somatogyrus walkerianus Aldrich 140

Strombus pugilis L., sexual dimorphism in . 138

Terebra histrio Desh. from Senegal, W. Africa 21

Teredina fistula H. C. Lea . 13

Teredo fistula H. C. Lea, generic ee of 13

Tornatellina monodonta Pils. & Hir., n. sp. 6

Tomigerus, new species of . 144

Trichodina Ane. . 143

Tulotoma magnifica Conr., etc. 43

Turbinella, a singular eocene 9

Turbinella fPaildcuonhs) mecallie Dail: n. sp. 9

Unio browni Whitf. preoc. = Parreysia barnumi Pils. 12

Unio chipolaensis Walker, n. sp. ‘ 135

Unio crassidens from Wiscouein: fossil (PI. VII) 97

Unionide at Eastham, Mass. 47

Unionide from the Chipola river 134

Vallonia pulchella (Miill.) 129

Vili THE NAUTILUS.

Vaucheria Pallary : : : ; : ; . | 144

Vertigo ; : , ‘ : 103, 105, 116, 119

Vitrea lucida Ome E : : : . 180

Venus arakana Nevill not V. grikancnee : oe dithe “) 28

Zonitoides arboreus Say. [ ; : . 130

Zonitoides chishimanus Pils. & ir. reife a ; . rk

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

Aldrich. T. He. 3 : 3 3 ; ‘ - 61, 140

Ancey, C. F. : ; ; : : E 21

Baker, Frank C. : : ‘ : 2 10, 62, 125, 141

Bartsch, Paul . : : , j : Fale

Blaney, Dwight . : . : 4 ; : : . 45

Bryant, Owen . : : ’ : é ; : - 129

Burns, Frank . F : ’ ; : ; : «7 60

Clapp, Geo. H. . : : ; : 30, 85

Cockerell, T.D. A. . z ; } . 90, 91, 103, 113, 131

Colton, Harold Sellers ‘ : i ; . 188

Conner, Chas, H. e j : 5 wie

Dall, Wm. H. : : ‘ me os 84, 110, 113, 114, 193, 143

Daniels, L. E. : : 5 . 92

Ferriss, Jas. H. . i : : : : d TS

Henderson, Jr., John B. ; : ‘ : : ; ee

Hinkley, A Ae : 4 : . 5 : ; =. Sina

Hirase, ¥. ; A : ‘ : ‘ 3, 32

Johnson, Charles W.. 13, 24, 47, 73, 93, 96, in ae es 132

Lowe, Herbert N. ; : , t 18

Moore, Clarence B. : 88

Pilsbry, Henry A., 3, 12, 23, 32, 58, 59, 68, 87, 89, 94, 105, 116

Raymond, W. J.. : : : 1, 14

Rhoads, S.N. . : : : : ; ; a 3)

Simpson, Charles Torrey : : : ; : . 13

Smith, Edgar A. : ‘ : 3 i : i . 143

Stearns, R. E. C. . ; i - : , ‘ , 34, 58

Sterki, V. . : ‘ ‘ : : : : . 108,128

Vanatta, E.G. . : : : é 23

Van Hyning, T. . . é . : ‘ _ 23, 31, 92, 144

Wagner, George . : ; : : ; 97

Ww inkley, Henry W. . : : ; : ee |

THe NAUTILUS.

Von. XVITT. MAY, 1904. No.1,

TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.

Subgenus Genota H. and A. Adams.

Section Dolichotoma Bellardi.

Pleurotoma ( Genota) stearnsiana, new species.

Shell broadly fusiform, spire acute, outline of spire moderately

convex; whorls eight and one-half, convex anteriorly, slightly con-

cave near the suture, the margin at the suture strongly appressed ;

suture distinct; aperture longer than the spire; color orange to cream,

a broad, spiral, brown band below the suture and nine or ten narrow,

clearly-defined bands on the last whorl, one or two of these also visible

on the spire, bands nearly as wide as the lighter interspaces; interior

of aperture yellowish, lighter within and spotted with brown on the

outer lip by the external bands; first two whorls smooth, later whorls

with numerous revolving threads, closely beaded on the spire by in-

cremental lines which follow the outline of the lip, threads not

beaded below the periphery of the last whorl, but roughened by the

growth-lines and somewhat coarser anteriorly; aperture rather

narrow; posterior sinus shallow, rounded; lip acute, produced below

the sinus, canal wide; pillar solid, somewhat curved, obliquely

truncate below. Operculum normal. Long. of shell 30.5, of aper-

ture and canal 17, of body-whorl 23 mm.; max. diam. 13 mm.

Divergence 50°. An extremely old specimen which shows a thick-

ening of the pillar like an obscure fold, measures: long. of shell 41.4,

2 THE NAUTILUS.

of aperture and canal 22.5, of body-whorl 29.5 mm.; max. diam.

18mm. Divergence 48°. This specimen was dead when collected.

University of California Marine Biological Laboratory, stations

55 and 67, off San Diego, 25 to 80 fathoms, sand and mud, bottom

temperature 50° F. Also dead specimens from stations 21 and 98,

Catalina Island, 30 to 40 fathoms, sand and mud, bottom temp. 51° F.

P.( Genota) stearnsiana is at once separable from the forty or more

specimens of its nearest ally, P. carpenteriana, examined by the

writer. The former species is very uniform, although found in dif-

ferent localities. With the same number of whorls it is half as large

as P. carpenteriana and is proportionately broader. The average

ratio of length to diameter is 2.38 in five specimens of P. stearnstana,

in five specimens of P. carpenteriana it is 2.70. The spire is pro-

portionately shorter in the former species and the brown bands are

snore conspicuous. P. carpentertana has been found in the California

Pliocene and Pleistocene and seems to be the first in time of a closely

related group, embracing besides the two species already named, P.

iryoniana Gabb, Pleistocene and Recent, and P. coopert Arnold,

found thus far in the Pleistocene of San Pedro only. It gives me

great pleasure to dedicate the present species to Dr. Robert E. C.

Stearns, known to all students of West American conchology.

Section Antiplanes Dall.

Pleurotoma (Antiplanes) catalinae, new species.

Shell sinistral, thin, elongated, slender, whorls ten to eleven ;

color light, pinkish-brown, without bands, interior of aperture a

little lighter: upper whorls more or less chalky; nucleus smooth, in-

flated: later whorls convex, suture deeply impressed; sculptured by

fine incremental lines and on the last whorls a few obscure, spiral

striations, mostly below the periphery; anal fasciole traceable on the

spire as a flattened or obscurely grooved band; aperture narrow ;

‘anal wide and short; pillar nearly straight, with a well-defined

sallus, obliquely truncate below; outer lip produced, deeply emargin-

ate near the sutural margin of the whorl. Long. of shell 27, of

aperture and canal 10.5; max. diam. 7.6 mm. Divergence 20°.

Dredged in 125 fathoms, green mud, off Catalina Island, living, U.

C. M. B. L. Station 86; off Point Loma, San Diego, 50 fathoms,

Station 72 (a single, dead specimen); off Point Loma, 106 fathoms,

green mud and sand, bottom temperature 47.9° F., Station 73.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

This attractive shell is much like a reversed P. (Antiplanes)

santarosana Dall, in color and sculpture, but the whorls are more

oblique besides being reversed, and the spire is even more slender

than in Dall’s species. P. (Antiplanes) catalinae was found associa-

ted with P. (Antiplanes) perversa Gabb, which is also sinistral.

The latter species is wider, has less rounded whorls and the color is

a darker brown with a light, spiral band, as stated by Gabb in his

original description. The two species are readily separated.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SHELLS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Eulota ( Plectotropis) pannosa var. awashimana n. var.

This race is similar to 4. pannosa in color, texture, sculpture and

the profuse peripheral fringe, but differs in being much smaller, pro-

portionally higher, with decidedly narrower umbilicus, which is not

enlarged at the opening, the base being almost angular around it.

Whorls 54, the last very shortly and slightly deflexed in front. It

is more robust and less depressed than £. deflexa. Alt. 8, diam.

13 mm.

~ Awashima, Echigo. Types no. 86495, A. N. S. P., from no.

1164 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Two species of Plectotropis have been described by A. Adams

from Awashima: #. setocincta and H. scabricula. The first meas-

ures about 12x6 mm., the altitude half the diameter, being therefore

more depressed than awashimana, in which the alt. is nearly two-

thirds the diam. H. scabricula is about 9x6 mm., with 64 whorls,

the last ‘“subangulate’”’ peripherally. This species is therefore

smaller than awashimana, with more whorls and blunter ambitus.

Helix conella A. Ad., 1868, from “ Tabu-Sima’’ (not A. conella

Pfr., 1861), is probably a synonym of Plectotropis deflera Pfr., from

the same island.

Eulota (Plectotropis) shikokuensis subdivesta n. subsp.

Shell more depressed than LH. shikokuensis, and smoother, the

oblong granules bearing no cuticular scales, the periphery without a

fringe. Whorls nearly 6, the last very shortly and abruptly de-

4 THE NAUTILUS.

flexed in front. Umbilicus more broadly open. Alt. 7, diam. 16

mm., umbilicus 5 mm. wide.

Sodayama, Tosa. Types no, 84783, A. N.S. P., from no. 1022

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

E. s. var. hadaka (Nauvitus xvii, 105) is a much less depressed

form, measuring, alt. 9.5, diam. 16, umbilicus 4 mm. wide, and alt.

8, diam. 14 mm.

Eulota ( Aegista) eminens n. sp.

Shell broadly and deeply umbilicate, low-trochiform, dull yellow-

ish-brown, finely striate, the last striz on the last whorl broken into

low granules, which when quite unworn bear short cuticular laminge

in places. Spire convex-conic. Whorls 63 to 7, slightly convex,

closely coiled, and very slowly widening, the last whorl obtusely

subangular at the periphery, and descending a little in front, very

convex beneath. Aperture very oblique, rounded, about one-fourth

of the circle excised at the parietal wall. Peristome thin, narrowly

expanded, reflexed below. Alt. 7.3, diam. 10.8, width of umbilicus

3 mm.

Toba, Shima. Type no. 86493 A. N.S. P., from no. 590a of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species belongs to the group of Aegzsta mimula, but differs

from all the known species by its elevated spire, higher than in any

other Japanese Aegista, and approaching the contour of the species

referred to the section Celorus.

Eulota ( Aegista) mimula var. goniosoma n. var.

This race resembles mimula, trachyderma and mikurtyensis in the

rather small aperture with thin, expanded lip, subreflexed below, but

not thickened within. The spire is low conoid-convex, the periphery

strongly angular and the base convex, abruptly curving into the wide

umbilicus. The lusterless surface is brownish-yellow, freckled with

buff dots, finely, rather irregularly striate, and in some specimens re-

taining short, triangular cuticular lamine below the periphery.

Whorls 54 to 53. Alt. 6.5, diam, 11.3 to 12 mm., width of umbili-

cus 4 mm.

Amagisan, Izu. Types no. 86462 A. N.S. P., from no. 1165 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

On account of its strongly angular periphery, this might be con-

THE NAUTILUS. 5

sidered a distinct species, and it may prove to be so; but it belongs to

a group of forms which may for the present be ranked as subspecies

of E. mimula, and including the following :

E. mimula Pils.

E. mimula trachyderma Pils. & Gude. (E. aperta trachyderma,

Proc. A. N.'S., 1901, 614).

E. mimula mikuriyensis Pils. (2. aperta mikuriyensis, Naut.,

xvi, 45).

E. mimula goniosoma Pils. & Hir.

Punctum elachistum n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, depressed, brown, the first whorl whitish.

Whorls 23, the last one sculptured with rather widely spaced lamelle

and close spiral strize in the intervals, the spire nearly smooth. The

whorls enlarge rapidly, and the last one is somewhat compressed be-

low the periphery, which is rounded. The aperture is large, oblique

and rounded, about one-fourth of the circle excised by the preceding

whorls. Alt. 7, diam. 1.2 mm.

Yanagawa, Chikugo. Types no. 86492 A. N.S. P., from no

1159 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

There are fewer whorls than in P. leptum, which is also a little

larger, and judging from the figures, more densely lamellose.

Punctum apertum n. sp.

Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, thin, brownish-corneous,

sculptured with delicate, thread-like riblets, in large part cuticular.

Whorls 3, convex, parted by an impressed suture. Aperture ob-

lique, rounded, slightly more than one-fourth of the circle excised by

the preceding whorl; peristome thin and simple. Alt. 7, diam. 2mm.

Nemuro, Nemuro. Types no, 86490 A. N.S. P., from no, 1156

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This little snail from the northeastern province of Yesso, is dis-

tinguished by its depressed form and wide, shallow umbilicus.

Zonitoides chishimanus n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, whitish-corneous, thin; closely and deli-

cately rib-striate, densely and finely striate spirally between the

lamelle. Spire convex. Whorls nearly 34, convex, slowly increas-

ing, the last rounded peripherally and below. Aperture quite ob-

6 THE NAUTILUS.

lique, wide-lunate, the peristome simple and thin. Alt. .7, diam.

1.1 mm.

Kunashiri, Chisohima chain (Kuril Is.). Types no. 86491 A. N.

S. P., from no. 1155 of Mr. Hirase’s collection. :

This very small, whitish species is more closely sculptured than

any Japanese Punctum, unless P. leptum Westerl. be an exception.

That species from Nagasaki is larger and has a much narrower

umbilicus.

Macrochlamys chaunazx n. sp.

Shell perforate, convex-conic above, more convex below the

slightly obtusely angular periphery, the angle above the middle;

thin, somewhat transparent, pale yellow. Surface brilliantly glossy,

showing some slight growth-wrinkles and densely-crowded, very

minute spiral strie. Whorls 4, moderately convex, the last about

double the width of the preceding, subangular, the angle becoming

obsolete at the aperture. Aperture rather large, rounded-lunate.

Peristome simple and thin, reflexed at the columellar insertion. Alt.

2.7, diam. 4.5 mm.

Imotoshima, an islet south of the Hahajima, Ogasawara. Types

no. 83030 A. N.S. P., from no. 899 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Also found on Hahajima.

Macrochlamys cerasina shinanoensis n. subsp.

Shell resembling JZ. cerasina and M. gudei, but much larger than

the former, more globose and more glossy than the latter. There are

64 convex, very slowly widening whorls, the last one angular at the

periphery in front, becoming rounded on the latter part. Spire low

conic, with nearly straight outlines. Base strongly convex, impressed

around the narrow axial perforation, which is nearly concealed by

the triangular dilation of the columellar lip. Alt. 10.4, diam. 7.4 mm.

Snasan, Shinano. Types no. 86483 A. N.S. P., from no. 1173

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Tornatellina monodonta n. sp.

Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, pale yellowish corneous, im-

perfectly transparent, almost smooth. Spire straightly conic, the

apex obtuse. Whorls 43, moderately convex, the last somewhat

swollen. Aperture oblique, ovate, somewhat less than half the totai

length. Outer lip thin and simple, columella strongly twisted, form-

THE NAUTILUS. a

ing a white spiral fold. No parietal lamella. Length 3, diam.

1.9 mm. :

Imotojima, Ogasawara. Types no. 86479 A. N.S. P., from no.

1158 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This form is distinguished at once from others described from

Ogasawara-jima and the islands of Izu by the absence of a parietal

lamella. It occurs also on Hahajima, no. 1158a of Mr. Hirase’s

collection.

Carychium nipponense n. sp.

Shell oblong, with a rather wide spire and obtuse apex, clear,

transparent corneous, smooth and glossy. Whorls 4, convex, the

suture well impressed. Aperture oblong, oblique, with a single,

small, acute lamella at the middle of the inner margin, and a larger

tubercle opposite to it within the outer lip, which is thickened

throughout. Length 1.3, diam. .6 mm.

Sendai, Rikuzen. Types no. 86441 A. N.S. P., from no. 1157a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

A dwarf among pygmies. It is like C. hachijoense in its polished

surface, but differs in the wide spire, not tapering regularly as in that

insular form. C. noduliferum, pessimum and borealis are all conspic-

uously striate. C. noduliferum and C. nipponense are the only species

at present known from the main island of Japan. Specimens sent

from Uji- Yamada, Ise, indicate that C. nipponense has a wide range

along the ocean coast of Nippon.

Alyceus oshimanus n. sp.

Shell of the depressed low-conoid shape of other Japanese species,

the umbilicus oblong, the last whorl deviating tangentially about

half-way across the preceding. Whorls 332, the first two smooth,

reddish or yellowish, the following whorl rib-striate, at first finely

and closely, but on the first half of the last whorl the riblets become

quite widely spaced. Last half of the last whorl swollen, and very

much more finely and closely sculptured than any other part of the

_ Shell; the neck rather strongly contracted, then swollen and sculp-

tured again. Aperture very oblique, circular, the lip strengthened

by an external rib, built forward beyond the rib, the upper and lower

margins arched forward a little. Alt. 2, diam. 4mm. Operculum

thin, yellow.

8 THE NAUTILUS.

Oshima, Osumi. ‘Types no. 83385 A. N.S. P., from no. 931 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This species differs from the allied A. enetus in its sculptured

neck and less developed “ collar” or lip-rib. No land shell of the

important island of Oshima is known to be identical with species of

Kyushu or of the main island of Japan.

Stenothyra formosana n. sp.

Shell small, ovate, smooth and glossy, yellowish olivaceous. Spire

convex-conic, about 4 whorls remaining, the earlier ones being

eroded. Last whorl moderately inflated, distinctly compressed from

back to face, strongly contracting to the aperture, which is subverti-

eal, ovate, and not much exceeding one-third the length of the shell.

Length 3.9, diam. 2.2 mm.

Kironten, Formosa. ‘Types no. 86485 A. N.S. P., from no. 159

ef Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This small, plain species is related to a form in the collection of

the Academy labelled S, glabra A. Ad., but is very much larger,

and not quite so much contracted at the aperture. S. glabra was not

very fully defined by Adams. It was described from Peiho, but has

been reported from Formosa by Nevill, Handlist Ind. Mus., p. 43.

Melania hahajimana n. sp.

Shell rather thin and light, yellowish olive, usually with some in-

distinct reddish longitudinal streaks on the spire; somewhat glossy,

sculptured with irregular, unequal but fine spiral grooves and striz,

which on the spire cut the longitudinal growth-wrinkles into oblong

beads, irregularly and unevenly developed. The spire is slender

with slightly concave outlines. Apex eroded, 6 or 7 remaining

whorls but slightly convex, separated by an impressed, oblique

suture. Last whorl inflated in the middle. Aperture ovate, ob-

lique, broadly rounded below, the thin lip slightly sinuous.

Length 34, diam. 10.5, length of aperture 10.5 mm.

Length 30, diam. 10, length of aperture 10.8 mm.

Hahajima, Ogasawara. Types no. 8645 A. N.S. P., from no.

172 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

The slender spire, thin texture and inflated last whorl widely

separate this form from M. boninensis of Chichijima, the only Melan-

ian hitherto known from the Ogasawara-jima. It is related to M.

THE NAUTILUS. 9

tuberculata (Mull.), a widely distributed Oriental form, much more

strongly sculptured, with more convex whorls.

M. boninensis Lea has been found to grow much larger than the

original examples, reaching a length of 32.5 mm.

Melania libertina var. gigas n. vy.

Very large, finely striate spirally, more coarsely so at the base, but

without longitudinal folds. Olivaceous-brown, yellow in places, with

some darker-brown streaks; the color concealed by a black ferrous

coat. Length of decollate shells with about 4 to 44 whorls remain-

ing, 48 to 51, diam. 20 mm., Jength of aperture 21 to 22 mm.

Arato, Echizen. Types no. 86441 A. N.S. P., from no. 171 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is the largest Japanese Melanian now on record. Some spe-

cimens of MM. lébbeckiana are longer, but they are not so stout in

figure.

A SINGULAR EOCENE TURBINELLA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

A singular Turhinella has recently been received from Mr. S. W.

McCallie, of Georgia, which seems to stand, to some extent, between

the two well known types, Turb/nella proper and Vasum.

Psilocochlis subg. nov.

Shell thick and heavy, with depressed dome-like spire and few

whorls, a strong siphonal fasciole surrounding a wide umbilical fun-

nel, which is completely filled by a heavy deposit of callus, which

also extends to the posterior angle of the aperture; the pillar exhib-

its three strong elevated plaits, and the surface is smooth or free from

ribs, nodules, or prominent sculpture of any kind. Type:

Turbinella ( Psilocochlis) Me Callie sp. nov.

Shell short and broad, with about four whorls, of which all but the

last are very small ; apex hardly rising above the last whorl, which

is dome-shaped above and widest at about the level of the posterior

angle of the aperture, diminishing forward and slightly constricted

behind the strong and flaring siphonal fasciole ; umbilical funnel

smooth, but nearly filled with a smoothappressed mass of callus, con-

10 THE NAUTILUS.

tinuous over the body, and much thickened behind; pillar straight,

with three strong plaits, canal shallow, short; suture distinet, sur-

face smooth except for very fine incremental and revolving lines ;

outer lips broken, but apparently simple and sharp. Length 50,

max. breadth about 58 mm., diameter of umbilical funnel about

20 mm.

Horizon: Claibornian Eocene of Richmond Co., Ga.

This singular shell has very much the aspect of Pyrula smithdi

Lea (Laetnia alveata Conrad), Contr. to Geology, pl. v, fig. 162 ;

but has a lower spire, and is wider and rounder at the shoulder, be-

side having the strong plaits on the pillar which do not exist in

Lacinia. It will be illustrated in a forthcoming publication. Mean-

while collectors should be on the lookout for it.

NEW VARIETIES OF AMERICAN LIMNZEAS.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Limnea reflera iowaensis var. nov.

Shell thin, with a short, dome-shaped spire; whorls 5-54, rather

flat-sided, loosely coiled; suture well marked but not profound ;

aperture with the characteristic turret of typical reflera, with a heavy

plait extending across the columellar callus ; spire and aperture of

equal length ; color dark horn, either plain or with spiral or longitu-

dinal zebra-like markings; aperture marked internally by several

longitudinal red bands, indicating the position of former peristomes ;

umbilicus covered.

Length 28.50, width 12.00, aperture length 13.50, width 7.00 mill.

Length 30.00, width 11.50, aperture length 15.00, width 7.00 mill.

Length 26.50, width 11.50, aperture length 14.00, width 7.50 mill.

Length 26.00, width 11.00, aperture length 12.00, width 6.00 mill.

This peculiar variety was found in a collection recenlty sent to the

writer for study, by Mr. Bryant Walker. It differs from all forms

of this species in having the spire and aperture of equal length, in

the peculiar dome-shaped spire and in the general robust appear-

ance.

In the Illinois and Michigan Canal, at Joliet, this variety is found

and shows a perfect gradation from the short, stumpy variety, with

THE NAUTILUS. 11

spire and aperture of equal length, to the long, spiral reflera. In

this lot one may trace the variation from zowaensis, through wmbrosa

and jolietensis to typical reflexa.

In a lot of shells received from Mr. Henry Hemphill, four speci-

mens were found which appear to belong here. Two specimens are

fairly typical, while two show a variation toward variety wmbrosa.

They are from I.ake Albert Lea, Minnesota. The types are from

Muscatine, Iowa.

Limnea reflexa crystalensis nov. var.

Shell solid, with dome-shaped spire ; whorls 5—6, flatly rounded,

loosely coiled; sutures not impressed, but well marked; spire

of variable length, but typically about the length of the aper-

ture; aperture long-ovate, peristome with a heavy internal rib;

columellar callus heavy, spreading over the inner lip and crossed by

a strong plait ; umbilical region showing a slight perforation beneath

the overhanging columellar callus; color light or dark horn, some

species are strongly zebra-marked, and all exhibit the fine wavy

sculpture of this group of Limnas. It seems sometimes malleated.

Length 19.50, width 8.00, aperturelength 9.00, width 4.00 mill.

Length 21.00, width 8.00, aperture length 10.00, width 5.00 mill.

Length 22.00, width 9.00, aperture length 10.50, width 5.50 mill.

Length 23.00, width 8.50, aperture length 10.50, width 5.00 mill.

Length 23.50, width 10.50, aperture length 12.50, width 5.50 mill.

Length 28.00, width 10.00, aperture length 12.00, width 6.00 mill.

Length 25.50, width 9.00, aperture length 11.00, width 5.00 mill.

Length 28.00, width 9.00, aperture length 11.50, width 5.50 mill:

This variety may be collected in countless numbers at Crystal

Lake, Illinois. The lot from which this description was drawn num-

bers 105 specimens, and was collected by Dr. N. H. Lyon. This

variety bears the same relation to reflexa that variety michiganensis

Walker does to palustris, and its growth is probably governed by the

same physical conditions.

Limnea refleca hemphilliana nov. var.

Shell rather solid; color light horn; whorls 6, very flat-sided,

loosely coiled, nuclear whorls very dark red; sutures not impressed ;

spire acutely pyramidal, about as long as the aperture; aperture

elongate-ovate ; peristome thin, bordered internally by a red band;

12 THE NAUTILUS.

columella oblique, with a rather heavy plait; parietal wall covered

by a spreading callus which almost closes the umbilicus; some speci-

mens show a tendency to become malleated.

Length 27.00; width 11.00; aperture length 14.00; width 7.25 mill.

Length 27.00; width 11.50; aperture length 15.00; width 7.50 mill.

Distribution: Lake Albert Lea, Minnesota.

Specimens of this very distinct variety were found in a lot of

shells received from Mr. Bryant Walker. They look like a widened-

out variety extl’s witha short spire. They have some relation to the

variety ¢owaensis, but the spire is sharply conic, while in that variety

it is dome-shaped.

GENERAL NOTES.”

Limax maximus L. in Catirornia.—The United States

National Museum has recently received several specimens of this

species from Mr. 8. A. Pease of San Bernardino, Cal. Mr. Pease

informs us that they were collected out of doors, near a house,

in Redlands, and that it was reported to him that they were

feeding upon flowers and plants. | He also states that he has heard of

this same slug in different parts of San Bernardino county.

The specimens sent us are darker than the usual Kast American

form and not so large, the longest individual (preserved in formalin)

measuring 58. mm.—PauL BarTscu.

Novice or Six New Species or Unios FROM THE LARAMIE

Group.—By R. P. Whitfield (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIX,

19038, p. 488-487). U. esopiformis, verrucosiformis, retusoides

browni, percorrugata and postbiplicata are described from Snow

Creek, on the Missouri River, about 130 miles N. W. of Miles City,

Montana. The names indicate the species of the recent fauna be-

lieved to be related to these Laramie forms; but the radial V-like

beak-sculpture of at least part of them shows that there is nothing in

the supposed relationship of the Laramie forms to any surviving

North American Unios. They belong to the Hyrtine of Simpson’s

arrangement, and are only referable to Unio in a Lamarckian sense.

The name Unio brownt Whitf. being preoccupied, that species may

be called Parreysia barnumi. It is named for Mr. Barnum Brown,

who collected the series.—H. A. Pilsbry.

THE NAUTILUS, XVIII PLATE f.

WALKER: ON:ANCYI.US.

eres Or ies.

Von. XVIII. JUNE, 1904. No 2.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF TEREDO FISTULA H. C. LEA.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Among the H. D. and W. B. Roger’s collection of tertiary fossils

of Virginia, now. in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural

Yy = ~S S ~

y E=S — . SN

aS \ SN \ \

[a \\ \\ ». \

: \\ mY WN ya }

( we

TEREDINA FISTULA, H. C. Lara. TEREDINA FISTULA, H. C. Lna.

History are five specimens (Catalogue no. 9582) of what is usually

referred to as Teredo fistula H. C. Lea (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2

14 THE NAUTILUS.

ser., ix 234, pl. 34, fig. 5, 1845). Dr. Dall (Trans. Wagner Free Inst.

Sci., ili, pt. iv, p. 813, 1898) suggests that this may possibly be the

same as Teredo calamus by the same author (op. cit., fig. 4) which

apparently differs only in size. The position of 7. fistula has always

been questioned owing to the absence of all shell characters. Among

the above-mentioned material is a specimen having a total length of

58 mm. with valves about 12 mm, in length imbedded in the lower

end of the tube as shown in fig. 1. From this it will be seen that it

evidently belongs to the genus Jeredina, although I have seen no

trace of the tube being separate, and the number of accessory valves

are poorly defined, the small, dorsal, triangular space having but a

slight median and transverse groove. The valves are divided into

three areas by two faint radial lines which interrupt the concentric

lines as shown in fig. 2. On the anterior angle near the margin are

traces of a fine squamose imbrication over-riding the concentric lines.

A NEW SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA FROM THE PLIOCENE OF CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.

Subgenus Genota H. and A. Adams, section Dolichotoma Bellardi.

Genota riversiana, new species.

Shell narrowly fusiform, spire elevated, outline of spire contained

within two straight lines; whorls slopingly shouldered, convex

anteriorly, slightly concave near the suture, an obtuse angle separat-

ing the wider convex area from the narrower concave area, whose

widths are in the ratio of five to four; posterior margin of the whorls

strongly appressed, suture distinct ; first two or three whorls broken

away, later whorls with conspicuous, elevated, revolving threads, of

which about eight below the shoulder and six above are more

prominent, those above somewhat finer and closer; between the pri-

mary threads are much finer, secondary threads; on the last whorl

about sixteen principal threads below the shoulder, coarser and more

widely spaced anteriorly, with one to three secondary threads

occupying each interspace; axial sculpture consisting of sharp, ele-

vated growth lines, elegantly decussating the revolving threads,

THE NAUTILUS. 15

especially conspicuous just below the suture; on the uppermost of

the remaining whorls are faint nodes, about twenty to the whorl;

aperture rather narrow ; posterior sinus shallow, rounded; lip

slightly produced below the sinus, as shown by the growth lines ;

two-thirds of last whorl broken away; canal rather wide; pillar

solid, curved, a somewhat prominent, smooth swelling above ; body

whorl eroded in front of the aperture, with a wash of callus striated

in lines parallel to the lip.

Length of shell 59, of aperture and canal 30, of body whorl 41 ;

max. diam. 20.5 mm. Divergence 30°. These measurements are

taken from the broken shell. The spire was probably about 4 mm.

longer and the total length of the perfect shell could not have been

less than 75 mm., with 7 or 8 whorls. From the Pliocene of Santa

Monica, California.

Genota riversiana is the narrowest form of this subgenus found in

California. Only an occasional, greatly produced G. carpenteriana

Gabb can compare with it in this respect. The narrow form, the

prominence of the revolving sculpture and the obtuse angle, behind

the middle of the whorls, well characterize this species. In G.

coopert Arnold and G. tryontana Gabb the angle is sharper and in

front of the middle of the whorls. The principal revolving threads

in the present species are more conspicuous and more nearly equal

than in G. cooper?, of which a fine specimen from the Pleistocene of

Santa Monica is before the writer. The latter species is the most

sharply sculptured of those hitherto described. Form and sculpture

at once separate G. riversiana from G. carpenteriana Gabb, and stiil

more widely from G. stearnstana Raymond, which is the shortest and

widest species of the subgenus.

It gives me great pleasure to dedicate this beautiful species to the

uiscoverer, Professor J. J. Rivers, who has made a large and most

interesting collection of the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils found in

the vicinity of his home.

The list of subgenus Genota will now be as follows:

1. Genota carpenteriana Gabb, Late Tertiary to Recent.

2. ‘“ tryoniana Gabb, Late Tertiary to Recent.

3. “ coopert Arnold, Quaternary.

4. ‘ — stearnsiana Raymond, Recent.

Do ‘* riverstana Raymond, Late Tertiary.

It is a very compact group. No. 2 is scarcely more than a variety

16 THE NAUTILUS.

of No. 1. The others are well differentiated, yet closely related.

No. 1 is the most abundant in numbers; the others are apparently

rare.

NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. II.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In preparing my former paper on this subject (NauT., XVII, p.

13), I overlooked Hedley’s note on Ancylastrum (Proc, Mal. Soc.,

I, p. 118) in which be calls attention to the fact that Bourguignat’s

type was A. cumingianus and not A. fluviatilis. The latter species

being the type of the genus Ancylus, Ancylastrum, as used by Cles-

sin and those who have fol!owed him, was wholly unnecessary, being

equivalent to Ancylus s.s. This rectification leaves the section re-

presented by A. fluviatilis and characterized by its elevated, capuli-

form shell, with the apex recurved and decidedly posterior, free, as

it should be, to be known as Ancylus s. s.

The division of the Eastern American species into two sections

distinguished by the character of the apex, was only a further step

in the direction pointed out by Clessin in establishing his section

Haldemania and, had his name been available, it would have been

used for one of them. Independent of the apical characters, Cles-

sin’s group was a valid one, and he was entirely justified in separ-

ating it from the Eurasion sections represented respectively by A.

fluviatilis and lacustris. And the fact that both of these species

have the apex radiately striate, does not at all militate against the

validity of Clessin’s Haldemania, nor of the two sections that have

been proposed to take its place. In order, however, that there may

be no confusion hereafter on this point, the description of the section,

which includes the Eastern American species with a striate apex,

may be amended to read as follows :

Section Ferrissia Walker.

Shell conical, ovate, oval or oblong, usually elevated; apex acute

or somewhat obtuse, placed only slightly behind the middle of the

shell, and usually turned toward the right side, not recurved, radially

striate.

Type: A. rivularis Say.

Most of the species belonging to this section are by preference in-

THE NAUTILUS. 1G

habitants of running water, and are usually found on stones, dead

shells, ete., in rivers and streams. The smaller, stronger and more

compact shell is no doubt the result of their environment. A few

species, however, of which A. parallelus is the most notable example

are to be found on plants or dead leaves in slow-flowing or stagnant

water. The distribution of the species seems to be more general

than that of the species of Lavapex.

I. Ancylus rivularis Say (1819). Pl. I, figs. 1-10 and 13-15.

This was the first species of American Ancylus to be described and

the meagerness of the original description is probably to be attributed

to this fact. But one dimension is given and nothing whatever is

said in regard to the contour of the shell. It was not until A. tardus

was differentiated in 1840, that any information was given on the

latter subject and then only by inference. The consequent doubt as

to what form was really intended to be covered by the description

was recognized at an early date. The characteristic difference in

the position of the apex and the shape of the shell was first pointed

out by Adams (Thomp. Hist. of Vt., p. 164, 1842), and his remarks

on the prevalent uncertainty in regard to Say’s species are quoted

with approval by Haldeman. It was not until the latter in his mon-

ograph supplied an accurate description and a good figure, that the

species can really be said to have been established. I am inclined

to agree with Haldeman rather than Tryon in considering Gould’s

rivularis (Invert. of Mass., p. 224), to be parallelus rather than Say’s

species.

Taking Haldeman’s description as the typical expression of the

species, A. révularis is a well-marked form, which typically is easily

differentiated from all other recognized species. It has a general

distribution through the Northern States from New England to

Nebraska and southerly to Virginia and through the Ohio and Mis-

sissippi Valleys southwest at least as far as New Mexico. I have

not seen it, however, from any of the southern Atlantic or the Gulf

States east of the Mississippi: It is subject to considerable variation,

however, in size and contour, and it is not always easy to differentiate

it from the western form of A. tardus. It is not likely to be mis-

taken for any of the other eastern American species, except perhaps

A. haldemani, which differs in the particulars stated under that

species.

(To be continued.)

18 THE NAUTILUS.

A DREDGING TRIP TO SANTA CATALINA ISLAND.

H. N. LOWE.

Last October it was the writer’s good fortune to spend a week at

Avalon, Santa Catalina Island.

A small dredging outfit was included among the baggage. The

same dredge had five years ago brought up Musus roperi Dall and

Turbonilla lowei Dall and previous to that had been used with such

good results by the late Edward W. Roper off Eastport, Maine and

with what results it was now used the following list will show, As

there were numerous small power launches at anchor in the bay, I

decided to venture the price of a day’s use of a launch and see what

strange creatures live in old ocean ‘a hundred fathoms deep.”

