148 INDEX.

Page. Page.

Pleurotoma-formicaria, Sow. ...... 139 | Spermophilus macrourus, Benn.... 41

granulosa, Sow. ...... 139 spilosoma, Benn. ... 40

hexagona, Sow. ...... 139 | Spondylus aculeatus, Brod. ...... 5

incrassata, Sow. ...... 138 dubius, Brod. ......... 4

interrupta, Sow........ 138 leueacantha, Brod. ... 5

maculosa, Sow. ...... 185 Princeps, Brod. ...... 4

Maura, Sow. ........ 134 | Sterna arctica, Temm. .........+6- 33

modesta, Sow.......... 136 | Sula candida, Briss. .........c60006 32

nigerrima, Sow. ...... 137 | Sus Scrofa monstr. ....0..sseceeeeee 16

nitida, Sow. .......00.06 139 | Teratophius, Less. ......2..e0+005 vee 40

olivacea, Sow.......... 136 | Terebratula Chilensis, Brod. ...... 124

Oxytropis, Sow. ...... 135 Curtensis, Brod. 126

pallida, Sow. ......... 137 psirracea, Brug. .... 126

Tosea, SOW. ...s.seees . 134 Uva, Brod........ ewes 124

rudis, Sow. ......60. ... 184 | Tesrupo Inpica,.Linn. ............ 43

rugifera, Sow. .....0.6. 136 | Testudo Indica, Linn. ............ 81

rustica, Sow. .......6. 138 | Tetragonurus? simplex, Lowe 143

splendidula, Sow. ... 185 | Zetrodon stellatus, Donov. nec La-

Turricula, Sow. ...... 137 COpe scchesatteeeet svete Shoes 115

unicolor, Sow. ......... 138 | Tringa pugnax, Linn. .........00e 10

unimaculata, Sow. ... 134. Triton Ceylonensis, Siow. ......... 71

variculosa, Sow. ...... 139 clathratus, Sow. .....sese00. 71

Pollieipes polymerus, Sow.......... 74 constrictus, Brod. ..... seem YO

ruber, Soww.....s.ccecceeee 74 convolutus, Brod. .......++ 7

Polyboroides, Smith .......0..-006+ 45 decollatus, Sow. ...-ssecs00. 72

Prionus Cumingii, Hope ......... 64 distortus, Sow. ...ssseseeee 71

Hayesii, Hope ....... swore 64 gibbosus, Brod. ........000+ 7

Bertiisiope wesw a 64 lignarius, Brod. «2.000004 5

Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould’... 119 lineatus, Brod. .......+s008 6

hypoglaucus, Gould 70 lineatus, Sow. .......0+. sodas,

ulocomus, Gould ... 38 Mediterraneus, Sow. ...... 71

Purpura xanthostoma, Brod....... 8 nitidulus, Sow. ........000. 71

PYr OsoOMa SPs lesve.seeacesvs coweveceve 79 reticulatus, Sow. ......0++0+4 71

Rana esculenta, Linn. .....000... 88 rudis, Brod. ....ccceeceeees 6

Ranina cristata, Desj. ....-. Vettes 118 scalariformis, Brod. ...... 7

Rhamphastos culminatus, Gould 70 tigrinus, Brod. .........++ 5

Swainsonii, Gould 69 | Trogon pavoninus, Spix .........+++ 107

Rhombus Maderensis, Lowe ...... 148 | Turbinella armata, Brod. ......... 7

BissOG PAVVG vases vevecseceveeceeens 116 Ceestus, Brod. ....s000+ 8

Sarcoruampuus Grypuvus, Dum. 78 tuberculata, Brod. ... 7

Sciurus nigrescens, Benn.......... 41 | Turdus polyglotius, Linn. ........-. 114

Scolecobrotus, n. g. Hope ......... 64 | Uracantha, n. g. Hope ...ec0000 64

Westwoodii, Hope 64 triangularis, Hope ... 64

Semnopithecus cucullatus, Isid. Uromastix acanthinurus, Bell ... 16

Geoffr. ......... 68 | Ursus ornatus, F. Cuv. ...3.....06. 114

Entetuus ......... 74| Velella limbosa, Lam. ......... .. «14

FASCICULARIS 74 | Pultur auricularis, Daud.......... 45

Nestor, Benn..... 67 Sulous, Linn. ........c.0008 . 45

Sepia oFFicINAuis, Linn. ......... 86 Kolbit, Daud. ..........0604. 81

Sepiola stenodactyla, Grant ...... 42 | Zanclus cornutus, Cuv. ........064. 117

Serranus marginatus, Lowe ...... 142 | Zeus Aper, Linn. .........eeeeceees 114

Simia.Faunus, Linn. ....de00seseeee 109

Printed by RicHarv Taytor,

Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART II.

1834.

Jesh MUS

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Bar istO%

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY RICHARD TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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LIST

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Azssorr, K. E., Esq.

Letter on various Zoological Subjects, accompanying a Col-

lection of Birds, formed by him in the neighbourhood of 'Tre-

INOS A EE bs con ah a en Mita Sed aa Se ate

Letter accompanying a Collection of additional Species of

| Birds from the same locality...........:»ees-se. “eit

Agassiz, M. L.

On the Anatomy of the Genus Lepisosteus, with Descriptions

INEM SPECIES ai sia spe 2 +s ofelniaye.# sleinye ona s A TH

ALLEN, Lieut., R.N.

On a Collection of Objects of Zoology, made in the Inte-

rier or nigea, aid presented by “22 S252 Ee ees

On some Drawings of Fishes of the river Quorra, made by

Barygs, Mrs.

Note on the Rearing of a Species of Humming-bird ..

Brut, T., Esa.

Characters of a New Genus of freshwater Tortoise (Cy-

PMIUR YN , 1. PRI I n. chats, ee SET <hik «1TH, cvbidinjsiviele. a teh

Bennett, E. T., Esq.

Observations on the Genus Crypioprocta......0...+++:

Observations on a Species of Paradoxurus, probably Par.

prehensilis, Gray, presented by Lord Fitzroy Somerset ....

On several Animals recently added to the Society’s Mena-

SS) pee AEE 8 aS ee = eee ee 41,

Characters of New Species of Fishes, collected by Lieute-

Hant Allen; mi Western Africa .... 0... 2. eee eee ees

On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, from

South Africa, forming part of the collection of Mr. Steedman

On a New Species of Kangaroo .......... Bes eee BES

133

119

147

110

Bewnetr, G., Esq. page

On the Habits of a Species of horned Pheasant (Tragopan

Demminchts, Gray): sis estaisie chersiet Citas eo eh oe ee

On the Habits of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes Patacho-

ie Cai 71 By I a eee Oink SF RNS 34

On a Wound inflicted by a Pelican on its own breast.... 49

Characters of a New Species of Bat from New Holland,

Collceted Ms Sie cs ses «s,s. + bo 0 odin cele eae te 52

On the Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus

(parades, TUM. so... es ks sw Se a ee Oe 141

On the Nasal Gland of the wandering Albatross (Diomedea

erulans, Linn.) ...... wie feudieTs Anita s co oe 0:3 aeeeths chert ere ates 151

Benson, W. H., Esq.

Observations on a Collection of /and and freshwater Shells

formed in the Gangetic Provinces of India ...... wis fists Fok 89

Note on the Importation of a Living Cerithium Telescopium,

PAPE ie sata «sine « 6 pi0. Sisjaw teal ates, ¥ teehee ag ee 91

Bice, H., Esq.

On a Species of Bee from the Brazils, found living on split-

ting a log of peach-wood containing its Comb............ 118

Bosrr, M. W.

Letter on the Habits, &c. of Cryptoprocta feror, Benn... 13

Breton, Lieut., R.N.

On the Habits of the Musk Duck of New Holland (Hydro-

bated Iobutos,“Temm.)' ooo costae fo ns's a 0s eee ce 19

On a Mode of Preserving Bird-skins in the absence of the

ONGMATY MEANB 565. .sklonde, de eiceC) de qed Se 21

Account of the Habits of a Specimen of Echidna, which

survived during a considerable part of his voyage to Europe. 23

Broperip, W. J., Esq. :

Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming ....2, 13, 35, 47, 114, 148

Descriptions of New Species of Calyptreide ........ 13, 35

Descriptions of a New Genus of Gasteropoda (Scutella).. 47

On Clavagella, with Characters of New Species ........ 115

Description of some Species of Chama .......ceseeee es 148

Burrow, H., Esq.

Characters of a New Species of the Genus Monacanthus,

ROSIE 5 a. Tee tadelbUete <je. ste ti she o}'k:9) by pth, Ria, RRO wag wel

Cary, Hon. Byron.

Note on a large Specimen of the Gallapagos Island Tor-

Cuming, H., Esq.

Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by, 2,6,13,17, 21, 35, 46, 48, 68, 87, 123, 148

Curtis, J., Esq. page

On a Species of Bee (Trigona, Jur.) from South America .

Danie11, G., Esq.

118

On the Habits and Economy of two British Species of Bats 129

Dersy, The Right Hon. the Earl of

Letter on the Breeding of the Sandwich Island Goose (Ber-

ree AVA CONSISS VMI ion 8 nei eiie’b s b-tie\ nar dle aia porated

Letter on the Breeding of several Birds in His Lordship’s

Menagerie at Knowsley...... Sr 8 aU AO EE CeCe Be

Dessarpins, M. J.

Letter accompanying a Collection of Objects of Zoology,

chiefly Mammalia and Birds, from the Mauritius..........

Fouutiort, G., Esq.

On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by

Grorrroy St. Hinarre, M.

On the Structure and Use of the Monotrematic Glands,

and particularly on those Glands in the Cetacea ..........

Goutp, Mr. J.

On a Collection of Birds from North America, presented by

Mera Rien lar ce kh ee hae Mats Sct ovis 8a Sie epee pee

Characters of three New Species of Trogon in the Collec-

SUAOMER IEE SOLELY 8112555 YGF Ane elon Fae a ee Las

Character of a New Species of Plover (Vanellus, Linn.)

collected by Lieut. Allen in Western Africa............+.

On a Collection of Birds formed by Mr. Abbott in the

Reenpourmood Of Lrevizond i vs. e ew pein eer vse ae

Characters of the Genera and Species of the Family

aR ERY ye eo gy baie, mle nya sind nce gnc Pe ie geis

On a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by B. H.

IE StsRePNONES MUECIQS toe crsalcidy Bu latbaks'a at's tare’ ot bow ate wid wie tbs oy eta

On a second Collection of Birds from the neighbourhood of

PRE CIMA TE: Cae ots fliohe? fates wlol io isa) 2 2, Shel ahnte seh arfe wae We, a ael

Gray, J. E. Esq.

Characters of a New Genus of Radiata (Ganymeda) :

Note on the Conveyance from the Mauritius to England of

two living Specimens of the Cerithium armatum, Brug. .

Characters of a New Species of Bat (Rhinolophus, Geoffr. )

PROM SWE EIOUAME cnk soos sn nde pales et leans aseiea leis

Characters of several New Species of freshwater Tortoises

(Emys) from India and China .........+0---eeeeee eee

Note on the Cistuda Bealii, Gray, referred to the Genus

NELTNG] SIU eR OENES Jaicl scat k sieye/s tel «ieis\,s. 524,018) «1s stn) + sis) aye\aiane

Notice of Two Varieties of the Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray

Characters of New Species of Shells .....+.e0e0e0- 57,

133

147

Gray, J. E., Esq. (continued.)

Characters of a New Genus of Mollusca (Nanina) ......

Enumeration of the Species of the Genus Terebra, with

Characters of many hitherto undescribed................

Characters of Two New Genera of Reptiles (Geoemyda and

Gehigrd) Do cipes eres pas: ot. SOY OES Oe ee

Obseryations on the Red Viper, regarded as a Variety of

the Common Species (Vipera Berus, Daud.) ............

Arguments in favour of the parasitic Nature of the Ani-

mals found in the Shells of the Genus Argonauta, Linn... ..

Characters of two New Species of Sturgeon (Acipenser,

RS i ere msec lk} ins aceite Sees’ ap ae

Characters of a New Genus of Reptiles (Lialis) from New

RoE Wales oN ale oe nv hes oo thn ace bs ohm al

Note on the New Holland Ibis of Dr. Latham . . ‘

Observations on two Species of freshwater Tortoises ....

Haz, Marsuatt, M.D.

Notes of Experiments on the Nerves in a Decapitated

7 Pe ie fe ora sO cary ae trate grt fe cc ye y.

Hancock, J., M.D.

On the Lantern-fly, and some other Insects of Guiana. ...

Harpwicke, Major-Gen. T.

Description of a New Species of the genus cant Linn.,

from Western) Agfica sit. 3}. eeswnd sculls». hel ae hee

Harvey, J. B., Esq.

Notes on a Collection of Shells and Crustacea, formed on

the,South Coastof Devonshire, . ......2%....24 sisls « cicvec eee

Hearne, J., Esq.

Letter on various Zoological Subjects relating to the Island

Sug s CES: eR ARE en

Letter accompanying a Present of several Living Animals

arom tite [sland Oba RE ose! ss a. ois c cverphtiaie oc ee

Hemine, — Esq.

Note on a Remarkable Dilatation ‘at the Base of the Lower

Jaw and Upper Part of the Throat in the Swift (Cypselus

pte A ise cai oie we oats us ee ie

Hoveson, B. H., Esq.

Letter in relation to a Collection of Living Birds forwarded

by him from Nepaul for the Society’s Menagerie beeteaateg, -

Letter on various Zoological Subjects, with Additional Ob-

servations on the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel). .

Letter on the Distinction between the Ghordl (Antilope

Goral, Hardw.) and Thdr (Antilope Thar, Hodgs.) .

On the Mammalia of Nepaul............ OF Athae th sonic

101

110

Honeson, B. H., Esq. (continued). page

On the Characters of the Jhdral (Capra Jhdral, Hodgs.),

and of the Ndhdor (Ovis Ndahoor, Hodgs.), with Observa-

tions on the Distinction between the Genera Capra and Ovis

Notice of a Collection of Birds from Nepaul, presented by

Jonzs, R., Esq.

Notes on the Dissection of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.) ..

Notes on the Dissection of an Agouti (Dasyprocta Aguti,

RES STAI cea, a a

Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis

LER UST RRS is GOCE eI one fae Eee

Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N.

Observations on Oceanic Birds, particularly those of the

REreNITIS PP LDINEAER: VAN a. t st feieleleje.cie. « civ'¢ se syofetiBle o~

MacLeay, W. S., Esq.

Remarks tending to illustrate the Natural History of Two

Annulose Genera, namely, Urania of Fabricius, and Mygale

PRRUABIECRMCI G(s! 904.0. ws exaeeuin > distal el fotasiioa sxe whales

Martin, Mr. W.

Notes on the Anatomy of the Rhea (Rhea Americana, Vieill.)

and Cassowary (Casuarius Emeu, Lath.) .............4-.-

On the Occurrence of Aneurism of the Aorta in the brown

oar CVasua fusca, B.. Cuvs). «0.600 a ee OS

Notes on the Dissection of Azara’s Opossum (Didelphis

RACE Ne RBTONIUS oo traced Na RRL, cpeatiabd stots Stern ety aromeyeid

Notes on the Dissection of a Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus,

RAT Mee La cary MEE): Lae oie EOE Ea ais th gS ig pla'aye

Oeixzy, W., Esq.

Notice of a New Species of Otter from the North of Ire-

SMa a Tare Sag pec 8 tain, & «alto Eos eral A « cnte abs ie Sage,

Owen, R., Esq.

On the Distinguishing Peculiarities of the Crania of the

ER GRASMTL) RAG ERY MON ASN OU? RO OES IT TOES OR

On the Anatomy of the Purple-crested Touraco (Corythaix

parpayncolapha, Miga)y One Howes.) P28 2A IE

On the Stomach of Semnopithecus Maurus, F.Cuv. ....

On the Anatomy of the Capybara (Hydrocherus Capybara,

1a en ann PADRE MELE COS OG Ee aE 6 aie es ee

On the Anatomy of the Calyptreide ...........+42--

On the Structure of the Heart in the Perennibranchiate

SR ie oy at a ci cg eR eli ae aA a ei AE

On the Young of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus, Blum...

Description of a Recent Clavagella (Clavagella lata, Brod.)

Notes on the Anatomy of a New Species of Kangaroo

QURGCrOMUSTEIRITHERECDD):)\oiicet... cece eco ce ee meswianes

107

115

113

111

152

Vili

Parry, Capt. Sir E. W.,R.N. page

On a New Species of Kangaroo (Macropus Parryi, Benn.),

presented by i). oe oe ec eta dpe Vp ew ps veh ty oles 151

Porter, Sir R. K.

Letter on the Characters and Habits of a Specimen of the

Pithecia sagulata, presented by him to the Society........ 41

Letter on various Zoological Subjects ........ hd RE 113

Ruprett, Dr. E.

Description of a New Genus of Pectinibranchiated Gastero-

podous Mollusca (Leptoconchus)......++++seeesseeweeeee 105

Sapine, J., Esq.

Notice of | a Hybrid between the common Pheasant (Pha-

sianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the grey Hen (Tetrao Tetrix, Linn.) * 52

Situ, A., M.D.

Letter on the Zoology of South Africa ...........2005- 25

Sowersy, G. B., Esq.

Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming .. 6,17, 21, 46, 68, 87, 123

Characters of Three Species of the Genus Bulinus, Lam.,

brought to England by Mr. Miller ...............2.005 141

SrerpMay, A., Esq.

On a Specimen of the Manis Temminckii, Smuts, forming

part of the Collection of... 0)... sols ¥j>.2e.dl gina & See 81

Sropparr, Capt.

Observations on Several Birds, forming part of the Col-

lection of the Naval and Military Museum .............. 52

Syxes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.

Notice of the Perforation of Leaden Pipes by the Teeth of

| UE Se RS Pe rear AEM Rs I os 54

On the Nest and Eggs of the Lonchura Cheet, Sykes, and

of the Orthotomus Bennettii, Sykes ..........0-.2 ee eeee 140

Tuompson, W., Esq.

On an Immature Specimen of the long-tailed Manis (Manis

tetradactyla, Linn.), from Sierra Leone ..............4+ 28

Notice of the Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus, Linn.).......... 29

Catalogue of Birds new to the Irish Fauna ............ 29

WEATHERHEAD, J. H., M.D.

On two young Specimens of Ornithorhynchus.........- 22

Westwoop, J. O., Esq.

On Nycteribia, a Genus of Wingless Insects .........- 135

YarreELL, W., Esq.

On the Anal Pouch of the Male Fishes in Certain Species

of the Genus Syagnathus, Linn. ........ 000s e vere cee 118

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Sb id

January 14, 1834.

Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Several crania were exhibited of the Lon and of the Tiger, form-

ing part of the Society’s Museum, on which Mr. Owen explained

the distinguishing characteristics of that part of the osseous system

of these two large species of Felis, He adverted in the first instance

to those pointed out by Cuvier in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’, and re-

marked on the first of them,—the straightness of the outline in

the Lion from the mid-space of the postorbital processes to the

end of the nasal bones, in one direction, and to the occiput in the

other,—as not being in all cases available : the second distinction,—

the flattening of the interorbital space in the Lon and its convexity

in the Tiger,—he regarded as being more constant and appreciable

than the one just mentioned. There is, however, a distinction

which he believes has never been published, which is well marked,

and which appears to be constant; for it is found to prevail through-

out the whole of the skulls of these animals which he has had -op-

portunities of examining, including ten of the Lion, and upwards of

twenty of the Ziger. It consists in the prolongation backwards, in

the cranium of the Lion, of the nasal processes of the maxillary

bones to the same transverse line which is attained by the coronal

or superior ends of the nasal bones: in the Tiger the nasal pro-

cesses of the maxillary bones never extend nearer to the transverse

plane attained by the nasal bones than 3rd of an inch, and some-

times fall short of it by 3rds, terminating also broadly in a straight

or angular outline, just as though the rounded and somewhat pointed

ends which these processes have in the Lron had been cut off.

Minor differences, Mr. Owen remarked, exist in the form of the

nasal aperture, which in the Ziger is disposed to narrow down-

wards, and become somewhat triangular, while in the Lion its

No, XIII. PRocEEDINGS oF THE ZooLOGICAL Society.

tendency is towards a square shape; in the deeper sinking, in a

longitudinal depression, of the coronal extremities of the nasal

bones in the Tiger than in the Lion; in the bounding of this de-

pression above in most of the. Tigers’ crania by a small but distinct

semilunar ridge, which is not found in those of the Lion; and in the

larger comparative size, chiefly in their transverse diameter, of the

infraorbital foramina in the Lion. These foramina, it is curious to

observe, are double either on one or both sides in the only four

crania examined of Lions which were known to be Asiatic, while in

all the others the foramen was single on each side.

Specimens were exhibited of Placunanomie from the collection

of Mr. Cuming, and the following Notes by Mr. Broderip respecting

them were read.

Genus PLACUNANOMIA.

Since my publication of this genus in the ‘ Proceedings of the

Committee of Science and Correspondence,’ (Part IJ. p. 28.) Mr.

Cuming has found among his stores the following three species in

addition to Plac. Cumingii, which I have already recorded.

PLAcUNANOoMIA RuDIS. Plac. testd sordidé alba, crassd, concen-

trice irregulariter corrugatd, ints nitidé politd: alt. 12, long. 14,

lat. § poll.

Hab. in India Occidentali.

Oss. Ostree edulis speciem referens.

Mr. Cuming detected this Placunanomia attached to a Spondylus

croceus.—W. J. B.

PLacunANomMIA FouiaTA. Plac. testd subdiaphand, subcirculari,

rudi, subfoliatd, sordid? albd, intus splendente ; valve supertoris

medio purpureo-fusco : alt. 12, long. 14, lat. 4, poll.

Hab. in sinu Guayaquil Columbiz Occidentalis. (Isle of Mu-

erte.

Diedged up attached to a dead Pinna from a bottom of sandy

mud, at the depth of eleven fathoms.

The surface of the inside of the lower valve is uneven but lustrous,

and of a hue somewhat approaching to golden. The inside centre

of the upper valve is of a rich-purple brown. The outer surface of

the lower valve, which has been attached throughout its whole ex-

tent, bears a somewhat crystalline appearance; and this observa-

tion may be applied to the adhering surface of Plac. rudis. In the

last-mentioned species this portion is comparatively small, and the

eye will immediately detect it from the contrast which it affords

with the dull exterior of the part which was free.—W. J. B.

PLACUNANOMIA ECHINATA. lac. testd subtumidd, valvd supe-

riore seriatim echinatd, limbo purpurascente: alt. 14, long. 14,

lat. s poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Nevis.

Dredged up attached to shells, by Mr. Powers, from sandy mud

at a depth of six fathoms.

The inside of the upper valve is of a shining colour, approaching

to golden, and that of the lower is sometimes silvery and sometimes

of a lighter shade of the colour of the inside of the upper valve.

This species varies much in shape, according to circumstances.

Mr, G. B. Sowerby possesses one of an irregular ovate form. In-

deed Placunanomia, in conmon with other adherent genera, varies

much in shape, accommodating its external form to the surface to

which its lower valve is attached. It is remarkable also for putting

on the appearance of other genera or species; and this, with the ex-

treme closeness of the adhesion cf the lower valve, has been per-

haps one of the causes why it has escaped the notice of zoologists.

Thus, Plac. Cumingii, to a casual observer, looks like one of the

plicated Oysters; Plac. rudis greatly resembles the common Oyster,

Ostrea edulis ; and Plac. echinata wears something of the appear-

ance of some of the short-spined Spondyli.—W. J. B.

Besides the species above recorded Mr, G. B, Sowerby has kindly

furnished me with an odd valve of a large species from Lugonia,

beautifully iridescent internally: but as it is believed that this is

identical with the fine shell sold by him to the British Museum, I

leave the description of it to the officers of that institution, in whose

province it is, and who are so fully capable of doing it justice.

This genus, then, appears to be widely diffused. Mr.G. B.Sow-

erby has some other odd valves which may prove new. I possess

two or three specimens adhering to Spondyli from an unknown lo-

cality ; but they appear to be young, and, though I am inclined to

think that there is among them a new species, I wait for further

information before I venture to characterize it.—W. J. B.

Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the pur-

ple-crested Touraco, Corythaix porphyreolopha, Vig.

‘(In commencing the anatomical examination of this Bird, my at-

tention was first directed to the form of the tongue. This was large,

and not confined to the posterior region of the mouth, but ex-

tended to the end of the lower mandible: its apex was beset with

a few small horny bristles directed forwards, as in the Toucans,

Rhamphastos, Linn., but much less produced than in those birds.

It is probable that the ripeness of fruit on which these birds feed is

tested by these yielding processes. The base of the tongue was, as

usual, beset with retroverted papille, and elevated into a distinct

ridge, serving, as in many of the cold-blooded ovzpara, as an epi-

glottis. The interspace between this ridge and the laryngeal aper-

ture was very glandular, That aperture was simple and terminated

posteriorly by two retroverted spines; so that it is defended in some

degree against regurgitated food as well as from that which is swal-

lowed.

«The cesophagus is continued down to the stomach of uniform

ample width (its diameter being ¢rds of an inch) without any dilatation

or ingluvies, as in the true Rasorial birds. Its termination for about

3ths of an inch is occupied by the zone of gastric glands, forming

the proventriculus, which does not deviate in capacity or course from

the rest of the gullet. The gastric follicles are simple, elongated

and rather flattened. The gizzard is small and weak in its parietes,

resembling that of the Zoucan. Its length is 1 inch 4 lines; its

greatest diameter 10 lines. ‘The lateral tendons are distinct, and

the narrower portion beyond the pylorus has the strongest muscu-

lar coat, which, however, does not exceed at this part 4rd of a line

in thickness.

«‘ The capacity of a gizzard of this structure is obviously one

reason why a crop or reservoir is not required: where the muscu-

lar parietes encroach upon the digestive cavity, so as only to allow

small portions of food to enter at a time for the purpose of under-

going trituration, then a crop is as necessary to the gizzard as the

hopper to amill. It is also required in some of the most carni-

vorous birds to enable them to glut themselves with portions of

their prey when too bulky to be borne away entire, and thus to

carry off more than the true digestive cavity can contain. But in

birds which, like the Toucans, the Hornbiills, the Parrots, and the

Touracos, live amidst abundance of nutriment, and that of easy

digestion, a superadded cavity to act as a reservoir, or to submit the

food to maceration previous to its entering upon the digestive pro-

cess, appears unnecessary.

«The intestinal canal in the Touraco has a similar affinity to that

of the tribes of Birds above mentioned, being short, ample and

without ceca. It measured twice the length of the bird from the

end of the bill tothe vent. A small pyloric canal intervenes between

the gizzard and duodenum, and opens into the latter upona valvular

prominence. The duodenum suddenly dilates, and has a diameter

of half an inch; but I am doubtful whether this is natural, as it

was, in the present instance, distended with T@nie, which had per-

forated it in some places, and probably caused the death of the bird.

The fold of the duodenum is 3 inches long, including a narrow bi-

lobed pancreas. The intestine gradually diminishes in diameter to

within 5 inches of the cloaca, when it suddenly dilates, and this

portion has the usual disposition and course of the rectum in birds.

«“ The liver was composed, as usual, of two lobes. There was a

gall-bladder, of an elongated form, with the cystic duct continued

from the end furthest from the intestine. The mode of termination

of the biliary and pancreatic ducts I was uvable to determine, owing

to the morbid adhesions caused by the irritation of the Tenia.

« The testes were small. The kidneys and supra-renal glands

were of the usual structure. |

«From the affinity pointed out by Cuvier between the Touraco

and the Curassows, | examined carefully the structure of the trachea,

so remarkable for its convolutions in the latter family of birds. It

was, however, continued straight to the inferior /arynx, and was

connected to the furculwm only by a slight aponeurosis: the

sterno-tracheal muscles, a single pair, were strong in proportion to

the size of the bird. ‘The rings of the trachea were of a flattened

form, gradually diminishing in size towards the lower extremity of

the tube. The lungs were of the usual form and structure, and the

“eas

air-cells apparently not extending along the neck, or beyond the

abdominal cavity, except to penetrate the osseous system; but of

this I cannot speak with safety, as the bird was skinned before I dis-

sected it.

“« The eye of the Touraco is large, measuring 7 lines in lateral

diameter, The Jens is very convex posteriorly, and its capsule is

attached to a narrow marsupium.

« The clavicles were united, forming an os furcatorium; but they

were extremely weak, and yielded with facility at the point of union.

The keel of the sternum was of moderate size, its greatest depth

being to the length of the sternum as 1 to 4, The posterior mar-

gin of the sternum has two notches on either side of the keel, as in

the Toucan; the lateral ones extending along two thirds the length

of the sternum, the mesial ones about one third.

“ After this detail it is scarcely necessary to observe that in all

the important points of the internal structure the Touraco manifests

close relationship to the Scansorial order, and a marked deviation

from the typical structure of the Rasores, in which the superadded

lateral dilatations of the alimentary tube, the crop and ceca, are so

largely developed.

‘‘ The same affinity is also shown in the nature of its parasitic

worms,—the Tcenie belonging to the species jfiliformis of Ru-

dolphi, so remarkable for the length and tenuity of the body, and

which has hitherto been met with only in the Pszttacide.

“1 had an opportunity in this instance of witnessing very satis-

factorily the mode of generation of the Tenia. Many separate

joints were found in the track of the intestines, which, when viewed

under the lens, were seen full of ova. Each of these joints contained

from thirty to thirty-three ova, of a subglobular form, and a sur-

face rendered irregular by minute asperities. ‘The posterior joints

of the unbroken worms were similarly distended, and readily sepa-

rated.

« This division of the body approximates to the fissiparous mode

of generation; but as the joints are merely the capsules of the ova,

it is more strictly analogous to the mode of generation in the

Lernee and Entomostraca.”

January 28, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A preparation was exhibited of the stomach of Semnopithecus

Maurus, F. Cuv., presented to the Society by G. H. Garnett, Esq.

It was brought under the notice of the Meeting for the purpose of

showing that there exists in that Monkey the extremely elongated

and sacculated form of the viscus, which was first described by

M. Otto, as occurring in Semn. leucoprymnus, and which was subse-

quently exhibited by Mr. Owen, at the Meeting of June 1], 1833,

(Proceedings, Part. I. p. 74.) as obtaining also in the only two spe-

cies of the genus which he had then examined, the Semn. Entel-

lus, F. Cuv., and the Semn. fascicularis, Raffl.,—a structure which

he afterwards described and figured in the ‘Transactions’ (vol. i.

p- 65, pll. 9 and 10). Mr. Owen’s impression that this remark-

able modification of the stomach is a generic peculiarity, receives

confirmation from its occurrence in the first previously unexamined

species which has been dissected within the Society's reach since

the publication of his remarks.

-An extensive series of Eulime, chiefly from the collection of

Mr. Cuming, was exhibited, and the following account by Mr.

G. B. Sowerby of the genus and of the characters of the several

species was read.

Genus Eutima, Risso.

Testa turrita, acuminata, polita, anfractibus plurimis ; apertura

ovata, posticé acuminata ; labio externo subincrassato, varices ob-

soletos frequentes, subsecundos, plerumque efformante: operculo

corneo, tenui, nucleo antico.

This genus of marine Shells appears to be most nearly related to

Pyramidella and Rissoa. A species which has been long known

has had the appellation of Turbo politus among British Linnean

writers; and a fossil species has been placed by Lamarck among

the Bulini, under the specific name of Bul. terebellatus. There

are two distinctly marked divisions of the genus, which are cha-

racterized by the two species above mentioned ; one has a solid

columella, and the other is deeply umbilicated. All the species are

remarkable for a brilliant polish externally, and the shells are fre-

quently slightly and somewhat irregularly twisted, apparently in

consequence of the very obsolete varices following each other in an

irregular line, principally on one side, from the apex toward the

aperture. Several recent species are British, and the fossil species

are found in the calcaire grossier near Paris.

* Perforate.

EvuLIMA SPLENDIDULA. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, brun-

nescente, prope suturas albo castaneoque articulatd ; umbilico mag-

no; aperturd anticé angulatd : long. 1°45, lat. 0-6 poll,

Conch. Illustr., f. 7. ;

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Americe Meridionalis,

A single specimen of this brilliant shell was dredged in sandy

mud at from six to eight fathoms’ depth.-—G. B. S.

Evrima Marmorata. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albido

brunneoque marmoratd ; anfractibus paululiim rotundatis ; um-

bilico magno, patplo ; apertura antice angulatd: long. 0°85,

lat. 0°4: poll.

Conch, Illustr., f. 8. _

Hab.

A single specimen was in the collection of the late G. Humphrey.

—G. B.S.

Eutima interrupta. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidalz, albi-

cante, ad varices brunneo maculata ; umbilico mediocri ; aperturd

anticé angulatd: long. 0°7, lat. 0°25 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 11.

Hab. in America Centrali.

Dredged in coarse sand, at from eleven to thirteen fathoms, in the

Gulf of Nocoiyo.—G. B. S.

Evra impricata. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, albidd,

longitudinaliter spadiceo lineata ; anfractibus infra angulatis,

prominentibus ; umbilico parvo; aperturd anticé angulatd: long.

0°8, at. 0:25 poll.

Conch. Ilustr., f. 4.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Americe Meridionalis.

Dredged in sandy mud in from six to eight fathoms.— G. B.S.

Evurima srunnes. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, brunned;

anfractibus rotundatis ; umbilico parvo ; aperturd anticé rotundatd :

long. 0°6, lat. 0-2 poll. i

Conch. Tllustr., f. 9.

Hab, ad Insulam Haynan dictam, in mare Sinensi.

7 ig specimens were in the late G. Humphrey’s collection —

** Imperforate.

Evima Brevis. Eul. testa brevi, acuminatd, hyalind ; varicibus

subsecundis ; aperturd antic rotundatd : long. 0°4, lat. 0'15 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 15.

Hab. ad Insulas Oceani Pacifici.

ic ns on the Mother-of-pearl Shells at Lord Hood's Island.—

“BS:

Eutima uastata. Eul..testd breviusculd, albd, prope apicem

testaced ; aperturd ovatd, margine laterali anticdque subangulatis :

long. 0-7, te 02, poll.

Conch. IIlustr., f. 10.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.—G. B. S.

Euuima Magor. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, opacd, lacted ;

labio eaterno subarcuato: long. 1°6, lat, 0'4 poll.

Conch. Illustr., ff. 1. 1*. 1**,

Hab. ad Insulam Tahiti.

The largest specimen was found in coral sand on the reefs.—

G, BS.

‘Eutima Lasiosa. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, latiusculd .

anfractibus subrotundatis ; aperturd brevi, labio externo postice

dilatato: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 2.

Hab, ad Insulam Annaa Oceani Pacifici.

Found in fine coral sand.—G. B. S.

Eutima ANGLICA.

Turbo politus, Mont., Test. Brit. Conch. Illustr., f. 5.

EuLIMA suBANGULATA. Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, tenut,

opacd, albd ; anfractu ultimo antic? subangulato : long. 0°7, lat.

0-2 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 3.

Hab. ad littora maris Indici.

A few specimens were among the late G. Humphrey’s stores, la-

belled E. 1.—G. B.S.

Euuima pusitia, Eul. testd acuminato-pyramidali, tenui, hya-

lind, alba ; anfractibus longiusculis: long. 0:3, lat. 0:05, poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 6.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Americ Meridionalis.

Variat omnino fusca.—G. B. S.

Eutma ArticuLata, Eul, testé acuminato-pyramidali, alba,

Jusco articulatd et marmoratd ; anfractibus subrotundatis; varici-

bus subprominulis ; labio externo crassiusculo: long.0'9, lat.0:25

oll.

eh, Illustr., f. 12.

_ Hab, ad littora Australie.

This species is remarkable for the dark coloration immediately

anterior to each varix.—G. B.S.

Euitma varians. Eul. testd subfusiformi, acuminatd, tenui,

coloribus varid ; aperturd oblongd : long. 0°5, lat. 0:15 poll.

Conch. Illustr., f. 14.

Hab, ad Xipixapi Americe Meridionalis.

Two specimens were collected in sandy mud by Mr. Cuming, one

of which is white, the other dark brown: several others were among

G. Humphrey’s stores, some of which are white, others are marked

with brown lines and mottled.—G. B. S.

Eutima uineata, Eul, testd fusiformi, tenui, albd, lineis fuscis

duabus spiralibus ; aperturd oblongd: long. 07, lat. 0-1 poll,

Conch. Illustr , f, 13.

Hab.

Several specimens of this were in G. Humphrey’s collection,

marked “ Spira lineata, Weymouth, M.P.”: these two last letters

stand for Musi Portlandici. 1 make no further remark, save that

it appears to have been published by Da Costa under the name of

‘Turbo glaber.—G. B. S.

Euuima acura. Eul. testd turrito-acutd, albd ; anfractibus duo-

decim levibus, suturis obsoletis ; varicibus sparsis: long. 04,

lat. 0°05 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Bay of Montiji.)

Found in coarse sand at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

February 11,1834.

Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, July 13,

1833. It conveyed the thanks of the writer for the present to him

on the part of the Society of an illustrative series of skins of Bards;

and, referring to the mortality among the living Birds and Qua-

drupeds forwarded by him for the Society’s Menagerie, it expressed

a hope that a subsequent attempt would be more successful.

Portions were exhibited of the viscera of a Capybara, Hydroche-

vus Capybara, Erxl., taken from an individual which recently died

in the Society’s Menagerie. ‘They consisted of the stomach, the

enormous cecum, and the fauces. In calling the attention of the

Meeting to the latter parts, Mr. Owen availed himself of the oppor-

tunity to demonstrate the structure first observed in them by Mr.

Morgan, by whom it has been described and figured in the lately

published Part of the ‘Linnean Transactions’. The constriction of

the hinder part of the soft palate, which prevents any but minutely

divided substances from passing into the pkarynx, and which was

first observed in the Capybdara, is found in many other Rodents, but

does not obtain in the whole of the animals of that order.

Various preparations were exhibited of the Rhea, Rhea Ameri-

cana, Vieill., and of the Cassowary, Casuarius Emeu, Lath. They

were brought under the notice of the Society by Mr. Martin, who,

at the request of the Chairman, read his notes of the dissections of

these birds. They agreed generally with the descriptions published

by Sir Everard Home in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions.’

Mr. Martin also exhibited a preparation of aneurism of the aorta,

obtained from a brown Coati, Nasua_ fusca, F. Cuv., sent to the So-

ciety for post mortem examination by J. H. Lance, Esq. He stated

that this disease appeared to be rare among Quadrupeds, no previ-

ous instance of it having occurred to him among more than a hun-

dred individuals of various orders which he had dissected within

the last few years.

A preparation was exhibited of a young common Macaque Monkey,

Macacus cynomolgus, LaCép., which was born at the Gardens on

the morning of the 25th January, but was dead when first noticed by

the keeper. It is the first instance that has occurred in the Society's

Menagerie of the birth of any Monkey of the Old Continent.

The reading was concluded of a Paper entitled “A few Remarks

No. XIV. Procexpines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL Socrery,

tending to illustrate the Natural History of two Annulose Genera,

namely Urania of Fabricius and Mygale of Walckeniier: by W.S.

MacLeay, Esq.”

Adverting in the first place to the doubts which prevail among

entomologists as to the true situation in nature of the genus Urania,

Mr. MacLeay proceeds to contribute towards the elucidation of the

problem, the history of one species which appears to him to be

possibly new. He characterizes it as

Urania Fernanpin&®. Ur. alis nigris, anticis utringue lineis

transversis auro-viridibus supra undecim, septimd bifidd, subtus

sex humeralibus latis, septimd bifidd, octavd longissimd trifidd;

reliquis apicalibus filiformibus ; posticis supra fascid haud ser-

ratd et lineis octo brevibus lateralibus transversis auro-viridibus.

Exp. alarum 4—4+ unc.

Hab. in Cuba,

Mr. MacLeay describes in great detail the perfect insect, and

points out, as far as printed descriptions and figures exhibit them,

(he having at present no access to cabinets,) the marks which di-

stinguish Ur. Sloanus, Godart, and Ur. Boisduvalii, Guér., from the

Cuban species. He conceives, however, from the many variations

that he discovers in it, that this insect may be merely a variety of

Ur. Sloanus, to which species Ur. Boisduvalii may also possibly

be referred as a small variety.

The coast of Cuba, in every open sandy part of it, is girt imme-

diately above the coral reefs by a copse belt, close and nearly im-

penetrable, composed of almost one species of tree, the sea-side

Grape, Coccoloba wvifera, Linn. At the base of this belt grow vari-

ous Euphorbiacee and Convolvuli ; and behind it the parched sand

supports many sea-side shrubs, including Palms, Cesalpinie, Cacti,

&c., festooned with the flowers of Convolvuli, Echites, and other —

climbing plants: the leaves are studded with small terrestrial shells,

and large sea-shells, brought from their original element by the

singular Paguri which have usurped them, cluster round the short

stunted trunks.

Among the shrubs of these sands the most interesting is Ompha-

lea triandra, the cob or hog-nut of Jamaica, a Euphorbiaceous

plant, but affording a most delicious and wholesome kernel: its

upper leaves are large, heart-shaped, and thick, having a leathery

texture and scabrous pale green surface; the young leaves and

those of young plants have the same texture and colour, but differ

remarkably in form, being deeply incised, with their divisions long

and narrow, particularly the middle one, and all more or less den-

tated on the sides. On the upper side of the entire leaves of this

shrub torpidly reposes during the day, under a transparent web

which protects it from the powerful rays of the sun, a caterpillar,

which at night becomes active and greedily strips the Omphalea of

its foliage: this is the Jarva of Ur, Fernandine.

The egg of this insect may be found, throughout the whole of the

spring, glued to the tender incised leaves of the Omphalea, scarcely

ever more than two being attached to a single leaf: it has a pearly

justre and a pale green colour, sometimes turning to yellow; and

varies in shape from an ovate to an oblate spheroid. A circular

space on its summit is smooth, and from hence proceed about

twenty-four longitudinal ribs, the intervals between which are

crossed by obsolete size.

The young /arva is of the same colour with the egg, is marked by

seven longitudinal black lines of hairs, and has a dirty yellowish

head. When fully grown it is cylindrical, is without hinder pro-

tuberance on the penultimate segment, and has the more usual six-

teen feet: it rarely rolls itself into a ring. Its head is sessile and

red, with usually nearly twenty black spots, several of which seem

to be tolerably constant; the maadibles are black. The prothorax

is velvety black, with a white dorsal line and two or three white

irregular spots at the sides; but the proportion of white varies, and

there is sometimes a slight red spot on the back of the segment.

The body varies from pale yellowish green to a flesh colour, with

five paler longitudinal lines, of which the middle one is dorsal: the

false feet are somewhat paler than the body; the true feet are red.

The mesothoracic segment is rarely spotted, but all the others are

often marked more or less with black spots. The spiracles are

usually black. Each segment is furnished with about six hairs,

which are white, .and nearly one fifth as long as the whole body.

The pupa is not at all angular, but is rather gaily coloured; it is

of a yellowish brown, with the thorax paler and the wings darker.

The head is rounded and is marked, as well as the mesothoraz, with

several black spots; on the latter these are interspersed with points:

the abdominal segments are each marked transversely with numer-

ous black linear dots. The position of the pupa is horizontal, in

an oval cocoon composed of a loose dirty-yellow silk, (with meshes

so few and so lax as to allow the inmate to be readily seen,) and

spun about withered or dead leaves.

The perfect insect is truly diurnal, swift in its flight, mounting

high in the air, and travelling inland for two or three leagues, where

it haunts gardens in great numbers, By far the greater number,

however, remain on the sea-shore, sporting about the leaves of the

Coccoloba wvifera, unless when depositing their eggs on the Ompha-

lea. Its habit of frequenting the Coccoloba induced Mr. MacLeay

to search long in vain for its Jarva on that tree. When it alights,

all the four wings are expanded horizontally, and rarely, if ever,

take a vertical position.

Mr. MacLeay concludes this portion of his paper by referring to

Madame Merian’s description of the metamorphosis of Ur. Leilus,

and to her figure of its Jarva; both of which he regards as unworthy

of credit. He then passes to her account of a bird-catching Spider.

The story of a Spider which catches and devours birds had, Mr,

MacLeay believes, its origin with Madame Merian. Oviedo, Labat,

and Rochefort make no mention of any Spider as possessing such

habits, the two latter writers going no further than the statement

that in the Bermudas there exists one which makes nets of so strong

a construction as to entangle small birds. Madame Merian, however,

went the length of asserting that one Spzder not only caught, but

devoured small birds; and figured the Mygale avicularia, Walcken.,

in the act of preying on a Humming-bird. Now the Mygale does

not spin a net, but resides in tubes under ground, and in all its

movements keeps close to the earth; while Humming-birds never

perch except on branches. The food of Mygale consists of Julz,

Porcelliones, subterranean Achet@a, and Biatte: a living Humming-

bird and a small Anolis, placed in one of its tubes, were not only

not eaten by the Spider, but the latter actually quitted its hole, which

it left in possession of the intruders. The largest Spider of the West

Indies that spins a geometrical web is the Nephila clavipes, Leach;

and its net may perhaps, occasionally, be strong enough to arrest

the smaller among the Humming-birds : but it is not likely that the

Spider would eat the birds. A small species of Spheriodactylus, Cuv.,

introduced into one of these nets, was enveloped in the usual man-

ner by the Spider; but as soon as the operation was completed, the

Spider lost no time in cutting the line and allowing her prisoner to

fall to the ground. Mr. MacLeay consequently disbelieves the

existence of any hird-catching Spider.

The Paper was accompanied throughout by numerous notes, in-

cluding observations on many subjects adverted to by the author;

such as the habits of the Jand-Crabs of Cuba; a description of the

grey Lizard of the coast, apparently a species of Agama; &c. They

also included an account of two species of Spheriodactylus, Cuv.,

which are characterized as follows:

SPHERIODACTYLUS CINEREUS. Spher. caudd corporis longitudine ;

totus cinereus, translucidus, capite flaviori, apice roseo ; sqguamis

dorsalibus punctis minutissimis nigris aspersis.

Long. tot. 23 unc.

This may possibly be the small house Lizard of Browne’s Jamaica.

SPH#RIODACTYLUS ELEGANS, Spher. fasciis dorsalibus transversis

nigris 14; capite cceruleo-cinereo, subtis nigro-fasciato ; dorso

subviridi ; caudd rubrd, corpore breviore ; ventre cinereo.

Long. tot. 14 une.

Both these Lizards are very common in houses in Cuba, occur-

ring among books or wherever they can find shelter. They have

bright eyes, are pretty and very harmless, and come out of their

corners in rainy weather, declaring war against everything in the

shape of a fly or musquitoe.

The Paper was also accompanied by drawings of the egg, larva,

and pupa of Urania Fernandine, which were exhibited. :

h—_

is)

February 25, 1834.

Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by M. W. Bojer,

Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Mauritius, Nov. 15, 1833. It referred

principally to the animal from Madagascar, which was transmitted

in the spring of last year to the Society by the late Mr. Telfair,

and which was brought by Mr. Bennett on April 9, 1833, (Pro-

ceedings, Part I. p. 46,) under the notice of the Society as the

type of a new genus, for which he proposed the name of Crypto-

procta, on account of its possessing an anal pouch, and being thereby

distinguishable from Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. One of the habits of

the Cryptoprocta ferox indicated, during the life of the animal, the

existence of this pouch: when violently enraged, and it was apt to

become exceedingly ferocious on the sight of a morsel of flesh, “it

frequently gratified the persons present with, not an odoriferous,

but a most disagreeable smell, very like that of Mephitis.” When

its voracity was not thus excited, it was ‘quite domesticated and

extremely fond of playing with children,” and ran ‘about the house

and yard free and sprightly, eating everything.” When at liberty

‘it lay constantly in a rolling posture;” in confinement its sleep-

ing position was not that of the Viverre, “but always on its side,

or even on its back, holding with its fore-feet the small wires of its

cage.” “It died of epileptic fits, which tormented it for nearly

three months, and during the last few days of its existence the at-

tacks were very strong and frequent.” It had lived in the Mauri-

tius, M. Bojer states, about twenty-five months; and he feels on

this account some hesitation as to the immature condition of its

dentary system, inquiring whether “this period was not sufficient

for its developement, or were the detention and domestication the

cause of the imperfection?”

With reference to this inquiry, Mr. Bennett remarked that in

the Viverride generally the replacement of the milk teeth takes

place at a comparatively late period of existence, a fact recorded

by Mr. Gray in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science and

Correspondence’ of this Society (Part II., p.65), and principally in-

sisted on as regards Paradoxurus, a genus most intimately allied to

Cryptoprocta. He added, that the fits of which the animal died

were not improbably occasioned by the irritation of dentition.

Mr. Bennett’s account of Cryptoprocta ferox, with a figure of the

animal, will be published in the Second Part of the Society’s ¢‘Trans-

actions.’

The reading was commenced of a Paper, entitled ‘‘ Descriptions

of New Species of Calyptraide: by W. J. Broderip, Esq.” ; and

the Shells described in it, chiefly obtained from the collection of

-Mr. Cuming, were exhibited. The abstract of this Paper, in-

cluding the characters of the new species, will be given on the

completion of the reading of it.

Mr, Owen read a Paper “On the Anatomy of the Calyptreide.”

After referring to the account given by Cuvier of the anatomy of

Crepidula, to that by M. Deshayes of Calyptrea, and to M. Lesson’s

of Crepipatella, as elucidating the general plan of organization in

this family, he proceeds to describe the structure of Calypeopsis.

The anatomy of this genus agrees very nearly with that of the

before-known genera of the family, scarcely differing, except in the

comparative extent of the locomotive and respiratory systems; but

Mr. Owen has been enabled to add to the labours of his predeces-

sors an account of the testis, anda description of the salivary glands,

The ¢estis is lodged in a membranous chamber, and consists of a

glandular part of a light brown colour, and of a fibrous texture when

seen under the lens; though, from analogy, the apparent fibres are

no doubt seminal tubes. By the side of the testis there is a bag, or

vesicula seminalis, appropriated to receive the secretion, which

communicates with the termination of the oviduct posterior to the

anus; the anus being situated on the right side of the branchial

orifice, anterior to the ¢estis, which here separates it from the ovi-

duct. Between the ¢estis and the process on the right side of the

neck (regarded by Cuvier as the penis,) Mr. Owen has been unable

to trace any communication: he feels, consequently, convinced

that if this process forms part of the male generative system, it is to

be regarded rather as an exciting than an intromittent organ.

The salivary apparatus consists of two elongated follicles with

glandular parietes, occupying the neck on either side of the @so-

phagus, anterior to the nervous collar, and opening into the a@sopha-

gus on each side of the base of the lingual plate.

After passing in review the several systems, Mr. Owen concludes

by remarking on the internal chamber or cup which exists in the

shells of this family. He regards it as being necessitated by the

greater extent of the locomotive powers in Calyptrea than in Pa-

tella; a calcareous plate being interposed between the viscera and

the foot to protect them from the pressure to which they would

otherwise be exposed during the comparatively extensive and fre-

quent contractions of the latter organ. As respiration has a direct

relation to locomotion, the Calyptreide approach towards the

higher marine univalves in the organs dedicated to that function.

Throughout the family the extent of the respiratory lamina is found

to correspond with the extent of the internal shell, and with the

extent and organization of the foot.

Numerous specimens were exhibited of Birds collected in North

America, principally in the United States, by George Folliott, Esq.,

and presented by him to the Society. At the request of the Chair-

man, Mr. Gould brought. them severally under the notice of the

Meeting. His principal object being to illustrate, so far as these

‘15

birds were concerned, the geographical distribution of allied or

identical-species, he directed his observations chiefly to the deter-

mination of those North American Birds which seemed to him to be

referrible to European species, and of those which, having been

generally considered as identical with European, appeared, on di-

rect comparison, to present differences in form and colouring.

The common Turnstone of Europe, Strepsilas collaris, Temm.,

appears to be not only identical with the Turnstone of North Ame.

rica, but to be spread, without any tangible variation, over almost

every portion of the globe. The Sanderling, Calidris arenaria, Temm.,

and the Knot, Tringa Canutus, Linn., are also identical in both

continents ; as is the great white Heron or Egret, Ardea Egretta,

Temm. The common Tern or Sea-Swallow of England, Sterna

Hirundo, Linn., occurs equally in North America, The common

Crow, Corvus Corone, Linn., is also identical in both continents.

With respect to the Whimbrel, Numenius pheopus, Temm., and

the little Sandpiper, Tringa Temminckii, Mr. Gould stated himself

to be unable to determine as to their identity without the compari-

son of more specimens from America than he had yet been able to

obtain for the purpose of examination.

The Cross-bill of North America Mr. Gould showed to be very

distinct from that of Europe, the Loxia curvirostra, Linn.; it is

one third less in all its proportions, and is somewhat less brilliant in

colouring. The Ring Dottrel of North America is also specifically

distinct from that of Europe, the Charadrius Hiaticula, Linn.; in-

dependently of differences in admeasurement, its semipalmated foot

will always serve to distinguish it.

In addition to the Birds that have been already mentioned, Mr.

Folliott’s collection contained a series of the Sylviadc of the United

States, several Fly-catchers, the Orphea rufa, &c., &c.

Mr. Gray exhibited specimens of the shelly covering of a Radiated

animal, allied to the Echinide and the Asteriide, which he regarded

as the type of a new genus, and for which he proposed the name

of ‘

GANYMEDA.

Corpus hemisphzricum, depressum; depressione dorsi centrali

quadrangulari.

Os inferum, centrale.

Anus nullus:

Ambulacra nulla. °

‘«« The body is hemispherical, depressed, thin, chalky and hollow.

“ The back is rounded, rather depressed, flattened behind, with a

rather sunk quadrangular central space.

«The sides are covered with sunken angular cavities with a small

round ring, having an oblong transverse subcentral hole in their

base.

“ The under side is small, rather concave, with five slight sloping

elevations from the angles of the mouth to the angles of the rather

pentagonal margin, The edge is simple.

“The mouth is central. The vent none.

‘* The cavity is simple.

“The parietes are thin and minutely dotted, and the centre of

the dorsal disc is pellucid.

‘«« This genus is very nearly allied to the fossil described by Dr.

Goldfuss in his beautiful work on Petrifactions, under the name of

Glenotremites paradoxus (tab. 49, f. 9. and t.51.f. 1.), with which it

agrees in external appearance and form, in the possession of

a sunken space on its upper surface, and in having only a single in-

ferior pentagonal mouth. It differs from Glenotremites by being un-

furnished with ambulacra running from the angle of the mouth to

the margin, by being unprovided with conical cavities between those

near the mouth, and by having in the flattened disc on the back a

central quadrangular impression instead of the pentagonal star of

that genus.

“Dr. Goldfuss describes the glenoid cavities on the surface as

giving attachment to spines similar to those of the Turban Echini,

( Cidaris, Lam.),and states that the under surface is covered with very

small tubercles to which he believes spines were attached. The

cavities on the surface of Ganymeda and the pits in them have very

much the form of those figured by Dr. Goldfuss in his fossil, but I

cannot regard them as being fitted for the attachment of spines:

they have much more resemblance to the mouths of cells. So great,

indeed, is this resemblance, that I entertained doubts whether the

whole mass might not be a congeries of cells like the Lunulites,

rather than the case of a single body, until I considered that it was

impossible, from its form, that it could increase in size with the

growth of the animal, and that its exceeding regularity proved that

it must be the formation of a single creature.

“I am induced to consider these two genera, though differing in

the above-stated particulars, as forming a family or order between

the Echinide and the Asteriide; allied to the latter in having only

a single opening to the digestive canal, and agreeing with the former

in form and consistence, but differing from it in not being composed

of many plates.

“<I only know two specimens of this genus, which I believe were

found on the coast of Kent, as I discovered them mixed with a quan-

tity of Discopora Patina which I collected several years ago from

Juci and shells on that coast. The specimens are 4 of an inch in

diameter.

“I propose to call the species Ganymeda pulchella.”

March 11, 1834.

William Spence, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens and drawings were exhibited of a freshwater Tortoise,

forming part of the collection of Mr. Bell, by whom it was described

as the type of a new genus, for which he proposed the name of

CycLemys.

Siernum latum, testam dorsalem longitudine feré aquans, inte-

grum, solidum ; teste dorsali ligamento squamato connexum.

Cyciemys orsicunara. Cycl. iestd suborbiculari, carinatd, postic?

dentatd, fused ; scutis sterni flavescentibus, fusco radiatim lineatis.

Long. dorsi, 8 unc. ; lat. 7; alt. 3.

Emys orbiculata, Beil.

Pullus. Emys Dhor, Gray, Syn. Rept., p. 20.?

Hab. in India.