I invited to go along as a traveling companion, my young friend,

John Paine, for whom at my request Dr. Dall has named two of the

new species dredged.

The morning selected was clear and bright and the water smooth

as glass as we steamed up the island till just off ‘* Moonstone Beach ”

and under the lee of “‘ Long Point.’”? Here we decided to make our

first haul in some 30 fathoms of water. :

The water was so transparently blue that we could see our dredge

as it sank down, down into the realms of Mermaids and sea-serpents.

Anyone who has done any dredging well knows we did not take

along any rocking chair or wear our Sunday clothes.

After the dredge had been down a reasonable length of time we

commenced hauling in our thousand feet of dripping rope, by no

means an easy task. Almost every haul would be different, some-

times the dredge would be entirely filled with soft mud or sand,

again with broken shells, and twice it came up filled with small stones

to which beautiful bunches of Brachiopods were attached.

The second day we dredged in somewhat deeper water up to fifty

fathoms with very good results. ;

After my return it took every evening for over three weeks to sort

over the dredgings with the aid of a strong lens.

Dr. Dall has kindly worked up the doubtful material and described

the new species, in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of

Washington, Dec. 13, 1903, pp. 171-176.

The following is a full list of the species dredged :

THE NAUTILUS.

Actzxon punctocelata Cpr.

Acton painet Dall. n. sp.

Actzon traski Stearns.

Admete gracilior Cpr.

Amphissa undata Cpr.

Amphissa versicolor Dall.

Angulus carpentert Dall.

Bittium asperum Cpr.

Cadulus fusiformis P. & S.

Cxcum crebrecinctum Cpr.

Callista newcombiana Gabb.

Callista ( Clementia) subdiaphana

Cpr.

Cancellaria coopert Cpr.

Cardium biangulatum Sby.

Cardium quadriganartum Conr.

Calliostoma splendens Cpr.

Callisotoma variegatum Cpr.

Protocardia centifilose Cpr.

Only one adult specimen of

this beautiful shell.

Capulus californicus Dall.

Cavolina pacifica Dall.

Chama exogyra Conr.

Clathurella lowei Dall. n. sp.

Cerithiopsis tuberculata Cpr.

Cerithiopsis assimilata Cpr.

Conus californicus Hds.

Columbella carinata Has.

Columbella tuberosa Cpr.

Crepidula navicelloides Nutt.

Crenella columbiana Dall.

Chama murieata Hds.

Two examples had unusually

long, incurved spines.

Cuspidaria obesa Lov.

Daphnella clathrata Gabb.

Dentalium neohexagonum S. & P.

Diplodonta orbella Gld.

Drillia cancellata Cpr.

Drillia empyrosia Dall.

Adult shells very rare.

Erato columbella Mke.

Erato vitellina Has.

Eulima rutila Cpr.

Fusus ambustus Gld.

Fusus kobelti Dall.

Fine large specimens.

Hinnites giganteus Gray.

Ischnochiton biarcuatus Dall.n. sp.

Ischnochiton interstinctus Gld.

Ischnochiton punctulatissimus Cpr.

Kellia suborbicularis Mont.

Kellia laperoust Deshayes.

Lucina annulata Rev.

Lucina approximata Dall.

Lucina californica Corn.

Lucina nuttalli Conr.

Laqueus californica Koch.

Found in large bunches at-

tached to stones, dead shells and

ascidians.

Laqueus jeffreyst Dall.

Found with JZ, californicus,

rare.

Leda acuta Cpr.

Leda hamata Cpr.

A few live specimens of this

interesting species.

Lepidopleurus crebricostatus Cpr.

Lepidopleurus mertensi Midd.

Leptochiton nexus Cpr.

Lima orientalis Cpr.

Limatula subauriculata Mont.

Lingula albida Has.

Lunatia draconis Dall. n. sp.

Lyonsia californica Conr.

Macromphalina californica Dall.

20) THE NAUTILUS.

Mangilia densistriosa Cpr.

Mangilia fancherz Dall.

Mangilia seulpturata Dall.

Metzgeria californica Dall.

Mitra maura Swains.

Mitra lowei Dall. n. sp.

Modiola polita Verrill.

Murex californicus Dall.

Murex painei Dall.

Muricidea incessa Brod.

Muricidea santarosana Dall.

Nassa insculpta Cpr.

And a var. with heavy ridges.

Nassa perpinguis Hds. var.

Natica russa Gld.

Neera californica Dall.

Occasional examples of this

curious shell.

Nucula belloti A. Ads.

Ocinebra lurida Midd. var.

Odostomia amianta D. & B.

Odostomia kennerleyi D. & B.

Opalia retiporosa Cpr.

Ovulum Sp. :

Two fine specimens dredged.

Pandora bicarinata Cpr.

Pachypoma ineequale Martyn.

Pecten floridus Hds.

Pecten hericeus Gld.

Pecten latiauritus Conr.

Pecten vancouverensis Whiteaves.

Phasianella compta Gld.

Placiphorella velata Cpr.

Pleurotoma carpentert Gabb.

Pleurotoma perversa Gabb.

Psephidea ovalis Dall.

Puncturella cucullata Gld.

Puncturella galeata Gld.

Ranella californica Hds.

The adult specimens dredged

were only half the size of those

found on the mainland yet were

twice as thick and heavy.

Scala crebrecostata Cpr.

Scala bellastriata Cpr. var.

Scala sawinez Dall. n. sp.

Saxicava rugosa L.

Semele pulchra Mtz.

Sistrum carbonarium Sby.

Tegula peramabilis Cpr.

Thracia plicata Cpr.

Terebratella obsoleta Dall.

Terebratella occidentulis Dall.

Several fine large specimens

of these most beautiful brachio-

pods.

Tornatina culeitella Gld.

Trophon stuarti var. smith Dall.

Trophon tenuisculpta Cpr.

. Trophon triangulatus Cpr.

Turitella coopert Cpr.

Turbonilla lowe D. & B.

Turbonilla simpsoni D. & B.

Turbonilla hypolispa D. & B.

Turbonilla hypolispa var. stylina

Cpr.

Turbonilla auricoma D. & B.

Turbonilla aresta D. & B.

Turbonilla tridentata var. cata-

linensis D. & B.

Turbonilla aurantia Cpr.

Turbonilla eucosmobasis D, & B.

Turbonilla latifunda D. & B.

Turbonilla torquata Gld.

Trachydermon flectens Cpr.

Trivia rittert Raymond.

Venericardia ventricosa Gld.

Verticordia ornata Orb.

Volvula cylindrica Cpr.

Williamia peltoides Cpr.

THE NAUTILUS. 21

NOTES ON A FEW SHELLS.

BY C. F. ANCEY.

Prof. H. A. Pilsbry has described and figured a few years ago

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., 1901, p. 682, pl. xxxvi, fig.

530-41) a Japanese Clausilia which he called Cl. oseariana, in honor

of Dr. Oscar Boettger, the well-known German writer on Clausiliz.

He was probably unaware that a Chinese species of this genus re-

ceived the same'name from P. V. Gredler (Zur Conchylien-Fauna

von China. xvii Sttick, Wien, 1892, p. 8), who, curiously enough,

has dedicated his species to Dr. O. von Mollendorff whose Christian

name is Otto not Oscar. At all events, the name Oscariana cannot

stand for the Japanese Clausilia, this homonym having several years

of priority. Hence, I propose to substitute for it the name Clausilia

pilsbryana Anc.

I must also call attention to Claus. oscari Thiesse (Bttg., Proce.

Zodl. Soc. 1883, p. 34, fig. 16) a somewhat distinct form of CZ.

schuchi, v. Voith, perhaps entitled to specific rank, though Dr. West-

erlund (Fauna der in der Paldarktischen region lebenden Binnen-

Conchylien, iv, p. 140) calls this a variety of Cl. schuchi.

Terebra histrio Desh., was described (Journ. de Conch. 1857, pl.

iv, fig. 11) without a locality, from a specimen in Deshayes’ collection.

I have procured a fine specimen collected on the coast of Senegal to-

gether with 7. bitorquata Desh., already known as West African,

Drillia rosacea Reeve, Marginella petit’ Duval, M. goodalli Sow., M.

cleryi, Petit. My example, consisting of 16 whorls, is 42 mill. long

and 10 mill. wide. For the identification I am indebted to Mr. Ph.

Dautzenberg.

Natica prietoi Hidalgo (Journ. Conch. xxi, p. 332, Moll. Esp., pl.

20B, figs. 2-3), a very rare shell, discovered on the coast of Southern

Spain, was found again by myself at Algiers. I secured a large,

somewhat worn example and a smaller one very perfect. With this

I detected a specimen of another scarce species worthy of record, viz.,

Scalaria candidissima, Monterosato.

Ze THE NAUTILUS.

Drymeus nubilus Preston, of which I have purchased a specimen

from the author, who described it in the ‘‘ Journal of Malacology,”’

vol. x, no. 1, March 1903, appears to be absolutely the same as

Drymeus recluzianus Pfr., var. martensianus Pils., from Costa Rica,

which of course has the priority.

Helicina pterophora Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc. of London, vol. v,

no. 1, 1902, p. 20, fig.), from Guatemala, appears not to differ

essentially from H. oryrhyncha Crosse and Debeaux, from unknown

locality. The shells labelled oxyrhyncha in the collection of the

British Museum, from Bonacca Island, Honduras, are hardly refer-

able to this species, hence, I suppose that Mr. Sykes has been mis-

led in considering his species pterophora as distinet from the true

oxyrhyncha, An example of the latter in my collection is quite

typical, lacking the colored bands of pterophora and uniform yellow.

NOTES AND NEWS.

SNAILS AND SLUGS IN THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLO-

pa&piA.—In The Dial (Chicago) of Nov. 16, 1904, I took oceasion

to set forth the character of some of the articles on scientific subjects

found in the most recent Encyclopedias. The article ‘slug’ was

examined in a number of them, with interesting results. I said,

however, ‘the ‘ New International’ and the ‘ Encyclopedia Amer-

icana’” have not yet reached the letter S, so we cannot tell what sur-

prises they have in store for us.” The former of these has now come

to S, and to-day I turned with interest to “ slug.’”’ The common

Agriolimax campestris appears as ‘*‘ Lima campestris”? though one

would think a campestrian Zima might find it difficult to exist! We

are also told that slugs are ‘ vegetable eaters,’’ without qualification.

Turning over the article “ snail,” I find a colored plate of American

snails. The generic nomenclature is almost pre-historic, ‘‘ Helix”

covering three different families, not to speak of genera. Thus we

have Helix fuliginosa, Helix alternata, etc. We also have Bulimus

dealbatus and Bulimus fasciatus.

Now all this is stupid enough, and it seems fitting for those who

THE NAUTILUS. 23

know better to agitate the matter sufficiently to bring about a reform,

if that is possible-—T. D. A. COCKERELL.

A New Co.vector InN THE FieLtp.—A few days ago I noticed

in my garden, where a Chipmunk ( Zamzas striatus Linne.) had been

‘* cleaning house ” for the spring, the only refuse he had brought out

was about a pint of empty shells, consisting of two species, about an

equal number each, Polygyra monodon Rack. and Succinea avara

Say. With the Polygyras the upper half of the shelis were eaten

away and then nicely cleaned of the animal, the Succineas all

had the animal cleanly taken out without breaking the frail shell in

the least. The Succineas are every season very plenty within fifty

feet of Mr. Chipmunk’s abode, and the P. monodon is the predomin-

ating species of the genus in this locality, Des Moines, Ilowa.—T.

Van Hynine.

Messrs. Walker, Clapp and Henderson have made a short collect-

ing trip in the Blue Ridge of Virginia. They report a small catch.

ADDITIONAL Nores on Limax MAXIMUS L. IN CALIFORNIA.—

It may be appropriate to add to Mr. Bartsch’s note on the occurence

of Limax maximus L. in California, that the Academy of Natural

Sciences of Philadelphia has received this species from the following

additional places in that state: Oakland, collected by Messrs. Williard

Wood and F. L, Button in 1896; Los Angeles, Dr. R. E. C.

Stearns, collected April 9, 1901; Monterey Co., Mr. Geo. H. Clapp;

San Jose, collected by Mr. O. P. Jenkins in 1902; and also trom

Pasadena, Oct. 1896 and Long Beach in 1899, collected by Mr. H.

N. Lowe.—E. G. Vanatra.

Note on VENUS ARAKANA Nevill.—In the Proceedings of the

Malacological Society for Oct., 1903, Mr. Smith has correctly re-

ferred Venus malonei Vanatta to Nevill’s rpecies, but at the same

time he has added a new name to the synonymy by calling it

V. *‘ arakanensis.”” The brothers Nevill did not describe this shell

as ‘ Venus ( Timoclea) arakunensis,”’ as quoted by Mr. Smith. They

24. THE NAUTILUS.

called it ‘* Oryptogramma arakana.”’ The correct form is used by

Sowerby, on p. 83 of his Supplement to Marine Shells of South

Africa. —H. A. Pitssry.

A Distortep OystTer.—The most curious distortion that I have

seen was handed to me by a parishioner a few days ago. The species

is the common oyster taken from the Sound here (Branford, Conn.)

The earlier growth is 44 inches long, 14 inches wide, the shell then

shoots off to the right at an angle of 100° and continues 24 inches

with a width of 2 inches. It next turns to the left at an angle of

120° and adds 2 inches more. ‘This is the external appearance—

Owing to the fact that in each case the animal abandoned a part of

the shell and built from the middle, the internal appearance is a

double curve.—Hernry W. WINKELEY.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

SyNopsIS OF THE GENERA, SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS OF THE

Famity PyraMIDELLIDZ.—By Wm. H. Dall and Paul Bartsch

(Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. XVII. pp. 1-16, Feb. 5, 1904). The

family consists of four genera Pyramidella, Turbonilla, Odostomia

and Muschisonella. ‘The former is divided into 20 subgenera for 10

of which new names are proposed. Turbonilla consists of 12 sub-

genera of which five are new, and Odostomia 37 subgenera, eight of

which are new. Four new species are described viz.—P. dodona,

T. archeri, O. pilsbryt and O. americana. An elaborate system of

subgenera and sections is proposed for the wonderfully varied and

numerous forms of this difficult family. The work has long been

needed, and when suitably illustrated will be of great utility.—C. W. J.

A List or SHELLS COLLECTED IN WESTERN FLORIDA AND

Horn Isxtanp, Miss.—By E. G. Vanatta (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

1903, pp. 756-759). The 119 species enumerated were collected by

Mr. Clarence B. Moore, while engaged in archxological researches.

Vitrinella mooreana, Erycina floridana and Cuna dalli are described

as new.—C. W. J.

PLATE II.

S, XVIII.

THE NAUTILU

« ° .

>) ~

° y é a ‘ae

\es4 ' : / y fx 4 \

rea on = / \ f, ae ey x

+ opal fs : at < : ee

yay af 4 ae oo fs f ; es

. [ we fey) | : F

Ph veel | ; ye cS

Se ib, ' | i \ bak ; ed:

WALKER: ON ANCYLUS.

‘NS

PX 4

eee NPAEL US.

WANE 2 OVA0 OE JULY, 1904. INOS:

NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. II.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

Ancylus rivularis Say. Pl. I, figs. 1-10, 13-15.

The typical form as established by Haldeman is represented by

fig. 3 (the specimen figured agreeing almost exactly with his dimen-

sions), and is an ovate, moderately elevated shell with a subacute

apex, which is inclined toward the right side, and with about one-

third of the shell posterior to it. The anterior and dextral slopes

are regularly but not strongly convex ; the posterior slope is quite

concave immediately below the apex, but becomes nearly straight

toward the peritreme; the left slope is nearly straight, sometimes

slightly concave towards the apex. The lines of growth are well

marked but quite irregular, and there is more or less of a tendency

to the radial rippling on the anterior slope so common in many

species. The shell is distinctly narrowed toward the posterior ex-

tremity, the greatest width being just in front of the apex. Asso-

ciated with the specimen figured, and grading into it, is a more

depressed form, with the apex less prominent and the posterior slope

nearly straight (fig. 4). Similar examples have been supplied from

several localities in the neighborhood of Buffalo, N. Y., and indeed

it seems to be rather the characteristic form of that region. The few

examples seen from eastern Massachusetts are smaller and rather

more depressed than the typical form.* Western specimens appar-

* The “large specimens” from Caribou, Me., quoted by Nylander (Naovr.,

xiii, p. 105) should, I think, be referred to A. parellelus.

26 THE NAUTILUS.

ently average larger than those from the Eastern States. The

largest examined are from Lincoln, Neb., one of which is represented

by fig. 6, which has the apex more obtuse than others from the same

lot. A series submitted by Dr. Sterki, from Ohio, are uniformly of

medium size, none of them attaining the dimensions of specimens

from Michigan and further west. Fig. 9 represents another western

form, larger, proportionately higher and with the anterior slope more

convex than in the typical form, and which in the longitudinal out-

line approaches the western form of tardus, and not infrequently is

very difficult to differentiate from it, while fig. 13 represents an

extreme form, unusually high, with nearly straight lateral slopes and

a very acute apex.

While as a rule it is not difficult to separate this species from

tardus, and on the whole the two species seem sufficiently distinct,

it is by no means always easy to decide in regard to individual cases

or even large series. ‘This has been particularly true in-regard to

the series from Ohio, received from Dr. Sterki, in which the two

forms seem to run together almost inextricably. As shown by the

figures given of each species, none of several distinctive characters

relied on are invariable, the posterior slope is frequently quite as

concave in tardus as in rivularis, while the convexity of the anterior

slope is not uncommonly quite as great in the one as in the other,

and neither the position of the apex nor the outline of the peritreme

is an absolutely invariable character. The most that can be said is,

that while typically the two forms are quite distinct, and in the main

can be readily distinguished, nevertheless the variation is so great

that, as is often the case with all the fresh-water groups, the sup-

posed specific characters fail to give'an infallible basis for determi-

nation, and the decision in such cases must be the result of the indi-

vidual opinion of the observer based upon his general conception of

the species as applied to the particular specimens in question.

Taking this species as a whole, it may be said to be distinguished

from tardus by larger size, more depressed form, more acute apex,

which is more inclined toward the right side, and nearer the centre

(longitudinal) of the shell, the posterior slope is proportionately

longer and more oblique, the anterior slope is usually not so convex,

the left slope is usually longer and more convex than the right, the

shell is usually decidedly wider anteriorly and the transverse section

is wider in proportion to its height, and the side lines consequently

THE NAUTILUS. 27

more oblique. This last specification is perhaps a more reliable dis-

tinction in doubtful cases than any of the others. Occasionally

depressed specimens occur in which both of the side slopes are de-

cidedly concave, and the apex quite papilliform, This form, how-

ever, seems to be an individual rather than a racial peculiarity.

The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :

No. Length. Breadth. Altitude.

] 4.75 3.00 1.50 Min.

9.25 3.90 200s

6 7.00 4.00 Pax) 06

9 6.25 4.25 2.00 6

13 6.50 4.33 Deion, eS

Var. brunnea Hald.

I have been unable to get any information whatever in regard to

this form.

II. Ancylus_tardus Say (1840). Pl. I, figs. 11, 12, 16-23. PI.

Il, figs. 1-22.

Say differentiated this species from his r/vudar7s on three grounds :

1. The apex inclined backwards, but not laterally.

2. The straight posterior slope.

3. The oval aperture, not distinctly narrowed at one end.

His type came from the Wabash. But two dimensions are given,

length 3, breadth jy in. (3.75 x 2.6 mm.). Binney errs in quot-

ing the length as 4.25 mm. He also states that the type is in the

collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Among the Ancyli re-

ceived from the Academy is a single specimen (No. 58045) labelled

‘* Wabash River, Mrs. L. W. Say,” which is undoubtedly the speci-

men referred to. As shown by the figure (PI, II, fig. 1), the pos-

terior margin is somewhat broken. Its present dimensions are

exactly those given by Say (3.75 x 2.5). It is a dead, somewhat

worn, shell, and the defective peritreme might easily have escaped

observation. When perfect, it must have been somewhat larger.

Adams (Thompson’s Hist. of Vt., 1842), was next to recognize

the species, which he says differs from rzvulards in the position of

the apex and shape of the aperture. His dimensions (6.25 x 4 x 3.25

mm.) indicate a much larger shell, proportionately a little wider and

very much higher than the type.

28 THE NAUTILUS.

Haldeman’s descriptions (Mon., 1842), though short, when read

in connection with his description of rivudaris, clearly differentiate

the form indicated. His figure was evidently drawn from the broad

form found in eastern Pennsylvania, and which justifies his remark

that ¢ardus is proportionately broader than rivular’s, when understood

as applying to the outline of the peritreme and not to the transverse

section. His dimensions, however, are quoted from Adams.

Neither Binney, Tryon nor Clessin, have added anything to our

knowledge of this species.

I have not been able to find a specimen that agrees either actually

or proportionately with the dimensions given by Adams, which indi-

cate a large, narrow and very high form. Western specimens of the

same length are uniformly wider and lower. ‘The only Vermont

specimens seen are a pair in the collection of the Philadelphia Acad-

emy labeled “ Vermont,” and a small suite of immature examples

from Hartland (No. 58036) (pl. I1., fig. 7). The former are quite

typical in their longitudinal and transverse outlines, but are very

wide, aimost sub-circular in shape (4.5 x 3.6 and 4.25 x 3). The lat-

ter are similar, but more depressed. Similar specimens, interme-

diate in elevation (pl. II., fig. 4), have been found at Orono and in

the Aroostook River in Maine. In all these the posterior slope is

straight. An elevated form (pl. I1., fig. 10) similar to the Vermont

shells occurs at Silver Spring and Columbia, Pa., and is very like

that figured by Haldeman; the posterior slope, however, is more

oblique, and in some examples noticeably concave (pl. II., fig. 12).

All these shells, however, are alike in the comparatively small size

and great width, and should a larger suite show that this is the prev-

alent eastern form of the species it should probably be distinguished

varietally. The western, and no doubt the typical, form is quite

different. Larger, narrower and higher, it is typically a well-marked

form. The resemblance between Say’s type (pl. II., tig. 1) and the

upper half of fig. 20, pl. I1., is very striking, and I have no doubt

but that Say’s specimen is an immature example of this common

western species, which is found abundantly from Ohio west to the

Mississippi Valley. It is, however, quite variable, as shown by the

figures, and, as already stated, at times very difficult to differentiate

from the equally variable forms of révularis. The typical western

form is represented by figs. 17 and 20, pl. II., and is characterized

by its regularly oval outline, elevated obtuse apex, which is scarcely

THE NAUTILUS. 29

turned from the median line, and steep, nearly straight lateral slopes.

The anterior slope is usually more decidedly convex than in rzvularis,

and the posterior slope, though frequently quite concave, is shorter,

more direct and less oblique than in that species. The variations in

contour leading towards rivular’s are shown by figs. 11, 16, 18, 20

and 22 on plate I. An unusually narrow form (pl. II., fig. 14)

occurred sparingly among the material supplied by Dr. Sterki.

The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :

Length. Breadth. Alt.

Eelatereles fie se LT) hs euler Ont 3.75 2.00 mm.

Cte hs NORe tc. en. 15000 3.80 22a iS

ee arene <u. 1, via OoaO 3.50 2009 £6

ed SZ Oe es cap OLO0 3.25 2.29 *¢

cs gee aietis ose e000 4.00 Zan Oar

Pilar: fio.) 1 igi) 8.80 2.90 LY fs eee

Cpe he are ee) ces 4220 3.25 1.50) 265

es avid Mesa cc bedo 3.00 2:00. <*

SSPE MELO atid eo ae ea 3.00 200¥-26°

ee mee Me oS ict het tev 4.20 3.00 Tha) Ue te

Seems op As nee, omen) 2.75 Z.00he

atic’ s ol ist ra ocd O 4.66 WSL oh

EO ea Viva wulnncy va 0800 3.50 2.00) ++‘

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

All the figures are drawn on the same scale.

Plate I.

1-5 A.rivularis Say. Erie Canal, N. Y.

Figs. 6-8 ne os we Lincoln, Neb.

Figs. 9-10 fs “ Lamberton Creek, Kent Co., Mich.

Figs. 11-12 A. tardus Say. ty es a o

Figs. 18-15 A. rivularis Say. ee es Ke a

Figs. 16-23 A. tardus Say. . - a U

Plate II. |

Figs. 1-3 A. tardus Say. Wabash Itiver,

Figs. 4-6 Ceara et Orono, Me.

i NC Vermont.

begs al 2 (2) OP 66 Silver Spring, Pa.

—)

THE NAUTILUS.

Figs. 12-13 A. tardus Say. Columbia, Pa.

Bigs: 14 1G + <5. ee 66 Tuscawaras River, Ohio.

Bigs. 17-19. 9-65 oes Plaster Creek, Kent Co., Mich.

Figs. 20-22 <« & 6 Rockford, Ils.

A NEW OMPHALINA FROM ALABAMA.

BY GEO. H. CLAPP.

Omphalina pilsbryi n. sp.

Shell about the size and general contour of O. fuliginosa; umbili-

cate, color rich reddish-chestnut with a dull satiny luster above,

smoother and more polished below. Strix of growth fine and close,

crossed by microscopic granules in spiral series like beads, giving

the upper surface a dull luster; below the granules are obsolete and

tae surface polished. Apex smooth, and in all adult specimens seen

denuded of the epidermis. Whorls 54, rather flattened and slowly

increasing, the last whorl very much wider, more than double the

width of the preceding one, almost round, no flattening on the base.

Aperture oblique, circular. No thickening at the lip, which is

darker than the balance of the shell.

Greater diameter 27, lesser 234, altitude 174 mm. Oblique

height of aperture 14, width 14 mm. :

Greater diam. 24, lesser 21, alt. 14.5 mm.

On hillsides in woods around Wetumpka, Ala. Collected by

Herbert H. Smith.

From above this shell has much the appearance of the large granu-

lated variety of O. levigata found with it, but it lacks the close ribs

of that species, and the embryonic whorls are smooth, while in

levigata they are sharply ribbed. On the base the resemblance is

less striking, as /evigata has a very small umbilicus, the base is

flattened, and the internal white thickening makes the base several

shades lighter than the upper surface.

This is one of the finest of the Omphalinas, and while it is quite

common around Wetumpka, it appears to have been entirely over-

looked by collectors. I take great pleasure in naming it after Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry, who is doing so much to clear up the dark places in

American Conchology. Type in my collection, and cotypes in the col-

lections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, National Museum, ete.

TS NAGI GS: ah

A MOLLUSCAN STAMPEDE.

BY T. VAN HYNING.

In the summer of 1899, while collecting shells in the vicinity of

Des Moines, Iowa, I made an observation which las seemed to me

to be of more than ordinary interest. Along the margin of a bayou,

adjacent to the Des Moines river, I discovered what was quite ap-

parently an old, abandoned cray-fish hole beside an old stump. Clear,

A UIn

li gf +9

al \ We ao

Fie

cold spring water was bubbling up from within the hole, overflowing

and running down the slope about ten feet to the bayou. All the

way up the little stream, from the bayou to the hole, Physa gyrina

was very numerous and in all stages of development, trom very

-minute young ones up to well-developed adults.

All were leaded up-

stream and moving slowly towards the hole.

Around the margin of

fom)

the hole, and down in it as far as I investigated, about fourteen

inches, the surface or wall of the hole was covered with them one

oe THE NAUTILUS.

layer deep as tightly as they could possibly be crowded together, all

headed downward. All in the hole were adult specimens. The

lateral ones had wedged themselves in underneath the ones forward

of them until they were seemingly forced to the bottom of the hole,

and there became an immovable mass, as there would be no other

way of escape but to back out, which the lateral ones were not in-

clined to do, but on the other hand were anxious to go ahead. With

the water bubbling up through the space left in the center of the

hole, the shells had become yery smooth and shining. With a stick

I dug down about fourteen inches and gathered about a pint of shells

from the walls, and a great number fell down the hole. I do not

know how much further it extended as it filled with dirt and shells

from my interruption. About a month later I returned to get some

of the water for analysis, but it had ceased to flow and dried up;

recently dead shells were very plenty all around. I scraped up a

cigar-box full more of them. My impression would be that the

water, either from its cool temperature or some appetizing ingredient,

was the attraction. I have been sorry ever since that I did not give

it more thought at the time. The figure in the upper right-hand

corner, while not artistic, serves to show the manner in which the

shells were adhering to the walls of the hole; the density of the

mass is not over-illustrated in the least, if any difference they were

even more tightly arranged than illustrated ; there was not a space

in which a shell could possibly move.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW JAPANESE LAND SNAILS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY AND Y. HIRASE.

Eulota (Euhadra) irrediviva n. sp.

Shell umbilicate, resembling H#. mercatoria, but very much more

depressed. Sculpture of fine growth-lines, minute scattered papille,

and densely crowded, very fine spiral strie; the surface rather

glossy. The specimens are fossil and have lost color except a dull

reddish band above the periphery and sometimes another below it.

Whorls 5, the apical one rather large, the last whorl double the

width of the preceding, slightly subangular in front, only a trifle de-

scending to the aperture. The aperture is oblique, wide and low,

the upper and basal margins subparallel; lip reflexed and recurved,

tle basal lip noticeably straightened. Alt. 21, diam. 36 mm.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

Okinoerabushima, Osumi. Type no. 87335 A. N.S. P., from no.

1250 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

The most depressed member known of the mereatoria group, and

requiring comparison with no other species. It has been found only

as a fossil, probably quaternary, and is the first land snail to be de-

scribed from the island.

Eulota ( Aegista) tokunoshimana n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed with convexly conic spire, thin

but rather strong, reddish brown, the spire a little paler. Surface

dull, densely covered with minute short scales or the papilla left

after the loss of scales. Whorls 7 to 74, convex, very closely coiled,

the last descending a trifle in front, barely perceptibly angular in

front, elsewhere rounded, especially beneath. The aperture is rather

small, oblique, lunate, the narrowly expanded and slightly thickened

lip forming about three-fourths of a circle.

Alt. 14.3, diam. 21, width of umbilicus 5 mm.

Alt. 14, diam. 21.5, width of umbilicus 4 mm.

Alt. 13.5, diam. 18.5, width of umbilleus, 4 mm.

Tokunoshima, Osumi. Type no. 87334 A. N. S. P., from no.

1210 of Mr. Hirase’s coll.

A peculiar, compact and high-spired Aegista, with more the

sculpture of Plectotropis.

Eulota ( Plectotropis) pressa n. sp.

Shell openly umbilicate, depressed, low-conic above, convex be-

low the rather acute peripheral carina; thin, dull brown. Surface

somewhat shining, finely striate, the striae irregular, but not scaly.

Whorls 53, the last hardly descending in front. Aperture small,

oblique, the upper margin straightened, hardly expanded, lower

margin narrowly expanded, slightly reflexed, thin, and deeply arcu-

ate. Alt. 6.2, diam. 10.8, width of umbilicus 3.2 mm.

Okinoshima, Tosa. Types no. 87336 A. N.S. P., from no. 1181

of Mr. Hirase’s collection,

A small, plain species, with the spire higher than in Z#. zntonsa,

and the last whorl narrower.

Eulota ( Aegista) friedeliana var. vestita n. var.

Differs from &#. friedeliana by being very densely covered with

minute short scales. Alt. 9, diam. 16.5, width of umbilicus 5 mm.

34. THE NAUTILUS.

Oshima, Osumi. Types no. 87338 A. N.S. P., from no. 1199 of

Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Lulota friedeliana var. gontosoma n. var.

More widely umbilicate and more depressed than friedeliana or

var. peraperta. Whorls 53, the last bluntly angular at the periphery.

Surface covered with short triangular cuticular scales, or their short

solid bases. Alt. 8.5, diam. 19, width of umbilicus 7 mm.

Shimo-Koshikijima, Satsuma. Types no. 87337 A. N. S. P.,

from no. 1238 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Eulota (Aegista) kobensis var. pertenuis n. var.

Shell very thin, very openly umbilicate, the spire very low ; nearly

planorboid. Lightly striate. Whorls 5, the last very slightly de-

scending in front. Peristome expanded, thin, not thickened within.

Alt. 6, diam. 15 mm., width of umbilicus 5.5 mm.

Trazuyama, Tosa. Types no. 87340 A. N.S. P., from no. 1098a

of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

Eulota (Aegista) kobensis var. koshikijimana n. var.

Shell rather thin, nearly planorboid, chestnut-colored ; surface dull,

densely. finely and sharply striate. Whorls 54, the last somewhat

descending in front. Peristome expanded, narrowly reflexed, flesb-

colored, only slightly thickened within. Alt. 6.5, diam. 15, width

of umbilicus 5.3 mm.

Shimo-Koshikijima, Satsuma. Tyes no. 87341 A. N.S. P., from

no. 1241 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is quite a distinet form by its thin lip and minutely lamellose

cuticle.

The four Aegistas described above would probably be treated as

species by many Helicologists, but their relationships are, we think,

better shown by connecting them with the allied forms.

LIMAX MAXIMUS AND OTHER SLUGS IN CALIFORNIA.

BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS.

The occurrence of Limax maximus at Redlands, as reported by

Mr. Bartsch in the May number of the Naurtixus, carries this form

farther inland and to a higher altitude than heretofore known on the

THE NAUTILUS. 3:45)

West coast, at least in California, the general locality being over

fifty miles from the sea, and the elevation over 1300 feet or more.

Mr. Bartsch remarks that his specimens were ‘‘ darker than the

usual East American form, and not so large, the longest individual

(preserved in formalin) measuring 58 mm.’’ This slug is said to

occur ‘*in different parts of San Bernardino county.”

In point of size, examples 75 mm. or more are not infrequent.

Dr. Pilsbry, commenting on specimens sent to him a year or two ago,

said “that it was not the common form, but a melanistic variety

which I have never seen from the East.’? Hereabout there is con-

siderable variation in this respect ; occasionally individuals are met

with that are much darker than any of those sent to him at that time.

In some places this slug has already become a pest. In my

grounds I have not found that it does any material damage to flow-

ers or plants, quite unlike Helix aspersa in this matter. It seems to

prefer the vicinity of the garbage can, which it exploits after dark,

being nocturnal in its wanderings, concealing itself in cool, damp,

dark or well-shaded places during the day. <A greasy, cast-away

soup-bone is apparently to its liking, judging by the numerous slime-

tracks centering around such an object. It frequently invades human

habitations, directing its visits to the pantry. It is surprising how

small a hole or narrow crack even the largest individuals can pass

through. In order to keep them out, especially of the pantry

and porches, ordinary table salt in liberal quantities strewn around

and close to the threshhold, inside and outside of the pantry and

kitchen doors, and other places indicated by the shiny slime-tracks

as points of entrance, will do these pests up every time; the salt

adheres to their sticky bodies, dissolves and is absorbed, and the in-

truders are literally corned to death. For all places about the

dwelling-house, salt is the safest and most effective article. Air-

slaked lime that has not lost all of its heat is also good. This should

be used freely in cellars and basements, and other places of conceal-

ment where the slugs occur. Another remedy, excellent, but too

poisonous to be used unless safely placed out of the way of children

or pet animals, is made by taking the refuse of the soup-kettle, add-

ing water so as to make when stewed a gruel of the consistency of

molasses ; mix with it, after straining out the coarser portion, some

Paris green ; daub pieces of board or old shingles with some of the

mixture, and place near such spots as are indicated by the tracks.

This prescription is a settler.

36 . THE NAUTILUS.

Having experimented successfully with these ‘ remedies,” I can

assure satisfactory results. Of course trapping under pieces of

board placed here and there, turning the same occasionally and col-

lecting by hand, may be practised with more or less success.

In England, in wet, cool seasons, slugs are particularly destruc-

tive to fields of young wheat; there they work at night. Lime is

used to a great extent, and trapping under cabbage and other large

leaves is often resorted to. Soot is sometimes used in the wheat

fields in the same way as lime.

Another foreign slug Limax (Amalia) hewstoni (=A. gagates?)

had become a nuisance in the grass plots of San Francisco twenty

years ago, and has presumably extended its territory over a larger

area by this time. Our large native slugs, Limax (Ariolimazx),

columbianus Gld., and its near relative californicus Cp., inhabitants

of Central California, the first-named found also as far north as

British Columbia, appear to be free of the sins which have made the

foreign forms obnoxious. These two species are sometimes met

with of the length of six inches. Their dirty yellowish green color,

often blotched or spotted, is rather repulsive. It is not unlikely that

slugs may become a serious pest to the farmers in some parts of Cal-

ifornia at some future time, an unwelcome incident pertaining to the

development of irrigation.

The sense of smell seems to be highly developed in L. maximus,

and probably in all of the slugs, and again, the sense or instinct of

direction. ZL. maximus is the only species that I have had an oppor-

tunity to observe in this connection. The slugs are “ not popular

with the masses ;”’ and very good people call them ‘“ nasty things.”

Los Angeles, Cal., June 13, 1904.

New Mo.iuscan GENERA FROM THE CARBONIFEROUS. By

George H. Girty (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxvii, 1904). Limipecten

is a new genus of Pectenidz based upon a Texan species, L. teranus

n. sp. Its relations with Aviculipecten and Acanthopecten are fully

discussed. Plewrophorella is a new group near Allerisma, type P.

papillosa, Young Co., Texas. COlavilites is a new genus of Denta-

liide, annulate like Plagioglypta, but having a dorsal ridge over

which the ribs pass with a strong anterior bend. Type C. howar-

densis, from Kansas. Schuchertella n. gen. is a Brachiopod group

formerly called Orthothetes, but not Orthotetes of F. de Waldheim.

HE ON AUTREUS.

Vou. XVIII. AUGUST, 1904. No 4.

LIST OF ALABAMA SHELLS COLLECTED IN OCTOBER AND

NOVEMBER, 1903.

A. A. HINKLEY.

For several years I have been interested in the variations and

geographical distribution of the family Plewroceride of our fresh

water shells. Under the same environments a species will often

show considerable variation, while specimens from widely different

stations will show very marked differences which are often confusing

in the determination of species. This has been one cause of the large

synonymy of this group.

Last fall I had the pleasure of a short visit to several of the

streams from Decatur to Montgomery, Alabama. At Decatur, a

stop between trains did not allow much time for collecting.

At Blount Springs, Randolph creek was followed over most of its

rock-bed between the mountains, from the railroad to the bottom

lands of the Mulberry river. The river was followed up stream for

several miles. Most of the distance the water was shallow, flowing

over a seamed rock-bed. s

The Black Warrior was followed from the wagon bridge near

Warrior to the L. and N. R. R. bridge. The only shoal places were

at the two bridges.

The Bucksehatchee creek near Calera was a water course with

pools here and there.

A walk of three miles from Calera to Wilson’s creek gave an

opportunity to follow that shaded stream into Montevallo. Individ-

38 THE NAUTILUS.

uals were not numerous until the town was reached, where in some

places the bed of the stream was literally covered with Goniobasis.

A large spring at the edge of the town furnished several species.

The Coosa river at Farmer, Shelby Co., offered no good collect-

ing places, but farther up the stream at Ft. William’s Shoals the

stream was explored for considerable distance with very satisfactory

results. In the clear, shallow water everything was plainly visible,

the colors of the shells often showing with remarkable distinct-

ness. Shoal creek, below Farmer, contained but few individuals.

At Wilsonville only one small shoal was searched.

At Wetumpka there are more accessible places for collecting than

at any of the other Coosa river localities visited.

The Tallapoosa river above Tallassee, is a much broken stream

caused by a rough rock-bed, with a considerable fall.

The Pleuroceridz were looked for closely, and especially the Coosa

river forms; but many described species and others listed from that

stream were not found. Some of them were undoubtedly overlooked

or are to be found in other situations than those explored, but I

think the earlier collectors in some way mixed their collections ; and

species are credited to the Coosa river which were not found there,

while some of the Coosa river forms were credited to other streams.

This subject is open for further investigation.

For aid in determination of the species, thanks are due Prof. Pils-

bry for kindly comparing a large part of the Plewrocertd@ and part

of the Unionide with specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences,

and for describing some new forms of Limneide. 'To Mr. Bryant

Walker for his excellent work with new forms of Somatogyrus, ete.

and identifying part of the Helictd@ and Unionide. And to Dr.

Sterki for identifying the Corbieulide.

Very little attention was given the land shells and the fresh-water

species which inhabit muddy situations. The Unionide were taken

as they were noticed while looking for the Pleurocerid@, so that this

list is not as full as it might otherwise have been.

In the genus Schizostoma or Gyrotoma, the fissure appears to be

the most constant character, while the striz, carinz, nodules, bands,

ground-color and outline, all vary more or less.

FAMILY PLEUROCERID#.

Pleurocera annuliferum Con. Warrior, common.

THE NAUTILUS. 39

P. anthonyi Lea. Wetumpka.

P. canalitium Lea. Wilsonville.

P. dignum Lea. Spring Creek, Farmer.

P. excuratum Con. Decatur. Except for the strie there is no

difference between this and moniliferum.

P. formanti Lea. Wetumpka, common. Along the shore in

muddy bays.

P. merassatum Anth. Wilsonville and Wetumpka,

P. incrassatum Anth., var. showalterti Lea. Wetumpka.

P. moniliferum Lea. Deeatur, often found in submerged logs,

P. nobile Lea. Decatur, found on muddy and sandy bottom.

P. ponderosum Anth. Decatur, common.

P. striatum Lea. Blount Springs.

P. thorntonti Lea. Spring Creek at Farmer.

P. vestitum Con. Montevallo and Blount Springs, common.

Lithasia brevis Lea. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals.

Goniobasis ampla Anth. Wilsonville; Fort William Shoals and

Wetumpka, common, often found devouring the animal from smaller

shells.

G. capillaris Lea. Wilsonville ; Fort William Shoals and We-

tumpka.

G. carinifera Lam. Randolph Creek. Also Spring, Montevallo.

This form was received from Prof, Call years ago, labelled G. ma-

cella Anth.

G. clausa Lea. Fort William Shoals and Wilsonville, common.

G. crebristriatus Lea. Wetumpka, specimens referred to this spe-

cies are readily separated from impressa and capillaris, the young

have not the carina of the former, and the mature specimens are not

eroded like the latter, the outline and color differ from both.

G. crenatella Lea. Wetumpka; Fort William Shoals and Wilson-

ville.

G. cylindracea Con. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals, com-

mon.

G. excpansa Lea. Tallapoosa River, Tallassee; Mulberry River,

Blount Springs, common.

G. fallax Lea. Wetumpka; Fort William Shoals and Wilson-

ville, common.

G. hydevi Con. Black Warrior, Warrior, common.

G. impressa Lea. Wilsonville: Fort William Shoals and We.

tumpka.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

G. laeta Jay. Wilsonville; Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka,

common. G. lew?sii Lea‘and culta Lea are probably synonyms.

. neyata Lea. Wetumpka.

. nigrocincta Anth. Spring at Montevallo.

. nigrocincta Anth., var. quadricincta Lea. ‘Tallassee.

. nigrocincta Anth., var. grata Anth. Montevallo.

. pybasti Lea. Calera.

. rubicunda Lea. Wetumpka, common and variable.

. semicostata Con. Randolph Creek and Blount Springs.

. Showalterii Lea. Fort William Shoals. The elongated oper-

culum of this species, unlike that of Anculosa rubiginosa, shows a reg-

RRAUVWNWANI AAD

ular growth with the growth of the shell.

G. symmetrica Hald, Buckschatchee Creek, Calera; Randolph

Creek, Blount Springs.

G. vanuxemiana Lea. Spring Creek ; Fort William Shoals, We-

tumpka and Wilsonville.

G. vanuxemit Lea. Fort William Shoals.

G. variata Lea. Montevallo, common.

@ wheatleyi Lea. Spring Creek, Farmer and Fort William

Shoals.

Schizostoma alabamaensis Lea, Wilsonville and Wetumpka.

S. castaneum Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka and vicinity. Mature

specimens were rare. Fissure deep and narrow; three- or four-

banded, when four-banded the two middle ones are approximate.

The carina is obscure except at the tip of the young; the spire of

mature specimens is eroded giving them a cylindrical shape.

S. constrictum Lea. The most plentiful species of this genus at

Fort William Shoals, generally three-banded, smooth or inclined to

be nodulous below the hem ; differs from ‘ncisum by the fissure being

more direct and deeper, ground color lighter, the bands are more dis-

tinct. Znetswm is never nodulous. S. amplum and salebrosum are

synonyms.

S. ellipticum Anth. (syn. bulbosum Anth.). Wetumpka and Wil-

sonville. Several hundred specimens show considerable variation,

many are smooth, others more or less striate, some quite distinctly

nodulous, three-banded, the bands generally broad, giving the shell

a dark appearance. S. eylindraceum may be a form of this species.

S. glans Lea. Fort William Shoals, close to elliptieum if not a

synonym.

THE NAUTILUS. 41

S. excisum Lea (syn. pumilum Lea). Wetumpka and vicinity.

Varies from cylindrical to globosely ovate, banded or without bands,

those without bands are mature and nearly all of them show a dis-

position to have bands on the first whorl. The cord-like elevation

behind the fissure is well developed on some while others show very

little or nothing of it. The striz are generally distinct. The fissure

is direct, medium in length and width.

S. glandula Lea. Described from one specimen. The only

noticeable difference from tneisum, of which it is a color variety,

is the light color and the bands more narrow and distinct. The

color and bands resemble constrictum, but the fissure places it with

incisum.

S. incisum Lea. The most plentiful species of this genus at

Wetumpka. The fissure is very short, wide and oblique, in some

cases only a sinuous outer lip. The three broad bands are clouded,

giving the shell a dark color.

S. lewisii Lea. Coosa River, near Wilsonville, Ala. Two

specimens referred to this species may be only elongated forms of G.

impressa with a very sinuous outer lip.

S. ovoideum Shutt. Wetumpka.

S. pyramidatum Shutt. (syn. pagoda Lea, wetuwmpkaensis Lea,

babylonicum Lea).

Shell smooth, striate, or carinate, four-banded or without bands.

The carina, always prominent on the young, disappears with the

erosion of the spire. The fissure is short and constant in character.

Pagoda was described from three specimens. In his description of

wetumpkaensis Mr. Lea says it is umblicate. I find this is not’ the

case with all the specimens and especially the young, nor is the

supposed umbilicus confined to wetumpkaensis. It is not a true

umbilicus but caused by erosion. S. babylonicum was described from

one specimen and I think it only a mature form of that described as

wetumpkaensis. Showalterii and demissum may also be forms of

this species.

Anculosa ampla Anth. There are not many specimens which I

refer to this species. The epidermis and character of the bands,

outline of body-whorl, and shape of aperture, differ from pieta and

all its varieties. The columella of the specimens from Fort William

Shoals is always purple; it is white in a few specimens from Wet-

umpka and vicinity.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

A small variety found on the exposed surface of stones in the swift

current, is remarkably depressed with a very large aperture. The

columella is broad and thickened its entire length; it is sometimes

white instead of tinted and purple; the spire is very much depressed,

hardly extending beyond the body-whorl; when placed aperture

down, the apex is low down on the right side. One of the largest

specimens measured over the columella, is .30 of an inch, the largest

measurement is .40 of an inch. When placed aperture down, the

height is .21; extreme length of aperture .30 of an inch, width from

center of columella to outer lip .19 of an inch.

It seems to me that the forms described as A. elegans and A. for-

mosa Lea, more properly belong in the synonym of A. picta instead

of ampla. Young specimens referable to these varieties appear to be

only color varieties of young picta.

A. melanoides Conrad. This unpretentious species was found on

pebbles in strong current in Black Warrior River at a bridge near

Warrior. The spire is more elevated than usual with the species of this

genus, the perfect ones have four whorls, the spire of most specimens

is eroded, only two whorls left. A few are banded, but most have no

indication of bands. Mature specimens with eroded spire measure

40 to .45 length and .28 to .30 inch diameter. Columella a little

thickened at the base and the aperture angulated at the juncture of

the columella and outer lip.

A. picta Conrad. Common at Fort William Shoals, Wetumpka

and vicinity. A very variable species, smooth, sometimes corded or

plicate, or both. The bands extremely variable. The most common

form is eight to twelve narrow bands made up of dots and dashes.

These may be placed so as to form diagonal stripes as in A. zebra

and flammata, and in some instances these diagonal bands are so

strong as to blur the revolving lines of dashes. The bands are often

continuous and number from two to twelve, or the two characters of

bands may be alternate on the same specimen. Many are imper-

fectly banded and a few without bands, occasionally one in purple.

The columella is often purple or tinged with that color; the prevail-

ing color is white, the plice are often waves or folds. The shell may

be globose. In old specimens the body-whorl is often compressed

above the periphery, sometimes giving the shell a distorted appear-

ance,

A. plieata Con. Black Warrior River at Warrior, Ala., common.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

At this locality the species is not typical ; among several hundred

there are few withsmall or indistinct plication. Most specimens are

smooth with the exception of a raised line a little below the suture,

which is more or less crenulate. Many specimens are three-banded,

the upper one just below the raised line and narrower than the other

two. None were found in the Coosa River.

A. ligata Anth. Wetumpka. The young of this species was often

found on the under side of rocks in swift water.

A. rubiginosa Lea. Coosa River at Wetumpka also found at Wil-

sonville. More or less striate, in some striz are remarkably well de-

veloped, producing costate specimens with a crenulated outer lip. In

form they vary considerably. Some of the plicate specimens have a

little resemblance to A. plicata, but evidently are not that species.

Specimens with an elongated operculum were found in only one

situation, on the west side of an island above the Wetumpka bridge;

the length of the operculum seemed to have no reference to the size

of the shell. Occasionally one will have a clear, white columella.

They are generally attached to rocks and pebbles in the current, and

the colors show up bright and distinct through the clear water of the

stream.

A. taeniata Con. The specimens I refer to of this species may be

a smooth form of rubéginosa.

FAMILY, VIVIPARID#.

Viviparus contectoides Binney. n. var. Decatur. In a small

swamp deeply shaded by a heavy growth of trees, this species was

quite numerous. Mature specimens were rare, the larger part being

very young to half grown.

Tulotoma magnifica Con, Coosa River at Fort William Shoals

and Wilsonville. This species was nearly always found on the

under side of rocks where there was little or no current. They were

generally in colonies ; it was not uncommon to find 20 or 30 under a

single stone a foot square or more.

T. magnifica Con., variety bimonilifera Lea. Farmer and Wil-

sonville. This form was found only in a fossil state. In some places

they were numerous in cultivated fields and some distance above

high-water mark. The size averaged larger than the living magnifica

and the lower row of nodules is more strongly developed.

T. angulata Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka; this form differs

44 THE NAUTILUS.

from magnifica by being smooth or nearly se, some being nearly as

smooth as viviparus. They are found under rocks in the swift

current of the stream. Both forms, magnifica and angulata, vary

greatly in color from a light horn to a dark purple.

Cumpeloma ponderosum Say. Tennessee River, Decatur ; Coosa

River, Wilsonville; Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka.

C. coarctatum Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior; Tallapoosa

River, Tallassee.

C. decisum Say. Tennessee River, Decatur.

C. nolani Tryon. Coosa River, Wetumpka.

Lioplax cyclostomatiformis Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior ;

Coosa River, Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka.

FAMILY. VALVATIDA.

Valvata bicarinata Lea. Coosa River near the railroad bridge,

Farmer, Ala., but three specimens found.

FAMILY AMNICOLID&.

Somatogyrus aureus Tryon. Coosa River, Fort William Shoals,

rare.

S. constrictus Walker. Coosa River, Wetumpka and Wilsonville,

very few; nearly always found on the underside of the rocks associ-

ated with S. coosaensis and S. hinkley’, very seldom more than one on

the same rock. The light color, eroded spire and deep suture made

them easily noticed among other species.

S. coosaensis Walker. Wetumpka, Fort William Shoals; common.

On rocks in swift water; sometimes 25 to 30 were seen together.

S. erassus Walker. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals; not

plentiful.

S. hinkleyi Walker. At all localities in the Coosa River, One

specimen supposed to be from the Tallapoosa River above Tallassee,

was probably mixed with S. pzlsbryanus by accident.

S. nanus Walker. Very plentiful at Fort William Shoals. They

literally covered the rock-bed of the stream in favorable situations,

showing up very plainly through the clear water, but owing to the

swift current it was difficult and tedious collecting them.

S. obtusus Walker. Coosa River, Farmer, above the railroad

bridge, found among the drift in a stagnant pool, made by the low

stage of water.

THE NAUTILUS. 45

S. pilsbryanus Walker. Tallapoosa River above Tallassee, very

plentiful on rocks in swift water, often seen on the rocks back of the

water as it fell over a natural dam.

S. pumilus Con. Tennessee River, Decatur, Ala. Found along

the shore in muddy places, protected by saw-logs.

S. subglobosus Say. Tennessee River, Decatur,. Ala. One speci-

men.

S. umbilicatus Walker. Wetumpka and Fort William Shoals,

rare.

Amnicola n. sp. Coosa River near the railroad bridge, Farmer,

Ala.

FAMILY LIMN EIDE.

Limnea desidiosa Say. Ina small stream near the Union Depot,

Montgomery, Ala. This species was quite numerous.

L. columella Say. Wilsonville, Fort William Shoals, Tallassee,

Farmer and Blount Springs.

Physa pomilia Con. Asmall stream near the Union Depot, Mont-

gomery, Tallapoosa River, Tallassee, Randolph Creek, and a small

rill at Blount Springs.

( To be continued.)

THE LAND-SHELLS OF IRONBOUND ISLAND, MAINE.

BY DWIGHT BLANEY.

The following land-shells have been collected on Ironbound

Island, Frenchman’s Bay. This is one of the many rocky islands

on the coast of Maine—with high cliffs toward the sea, and sloping

to the water on the bay side.

Heavily covered with spruce mixed with a few birches, and with

comparatively little cleared land, it does not seem a very likely place

for collecting land-shells. Under the guidance of our friend Prof.

Edward S. Morse, we have ransacked all favorable situations, and

feel well rewarded with the following nineteen species.

The numerals refer to Pilsbry and Johnson’s Land-shells of

America.

No. 141. Polygyra monodon (Rack.), common.

No. 200. Pupa muscorum (L.), common.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

No. 224. Vertigo ventricosa (Morse), common.

No, 224a. Vertigo ventricosa var. elatior, (Sterki), rare.

This species is noted in the catalogue as from Ohio, Michigan and

Minnesota.

226. Vertigo bollesiana (Morse), rare.

260. Vitrea hammonis (Strém), rare.

264. V. binneyana (Morse), common.

268. V. ferrea (Morse), common.

278. Euconulus fulvus (Miill.), common.

283. Zonitoides arboreus (Say), abundant,

293. Z. exiguus (Stimp.), common.

494. Z. milium (Morse), rare.

338. Pyramidula alternata (Say), abundant.

344, P. striatella (Anth.), abundant.

346. Helicodiscus lineatus (Say), common.

248. Punctum pygmzum (Drap.), common.

353. Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.), rare.

362a, Succinea obliqua totteniana (Lea), common.

367. S. avara (Say), not common.

The Pupa muscorum L. was found in a most interesting situation.

On the seaward side of the island, on a rough, stony beach, rises a

pinnacle of rock many tons in weight. This is nearly fifty feet high

and is separated from the main cliff by about forty feet. I climbed

one day to a flat place near the top, three feet square, covered with

Juniper bushes, to gather some wild bluebells, Campanula rotundi-

folia L., and while clinging in this narrow space, picked over the

valves of clams and mussel shells brought by Crows. Needless to

say, I was inspired to find hidden in the lower shells, deep in the

bushes, quite a colony of Muscorum. This is the only place on the

island where this species is found, and a careful search on the adja-

cent cliffs revéaled no more of them. How they could have got

there is of course an interesting problem. Two fresh-water species

are found on the island. Pistdium abditum (Hald.) and Lymnzxa

caperata Say, and the following land-shells have been found on

neighboring islands.

13. Helix hortensis Mull, Little Duck Island, common.

106. Polygyra sayii (Binn.), Hancock Point.

180. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say), Soward’s Island, common.

204. Vitrina limpida Gld., Calf Island, common,

THE NAUTILUS. 47

NOTES ON SOME CAPE COD MOLLUSCA.

BY C. W. JOHNSON.

During a recent trip on Cape Cod, Mass., I was mostly interested

in studying the insect fauna, but incidentally collected a number of

shells. One ofternoon, at low tide I wandered over the sand-flats of

Provincetown harbor; on my way out I met a little Portuguese boy

(Portugese, by the way, constitute about one-third of the population)

with a bucket full of periwinkles (Lttorinaltorea). I asked him what

he was going todo with them. ‘ Eat ’em,” was hisreply. To my

inquiry whether they were good, he said, ‘“* Yep.”’ The piling and

rocks (the remains of an old pier) were literally covered with them ;

over almost everything was a coating of small barnacles (Balanus

balanoides), and it was interesting to see the load carried by some of

the periwinkles, often greater in size than the shell itself.

On every hand were trails of the sea-snails, but I was suprised to

find that Polinices (Neverita) duplicata far outnumbered P. ( Lunatia)

heros ; the former were much smaller than those I have collected on

the New Jersey coast, and their nidimental bands, popularly known

as ‘‘ sand collars,”’ were also correspondingly smaller. The nidus of

P. duplicata is readily distinguished from those of P. heros by the

lower or expanded margin being undulated or wavy. One specimen

of Columbella avara was found. Of the Pelecypods, Pandora gould-

ana was abundant, and two specimens of the old Cytherea convexa

Say (which we must now call Callocardia morrhuana Linsley), were

collected. In places the coarse sand had a dark purple line. Close

inspection showed it to be made up of the little Gemma gemma.

At Eastham are located a number of large fresh-water ponds,

with no apparent inlet or outlet, in which the water is very clear,

and quite cool. In the one nearest the station, called Depot Pond,

I found three species of the Uniontde. Allof them were undersized,

and very much eroded, features characteristic of still water, even

though apparently more pure than many streams. The specimens of

Unio complanatus were about two inches in length. It was by far the

most common species, although dwarfed Lampsilis radiatus, about

two and a quarter inches in length, with a thick, dark, sparsely rayed

epidermis, was also abundant. The other species was a very fragile

example of Anodonta cataracta Say (A. fluviatilis Dillw.), about two

48 THE NAUTILUS.

inches inlength. Attached to shells and stones were a few Amni-

cola limosa. Under an old board I found a colony of Pyramidula

‘striatella associated with Zonitotdes arboreus. In the salt marshes

east of the station Melampus lineatus was in great numbers, together

with a few Litorina rudis var. tenebrosa.

My first stroll along the beach at Chatham was at high tide. Com-

ing upon some lobster pots I found quantities of animal life strewn

about. Among them were beautiful specimens of Polinices heros, but

the animals wers dead,and were left behind because they took up en-

tirely too much room for their size ; they were like some specimens

a friend once described as “ dead, but not gone, and unwilling to be

forgotten.”” The next day, at low water, in the little bights between

the several bars which extend out from the beach south of the inlet,

were to be seen hundreds of specimens of P. heros of all ages, from

the size of a pea to one nearly four inches in length, while the nidi-

mental bands were unusually large, and owing to the coarse sand ex-

ceedingly handsome.

Among the other interesting shells were the Arcas of the New

England coast. Areca transversa and A. pexata Say, or as we must

now call it A. campechensis Gmel, Is not this northern form worthy

of a varietal name? As Say’s description covers both, can we not

restrict his name to this form as described and figured by Gould ?

Scattered along the outer beach we found upwards of twenty single

valves of Arca ponderosa Say, several with portions of the ligament and

epidermis in place. To findso many of this species at the extreme north-

ern limit of its distribution was a surprise; it seems even to be more

plentiful here than on the New Jersey coast. Mesodesma arcuatum

was very common; a few valves of Cochlodesma leanum, Astarte

castanea and two valves of Divaricella quadrisulcata were also found.

In a heap of scallop shells Pecten gibbus var. borealis Say (DPecten

trradians of authors), I obtained some very interesting examples of

Crepidula fornicata, many of the specimens in adapting their shells

to the surface of the scallop becoming strongly ribbed.

A rainy day had its advantages; it not only gave me a chance to

attend to all the material I had collected, but it brought out the Helix

hortensis in great numbers along the,steep bank near the light-houses;

they were all of the light-colored, bandless variety.. I am not.aware

that this species has been recorded .from this place which adds

another locality to the mainland records.

LHe ONAUTILUS:

Vor. XVITT. SEPTEMBER, 1904. No. 5,

SOUTHWESTERN SHELLS.

BY JAS. H. FERRISS.

Joliet has a botanical park where nature herself made a good start

in a collection. Fast as the money and friends can be had the col-

lection is being improved, I am superintendent of the ferns upon a

salary of 25 cents per year, which is to be paid whenever the com-

missioners have their salaries increased to that point. An effort to

complete a collection of the U.S. ferns and cacti has led me into the

Southwest after rare examples.

I was surprised on the first day out to find shells among the fern

roots upon the hot side of the Franklin Mountain at El Paso, as

surprised as when the ferns were found in. the first place. This

mountain of clay and rock, thoroughly baked, is as uninviting to the

collector as a well-used brick kiln. There were two shells there,

Holospira roemeri Ptr. and Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis Pils. This

will be a species some day. Of less than twenty species found upon

this first trip, six were new species or varieties.

Not until the last half of the fern trip made the present year were

the snails given serious consideration. A collector will find few

specimens in a land where to him the conditions are new, unless he

gives his whole soul to the work.

Frank Woodruff, ornithologist and photographer of the Chicago

Academy was with me a couple of weeks. At Deming, N. M., we

formed an alliance with the city marshal who escorted us to the

Florida Mts., ten miles away. At Bowie, Ariz., an expedition was

50 THE NAUTILUS.

outfitted for the Chiricahua Mts. We wentas far as old Fort Bowie.

It was rather cold. Some mornings we crawled out from under

snow-banks. Water was scarce, and our guides inexperienced. We

were after birds, ferns, snap-shots and Indian relics, and at the end

of two weeks had found only four snails—Sonorella hachitana Dall,

Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss, A. levettet Bld., and a Physa.

Former information told me the Chiricahuas were unexplored, and

were occasionally exploited by the Apaches. By cautious approaches

we made our way to the fort, now occupied by a single miner only.

Here we learned there had been no raids for five years, and that the

mountains were safe as the streets of Philadelphia.

At the fort Mr. Woodruff turned back to El Paso and Albuquer-

que. With a miner, ponies and a burro I pushed into the higher

peaks. These run up about 8,000 feet. We pitched our tent in

Cave Creek Canyon, and altogether it was a delightful situation,—

caves, strange birds and plants, mountain streams, heavy forests,

every day perfect, good folks, and new shells around every point.

The miner herded the ponies, prepared warm suppers, and my regu-

lar daily grist was two shells I had never seen, and a new fern to

the territory. The last day we packed up and visited a cave a

quarter mile from our camp. Upon our return we found four snails

we had never seen. ‘Two were new species.

The next day we rode up a wagon road to a saw mill in a heavy

pine forest at the top of the mountain. I walked a little and found

one new species, two varieties and two I had not seen in the terri-

tory. This was a government forest reserve, and here we found

Chas. T. MceGlone, of Ashland, Ky., in charge, with a lion hunter

for a partner, and the partner had a fiddle. The canyons are deep,

heavily wooded and well watered; and truly at parting my heart

was heavy. I know many species of snails were left behind.

The mountains seem rather difficult to reach from the railroads.

They are far away, cattle ranches are about ten miles apart, and

there are no stages or hotels, but the approach is easy enough, like

snail hunting itself, when you catch on. From the Huachuca

station on the Sonora branch of the Southern Pacific I walked fitteen

miles across the plain to a canyon formerly visited, and in the next

month wore out another pair of hob nails. I Jeft home with rheuma-

tism, dyspepsia and several more or less important defects, but was

so busy no inventory had been taken since crawling out of the snow

—_— -— oor

THE NAUTILUS. 51

in the Ciirieahuas. The first Sunday morning in the Huachucas I

rested up a little, and found there was nothing out of repair except a

few fingers. I am not afraid of an automobile now.

Truly, snails were as thick together on the under surface of rocks

as mussels are found on the seashore. At the very peak of one of

the highest mountains, composed of slabs of limestone, there was not

enough stone to cover the Oreohelix.. They were hibernating on top

and glved together in masses. Upon one side of the peak a dark

banded variety was found, upon the other, not two hundred feet:

away, a white variety. This shell seems to be a home-body. A

canyon though three miles in length from top to bottom, was usu-

ally peopled by one variety. Over a divide but a few steps was

another variety, though every colony in the canyon was liable to

have some distinctive mark in size, color or form. And this was

true of the Ashmunellas. No two colonies seemed exactly alike,

and they did not visit back and forth, nor travel far from the best

part of their own rock pile.

On the south side of the Huachucas I found a colony of typical

Ashmunella chiricahuana about one-half albinoes, a mile west a

colony of typicat Ashmunella levettei, nearly all albinoes. Half a

mile lower down the /evette’ were chestnut-colored and polished. In

between these three colonies were light horn-colored shells running

from typical Jevette’ with four large teeth to typical chiricahuana

with no teeth at all, and all forms between, one tooth, two teeth,

three teeth, rudimentary forms of these, and mere suspicions of teeth

or thickening of the lip. Did these two species come together here,

or was this the exact spot upon which the original Ashmunella

Adam and Eve located? It is up to Dr. Pilsbry. I have described

two species there can be no mistake in. With no courage left, the

whole responsibility is now dumped upon his shoulders, The last

heard from Messrs. Clapp and Walker, they were running too.

Some of the Oreohelix are black, white, brown, red, banded, lined,

speckled, mottled and variegated, of only ten mm. diameter. Other

colonies of similar colors were of twenty-five mm. diameter, Some

were carinated, some as round-barreled and, as umbilicated as a

Circinaria, some depressed, and some were old-time bee-hives. The

levettei colonies, outside of the albino camp, varied from dark chest-

nut to dull white, and from ten mm. diameter to twenty millimeters.

The broken rocks tumbled down from the cliffs, the ‘* slide,” or talus,

52 THE NAUTILUS.

is the home of tie snails. A good snail hoe is necessary, and one

should wear gloves, for the chemicals, or climate, crack the collector’s

hands. A little shade helps, and the colonies will be found where the

ventilation is good, the soil sweet and with a normal condition as to

moisture, not wet or springy, but a natural soil condition. The

most favorable location is selected, and the collector must not be dis-

couraged at the absence of dead or living shells until after the

thorough overhauling of a slide. Ashmunella chiricahuana was

found, one by one, but after digging away at a rocky slide for an

hour without results I found one pocket large as my hat with 895 ex-

amples, and soon after took 125 from a like pocket. and left the rest.

Oreohelix and Ashmunellas were nearest the surface. Though

hibernating, Oreohelix would be often found under the top stone.

The Ashmunellas were next to the soil, and often buried in the

loose leaf mould. Sonorellas were deep delvers, and lived down

where the stones were wedged close together or buried in the soil.

Seldom were more than one, two or three specimens found in one

colony, not counting the little fellows, but such as they were I have

never seen shells thicker in the southern mountains. I found a

number of small shells in the drift on the plains which I did not find

alive. Holospiras were usually found under dead vegetation upon

dry hill-sides, Vitrinas were in damp ravines in the decaying vege-

tation. IJnfundibularia tuba Pils., was found in the drift of the San

Pedro at Benson. It was not found in the Huachueas, or the drift

of the streams from those mountains, and therefore I suspect it came

from the mountains near Tombstone. There are a number of species

credited to the Huachucas and Chiricabuas I did not find.

Fort Huachuca is a division headquarters of the army, and is

occupied by three or four’troops of cavalry. Many collectors visit

the post and the mountains. Botanists and entomologists predomin-

ate. These mountains are probably no better than many others in

the territory, but are good, and the collectors in the army lead the

way. Inthe Carr Canyon I found C. R. Biedermann in a cabin of

his own. He expects to remain there two or three years studying

Arizona insect life for the Philadelphia Academy. From what he

has told me of strange snails in strange places, and from what I have

seen and run over without seeing, I am satisfied there is fully two

years’ hard work ahead for the collector who will do Arizona justice.

I] will do what I can, but all assistance will be cheerfully: welcomed.

THE NAUTILUS. 53

It is an open field, and the climate is glorious. Take a guide, for

water is scarce. The verification of these wonders is now left to Dr.

Pilsbry. He has the evidence.

Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss, n. sp.

The shell is much depressed, lens-shaped, acutely carinate peri-

pherally, rather thin and pale corneous-brown. The umbilicus,

narrow within, enlarges rapidly at the last whorl. Surface nearly

smooth, very lightly marked with growth-lines. Whorls 44, slightly

convex, the last very shortly descending in front. Base more con-

vex than the upper surface. The aperture is small and very oblique,

the lip well reflexed, white, with an obtuse, squarish tooth in the

outer margin and two compressed teeth in the basal margin, the

inner one smaller; these three being nearly equally spaced.

There is a rather short, straight, obliquely set parietal tooth. Alt.

41, diam, 135 mm.

Florida Mountains, Luna Co., New Mexico. Found ina tumble

of rock near the top of the mountain, probably an elevation of 6,500

feet. Only a few were found, and none found at any other place.

Cotypes in collections of J. H. F.and A. N.S. P. This very dis-

tinct species differs from all other known forms of the devette’ group

in the small number of whorls. It is also flatter and more acutely

keeled than any other Ashmunella.

Oreohelix clappi Ferriss, n. sp.

The shell is moderately depressed, the alt. about two-thirds the

diam., and about equally convex above and below the obtuse peri-

pheral angle. The umbilicus is about one-sixth the diam. and con-

tracts rapidly within. It is brownish-white under a thin greenish-

yellow cuticle with some darker oblique streaks and two indistinet

brownish bands. In old individuals the cuticle remains only in

small shreds. Sculpture of irregular growth-wrinkles and very fine,

faint spiral striz, nearly obsolete on the upper surface. Whorls 43,

convex, the last double the width of the preceding, the first 14 rad-

ially obliquely costulate. Base very convex. The aperture is short-

oval, nearly circular, and very oblique. The ends of the lips con-

verge, and in old shells are continuous, being connected by a short

raised parietal ledge.

Alt. 9.6, diam. 15 to 16 mm.

04 THE NAUTILUS.

Alt. 9, diam. 14 mm.

Cave Creek Canon, Chiricahua Mts. Cotypes in collections’ of

J. H. F. and A. N.S. P. Found alive, buried deeply in rotten shale

about the base of cliffs near the stream. x

This species differs from all the forms of O. strigosa by its radially

costulate apical whorls and greenish cuticle.

LIST OF ALABAMA SHELLS COLLECTED IN OCTOBER AND

NOVEMBER, 1903.

A. A. HINKLEY.

FamiLty Limn2x1p# (continued from August number).

Planorbis trivolvis Say. A very few specimens found in same

location as Viviparus, near Decatur, Ala.

P. bicarinatus Say. A. single specimen taken from the Coosa

River, near the railroad bridge, Farmer, Ala.

P. dilatatus Gould. Coosa River, Farmer, and Wetumpka.

Very few found.

P. tantillus Pilsbry. Coosa River, Wetumpka. Found on rocks

in swift water, generally on the under side; they are so small that col-

lecting them was tedious, though they were abundant in places.

N. g.,n. sp. Same location as above.

FAMILY ANCYLID#.,

Ancylus rhodacme Walker. A common speciesin the Coosa River

at Fort William Shoals, Wetumpka and vicinity.