Mr. Bell regards the Tortoise which he has thus characterized as

supplying a link in the connecting series of the land with the fresh-

water families which has hitherto been wanting ; and as especially

valuable in the natural arrangement, by the clue which it furnishes

to the correct location of the Indian forms of the genus Emys. Itis,

indeed, most nearly related to Emys spinosa, and on a superficial ob-

servation might almost be referred to that species ; but on closer

examination it is found to differ from that Tortoise, not only specifi-

cally, but generically also : its sternal bones are permanently sepa-

rated from the dorsal ones, with which they are connected by means

of a ligament alone, similar to that which performs the same office in

Terrapene. From the Box- Tortoises, however, to which, in this point

of its structure, it is so closely related, Cyclemys is altogether distinct,

the whole of its sternum being entire, instead of having, as is invari-

ably the case in Terrapene, one or more transverse divisions of the

sternum itself, the lobes of which move as ona hinge. In Terr.

Europea this mobility of the sternum exists in each lobe in a small

degree, combined with the ligamentous connexion of the sternal to

the dorsal bones. In Cyclemys the whole sternum moves together,

though very slightly.

The transition from the land to the freshwater Tortoises may con-

sequently be regarded as commencing in Terrapene ; passing through

Terr. Europea to Cyclemys orbiculata ; and thence through the In-

dian forms of Emys, which so closely resemble the latter species, to

the other forms of Emys: the natural series of connexion between the

Testudinide and the Emydide@ being thus completed.

_ The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained

in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those now exhibited were accom-

No, XV. ProcreEpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

panied by characters by Mr. G, B. Sowerby, and consisted of species

and varieties additional to those previously characterized by Mr. Bro-

derip, (Proceedings, Part I. p. 52.) of the

Genus Conus.

Conus Atcornsis. Con. testd tenuiusculd, subcylindraced, levi,

fused, fascii unied seu fasciis duabus interruptis albis ; spird

brevi, subrotundatd, albo fuscoque articulatd : long. 1"15, lat. 0°55

poll. ate

Hab. ad littora Africee Meridionalis.

Found on the sands at Algoa Bay.—G. B. S.

Conus Auuicus.

Var. roseus. Testa formd et staturd Con. Aulico omnind simillimd,

maculis irregulariter subtrigonis, roseis,

Hab, ad Insulam Annaa.

This, the most beautiful variety of Con. Aulicus, is found on the

coral reefs around the Island of Annaa or Chain Island.—G. B. S.

Conus NussatTe.ua.

Var. tenuis. Testd tenui, albd, flavicante nebulatd, punctulis fuscis

transverse seriatim dispositis ; striis transversis tenuissimis.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaa,

Found on the coral reefs.

This variety differs in being more slender, much thinner, more pro-

duced at the spiral end, and wider anteriorly, from the ordinary va-

riety. Its transverse stri@ are, moreover, very fine, and its brown

specks much more distant and regular.—G, B. 3.

Conus rENDINEUS.

Var. granulosus. Testa formd et staturd omnind Con. tendinei, striis

transversis confertis granulosis.

Hab, ad Insulam Annaa.

Found on the coral reefs.—G. B. S.

Conus Luzonicus.

Var. Testa forma et staturd omnino Con. Luzonici, fusco-nigricante,

fascia interruptd mediand carulescente-albidd, anticé albido va-

rid.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in the clefts of rocks at low water.

A specimen of the more usual variety, which accompanies these,

shows the epidermis.—G. B. S.

Conus BRuNNEUS, Wood. Con. testd turbinatd, crassd, coronatd,

fused, maculis albis transverse fasciatim dispositis ; spird subpromi-

nuld, albo fuscogue maculatd, spiraliter sulcatd, tuberculis magnis ;

basi lineis elevatis, subgranosis: long. 1°8, lat. \- poll.

Wood, Suppl. pl. 3. f. 1.

Variat testa crassiore, tota fusca, immaculata.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos, ad Puertam Portreram et ad Pana-

mam.

Found in the clefts of rocks —G. B. S.

Conus puncuEetius. Con. testd oblongo-turbinatd, coronuatd, albi-

cante roseo tinctd ; superne turgiduld, infra granoso-lineatd ;

punctulis nonnullis fuseo-nigricantibus sparsis ; aperturd intés car-

ned: long. 1:5, lat, 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad littora occidentalia Australie.

From Freemantle.—G. B. S.

Conus Diapema. Con. testd turbinatd, levi, crassd, coronatd, fuscd,

fascid angustd mediand pallidiore ; spird subdepressd, tuberculis

magnis, albis ; apice mucronato ; basi lineis elevatiusculis nonnul-

lis ; aperturd intis purpureo-albicante : long, 1°7, lat. 1+ poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in the clefts of the rocks at low water.—G. B. S.

Conus rerruearus. Con. testd acuminato-conicd, levi, albd, maculis

longitudinalibus punctisque seriatim dispositis ferrugineis ; spird

subacuminatd, albd, ferrugineo maculatd ; basi sulcatd : long. 1-7,

lat. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Californie et apud Insulam Guaymas,

This differs much from Con. monilifer in its proportions.—G. B. S.

Conus Reeaxiraris. Con. testdturbinatd, levi, crassiusculd, superne

ventricosd, spadiced, maculis punctulisque albo-ceerulescentibus va-

rid; spird depressiusculd, spiraliter sulcatd ; basi lineis elevatius-

culis paucis, subrugosis : long. 2°, lat. 1°1 poll.

Hab. ad littora Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.)

Found in the clefts of rocks on sandy mud.

It may be designated Real Llejos or Royalty Cone.—G. B. S.

A specimen was exhibited of the Musk Duck of New Holland,

Hydrobates lobatus,'Temm. It had recently been presented to the

Society by Lieut. Breton, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z. S., who entered into

some particulars respecting its habits. He stated that these birds are

so extremely rare, that he saw only thrée of them during his various

excursions, which extended over twelve hundred miles of country.

He has never heard of any instance in which more than two were

seen together. They are met with only on the rivers, and in pools

Jeft in the otherwise dry beds of streams. It is extremely difficult to

shoot them, on account of the readiness with which they dive; the

instant the trigger is drawn, the bird is under water.

Some observations by Dr. Hancock on the Lantern-fly and other

Insects of Guiana were read.

The writer concurs with M. Richard and M. Sieber in regarding

as erroneous the statement of Madame Merian, that the Lantern-fly,

Fulgora lanternaria, Linn., exhibits at night a brilliant light, and

remarks that the whole of the native tribes of Guiana agree in treating

this story as fabulous : it seems to be an invention of Europeans de-

sirous of assigning a use to the singular diaphanous projection, re-

sembling a horn lantern, in front of the head of the insect. He also

states that the Fulgore rarely sing.

The insect whose song is most frequently heard in Guiana is the Ci-

cada clarisona, the Aria-aria of the Indians, and Razor-grinder of the

Colonists : in the cool shade of the forests it may be heard at almost

every hour of the day; but in Georgetown its song commences as

the sun disappears below the horizon. At Georgetown this Cicada

was never heard in 1804, when Dr. Hancock first visited the place ;

but it is now very common, probably in consequence of the shelter

afforded by the growth of many trees and shrubs in the gardens which

have since been formed there. The sound emitted by it is ‘‘ a long,

continuous, shrill tone, which might be compared almost to that of a

clarionet, and is little interrupted, except occasionally by some vibrat-

ing undulations.”

March 25, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of an Albatross presented to the So-

ciety by Lieut. Breton, Corr. Memb. Z. S., whose principal object in

calling the attention of the Society to it was to mention that, being

unprovided at the time at which the bird was killed with any of the

ordinary preserving powder or soap, he had used for its preservation

a mixture of Cayenne and black peppers with snuff and salt. The

skin, well rubbed with this mixture, was brought through the inter-

tropical regions in an ordinary trunk, affording free access to insects, —

and arrived in England uninjured. Lieut. Breton conceives that it

may be advantageous to collectors to be made aware that the pre-

servation of skins can be secured by articles so constantly at hand as

those which he employed in this instance.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells forming

part of the collection made by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of

South America, and among the islands of the South Pacific Ocean.

Those brought on the present evening under the notice of the So-

ciety were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and

consisted of five species of the

Genus GasTROCHENA.

Gastrocuzna ovata. Gast. testd ovatd, albicante, longitudina-

liter striatd, striis exilibus, lamellosis, formam marginis semper

sequentibus ; longitudine lateris antici quintam partem teste

equante: long. 1:2, lat. 0:7, alt. 0°7 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Panamensi (Isle of Perico,) et ad Insulam Plate.

Found in Spondyli at the Isle of Perico, and in coral rocks, at a

depth of seventeen fathoms, at the Island of Plata.—G. B. S.

Gasrrocua@na TRUNCATA. Gast. testd oblongd, postic? rotundato-

truncatd, striatd, sordidé albicante ; epidermide tenui lamellosaé

postice tectd ; latere antico brevissimo, subacuminato : long. 1*4,

lat. 0°7, alt. O°7 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Panamensi. (Isle of Perico.)

Found in Spondyli.—G. B..S.

Gastrrocuana Brevis. Gast. testd breviter ovatd, tenui, pellucida,

striatd, striis ewilissimis ; longitudine lateris antici octavam par-

tem test@ aquante ; long. 0°8, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et apud Insulam Lord Hood's dictam.

Found in Pearl oysters in from three to seven fathoms.—G. B, S.

GasTROCHENA RUGULOSA. Gast, testd oblongd, albidd, striatd, ru-

gulosd, striis anticis prope marginem hiantem confertis, acutis ;

hiatu longissimo ; long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 04 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et apud Insulam Lord Hood's dictam,

Found with the last.—G. B. S.

GasrrocuzNa nyaLina. Gast. testd ovali, albidd, hyalind, levi,

dorso longitudinaliter striato ; latere antico brevi ; hiatu duos

trientes teste aquante: long. 0°55, lat. 0°25, alt. 0-3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam.

Found with the two last.—G. B. S.

A Note was read from Mr. Gray, giving an account of the arrival

in England of two living specimens of Cerithium armatum, which had

been obtained at the Mauritius, and had been brought from thence in

a dry state. That the inhabitants of land Shells will remain alive

without moisture for many months is well known: he had tad occa-

sion to observe that various marine Mollusca will also retain life in a

state of torpidity for a considerable time, some facts in illustration of

which he had communicated at a recent Meeting of the Society (Pro-*

ceedings, Part I., p. 116.): the present instance included, however,

a torpidity of so long a continuance as to induce him to mention it

particularly. The animal, though deeply contracted within the shell,

was apparently healthy, and beautifully coloured. It emitted a con-

siderable quantity of bright green fluid, which stained paper of a grass

green colour: it also coloured two or three ounces of pure water.

This green solution, after standing for twelve hours in a stoppered

bottle, became purplish at the upper part ; but the paper retained its

green colour though exposed to the atmosphere.

The Secretary mentioned an instance of the arrival in this country

of a living Cerithium Telescopium, Brug., brought from Calcutta, in

company with some small Paludina, which also reached England

alive : these Moliusca were, however, kept in sea water frequently

changed. The Cerithium was placed by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, for dissec-

tion, in the hands of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley and G. H. Hoffman,

Esq., who have prepared a paper on its anatomy for the forthcoming

No. of the ‘ Zoological Journal’ : it will be illustrated by a series of

figures, which were exhibited to the Meeting. It is worthy of re-

mark, that the spirit in which this animal was immersed for the pur-

pose of killing it, and in which it was kept for some weeks, became of

a dark verdigris colour.

Dr. Weatherhead exhibited two young Ornithorhynchi preserved

in spirit, which he had recently received from New Holland, and

stated his intention of presenting one of them to the Society’s Mu-

seum. The smallest of them is about two inches in length; the

largest about four. Both are destitute of hair; and in both the

eye-lids are closed. In the smaller one there is a vestige of an

umbilical slit.

The larger of the two is one of those which were kept in captivity,

with their dam, by Lieut. the Hon, Lauderdale Maule, as noticed

in a communication read at the Meeting of the Committee of Sci-

ence and Correspondence of this Society on September 11, 1832,

(Proceedings, Part II. p. 145). With it was exhibited the dried

skin of the dam, to which the mammary glands, largely developed,

had been left adhering.

A Note from Lieut. Breton, Corr. Memb. Z. S., was read, giving

an account of an Echidna, which lived with him for some time in New

Holland, and survived a part of the voyage to England. The animal

was captured by him on the Blue Mountains : it is now very uncom-

mon in the colony of New South Wales. He regards it as being of

its size the strongest quadruped in existence. It burrows readily,

but he knows not to what depth.

Previously to embarkation this individual was fed on ant-eggs and

milk, and when on board its diet was egg chopped small with liver

and meat. It drank much water. Its mode of eating was very curi-

ous, the tongue being used at some times in the manner of that of

the Chameleon, and at others in that in which a mower uses his

scythe, the tongue being curved laterally, and the food, as it were,

swept into the mouth: there seemed to be an adhesive substance on

the tongue, by which the food was drawn in, The animal died sudden-

ly off Cape Horn, while the vessel was amidst the ice ; perhaps in con-

sequence of the cold, but not improbably on account of the eggs with

which it was fed being extremely bad.

Lieut. Breton agrees with MM. Quoy and Gaimard in believing

that little difficulty would be experienced in bringing alive to Europe

the Echidna or Porcupine Ant-eater of New Holland. He suggests

the following plan.

Previously to embarkation the animal should gradually be weaned

from its natural food of ants, which may be done with great facility

by giving it occasionally ants and ant-eggs, (the last is, in fact, more

properly speaking, its common food,) but more generally milk, with

eggs chopped very small, or egg alone. When on board ship it should

be kept in a deep box, with strong bars over the top, anda door. It

is requisite that the box or cage be deep, because the animal con-

stantly tries its utmost to escape ; and possessing very great strength,

is liable to injure itself in its exertions to force its way through the

bars. The effluvia arising from its excrement are so extremely fetid,

that it cannot be kept altogether in a cabin, unless the cage be fre-

quently cleaned. While this is being done, the Echidna may be al-

lowed its liberty, but must be narrowly watched, or it will certainly

go overboard. It is absolutely necessary that the eggs which are to

constitute its food during the voyage be as fresh as possible: they can

be preserved in lime water. If milk is not to be procured, water must

be supplied daily ; and egg and liver (or fresh meat) cut small, should

be given at least every alternate day ; but, when the weather will per-

mit, it should be fed once a day. Half an egg (boiled hard) and the

liver of a fowl or other bird will suffice for a meal. Finally, the ani-

mal should be kept warm, and well supplied with clean straw. It will

be as well to nail two or three pieces of wood (battens) across the

floor of the cage, to prevent the animal from slipping about when the

ship is unsteady.

Lory

April 8, 1834.

Dr. Marshall Hall in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated Port au Prince, Feb. 15, 1834. It

accompanied a present to the Society of a pair of the common Goats

of Hayti; referred to various Birds which it is the intention of the

writer to forward when the season is more advanced ; and gave some

particulars of a bird known in-the island by the name of the Musicien,

respecting which Mr. Hearne hopes to obtain, in the course of a jour-

ney which he projects into the higher lands of the interior, more full

information than he at present possesses.

Some extracts were read from a Letter, addressed to Mr. Yarrell

by Dr. A. Smith, Corr. Memb. Z. 8., dated Cape Town, Jan. 12,

1834. It refers to the projected expedition from the Cape of Good

Hope into the interior of Africa, which it is the intention of the writer

to accompany. It is designed to proceed directly northward from

Latakoo ; and Dr. Smith anticipates in this new field numerous ad-

ditions to his Zoological stores : along the eastern and western coasts

he has already penetrated to a considerable distance. Speaking of

the Rodentia, so numerous in Southern Africa, he mentions as col-

lected by him, in his late visit to Port Natal and the Zoola country,

a second species of his genus Dendromys. He also notices a new

species of Chrysochloris obtained by him in the same country.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited an exten-

sive series of Birds of the genus Trogon, Linn., comprising twenty-

five species. ‘The greater number of them form part of the Society's

Museum, and the others were derived from his own collection.

He pointed out the distinguishing marks of the two sections of

the genus, one of which is confined to America, while the other

inhabits the Old Continent. He also pointed out among the species

exhibited there which he regarded as hitherto undescribed ; these he

named and characterized as follows :

TROGON ERYTHROCEPHALUS. Trog. capite guttureque sordide

sanguineis, hoc postice strigd alba obsoletd cincto ; pectore ven-

treque coccineis ; dorso tectricibusque caud@ superioribus arenaceo-

castaneis ; scapularibus aleque tectricibus majoribus nigro alboque

flexuosim strigatis.

Foem. Capite guttureque arenaceo-brunneis; torque albo magis quam

in mare conspicuo ; scapularibus nigro brunneoque strigatis.

Rostrum brunneum ; mandibularum basis regioque ophthalmica

nuda coccinez.

Long. tot. 12 vel 13 unc.; ale, 5.

Hab. apud Rangoon,

No. XVI.—Procreepines or THE ZooLoaicaL Society,

Trocon Marasaricus. Tog. capite, gulture, pectoreque,fuli-

ginoso-nigris, hoc torque lato albo ; ventre coccineo ; dorso tectri-

cibusque caude supertoribus sordide arenaceo-brunneis ; scapulari-

bus tectricibusque ale majoribus nigro alboque flecuosim strigatis.

Fom. Capite, dorso, gutture, pectoreque sordidé brunneis 3 ventre

luteo ; pectore haud torquato; scapularibus nigro brunneoque

strigatis.

Rostrum nigrum ; mandibularum basis regioque ophthalmica nuda

ceerulez.

Long. tot. 11 vel 114 unc.; ale, 5.

Hab. ad littus Malabar dictum.

In both these birds the quill-feathers are black, edged with white ;

the three outer tail-feathers on each side black at their base and

broadly white at their tips; and the two middle tail-feathers tipped

with black, their remaining portion being of a chestnut brown, which

in Trog. erythrocephalus is deep, and in Trog. Malabaricus light.

TROGON ELEGANS. Trog. vertice, genis, guttureque nigris $ cervice,

dorso, pectoreque metallicé aureo-viridibus, hoc postice torque albo

cincto ; ventre saturate coccineo ; scapularibus aleque tectrictbus

albo nigrescenti-brunneoque minutissimé flexuosim strigatis, pogo-

niis externis lined albd longitudinali notatis.

Foem. Capite, pectore, dorsoque saturate brunnescenti-griseis ; tor-

que albo obsoleto ; ventre quam in mari pallidiore.

Rostrum saturaté aurantio-luteum.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 5; caude, 7.

Hab. apud Guatimala, in Mexico.

The tail is considerably lengthened in the male, and its four middle

feathers are bronzed green on the upper surface, and deeply marked

with black at the tip; the three outer feathers are white at the tip,

and barred to a great extent on their outer edges with alternate lines

of black and white, a marking which appears also, though less exten-

sively, on their inner edges, the remainder being black : in some spe-

cimens this marking of the tail is reduced to an irregular and minute

sort of dotting, in place of the bars. In the female the middle tail-

feathers are of a dull chestnut, tipped with black, and the three outer

feathers much resemble those of the male, but are less decidedly dot-

ted, assuming rather a freckled appearance.

Mr. Bennett briefly recapitulated the facts and reasonings which

have from time to time been brought before the Society on the sub-

ject of the abdominal glands of the Monotremata, regarded by Meckel

and by Mr. Owen as mammary, and by M. Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire

as connected with a peculiar function, to which, however, differ-

ent results have been attributed by that learned zoologist at various

times. The object of the recapitulation was to introduce an abstract

of a recent Memoir by M. Geoffroy-Saint- Hilaire, ‘‘ On the structure

and use of the Monotrematic glands, and particularly on those glands

in the Cetaceu."’ In this Memoir the author regards the mammary

glands of the Cetacea, so analogous in structure to those of Ornithu-

rhynchus and Echidna, as having a function similar to that which he has

attributed to these latter : he assumes that the fluid secreted by them

is not milk but mucus, and that this mucus is not sucked by the

young, (whose organs of deglutition he describes as being unfitted

for sucking) but is ejected by the mother into the water, the element

in which they dwell, where, by imbibition of a portion of the water,

it becomes thickened, and, floating by the mother’s side, is devoured

by the progeny.

M. Geoffroy has subsequently changed his opinion as to the na-

ture of the fluid secreted by the nutrient glands of the Cetacea. He

had had an opportunity of examining these glands in some Porpoises,

and had found the secretion to be actually milk. He still, however,

maintains that the young of the Cetacea do not suck, but that the

mother ejects the nutritious fluid from the milk receptacle into the

mouth of her young.

April 22, 1834.

Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Some Notes by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., were

read: they accompanied a collection of Shells and Crustacea made

by the writer on the coast of Devonshire, near Teignmouth. The se-

veral specimens were exhibited.

Among them were numerous individuals of Cyprea Pediculus, Cyp.

bullata, and Cyp. Arctica. Of the former there are two varieties,

one spotted and the other without spots. The spotted variety, Mr.

Harvey states, is generally smaller than the plain one, and is less pro-

duced on one side near the apex.

Cyp- bullata is found in the same localities as Cyp. Pediculus, but

it may be doubted whether it is the young of that species: it is so

comparatively rare, that Mr. Harvey has dredged up only six speci-

mens of it, while he has collected more than a hundred of Cyp. Pedi-

culus ; he possesses, moreover, young individuals of Cyp. Pediculus

of smaller size than specimens of Cyp. bullata. In the latter the

whorls are more produced at the apex, and the shell is so delicate as

to be broken by even a slight fall.

On Cyp. Arctica Mr. Harvey remarks, that although its size and

appearance are in favour of its being a young shell, he hesitates in

referring it to the immature condition of the unspotted Cy "YP Pedicu-

lus: his principal ground for doubt is the extreme rarity of Cyp.

Arctica. He inquires, however, whether the young animal may not,

perhaps, live deeply imbedded in the sand for a certain period before

it comes to the surface, and thus generally elude the search of the

conchologist until its shell becomes matured ?

With the Shells Mr. Harvey had transmitted to the Society living

specimens of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod., the Torbay Madrepore,

whose habits were described by Mr. De la Beche in the ‘ Zoological

Journal’ a few years since: these individuals died on the journey.

They are attainable only at the lowest spring tides. They may be

kept alive in sea water, changed every second or third day, by feed-

ing them with a very small piece of fresh fish scraped, and deposited

with a quill upon the animal, by which it is sucked in in a manner

exactly similar to that of Polypi. The colours of some individuals

are very vivid ; and among these green, blue, and blueish grey are

the most predominant. Adhering to the Caryophyllia is occasionally

found the Pyrgoma Anglicum, Leach, which appears to occur in no

other situation.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Thompson of Belfast exhi-

bited an immature specimen of the long-tailed Manis, Manis tetra-

dactyla, Liun., for the purpose of showing that when very young,

(the present specimen being but ten inches in length,) the animal is

as thoroughly armed, both with respect to scales and spines, as the full-

grown one. The specimen was also considered by Mr. ‘Thompson as

interesting on account of its locality, it having been obtained in

Sierra Leone.

Mr. Thompson also read the following notice of the Cuckoo, Cucu-

lus canorus, Linn., copied from his Journal, under the date of 28th

May, 1833.

«© On examination of three cuckoos to-day, which were killed in

the counties of Tyrone and Antrim within the last week, I found

them all to be in different stages of plumage: one was mature ; ano-

ther (a female) exhibited on the sides of the neck and breast the red-

dish-coloured markings of the young bird, the remainder of the plu-

mage being that of maturity ; the third specimen had reddish mark-

ings disposed entirely over it, much resembling the plumage described

by M. Temminck as assumed by ‘les jeunes tels qu’ils emigrent en

automne’, (Man. d’Orn, tom. |. p. 383), but having a greater pro-

portion of red, especially on the tail coverts, than is specified in his

description of the bird at that age. This individual proved, on dissec-

tion, to be a female, and did not contain any eggs so large as ordi-

nary sized peas. ‘he stomach, with the exception of the presence of

some small sharp gravel, was entirely empty, and was closely coated

over with hair.”

Attention was called to the stomach of one of these birds, that the

hair with which it is lined might be observed. From its close adhesion

to the inner surface of the stomach, and from the regularity with

which it is arranged, Mr. Thompson was at first disposed to consider

this hair as being of spontaneous growth ; but part of the stomach

having been subjected to maceration in water, and afterwards viewed

through a microscope of high power, the hairs proved, to the entire

satisfaction of Mr. Owen and himself, to be altogether borrowed from

the larve of the Tiger-moth, Arctia Caja, Schrank, the only species

found in the stomach of the bird in various specimens from different

parts of the country which were examined by Mr. Thompson in the

months of May and June, 1833.

Mr. Thompson also read a Catalogue, with incidental notices, of

Birds new to the Irish Fauna. He prefaced his list by remarking

that he did not bring them forward as. unrecorded, without having

previously consulted every work in which he was aware that the birds

of Ireland are either particularly described or incidentally noticed ;

including the Statistical Surveys of the Irish counties, which contain,

in several instances, Catalogues of the Birds that have been observed

in them. ;

The Catalogue is as follows :

1. Alpine Swift, Cypselus alpinus, Temm. By the ‘ Dublin Penny

Journal’ of March 30, 1833, my attention was directed to a rara avis,

said to have been killed at Rathfarnham, and preserved in the fine col-

lection of birds belonging to Thomas W. Warren, Esq. On calling to

see this bird (its species not having been ascertained,) I found it to be

the Alpine Swift, which has not before been recorded as obtained in any

part of Ireland ; the specimen recognised as the Cypselus alpinus by

my friend, William Sinclair, Esq., and communicated by him to Mr.

Selby for insertion in the British Fauna, having been met with off

Cape Clear, at the distance of some miles from land.

Mr. Warren’s specimen was received by him on the 14th of March,

and was then in a perfectly fresh state.

2. Redstart, Phenicura Ruticilla, Swains. This species is recorded

on the excellent authority of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin, who has,

in the-autumnal months, shot several of them in the vicinity of

Youghal, co. Cork.

3. Bearded Titmouse, Parus biarmicus, Linn. Mr. William S.

Wall, Bird Preserver, Dublin, who is very conversant with British

Birds, assures me that he received a specimen of this species from the

neighbourhood of the river Shannen a few years since.

4. Rock Pipit, Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Common about the

rocks, &c., on the seashore, in the North of Ireland.

5. Crested Purple Heron, Ardea purpurea, Linn. Of this bird

there is a fine specimen in mature plumage in the collection of Mr:

Warren, which I am assured was shot at Carrickmacross.

6. Little Bittern, Botaurus minutus. A specimen of this bird,

shot in the county of Armagh, is preserved in the cabinet of William

Sinclair, Esq., Belfast. Specimens have also been obtained in the

east and south of Ireland. '

7. Night Heron, Nycticorax Europeus, Steph. Of this bird I

saw a specimen a few weeks since in the shop of Mr. Glennen, Bird

Preserver, Dublin, which he informed me was sent him in a fresh state

from Letterkenny, early in the present year.

8. * Spoonbill, Plutalea leucoredia, Linn, Mr. Ball informs me,

that in the autumn of 1829, three of these birds were seen in company

near Youghal, and that one of them was shot. It was preserved by

Dr. Green of that town, and is at present in his possession.

9. * Green Sandpiper, Totanus ochropus, Temm. Of this bird I

have seen Irish specimens in several collections.

10. Dottrel, Charadrius morinellus, Linn. A specimen of this bird,

which was shot near Downpatrick a few years ago, is preserved in the

house of Mr. Reid, at Ballygowan Bridge (Down).

11. Black-winged Stilt, Himantopus melanopterus, Meyer. In the

winter of 1823, a bird of this species was seen by Mr. Ball in the

neighbourhood of Youghal.

12. Gadwall, Chauliodus strepera, Swains. Dr. Robert Graves of

Dublin informed me that a specimen of this bird which 1 saw in his

collection was shot at Wexford. ‘

13. Smew, Mergus albellus, Linn. Of this bird I have seen speci-

mens from different parts of Ireland.

14. Little duk, Mergulus melanoleucos, Ray. There is a speci-

men of this bird in the collection of Dr. Graves, which was shot at

Wexford.

15. * Black Tern, Sterna nigra, Linn. Mr. Ball has seen this

bird in the month of July, for some years successively, at Roxborough,

near Middleton, co. Cork.

‘In addition to these I may mention the

16. * Blackcap Warbler, Curruca atricapilla, Bechst., which, though

stated in Rutty’s Dublin to be frequent in that county, admits of some

doubt, as more than one species is commonly called by the name of

Blackcap in Ireland. On the Ist March, 1834, I saw, in the shop of

Mr. Galbraith, Bird Preserver, Belfast, a fresh specimen of an adult

male Blackeap, which had been killed (probably the day before) in the

garden at Down and Connor House, co. of Down.

Other individuals of the species marked thus * have been recorded

in the MS. Catalogue of the late J. Templeton, Esq,.— W. T.

Mr. Thompson also stated that specimens of the true Lestris para-

siticus, Temm., have repeatedly occurred in the Bays of Dublin and

Belfast. He added, that during the great storm which took place on

the 31st August, 1833, a great many specimens of the Octopus octo-

podia (which had not before been recorded as occurring on the shores

of Ireland) were thrown ashore in Belfast Bay.

Mr. Owen read a Paper “ On the Structure of the Heart of the

Perennibranchiate Amphibia, or Reptiles douteux of Cuvier.”

He briefly noticed the progressive discoveries relating to the heart

of Reptiles which have been made since the time of Linneus, and

which have successively rendered inapplicable to the Saurians, Cheloni-

ans, and Ophidians, the phrase ‘‘ Cor uniloculare, uniauritum”’, applied

to the whole of the Reptilia in the ‘ Systema Nature’. Healluded to

the researches of Dr. Davy and M. Martin St. Ange on the structure

of the heart in the Caducibranchiate Amphibia, from which it appeared

that two auricles were appended to the ventricle in those Reptiles, as

well as in the higher orders above mentioned. He then proceeded to

give the results of an examination of the hearts of specimens of 4m-

phiuma, Cuv., Menopoma, Harlan, Proteus, Schreib., and Siren, Linn.

He selected the heart of the Siren lacertina as the subject of detailed

description, considering that the genus Siren, in combining with per-

‘sistent external Jranchi@ a limited number of extremities, exhibits the

simplest form of the Amphibious Reptile.

The heart in this species consists of three distinct cavities, as in the

higher Reptilia, viz. of two auricles and one ventricle. The auricles

appear to form externally one large and remarkably fimbriated cavity,

situated behind, and advancing forwards, on both sides of the ventricle

and bulbus arteriosus, The venous blood is poured into a large mem-

branous sinus by one posterior and two anterior vene cave prior

to passing into the auricle. The conjoined trunk of the pulmonary

veins appears also to enter this sinus, but it passes through without

communicating with that cavity, and terminates in a small separate

auricle, which opens into the ventricle by an orifice distinct from, but

close to, the orifice of the right auricle. In the ventricle a rudimen-

tary septum was noticed as affording an indication of a type of forma-

tion superior to that of Fishes. In the bulbus arteriosus a longitudinal

projection appears as a commencing division of the single artery,

which is given off from the ventricle.

The differences in the structure of the preceding parts, and in the

origin and distribution of the different vessels exhibited by the other

genera of Perennibranchiata, were successively noticed ; and the affini-

ties indicated by these modifications to the Caducibranchiate Reptiles

on the one hand, and to the Cartilaginous Fishes on the other, were

also pointed out.

The Paper was illustrated by drawings of the structures described

in it.

May 13, 1834.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

. A Note was read from Mrs. Barnes, in which it was stated that

that lady had brought up from the nest two of the smallest species of

Jamaica Humming-birds. They were so tame, that at a call they

would fly to her, and perch upon her finger. Their food was sugar

and water. During the passage to England one of them was killed

by the cage in which they were kept being thrown down in a storm ;

its companion drooped immediately, and died shortly afterwards.

It was remarked that injury to the bird in consequence of such an

accident might be prevented by the introduction ofa gauze-net screen

into the cage, at some little distance within the wires.

Specimens were exhibited of several Mammalia from India, which

had recently been presented to the Society by Lord Fitzroy Somer-

set. They were brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Ben-

nett, who called particular attention to the skin of a Paradoxurus,

which he regarded as that of Par. prehensilis, Gray, a species hitherto

known only by a drawing of Dr. Hamilton’s preserved in the East

India House.

The general colour of the animal is a pale greyish brown, in which

longer black hairs are sparingly intermixed on the sides. On the

back of the head and neck, and along the middle line of the back,

these black hairs are almost the only ones that are visible. On the

loins they form three indistinct black bands, of which the lateral are

in some measure interrupted. The head is brownish, with the usual

grey mark both above and below the eyes, and there are some short

grey hairs between the eyes and across the forehead. The limbs are

brownish black, rather darker towards their upper part. The tail, at

its base, is of the same colour as the back, and rapidly becomes black ;

its terminal fifth is yellowish white. The ears are rather large, and

sparingly covered with short brownish hairs.

Specimens were exhibited of three species of horned Pheasants, in-

cluding the Tragopan Temminckii, Gray. In illustration of the hi-

story of the latter bird, Mr. G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., placed

upon the table drawings of specimens observed by him at Macao, and

showing the remarkable wattle in various degrees of development. He

also read a note on the subject.

In its contracted state the membrane has merely the appearance

of a purple skin under the lower mandible ; and it is even sometimes

so much diminished in size as to be quite invisible. It becomes de-

veloped during the early spring months or pairing season of the year,

No. XVII.—Procrepines or run ZooLocican Society,

from January to March, when it is capable of being displayed or con-

tracted at the will of the bird. During excitement it is enlarged, falls

over the breast, and exhibits the most brilliant colours, principally of

a vivid purple, with bright red and green spots: the colours vary in

intensity according to the degree of excitement. When they are

most brilliant, or, in other words, when the excitement is great, the

purple horns are usually elevated. The living specimens seen by

Mr. G. Bennett were procured from the province of Yunnan, bor-

dering on Thibet. Mr. Beale, in whose aviary at Macao they were,

had nbdt succeeded in obtaining females of this race. {ts Chinese

name is Ju Xou Nieu.

Mr. G. Bennett also read a note on the habits of the King Penguin,

Aptenodytes Patachonica, Gmel., as observed by him on various occa-

sions when in high southern Jatitudes. He described particularly a

colony of these birds, which covers an extent of thirty or forty acres,

at the north end of Macquarrie Island, in the South Pacific Ocean.

The number of Penguins collected together in this spot is immense,

but it would be almost impossible to guess at it with any near ap-

proach to truth, as, during the whole of the day and night, 30,000 or

40,000 of them are continually landing, and an equal number going

to sea. They are arranged, when on shore, in as compact a manner

and in as regular ranks as a regiment of soldiers; and are classed

with the greatest order, the young birds being in one situation, the

moulting birds in another, the sitting hens in a third, the clean birds

in a fourth, &c.; and so strictly do birds in similar condition congre-

gate, that should a bird that is moulting intrude itself among those

which are clean, it is immediately ejected from among them,

The females hatch the eggs by keeping them close between their

thighs ; and, ifapproached during the time of incubation, move away,

carrying the eggs with them. At this time the male bird goes to sea

and collects food for the female, which becomes very fat. After the

young is hatched, both parents go to sea, and bring home food for

it ; it soon becomes so fat as scarcely to be able to walk, the old

birds getting very thin. They sit quite upright in their roosting-

places, and walk in the erect position until they arrive at the beach,

when they throw themselves on their breasts, in order to encounter

the very heavy sea met with at their landing-place.

Although the appearance of Penguins generally indicates the neigh-

bourhood of land, Mr. G. Bennett cited several instances of their

occurrence at a considerable distance from any known land.

The Secretary announced the recent addition to the Menagerie of

the Perdix sphenura, Gray ; the Philippine Quail, Coturnix Sinensis,

Cuv.; and the Hemipodius Dussumieri, Temm.? : all presented to the

Society by John Russel Reeves, Esq., of Canton. He added, that a

second male specimen of the Reeves’s Pheasant, Phasianus veneratus,

Temm., had also been sent to the Menagerie by John Reeves, Esq.

A pair of the middle tail-feathers of the last-named bird, measuring

upwards of five feet in length, and presented by Wm. Craggs, Esq.,

were exhibited.

Numerous specimens were exhibited from Mr. Cuming’s collec-

tion, in illustration of a Paper by Mr. Broderip, entitled, ‘* Descrip-

tions of several New Species of Calyptreide.”’

The new species described in this paper are distributed and charac-

terized as follows :

Subgenus Catyprrma.

Testa subconica, subacuminata, cyathi basi adherente, lateribus

liberis.

a. Cyatho integro.

Catyprrea rupIs. Cal. testd fuscd, subdepressd, suborbiculari, ra-

diatim corrugatd, limbo crenato ; cyatho concentrice lineato, albido,

irregulariter subcirculuri ; epidermide subfuscd : diam, 2 poll.

circiter, alt. +.

Hab. ad Panamam et Real Llejos.

This species, whose white onyx-like cup, adhering only by its base,

shows to great advantage against the ruddy brown which is the ge-

neral colour of the inside of the protecting shell, was found under

stones. The young sheils are the flattest and most regular in form, but

their inside is generally of a dirty white, dimly spotted with brown.—

W. J.B.

f. Cyatho hemiconico, longitudinaliter quasi diviso. (Calyptrea, Less.)

Catyprrza corrueata. Cal. testd subalbidd, suborbiculari, subde-

pressd, corrugatd ; intads nitente ; cyatho concentricé lineato, pro-

ducto ; epidermide fuscd: diam. 1% poll. cire., alt. 4%.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Guacomayo.)

_ Found under stones at a depth of fourteen fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprrma varia. Cal. testd albidd, suborbiculari, crassiusculd,

longitudinaliter creberrimé striatd ; cyatho concentricé lineato,

crassiusculo, producto: diam. |4, alt. max. 4, alt. min. = poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood's Island, the Gallapagos,

and the Island of Muerte in the Bay of Guayaquil.)

This is a very variable species allied to Cal. equestris, and taking

almost every shape which a Calypirea can assume. It differs in

thickness according to localities and circumstances.—W. J. B.

Caryprr@aA cmpacea. Cal, testd albd, suborbiculari, subconcavd,

tenui, diaphand, striis numerosis subcorrugatd ; intis nitente ;

cyathi lerminationibus lanceolatis: long. 1+z, lat. 14, alt. 2 poll.

Haé. in sinu Guayaquil. (Island of Muerte.)

This was dredged up, adhering to dead shells, from sandy mud, at

a, depth of eleven fathoms, Besides other differences, the terminat-

ing points of the divided cyathus are much more lanceolate than they

are in Cal. varia.—W. J. B.

CaLypTR@A corNEA. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, albidd,

subdiaphand, concentrice lineatd et radiatim striatd ; intds ni-

tente: diam. 4, alt. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Aricam Peruvie,

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—W. J. B.

Subgenus Carypeopsis, Less.

Cyatho interno integro, lateraliter adherente.

CaLypTR@A RADIATA. Cal. testd conico-orbiculari, albidd fusco ra-

diatd, striis longitudinalibus crebris ; limbo crenulato ; apice acuto,

subrecurvo ; cyatho depresso: diam. |, alt. 45, poll.

Hab. in America Meridionali. (Bay of Caraccas.)

The cup of this pretty species is pressed in, as it were, on one side,

and adheres to the shell not only by its apex, but also by a lateral

seam, which scarcely reaches to the rim of the cup. The apex of the

younger specimens, both externally and internally, is generally of a

rich brown, and there can be little doubt that when first produced

they are entirely of that colour,

Found in sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of from seven to

eight fathoms.—W. J. B.

Cauyprrza imBricata. Cal. testd albidd, crassd, subconicd, ovatd,

costis longitudinalibus et squamis transversis imbricatd ; apice sub-

incurvo, acuto; limbo crenato; cyatho depresso: diam. |, lat. £,

alt. & poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found on stones, in sandy mud, at a depth of from six to ten fa-

thoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprr#, Lienaria. Cal. testd crassd, fused, deformi, striis cor-

rugatd; apice prominente subadunco, acuto, posteriore : long. 1+5,

lat. §, alt. % poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)

The majority of individuals of this species have their shells so de-

formed that they set description at defiance : the comparatively well-

formed shell occurs so rarely that it may be almost considered as the

exception to the rule. When in this last-mentioned state, the circum-

ference of the shell is an irregular, somewhat rounded oval, and it

rises into a shape somewhat resembling the back of Ancylus, with the

apex very sharp and inclining downwards. ‘The shell in this shape is

generally less corrugated than it is in deformed individuals, though

some of those are comparatively smooth ; but in both states the shell

is striated immediately under the apex, and is for the most part cor-

rugated on the other side of it.

Found under stones.

Var. a. Enormiter conica, cyatho valdé profundo.

This variety is often one inch and six eighths in height, and its cup

nearly one inch deep, while the diameter of the shell at the aperture

does not exceed one inch.

Found on shells at the Island of Chiloe, in sandy mud, at the depth

of four fathoms.—W. J. B.

CatypTr#A TENUIS. Cal. testd irregulari, tenui, subdiaphand, cre-

berrime striata, albidd interdum fusco pallide strigatd: diam. 1

cire.; alt. +8 poll.

Hab. ad Peruvie oras. (Samanco Bay.)

Found on living shells, in muddy sand, at a depth of nine fathoms.

—wW. J.B.

Catyprr@a uispipa. Cal. testd subovald, subconicd, albd strigis

maculisque subpurpureo-fuscis varid, striis frequentibus et spints

tubularibus erectis hispida ; limbo crenulato ; apice turbinato ; cya-

tho subdepresso: diam. 12, lat. 48;, alt..3, poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte. (Bay of Guayaquil.)

This elegant species, the circumference of whose somewhat de-

pressed cup is free, with the exception of one part where it adheres

laterally, was found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of twelve

fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyptr za macutara. Cal. testd ovatd, albidd purpureo-fusco ma-

culatd, longitudinaliter rugosd ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbi-

nato, subincurvo : diam. ++, lat. 4%, alt. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.

The external contour of this shell, more especially in the position

of the subturbinated apex, much resembles that of Ancylus. ‘The cir-

cumference of the cup is free, excepting at one point, where it adheres

laterally throughout its length.

ay a sandy mud, on dead shells, at a depth of eleven fathoms.

Catyprrza serrata. Cal. testd suborbiculari, albd subpurpureo

vel fusco interdum fucatd vel strigatd, costis longitudinalibus

prominentibus rugosis ; limbo serrato ; apice subturbinato ; cyatho

valdé depresso: diam. +, lat. 5%, alt. 33, poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos et Muerte.

Var. testa alba.

Found on dead shells, in a muddy bottom, at the depth of from six

to eleven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Subgenus SypHoparetta, Less.?

Lamina interna subtrigon4, subcirculari, latere dextro replicato.

Canyptr#a sorpipa. Cal. testd subconicd, sordide luted, longitudi-

naliter subradiatd ; apice turbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono,

haud profundo: diam. 4, lat. +8;, alt. 25 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

This species, the inside and outside of which are of a sordid yellow,

is generally covered externally with coral or other marine adhesions.

The plate is spoon-shaped.

mea on stones, on a sandy bottom, at depth of twelve fathoms.—

Catyprrza Uneuis. Cal. testd tenui, conicd, corrugatd, fuscd ;

apice subturbinato ; cyatho depresso, subtrigono : diam. *r, alt. +%

poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

The plate is spoon-shaped, but not so shallow as that of Cal.

sordida.

Found on shells, at a depth of from seven to forty-five fathoms.—

W. J. B.

Caryrrrza Licnen. Cal, testd albidd, interdum pallidé fusco

sparsd, subdiaphand, subturbinatd, orbiculatd, complanatd : diam.

$, alt, 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.

Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms.

—W. J. B.

Catyprrza MAMILLARIS. Cal. testd albidd, subconicd ; apice sub-

purpureo, mamillare: diam. +55, alt. +4, poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte.

This pretty species varies. It is sometimes milk white, with the

mamillary apex of a brownish purple, and with the inside sometimes

of that colour, sometimes white, and sometimes yellowish. In other

individuals the white is mottled with purplish brown stripes and spots.

Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of eleven fathoms.

—wW. J. B.

Catyprra@a striata. Cal. testa sordid? albd, suborbiculatd, subco-

nicd, subturbinatd, striis longitudinalibus elevatis creberrimis cor-

rugatd ; intts fusco-flavescente: diam, 44, alt. +°5 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found on shells in sandy mud, at a depth of from forty-five to sixty

fathoms.

Catyprre”a conica. Cal. testd conicd, fused albido maculatd, sub-

turbinatd: diam. 14, alt. x7 poll.

Hab. ad Xipixapi et ad Salango.

Found attached to shells in deep water.

Subgenus Creprpareiia, Less.

Lamin4 rotundata, apice laterali et subterminali.

Caryprr#a rouiacra. Cal. testd suborbiculari, albidd, foliaced ;

intds castaned vel albd castaneo varid: diam. |, alt. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Aricam Peruvie, saxis adherens.

This Crepipatella, which bears no remote resemblance to the upper

valve of some of the Chame when viewed from above, was found on

exposed rocks near the shore.—W. J. B.

Caryprr#a porsata. Cal. testd subalbidd, planiusculd, costis longi-

tudinalibus irregularibus rugosd ; intis medio fusco-violaced :

diam. 3, lat.+ poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

The back of this shell is not unlike the upper valve of some of the

Terebratule.

Found on dead shells, in sandy mud, at a depth of six fathoms.—

W. J. B.

Catyprrma pizatata, Lam., varietas ints nigro-castanea. Cal.

testd sordide albd castaneo strigatd ; intas nitide nigro-castaned ;

lamind albd: diam. 14, lat. 14, alt. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

This highly coloured variety was found on exposed rocks at low

water. The pure white of the plate shows to great advantage, lying

above the rich back ground of the interior of the shell. In some in-

dividuals this internal colour is all but black—W. J. B.

Catyptra@a stricata. Cal. lestd subcorrugatd, sordidé rubrd albo

varid ; intts subrufa interdum albd vel albd rubro-castaneo varid :

diam. \ poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

This varies much both in colour andshape. Some of the specimens

are quite flat, and the lamina almost convex. An obscure subar-

cuate longitudinal whitish broad streak may be traced on the backs

of most of them. It is not impossible that it may be a variety of Cal.

‘dilatata.

Found on Mytili at depths varying from three to six fathoms.—

W. J.B.

Catyrrrza Ecuinus. Cal. testd albidd violaceo maculatd, inter-

dum fusca, striis longitudinalibus creberrimis spinis fornicatis hor-

ridd ; intis flavente vel albd : diam. 14, lat. 14, alt. & poll.

Hab, ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.)

In old specimens the spines are almost entirely worn down, and

rough strie only, for the most part, remain. In this state it bears

a great resemblance to the figure given of Crepidula fornicata in

Sowerby’s Genera of Shells, No. 23, f. 1.

Found under stones at low water.—W. J. B.

Catyprr#a Hysrrix. Cal. sordid? albd vel fuscd, complanatd,

longitudinaliter striatd, spinis magnis fornicatis apertis seriatim

dispositis ; intts albidd, interdum castaneo maculatd: diam. 12,

lat. 3, alt. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Lobos Island.)

Approaching the last, but differing in being always more flatiened,

in the comparatively great size of the vaulted spines, and in the com-

paratively wide interval between them; still I! would not be positive

that they are not all varieties of Crepidula aculeata, Lam.—W. J. B.

CatyrTra@a paiva. Cal. testd sordide albd, ovatd; apice promi-

nente: diam. 3, lat. %, alt. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Falkland dictas.

Found under stones.—W. J. B.

Subgenus Crepiputa, Less.

Lamina subrecta, apice postico et submedio.

CrePipuLA uNGuirormis, Lam., varietas complanato-recurva :

long. 12, lat. & poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Chiloen et ad Panamam.

This variety affords a good example of the powers of adaptation of

the animal. The shell is either flattened or concave on the back, and

recurved in consequence of -its adhesion to the inside of dead shells

of Ranelle Vexillum, celata, &c.

It was dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging from four to

ten fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprra#a Lussonu. Cal. testd complanatd, subconcentricé folia-

ced, foliis tenuibus, albd fusco longitudinaliter strigatd ; intus al-

bidd ; limbo interno interdum fusco ciliato-strigato : long. 15, lat.

44, alt. 2 poll.

Hab. in sinu Guayaquil. (Isle of Muerte.)

This beautiful species, which | have named in honour of M. Lesson,

was found under stones at low water. It will remind the observer of

the upper valves of some of the Chame.—W. J. B.

Caryprrza incurya, Cal. testd fusco nigricante, tortuosd, corru-

gatd ; intas nigricante, septo albo ; apice adunco: long. &, lat. +,

alt. poll.

Hab, ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Xipixapi.

Found on dead shells dredged from sandy mud, at a depth ranging

from six to ten fathoms,—W. J. B.

Caryprr@a excavata. Cal. testd crassiusculd, subtortuosd, levi,

albidd vel subflavd fusco punctatd et strigatd ; intis albd vel albd

fusco fucatd, limbo interdum fusco ciliato-strigato : long. 1%,

lat. 14, alt. & poll.

Hab, ad Real Lejos.

This species is remarkable for the depth of the internal margin be-

fore it reaches the septum. In Crepidula adunca, Sow., this depth is

even greater than it is in Crep. excavata. The apex is close to the

margin, and obliquely turned towards the right side.—W., J. B.

Catyrrrma arenara. Cal. testd subovatd, albidd rubro-fusco cre-

berrimé punctatd ; intds subrubrd vel albidd subrubro maculatd,

septo albo: long. 14, lat. Z, alt. 4%, poll.

Hab, ad Sanctam Elenam.

This approaches Crep. porcellana. The septum is somewhat distant

from the margin, and the apex, which is also somewhat distant from

it, is obtuse and obliquely turned towards the right side.

From sandy mud, on shells, at a depth ranging from six to eight

fathoms.—W. J. B.

Catyprrma marainaris. Cal. testd subovatd, sublevi vel vix cor-

rugatd, subflavd vel albida fusco strigatd ; intis nigricunte vel

Jlavd fusco strigatd, septo albo: long. 14, lat. +4, alt. 4, poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte.

This species was found on stones and shells, in sandy mud, at a

depth ranging from six to ten fathoms. The white septum shows

beautifully against the black-brown of the interior. The apex is al-

most lost in the margin, and is directed towards the right side —

W. J.B.

Catyprrma squama. Cal. testd suborbiculari, complanatd, sublevi,

subtenui, pallide flavd vel albidd fusco substrigatd ; intis subflavd

vel subjlavd fusco strigatd : long. 1, lat. +4, alt. 425 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

The apez of this very flat species is lost in the margin. Found under

stones.—W. J. B.

May 27, 1834.

' William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir R. Ker Por-

ter, Corr. Memb. Z. S., dated City of Caracas, April 7, 1834. It

related chiefly to a Monkey, and to some Tortoises, recently presented

to the Society by the writer.

The Monkey is described in detail. It is the Pithecia sagulata, the

jacketed Monkey or Simia sagulata of Dr. Traill. Sir R. Ker Porter

points out the several differences in colouring which exist between

this individual and the published description by the Baron Humboldt

of the Pithecia Chiropotes: these consist chiefly in the comparative

paleness of its back, and the greater darkness of the remainder of its

body and of its bushy beard. He adds that the animal drinks fre-

quently, always bending down on its hands, and putting its mouth

to the-surface of the water, heedless apparently of wetting its beard,

and indifferent to the observations of lookers-on: he never saw it

take up water in the hollow of its hand, and carry it in this manner

to its mouth in order to drink. Its favourite fruit is the apple ; and

it does not refuse the pinion of a roasted chicken. Its voice is a

weak and chirping whistle, which becomes shrill and loud when the

animal is angry. It was obtained from the vicinity of the Orinoco,

not far distant from the Rio Negro, in the heart of Guiana, It is

known as the Mono Capuchino.

The Tortoises are referable to the Testudo carbonaria, Spix.

The Secretary announced that there had recently been added to the

Menagerie a white-crested Cockatoo, Plyctolophus cristatus, Vieill. ;,

- anda pair of the blue Jay, Garrulus cristatus, Cuv.

He Also stated that there had been acquired for the Menagerie a

Rhinoceros of the one-horned species of Continental India. It is said

to be about four years old. Its height at the loins, the highest part

of the back, is 4 feet 10+ inches ; its length, from the root of the tail

to the tip of the nose, measured in a straight line, is 10 feet 6 inches ;

its weight is about 26 cwt.

A specimen was exhibited of the young of the Sandwich Island

Goose, Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig., which was hatched at Knowsley.

It was accompanied by the following note from the President, Lord

Stanley.

“Through the kindness of John Reeves, Esq., I received at

Knowsley a pair of these birds on the 15th of February, 1834.

They did not at first, when turned out on the pond among the other

water-fowl, appear to take much notice of each other ; but some

workmen being at the time employed about the pond, one of the

birds (I think, from recellection, it was the male,) seemed to have

formed some sort of attachment to one of the men working. When-

ever he was present the goose was always near to him, and whenever

absent at his dinner, or when otherwise employed, the bird appeared

restless, and gave vent to its solicitude by frequent cries, which as

well as the anxiety, always ceased with the reappearance of the

workman.

« The man having frequently occasion to pass through a door, which

was obliged to be kept open, it was feared that the attachment of the

animal might lead to its following its friend, and that on its exit, it

might fall in with and be worried or stolen by vermin, and in conse-

quence the pair of geese were confined in one of the divisions adja-

cent to, but divided from, the pond, on February 26.

«¢ Within this small inclosure, in the sheltered half of it, in one

corner, stood a small hutch, in which the female on the 5th of March

laid her first egg. ‘Till within a few days of that period no alteration

took place in their manners, but it then became obvious that the-male

was jealous of intruders, and would run at and seize them by the

trowsers, giving pretty sharp blows with his wings; but this always

ceased if he observed that the female was at some distance, when

he would instantly rejoin her: his return to the female was always

accompanied by great hurry and clamour, and much gesticulation up

and down of his head, but not of the wings. Three other eggs followed

on the 7th, 9th, and 11th of March. The eggs were white, and very

large in proportion to the size of the bird, being, I should imagine,

(for, having no proper scales at hand, I did not weigh or subtract any

of them, hoping that more might be laid,) fully equal to those of the

Swan Goose or Anas cygnéides. The goose also surprised us by the

rapidity of her operations, for we were hardly aware of the fourth egg

having been laid that morning, when it was evident that she had be-

gun to sit. During the whole period of incubation there could not

be a more attentive nurse, and indeed she could not well help it, for

the male, if she seemed inclined to stay out longer than he thought

right, appeared, by his motions, to be bent on driving her back, nor

was he satisfied till he had accomplished his object, when he again

resumed his usual position, with his body half in half out of the

hutch and his head towards the female ; but if any person crossed the

yard of the division, he would immediately hurry after the intruder,

though, if he found there was no intention of molesting the nursery,

he seemed generally satisfied, and did not like to quit the sheltered

part of the division. At right he constantly made room for himself

by the female, the result of which was unfortunate towards the pro-

eny.

i On the 12th of April the eggs began to chip, and on the 13th

two goslings were excluded ; but it was found that the mother had

pushed from under her the other two eggs, which were consequently

taken away and put under a hen, though, as one was very nearly

cold, little hopes of any success with that were entertained, and it was

in fact never hatched, but probably died in consequence of the re-

moval by the goose at an important moment. On the morning of the

14th it was ascertained that she or the male, who always now sat

close beside her in the box, had killed one of the two she had at first

hatched, for it was found dead and perfectly flat. The fourth egg,

which was put under the hen, was assisted out of the shell, and ap-

peared weakly from the first, and as its mother had lost one, we put

it to her, in hopes it would do better than with its nurse. She took

to it at first very well ; but subsequently, both the parents beating it,

it was returned to, and well cared for, apparently, by its nurse, but

died on the 20th, having received some injury in one eye, either from

the old ones, or perhaps from the hen scratching, and thereby hitting

it. The remaining gosling is doing very well, and appears strong

and lively, and the parents are extremely attentive to it; and I have

little doubt but these birds may easily be established, (with a little

care and attention,) and form an interesting addition to the stock of

British domesticated fowls.

‘« In its general appearance, and its Quaker-like simplicity of plum-

age, it seems to approximate most to the family of the Bernacles ; but

it appears to have almost as little (if as much) partiality for the water

as the Cereopsis.”

The bird in question was named by Mr. Vigors at the Meeting of

the Society on June 11, 1833. It may be characterized as follows :

Bernicia Sanpvicensis. Bern. brunneo-nigrescens, subtis mar-

ginibusque plumarum pallidioribus ; collo albescenti; guld, facie,

capite superné, linedque longitudinali nuchali nigris ; crisso albo.

Long. tot. 24 unc. ; rostri, rictus, 14; ale, 133; caude, 5; tarsi,

Hab. in insulis Sandvicensibus, et in Owhyhee.

Mr. Owen read a Paper “ On the young of the Ornithorhynchus

paradoxus, Blum.” It was illustrated by drawings of the young ani-

mal and of various details of its structure, both external and internal,

derived chiefly from the examination of the individual recently pre-

sented to the Society by Dr. Weatherhead : this individual was ex-

hibited, as was also a smaller specimen, forming part of Dr. Weather-

head’s collection.

The circumstances which first attract attention in these singular

objects are the total absence of hair; the soft and flexible condition

of the mandibles ; and the shortness of these parts in proportion to

their breadth as compared with the adult. The tongue, which in

the adult is lodged far back in the mouth, advances in the young ani-

mal close to the end of the lower mandible, and its breadth is only

one line less in an individual four inches in length than it is in fully

grown animals ; a disproportionate development which is plainly in-

dicative of the importance of the organ to the young Ornithorhynchus

both in receiving and swallowing its food.