FAMILY HELICIDA,

Polygyra pustuloides Bland. Blount Springs, one specimen at

Tallassee, Ala.

P. tridentata tennessensis, W. and P. Warrior, Tallassee. Larger

than the northern form of tridentata.

P. inflecta Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Warrior and Mil.

stead. :

P. obstricta carolinensis Lea. Wetumpka and Tallassee.

P. appressa perigrapta Pils. Tallassee, Warrior, Milstead,

Farmer and Montevallo.

THE NAUTILUS. a5

P. thyroides Say. ‘Tallassee, Farmer and Warrior.

P. spinosa Lea. Blount Springs and Warrior.

P. stenotrema Bland. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.

P. hirsuta Say. Blount Springs and Warrior.

P. downieana Btand. Blount Springs. Only one specimen found.

P. monodon fraterna Say. Tallassee.

FAMILY CIRCINARIID2.

Circinaria concava Say. Blount Springs and Tallassee.

FAMILY ZONITID.

Omphalina polita Pils. Blount Springs. Only two young ones

found.

O. levigata Pfr, Tallassee and Warrior.

Vitrea carolinensis Ckll. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.

Euconulus sp. Tallassee. Young specimens.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior,

common.

Gastrodonta demissa Binney. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Farmer

and Montevallo.

G. interna Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and Warrior.

FAMILY ENDODONTID&.

Pyramidula alternata Say. Blount Springs, Tallassee and War-

rior,

P. perspectiva. Blount Springs, Tallassee, Warrior and Milstead.

Helicodiscus lineatus Say. ‘Tallassee.

FAMILY HELICINID®.

Helicina orbiculata Say. Only dead specimens were found at

Blount Springs. At Tallassee living specimens were found on a bill

under leaves where the ground was damp.

FAMILY UNIONID#&.

Not being familiar with Charles T. Simpson’s classification of the

Unionidz, 1 follow Dr. Lea, and use the genus Unio in its compre-

hensive sense.

Unio ucutissimus Lea. Mulberry and Black Rivers.

U. wlatus Say. Decatur.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

U. anodontoides Lea. Wetumpka.

U. arctatus Con. Mulberry River and Black Warrior River,

common.

U. arcus Con. Wilsonville, Wetumpka and Farmer.

U. asperatus Lea. Fort William Shoals and Wilsonville, common.

U. atrocostatus Lea. Black Warrior River, common. Fort

William Shoals.

U. blandianus Lea. Fort Willam Shoals, one specimen.

U. brumbyanus Lea. Mulberry River, common.

U. cahawbaensis Lea. Mulberry River, common.

. certinus Con. Black Warrior River.

. chattanoogaensis Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka.

. chunit Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen.

. compactus Lea. Coosa River, Wilsonville and Farmer.

cornutus Bar. Fort William Shoals, Decatur and Wilsonville.

. corvunculus Lea. Black Warrior River.

. erassidens Lam. Decatur and Coosa River.

ebenus Lea. Decatur.

. decisus Lea. Fort William Shoals and Wetumpka.

. dolosus Lea. Wetumpka, common.

. dromas Lea. Decatur.

. excavatus Lea. Black Warrior River, common; Wilsonville,

Sobel Me) [el Sie) Sicic

one specimen; Mulberry River and Wetumpka.

U. fibuloides Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen.

U. flavescens Lea. Black Warrior River, common; Mulberry

River.

U. foremanianus Lea. Fort William Shoals, common.

U. gibbosus Barnes. Decatur.

U. gracilis Barnes. Coosa River, Black Warrior River at War-

rior, Mulberry River at Blount Springs.

U. greenii Con. Mulberry River.

U. instructus Lea. Black Warrior River, common.

U. lewisti Lea. Coosa River. Fort William Shoals and We-

tumpka.

U. lienosus Con. Black Warrior River, common.

U. metanever Raf. Fort William Shoals, one specimen.

U. metastriatus Lea. Black Warrior River.

U. multiradiatus Lea. Coosa River, Wetumpka, one specimen

Wilsonville, one specimen.

THE NAUTILUS. oul

U. obliquus Lam. Decatur.

U. orbiculatus Hild. Decatur.

U. parvulus Lea. Mulberry River and Black Warrior River.

U. penitus Con. Coosa River, Wetumpka and Black Warrior

River.

U. perovalis Con. Mulberry River.

U. perplerus Lea. Decatur.

U. planus Lea. Coosa River and Fort William Shoals, two

specimens.

U. plenus Lee. Decatur.

U. pyramidatus Lea. Decatur.

. rectus Lam. Black Warrior River.

. retusus Lam. Decatur, Ala.

_rubidus Lea. Black Warrior and Mulberry Rivers.

_ rubellus Lea. Black Warrior River, Warrior, common.

rumphianus Lea. Black Warrior and Mulberry Rivers.

securis Lea. Fort William Shoals, Wetumpka and Decatur.

sparus Lea. Mulberry River.

. sublatus Lea. Mulberry and Black Warrior Rivers.

. stabilis Lea. Black Warrior River.

U. tuberculatus Barnes. Found at all river localities.

U. vibexr Conrad. Mulberry River, Blount Springs, Ala.

U. vanuxemensis Lea. Wetumpka, Black Warrior and Talla-

oe SS SS

poosa.

Anodonta subvera Con. Black Warrior River.

A.sp. Black Warrior River and Warrior, Ala.

A.sp. Coosa River.

FAMILY CORBICULID&.

Spherium solidulum Prime. Bucksehatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.,

common.

S. striatinum Lam. Black Warrior River, and Warrior. Rather

scarce, muddy places.

Musculium contractum Prime. A single specimen taken from the

Bucksehatchee Creek, Calera, Ala.

Pisidium virginicum Gmel. ‘Tennessee River, Decatur, Mulberry

River, Blount Springs, Black Warrior River, Warrior, Ala.

d8 THE NAUTILUS.

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY: ERRATA CORRECTED.

ROBERT E, C. STEARNS.

On page 38, Vol. III., “ Molluses, ete.,” of the Cambridge Nat-

ural History (1895), occurs the following :

“Mr. R. E. C. Stearns records * a case of Buliminus pallidior and

H. veatchii from Cerros 1., living without food from 1859 to March,

1865.”

The figure “3” refers to the Am. Nat., XI. (1877), p. 100;

Proc. Calif. Ac., iii, p. 329, in the foot-note, as the sources of the

foregoing statement which contains about as many errors as it is pos-

sible to get in less than three lines. I am well acquainted with the

person referred to, and have been for many years, also with his

articles in the volumes named in the foot-note, and can safely assert

the word Buliminus does not occur in either of his papers. He does

not say that the bulimoid form lived from 1859 to March, 1865, but

that examples of Bulimus pallidior lived from March, 1873, the day

they were collected, until June 22, 1875, two years, two months and

sixteen days, and that the specimens were collected at San José del

Cabo, Lower California; further, that one individual of the nine

was still living October 18, 1875. This species has not as yet been

reported from Cerros Island, where H. veatchii was collected and

lived, as stated.

On page 278 of the Cambridge volume it says that the genus

Buliminus is peculiar to the Old World. I am not aware of its hay-

ing any representative in the Americas. We now write Bulimulus

for Bulimus, as I had it written in 1873.

Los Angeles, Cal., July 19, 1904.

PLECTOPYLIS IN THE RIUKIU ISLANDS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Plectopylis (Sinicola) hiraset, n. sp.

Shell small, depressed, openly umbilicate, the upper surface con-

vex; uniform olivaceous brown. Surface dull above, glossy beneath,

sculptured above with fine growth-stria cut into minute beads by

equally fine decussating lines; below with arcuate, rather irregular

and wide-spaced delicate riblets and fine growth-striz, and rather

THE NAUTILUS. 59

weak spiral lines. Whorls 6, very slowly increasing, convex, the last

slightly deflexed in front, the periphery near the summit, the base

very convex. Aperture small, lunate, the peristome narrowly re-

flexed and a little thickened, connected across the parietal margin

by an elevated white, callous lamella. At its last third the last

whorl is obstructed within by a vertical parietal barrier, behind the

ends of which stand two tubercles, the upper one triangular, the

lower one oblong, each giving out a low callous towards the other;

and by six palatal plice: the first minute, subsutural; the second

larger, slightly oblique and curved ; the next three connected, larger

and more oblique, and the sixth plica smaller and standing on

the umbilical wall. Alt. 3, diam. 5.7 mm.; width of umbilicus 2

mm. Miyakojima, Riukiu. Types no. 87637 A. N.S. P., from no.

1295 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This is the first Plectopylis found in the Japanese Empire, and is

one of the most interesting of Mr. Hirase’s many discoveries. The

admirable studies of Mr. Gude enable us to fix its position as nearest

the Chinese P. cutisculpta Mlldff. (see Gude, Sctence Gossip, iii,

180, 181, Dec. 1896, and Mlldff., Jahrb. D. M. Ges., ix, 1882, p.

184, and x, 1883, pl. 12, f. 12).

A NEW LOWER CALIFORNIAN SONORELLA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Sonorella lohrii lioderma, n. subsp.

The shell is similar to lohrt/, but the last whorl is a little more

convex and evenly rounded, and the last two whorls are glossy, with

no granulation, being marked with faint growth-strie only. The

spire is sometimes a little more elevated than the type of S. lohrii.

Near Moleje, Lower California, Cotypes no. 58107 and no. 88367

A. N.S. P., the latter from Lower California without special locality.

The type specimen of S. Johrii Gabb is finely granulated through-

out. iS. ¢. lioderma would be a species the way some people cut up

Sonorella.

GENERAL NOTES.

West AMERICAN SHELLS.—Professor Keep’s new book on the

shells of the Pacific coast is now in press, and will be published in a

short time. There will be over 300 illustrations. The marine

60 THE NAUTILUS.

shells include those of British Columbia and Alaska, and land and

fresh-water shells from west of the Rocky Mountains.

Crams AFFECTED BY SEWERAGE.—The local quahog, or little-

neck clam, and scallop industry is menaced by action of the State

Board of Health declaring the shellfish taken in New Bedford

harbor and Clark’s cove to be infected, and calling upon the commis,

sioners on inland fisheries and game to prevent further taking. The

number of men engaged in quahog-fishing here is about 300, and the

income involved ranges between $50,000 and $75,000.

The sewers of New Bedford and Fairhaven all enter into the river

and cove. The eagerness of the fishermen, many of them French-

Canadians, has carried them nearer and nearer to the sewers, until

they are frequently seen at work at the sewers’ mouths.

The board has been making bacterial tests since last, spring, and

reports that the shellfish are polluted by the sewer. |

The demand of the State Board will also affect the fall and winter

scallop fishing, another important industry.— Boston Evening Record.

ZooLtocicaL Rrcorp FoR 1903.—The Zodlogical Society of

London is now issuing “ special records.”” Each volume is divided

into twenty parts. The part (VII.) on Mollusca by Mr. E. R.

Sykes, assisted by Mr. E. A. Smith, has been received. It contains

85 pages, the matter being arranged admirably for ready reference.

It is furnished by the Society for 4 shillings.

A New Locarity 1x South CaroLina FOR RECENT AND

Fosstz Mouiusks.—I write to call the attention of collectors to a

new locality ina new though old country. This is a long beach on the

ocean front, without breaks for thirty miles, as Iam informed, An

ideal place for automobile explorations. I was only there for a half

day, and saw only a part of the shells, but they are there by the

millions.

There are many Cretaceous, Eocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene shells-

as well as immense numbers of recent specimens. ‘The locality is

“‘ Myrtle Beach.’’ There is a ten-mile railroad from Conway over

there and a good hotel. Conway is the county town of Horry (pro-

nounced “ Oree’’) county, South Carolina, and has heretofore been

out of the world, but now has railroad connections with the Coast

Line Railroad, and is an ideal place for conchologists and botanists.

—FRANK Burns, Ph. D.

a o)

A be tier

gee

Je Aap Eales

, XVIII

)

THE NAUTILG

ROS

H: OSTREA AR

ALDRI¢

He NAOPELUS.

Vou. XVIII. OCTOBER, 1904. No. 6.

A NEW OYSTER FROM THE EOCENE OF ALABAMA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

OsTREA ARROSIS n. sp. Pl. III, figs. 1-4.

Shell oval, lower valve thick and heavy, upper valve thin. Sur-

face of lower valve strongly ribbed, ribs very numerous, close-set and

cross marked by growth lines, inner edge of lower valve is scalloped.

Both valves have a large, muscular scar, not central. The beak is

strong, making a stout hinge in the lower valve, much smaller in the

upper. The upper valve is smaller, fitting into the other ventrally

above the crenulations; its surface is generally covered with fine,

raised lines of growth; interior with crenulations near the beak, be-

coming obsolete on the ventral margin. Size of old specimens 125

to 140 mm. from beak to ventral margin, about one-tifth less at right

angles across the shell.

Locality.—F leming’s Mill, on Pea River, in Southeast Alabama,

from the Nanafalia horizon.

Remarks.—Figures 1 and 2 are the exterior and interior of a large,

lower valve; fig. 4, upper valve of young shell; fig. 3, young shell

with both valves in place. In old shells the ribbing becomes obso-

lete on the beak, and in some examples the beak is bent strongly to

one side. This oyster seems to be the precursor of QO. sellaeformis

Con. Some young examples occur in the Alabama River lignitic,

but the full-grown shell has not before been found that I am

aware of.

62 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW AMERICAN LYMNAEAS. II.

BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

Lymnexa decollata oronoensis var. nov.

Shell very globose, inflated, solid; whorls 3-34, very convex, the

last almost globular; spire broadly conic, depressed, sutures a little

impressed ; aperture roundly ovate, the upper part shouldered two-

thirds the length the entire shell; columella with a distinet plait ;

umbilicus very narrowly open; color a rich greenish horn, inclining

to black in some specimens. The spire is frequently decollated.

Length 17.00; width 11.50; aperture leneth 11.00; width 7.00

mill.

Length 16.00 ; width 10.00; aperture length 10.00; width 6.00

mill.

Length 17.00 ; width 12.00; aperture length 12.00; width 8.00

mill.

Length 12.00; width 9.00; aperture length 8.75; width 5,50

mill. (half grown).

Distribution: Orono, Maine. (Collection of Mr. Bryant Walker.)

This variety may be distinguished from decollata by its larger

size, more globose form of whorls and the whole shell, and the

rounded aperture shouldered at the upper part. The young or half-

grown shell somewhat resembles young individuals of mighels’ and ~

eatascopium.

Haldeman’s figure 3 on plate 14 of his monograph seems to repre-

sent a form of this variety. It appears to be quite a characteristic

variety. ;

Judging from specimens received by Mr. Bryant Walker from

Mighels and examined by the: writer, decollata has been figured

accurately only by Haldeman in his monograph, plate 14, figs. 1, 2.

The species has not been understood by most American collectors,

specimens of emarginata, catascopium and mighelsi having been re-

ceived as decollata.. It. is, however, a very characteristic species,

not closely connected with any other form. The variety oronoensis

resembles some young forms of m7ghelsi as well as some varicties of

catascopium. This resemblance, however, is merely superficial.

The typical decollata received from Mighels measure as follows :

Length 12.00; width 8.00; aperture length 9.00 ; width 5.50 mill.

THE NAUTILUS. 63

Length 12.25; width 8.00; aperture Jength 9.00; width 5.50 mill.

Length 11.25 ; width 7.75; aperture length 8,00; width 5.00 mill.

Length 9.75 ; width 7.00 ; aperture length 7.00 ; width 4.50 mill.

Lymnxa randolphi nov. sp.

Shell large, generally inflated, ovate ; whorls five to six, rounded,

inflated, distinctly shouldered ; spire short, pyramidal; the first 3-4

whorls are small and regularly wound, but the last whorl abruptly

enlarges to more than four times the diameter of the preceding whorls,

causing the spire whorls to appear as though set upon a pedestal ;

sutures deeply impressed ; sculpture consisting of close-set, regular

lines of growth crossed by fine, impressed, spiral lines ; the surface is

malleated in many specimens and in some individuals there is a ten-

dency to form raised spiral ridges on the body-whorl; aperture very

large, ovate, almost patulous, distinctly shouldered at the upper

part; columella without distinct plait, but covered by a heavy, erect

callus which overhangs the umbilicus ; umbilicus deep, widely open;

color probably horny as in the majority of Lymnzide, but chalky

white in the type specimens. Length 29.5, diam. 20, length of

aperture 19. mm.

Habitat: Marsh Lake, near Dyea Valley, Alaska, collected by

Mr. P. B. Randolph.

This is a very distinct species, not easily confounded with any

other. It has a superficial resemblance to Lymnzxa mighelsi Binney,

but that species is imperforate or at most only very narrowly per-

forated. The shape of the spire, the rounded aperture and the open

umbilicus will easily distinguish it.

Lymnexa atkensis Dall, is a narrow species with a long spire, a

very narrowly open umbilicus and wholly lacks its peculiar shouldered

whorls. The sculpture is more marked in randolphi.

Cotypes are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

and in tne Chicago Academy of Sciences.

A GLIMPSE AT THE SHELL FAUNA OF DELAWARE.

BY S. N. RHOADS.

Literature is strangely silent as to the fauna of the State of Dela-

ware. To remedy this in some degree, as well as to satisfy a long-

64 THE NAUTILUS.

standing curiosity to compare the zodlogical features of the Bay

State with those of New Jersey, my old tramping ground, | paid her

five or six visits in different localities during the spring, summer and

fall of 1908. While these expeditions were mainly ornithological,.

the Mollusca claimed more than passing attention, and a small col-

lection of specimens was made and presented to the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where Prof. H. A. Pilsbry kindly

made the identifications and comparisons here recorded.

Disclaiming any but a tyro’s knowledge of conchology, it only re-

mains for_me to preface these records by stating my conviction that

the evidence given by the vertebrates of Delaware indicate that her

southernmost border is more strictly Lower Austral than Upper

Austral. Certain species of birds and reptiles are found there which

do not occur in southern New Jersey or Pennsylvania. In the

Brandywine valley hills above Wilmington there is perhaps a shade

of approach to a preponderating number of species typical of the

Upper Austral and Lower Transition. In the upper Choptank

valley the Lower Austral finds its most northerly reaching arm on

the Atlantic seaboard, and the bird fauna there found in the thickly-

forested bottoms is a curious combination of three distinct sub-faune,

one northern, one western, and another southern. (R.)

In general character, the snail fauna is nearly identical with that

of eastern Maryland west of the Chesapeake, but there are a few

somewhat conspicuous differences, such as the occurrence of typical

Polygyra tridentata, in place of P. t. guxtidens, in Maryland, Pyra-

midula alternata fergusoni (Bld.) is another species of the coastal

plain, which has not yet been found in Maryland or eastern Penn-

sylvania.

The Unionide offer unexpected interest by the finding of a colony

of dwarf races of several species at Seaford, Sussex Co. (P.) Sea-

ford is at the head of navigation on the Nanticoke River, an affluent

of Chesapeake Bay, and lies near the centre of the level region reach-

ing, with but slight elevation above high-tide level, across the entire

peninsula. It isa sandy loam country with stretches of piney up-

lands and extensive areas of half-swamp lands. The left bank of the

river is fifteen to twenty feet high in some places. Some scattered

cypresses and white cedar occur on the left bank, but have nearly

been exterminated. The botany and vertebrate zodlogy of the region

are Lower Austral rather than Upper Austral in their prevailing

THE NAUTILUS. 65

species, this being the dividing line between the two faunal regions.

(R.)

In this locality the Uniones are normal in shape, but very much

smaller than in other places in Delaware and the neighboring states.

Adult specimens of Unio complanatus measure 42 to 52 mm. long

(the normal size being 70 to 95 mm. in other Delaware streams).

U. fisherianus is 40 to 43 mm. long, against 95 to 108 mm. at

Choptank Mills.

Lampsilis cariosus, 40 to 44 mm. long.

Lampsilis ochraceus, 40 to 50 mm. long.

Lampsilis radiatus, 42 to 48 mm. long.

Lampsilis nasutus, 50 mm. long.

The whole Unio fauna is thus dwarfed, the shells being from about

half to two-thirds the ordinary size. (P.)

It has occurred to me that the dwarfing of the Unionide of the

Nanticoke may be due to the fact that no tributary of this sluggish

river runs through a soil furnishing ingredients favorable to shell

growth. The relative sluggishness of this whole river system may

also have the degenerating effect of non-resistance. (R.)

In the following list a few Delaware shells collected by Mr. Wit-

mer Stone are included, such records being duly credited :

Polygyra tridentata (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts

and Rockland, Delaware.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts

and Rockland, and hills southwest side Brandywine near Paline,

Delaware. (W. Stone!)

Polygyra thyroides (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts

and Rockland; southwest of Brandywine Hills just below Penn.

State line; and near Delaware City, Delaware. (W. Stone !)

Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts:

and Rockland, and near Delaware City, Delaware.

Polygyra monodon fraterna (Say). Brandywine Valley between

Duponts and Rockland, Delaware.

Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say). Brandywine Valley between

Duponts and Rockland ; near Dover, Kent Co.; also near Delaware

City.

Bifidaria contracta (Say). Near Delaware City, Delaware.

Circinaria concava (Say). Brandywine Valley between Duponts

and Rockland, Delaware.

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Vitrea hammonis (Strom). Choptank River, just below Choptank

Mills (one mile east of Henderson, Maryland), Kent Co.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Choptank River, just below Choptank

Mills (one mile east of Henderson, Maryland), Kent Co. Also

Brandywine valley between Duponts and. Rockland, and near Dela-

ware City.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say). Choptank River, just below Chop-

tank Mills, Kent Co.: Brandywine valley between Duponts and

Rockland ; Mt. Cuba and southwest side of Brandywine hills, just

below Pennsylvania State line (W. Stone!), near Delaware City ;

near Dover, Kent Co., and Seaford, Sussex Co.

Gastrodonta ligera (Say). Brandywine valley between Duponts

and Rockland.

Gastrodonta suppressa (Say). Brandywine valley between Du-

ponts and Rockland. Southwest side Brandywine hills, just below

Paline and Mt. Cuba (W. Stone !); also near Delaware City.

Philomycus carolinensis (Bosc.). Mt. Cuba (W. Stone!), Brandy-

wine valley between Duponts and Rockland.

Pyramidula alternuta fergusoni (Bld.). Brandywine valley be-

tween Duponts and Rockland. ;

Lymnea* humilis (Say). Near Delaware City; between Du-

pont’s Powder Mill and Rockland.

Lymnea desidiosa (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts

and Rockland.

Lymnzxa columella (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts

and Rockland ; Seaford, Sussex Co.

Planorbis bicarinatus (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts

and Rockland.

Physa heterostropha (Say). Brandywine river between Duponts

and Rockland; Seaford, Sussex Co.; head of Red Clay creek,

Christiana township.

Goniobasis virginica (Gmel.). Brandywine’ River between

Dupont’s Powder Mill and Rockland; also Seaford, Sussex Co.,

Delaware.

Sphaerium sp. Head of Red Clay Creek, Christiana Township,

Delaware.

The original orthography of this name is here restored. American authors

have almost universally spelled it Limnzxa.—H. A. P.

THE NAUTILUS. 67

Lampsilis nasutus (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co.; Choptank Mills,

Kent Co., Delaware.

Lampsilis radiatus (Gmel.). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.

Lampsilis cariosus (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.

Lampsilis ochraceus (Say). Seaford, Sussex Co., Delaware.

Unio complanatus (‘ Sol.’ Dillw.). Seaford. Sussex Co.; Head of

Red Clay Creek, Christiania Township; Choptank Mills, Kent Co.

Unio fisherianus Lea. Seaford, Sussex Co.; Choptank Mills,

Kent Co., Delaware.

Anodonta cataracta Say. Mill-pond at head of Indian River,

Millsboro, Sussex Co.; Choptank Mills, Kent Co., Delaware.

Strophitus edentulus (Say). Head of Red Clay Creek, Christiana

Township, Delaware.

Strophitus undulatus (Say). Choptank Mills, Kent Co., Dela-

ware. A single, well-developed specimen.

Alasmodonta marginata varicosa (Lam.). Head of Red Clay

Creek, Christiana Township, Delaware.

NOTES AND NEWS.

A Pecouuiar Harioris.—Not long ago a freak in the Haliotis

line came under my observation. and thinking it of sufficient interest

to the readers of THE Nauti us, I send the following description :

The shell is, in most particulars, a characteristic Haliot/s cracherodit,

measuring 43 inches in length, 1,5 inches in height, and 32 inches

in width. It was obtained from a lot of shells brought from the

coast of Lower California, by Frank Holzner, a local dealer in shells

and curios, and unlike any other I have seen, has no holes whatever,

and no sears or indentations to indicate even a good intention in

that direction F. W. Kersey.

New Cave-Snairs.—Dr. R. Sturany has been investigating an

interesting collection of snails from caverns in Herzegovina (WV5/.

D. M. Ges. for July-Sept., ’04). Besides species of Clausilia and

Pupa, he describes a very small subeylindric land-snail with a round

mouth and hairy cuticle as Pholeoteras euthrix. It is 2.5 to 3 mm.

long, and has minutely latticed sculpture, beginning even upon the

embryonic whorl. As only empty shells were found, and nothing

68 THE NAUTILUS.

resembling them is known, the position of the new genus is left un-

certain. It is curious that with the exception of a Carychium dis-

covered by Dr. R. E. Call in Mammoth Cave, no cave-snails have

been found in America. Those having opportunities should search

in other caves of this country.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

MoLiusca OF THE * PoRCcUPINE”’? ExprEpiTions.—By E. R.

Sykes (Proc. Malac. Soc., London, VI, 1904). The material col-

lected by these dredging expeditions in the northeast Atlantic, etc.,

was not wholly examined by Jeffreys, whose death interrupted the

_work. Mr. Sykes is now supplementing his valuable reports, the

first paper dealing with the Tectibranchs. A number of new forms

are described, witli valuable information upon others. An excellent

plate illustrates several little-known species.

A CriticaL List oF THE SPH&ROSPIRA SECTION OF THER-

sitEs.—By Hugh Fulton. (Journal of Malacology, XI, 1904.)

With the specimens from the Cox and Beddome collections, Mr.

Fulton has critically revised this group of handsome Queensland

Helices, correcting numerous errors in former works, and naming as

new 7. consors, a form figured as 7. parsont Cox in the Manual of

Conchology. It is only fair to say that most of the errors in former

works were due to wrongly named shells sent out by Cox and other

Australian conchologists. The work seems to be well done and will

be of value to collectors having these fine Australian snails.—-H. A. P.

An HistoricaL anp SysTeEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG-

SHELLS AND Tritons—By W. H. Dall. (Smithsonian Misc.

Coll., Vol. 47, 1904.) Perhaps no prominent gastropod family has

suffered such vicissitudes of nomenclature as the Tritons. Dr. Dall,

without going into their morphology to any length, has fundamentally

examined the nomenclature and taxonomy of the group from the

varliest times, and gives in this paper the results of an investigation

of the early literature of the groups, which may well be called ex-

haustive. In the Ranellid@ he recognizes one genus, Bursa Bolten,

THE NAUTILUS. 69

equivalent to the old genus Ranella. The Tritons are arranged

thus :

Family SepTip&.

Genus Trachytriton Meek (Cretaceous only).

Genus Personella Conr. (Eocene, and perhaps including the recent

Triton quoyt Rve).

Genus Ranellina Conr. (Eocene).

Genus Gyrineum Link (Tritons with continuous lateral varices).

Genus Eugyrina Dall (Type Ranella gigantea Lam.).

Genus Argobuccinum Mirch (Type Ranella vexillum Brod. In-

cludes also the West Coast species Priene oregonensis Redf., etc.).

Genus Distortrix Link (Distorsio of authors).

Genus Cymatium Bolten (Triton femorale, etc.).

Genus Septa Perry (Large forms such as T. tritonis, etc.).

In recent years all of these groups containing recent species have

been generally recognized under one name or another. Cymatium

contains nearly all the forms ordinarily called “Triton” except those

segregated in Septa, a group which Dall considers sufficiently differ-

entiated for generic rank, although Kesteven and others have opposed

this view.

The classification proposed by Dall will, we believe, meet with

general approval. It seems worthy of acceptance pending the inves-

tigation of the soft anatomy of the snails in question, which is still

imperfectly known. .

The chief innovations in generic nomenclature of the two families

are for the most part consequent upon the adoption of the Museum

Boltenianum as an acceptable source of nomenclature,—a position

still in debate. This work is so excessively rare that it is hardly to

be called published in the ordinary sense. Of the first edition—

which is the only one seriously affecting nomenclature—there is one

copy in America and we suppose not over half a dozen, if so many,

known in the world. Even in Germany, Herrmannsen, over fifty

years ago, could not get access to a copy, though he made concholog-

ical literature an exclusive study for years. The work has other

objectionable features, as the free use of polynomials, such as Cym-

bium cochlear neptuni, Cardium cor auritum, Murex mitra episcopalis,

Cassis mitella polonica, Neptunea corona mexicana, etc. Nobody who

swallows these ought to choke over Chemnitz. It is evident that

some general consensus of opinion is called for, before it will be ad-

70 THE NAUTILUS.

visable to throw aside the clear-cut images of Lamarck and his school

for their nebulous prototypes in Bolten, which have been all but un-

known for over a century.

The genus Colubraria is made the type of a new family Colubrariide,

which, however, is not defined. | Colubraria is as yet unknown ana-

tomically. We have elsewhere shown that, as limited by Dall, the

family is a mixture of Buceinide@ and Muricide, with possibly an-

other, but still unknown, element in the typical Colubrarias.

The essay, though not lengthy, will be read with great interest by

those who make a study of molluscan nomenclature. The eminence

of its author, both in the field of malacology and of general zodlogi-

cal nomenclature, will ensure a thorough consideration of the posi-

tions taken, by those competent to deal with such questions——

BAG, Pe

Notes on tH PLeuRoromips®, with description of some new

genera and species. By Thos. L. Casey. (Trans. Acad. Sci. of St.

Louis, XIV.) Mr. Casey proposes a new classification of the family,

establishing eight ‘* tribes ’’ based chiefly upon characters of the

sinus. The consideration of genera is confined mainly to those rep-

resented in the American tertiaries, some 20 new genera being

erected. Numerous new Eocene species are described, chiefly from

Alabama and Texas. A single new recent species, Helenella insolens

from St. Helena, is described. Mr. Casey subdivides much more

minutely than has been the custom in this family, raising nearly

every group to generic rank. While “ genera” and ‘ subgenera,”

etc., are essentially conventional, varying in rank with every investi-

gator, yet minute subdivision may easily be carried too far for prac-

tical convenience by reason of the great number of species likely to

be found to fall between such narrowly restricted groups, requiring

the formation of still more new ‘ genera.’’ The characters of the

protoconch are extensively used. This is perhaps the most valuable

feature in the paper, as they have not hitherto been adequately

studied in the Plewrotomide generally. The genus Donovania, in-

cluded by Mr. Casey in the Pleurotomidz, has been shown to belong

to the Rhachiglossa.—H. A. P.

THe Museum. By L. P. Gratacap (Journal of Applied Micro-

scopy, V.). All sides of the subject, from the location and archi-

THE NAUTILUS. 71

tecture of museum buildings to the cases for storage and display, and

the installation and labeling of collections, are considered by Mr.

Gratacap, whose practical experience in one of our largest museums

gives his ideas a high value. The brochure is copiously illustrated.

Tue Errect oF THe Bassran IstHmus upon the existing ma-

rine fauna; a study in ancient geography. By C. Hedley (Proc.

Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1903). A 35-fathom line on either side

would bound a submarine plateau 80 to 90 miles wide, stretching

from Australia to Tasmania. Mr. Hedley considers at length the

great faunal difference between the South Australian and East Aus-

tralian coasts, concluding that the faunal evidence indicates that Bass’

Strait was bridged until recent times by an isthmus. The deeply

dissected south coast of Tasmania indicates recent subsidence there

also, pointing to a former extension of Tasmania southwards, thus

separating what he terms the Adelaidean from the Peronian or tem-

perate East Australian faunas, by a promontory extending into de-

cidedly colder waters. The ideas advanced are well supported and

supply a beautifully simple explanation of the long-known and

hitherto unexplained diversity of the South Australian and Victorian

marine faunas.—H. A. P.

ADDITIONS TO THE Marine Motiuscan Fauna or New ZEa-

LAND. By Charles Hedley (Rec. Australian Museum, V, pt. 2,

1904). In reporting upon a parcel of dredgings, Mr. Hedley re-

marks that ‘the fauna of the continental shelf of New Zealand is

practically unknown. It also appears that the element common to

New Zealand and Australia, hitherto calculated on the beach fauna,

will be disproportionately increased when the fauna of the conti-

nental shelf is taken into consideration.” Besides new forms of

several genera, Hedley describes a new. genus of the Carditide, Ver-

ticipronus. ‘The valves are small, smooth, and capped by a flat pro-

dissoconch. Another new genus, Jneisura, is erected for Scissurella

lyttletonensis Smith. This little snail is shown to belong to the

Fissurellide, having characters similar to the very young of Fis-

suridea. ‘The specimens we have examined bear out Mr. Hedley’s

interesting conclusion. Jncisura is apparently the most primitive of

existing Fissurellide.—H. A. P.

72 THE NAUTILUS.

A New ASuMUNELLA FROM New Mexico. By Paul Bartsch

(Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 47, 1904, p. 18, 14). A. townsendi,

described from two specimens collected by Mr. C. H. S, Townsend

on the slopes of the ridge on the south fork of Ruidoso river, about

five miles above the town of Ruidoso, at an altitude of 8,500 ft.

This is in the Sierra Blanca, Mescalero Indian Reservation, Lincoln

Co., New Mexico. ‘ Ashmunella townsendi is most nearly related

to A. rhyssa Dall, but is much smaller than that form and is uni-

formly more strongly sculptured.’’ It measures, alt. 8.2, diam. 19,

width of umbilicus 2.3 mm., being thus larger than A. altiss¢ma

Ckll. from the summit of Sierra Blanca. From an intermediate

altitude, A. townsend’ seems to be also intermediate in characters

between rhyssa and altissima. The use of the term ‘“ axial” to de-

scribe obliquely radial sculpture seems rather forced. The direction

of such sculpture approaches ‘‘ axial ”’ only at the periphery, and it

is presumed that by “ axial ’’ is meant “in line with or in the direc-

tion of the axis ’’ as the Century Dictionary expresses it.

SHELLS OF LaNnp AND WATER: a familiar introduction to the

study of Mollusks. By Frank Collins Baker (Chicago, A. W.

Mumford, large 8vo). As its title indicates, this book is for the use

of those beginning the study of shells, and is especially designed to

be placed in the hands of young people interested in nature study,

but without much or any previous acquaintance with mollusks.

The chapters on The Home of the Clam, Pond Snails, Snails of the

Forest and Field, The Oyster and its Relatives, The Cowries, etc.,

afford an attractive insight into the mysteries of these creatures, and

will be a revelation to many intelligent people to whom shells have

had no meaning. Eight full-page colored plates are very good ex-

amples of the new “ three-color process,” and illustrate many of our

native species besides numerous exotic shells. These figures will

help many a learner to some knowledge of common “ mantlepiece ”’

shells. The text is also fully illustrated with wood-cuts and half-

tone engravings, and a good deal of attention is given to the obser-

vation and collecting of mollusks. The work is written in the some-

what old-fashioned form of a series of discourses or monologues by a

professor to several pupils. It is well gotten up typographically.—

H.-Ac7 EB.

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PLATE IV.

THE NAUTILUS, XVIII

JOHNSON: PANOPEA BITRUNCATA.

THE NAUTILUS.

Von. XVITI. NOVEMBER, 1904. Noni

PANOPEA BITRUNCATA CONRAD.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

The shell of the genus Panopea, like most of the burrowing

Pelecypods is subject throughout its growth to considerable variable-

ness. The causes of mutation are so admirably described by Dr.

Dall! that I quote in full the following paragraphs :

*¢ All boring mollusks in which the shell has so degenerated that

it no longer covers the whole adult animal when retracted are more

liable to variation in minor details than those in which the valves

meet distally, and dynamically influence their own development by

fixing for it certain definite limits. This is markedly the case in the

present genus, “Those shells which live in an easily movable

medium, such as sand or fine, soft mud, are thinner, better devel-

oped, more elongated and less distorted than their congeners who

are obliged to confine themselves to a gravelly or stony stus. So

marked is the difference that I have several times been presented

with supposed new species based on these dynamic characters, and

by a curious reversal of logic, have been assured that the differences

must be specific, because the animals inhabited, respectively, the

different kinds of ground alluded to.

1 Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida, by William Healey Dall.

Transactions of the Wagner Free Institution of Science, Vol. III, part IV, page

827. Philadelphia, April, 1898.

74 THE NAUTILUS.

burrowers retire is a comparatively thin coating over a stony or

rocky layer which they cannot pierce, the tendency in Panopea,

Mya, ete., is tor relatively short and broad shells, with shorter

siphons, to survive ; which naturally have a wider, shorter, and more

rounded pallial sinus, and shorter and more incurved nymphs. I

believe the influence of environment is direct and not selective ; at

all events the association of sztus and specimens so characterized is,

as far as I have been able to determine, quite uniform, whether

selective or not.”

While living at St. Augustine, Florida (1880-87), I was fortu-

nate-in finding in the harbor, on a sand bar near ‘** Marsh Island,”

a specimen of Panopea bitruncata with valves intact, and from which

the animal had apparently just been removed. This specimen which

is shown on plate LV, represents a nearly normal shell (reduced about

one-fifth) with the lines of growth but slightly interrupted anteriorly.

It had probably grown under favorable conditions in the adjacent.

sandy-mud bottom. The shell measures 133 mm. (5.25 inches) in

length, with a width of 80 mm. ‘On the ocean beach I also found

several single valves; these were proportionately shorter, and wider,

giving them’a more truncated appearance. In my list of the shells

of St. Augustine, Florida, in this Journal, Volume IV, page 4, I re-

ferred these to Glycimeris bitruncata Conr., while in naming the one

from the harbor, I followed Dr. Dall’s catalogue of the shell-bearing

mollusks of the southeastern coast of the United States (Bull. 57,

U.S. Nat. Mus.) and called it G. reflexa Say.

Since Dr. Dall’s review of the species (Trans. Wagner Free Inst.

Sci. Vol: III, pl. 4, p. 831), I have made a careful study of the type

of P. bitruneata in connection with all recent specimens obtainable

and find no greater variation than exists in the Pliocene specimens of

Florida. The type of P. bétruncata is an injured specimen; the

_upper or dorsal portion of the posterior end being broken away,

gives the shell a very oblique truncation, while the lower portion of

the anterior has been frequently arrested in its development, the

lines of growth being interrupted and crowded together, gives that

end also a very oblique outline. The ambonal and younger portion

of the shells are alike in all the specimens I have examined. ’

Uniting the recent and Pliocene forms, and adopting the oldest

name will make the synonomy stand as follows :

THE NAUTILUS.

PANOPEA BITRUNCATA Conrad. PAY chy

Panopxea americana Stimpson. Check List Shells N. Amer.

Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. : II, 1860; Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,

1871, p. 139; not of Conrad 1838. : bot

_ Glycimeris bitruncata Conrad... Proc. Acad: Nat. Sci. for 1872,

p. 216, pl. 7, f. 1. :

Panopeu bitruncata Tryon. Amer. Marine Conch., 138, pl. 21,

fig. 321, 1874. snes

Panopea menurdi Heilprin. Trans. Wagner Free ‘Inst., I, 90,

pl. 9, f. 19, 1887; not of Deshayes.

Panopea floridana Heilprin. —L. c. 1, 91, pl. 10, fi 21.

Panopxa navicula Heilprine. L. c. 1, 91, pl. 10, f. 22.

Panopea reflera Dall. Bull 37, U.S. Nat. Mus.,-p. 70, 1889;

not of Say.

Panopea floridana Dall. L. c. III, pl. 4, p. 831, 1898.

Conrad’s type was obtained at Fort Macon, North Carolina; it is

also recorded from Cape Lookout, (Bickmore); Mobile Point, Miss.,

(Conrad), and the west coast of Florida (Willcox). It has also been

taken at Crooked Island, Calhoun’ Co.,-Fla. (Clarence B. Moore),

two specimens measuring 180x109 mm., and 165x112 mm. It isa

common species in the pliocene of the Caloosohatchie, Shell Creek,

and Alligator Creek, Florida.

The original spelling of the generic name is Panspea Menard,

1807. It is Glyeimeris Lamarck, 1799, (not Glyeymeris Da Costa,

1778), and Panopeea Lamarck, 1812.

NOTES ON EASTERN AMERICAN ANCYLI. III.

XM bf

XY) \

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Section FERRISSIA.

III. Ancylus filosus Conrad (1834), | Pl. 6, tigs. 1-8.

Conrad’s description of this species is very meager. No dimen-

sions are given and the only real specific character indicated is ‘* the

numerous, radiating, prominent lines.”’ Subsequent authors have

supplied no additional information except Haldeman, who gives a

figure, though, curiously enough, he states in the text that the species

is unknown to him, No specimens from’ the original locality, the

Black Warrior River, have been accessible to me. The only ex-

76 THE NAUTILUS.

amples seen are two lots in the Lewis collection, so labelled by him,

one from the Coosa and the other from the Cahawba River, Ala.,

and a set from the latter stream collected by Call. Dr. Pilsbry has

kindly compared these with the type specimen in the collection of

the Academy and writes that though less strongly striated radially,

‘they agree with the type in form, and the almost invariably red

apex.

As evidenced by these shells, A. filosus closely resembles in shape

and contour the eastern form of A. tardus. It differs, however, in

the light green color, the radiating ribs and, when present, the rosy

apex. In none of these shells are the ribs very strongly developed,

nor do they extend uniformly over the shell from apex to periphery.

But there are indications of them on all. They are usually more

conspicuous on the sides, especially immediately below the apex and

toward the anterior slope, the central portion of the side slope being

comparatively smooth. Between these heavier ribs are usually

several smaller ones, which seem to be extensions of the apical

stria. The larger ribs are heavier and coarser than those noticed in

any other species and, when fully developed, would be ‘* very promi-

nent’’ and conspicuous. The anterior slope is usually strongly con-

vex, although, as shown by the figures, there is some variation in

this particular; the posterior slope is nearly straight and direct, not

very oblique, and the side slopes are slightly convex. The marginal

outline varies from a regular oval to obovate with the greatest width

behind the apex. ;

The Cahawba River specimens are thinner and more translucent

than those from the Coosa and are apparently less typical, being less

elevated, with the anterior slope more oblique.

The apex is much eroded in all of the Coosa specimens, but is

nearly perfect in those from the Cahawba. When perfect it is

“somewhat inclined’ or rather flattened posteriorly, and very

slightly inclined to the right. Binney and Tryon are consequently

in error in referring the species to Acrolowus (Velletia), which is a

European group not represented in our fauna.

The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :

Fig. 1, length 4.0, breadth 2.9. alt. 1.9 mm.

Fig. 4, length 4.5, breadth 3.5, alt. 2: mm.

Fig. 7, length 4.0, breadth 3.0, alt. 1.75 mm.

TIE NAUTILUS. 77

IV. Aneylus parallelus Hald. (1841). Pl. 5, figs. 1-9.

This common and well-known species has a wide range through

the northern states and Canada, extending from Nova Scotia and

New England to Manitoba and Minnesota. It is peculiarly a north-

ern form, and its range toward the south is comparatively limited.

Rkode Island, Central New York, Northern Ohio and Indiana, so

far as the records go, seem to mark the limit. It is not listed from

Philadelphia (Shick) nor Alleghany Co., Pa. (Stupakopf), nor

Cincinnati (Harper and Wetherby), nor the Chicago Area (Baker).

Mr. Marsh has kindly permitted me to examine the specimens

from Mercer Co., Ill., waich he quoted as this species in the

Nauticus III, p. 34, and they prove to be a form of A. tardus.

Shimek’s citation from Towa City, Ia., which should be’ verified, if

correct, probably marks its extreme range to the southwest, as it

does not occur in any of the Iowa lists nor in those of Missouri,

Nebraska or Kansas. The tentative citation of this species from

North Park. Col., by Ingersoll (Rep. U. S. G. & G. Surv., 1874,

p- 405) must also be considered very doubtful.

It is easily distinguished by its narrow, elongated shell, with

nearly straight lateral margins, which widen more or less anteriorly.

The anterior slope is typically (fig. 1) only slightly convex, but there

is considerable variation in this particular; the posterior slope is

long, very oblique and nearly straight, the right slope is nearly

straight, and the left slope slightly convex. The apex is sub-acute

and slightly turned towards the right, and is nearly in the centre of

the shell. Lines of growth well marked, but fine and irregular. It

is at times subject to considerable irregularity in growth, when living

on a small reed, the peritreme is concave at the ends (as noticed in

A. fuscus) and the lateral slopes are noticeably more convex and the

apex less prominent. Several examples have been noticed, in which

the shell in the earlier stages was unusually narrow, but on ap-

proaching maturity, a sudden expansion of the entire margin took

place, resolving the peritreme to nearly its normal outline (fig. 4).

Specimens of extraordinary size (fig. 7), far surpassing those from

any other locality, have been collected by Nylander at Caribou, Me.

Specimens nearly as large (7.5 x 4.5 x 3) have been collected by

Ferriss on the north shore of Lake Superior. Fine specimens

larger than the average also occurred in Schuyler’s and Little Lakes,

N. Y. (fig. 4). In most places, however, the average length is less

78 THE: NAUTILUS.

than 6 mm.. A. parallelus is one of the few species of Ferrissia that

by preference chooses the quiet waters of the inland Jakes for its

home. In northern, Michigan, where it is the only species found, it

is abundant on the under surface of the lily pads and on the round

reeds (Scirpus lacustris), growing in water 3 to 6 feet deep.

The dimensions of the specimens figured are as follows :

Fig. 1. Length 6.5, breadth 3.10, alt. 1.75 mm.

Fig. 4. Length 4.80, breadth 3.25, alt. 1.75 mm.

Fig. 7. Length 8.66, breadth 5.00, alt. 2.50 mm.

V. Ancylus haldemani Bet. (1844). Pl. 6, figs. 9-13.

Haldeman’s types of the species, for which he used the preoccu-

pied name. of depressus, came from the headwaters of the Holston

River, in Washington County, Virginia, and are now in the collec-

tion of the Philadelphia Academy. Dr, Pilsbry has kindly fur-

nished the accompanying outlines of the larger of the two specimens

(figs. 9, 10), and states that ‘* the base is a little raised at the ends,

but very slightly so, so that the growth-lines appear nearly straight.

There are some coarse radii, especially on the long slope, but not

noticeable over the whole surface, but the apical tract is beautifully

striate.”’ | |

_ I have referred to this species a small series collected by Hemp-

hill in the Doe River at Roan Mountain Station, Tenn. As shown

by the figures (figs. 11-13), they agree quite exactly with the type.

The specimen ficured is decidedly obovate ‘in its marginal outline,

the greatest width being behind the apex, but others are more regu- .

larly oval. :

It is a well-marked form, and, as stated by Haldeman, differs

from both rivularis and tardus in the obtusely rounded apex, which

in the Doe River specimens is directed nearly straight backwards.

In the type specimen, it is apparently more excentric. There is no

which

indication in the Doe River specimens of the ‘“ coarse radii’

are present on the type, but merely a slight rippling of the anterior

slope. But this, no doubt, is a variable feature. The specimen

figured is slightly longer and proportionately wider than the type;

the dimensions being : Length 4.43, breadth 3.33, alt. 1.5 mm.

VI. Ancylus elatior Anth. (1855). PI. 5, figs. 10-1 oe

Through the kindness of Mr. L. P. Gratacap of the American

| met a’ J

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THE NAUTILUS, XVIII. PLATE V.

WALKER: AMERICAN ANCYLUS.

THE NAUTILUS, XVIII PLATE VI.

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THE NAUTILUS. 79

Museum of Natural History in New York City,’I have had the

Opportunity of examining an author’s example of this rare species.

This specimen, though ‘not quite as large as the type, agrees with

the déscription in all other particulars. The locality is given as

Kentucky and there is but little doubt that it is one of the original

fore, 9 aes

~~ Tt is a remarkably strong, heavy shell, as compared with the other

eastern species, and differs from them all in its size, greater eleva-

tion and the convex outline of the posterior slope. The marginal

outline is broadly oval, the greatest width being behind the centre

and immediately under the apex. The apex is quite acute and

turned toward the right. The apical striae are strong and close to-

gether at the apex, but rapidly diminishing in size, and the strong,

irregular lines of growth on the outer half of the circumference are

scarcely more than rippled by the radial lines. The apical portion

of this specimen was quite heavily encrusted with lime, which I did

not attempt to remove, and which covered up any indications of the

rosy color mentioned by Anthony in his description. ‘The irregular

Shape of this specimen is no doubt an individual peculiarity, caused

by a change in the line of growth after a period of rest, possibly a

change in the object on which the shell rested. Down to the line

where the new growth began, the outlines are quite regular, but be-

low it, there is first a decided constriction, rather more marked in

the posterior aud left slopes, and then a rapid expansion all around

the circumference. Similar instances have already been described

as occurring in A. parallelus. The dimensions of this specimen are :

Length 5.75, breadth 4.5, alt. 3 mm.

Accompanying this shell were two smaller ones of evidently a dif-

ferent species, apparently the same as that found by Hinkley in the

Ohio River, and which will be more fully described in connection

with that form. In Mr. Hinkley’s collection is a single specimen ot

the genuine edatior, which was collected by him in a creek near Flor-

ence, Ala. ‘The apex is badly eroded, but the rosy: tinge is very

evident. Its dimensions are: Length 5, breadth 4.8, alt. 2.6 mm.

The outline is entirely regular without any trace of the constric-

tion shown in the Anthonyan specimen.

VII. Ancylus ovalis Morse'(1864).

I have not been ‘able to get any information in regard to this

80 THE NAUTILUS.

species in addition to that afforded by the.original description. It is:

apparently a Ferr/ssia and distinguished from the other northern

species by ~* the delicate ribs which radiate from the apex to the

periphery of the shell.” Judging from the figure, the shell widens.

posteriorly and not anteriorly, and the apex is turned to the right

and not, as stated by the author, to the left. Whether this be so or

not, the broadly ovate shape forbids its. reference to the section

Acroloxus ( Velletia), made by Binney. Clessin’s remark that the

form of the apex as shown in Binney’s figure recalls the European

forms belonging to Ancylus s. s. seems equally untenable.

VIII. Aneylus borealis Morse (1864). PI. 6, figs. 14-16.

I have not been able to get any authentic specimens of this species

for examination. Its main characteristic is stated by the author to.

be the ‘‘ fine regularly interrupted, radiating lines (which) mark the

surface of the shell from the apex to the border.”? Otherwise “ the

species resembles A. tardus in its general form.”

The only specimens, at all referable to this species, which I have

seen, are those from the St. John’s river at Fort Kent, Me., men-

tioned by Nylander (Naut., XIII, p. 105), one of which is figured.

They are quite close to A. tardus and possibly should be referred

to that species, but they are narrower and more elliptical than

the form of tardus, which is apparently prevalent in that State. The

growth lines, especially near the apex, are quite strong, and where

these are crossed by the apical striw, the effect is that of ‘fine inter-

rupted radiating lines,”’ but this is confined to the apical region. The

remaining surface of the shell is irregularly rippled in the manner

noticed in nearly all the American species. In view of the fact that

in many of the species where it occurs, the radial character (except

at the apex) is a variable feature, the reference of these examples to

A. borealis seems fairly justified. The dimensions of the specimens

before me are as follows:

Length (fig. 14) 3.75, breadth 2.33, alt. 1.25 min.

Length 3.33, breadth 2.10, alt. 1.25 min.

Length 3.50, breadth 2.00, alt. 1.383 min.

Length 4.00, breadth 2.50, alt. 1.40 min.

Compared with the dimensions of the type, these shells are slightly

narrower and not quite as high. But the difference is so slight as to

be easily within the lines of individual variation.

THE NAUTILUS. 8k

The apex is very obtuse, being almost flat on top when viewed in

profile.

IX. Ancylus shimeki Pilsbry (1890). Pl. 6, figs. 17-19.

1890. Ancylus obliquus Shimek. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State

Univ. Ia., I, p. 214.

1890, Ancylus shimekii Pilsbry. Naur., IV, p. 48.

Shell elevated, thin, transparent, horn-colored, with a yellowish-

brown epidermis; aperture ovate, conspicuously wider anteriorly, in

many (especially young) specimens slightly reniform by a barely

perceptible incurving of the right margin, the anterior, left and pos-

terior margins regularly rounded, the right slightly incurved,

straight, or but slightly convex; apex somewhat acute, elevated,

strongly depressed posteriorly and to the right, and curved down-

‘ward, in most specimens quite overhanging the posterior right

margin of the shell; the apical portion of the shell (one-half or more)

is strongly laterally, or rather obliquely, compressed, a character

which makes the young appear proportionately much narrower than

the adults; the posterior slope of the shell is long and strongly con-

vex, the posterior being short and concave. The surface is marked

by fine lines of growth.

Largest specimen: Length 3.5, width 1.8, height 1.2 mm.

Average dimensions: Length 2.7, width 1.7, height 1.2 mm.—

(Shimek. )

As the Bulletin, in which this species was described, is very

scarce and out of print, it seems better to reproduce the original de-

scription, which is very full and accurate, than to present a new one.

The only specification to be added being that the apex is radially

striate.

Through the kindness of Prof. Shimek, I have before me part of

the original lot collected by him in Deadman’s Run, near Lincoln,

Neb. It has also been found at Calloway, Neb., living on Cerato-

phyllum demersum L, In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy

a single immature specimen was detected in a vial of A. rivularis

from-the De!aware River at Philadelphia (No. 75811). These are

the only authentic records known to me. The tentative reference of

this species to Gundlachia by Pilsbry (Naut., IV, p. 48, and IX,

p. 63), was based on a misapprehension of the species, which is

quite different from the Rock Island, Ills., examples figured by him.

§2 THE ' NAUTILUS.

The reference of the specimens from ‘Rock ‘Run, Joliet, Hls., to this

species by Baker (Moll. Chic. Area, p. 306), is erroneous for the

same reason.

The A. shimekii is a very distinct, little species, and, when once

seen, is not likely to be mistaken for any other. The high, narrow

shell with the rapid expansion towards the base; the prominent,

excentric, deflected apex, almost reaching the posterior margin, the

long convex anterior slope, and the peculiar posterior slope are very

characteristic and separate it from all the described species. It is

more nearly related to the small Ohio species, called pumilus by

Sterki, than to ‘any fuller bat.isélearly distinct as pointed’ out under

that species.” wo =

The specimen figuted, the'largest received’ from Shimek, is

slightly smaller than the average size as stated in the original de-

scription, being :° !

Length 2.66, breadth 1.66, alt. 1.0 mim.

x Ancylus pumilus Sterki (1900). Pl: 6, figs. 20-22.

1894. Aneylus ———? Sterki. The L. & F. W. Moll. of New

Phila., O., sp. 83, p. 8

1900. Ancylus pumilus Sterki, List of L. & F. W. Moll. of

Tuscawaras Co., O., 8th, An. Rep. .O. St. Acad. Sci., p. 36,

Separate p. 7 |

Shell small, thin, translucent, shining, horn-colored; oval or

slightly obovate; ends regularly rounded; sides nearly equally

curved ; apex radially striate, prominent, rather obtuse, not depressed

at the tip, about half way between the central and posterior margin

and decidedly turned to the right; anterior and left slopes very con-

vex; left slope nearly straight ; posterior slope straight below the

projecting apex; surface with the lines of growth fine and incon-

spicuous, more or less irregularly rippled with transverse wrinkles

on the anterior slope.

Fig. 20. Length 2.75, breadth 1.75, alt. 1.0 mm.

This minute species, which was first detected in the Tuscawaras

River near New Philadelphia, by Dr. V. Sterki, seems to have an

extended range. Examples have been seen from the following

localities: Alexandria, Va.,. Seneca, 'N. Y., Vermilion River, OO.

Cuyahoga River and Garrettsville, O., and ‘the Mississippi River,

Rockford, Ill. Specimens from the Kankakee River, Ill., and Iowa

City, la., though differing from the typical form in fae the

THE NAUTILUS. 83

anterior slope only slightly convex, seem’ fo be also referable to this

species.

Distinguished primarily ‘by its small size, this species is well char-

acterized by the prominent, obtuse apex, the short, straight posterior

slope and long, convex anterior slope. It is very close in general

appearance to A. shimekii, but seems to differ persistently in having

the apex, which is less excentric in position, projecting decidedly

upwards and not depressed at the tip as in that species, the anterior

slopes not quite so convex, while the posterior slope is longer, more

oblique and nearly straight. The extreme lateral compression char-

acteristic of shimekit is not present in this species, the right slope

being nearly straight ; this difference is particularly marked in the

immature Shells, which in shdmekii are decidedly narrow and pro-

portionately higher than the mature shell, while in pwmilus the pro-

portions are nearly the same. Sterki’s types are immature examples,

to which his statement, that ‘ the sides are parallel,” is quite appli-

cable, but in mature examples the lateral margins expand a little and

become more curved as shown in the figure, which is from one of the

largest specimens seen, the dimensions being :

Length 2.75, breadth 1,75, alt. 1.0 m.m.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the figures on each plate are drawn on the same scale, but

those on Plate VI are somewhat more enlarged than those on Plate V.

Byrn Ve

Figs. 1-3, A. parallelus Hald.. Little Lakes, N. Y. ;

Figs. 4— A. parallelus Hald. Pine River, Marquette Co., Mich.

Figs. 7-9, A. parallelus Hald. Caribou, Me.

Figs. 1( in A. elatior Hald. Kentucky.

Prate’ Vile

Figs. 1-3, A. filosus Con. Coosa River, Ala.

Figs. 46, A. filosus Con. Coosa River, Ala.

Figs. 7-8, A. filosus Con. Cahawba River. Ala.

Figs. 9-10,:A. haldemani Bet. Holston River, Washington Co.,

Wa,

Figs, 11-13, A. haldemani Bet. Doe River, Tenn.

Figs. 14-16, A. borealis Mse. St. John’s River, Me.

Figs. 17-19, A. shimekit Pils. Deadman’s Run, Neb.

Kj 20-22, A. pumilus Sterki. ‘Tuscawaras River, O.

84 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES AND NEWS.

Mr. A. A. Hinkley is making a collecting trip to Alabama.

Eprrors Nautilus:

In the course of some remarks on the “ Museum Boltenianum,”

Dr. Pilsbry in the October Naurtiius refers to the ‘ free use of

polynomials ”’ in that work, citing some supposed examples, and sug-

gesting that no one who could ‘“ swallow these ought to choke over

Chemnitz.”

The general question of the acceptability of Bolten’s work is too

large to enter upon here, and I believe it has been practically settled

in a sense adverse to the arguments I used twenty years ago, and

which Dr, Pilsbry now reiterates. But the matter of ‘ polynom-

ials’? can be settled right here. Bolten used polynomials as much

and no more than Linné and Gmelin, 1758-1792. Let us rememher

that Bolten’s work was a posthumous MS. printed without revision

by the writer. It contains 2409 entries of species. Of these 64 are

what Dr. Pilsbry refers to as “ polynomials.” (The *‘ Murex mitra

episcopalis,” by the way, is not one of them, and does not oceur in

the book as far as I can discover ; ‘* Mitra episcopalis’” is there all

right.)

Now Bolten’s polynomials are partly hyphenated ; part of them

are words which we now combine in one word (as ‘* mille puncta-

tum’) ; a lot of them are taken from Gmelin or Linné (as ‘* caput

serpentis,” * lingua felis,” etc.), and have always been in use; others

are geographical (as ** Move zeelandix,” ‘Bonz spei’’), and have also

been in use continuously to this day; all of them are either sub-

stantive phrases like ‘+ pes-asininus,”’ or adjective combinations like

‘ atro-viridis,” which we now use and write as one word. In the

whole sixty-four there is only a single case where something like a

Chemnitzian polynomial occurs, when to the name of the shell

‘* sinistrorsa’”’ is added, indicating that the specimen was reversed.

Now exactly such polynomials occur in the work of Linné and most

of the older writers after 1758, and have been accepted as valid

without demur. Even D’Orbigny as late as 1853 indulged in at

least one. While we may regard them as awkward and objection-

able, they are not incompatible with the Linnean nomenclature, and

have never been so considered.

The polynomials of Martini and Chemnitz, on the other hand, are

simply descriptive phrases or brief sentences; the dwindled rem-

nants of the earlier ** nomen triviale’’ of pre-Linnean authors, and do

not come under the same class as those above cited from Linné and

Bolten. In short, with access to the book and a little comparison,

Dr. Pilsbry could soon satisfy himself that, on the score of regular

nomenclature, there can be no possible objection to Bolten.

Ww. H. DatLt.

aN es

Vor. X VEL. DECEMBER, 1904. No. 8.

NEW FORMS OF POLYGYRA FROM ALABAMA.

BY GEORGE H. CLAPP.

Polygyra (Stenotrema) barbata n. sp.

At first glance this species would be readily taken for P. sfeno-

trema and as it may exist in some collections under that name it can

best be described by comparison with that well-known and widely

distributed species.

Viewed from above, the difference is at once apparent, as barbata

has stiff hairs about } mm. in length which are widely spaced, and

the diagonal series cross the lines of growth at nearly a right angle.

The upper half of the outer lip is well reflected, not appressed as in

stenotrema and there is a distinct constriction back of it. From below

the difference is still more striking, as the width of the mouth in barbata

is fully double that of stenotrema; in barbata the width, measured

from the top of the tooth to the edge of the lip just below the notch,

is 1 mm., while in a stenotrema of the same size it isonly about 5 mm.

The lamelliform tooth is more sinuous and less massive. The flat-

tened upper lip, which is markedly concave, has a well pronounced

tooth just opposite the upper end of the abruptly truncated parietal

tooth. The ‘ fulcrum,” which is plainly visible through the shell, is

the most pronounced feature, as itis 8 mm. in length, extending from

the axis fully half way across the body-whorl. Embryonie whorls

polished and obsoletely ribbed, while in steno/rema they are granula-

86 THE NAUTILUS.

ted. The granulated embryonic whorls of stenotrema and its allies,

would seem to make the section Stenotrema of at least subgeneric

value, although the almost smooth apex of barbata indicates that

there is some variation in the group. The young of barbata are

umbilicate. In size there is a wide variation in this species but in

all other particulars the characters are absolutely constant.

Greater diam. 11, lesser i0, altitude 7 mm.

Greater diam. 10, lesser 9, altitude 64 mm.

Greater diam. 8, lesser 74, altitude 55 mm.

The average diameter is 9 to 10 mm. Whaorls about 54.

Types from the flood-plain of the Tallapoosa River near the Mont-

gomery Road about five miles southeast of Wetumpka, Ala., in col-

lections of Geo. H. Clapp and Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

This most interesting species was first found by Mr. Herbert H.

Smith in November, 1908, and he reports it scarce and apparently

very local.

On Poole’s Island in the Coosa River just below the Georgia line,

in Alabama, Mr. Smith found a smaller form of barbata which

differs slightly in the mouth being still wider and the lip notch

weaker. It averages from 8 to 9 mm. diam.

Polygyra stenotrema seminuda n. var.

In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900,

page 129, Dr. Pilsbry defines P. stenotrema var. nuda as follows:

“ Surface without hairs or their scars; other characters of typical

stenotrema.”

Among the shells collected by Mr. Herbert H. Smith in Central

Alabama is a variety of stenotrema which differs from needa in having

very short, widely spaced hairs, in other particulars agreeing with

var. nuda. As it appears to be a ‘¢ connecting link,” I have called

it var. seminuda. In size it varies from 5? x 8 to 7 x 10 mm., the

average diameter being 9 to 94 mm.; color from greenish-white, al-

most albino, to dark reddish-brown. Types from Bangor, 4 miles

north of Blount Springs, Blount Co., Ala., in coll. G. H. C. and A.

INVERN. le.

Mr. Smith has sent in three or four apparently well-marked varie-

ties of sfenotrema, but it will be well to await the conclusion of his

work before attempting to define these local races.

THE NAUTILUS. 87.

NEW SPECIES OF BUCCINUM FROM THE KURIL ISLANDS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Buceinum inclitum n. sp.

Shell ovate-pyramidal, solid, cream-colored with a few incon-

spicuous reddish-brown stains. The spire is straightly pyramidal,

the apex small, the first whorl wanting in the type specimen. 8

whorls remain; they are very convex and separated by deep, chan-

nelled sutures. Below the suture the flattened, sloping surface is

sculptured with four or five spiral cords. These are followed by

three very strong spiral ribs, separated by deep striate intervals.

On the last whorl there are four large ribs, grouped near the

periphery, which is formed by the second rib; below them tiie base

has about 8 gradually decreasing spiral cords, with one to three

smaller cords and threads in each interval, exclusive of those on the

convex, siphonal fasciole. Over the whole of this sculpture there is

a very fine spiral striation, and the upper slope of the whorls has

small radial waves, making the ribs slightly nodose. The aperture

is tinted with pale yellow on both lips, the outer lip being somewhat

expanded, and posteriorly flaring. The anterior canal is short and

wide.

Length 82, diam. 46 mm.

Etord, Chishima [Kuril Is.]. Type is no. 88768 A. N.S. P.,

from no. 1704 of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This noble and beautiful species is somewhat related to b. leuco-

stoma and B. martensianum, but it is much more strongly sculptured

than either. &B. carinatum Dkr. is also related, but it differs by the

small number of spiral keels.

Buccinum chishimanum n. sp.

Shell ovate, rather thin but moderately solid, yellowish olive-

green, the principal spiral ribs’ typically red-brown with light spots.

Spire slate-blue or ashy-purple. Whorls 6, the apex slightly

mamillar and smooth, the last whorl ventricose, sculptured with

numerous very unequal spiral cords and threads, the larger cords

widely spaced on the upper half, more numerous below. Over all

there is a microscopic sculpture of distinct, fine and close fold-like

growth-striz, and very fine, subobsolete spiral stria. The sutnre is

bordered with weak folds, sometimes stronger and tubercular. The

88 THE NAUTILUS.

aperture is half-round, glossy, dark chestnut-brown inside, the

bevelled and slightly expanded lip cream-white. The basal notch is

rather wide and not very deep.

Length 31, diam. 20 mm.

Etord, Chishima (Kuril Is.), types no 87757 A. N.S. P., from

no. 1597a of Mr. Hirase’s collection.

This whelk seems to be related to the smaller, thinner and

smoother 5, mérehianum (Fischer), but the two are quite distinct.

In some specimens the coarser spirals are all low, subequal and

almost evenly distributed over the surface. As usual in Bucetnum,

the coarser sculpture is variable. Some specimens lack the thin,

greenish cuticle, being dull, creamy-ashen, like many arctic shells.

There is always a livid or purplish worn spot in front of the aper-

ture.

ON THE NORTHERNMOST HABITAT OF LIGUUS FASCIATUS ON THE

FLORIDA EAST COAST.

BY CLARENCE B. MOORE,

These snails at the present writing (1904), live in great abund-

ance at Miami, Dade Co., Florida. They were found by me in

small numbers at Arch Creek, about nine miles north of Miami.

Going northward I found them, here and there, along the banks of

New River, below Ft. Lauderdale about 24 miles, in a straight lime,

north of Miami.

North of this point inquiries were made along the banks of the

canal where ‘* hammock ” land (such as Liguus requires) is often in

sight, but in no case had the snails been seen by the inhabitants,

At Boca Raton, Dade Co., the hammock is not large, and much

undergrowth has been burned recently. We saw no living Liguus,

nor any of their shells on the ground. Glandina was present and

various shells of other kinds.

Occasionally among the Keys, south and east of the peninsula, the

statement was made to me by persons I met, that occasional snails of

this species had been seen by them as far north as Lake Worth.

A number of inhabitants living about six miles south of Lake

Worth had never seen the snails. Around the southern end of Lake

Worth there is much fine hammock, where the vegetation seemed

expressly made for Liguus, but a careful search made by my party

THE NAUTILUS. 89

yielded no evidence of these snails on the trees or of their shells on

‘the ground. Glandina and many smaller snail shells were found.

When I reached Palm Beach, on Lake Worth, I called on a

dealer in shells, who told me he had sold many Liguus {rom Miami,

but had found none around Lake Worth. He said he had placed a

number of snails from Miami around Lake Worth, in the hammock,

but the snails died.

At present, therefore, New River is apparently the northern limit

of Liguus on the East Coast; and satisfactory evidence is lacking that

it ever extended further north.

NEW LAND SNAILS FROM NORTH CAROLINA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Polygyru appressa tryoniana n. subsp.

The shell is imperforate, similar in shape to P. appressa; rather

dark greenishi-brown; very glossy. Sculpture on the last 4 whorls

of regular, fine, curved riblets, which are slightly narrower than

their intervals, and fine engraved spiral lines, more prominent in the

intervals than on the ribs. The first (embryonic) 14 whorls are

densely sculptured to the apex with obliquely radial strie, followed

by a small fraction of a whorl with coarser, irregular striz before the

riblets set in. Spire convexly conic. Whorls 5} to 5%, slowly in-

creasing, the last somewhat angular at the periphery in front. The

suture descends slightly to the aperture. The aperture is very

oblique, somewhat ‘ dished.’ The peristome is very wide, strongly

thickened within, contracting the aperture, and broadly, flatly re-

flexed; white, with a fleshy outer border in all but old sheils. ‘The

back of the lip is bright yellow, this color spreading to form a tri-

angular spot at the’suture. A stout, strongly curved parietal tooth

stands on the parietal wall.

Alt. 11, diam. 17.5 mm.

Alt. 10.5, diam. 17 mm.

Tryon, Polk Co., North Carolina. Types no 88769 A. N.S. P.,

collected by H. A. Green.

This form resembles P. appressa perigrapta in sculpture and

shape, although a little less depressed than that form. It differs in

the wider peristome, which contracts the aperture more, and in the

90 THE! NAUTILUS.

basal lip, which lacks the long tooth of appressa and perigrapta, or

has only the slightest vestige of it. P. a. tryoniana differs trom P.

wheatleyc in the more depressed body-whorl with a tendency to angu-

lation, the larger parietal tooth and especially in the sculpture. P.

wheatleyi has small sharp raised points scattered over,the upper sur-

face and in the more delicate specimens upon the base also, and

while some spiral lines may be seen on the base in some specimens,

they are very weakly developed. In P. tryoniana there is no trace

of hair-bases or points, the sculpture being like that of P. appressa

perigrapta.

Polygyra wheatleyt clingmanica n. subsp.

Shell small, thin and fragile, somewhat transparent, pale. The

glossy surface is set throughout (except: near the apex) with short

delicate hairs, readily removed and often in large part lost from old

or cleaned shells. The rib-stria of the typical form are much weak-

ened or nearly effaced. Lip narrow, no parietal tooth. Alt. 8.7

diam., 138 mm.

Near the summit of Clingman Dome, Great Smoky Mountains.

Types no. 77616 A. N.S. P., collected by Messrs. Ferriss, Clapp,

Walker, Sargent and the author, 1899,

This form was noticed by me, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1900, p. 127.

It seems sufficiently differentiated from the typical form of wheatleyt

from Cherokee Co., N. C., from the more solid form prevalent in

the Great Smoky Mts.,

to require a special name. It was found from the summit of Cling-

generally, and from the form of Roan Mt.,

ces)

man Dome to our camp at the ** Balsams,’’ near the western end of

the mountain. Lower down, the ordinary P. wheatleyi replaces it.