On the middle line of the upper mandible, and a little anterior to

the nostrils, there is a minute fleshy eminence lodged in a slight de-

pression. In the sinaller specimen this is surrounded by a discon-

tinuous margin of the epidermis, with which substance, therefore, —

and, probably, from its having been shed, of a thickened or horny con-

sistence,—the caruncle had been covered. It is a structure of which

the upper mandible of the adult presents no trace, and Mr. Owen re-

gards it as analogous to the foetal peculiarity of the horny knob on the

upper mandible of the Bird. He does not, however, conceive that

this remarkable example of the affinity of Ornithorhynchus to the fea-

thered class is necessarily indicative of its having been applied, under

the same circumstances, to overcome a resistance of precisely the

same character as that for which it is designed in the young bird,

since all the known history of the ovum of Ornithorhynchus points

strongly to its ovoviviparous development.

The situation of the eyes is indicated by the convergence of a few

wrinkles to one point ; but the integument is continuous, and com-

pletely shrouds the eyeball. In the absence of vision in the young

animal, strong evidence is afforded of its being confined to the nest,

there to receive its nourishment from its dam ; and this deduction is

corroborated by the cartilaginous condition of the bones of the ex-

tremities, and by the general form of the body: the head and tail are

closely approximated on the ventral aspect, requiring force to pull the

body into a straight line ; and the relative quantity of integument on

the back and belly shows that the position necessary for progressive

motion is unnatural at this stage of growth.

Mr. Owen describes other external appearances of the young Orni-

thorhynchus, and then enters at considerable length into its anatomy.

The stomach is nearly as large in an individual four inches in length

as in the adult animal. In this specimen it was found filled with

coagulated milk, and no trace was visible, on the most careful exa-

mination, of worms or bread, on which, up to the time of his dis-

covery of the mammary secretion, Lieut. the Hon. Lauderdale Maule

had believed that this individual had been sustained. A portion of

this coagulated substance was diluted with water, and examined un-

der a high magnifying power in comparison with a portion of cow’s

milk coagulated by spirit, and similarly diluted. The ultimate glo-

bules of the Ornithorhynchus's milk were most distinctly perceptible,

detaching themselves from the small coherent masses to form new

groups : the corresponding globules of the cow’s milk were of larger

size. Minute transparent globules of oil were intermixed with the

milk globules of the Ornithorhynchus. A drop of water being added

to a little mucus, it instantly became opake ; and its minutest divi-

sions, under the microscope, were into transparent angular flakes, en-

tirely different from the regularly formed granules of the milk of the

Ornithorhynchus.

In passing in review the several viscera of the young Ornithorhyn-

chus, Mr. Owen observed on various physiological deductions which

might be drawn from them, and on the differences and resemblances

borne by them to the same organs in the ordinary viviparous Mam-

malia and in the Marsupiata.

June 10, 1834.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A collection of objects of Zoology, made by Lieut. Allen, R.N.,

Corr. Memb. Z. S., during his late expedition up the Quorra into

the interior of Africa, and presented by him to the Society, was exhi-

bited. It was accompanied by another collection formed by the same

gentleman at Fernando Po. They comprehended a previously un-

described species of Plover; an undescribed T'etrodon and a Myletes;

specimens of Potypterus Senegalus, Cuv., and of a Gymnarchus, Ej. ;

and specimens of the three-horned Chamaleon, Chameleo Oweni,

Gray, and of a Galago, Galago Senegalensis, Geoff. ; the two latter

being from Fernando Po. They also included numerous Jnsects and

Arachnida, both from the interior and from the island.

The bird was characterized by Mr. Gould:

VANELLUS aLBicePs. Van. capite, guld, alis in medio, uropygio,

ventre, crissoque albis; faciei lateribus colloque purpurascenti-

cinereis; scapularibus, remigibus prioribus tribus, caudeque di-

midio apicali nigris.

Long. tot. arostri ad caude apicem, 13 unc., a rostri ad digitorum

apicem, 15 unc.; ale, 8; caude, 4; tarsi, 3; femoris, 3; rostri,

a rictu ad apicem, 14.

Rostrum viridi-aurantiacum, ad apicem nigrum.

Between the eye and the upper mandible is situated a fleshy sub-

stance (resembling that of the common Cock) which hangs down at

right angles with the beak ; it is of an orange colour, and is narrow

in form, being one inch and a half long and half an inch wide at the

base, whence it gradually tapers throughout its whole length to the

tip. The spur on the shoulders is strong and sharp, and is nearly an

inch in length.

The Fishes were characterized by Mr, Bennett, who remarked on

the complete analogy borne by these species of the rivers of Western

Africa to some of those of the Nile. The form of Myletes, Cuv., to

which Lieut. Allen’s fish belongs, has hitherto been obtained only in

Egypt; the genus Polypterus, Geoff., originally observed in the

Nile, seems to be limited to that river and to Senegal ; the genus

Gymnarchus, Cuv., has previously been noticed only in the Nile; and

the Tetrodon of this collection resembles in its markings that of

Egypt. The new species may be thus characterized :

Myzeres Auten. Myl. oblongus; pinnd dorsali primd supra

ventrales positd.

D. 10, 0. A. 14..C. 19. P. 15. V. 9.

Specimen minimum, biunciale, a Myl. Hasselquistii, Cuv., (Sal-

mo Dentex, Hass.,) differre videtur situ pinne dorsalis prime.

No. XVIII.—Proceepines or tuk Zoovoaican Sociery,

Trrropon stricosus. Tetr. dorso hispido, nigrescente ; ventre

lateribusque levibus, his albo nigroque longitudinaliter lineatis,

illo albo : pinnd caudali quadratd ; pectoralibus laté rotundatis.

D. 12. A. 9. P..19. C8:

Tetr. lineato, Linn., (Tetr. Physa, Geoff.,) analogus videtur. Dif-

fert maximé ventre lateribusque haud armatis.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells collected

by Mr. Cuming on the western coast of South America and among

the islands of the South Pacific Ocean. Those brought on the pre-

sent evening under the notice of the Society were accompanied by

characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They belonged to the

Genus Perrico.a.

Perricova KLuiprica. Pet. testd ovato-ellipticd, rufescenti-albidd ;

radiatim costatd, postice levi; lamellis concentricis sparsis ; lu-

nuld anticd distinctd: long. 1-2, lat. 0:7, alt. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Paytam.

Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B. S.

Perricona optonea. Pet. testd oblongo-ellipticd, pallescente ;

radiatim costellutd ; lined dorsali posticd. rectiusculd; lamellis

concentricis pluribus, postice levigatis: long. 0°9, lat. 0'5, alt.

0:7 poll. ,

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Pacosmayo.)

Found in hard mud at low water.—G. B. S.

Perricona souipa. Pet. testd subgloboso-ellipticd, pallescente,

umbonibus extremitatibusque ambabus fusco-violaceis ; radiatim

costatd, postice levigatd; lineis incrementi nonnunquam subla-

mellosis, postice magis eminentibus: long. 1*3, lat. 0°8, alt.

1-0 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Lambeyeque.)

Found in hard clay and stones at low water.—G. B.S.

Perricoua piscors. Pet. testd oblongo-ellipticd, brunnescente ; ra-

diatim costellatd, costellis acutis, posticé levi; lined dorsali rectd :

long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad littora Peruvie. (Lambeyeque.)

Found in hard clay.—G., B. S.

Purricoia concinna. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, albicante ;

concentrice costellatd; antice rotundatd, radiatim sulcatd ; dorso

declivi, alterius value lamelld levigatd ; postic? acuminatiusculd,

_ cotesllis concentricis lamellosis, confertis: long. 0°8, lat. 0°35,

alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab, ad Montem Christi.

Only one perfect pair and a single valve could be preserved.

Found in hard clay at low water.—G, B. S,

Perricota penticutata. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, ex-

is pallescente, intis ad extremitates fusco-nigricante tinctd ;

antice subrostratd, postice rotundatd; lined dorsali rectiuscula,

ventrali subprominuld; omnind radiatim sulcatd et concentrice

striatd, striis antice sublamellosis denticulatis - long. 1°3, lat: 0°6,

alt, 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Paytam Peruviz.

Found in hard clay and stones at low water.—G, B.S,

Var. abbreviata. Testd breviore, striis sublamellosis denticulatis

nullis: long.1'1, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Platz.

Found in stones at low water.—G. B. S.

Perricoza ruGosa. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, albicante ;

radiatim costellatd, tenuissimé concentricé siriatd; marginibus

plerumque deformibus : long. 1°4, lat. 0°55, alt. 0°7 poll.

Hab, ad oras Chilenses. (Conception. )

Found in Balani at from three to seven fathoms depth.—G.B. S.

Perricora TENuIS. Pet. testd oblongd, pholadiformi, tenui, al-

bicante ; radiatim costellatd, costellis anticis posticisque fortio-

ribus, omnibus striis exilissimis rugulosis decussatis; latere antico

brevissimo : long. 1*, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°55 poll.

Hab, ad littora Peruvie. (Lambeyeque & Pacosmayo.)

Found in hard clay at low water.—G. B. S.

Pzrricona ropusta. Pet. testd rotundato-subtrigond, subgibbosd,

solidiusculd, extis rufescente-fuscd, intis nigricante; radiatim

costatd, costis anticis tenuioribus confertioribus, posticis altio-

ribus ; interstitiis omnibus exilissimé decussatim striatis; latere

antico rotundato, postico subacuminato; margine dorsali declivi :

: long. 12, lat. 0°8, alt. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

Found in rocks at the depth of from six to. eleven fathoms,.—G. B.S.

' Perricota amyepauina. Pet. testd tenui, subhyalind, flavescente,

obovatd, levi ; latere antico brevissimo, angustiore ; postico lon=

giore, altiore, lamellis nonnullis elevatis distantibus ornato :

long. 1°3, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found in Mother-of-Pearl Shells in from three to six fathoms at

Lord Hood’s Island:—G. B.S.

The following ‘“ Description of a new Genus of Gasteropoda, by

W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice President of the Geological and Zoological

Societies, F.R.S., &c.”’ was read.

Scureuua.

Testa Ancyliformis, intis nitens. Apex posticus, medius, invo-

lutus. Impressiones musculares due, oblongo-ovate, laterales.

Apertura magna, ovata,

Animal marinum.

This genus appears to be intermediate between Ancylus and Patella,

while the aspect of the back sometimes reminds the observer of Navi-

cella or Crepidula, Lam. Its place will most probably be among

the Cyclobranches of Cuvier.

The two muscular impressions are situated on each side of the in-

terior a little below the summit; while, in Patella, they nearly

surround the internal circumference of the same part of the shell.

The aperture is generally surrounded by a margin, and the apex,

which in Ancylus is oblique, is central though posterior.

Mr. Cuming brought home the following species which I now pro-

ceed to describe.

ScuTELLa CRENULATA. Scut. testd subconicd, cancellatd, striis ab

apice radiantibus exasperatis, albd; intis nitente; annulo mar-

ginali et margine crenulatis : long. $, lat. 4, alt. sy poll.

Hab. ad insulam Anian (Chain Island).

This shell was found dead on coral sand on the beach of the island

at a distance from any fresh water.

The marginal ring is very strongly developed, and the margin it-

self is not even; for when the shell is placed with the aperture down-

wards on a flat surface, it rests on the two ends, the sides of the

margin forming each a low arch.

ScureLa 1rtvEscens. Scut. testd oblongo-ovatd, complanatd, mi-

nutissimé substriatd, albo et roseo guttatim tessellatd ; intus iri-

descente, margine interno albo, roseo maculato : long. +, lat. +77,

alt. 5 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Grimwood’s Island.)

This species was gathered by Mr. Cuming on the sands when the

tide was out. There was no fresh water near, and though he obtained

several individuals in the finest condition, the soft parts were gone,

having evidently but lately fallen a prey to some carnivorous crea-

ture.

The shape of Scut. iridescens is very elegant, and the silvery iri-

descent nacre which lines the inside of the shell, contrasted.as it is

with the less brilliant but lively coloured margin, is almost dazzling.

The back of the shell, which is very brittle, is mottled with white and

rose colour. This disposition of its markings almost conveys the im-

pression that the surface of the back is uneven ; but with the excep-

tion of the very minute série, which are almost imperceptible, it is

smooth.

ScuTeLia roska. Scut. testd-subconicd, striatd, albd, lineis flam-

mulisque roseis ornatd; intis nitente, interdum subiridescente :

long. 4, lat. +4;, alt. +4, poll.

Oss. Varietas forsan precedentis,

Hab. cum precedente.

The shape and many other points in this shell differ from those of

Scut. iridescens. Externally it is much more conical and the strie

which run from the apex to the interior margin are direct and minute,

while those which are lateral are much coarser and cross the some-

_ what elevated white parts obliquely: in Scut. iridescens, the exceed-

ingly minute strié radiate evenly from the apex. In Scut. rosea we

lose the brilliancy of the internal nacre which distinguishes Scut.

iridescens, and, in some individuals, it is entirely absent. Still the

former may only be a variety of the latter: both were found to-

gether.—W. J. B.

Tne Shells described in this communication were exhibited.

A note by Mr..G. Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.S., was read. It gave

an account of a Pelican now living in the grounds of Mr. Rawson at

Dulwich, which wounded itself just above the breast to such an ex-

tent as to expose a spacious cavity. The bandages applied to the

part were repeatedly torn off by the bird for the space of ten days, at

the expiration of which the wound was healed. During the whole of

the time the bird was in perfect health; eating fish and drinking as

usual. The scar of the wound is still readily observable.

June 24, 1834.

Joseph Sabine, Esq., Vice President, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,

Esq., and dated Trebizond, Dec. 10, 1833. It referred principally

toa collection of objects of Zoology formed by the writer in his neigh-

bourhood and presented by him to the Society; and contained notices

of other objects which he expects to be able to procure and

transmit.

It also gave some account of “ the famous honey of Trebizond, which

is spoken of by Xenophon in his history of the retreat of the ten thou-

sand Greeks, as having produced the effect of temporary madness or

rather drunkenness on the whole of the army who ate of it, without,

however, causing any serious consequences. It is supposed to be

from the flowers of the Azalea Pontica that the Bees extract this

honey, that plant growing in abundance in this part of the country,

and its blossom emitting the most exquisite odour. The effect which

it has on those who eat it is, as I have myself witnessed, precisely

that which Xenophon describes: when taken in a small quantity it

causes violent head-ache and vomiting, and the unhappy individual

who has swallowed it resembles as much as possible a tipsy man; a

larger dose will completely deprive him of all sense and power of

moving for some hours afterwards.” A portion of the honey accom-

panied the letter, and was exhibited.

The other objects presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were also exhibited.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the Birds se-

verally under the notice of the Meeting. Their principal interest

rested on the assistance afforded by a collection formed in such aloca-

lity towards the determination of the geographical limits of certain

species. Those among the Birds of Europe which are found in India

also would, it is reasonable to anticipate, occur in the intermediate

locality of Trebizond; but there are, among the Trebizond Birds,

various European species which do not, as far as is yet known, occur

in India, and the existence of which in so eastern a range is conse-

quently interesting.

The following species are contained in the Trebizond collection

presented to the Society by Mr. Keith Abbott. The remarks as to

the localities inhabited by them respectively are by Mr. Gould.

1. Aquila pennata, Inhabiting eastern Europe and the adjacent

parts of Asia and Africa.

2. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. European ; but not previously observed

in Asia, although there is a nearly allied species in the Himalayan

mountains. It has not yet been noticed in Africa.

3. Circus eruginosus. European, Indian, and African.

4. Circus cyaneus. European, African, Indian, Chinese, and North

American specimens present no apparent specific differences.

5. Circus cineraceus. European, Indian, and African.

6. Coracias garrula, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, and abundantly

Northern Africa; but hitherto not observed in India.

7. Lanius Collurio, Linn. Hitherto not obtained from India.

8. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechst. Hitherto not obtained from any lo-

cality so far to the east as Trebizond.

9. Saxicola Ginanthe, Bechst. Similarly circumstanced with the

last.

10. Parus major, Linn. Also similarly circumstanced.

11. Parus biarmicus, Linn. European, and of Eastern Asia; but

hitherto not observed in India.

12. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. European, and obtained also from

the Nubian mountains, as well as from the Himalayan and from other

parts of India.

13. Carduelis communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India.

14. Emberiza miliarta, Linn. Previously not obtained from any

locality so far to the east as Trebizond.

15. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common to the three continents of

the old world.

16: Troglodytes communis, Cuv. Not hitherto observed in India.

17. Tichodroma muraria, Ill. Inhabiting the South of Europe,

and found also in the Himalayan mountains, but not in the low lands

of India.

18. Otis Tetrax, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and Africa, but not

India.

19. Gidicnemus crepitans, Cuv. Similarly circumstanced with the

last.

20. Vanellus

described.

21. Tringa variabilis, Meyer. European and American; but hi-

therto not observed in India or Africa.

22. Tringa pugnax, Linn. European and Chinese.

23. Totanus Glottis, Bechst. Not hitherto observed in India or

Africa.

24. Botaurus stellaris. Inhabiting the three continents of the old

world.

25. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and America, but

not observed in India.

26. Sterna leucoptera, Temm. Hitherto not observed out of Eu-

rope.

27. Tadorna Vulpanser. Similarly circumstanced with the pre-

ceding.

28. Anas Boschas, Linn. Almost universal.

Mr. Keith Abbott states that in addition to the above-named birds

he has shot at Trebizond the following :

Falco rufipes, Bechst.

Oriolus Galbula, Linn.

Pastor roseus, Temm.

Pterocles arenarius, Temm.,

Totanus Calidris, Bechst,

? Ayoung bird of a species apparently un-

Totanus ochropus, Temm.

Anas rutila, Pall.

At the request of the Chairman Capt. Stoddart exhibited, with

the permission of the Committee of the Naval and Military Museum,

three Birds forming part of that collection. These were the Columba

spiloptera, Vig.; the Tetraogallus Nigellii, Gray ; and a new species

of Numida, Linn., remarkable for the nakedness of the head and of

the greater part of the neck; for the possession of long hackled fea-

thers round the base of the neck and on the breast; and for the ab.

sence of caruncle on the head. The latter bird was accompanied by

a detailed description by Major-General Hardwicke, which was read.

In it the author pointed out the distinctive characters between this

new species and the several previously described birds of the genus

Numida. It may be characterizéd as follows :

Numipa vutturina. Num. capite haud cristato collique parte an-

teriore nudis, occipite tanttm brunneo-plumoso ; colli inferioris

pectorisque plumis elongatis, lanceolatis, ceruleo nigroque variis,

vittd albd mediand notatis; brunneo-nigra, albo guttata, fas-

ciata, et lineata.

Long. a rostri ad caude apicem, 18 unc.; ad digiti medii apicem,

24; rostri, 2 unc.

Rostrum brunneo-rubrum.

The specimen was brought by Capt. Probyn from the Western

Coast of Africa. From the injured condition of the tail- and wing-

feathers it is evident that it had been kept in confinement, and it has

the appearance of* having been under the influence of moulting when

it died.

Mr. Sabine called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of a

hybrid Bird between the common Pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus,

Linn., and the grey hen, Tetrao Tetrix, Linn., which was exhibited.

Its legs were partially feathered ; it bore, on the shoulder, a white

spot ; and its middle tail-feathers were lengthened. Mr. Sabine

stated his intention of entering at some length into the history of

hybrid. and cross animals in connexion with his description of this

bird. It was bred in Cornwall.

A specimen was exhibited of a Bat captured in New Holland by

George Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. It was brought under

the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who regarded it as previously

undescribed. He characterized it as

RurnoLopaus MRGAPHYLLUS. Rhin. prosthemate posteriore ovato-

lanceolato, faciem latitudine subequante; pallid murinus ; pa-

tagiis subnudis pilis parcis albis subtas prope corpus instructis,

Long. Aumeri, 123 lin.; ulna, 224; pollicis cum ungue, 4; tibie,

9; pedis, 5; calcaris, 5 ; cauda, 12.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee

dictum. +3

*¢ The hinder nose-leaf is bristly, ovate-lanceolate, nearly as broad

at the base as the face, with a rather produced tip; the septum of the

nose is grooved ; and the front leaf expanded with a quite free mem-

branaceous edge. The head is elongated ; the face depressed; the

muzzle rounded; the ears are large, reaching when bent down

rather beyond the tip of the nose. ‘The fur is soft and of a pale

mouse colour. The membranes are dark and naked, with rather di-

stant whitish hair on the under side near the sides of the body.

“This Bat is very nearly allied to the true European Rhinolophi,

and agrees with them in having four cells at the base of the hinder

nose-leaf, and distant pectoral teats, [t differs from them in having a

much broader nose-leaf. The pits on the nose and the distant teats

are not found in the other Rhinolophi, which have no hinder nose-

leaf. These I propose to separate from the others under the name

of Hipposiderus.”

Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several fresh-water Tortoises.

Of these he had recently received three from John Russel Reeves,

Esq., of Canton, two of which he regarded as being previously un-

described. These he now characterized as follows :

Emys nicricans. Em. testd obovato-oblongd, convexd, nigro-

fused ; subtricarinatd, carind mediand obtusa posticé continud,

lateralibus indistinctis distantibus ; scutellis obscuré radiatis, ver-

tebralibus latis, anterioribus pentagonis ; marginibus revolutis,

posticd subserratd ; infra ad latera luteo maculatd; sternum sub-

convexrum, luteum, nigro variegatum.

Long. teste, 3 poll.

Hab. in China prope Canton.

This species is nearly allied in shape and colour to Em. crassi-

collis, Bell, but differs by the distance and indistinctness of its la-

teral keels, the convexity of its sternum, and the shape of its anterior

vertebral plates. From Em. Thuvjii, Gray, it is distinguished by its

smaller size, the darkness of its colour, and the yellow spotting

on the under side towards the edge of the shell.

The character is taken from a half-grown shell, from which the

animal had been removed.

Emys Sinensis, Em. testd ovatd, convexd, subcarinatd, olivaced

nigro punctatd ; scutellis levibus, luteo strigatis, vertebralibus

latis hexagonis ; marginibus integris, lateralibus subrevolutis ; sub-

tas luted, maculis oblongis olivaceis nigro marginatis ornatd ;

sterni lateribus subcarinatis : collo lineis tenuissimis flavis notato.

Long. teste, 5 poll.

Hao. in China,

Allied to Em. vulgaris, Gray, but easily distinguished by the

orange streaks in the centre of each discal shield. ‘The under side

of each of the marginal plates is marked near its hinder edge by a

large oblong subquadrate olive spot, which is dotted and margined

with black ; the axillary and inguinal plates are marked with a black

ring. ‘The sternal plates are varied with brown.

A third undescribed species of Emys, of which a specimen was. ex-

54:

hibited by Mr.Gray, was brought from Dukhun by Lieut. Col. Sykes.

It was characterized as the

Emys tentoria. Em. testd ovato-oblongd, olivaced ; dorso sub-

angulariter compresso ; scutellis subrugosis, vertebralium primo

quadraio, reliquis elongato-hexagonis carinatis postice productis

(tertio precipue) tuberculatis, marginalibus sternalibusqueflavo

carinatis; sterno subplano parum elevato.

Hab. in Indiz Orientalis regione Dukhun dicta.

A fourth new species characterized by Mr. Gray was the

Emys pLatynots. Em. testd ovatd, convexd, fuscd; dorso com-

planato ; scutellorum vertebralium primo lato hexagono ; margine

subintegro ; sterno plano ; capite luteo variegato.

Hab, in India Orientali.

Long. teste, 9 poll.

The shell differs at first sight from all the other species of the ge-

nus by the flatness of the middle of the back, agreeing in that cha-

racter with Hydraspis planiceps, Bell.

Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the fresh-water Tortoise

which he had described in his ‘Synopsis Reptilium,’ under the name of

Cistuda Bealti, from a drawing communicated to him by Mr. Reeves.

The examination of the specimen subsequently received from Mr.

Reeves has enabled him to ascertain that it is really an Emys, which

is easily distinguishable from all the other known species of that ge-

aus by the possession of two eye-like spots on each side of the nape :

the shell is in form like that of Em. vulgaris, Gray ; its colour is dull

olive, speckled with black as in Cistuda Europea, Gray, The name of

the species willnow necessarily be changed to Emys Bealit.

With these Terrapins Mr. Reeves had also transmitted to Mr. Gray

three specimens of Cistuda Amboinensis, Gray, two of which, differing

very much from each other and from the typical species in external

form, were exhibited.

_ The first is extremely heavy and solid, with a very high back.

It appears to have belonged to an old animal, as the plates are

worn nearly smooth ; its sternum is solid, flat, rounded before and

behind, and the gular and anal pairs of plates are each united into

one, leaving only a slight groove between the gular pair, showing

where the division is generally placed.

The second is very much depressed, expanded on the sides, so as

to be nearly orbicular, and is as wide as it islong. This extension is

chiefly produced by the length of the costal plates, for the vertebral

Ones are very narrow, the front one being rather longer than broad,

and much narrower behind. The sternum is very broad, flat, rounded

before, and slightly keeled behind. All the plates are separate,

Colonel Sykes exhibited several pieces of the leaden pipes used

for the supply of water to his house, which were perforated by

having been gnawed by Rats.

The following notes, by Mr. Rymer Jones, of the dissection of a

Tiger, Felis Tigris, Linn., which recently died at the Society's Gar-

dens, were read.

The stomach was simple, 18 inches in length, and 13 in its

greatest circumference, It was seated in the left hypochondriac

and in the umbilical regions. The esophagus entered it at 3 inches

from its cardiac end. Its mucous coat exhibited beautifully minute

convoluted plice, perhaps from the arrangement of the gastric glands.

The pyloric valve was little distinct.

The omentum was loaded with fat, and extended about two thirds

of the distance to the pubes,

The duodenum was loosely attached by a broad mesentery, and

measured in length about 12 inches: the length of the small intes-

tines was 18 feet; their circumference was uniform throughout,

23 inches. The cecum was 2 inches long, and the same in circum-

ference ; its form being that which is met with in the domestic Cat.

The length of the large intestines was 2 feet 10 inches; their circum-

ference 4 inches. The muscular coat of the intestines was thick

throughout their whole extent.

The liver, when spread out, resembled in form a vine-leaf, being di-

vided by deep fissures reaching nearly to the hepatic vessels. It con-

sisted of five lobes, the middle one of which was the largest; this

presented below a deep fissure lodging the gall-bladder, which

seemed to perforate the substance of the viscus, its fundus appearing

in a hole on the convex surface. The length of the gall-bladder was

3 inches ; its circumference 33; its shape pyriform; and its neck

convoluted as in the domestic Cat: the length of the neck, when

unravelled, was 24 inches. The bile entered the intestine at 4 inches

from the pylorus, in common with the pancreatic secretion.

The pancreas was placed between the layers of peritoneum which

formed the mesentery of the duodenum. It was of a long ribband-

like form; 22 inches in length; 1 inch in its greatest and §ths

in its least breadth,

The spleen was loosely attached to the cardiac extremity of the

stomach ; of a flat, club-shaped form; and measured at its broadest

part 3 inches in width, at its narrowest, 1 inch: its greatest thick-

ness was + inch.

The lungs consisted of four lobes on the right and three on the

left side.

The heart, of a pyramidal shape, and measuring 5 inches in length

and 4 in breadth, was seated in the middle of the chest upon the ster-

num. The medium thickness of the muscular parietes of the right ven-

tricle was + inch, of the left ventricle, sths. There were no traces

of Eustachian valve, or of valve to the coronary vein. The vene cave

were two, one superior and one inferior. The primary branches of the

aorta were also two.

The trachea consisted of forty-five rings, each forming rather more

than a semicircle and being completed behind by a membrane which

had the appearance of being muscular. It divided inferiorly into

three branches, two of which passed to the right, and one to the left

lung. The vocal ligaments were little prominent, and the saceculus

laryngis was scarcely perceptible.

The pharynx was very muscular. The lining membrane of the

asophagus was disposed, in its upper third, in longitudinal plice,

and throughout the rest of its extent in transverse folds resembling

thickly placed valvule conniventes, becoming more numerous and

smaller towards the stomach. The tonsils were exceedingly small,

consisting of three or four little glandular patches under the mucous

membrane. The apex of the epiglottis was obtusely pointed, and

much curled towards the tongue: the frenum epiglottidis contained

a powerful muscle serving to raise the epiglottis: the aryteno-epi-

glottidean ligament was so studded with mucous follicles as to repre-

sent glandular masses. The dorsum of the tongue, 10 inches in

length, was thickly studded with retroverted spines, which towards

the posterior part became converted into loose, triangular, fleshy

appendages attached here and there to the surface.

The supra-renal glands were imbedded in fat and situated about

1 inch internal to the anterior extremity of the kidneys ; their length

was 2+ inches, their breadth 1 inch. The kidneys were 4 inches in

length, 23 in breadth, and 23 in thickness. ‘They had the ordinary

position and form, and exhibited on their surface the arborescent

vessels observable in the Felide and Viverride generally. Their cor-

tical and tubular portions were beautifully distinct; the medium

thickness of the former being 3 lines. One papilla received the

tubuli uriniferi of the whole kidney. The ureters terminated about

linch from the neck of the bladder. The urinary bladder, of an

oval shape and 6 inches in length, was so small that without disten-

sion it would not have contained more than three or four ounces of

fluid.

The prostate gland was 4 of an inch in diameter and @ths in

thickness ; its‘form was circular, flattened from before backwards ;

it was placed behind the neck of the bladder, which it did not em-

brace. When cut into, its substance exhibited a rosy white colour.

Its secretion resembied whey, and was poured into the urethra through

several little orifices on each side of the verumontanum, which was a

little eminence half aninch in length. The vasa deferentia terminated

with the ducts of the prostate. Nothing analogous to vesicule se-

minales was observed. Cowper’s glands were of the size of mode-

rately large hazel-nuts, surrounded by a strong muscular envelope ;

on cutting through this case the glandular masses were found to be

of the size of large peas, the remainder of the bulk being made up

by the thickness of the muscular covering; their secretion was poured

out by two ducts into the bulbous portion of the urethra. The

urethra was 94 inches in length; its mucous lining presented no la-

cun@, and was, when slit open, ths of an inch broad at the veru-

montanum, + at the membranous portion, £ at the bulb, and about

ths throughout the rest of its extent. The penis was 54 inches in

length; the glans measuring {ths of an inch and being of a conical

form ending in a sharp point; its surface was studded with minute

papille, but was quite smooth; it inclosed an ossiculum 4} of an inch

in length.

The morbid appearances observed consisted of tubercular disease

of the lungs, with rupture of the air cells in several places.

July 8, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read addressed to the Secretary by M. Julien

Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Mauritius, January 10, 1834.

It accompanied a collection of objects of Zoology, consisting chiefly

of Mammalia and Birds, which were exhibited to the Meeting.

Mr. Gray exhibited various undescribed Shells, chiefly contained

in his own collection. He characterized them as follows :

Unio Nov# Hotianpim. Un. testd oblongo-elongatd, gracilt,

solida ; anticé subcompressd, levi, rotundatd, postice subventri-

cosd, productd, tuberculis magnis inequalibus in seriebus curvatis

radiantibus dispositis ; disco argenteo purpureo maculato, margine

imfertore antice crassissima ; dente cardinali anteriore parvo,

parim elevato, bituberculato ; dentibus posterioribus parvis, sub

cartilaginis margine posteriore positis ; periostracd crassa, nigra.

Hab. in Nove Hollandiz flumine Macquarrie, 70 circiter mill,

ab ejus ostio.

Anopvon ParisHit. An. testa ovatd, ventricosd, solidd ; antice

compressd, subproducta, sy gee posticé expansd, dilatatd,

rotundatd ; margine cardinalt rectd, marginis inferiorts dimi-

dium longitudine equante ; disco margaritaceo-albo; periostracd

brunneo-nigrescente.

Long. 74, alt. 33 poll.

Hab. in fluviis Paraguaye.

The submarginal scar has an acute inflection under the hinder

muscular one; and there are several small unequal scars behind

that of the anterior adductor, as well as others, also unequal, under

the umbones,

ANODON PENICILLATUS. An. testd ovata, ventricosd, crassi,

solidiusculd, levi; antic? subcompressd, rotundatd, subgracilt,

posticé oblique truncatd; ad marginem inferiorem postice di-

latato-rotundatd; disco albe, lineis angularibus brunneo-ni-

grescentibus prope cicatricem muscularem submarginalem notato;

periostraca olivacea, levi,

Hab. in fluviis Paraguaye.

The black lines of the inside of the shell are deposited along the

upper edge of the submarginal muscular scar, and are gradually co-

vered by the pearly Jayer deposited by the surface of the mantle

over the scar; the interior ones, being the most thickly covered,

are the lightest in colour.

No, XIX.—ProcrEpInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

There is a two-lobed oblong muscular scar at the back of the

lower edge of that of the anterior adductor, There is also a small

deep scar under the front of the umbones.

ANODON PORCIFER. An, testd ovatd, subventricosd, crassd, solidd ;

antice convexd, rotundatd, postice productd, porcd angulari

prope depressionem marginis postice ; margine inferiore postice

subrotundatd ; disco nitidissimo, iridescenti-margaritaceo ; perio-

stracd levi, nigré viridi radiatim picta.

Hab. in fluviis Paraguayee.

There is only a single small ovate scar behind the lower end of

that of the anterior adductor muscle; the part under the umbones

is destitute of any.

Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of several Shells, which he

referred to a genus to be separated from Helix under the name of

NANINA.

Helix (pars), Fér. Vitrina (pars), Quoy.

Animal, Collare amplum, lobo dextro antico, antro respirationis

in sinu posito, lobo sinistro postico lato expanso partem inferiorem

teste anfractis ultimi tegente. Pes posticé truncatus, processu

brevi conico dorsali supra truncaturam sito.

Testa depressa, perforata, polita; apertura lunaté ; peristomate

tenui, edentulo, costa interna vel nulla vel obsoleta.

India, Chine, §c. Incole.

The shells comprised in this genus have been referred by M. De

Férussac, and by most authors, to Helix: they are, however, more

nearly related to Vitrina, with which M, Quoy intends placing them.

But from the shell of Vitrina that of Nanina differs by being um-

bilicated, as well as by its smaller mouth, The lobation of the collar

of the animal of Nanina distinguishes it also from Vitrina; the

collar of the latter being entire, with a linear lobe on the side ex-

tending over the shell, and with the respiratory hole placed at its

base, ~

The animal was first observed and figured by General Hardwicke

in 1797.

The following species belong to the genus:

Nan. Nemorensis. Helix Nemorensis, Miill.

Nan. Javanensis. Hel. Javanensis, Fér.

Nan, exilis. Hel. exilis, Mull.

Nan, citrina. Hel. citrina, Linn.

Var. Hel. castanea, Miill.

Hel. Rapa, Chemn.

Nan. monozonalis. Hel. monozonalis, Lam.

Nan. Clairvillia, Hel. Clairvillia, Fér.

Nan. Vitrinoides, Hel. Vitrinoides, Desh.

Nanna Juviana, Nan. testd solidd, albd; spird conveniusculd ;

anfractibus depressis fascid mediand brunned, ultimo antic? roseo

fascid brunned axin cingente ; peristomate rotundato, roseo.

.Axis 11, diam. 20 lin.

Hab. in Ceylon.

This is one of the most beautiful of the genus. It approaches to

Nan. Javanensis, but is thicker and larger.

Nanina striata. Nan. testd solidiusculd, subpellucidd, albidd ;

periostracd tenui, olivaced; spird convexiusculd, confertim trans-

verse striatd ; anfractu ultimo anticé sublevi.

Axis 9, diam. 15 lin.

Mr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of Shells of the

Genus Teresra,

forming part of his own collection, and illustrating an account of

many new species of that group which he presented.

He stated that the animal has asmall foot, and a very long pro-

boscis, at the base of which are seated two very small tentacula; the

operculum is ovate, thin, horny, rounded behind, and rather taper-

ing in front. The shell is covered by a very thin, pellucid, horn-

coloured periostraca: it is usually white, variously streaked with

brown, the streaks being often interrupted or broken into spots

by the two spiral bands of the shell; one of these bands is placed

near the spiral groove and the other on the middle of the whorl. The

apex of the cavity is frequently filled up by a calcareous deposition ;

but this deposition has never been observed in Ter. duplicata.

The species may be divided into the following sections :

I. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante ; labio in-

teriore tenui, concavo.

Oss. Cingulum in junioribus magis conspicuum ; labium internum

in adultis rarissimé incrassatum.

Huic sectioni referendz sunt

Ter. maculata, Lam.

Ter. tigrina.—Buccinum felinum, Dillw.

Ter. strigata, Sow.—Buccinum elongatum, Wood, Suppl., f. 22.

Ter. dimidiata, Lam.

Ter. striatula, Lam.

Ter. flammea, Lam.

Ter. muscaria, Lam.

Ter. subulata, Lam.

Ter. oculata, Lam.

Ter. crenulata, Lam.

Ter. corrugata, Lam.

Ter. duplicata, Lam.

Ter, pertusa, Sow. Born, Mus., t. 10. f. 13.

Ter. nubeculata, Sow.

Ter. myuros, Lam.

Terepra Knorr, Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, acuminatd, solidd,

» &

politd ; anfractibus planis, superioribus transverse sulcatis ; albd

brunneo interrupté trifasciatd, fascia posteriore lata maculis i irre-

gularibus, mediand angustd, anteriore latiore maculis quadratis.

Axis 24, diam. 4 unc.

Knorr, Delicie, vol. iii. t. 23. f. 3.

This species differs from Ter. maculata by being more slender,

and by having the front of the whorls spotted. From Ter. tigrina it

‘js distinguished by the marbling of the back of the whorls.

TEREBRA AFFINIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili, solidius-

culaé ; anfractibus planis, transverse punctato-sulcatis, tenuiter

spiraliter striatis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo; aperturd

parvd ; albd nebulis lineisque spiralibus tribus vel quatuor sa-

turaté rufis.

Axis 12 unc.

Var. a. Parva. 14 une.

b. Gracilior. 1 unc.

Allied to Ter. nubeculata, but smaller and more slender in its

proportions.

TEREBRA RUDIS. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, longitudinaliter

plicatad, spiraliter sulcatd, cancellatd ; anfractibus planis, cin-

gulo posteriore convexiusculo, noduloso ; aperturd mediocri; pal-

lide flavd, apice flavo.

Axis 1+ unc.

Teresra striata, Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd, levi,

striis spiralibus distantibus; anfractibus convexiusculis, sulcis cur-

vatis distantibus, cingulo parum noduloso, superioribus profunde

sulcatis cinguloque altero albo-noduloso, ultimo anticé striis spi-

ralibus frequentibus ; aperturd minimd ; pallidé brunned.

Axis 14 unc,

Resembles Ter. affinis, but the grooves are not punctate.

Teresra uNpuLATA. Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, gracillimd,

longitudinaliter undatd, plicis angularibus levibus, interstitiis

linearibus rufis minute punctatis ; anfractibus planiusculis, serie

posticd tuberculorum alborum majusculorum ; aperturd parvd;

pallide flava.

Axis 1+ unc.

TEREBRA ALBA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, costis longitudinalibus

spiralibusque frequentibus cancellatd ; anfractibus planes cingulo

convexiusculo ; aperturd parvd ; albd.

Axis 3 unc.

v Terepra riava, Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, longitudina-

liter plicatd plicis frequentibus equalibus, striis spiralibus fre-

quentibus punctatis ; anfractibus planis, cingulo conveviusculo ;

pallide flavd.

Axis 1 unc.

Var. Subulata, gracilis, costis longitudinalibus magis acutis.

‘

* Teresra puncratosTriata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili,

tenui, levi, striis spiralibus distantibus punctatis, sulco spirali

posteriore profundiore ; anfractibus convexiusculis, ad suturam

subcrenulatis, superioribus profunde punctatis ; aperturd angustd ;

pallid? rufo-flavd.

Axis 23 unc.

Terepra Graciuis. Ter. testd turritd, lineari-subulatd, pellu-

cidd, levi, politd, tenuiter spiraliter striatd, plicis longitudina-

libus distantibus ; anfractibus subplanis, sulco posteriore profundo ;

cinered, anfractu ultimo antue purpureo.

Axis ] unc.

Hab. ad Africe oras.

TEREBRA TESSELLATA. Ter, testd turritd, subulatd, levi; anfrac-

tibus planis, cingulo convexo noduloso albo, superioribus cingulo

altero etiam noduloso ; albd brunneo interrupteé trifasciatd, ma-

culis equalibus quadratis,

Axis (an junioris?) | unc.

This differs from all the other spotted species by the hinder belt

being destitute of spots: the belt is also more nodulose than in the

other species which are marked with spots.

) Teresra variecata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, costis spira-

libus vie prominentibus parim nodulosis ; anfractibus planis ;

albd vel viridescente, seriebus tribus macularam brunnearum,

maculis posterioribus quadratis inter cinguli nodulos compressos,

ceteris ollongis transversis.

Axis 24 unc.

Var. Pellucida, albida brunneo maculata, nodulis albis opacis.

‘Teresra piicaTa, Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, tenui, tenu-

iter spiraliter striatd, costis longitudinalibus undatis albis sub-

distantibus ; anfractibus planis, cingulo suhelevato costato, su-

turd crenulatd; aperturd mediocri; pallidé brunned.

~ Terepra puncrata. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, gracili, acumi-

natd, levi; anfractibus planis, cingulo subangusto noduloso, su-

perioribus cingulo altero etiam noduloso ; aperturd parvd; pal-

lid? flavescente, seriebus quatuor macularum brunnearum parva-

rum in strigas aliquando confluentium.

TEREBRA LmvicaTA. Ter. testd lurrild, subulatd, gracillimd,

tenur, levi, tenuissimé striatd; anfractibus planis, in medio

subcarinatis, cingulo levi subelevato porcd carinatd utrinque

aucto ; anfractu ultimo haud carinato ; apertura minima; al-

bida.

Axis 1+ une.

Trresra tavis. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi; anfractibus

subconcavis, in medio subcarinatis, superiortbus transverse sul-

catis, cungulo albo opaco angusto levi sulco subprofundo anticé

porcdque angustissimd carinatd posticée aucto ; alba flavescente

varid.

Axis 14 unc.

II. Anfractibus sulco spirali cingulum posterius efformante; labio

interiore iucrassato subelevato.

Oss. Quoad aperturam Cerithia quodammodo simulantes.

Huic sectioni referende sunt

Ter. cerithina, Lam.

Ter. tricolor, Sow.—Ter. t@niolata, Quoy, cui proprii sunt in-

super sulcum cingulum efformantem sulci alii spirales duo.

TEREBRA ANOMALA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, levi, politd;

anfractibus planis, sulco spirali postico profundo crenato, pos-

tice longitudinaliter plicatis ; aperturd antice subeffusd, posticé

angustatd acutissima, labio intertore preesertim posticé incras-

sato; alba, fascid latissima subposticd alterdque angustiore

anticd cinereis vel brunneis, apice acutissimo brunneo. ee

Axis 12 unc.

TEREBRA ORNATA. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, solida ;

anfractibus planis, sulco spirali posteriore profundo, cingulo

convexo subnoduloso ; aperturd ovata, labio interiore subincras=-

sato declivi ; albd, seriebus quatuor macularum parvarum brun-

nearum quadratarum, serierum.intermediarum maculis nonnun-

quam in strigas oblongas confluentibus.

Axis 4 unc.

TEREBRA CANCELLATA. Ter. testd turritd, subulatd, sulcis spi-

ralibus frequentibus profundis, plicis longitudinalibus equalibus

subconfertis; anfractibus planis, sulco posteriore profundo ;

aperturad subparvd, labio interiore incrassato elevato; pallidé

cinerea.

Axis 14 unc.

TEREBRA STRAMINEA. Ter. testa turrita, subulatd, subrugosd, spi-

raliter confertim sulcatd ; anfractibus subplanis, cingulo po-

stico subelevato oblique transversim sulcato alteroque nodulorum

magis rotundatorum; aperturd parvd, labio interiore posticé

subcalloso ; flavescente.

Axis 24 unc.

Tzrepra TRisertata. Ter. testa turritd, subulata, gracillimd,

subcylindricd, costis spiralibus subgranulosis confertis ; cingulo

postico convexo noduloso, ante hoc altero subangustiore, et tertio

minore pone; aperturd minima, labio interiore subinerassato ;

pallide flavescente,

Axis 12 unc.

II. Anfractibus sulco postico nullo.

* Labio interiore tenut.

a. Testd elongatd, gracilt.

Ter. lanceolata, Lam.

Ter. strigillata, Lam.

Ter. hastata, Lam.—Ter. costata, Meench.

/) Treresra Aupipa. Ter. testd turritd, ovato-subulatd, acumi-

natd, levi; anfractibus planis, suturd subimpressa ; pallide

flavescenti-albida.

Axis 14 unc.

b. Testa brevi.

Ter. aciculata.—Buccinum aciculatum, Lam.

Ter. polita.—Buccinum politum, Lam,

** [abio interiore incrassato, elevato ; testd brevi.

Oxs. Nasse quodammodo affines ; sed neque labium internum di-

latatum, nec externum incrassatum.

Ter. lineolata, Sow. Wood, Suppl., f. 22.

Ter. Tahitensis——Buccinum Tahitense, Gmel.—Buccinum Au-

strale, Sow.

Mr. Gray concluded by stating that specimens of all the species

ofLerebra enumerated by him are contained either in his private

collection or+ ‘itish Museum.

sh oss

Mr. Gray also exhibited an extensive series of land and _fresh-

water Shells which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He cha-

racterized them as follows: ;

Heicopuanta Fatconert, Reeve, MSS. Hel. tesid ovatd, tenui,

vesiculari, profundé umbilicatd ; pallide brunned, fasciis macu-

lisque prope suturam saturatioribus ; apice obtuso ; anfractibus

quatuor convevis, ultimo antice declivi; umbilico magno, com-

presso ; peristomate simplici, fauce albd.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

This species is very nearly allied to Hel. magnifica, Fér., Moll.,

t. 10. f. 10, but differs in ,being much more umbilicated and ven-

tricose, having a greater number of whorls, and being deeper co-

loured.

_ Zonrres Watxerr. Zon. testd depressd, umbilicatd, politd, flavo-

brunned ; anfractibus 3} citissimé majoribus, ventricosis, tenuiter

concentrice striatis ; dorso striis densis spiralibus ; umbilico pro-

fundo ; aperturd magnd, fauce albidd.

Axis 8 lin., diam. 1 unc.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac-

quarrie.

This species is allied in form and size to Zon. fuliginosus of North

Bg ” (Oi §

America, but differs in the back of the whorls being cancellately

striated, and in the mouth being larger and more rounded.

Buiimvus atomatus. Bul. testd ovatd, acutd, tenui, imperforatd,

pallide brunned, punctis brunneis triangularibus sepe strigosis

notatd ; spird obtuse conicd; anfractibus paulum elevatis ; aper-

turd elongatd, tertid parte spiram superante ; peristomate sim-

plicit; labio interno subreflexo; columelld anticé rectd ; fauce

albo.

Axis 24, diam. 14 unc.

Hab. in Noya Hollandia, 70 millia passuum circiter a Fort Mac-

quarrie.

The three following species were discovered in the interior of

New Holland by Mr. Allan Cunningham, and two of them have

been figured, but not described, in Mr. Griffith’s Edition of Cuvier’s

‘ Animal Kingdom.’

Heuix Cunnincuamt, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 4.

Hel. testd valde depressd, albo brunneoque fasciatd ; spird pla-

niusculd ; anfractibus paulum convexis, ultimo depressissimo, ro-

tundato ; umbilico lutissimo anfractus omnes monstrante ; aperturd

oblonga, deflexd; labio externo reflexo, subincrassato, dextror-

sum rotundato, sinistrorsum complanato recto ; fauce purpuras-

cente.

Axis 11, diam. 29, aperture diam. 124 lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, in sylvis densis obscuris apud Hay’s Peak.

This species varies in the size of its brown bands, some individuals

being nearly white with a few narrow brown bands in the centre

of the last whorl; while in others the bands spread over the whole

upper part and the upper half of the lower portion of that whorl. It

is allied to Hel. sepulchralis in form, but is larger and has no keeled

band round the umbilicus, which is also wider; and to Hel. Ra-

dama, Less., Cent. Zool., t. 9, from Madagascar, which differs from

it in being thinner, of a uniform brown colour, and having a larger

mouth, the front of the whorls near the umbilicus appearing also to

be constantly white.

Hewix Fraserr, Gray, in Griff. Anim. Kingd., t. 6. f. 6. Hel.

testd globosd, imperforatd, pallide brunned fasciis plurimis an-

gustis linearibus spiralibus brunneis ; spird convexd, hemisphericd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo maximo ventricoso ; aperturd ob-

longd, semilunatd ; labio externo rotundato, reflexo, subincrassato,

purpurascenti-brunneo ; interno vix incrassato.

Axis 19, diam. 24, aperture lat. 12, long. 14 lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.

‘This species most nearly resembles Hel. crispata, but is larger

and more globular; the whorls are more ventricose, and the bands

continuous : it is covered with a thin greenish horny periostraca.

Hxxix Jacxsoniensis. Hel. testd depressd, pallid brunned, po-

lita, concentricé substriatd ; spird converd ; anfractibus planis,

ultimo rotundato, depresso ; aperturd lunatd ; fauce albidd ; labio

externo tenui.

Axis 3, diam. 3+ lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, prope Port Jackson.

The shell resembles Hel. nitida in form, but is imperforate.

To Mr. Cunningham Mr. Gray was also indebted for three species

discovered by him in Phillip’s Island, a small island about 5 miles

South of Norfolk Island. These he characterized as follows :

Heuix Campsettu. Hel. testd conicd, subglobosd, depressius-

culd, imperforata, subrugosd, rugis transversis densis, striisque

spiralibus indistinctis ; pallidé brunned, fascia latd subposticd

pallida ; spird conicd, convexd ; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo

carind mediand indistinctd, antice levi ; peristomate tenui, acuto,

juata axin subincrassato, albo.

Axis 54, diam. 8+ lin.

Hab. in Insula Phillip Maris Pacifici.

Heux Purmuru. Hel. testd subglobosd, depressd, imperforata,

pallide corned, pellucidd, maculis viridibus sparsis irregularibus ;

transversim subdistanter rugosd ; spird convexd; anfractibus pla-

niusculis, ultimo parum ventricoso, rotundato, fascid posticd sub-

mediand angustd albd ; aperturd semilunatd ; labio tenui, supra

axin subincrassato, albo.

Axis 5, diam. 8 lin.

Hab. in Insula Phillip.

Jun. spird planiusculd, anfractu ultimo subcarinato.

This species is allied to the former in the shape of the mouth and

structure of the lip; but the whorls are angular in the young state

only, as in most of the Helices of Lamarck.

Carocotta Sropparri. Car. testd conico-subglobosd, depressi-

usculd, tenuissim? rugosd, brunned pallide fasciatd vel flaves-

cente fasciis saturatioribus, imperforatd ; spird conicd, convewd ;

anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo indistincté in medio carinato ;

eristomate tenui, juxta axin subincrassato, acuto.

Axis 4, diam. 7 lin.

Var. 1. Testd saturate brunned, fascia prope suturam latiusculd.

Var. 2. Testd supra brunned, infra flavescente, fascid pone carinam

lata brunned.

Var. 3. Testd pallid? flavd, fascid ante carinam latd brunned.

Var. 4. Testd pallid? flavd supra brunneo subnebulosd.

Hab. in Insula Phillip.

The remaining species were described from specimens in Mr.

Gray’s own collection; they were characterized as follows :

Burrus ruopostomus. Bul. testd ovatd, perforatd, solidd,

striatd, albidd roseo marmoratd, periostracd tenui olivaced ; su-

turd tenuiter crenulatd ; anfractibus fasciis duabus posticis obscu-

- ris latis ; fauce rosed ; peristomate paulum incrassato; axi antice

saturate brunned.

Axis 14, diam. 3 unc.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia ?

Butimus crassiuasris. Bul. testd ovata, acutd, levi, politd,

albd brunneo parum tinctd ; spird conicd, apice obtuso subpro-

ducto; anfractibus conveviusculis; aperturd parvd; labio externo

subincrassato, interno incrassato, calloso, subrepando, perfora-

tionem parvam linearem fere tegente.

Diam. $ unc.

Buuimus aricutatus. Bul. testd ovatd, elongatd, perforatd, levi,

albd, strigis brunneis obliquis ; spird conicd, apice acutiusculo,

saturate brunneo ; ultimo anfractu obsoletissime albo carinato ;

aperturd spird breviore, subangustd ; labio externo simplice, in-

terno tenui, ante columellam parum reflexo, saturate brunneo.

Axis 10, diam. 44 lin.

This shell resembles Bul. Kingii, but is more solid and has a dark

apex and pillar.

Buuimus Puxttus. Bul. testd ovatd, subcylindricd, subimperforatd,

pellucidd, albidd, tenuiter striatd ; apice conico, obtusiusculo,

pellucido; anfractibus novem vel decem via elevatis ; aperturd par-

vd, subrotundd, semilunatd ; labiis subincrassatis rotundatis.

Axis 8, diam. 2+ lin.

Hab. “ in India Orientali ad ripas Gangis,” Dr. Royle.

It varies greatly in size, and is often much smaller.

Buuimvus Burcnertiu. Bul. testd ovato-lanceolatd, imperforatd,

alba, rugosiusculd ; apice obtuso, subattenuato ; anfractibus con-

veviusculis ; aperturd ovatd, spird tertid parte breviore ; labiis

parum incrassatis, albis.

Axis 7, diam. 2+ lin.

Jun. anfractibus angulariter subcarinatis, labiis tenuibus.

Hab. in Africé Australi, prope Lattakoo.

The specimens were strung together to form a necklace.

Lienus tenuis. Lign. testd ovatd, subturritd, tenuissimd, albd,

pellucidd, periostracd tenui glabrd fiavd indutd ; spird conicd,

apice obtuso, subproducto ; anfractibus convewxis, ultimo obsole-

tissime carinato, antice purpurascenti-brunneo ; columelld antice

tenui, rectiusculd. ;

Axis 15, diam. 9 lin.

Hab. in Africa ?

This shell is in shape most like the young of Hel. flammigera, Fér.,

Moll., t. 118, f.5; but differs in colour, in tenuity, and in the shape

of the front of the pillar-lip.

Heurx Coprinetonu. Hel. testd orbiculari, conicd, imperforatd,

* solidiusculd, pallida irregulariter dense albo lineatd ; spird con-

vead; anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo depressiusculo ; aperturd

lunatd, ovatd, obliqud ; labio externo reflexo, albo, antice planius-

culo, declivi, interno tenut.

Axis 15, diam. 20 lin.

Hab. “in Grecia apud Navarino,” S. P. Pratt, Esq.

Heuix Fipevis. Hel. testd depressiusculd, late perforatd, pallide

brunned, profund? striatd, periostracd tenut pallidd indutd ; spird

conicd, converd ; anfractibus elevatiusculis, citissimé majoribus,

fascid suturali notatis, ultimo rotundato antice brunneo ; aper-

turd obliqud ; peristomate albo, subreflexo ; fauce postice albd,

antice brunned.

Axis 11, diam. 15 lin.

Var. spird paulo depressiore.

Hewrx Cracuzropu. Hel. testd depressd, tenui, late perforatd,

striatd, pellucidd, albidd presertim ad spiram rufescenti-brun-

neo variegatd ; spird convexd ; anfractibus elevatiusculs, ultimo

obsoletissim? carinato, fascid mediand albd; peristomate simplici ;

fauce brunned, maculd albd in labii medio.

Axis 9, diam. 14 lin.

Hab. in India Orientali?

This is perhaps a Nanina, but it is more largely perforated than

any of that genus of which I have seen the animal.

Hezix Maperaspatana. Hel. testd globosd, depressd, perforatd,

pallid? brunned albido marmoratd, substriatd ; spird elevatius-

culd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cito majoribus, ultimo ventricoso,

fascid albidd submediand, antice pallidiore ; aperturd semilunatd,

majusculd ; peristomate subincrassato, albido ; perforatione pro-

fundd, angustd.

Axis 9, diam. 13 lin.

Hab. “in India Orientali, 200 millia passuum circiter a Maderas-

‘patana versus Africum,” J. W. Heath, Esq.

While on the subject of Indian Helices, Mr. Gray remarked that

Hel. ligulata, Fér., Moll., t. 31. f. 2, 3, is a common Indian species;

and that Hel. cicatricosa, Chemn., vol. ix. t.109. f. 913, is found in

the more elevated regions of India, and has lately been described by

Mr. Lea under the name of Hel. Himalayana.

CarocottA Novw Hoxuranpix. Car. testd orbiculari, conicd,

subdepressd, subperforatd, tenui, levi, tenuissime elevato-punc-

tatd, pallide fulvd ; spird conicd, convexd ; anfractibus sex di-

stinctis, fascid brunned submediand ; ultimo pallide angulariter

carinato, antice convexo, circum axin saturate brunneo ; aper-

turd subangulatd ; peristomate pone carinam subinflexo, subin-

crassato, reflero, nigro; labio interno tenui, brunneo ; fauce

albidd, fascia pellucida. .