It is analogous to P. andrewse altivaga.

AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS IN COLORADO.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL,

To-day, October 25, 1904, I was surprised to find Agriolimax

agrestis in abundance in a vacant lot in the town of Boulder, Colo-

rado. This is the first indication of the establishment of this slug in

the Rocky Mountain region. The specimens are much darker than

those one ordinarily finds in England, and those I collected are re-

ferable to the following mutations :

THE NAUTILUS. OT

(1.) Mut. rufescens, Dumont and Mortillet. Reddish, without

any distinct spots or lines. Sixteen specimens.

(2.) Mut. brunneus, Taylor. Very dark-brown; one or two are

so nearly black that they could be taken for mut. nzger, Morelet.

Eight specimens.

(3.) Mut. semtrufus, nov. Head and mantle rufous ; body poster-

ior to mantle almost black. Two specimens. This indicates that

the coloration of the head and mantle, and that of the body, may be

‘separately inherited, though more frequently the color of the animal

above is uniform.

The common English forms pallida Schrenk, and reticulata

Miiller, are absent.

MARGARITANA MARGARITIFERA IN PENNSYLVANIA.

BY CHAS. H. CONNER.

A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of receiving a few specimens

of Margaritana margaritifera Linnevs, which were taken from Still

Creek, near Quakake, Schuylkill Co., Pa. As I believe this species

of fresh-water mussels has not been reported living in Pennsyl-

vania, I send you this note.

Mr. Frank M. Ebert. who kindly forwarded the specimens to me,

states that they are found in the several streams of the vicinity. He

and others have taken a great quantity of pearls of all sizes and

grades from them. Though Mr. Ebert has collected the species for

some time, he informs me that he has never found a gravid specimen.

The foot and gills of the specimens examined are brownish, the

rest of the body being white.

NOTES AND NEWS.

ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS, JoHNS. (FASCIATUS NILSS., pars).—

Last June I found this European slug in abundance on Goat Island,

Niagara Falls, N. Y. It appears to be an addition to the fauna of

New York, but Dr. N. L. Britton. to whom I mentioned the oceur-

rence, said he was sure he had heard some report of it. The speci-

mens were of the usual grey color, with narrow bands and a slight

keel. In 1887 I searched the same locality, but at that time the

Arion was apparently absent.—T. D. A. CocKERELL.

92 THE NAUTILUS.

ALBINO POLYGYRA MONODON AND P. HIRSUTA.—I am sending

the white (albino) form of Polygyra monodon. which I have found

this season near Des Moines, Iowa. This white form is associated

with the ordinary brown ones, but I never find P. monodon near P.

monodon frauterna. P.m. fraterna and P. hirsuta I find associated.

I also have a few white P. Afrsutu.—T. Van Hynina.

GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA DISCOIDEA IN

INp1ANA.—I send you to-day specimens from Charlestown Landing

and Mt. Vernon of P. tridentata discoidea Pils. It seems that this

variety extends across the whole width of the State, for Charlestown

Landing is 50 miles above Louisville, Connelton, the original locality

of the variety, is 75 miles below, and Mt. Vernon is but a little way

above the Illinois line, where the Wabash river joins the Ohio. At

all of these places the variety occurs on the immediate banks of the

Ohio river, but when you go back into the country you get the

typical tridentata.—L. E. Danie cs.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

PHYLOGENY OF Fusus AND ITs ALiies. By Amadeus W,

Grabau (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection [no, 1417] part of

Vol. XLIV, 1904).

This work represents a great amount of investigation and careful

study. <A pupil of the late Professor Hyatt, the author has applied

the principles of development, parallelism and acceleration in de-

fining genetic boundaries. In this group the author considers the

protoconch and nepionic stages of the conch to be the most important,

although not always to be relied upon, Parallelism is constantly

cropping out, ‘¢ but parallelism is no guide to affinity, and hence grave

mistakes in classification are made, unless this fact is borne in mind.

Parallelism is much more potent in the later stages of development

than in the earlier ones, although it is by no means unknown in

these latter.””. This and the following quotation briefly define the

author’s views :

“The Fuside as a group are highly accelerated, and near the

acme of development. Primitive types are uncommon, except in

the eocene and even there regressive species appear. The majority

of species have attained the acme of development for the group, many

THE NAUTILUS. 93

of them reaching it while still young. * * Fusus colus, the type

of the genus, is itself a regressively accelerated type, in which the

characteristic acmatic features have nearly disappeared in the adult.

Excessive degradational acceleration is seen in Cyrtulus, Clavilithes

and similar genera.”

In the eocene of the Gulf States there is a group of shells having

the form of a true Fusus but with a protoconch similar to many

species usually referred to Plewrotoma. For such shells the new

genus Falsifusus is proposed. Type: Fusus meyert Aldrich

(not Dunker). I beg to differ with the author in using /. meyeri

Aldr. Fusus meyer’, being preoccupied, becomes a synonym and re-

mains a synonym; the name of F. ottonis Aldr. proposed in its stead

should be adopted.

For two forms (Fusus quercollis and F. rugatus) from the lower

eocene of Alabama, the name of Fulgurofusus is proposed. The

protoconch is Fulguroid. The new generic name of Hezlprinia is

given to a number of recent and late tertiary fusoid shells from the

Antillean region and Florida. ‘* They differ from /usus in the very

remarkable, strongly accelerated protoconch, which is throughout its

greater portion crossed by riblets.” Type: Fusus caloosaensis

Heilp.

Under the head of Phylogerontic Fuside is placed the peculiar

Oyrtulus serotinus Hinds. Its genetiv relation to Clavilithes is dis-

puted ; in its young stages it is a typical Yusus, but in the adult the

whorls become thick and loosely wrapped about one another ; this

type of structure is designated as Melongenoid. To the eocene

forms which -most closely resemble Cyrtulus, the new generic name

of Clavellofusus is given. ‘* Genotype: Clavellofusus sprratus ‘sp.

nov.’’ Under this genus are described three new species from the

Paris Basin, forms which are considered by most authors to be only

variations of the variable Clavilithes longevus Lam. The anthor

seems to have had very few specimens showing the protoconch on

which to base such novel conclusions. Under the genus Clavi-

lithes several new species are described, including C. solanderi, based

on the Murex longeevus Solander (in part) and including specimens

figured by Sowerby. (Mineral Conch. I, 141, tab. 63, f. 1, 1812).

It may be of interest to know that this identical specimen is in the

collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. It was

presented to the Academy by Dr. Thos. B. Wilson, who purchased it

94 THE NAUTILUS.

in Europe many years ago, together with several others illustrated in

the same work.

For another new genus derived in part from the genus Olavilithes

of authors, the name of Rhopulithes is proposed (** Genotype : Fusus

noe Lamarck’), while three new species have been found in the

gleanings from the Paris Basin. The generic name of Cosmolithes

is proposed for Fusus uniplicatus Lam.

It is not easy to define the true position of many of the genera.

Whether a Pleurotomoid or a Fulguroid protoconch should remove a

shell in every other respect a Fusus, from the family, or what posi-

tion a shell with the protoconch of a Fusus, but with the form of a

Hemifusus, should occupy, the author has not always clearly defined.

A table of genera showing their relative position to allied forms

would have been very useful and would more readily convey to stu-

dents the author’s conclusions.

The work contains 192 pages, including 18 plates. The two plates

of protoconchs are exceedingly fine, but the half-tone plates could be

improved upon.—C. W. J.

STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN ‘Motiusca. Part VIII; By €.

Hedley. With a Note on Terebra Hedleyi Tate. By Edgar A.

Smith (Proc. Linn: Soc. N. S. Wales, Pt. 1, 1904, pp. 182-212,

plates 8-10). The author has again brought forward some changes

in nomenclature that should be adopted. The Strombus urceus

Linn. = S. floridus Lam. ‘The species commonly known as S.

urceus L.is rightly S. ustulatus Schumacher. Aecmza octoradiata

Hutton 1873, should be used in place of A. saecharina Linn., var.

perplera Pilsbry, as suggested by Dr. Pilsbry. A new genus Stiva

and 14 new species are described. Lima sydneyensis is proposed in

place of L. brunnea Hedley not Cook.—C,. W. J.

NorTes ON THE GENUS SONORELLA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF

New Species. By Paul Bartsch. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous

Collections, vol. 47, part 2, Oct. 10, 1904.) This study deals with

a group of Southwestern Helices, nearly all of which have been de-

scribed since 1890; and the foundation of the genus dates only from

1901. To the anatomical characteristics already known, Mr.

Bartsch adds a very useful conchological generic character, dis-

tinguishing tae genus from Ep/phragmophora: the shell of Sonorella

THE NAUTILUS. 95

never has incised spiral lines. The species are shown to fall into

groups according to the sculpture of the embryonic shell; the char-

acters and distribution of all of them are discussed more or less fully,

and the following new forms are described : S. ashmuni, S, dulli, S.

baileyi, S. buileyi oreutt’, S. fisheri trom the United States, and S.

nelsoni, S. goldmani, S. merrill, S. mearnsi trom adjacent states of

Mexico. Six plates of illustrations represent all of the known

species and typical examples of the apices; all being reproduced

from photographs.

There will probably be some difference of opinion about the rank

given to the several forms described as species ; but whether they be

ultimately ranked as species or subspecies, Mr. Bartsch’s careful

work in discriminating the numerous forms gives the paper a high

value. It ought to be mentioned that the use made of Hyatt’s terms

of growth is almost throughout erroneous; but as this is in the

present case a mere question of descriptive terms, it does not

seriously detract from the value of the essay.—H. A. P.

A New Species or AMpuipromus. By Paul Bartsch (Smiths.

Misc. Col., vol. 47, pp. 292-3). A. goss’, from Mount Kin Baloo,

North Borneo, is described and figured. It is probably a color-form

of A. pictus Fult., also describea from Mt. Kina Balu, and a very

variable species, as the specimens I have seen demonstrate.—-

Et ASE,

West AMERICAN SHELLS. By Josiah Keep, A.M. San Fran-

cisco, 1904. Pp. 360, 304 figs. Twenty-three years ago Professor

Keep published a modest little book, ** Common Sea-shells of Cali-

fornia.” This was the first successful attempt to popularize the

study of American mollusks. It was followed in 1887 by a more

extended hook, ‘ West Coast Shells,’ which also met with a cordial

welcome from advanced students and beginners in nature study

alike.

The edition of this book being exhausted, Professor Keep has pre-

pared a more extended work including descriptions and figures of

many more species, and a list of West Coast and Rocky Mountain

Mollusca. The descriptions are simply worded, and being supple-

mented by several hundred figures in the text, enable the western

student to identify and learn something of nearly all the shells likely

96 THE NAUTILUS.

to be encountered in ordinary shore collecting. or dredging in mod-

erate depths. Lovers of shells everywhere, even those not interested

in Pacific shells, will delight in the simple and direct English of the

book, and will find their knowledge of mollusk-life broadened by it.

There is a contagious enthusiasm in its pages.

So much good must be said of Professor Keep’s book that we

hesitate to mention any defects. On p. 152, Physa “ columbella” is

a misprint for P. columbiana, and Aplexa is misspelled. Fig. 136,

on p. 154, is apparently Planorbis binneyt. Ancylus subrotundus is

a species of Lanx. Fig. 103, on p. 128, is Oreohelix haydent, not

strigosa. The species striatella and cockerelli are not Oreohelices.

Figs, 119 are not Ashmunella levettei, Various other errors occur

among the land shells. ‘There are many wrong authorities given for

specific names, and the list at the end contains a great many errors

and entries of the same species under two or three names which

might have been avoided by submitting it to specialists on Molluscan

nomenclature. Such a check, to pick up loose ends, is necessary in

a work covering so wide a field, for part of which the author must

rely on published data of various periods and various degrees of per-

fection. Fortunately many of the errors occur in the list, rather than

in the main text of the work, which aside from these defects deserves

all the praise we have given it.—H. A. P.

Tue Cyer& OF THE Persian GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND

Nortn ARaAaBiaAN SEA. By Jas. Cosmo Melvill and Robert

Standen. (Jour. of Conch. XI, pp. 117-122, Oct., 1904.) About

35 species and varieties are recorded, including the following new

varieties : Oypraea caurica L. var. catrnsiana nov. ** This variety

which we dedicate to Mr. Robert Cairns * * * is precisely to the

typical form of caurvea what coloba Melvill (= greegori Ford) is to

shell, from Karachi, is most peculiar and remarkable. In form and

marking it is as the type; the basal lineations are faint, but normal.

var. ‘“ pertcalles nov. Shell uniformly smaller (382 mm.), very

polished, in form like the type, dorsal markings similar, and as

variable, with occasional dark sepia blotches, more or less distributed

in various examples, * * * Kiener figures the var. pericalles

(Genre Porcelaine pl. xxiii, f. 2a), mentioning it as the yoang form

(p. 26). Our specimens, twelve or more in number, are, however,

mostly adult, exhibiting a dwarf race of this very beautiful and still

uncommon species.’’—C. W. J.

aa. > ee octane a oF eee 7 oe 7 Gu 7 7

. es a ° = -

JE NAUTILUS, XVIII PLATE VII

eae ee

WAGNER: FOSSIL UNIO CRASSIDENS FROM WISCONSIN.

HE NAUTEELUS:

VoL. XVIII.

JANUARY, 1905. No. 9.

ON AN INTERESTING FOSSIL UNIO FROM WISCONSIN.

BY GEORGE WAGNER.

A little over a year ago Mrs. George Marston, of Quincy, Illinois,

presented to the University of Wisconsin the mollusca brought to-

gether by her late husband, an ardent and an able collector of our

Wisconsin forms. ‘The collection was placed in my hands for ar-

rangement. In looking it over I was immediately attracted by a

single somewhat broken valve of a Unio, evidently fossilized, and

the only fossil form in the collection.

Mrs. Marston had very kindly, and very wisely, sent with the col-

lection all of her busband’s correspondence relating to it. In look-

ing over the letters I came across a copy of one written by Mr.

Marston, and containing the necessary locality data for this shell.

According to this letter the shell was found about 1889 in the

‘eity of Green Bay, Wisconsin, during excavations for the city water-

works reservoir.. It came from a depth of about fifteen feet below

the surface, and presumably from the till.

‘igAs Mr. Marston well knew, the shell is wholly unlike any Unionid

now: found in Wisconsin. It is a left valve, quite heavy but very

brittle. When found, the outer surface still retained most of the

‘epidermis, but this has almost entirely disappeared. The height is

70:mm., the breadth of the single valveapproximately 22 mm.

The shell when complete was very evidently smooth, with a rather

elliptical outline. “The wall is thick but thins down considerably

98 THE NAUTILUS.

toward tie posterior end. Anterior margin incrassate. Posterior

dorsal carve regular and strong. Posterior umbonal slope flattened,

and separated by a decided angle from the lateral slope. There are

some traces of waviness on this posterior slope. The umbones are

not very prominent and but very slightly incurved; the ligament

long and heavy. The cardinal teeth, though much weathered, were

evidently short and heavy, the lateral teeth long and nearly straight.

The anterior adductor cicatrix is large and deep, strongly pitted ; the

protractor impression triangular, The pallial cicatrix is very deep,

and crenulate. Only a small portion of the posterior cicatrix re-

mains.

On comparing the valve with the Unios in our collection, I am

forced to the conclusion that we have here a specimen of Unio crassi-

dens Lam. I am further strengthened in this belief on comparing

the specimen with the figures and description of U, crass¢dens ly

Call (a study of the Unionide of Arkansas, ete.—Trans. Ac.

Sciences, St. Louis, Vol. VII, pp. 1-65, plates I-XXI). Finally I

have compared it with two specimens of U. erassidens. one from the

Ohio river, the other from southern Michigan, which were kindly

sent to me for this purpose by Dr. W. S. Strode, of Lewistown, IIli-

nois. It may be that further material will force us to recognize it

as a separate variety, but I do not think it probable.

Now let us consider the present distribution of U. crassidens.

According to Call (/. ¢.) it is abundant in the Cumberland river of

Tennessee as well as in other rivers of that State. It occurs

abundantly also in the Coosa and the Alabama, in the Tombighee,

and southeast to the Chattahoochee (Simpson, Synopsis of the

Naiades, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXII, pp. 501-1044). It

also occurs in the Mississippi and its eastern tributaries as far north

as the forty-second parallel; or, in general, to northern Illinois and

southern Michigan. It does not occur within the Basin of the Great

Lakes, neither has it ever been found in any stream west of the

Mississippi so far as I know. We must look upon it then as essenti-

ally a southeastern form, with its center of distribution lying prob-

ably somewhere in the rivers of Tennessee.

We are thus confronted with the problem of its occurrence, in

fossil form at Green Bay, in the St. Lawrence Basin. It is because

this involves an interesting point in the causes affecting present

geographical distribution, that this note is written.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

One of the. marked topographic features of Wisconsin is a long

diagonal valley extending from Green Bay, and really as a continua-

tion of the basin of this bay, toward the southwest. It follows the

basin of Lake Winnebago and the course of the Fox river. In the

neighborhood of Portage it overrides the water-shed, and is con-

tinued in the valleys of the Wisconsin and the Rock. At Portage

the Fox and the Wisconsin are less than two miles apart, and in

Spring become confluent, the upper Wisconsin contributing largely

toward the floods of the Fox (Irving, Geology of Wisconsin, Vol.

II, pp. 418, 419).

Now, according to Irving (I. c. p. 426), it is very probable that

in preglacial times the entire area of the Fox river drainage, includ-

ing the basin of the Wolf, far north of Green Bay, was drained by

the Wisconsin, or a stream occupying approximately its bed. Given

this former unity of the Fox and the Wisconsin drainage, the oc-

currence of a Mississippi form as a fossil in Green Bay is made clear,

even though this form be now a southern one. For it must be re-

membered here that southern forms in general had a decidedly more

northern distribution before the Pleistocene, and especially before the

Pliocene.

How as to its disappearance? We know that during the Pleisto-

cene the northern part of our hemisphere became ice-voated nearly

as far south as the Ohio river. One of the lobes of this great ice

mass entered this very same Green Bay—Wisconsin Valley—and

plowed through it nearly its entire length.

It is evident that this enormous ice mass swept everything living

before it, or buried it beneath, and Unio crassidens had to go with

the rest.

When the ice finally receded the conditions were so changed as

to forbid the establishment of previous faunal conditions. In the

first place, the drainage of the Fox was now separated from that of

the Wisconsin. But more important, the climate of this region had

become so much colder that many of the former inhabitants, U.

crassidens among them, seem not to have been robust enough to re-

gain even such part of their former territory, to which the waterway

was freely open. Finally alteration in tension between various

species probably also contributed to the same general result.

It is highly desirable that the Unionids, as well as other mollusea

found on both sides of the divide between the Mississippi and St.

100 THE NAUTILUS.

Lawrence Basins be much more completely studied, especially in

regions where the divide is narrow. ‘Together with this.we need to

obtain and study the fossil forms of the Tertiary and Pleistocene.

Thus and thus only can we get a much more accurate and detailed

knowledge of the effect of the Glacial Period on the distribution of

animals.

Plate VII. External and internal views of fossil Unto crassidens

from Green Bay.

University of Wisconsin, Zodlogical Laver atGhjeNGosmben 29; 1004

ON THE SPECIES OF MARTESIA OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Three species of the genus Martesia are found on the eastern coast

of the United States. They are more abundant south of Cape

Hatteras, becoming less common or rare to the northward. Like

most burrowing shells they are subject to considerable variation.

There is also a great difference in appearance between the young

and adult shell, the large anterior gape of the young being closed in

the adult by a calcareous deposit called the ‘ callum ” attached to

either valve and extending to the middle or lower edge of the valve.

The shell has a large protoplax and a narrow elongated metaplax

and hypoplax ; mesoplax and siphonoplax wanting; valves with a

single radial suleus. The species can readily be distinguished by the

form of the protoplax, which though showing slight variation, prob-

ably due to a favorable or unfavorable s?tus, is quite constant in its

general character.

MARTESIA STRIATA (Linn.). Fig. 1.

Pholas striata Linn., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. 1111, 1767.

Pholas pusilla Linn., Syst. Nat. 12 ed. 1111, 1767.

Pholas nana Pultney, Dorset. Cat. p. 27, 1799.

Pholas faleata Wood, Gen. Conch. t. 16, f. 5-7, 1819,

Pholas clavata Lam., Anim. s. Vert. Vy.p.. 446, 1818.

Pholas conoides Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 457, 1825.

Pholas Hornbeckii Orb., Historia Fis. Polit. y Nat. de la isla de

THE NAUTILUS. 101

Cuba, Moluscos, p. 282, pl. 25, f. 23-25 (1845); and in the French

edition, p. 217, pl. 25, figs. 23-25, 1853. :

Pholas semicostata H. C, Lea, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. I, 204,

1844; Boston, Jour. Nat. Hist. V, p. 285, pl. 24, f. 1, 1845.

Pholas terediniformis Sowb., Proc. Zod]. Soc. 1849, p. 161.

Pholas Beauiana Recluz, Jour. Conch. IV, p. 49, pl. 2, f. 1-3,

1853. ey

Pholas corticaria ‘ecaiaagin Thes. Conch. II, 495, pl; 108),f. 94—

96, 1855.

Martesia striata Tryon, Mon, Pholadacea, p. 92, 1862.

Martesia corticaria Tryon, Mon. Pholadacea, p. 92, 1862.

Shell narrowly wedge-shaped, thin, ‘anterior truncated, cordate,

with sinuous elevated crenulated ridges, showing slight radial sculp-

ture anteriorly ; radial suleus slight; the posterior portion marked

only by somewhat irregular concentric undulations or growth lines; _

eallum smooth, and angulate at the line of attachment ; the protoplax

normally three-lobed, those of the sides sometimes wanting in the

smaller specimens, giving the protoplax a ‘“ halberd-shaped’’ appear-

ance as shown in the figure of P. corticaria Sowb.. Length, 8-23 mm.

Distribution, South Carolina, Florida and the West Indies,

Europe, Japan (Dunker), Philippines (Cuming). It was described

by Linnaeus from southern Europe, while to the West Indian shell

he gave the name of P. pusilla. The slight radial sulcus and angular

margin of the ‘callum”’ of P. semtcostata H. C. Lea, shows that it

is undoubtedly a synonym of this species. P. terediniformis and P.

falcata, as stated by Tryon, are only the young of this species. P.

Hornbeckii Orb., also comes under this category. The type of P.

corticaria was found in a piece of cast-up mahogany.

Through the kindness of Mr. J. J. White, of Rockledge, Florida,

I received an interesting series varying in size from 8-21 mm. long.

They were collected at Oceanus, Florida. These specimens were

also found in drift-wood, a feature which undoubtedly accounts for

the wide distribution of this species.

Micwnests CUNEIFORMIS (Say). Fig.

Pholas cuneiformis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. II, p. 322, 1822,

Martesia cuneiformis Tryon, Mon. Pholadacea, p. 91, 1862.

Shell broadly wedge-shaped, anteriorly truncate, cordate; with

broad sinnose crenulated ridges, the anterior crenulations forming

102 THE NAUTILUS.

radial costae ; near the deep radial suleus the crenulations are want-

ing, and beyond the sulcus are merely concentric undulations or

growth lines, callum smooth, line of attachment rounded, cordate ;

protoplax arrow-shaped with a medial depression and oblique stria.

Length, 14-18.

RiGee: Eres) 2: HirGeeas

Connecticut to the West Indies. Near New Haven, Ct., in oyster

shells (Perkins); Holly Beach, N. J. (Ford); Oceanus, Fla. (White),

and found by the writer at St. Augustine. |

Subgenus DireLoruyra Tryon, 1862.

The protoplax and also the metaplax are bordered by an elevated

callous margin; in the former case obliterating the deep depression in

front of the umbones. Metaplax and hypoplax divaricating. Tryon

considered the sculptured and smooth portions of the protoplax as a

‘‘ double accessory valve,” and on that character founded the genus

Diplothyra. The above characters seem to separate it subgenerically

from the typical Martesia.

Marresia (DipLOTHYRA) CARIBHA (Orbigny). Fig. 3.

Pholas caribea Orb., Historia, ete., p. 281, pl. 25, f. 20-21, 1845. —

French edition, p. 211, t. 25, f. 20-21, 1853.

Diplothyra Smithti Tryon, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1862, p. 450;

Mion. Pholadacea, etc., p. 126, pl. —, f. 2, 1862.

Shell broadly wedge-shaped, inflated anteriorly and tapering ab-

ruptly towards the posterior; the anterior half with fine wavy lines

forming slight radial coste, radial suleus quite prominent, posterior

half marked only by small concentric undulations and growth lines ;

WEA Nal Ds: 103

the form of the protoplax is variable and the sculptured portion often

very irregular or obsolete; callum round and tumid. Length, 9-17 mm.

New York to Florida, Cuba and Texas. Tottenville, Staten Is-

land, burrowing in oyster shells (Tryon).

Although the figure given by d’Orbigny lacks the protoplax, the

raised callus border surrounding it is clearly defined, while his de-

scription of the protoplax—* Ovato-oblonga, antice producta, acuta

uncinata, postice dilatata angulata,” agrees with what has been con-

sidered D. smithii. During my residence at St. Augustine (1880-87),

I found a large number of fine specimens in a piece of soft artificial

limestone off the water battery of Fort Marion. In my list of. the

shells of St. Augustine (THe Nautitus IV, 4) I confused this with

M. cuneiformis. This species has only been recorded from shells

and limestone while MW. striatus and cunevformis are more frequently

found in wood. Its occurrence as far north as New York is prob-

ably accidental.

NOTE ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE SNAILS USUALLY CALLED PUPA.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Since it appears that the name Pupa is not applicable to the snails

usually known as Pupa muscorum, blandi, etc., it becomes necessary

to determine what generic name they are entitled to. Mr. B. B.

Woodward has placed them in Jaminia, Risso, 1826, of which he

regards Pupilla, Leach, as a synonym. <A study of Dr. Dall’s paper

in Nautizus, 1904, p. 114, convinced me that this conclusion was

not unassailable, and with the help of additional information very

kindly supplied by Dr. Dall, 1 have decided to my own satisfaction

in favor of Pupilla. The argument is as follows:

1. Jaminia, Risso, 1826, contained species afterwards referred to

Ale@a (1830), Abida (1831), Pupilla (1831), Hucore (1887), and

Sphyradium (1837). The first species is minutissima Hartmann, but

this does not agree with the generic diagnosis. The only figured

species is an Abicda, or Hucore. 2

2. Alea, Jeffreys, 1830, contained among other things edentula,

Draparnaud (now referred to Sphyradium) and minutissima, Hart-

mann. ‘The latter is taken as the type by Dr. Dall (t. c., p. 115).

Conchologically, mznutissima has the characters of Sphyradium, and

not at all those of Vertigo, Pupilla, ete. Its reference to Sphyradium

104 THE NAUTILUS.

should be fortified by an examination of the jaw and lingual.mem-

brane, but for my own part, I am satisfied that it belongs there. If

this is confirmed, A/za takes the place of Sphyradium, Agassiz, 1837.

3. Abida, Leach in Turton, 1831, has for its sole example and

therefore type Pupa secale. Hucore, Agassiz in Charpentier, 1837,

was proposed for P. tridens and P. quadridens. 1 do not think these

can be regarded as different genera, but the characteristic European

group of ** Pupa”’ secale, P. tridens, P. quadridens, etc., surely de-

serves to rank as a valid genus, separate from the circumpolar group

commonly known as Pupa, subg. Pupilla.

4. If Alza = Sphyradium, and Eucore = Abida, all the species of

Jaminia were provided for by 1831. If Sphyradium is distinct from

Alea, apparently the diagnosis of Jaminia prevents us from using

that name for Sphyradium.

5. Jaminia is therefore either Ab¢éda or Pupilla, both published in

the same work. Ad¢da has in its favor the figured example ; Pupilla

has Mr. B. B. Woodward’s decision. Apparently priority of place

should decide the matter.

6. Dr. Dall informs me that in Turton Pupilla umbilicata is on

p. 98, P. marginata (our muscorum) on p. 99; Abida secale on p. 101

asa synonym of Vertigo secale(Draparnand) Turton. Hence Pupilla

was first removed, and /Jaminia stands as the proper name for Adzda,

with Hucore as a section.

7. Ido not think the status of Pupilla is affected if we regard

umbilicata as its type, for I cannot imagine any one could place

umbilicata and muscorum in different genera:

8. Our forms of Pupilla stand thus:

Pupilla muscorum (Linné).

b. untdentata (C. Pfr.).

c. bigranata (Rossm.).

Pupilla hebes (Ancey).

Pupilla blandi Morse.

b. sublubrica ( Ancey).

c. obtusa (Ckl).).

d. alba (Ckll.).

Pupilla sonorana (Sterki).

b. tenella (Sterki).

Pupilla syngenes (Pilsbry).

b. dextroversa (Pils. & Van.).

Pupilla sterhiona (Pilstirv).

THE NAUTILUS. 105

NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF PUPILLIDZE.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

The receipt of an article from Professor Cockerell upon this sub-

ject. published in this number, causes me to insert here some notes

which had been prepared for a forthcoming paper upon the snails of

Arizona and New Mexico. The status of the name Pupa was dis-

cussed by Mr. B. B. Woodward (Journ. of Conch., Oct., 1903, 358),

who did good work towards clearing the ground. Dall in this jour-

nal for, February, ’04, also went over the nomenclature correcting

some errors, but complicating the question by a few new ones. His

statement that ‘ Risso’s first species [of Jaminia] is Vertigo minu-

téssima Hartmann, which should properly have been placed in Sura-

phia,” is not borne out by an examination of Risso’s work, wherein

the species stand thus:

Risso’s species. Equivalents in ordinary use. Modern genus.

Jaminia muscorum Pupa muscorum L. Pupilla.

J. marginata Pupa umbilicata Drap. Jaminia.

J. edentula Bulimus obseurus Mull. Ena.

J. secale Pupa secale Drap. Abida.

J. tridens Bulimus tridens Brug. Eucore,

J. granum Pupa granum Drap. Abida. —

J. suleulata Undetermined Abida.

J. trilamillata Undetermined Abida.

J. heterostropha Bul. quadridens Mull. Eucore.

J. quinquelamellata Pupa cinerea Abida.

J. septemdentata Pupa avenacea Brug. Abida.

J. heptodonta Undetermined Abida?

J. multidentata Pupa polyodon Drap. Abida,

J. niso Bulimus niso Pfr. Eucore.

All of Risso’s species of /aminia that are recognizable belong to

the subsequent groups Hna 1831, Pupilla 1831, Abida 1831, Eucore

1837, and Lauria 1840.

Now P. muscorum under the name marginata was second of the two

species for which the name Pupil/a was proposed in 1831 in Turton’s

Manual, the other being P. wmbilicata. The latter was removed in

1840 to Lauria, leaving P. muscorum the type of Pupilla, There is

106 THE NAUTILUS.

nothing especially new about this conclusion, since it was reached by

Gray in 1847 (P. Z. S., p. 176), and has been held by Pfeiffer, by

Von Martens (Die Hel. 1860, p. 290), and nearly every one else.

There have been differences of opinion about the limits of the group

Pupilla, but never about its type. Among American writers, Morse

and Tryon have used Pupilla as a generic name.

Abida was next removed from Jaminia. This is the group com-

monly known as Torguilla, Then in 1837 Hucore was proposed for

the species tridens and quadridens (heterostropha Risso). These suc-

cessive eliminations leave only the group Lauria Gray, represented

by J. marginata Risso (= Pupa umbilicata Drap.) to bear the name

Jaminia.*

From the foregoing it follows that the name Pupilla will replace

Pupa, as Prof. Cockerell has held. The groups represented in

Jaminia Risso, will stand thus:

Pupitxia Leh. in Turton, for Pupa of authors.

JAMINIA Risso, restricted, for Lauria Gray.

Ena Leach in Turton, for Budiminus Auct.

Asipa Leach in Turton, for Torguilla Auct.

Evcore Ag. in Charp., for Chondrula Auct.

All of these groups I regard as of generic rank.

As to Saraphia Risso, the only species of the group that has been

positively identified is S. tridentata, which is the Curychiwm tridenta-

tum of recent authors.

After a bout with Risso, one is likely to accept as a just one Bour-

guignat’s estimate of his abilities: * Kerivain fécond, mais sans juge-

ment, innovateur infatigable, mais absurde, Risso a embrassé dans

ses écrits presque toutes les branches de histoire naturelle, sans en

avoir bien traité une seule.”

The group Alea Jeffreys, 1830, has been discussed by Professors

Dall and Cockerell, who agree that its type must be Pupa minu-

tissima Hartm. It does not do to fix types for these old groups

without reference to what has been done by our predecessors. Gray

and Herrmannsen took a hand in this game over fifty years ago, and

they expressly selected Alxa pulustris = Vertigo antivertigo as the

* The progress of events had already restricted Jaminia before Gray chose J.

heterostropha for its type (P. Z.S., 1847, p. 176). His selection came too late

and is ineffective.

THE NAUTILUS. 107

type of Alea. I do not see how their action can be successfully

opposed. The name A/za has quite generally been used for dex-

tral forms of Vert/go, and is so retained in Westerlund’s last Catalog.

No valid grounds exist for shifting the name; and the advisibility

of substituting Alga for Sphyradium, as Prof. Cockerell suggests,

need not be considered. His suggestion that P. mdnutissima may be

a Sphyradium is interesting, and deserves investigation.

_ Ptychochilus Boettger, is preoccupied by Agassiz in Pisces; a fact

I neglected to mention at the time I proposed Nesopupa. The names

stand thus:

Ptychocheilus Agassiz, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XIX, 1855,

p:. 227. :

Ptychochilus Jordan, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 10, p. 58 (1877).

Ptychochilus Boettger, Conch. Mittheil., 1881.

Bifidaria and Eubifidaria of Sterki call for some notice in view of

the note by Dall in Naurixus, Feb., 1904, p. 116. The original

species referred by Sterki to Bifiduria were Pupa contracta Say and

P. servilis Gld, from certain Mexican localities. For P: contracta

Sterki subsequently (1892) proposed the section Albinula, leaving

servilis the type of Bifidaria.

In January, 1893, Dr. Sterki proposed Hudifidaria with the type

‘- hordeacea Gabb,” by which he meant the form which I call Bifi-

daria procera cristata. This is demonstrated by his previous article

treating of ‘* hordeacea,”’ by his list of the preceding year, and by

the words of his diagnosis of Hubifidaria, ‘*lamelle typical.”

The type of Eubifidaria is therefore P. hordeacea Sterki not Gabb

= B. procera cristata P. & V., and the group becomes an absolute

synonym of Sifidaria, s. str. The true horducea Gabb, which Dr.

Sterki demonstrably did not intend, belongs to a different genus,

Pupoides.

In conclusion I might say that the generic and subgeneric nomen-

clature of the United States forms, given in my catalogue of 1900,*

stands as there set forth with the single exception of the genus Pupa,

which now becomes Pupilla.

The family name having precedence for the group is Pupiliidz

Turton, 1831.

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, pp. 605-610.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

PistDIUM LIMATULUM, N. sp.

Mussel small, inequipartite, somewhat oblique, well inflated,

superior margin slightly curved, angle at the scutum projecting and

rather sharp, at the scutellum rounded ; supero-anterior slope dis-

tinct, almost straight, anterior end a rounded angle situated low;

inferior margin rather well curved, posterior truncate; beak some-

what posterior, moderately large and projecting over the hinge mar-

gin, rounded or slightly flattened on top ; surface dull to somewhat

shining with subregular, crowded, sharp striz very fine over the

beaks, becoming coarser towards the margins; color pale horn in the

adult, straw to whitish in younger specimens; shell rather thin ;

hinge comparatively stout, plate rather narrow ; cardinal teeth ; the

right slightly curved, its posterior end much thicker and grooved,

the left anterior slightly curved, the posterior oblique, long, more

projecting than the anterior; lateral teeth rather large, cusps pointed,

strongly rugose, and so are the grooves, the outer posterior in the

right valve comparatively long ; ligament moderately thick.

Size: long. 3, alt. 2.5, diam. 2 mill.

Habitat: Alabama: Calera, in the current of a creek, and pools

left on same; Town Creek at Montevallo; spring creek at Ebenezer

Church, a spring branch in Big Wills Valley, six miles south of

Valley Head, all collected by Mr. Smith in 1904, and sent for ex-

amination by Mr. Bryant Walker.

Pis. limatulum is related to P. punctatum Sterki, but considerably

larger, and like that minute Pistd’wm, ranges under the Rivulina

group. With a little care, it cannot be mistaken for any other

species; even half-grown examples are considerably different trom P.

punctatum.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 2 SES

List or SHELL-BEARING MoLLuscA OF FRENCHMAN’S Bay,

Maine. By Dwight Blaney (Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol.

32, no. 2, pp. 28-41). This valuable list of 127 species and 5 varie-

ties collected during the summers of 1901-1904, shows what can be

done by eareful and continuous work, and adds much to our knowl-

edge of the distribution of New England marine shells. C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS.

_. ee ee

Von. XVIII. FEBRUARY, 1905. No. 10,

— a2 Se

SENSITIVENESS OF CERTAIN SNAILS TO WEATHER CONDITIONS,

BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR,

While collecting last summer about Cazenovia, N. Y., my atten-

tion was constantly drawn to the extreme sensitiveness to atmos-

pheric conditions of several species of land snails. I was surprised

to find that upon some clear days collecting was excellent while

upon rainy days scarcely a living specimen could be found.

Puzzled by this failure of my expectations, I selected for special

observation a certain wooded hillside where the prevailing larger

types were Polygyra albolabris, thyrotdes, dentifera, Gastrodonta in-

tertexta, Omphalina tnornata and fuliginosa. I visited the locality

from day to day keeping careful note of weather conditions.

I found that the periods of greatest activity among these snails

were invariably marked by a falling barometer, but these periods

began considerably before there were any noticeable meteorological

Symptoms presaging rain. At the commencement of actual rainfall,

the larger Zonitids only remained especially active. Towards the

close of a rain period (generally lasting from twelve to twenty-four

hours) though before definite signs of clearing were apparent, all the

snails disappeared, sometimes almost completely. The bright clear

days succeeding a rain epoch were always poor collecting days, even

though the woods were left damp and wet from the drenching that

only a Cazenovia rain can give. It would appear therefore, that

the moisture in the air rather than that upon the ground influenced

110 THE NAUTILUS.

the snails. Their extreme sensitiveness was shown by their antici-

pation of a weather change from dry to wet, eight to twelve hours

before visible signs were given, but what seemed more remarkable

was the general withdrawal to shelter of all the snails during a rain

period two to three hours before a final clearing of the atmosphere.

A village neighbor kept alive all summer a fine large P. albolabris

in a small window garden. ‘Alby’s”’ mistress declared that he was

a most reliable barometer and that she could safely accept his weather

predictions. The mornings he selected for a stroll beyond the limits

of his garden were sure, she alleged, to be followed by thunder-

storms in the afternoon.

I also observed that upon certain fair days the board sidewalks

were covered with Cochlicopa lubrica, hundreds being crushed by

pedestrians. I was finally able to verify my theory that these tiny

mollusks left their damp retreats beneath the boards from six to

eight hours before rain. Indeed, I used the sign frequently to my

advantage to regulate my collecting rambles farther afield.

I was unable to discover that the small and minute species living

habitually under bark and among debris was affected by weather

changes, though I have little doubt that closer observation would

show them to be considerably influenced by the amount of moisture

in the air. The one very noticeable exception to this was in the

case of Strobilops. I learned to look for them only in the driving

rain, when they all left their usual stations beneath the bark of fallen

trees to crawl about in the open.

NOTE ON LUCINA (MILTHA) CHILDRENI GRAY AND ON A NEW SPECIES

FROM THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In my synopsis of the Lucinacea (1901, p. 812) on the authority

of Dr. Carpenter (Suppl. Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ for 1863, pp. 552, 620),

I stated that the Phacoides (Miltha) childrent Gray, was a native of

the Gulf of California and that the original ascription of it to Brazil

was an error. I am indebted to Dr. H. von Ihering of the Museu

Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil, for the means of correcting this state-

ment, which proves to be mistaken.

THE NAUTILUS. Did

The shell was first described as Lucina childrene by Gray in the

Annals of Philosophy, for 1825, p. 136. Nearly at the same time

he referred to its unequal valves in the Zodlogical Journal, 1, p. 221.

In the autumn of the same year Sowerby figured the interior of a

right valve in part xxvii of his ‘* Genera”? under the name of

Lucina childrent. Only in 1828, in the supplement to Wood’s Index

Testaceologicus, was the shell called Jeliina childreni and figured on

supplementary plate 1, figure 1.

The shell was recently collected at Pernambuco by Senor Alfredo

de Carvalho and sent to Dr. Von Ihering, who forwarded a speci-

men to the National Museum, thus confirming Gray’s original

locality. On comparison with specimens from Cape St. Lucas,

named by Carpenter, it became evident that we had to do with two

very similar but distinct species. The rarity of the shell is doubt-

less responsible for the delay in discovering the mistake.

The Brazilian species will of course keep the name given by

Gray. To the Cape St. Lucas form we may give the name of

Phacoides (Miltha) xantusi in honor of its discoverer.

The differences are only apparent on a close scrutiny. The P.

xantusi seems to be a smaller species when adult, more rounded,

more equivalved and with a shorter ligament. It has a more or less

bifureate and vermiculate radial sculpture, that of P. chaldreni

being finer, more regular and more distinctly divided into fine con-

tinuous radial grooves and a microscopic minor sculpture between

them.

As in many other Lucinacea, directly under the beaks there is a

small impressed area. In P. xantus? this in the right valve projects

so as to fill an excavation in the other valve and is so much impressed

as to make the beak appear sharper and more produced and to dis-

tinctly arcuate the two cardinal teeth. In P. childreni the area is

smaller, less impressed, not markedly extended toward the other

valve and the teeth remain straight. Outside this area a narrow

lunule, concentrically striated and bounded by an incised line, rises

almost vertically with a length of 19 mm. and a height of about 2

mm. In the Californian species the lunule is very small and bent

vertically downward so that in the closed valves it is excavated and

not projecting and has a length of about 6 mm. It is almost wholly

confined to the right valve. If my specimens fairly represent the

species, the posterior area in the Brazilian shell is proportionately

112 THE NAUTILUS.

shorter than in the Californian and the basal margin much more pro-

duced.

It may be noted that all the figures, including that of Reeve in the

Ivonica (Lucina pl. ili, fig. 12, 1850), represent the Brazilian

species. The group is represented by nine species in the Tertiary of

the Southern United States and Lower California, from the Clai-

bornian up to the Pliocene. It is interesting to find that the Florida

Pliocene, P. caloosana Dall, though smaller, has the upraised lunule

like that of Brazil; while the Pliocene, P. joannis Dall, of San Juan,

Lower California (opposite Guaymas), resembles the recent P.

xantusi in having the folded lunule, only, in this case, the margin is

more deeply infolded and the shell heavier, more elongate-oval, and

about one-fourth smaller. It measures 55 mm. in height by 51 mm.

in width; P. xantus?, 71 x 65 mm., and P. childreni. 86 x 77 mm.

FURTHER NOTES ON THE SPECIES OF MARTESIA OF THE EASTERN

COAST OF THE UNITED STATES.

BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.

Since the publication of my article on the species of Martesia of

the Eastern United States, I find I have overlooked two important

facts, involving one, and possibly two species. The first is Martesia

(Martesiella) fragilis Verrill and Bush (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,

xx, p. 777, pl. 79, f. 10, 1898). For this species the above new

subgenus is proposed, ‘¢ which differs from Martes’a in having a

well-defined, elongated, median, dorsal plate, posterior to the umbos,

in addition to the shield-shaped one over them.’? This seems to be

a typical Martesia for the ‘‘ elongated median, dorsal plate ’’ (meta-

plax) is present in all the species. The description of the shell,

“‘umbonal plate” (protoplax), and the figure would indicate that it is

very close to or identical with a small specimen of JZ. striata Linn.

The “ specimens were found in a piece of wood floating near Station

2565, N. lat. 37° 23’, W. long. 68° 8/,”’ about 500 miles off the

coast of North Carolina.

The second and more important omission was kindly pointed out

by Dr. Dall, who in a recent letter says: “ I read your paper in the

last NaAuTiLUus with much interest, but I cannot agree with you in

regard to the Pholas semicostata of Lea, for which I proposed the

THE NAUTILUS. 113

genus Scyphomya some years ago. It is entirely distinct from

Martesia and nearer Zirfaea in some of its characters, but very dis-

tinct from either. I have Carolinian specimens, but the shell ap-

pears to be rare.”

The genus Seyphomya was proposed in the Trans. Wagner Free

Inst. Science, vol. iii, pt. iv, p. 822, 1898, and while I consulted

this work I overlooked it from the fact that Dr. Dall places this

genus in the sub-family Teredininx, and I only went over that por-

tion pertaining to the genus Martesia. From the original descrip-

tion, and the figure alone one would feel doubtful in defining the

species. I therefore followed Tryon and left it in the synonymy

under WM, striata.

NOTES ON SOME PREOCCUPIED NAMES OF MOLLUSKS.

YS Wist Ele DAG

Prof. Cockerell has kindly called my attention to the fact that the

name Parmulina proposed by me Oct. 1, 1902, for a section of Circe,

had been used in the same year fora Rhizopod by Penard. Investi-

gation showing that the latter author had several months’ precedence

in publication, the name Parmulophora is proposed for the mollusk.

In the same work in which Parmulina was proposed, I note the

overworked name of Quadrula used for a Rhizopod. Rafinesque

precedes all others in the use of this name, which he applied to a

naiad, but it has been used for a Rhizopod, an insect and a crusta-

cean.

I noticed while looking up the data in the case of Parmulina, that

the name Patinella, applied in 1870 by me to Patella magellanica and

its allies, had been previously used by Gray, in 1848, for a polyp.

In place of it for the.limpet, I suggest Patinigera, .

A NEW OREOHELIX.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Oreohelix strigosa metcalfei, n. subsp.

Shell with max. diam. 20 to 21 mm., alt. about 11 mm.; periphery

with a strong but rather obtuse keel, Just below which is a single

brown band; umbilicus broad, not contracting rapidly within; the

114 THE NAUTILUS.

greyish-olivaceous cuticle is confined to the apical whorls in the

adult: the ‘‘ costulation’”’ of the apical whorls is evident, and the

oblique striation of the last whorl above is very coarse and prominent.

Mountains near Kingston, New Mexico (O. B. Metcalfe). One

living adult and many dead shells, adult and young. Accompanied

by Ashmunella, Holospira, Vitrea, Helicodiscus, Vallonia and

Cochlicopa.

NAMES IN THE PUPILLIDE.

BY W. H. DALL.

In the January Nauritus (page 105), Dr. Pilsbry discusses this

subject, and incidentally states that in my notes upon it in the Feb-

ruary number I corrected some errors, but complicated the question

‘“by a few new ones.” I beg to submit, with all deference to Dr.

Pilsbry, that it is not I who have introduced the new errors.

A more careful examination of Risso, Draparnaud and Pfeiffer,

would have shown him that Jaminia muscorum (Drap. not L.) Risso

is, as I stated, following Pfeiffer and other European authorities,

Pupa minutissima Hartmann, and not muscorum Linne.

It would be presumptuous in me to attempt for myself a synonymy

of the ancient species of common European land shells, which have

been worked over with the utmost care for a century by a long line

of distinguished students. I did not attempt it, but relied on such

respectable authorities as Gray, Draparnaud, and especially Pfeiffer,

than whom no one was more careful, erudite, and familiar with the

subject. In working out the details of the nomenclature of Pupillidx

(a work still in MS.), involving a great amount of labor, I have, as a

rule, adopted Pfeiffer’s conclusions as to specific identity as entitled

to greater weight than any others.

The result of a careful historical search ae the whole applic-

able literature differs in important particulars from Dr. Pilsbry’s

table in the January number. It is, of course, true, that Pfeiffer,

like other people, is not infallible, nevertheless conclusions based on

his identifications deserve a certain amount of respect, and should

not be stigmatized as new errors, even if some doubt continue to ex-

ist in occasional instances.

Risso identified his species by Draparnaud’s posthumous mono-

graph and its figures, occasionally citing Ferussac and Playfair, and,

THE NAUTILUS. 115

under Jaminea, only once any older author. Hence the identifica-

tions of Draparnand’s names and figures, which seem to be sufficiently

certain, settle definitely the place of Risso’s names. This results in

the following table for Jaminia :

Risso’s names. Pfeiffer’s identifications.

J. muscorum Drap. minutissima Hartmann.

marginata Drap. muscorum Linné.

edentula Drap. edentula Drap.

secale Drap. secale Drap.

tridens (L. Gmel.) Drap. tridens Miiller.

granum Drap. granum Drap.

sulculata Risso. unidentified.

trilamellata Risso. s

heterostropha Risso. . quadridens Miiller.

quinquelamellata Risso. quinquedentata Born.

septemdentata Risso. avenacea Brug.

heptodonta Risso. unidentified.

multidentata Risso. polyodon Drap.

niso Risso. niso Risso (doubtful).

Pfeiffer (Nomenclator, p. 356, No. 108) identifies J. edentula Risso

positively with Pupa edentula of authors, but under odscurus also

enters the name with a query, probably by some transposition of in-

dex slips, since the figure cited by Risso cannot represent obsecurus,

which is elsewhere well figured by Draparnaud. This results in the

inclusion of Sphyradium and the exclusion of the fina of Dr, Pils-

bry’s table.

Alxa of Jeffreys was proposed for dextral Pupillidz, but as this

distinction is practically valueless, we have to fall back on his list of

species and proceed by elimination to get the group which will bear

the name permanently.

The table of equivalents for his original list is as follows in their

original order :

Jeffreys’ names (1830). Pfeiffer’s identifications.

1. Pupa marginata Drap. = muscorum L. not Drap,

2. “ nitida Jeffreys. = edentulum Drap.

3. * revoluta Jeffreys. = edentulum var.

4. ‘ cylindrica Jeffreys. = minutissima Hartmann.

do. ‘ vulgaris Jeffreys. = pygmea Drap.

6. ** palustris (Leach MS.)

Jeffreys, = antivertigo Drap.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

Of these 1 — Pupilla, 1831; 2 and 3 = Sphyradium, 1837 ; 5

and 6 — Vertigo Miiller, 1774; leaving only 4, minutissima, which

becomes the type. All the eliminations antedate Gray in 1847,

who named palustris (= antivertigo) as type too late. Herrmannsen

says that muscorum and antivertigo are the types, and that Beck re-

stricted it to antivertigo. The latter statement is an error, as Beck

did not restrict the group at all, or name any type, giving a hetero-

geneous list much like that of Jeffreys.

The correction of hordacea ‘‘ Gabb”’ to hordeacea ‘ Sterki, not

Gabb,” may be allowed in view of the data given by Dr. Pilsbry,

but, in a general way, when a species, not of the writer’s own, is

mentioned by an author without further data as type of a new group,

it is, I think, essential not to “‘ go behind the returns,” as any other

way must lead to hopeless confusion.

My notes in the article referred to, were condensed from some

hundred pages of synonymic data, and no attempt was made to give

more than the barest outline of the cases cited. But in every case

good reasons can be adduced for the position taken, though no one is

less ready to claim infallibility than the present author.

THE PUPILLIDE OF RISSO AND JEFFREYS.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The first attempt at a difficult and involved problem often falls

short of a complete solution, through the omission of some obscure or

apparently irrelevant factor bearing upon the matter; but the work

done clears the way for another student to approach the task more

advantageously. A discussion like the present one upon the Pupe

is not properly to be called a controversy. It is a symposium, to

which various students bring their several portions of fact, observa-

tion and deduction, to the end that harmonious structure may be

built more symmetrical than any formed by a single effort.

My former paper upon Pupillide (Navuritus, January, p. 105),

was faulty in two respects: first, in ascribing “ new errors’ to Dr.

Dall, for I propose to show that the errors largely antedate his work,

and second, in my failure to give at length my reasons for certain

identifications of some of Risso’s names. These reasons I will pro-

THE NAUTILUS. 117

ceed to give, so far as they relate to species about which there is any

difference of opinion.

Dr. Dall’s identifications of Risso’s list of species of Jaminia agree

with those given by me except for the following four species:

. Risso’s name. Dall’s table (p. 115). _- Pilsbry’s table (p. 105).

(1) J. museorum. minutissima Hartm. P. muscorum L.

(2) J. marginata. muscorum L. P. umbilicata Dr.

(3) J. edentula. edentula Drap. B. obscurus Mill.

4) J. quinquelamellata. uinquedentata Born. PP. einerea.

quing quing

My reasons for the names given in the third column follow:

(1). J. muscorum. The identity of this shell is at first sight not

very clear. Risso refers to Drap., who (very badly), figures P.

minutissima under the name muscorum; but Risso’s description does

not at all fit mznutissima, nor does the size given. Bourguignat, who

examined the Risso specimens, refers them positively to the P. mus-

corum of L., as understood at the present time, and the description

agrees with this species. Risso’s specimens would fall in the form

“‘ unidentata,” Risso describing it as with a very small posterior la-

mella.

The evidence obtained by a careful study of the original work

therefore shows that Risso did not have P. minutéssima.

(2) J. marginata. Risso gives three references: « Drap. 61, 6,

iii, 36, 388. Feruss. 59, 475. Playf. 59, 9, iii, 23, 24,” all of them

pertaining to forms of muscorum L. * Playf.” is not Playfair, as

might be supposed, but Risso’s curious conception of the name

Pfeiffer ; the work referred to being Carl Pfeiffer’s Systematische

Anordnung und Beschreibung deutscher Land und Wasser-Schnecken

(1821). Pfeiffer is elsewhere referred to as “ Pleyfel !”

Risso says that the peritreme is provided with a long acute lamella

posteriorly on the right. his cannot be made to fit any form of

muscorum, but applies perfectly to wmbilicata Drap.; and Bourguig-

nat referred Risso’s specimens, which he examined, to that species.

(3) J. edentula. This is described by Risso as with eight whorls ,

toothless aperture, and ten mm. long, so it clearly is not Sphyradium

edentulum, as Dall supposes, It is obvious that the reference to

Draparnaud’s P. edentula was an error. These and the other char-

acters given by Risso agree with Buliminus obseurus (Ena obscura),

118 THE NAUTILUS.

which occurs at Nice; and Bourguignat, who examined \Risso’s col-

lection, has recorded this identification.

(4) The last of the four cases is only a nominal disagreement, the

two names referring to one and the same species. I used that of

cinerea Drap. because grave doubt has been cast upon the identity of

Born’s quinguedentata with the form so named by many later authors,

while ‘* Pupa cinerea”? is a common name for the form in collections.

This disposes of all the cases in question, and so far as I can see,

the name Jaminia will be retained for Risso’s second species J. mar-

ginata Risso = Pupa umbilicata Drap. It will be noted that Dall,

in his first article, also selects Risso’s second species as type, but as

he was misled by a wrong identification of marginata Risso, he did

not use the name for the same group, Jaminia is a genus of the

‘¢ European system” with no species in America. It has a great

superficial resemblance to Pupilla, but with some extraordinary

characters certainly entitling it to generic rank.

I am not concerned to show whether or not Pfeiffer correctly

identified Draparnaud’s figures, but I fully share Dr. Dall’s confi-

dence in his general accuracy. While there is no doubt that Risso,

like everybody else at that time, identified his shells largely by Drap-

arnaud’s volume, yet his names do not rest for identification solely

upon the references to Draparnaud any more than Binney’s species

rest upon the references he cites. Primarily, they rest upon the de-

scriptions given by Risso himself. To identify Risso’s species by the

references to Draparnaud’s figures presumes absolute accuracy of

identification on Risso’s part. Therefore, in discrediting the identifi-

cations as given by Dr. Dall, I am not questioning Pfeiffer’s relia-

bility in the least. I am simply recording a few of the mistaken

identifications of Risso, who, it is acknowledged by all who have used

his work, was careless to a degree.

Dr. Dall, in using Risso’s list, considers it necessary to point out

what his species really are in terms of Pfeifferian nomenclature.

But it seems to me that the very foundation of the subsequent struc-

ture is involved in getting at the actual identity of the species in

question. Otherwise conclusions based upon the list are without

permanence. The names can either be taken as they stand in Risso,

or they can be really corrected. No half-way correction of the list

of species goes to the root of the matter. There probably cannot be

found a zoologist of experience in the world who will support the

THE NAUTILUS. 119

method of identifying Risso’s species by means of Pfeiffer’s identifi-

cations of Draparnaud’s figures, as opposed to the method by the

study of Risso’s own descriptions.

In my opinion, any sound work based upon Risso must begin with

a study of his descriptions, specimens in hand. In the case of non-

marine forms, the task has been materially lightened by Bourguignat,

who examined and reported upon Risso’s collection; but even with

this, it is safest to check up all points with the shells and descriptions

themselves.

In the matter of Alexa Jeffreys, a few words may not be amiss. I

hold that when an author distinctly indicates a certain group by his

diagnosis, the mere inclusion of some heterogeneous species should not

be allowed to totally pervert his intention. This is common law,

and good law too. Now Jeffreys defines A/za as having short

lamellz in the mouth (making no provision for toothless forms in

his diagnosis); and he expressly states that Alaa is separated from

Vertigo because the shell is dextral (the type of Vertigo being sinis-

tral).

Now there are still authors who hold that the dextral Vertigines

need a subgeneric or sectional name, and from the time of Gray

(1847) to the last Catalog of Westerlund (1890) the name Alza,

with the type antivertigo has been more or less constantly in use. I

do not think that Dr. Dall can brush aside these facts by stigmatiz-

ing the distinction for which the name has always stood as ‘* practi-

cally valueless,’ and proceed to fasten a totally new significance

upon it. Quite a respectable company of conchologists of high rank,

including Pfeiffer (in the Nomenclator Hel. Viv.), find use for Alza

in the sense established by Gray, as set forth in my former note.

I do not wish to be understood to break a lance in support of the value

of Alzxa asa division of Vertigo ; butadivision adopted by Pfeiffer and

other high authorities is at least entitled to respectful consideration.

It seems inadvisable to use the name of such division for a totally

different group, at all events until malacologists recognize a Supreme

Authority who shall pronounce once for all upon what distinctions

are “practically valueless,’’—a consummation remote from this con-

tentious generation.

The facts are, in short, as follows: (1) Jeffreys regarded the

toothed forms of his list as typical of his group. Gray in 1847

selected one of these, P. antivertigo, as type, that species never be-

120 THE NAUTILUS.

fore having been selected as a genotype. (2) This usage has ob-

tained currency by numerous authors, while the name has never been

used in any other sense. (8) Dall (1904) ignores this vse of the

name, and selects a new type which disagrees wholly with the origi-

nal diagnosis, though included by Jeffreys in the original list of

species.

The cases of Jaminia and Alga are now respectfully submitted for

the judgment of conchological and nomenclatorial experts.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We regret to announce the death of Rev. E. H. Ashmun, which

occurred at San Rafael, California, Dec. 21,1904. We hope to give

a further notice next month.

Mr. Freperick Price Marrat died at Liverpool, England, on

November 7, 1904, at the age of 84. “ For more than 40 years Mr.

‘Marrat had been connected with the Liverpool Museum, where he

worked in conjunction with the late Mr. T. J. Moore and the Rev.

H. H. Higgins, a trio of enthusiastic museum workers who con-

tributed so greatly to the building up of the magnificent collection in

the Liverpool Museum. Mr. Marrat paid special attention to the

geological, mineralogical and conchological collections, his most in-

timate work being connected with conchology, not only the concho-

logical collection in the Liverpool museum being named by him, but

also similar collections in various museums, and also in private

houses. He was the principal authority on the genus Oliva, of which

he acquired a very extensive series, and contributed monographs to

Reeve’s Conchologica Iconica and to Sowerby’s Thesaurus Conchy-

liorum, as well as to many periodicals and other publications on the

mollusca,’’—(Museums Journal, Dec., 1904.)

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Motiusca or SoutH Arrica (PELECYPoDA). By G. B.

Sowerby (From “ Marine Investigations in South Africa, Vol. iv).

Thirty-three new species are described and figured on two plates.

THE NAUTILUS, XVIII FLATE VIII.

EDWARD H. ASHMUN.

THE NAUTIES

Von. XVIII.

MARCH, 1905.

EDWARD H. ASHMUN.

Rev. Edward Houghton Ashmun, was born at Tallmadge, Sum-

mit Co., Ohio, March 12, 1853. Most of his boyhood was spent

there, his father being a farmer. When seventeen he moved

with his father to Weeping Water, Nebraska. As time went on, he

became strongly impressed with a desire to enter the ministry, and

toward that end went to Tabor College, at Tabor, Iowa, where he

graduated in 1879, and entered the Yale Divinity School, finishing

in 1882. He was pastor of the Congregational Church at Syracuse,

and Beatrice, Nebraska, after which he was called to the Boulevard

Church in Denver, Colorado, which became very prosperous under

his ministry. In 1892 he was appointed to the position of Home

Missionary Superintendent of Arizona and New Mexico, in which

position he remained six years, and then Pastor Superintendent of

Arizona for two years, residing at Jerome, Arizona.

It was during his residence in the southwest that Mr. Ashmun

became interested in studying the land shells of that region, and

made many rare and interesting discoveries. Collecting in this arid

region is laborious and rarely as remunerative as in the more fertile

sections. The molluscan fauna is largely confined to the higher

mountains, the only situation where there is sufficient moisture for

snail life; species are thus widely separated and insulated by the

lower and arid wastes, thus presenting as many interesting problems

in distribution as exist in true insular faune. Under the above

conditions lives a group of snails, with shells like those of Polygyra,

but anatomically very distinct, and nearer related to Sonorella,

122 THE NAUTILUS.

which on the other band is related to Hpiphragmophora. ‘To this

group of shells Messrs. Pilsbry and Cockerell, gave the name of

Ashmunella* in recognition of his valuable field work. Mr. Ashmun

also discovered a number of new Pupide, etc. as shown by the follow-

ing list of new species collected by him in that region :—

Bifidaria perversa Sterki. Ashmunella rhyssa Dall.

Bifidaria quadridentata Sterki. | Ashmunella miorhyssa Dall.

Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki. Ashmunella ashmuni Dall.

Bifidaria hordeacella parvidens Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall.

Sterki. Ashmunella pseudodonta capita-

Pupilla sonorana Sterki. nensis A. & C.

Pupilla sonorana tenella Sterki. Agriolimax ashmuni Pils. &Van.

Pyramidula cockerelli Pils. Sonorella ashmuni Bartsch.

Mr. Ashmun’s article on ‘Collecting in Arizona and New

Mexico” (Tur NautTiLus, xiil, p. 13, 1899) is very interesting and

gives a good idea of the difficulties which attend collecting in that

region. Conjointly with Prof. Cockerell he described a new sub-

species of Ashmunella (A. pseudodonta capitanensis}. It was collected

on the Capitan Mts., New Mexico, at an elevation of 8,200 feet.

(Naor:xii,p.. 131,1899).

During his last year in Arizona his health began to fail, and he

moved to Idaho, hoping that the change would benefit him, but after

two years as pastor of the church at Weiser, he had to give up his

charge, and after a time was obliged to go to a sanitarium, where he

remained ten weeks and was apparently cured of the stomach trouble

with which he had been. suffering. He was advised to live out of

doors as much as possible for two years, and was appointed to inves-

tigate the mosquito pest at San Rafael, California. This seemed to

furnish the outdoor life he needed, and he improved for a time, but

in the fall caught a cold and finally had to give up. He was

threatened with paralysis from the first, and it seemed that his nerve

exhaustion was complete. He again went toa sanitarium, but nothing

could be done. He died December 21, 1904, and was interred at

Santa Rosa, California.

He was married in 1890 to Miss Anna L. Lyman, daughter of the

Rev. Addison Lyman of Kellogg, lowa, who with a son, Henry G.

Ashmun, a bright boy of twelve, survives him, and to whom we ten-

der our sincere sympathy. Ce Wide

* The Navutitus, XII, p. 107; Proc. Academy Nat. Science for 1899, p. 188,

and for 1900, p. 107.

THE NAUTILUS. 1 123

SOME NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA.

BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.

In assorting some mixed material from California a number of

new species were noted; and, as it has become necessary to refer to

some of them by name, the following preliminary diagnoses are given.

Leda amblia n. sp.

U. S. Fish Commission station 4517, Monterey Bay. Shell

chalky under a polished dark olive-green periostracum, compressed,

rostrate, concentrically and feebly irregularly: striate, witb obscure

microscopic radial lines; lunule narrow, lanceolate; escutcheon, long,

wide smooth and slightly concave, the valve margins rising slightly

in the median line; valves bluntly rounded in front, bluntly truncate

behind, the rostrate portion not set off from the body by any con-

striction, and the radial subangular lines which bound the rostral area

are feeble and obscure; interior whitish, with a deep subumbonal

impression, a very shallow and obscure pallial sinus, very short

siphons, 12 or 13 anterior, 18 or 19 posterior normal hinge teeth,

with a narrow, backwardly oblique socket for the resilium. Lon. of

adult shell 18.0; alt. 9.5; diam. 5.5; vertical of the beaks behind

anterior end, 7.0 mm. This has much the general form of L. leonis,

Dall, but wants the prominent sculpture and is of a different color.

Magilia perattenuata n. sp.

Monterey Bay, 10-45 fms., Woodworth. Shell small, very

slender, with one smooth turgid nuclear, and six smooth normal

whorls; the whorls are but slightly convex, whitish, the suture very

distinct, its posterior margin slightly overhanging or dominant; aper-

ture narrow, short, simple, the outer lip slightly concavely waved

between the periphery and the suture, canal short, a little recurved |

relatively rather wide. Lon. of shell 9.5; of last whorl 3.75 ; max.

diam. 2.6 mm. A single specimen sent by Mr. Woodworth is broken

and dead, but its characters are not shared by any other species from

the Coast as far as now known.

Admete woodworthi n. sp.

Monterey Bay, 10-45 fms., Woodworth. Shell small, thin, whitish,

with a yellow-brown periostracum, five normal, sculptured, and one

124 THE NAUTILUS.

smooth, turgid nuclear whorl, gradually increasing, subtalulate by a

prominent spiral thread at the shoulder while young, rounded at the

last whorl, with 8 or 9 obscure riblets on the upper part of the spire,

which are obsolete on the last whorl and a half; spiral sculpture of

rounded threads, with wider flattish, somewhat irregular interspaces;

peristome continuous with a slight notch or sulcus near the end of

the nearly straight pillar, and with no umbilicus; there are two ob-

secure plaits on the pillar, which is not marked by any umbilical chink

or fissure; aperture with the external sculpture modifying the margin.

but no lirations. Lon. of shell 9.0; of aperture 4.0; max. diam 4.5

mm.

This is less strongly sculptured, more slender and with a less ar-

cuate pillar than any of the other Admetes of the coast, and belongs

in the group half way between such Cancellarias as C. modesta and

Admete gracilior Carpenter. It has very much the form of C. ctr

cumcarinata Dall, on «a smaller scale and with a more acute spire.

Erato albescens n. sp.

U.S. Fish commission station 4431, California. Shell whitish, thin

and polished, with four whorls; the spire low and nearly covered

with a thin glaze extending from near the aperture; shell bluntly

pyriform with a wide mouth, smooth pillar, the outer lip thickened,

obscurely marginate externally, with about nine obscure distant den-

ticulations internally, pillar short, twisted, with a flaring edge and

almost gyrate axis; the body with a thin wash of callus, but, in the

type no sign of pustulation. Lon. of shell 15.0; of aperture 13.5;

max. diam. 10.0 mm.

This succeeds #. vitellina Hinds as the largest species of the genus

and is a much thinner and lighter shell, beside differing in color.

Scissurella (Schizotrochus) kelseyi n. sp.

California at U. 8. Fish Com. Station 4353, also off San Diego.

Shell large for the genus, trochiform, white, with about four

rounded whorls, sculptured’ with fine (forwardly convex) arcuate

threads or raised lines, which above the fasciole are spirally micro-

scopically striate, and on the base, with somewhat regularly spaced

and stronger spirals; the fasciole is narrow, slightly above the

periphery, bounded by two sharp, very thin, elevated keels; the slit

THE NAUTILUS. v25

extends about one-fifth of the circumference of the last whorl. Tle

aperture is nearly circular, interrupted for a short distance by the

body, the inner lip slightly reflected over a small umbilicus; the

operculum is multispiral and pale yellow. Alt. of shell 6.0; of

aperture, 3.0; max. diam., 0.0 mm.

This species is somewhat like S. wmbilicata Jeffreys from the

North Atlantic, but is larger, more strongly sculptured and more

elevated proportionately. It is the second species of the family to

be described from the Pacific Coast; the other Schismope rimuloides

Carpenter having been reported from San Diego and Mazatlan. It

is named in honor of Prof. F. W. Kelsey, of San Diego, to whose

interest in the local mollusks we owe several additions to that fauna.

CRITICAL NOTES ON THE SMALLER LYMNAEAS.

FRANK COLLINS BAKER.

The small forms of Lymneza, which have been included under the

names of humilis and desidiosa, have been little understood by Amer-

-igan conchologists, at least two good species being included in

humilis. A recent somewhat exhaustive study of these small forms

has led the writer to conclusions diametrically opposed to those held

by Binney and Tryon and most subsequent students of fresh-water

mollusks.

In pursuing these studies, the types of Say’s and Lea’s species in

Philadelphia and Washington have -been examined, and in addition

the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,

the Smithsonian Institution, Mr, Bryant Walker, Detroit, Michigan,

Mr. Henry Hemphill, San Diego, California, Mr. J. H. Ferriss,

Joliet, Illinois, and the Chicago Academy of Sciences have been

studied. My thanks are due to the above-named gentlemen for the

use of their collections, and also to Dr. W. H. Dall, Dr. H. A.

Pilsbry, Mr. Paul Bartsch and Mr. E. G. Vanatta, for much valu-

able assistance and kind criticism.

Lymnea humilis Say.

Lymnexus humilis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., II, p. 378, 1822.

Lymnea griffithiana Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., I, p. 33, 1541.

126 THE NAUTILUS.

Lymnea linsleyi DeKay, N. Y. Moll., p. 72, pl. iv, fig. 74, 1843.

Lymnea lecontit Lea, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 112, 1864.

In this species American conchologists have confused several

seemingly valid species. Say’s types (two specimens) preserved in

the Philadelphia Academy, came from South Carolina and agree

fairly well with Binney’s figure 99, in Land and Fresh-Water Shells

of North America. The South Carolina specimens are a trifle nar-

rower and less rotund than specimens from the north. Humilis is of

good size, with regularly rounded whorls, a broadly conical spire,

impressed sutures, 5-54 whorls, aperture elongate-ovate and a trifle

less in length than the spire. The last whorl is somewhat inflated,

and the umbilical chink very distinct, being more open in some

specimens than in others. The surface is marked by lines of growth,

and in some specimens from Maine by elevated spiral ridges. The

fine impressed sculpture of some Lymnzas (as columella) is absent

in this species, as well as in the others mentioned below. Typical

measurements are as follows :

Length 9.00; width 4.75 ; aperture length 4.50 ; width 2.75 mill.

(Say’s type.)

Length 8.50; width 4.00 ; aperture length 4.50 ; width 2.75 mill.