Axis 9, diam. 14 lin.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia, 200 millia passuum ab Ostio Fluvii

Macquarrie.

Hexix GRANIFERA. Hel. testd conicd, orbiculari, depressiusculd, .

imperforatd, pallide brunned, granis minutis albis aspersd ; spird

converd, obtusd ; anfractibus vix elevatis, ultimo acuté carinato,

antice conveciusculo ; aperiurd ovato-trigond ; labiis incrassatis,

reflexis, albis, externo antic? recto, inequaliter 3-dentato, dentibus

duobus internis obliquis approximatis, externo majore distante

compresso.

Axis 7, diam. 1] lin.

Hab. vulgaris in India Occidentali.

Hewix pacnyeastra. Hel. testd orbiculari, depressd, imperfo-

ratd, badid, levi, tenuiter striatd ; spird convexiusculd ; anfrac-

tibus planis, ultimo ventricoso, rotundato, obsoletissime in medio

carinato; aperiurd subtrigond ; labiis incrassatis callosis, externo

antic? intis dente parvo extus plicd majore instructo.

Axis 44, diam. 8 lin.

Mr. Gray observed on this character that he calls that a tooth

which is solid, and that a plait which is marked externally by a

corresponding groove. Thus the Chondri of Cuvier have toothed

mouths, and the Pupe and Clausilie plaited.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained

in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming, chiefly on the Western

Coast of South America and among the islands of the South Pacific

Ocean. Those brought on the present occasion under the notice of

the Society were accompanied by observations and characters by Mr.

G. B. Sowerby, and comprised the following species of the

Genus Puouas.

«©The utmost caution is necessary in the examination and de-

scription of the various sorts of Pholades, on account of the extraor-

dinary difference in the form of the same species in different stages

of growth. The addition of accessory valves also, as they increase

in age, must be carefully observed, in order to guard against too

implicit a confidence in their number and form. And though I

might be considered guilty of asserting a truism by stating that the

difference in size of different individuals of the same species may

and sometimes does mislead the tyro in the science of Malacology ;

lest such differeuce should mislead the adept also, let him too pro-

ceed cautiously, and when he finds a fully grown shell of halfan inch

in length agreeing perfectly in proportions and characters with an-

other of two inches long, let him not conclude that it is a distinct

species, but if he can find no other difference except that which

exists in their dimensions, let him consider the one a giant, the other

adwarf. Let it be remembered that among the Cypree it is not un-

common to observe young shells of three inches in length, and fully

grown ones of the same sort only one inch in length ; likewise, of

the well-known British Pholades there are individuals quite in a

young state of two inches in length, and perfectly formed shells of

the same species not more than half an inch long. For an instance

in demonstration I need only refer to the Phol. papyraceus, so

abundant at Torquay, of which the young shells have been considered

by many as a distinct species and have been named by Dr. Turton

Phol. lamellosus. This varies in size exceedingly, so that it may

be obtained both in an incomplete and young state and in a fully

grown condition from half an inch to nearly two inches in length.

The circumstance of its having rarely occurred in an: intermediate

state of growth, when the anterior opening is only partly closed

and the accessory valves only partly formed, led Dr. Turton and

others to persist in regarding the young and old as two distinct

species. Other similar instances will be shown in the course of the

present concise account of some hitherto undescribed species of the

same genus brought to England by Mr. Cuming.”—G. B. S.

Puoas crucicEr. Phol. testd oblongd, scabrd, marginibus an-

tica ventrali apertd, anticd dorsali reflexd ; valvd accessoria

ernie posticd, transversd: long. 1°7, lat. 0°65, alt, 0-7

oll.

Hab. ad oras Columbiz Occidentalis et Americe Centralis.

In this species the anterior ventral opening is somewhat more

closed in some specimens than in others. It appears to form only one

accessory valve, which crosses the valves behind the umbones: the

dorsal margins are closed by epidermis.

Found in three localities ; namely, in soft sandstone at half-tide

on the shores of the island of Puna in the Gulf of Guayaquil ; in soft

stone at low water in the Bay of Caraccas ; both in West Columbia ; ;

and in hard clay at a depth of thirteen fathoms in the Gulf of No-

coiyo in Central America.—G. B.S

Paonas CurLoensis, var. parva. Phol. Chiloensis, testd parva,

tenuiore: long. 1°6, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°6 poll.

Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms at the island

of Plata, West Columbia.—G. B.S

Puoxtas sustruncaTa. Phol. testd ovato-oblongd, scabrd, postice

rotundato-subtruncatd, levi; margine anticd ventrali hiatumazimo ;

valvd accessorid solitarid, anticd, lanceolatd, antic acuminatd :

long. 1°9, lat. 0-9, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Platz, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in soft stone at a depth of seventeen fathoms. Very like

our British Pholas parva.—G. B.S.

Puouas catva, Gray, MSS. Phol. testd ovatd, antice retusd,

postice subacuminatd, hiante ; valvis singulis in areas tres divi-

sis ; areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon-

gitudinaliter striatd indutd ; posticd squamis corneis, postice ro-

tundatis, imbricatis, levibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd; parte

anticd ventrali clausd levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsali

maximd, levi, quingquelobatd ; marginibus dorsali ventralique

posticis epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis : long. 2°, lat. 1, alt.

1-1 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Paname.

Oss. Test junioris parte antica ventrali apertaé, hiatu maximo ;

valva accessoria nulla, marginibus dorsali ventralique posticis haud

obtectis: long. 1°5, lat. 0°7, alt. 0°7 poll.

This is another remarkable instance of extreme dissimilarity be-

tween the young and fully grown shells; the large anterior ventral

opening, so conspicuous in the young shell, being completely closed

up in the fully grown individual; the enormous accessory valve co-

vering the wmbones and spreading widely over the anterior dorsal

parts of the shell is also a remarkable addition formed at its full

growth.

Found in Spondyli, at a depth of twelve fathoms, at the Isle of

Perico in the Bay of Panama: the young shells have also been taken

out of hard stones at low water in the same place.—G. B. 8.

Puowas catva, var. nana. Phol. calva, testd nand: long. 0°5,

lat. 0°25, alt. 0°25 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in hard stones at low water.—G. B. §.,

Portas acuminata. Phol. testd ovatd, antice rotundatd, postice

acuminatd, hiatu minimo ; valvis singulis in areas tres divisis ;

areis, anticd scabriusculd ; intermedid epidermide corned lon-

gitudinaliter striatd induta ; posticd squamis corneis, postic® acu-

minatis, imbricatis, levibus, gradatim minoribus, ornatd ; parte

anticd ventrali clausd, levigatd ; valvd accessorid anticd dorsali

magnd, subtetragond, antice unilobatd ; marginibus ventrali dor-

salique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis, tegmine dorsali antic

inflato : long. 2°, lat, 0°9, alt. O°9 poll,

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in limestone at low water. The same sort of difference is

observable between the young and fully grown shells in this species

as in Phol. calva.

One specimen of this shell in Mr. Cuming’s collection merits

particular notice. It demonstrates a fact of considerable importance

to geologists. It is in argillaceous limestone, very much resem-

bling lias, and in forming the cavity in which it resides, it has, by

such chemical process as frequently takes place, absorbed a much

greater quantity of the rock than could be retained or converted ;

this is again deposited at the upper part of the cavity; and thus the

rock is recomposed.——-G. B. 8. ,

Puotas mELANURA. Phol. testd ovatd, anticé rotundatd, posticé

obtusd, hiatu mediocri ; valvis fascid impressd transversim sul-

catd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali

radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, inflatd ; po-

sticd longitudinaliter striatd, postice epidermide nigrd indutd ;

margine dorsali anticd inflato-reflexd ; valvis accessoriis duabus,

posticis, subtrigonis, superne fornicatis: long. 1°4, lat. 0°75,

alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbize Occidentalis.

Found in hard clay at low water.—G. B.S.

Puoras tTusirerA. Phol. testd oblongd, postice subattenuatd, sub-

truncatd, antic? rotundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd di-

midiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali radi-

atim sulcatd, decussatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subin-

flatd ; posticd longitudinaliter striatd ; margine dorsali anticd

reflexo-inflatd; valvis accessoriis dorsalibus duabus, posticis, sub-

ovatis ; epidermide postice in duas valvas planulatas decurrente,

deinde tubulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long.

1:3, lat. 0°5, alt. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Caraccensem, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Oss. Testa intermediz etatis tubulum caret.

Found in decayed wood dredged up at ten fathoms’ depth.

A marked resemblance may be easily traced between this and the

Pholas papyracea of Southern Devonshire.

Puotas Quapra. Phol. testd oblongd, tenuissimd, antice inflatd,

rotundatd, postice subattenuatd, subtruncatd; valvis fascid trans-

versim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd

dorsali concentricé lamellosd, lamellis squamuliferis, parte an-

ticd ventrali tenuiore, inflatd, radiatim obsolete costellatd; po-

sticd longitudinaliter sulcatd ; margine dorsali anticd concavo-

reflerd, musculum recipiente, epidermide obtectd; epidermide

postice in vesiculas quatuor, undique duas, decurrente ; deinde tu-

bulum calcareum ad extremam partem conspicuum : long. 1°, lat.

0°3, alt. 0°3 poll.

Hab. ad Montem Christi, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in stones at low water.—G. B. 8.

Protas Quanra, var. Phol. Quadra, testd parvd, margine dorsali

anticd inflato-reflexd.

Hab. ad Montem Christi.

This variety differs only in the circumstance of the epidermis

which covered the muscle contained in the concave reflected ante-

rior dorsal margin being changed into calcareous matter. The

young shells are without any tube or other accessory parts.—

B.S.

Puoxas curta. Phol. testd ovali, postice acuminatd, antice ro-

tundatd; valvis fascid transversim sulcatd dimidiatis ; areis, an-

ticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali longitudinaliter striata

et radiatim corrugatd, parte anticd ventrali tenuiore, subinflatd ;

posticd concentrice striatd; valvd accessoria solitarid, dorsali,

anticd, utrdque extremitate subacuminatd, medio coarctatd ; mar-

ginibus ventrali dorsalique epidermide corneo-testaced obtectis,

parte dorsali postice furcatd: long. O°6, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°35

’ poll.

Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

From the Isle of Lions, Province of Veragua, in soft stone at low

water.—G. B.S.

Puotas cornea. Phol. testd oblongd, tenui, anticé rotundatd, po-

stice obtusd ; epidermide tenui corned indutd ; valvis fascid dimi-

diatis; ared anticd oblique divisd, parte posticd dorsali rugosius-

culd, parte anticd levi; ared posticd majore, levigatd ; valvis

accessoriis tribus, anticd dorsali rotundatd, postice subemargi-

natd, antice subacuminatd ; hiatu postico magno : long. 0°9, lat.

0°5, alt. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad littora Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in the trunk of a tree at low water at Chiriqui in the pro-

vince of Veragua.—G. B.S.

The whole of the Toucans of the Society’s collection were exhi-

bited in illustration of an account given by Mr. Gould, at the re-

quest of the Chairman, of the species of Ramphastos, Ill., and Ptero-

glossus, Ej., constituting the family Ramphastide. Mr. Gould’s

attention having been of late particularly directed to this family in

the preparation of a Monograph of it, illustrated by coloured figures

of all the birds comprised in it, he was enabled to state the existence

of the under-mentioned species of the

Fam. Rampuastipaz, Vig.

Rostrum magnum, ad basin nudum ; tomiis serratis.

Lingua pectinata.

Pedes scansorii.

Genus Rampuastos, Jil.

Ramphastos (pars), Linn.

Rostrum maximum. ~

Nares frontales, prope basin maxille site.

Cauda xqualis.

Nigri, torque pectorali tectricibusque caude inferioribus coccineis, pe-

dibus ceruleis. Rostrum, guttur, tectrices caude superiores, orbite-

que nude discolores.

* Caude tectricibus superioribus flavis.

RaMPHASTOS ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Gmel. Ramph. rostro rubro,

culmine fascidque basali flavis, hdc postice lined antic? fascid to-

miisque nigris.

Long. tot. .23 poll. ; rostri, 64; ale, 84; caude, 64; tarsi, 2.

Red-beaked Toucan, Edw., Gleanings, ¢. 238.—Lath., Syn., tom.

i. p. 328.

Bice yiinstos erythrorhynchus, Gmel. et Auct.

Tucana Cayennensis gutture albo, Briss., Orn., tom. iv. p. 416.

#31. f. 2.

Toucan, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. t. 3.

Toucan 4 collier jaune? Jd., Ib., t. 4.

Toucan a gorge blanche de Cayenne, appellé Toucan, Buff., Pl.

Enl., n. 262.

Ramphastos Levaillantii? Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Hab. in Cayenna, Guiana, et ad ripas fluvii Amazonum.

Descr. Torques pectoralis mediocris. Irides rubre. Orbite ce-

rule. Guttur album sulphureo nonnunquam tinctum.

Rampuastos Cuviert, Wagl. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fas-

cidque basali luteis, lateribus conveais.

Long. tot. 24 poll.; rostri, 74; ale, 9; caud@, 64; tarsi, 2.

Ramphastos Cuvieri, Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Hab. propé fluvium Amazonum ?

Descr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus; sed paulld major,

rostrique colores alii. Tectrices caudz superiores aurantio tincte.

RamPuastTos cutmrinatus, Gould. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine

fascidque basali stramineis, lateribus compressis subconcavis.

Long. tot. 1S—20 poll.; rostri, 4—5; ale, 841—9; caude, 64—7;

tarsi, 2.

Ramphastos culminatus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.

p. 70.

Descr. Precedenti simillimus, sed minor; mandibula superior

compressa, nec ad latera convexa. ‘Tectrices caude superiores po-

sticé in aurantio-coccineum vergentes.

** Caude tectricibus superioribus albis.

Rampuastos Swainsonu, Gould. Ramph. rostro oblique dimi-

diatim flavo, torque pectorali lined albd anticé auctd.

Long. tot. 18 unc. ; rostri,54—6; ale, 9; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.

Ramphastos Swainsonii, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.

p. 29.

Tocard ? Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 9.

Ramphastos ambiguus? Swains., Zool. Ill., pl. 168.

Hab. in Columbia et in Mexico Australi.

Descr. Rostri pars superior flava; pars inferior (pro tempes-

tate?) colore variat, quippe aliquando nigra, aliquando rufa nigro,

presertim anticé, cincta. Guttur flavum, a torque pectorali coccinea

linea alba sejunctum. Irides, orbiteeque ccerulee.

RaMPHASTOS CARINATUS, Swains. Ramph. rostro ad apicem san-

guineo, mandibuld superiore viridi culmine maculdque irregulart

utringue ad tomium flavis, inferiore ceruled.

Long. tot. 20 unc. ; rostri, 6; ale, 8; caude, 7; tarsi, 2.

Ramphastos carinatus, Swains., Zool. Ill., pl. 45.

Brazilian Pie, Hdw., Glean., vol. ii. t. 64.

Yellow-breasted Toucan, Jd., [b., vol. ili. p. 253. t. 329. (adul-

tus).

Ramphastos Tucanus?, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. viii. p. 362.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus. Linea alba pectoralis

nulla. Rostrum pluricolor compressum, fascia angusta basali nigra

cinctum.

Rampnastos Toco, Gmel. Ramph. caude tectricibus superioribus

caude dimidium longitudine equantibus.

Long. tot. 27 unc. ; rostri, 74; ale, 10; caude, 7; tarsi, 2.

- Toucan de Cayenne appellé Toco, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 82.

Ramphastos Toco, Auwct.

Toco, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. iii. p. 7. t. 2.

Hab. in Guiana et ad fluvium Platz.

Descr. Maximus. Cauda subabbreviata. Rostrum maximum, au-

rantiacum, fascid basali maculaque magna utrinque ad apicem

mandibule superioris nigris. Guttur album. Torques pectoralis sub-

evanescens, Orbitz rubre.

*** Caude tectricibus superioribus coccineis.

Rampuastos viTeLuinvs, Ill. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope

basin ceruled cincto ; gutturis flavi marginibus genisque albidis.

Long. tot. 17—18 unc.; rostri, 5; ale, 7; caude, 64, tarsi, 13.

Ramphastos vitellinus, duct.—Swains., Zool Iil., pl. 56.

Pignancoin, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii. pl. 7.

Hab. in Guiana, Cayenna, et ad fluvium Amazonum.

’ Descr. Guttur in medio aurantiaco-flavum, latera versus multo-

ties pallidius, presertim ad genas auresque ubi in album eyadit.

Torques pectoralis latior. Orbit ccerulez. Irides rubre.

Rampuastos Arret, Vig. Ramph. rostro nigro, fascid prope ba-

sin flavd, culmine basin versus ceruleo; gutture flavo fascid

pallide flavd a pectoris torque latd coccined sejuncto.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.

Ramphastos Ariel, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 466.

Ramphastos Tucanus, Linn. ?

Tucana Brasiliensis gutture luteo, Briss., Orn., vol. iv. p.419.

ot SF Pa an le

Toucan a gorge jaune de Brésil, Buff., Pl. Enl., n. 307.

Toucan de Para, Vieill., Gal. des Ois., Suppl.

Ramphastos Temminckii, Wagl., Syst. Avium:

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Irides cerulez. Orbitz rubre.

-Rampuastos picotorus, Linn. Ramph. rostro viridescente, fas-

cid basali nigrd ; pectore coccineo.

Long. tot. 14-17 unc.; rostri, 23-34; ale, 7; caude, 61; tar-

Sh LE.

Ramphastos dicolorus, Auct.

Yellow-throated Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 325.

Petit Toucan a ventre rouge, Le Vaill., Hist. Nat. des Toucans,

pl. 8.

' Tucai, Azar., Voy., tom. il. p. 148.

Ramphastos Tucai, Licht., Cat., p. 7.

Ramphastos chlororhynchus, Temm., Man. d’Orn.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Guttur flavum in medio subaurantiacum. Pectus totum

coccineum. Irides cceruleze. Orbitz rubre.

Oss. In junioribus rostrum brevius, sordide flavum.

Genus Preroctossus, J/l.

Rostrum magnum.

Nares supere, in maxille basi site.

Cauda gradata.

Supra viridescentes, uropygio (nisi in perpaucis) discolore ; subtis,

capite, collo, rostro, orbitisque nudis utplurimim discoloribus ; pe-

des cerulei.

Preroctossus Aracart, Ill. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid latd

coccined; rostro flavescente, culmine mawilldque inferiore nigris.

Long. tot. 18-19 unc. ; rosir?, 4-5 ; ale, 6; caude, 74; tarsi, 14.

Pteroglossus Aracari, Ill., et Auct.

Ramphastos Aracari, Linn.

Aracari 4 ventre rouge, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom.ii, p. 29.

pl. 20.

‘Hab. in Brasilia.

‘Descr. Caput collumque nigra. Uropygium coccineum. Pectus

yenterque maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Orbitz cce-

ruler. Rostrum ad basin lined elevata flavescente cinctum.

PrerocLossus rREGALIS, Licht. Pter. gastreo flavo, maculd pec-

torali nigrd, fascid antic? nigrd postice coccined subventrali.

Long. tot. 15-17 unc.; rostri, 4-43; ale, 6; caude, 74; tar-

si, 14.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Rostrum flavescens, culmine, maxille superioris serra-

turis, maxillaque inferiore nigris; hac ad. basin linea elevata fla-

vescente cincta. Caput collumque nigra, hoc superné castaneo

inferné coccineo posticé cincto. Pectus, venter, femoraque macu-

lis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Fascia gastrzi bicolor pectus

inter et ventrem interposita. Uropygium coccineum. Orbite co-

rulez.

PrrrocLossus castanotis, Gould. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid

latd coccined ; auribus castaneis.

Long. tot. 174 unc. ; rostri, 5; ale, 64; caude, 74; tarsi, 1%.

Pteroglossus castanotis, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Parti.

p. 119.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pteroglosso Aracari simillimus, nisi rostri capitisque co-

loribus. Rostrum flavum, culmine, maxilld inferiore (preter li-

neam elevatam flavam basalem), maxilla superiore obliqué dimidi-

atim, serraturisque nigris. Genz auresque vel etiam gula nucha-

que castanez.

PTEROGLOssuS BITORQUATUS, Vig. Pter. pectore nuchdque coc-

cineis.

Long. tot. 14. unc.; rostri, 3; ale, 5; caude, 6; tars?, 14.

Pteroglossus bitorquatus, Vig., in Zool. Journ., vol. ii. p. 481.

Hab, in Guiana.

Descr. Rostrum flavescenti-albidum, maxillz inferioris dimidio

apicali obliqué nigro, Caput supra nigrum. Capitis latera guttur-

que castanea, hoc posticé torque angusta nigré alterdque flava

cincto. Venter crissumque flavi. Uropygium coccineum, Orbitz

rubre.

Oss. Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus aliquando deest.

PrEROGLossuS AZAR®, Wagl. Pter. pectore coccineo, fascia latd

nigrd.

Long. tot. 15 unc.

“ Aracari Azara, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., Suppl., p. 40. t. A.” fide

Wagler.

Ramphastos Azare, Vieill., Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv.

p. 282.

Pteroglossus Azare, Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Hab, rarissimus “ in Brasilia.” Wagl.

Descr. Rostrum flavum, serraturis nigris. Nucha castanea.

Fascia flava inter guttur et pectus nulla. Orbite ccerulee. In

ceteris precedenti simillimus.

Ozs. Maxilla superior aliquando obliqué dimidiatim fusco-vi-

ridis.

PTEROGLOssuUS ULocomus, Gould. Pter. plumis capitis, genarum,

nucheque foliiferis.

Long. tot. 18 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 53; cauda, 7+; tarsi, 2+.

Pteroglossus ulocomus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc., Part i.

p- 38.

Hab. prope fluvium Amazonum ?

Descr. Verticis plume late, haud barbate, crispe, nigra, niti-

dissime; occipitis nuchzeque magis angustz, spatulate, itidem nigre ;

genarum guleque magis spatulate, flavidé albescentes nigro api-

culate. Rostrum elongatum, albo serratum, ad apicem aurantiaco-

flavum, linea elevaté basin cingente rubra; culmine aurantiaco,

vitté utrinque lata sordidé ccerulea, lateribus basin versus rubris ;

maxilla inferiore, preter apicem aurantiaco-flavum, straminea. Ju-

gulum gastreeumque flava, pectore parcé ventre confertim coccineo

maculatis, pectoris maculis sublunatis, ventris fascias interruptas

simulantibus. Interscapulium uropygiumque coccinea. Orbite

cerulee.

PreroGLossus HyPoGLAucus, Gould. Pter. subtis cceruleo-

canus, crisso coccineo.

Long. tot. 184 unc.; rostri, 4; ale, 64; caude, 7; tarsi, 13.

Pteroglossus hypoglaucus, Gould, in Proceedings Zool. Soc.,

Part. i. p. 70.

Hab. in Columbia.

Descr. Colorum diversitate singularis admodum. Corpus totum

subtus, preter crissum coccineum, cceruleo-canum. Caput caudaque

nigra. Nucha ceeruleo-cana. Interscapulium, tergum, et pteromata

olivaceo-brunnea. Uropygium flavum. Remiges secundarii virides.

Rectrices ad apices brunnei. Mandibularum basis obliqué flava,

utrinque macula fascizeformi nigra notata; superior, nisi ad basin,

sanguinea ; inferioris dimidium apicale nigrum. Orbite ccerulee.

Preroctossus BaiLionr, Wag]. Pter. subtis et ad caput cro-

ceus,

Long. tot. 14-16 une. ; vostr7, 24-34 ; ale, 54; caude@, 74; tarsi,

14.

Pteroglossus Bailloni, Wagl., Syst. Avium.

Aracari Baillon, Le Vaill., Ois.de Par., tom. ii. p. 44, t. 18.

Ramphastos Bailloni, Vietl/., Nowv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom. xxxiv.

p. 283.

Pteroglossus croceus, Jard. & Selby, Ill. of Orn., vol. i, pl. 6.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Simplex. Supra olivaceo-viridis, fronte flavo, uropygio

coccineo. Subtis croceus. Rostrum lutescens, basin versus in oli-

vaceum transiens. Orbite rubre.

PreroGLossus virinis, Ill. Pter. gastreo luteo ; rostro superné

flavo, in medio aurantiaco, inferné violaceo-nigro.

Long. tot. 14 unc.; rostri, 33; ale, 42; caude, 5; tarsi, 11,

Green Toucan, Lath., Syn., vol. i. p. 331.

Tucana Cayanensis viridis, Briss., Orn., vol. iv. p. 423. t. 33. f.1.

Toucan verd de Cayenne, Buff, Pl. Enl., n. 727. (mas.), 728.

(fcem.)

Ramphastos viridis, Linn.

Hab. in Demerara, Guiana, &c.

Descr. Supra olivaceo-viridis, subtus luteus; uropygio cocci-

neo. Capite colloque in mari atris, in foemina castaneis. Rostrum

robustum, culmine laté sordidé flavo linea longitudinali a lateribus

aurantiacis mandibule superioris discreto ; mandibula inferiore vio-

laceo-nigra, ad basin rosea, Orbite ccerulee.

PrEROGLOSSUS INSCRIPTUS, Swains. Pter. gastreo flavo ; rostro

flavo, culmine, apice, serraturarum maculis transversis, fascidque

prope basin nigris.

Long. tot, 12-13 unc. ; rostri, 23; ale, 4; caude@, 5; tarsi, 1+.

Pteroglossus inscriptus, Swains., Zool. Lil., pl. 90.

Hab. in Guiana.

Descr. Precedenti coloribus simillimus ; abdomen magis flavum,

rostrumque maximé diversum.

PreEROGLOSSUS MACULIROSTRIS, Licht. Pter. ventre lutescente,

crisso coccineo ; mandibule superioris lateribus maculis transversis

nigris subfasciatis.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; rostri, 21; ale, 43; caud@,5; tarsi, 13.

Aracari Koulik du Brésil, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., vol. ii, p.45.

t. 15. “ Suppl. p.41. 7 AA (mas.).” fide Wagler.

Aracari 4 bec tacheté; Ramphastos maculatus, Vieill., Gal. des

Ois., tom, ii.

Pteroglossus maculatus, Jard. and Selby, Ill. of Orn., vol. i.

pl. 26.

Hab. in Brasilia. ~

Descr. Uropygium cum stragulo concolor. Fascia lunata inter

cervicem et stragulum sulphurea, Caput (preter genas auresque),

collum, pectusque in mari aterrima, in foemind castanea; gene in

mari aurantiace, in foemind viridescenti-brunnee ; aures sulphurei,

foemine macgis sordidi. Rostrum pro genere brevius, cinerascens,

ad culmen in olivaceum vergens, ad latera maculis irregularibus

nigris circiter quatuor notatum. Rectrices sex intermedii rufes-

centi-brunneo apiculati. Orbitz coerulez.

Preroctossus Cutix, Wagl, Pter. ventre imo olivaceo, crisso

coccineo ; rostro nigro busin versus in rubrum transeunte. _

Long. tot. 12-13 unc.; rostri, 23; ale, 44; caud@, 4+; tarsi, 1i.

Aracari Koulik de la Guiane, Le Vaill., Ois. de Par., tom. ii, p. 41.

1.13;

3 Green Toucan, Edw., Glean., vol. iii. pl. 330.

Toucan a collier de Cayenne, Buff, Pl. Enl., n. 577 (mas.).

Toucan 4 ventre gris de Cayenne, Id., Ib., n. 729 (foem.).

Ramphastos piperivorus, Linn.

Pteroglossus Culik, Wagl., Syst. Av.

——_—-— Reinwardtii? Jd,, Ib.

——_——-— Langsdorffii? Jd., Id.

Hab, in Cayenna et Guiana.

Descr. Precedenti simillimus mas differt rostro, rectricibus om-

nibus castaneo apiculatis, genisque cum auribus concoloribus flavis.

Foeminz caput superné nigrum; collum castaneum ; fascia cervi-

calis nulla; genz auresque flave; jugulum pectusque ceruleo-

cana. Orbit, in sexu utroque, ceerulez.

Prerocossus prasinus, Licht. Pter. supra aureo-viridis, uro-

pygio concolore ; subtis viridis ; crisso rectricumque apicibus rufis ;

genis guldque ulbescentibus.

Long. tot. 13 poll. ; rostri, 3.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Rostrum flavum, culminis strigi, maculé ante nares,

alter4 longitudinali ad tomium, mandibulaque nigris. Rectrices ante

apices rufos remigesque in cceruleum vergentes,

Ozs. In junioribus maxilla ad basin rufo nebulosa apicem

versus in flavum et lutescentem transit. In his venter sordidé vi-

ridis.

PYrEROGLOSSUS SULCATUS, Swains, Pier. viridis, uropygio cris-

soque concoloribus ; guld albescente ; genis cceruleis.

Long. tot. 11-13 poll.; rostri, 3-34; ale, 5; caude@, 4%; tar-

$2, 14.

Pteroglossus sulcatus, Swains., in Journ. Roy. Instit., vol. ix.

p- 267. Zool. Ill., pl.44. Temm., Pl. Col., pl. 356.

Hab. in Guiana.

Descr. Subunicolor. Remiges rectricesque in cceruleum ad

apices vergentes. Rostrum pro genere brevius, latum, ad latera et

superné complanatum; maxillz latera 2-, mandibule 1-sulcata:

nigrum, culmine apiceque saturaté rufo-brunneis, mandibule an-

gulo sanguineo.

The whole of the species characterized above are figured in Mr.

Gould’s ‘Monograph of the Ramphastidz,’ which is just completed ;

and all of them, with the exception of Pteroglossus Azar, Pter. in-

scriptus, and Pter. prasinus, are contained in the Society’s collec-

tion, and were exhibited to the Meeting.

July 22, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal Residency, February 14,

1834. It referred to various living animals which it is the intention

of the writer to forward to Calcutta for transmission to England

during the ensuing season. It also referred to a collection of skins

of Mammalia and Birds which have already been dispatched by

Mr. Hodgson for the Society. Among them are skins of the Chiru

Antelope, Antilope cent Abel, male and female; and the writer

refers to these as elucidating the points which had been unascer-

tained by him at the time of making to the Society his several pre-

vious communications, abstracts of which have been published in

the Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence,

Part i. p. 52, and Part ii. p. 14 ; and in the Proceedings of the So-

ciety, Part i. p. 110.

The communications referred to “ left only the inguinal pores, the

number of teats in the female, and the fact of her being cornute or

otherwise, doubtful : those points are now cleared up. The female

is hornless, and has two teats only: she has no marks on the face

or limbs, and is rather smaller than the male. The male has a large

pouch at each groin, as in Ant. Dorcas: that of the female is con-

siderably smaller. These escaped me,” Mr. Hodgson says, “till I

got this season’s specimens, remarkable as the pouches are. But

the fact is that they are composed of very thin brittle skin, and, as

they hang loose by anarrow neck, they are apt to be torn off by the

Bhoteahs while preparing the specimens.”

Mr. Hodgson again describes in detail the maxillary tumours or

accessory nostrils of the Chiru Antelope. He regards as analogous

to these accessory nostrils, and as essentially the same with them

in use, the intermaxillary pouches noticed by Col. Hamilton Smith

as partially characteristic of his Cephalophine and Nemorrhedine

subgenera of Antilope.

Referring to Col. Hamilton Smith’s distribution of the genus Az-

tilope, Mr. Hodgson remarks that ‘the Chiru Antelope can only be-

long either to the Gazelline or the Antilopine group. Hornless

females would place it among the latter; but lyrate horns, ovine

nose, and want of sinus, would give it rather to Gazella, and its sin-

gular inguinal purses further ally it to Ant. Dorcas of this group.

But from Gazella it is distinguished by the accessory nostrils or in-

termaxillary pouch, the hornless females, the absence of tufts on the

knees, and of bands on the flanks, The Chiru with his bluff bristly

nose, his intermaxillary pouches, and hollow-cored horns, stands in

some respects alone,” and hence Mr. Hodgson is disposed to sug-

gest the regarding it as representing ‘a new subgenus, to be termed

Pantholops, the vulgar old name for the Unicorn.” “ The habits and

manners of the Chiru, his medial size, and his elegant vigorous form,

ally him most to the Antilopine and Gazelline groups, and equally

to both.”

Some extracts were read from a Letter addressed by the Presi-

dent, Lord Stanley, to the Secretary, giving an account of the

breeding of several Birds in his Lordship’s Menagerie at Knowsley.

The red Grosbeak, Loxia Cardinalis, Linn., has a nest of three young

which are nearly fledged ; and a single young one of the Towhee

Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma, Gmel., has been hatched. The

Locia cucullata has this year, as last year also, made a nest and laid

one egg ; and the American yellow Bird, Fringilla tristis, Linn., is

now sitting,

The gosling of the Sandwich Island Goose, respecting which

a. notice. from Lord Stanley was read on May 27, (p. 41.)

‘“‘is now fully as large as the parents, and nearly resembles them

in plumage ; the only differences being about the neck, which

is more indistinct in front and wants the full extension of the

black down the nape, and the collar at the bottom just above the

breast is only faintly marked. The legs also are as yet of a dirty

greenish yellow tinge. It is not pinioned, but has hitherto shown

no wish to use its wings. In fact they are the tamest of the tame,

scarcely will move out of one’s way if in the walks, and are con-

stantly coming into the building, even more familiarly than the

common Ducks.”

A specimen was exhibited of the Manis Temmincki, Smuts,

forming part of the collection made by Mr. Steedman in Southern

Africa. Mr. Bennett stated that his object in calling the attention

of the Society to it was to point out the external characteristics of

a species known to its original describer by its skeleton alone and

by a few detached scales.

It may be thus characterized:

Manis Temmincxu, Smuts. Man. capite breviore ; corpore latiore,

squamis magnis, 11-seriatis ; caudd truncum longitudine sube-

quante, latitudine paullo minore, ad apicem subtruncatum via an-

gustiore.

Hab. apud Latakoo?

Long. tot. 25: unc.; caude@, 12; lat. dorsi, 8; caude, prope

apicem, 5.

The most remarkable features of this animal are the shortness of

the head; the breadth of the body ; and the breadth of the tail,

which is nearly equal to that of the body, and continues throughout

the greater part of its extent of nearly the same width, tapering

only slightly towards the end where it is rounded, and almost trun-;

cate, In the shortness of the head and the general form of its upper

part, the Man. Temminckit bears nearly the same relation to the

Man. Javanica, as is borne by the Weasel-headed Armadillo, Da-

sypus 9-cinctus, Linn., to the siz-banded, Das. 6-cinctus, Ej. Of the

eleven series of scales on the body, one on each side is ventral rather

than dorsal. The scales are very large, longitudinally striate, smooth

as though rubbed towards their hinder margin, and slightly pro-

duced into a thin, short, and rounded process: they are comparatively

few in number, the large scales of the middle line of the back from

the occiput to the tip of the tail being twenty only in number; in

Man. pentadactyla, Linn., they are about thirty ; and in Man. Ja-

vanica, Desm., they vary from about forty-five to fifty. A pecu-

liarity in the distribution of the scales of Man. Temminckii is the

cessation of the middle series of them at a short distance anterior

to the extremity of the tail, so that the last four transverse rows

consist of four scales each, each of the preceding ones having five. :

Some notes by Mr. Rymer Jones of the dissection of an Agouti,

Dasyprocta. Aguti, Ill., were read.

The animal was a male; adult; measuring 19,°,th inches from

the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail ; and weighing 4lbs.

440z. Its head measured 4,%, inches in length ; the tail, 1,9.

The testes were situated within the abdomen, in contact with the

abdominal muscles, to which they were connected by a duplicature

of peritoneum ; the epididymis, contained in a pouch apparently

formed by the cremaster muscle, protruded through the internal ob-

lique. The preputial orifice was 1,1, inch from the anus.

The stomach, 53 inches long and 8 inches in its greatest circum-

ference when moderately distended, had a remarkable constriction

between its cardiac and pyloric portions which gave it the appear-

ance of consisting of two distinct cavities; the pyloric portion

bulged out on each side of the pylorus so as to make the duodenum

commence from a central depression.

The omentum was shrivelled up under the stomach, and reached,

when unfolded, rather more than half way to the pudes : it extended

further on the right side than on the left.

The intestines measured in total length 253 inches. The length

of the small intestines was 222 inches, and their greatest circum-

ference (at the duodenum) 1,4, ; the cecum was 6 inches long, and

its greatest circumference 2,8,; the large intestines measured 25

inches, the greatest circumference being at the commencement of

the colon, where it was 2 inches, and whence it gradually tapered

towards the rectum which was only 5%, in circumference. There

were two glands, each ,°, of an inch in length, and placed on each

side of the anus: they secrete a yellow substance resembling the

cerumen of the ear and of a fragrant odour.

The liver, weighing 4402., occupied the usual situation, and con-

sisted of five lobes. The anterior or cystic was the largest, and pre-

sented inferiorly two deep fissures, one of which (the left) received

the suspensory ligament, and the other the gall-bladder. The next

in size was the left lobe. To the inferior surface of the right lobe

two lobuli were appended. The concave surface of the liver was

very irregular in its aspect. The gall-bladder was pyriform, 1 inch

in length, and deeply buried in a fissure in the concavity of the

largest lobe of the liver. The bile entered the intestine + inch from

the pyloric ring.

The pancreas, of an elongated form and running along the dorsal

aspect of the stomach across the spine, measured 23 inches.

The spleen weighed 53 drachms, It laid close to the spine, above

or anterior to the left kidney, and attached to the cardiac extre-

mity of the stomach. Its form was flat ovoid, with a deep fossa on

its posterior margin lodging the anterior portion of the kidney.

The lungs consisted of four lobes on the right side and of three on

the left. They measured 31 inches in length ; the breadth of the

right was 1,3,, of the left, 1. They weighed (much diseased and

studded with tubercular masses) 2 oz. 6 drachms.

The heart, of a globular shape, and very muscular, measured 143

inch in length, 1,4, in lateral breadth, and 1--, in its antero-poste-

rior diameter. It was seated more in the left than in the right side

of the chest, lying on the cartilages of the second, third, fourth,

fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and on the corresponding portion of

the sternum.

The veneé cave were one superior and one inferior. The aorta

gave off from the convexity of its arch one large trunk, which, after

running half an inch from the main artery, divided into an arteria

innominata, a left carotid, and a left subclavian.

The trachea consisted of twenty-eight rings, each forming nearly

a complete circle. The superior cornu of the os yi was com-

posed of three parts. The upper opening of the /arynx was cup-

shaped and patulous, owing to the prolongation of the arytenoid

cartilages. The rima glottidis was small and triangular. The bor-

ders of the epzglottis formed two sides of an equilateral triangle.

The mucous membrane of the pharynx presented numerous pro-

minent papille. The tongue was 2,6, inches in length, and had nu-

merous very delicate papille, which were scarcely visible to the

naked eye.

The nostrils were contracted and very moveable.

The pupil was oval, its long axis being placed horizontally.

The supra-renal glands, each 1 inch in length, were of an oblong

shape and dingy yellow colour. They were situated close to the

sides of the bodies of the second and third lumbar vertebre in con-

tact with the anterior extremity of the kidneys.

Of the kidneys the left rested on the transverse processes of the

third, fourth, and fifth lumbar vertebre ; the right was placed more

anteriorly, extending from the posterior margin of the last rib to

84:

the transverse process of the fourth lumbar vertebra. They were

flattened behind, and each measured in length 1,8, inch, in breadth

13,

At the anterior and external extremity a portion was separated

from the rest by a deeply indented line, and resembled a patch

stuck on. The weight of the two kidneys was loz. 53 drachms.

The urinary bladder, pyriform, and measuring, when moderately

distended, 33 inches in length and 14 in diameter, was situated

chiefly above the brim of the pelvis.

The testes were barrel-shaped, 1+ inch long and } in diameter. The

epididymis was of a triangular form, about + inch long and the same

in diameter, and attached by the apex of the triangle to the extre-

mity of the testis. The vasa deferentia terminated at the sides of

the verumontanum. The vesicule seminales, 24 inches in length,

consisted of a middle portion, into which sixteen or eighteen little

appendices opened: they terminated at the sides of the verumonta-

num. he prostate glands, four in number, formed of masses of

convoluted vessels, the two superior ones evidently differing in tex-

ture from the two inferior, terminated in the same situation. Cow-

per’s glands were of the size of kidney beans, internally very spungy,

and filled with glairy fluid.

The penis was 4 inches in length. Its muscles consisted of two

levatores penis, arising from the posterior margin of the os pubis

close to the symphysis, sending forwards two tendons running upon

the dorsum penis to be inserted into the bone covering the dorsal

aspect of the glans: and two erectores penis, arising from the whole

length of the posterior margin of the os pubis, and embracing the ex-

ternal aspect of the crus penis on each side, into the sheath of which

they were inserted, The ejaculatores seminis were very massive ; and

the urethra very muscular. The glans penis was 14 inch in length, and

bifid at the extremity, which contained a spacious orifice, at the bot-

tom of which were seen two smaller apertures: the anterior of these

was the opening of the urethra ; the posterior led to a rugous canal

about 3 inch in length, at the bottom of which were placed two

osseous spurs, which, by a muscular apparatus, may be protruded

from the extremity of the penis. Externally the glans was studded

with very fine bristles, both upon its upper and lower surface, which

were arranged for the most part in Jongitudinal lines pointing back-

wards. From the lateral aspects of the middle half of the glans

projected two horny plates, serrated at their external margin, all

the minute teeth pointing backwards.

The morbid appearances observed were tubercles in the lungs,

liver, and kidneys.

August 12, 1834.

N. A. Vigors, Esq., M.P., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.8., and dated Nepal, February 28, 1834.

It related chiefly to the distinguishing characteristics between the

Ghoral and the Thdr Antelopes.

Mr. Hodgson remarks that Antilope Goral, Hardw., and Ant.

Duvaucellii; Ham. Smith, agree with each other in manners, form,

and characters; as do also Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw, and Ant. Thar,

Hodgs. But the two former appear to him to differ very consider-

ably in characters, as they certainly do in structure and in manners,

from the two latter. He is, nevertheless, disposed to leave the

whole of them for the present in one group, for which it will, how-

ever, be necessary to propose amended characters. ‘The double

thick coatéof Antt. Goral and Duvaucellii, he is aware, may be re-

ferred to their cold habitat, and he suggests that possibly even their

want of suborbital sinus may be attributable to the same cause.

Observing first that the solidity of the core of the horns must

cease to form part of the generic character of Antilope, he proceeds

to offer the following characters for the

Subgenus Nemoruepvus, Smith.

_ Structure assuming a Caprine form, suited for heavy climbing or

for leaping. Horns in both sexes; their cores hollow and connected

with the frontal sinuses, but not porous and only subcellular; in-

serted behind the orbits, short, conical, simply bent back, annulo-

wrinkled, parallel tothe plane of the face, and nearly so to each other,

subremote at the base. Suborbital sinus small or wanting. No in-

guinal pores. ‘Tail Caprine. Ears longish, pointed, and striated.

Muzzle small. Maned. Hair of two sorts and thick, or of one

sort and spare. Four teats in the females.

Reside in the mountainous and woody regions of the continent

and islands of India, solitarily or in small groups.

1. Ant. Sumatrensis, Shaw. Cambing Ootan.

2. Ant. Duvaucellii, Ham. Smith. Variety of Ant. Goral?

3. Ant. Goral, Hardw. Characters extremely Caprine, being al-

lied to Antilope only by its round and ringed horns. Size small.

Attitude gathered, with the back much arched, and structure adapted

for leaping. Limbs moderately stout and rigid. General form of

the scull Caprine, with the ridge-line much bent, and the parietes

depressed at a strong angle to the frontal bones, and no indentation

No. XX. ProcrEpines oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

‘86

before the orbits. Fifty inches long, exclusive of the tail, and

twenty-seven high. Horns seated on the crest of the frontals, six

inches long, parallel to each other, and the points inclined inwards;

20 to 30 annuli_ extending two thirds up the horns, crowded and

vague, especially towards the base, somewhat interrupted by faint

longitudinal strie, pearled, truncated, independent of each other,

and equally developed all round. No suborbital sinuses. A half

muzzle. Upper lip clad. Tail conico-depressed and half nude only

below. Fur of two sorts, abundant and loosely applied to the skin.

A short semi-erect mane on the verter. Knees usually callous and

nude, but not congenitally so.

Colours rusty and brown, paler below. Line of the vertez, tail,

chest, and a stripe down the front of the fore legs and back of the

hind brown-black. Outsides of the ears rusty. Lips and chin ru-

fescent white. A large patch of pure white at the junction of the

head and neck below. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Jris

dark hazel. Eye mean.

Female: rather smaller and paler hued.

Young: redder and destitute of marks, or mane.

Inhabits the juxta-Himalayan region of Nepal.

4. Ant. Thar, Hodgs. The Thdr of the Nepalese. Characters

less decidedly Caprine than in the last. Very nearly allied to the

Cambing Ootan. Back straight. Withers higher than the croup,

and. structure suited for heavy climbing, not for leaping. Limbs

very stout and rigid, with higher hoofs, the edges of which are

raised above the pads. General form of the scull Cervine, with the

ridge-line moderately convexed, and the parietes not depressed at a

strong angle to the frontal bones. A deep indentation before the orbits.

Horns posterior to the orbits but below the crest of the frontals, eight

inches long, rather stouter and less falcated than in the preceding,

subdivergent with the points inclined outwards; with 20 to 30 crowd-

ed annuli extending two thirds up the horns, the annuli truncated,

pearled, equal all round, independent, broken by decided longitu-

dinal strig. One inch below the eye a suborbital sinus opening on

a nude space by a round puncture, and furnished with a fleshy

thick gland secreting a viscous humour, as in Ant. Sumatrensis.

A half muzzle larger than in the preceding, and spreading a little

over the upper lip. Tail shorter, depressed, nude below. Fur of

one sort only, and scanty, harsh, and applied to the skin. A semi-

erect mane, as in the Ghoral. Knees callous, perhaps congenitally

so: sternum not so. Size large. Sixty-four inches long by thirty-

eight high, and upwards of 200 lbs. in weight.

Colour of the whole animal above, with the entire head and neck,

jet black; on the flanks mixed with deep clay red. The limbs and

hams outside, as far down as the great flexures, clay red, nearly or

wholly unmixed ; the rest of the limbs hoary or rufescent hoary. Out-

sides of ears dark. Chest pale. No stripes down the legs. Lips and

chin dull hoary, and a stripe of pure hoary running backwards over

the jaws from the gape. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle black. Iris

dark hazel. Eye mean.

Female: as large as the male and like him in all material respects.

Young: paler and mixed with grey.

Inhabits the precipitous and wooded mountains of the central

region of Nepal, up and down which it rushes with fearful rapidity,

though it does not spring or leap well; nor is it speedy.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells con-

tained in the collection formed by Mr. Cuming on the Western

Coast of South America, and among the Islands of the South Paci-

fic Ocean. Those exhibited on the present evening consisted of

various species of Anatinide and of the Myidous genus Sazicava :

they were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus Prrirtoma, Schum.

Perirtoma bLenticuLaris. Per. testd ellipticd, lenticulari, equi-

valvi, albd, impolitd, tenui; epidermide tenuissimd ; margine

dorsali anticd sinuatd, cum margine anticd angulum superne

efformante: long. 0°7, lat. 0-3, alt. 0°55 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

The inside of this species shines with a silvery lustre, but is not

iridescent.

It was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B. S.

PeRIrpLoMA PLantuscuLa. Per, testd oblongd, planiusculd, ine-

quivalvi, albicante, impolitd, tenuiusculd; latere antico brevi,

subrugoso ; marginibus, anticd subdeclivi subtruncatd, dorsali

rectiusculd ; epidermide tenui, pallescente : long. 2°4, lat. 0°8,

alt. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Odd valves alone were found on the sands.

This species bears some resemblance to Professor Schumacher’s

Per. inequivalvis ; it differs, however, in shape from that species,

and both the valves are deeper.—G. B.S.

Genus ANATINA.

ANaTINA PRisMaTICA. An. testd oblongd, subtrapeziformi, cras-

siusculd, opacd, lamind internd prismaticd ; latere antico trun-

cato, hiutu maximo ; lamelld utriusque valve internd subumbonali,

ex tuberculo ligamentifero decurrente, ramoque ligamenti cornet

fere parallelo, antice inclinato : long. 2°7, lat. 1°3, alt. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad littora Oceani Polaris Meridionalis. (New South Shet-

land. )

Driven on shore after a gale-—G. B.S.

Awatina costaTa. An. testd oblongd, albd, postice rostratd,

mith antice rotundatd ; costis octo radiantibus, anticis gradatim mino-

alae

far

ribus ; rostro levi; margine ventrali crenatd: long. 0°3, lat.0°15,

alt. 0-2 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of six

fathoms.

In form it resembles An. longirostrata.—G. B.S.

Genus Lyonstra.

_.\0° Lyonsra preva. Ly. testd obovatd, tenui, postice latiore ; epi-

dermide fuscd, lineis nigris undulatis pictd ; marginibus, anticd

dorsali declivi, posticd dorsali rectiusculd ; anticd ventrali hiante,

hiatu parvo, posticd et posticd ventrali rotundatis: long. 0°85, lat.

0°4, alt. 0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

Found attached to particles of sand in eleven fathoms’ water.

As it increases in size it becomes rather irregular in its form.—

G.B. 5S.

Lyonsta BREVIFRONS. Ly. testd oblongd, pallescente ; epidermide

obscurd, corned ; latere antico brevi, acuminato, postico longiore,

attenuato; marginibus, dorsali posticd elongatd rectiusculd,

dorsali anticd brevi declivi, anticd ventrali hiante, hiatu declivi,

elongato, magno: long. 0°8, lat. 0°3, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in sandy mud at from six to eight fathoms’ depth, attached

to particles of sand.—G., B. 8.

Genus Saxicava.

Saxicava TENuIs. Saz. testd oblongd, tenui, albd ; epidermide pal-

lescente ; latere antico brevi, subtruncato: long. 0°8, lat. 0°25, alt.

0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Pacosmayo et ad Lambeyeque.

Found in coral rock at twenty-five fathoms’ depth.—G. B. S.

Saxicava PuRPuRASCENS. Saz. testd oblongd, solidiusculd, antice

brevissimd, postice truncatd ; epidermide tenuissimd, postic? pur-

purascente : long. 11, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Muerte dictam.

A single specimen was found in sandy mud at a depth of eleven

fathoms.—G. B. S.

Saxicava sotipa. Sav. testd oblongd, solidd, rugosd, subirre-

gulari, albicante ; epidermide corned ; latere antico brevissimo,

postico elongato truncato, costis divergentibus duabus conspicuis :

long. 1°4, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in clefts of rock brought up from a depth of eighteen

fathoms. ; ;

The specimens from which the above characters have been taken

appear to give the most perfectly regular form of the species. There

are other varieties from Payta and the Isle of Muerte—G. B.S.

Acollection of land and fresh-water Shells, formed in the Gangetic

Provinces of India by W. H. Benson, Esq., of the Bengal Civil

Service, and presented by that gentleman to the Society, was ex-

hibited. It comprised forty species, and was accompanied by a de-

scriptive list prepared by the donor, and also by detailed notices of

some of the more interesting among them. These notices were

read: they are intended by Mr. Benson for publication in the forth-

coming No. of the ‘ Zoological Journal.’

From the time that he first became acquainted with the animal of

a Sheil resembling in all respects, except in its superior size, the

European Helix lucida, Drap., Mr. Benson regarded it as the type

of a new genus of Helicide intermediate between Stenopus, Guild.,

and Helicolimar, Fér. He had prepared a paper on this genus, for

which he intended to propose the name of Tanychlamys; he finds,

however, that Mr. Gray has recently described (page 58) the same

genus under the name of Nanina. The generic characters observed

by Mr. Benson are as follows :

Nanina, Gray.

Testa heliciformis, umbilicata; peritremate acuto, non reflexo.

Animal cito repens. Corpus reticulosum, elongatum. Pallium

amplum, foramine communi magno perforatum, peritrema amplex-

ans; processubus duobus transverse rugosis (quasi articulatis)

omni latere mobilibus instructum, unico prope teste aperture

angulum superiorem ’ exoriente, altero apud peripheriam teste.

Os anticum inter tentacula inferiora hians; labia radiato-plicata.

Tentacula superiora elongata, punctum percipiens tumore oblongo

situm gerentia. Penis pregrandis; antrum cervicis elongatum la-

tere dextro et prope tentacula situm. Solea complanata pedis latera

zequans. Cauda tentaculata; tentaculum subretractile, glandula ad

basin posita humorem yiscidum (animale attrectato) exsudante.

Mr. Benson describes particularly the habits of the species ob-

served by him, which he first discovered living at Banda in Bundel-

kund on the prone surface of a rock. The animal carries the shell

horizontally or nearly so; is quick in its motions; and, like Heli-

colimaz, it crawls the faster when disturbed, instead of retracting its

tentacula like the Snails in general. In damp weather it is rarely re-

tracted within its shell, the foot being so much swelled by the ab-

sorption of moisture that if it is suddenly thrown into boiling water

the attempt to withdraw into the shell invariably causes a fracture

of the aperture. In dry weather the foot is retracted, and the aper-

ture is then covered by a whitish false operculum similar to that of

other Helicide. The two elongated processes of the mantle are con-

tinually in motion, and exude a liquor which lubricates the shell,

supplying, apparently, that fine gloss which is observable in all re-

cent specimens. The fluid poured out from the orifice at the base

of the caudal horn-like appendage is of a greenish colour; it exudes

when the animal is irritated, and at such times the caudal appen-

dage is directed towards the exciting object in such a manner as to

give to the animal a threatening aspect. .

Of several specimens brought to England by Mr. Benson in 1832,

one survived from December 1831, when it was captured in India,

until the summer of 1833.

Another Shell particularly noticed by Mr. Benson is the type of

a new genus, allied to Cyclostoma, which he has described under

the name of Pterocyclos in the first No. of the ‘ Journal of the Asi-

atic Society of Calcutta.’ Mr. Benson has ascertained, by the in-

spection of specimens in the collection of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, that

the Cycl. bilabiatum of the latter is the same shell at a more advanced

period of growth; when, in addition to the notch and overhanging

wing at the upper part of the aperture, the peristome becomes

thickened and sinuated. The Cycl. Petiverianum, Gray, exhibits

an approach to Pferocyclos in the crude formation of a wing at the

upper part of the right lip.

A species of Assiminia, Leach, obtained at Barrackpore, has the

shell ovate-conical, narrowly umbilicated, varying infinitely in co-

lour, and generally banded with red, white, and glaucous; the

aperture is entire, oblong-oval, angular at the upper part. The head

has only two short, thick, subcylindrical tentacula, with the perci-

pient points placed at their summits. The snout is like that of

Paludina, transversely corrugated, and bilobed or rather emarginate

at the middle of the extremity ; the lobes rounded. The mantle is

free; the branchial cavity open. The foot has a spiral horny oper-

culum, angular at the upper end.

Specimens of this Assiminia were preserved alive in a glass, reple-

nished occasionally with fresh or salt water, until after the vessel

in which Mr. Benson returned to England had passed St. Helena.

A Snail obtained near Sicrigali and the river Jellinghy, one of

the mouths of the Ganges, is thus characterized by Mr. Benson:

Heuix rnrerrvurta. Hel. testd sinistrorsd, orbiculato-convezd, in-

Sra tumidd, umbilicatd, ad peripheriam obtuse angulatd, longitu-

dinaliter confertissim? striatd, supra. striis interruptis, fasciis

transversalibus dispositis; spird apice obtusd; peritremate tenui,

acuto.

Animal. Tentacula duo superiora elongata capitulis tumidis puncta

percipientia gerentibus, duo inferiora capitulis parvis tumidis.

Pes elongatus, compressus, marginatus, supra granulatus, aper-

turd terminali anum et membrum carnosum mucorem emitt

continente. :

In this latter character, that of the excrement being voided from

an opening in the terminal and posterior part of the foot instead of

from the foramen commune, the animal of Hel. interrupta differs

most materially from the other Helices. The angulated periphery

of the shell shows an approach to Carocolla, but Mr. Benson is not

aware that the animal of this genus differs from that of Helix. From

Hel, Himalayana, Lea, the Hel. interrupta is distinguished by its

peculiar sculpture ; its spire is also more exserted.

The collection also contained specimens of an Arcaceous Shell

found in the bed of the Jumna at Humeerpore in Bundelkund. Its

form, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and the position and order

of the teeth are those of the Arcacee generally ; while the oblique

production of the teeth on the posterior side down the inner surface

of the cardinal /amina; the separation of the teeth into two sets by

the interposition of an edentate portion of the cardinal /amina; and

the freedom of the shell from ribs, with the exception of the ridges

which occur at its angles; distinguish it from the marine Arcacee.

Mr. Benson proposes for the fluviatile form the generic appellation

Scaphula.

Referring to specimens contained in the collection of a new form

of Solenxaceous Shell, described by him in the ‘ Journal of the Asi-

atic Society of Calcutta,’ under the name of Novaculina, Mr. Ben-

son describes also a second species of the genus which he has recently

obtained from South America, and points out-the characters which

distinguish it from Nov. Gangetica.