(Chicago. )

Length 7.50; width 4.25 ; aperture length 3.50 ; width 2.50 mill.

( Maine.)

Small forms of Lymnea cubensis Pfeiffer, resemble humilis ;

cubensis has a wider, more solid shell, a more open umbilicus, and

the expansion of the columella is broader and of a different form, as

is also the aperture. :

L. humilis is found from Maine to California, and from Canada

to Mexico.

Lymnea parva Lea.

Lymnea parva Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., I, p. 33, 1841.

Lymnea curta Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., II, p. 33, 1841.

This is a very small species, in fact the smallest of the Lymnzas.

It differs from humilis in its diminutive size, and in the very differ-

ent form of the shell, which is solid, translucent, turreted ; color

light brown or yellowish-white ; whorls 43-5; these are more con-

vex than in humilis, caused by the more deeply impressed sutures ;

the spire forms an acute pyramid in some specimens, and a broad

THE NAUTILUS. NWF

pyramid in others, and is considerably longer than the aperture ; the

aperture is roundly elliptical and almost continuous, differing mark-

edly in this respect from /amilis ; the inner lip is more erect in the

present species, which causes the umbilicus to be round, deep and

open. The umbilical region is gracefully rounded. Typical ex-

amples measure as follows :

Length 6.00; width 3.00; aperture length 3.00; width 1:75 mill.

(Indiana.)

Length 6.00; width 3.00; aperture length 2.50; width 1.25 mill.

(Penn.)

Length 5.50; width 3.00; aperture length 2.75; width 1.50 mill.

(Ills. )

This species is widely distributed, being found from Maine to Cali-

fornia and from Canada to Mexico.

Lymnea desidiosa Say var. modicella Say.

Lymeus modicellus Say, Jour. Phil. Acad., V, p. 122, 1825.

Say described this species from two specimens which are still pre-

served in the Philadelphia Academy. It would seem to be distinet

enough to be recognized at least as a variety of des¢diosa, to which

-it is more closely allied than to humilis. The principle characteris-

tics are the short, dome-shaped spire, the regular elongate-ovate aper-

ture and the large size of the last whorl as compared with the spire.

The umbilical chink is narrowly open and there is a small plait on

the columella. Typical specimens measure as follows:

Length 8.50; width 4.75; aperture length 4.75; width 2.75 mill.

(Say’s type.)

Length 7.75; width 3.25; aperture length 4.50; width 2.25 mill.

(Berry Lake.)

Length 7.00; width 3.50; aperture length 4.50; width 2.00 mill.

(Berry Lake.)

The range of this form, as far as known, is from Ontario to Oregon

and south to Texas. It has been found in Big Payette Lake, Idaho,

at an altitude of 5,000 feet above the sea level.

The forms described by Dr. Lea as ZL. plica, planulata, exigua and

rustica seem to be absolute synonyms of desidiosa, some of these

being

coe]

rustica are not in existence, so far as known. They are not in the

in all probability, immature forms. The types of eatgua and

Phiiadelphia Academy nor in the Smithsonian Institution.

128 NEE. NAN GS.

A NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.

BY V. STERKI.

Pis. atlanticum, n. sp.

Mussel of medium size, somewhat inequipartite, oblique, short, an-

gular, rather well inflated ; superior margin, moderately to rather

strongly curved, with the angles at the scutum and scutellum pro-

jeeting and more or less rounded ; supero-anterior slope well marked,

steep, slightly curved to almost straight, anterior end a rounded

angle situated low; posterior part high, posterior margin (squarely )

truncate to subtruncate to rounded, inferior well curved; beaks some-

what nearer the posterior end, rounded, prominent over the hinge

margin, rather variable; surface dull to somewhat shining, with

strie very fine and crowded over the beaks and somewhat coarser

towards the margins; color straw or whitish to pale horn to grayish

or brownish; shell opaque to more or less translucent, rather thin,

nacre glassy to whitish ; inner surface densely rugulose within the

pallial line, muscle insertions distinct ; hinge rather slight, curved,

plate narrow ; cardinal teeth: the right curved to angular, its pos-

terior part thicker and grooved, the left anterior short, angular, the

posterior oblique, short, slightly curved, thin, less projecting than the

anterior; lateral teeth rather slight, the inner cusps of the right

valve not pointed, the outer quite small, those of the left valve

pointed, not very abrupt; ligament slight.

Size: long. 4.3, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.6 mill.

Size: long. 4.5, alt. 3.9, diam. 3.1 mill.

Habitat: New York to Florida and Mexico: Cedarville, N. Y.,

sent by Mr. Walter Webb (No. 4853*), Lynchburg, Va., sent by

Mr. J. B. Henderson, from Sanderson Smith (No. 654), Lake Jessup,

Fla., sent by Mr. Bryant Walker (No. 8002); pools near We-

tumpka, Ala., sent by the same, collected by Mr. Smith in 1904

(No. 4963), De Kalb, Bowie Co., Tex., collected and sent by Mr.

Jas. H. Ferriss (No. 466), Texolo, Vera Cruz, Mexico, sent by Dr.

H. A. Pilsbry (No. 4746). From most places there were good

numbers of specimens, young to full-grown. Although evidently all

of one species, the specimens show considerable variation in regard

* Of my collection of Cycladide.

TIE NAUTILUS. 129

to size, shape, relative size and prominence of the beaks, strie# and

appearance of the surface, color, translucency or opacity of the

shell. Some of the full-grown examples are straw-colored all over,

others horn or grayish with a broad or narrow light zone along the

margins. None of the different forms can be regarded and described

as typical and the others as varietal since they are connected by in-

tergradations, In younger specimens, the superior margin is gener-

ally less curved, the anterior and posterior more so than in the adult.

- The rugosity of the inner surface of the shell is like that of Pis. nov-

eboracense, although microscopical, much coarser than e. pomp oP:

variabile Pr. and compressum Pr,

Pis. atlanticum seems nearest related to P. noveboracense, but the

mussel is shorter, its posterior part comparatively higher, the supero-

anterior slope is steeper and the color is different,

SOME NOTES ON BERMUDIAN MOLLUSKS.

BY OWEN BRYANT.

Dr. Pilsbry, in his article on “* The Air-breathing Mollusks of the

Bermudas ”’ in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy (Vol. X,

part 2, p. 493, Sept., 1900) says: ‘From the data supplied by Prof.

Verrill’s expedition and that of Prof. Heilprin, it seems that Val-

lonia pulchella, Cecilioides acicula, Agriolimax levis and Physa acuta

rest upon single records now nearly twenty years old, and they may

not haye permanently colonized; but as none of them are conspicu-

ous forms, and no special collectors of land shells have sought for

them, the merely negative evidence is inconclusive.”

In this connection it is interesting to note that Physa acuta Drap.,

was found by Mr. Davis and recorded in the Navru.us (Vol.

XVII, p. 125, Mar., 1904). Ceeitioides acicula Miill. and Val-

lania pulchella Miill. were found by Mr. Addison Gulick and myself

on the grounds of the Hotel Frascati, while studying at the Ber-

muda Biological Station in July* and August, 1908, A careful

search would very likely reveal Agriolimazx levis Miill.

Vallonia pulchella (Miill.).

First recorded by Jones, 1876. (The Visitor’s Guide to Ber-

130 THE NAUTILUS.

muda, by J. M. Jones. Halifax, 1876, p. 188). It occurs also in

the lists of Bland, 1881 (In Wallace’s Island Life, p. 256) and of

Heilprin, 1889 (The Bermuda Islands, p. 182).

I found it scarce under loose stones on the grass near the Frascati.

Cecilioides acicula Mill.

First recorded by Bland in 1861 (Annals of the Lyceum of

Natural History of N. Y., VII, p. 851). Also recorded by Jones in

1876.

I first found a dead shell of this species in looking over some red

earth at the laboratory. Later I discovered thirty-five or more on

the ground under an overhanging stone about 100 feet from the first

locality. Most of these were either alive or recently dead. The

soft parts were drawn up above the body whorl. It probably lives

in the grass.

For the identification of this spegies I am indebted to Mr. Paul

Bartch who kindly compared specimens with those in the National

Museum.

Zonitoides arboreus (Say ).

This species is apparently unrecorded; a considerable number were

on the under side and in the crevices of a large rotten log in a

bamboo thicket near the Frascati. They are somewhat lighter and

yellower than New England specimens.

Vitrea lucida (Drap.)

The first mention of this species is made by Prof, A. E. Verrill

(Trans. Conn. Acad. Vol. xi, pt. 2. p. 733, fig. 81), who says: The

fresh shells of this species were found in large numbers by Mr. A. H.

Verrill in March 1901,in a garden at Hamilton but none were living.

The last whorl of many of the shells was distorted and rough, as if

the conditions had been unfavorable for some time before death.

Perhaps the weather was too dry. It is doubtful therefore whether

it has succeeded in establishing itself permanently in theislands, It

is a native of southern Europe.”

I found this species very abundant in the Botanical Garden, at

Hamilton. They were on the ground and under leaves in flower

beds, and beside a wall where shrubs and vines were growing. Many

were alive though a large proportion showed the distortion which

Professor Verrill speaks of and which is well shown in the figure he

gives.

TIE NAUTILUS. 131

Vitrea lucida seems now to have become a part of the fauna of the

Bermudas.

In closing I take pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to

Mr. A. Gulick for his kind assistance in the determination of the

species named above, and to Dr. Pilsbry for the final determination

ot Vitrea lucida and Zonitoides arboreus.

NOTES.

PENNSYLVANIAN SNAILS AND THE STATE ZooLoeist.—In the

last Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology of the Pennsyl-

yania State Department of Agriculture (Vol. II, no. 8), Prof. H. A.

Surface, the State Economic Zodlogist, remarks (p. 245): ** Since

very little has been written concerning the molluscan life in Penn-

sylvania, we may at some future time prepare a Bulletin upon this

particular subject,” etc., etc. As most of the common non-marine

mollusks of the Eastern States were described by Thomas Say from

Pennsylvanian examples, and there have been articles bearing on

our mollusks published at pretty short intervals for almost a century,

we had somehow gotten the idea that a good deal had been “ written

concerning mollusean life in Pennsylvania.” To be told that all that

conchologists have done upon Pennsylvanian mollusks in a hundred

years looks ** very little ” in the official eye of the State Zoologist,

is discouraging. He must be looking for something the size of the

Encyclopedia Britannica. We are on the watch for that promised

Bulletin.

Californian Nudibranchs.—The publication of Dr. MacFarland’s

preliminary account of the Dorididz (sens. latiss.) of Monterey Bay

(Proc. Biol. Soc., Wash., Feb., 1905), is an event of no little im-

portance to malacology. Out of twenty species, fifteen are new,

three belonging to new genera. ‘Two of the new genotypes I had in

hand in 1901, and prepared descriptions; but I learned by corre-

spondence with Dr. MacFarland that he had them earlier, and had

studied their anatomy. I can, however, cite localities extending

their range far southward. Hopkinsia rosacea, MacF., was collected

by Miss V. Thomas at La Jolla, Aug. 38,1901. The specimen was

apparently immature, being only about 12 mm. long, with only 5

D>)

branchial plumes. Its color was a brilliant crimson, the dorsal pro-

(152 THE NAUTILUS.

cesses somewhat paler, and tipped with white. Laila cockerelli,

MacF., was taken by my wife as far south as La Jolla, while Mrs.

Oldroyd showed me one dredged at San Diego by Prof. Kofoid.—

T. D: A. CocKERELL.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A PRELIMINARY ACCOUNT OF THE DoRIDID& OF MONTEREY

Bay, Catirornia. By F. M. MacFartanp. (Proc. Biol. Soe.

of Washington, XVIII, pp. 35-54, Feb. 2, 1905.)

[t is with pleasure that we announce the publication of this paper.

The nudibranchs have been sadly neglected on the Pacific coast, and

we shall look forward with much interest to the series of systematic

and morphological papers soon to appear. The present paper con-

tains the descriptions of 20 species, including three new genera

(Montereina, Laila and Hopkinsi‘a) and the following new species :

Montereina nobilis, Discodoris heathi, Rostanga pulchra, Cadlina

marginata, C. flavomaculata, Doriopsis fulva, Aegires albopunctatus,

Laila cockereli, Triophu maculata, T. grandis, Polycera atra,

Acanthodoris hudson’, A. brunnea, Ancula pacifica, Hopkinsia

rosacea.—C, W. J.

DESCRIPTION OF TWELVE NEw SPECIES AND ONE VARIETY

or Marine GastropopA From THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF

Oman AND ARABIAN SEA. By JAmes Cosmo MELviLi. (Jour.

Malacology, XI, pp. 79-86, pl. vil, 1904.)

MaRYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Miocenr.—This magnificent

work on the Miocene of Maryland, consists of a volume of text of

543 pages (pp. 130 to 401 being devoted to mollusca), and another -

volume of 126 plates, 69 of which contain illustrations of mollusea.

The introductory chapters are by Drs. Wm. B. Clark, Geo. B.

Shattuck and Wm. H. Dall; while the systematic portion represents

the work of several specialists. The Cephalopoda, Gastropoda,

Amphineura and Scaphopoda are described by Dr. G. C. Martin, the

total number of forms described being about 220, of which 68 repre-

sents new species or varieties. A new subgenus of Cancellaria ( Can-

cellariella) is proposed. The Pelecypoda are described by Dr. L.

C. Glenn, 185 species are recorded, of which 32 are new. Most of

the beautiful drawings represent the work of the late Dr. J. C. Me-

Connell. C. Wise

NAUTILUS, XVIII PLATE IX,

THe NAUTILUS.

Vor. XVIII. APRIL, 1905. No. 12

LIST OF SHELLS FROM NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA.

BY BRYANT WALKER,

In the fall of 1902, Messrs. G. F. & B. H. King of Mimsville,

Ga., to whom we are indebted for the discovery of several new spe-

cies of Unionide recently described in the Nautilus, took a wagon

trip of more than one hundred miles from their home into western

Florida. No land shells were collected. The list of fluviatile spe-

cies, however, though not large, is of considerable interest, especially

as there are practically no records from that part of the state. En-

tering Florida at Neal’s Landing, the Chipola River was struck at

Marianna. From there the route continued southwesterly to

Econfina on Econfine Creek. No Unionide were found in the

Econfine, but in a tributary called Moccasin Creek, several species

occurred, The Chipola River isa branch of the Flint River. Econ-

fine Creek flows directly into St. Andrew’s Bay.

Ampullaria depressa Say, Chipola River.

Vivapara georgiana Lea, - es

Campeloma genicula Con., * as and Mud Creek, a trib-

utary of the Econfine.

Lioplax pilsbryi, n. sp. Pl. ix. figs. 1, 2 and 3.

Chipola River (type locality), Econfine Creek, and Mud Creek,

Fla.

Shell elevated, turreted, imperforate, rather thin, olive-green

above, becoming almost black on the body whorl with numerous dark

134 THE NAUTILUS.

strigations: whorls seven, ventricose, moderately increasing above,

rapidly so toward the base, those of the spire carinated with a sloping

shoulder, lower whorls sub-carinate, flattened above and strongly

shouldered ; lines of growth strong, decussated by numerous, closely

oO)

set, elevated, transverse lines; suture very deep; aperture rather

large, very oblique, regularly oval, sides nearly parallel, regularly

rounded above and below; outer lip thin, drawn back above and

somewhat sinuous; inner lip closely appressed throughout.

Alt. (Fig. 1 apex eroded) 30, width 18 mm.

ana a Tow = AEN PAY

This fine species, the largest yet known of the genus, was found in

some abundance in the Chipola River. Only a few occurred at the

other localities.

It differs from all the described forms in its size and peculiar com-

bination of characters. Young specimens of about five whorls,

except in being imperforate, slightly wider and more strongly

transversly striate, closely resemble striate specimens of ZL. sub-

carinata in shape, the shouldering and carination of the whorls

being almost exactly the same. But with increase of growth the

shape becomes entirely different and the mature shell in general ap-

pearance approaches Lea’s L. elliottii, but differs from that species in

being very much larger, proportionately wider, with the lower whorl

more flatly shouldered, with transverse raised lines and imperforate

axis.

I take great pleasure in naming it after Dr. Pilsbry.

Goniobasis catenaria Say. Chipola River and Econfine Creek.

es dooleyensis Lea. ‘ cy

This species is apparently one of the characteristic forms of the

Flint river drainage system. Originally described from Vienna in

Dooley County, Ga., the Messrs. King have found it in great abund-

ance in Rawle’s Spring and Dry Creek, Early County, and in the

Chickasawahatchee Creek, Baker County. From Mr. A. C.

Billups, I have also received it from the Flint River. On the

present trip it was found in both the Chipola and Econfine.

UNIONIDZ FROM THE CHIPOLA RIVER.

Medionidus kingti B. H. Wr.

Lampsilis paulus Lea.

4. subangulatus Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. 135

Lampsilis claibornensis Lea.

«¢ — Lienosus Con. Not typical ; referrable to Lea’s caligino-

SUS.

“ Lenosus unicostatus H. B. Wr.

«¢ —_vibex Con. (approaching var. nigrinus Lea.)

Anodonta gibbosa Say,

Unio singularis B. H. Wr.

** aretatus tortivus Lea. Very abundant and extremely vari-

able.

“ coruseus Gld.

‘¢ nigellus Lea var.? Very close to some forms of the variable

arctatus tortivus Lea.

«« eurvatus Lea, a single young shell is thus named by Mr. W.

A. Marsh Sr. It is quite similar to young specimens of

the Moccasin Creek form referred to obnubilis (nolani) by

Mr. Marsh, but differs in being rather more elongated,

more pointed and less broadly rounded posteriorly.

Unio chipolaensis, n. sp. Pl. ix. figs. 6 and 7.

Shell ovate, not very thick, somewhat inflated in the umbonal

region, evenly rounded before and biangulate behind with a slight

emargination just above the superior posterior angle; dorsal margin

decidedly curved, basal margin slightly but regularly curved,

epidermis smooth, chestnut-colored, darkening to black on the umbos,

with several darker lines indicating arrested periods of growth.

Umbonal slope well rounded towards the beaks, but flattening out

and becoming slightly biangulate posteriorly. Beaks prominent,

apparently incurved when perfect. Cardinal teeth compressed,

.crenulate; those in the left valve are nearly in a straight line.

Lateral teeth rather long, slender and slightly curved. Cicatrices

distinct. Cavity of the beaks large and rounded. Nacre salmon-

color, darker anteriorly.

Length 32, width 56.5, diam. 22 mm.

Chipola River, Fla.

This species is a member of group of U. buckleyi and is disting-

uished by smooth, chestnut epidermis, entirely without rays, but

ornamented with concentric dark bands such as occur in Pleurobema

chattanoogaensis, inflated umbonal slope, prominent beaks and bian-

gulated posterior extremity with a slight emargination above. It is

related to some forms of U. burtchianus B. H. Wr, but differs in

136 THE NAUTILUS.

being less elongated and more inflated with more prominent beaks.

The color both of the epidermis and nacre is also quite different.

Messrs. Frierson and Marsh, to whom specimens have been sub-

mitted, agree that it is distinct from any described fo'm, and Mr.

Simpson remarks that it “ looks more or less like two or three species,

but I cannot refer it to anything.”” Mr, B. H. Wright suggests that

it is close to some forms of U. confertus Lea, but both in shape and

color, which is remarkably constant in all the specimens seen, it

seems sufficiently distinct.

Unton1ipaAE From Moccasin Creek, A TRIBUTARY OF THE

EconFINE RIVER.

Lampsilis anodontovdes floridensis Lea.

ce lienosus Con. (ealiginosus Lea).

c¢ vibex Con. (rutilans Lea) .

Unio downiet Lea, var.

a arctatus tortivus Lea.

A very large, heavy, inflated form similar to Lea’s tetricus, longer

but not so swollen as that figured by Simpson in Proce. U. S. Nat.

Mus. xv. PI. Ixiv. figs. 3 and 4. Associated with this form is an-

other more compressed, strongly rayed and with umbonal slope,

decidedly biangulate, which Mr. Simpson thinks is also referable

here. Mr. Marsh considers this: identical with Wright’s nolani, a

synonym of the following species.

Unio obnubilis Lea. Two specimens smaller, thicker and appar-

ently quite distinct from the last-mentioned form are referred to

santeensis Lea, by Marsh, to which Simpson somewhat doubtfully

assents.

A NEW SPECIES OF MEDIONIDUS.

BY BRYANT WALKER.

Medionidus simpsonianus n. sp. PI. ix. figs. 4 and 5.

Shell small, rather thin, somewhat inflated, elliptical, inequilateral,

strongly plicate on the posterior slope. Epidermis dark yellow,

smooth, polished, covered with dark green pencilled rays which tend

to break into a net-work of angular lines covering the entire surface.

Anterior end compressed, rounded, and slightly elevated above the

TELA W AVUGR LISTS. 137

line of the hinge superiorly ; posterior extremity obtusely rounded,

the tip being nearly on the median line of the shell; posterior ridge

somewhat angled; dorsal slope covered with strong sub-concentric,

somewhat irregular ridges extending from the posterior ridge to the

margin; basal margin regularly curved; hinge margin nearly

straight, slightly angled between the cardinal and lateral teeth.

Cardinal teeth crenulate, erect, rather compressed, those in left valve

nearly on the same line; lateral teeth slender, straight and nearly

smooth. Anterior cicatrices well impressed, posterior cicatrices

distinct, dorsal cicatrices under the plate behind the cardinal teeth.

Beak cavity rather shallow, cavity of the shell deep and uniform.

Nacre bluish-white, rather thicker anteriorly.

Length 36; height 19, width 13 mm.

Habitat, Calvary, Ga.

Only three specimens of this little species were received, and these,

unfortunately, without any information as to the stream where they

were found.

This species belongs to the ‘‘ conradicus”’ group of Medionidus as

defined by Simpson, and is most nearly related to M. penicillatus.

But it differs decidedly from all the described species in the com-

pression of the anterior end, the elevation of the superior-anterior

margin and the regularly rounded posterior margin, which is equally

curved above and below, the tip being nearly on the median line and

not depressed toward the basal margin as in all the allied species.

The ridges on the posterior slope are quite as strong, but not so

numerous as in WZ, kingii.

It is named in honor of Mr. Charles T. Simpson, whose recent

retirement from active conchological work has been a source of regret

to all interested in American Conchology.

A NEW LOCALITY FOR CERION INCANUM.

BY CHARLES T. SIMPSON.

I have just returned from a visit to ‘‘ Baker’s Haulover,” the nar-

row strip of land between the extreme upper end of Biscayne Bay,

Florida, and the Atlantic. This strip may be twenty rods wide, is

low and covered with mangroves on the inner side, and next the

ocean is sand-bank twelve or fifteen feet high with shore grapes, low

138 THE NAUTILUS.

shrubs, grass and weeds. On the sandy part I found immense num-

bers of dead shells of Certon incanum and a diligent search revealed

a few living examples on grass close to or even on the sand. As the

weather for the past few days had been unusually cold, I thought it

possible that it might be buried in the sand, and digging around the

roots of bunches of grass I unearthed the species alive by thousands.

In some cases a double handful would be buried around a small

bunch of grass. Many of the specimens had a thin, almost transpar-

ent epiphragm at the aperture, while occasionally it was deeper

seated, thicker and white.

The apex is rather conical, the apical whorls are corneous, while the

last whorl has strong irregular wide-spaced riblets and a dark base,

often outlined by a revolving bluish stripe. |The body of the shell

is a uniform bluish-white, and occasionally a specimen has the base of

nearly the same color. In a somewhat wide experience of collecting

this species, I have never seen it soabundant. Associated with it were a

few Polygyra carpenteriana and rarely a Glandina truncata minor.

In the Manual of Conchology, Vol. xiv. p. 215, Pilsbry states

that Mr. S. N. Rhoads found five specimens of the Cerion incanum

on Virginia Key, but that he thought they had probably been drifted

there, and Pilsbry believes this key to be the extreme northeastern

limit of the species. ‘ Baker’s Haulover”’ is eight or nine miles

north of the extreme northern end of Virginia Key and is on the

mainland. I followed up the beach from the ‘‘ Haulover”’ for a half

mile perhaps, but there seemed to be no diminution in the numbers of

specimens at the farthest point reached.

Lemon City, Florida.

Jan. 29, 705.

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN STROMBUS PUGILIS LINNE.

BY HAROLD SELLERS COLTON.

Sexual dimorphism does not seem to be common among the Gaster-

opoda. It can occur only in the sub-class Streptoneura, in which the

sexes are separate. Cases are seldom reported. | When they are,

they are hidden amid a mass of facts in some large work. I find

that sexual dimorphism has been noticed in Margarita helicina’ and

' Dwight Blaney, Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXII., No. 2, p.

38, 1904.

THE NAUTILUS. 139

Buecinum undatum" by Morse, in Crepidula® by Conklin, in Rissoa

aculeus* and Littorina littorea* by Jeffreys, and in Fulgur carica by

Burnett Smith.® As far as I can find out, no one has reported it in

Strombus pugilis.

The material was collected to determine if the variety alatus was

but a case of sexual dimorphism, and if not was there any such dif-

ference. I collected most of the individuals after asevere “norther”

in the latter part of January which had cast them up in moderate

numbers on the beach of Sand Key near Clearwater Harbor, Florida,

Of those I examined, nineteen were males and nine were females.

The variety alatus differs from the type in that it lacks the char-

acteristic tubercles on the body whorl. Forty-four per cent of the

‘females and twenty-six per cent of the males showed a tendency to

be smooth. Of these observations

and the ones to follow, the probable Big. 1-

error is so very large, on account of

the small number of individuals at

hand, that only where the differ-

ences are pronounced, are the results

of value.

On the material at hand I made

the following measurements;-( Fig. 1)

the length AB, the width CE, the

angle at the apex, the columellar

angle, and the aperture FG. On

account of the ornamentation of the

shell, the width CE and the apical

angle were found to be so variable

as not to be favorable for compar-

ison. ‘The ratio of AB to FG was f

in the case of females larger than in ,

the case of the males. If this be ,

true, and I have too few individuals

ore

*wecesee re 4%

to be sure of it absolutely, a very interesting feature is shown. The

1. S. Morse, 1876, Proc. Boston Society of Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII.

2H. G. Conklin, Jour. of Morphology, 1897, Vol. XIII., No. 1s

3 Jeffreys, British Conchology, Vol. IV., p. 38,

4 Ibid., Vol. III., p. 343.

5 Burnett Smith, 1902, Proc. Acad. Natural Science of Phila., Vol. LIV., p. 507.

140 THE NAUTILUS.

aperture of the male is larger than that of the female. . This is true

also in Nautilus pompilius.’

The average columella angle CDE is for males 37.4° and for

females 40.49. The columella angle of the females is larger than

that of the males. This is characteristic, and it is possible to sepa-

rate the males from the females in a large series at a glance with

very few errors. One male, however, showed the female angle and

one female the male angle.

The results of these observations indicate that the relation of the

variety alatus to the type is not of sexual character, that the aperture

of the male may be a trifle wider than that of the female, but the

columella angle is a true case of sexual dimorphism.

A NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS FROM SOUTH ALABAMA.

BY T. H. ALDRICH.

SomaToGyrus WALKERIANUS Nn. sp.

Shell small, globose, rather solid, smooth, color greenish-yellow.

Spire short, obtuse. The nucleus is obliquely placed, and projects

markedly beyond the outline of the spire on the left side. Whorls

about four, suture impressed. Body whorl large, slightly shouldered ;

outer lip slightly expanded. Inner lip thick-

ened and rounding below into a rather nar-

row and deep groove, which runs up into the

slightly perforate umbilicus. Aperture rather

pointed above and rounded at the base. Alt.

4.25; diam. 4 mm.

T.ocaLiry.—Conecut River, Escambia

Co., Ala., twenty miles east of Brewton,

living on limestone rocks, rather common.

Remarks.—This shell resembles a small

S. subglobosus Say, but is not so strongly shouldered, has a much

lower spire, and also the groove behind the pillar lip. Examples in

cabinets of A: A. Hinkley and Bryant Walker. Type in my collection.

1 Bather, 1895, Natural Science, Vol. VI., p. 411.

TATE NAUTILUS. 141

NEW SPECIES OF LYMMNZEA.

BY F. C. BAKER.

Lymnexa owascoensis nov. sp.

Shell small, elongated, turreted, rather thin; color light horn;

surface shining, marked by close-set lines of growth; in some speci-

mens there is a tendency to form raised, keel-like ridges, as in

malleated forms of Lymnza; apex small, round, of the same color as

the rest of the shell; whorls 54, shouldered, rather flat-sided ; spire

elongated, sharply conical; sutures deeply impressed; aperture

roundly ovate, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; outer

lip thin, inner lip erect, causing the aperture to be almost continu-

ous; columella rather broad, flattened, somewhat thickened by a

callus but without a plait; umbilicus round, wide and deep, exhibit-

ing one volution; the base of the shell is roundly flattened.

Length 8.50; width 3.50; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.

Length 8.75; width 4.00; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.

Habitat: Owasco Lake, N. Y., collected by Dr. Howard N. Lyon.

This distinct little shell may be known by its turreted shell, long

spire and large, open umbilicus. Its nearest ally is descdiosa.

Lymnea bryanti nov. sp.

Shell small, thin, robust, pointed ; color light horn; surface rather

dull, marked by rather indistinct lines of growth, but without im-

pressed spiral lines; the base of the shell is marked by several indis-

tinct spiral ridges,and the last whorl is malleated in some specimens;

whorls 44-5, rounded, roundly shouldered, rapidly increasing in

diameter; the last whorl is large and quite convex; spire acutely

conical, shorter than or as long as the aperture; sutures well im-

pressed; aperture elliptical or elongate-ovate; columella a trifle

thickened, without a plait, the callus turned back and appressed to

the parietal wall as in eubens’s; umbilicus distinct and rather widely

open.

Length 7.50; width 4.00; aperture length 4.00; width 2.25 mill.

Length 6.50; width 4.00; aperture length 4.00; width 2.00 mill.

Length 6.56; width 4.00; aperture length 3.50; width 2.00 mill.

Habitat, Alameda Co., California. Collection of Mr. Bryant

Walker.

142 THE NAUTILUS.

This little shell is related to cubensis but is easily distinguished by

its thinner shell, more pointed spire, less rounded whorls and more

elongate aperture. The shape of the aperture and the form of the

columella are different from those of humilis.

Lymnea stagnalis var. higleyi, new variety.

Shell ovate with short spire and wide, spreading aperture which

is twice the length of the spire; whorls rather flat-sided, the last

somewhat shouldered; collumellar plait very large, thick, heavy,

shining, white; aperture widely flaring, the upper part somewhat

shouldered ; umbilicus tightly closed by the closely appressed, reflec-

ted, columellar callus.

Length 50.00; width 30.00; aperture length 32.00; width 22.00

mill. (Ferriss).

Length 42.00; width 27.00; aperture length 27.00; width 19.00

mill. (Academy).

Length 38.00; width 22.00; aperture length 25.00; width 17.00

mill. (Walker).

Habitat ; Michipecoten Bay, North Shore, Lake Superior.

In a lot of specimens of Lymnaea stagnalis sent to the writer for

examination by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, there were three specimens which

differed markedly from any described American form of this species.

The nearest variety seems to be Hemphill’s occidentalis, but that

form is decidedly more shouldered on the body whorl, the aperture

does not flare and the spire is more ‘‘ pinched.”” The color is a clear

translucent whitish horn. The writer has seen no European variety

exactly comparable with this variety.

It is named in honor of Prof. William K. Higley, Secretary of

the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

GLOCHIDIA OF UNIO ON FISHES.

BY CHAS. H. CONNER.

A short time ago (Feb. 25, 1905), while hunting especially for

fresh-water shrimps, I obtained some young minnows and sun-fish

(Lupomotis gibbosus). Upon examination of the latter, I found

several Glochidia, apparently of Anodonta cataracta Say, clinging to

the anal and caudal fins.

THE NAUTILUS. 143

On Monday, Feb. 27th, I had the honor of submitting the speci-

mens, 77 sztu and intact, to Dr. Pilsbry and Mr. Vanatta, of the

Academy of Natural Sciences, for verification, and they confirmed

the discovery.

As no record of observed parasitism in America of Glochidia has

been made in any scientific journal that I am aware of, it was a

great pleasure to find them living, and confirm the observations

made in Europe.

The fish were taken from the most eastern of the three connected

ponds at Westville, N. J.

NOTES.

MARRATT AND THE ConcHoLoGiA Iconrtca.—In the February

NauvtTiLus, p. 120, in the extract from ‘“‘ The Museums Journal,’

concerning the late F. P. Marratt, it is stated that he was the author

of the monograph on Oliva in Reeve’s ‘‘ Conchologia Iconica.”

This is an error which might be corrected if you think,it necessary.

When Lovell Reeve wrote that monograph in 1850, Marratt was

unknown as a conchologist.

Of the “ Conchologia Ivonica”’ Reeve was author of Vois. I.-

XIV., and as far as Jornatella in Vol. XV. The rest of that vol-

ume, commencing with Pyramidella to the end, and Vols. XVI.—

XX. were the work of the late G. B. Sowerby.—Epe@ar A. Smitu,

British Museum (Natural History).

Nore on THE Genus AporeMA Datit—This group, of which

Pholadonya arata Verrill is the type was named in 1903. But I

am informed that Aporema was used in 1890, by Scudder, for an in-

sect, and the molluscan genus therefore requires a new name. I

propose for it Panacea.— Wo. H. Dat.

Note on Tricnopina ANcEY.—Inasmuch as the name Trrich-

odina, proposed by Ancey in 1888 for an Achatinoid land shell (cf.

Man. Conch. pt. 67, p. 182) was used in 1830 by Ehrenberg for a

genus of Foraminifera, I would propose that it be replaced by

Petriolan—Wmn. H. Datu.

144 THE NAUTILUS.

THe Genus VAUCHERIA PALLARY.—Mr. Pallary describes

(Journ. de Conch. ’04, p. 7.) a shell supposed to be that of a slug,

under the name Vaucheria tingitana. M. Dautzenberg has recently

received fresh specimens, which proved to be plates (the tergum) of

Pollicipes cornucopia, a stalked barnacle of European seas. The

supposed new genus therefore becomes a synonym of the Cirrhipede.

Snaits IN SEpuLCHRES.—While I was very recently conduct-

ing the exhuming of quite a number of Indian skeletons, within the

corporate limits of Des Moines, Iowa, I found, very much to my sur-

prise, several living specimens of Zonitoides minusculus (Binn.) and

Helicodiscus lineatus (Say,) very snugly associating with the long dead

and buried aborigines. They attracted my attention by being among

some of the small white beads, which were about the same size and

color. I would often pick up a shell fora bead. They were min-

gled with decayed fibrous roots, fragments of blankets etc., in among

the bones, often in the crevices of broken and decayed bones. Every-

thing was inta very advanced stage of decay, denoting in the neigh-

borhood of seventy-five years’ burial; the evidence showed that the

bodies had been wrapped in blankets and buried in wooden boxes.

In a number of instances the entire outfit, box and all, was reduced to

a mere trace less than half an inch in thickness; others were two or

three inches thick, and a few produced fairly well-preserved skeletons.

All contained shells of the above-named species. The burials lay

from eighteen inches to three and a half feet deep, in a very loose, fine,

sandy, Pleistocene loam, If the snails were at home, as they appar-

ently were, is not their association with dead mens’ bones an unusual

occurrence ?—T. Van Hyninc, Supt. Mus. State Hist. Dept.

Des Moines, Ia.

In the last number of the Proceedings of the Malacological So-

ciety of London, Dr. von Ihering adds three new species to the

genus Tomigerus, the first for many years.

A new species of Achatina, A. morrelli, is described by Mr.

Preston, from the Zambesi river. It seems to be closely related to

A. capelloi. Furtado—H. A. P.