The following Note by Mr. Benson relative to the Papier of

the living Cerithium Telescopium, Brug., adverted to at the Meeting

on March 25, 1834, (page 22,) was read.

“« The possibility of importing from other countries, and especially

from the warmer latitudes, the animals which construct the innu-

merable testaceous productions that adorn our cabinets and mu-

seums, the accurate knowledge of which is so necessary to enable

the conchologist rightly to arrange this beautiful department of na-

ture, must be an interesting subject to every naturalist, and will

render no apology necessary for the following notices extracted from

my journal. ‘Their publicity may incite others who may have op:

portunities of trying the experiment to follow the example.

« January 1832. Observed near the banks of the canal leading

from the eastern suburb of Calcutta to the Salt Lake at Balliaghat,

heaps of a Cardita with longitudinal ribs, of a large and thick Cy-

rena, and of Cerithium Telescopium, exposed to the heat of the sun

for the purpose of effecting the death and decay of the included ani-

mals previously to the reduction of the shells into lime.

‘Karly in the month I took specimens of them, and leaving them

for a night in fresh water I was surprised to find two Cerithia alive.

I kept them during a fortnight in fresh water, and on the 22nd

January carried them, packed up in cotton, on board a vessel bound

for England. After we had been several days at sea I placed them

in a large open glass with salt water, in which they appeared un-

usually lively. I kept them thus, changing the water at intervals,

until the 29th May, when we reached the English Channel. I then

packed them up, as before, in a box, and carried them from Ports-

mouth to Cornwall, and thence to Dublin, which I did not reach

until the 14th June; here they again got fresh supplies of sea wa-

ter at intervals. One of them died during a temporary absence be-

tween the 30th June and 7th July; and on the 11th July the sur-

vivor was again committed to its prison, and was taken to Cornwall

and thence to London, where it was delivered alive to Mr. G. B.

Sowerby on the 23rd July.

*« This animal had thus travelled, during a period of six months,

over a vast extent of the surface of the globe, and had for a con-

siderable portion of that time been unavoidably deprived of its native

element.” —W. H. B.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Heming exhibited a Swift,

Cypselus Apus, Ill., preserved in spirit, and showing a consider-

able dilatation at the base of the lower jaw and upper part of the

throat. White has observed that ‘“ Swifts, when wantonly and

cruelly shot while they have young, discover a lump of insects in

their mouths, which they pouch and hold under their tongue ;”

but from this notice*it would scarcely have been anticipated that so

large a collection was made as was found in the present instance,

The dilatation had a rounded appearance ; distended the skin so

as to show distinctly and widely separated the insertion of each of

the small feathers at this part; and measured in length 11] lines,

and in depth 6. On opening the pouch it proved to be simple, and

unconnected except with the cavity of the mouth.

Mr. Heming also exhibited a drawing taken from the recent bird.

Dr. Marshall Hall showed some experiments in the decapitated

Turtle. rritation of the nostrils, /arynz, and spinal marrow induced

acts of inspiration; that of the fins and tail induced movements of

the other parts respectively. :

But the principal object of Dr. Hall was to show that irritation

of the nerves themselves equally induced movements of the limbs,

&c. When either the sentient or the motory branch of the lateral

spinal nerves was stimulated, motions were induced in all the limbs.

Dr. Hall stated that a movement of inspiration and of deglutition

was caused in the Donkey by irritation of the eighth pair of nerves.

It has been already stated that irritation of the nostrils, or the

branches of the fifth pair of nerves, mduced inspiratory acts in the

Turtle. From these and other facts, Dr. Hall is induced to consider

the functions of these two nerves as similar. He further observed

that both are nerves of secretion, and that both are muscular nerves

—if the minor portion of the fifth be mcluded—as well as exciters

of respiration; the fifth differs chiefly in being sentient, being dis-

tributed to external as well as internal surfaces. With the fifth and

eighth, Dr. Hall associates other spinal nerves. He considers re-

spiration as a part of a general function of the nervous system,

which presides over the larynx, pharynz, sphincters, ejaculators, &c.,

to which he has given the name of reflex, from its consisting of im-

pressions carried to and from the medulla oblongata and} medulla

spinalis. Some illustrations of this function were given by Dr. Hall

at the Meeting of the Committee of Science and Correspondence

on November 27, 1832, (Proceedings, Part ii. p. 190,) and fur-

ther illustrations.of it have formed the subject of a Paper by him,

which has since been published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’.

The experiments shown on the present occasion demonstrate the

existence of a series of physiological facts at variance with the law

laid down by M. Miiller in his Paper entitled -‘‘ Nouvelles Expéri-

ences sur l’effet que produit I’Irritation mécanique et galvanique sur

les racines des nerfs spinaux; par Jean Miller, Professeur a l’Uni-

yersité de Bonn,” and published in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Na-

turelles,’ tom. xxiii. (1831), p. 95, viz. ‘‘ Il suit encore qvwilya

des nerfs qui n’ont point de force motrice ou tonique, qui ne peuvent

jamais occasionner des mouvemens par eux-mémes, qu’ils soient ir-

rités par l’action galvanique ou mécanique, et qui ne conduisent le

courant galvanique que passivement, comme toutes les parties molles

humides; qu'il y a en revanche des nerfs moteurs ou toniques (nervi

motorii seu tonici) qui montrent a chaque irritation médiate ou im-

médiate leur force tonique, gui agit toujours dans la direction des

branches des nerfs et qui n agit jamais en arriére.” In Dr. Hall’s

experiments the influence first pursued a backward course to the

spinal marrow, being afterwards reflected upon‘the muscles.

Dr. Hall next observed, in regard to respiration, that, whilst Sir

Charles Bell is contending that it is involuntary, and Mr. Mayo that

it is voluntary, the old doctrine of its being mixed, or partaking of

both properties, is the true one. He founded this view upon the

following facts :

1. If the cerebrum be removed, respiration continues as an.invo-

luntary function through the agency of the eighth pair of nerves ;

2. If the eighth pair be divided, respiration equally continues,

but as an act of volition; but

3. If the cerebrum be first removed, and the eighth pair be then di-

vided, respiration ceases on the instant. Volition is first removed

with the cerebrum; the influence of the eighth pair is then removed

by its division. ‘The two sources of the mixed or double function

being both cut off, the function ceases.

Dr. Hall explains and reconciles in this manner the difficult and

apparently contradictory facts,—that the medulla oblongata alone,

above the origin of the eighth pair of nerves, or the eighth pair of

nerves themselves, may be divided, without arresting the respira-

tion ; but that the medulla oblongata cannot be divided at the origin

of these nerves without arresting the respiration instantly. In the

first case the agency of volition is alone removed, and the respira-

tion continues through the influence of the eighth pair; in the

second, that of the eighth pair is removed, and the respiration con-

tinues as a function of volition; but in the third, both influences are

destroyed at once, and with them the mixed or double function.

The same mixed or double character belongs to the other parts of

the reflex function, as that of the /arynz, the sphincters, the eja-

culators. All the organs of the reflex function are also alike im-

pressed through the medium of the mental affections or passions.

The course of the influence which constitutes the reflex function

must be divided into the incident, or that into the medulla, and the

reflected, or that from the medulla. The nerves which conduct the

incident impression have, hitherto, received no designation; the

others constitute a part of the system of muscular nerves. To the

former class belong nerves which doubtless supply the larynx with

its impressibility by carbonic acid, &c., &c., and hitherto unde-

scribed, untraced ; to the latter, the superior and inferior laryngeals:

to the former belong the fifth, in the nostrils, in the face,—the

eighth in the lungs, &c.; to the latter the respiratory nerves: to

the former, nerves hitherto undescribed of the sphincters, ejacula-

tors, &c.; to the latter, the muscular nerves supplying these parts.

The whole constitutes the subject of an investigation in which

Dr. Hall has been for some time engaged,

August 26, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

An extensive series was exhibited of skins of Mammalia, collected

in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. S., and pre-

sented by that gentleman to the Society. It included twenty-two

species, several of which were first made known to science by the

exertions of Mr. Hodgson, while others still remain to be described

by him.

fr paper ‘“ On the Mammalia of Nepal,” written by Mr. Hodgson,

has been read before the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, and has been

published in the ‘ Journal’ of that Society: but Mr. Hodgson has

availed himself of the opportunities which have occurred to him since

it was written, to make various additions and corrections in the

copy transmitted by him to the Society, portions of which have been

read at several previous meetings.

Mr. Hodgson’s paper commences by an account of the physical

characters of Nepal, which are so varied, according to the elevation

of the several districts, as to render it necessary, when treating on

its natural productions, to divide it into three regions. The lower

region consists of the Tarai or marshes, the Bhawar or forest, and

the lower hills, and has the climate of the plains of Hindoostan,

with some increase of heat and great excess of moisture. The cen-

tral region includes a clusterous succession of mountains, varying in

elevation from 3000 to 10,000 feet, and having a temperature of from

10° to 20° lower than that of the plains. The juxta-Himalayan re-

gion, or Kachar, consists of high mountains, the summits of which

are buried for half the year in snow: the climate has nothing tro-

pical about it, except the succession of the seasons.

Mr. Hodgson then enumerates the Mammalia which have been

observed in Nepal, adopting in their arrangement the system of

Cuvier, and noticing as regards each the region in which it occurs.

He adds occasional remarks as to their habits; and notices many

which appear to him to be undescribed.

The following is an abstract of this portion of his communication:

QuaDRUMANA

-are limited to the southern region, where Mr. Hodgson is aware of

the existence of

Semnopithecus Entellus, F. Cuy., which has been introduced by

religion into the central region, where it flourishes, half domesti-

cated, in the neighbourhood of temples.

Macacus radiatus, Geoff.

He regards it as probable that among the lower hills occurs

Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoff.

CHEIROPTERA.

Pteropus, Briss.

Molossus, Geoff.

Rhinolophus, Geoff.

Vespertilio, Geoif.

Species of these genera are abundant in the Tarai; but there are

few in the central region, and fewer still in the northern. One

species of Rhinolophus and three of Vespertilio harbour in out-

houses in the central region; and one species of Pferopus, of a

smaller size and duller colour than the Pter. medius, Temm., of the

plains, appears in troops in the autumn to plunder the gardens of

the ripe pears.

PLANTIGRADA.

Talpa, Linn. | This genus is found only in the Kachar.

Sorex Indicus, Geoff. A dull slaty blue variety of this species

is found only in the lower and central regions.

Prochilus labiatus, T1.,

Helarctos Malayanus, Horsf.,

are found in the Tarai.

Ursus isabellinus, Horsf.,

Ursus Thibetanus, F. Cuv.,

occur in the central and northern regions.

Gulo orientalis, Horsf. Lower region.

Ratelus mellivorus, Storr. In the lower region and also in the

proximate part of the central tract.

Ailurus fulgens, F. Cuv.,

Ictides albifrons, Val.,

belong to the Kachar, though they occasionally occur in the central

region.

Paradoxurus, F. Cuv. Of this genus an undescribed species, co-

loured, especially in youth, like Mustela flavigula, Bodd., is found

in the central region. A second species, perhaps the Par. Bondar,

Gray, occurs in the Tarai.

DiciTiGRADA.

Viverra undulata, Gray,? Common in the central region.

Viverra Rasse, Horsf.,

Viverra Indica, Geoft.,

are common in the Tarai.

Herpestes griseus, F. Cuv., occurs in the lower region; and a

second species, apparently undescribed, of a somewhat smaller size

and darker duller grey colour, is found in the central region.

Felis Tigris, Linn.,

Felis Pardus, Linn.,

Felis Leopardus, Linn.,

Felis jubata, Linn.,

are all found in the lower region.

The Leopard extends into the central region, where it abounds,

but is much less dreaded than the Bear.

The Leopard is found moreover in the northern region; and the

Tiger also occurs there, close to the snows, but scarcely in the cen-

tral region.

Felis Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf.,

Felis Moormensis, Hodgs.,

belong to the central region ; as does also an undescribed and beau-

tifully marked species.

Felis viverrinus, Benn., is confined to the Tarai.

Other small species of Felis, not yet determined, are found in the

northern region.

Mustela flavigula, Bodd., and two allied and hitherto undescribed

species, occur in the central region. A fourth Martin, with a

shorter tail than the above and more resembling the common Weasel

of England, is found in the Kachar. It is the

Martes laniger, Hodgs. Its fur is thick, spirally twisted, woolly,

and of a uniform dirty cream colour.

Mustela putorius, Linn.? is an inhabitant of the central, and

more abundantly of the northern, region.

Lutra, Linn. Of this genus Mr. Hodgson conceives that no less

than seven species are found in Nepal, five of which differ from the

two which inhabit the plains of Hindoostan. Four of these he re-

gards as new, differing materially in length, in bulk and propor-

tions, and in colour; one of them is yellowish white all over; the

rest are brown, more or less dark, some having the chin and throat

or under surface paled nearly to white or yellow.

Canis familiaris, Linn. The Pariah is the only Dog of the lower

and central regions. The Thibetan Mastiff is limited to the Kachar,

into which it was introduced from its native country, but in which

it degenerates rapidly ; there are several varieties of it.

Canis primevus. Hodgs.

Canis aureus Indicus. In the lower and central regions; rare in

the Kachar.

Canis Bengalensis, Shaw., the small Indian insectivorous Foz,

occurs in the Tarai.

Canis n. s.? alarge Fox, peculiar to the Kachar.

Canis Lupus, Linn. In the lower region.

RopeEntTI1A.

Hystriz leucurus, Sykes. In the central and lower regions.

Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv.? In the Tarai.

Lepusn.s. A species as large as the ordinary Hare and nearly

resembling it occurs rarely in the central and northern regions.

Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. Abundant in the southern region.

Sciurus n. s.?, of an earthy brown colour tipped with golden yel-

s0W, occurs in the central region.

Sciuropterus nitidus, F. Cuv. In the lower and central regions,

but rarely in the latter.

Mus decumanus, Linn.,

Mus Rattus, Linn. Both very numerous and troublesome.

Mus Musculus, Linn. Very uncommon.

Field Mice are frequently met with.

EDENTATA.

Manis n.s., allied to Man. Javanica, Desm. Of frequent occur-

rence in the hills of the lower region and in the mountains of the

central tract. n

PAcHYDERMATA.

Elephas Indicus, Cuv.,

Rhinoceros unicornis, Cuy., are both abundant in the forest and

hills of the lower region, whence in the rainy season they issue

into the cultivated parts of the Tarai to feed upon the rice crops.

Mr. Hodgson suggests that there are two varieties, or perhaps

rather species, of the Indian Elephant, the Ceylonese and that of

the Saul forest. The Ceylonese has a smaller lighter head, which

is carried more elevated; it has also higher fore-quarters. The

Elephant of the Saul forest has sometimes five nails on its hinder

feet.

The Rhinoceros goes with young from seventeen to eighteen

months and produces one at a birth. At birth it measures 3 feet 4

inches in length, and 2 feet in height. An individual born at Kat-

mandoo eight years since measures now 9 feet 3 inches in length;

4 feet 10 inches in height at the shoulders; the utmost girth of his

body is 10 feet 5 inches; the length of the head, 2 feet 4 inches ;

of the horn, 5 inches: he is evidently far from being adult. It is

believed that the animal lives for one hundred years; one, taken

mature, was kept at Katmandoo for thirty-five years without exhibit-

ing any symptoms of approaching decline. The young continues to

suck for nearly two years. It has when born and for a month after-

wards a pink suffusion over the dark colour proper to the mature hide.

Sus. scrofa, Linn., var.

RuMINANTIA.

Cervus Azis, Erxl.

Cervus porcinus, Zinm.

Cervus n. s.?, a brown porcine Avis.

Cervus Elaphus, Linn., ?

Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv.

Cervus equinus, Cuv.

‘Cervus n. s., of a black colour and belonging to the same group

as the two last named.

Cervus Bahrainja, n. s., serving, with Cerv. Wallichii, Cuv., to

connect the Hlephine and Rusan groups of the genus.

Cervus Ratwa, Hodgs.

All these Deer, except the last, which belongs to the Muntjaks,

inhabit the lower hills. The Ratwa is proper to the central region

and occasionally occurs in the lowest valleys of the Kachar.

Antilope Goral, Hardw. Northern and central regions.

Antilope Thar, Hodgs. Central region, and occasionally in the

northern and southern. "

Antilope Chickara, Hardw.,

Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.,

both belong exclusively to the lower region.

Mr. Hodgson is of opinion that the distinctions attempted to be

established as between two Chickaras on account of some differences

in the drawings and specimens of General Hardwicke and Duvaucel

cannot be maintained.

Capra Jharal, Hodgs. In the northern region exclusively.

Ovis Ammon, var.

Ovis Musmon, var. Also in the northern region.

Mr. Hodgson states that the wool of the Huniah or Bhotean do-

mesticated Sheep is superb; and suggests that attempts should be

made to naturalize the race in England. To such attempts he is

willing to render every assistance in his power. It is suited only

for the northern region of Nepal, suffering much from the heat of

the central district.

Bos Taurus, var. Indicus.

Bos grunniens, Linn. Domesticated in the Kachar.

Bos Bubalus, Briss.

Specimens were exhibited of several Reptiles, which were accom-

panied by notes by Mr. Gray. These notes were read.

Mr. Gray regards the Testudo Spengleri, Walb., as the type of

a new genus of Hmydide, having, like the fresh-water Tortoises ge-

nerally, the toes lengthened and covered by a series of shields, but

these members, instead of being webbed as in the other genera of the

family, are quite free from each other; the legs, moreover, are de-

stitute of fringe along their outer edge. This structure of the feet

and limbs indicates habits less aquatic than those of the Emydide

generally ; and Mr. Gray states that such appears to be the case

with the Hm. Spengleri, for though he has watched for a consider-

able time the specimen now living at the Society’s Gardens he has

never observed it to enter the water.

From the beautiful figure of the animal of Hm. spinosa given

by Mr. Bell in his ‘ Monograph of the Testudinata,’ Mr. Gray is

inclined to believe that this species belongs to the same genus with

Em. Spengleri, the toes, especially those of the hind feet, being

100

represented in the figure as quite free. The shells of the two species

agree in being of a pale brown colour above, and in being sharply

toothed on the margin; in both which respects they differ from-the

other fresh-water Tortoises.

GEOEMYDA.

Testa depressa, ad marginem laté serrata. Pedes utrinque squa-

mis elongatis biseriatis instructi, haud ciliati: digiti liberi, subgra-

ciles, superné squamis tecti. Caput parvum, cute tenui, levi, dura

obtectum.

India (et Africe?) Incole.

1, Grormypa SpenciEri. Geo. testd oblongd, pallide brunned,

tricarinatd, carinis continuis nigro marginatis ; margine posticd

profunde serraid; sterno nigro luteo marginato ; scutellis ax-

illaribus inguinalibusque nullis.

Testudo Spengleri, Walb., in Berl. Naturf., theil v. t. 3.

Testudo serrata, Shaw, Gen. Zool., vol. iii. t. 9.

Testudo tricarinata, Bory St. Vine., Atlas, t. 37. f. 1.

Emys Spengleri, Schweig., 32.

Hab. “in China,” J. R. Reeves, Esq.

2. Grormypa spinosa. Geo. testd suborbiculari, carinatd ; are-

olis spind centrali armatis ; margine totd profundé serratd ; su-

pra pallide fused, sterno pallidé fusco brunneo radiato ; scutellis

axillaribus inguinalibusque mediocribus.

Emys spinosa, Bell, Test., t. . fig. 1, 2.—Gray, Hardw. Ind. Zool.,

COMLU. E40. Seg. Vs

Hab. “‘apud Penang,” Capt. Hay.

A new genus of Geckotide is characterized by Mr. Gray under

the name of

GrHYRA.

Digiti 5-5, ad basin dilatati, serie unicd squamarum transyersa-

lium integrarum tecti, ad apicem compressi, liberi, omnes (preter

pollices) unguiculati. Pori femorales nulli.

This genus is very nearly allied to Platydactylus, Cuv., in the

form of the base of the toes; but the ends of the toes are thin; sim-

ple, and compressed, instead of being more widely dilated, and

with the last phalanx affixed along the upper surface. The body is co-

vered with small uniform granular scales, and the belly with larger -

flat scales; the tail is ringed with square scales, those of the under

surface being the largest.

Geuyra Pacirica. Ge. pallide brunnea albido punctata, subtis

alba; occipitis strigd utrinque fasciisque latis irregularibus dor-

salibus quinque vel sex pallidis ; artubus pallide marmoratis.

Long. corporis 23 poll. ; caude, totidem,

Hab. in Insula quadam Oceani Pacifici.

101

The collection of the British Museum contains a specimen, much

discoloured, of what appears to be a second species of this genus.

Another species is contained in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle at

Paris. .

A living specimen was exhibited of the Red Viper of the Somer-

setshire Downs. It had been sent from Taunton to Mr. Gray, who

states that he has compared it very attentively with the black and

with the common Viper of England, and that he cannot discover the

slightest difference between them except in the shade of the colour.

They all agree in having the upper lip shield white, with brown or

black edges, and in having a series more or less distinct of lozenge-

shaped spots. He consequently refers them all to Vipera Berus,

Daud.

Mr. Gray also states that he believes the Lacerta edura, described

by the Rev. R. Sheppard in the seventh volume of the ‘Linnean

Transactions’, to be the male, observed during the summer, of the

common Lacerta vivipara, the Lacerta agilis ot British authors; the

several characters which were pointed out by Mr. Gray at the

Meeting on May 22, 1832, (Proceedings of the Committee of

Science, Part ii. p. 112,) being at that season so fully developed as

to produce the appearances noticed by Mr. Sheppard in his account

of his presumed species.

The following notes were read of the dissection of a specimen of

Azara’s Opossum, Didelphis Azare, Temm., which recently died

at the Society’s Gardens. The general dissection was performed by

Mr. Martin; that of the organs of generation by Mr. Rymer Jones.

«« The animal was an adult male, measuring, exclusive of the tail,

1 foot 5 inches, the tail being 1 foot 4 inches in length.

«« On opening the body the situation of the viscera was as usual.

Their examination afforded the following details.

«< The liver was found to consist of three lobes; one on the left,

of a pyramidal figure, a large central lobe, and one on the right,

small, irregular in shape, with a bifid margin. On the convex or

external aspect of the middle lobe, the gall-bladder showed itself,

filling up a circular aperture so regularly defined as to appear arti-

ficial; and on turning back the liver, the gall-bladder was seen to

occupy a deep sulcus, incomplete or unclosed (as it were) in its

centre. The gall-bladder was of a globular form, its diameter being

about ~ of an inch; its duct ran in a furrow, which took its course

midway across the lobe on its under surface. At 2 inches from the

neck of the gall-bladder, this cystic duct was joined at an acute

angle by the hepatic ducts, the number of which corresponded with

that of the lobes. The ductus choledochus communis thus formed

continued its course for nearly 2 inches, and entered the duodenum

about the same distance below the pylorus, the aperture being very

small and valvular. With the biliary duct, the pancreatic also en-

102

tered the intestine, there being but one common termination between

them. On tracing the pancreatic duct it was found issuing from

the middle of the right extremity of the gland, which latter was

somewhat irregular in shape, having each extremity divided into

two cornua, and to the junction of the two right cornua the duct

was easily traced. The length of the pancreas was 23 inches.

«* The stomach was ovoid in form, the cardiac portion occupying

nearly one half of the viscus, and the pyloric orifice being not more

than 3 an inch from the cardiac. The position of the pyloric valve

was marked by a deep indentation. The length of the stomach was

3 inches; its diameter opposite the cardiac orifice, 23.

“The spleen was attached by a loose fold of mesentery to the

middle of the greater curvature of the stomach, and was somewhat

triangular in shape. It was 24 inches in length, and 12 in breadth

at the broadest part.

“The duodenum was attached throughout by a mesenteric fold,

its diameter was about 4, or nearly an inch. From the duodenum

the small intestines gradually diminished in diameter to the ileo-

colic valve, their diameter in the narrowest part being reduced to

+aninch. The total length of the small intestines was 3 feet 7

inches. The cecum was simple in figure, with a blunt aper, and

measured 2 inches in length. The large intestines measured 43

inches.

“The kidneys were of the usual shape and exhibited no diffe-

rence in their respective situation, neither being placed higher than

the other. ‘The membranous capsule was little adherent, and no

superficial vessels were observable. The papilla was single. The

length of each kidney was 23 inches, the breadth 3, and the thick-

ness . The renal capsules appeared wanting.

«« The lungs were very irregularly divided, there being four lobes

on the right side and but one, without any fissure, on the left.

«The rings of the trachea at its upper part formed nearly an en-

tire circle, which, as they proceeded downwards, became less and

less complete till, at the lower part, three-fourths only of the ring

was cartilage. The number of rings was twenty-one, but many

were so bifurcated at the lower part as to render it doubtful whether

they should be counted as double or single.

“« The sterno-thyroid and sterno-hyoid muscles were very strong

and distinct. The thyroid glands were found lying one’on each side

of the first six rings of the trachea, and measured 3 of an inch in

length.

«The mucous lining of the esophagus was puckered into longitu-

dinal rug@ throughout its whole extent, except for the last 3ths of

an inch, where the rug@ were transverse.

«« The length of the tongue from the epiglottis was 3% inches, its

breadth 3. Its aper was flat and round, and the middle of the

anterior portion of its dorsum or upper surface covered with retro-

verted papille, a line of fungiform papille occupying each side of the

103

root, between which three isolated papille appeared very distinct,

forming the three angles of a triangle. The submaxillary glands

were 14 in length, + inch in breadth, and + in thickness.

- “To the above details I am able, through the kindness of Mr.

Rymer Jones, to add a description of the organs of generation,

illustrated by a sketch, which that. gentleman was so obliging as to

make from the parts dissected. In removing the skin from the

animal the penis had been injured.

«The bladder was 14 inch in length and 3 in breadth, its shape

being oval. The muscular coat was thick. The fibres were ga-

thered into strong transverse rug@ on the anterior and posterior

aspects of the viscus, while laterally they formed two longitudinal

bands, each 4 inch in breadth, running from the fundus to the neck.

Beneath the transverse groups of fibres another set was found af-

fecting a longitudinal direction.

«The end of the penis being deficient,—what remained mea-

suring 14 inch,—the urethra measured 5 inches in length; the

length of its prostatic portion being 23 inches, of the membranous 3,

of the spongy 13. Its circumference at the neck of the bladder and

throughout the prostatic portion was 4 of an inch, at the membra-

nous portion only 14 line, at the bulbous portion it was again di-

lated to 4+ of aninch. ‘The lining membrane presented no folds,

but was perforated along the whole prostatic portion by innumerable

microscopic apertures arranged in parallel rows, through which on

squeezing the prostate its secretion oozed.

“‘ The ureters entered the bladder by two little apertures placed

close together immediately above its neck.

« The vasa deferentia terminated by two small orifices upon the

under surface of the urethra, about 2 lines from the commencement

of its prostatic portion.

« The prostate, 23 inches in length, inclosed the commencement

of the wrethra for that extent, with a glandular envelopment =3,ths

of an inch in thickness. Its commencement was marked by a decided

line of black matter, and the first half inch of its extent was

tinged by the same dark substance, resembling in colour the section

of a bronchial gland. The succeeding inch was of a creamy white

hue, while the last portion presented a dingy green tinge. Its ducts

have been described.

“* Cowper’s glands were two in number on each side, flask-shaped,

of the size of large peas, soft in texture, of a white colour, and

wrapped in a fibrous envelope. The ducts from the glands on each

side joined before entering the urethra, and the four opened by two

orifices, at the commencement of the bulbous portion of that tube.

“The bulb of the corpus spongiosum was divided into two parts,

each of an oblong shape, {ths of an inch in length, and 4 in thick-

ness; the parietes formed by a strong muscle constituting nearly the

whole mass.

104

“The crura penis were unattached to the ischia, but were en-

veloped in a muscular sac, the walls of which were the eighth of an

inch in thickness.”

In illustration of the notes, preparations were exhibited of the sto-

mach and cecum, as was also the drawing above referred to of the

organs of generation and bladder.

September 9, 1834.

Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. E. Riippell,

and dated Frankfort, August 10, 1834. It was accompanied by

specimens of Magilus antiquus, Rupp., including both the shell and

the animal, and of the shell and animal of a new genus of Pectini-

branchiated Gasteropodous Mollusca. The latter was accompanied

by a description by Dr. Riippell, who characterizes it under the de-

signation of

LEPTOCONCHUS.

Testa tenuis, pellucida, subglobosa, spira depressa, subobsoleta :

aperturd magna, subovali, extremitatibus in contrarium versis, mar-

ginibus haud coalitis, dextro tenui antic subexpanso: columella

nulla, wmbilico nullo, anticé truncata, contorta.

Animal proboscide elongato, retractili: tentaculis duobus, com-

planatis, trigonis, interné ad basin coalitis, externé in medio oculos

gerentibus: pede mediocri, operculo nullo: pallio ad marginem cir-

culari, haud appendiculato, ad latus sinistrum subproducto : fora-

mine branchiali submagno.

The colour of the shell which constitutes the type of this new

genus is constantly a slightly sordid milk-white. It is sulcated ex-

ternally by numerous longitudinal undulated closely set lines, the

outer whorls encroaching on the spire of the earlier ones so as almost

to obliterate it.

Length of the adult shell, 14% lines; greatest breadth, 127;

length of the young shell, 74; breadth, 6.

Individuals of all ages have the shell thin and fragile, and con-

stantly occur imbedded in the calcareous mass of polypes, having a

communication with the sea by only a moderate opening. They

are found in the Red Sea, and are most frequently met with in

Meandrina Phrygia.

To distinguish the shell of Leptoconchus from that of Magilus it is

sufficient to observe that in the latter the two margins of the aper-

ture are always united, while in the former genus they are always

disunited. The animals are distinguished by the possession and

the want of an operculum, and by the difference in the proboscis ;

the siphon of Magilus, moreover, does not occur in Leptoconchus.

Dr. Riippell suggests that the systematic place which should be

assigned to this genus is near the Janthine. The number of the

tentacula, the oral proboscis, the mantle destitute of siphon, the pec-

tinated branchie composed of closely heaped pyramids, and the ab-

sence of operculum, are so many marks of affinity; to which may

be added some of the characters of the shell: but he states himself

to be perfectly aware that the difference between the habitations of

No. XXI. Proceepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Sociery.

106

these genera is so wide as to aftord no confirmation of the correct-

ness of this approximation.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Nepal, March 4, 1834.

It commences by remarking on the difficulty experienced by Zo-

ologists in the determination of distinctive marks adequate for the

separation of the genera Antilope, Capra, and Ovis; and then

refers to the instances in which the writer has shown that the cha-

racter of Antilope founded on the presumed absence of cavities in

the cores of the horns connected with the frontal sinuses is incorrect.

The value of the characters which are generally admitted by authors

as distinguishing between the genera Capra and Ovis may, he con-

ceives, be tested by a comparison of the wild race of either genus

which belongs to the Himalaya.

“ For the last year,’ Mr. Hodgson proceeds, ‘I have had alive in

my garden a splendid specimen of the mature male of each; and

I have frequently compared them together in all respects of manners

and of structure. As the Goat in question, as well as the Sheep, is

new, I will begin with a synoptical description of the two, and then

proceed to notice the points of difference and of agreement existing

between them.

Tribe Carrinpz, H. Smith.

Genus Capra, Linn.

Species Capra Jhdral.—The Jhdral of the Nepalese.

“« Affined to the Alpine 4fgagri and to Capra Jemlaica. Adult male

50 inches long from snout to rump, and 33 high. Head finely

formed and full of beauty and expression, clad in close short hair,

and without the least vestige of a beard. Facial line straight. Ears

small, narrow, erect, rounded at the tips, and striated. Eye lively.

Between the zares a black moist skin. Nares themselves short and

wide. Knees and sternum callous. ‘Tail short, depressed, wholly

nude below. Animal of compact powerful make, with a sparish,

short, and bowed neck; deep barrel and chest; longish, very strong,

and rigid limbs, supported on perpendicular pasterns, and high com-

pact hoofs: false hoofs conic and considerably developed. Attitude

of rest gathered and firm, with the head moderately raised, and the

back sub-arched. Shoulders decidedly higher than the croup. Fore

quarters superb, and wholly invested in a long, flowing, straight,

hion-like mane, somewhat feathered vertically from the crown of the

withers, and sweeping down below the knees. Hind quarters poor

and porcine, much sloped off from the croup to the tail, and the |

skin much constricted between the hams behind. Fur of two sorts: the

outer, hair of moderate. harshness, neither wiry nor brittle, straight,

and applied to the skin, but erigible under excitement, and of un-

equal lengths and colours; the inner, soft and woolly, as abundant

as in the Wild Sheep and finer, of one length and colour. Horns

9 inches long, inserted obliquely on the crest of the frontals, and

touching at the base with their anterior edges; subcompressed,

107

subtriangular, and uniformly wrinkled across, except near the tips,

where they are rounded and smooth, keeled and sharpened towards

the points, obtusely rounded behind; the edge of the keel neither

nodose nor undulated, but smooth, or evanescently marked by the

transverse wrinkles of the horns. The horns are divergent, simply

recurved, and directed more upwards than backwards.

« Colour of the animal a saturate brown superficially, but inter-

nally hoary blue, and the mane, for the most part, wholly of that

hue. Fore arms, lower part of hams, and backs of the legs, rusty.

Entire fronts of the limbs, and whole face and cheeks, black-brown ;

the dark colour on the two last parts divided by a longitudinal line

of pale rufous; and another before the eye, shorter. Lips and chin

hoary, with a blackish patch on either side below the gape. Tip of

tail and of ears blackish. Tongue and palate, and nude skin of lips

and muzzle, black. Jris darkish red hazel. Odour very powerful in

the mature male at certain times.

« Found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, in small

flocks or solitarily. Is bold, capricious, wanton, eminently scanso-

rial, pugnacious, and easily tamed and acclimatised in foreign parts.

« Remarks. Jhdral is closely affined by the character of the

horns to the Alpine Agagri, and still more nearly, in other respects,

to Capra Jemlaica. It differs from the former by the less volume of

the horns, by their smooth anterior edge, and by the absence of the

beard; from the latter, by the horns being much less compressed,

not turned inwards at the points, nor nodose. Jhdral breeds with

the domestic Goat, and more nearly resembles the ordinary types of

the tame races than any wild species yet discovered.

Genus Ovis, Linn.

« Species Ovis Ndhodr, Mihi.—The Ndhoor of the Nepalese. New?

Variety of Ovis Musmon ?

“ Closely affined to Ovis Musmon, of which it is probably only a

variety. Adult male 48 inches from snout to rump, and 32 high.

Head coarse and expressionless, clad entirely in close short hair,

without beard on the chin or throat, or any semblance of mane.

Chaffron considerably arched. Ears medial, narrow, erect, pointed,

striated. Eye dull. Moist space between the nares evanescent.

Nares narrow and long. Knees and sternum callous. Tail medial,

cylindrico-depressed, only half nude below. Structure moderately

compact, not remarkable for power. Neck sparish, bowed, with a

considerable dip from the crown of the shoulders. Limbs longish,

firm, but slender, not remarkable for rigidity, and supported on lax

pasterns, and on hoofs lower and less compact than the Goat’s ; false

hoofs mere callosities. Attitude of rest less gathered and firm, with

the head lower, and the back straight. Shoulders decidedly lower

than croup. Fore quarters not more massive than the hind, nor the

extremities stronger. Fur of two sorts: the outer, hair of a harsh,

brittle, quill-like character, serpentined internally, with the salient

bows of one hair fitting into the resilient bends of another; exter-

nally straight, porrect from the skin, and very abundant; of medial

uniform length all over the body; the inner coat, soft and woolly,

108

rather spare, and not more abundant than in the Goat. Horns 22

inches along the curve, inserted high above the orbits on the crown

of the forehead, touching nearly at the base with their whole depth,

and carrying the frontal bones very high up between them, the pa-

rietals being depressed in an equal degree*. The horns diverge

greatly, but can scarcely be said to be spirally turned. They are

first directed upwards considerably before the facial line, and then

sweep downwards with a bold curve, the points again being recurved

upwards and inwards. They are uncompressed, triangular, broadly

convexed to the front, and cultrated to the back. Their anterior

face is the widest, and is presented almost directly forwards: their

lateral faces, which are rectilinear, have an oblique aspect, and unite

in an acutish angle at the back. They are transversely wrinkled,

except near the tips, which are round and smooth.

“The colour of the animal is a pale slaty blue, obscured with

earthy brown, in summer overlaid with a rufous tint. Head below,

and inside of the limbs and hams, yellowish white. Edge of the

buttocks behind and of the tail pure white. Face and fronts of the

entire limbs and chest blackish. Bands on the flanks the same,

and also the tip of the tail. Tongue and palate dark. Eye yellow

hazel. No odour.

“Ts found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepal, north

of the Jhdral, amid the glaciers of the Himalaya, and both on the

Indian and Tibetan sides of the snowy crests of that range: is suf-

ficiently bold and scandent, but far less pugnacious, capricious, and

curious than the Jhdral. Much less easily acclimatised in foreign

parts than he is, in confinement more resigned and apathetic, and

has none of the Jidral’s propensity to bark trees with his horns, and

to feed upon that bark and upon young shoots and aromatic herbs. I

have tried in vain to make the Ndhodr breed with tame Sheep; be-

cause he will not copulate with them. The female of the species

has the chaffron straight; and the horns short, erect, subrecurved,

and greatly depressed. ‘The young want, at first, the marks on the

limbs and flanks, and their nose is straight.

«Remarks. Differs from Ovis Musmon, to which it is closely

allied, by the decided double flexure of the horns, their presence in

the females, and the want of a tuft beneath the throat.

«* Having now completed the descriptions of the Wild Goat and

the Wild Sheep, I shall proceed to the exhibition of the points of dif-

ference and of resemblance between the two, beginning with the

former.

Goat. Sheep.

Whole structure stronger and L

ess SO.

more compact.

Limbs thicker and more rigid. Feebler and more slender.

* The Goat's skull! has the same form, but less strikingly developed; and

unless I am mistaken, this form of the skull would afford a just and general

mark to separate Ovis and Capra from Cervus and Antilope. There is a

gradation of characters in this respect among the Antelopes tending to the

Caprine type in their general structure.

109

Goat. Sheep.

Hoofs higher and more compact. Lower and less so.

False hoofs well developed. Evanescent.

Head smaller and finer. Larger and heavier.

Facial line straight. Chatfron arched.

Ears shorter and rounded. Longer and pointed.

Tail short, flat, nude below. Longer, less depressed, and _ half

nude only.

Withers higher than croup. Croup higher.

Fore legs stronger than hind. Fore and hind equal.

Croup sloped off. Not so.

Odorous. Not so.

Nose moister, and nares short Less moist, longer, and narrower.

and wide.

Horns of medial size, keeled, Horns very large, not keeled, and”

-and turned upwards. turned to the sides.

Eye darker and keener. Paler and duller.

Hair long and unequal. Short and equal.

Back arched. Back straight.

Bears change of climate well. Bears it ill.

Iseminently curious, capricious,

and confident.

Barks trees with its horns, feed-

Is incurious, staid, and timid.

Does not bark trees, and is less

ing on the peel, and on aro- addicted to aromatics.

matic herbs.

In fighting rears itself on its . : :

hind legs and lets the weight a i ghhing see we one.

of its body fall on the adver- 7 f OTe Sea o

sary. weight.

“The Goat and Sheep have in common, hair and wool; no beard;

no suborbital sinuses ; evanescent muzzle; no inguinal pores; horns

in contact at the top of the head; knees and sternum callous; an-

gular and transversely wrinkled horns; striated ears; two teats

only in the females; horns in both sexes; and, lastly, incisors of

precisely the same form.

“‘ Of the various diagnostics, then, proposed by Col. Hamilton

Smith, it would seem that the following only can be perfectly relied

on to separate Ovis from Capra: slender limbs; longer pointed ears;

chaffron arched ; nares long and oblique; very voluminous horns,

turned laterally with double flexures. I should add myself, the

strong and invariable distinction,—males not odorous,—as opposed

to the males odorous of the genus Capra. But, after all, there are

no physical distinctions at all equivalent to the moral ones so finely

and truly delineated by Buffon, and which, notwithstanding what

Col. H. Smith urges in favour of the courage and activity of Sheep,

will, for ever, continue to be recognised as the only essential dia-

gnostics of the two genera.”

110

September 23, 1834.

Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by John Hearne,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Port au Prince, July 16, 1834.

It accompanied a present of “‘ an Alligator from the river Artiboniti,”

which is referrible to the Crocodilus acutus, Cuv.; and of some Doves.

These are the little Ground Dove or Ortolan of the English residents

in Hayti, Columba passerina, Linn.; and the red-legged Partridge, as

it is called in that island, Col. mystacea, Temm. Mr. Hearne ad-

verts to some other animals which he has observed in Hayti, and

expresses his hopes of succeeding in bringing or sending them to

England.

The Secretary adverted to some other animals lately added to the

Menagerie, and which he regarded as interesting either in a scien-

tific point of view, or on account of their not having been previously

contained in the collection. They included the silky Monkey, Midas

Rosalia, Geoff., of which a specimen has recently been presented by

T. Manton, Esq.; the Javanese Ichneumon, Herpestes Javanicus,

Geoff. ; the African Mouffion, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., presented

by Sir Thomas Reade, His Majesty’s Consul-General at Tunis ; and

a remarkably darkly coloured variety of the European Bear, Ursus

Arctos, Linn., presented by R. H. Beaumont, Esq.

Among the Birds there have been added a pair of the pied Pigeon

of New Holland, Columba armillaris, Temm.; a pair of the Caper-

cailzie or Cock of the Woods, Tetrao Urogallus, Linn., obtained from

Norway and presented to the Society by J. H. Pelly, jun., Esq.; a

pair of the Buffonian Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Le Vaill. ; and a

specimen of the naked-legged Owl of the Indian Islands, Ketupa Ja-

vanensis, Less., (Strix Ketupu, Horsf.,) presented by James Harby,

Esq., and stated to have been brought from Manilla.

Among the Reptiles there have recently been added an interesting

collection of Tortoises from China, presented by John Russel Reeves,

Esq., of Canton, and including specimens of the three-banded Box-

Tortoise, Cistuda trifasciata, Gray ; of Spengler’s Terrapin, Geoemyda

Spengleri, Gray, (Testudo Spengleri, Walb.); of the Emys Sinen-

sis, Em. Reevesii, and Em. Bealii, all lately described by Mr. Gray ;

and also of the Platysternon megacephalum, Gray. A Crocodile ap-

parently referrible to the Crocodilus cataphractus, Cuv., is also at

present living in the Menagerie: its nuchal plates constitute a

series continuous with those of the back, but consist of only four

rows instead of five, the number existing in the individual on which

the species was originally founded. The specimen is stated to have

been brought from Fernando Po.

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of

111

an Irish Otter, which he at the same time presented to the Society

in the name of Miss Anna Moody of the Roe Mills near Newtown

Lemavaddy, by whom it was preserved and mounted. On ac-

count of the intensity of its colouring, which approaches nearly

to black both on the upper and under surface ; of the less extent of

the pale colour beneath the throat as compared with the common

Otter, Lutra vulgaris, Linn., as it exists in England; and of some

difference in the size of the ears and in the proportions of other

parts; Mr. Ogilby has long considered the Irish Otter as constitut-

ing a distinct species; and he feels strengthened in this view of ‘the

subject by the peculiarity of its habitation and manners. It is, in

fact, to a considerable extent a marine animal, being found chiefly

along the coast of the county of Antrim, living in hollows and caverns

formed by the scattered masses of the basaltic columns of that coast,

and constantly betaking itself to the sea when alarmed or hunted.

It feeds chiefly on the salmon, and as it is consequently injurious to

the fishery, a premium is paid for its destruction; and there are

many persons who make a profession of hunting it, earning a liveli-

hood by the reward paid for it and by disposing of its skin. Mr.

Ogilby stated his intention of comparing it minutely with the com-

mon Otter as soon as he should be enabled to do so by the possession

of entire subjects, and especially of attending to the comparison of

the osteological structures. He added that he proposed to desig-

nate it, provisionally, as the Lutra Roensis, in honour of the lady by

whom it was presented.

Mr. Owen read a “‘ Description ofa recent Clavagella,” founded on

the examination of an individual brought home by Mr. Cuming and

imbedded in siliceous grit. The portion of rock contained the whole

of the expanded cavity excavated for the abode of the animal, to-

gether with the fixed valve of its shell and about an inch of its cal-

careous tube: the loose smaller valve was detached from the soft

parts. Mr. Owen describes in detail the fixed valve, which cor-

responds to the left side of the animal’s body ; the attachment to it

of the adductor muscles, two in number ; its passage into the cal-

careous tube by a continuance of the shelly substance ; the tube it-

self, which communicates with the posterior part of the chamber

next the side which corresponds with the ventral surface of the ani-

mal; and the free valve. He regards it as probable that the animal

of this species, having penetrated into the rock for a certain distance,

then becomes stationary, and limits its operations to enlarging its

chamber to the extent required for the development of its ovary :

this enlargement takes place in the dorsal, dextral, and anterior

directions.

The soft parts of Clavagella form an irregularly quadrate mass,

convex anteriorly, rather flattened at the sides, and slightly narrow-

ing towards the posterior end, from which the smooth rounded si-

phon is continued. This contains the anal and branchial canals,

which are separated by a strong muscular septum, but do not pro-

ject as distinct tubes ;: in this respect Clavagella agrees with Gastro-

112

chena and Aspergillum. The mantle is a closed sac, having only an

upening for the passage of the siphon and a small slit at the opposite

end for the passage of a rudimentary foot: the use of this slit in

Clavagella is obviously different from that assigned by M. Riippell

to the corresponding structure in Aspergillum.

Mr. Owen describes the mantle and its structure ; the siphon;

and the thick mass of muscular fibres at the anterior part of the

mantle, which forms probably one of the principal instruments in the

work of excavation : he also notices the great development, as com-

pared with the size of the animal, of the adductor muscles. He

then proceeds to the viscera, which generally agree with the typical

structure in other Bivalves. 'The digestive system, which accords

with that which is usual in Acephalous Mollusca, is described; as

are also the respiratory and circulating systems, the principal ner-

vous ganglia, and the ovary.

The paper was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the several

structures described in it.

The specimen described belongs to the species termed by Mr.

Broderip Clavagella lata.

October 14, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Sir Robert Ker

Porter, Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Caraccas, July 24, 1834. In re-

ference to the Tortoises (Testudo Carbonaria, Spix,) presented to the

Society by the writer in the spring of the present year (see p. 41),

it stated that they are regarded as a great delicacy at Caraccas, and

sold as such in the market. It also stated that some eggs of Curas-

sows, or Powies, spoken of in a previous letter, had been placed under

a hen, but had not produced young, having, as Sir Robert imagines,

been by some accident injured in the shell. He had, however, a few

days previously to the date of his letter, placed another, just laid by

the bird, and hoped to be more successful, in which case he promises

to give some particulars relative to the experiment.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by the Hon. Byron

Cary, dated His Majesty’s ship Dublin, Sept. 25, 1834, giving some

particulars relative to a large specimen of the Tortoise from the Gal-

lapagos Island, presented by the writer to the Society. The spe-

cimen weighs 187 lbs. and measures in length, over the curve of the

dorsal shell 3 feet 8: inches, and along the ventral shell 2 feet 33

inches, its girth round the middle being 6 feet 34 inches. It is

consequently much smaller than several specimens of the Indian Tor-

toise from the Seychelles Islands which have at different times been

exhibited in the Society’s Garden; the weight and measurements of

one of which are given in the Proceedings of the Society for 1833,

p- 81. The lateral compression of the anterior part of the dorsal

shell, and the elevation of its front margin, by which the Gallapagos

Tortoise is distinguished from the Indian, are in this specimen strongly

marked.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of the dissection of a specimen

of the Mangue (Crossarchus obscurus, F. Cuv.) were read.

«The dissection was strongly confirmatory of the justice of the

position claimed for the animal, notwithstanding its plantigrade

mode of progression, between the [chneumons and the Suricates. To

the latter indeed it bears in its general external aspect and charac-

ters a marked affinity ; in both we find the pupil circular, and the

muzzle elongated, pointed, and moveable. Nor is there much less

correspondence in their general anatomy. Fortunately the notes of

the dissection of two Suricates, which were living for a considerable

period in the possession of the Society, have enabled me to make an

accurate comparison. The notes to which I allude are by Mr. Owen,

and will be found in the First Part of the ‘ Proceedings of the Com-

mittee of Science and Correspondence’ for 1830-1, pp. 39 and 51.

«« The Mangue which I had the opportunity of examining was a

No. XXII. Procgzpines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

114

female, and measured in the length of its body 1 foot: the tail was

imperfect. The animal was in good condition; indeed it was rather too

much loaded with fat to be perfectly active. On the abdomen being

opened the liver and the small intestines presented themselves, the

latter being covered by: an extensive omentum; the stomach was

concealed beneath the liver. The liver was tripartite, with a lobulus

Spigelii, and consisted of one large right, and two left lobes; the

latter together not exceeding in size the single one on the right.

On the under surface of the right lobe, near the edge, lay the gall-

bladder, almost globular in shape, and measuring nearly $ths of an

inch from the fundus to the neck. It was full of dark greenish bile.

At the distance of 3ths of an inch from the neck, the biliary duct

was joined by the hepatic: the ductus choledochus communis then

continued on for more than 1 an inch, and entered the duodenum

about 4 of an inch below the pylorus. The spleen, flat, elongated,

and narrow, occupied the usual situation, and was enveloped in a

fold of omentum, giving, when stretched out, a width of 14 inch.

On turning back the stomach, the pancreatic gland was seen, hav-

ing a large process situated beneath the spleen and stomach; the

portion immediately covered by the latter dilating and forming a

ring, attached to the duodenum for the distance of 3 inches. In

the Suricate, this viscus is very similar, both in figure and situation.

Mr. Owen observes that ‘“‘a transverse portion extends from the

spleen behind the stomach to the pylorus; it then divides and forms

a circle, which lies in the concavity of the great curve of the duode-

num ;”’ and subsequently notices its resemblance to “‘ the neutral

symbol of the entomologist p.’ Such also is the figure of the

pancreas of the Mangue.

“The stomach was very muscular, with longitudinal strie along its

larger curvature, and singularly contracted in the middle. It is to

be observed, however, that it was perfectly empty : when distended

with air, the strie and contraction disappeared.

‘« The small intestines did not much exceed a common quill in cir-

cumference; they decreased in size from the duodenum, which was

very delicate. The small intestines measured 4 feet 2} inches, and

the large 4; inches, without bands, or sacculi. ‘The cecum was 1

inch in length and pointed. On each side of the anus were situated

two follicles of the size of a small horsebean, containing a thick unc-

tuous, but nearly inodorous matter. They opened externally on

the verge of the anus.

“The kidneys, of which the right was rather higher than the left,

were of the usual shape, and 1 inch in length. Their cortical

structure was very distinct; the tubuli terminated in one large co-

nical papilla. On the outer surface there ramified an arborescence

of small veins, as in the Cat, but by no means so beautifully and re-

gularly distributed. In this respect also the Mangue agrees with the

Suricate, as well as with the Viverride generally. The supra-renal

glands were flat and oval; their external coat was grey; and beneath

this was spread an inner layer, resembling liver in colour and

texture.

115

“The bladder was small and contracted : the uterus measured } an

inch, its cornua 14 inch, and the vagina 14 inch, its internal lining

being puckered longitudinally.

“The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right, and two on the

left side ; in the Suricate there are four on the right and three on the

left. The heart is obtuse at its apev, and of a thick rounded figure, being

ths of an inch from the base to the apex and 1+ in breadth across the

base. The tongue was 2 inches long, smooth at the sides, but covered

in the centre towards the tip with retroverted sharp bristly papille :

at the base were three isolated papille forming a crescent, thus °,°.

The sublingual glands were of the size of hazel-nuts. The epiglottis was

pointed and curled forwards : the number of rings in the trachea was

thirty-eight. The thyroid glands were situated on each side of the

twelve upper rings of the trachea ; they were of large size, measuring

3ths of an inch in length. The esophagus exhibited longitudinal ruge

along its inner surface.

*«Tn the disproportion between the large and small intestines; in

their small circumference; in the form of the cecum; in the venous

ramifications on the surface of the kidneys; as well as in other mi-

nor points ; we cannot fail to observe the close similarity, not alone

between the Mangue and the Suricate, but between both these ani-

mals and the Viverride in general.”

A collection was exhibited of skins of Birds, formed by B. H.

Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., in Nepal, and presented by him

to the Society. These birds were brought under the notice of the

Meeting by Mr. Gould, who, at the request of the Chairman, pointed

out the most interesting among them, both as regarded the Society’s

collection, and with reference to their novelty or the peculiarities of

their form. As, however, Mr. Hodgson himself purposes to describe

at length the characters and habits of the several species in his pro-

posed ‘ Zoology of Nepal,’ Mr. Gould abstained from entering more

particularly into those topics.

A paper was read ‘“ On Clavagella, by W.J.Broderip, Esq.” It

was accompanied by drawings illustrative of the new species de-

scribed in it.

The author commences by a history of the genus from the time

when Lamarck established it for the reception of four fossil species,

two of which he had previously referred to his genus Fistulana. A

recent species was subsequently described and figured by Mr. G. B.

Sowerby, in his ‘Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ under thename

of Clav. aperta; and a second recent species, Clav. Australis, has

since been described and figured by the same conchologist; M.

Audouin has noticed another recent Shell which he refers to this

genus ; and some details have been published by M. Rang of an ad-

ditional recent species, his Clav. Rapa. The collection of Mr. Cum-

ing furnishes another recent species, the anatomy of which formed

the subject of a paper read by Mr. Owen at the last Meeting of the

Society; there exists yet another in that of Mr. Isaac Lyon Gold.

smid; and another in those of Mr. Cuming and Mr. Miller.

116

A close examination of the recent species which he has observed

has convinced Mr. Broderip that although one valve of the shell is

always fixed or imbedded in the chamber formed in the hard sur-

rounding substance, the tube is not necessarily continued into a com-

plete testaceous clavate shape, and that consequently the character

assigned by Lamarck to the genus requires emendation. The fixed

valve is in all these species continued on to the tube. In Mr.

Cuming’s the perforated shelly plates are situated not far from

the throat of the tube, one on either side; while in Mr. Gold-

smid’s the perforated plate is single, and seated at the anterior or

greater end of the ovate chamber, being in the smaller individual

joined laterally to the anterior ventral edge of the fixed valve, and

in the larger one wholly isolated from it. In all the specimens the

anterior edge of the fixed valve is surrounded by the naked wall of

the chamber.

After remarking on the difficulty of clearly defining species where

the roughness or smoothness of the surface of the shell and even its

shape may depend upon the greater or less degree of hardness of

the material of which the chamber is formed; where colour also is

absent; and from specimens of which the tubes are broken; Mr.

Broderip proceeds to suggest the following distinguishing characters.

The first two may, he remarks, hereafter prove to be mere varieties,

although he is strongly disposed to regard them as constituting

distinct species :

CiavaGELia ELoNGATA. Clav. camerd elongato-ovatd ; valud libera

elongatd, subtrigond, converd, externe concentrice valdé rugosd,

intis nitente ; umbone acuto.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico ?

Mus. Goldsmid.

The wall of the coral chamber against which the free valve rested

gives as exact an impression of the external rugosities of that valve

as if the valve had been applied to a surface of wax.

CLAVAGELLA Lata. Clav. cameré rotundato-ovatd ; valud liberd

latiusculd, subtrigond, subconvexd, externé concentric rugosd,

intiis nitente ; umbone subrotundato.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico.

Mus. Cuming,

Both valves are nacreous internally ; and the muscular impres-

sions, especially in the fixed valve, are very strong.

Cuavacetta Meuirensis. Clav. testd subrotundatd, rugosd, intis

subnitente ; tubo longitudinaliter corrugato.

Hab. ad Melitam.

Muss. Cuming, Miller.

It is not impossible, from its locality, that this may turn out to

be M. Audouin’s species, if that should prove to be a true Clavagella.

M. Sander Rang’s remarks, however, go far to show that a Sicilian

Shell referred to this genus, has been incorrectly so referred, in as

much as it has no fixed valve. The one described above has the

fixed valve continued on to the shelly tube as in the other recent

species of the genus Clavagella.

is i-+

Mr. Broderip conjectures that Clavagella may be in its very young

state a free Bialve, floating at large until it arrives at some vacant

hole that suits it, when it attaches one valve to the wall of the hole,

and proceeds to secrete the tube or siphonic sheath, to enlarge the

chamber according to its necessities, and to secrete the shelly per-

forated plate which is to give admission to the water at the prac-

ticable part of the chamber. The excavation may probably be as-

sisted by the secretion from the glands observed by Mr. Owen, and

evidently cannot be effected in the greater end of the chamber by

mere mechanical attrition; but the solvent secretion must be one of

extensive powers to act on such different substances as siliceous

grit, the coral of an Astreopora, calcareous grit, and argillo-calca-

reous tufa, in which respectively were found the Clav. Australis,

Clav. elongata, Clav. lata, and Clav. Melitensis.

Adverting to the different depths at which these several species

were found, which varied from near low-water mark to sixty-six feet,

Mr. Broderip remarks, that inferences as to the state of submersion

of a rock during the lifetime of the fossil species which there occur,

ought consequently to be made with caution by the geologist.

In conclusion he observes, that though the genus Clavagella is in

its recent state at present rare, itis in all probability widely dif-

fused; and suggests to collectors a careful examination of masses

of coral and submerged perforated rocks with a view to the further

elucidation of the habits and structure of these and other interest-

ing animals.

118

October 28, 1834.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Living specimens were exhibited of a species of Bee from South

- America, together with portions of its Comb, contained in the fissure

of a log of wood. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Bigg,

who stated, in a note accompanying the specimens, that they were

found about three weeks since on splitting a log of peachwood from

the Brazils for the use of a dye-house, on the premises of Mr. Apple-

gath, a calico-printer at Crayford in Kent. The wood had been

previously lying in the docks, and had been perhaps eighteen months

from the Brazils.

Mr. Curtis, to ‘whom specimens were submitted for examination,

states that they belong to the genus Trigona, Jur., and form a very

pretty and apparently undescribed species.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited preparations of both sexes of Syngnathus

Acus, Linn., and Syngn. Typhle, Ej., in illustration of the following

extract from the manuscript notes of the late John Walcott, Esq.,

author of ‘A Synopsis of British Birds,’ ‘ History of Bath Fossils,’

and ‘ Flora Britannica Indigena.’ This manuscript, which is volu-

minous, and relates wholly to British Fishes, was written during the

author’s residence at Teignmouth, in the years 1784 and 1785, and

has been forwarded by his son William Walcott, Esq., of South-

ampton, to Mr. Yarrell, for his use in a projected work on ‘ British

Fishes.’

«« Syngnathus Acus and Typhle.—The male differs from the female

in the belly from the vent to the tail fin being much broader, and in

having for about two thirds of its length two soft flaps, which fold

together and form a false belly. They breed in the summer, the fe-

males casting their roe into the false belly of the male. This I have

asserted from having examined many, and having constantly found,

early in the summer, roe in those without a false belly, but never any

in those with; and on opening them later in the summer there has

been no roe in (what I have termed) the female, but only in the false

belly of the male.”

The specimens exhibited of females of Syngn. Acus and Typhle had

no anal pouch, and the opened abdomen exposed two lobes of ova

of large size in each. The anal pouch is peculiar to the males, and

is closed by two elongated flaps. On separating these flaps and ex-

posing the inside, the ova, large and yellow, were seen lining the

pouch in some specimens, while in others the hemispheric depres-

sions from which the ova had been but lately removed were very

obvious. In each of these the opened abdomen exhibited true testes.

Mr. Walcott adds: ‘‘ They begin to breed when only between 4

and 5 inches long.”” A specimen of Syngn. Acus, nearly 16 inches long,

was exhibited, indicating, probably, its extreme growth. A female

119

of the same species, only 4 inches long, was also shown, the abdo-

men of which contained two lobes of enlarged ova, which, to all ap-

pearance, would have been deposited in a few days.

Specimens of males and females of Syngn. Ophidion, Linn., were also

exhibited. In this species neither male nor female possesses an anal

pouch, but the ova are carried by the male in hemispheric depres-

sions on the external surface of the abdomen, anterior to the anus. -

All the specimens examined having these external depressions proved

to be males, with the testes in the abdomen very obvious: those

without external depressions proved to be all females, internally

provided with two lobes of enlarged ova. The males of this species,

when taken by Mr. Yarrell from the sea, had one ovwm of the size

and colour of a mustard-seed fixed in each cup-shaped depression,

but time and the effects of a long journey had removed them. Dr.

Fleming in his ‘ History of British Animals,’ page 176, states the

length of Syngn. Ophidion at about 5 inches: some of Mr. Yarrell’s

specimens measured 9 inches.

Mr. Yarrell further stated that the males of Syngn. Acus carry

their living young in the anal pouch, even after they have been

hatched there. He had been frequently told by fishermen that on

opening them they had found the living young within the pouch,

which they called the belly ; and that if these young were shaken out

into the water over the side of the boat, they did not swim away, but

when the parent fish was held in the water in a favourable position,

the young would again enter the pouch.

It was observed by M. Agassiz, that the fact of the males of cer-

tain species of the genus Syngnathus carrying the ova in a peculiar

abdominal pouch, after their exclusion by the female, had been no-

ticed on the Continent by Eckstrém, Retzius, and Marcklin; and

that he had himself made the same observation.

M. Agassiz exhibited drawings of several species of Lepisosteus,

together with some of the details of their internal organization; and,

at the request of the Chairman, explained his views with regard to

their systematic arrangement and structure, as well as to their rela-

tions with various genera of fossil fishes, and the coincidence of some

parts of their internal anatomy with that of Reptiles. He described

two new species observed by him in the British Museum, taking his

characters principally from the form and sculpture of the scales, the

presence or absence of the short rays at the base of the caudal and

other fins, and the variations in the form and disposition of the teeth.

In reference to their internal structure, he particularly called the at-

tention of the Meeting to the large and regular slit by which the

swimming-bladder communicates with the pharynx; which he re-

garded as bearing even a closer resemblance to the entrance of the

trachea of the pulmoniferous Vertebrata in general, than the aperture

by means of which the lungs communicate with the pharynz in the

Perennibranchiate Amphibia. He conceived, therefore, that the ana-

tomy of these fishes offers a conclusive argument in favour of the

theory, long since proposed, that the swimming-bladder of Fishes is

120

analogous to the lungs of the other Vertebrata. He spoke of the num-

ber of the cecal appendages as greater in Lepisosteus than in any

other fish which he had dissected; and referring to certain fossil bo-

dies by which geologists have long been puzzled, and which have

been regarded as fossil worms, he stated his opinion, from the close

resemblance between the two, that they are in reality the cecal ap-

pendages of the fossil fishes, in whose company they are generally

found.

Mr. Gray exhibited young shells of Argonauta Argo and Arg. hi-

ans, with the view of calling the attention of the Society to a new

argument in favour of the opinion that the animal (Ocythoé) found

in the shells of this genus is parasitic. This argument is founded on

the size of what Mr. Gray has termed the nucleus of the shell, viz.

that original portion of it which covered the animal within the

egg, and which is usually found to differ in surface and appearance

from the remainder of the shell formed after its exclusion from the

egg. Inthe specimens exhibited Mr. Gray described the nucleus as

blunt, rounded, thin, slightly and irregularly concentrically wrinkled,

and destitute of the radiating waves which are common to the adult

shells of all the species of this genus. These waves he stated to

commence immediately below the thin hemispherical tips, and he

therefore entertained no doubt that those tips constituted the nucleus

of the shell, and covered the embryo of the animal at the period of

its exclusion from the egg. Judging from the size of this portion of

the shell, which in one of the specimens measured nearly one third

of an inch in diameter, and was consequently many times larger than

the largest eggs of the Ocythoé found within the Argonaut shells,

Mr. Gray inferred that it must have been produced by an animal

whose eggs are of much greater magnitude. The Ocythoé cannot

therefore, he conceived, be the constructor of the shell, and its true

artificer still remains to be discovered. Mr. Gray further remarked,

with reference to Poli’s statement that he had observed the rudiment

of a shell on the back of the embryo of Ocythoé examined by him,

that he has himself uniformly found, in all the eggs of Mollusca which

he has examined, the shell well developed, even before the develop-

ment of the various organs of the embryo. With respect to the ar-

gument derived from the want of muscular attachment, he observed

that the animal of Carinaria (to which he considered it probable that

that of Argonauta is most nearly related), although firmly attached

to the shell, while living, separates from it with the greatest ease

when preserved in spirits, being from its gelatinous nature very rea-

dily dissolved.. ‘These circumstances, he conceived, might fairly ac-

count for the animal.of Carinaria having been, until very recently,

unknown, and for that of Argonauta.still remaining undiscovered.

12]

November 11, 1834.

Dr. Marshall Hall, in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of a species of Monacanthus, Cuv., re-

markable for having on each side of the body, about midway between

the pectoral and caudal fins, a bundle of long and strong spines di-

rected backwards. The species was figured in Willughby’s ‘ Historia

Piscium,’ and a description of it by Lister is contained in the Appen-

dix to that work; but it appears not to have been noticed by subse-

quent observers, and to have been altogether overlooked or rejected

by systematic writers. Lister’s specimen of the Fish was preserved

in the collection of William Courten, the founder of the museum

which became subsequently the property of Sir Hans Sloane, and

eventually formed the basis of the British Museum: that brought

under the notice of the Meeting belongs to the Museum of the Army

Medical Department at Chatham, and was exhibited with the per-

mission of Sir James Macgrigor. It was accompanied by a descrip-

tion by Staff-Surgeon Burton, which was read.

Monacantuaus Hystrix. Mon. lateribus in medio 6—7-spinosis,

spinis validis longioribus.

Guaperva Hystrix, List., in Will. Hist. Pisc., App. p. 21. Tab. 8.21.

“Length 7 inches. Colour black. Skin crowded with rough grains;

a smooth spot behind the gills; towards the tail assuming the charac-

ter of rhomboid scales, but the granular form continued over the caudal

fin. On the sides, about one third of its length from the tail, is fixed

a cluster of six or seven strong free spines from } to 1 inch in length,

capable of erection and depression.

‘Dorsal spine very strong, about 14 inch long, subtriangular,

with serrated edges, and grained, except towards the point: when

not erected it is lodged in a deep groove on the back. Extremity

of the pelvis salient, and terminating in two sharp short spines. Se-

cond dorsal fin broad and 2 inches long; anal similar, but shorter.

“In front of the eyes a small fossa covered with a membrane, ex-

cept in its centre, where it is perforated by a minute olfactory fo-

ramen.

“Teeth in the upper jaw eight, the two middle incisors placed di-

rectly in front of the second pair, in a groove of which they are

lodged, so that no part of these last are visible externally, except a

small process at the cutting edge; the outer teeth trigonal. The

teeth of the lower jaw differ materially from the generic character,

their number being only four, of which the two middle ones are

by far the largest in the mouth. On this account, and also on ac-

count of the nature of its covering,—which partakes of the granular

character of that of Monacanthus and Aluterus, Cuv., and of the rhom-

No. XXIII. Procerpines or tHE ZoouocicaL Society.

122

boidal scales of Balistes, Ej.,—this fish might be regarded as the type

of a distinct subgenus among the Balistide.

“The strong dorsal spine, the spinous processes of the pelvic

bones, and the cluster of lateral spines, added to the tough indu-

rated epidermis of this fish, form an armour excellently adapted for

its protection against its more powerful enemies.

** Tt is an inhabitant of the Indian Ocean, frequenting the shores

and coral reefs. The present specimen was brought from the Mau-

ritius by Dr. Hibbert, Surgeon, 99th Regiment. This species is

stated to be also found abundantly on the western coast of Australia,

where it is known to the settlers by the name of “ leather-jacket,”

—a denomination which is probably applied to it in common with

other species of Balistide.”

Mr. Gray exhibited a drawing of this specimen, and stated his

intention of publishing a figure of it in the concluding Number of the

‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’ which is about to appear.

Mr. Gray called the attention of the Meeting to two new species

of Sturgeon; one from China, of which he exhibited a specimen, and

the other from the Mississippi, of which he showed a drawing taken

from aspecimen in the British Museum. ‘The former species belongs

to the same section of the genus with the Acipenser glaber of Mar-

sigli, characterized by its conical muzzle, and the smooth and silvery

nature of the skin between its 5 rows of plates. It was sent to En-

gland by Mr. John Russell Reeves, and is distinguished by the fol-

lowing characters :

AcIPENSER Sinensis. Acip. levis, superne brunneus; rostro gra-

cili, conico, acuto, mutico; fronte arcuato; scutis seriet dorsalis

15—16, radiatim sulcatis, alté carinatis, carina posticé uniden-

tatd, anterioribus gradatim minoribus, duobus ultimis ecarinatis ;

serierum lateralium brevioribus, carind postice bidentatd ; caudd su-

perne serie radiorum simplicium, ad latera squamis angustis tectd.

Hab. in China.

Scuta dorsalia 16; lateralia superiora 40—41, inferiora 13—14.

The other species was stated by Mr. Gray to belong to a new sec-

tion intermediate between the true Sturgeons and the Spatularie,

having a broad expanded muzzle, flat above, shelving on the sides,

and concave, and furnished with a central ridge beneath.

ACIPENSER CATAPHRACTUS. Acip. brunneus, squamis parvis rugo-

sis caudam versis majoribus levioribusque ; rostro depresso apice

spatulato, carind laterali occipiteque ad latera spinosis ; scutis ru-

gosis, acut? carinatis, carind postice unidentatd ; vertebralibus

posterioribus muticis, lateralibus posterioribus multo majoribus.

Acipenser cataphractus. Rapp, MSS.

Hab. in fluvio Mississippi.

The beards are 4 in number; and the hinder part of the body

elongated, slender, and depressed. The snout is composed of a large

number of small long bones, radiately grooved, owing perhaps to the

123

youth of the specimen. It has a group of six recurved spines just be-

hind the apex, and a series of small spines on the ridge which runs

on each side from the apew to the anterior angle of the eye. There

is also a small blunt spine on each side of the middle of the frontal

region; and two others are placed on the bones over the hinder part

of the gill-flap. The latter form the commencement of a series of

carinated shields. The small scales are rough; and the shields form-

ing the lateral lines are radiately grooved, and furnished witha sharp

continued keel, terminating posteriorly ina spine. The larger plates

on the hinder part of the body are smooth, with a few longitudinal

ridges, and emarginate at the aper. There are 17 plates on the dor-

sal ridge, of which the third is the smallest; 47 or 49 in the upper

lateral series, among which the anterior are much the smallest, their

length increasing gradually as they approach the tail, and this in-

crease being more marked after passing the ventral, and again after

passing the anal, fins; and 15 or 16 in the lower lateral series.

The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming

on the Western Coast of South America, and among the Islands of

the South Pacific Ocean. Those exhibited at the Meeting were ac-

companied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprehended

the following apparently undescribed species of the

Genus FissuRELLA.

FissuRELLA MAXIMA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd,

crassd ; intis albd, margine lato, undulato, pallescente fusco ar-

ticulato ; extis radiatim sulcatd, rugosd, albido-cinerascente fusco

radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ovatd: long. 5, lat. 3'4 poll.

- Hab. ad Valparaiso.

- In the young shells the internal margin is proportionally broader

than in those which are more fully grown: in some specimens this

margin shows a very great development of crystalline structure.

Found on exposed rocks and under stones at low water.—G.B.S.

FissuRELLA Granpis. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd, pos-

tice latiore, crassd ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundulato,

cinerascente ; extiis levigatd, purpureo-nigrd, radiis numerosissi-

mis saturatioribus ; aperturd dorsali majusculd, oblongd, extis la-

tiore, antice subdeclivi: long. 4, lat. 2°6 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littorali-

bus.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA LIMBATA. Tiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressiusculd,

posticé latiore, crassiusculd ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subun-

dato, pallescente, lined internd purpureo-nigrd ; extis levigatd,

rosaceo-fuscescente, radiis rufescentibus ; aperturd dorsali elon-

gatd, mediane subcoarctatd : long. 3, lat. 1-9 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

In young shells the internal line of the margin is broader and more

deeply coloured than in the more fully developed specimens. Nearly

all the fully grown shells are so deeply eroded as to have lost almost

124

all traces of coloured rays. The younger shells, which retain the

coloured rays, are found in exposed situations at low water.

A representation of the inside of this shell has been given in my

‘ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells’, under the name of Fiss. picta,

Lam., from which it is nevertheless very distinct.

Found on exposed rocks.—G. B. S.

FissURELLA BIRADIATA (Frembly MSS.). Fiss. testd ovatd, an-

tice subacuminatd, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ; intis albd, mar-

gine latiusculo, purpurascenti-fusco ; extis radiatim striatd, pur-

purascenti-fuscd, plerumque radiis duobus (utroque latere unico)

pallescentibus ; apertura dorsali oblongd: long. 3°8, lat. 2-7 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus.

In this, as well as in several others, the margin varies somewhat in

width ; it is, however, generally broader in the young shells. The

fully grown specimens sometimes lose the two light-coloured rays.

Found also at Iquiqui in Peru.—G. B. 8.

FissurELLA Lata. Fiss. testd ovali, elevatiusculd, crassiusculd ;

intus albd, margine latiusculo, pallescente, rosaceo-maculato ; ex-

tits cinerascente, radiatim costellatd, costellis subtuberculatis, ra-

diis coloratis purpureo-rufis ; aperturd dorsali ovato-oblongd :

long. 3°3, lat. 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam §S. Marie, Chilensis.

This species approaches, in form and colouring, very nearly to

Fiss. picta, Lam.

Found in exposed places.—G. B. S.

FissuRELLA PuLcHRA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, anticé

angustiore, crassiusculd ; intis albd, margine latiusculo, subundu-

lato, purpurascenti-fusco ; extiis purpureo-cinerascente, radiis

rufo-purpureis maculisque albis et violaceis concinné pictd ; aper-

turd dorsali centrali, posticé inclinatd : long. 2°5, lat. 1°6 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Oss. Testa junior radiatim subcostellata.

Variat testa tota extis purpurascenti-fusca, unicolore.

Found on the rocks.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA ORIENS. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd, crassius-

culd ; intis albd, margine angustiore, plerumque pallescente ; ex-

tas pallidd fusco nigro vel roseo radiatd ; aperturd dorsali ob-

longd, mediane latiore: long. 2°7, lat. 1°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe sub lapidibus littoralibus.

Variat testa extis obsoleté picta, margine interno paulld latiore.

Hab. ad Valparaiso, rupibus adherens.—G. B.S.

FissurELLA Cuitensis. iss. testd ellipticd, depressd, radiatim

costellatd, costellis rugosis ; intds albd, margine lato, pallescente,

nonnunquam fusco maculato ; extis cinerascente, radiis fuscis pal-

lidis plerumque pictd; aperturd dorsali oblongd, subcentrali: long.

2-4, lat. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found on rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S.

125

FissurgLua opscura. iss. testd ovato-oblongd, radiatim costatd,

costellis obtusis, latiusculis ; intts virescente, margine undulato,

crenulato, pallidiore ; extis coloribus variis radiatim pictd, punctis

nigris nonnullis prope aperturam dorsalem radiantibus ; aperturd

dorsali subelongatd, median? latiore, rimd internd rufo marginatd :

long. 1-1, lat. 0°7 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA VIRESCENS. Juss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, radiatim

costatd et striatd; intis virescente, margine pallidiore, undulato

et crenulato ; extits pallidé virescente fusco-virescente obscure ra-

diatd, margine costellis crenato; apertura dorsali oblongd, extiis

utringue coarctatd : long. 1:8, lat. 1-4 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA NIGROPUNCTATA. Fiss. testd ovatd, elevatiusculd, an-

tice angustiore, costellato-radiatd ; intis virescente, margine pal-

lidiore, crenulato, nigro punctato ; extis pallide virescente, pune-

tulis elongatis nigris confertim digestis radiatd ; apertura dorsali

oblonga, lateribus extiis subconnatis : long. 1-6, lat. 1:1 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa intis alba; rima aperture dorsalis nigro marginata.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA MACROTREMA, Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatius-

culd, anticé angustiore, radiatim striatd ; intis virescente, mar-

gine nigro variegato; extis plerumque virescente rufo fusco vel

nigrescente radiatd; aperturd dorsali elongatd, lateribus extis co-

arctatis, utrinque unidentatis : long. 1°4, lat. 0-9 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa extis purpurascenti-nigra,

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat etiam testa extis virescente, radiis rufescentibus obscuris.

Hab. ad Lambeyeque.

Variat iterum testa extis rosaceo-virescente, radiis rufis; aperture

dorsalis margine interno roseo.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA AFFinis, Gray. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, elevatiusculd,

anticé angustiore, radiatim plis minisve muricatim striatd, non-

nunquam fere levigato-striatd, plerumque purpurascenti-nigra ;

intis albd, margine angusto, nigricante; aperturd dorsali parvd,

ovali: long. 1-7, lat. 1°2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Mexillones et Lobos, et ad Iquiqui.

Variat testa rufescenti-nigra.

Hab, ad Valparaiso.

Oss. Testz juniores pallide, radiatim picte.—G. B.S.

FIssURELLA MICROTREMA. FFiss. testd ovatd, depressiusculd, ra-

diatim scabroso-striatd ; intiis virescente, margine angustissimo,

nigricante ; extis fuscd, obscure subradiatim coloribus variis pictd ;

126

aperturd dorsali minimd, margine limbi interni nigricante: long.

0:9, lat. 0-6 poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos, Americe Centralis.

The dorsal perforation in this species is so small, and the colora-

tion so dark, that it is difficult at first sight to perceive that it is really a

Fissurella.

Found under stones.—G. B.S.

FissurELLA inzQua.is. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, la-

tere antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine albo ni-

groque vario, crenulato; extis radiatim striatd, concinné decus-

satd, olivaced albicante subradiatim variegatd; aperturd dorsali

anticd, oblongd, utrinque bidentatd : long. 1°1, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Guacomayo et ad Insulas Gallapagos sub lapidibus litto-

ralibus.—G. B. 8.

Fissuretua Pica. Fiss. testd oblongd, tenui, subdepressd, latere

antico brevi, postico longo; intis albicante, margine crenulato; ex-

tis radiatim striatd, concinn® decussatd, albd olivaceo variegatd ;

aperturd dorsali anticd, ellipticd, fere circulari, parvd: long. 1-,

lat. 0°57 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Variat testa albicante, radiatim olivaceo fasciata.

Found on dead shells in from six to eight fathoms water.—

G.B.S.

FissurELLA Cuemnitzit. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressius-

culd, crassiusculd, lateribus subcompressis , extremitatibus levatis;

intis albd, impressione musculari prope marginem conspicud; ex-

tus radiatim subsulcatd, subdecussatd, pallescente roseo subradiatd ;

aperturd dorsali magnd, ovali, rimd internd latd : long. 2°2, lat.

1°4 poll.

Hab.?

The only specimen I have ever seen of this species was in the

Tankerville Collection, from which, after several vicissitudes, it has

at length found its way to Mr. Cuming’s.

This remarkable shell is represented by Martini (I. t. xi. f. 100),

whose figure is cited by Lamarck as a representation of Fiss. Greca.

—G.B.S8.

FissuRELLA LATIMARGINATA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, depressd,

crassiusculd, antice angustiore; intis albd, margine lato rufes-

centi-nigro, crenulato; eatis radiatim creberrime striatd, rufes-

centi-nigrd; aperturd dorsali oblonga: long. 2°8, lat. 1°8 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso et ad Iquiqui.

Found on the rocks.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA TRAPEZINA. iss. testd subtrapeziformi, rotundato-

angulatd, antice angustiore, depressd, extremitatibus levatis ; in-

tus albd, impressione musculari prope marginem remotd, margine

ancrassato ; extiis concentrice subsulcatd, pallidd fusco radiaté ;

aperturd dorsali magnd, latd, antic? latiore: long. 0°95, lat. 0°8

poll.

* 127

Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei.

This exceedingly rare species has existed in our collections for

many years.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA &QuALIS. Fiss. testd oblengd, depressd, extremitati-

bus feré equalibus ; intis albd, margine incrassato, impressione

musculari prope marginem remotd; extis levi, albicante fusco ra-

diatd, vel fuscd albicante radiatd; aperturd dorsali magnd, ob-

longd, latd : long. 0°85, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA FULVESCENS. Fiss. testd oblongd, depressd, fulves-

cente, extremitate anticd angustiore ; intis lacted, margine sub-

incrassato, subreflexo ; extis levigatd, radiatim substriatd et rufo

pictd ; aperturd oblongd, lateribus obsoleté bidentatis : long. 1°6,

lat. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. S.

23, FISSURELLA NIGRITA. iss. testd ovali, depressd, lateribus sub-

compressis, extremitatibus levatis ; intis albd, marginibus postico

lateralibusque incrassatis ; extis nigrd, radiatim striatd ; aper-

turd dorsali magnd, ovali, margine levi, albo: long 1-, lat. 0°6

poll.

Hab. ?—G. B.S.

FissuRELLA AsPERA. iss. testd ovali, altiusculd, asperd, postic?

longiore ; intis cinerascente, margine albo, crenulato, extis cos-

tellis numerosis radiantibus decussatim muricatis ; aperturd dor-

sali circulari ante verticem elevatam positdé: long. 1, lat. 0°8

poll.

Hab. ad Pacosmayo.—G. B. 8.

FIssURELLA ASPERELLA. Fiss. testd ovali, depressiusculd, asperelld ;

ints virescente, margine crenulato; extis cinerascente, striis nu-

merosis radiantibus, radiisque coloratis rufo-cinerascentibus ; aper-

turd dorsali oblongd, dente utrinque extis elevato: long. 0°85, lat.

0:5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos: sub lapidibus littoralibus—G.B.S.

FissurRELLA MuTABILIS. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, coloribus variis

plerumque subradiatim pictd, altiusculd, postice longiore; intis

albd, margine levi; extis radiatim striatd ; aperturd dorsali

ovato-elongatd, medio plerumque latiore: long. 1-, lat. 0°55

poll.

’ Hab. ad Caput Bone Spei.

Many specimens of this species were among the late Mr. G. Hum-

phreys’ collections, labelled by him “ Brazil? Thalacker.”—G.B.S.

FissurELLA Panamensis. iss. testd ellipticd, elevatd, decussatd,

postice longiore ; intiis lactescente, margine crenulato; extis cos-

tellis radiantibus decussatis, plerumque muricatis, albicante cine-

rascenti-fusco varie pictd ; aperturd dorsali minimd, subovali :

long. 0°6, lat. 0°4 poll.

128

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found on dead shells in from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

FissurELLA Ruprevi. Fiss. testd oblongo-ovatd, elevatd, decus-

satd, lateraliter subdepressd, postic? longiore ; intis albd, mar-

gine crenulato ; extis albicante, radiis plerumque nigris, nonnun-

quam viridescenti-nigris, concinne pictd, costis costellisque alter-

nantibus submuricatis radiantibus ornatd ; aperturd dorsali parvd,

ovatd, postice subquadratd, antic? infra verticem positd, intis po-

stice depressione distinetd : long. 0°9, lat. 0-6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Nevis, Capt. Powers: in Sinu Arabico, Riippell.

Aspecimen of this pretty species was lately obtained by Mr. Cuming

from M. Riippell. About twenty were in the collections of the late

Mr. G. Humphreys.—G. B.S.

FissurELta Cuyprus. Fiss. testd ovatd, depressd, crassiusculd,

pallescente fuscescenti-nigro radiatd ; intis albd, margine subcre-

nato, pallescente nigro articulato; extiis radiatim subcorrugatd ;

aperturd dorsali oblongd: long. 1°15, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

A single specimen is in Mr. Cuming’s Collection.—G. B.S.

FissURELLA CRENIFERA. Fiss. testd ovato-oblongd, subdepressd,

postice latiore, subquadratd; intis albd, margine incrassato, cre-

nato et crenulato ; extis radiatim costatd et striata, radiatim va-

rie pictd, costis muricatis; aperturd dorsali oblongd, mediane sub-

coarctatd, extis dente duplicato laterali munitd : long. 0°6, lat. 0°3

poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos sub lapidibus littoralibus.—G. B. 8.

A Letter was read, addressed by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Corr.

Memb. Z.S., to W. J. Broderip, Esq., and dated New South Wales,

April 18, 1834. It gave some account of the Oceanic Birds ob-

served during the late voyage of the writer from Europe to New

South Wales, and more particularly of those of the genus Diomedea,

Linn.

«‘ From the meridian of the island of Tristan d’Acunha to that of

the island of St. Paul’s, on about the parallel of 40° of south lati-

tude, we were daily surrounded by a multitude of oceanic birds.—Of

the Petrel tribe the Cape Pigeon, Procellaria Capensis, Linn., was

most abundant; but the Proc. vittata (vel cerulea) frequently was

observed; as was also a small black Petrel which I do not recollect

to have before seen.

“‘ Of the genus Diomedea the species which I regarded as the spa-

dicea, chlororhynchos and fuliginosa of Authors, were the most re-

markable. Near Tristan d’Acunha the first (Diom. spadicea) most

abounded: between the Cape and the longitude of 30° East the

second (Diom. chlororhynchos) became more numerous: and in the

neighbourhood of St. Paul’s their place was supplied by the Diom. fu-

liginosa. Where one species abounded, the others were only occa-

sionally seen; from which it may be inferred that each species breeds

in distinct haunts. Occasionally two or three varieties of the Diom.

129

exulans, Linn., the large wandering Albatross, attended the ship, but

they rarely remained beyond the day. Diom. ewulans varies very

much in plumage; generally, however, the head, neck, back, and

wings are more or less mottled grey, and the breast, abdomen, vent,

and wropygium snowy white; the bill is horn-coloured and the feet

yellow.—We saw a bird that might be referred to M. Lesson’s Diom.

epomophora, if that is really a distinct species.—Another of very large

size was near us for two days, which, with the exception of the back

of the wings and tips of the under side of the pen feathers and ex-

tremity of the tail being black, was of a snowy white colour.”

Capt. P. P. King transmitted with his Letter characters and de-

scriptions of three of the species of Albatross observed by him,. in-

cluding those which he regarded as the Diomm. spadicea and chlo-

rorhynchos ; together with drawings of these two species. The de-

scriptions were read, and the drawings exhibited. he former agree

essentially with the descriptions from the same specimens, recently

published in his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c., by Mr.

George Bennett, who was a fellow voyager with Capt. King. The

reference of these to the species quoted is, however, provisional only,

as they differ in some important particulars from the original descrip-

tions of those species: it is therefore probable that they are rather

to be viewed as indicating races hitherto unnoticed by zoologists.

Mr. George Daniell stated some facts that had fallen under his

observation with reference to the habits and economy of two British

species of Bats, the Pipistrelle, Vespertilio Pipistrellus, Geoffr., and the

Noctule, Vespertilio Noctula, Schreb., dwelling more particularly on

those connected with the feeding of the former, and with the period

of gestation and mode of parturition of the latter.

With regard to the former species, he stated that in July 1833 he

received five specimens, all of pregnant females, from Elvetham, in

Hampshire. Many more were congregated together with them in

the ruins of the barn in which they were taken, but all the rest

escaped. They had been kept in a tin powder canister for several

days, and on being turned loose into a common packing-case, with

a few strips of deal nailed over it to form a cage, they exhibited

much activity, progressing rapidly along the bottom of the box, as-

cending by the bars to the top, and then throwing themselves off as

if endeavouring to fly. They ate flies when offered to them, seizing

them with the greatest eagerness, and devouring them greedily, all

of them congregating together at the end of the box at which they

were fed, and crawling over, snapping at, and biting each other,

at the same time uttering a grating kind of squeak. Cooked meat

was next presented to them, and rejected; but raw beef was eaten

by them with avidity, and with an evident preference for such pieces

as had been moistened with water. This answered a double pur-

pose: the weather being warm, numbers of blue-bottle Flies, Musca

vomitoria, Linn., were attracted by the meat; and on approaching

within range of the bat’s wings were struck down by their action,

130

the animal itself falling at the same moment with all its membranes

expanded, and cowering over the prostrate fly, with its head thrust

under in order to secure its prey. When the head was again drawn

forth, the membranes were immediately closed, and the fly was ob-

served to be almost invariably taken by the head. Mastication ap-

peared to be a laboured operation, consisting of a succession of eager

bites or snaps, and the sucking process (if it may be so termed) by

which the insect was drawn into the mouth being much assisted by

the looseness of the lips. Several minutes were employed in devour-

ing a large fly. In the first instance the flies were eaten entire; but

Mr. Daniell afterwards observed detached wings in the bottom of the

box. These, however, he never saw rejected, and he is inclined to

think that they are generally swallowed. A slice of beef attached to

the side of the box was found not only to save trouble in feeding,

but also by attracting the flies to afford good sport in observing the

animals obtain their own food by this new kind of bat-fowling. Their

olfactory nerves appear to be very acutely sensible. When hanging

by their posterior extremities, and attached to one of the bars in

front of the cage, a small piece of beef placed at a little distance from

their noses would remain unnoticed; but when a fly was placed in

the same situation they would instantly begin snapping after it. The

beef they would eat when hungry ; but they never refused a fly. In

the day-time they sometimes clustered together in a corner; but

towards evening they became very lively, and gave rapid utterance

to their harsh, grating notes. One of them died on the fifth day after

they came into Mr. Daniell’s possession ; two on the fourteenth: the

fourth survived until the eighteenth; and the fifth until the nineteenth

day. Each was found to contain a single fetus.

On the 1 6th of May, 1834, Mr. Daniell procured from Hertfordshire

five specimens of the Vespertilio Noctula, four females and one male.

The latter was exceedingly restless and savage, biting the females,

and breaking his teeth against the wires of the cage, in his attempts

to escape from his place of confinement. He rejected food and died

on the 18th. Up to this time the remaining four continued sulky ;

but towards evening they ate a few small pieces of raw beef, in pre-

ference to flies, beetles, or gentles, all of which were offered to

them: only one of them, however, fed kindly. On the 20th one

died, and on the 22nd two others, each of which was found to be

pregnant with a single fetus. The survivor was tried with a variety

of food, and evincing a decided preference for the hearts, livers, &c.

of fowls, was fed constantly upon them for a month. In the course

of this time large flies were frequently offered to her, but they were

always rejected, although one or two May Chafers, Melolontha vul-

garis, Fab., were partially eaten. In taking the food the wings were

not thrown forward as in the Pipistrelle; and the food was seized

with an action similar to that of adog. The water that drained from

the food was lapped, but the head was not raised in drinking, as

Mr. Daniell had observed it to be in the Pipistrelle. The animal

took considerable pains in cleaning herself, using the posterior ex-

1$1

tremities as a comb, parting the hair on either side from head to tail,

and forming a straight line along the middle of the back, The mem-

brane of the wings was cleaned by forcing the nose through the folds

and thereby expanding them. Up to the 20th of June the animal fed

freely, and at times voraciously, remaining during the day suspended

by the posterior extremities at the top of the cage, and coming down

in the evening to its food: the quantity eaten sometimes exceeded

half an ounce, although the weight of the animal itself was no more

than ten drachms. On the 23rd, Mr. Daniell, observing her to be very

restless, was induced to watch her proceedings. ‘The uneasiness

was continued for upwards of an hour, the animal remaining during

all this time in her usual attitude suspended by the posterior extre-

mities. On a sudden she reversed her position, and attached herself

by her anterior limbs to a cross wire of the cage, stretching her hind

legs to their utmost extent, curving the tail upwards, and expand-

ing the membrane interposed between it and the posterior extremi-

ties, so as to form a perfect nest-like cavity for the reception of the

young. Ina few moments the snout of the young one made its ap-

pearance, and in about five minutes the whole of its head was pro-

truded. The female then struggled considerably until the extremi-

ties of the radii had passed, after which the young one by means of

a lateral motion of its fore limbs relieved itself. It was born on its

back, perfectly destitute of hair, and blind; and was attached by an

umbilical cord of about two inches inlength. The female then licked

it clean, turning it over in its nest, and afterwards resuming her

usual position, and placing the young in the membrane of her wing,

proceeded to gnaw off the umbilical cord and eat the placenta. She

next cleaned herself, and wrapped up the young so closely as to pre-

vent any observation of the process of suckling. The time occupied

in the birth was 17 minutes. At the time of its birth the young

was larger than a new-born mouse, and its hind legs and claws were

remarkably strong and serviceable, enabling it not only to cling to

its dam, but also to the deal sides of the cage. On the 24th the

animal took her food in the morning, and appeared very careful of

her young, shifting it occasionally from side to side to suckle it,

and folding it in the membranes of the tail and wings. On these oc-

casions her usual position was reversed. In the evening she was

found dead; but the young was still alive, and attached to the nip-

ple, from which it was with some difficulty removed. It took milk

from a sponge, was kept carefully wrapped up in flannel, and survived

eight days, at the end of which period its eyes were not opened, and

it had acquired very little hair. From these observations it is evi-

dent that the period of gestation in the Noctule exceeds thirty-eight

days.

Mr. Daniell also exhibited skeletons of the male and female of the

Pipistrelle and Noctule Bats, forming part of his own collection, for

the purpose of pointing out a peculiarity in the female, connected,

as he conceives, with the mode of parturition just described. This

peculiarity consists of a prolongation of the os calcis along the mar-

132

gin of the membrane extended between the hinder extremities and

the tail, of much greater length and strength in the female than in

the male. By means of this process Mr. Daniell believes the female

to be capable of giving greater tension to the pouch formed of that

membrane for the reception of the young in the act of parturition.

133

November 25, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,

Esq., and dated Trebizond, June 20, 1834. It referred to a collec-

tion of skins of Birds made by the writer in his immediate neigh-

bourhood, and presented by him to the Society. The number of

species contained in the collection is twenty, one only of which was

comprised among those previously transmitted by Mr. Keith Abbott,

and exhibited to the Society at its Meeting on June 24,1834. Mr.

Abbott states that he proposes to continue the collection of such

zoological subjects as he can procure in the neighbourhood of Trebi-

zond, for the purpose of transmitting them to the Society.

The Bird-skins presented by Mr. Keith Abbott were exhibited,

and Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, brought them seve-

rally under the notice of the Meeting, observing on each of them as

regarded its geographical. distribution. The exhibition was regarded

as a continuation of that which took place on June 24, (page 50,)

and comprised the following species not then enumerated, making

in the whole fifty-three species observed in the vicinity of Trebi-

zond,

Falco Tinnunculus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, and the

adjacent continents of Asia and Africa, but not America.

Otus vulgaris, Cuv. Inhabiting Europe generally, and found also

in India and Africa.

Sylvia Rubecula, Linn. Mr. Gould has no recollection of having

seen this familiar bird before, either from Asia or Africa.

Emberiza Cia, Linn. Inhabiting the southern provinces of Europe

and the high lands of India. It does not visit England, nor has it

been seen from Africa.

Alauda arvensis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally. Mr. Gould

has no recollection of having seen it in collections either from India

or Africa, but it doubtless inhabits the border lands of the latter

continent as well as of Asia.

Corvis Monedula, Linn. This bird is principally confined to Eu-

rope: it does not occur in America. A species nearly allied inhabits

India.

Picus medius, Linn. A common species in Norway, Sweden, and

part of the central portions of Europe; but not hitherto observed in

collections from India or Africa.

Ardea Garzetta, Linn. Inhabiting the southern portions of Eu-

rope: it is also found in India and Africa, but not in America. It

was once common in England.

Scolopax major, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, but probably

not America. Mr. Gould has not yet seen it from India.

Tringa variabilis. This bird is very generally dispersed, being

134

common both in America and Europe: Mr. Gould has also seen it

from India and Africa. It breeds in England.

Charadrius Pluvialis, Linn. Inhabiting Europe and the adjoining

portions of Africa and Asia, but not America.

Charadrius Himantopus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe, particularly the

southern parts, and Asia and Africa, but not America; its-place in

the latter continent being filled by a species nearly allied to it. It

occasionally visits England.

Anas Querquedula, Linn. Inhabiting India as well as Europe:

common in the Himalayan range.

Anas Fuligula, Linn. Found in all temperate countries of the old

continent, but not hitherto in America.

Clangula vulgaris, Flem. Though common in England during the

winter, the proper locality of this bird is in the high northern lati-

tudes. Mr. Gould has not previously seen a specimen from so south-

ern a habitat as the present.

Mergus Albellus, Linn. Similarly circumstanced with the last,

although apparently still more arctic, as it visits England only in se-

vere winters.

Podiceps cristatus. Found in nearly all the temperate regions of

the globe.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Reptile from New South

Wales, which he regarded as constituting the type of a new genus

nearly related to Bipes, Latr. He characterized it under the name of

LIALIs.

Caput elongatum, fronte plano, squamis parvis subimbricatis ves-

titum ; irides lineares, verticales: aures oblong, conspicue.

Corpus subcylindricum, attenuatum: squamis dorsalibus ovatis, con-

vexis, levibus; ventralium seriebus duabus intermediis majoribus.

Pedes duo, postici, obsoleti, acuti, ad basin 2—3-squamati.

Anus subposticus : squame preanales parve ; port subanales utrin-

que quatuor per paria dispositi.

This genus is very nearly allied to Pygopus, Merr., but may be

readily distinguished from it by the characters above given. In

Pygopus the head is short, more rounded in front, and covered with

regular shields: the pupil is subcircular: the feet are broad, ovate,

blunt, and covered with three rows of scales: the vent has five large

oblong scales in front of it: and the subanal pores form a continu-

ous series.

Liauis Burtonis. Li. supra pallide cinerascenti-brunnea, nigro

minutissime punctata ; subtis pallidé cacaotico-brunnea; strigd

alba utrinque a labio superiore supra oculos per nucham, alterdque

latiore a labio superiore per latera ad caude apicem ductis.

Junior. Strigis colli lateralibus obsoletis.

Oss. Epidermide remota subalbida est strigis lactescentibus.

Hab. in “ Nova Cambria Australi.” Dr, Mair.—Muss,. Chatham

et Brit.

135

The dotting on the upper surface is produced by two or three

black points on each of the scales. The upper streak passes along

the keels on each side of the face and terminates on the hack of the

neck. The lower streak separates the dark colour of the under, from

the pale of the upper, surface, and is edged beneath along its whole

extent by a narrow brown line; in its anterior portion it is brown

above.

The scales are smooth, and marked with four slight lines. The

front lower labial plate is rather larger, with one pair of small men-

tal plates and an odd one behind it: there are four pairs of long tri-

gonal arched scales on each’ side of the lower jaw, of which the an-

terior is small and the posterior the largest, each with a small linear

scale at its outer tip, which is next the small, broad, low labial

plates; the hinder ones having two or three series of broad low

plates under them. The dorsal scales are margined. The super-

ciliary plates are triangular, and of moderate size. The scales of the

front of the muzzle are very small, with two odd ones behind them,

and one in the middle between the nostrils. The eyes are circular,

and surrounded by a series of small scales. Eyelids none ?

Mr. Gray also exhibited a specimen of the New Holland Ibis of

Dr. Latham, for the purpose of directing the attention of the Meet-

ing to the spatulate form of the feathers of its neck; a form of

feather which he believes not to have been previously recorded as oc-

curring in any Grallatorial Bird. In this instance they are elon-

gated, lanceolate, and bear some resemblance to straws. The spe-

cimen was obtained from the neighbourhood of Macquarrie River.

Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited adult specimens of the Geoemyda

spinosa and Emys platynota, two species of fresh-water Tortoise re-

cently described by him from young individuals at the Meetings of the

Society on June 24 and August 26 (pages 54 and 99). He pointed out

in detail the peculiarities of the adult animals and shells, which he is

about to describe in his ‘ Synopsis of Indian Animals’ ; and demon-

strated on the specimen of the former the existence of those characters

on which he had founded the genus Geoemyda, and which he had pre-

viously had occasion to observe in Ge. Spengleri alone,—his know-

ledge of the animal of Ge. spinosa having at the time of his proposing

the genus been limited to the figure published by Mr. Bell.

In the adult individual exhibited the sternum was concave; and

Mr. Gray, in calling particular attention to this point, took occasion

to remark on it as evidencing, in an additional character to those

already adverted to by him, the affinity of Geoemyda to the Land

Tortoises, that genus and the genus Cistuda, Say, being the only ge-

nera among the Emydide that possess the concavity of sternum which

is common to most of the species of Testudinide.

A Paper was read “‘ On Nycteribia, a genus of wingless Insects,

by J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., &c.’

The author commences by remarking on the existence of certain

136

groups of animals, generally limited in extent, which exhibit in their

organization, with reference to the groups to which they naturally

belong, such anomalies as have constantly proved a source of per-

plexity to the systematists who have endeavoured to assign to them

their real place in the system of nature. In many instances the ano-

maly involves the transition from the structure of one group to that

of the adjoining ones; such instances constituting the osculant groups

of Mr. W. 8S. MacLeay in his ‘ Hore Entomologice’. Of these os-

culant groups some exist between the great divisions of the animal

kingdom; others among the classes of which each of these great

divisions is composed; others again between the orders, the fami-

lies, and the minor subdivisions. The genus Nycteribia is thus os-

culant not between the families or even the orders of a class, but

between two of the classes themselves of the Annulose Sub-kingdom

—the Arachnida and the Haustellata. It is remarkable, moreover, for

being exclusively confined to a parasitic existence on that equally

anomalous group, the Chiroptera among the Mammalia.

Notwithstanding the comparatively unattractive appearance of the

insects of this genus, the singular peculiarities of their structure have

drawn upon them the attention of Latreille, Hermann, Dr. Leach,

M. Léon Dufour, and Mr. Curtis, who have severally contributed

much to the general stock of information respecting them. But the

minuteness of the objects themselves, their unfitness for accurate ex-

amination when dried and shrivelled as specimens usually are in cabi-

nets, their comparative rarity, and other causes, have rendered the

descriptions of those distinguished entomologists in some instances

unsatisfactory ; and it is with the view of fully elucidating the or-

ganization of the genus and of adding to its history such facts as he

has been enabled to ascertain, that Mr. Westwood offers to the So-

ciety his account of Nycteribia, to which he adds a Synopsis of the

whole of the species that have hitherto been observed, including the

characters of several not hitherto described. He enumerates the

sources from whence his materials have been derived; and then pro-

ceeds to describe in great detail the structure of a new species brought

from Dukhun by Col. Sykes,—a species peculiarly adapted for the

purpose, both on account of its comparatively large size, 24 lines in

length, and of the fitness of the individuals for minute examination

owing to their having been preserved in spirit. Of this species he has

examined three individuals, all of which are females in different stages

of gestation. From the abdomen of the one which was most ad-

vanced Mr. Westwood extracted without difficulty a hard organized

white mass, nearly as large as the abdomen itself, of an oval form,

with traces of five articulations on the sides of the body, and having

at its broader end three small circular spots placed in a triangle,

with two smaller ones seated at a greater distance from them. That

this was the young of the Nycteridia in its pupa state cannot, he

conceives, be doubted: and it may consequently be regarded as

proved that these insects are pupiparous, as has indeed been conjec-

tured from their evident connexion with the Hippoboscide.

The whole of the external organization of Col. Sykes’s Nycteribia

137

is described by Mr. Westwood in the greatest detail, and with

continual references to those portions of the descriptions published

by his predecessors, which are either vague, or incorrect, or in which

they are contradictory to each other. The principal points which he

has endeavoured to elucidate, in addition to the transformations which

these insects undergo, are the distinction of the sexes, and conse-

quently the sexual characters and the different organization of the

abdomen in the sexes; the structure of the mouth, antenna, and eyes ;

the separation of the metasternum and the abdomen ; the situation and

construction of the spiracles; and the nature of the serrated organs

between the base of the anterior and intermediate legs. The sexual

distinctions appear especially to have been misunderstood, and the au-

thor takes great pains to explain them in each of the species respec-

tively which he has been enabled satisfactorily to examine.

Mr. Westwood concludes his Paper by a Synopsis of the Species

of the

Genus NycrTerRIBia.

Nycreripia Syxesu. Nyct. rufo-picea, thoracis teyumento dor-

sali abdomineque obscure albicantibus ; hoc tuberculis minutissi-

mis nigris undique tecto tuberculis quatuor majoribus in quadran-

gulo centrali dispositis, segmentis (unico basali excepto) destituto,

apiceque pilis rigidis ferrugineis elongatis obtecto ; pedibus elon-

gatis subcompressis paulld dilatatis, breviter setosis ; femoribus

magis ferrugineis, coxis anticis elongatis tibiisque apicem. versus

attenuatis ; pectinibus thoracis elongatis ; oculis e tuberculis qua-

tuor compositis. ( 2)

Long. corp. lin. 2}.—Species maxima.

Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus. D. Sykes.

Nycrerisia Hoprr. Nyct. abdomine concolore nitido, in medio

obsoleté 5-articulato, ovato-conico-depresso, segmento ultimo co-

nico-truncato, apice lateraliter setigero subtis stylis duobus conico-

elongatis inflexis armato. ( 3)

Long. corp. lin. 2.—Precedenti valdé affinis, at minor, An

illius mas ?

Hab. in India Orientali, apud Bengaliam.—In Mus. D. Hope.

Nycreripia pusia. Nyct. fusco-castanea, pedibus magis casta-

neis; coxis anticis elongato-conicis, femoribus tibiisque subcylin-

dricis; thorace subtis irregulariter rugoso ; pectinibus thoracis

lateralibus elongatis ; abdomine (‘“‘¢”’ Latr. g ?) ovato, 6-annu-

lato, segmento postico conico-elongato postice attenuato et truncato.

Long. corp. circiter lin. 2., Latr.

Nycteribia Blainvillii, Latr., in Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., tom, xxiii.

nec Leach.

Hab. in Insula Isle de France dicté. Latr.—India ?—In Mus. olim

Latreille.

The alleged diversity of sex, the difference of habitat, and the

nearly cylindrical legs, induce the belief that this species is distinct

from the last, with which however it offers a close resemblance both

specifically and sexually.

138

NycrerisiA Buarnviti, Leach. Nyct. ‘‘ pedibus longis tenuibus

Sfemoribus tibiisque apicem versus gradatim attenuatis’ ; obscure

ochraceo-livida ; abdomine (apice excepto) fusco, elongato-conico,

depresso, segmentis sex apice setigeris, ultimo longiore subrotun=

dato. (¢)

Long. corp. lin. 1. (14 secundum Leach.) ‘‘ Minor Phthiridia

Hermanni.”—Leach.

Hab. in Insula Isle de France dicté.—In Mus. Brit:

Nycreripia Rovuu. Nyct. obscure nigra, pedibus fuscantibus elon-

gatis viv compressis, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine ovato-

conico, depresso, 5-articulato, apice subtruncato, stylis duobus in-

curvis subtis armato ; capite compresso. ( )

Long. corp. lin. 14.

Hab. in India Orientali.—In Mus, D. Royle.

Nycreris1a Durouri. Nyct. pedibus elongatis, coxis abbreviatis:

oculis rotundatis sessilibus simplicibus ; abdomine ? ovali, apice

setigero, segmentis destituto, supra paribus tribus serierum seta-

rum brevium rigidarum instructo ;,3 ? oblongo, 6-articulato,.apice

subius stylis destituto ?

Long. corp. lin. 14 ?. lin. 1. ¢?

Nyct. Vespertilionis, Dufour, in Ann. des Sci. Nat., Avril 1831,

pl. 13. fig. 4.

Hab. in Vespertilione murino Gallize.

Nycrerinia PepicuLartA, Latr. Nyct. fusca ; corpore supri pedi-

busque flavo-rufescentibus ; thorace subtis fusco-rufescente, lined

longitudinali mediand nigrd ; pedibus longis arcuatis, coxis anticis

brevibus subcylindricis, femoribus tibiisque valde compressis fere

ellipticis ; pectinibus lateralibus thoracis brevibus ; abdomine setis

rigidis armato. .

Nyct. Vespertilionis, Latr., Gen. Crust., &c., vol. iv. p. 864. pl. 15.

fig. 11. Id., in Nouv. Dict. d Hist. Nat., tom. xxiii.

Latreille’s original name is restored to this species, it being con-

sidered as distinct from any of the others, with the exception per-

haps of Hermann’s Nyct. Vespertilionis.

Nycrerrpia vexata. Nyct. pallide ferruginea; pedibus elongatis,

covis anticis brevibus ; abdomine ¢ 8-articulato, testaceo, ovato-

conico, apice subrotundato, subtis stylis ad apicem duobus incurvis

alteroque intermedio armato. ;

Long. corp. lin. 1—13.—Specimen aliud ( ¢ ? siccitate: con-

tractum? vel 9???) abdomine ad apicem emarginato a cl. Her-

manno descriptum est.

Nyct. Vespertilionis, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 5. f.1.

Hab. in Vespertilione murino Europe.

The insect described by Hermann under the name of Nyct. Ves-

pertilionis may be considered, without hesitation, as specifically di-

stinct from our two British species, as well as from Nyct. Dufourii,

in the structure of the male. It may possibly, however, be identi-

cal with Nyct. pedicularia.

139

Nycrermpid Jenynsir. Nyct. pallid? ochraceo-flavescens, setis

» pectinibusque thoracis et abdominis basi nigris ; palpis longe se-

tosis; oculis sessilibus, rotundatis, simplicibus ; pedibus elongatis

tenuibus; covis anticis brevioribus, femoribus tibiisque paulld

compressis ; abdomine ovato, seriebus sex transversis setarum rigi-

darum (segmenta totidem indicantia) notato, segmento ultime

laminis duabus elongatis incurvis contiguis styloque carnoso in-

termedio subtis terminato. (3)

Long. corp. lin. 14.

Hab. in China.—In. mus. nostr. Amicissimé communicavit

Rey. Leonard Jenyns.

Nycreripia Latreiiuiu, Leach. Nyct. pallide ochracea ; pedibus

perbrevibus, femoribus tibiisque valde dilatatis setis obscuris elon-

gatis, tarsorum articulo primo reliquis conjunctim vix longiore ;

thoracis pectore latiore et breviore ; pectinibus thoracis unguibus-

que nigris ; abdomine § 6-articulato, segmento ultimo longiore,

conico-truncato, subtis laminis duabus distantioribus elongatis in-

curvis et ad ventrem adpressis, styloque intermedio armato; 2

ovali absque appendiculis, apice inciso, subtis articulo basali di-

stincto, seriebusque sex transversis setarum rigidarum instructo,

segmenta ? indicantibus.

Long. corp. lin. $. (14 secundum Leach.)

Hab. in Vespertilione murino Anglize.—In Muss. Brit., DD. Ste-

phens, Jenyns et Curtis.

The references of this species to Linnzus and Olfers, given by

Dr. Leach, must be considered as dubious. Frisch (vol. ii. pt. 5.

pl. 5.) has represented an insect, which, from the shortness of the

legs, may possibly be intended for this species. That it is not the spe-

cies figured by Latreille in the ‘ Histoire Naturelle’ and the ‘ Genera

Crustaceorum,’ (with which it is doubtfully considered as synony-

mous by Dr. Leach,) is evident from the length and slenderness of

the legs in the figures contained in those works.

Nycreripia BranTicuLaTA. Nyct. pallide ochracea, abdomine ob-

scuriore ; pedibus elongatis dilatatis longé setosis, setd unicd ad

basin tibiarum longissimd, coxis anticis brevibus; abdomine 9

quasi 2-articulato, segmento primo supra longits producto, stylis

duobus caudalibus elongatis cylindricis porrectis ad apicem longe

setosis; § 6?-articulato subtits ad apicem stylis duobus incurvis

ad ventrem adpressis ; thorace subtis concolore.

Long. corp. lin. 14. (2 secundum Leach.)

Phthiridium biarticulatum, Herm., Mem. Apt., pl. 6. f.1. 9

Phthiridium Hermanni, Leach, Zool. Misc., vol. iii. pl. 144. @. @.

Celeripes Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol.ix. p. 166.

Nycteribia Vespertilionis, Mont., in Linn. Trans., vol. ix. t. 3.

Be ake

Hab. in Rhinolopho Ferro-equino Anglie, Germanie, Italiz.—In

Muss. Brit. et D. Stephens,

140 ’

Oss. Species distinctissima, sectionem peculiarem in genere con-

stituens.

Hermann’s trivial name for this species has been restored, as well

in justice to that author as with the view of obviating the confusion

which has arisen from his chief description having been derived from

a different species.

Mr. Westwood’s Memoir was illustrated by numerous magnified

figures of the different species and of the details of their external

structure,

141

December 9, 1834.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of three species of the genus Bulinus,

Lam., which were regarded by Mr. G. B. Sowerby as previously un-

described. He characterizes them as follows:

Buuinus tevcostoma. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, anticé latiore,

postice obtusd ; anfractibus quatuor, primis longitudinaliter sub-

sulcatis, ultimo maximo, levi, omnibus olivaceo-fuscis, suturd pal-

lidicre, crenulatd ; aperturd oblongd, postice acuminatd, peritre-

mate reflexo, albo: long. 2°6, lat. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicta. D. Matthews.—Mus.

D. Miller.

Mr. Gray is of opinion that this is Bul. granulosus of M. Rang.

Buuinus sapius. Bul. testd ovatd, ventricosd, postice subacumi-

natd; anfractibus quingue, rotundatis, longitudinaliter striatis,

Sulvescentibus fusco fusciatis, fasciis interruptis ; umbilico mi-

nimo; aperturd ovatd, postice subacuminatd; peritremate tenui,

acuto: long. 1°, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicta. D. Matthews.—Muss.

DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby.

Buuinus picotor. Bul. testd oblongd, postice subacuminatd, pal-

lescente, fasciis interruptis fuscis ; anfractibus quinque, subventri-

cosis, ultimo majore ; umbilico minimo ; aperturd subovatd, pos-

tice acuminatd ; peritremate tenui, subacuto: long. 0-9, lat. 0-4

oll.

Hab. in provincia Peruvie Xagua dicta. D. Matthews.—Muss.

DD. Miller, Cuming, et Sowerby.

The specimens were brought to England by Mr. Miller, to whom

the Society is indebted for their exhibition.

The reading was concluded of a Paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the

Natural History and Habits of the Ornithorhynchus paradocus,

Blum.,” by Mr. George Bennett, Corr. Memb. Z.8.; in which the

author gives a detailed account of his inquiries and researches on

the subject in question, made in the Colony of New South Wales,

and in the interior of New Holland, at the end of 1832 and com-

mencement of 1833. He commences by a description of the exter-

nal character of the animal, as observed by him in the living and

recent state; from which it appears that the greater or less degree

of nakedness of the under surface of the tail is dependent on age,

and is probably a result of the mode in which that organ trails upon

No. XXIV. Procrepines or THE ZooLocicaL Sociery.

142

the ground; that the colour of the upper mandible above, in an

animal recently taken out of the water, is of a dull dirty greyish

black covered with innumerable minute dots, and the under surface

of the lower white in the younger specimens, and mottled in the

more aged, while the inner surface of both is of a pale pink or flesh

colour; that the eyes are brilliant, and light brown; and that the

external orifices of the ears, which are with difficulty detected in

dead specimens, are easily discoverable in the living, the animal ex-

ercising the faculty of opening and closing them at will. When

recent, and especially when wet, the Ornithorhynchus has a peculiar

fishy smell, proceeding probably from an oily secretion. It is used

as food by the Natives, by whom it is called, at Bathurst and Goul-

burn Plains, and in the Yas, Murrumbidgee and Tumat countries, by

the names of Mallangong or Tambreet. Mr. G. Bennett is inclined to

regard the two species usually described in modern books as not

differing sufficiently from each other to justify their separation,

and he therefore retains the name of Orn. paradozus given to the

animal by Professor Blumenbach, the universal adoption of which

renders it inexpedient in this instance to recur to the older name

of Platypus imposed on it by Shaw. He remarks on the distor-

tions to which the exceedingly loose integuments are liable in the

hands of stuffers unacquainted with the characteristic features of

the animal, and gives the general result of his measurements, in the

recent state, of fifteen specimens shot and captured alive, as aver-

aging in the males from 1 foot 7 to 1 foot 8 inches, and in the fe-

males from 1 foot 6 to 1 foot 7 inches, in total length. One male

specimen, shot near the Murrumbidgee River, measured 1 foot 11+

inches; and a female, shot in the afternoon of the same day in the

same part of the river, measured only 1 foot 4 inches. In these spe-

cimens the relative proportions of the beak and tail were subject to

considerable variation.

Mr. G. Bennett’s observations were commenced on the 4th of

October 1832, at Mundoona in the Murray County, on a part of the

Yas River running through the estate of Mr. James Rose. The

Water-Moles (as these animals are called by the Colonists,) chiefly

frequent the open and tranquil parts of the stream, covered with

aquatic plants, where the steep and shaded banks afford excellent

situations for the excavation of their burrows. Such expanses of

water are by the Colonists called ‘‘ ponds.” The animals may be

readily recognised by their dark bodies just seen level with the sur-

face, above which the head is slightly raised, and by the circles made

in the water around them by their paddling action. On the slight-

est alarm they instantly disappear; and indeed they seldom remain

longer on the surface than one or two minutes, but dive head fore-

most with an audible splash, reappearing, if not alarmed, a short

distance from the spot at which they dived. Their action is so rapid,

and their sense of danger so lively, that the mere act of levelling the

gun is sufficient to cause their instant disappearance; and it is con-

sequently only by watching them when diving, and levelling the

piece in a direction towards the spot at which they seem likely te

145

_reappear, that a fair shot at them can be obtained. A near shot is

absolutely requisite; and when wounded they usually sink immedi-

ately, but quickly reappear on the surface.

A male specimen was shot, and brought out by the dog, on the

following morning. In a few minutes it revived, and ran along the

ground, instinctively endeavouring to regain the water, but did not

survive more than twenty-five minutes. On this individual Mr. G.

Bennett made various experiments, with the view of ascertaining

the truth of the reports so extensively circulated of the injurious

effects resulting from wounds inflicted by the spur. In no way,

however, could he induce the animal to make use of its spurs as

weapons of offence; although in its struggles to escape, his hands

were slightly scratched by the hind claws, and even, in consequence

of the position in which he held it, by the spur also. ‘The result of

several subsequent repetitions of the experiment with animals not

in a wounded state was the same. The natives, too, never seem fear-

ful of handling the male Ornithorhynchus alive.

On the evening of the same day a female was shot, which died

almost immediately on being taken out of the water. In this speci-

men the mammary glands were scarcely observable on dissection ;

but the left wéerus was found to contain three loose ova of the size

of swan-shot. The right uterus was less enlarged, exhibited less

vascularity, and contained no ova. Preparations of the generative

organs of this individual, and of two other impregnated females

which were subsequently obtained, were forwarded by the author to

Mr. Owen, by whom they have been particularly described in the

‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1834, p. 555. ‘

The next day three other specimens were shot: a male and two

females. In the former the ¢estes were found not to be larger than

very small peas, and the same fact was observed in a specimen after-

wards shot in the Murrumbidgee; whereas in that first obtained,

they were nearly of the size of pigeons’ eggs. For this difference

at the same season it seems difficult to account. ‘The left uterus

of one of the females was found to contain two ova, and that of the

other a single ovum, of the size of buck-shot. As before, no ova

were found in the right wferus.

On the morning of the 7th of October, Mr. G. Bennett pro-

ceeded, in company with a native, to the banks of the river to see

the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus, from which the natives had taken

the young during the previous summer. The burrow was situated

on a steep part of the bank; and its entrance, concealed among the

long grass and other plants, was distant rather more than a foot

from the water’s edge. Its whole extent was not laid open, the

natives contenting themselves with digging down upon it at stated

distances, their operations being guided by the introduction into

the burrow of a stick which indicated its direction. It took a

serpentine course, and measured about twenty feet in length: the

termination was broader than any other part, nearly oval in form, -

and strewed with dry river-weeds, &c. From this nest the native

stated that he had taken in the previous season (December) three

144

young ones, about six or eight inches in length, and covered with

hair. In addition to the entrance above spoken of, the burrows have

usually a second below the surface of the water, communicating

with the interior just within the upper aperture. After exhibiting

this burrow, the native proceeded to explain the means employed in

tracking the Mallangongs. He pointed out on the moist clay of the

banks foot-marks leading to a burrow, from the bottom of which,

on inserting his arm, he drew forth some lumps of clay, which bore

evident marks of the animal’s recent passage. He declared, how-

ever, that the inhabitant was absent, and Mr. G. Bennett was in-

duced, by this information, to abstain from further investigation. A

female specimen, shot in the evening of the same day, was found to

have two ova, about the size of or rather smaller than buck-shot, in

the left uterus; and in this, as in all the other female specimens,

much difficulty was experienced in finding the mammary glands.

The contents of the cheek-pouches and stomachs always consisted

of river insects, very small shell-fish, &c., comminuted and mingled

with mud or gravel, which latter, Mr. G. Bennett suggests, may be

required to aid digestion. River-weeds were never observed to form

part of the food; but Mr. George MacLeay informed the author

that in a situation in which water-insects were very scarce he had

shot Ornithorhynchi with river-weeds in their pouches.

Similar excursions were made on the Sth and 9th of October ;

and on the latter day one of the burrows was explored. The entrance

of this burrow was situated on a moderately steep bank, abounding

with long wiry grass and shrubs, at the distance of about five feet

from the water’s edge: its course lay in a serpentine direction up

the bank, approaching nearer to the surface of the earth towards its

termination. At this part it was expanded to form a chamber suf-

ficiently capacious for the reception of the animal and her young,

and measured one foot in length by six inches in breadth. Its

whole length, from the entrance to the termination, was twenty

feet; narrowing as it receded from the entrance, where it measured

one foot three inches in depth, and one foot one inch in breadth, and

in the intermediate part becoming scarcely larger than the usual

breadth of the animal when uncontracted.

From this burrow a living female was taken, and placed in a cask,

with grass, mud, water, &c.; and in this situation it soon became

tranquil, and apparently reconciled to its confinement. Hoping that

he had now obtained the means, should his captive prove to have

been impregnated, of determining the character of the excluded pro-

duct, Mr. G. Bennett set out on his return for Sidney, on the 13th

of October, carrying the living Ornithorhynchus with him in a small

box, covered with battens, between which only very narrow intervals

were left.

The next morning, tying a long cord to its leg, he roused it and

placed it on the bank of the river, in order to indulge it with a bathe;

and a similar indulgence was granted to it on the second day of its

journey. On these occasions it soon found its way into the water,

and travelled up the stream, apparently delighting in those places

145

which abounded most with aquatic weeds. When diving in deep

and clear water, its motions were distinctly seen: it sank speedily

to the bottom, swam there for a short distance, and then rose again

to the surface. It appeared, however, to prefer keeping close to the

bank, occasionally thrusting its beak into the mud, from whence it

evidently procured food, as on raising the head, after withdrawing

the beak, the mandibles were seen in lateral motion, as is usual when

the animal masticates. The motions of the mandibles were similar

to those of a duck under the same circumstances. After feeding, it

would lie sometimes on the grassy bank, and at others partly in and

partly out of the water, combing and cleaning its coat with the claws

of the hind feet. ‘This process occupied a considerable time, and

greatly improved its sleek and glossy appearance. After its second

excursion it was replaced in the box, which was not opened again

until the following morning, when it was found to have made its

escape.

Although the summer season was now far advanced, Mr. G.

Bennett determined to return to the interior and renew his investi-

gations. On the 15th of November he again arrived at Mundoona,

where he found that the river had fallen greatly, and sought in vain

for the Water-Moles in the spots in which they had a few weeks be-

fore been so abundantly seen. Some burrows were also examined,

but without success. On the 21st he proceeded to Gadarigby, on

the Murrumbidgee, where his exertions were more successful, seve-

ral specimens being obtained; but the only female shot was young

and unimpregnated. On the 27th he returned to Mundoona, where

a female had been shot the previous day, the uterine organs of

which afforded evidence that the young had been just produced.

The abdominal glands were large, but no milk could be expressed

from them; the fur still covered the portion of integument on which

its ducts terminated; and there was no appearance of projecting

nipple. No such projection was observed in any of the specimens

in which the secretion of milk was demonstrable. Two other females

were procured at the same place; but both proved to be unimpreg-

nated.

On the 8th of December Mr. G. Bennett quitted Mundoona for the

banks of the Murrumbidgee, and near Jugiong, on the latter river,

had an opportunity of inspecting the burrow of an Ornithorhynchus,

containing three young ones, which appeared to have not long pre-

viously been brought forth. They were only thinly covered with

hair and measured in length about 1% inch. No fragments of shells

were observable in the burrow, nor anything that could lead to the

supposition of the young having been excluded while yet in the egg.

A want of spirit in which to preserve these interesting specimens

unfortunately prevented their conveyance to Sidney.

On the 28th of December the author visited a part of the Wollon-

dilly River, in the neighbourhood of Goulburn Plains, called by the

Natives Koroa, in order to explore the burrow of an Ornithorhyn-

chus which had there been discovered. The termination of this bur-

row was thirty-five feet from the entrance ; and Mr. G. Bennett states

146

that burrows have been observed of even fifty feet in length. It was

found to contain two young specimens, of the dimensions of 10 inches

from the beak to the extremity of the tail. The nest consisted of dry

river-weeds, the epidermis of reeds, and small dry fibrous roots,

strewed over the floor of the terminal cavity. An old female was

captured soon after on the banks of the river, in a ragged and

wretched condition, which was conjectured to be the mother. But

little milk could be pressed from her abdominal glands, as might have

been expected in the parent of such well-grown young ones. She

died at Mittagong, on the Ist of January, but the young ones sur-

vived until some time after their arrival in Sidney.

Mr. G. Bennett proceeds to describe in detail their habits in a

state of captivity.. Their various attitudes, when in a state of re-

pose, are strikingly curious, and were illustrated by the exhibition

of sketches made from the life. The young were allowed to run

about the room; but the old one was so restless, and damaged the

walls of the room so much by her attempts at burrowing, that it was

found necessary to confine her to the box. During the day she would

remain quiet, huddled up with her young ones; but at night she

became very restless, and eager to escape. The little ones were

as frolicsome as puppies, and apparently as fond of play: and many

of their actions were not a little ludicrous. During the day they

seemed to prefer a dark corner for repose, and generally resorted to

the spot to which they had been accustomed, although they would

change it on a sudden apparently from mere caprice. They did not

appear to like deep water, but enjoyed exceedingly a bathe in shal-

low water, with a turf of grass placed in one corner of the pan:

they seldom remained longer than ten or fifteen minutes in the water

at one time. Though apparently nocturnal, or at least preferring

the cool and dusky evening to the glare and heat of noon, their

movements in this respect were so irregular as to furnish no grounds

for a definite conclusion. They slept much, and it frequently hap-

pened that one slept while the other was running about, and this

occurred at almost all periods of the day. They climbed with great

readiness to the summit of a bookcase, placing their backs against

the wall and their feet against the bookcase; and thus, by means of

their strong cutaneous muscles and of their claws, mounting with

much expedition to the top. Their food consisted of bread soaked

in water, chopped egg, and meat minced very small; and they did

not seem to prefer milk to water. One of the young ones died on

the 29th of January 1833, and the other on the 2nd of February,

having been kept alive in captivity for nearly five weeks.

147

December 23, 1834.

Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

Drawings were exhibited of four Fishes of the River Quorra, made

by Lieut. Allen, Corr. Memb. Z.S., from specimens obtained by

him during his late voyage up that river into the interior of Africa.

They exhibit the forms of Lates, Cuv.; Mormyrus, Ej.; Sudis, La

Cép; and Notopterus, Ej.; and thus tend, in common with the spe-

cimens from the same expedition exhibited at the Meeting of the

Society on June 10 (page 45), to illustrate the analogy borne by the

Fishes of the rivers of Western Africa to those of the Nile.

A specimen was placed on the table of a Toucan, apparently

hitherto undescribed, and forming part of the collection of N. C.

Strickland, Esq., by whom it was communicated for exhibition.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, pointed out its distin-

guishing characteristics. By its comparatively short bill, which is

furrowed on the sides, and broad and flattened on the culmen, with

the base of the under mandible extending obliquely beyond the line

of the eye; by the shortness and roundness of its wings, of which the

fourth quill-feather is the longest, the fifth, sixth, and seventh being

nearly of the same length; and by the comparative shortness of the tail,

which is less decidedly graduated than in the typical Pteroglossi; this

bird agrees with the species described in Mr. Gould’s ‘ Monograph

of the Ramphastide,’ as the Pter. prasinus, Licht., and Pter. sulcatus,

Swains. With those species Mr. Gould proposes to associate it in

a group, to be designated, on account of the grooved bills of the Birds

comprised in it, Aulacorhynchus. From the other two species it is

readily distinguishable by the white band nearly surrounding the

base of its bill, and by the blood-red spot on the rump. ‘The latter

character affords the trivial name of the species, which may, for the

present, be inserted in the account of the Toucans given by Mr.

Gould at the Meeting of July 8, 1834, (page 78,) immediately before

the Pter. prasinus, Licht.

Prer. HzMaToPyeus. Pter. supra subolivaceus, infra cerulescenti-

viridis, pectore saturatiore ; uropygio coccineo ; rectricibus qua-

tuor intermediis brunneo apiculatis.

Long. tot. 14 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 43; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

Descr. Rostrum saturaté castaneum albo ad basin subcinctum.

Orbitz rubra. Pedes olivaceo-brunnei. Sexus uterque, sicut in

Pter. prasino et Pter. sulcato, similis.

The precise part of South America in which this bird was cap-

tured has not been ascertained.

148

Col. Sykes, when reading to the Society, in 1832, his Cata-

logue of the Birds of Dukhun, not having exhibited the nest and

eggs of the Lonchura Cheet, and of that species of Tailor-bird which

he denominated Orthotomus Bennettii, brought them under the notice

of the Society on the present occasion.

The nest of the Lonchura Cheet is a perfect hollow ball, made of

a delicate Agrostis, with a lateral hole for the entrance of the birds.

It contained ten oblong minute white eggs, +3ths of an inch long

by ~%,ths in diameter. It was found in the fork of a branch of the

Mimosa Arabica.

The nest of the Orthotomus Bennettii was lodged in the cavity

formed by sewing the edges of two leaves together: the nest itself

also was attached to the leaves by threads passing through the leaf

and the bottom of the nest, and there were appearances of the end

of the thread being knotted outside. The nest-is composed of very

delicate fibres of /xdian Hemp and grass. It contained two minute

oblong crimson eggs, °,ths of an inch long by %,ths wide.

Col. Sykes also exhibited an egg of the fluviatile Tortoise of Duk-

hun, Trionyx Indicus, Gray. It is a perfect sphere, 14%, inch in dia-

meter: the calcareous shell is of a peculiar alabaster-like white-

ness. He found seven eggs with shells in the oviducts, and twenty-

seven without shells, nearly of the size of the preceding, in one

specimen. He took occasion to mention that in the stomach and

intestines of another specimen of Trionyzx, he found not only the

animals, but also angular fragments of considerable size of the shells

of some scores of large Uniones.

A paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Description of some Species of

Chama: by W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President of the Geological

and Zoological Societies, F.R.S., L.S., &c.”

The author commences by remarking that the shells of the genus

Chama appear to be subject to every change of shape and often of

colour which the accidents of their locality may bring upon them,

and that the distinction of the species must consequently be diffi-

cult, on account of their infinite variety. He then proceeds to de-

scribe those brought home by Mr. Cuming, and now in that gentle-

man’s cabinet. The Shells referred to were exhibited in illustra-

tion of the characters and descriptions.

CHama FRonDoSA. Chama testd sublobatd, lamellosd, lamellis

sinuosis frondosis, longitudinaliter plicatis et in utrdque valvd

cardinem versus biseriatis, maximis ; intis albidd, limbo purpu-

rascente, crenulato.

Hab. ad Insulam Platam Columbiz Occidentalis.

The ground colour of this beautiful Chama is a light pinkish

purple, and the luxuriant and spreading longitudinally plaited folia-

tions are yellow tinged and streaked with the ground colour. At

the root of each foliation, on its lower side, there is generally a

purplish transverse stripe.

It was dredged up from a rock of coral, to which it was adhering,

at a depth of seventeen fathoms.

149

Var. a. Testd Jamellis crebrioribus, frondibus brevioribus.

Hab. cum precedente.

Var. b. Testd toté purpured, lamellis creberrimis, frondibus brevis-

simis.

Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.)

Dredged up from sandy mud attached to Avicule (Meleagrina,

Lam., Margarite, Leach,) at a depth of ten fathoms.

Cuama PELLUcIDA. Chama testa albd roseo seu rubro fucatd vel

strigatd, lamellis frequentibus, frondibus elongatis pellucidis ; in-

tis albd, limbo crenulato.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Iquiqui.)

Dredged up attached to stones, Mytili, and turbinated shells, at a

depth varying from nine,to eleven fathoms, from a bottom of coarse

sand, and also found under stones at low water mark.

In old specimens the foliations and /amelle are completely worn

down, and the shell has somewhat of a crystalline appearance ;—

indeed it is always semitransparent.

Cuama tosata. Chama testd albd, lobatd, subrhomboided, radi-

atim striatd, lamellis creberrimis, fimbriatis, foliaceis, striatis ;

limbo interno crenato.

Hab. ad Insulam Nevis.

Found attached to. small stones and shells, at Nevis in the West

Indies, in sandy mud, and at a depth ranging from four to ten fa-

thoms.

Cuama’Pacirica. ‘Chama testd rubrd purpured vel luted, lamellis

creberrimis, foliis seu squamulis brevioribus interdum albidis ;

limbo, interno, crenato.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.)

The infinite variety of this species in shape and colour defies de-

scription. In many points it agrees with Lamarck’s Chama florida,

but he describes the margin of that shell as entire, whereas the mar-

gin of Chama Pacifica is strongly crenated.

Mr. Cuming’s specimens were obtained by diving. ‘They were

attached to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seyen fathoms.

Many shells of this species were brought to this country some years

ago, from the Pearl Islands, by Mr. Samuel Stutchbury.

Cuama rmpricata. Chama testd lamellosd, squamis imbricatd, al-

bidd purpureo-fusco varid ; valvd superiore subdepressd, sublo-

batd, sinu ab umbone usque ad limbum currente ; intis albidd,

limbo integro, sepissimé nigro-purpureo.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.—Pearl Islands.)

This grows to a large size, and was obtained by diving, attached

to Avicule, at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. There

is coy a purple spot at the tip of the wmbo of the upper

valve

This species was also brought home in considerable numbers by

Mr. Samuel Stutchbury from the Pearl Islands.

150

Var. a. Festd nand, castaned albo strigatd, intis albd.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

The examination of an extensive series has led Mr. Broderip to

the conclusion that this dwarf, and at first sight widely differing,

shell, is only a variety of Chama imbricata. 'The purple-brown is

ehanged into chestnut striped with white, and hardly any scales are

to be found on its wrinkled surface, except the double series which

crown the ridge on each side of the depressed line, and sometimes a

series or two on the affixed valve. This depressed line is not nearly

so well marked as it is in the large variety, but it is to be observed

on most of the specimens: some are absolutely without imbrications.

This variety was found attached to rocks and stones at low water.

Cuama propucta. Chama testd subpurpured, creberrim? lamel-

losd, lamellis foliaceis, integris ; valvd inferiore enormiter pro-

ductd ; limbo integro, purpureo.

Hab. ad Mexico. (Gulf of Tehuantepec.)

The interior of the shell, which has something of the aspect of

that of a Gryphea, is white tinged with yellowish, and striped in the

direction of the /amelle with purple. The purple border on the

smooth internal edge of the upper valve is of some width.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms, attached

to stones.

Cuama corrueata. Chama testa corrugatd, rubro-purpured albo

varid ; intis atro-purpured, limbo integro.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)

Found attached to stones at low water. All the specimens which

Mr. Broderip had seen turn from right to left.

Cuama Ecuinata. Chama testd albidd purpureo varid, spinis

fornicatis echinatd; intis atro-purpured vel sub-rubrd, limbo

integro ; dente cardinali rubro.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero.)

The spines of this species, which are close set and well developed

in youth, are entirely abraded in age, till nothing but corrugation is

left externally. But as the animal advances in life the interior of

the shell is richly painted, till in old age it arrives to an intensity of

dark purple that it is hard to imitate with colours however rich.

At this period the cardinal tooth becomes of the hue of the bone of

the red Coral (Isis nobilis) used for ornamental purposes.

Found at low water attached to rocks.

Cuama spinosa. Chama testd albd interdum roseo vel purpureo

umbonem versus valve superioris pictd, spinis fornicatis creberri-

mis horridd ; intis albd, limbo integro.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

This pretty species was dredged up, attached to corals and Avicule,

at a depth ranging from three to seven fathoms. ‘The younger spe-

cimens are tinged towards the umbo of the upper valve with a deli-

cate rose-colour. The umbo of the lower valve is often produced

after the manner of that of Chama unicornis, Lam.

151

Cuama sorpipa. Chama testd albidd subroseo varid vel totd sub-

rosed, creberrime striatd, hine et hinc foliaced ; intis albd,

limbo crenulato.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Isle of Cuna.)

This species, which varies much according to its age, but never

appears to grow to a large size, was dredged up from a depth of

eighteen fathoms, attached to rocks. Old specimens have the lower

valve often very much produced.

A Note by Mr. George Bennett on the Nasal Gland of the wan-

dering Albatross, Diomedea evulans, Linn., was read. It described in

detail the gland situated in that bird above the orbit, as observed by

the writer in 1832, and accorded with the account of it published by

him in the Appendix to his ‘ Wanderings in New South Wales,’ &c.

It was illustrated by a drawing of his dissection of the head of an

Albatross, made specially with the view of tracing the excretory duct

of the gland, which he succeeded in doing for nearly two inches

under the external plate of the upper mandible, in a direction towards

the nostrils, but inclining slightly upwards, until he lost sight of it

among the cellular substance of the bone. The writer notices the

occurrence of a corresponding structure in other Birds, particularly

among the Natatores, and refers to Miiller for an account of the

gland as it exists, in or near the orbit, in species of every order of

Aves.

A specimen was exhibited of a Kangaroo, recently brought from

New Holland, by Capt. Sir W. Edward Parry, R.N., and presented

by him to the Society.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to it as repre-

senting a species not hitherto described, and distinguishable by its

paler colour, which is generally of a slaty grey ; by the whiteness of

its tail throughout the greater part of the length of that organ; by

the comparative length of the tail, which is here longer than the

body, whereas in the ordinary greater Kangaroo, Macropus major,

Shaw, it is shorter; by the comparative nakedness of the ears; by

the great extent of the naked muzzle; and by a broad white stripe

along each cheek. He stated it to be his intention to describe it in

detail under the name of

Macropus Parryt. Maer. rhinario lato ; auriculis elongatis nu-

diusculis ; caudd corpore sublongiore, pilis rigidis brevibus incum-

bentibus vestitd : noteo griseo ; gastreo pallido ; fascid genarum,

cauddque pro maximd parte, albis, hdc ad apicem nigrd.

Long. tot. a rostro ad caude apicem 5 ped. 4 poll. ; capitis, 6 poll. ;

auricule, 4; tarsi postici, ad unguis longioris apicem, 10}; caude,

2 ped. 6 poll.

In a Note from Sir Edward Parry, which was read, it is stated

that the animal in question is known to the natives in the neighbour-

hood of Port Stephens (lat. 32°.) by the name of Wollaroo. This

individual had been in his possession in New South Wales for two

years previously to his embarkation for England, and was allowed to

152

range about at perfect liberty. It set out every night after dusk

into the bush to feed, returning generally about two o’clock in the

morning. In addition to what it obtained on these excursions, it

ate, meat, bread, vegetables, &c. Occasionally, but rarely, it ven-

tured out in the daytime to a considerable distance, in which case

it would sometimes be.chased back by strange dogs: these, how-

ever, it always outstripped by its superior swiftness, until it placed

itself under the protection of the dogs of the house. It died, from

the effects of an accident, almost immediately after its arrival in

England.

Detailed Notes of its dissection by Mr. Owen were-read. The

structure of its principal viscera corresponds in general with that of

the same organs in the greater Kangaroo, but there are some dif-

ferences observable in the anatomy of the two species. The pucker-

ing of the stomach, which is occasioned in Macr. major by three

longitudinal bands, one extending on each side from the esophagus

along the lesser curvature, and the third passing along. the line from

which the great epiploon is continued to the spleen and transverse

colon, depends in Macr. Parryi on the lateral ‘bands alone, there

being no mesial one. The different segments of the intestinal canal

bear the same relative proportion to each other in both species; but

the length of the several segments, and consequently of the whole

canal, is less as compared with that of the body in Parry’s than in

the greater Kangaroo,—a fact which is in direct accordance with the

more mixed nature of the food in the former. The spleen in Macr.

Parryi was deeply notched at its free trenchant margin ; in Macr. ma-

jor it appears to be always entire. The mesial cul-de-sac of the vagina

did not extend quite so far down in Macr. Parryi, as it does in the -

better-known species.

In the stomach were found two hair-balls of an oval shape, not

rounded as they generally are in the Ruminants, which are most

obnoxious to these formations. One of them was 3, and the

other 2 inches in the long diameter. They were entirely com-

posed of the hairs of the animal, matted together and agglutinated

by the mucus of the stomach. Mr. Owen remarks on the interest

which attaches to this resemblance to the Ruminating tribes, to

which the Kangaroos make so near an approach in the complexity

and magnitude of the stomach, and the simplicity of the cecum and

colon. He states that he has “‘ more than once observed the act of

ruminatien in the Kangaroos preserved in the Vivarium of the So-

ciety. It does not take place while they are recumbent, but when

they are erect upon the tripod of the hinder legs and tail. The ab-

dominal muscles are in violent action for a few minutes; the head is

a little depressed; and then the cud is chewed by a quick rotatory

motion of the jaws. This act was more commonly noticed after

physic had been given to the animals, which we may suppose to have

interrupted the healthy digestive processes: it by no means takes

place with the same frequency and regularity as in the true Rumi-

nanis.”

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed

in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which

novel information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which

Anatomical Observations are made, in Caprra.s.

Page.

Acipenser cataphractus, Rapp. ... 122

Sinensis, Gray ......... 122

Ailurus fulgens, F. Cav. ...-1.se0e0 96

Alauda arvensis, Linn. .......++ « 133

Anas Boschas, Linn....+++... Ratoees 51

Fuligula, Linn...... Regae tases 134

Querquedula, Linn........... 134

rutila, Pall...... paaeasbwaaess 52

Anatina costata, S0w.......sssseceee 87

prismatica, Sow.........+6 87

Anodon Parishii, Gray....--.....++- 57

penicillatus, Gray......... 57

porcifer, Gray....cs.eee 58

Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. .....-... 30

Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.......... 99

Chickara, Hardw........ 99

Duvaucelii, Ham. Sm... 85

Goral, Hardw.......... 85, 99

Hodgsonii, Abel.......... 80

Sumatrensis, Shaw....... 85

Thar, Hodgs............ 85, 99

Aptenodytes Patachonica,Gmel.. 34

Aquila pennata..... +0: Secqeteddes’s 50

Ardea Egretta, Temm..........+ «. 15

Garzetta, Linn. .........606. 133

purpured, Linn. ......++++6 30

Argonauta Argo, Linn.........0++++ 120

RiANS sceaveses vevsseeeaes 120

Assiminia, n.sp., Bens. ...-+0..++6s 90

Aulacorhynchus, n.g., Gould...... 147

hematopygus, Gould. 147

prasinus, Gould ...... 147

sulcatus, Gould........ 147

Bernicla Sandvicensis, Vig....... 43, 81

Bos Bubalus, Briss.........0ssee0e+- 99

grunniens, Pall.....cececeseeseee 99

Taurus, var. Indicus .....+... 99

Botaurus MINutus so. scecceescrssevee 30

Page

Botaurus stellarvis..ceccscccsrsvessere 51

Bulinus apiculatus, Gray ... ..... 66

atomatus, Gray......s.0+ 64

Dadius, SOW....0rrcecccesee 141

bicolor, Sow. ...... ssssse0e 141

Burchellii, Gray...... nas OG

erassilabris, Gray ....++... 66

granulosus, Rang.........+ 141

leucostoma, Sow. ....+++++. 141

Pullus, Gray......+.. aaaewes, OO

rhodostomus, Gray ...... 65

Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. ......++++++ 50

Calidris arenaria, Temm. ......-.. 15

Calyptrzea arenata, Brod. ......... 40

cepacea, Brod. ....... 55

conica, Brod.......0 « 38

comea, Brod.......0.+++ 35

corrugata, Brod. .,..... 35

dilatata, Brod......+0... 38

dorsata, Brod. .......... 38

Echinus, Brod.......... 39

excavata, Brod....0+... 40

foliacea, Brod. ...... OL

hispida, Brod........... 37

Hystrix, Brod.... ..... 39

imbricata, Brod. ...... 36

ineurva, Brod. ...... «. 40

Lessonii, Brod.... ..... 39

Lichen, Brod.......+.+«+ 37

lignaria, Brod. ......... 36

maculata, Brod......... 37

mamillaris, Brod........ 38

marginalis, Brod....... 40

pallida, Brod. ......... 39

radiata, Brod........... 36

rudis, Brod. .....00.+00 35

serrata, Brod....soc..0+. 37

sordida, Brod, .....0... 37

154

INDEX.

Page. Page.

Calyptraea Squama, Brod. ......... 40 | Clangula vulgaris, Flem............ 134

striata, Brod.........60 38 | Clavagella aperta, Sow. .........00+ 115

strigata, Brod. ......... 39 Australis, Sow.......6+. 115

tenuis, Brod..........0+ 36 elongata, Brod.......... 116

unguiformis, Brod. .... 39 lata, Brod......c.seseoee 116

Unguis, Brod. ......... 37 Melitensis, Brod. ...... 116

varia, Brod.......0+ bee noe Rapa, Rang............. 115

Canis aureus Indicus ......40..0000. 97 | CLavaGELLA LATA, Brod. ......+.- 111

Bengalensis, Shaw ..... ..... 97 | Columba armillaris, Temm. .,.... 110

familiaris, Linn., vary. ...... Sf mystacea, 'Temm. o......+. 110

TiUpUS, NANT. <s.sdvencees enor 97 passerind, Linn.........06 110

primevus, Hodgs...........+. 97 spilopterd, Vig...c.....+.. 52

Be sper ElOdOste-ee aes cc see cee - 97 | Conus Algoensis, Sow...... weneedea 18

Capra Jharal, Hodgs............. 99, 106 aulicus, var. Sow. ......0000+ 18

Carduelis communis, Cuv. ......... 51 brunneus, Wood ..........6. 18

Carocolla Nove Hollandiz, Gray 67 Diadema, Sow...........00006 19

Stoddartii, Gray ....... 65 ferrugatus, Sow. ... s.sssves 19

Caryophyliia Smithii, Brod. ....... 28 Luzonicus, var. Sow......... 18

Casuarius Emev, Lath............. 9 Nussatella, var. Sow......... 18

Cerithium armatum.oerccecrcecvvees 22 pulchellus, Sow.........0c000 19

Telescopium, Brug. ...22, 91 Regalitatis, Sow. ......+0066 19

Cervus Aristotelis, Cuv..........00e 98 tendineus, var. Sow.......+.. 18

WA MIBS BEXIS See tite ces cee 98 | Coracias Garrula, Linn.,.,.......... 51

Bahrainja, Hodgs.......... 99 | Corvus Corone, Linn..........++6+++ 15

Elaphus, Linn,.....+0600000 98 Monedula, Linn,.........+. 133

equinus, Cuv. ....... acs, A 98 | Corythaix Buffonii, LeVaill....... 110

poreinus, Linn. ..... ..seee 98 | ConyrHarxPoReHYREOLOPHA,Vig. 3

Ratwa, Hodgs. ......6...666 99 | Coturnia Sinensis, Cuv. ....0..0.00+ 34

NeSPsy FAOGGSe cee-teesaes es 99 | Crocodilus acutus, Cuv. .........4+. 110

Chama corrugata, Brod.... ........ 150 cataphractus, Cuv...... 110

echinata, Brod........00s.0+8 150 | Crossarcuus osscurus, F. Cuv... 113

frondosa, Brod. ......+.. .-»- 148 | Cryptoprocta ferox, Benn........+- 13

imbricata, Brod...... saeco 149 | Cuculus canorus, Linn. .........«+- 29

Jobata, Brod. .......se.0.00e 149 | Curruca atricapilla, Bechst. ...... 31

Pacifica, Brod,..........0++ 149 | Cyclemys, n.g., Bell ....6.0...0000 17

pellucida, Brod. .......+.4.. 149 orbiculata, Bell .,....... 17

producta, Brod. ......+.+5. 150 | Cypr@a Arctica ......c0esesserceees , 28

sordida, Brod...cccrccseeeers 151 builatay reeu nth: Mase de ccdees 28

spinosa, Brod........ “edeccia 150 Pe diculus:.vidseiacsansccncaes 28

Chameleo Oweni, Gray ...........- 45 | Cypselus alpinus, Temm., ......... 29

Charadrius Hiaticula, Linn.....-. 15 | Cypsexus Apus, Il............ Meo Ba td

Himantopus, Linn.... 134 | Dasyerocra Acutt, Ill....... Abcbo Sees

Morinellus, Linn. 30 | Dendromys, n. sp., A. Smith ..... 25

Pluvialis, Linn. ...... 134 | Dinetpuis Azar, Temm. ...... 101

Chauliodus strepera, Swains....... 30 | Diomedea chlororhynchos ......... 128

Cuexonta Mypas, Schw.........+++ 92 SUliGiNOsa .ocsee vevereee 128

Chrysochloris, n. sp., A. Smith... 25 SPAGICED. ss vesereverencens 128

Cicada clarisond......ccecceccvuse ... 20} Diomepea Exuxans, Linn.......... 151

Cinelus aquaticus, Bechst.......... 51 | Echidna Hystria, F. Cuv. ......... 23

Circus @rUginosus ....cceccceeeee «. 50 | Elephas Indicus, Cuv.......0.0s000 98

CINEYACEUS.....00c000e evcesee OL.) Binberiza. Cia ALanniessedeeasa 16 183

CYATICUS Teaccaceestvedstocasene 50 erythrophthalma,Gmel. 81

Cistuda Bealii, Gray .........c0000 54 Miliaria, Linn.......... 51

Amboinensis, var., Gray. 54] Emys Bealii, Gray......s0e+.+00 54, 110

_ trifasciata, Gray v.....666 110 Dhor, Gray, \ sachpavsas ss ‘cone,

INDEX

Page. Page.

Emys nigricans, Gray .......s.00 53 | Fissurella nigropunctata, Sow. ... 125

orbiculata, Bell............06 17 obscura, SOW.........008 125

platynota, Gray ......... 54, 185 OViens, SOW......0ceeeeeee 124

Reevesii, Gray ....c.006 seen 110 Panamensis, Sow. ...... 127

Sinensis, Gray.........++ 53, 110 Pica, Sowpeccsseeses cans'e 126

Spengleri, Schweig. ......... 100 pulchra, Soww..........++ 124

spinosa, Bell .........sseeeeeee 100 Riippellii, Sow. .......+ 128

tentoria, Gray ......eeeseeee 54 trapezina, Sow. .....+. 126

Eulima acuta, Sow.......ccsceeeeeee 8 virescens, S02. ..s0.s00e 125

Anglica, S0W.......061eee0 8 | Fringilla tristis, Linn...........-+++ 81

articulata, Sow. .........66+ 8 | Fulgora lanternaria, Linn......... 19

YEVIS; SOW ec ce ces coccw ences 7 | Galago Senegalensis, Geoffr. ...... 45

brunnea, S0W,.......1.000 7 | Ganymeda, n. g., Gray... 15

hastata, Sow. .....cseccevees vi pulchella, Gray ...... 16

imbricata, Sow. ........00++ 7 | Garrulus cristatus, CUV.......00000. 41

interrupta, Sow.......--+++ 7 | Gastrochzna brevis, Sow. ......... 21

labiosa, Sow. .........eeee0e 7 hyalina, Sow......... 22

lineata; SG yeeeeese ass 8 Ovata, SowW.....ccceees 21

MAJOL, SOW. ....0.sseeereeeee 7 rugulosa, Sow. ...... 22

marmorata, SOwW......++0066 7 truncata, Sow. ...... 21

pusilla, Sow. .....-......008 8 | Gehyra, n. g., Gray ...cscoeeeeoees 100

splendidula, Sow. ......... 6 Pacifica, Gray). ..ieess... 100

subangulata, Sow. ......... 8 | Geoemyda, n.g., Gray ...s.eceee 100

varians, SOW. ....sesceeesees 8 Spengleri, Gray...100, 110

Falco rufipes, Bechst........+0++++4. 51 spinosa, Gray...... 100, 135

Tinnunculus, Linn. ......+++ 133 | Gulo orientalis, Horsf. ......+0.0. 96

Felis jubata, Schreb. ......0+0++064 97 | Helarctos Malayanus, Horsf....... 96

Leo, Linn.........ccceesesenees 1 | Helicophanta Falconeri, Reeve... 63

Leopardus, Linn. .........++ 97 magnifica, Fer... .. 63

Moormensis, Hodgs. ......+ .. 97 | Helix Campbellii, Gray............ 65

Nepalensis, Vig. and Horsf, 97 cicatricosa, Chemm. ......+.. 67

Pardus, Linn. .........-060 oF Codringtonii, Gray ........- 67

Tigris, Linn. .......++++6 eee i196 Cracherodii, Gray ......++. 67

viverrinus, Benn. ......ee0.0s 97 CHISPALA veceserarasssoececers 64

Feuis Tieris, Linn. ...... Pret oee 54 Cunninghami, Gray......... 64

Fissurella zequalis, Sow. .......++++ 127 fidelis, Grafts: .cteennra!'ss 67

affinis, Gray ...... Wace stk2o Fraseri, Gray ....++.++ stew sm OA:

aspera, Sow. ......c00 Fadl 7) granifera, Gray .....+...008 68

asperella, Sow....--...+++ 127 Himalayana, Lea ......+.. 67, 91

biradiata, Fremb........- 124 interrupta, Bens. ......++ ene

Chemnitzii, Sow. ...... 126 Jacksoniensis, Gray......... 65

Chilensis, Sow. ......... 124 ligulata, Fér. .....+... aera 67

Clypeus, S0w....s00.-.++ 128 Maderaspatana, Gray ...... 67

crenifera, Sow. .....+... 128 MUM Ginwdav ac caddestontarnccese 65

fulvescens, Sow.......... 127 pachygastra, Gray ......... 68

grandis, Sow. .....+...... 123 Phillipii, Gray......seeeeeeee 65

ineequalis, Sow. ......... 126 Radama, Less. ......+0e0ee0s 64

lata, Sow. sesceecsereeeee 124 SCPULChrAlis sesersssseceeeears 64

latimarginata, Sow...... 126 | Hemipodius Dussumieri, Temm... 34

limbata, Sow. ............ 123 | Herpestes griseus, F. Cuv. .....+++ 96

macrotrema, Sow. ...... 125 Javanicus, Geoff. ...... 110

maxima, Sow.......... ... 123 | Himantopus melanopterus, Mey... 30

microtrema, Sow. ..... 125 | Hydrobates lobatus, Temm. ...... 19

mutabilis, Sow. ........- 127 | Hyprocua@rus Carysara, Erxl... 9

nigrita, Sow. ...eceeeeees 127

Hystrix leucurus, Sykes . ....000. 97

156 INDEX

Page. Page.

Ictides albifrons, Valence. ......... 96 | Numenius pheopus, Temm. ....,. 15

Ketupa Javanensis, Less. ......... 110 | Numida vulturina, Hardw.......... 52

Lacerta agilis, Linn. .......s...008- 101 | Nycteribia biarticulata, Westw.... 139

cedura, Shepp. ......s0000. 101 Blainvillii, Zeach...... 138

UVIPOTG- Wasinadsa bes sce.ens 101 dubia, Westw. ......... 137

Lanius Collurio, Linn,...........++. 51 Dufourii, Westw. ...... 138

Lepisosteus, n. spp., Agass......... 119 Hopei, Westw. .......+ 137

Leptoconchus, n. g., ftuipp......... 105 Jenynsii, Westw. ...... 139

Lepus nigricollis, F. Cuv.? ......... 97 Latreillii, Leach ...... 139

D..Sp.,. HOMES, |. tsaiinss busts 97 pedicularia, Latr....... 138

Lestris parasiticus, Temm.......... 31 Roylii, Westw. ......+4. 138

Waals, (Ms Fe AG Yi vos aewaavaiclacwes 134 Sykesii, Westw....0..-.. 137

Burtonis, Gray ...... waborest (Ans: vexata, Westw.......... 138

Lignus tenuis, Gray ..seccecseresee 66 | Nycticebus Bengalensis, Geoffr.... 96

Lonchura Cheet, Sykes ..........4. 148 | Nycticorax Europeus, Steph...... 30

Loxia Cardinalis, Linn..........++. 81 | Octopus octopodia ........eeeeereeee 31

CUCULIALE wrvececnersscesoveees 81 | Edicnemus crepitans, Cuv......... 51

curvirostra, Linn............ 15 | Oriolus Galbula, Linn. .........++. 51

Lutra Roensis, Ogilb..........s0000+ 111 | Ornithorhynchus paradoaus, Bl. 22,141

Ne SPP iy LL OMS.) vce. avareseee 97 | OrnitHORHYNcHUS PARADOXUS,BI. 43

Lyonsia brevifrons, Sow............ 88 | Orthotomus Bennettii, Sykes...... 148

picta, Sow.......... weereees 88 | Otis Tetrax, Linn. ........4+4 eases. 51

Macacus cynomolgus, Lacép. ..... oy) Otus vulgaris, CUV.acnditveress ene ees 133

radiatus, Geofir. ......... 96 | Ovis Ammon, var., Hodgs.......... 99

Macropus Parryi, Benn.......+++... 151 Musmon, var., Hodgs......... 99

Macropus Parryi, Benn. ...00... 152 Nahodr, Hodgs. ....c0ceeseeees 107

Manis tetradactyla, Linn. ......... 28 Tragelaphus, Geoftr. ......... 110

Temminckii, Smuts......... 81 | Paradoxurus Bondar, Gray?...... 96

De Sps5 FLOUGSpawins ccna pa oS prehensilis, Gray... 33

Martes laniger, Hodgs. ......66.... 97 n. sp., Hodgs. ...... 96

Mergulus melanoleucos, Ray ...... 30 | Parus biarmicus, Linn. ......... 30, 51

Mergus albellus, Linn.......+....30, 184 ej Or; LAN seaceile sacs anaes 51

Midas Rosalia, Geoffr. ...... es... 110 | Pastor roseus, Temm. ......-..+5- 51

Monacanthus Hystrix, Burt....... 121 | Pelecanus Onocrotalus, Linn...... 49

Mus decumanus, Linn......... 4+ ee 98 | Perdix sphenura, Gray .........++. 34

Musculus, Linn.......... esseee 98 | Periploma lenticularis, Sow. ...... 87

Hatius, Lann. <a: ccscudeeeee. 98 planiuscula, Sow. ...... 87

Mustela flavigula, Bodd............ 97 | Petricola amygdalina, Sow. ...... 47

putorius, Linn.? ......... 97 concinna, S0w.........0+ 46

Mygale avicularia, Walck.......... 11 denticulata, Sow....... .. 46

Myletes Allenii, Benn. ............ 45 discors, SOW.......ssse000 46

Hasselquistii, Cuv. ...... 45 elliptica, Sow. ......60.00 46

Nanina, n. g., Gray ...........000e 58, 89 oblonga, Sow. .........++ 46

citrind,. Gray........svcesexs 58 robusta, Sow. ......+6 «+ 47

Clairvillia, Gray ......... 58 rugosa, SOW. s.sseseeeees 47

exilss, GYAY Wese..seaceuoe. 58 SOlida, SOW. ii.v0vse.++00. 46

Javanensis, Gray ........ 58 tenuis, SOW....ss.sseseeeee 47

Juliana, Gray ........6005 58 | Phasianus Colchicus, Linn......... 52

monozonalis, Gray......... 58 veneratus, Temm........ 34

Nemorensis, Gray......... 58 | Pheenicura Ruticilla, Swains ...... 30

striata, Gray...cccccveeceee 59 | Pholas acuminata, Sow. .........06 70

Vitrinoides, Gray ......... 58 calva,, Gride/is. .4spleimene «seas 69

Nasua fusca, F. Cuv. ......0..00000 9 Chiloensis, var. Sow. ...... 69

Nephila clavipes, Leach.......+« scouelia Corned, SOI i\d. hater nes 72

Novaculina Gangetica, Bens....... 91 cruciger, Sow: ...secrecyerers 69

INDEX. 157

Page. Page.

Pholas curta, Saw.:...0.scsscseecoves 71 | Rhinoceros unicornis, Cuv. ......41, 98

lamellosa, 'Turt.......+.0000+ 69 | Rhinolophus megaphyllus, Gray. 52

melanura, Sow. ....ssese0es 70 | Saxicava purpurascens, Sow. ...... 88

PAPYTACEA .....s0ceceerdersase 69 SOlida, SOW! <ccuetweans css 88

QUEENA, ROW. | os0s0Ss ses sines 71 TENUIS, SOWas. csbeswiaccses 88

subtruncata, Sow. . 69 | Saxicola Ginanthe, Bechst......... 51

tubifera, Sowsi...escee cvees 71 | Scaphula, n. g., Bens...........000 91

Picus medius, Linn,........6.000000+ 133 | Sciuropterus albidus, F. Cuv....... 98

Pithecia Chiropotes ........0.000 41 | Sciurus Palmarum, Linn. ......... 98

SAGUIGLD ...eereerenseseose 41 Msp, MOUS rissa swacsies 98

Placunanomia echinata, Brod. ... 2 | Scolopax major, Linn............... 133

foliata, Brod........ 2 | Scutella, n.g., Brod. ............00 47

rudis, Brod......... 2 crenulata, Brod. ......... 48

Platalea leucorodia, Linn.......:.. 30 iridescens, Brod. ......... 48

Platysternon megacephalum, Gray 110 rosea, Brod, ....i..sse0.0s. 48

Plyctolophus cristatus, Vieill...... 41 | Semnopithecus Entellus, F.Cuv... 95

Podiceps cristatus, Linn............ 134 | Semnoriruecus Maurus, F.Cuy. 6

Polypterus Senegalus, Cuv. ... 45 | Simia sagulata, Traill............46 41

Procellaria Capensis, Linn. ...... 128 | Stren tacertina, Linn. ..... *S3onn 31

COTULEE ces ecsten sesidis 128 | Sorex Indicus, Geoffr.............05 96

DULLGLG, 0. Jeanie vavacdess 128 | Spheriodactylus cinereus, MacL. 12

Prochilus lubiatus, Ml............005 96 elegans, MacL.. 12

Pterocles arenarius, Temm. ...... 51 | Sterna Hirundo, Linn.......... alloy ol

Pteroglossus, L11.....0:6.ssveseeveree 75 leucoptera, Temm. ......+++ 51

Aracari, Lib sos 100s 75 MGT, VAD. cs soveacaces Aun 31

Azare, Wagl. ...... 76 | Strepsilas collaris, Temm. ......... 15

Bailloni, Wagl...... 77 | Strix Ketupu, Horsf. .......0s00000. 110

bitorquatus, Vig.... 76 | Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. ............ 51

castanotis, Gould... 75] Sus Scrofa, Linn., var.........s0cee 98

Culik, Wagl......... 78 | Sylvia Rubecula, Linn. ............ 133

hematopygus, Gould147 | Syngnathus Acus, Linn....... Reases LS

hypoglaucus, Gould .77 Ophidion, Linn. ...... 119

inscriptus, Swains.. 77 Typhle, Linn.......... 118

maculirostris, Licht. 78 | Tadorna Vulpanser.......s.s0+.s0+ 51

prasinus, Licht..78,147 | Terebra aciculata, Gray.......0..+. 63

regalis, Licht. ..... 75 affinis, Gray .......s.000e - 60

sulcatus, Swains.79, 147 albayGrayinke.sceceesavet ls 60

ulocomus, Gould... 76 albida, Gray.......s.e0000 63

Viridis, 227. ......00. 77 anomala, Gray .........06. 62

Pteropus medius, 'Temm. ......... 96 cancellata, Gray ......... 62

Ms |SP'5 LOGS, csecatosesss 96 Cerithina, Lam.........++. 62

Pyrgita domestica, Cuv...........+ 51 corrugata, Lam............ 59

Pyrgoma Anglicum, Leach......... 28 crenulata, Lam.,........++ 59

Ramphastos, Z//....... dacaddacasoteet 72 dimidiata, Lam.......+.... 59

PAtviel), Baig.ccusatosee- 74 duplicata, Lam..........+4. 59

carinatus, Swains.... 73 flammea, Lam. ......+++.4- 59

culminatus, Gould.. 73 flava, Gray .......c.cseees 60

Cuvieri, Wagl. ..... 73 gracilis, Gray ........s00 61

dicolorus, Linn....... 74 Rastata, WAM... .0<esssee see 63

erythrorhynchus, Gow. 72 Knol, Gray <2. -2.2<00s 59

Swainsonii, Gould... 73 levigata, Gray .........45- 61

Loco, Gunele sss cassie: 74 laevis, Gray ..esecereeceeee 61

vitellinus, J7/......... 74 lanceolata, Lam. ......... 63

Ratelus mellivorus, Storr. ...... .. 96 lineolata, Sow. ...seesee0e 63

Ruea Americana, Vieill. ......... 9 maculata, Lam....ccreeees 59

158 INDEX.

Page

Terebra muscaria, Lam....... ..++- &

myuros, LAM.......6.00.008 59

nubeculata, Sow. ......4- 59

oculata, Tames scccccccesese 59

OMibtay GTC tc cwcsnc cases 62

pertusa, SOW...cecrccceceee 59

plicata, Gray............008 61

polita, Gray ..........0.66. 63

punctata, Gray ............ 61

punctatostriata, Gray .. 61

PAREISS IVY Lee he es cer ene 60

straminea, Gray ......... 62

Bitiatay Grayirsssscsacses.s 60

striatula, Lam. ..........++ 59

strigillata, Lam............ 63

Bupitata, Waris seecee tee 59

teniolata, Quoy ......06 62

Tahitensis, Gray ......... 63

tessellata, Gray..........+. 61

tigrind, Gray..........006 « oO9

tricolor, SOW.......2c.esc00s 62

triseriata, Gray.......... «eo (62

undulata, Gray............ 60

variegata, Gray ......... 61

Testudo Indica ...... Sastcbe odessa er 113

Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. ............... 52

Urogallus, Linn............- 110

Tetraogallus Nigellii, Gray ...... 52

Tetrodon Physa, Geoffr............ 46

strigosus, Benn. ... ..... 46

Page.

Tichodroma muraria, Mll...... “Bocce!

Totanus Calidris, Bechst. ......... 51

Glottis, Bechst...........+- 51

Ochropus, Temm. ......30, 52

Tragopan Temminckit, Gray . Bee be 33

Tringa Canutus, Linn............4.. 15

pugnax, "Bechst. «.......0002 51

MMRDA ee cee steageneny se 15

variabilis, Mey. ......... 51, 133

Troglodytes communis, Cuv. ...... 51

Trogon elegans, Gould ............ 26

erythrocephalus, Gould... 25

Malabaricus, Gould ...... 26

Unio Nove Hollandiz, Gray ... 57

Urania Fernandine, MacZ. ...... 10

detlis Papree.sccentee 11

Ursus Arctos, Var. niger ......1..06 110

isabellinus, Horsf..........+. 96

Thibetanus, F.Cuv.......... 96

Vanellus albiceps, Gould ......... 45

Pal) cone Bepcrccicg ei ochiod 51

Vespertilio Noctula, Schreb. ...... 129

Pipistrellus, Geoffr.... 129

Vipera Berus, Daud. .........+.+.+ 101

Viverra Indica, Geoffr. ........064 96

Rasve, HOrst:37.<..cecrsee 96

undulata, Gray? .....4.. 96

Zonites fuliginosus ......sceceeeseeee 63

Walkeri, Gray’............ 63

PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART III.

1835.

ZAA\SH Muss.

| Le Use

%,, es)

Ry,

Rat isto”

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,

BY RICHARD TAYLOR,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

20nd ROA i‘

4 4

j é

a? ie he ry Pr

ye wo ee ee

=P i)

a ie aer' OF Ob gaits

rege a

LIST

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Assot, Kriru E., Esq.

Letter accompanying a Collection from Trebizond and

Erzenen, prosented: by. Pee 62, Fo ey eS 00 IP)

Agassiz, Professor.

Views of the Affinities and Disposition of the Cyprinide. .

Autts, Mr.

On the mode of attachment of tie os furcatum to the sternum

in various Grallatorial and Natatorial Birds ............

Bett, T., Esq.

Observations on the Genus Cancer of Dr. Leach (Platy-

carcinos, Latr.), with Descriptions of three New Species...

On Microrhynchus, a New Genus of Triangular Crabs...

Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of South America

Bennett, E. T., Esq.

Observations on the brush-tailed Kangaroo (Macropus peni-

SOTO Sia (aR SOC ee ma e_ Sele dit Alpe tide aah noel Shetty bc

Remarks on some Mammalia from Travancore, including

a New Species of Herpestes (Herp. vitticollis)............

Ona second Species of Lagotis (Lag. pallipes) ........

Observations on several Mammalia from Trebizond and

Erzeroun, including a New Species of Rat (Mus latipes) and

of Marmot (Citillus Xanthoprymna) ........00 eee ee cess

Characters of several previously undescribed Fishes from

BRCM wale e's 5 bcc tae seein aes ai. sis «ohh ke NY OM

Character of a Species of Paradowurus...........2....

Character of a Species of Acanthurus ....2..0..00000+

Character of a New Species of Crocodile (Crocodilus lepto-

BATE) a Se ee Big aR create

On a remarkable Pteropine Bat from the Gambia ......

On a New Species of Ctenomys, Blainv., and on other Ro-

dents collected near the Straits of Magellan by Capt. P. P.

Mane, TAN ce ees c sega ahi 55: pen 66) 6a" ys ote us CR

Characters of several Fishes from the Isle of France ..

Pas

149

154

Bennett, G., Esq. page

Notice of an Animal called Gunar by the Australians. ...

Bropenrip, W. J., Esq.

Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming ............... 41, 192

Observations on the Habits, &c. of a Male Chimpanzee,

Troglodytes niger, Geoft., living in the Society’s Menagerie 160

Burton, E., Esq.

Description of a Ratelus from India.............0-00- 113

Description of a Species of Agriopus, Cuv............. 116

Characters of several Birds from the Himalayan Mountains 152

Campsett, H. Bruce, Esq.

Note on a white Variety of the Blackbird (Turdus Merula,

Linn.), presented by him ...... eavks os encase agar v's 5 overaiaee 105

Curisty, W., Jun. Esq.

Note on the position of the mamme in the Coypus (Myo-

potamus Coypus, Comm.) ........eeeeeees ME SEER 182

Cox, J. C., Esq.

Notice of a white Variety of the common Sparrow (Passer

domentseus, Brisa). 4. dss ces Rashi Staley lore tatelaleiete kos

Cumine, H., Esq.

Characters of New Genera and Species of Mollusca and

Conchifera, collected by ...... 4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109, 192

Characters of New Genera and Species of Crustacea, col-

RECUCO. DY’ are 0 ip a's’ aubrinns <td 9 apsieir Le ipa Ie 86, 88, 169

Curtis, J., Esq.

Characters and Description of a New Genus of Melolonthide

ROUACESIT OSTA) sc, «<a> Gin tk AA Gam op disin cispas ve Fa ne ee 18

On a Species of Moth found inhabiting the Galls of a

Plant, near Monte Video .............. Sats a ae ee 19

Cuvier, M. F.

Notice on Ctenomys, Octodon, and Poephagomys ........ 128

Dessarvins, M. J.

Zoological Labours of the Natural History Society of Mau-

ritius, 4th and 5th Years. . wee eee eens Bia oleuelauereersS raremeaeeea OD

Ex.uiorr, W., Esq.

Notice of eight Species of Mice and Rats, collected by him

OB fe ae er ae one SAR OE | rein Ge ee ae to aa vue 208

Eyton, T. C., Esq.

Some Account of a Hybrid Bird, between the Cock Phea-

sant (Phasianus Colchicus, Linn.) and the Grey Hen (Tetrao

EMEC NPIL) aie dias ips oem sca wee ieee dere Asien leh Ait dte 62

Gasxorn, J. E., Esq.

Descriptions of New Species of [email protected] 198

Goutp, Mr. J.

Exhibition of a living red-billed Toucan (Ramphastos ery-

SAU A EMME LOTITO Des Sadie an oc. oe chen ane eM ea gems u8

Characters of several New Species of Trogon ..........

Characters of a New Genus of Merulide (Ianthocinela) ..

On New Species of Toucans (Ramphastide, Vig.) ......

Catalogue, with Remarks, of some Birds from Trebizond

Notice of a Collection of Birds from Travancore........

Characters of New Toucans and Aracaris (Ramphastide),

with a Synoptic Table of the Species of the Family ......

Characters of several New Species of Insessorial Birds, in-

cluding a New Genus (Stenorhynchus).........6+.000008

Gray, J. E., Esq.

Characters of an Australian Toad (Bombinator Australis)

On the Genera distinguishable in Hehinus, Lam.........

Characters of a New Genus of Corals (Nidalia) ........

On the Coral known as the Glass Plant (Hyalonema Sie-

ERT aOR Ae etd oot envid Geach ci cyeta tas wc'a Sim aide

Characters of two New Genera of Corals (Errina and An-

REN ha CAN ‘aad ithe ana, deineueid Spalted aided dell

Notice of a Collection of Mice and Rats, formed in India

by Mr. Elliott; of two new Species of Partridge; of several

undescribed Shells; and of a Coral incrusting Shells

Harvey, J. B., Esq.

108

Notes on the Habits of Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod..... 4, 113

Letters accompanying Collections of Corallines, Fishes, &c.,

from the south coast of Devon.........,...cececes 118, 154

On the opercula of Serpula tubularia and Vermilia triquetra,

regarded by Turton as Species of Patella ........... 2%

Hearne, J., Esq.

Notice of a Collection of Bird-skins, formed by him in

Tn OS ASCE RERCLCERE LAR Ie: RON eI =o MEE TERE Re Adel fe

Notice of a Specimen of Solenodonta, obtained by him in

LOT SE Se a Se ee Rianne as Sh: a slalae

Heron, Sir R., Bart., M.P.

Notes on the Habits of the Pea-fowl; on a Change of Co-

lour in the Plumage of a Black Poland Cock; and on the

Longevity of two Water Tortoises ..............00000-

Note on the History of a Black Swan

Note on the Habits of the Kangaroos .........0..000.

Extraordinary instance of want of Sagacity in a Dog.. .

Kine, Capt. P. P., R.N.

Note on some Fishes captured at Port Praya ..........

Notes on several Rodents collected during a Survey of the

Straits of Magalhaens ......

* Hopeson, B. H., Esq.

Further Account of the Chiru Antelope (Antilope Hodg-

sonit, Abel)

onset e eee ae en oee one eer e eer ea eeeeeeeeeeee

125

105

Lzsson, M. R. P.

Table of a Distribution of the Families of the Acalepha,

ES yo dao oh wri Sd recat ele ao Aer al orn ok OLN) - A

Lowe, Rey. R. T.

Additional Observations on Alepisaurus ..............

MacLeay, A., Esq.

Letter from, on the Habits of the Apteryr Australis, Shaw

Mansy, Capt., R.N.

Letter announcing the stranding in Suffolk of an enormous

Whale (Balena Physalus, Linn.) ...........02...000005

Martin, Mr. W.

Notes of a Dissection of the Cape Hyraxr (Hyrax Capensis,

PAN? s 2 STE Caney ak Fy PER ee, oe eee

Notes of the Dissection of a red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus

MEER R URIBE R) Lanta a: ae ap ettals tig tay Ss ete a ernie, ae

Notes of the Dissection of a small Nocturnal Lemur (Micro-

Comprise, Cedi.) ss Seco ee eee te ee

Notes of the Dissection of Crocodilus leptorhynchus, Benn.

Note on the mode of attachment of the os furcatum to the

sternum in the Pelican, Adjutant, Crane, and Heron ......

- Visceral and osteological Anatomy of the Coypus (Myopo-

damus Coypus, Comm) (0... si. ).)6:scieicre 2 ih ete

Moorg, Mrs.

Note accompanying a Living Jacchus Monkey (Iacchus peni-

Cillatie NEG.) kts aes OR ea ete nate cee eee

Ocitsy, W., Esq.

Descriptions of Mammalia and Birds from the Gambia ..

Remarks on some Marsupials from the interior of New

RUE VU AUB ns a nis Sunn «ic bait iegateaaucs ote Gopltm ee fain fe

Owen, R., Esq.

Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Dasyurus (Dasyurus

pemcraurtic, Geoll.). . .. .. oi iseiy on «+m celts «dan ge ee

Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed Pelican (Pelecanus

tufespees,; Gmek yoo Yanlas 2504 2.20 Aaclth 2AT a

Description of a. Microscopic Entozoon infesting the Mus-

cles of the Human Body (Trichina spiralis)..............

On the Anatomy of Linguatula Tenioides, Cuv. ....

On the Comparative Osteology of the Orang and Chim-

PRONE oe Na es oe 0! 560 in © on nn, oie ge we AVENE RE rv bg

On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum, Rud. ..........

Remarks on the Hntozoa, and on the Structural Differences

existing among them; including Suggestions for their Distri-

bution into other Classes; and a Catalogue of the Entozoa

REP CSTEURIAS 2-4). aie Oywleliaie aie s74 =, 6 > s bye. o 9 ma's «fe warren meen

Note descriptive of a Species of Tape-worm (Tenia lamel-

EIGERG ORE). 56 04 6 v0 s US OE ESSA S vie Dils Oe teeetS

eye

119

Owen, R., Esq. (continued). page

Notes.on the Anatomy of the Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudi-

wolendae AUS) rakes. OL Saved oe). e ak ald 23 spk. aomumor 119

Parry, Capt. Sir E. W., R.N.

Note on the Habits of the brush-tuiled Kangaroo (Macro-

pus penicillatus, Gray) ........-- We a Rae ENS 1

Pootz, P., Esq.

Letter accompanying a Collection of Mammalia, Birds, and

Reptiles, obtained in the Travancore country .......... 66, 92

Powis, W. L., Esq.

_.. Characters of New Species of Shells collected by Mr.

BUTEA 055) ciate: sfnie’ d a's Sioket ces bie hietels/e coe stale as ahi sieete 94

Reap, W. H. Rupsron, Esq.

Note on the Habits of the Cape Hyrax (Hyrax Capensis,

FILS. VELA. opfe Sy ZAP EIR Cr TF Reh 2 Ge Nid i ba 13

Reeve, Mr. L. A.

Characters of two Species of Shells (Cyprea subviridis and

PRM PRET CT No anaes we eds 46s ales ts ea shits Sn alae 68

Rei, Mr.

Anatomical Description of the Patagonian Penguin ( Apteno-

dytes Patachonica, Forst.) .....es+ee+cseseersscccecnee 182

Renpaty, Mr.

Account of some Mammalia and Birds brought from the

SPORTY MIE, 2 oe) tees Sees aa eee De Bebe sites 97

Route, Lady.

Note.on the Rearing of a Jacchus Monkey (Jacchus penicil-

OO) Be ERE gp ae ee ee ee A 21

Riiprety, Dr. E.

Memoir on a New Species of Sword-fish (Histiophorus im-

BURMAN is ae ietpu ahs ea Tataie ens wie isikisse wag’ se elgvawle’a ¥eielp vial ROU,

Smiru, Mr. W.

Note on the Animal of the Argonauta Argo, Linn....... 125

Sowerrsy, Mr. G. B.

Characters of and Observations on New Genera and Spe-

cies of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming ..

4, 21, 41, 49, 84, 93, 109

Srracuay, P. L., Esq.

Letter from, respecting some Reptiles sent by him from

PETA eM ce ORL us fx dl a dima ie 60.8 heen Sat a 61

Swainson, W., Esq.

Observations on the Analogies of the Mitrane ....... Pi 7

vill

Sykes, Lieut.-Col. W. H.

On the Quails and Hemipodii of India ...... set, thi ante 55

On some Birds of the Cape of Good Hope, identical with

miose' Of Tad. 15.) dategwials oem pe. 4 ois’ ce oes 29 a 62

Temp.eton, R., Esq.

Descriptions of a few Invertebrated Animals obtained at

the Esle ofsbirancerecy. tai: <)s-. avs <) o.a% ts, olea.c etehortherstee) Done lll

Tuomrson, W.., Esq.

Notices of some Additions-to the British Fauna........ 77

On some Vertebrata new to the Irish Fauna .......... 78

On some rare Irish Birds: .. 0.5.5. cca ce te ee eee AO that op

On the Herring Gull of the North of Ireland ...... ety 83

UnitTep Service Museum.

Note from the Secretary accompanying several Birds.... 4

Westwoop, J. O., Esq. :

Characters of New Genera and Species of Hymenopterous

PREIS I es Rw esis isle + 925% Pare car eee oh wels iad eGR

Wuttsarre, W., Esq.

Letter accompanying an Aoudad (Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff.) 41

YARRELL, W., Esq.

Explanation of the mode of union after fracture of the

processes of the vertebre of a Sole (Solea vulgaris, Cuv.) .. 57

Note on the trachea of the Stanley Crane (Anthropoides

paradisaus, Dechats) +. ise vis dans adipose thar othe Sain 132

Note on the feetal pouch of the male needle Pipe-fish ‘(Syn-

gncthes; Acusy Lan) «ois 3s%s ches Coe Sowale 04 ae 183

Notes on the Economy of an Insect destructive to pian

(Athalia Centifolig, Leach) .............. Gh lt, ood et SS

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 13, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A specimen was exhibited of the brush-tailed Kangaroo, Macropus

penicillatus, Gray, which had recently been presented to the Society

by Captain Sir Edward W. Parry. Mr. Bennett called the attention

of the Meeting to its peculiarities, and remarked on the great hairi-

ness of the tail, and especially on its want of robustness at the base,

as indicating probably the type of a new genus, to be removed from

among the Macropi on account of the diminished power of an organ

which is so exceedingly strong among the typical Kangaroos as to exe-

cute, during the act of slow progression and while resting, the office of

a third leg. Inconnexion with this peculiarity of tail, Mr. Bennett

pointed out also a difference in the form of the third, or extreme la-

teral, incisor, as compared with the corresponding tooth in Macr.

major, Shaw; crania of the two animals being exhibited for that

purpose. The third incisor in Macr. penicillatus is bilobed, and ap-

proaches somewhat to the character of the corresponding tooth in

Macr. Parryi, Benn.

A note by Sir Edward Parry, which accompanied the specimen,

was read. The animal appears to be procurable with difficulty, as

this individual was “the only one of the kind ever seen by Sir E.

Parry. It was shot among rocks near Liverpool Plains, New South

Wales. As several of the same kind were seen together on more

than one occasion, they appear to be gregarious. They seemed to

prefer the neighbourhood of rocky ground, in which they had holes,

to which, when hunted, they retreated. The. first intimation re-

ceived of these animals by Mr. Hall was, that monkeys were to be

seen in a particular situation: and the manner in which they jumped

about, when he first approached a number of them, left the same im-

pression on his mind. ‘They were so wild that he found it impossi-

ble, on his first attempt, to obtain a specimen; and one which he

had wounded escaped into its hole. Some months afterwards, how-

ever, after remaining on the spot a whole night for the purpose, he

No. XXV. ProcrEpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

succeeded in killing one towards daylight, which is the specimen now

presented to the Society.” 2

Mr. George Bennett stated that while in New South Wales he had

heard of an animal called Guinar by the natives, and found about the

Beran Plains, which was described to him as in some degree resem-

bling a Kangaroo, but differing from it in having a bushy tail, and

in the form of the head, which was stated to resemble that of the

* Hare. He suggested the probability that the Gunar and the brush-

tailed Kangaroo might be specifically identical.

Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by

M. Lesson, For. Memb. Z.S., and dated Rochefort, December 29,

1834. It-was accompanied by the subjoined table of a distribution

of the families of the Acalepha, Cuy., proposed by the writer.

ACALEPHA.

I, Without a central solid axis.

A. Body simple, entire.

1. Symmetrical, terminated at

each pole by an opening. 1. BrroipEx.

2. Non-symmetrical: the upper

pole disciform or umbrella-

shaped, imperforate. 2. Mevus«.

B. Body multiple or aggregated.

a. Homogeneous.

3. Composed of two pieces ad-

hering together, and capable

of separation from each other. 3, Dirnyprs.

4. Composed of numerous pieces

aggregated together. 4. Potytoma.

b. Heterogeneous.

5. Animal furnished with ap-

pendages of different kinds.

.* Vesicle small, regular, placed at

the summit of a kind of stalk fur-

nished with lateral ampulle and

terminal suckers. 5. PuyssoPpHors.

** Vesicle large, irregular, with-

out stalk or ampulle, but having

terminal suckers and cirriferous

processes. 6. Puysa.ia.

II. With a central cartilaginous axis.

6. Body simple, with suckers

and lateral tentacula.

a. Body irregularly oblong, with a

vertical /amina on its upper sur-

face. 7. VELELLE.

b. Body discoid, flat above. 8. Porriraz.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Népal, February 25, 1834. It

gave a systematic and technical account of the Chiru Antelope, Anti-

lope Hodgsonii, Abel, in conformity with the latest and most complete

information possessed by the writer, and communicated by him to

the Society at its Meeting on July 22, 1834. (‘ Proceedings’, Part II.

p- 80.)

January 27, 1835.

Lieut.-Col. Sykes in the Chair.

Extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secretary by

J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, Ja-

nuary 22, 1835. It was accompanied by a large collection of Shells

from the south coast of Devonshire, and by specimens of Echinoder-

mata and Crustacea from the same coast, which the writer presented

to the Society. It was also accompanied by drawings of a large

specimen of Caryophyllia Smithii, now living in Mr. Harvey’s pos-

session: the drawings represent the animal shortly after feeding,

when it is expanded sufficiently to contain the food, extending rather

above the level of the coral and raised in the middle; and also as it

appears three or four hours after having been fed, when it expands

itself to the fullest extent, and ejects, in the form of flocculi, the crude

undigested matter.

A Note was read from the Secretary of the United Service Mu-

seum, accompanying several skins of Birds transmitted for exhibi-

bition by direction of the Ornithological Sub-Committee of that

Museum. ‘The specimens were brought under the notice of the

Meeting.

The exhibition was resumed of the Shells collected by Mr. Cuming

on the western coast of South America and among the Islands of the

South Pacific Ocean. Those brought before the present Meeting

were accompanied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and com-

prised the following species :

Genus Hrpponyx.

“ Of this remarkable genus Mr. Cuming brought home three spe-

cies in such perfect condition, as respects the shell, as to possess

both valves in situ. The two specimens which exhibit these three

species appear to me so interesting that I shall venture upon a par-

ticular description of them. The first, of the species which I have

named Hipp. Mitrula, is a group of about twenty individuals, of va-

rious sizes, from ;'; to+ an inch in diameter, adhering by their lower

or flat valves to an irregular piece of stone; the attached valves as

usual, are conformed to the irregularities of the surface of the stone,

and when they have been at first attached to a cavity, they are hol-

low: the upper valves are also somewhat modified in form by the

same cause, so as to be more or less regular according as the lower

valve has adhered to a more or less smooth and even part of the

stone. The attached valves have not attained a great degree of

thickness, consequently I do not suppose any one of the individuals

to be of advanced age; there are, however, several which can only

just have occupied their positions on the stone: these are not above

3s part of an inch in diameter, and they show the perfect point of

the upper valve, somewhat convoluted and inclined toward the ante-

rior edge. Other individuals, which are placed in a cavity of the

stone, are very regular in shape, but have their ridges slightly curved

upwards in conformity with the nearly regular vesicular shape of the

cavity. The edges of the /amelle near the outer margin in most of

the specimens are furnished with a thin fringe of epidermis, but the

very young shells are destitute of this. An individual of Hipp.

‘subrufa is observable among the group of Hipp. Mitrula: its gee is

distinctly spiral and its epidermis hairy.

‘The second specimen belongs to the species which I have named

Hipp. barbata. ‘This is a very complete specimen, and reminds me

of the beautiful fossil species Hipp. Cornucopia ; it is a small indivi-

dual, having its attached valve very much thickened and adhering to

a much larger one of the same species; its edge is much elevated

and it is deeply concave; the free valve is rather smaller, and coni-

cal, and its edge is surrounded by the elevated edge of the attached

valve.” —G. B.S.

/ Hiprponyx Mirruta. (Pileopsis Mitrula, Lam. Patella Mitrula,

Auct.) Hipp. testd albd, subconicd, concentricé lamellosd, la-

mellis subconfertis, radiatim striatis, epidermide pilosis.

Hab. ad Insulam Peruvianam Lobos dictam.

Found upon stones, in seventeen fathoms’ water, among coarse

sand.—G. B.S.

“ HIpronyx suBRUFA. (Pileopsis subrufus, Lam. Patella subrufa,

Dillw.) Hipp. testd aurantiaco-rufescente, subconicd, concen-

trice sulcatd, radiatim striatd, striis profundis, marginibus sulco-

rum crenulatis ; vertice posticé inclinato.

Hab. cum precedente.—G. B.S.

v Hipponyx rapiata, Gray. Hipp. testd subdepresso-conicd, ful-

vescente, radiatim costatd, costis crebris, imbricato-squamosis ;

vertice postico.

Hab. ad Panamam et ad Insulas Gallapagos.

Found attached to rocks alive, and the upper valves loose un the

sands.—G. B. S.

v Hiprponyx BarBaTa. Hipp. testd pallide fulvd, subelevato-conicd,

radiatim confertim striatd ; margine ventrali producto ; epider-

mide piloso-barbatd ; margine interno crenulato.

Hab. ad Insulas Maris Pacifici.

Found on the coral reefs around Toobouai, one of the Society

Islands.—G. B.S.

gm”

Genus Mouvretia.

Movretia Peruviana. Mour. testd subdepresso-conicd, albd, ra-

diatim striatd ; vertice centrali ; epidermide corned, tenui.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Cobija.)

Found on rocks at low water.—G. B. S.

Movretia steLLATA. Mour. testd depressd, squamiformi, albd,

radiatim costatd ; margine dentato.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Real Llejos.)

Found on rocks at low water.—G. B.S.

Movretia reTIcuLATA. Mour. testa subdepresso-conicd, subro-

tundatd, superne reticulatd, albd. :

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found attached to shells in deep water, from forty-five to ninety

fathoms.—G. B. S.

Genus S1pHonaRIA.

SrpHonaria costaTa. Siph. testd depressd, fusco-nigricante, co-

stis albicantibus, radiantibus, superné obtusis ; margine sinuoso -

long. 1°35, lat. 1°05 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.)

On rocks in exposed situations at low water.—G. B.S.

SrpHonaria RADIATA. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusco-nigri-

cante, costis albicantibus, radiantibus ; margine crenato : long.0°9,

lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad littora Occidentalia Africe. (Gambia.)

This differs from Siph. costata rather by its form than by any

other character; this being only a slightly depressed cone, while the

last is altogether very flat.—G. B.S.

SIPHONARIA LINEOLATA. Siph. testd oblique conicd, fuscd, lineo-

lis numerosis, albidis, radiantibus : long. 0°65, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Paytam Peruvie.

Variat testa majore, lineis albidis minus conspicuis : long. 1:05, lat.

0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Chiloe Chilensium.

On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B, S.

Srpponaria Pica. Siph. testd subobliqué conicd, nigricante, radia-

tim costatd et striatd, costis albidis ; margine crenato, interné albo

maculato: long. 0°8, lat. 0-7 poll.

Hab. ad Acapulco.

On rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. S.

SrpHonaRria suBrucosa. Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, fusce-

scente, extis albicante, radiatim costato-striatd, rugulosd ; vertice

subcentrali, nigro: long. 0:8, lat. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad oras Brasilie.

Found on rocks in exposed situations.—G. B. S.

‘Srpponarra Laviuscuta. — Siph. testd subdepresso-conicd, sub-

obliqud, extis pallidd, radiatim albido-lineatd ; ints fuscescente ;

margine albicunte : long. 0°9, lat. 0°75 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

On rocks in sheltered places.—G. B. S.

SreHonarra Maura. Siph. testd parvd, depressd, subovali, ints

nigrd, margine albido articulato; extis fuscescente, albido-ra-

diatd : long. 0°55, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

Found on rocks.—G. B.S.

Mr. Owen read some Notes of a Dissection of a long-tailed Da-

syurus, Dasyurus macrourus, Geoff., which recently died at the So-

ciety’s Gardens.

The subject was a female, adult, weighing 3lbs. 8} oz., and mea-

suring from the extremity of the jaws to the root of the tail 1 foot

4 inches, the length of the tail being 1 foot 2: inches, and that of

the head 4 inches. The vaginal orifice and the anus were situated

within a common outlet, just below the root of the tail. There were

six nipples, arranged three on either side, describing three quarters

of a circle, and seated within a slight fold of integument, of a corre-

sponding shape, 3 inches anterior to the cloacal outlet.

~ The external oblique abdominal muscle terminated below in a

strong tendon, which was folded inwards, like Poupart’s ligament.

The abdominal ring consisted of a slit, bounded externally by Pou-

part’s ligament, and internally by the marsupial bone: and Mr.

Owen stated it to be his opinion that the marsupial bones are essen-

tially ossifications of the tendons of the external abdominal muscle

which constitute the internal or mesial pillars or boundaries of the

abdominal rings. The transversalis abdominis and internal oblique

muscle were distinct.

The stomach was simple, 44 inches in length and 8 inches in its

greatest circumference. It was shaped as in the genus Didelphis,

and had the cardia a little nearer to the pylorus than to the left ex-

tremity. It was principally nourished by the coronary arteries; the

gastro-epiploics being very small and running along the posterior

side of the stomach, and not along the greater curvature. The ter-

tinal part of the esophagus was furnished with longitudinal ruge.

The commencement of the duodenum, to the extent of half an inch,

was occupied by a zone of glands.

~ The omentum was of small size, extending from the stomach to

the spleen, but not covering the intestines: it is possible that as

these are short and wide, they do not require such a covering to fa-

cilitate their motion. It contained a little fat.

The mesentery was one continuous duplicature of the peritoneum,

extending from the pylorus to the end of the colon, as in the Rep-

tilia. The vessels anastomose to form but one series of arches. The

mesenteric glands were oblong, situated close to the pancreas, and

exhibited, on being cut into, a dark colour.

The length of the intestines was 5 feet; their greatest circumfe-

rence 24 inches. They were destitute of cecum and of any corre-

sponding valve. Their diameter was nearly uniform throughout their

whole length.

The anal glands, two in number, were of a spherical form, and half

an inch in diameter. Their secretion was dark-coloured. A minute

duct conveys it from each gland to the verge of the cloacal opening,

which is a little prominent, and is surrounded by a strong sphincter.

The liver occupied the situation usual in the Mammalia. Its

weight was 3 ounces 8} drachms. It was tripartite, if the cystic

lobe (which is deeply cleft) be considered as one division. The

right division was partially cleft into three lobes: the cystic di-

vision was deeply cleft, with the gall-bladder loosely attached at

the bottom of the fissure, not perforating the substance of the lobes

as in Didelphis. The left division gave off the Spigelian appendix.

All the lobes are irregularly notched. The abdominal vena cava per-

forated the liver. The gall-bladder was of a pyriform figure, pendent

at its apex to two small folds of peritoneum which attach it to the liver.

The ductus communis entered the duodenum 1 inch from the py/orus.

The pancreas was a broad, flattened, branched gland, with a pro-

cess given off at the splenic end from the main body, so as to pro-

duce, in a transverse section, the figure of the letter T. The pan-

creatic duct joined the biliary just at its termination. The spleen ~

was situated sinistrad and dorsad of the stomach: its weight was 62

drachms. Its form was compressed, trihedral and T-shaped, as in the

Kangaroo, but its lesser process was not so long as in that animal.

Mr. Owen considers this form as indicative of a relation, hitherto un-

suspected, between the spleen and the pancreas, the small process of

the former corresponding to that of the latter.

The lungs were 34 inches in length; the right measured 13 and

the left 1¢ in breadth: their weight was 83 drachms. The right

consisted of four lobes; the left but of one lobe. The azygos lobe

was connected to the right lung by the large branches of blood- and

air-vessels only, and not by continuity of substance.

The heart, measuring 1 inch and 10 lines in length and 1 inch

and 3 lines in breadth, and weighing 93 drachms, was situated near

the middle of the chest. Its form was oblong, pointed at the apev.

The right auricle rose high above the left. Both auricles had smooth

short appendices. The vene cave were two superior and one infe-

rior. ‘he primary branches of the aorta were two, the arteria inno-

minata dividing into the right subclavian and the common trunk of

the carotids.

_ The rings of the trachea were twenty-three in number and incom-

plete behind. The first of them rose convexly into the space below

the cricoid cartilage. The darynx was protected by a large semicy-

lindrical epiglottis, slighty emarginate at its apex, which extended

into the posterior zares above the soft palate, asin other Marsupiata.

There were two large cuneiform cartilages. ‘There was also a small

sacculus beneath the epiglottis.

The soft palate terminated in a thin arched margin. The tonsils

were oblong. The parotid glands were of moderate size> and

branched, and there was on-each of them a small conglobated gland.

The submaxillary glands were flattened, of the size of nutmegs, and

situated in front of the neck. There was no sublingual gland. -A

thick row of labial glands extended along the lower lip. The tongue

measured 3 inches in length, and had, at the distance of 1 inch from

the epiglottis, three fossulate papille. "The. thyroid: glands were se-

parate, each of them being of the size of a horse-bean,

The supra-renal glands were oblong, of the size of horse-beans,

and placed anterior to the kidneys: on a section they exhibited a

light-coloured exterior layer, then a very dark-coloured substance,

and internally became again light-coloured. The kidneys were

seated high in the lumbar region, the right being half an inch higher

than the left. . Each had one pointed papilla. The weight of both

was 13 drachms.

The ovaries, 3 lines in length and half a line in breadth, were of a

flattened oval shape. In the right there was an ovisac coming for-

ward.

There were two masseter muscles. The flexor longus digitorum

pedis, or its analogue, was inserted into the fibula, and sent no ten-

don to the toes, the tendons to them being derived from the muscle

analogous to the flevor longus pollicis pedis: it is consequently a ro-

tator of the fibula, and is described by Home as a peculiar muscle in

the Koala.

The morbid appearances observed consisted of srcall tubercles in

the lungs and small cysts in the liver. There was a general increased

vascularity over the alimentary canal; and the intestines contained

bits of straw and bloody mucus.

Mr. Owen also read his Notes on the Anatomy of the red-backed

Pelican of Dr. Latham, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel.

«The following notes were made on the dissection of one of the

smaller-sized grey Pelicans, which died at the Society’s Gardens in

April 1832. They are now brought forward in order that they may

be compared with the results of the dissection of the one which took

place at its Museum a few days ago.

“The Pelican which I dissected measured 3 feet 7 inches from the

extremity of the beak to the vent, and 104 inches from the extre-

mity of the upper mandible to the nostrils. These are almost con-

cealed slits in the lateral grooves of the upper mandible, just anterior

to the skin of the head. They will barely admit the flat end of a

probe; and lead almost vertically to the internal apertures of the

nasal cavity. The air-cells in the Pelican, as in the nearly allied

Bird the Gannet, Sula Bassana, Temm., are remarkably extended and

diffused over the body: the whole cellular tissue, even to the tips of

the wings and the end of the fleshy part of the legs, can be blown

up from the ¢rachea.

«The extent to which the skeleton of the Pelican is permeated by

air has been particularly noted by Mr. Hunter in his celebrated

Paper on the air-cells of Birds, in which he throws out a suggestion

that it may assist the birds of this species in carrying heavy loads

in their large fauces. This supposed relation of extended air-cells

to a largely developed beak is borne out in the case of the Hornbill,

in which every bone of the skeleton is permeated by air, but is ap-

parently contradicted by the Gannet: I say apparently, because, al-

though the rami of the lower jaw do not, in this species, afford sus-

pension to a capacious reservoir as in the Pelican, yet the bird may

occasionally have to bear away a considerable load as, for instance,

in a large fish seized by its mandibles, and a previous accumulation

in its dilatable esophagus.

«Mr. Hunter, it may be remembered, was doubtful on the first pub-

lication of his Paper as to the source from which the mandibles de-

rived their gaseous contents: not that he was ignorant of the air-

holes in the bones, as he is careful to tell us in the reprint of the

Memoir in the ‘Animal Gfconomy’, where he states that the lower

jaw of the “ Pelican is furnished with air, which is supplied by means

of the Eustachian tube.”

«To ascertain the correctness of this description I sawed across

the left ramus of the lower jaw ; but on blowing into the end of the

part attached to the head, I found that the air did not escape as I

had expected by the Eustachian tube, (the orifice of which is a slit,

situated on the roof of the mouth, one inch behind the posterior or in-

ternal nares,) but filled, first the air-cells under the throat, and then,

passing down the neck, raised the large air-cell above the furculum.

On dissection I found that the air passed into the lower mandible

immediately from an air-cell surrounding the articulation between

the jaw and os guadratum; which received its air from the lungs by

means of the cells passing along the neck and throat, &c. The au-

thority of Mr. Hunter ought not to be set aside by the result of a

single experiment; and the possibility of accidental rupture may be

urged against the above observation ; but it is at all events worthy

of being recorded, and should be repeated when opportunity occurs,

with the addition of blowing into the Eustachian tube, which I

omitted to do,

«There is little to be added to the aczounts already given in the

works of Cuvier, and of Professor Tiedemann and Carus, of the di-

gestive organs of the Pelican. The weak or thin-coated stomach,

small c@ca, and short intestines bespeak its animal diet, and the uni-

formly capacious esophagus, as well as the superadded faucial bag,

may be regarded as pointing to the piscivorous habits of this singu-

lar species. It is more difficult to assign the use of the globular

cavity interposed between the gizzard and the duodenum, which the

Pelican has in common with some of the piscivorous Gralla, viz. those

of the genus Ardea. In them the pyloric cavity is very small, but

in the Pelican it is fully as large in proportion as in the Crocodiles,

which alone possess it among Reptiles. In the Pelican here described

the pyloric cavity measured 14 inch in diameter, communicated by

a small transverse aperture with the gizzard, and by an opposite one,

of smaller size and obliquely placed, with the duodenum. Its lining

membrane is villous and vascular, and was in this instance tinged

with bile, which must have entered by regurgitation, as none of the

biliary ducts enter here.

“The esophagus is continued into the proventriculus without any

marked constriction, and the latter passes insensibly into the part

analogous to the gizzard, which is comparatively of small size. The

gastric glands are simple elongated follicles, closely compacted to-

gether, and extended over nearly the whole proventriculus.

“The duodenum, after making the usual fold, ascends on the right

of the stomach ; the intestine is then disposed in three or four coils

upon a central mesentery, and then is strung on the edge of the me-

sentery in long and deep folds, from the last of which the é/eum passes

upwards behind the stomach, and then descends to join the rectum.

At the point of junction were placed the ceca, each 14 inch in

length. The rectum is very short, and opens obliquely into a large

urinary receptacle; as large, proportionately, as in the Ostrich.

Before commencing the dissection, a quantity of very fluid urine, of

a whitish colour and containing whitish flakes, escaped on pressure

being made upon the sides of the cloaca.

“The liver is bilobed, the right lobe much larger than the left, in

which the edges were rounded off. There is a gall-bladder, which

contained bile of a yellow colour, not green as in Birds generally.

The cystic, biliary, and hepatic ducts terminated in the end of the

duodenum, close to which opened the duct of the pancreas. The lat-

ter gland was of a less elongated form than usual, being of a rounded

figure, and not descending far into the fold of the duodenum. The

spleen was placed behind the stomach, in length 1 inch, in breadth

half an inch.

“The kidneys were of large size, being 4 inches long, 2 deep, and

1} wide, and, which is very unusual in Birds, the right kidney was half

an inch higher than the left. Many of the small superficial branches

of the ramified ureter which characterizes the kidneys of the ovipa-

rous animals were beautifully conspicuous from their white opake

contents. The supra-renal glands were of a light yellow colour, and

of a rough or granular pulpy texture; the right adhered closely to

the vena cava, the left as closely to the ovary, which seemed to be

developed partly from the gland and partly from the coats of the left

femoral vein. The largest ova were nearly of the size of peppercorns

and about twenty in number: there were innumerable smaller ones.

The oviduct was narrow at its commencement, but gradually attained

a diameter of about 4 lines; it passed along the anterior part of the

left kidney, adhering thereto by its peritoneal ligament.

“As the Pelican belongs to that group of Natatores, the Toti-

palmes of Cuvier, which contains species approximating most closely

to the Raptorial Birds, and which are almost the only Birds of this

order, as Cuvier observes, (Régne An., nouv.ed., i. p.561,) that perch,

I did not fail to try the common experiment suggested by Borelli’s

observations on the effect which bending the leg- and ancle-joints

might have upon the toes: the latter, however, exhibited no corre-

sponding inflection. In perfect agreement with this is the obser-

yation that the Pelicans do not perch when they go to rest.”

February 10, 1835.

The Rev. John Barlow in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. H. Rudston

Read, Esq., giving an account of the habits of the Hyrax Capensis,

Pall., as observed at the Cape of Good Hope, and also during a

voyage thence to England in a specimen brought home by the Rev.

Mr. Hennah of H. M. S. Isis, which was presented to the Society

after its death by Mr. Read.

“The Hyrax Capensis,” Mr. Read states, “is found at the Cape

of Good Hope inhabiting the hollows and crevices of rocks, both on

the summits and sides of hills, as well as near the sea-shore, even

a little above high-water mark. It appears to live in families, and

in its wild state is remarkably shy. In winter it is fond of coming

out of its hole and sunning itself on the lee side of a rock, and in

summer of enjoying the breeze on the top; but in both instances, as

well as when it feeds, a sentinel is on the look-out (generally an old

male), which gives notice, usually by a shrill prolonged cry, of the ap-

proach of danger, or even the least movement of any suspicious ob-

ject. It lives on the young shoots of shrubs, the tops of flowers,

herbs and grass, particularly of all those which are aromatic ; which

occasions the necessity of paunching the animal as soon as killed, in

order to make it fit for eating. The stomachs of those shot by Mr.

Hennah were always much distended with food scarcely masticated.

In the flavour of its flesh it is very like a rabbit. A friend of mine

kept two young ones alive for some time, which became very tame :

they would find him out when lying on the sofa or in bed (for they

were suffered to run about the house), and climbing up, shelter them-

selves on his breast within his waistcoat, or creep under the bed-

clothes at his back, and lying quiet enjoy the warmth. The one

brought home by Mr. Hennah, when allowed to run unconfined about

the room, was inclined to be sociable; but was restless and inquisi-

tive, climbing up and examining every person or thing in the cabin,

and startling at any noise, which caused it instantly to run and hide

itself. But from confinement it became savage and snarling, and

tried to bite when anything was put near its cage. Both wild and

in restraint it is remarkably clean in its habits, always frequenting

and depositing its dung in one place. From its faintly crying in its

sleep we may conclude that it dreams. I have also heard it chewing

its food by night, when everything has been quiet, and after going

into its sleeping apartment. In its food it was pleased with variety,

eating first a few leaves of one plant and then of another, and greedily

licking salt when given to it. In its passage home its food was In-

No. XXVI. Procrrpines or THE ZooLocicaL Society,

dian corn bruised, bread, raw potato, and onion, with a small quan-

tity of water, which in drinking it partly lapped and partly sucked

up. It was very sensible of cold; for whena candle was placed near

the bars of its cage, it readily acknowledged the little warmth given

out by turning its side and sitting still to receive the full benefit of

the rays of heat. I am inclined to think that the female does not

produce more than two young ones at a time, from having observed

in several instances but two following the old ones. Its name at the

Cape is the Dasse, which is, I believe, the Dutch for a badger.”

Mr. Martin’s Notes of the dissection of the specimen of Hyrax

Capensis, presented to the Society by Mr. Rudston Read, were then

read.

“The dissection of the Hyrar by Mr. Owen (‘ Proceedings of the

Committee of Science, &c.’, Part II. p. 202.) is to be regarded as a

confirmation of the anatomical details of this animal as given by

Pallas, while at the same time it communicates several additional

facts of great value. The present notes give nothing absolutely

new; but may be of use as substantiating previous observations

with regard to some very remarkable points of structure.

«« The animal in question was young and of the male sex: its total

length was 1 foot 4 inches, that of the head being 33 inches. On

removing the skin, the panniculus carnosus was observed to be very

strong, especially about the shoulders; and on opening the body, the

smallness of the volume of the chest compared with that of the ab-

domen was very striking. The abdominal viscera presented them-

selves in the following order. The liver barely advanced from the

right hypochondriac region as far as the epigastric, its left portion

covering the cardiac portion of the stomach. Below the liver and

to its left the stomach was seated, and below this were the ceca, of

large dimensions, covering the small intestines, over the whole of

which was spread an extensive omentum, arising from the great cur-

vature of the stomach.

«The stomach measured in length about 4 inches, and was con-

tracted in the middle: a fleshy sphincter of great thickness closed

the pyloric orifice, and was distinctly to be felt. On inverting the

stomach, with a view to preserve it thus in spirits, the extent of the

cuticular lining of the cardiac portion was found to be 24 inches:

it was irregularly corrugated, and terminated abruptly. Near its

edge, towards the great curve of the stomach, were three or four

open glands with orifices capable of admitting the tip of a quill. The

pyloric portion was lined with the usual villous membrane.

‘‘ The liver consisted of four lobes and a lobulus Spigelii: it was

healthy. There was no gall-bladder; but a biliary duct of 14 inch

in length was found to enter the duodenum half an inch below the

pylorus : the origin of this duct is on the inner aspect of the liver

at its base, a separate duct emerging from each lobe to form it by

their mutual union.

“The small intestines were not much thicker than a quill for a

considerable distance, but gradually increased in circumference :

their length was 5 feet 7 inches, and consequently more than a foot

greater than the measurement given by Mr. Owen. On their inner

coat were observed the little sacculi noticed by Mr. Owen, as well as

the remarkable villi, which are thickly set. ‘The breadth of the me-

sentery was about 1} inch. The first or true cecum was contracted

into folds by three longitudinal bands, and so made trifid at the ex-

tremity: its length was about 24 inches, its circumference 9. The

entrance of the small intestine was succeeded by a sacculated portion

(the bands of which were continued from the cecum) contorted spi-

rally, beyond which the intestine, abruptly turning and becoming at

once smaller, assumed a sigmoid flexure, gradually enlarging as it

proceeded till it merged into two cecal appendages, of a conical

figure with an enlarged base and a vermiform termination. The

distance between the first cecum and the base of these appendages

was found to be 1 foot 7 inches. Below these cecal appendages the

large intestine measured 54 inches in circumference ; it, however,

gradually but rapidly diminished in size. From this part to its ter-

mination the large intestine measured 2 feet 7 inches.

“<The pancreas was small, irregular, and entirely embraced by the

first fold of the duodenum: its secretion enters the intestine by two

ducts, one terminating along with the biliary duct, the other 3ths of

an inch lower down.

“The spleen was broad and somewhat hatchet-shaped, having a

projecting narrow slip from asemilunar base: its length was 2 inches,

its breadth 1 inch.

“The heart was bifid at the apex; its length 1+ inch, and its

breadth 13. The larynx was small; and the trachea consisted of 36

rings. The esophagus was smooth. The thyroid glands were small

and oval, and 4 inch long. The tongue was 2+ inches in length,

smooth, with an elevated projection in the middle, and an obscure

furrow running down it, from which diverged transversely several

arched depressions. The palate was deeply furrowed with alternate

transyerse ridges and depressions on each side of a middle line, the

ridges on one side corresponding to the depressions on the other.

“The kidneys were flattened; in length they measured 14 inch,

in breadth 3: the tubuli uriniferi converged into one large conical

papilla. The ureters entered the fundus of the bladder, not on its

dorsal side, (for it lay flat and. empty,) but laterally on the edge,

piercing the bladder obliquely, as described by Mr. Owen. ‘The

supra-renal glands were small greyish bodies, about the size of a

pea. The ¢estes, the vesicule seminales, the double prostate gland,

and the penis were as described by Mr. Owen.

“The sternum consisted of six distinct osseous pieces, indepen-

dent of the xiphoid cartilage, which was shaped like a spade: its

length was 24 inches exclusive of the cartilage. The true ribs were

seven in number on each side, and the false ribs fourteen. The cer-

vical vertebre were seven, the dorsal twenty, the lumbar nine, the

sacral vertebre (immediately united to the iliac bones) two, and the

coccygeal ten, making the total number of vertebre forty-eight. The

measurement from the end of the sternum to the ossa pubis, the animal

lying stretched in an easy posture, was 7 inches: the length of the

portion of the vertebral column occupied by the heads of the true

ribs, 14 inch; and that of the portion of the vertebral column occu-

pied by false ribs, 33 inches.”

Preparations were exhibited of the cecum, of the urinary bladder,

and of other viscera, in illustration of the foregoing notes.

The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the dissection of a red-backed

Pelican, Pelecanus rufescens, Gmel., which recently died at the So-

ciety’s Gardens, were also read. They refer to the male bird of a

pair, the female of which was examined in 1832 by Mr. Owen, whose

notes of the dissection were read at the last Meeting.

«The bird was a male, and had been for many years in the Me-

nagerie.

‘On removing the skin, a wide space occupied by cellular tissue

distended with air, was found to intervene between it and the mus-

cles. This tissue was thin, and subdivided irregularly into numerous

cells communicating with each other. Beneath the great pectoral

muscle, which was very extensive, there was also a large air-cell,

but undivided.

‘«« The osseous structure was light and thin, and the bones of the

extremities were remarkable for the extent of their internal cavities

and the thinness of their external walls. The os furcatum was largely

spread, and firmly soldered to the keel of the sternum, keeping the

shoulders widely apart. The clavicles, or what are regarded as the

analogues of the coracoid processes in Mammalia, were large, and

broadly expanded at their point of union with the sternum. The

sternum was short in proportion to its breadth, measuring 4+ inches

longitudinally, and the same across, in a straight line, that is, not

following the concavity of its inner surface: its keel was compara-

tively but little developed; it is thrown forwards, however, as far as

possible, and projects in a point where it is ossified to the os fur-

catum. Its greatest depth is 1 inch 2 lines.

“On exposing the viscera they were found to occupy a truly ab-

dominal situation, being placed in a small compass and as far back-

wards as possible. The wsophagus passed on for a considerable

distance internally, before entering the proventriculus.

“The inferior /arynx was destitute of muscles: the bone ofdiva-

rication was strong and well defined. 255

«« The liver consisted of two lobes, a large and a small one, united

by a broad flat ‘process 3ths of an inch in length. The large lobe

measured 23 inches in length and 2 in breadth; the thickness of its

substance being 1 inch. The small lobe was 14 inch long and 3

broad.

“The pancreas consisted of two lobes united by an intervening

slip or narrow portion, through which passed an hepatic duct running

from the liver to the intestine.

«The biliary and hepatic ducts entered the intestine a foot below

the stomach (gizzard) as follows :

lst, Hepatic duct;

2nd, Pancreatic duct;

3rd, Cystic duct.

“The intestines were thin and worm-like, their mean diameter

being 3th of an inch. Their total length was 8 feet.

“ The vena porte ran close to the pancreas, and was dilated into

a large sinus before entering the liver.

“The lining membrane of the gullet was thrown into longitudinal

plice throughout its whole length, but they became larger and less

numerous towards the lower part, and the membrane itself increased

in toughness and density as it approached the proventriculus. The

muscular tunics consisted of an internal longitudinal and external

circular layer of fibres; these fibres on the pouch were very fine and

delicate, but became stronger and more distinct as the gullet pro-

ceeded from this extensible portion.

“The appearance and shape of the proventriculus were very re-

markable; instead of its being a gradual dilatation of the gullet, it

commenced abruptly, and its parietes were firm and muscular, inso-

much that it might readily have been mistaken at first for a gizzard.

Its length, including that of the gizzard (which forms with it a com-

mon cavity), was 5 inches, and its circumference 4. The internal mem-

brane was puckered into longitudinal rug@, and was studded with

closely set glands of the size of large pin-heads. ‘The longitudinal

muscular fibres were remarkably strong, and a muscular slip pro-

ceeding obliquely from the side of the gizzard attached the pyloric

enlargement to it.

“« The pyloric enlargement was about the size of a common gar-

den-bean. A passage $ths of an inch in circumference and 4ths long,

turning up abruptly, led to it from the stomach. The lining mem-

brane of this passage was thrown into longitudinal folds. The lining

membrane of the pyloric cavity itself was thin, and not at all coria-

ceous, and the muscular tunic fine. A valvular fold encircled the

opening into the succeeding portion of the pylorus.

“« The testes were as large as peas, or rather larger, white and

oval.

«* The cervical vertebre were 15 in number.

With reference to the bony union of the os furcatum to the sternum

observed in this Pelican, Mr. Martin remarks that ‘‘ in the Adjutant,

Ciconia Argala, Vig., though the keel of the sternum is much more

extensive, deep, and strong, the os furcatum much resembles that of

the Pelican, and is in like manner ossified to its anterior aper. In

the common Heron, Ardea cinerea, Linn., the os furcatum is feeble,

but is also united by bone to the apew of the keel of the sternum: at

its point of union a projection or short process is directed upwards ;

the keel of the sternum is here very ample. These are birds not so

much of rapid as of untiring powers of flight, which, unlike that of

the impetuous Falcon, is sweeping and majestic. In the Falconide

the os furcatum, though very strong, does not at all approach to the

form of a triangle, as in the birds alluded to, but describes a figure

not unlike that of a horse-shoe, and a considerable space intervenes

between it and the keel of the sternum.”

A Paper was read, entitled, ‘‘ Characters and Descriptions of a

new Genus of the Family Melolonthide: by John Curtis, Esq.,

F.L.S., &c.”

In a collection of Insects recently received by the author from

Lima is contained a beautiful series of the one constituting the type

of his proposed new genus

ANCISTROSOMA.

Antenne capite breviores.

Clypeus, in mare presertim, emarginatus.

Thorax acuté marginatus, hexagonus ; dente brevi in baseos medio

armatus.

Pedes longissimi, robusti.

The stoutness of its legs and the sharp lateral edges of its thorax

distinguish Ancistrosoma from all the neighbouring genera: the male

is further characterized by an acute, rather long, and slightly curved

spine near the base of the abdomen beneath. Its natural situation is pro-

bably between Diphucephala, Dej., the males of which have a bilobed

clypeus, and Macrodactylus, Latr., which is very similar to it in habit,

and has also very long legs; but these in Macrodactylus are slender,

while in Ancistrosoma they are robust. Neither Diphucephala nor

Macrodactylus possesses the little tooth at the base of the thoraz lap-

ping over the scutellum, a structure which is, however, met with in

Ceraspis as well as in Ancistrosoma; but in Ceraspis, independently

of the other differential characters, the antenne and club are long.

Ancistrosoma Kuve. Ane. ferrugineum, supra piceo-nigrum ;

thoracis margine elytrorumque strigis sex albidis.

Long. maris 12 lin. ; feeminz plerumque minor.

Hab. in Mimose floribus apud Huanuco prope Lima, Peruvie.

Of the three streaks on each of the elytra, the sutural one does not

reach so far as the base, the second extends neither to the base nor

to the tip, and the outer one is still shorter: they consist of broad

punctured furrows, white with short hairs.

The cocoon of the pupa is ovate, hard, and in texture somewhat

like that of Trichtosoma Lucorum, Leach ; its operculum is semiorbi-

cular, with a broad hinge and narrow rim: the shell of the pupa is

similar to that of other Melolonthide.

Mr. Curtis describes in great detail the several parts of this In-

sect, and illustrates them by an extensive series of drawings, which

were exhibited; as were also specimens of the Insect itself.

Mr. Curtis also communicated a Paper ‘“‘On a species of Moth

found inhabiting the Gals of a Plant, near Monte Video.” The galls

in question were collected by Mr. Earle (who accompanied Captain

Fitzroy in H. M. S. Beagle,) in the month of December, about fif-

teen miles westward of the town, on a sort of underwood shrub,

which Mr. David Don, on the examination of the small branches,

and of a single leaf, thinks may probably be a species of Celastrus.

Of the figures in illustration of the paper exhibited to the Meeting,

one represents a branch supporting two of the galls, which are some-

times clustered five or six together. ‘They arise where the attach-

ment of leaves or flowers is indicated, and are therefore most proba-

bly produced by the transformation of the buds themselves, acted on

by the stimulus of the insect secretions. On the side of each gall is

a round aperture, with an operculum accurately fitted to it, which may

easily be picked out with the point of a penknife. This operculum

is equally convex on its outer surface with the rest of the gall, and

is of the same thickness ; but its internal diameter is less than that of

its external surface, which forms a broader rim. Around the orifice

the margin of the gall is thickened and a little raised. Within each

of the entire galls was found a pupa attached to the base by its tail,

with its head close to the operculum; which, it should seem, gives

way by a slight expansion or elongation of the pupa when just ready

to hatch, and the cast skin is left sticking in the passage.

Mr. Curtis observes that he was very much surprised to find on exa-

mination that the pupe contained in these galls belonged not to the

Hymenoptera but to the Lepidopterous order; an occurrence hitherto

almost unprecedented. The characters of the Insect, as far as could

be detected from the imperfect state in which it was found, are as

follows :

CrEcrDosEs.

Caput parvum.

Antenne corpus longitudine “equantes, graciles, ciliate, articulis

elongatis numerosis: in capitis vertice prope oculos insertz.

Thorax squamulis depressis vestitus.

Abdomen subrobustum, ovato-conicum.

Pedes longi; tibiis anticis spina prope apicem munitis, intermediis

posticisque ad apicem calcaratis, his densé squamulatis et in medio

preterea bi-spinosis ; ¢arsis 5-articulatis, articulo basali longissimo ;

unguibus pulvillisque minutis.

Ale sublanceolate.

Crcrposrs Eremita. Cec. cinereus; alis anticis saturaté brunneo

maculatis, dense ciliatis ; posticis albidis.

Hab. prope Monte Video. Pupa in gallis Celastri ? abscondita.

From the stoutness of the body Mr. Curtis is inclined to refer the

Moth to the Tortricide ; if belonging to Pyralide or Crambide, its

palpi should be more strongly developed, but neither they nor the

macille were discoverable.

Figures of the imperfectly developed moth and of several of its

parts, as well as of the galls and their opercula, together with spe-

cimens of the latter, were exhibited in illustration of the paper.

February 24, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read from Lady Rolle, addressed to the Secretary,

giving an account of the birth of two young Monkeys, the produce of

a pair of Ouistitis (Jacchus penicillatus, Geoff.) in her Ladyship’s

possession. The parents were obtained in London during the last

summer, and the young were produced on the Ist of January: one

was born dead, but the other still survives, being about six weeks

old. It appears likely to live, and is every day put on the table

at the dessert, and fed upon sweet cake. Lady Rolle states that the

mother takes great care of it, exactly in the manner described by

Edwards in his ‘ Gleanings,’ p. 151, pl. 218; where the animal is

figured and described under the name of the Sanglin.

It was observed that young of the same species had been born at

the Society’s Gardens, but not living; and that a female in the

collection of the President, the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley, had pro-

duced, about the same time as Lady Rolle’s, two living and healthy

young ones, which are still thriving.

Mr. Gould exhibited a living specimen of the red-billed Toucan,

Ramphastos erythrorhynchus, Gmel., which had recently come into

his possession.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained

in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought at the present Meet-

ing under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters

by Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus VENUs.

Venus Cotumpiensis. Ven. testd rotundato-ellipticd, crassd, ci-

nereo albidoque variegatd, radiatim costatd, costis plurimis, pla-

nulato-rotundatis, quam interstitia dupld latioribus ; latere antico

breviore, costis decussatim squamosis, squamulis brevibus, obtusis ;

lateris postici costis rugosis ; partis intermedia costis sublevibus ;

intus albicante : long. 2°2, lat. 1°3, alt. 1°9 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B. S.

Venus supimBricata. Ven. testd cordato-subtrigond, crassa, Susco

albidoque radiatim lineata vel variegatd, costellis radiantibus con-

Fertis, costis subimbricatis decussantibus, prope umbonem lamelli-

Feris ; latere antico breviore, impressione cordatd anticd magnd ;

latere postico longiore, declivi, planato, depresso; margine ventrali

rotundato, inttis denticulato: long. 1°6, lat. 1°, alt. 1°6 poll,

Hab. ad Portam Portreram Americe Centralis.

Found in fine sand in thirteen fathoms.

Variat tesla parvd longiore, costis decussantibus omnibus lamellife-

ris: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°7 poll.

Hab. ad Acapulco.—G. B.S.

VrENUS UNDATELLA. Ven. testd rotundato-ellipticd, crassd, albidé

fusco maculatd punctatd et undatim pictd, costellis radiantibus

confertis, aliisque decussantibus undulatis sublamellosis ; latere

antico breviore, postico subdeclivi, marginibus depressis ; margine

ventrali rotundato, intis crenulato: long. 1°6, lat. 1°, alt. 1°5

oll.

Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Island of Tres Marias.)

Found on the shore.—G. B.S.

Venus piscrepans. Ven. testa ellipticd, crassd, albicante, fusco

subradiatim pictd ; latere antico breviore, subproducto ; postico

subdeclivi ; marginibus depressis ; costis concentricis postice lamel-

losis, medio obtusis, latiusculis, antic? sublamellosis ; umbonibus

subprominentibus ; margine ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato :

long. 1°4, lat. 0-8, alt. 1°25 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie. (Islay.)

The blunt, rather broad, concentric ribs of the middle part of each

valve are speckled with brown on their upper surfaces, and delicately

crenulated on their ventral margins.

Found in muddy sand at a depth of sixteen fathoms.—G.B.S.

Venus mutticostata. Ven. testd ellipticd, ventricosd, crassd, con-

centrice multicostatd, costis reflexis, crassis, antice undulatis, me-

dio crenatis, posticé alternatim interruptis, subirregularibus, sub-

undulatis ; marginibus dorsali rectiusculo, ventrali rotundato ; im-

pressione cordiformi anticd distinctd : long. 4°3, lat. 2°7, alt. 3°7

poll.

Hab. in Sinu Paname.

This is perhaps the largest species known. It is a very handsome

shell, of a pale fawn colour, with several darker rays, somewhat

divided into spots.

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus Peruviana. Ven. testd obovatd, crassd, concentricé costatd,

costis crassiusculis, sublamellosis, anticé reflexis, medio reflezis,

fulvo articulatis, postice deflevis, tenuioribus ; latere postico quam

anticum dupld longiere, marginibus depressis, planatis ; margine

ventrali rotundato, intis levi: long. 2:3, lat. 1:2, alt. 1:9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Peruviz. (Ancon.) ©

Found in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms.—G, B.S.

Venus Austratis. Ven. testd ovato-subtrigond, crassiusculd, ful-

vescente maculis angulosis subtrigonis subradiatim pictd, concen-

tric lamellosd, lamellis concinnis confertis, tenuibus, obtusis, pul-

cherrime radiatim decussatis, prope latera elevatioribus ; margi-

nibus dorsali subelevato, ventrali rotundato, intis denticulato -

long. 1:1, lat. 0°55, alt. 0-9 poll.

Hab, ad oras Australie. (Swan River.)-——G. B.S.

cal a i

Venus spurca. Ven. testd ovatd, crassd, sordidé fulvd fusco ra-

diatim maculosd, concentricé subobsoleté costellatd, costellis obtu-

sis, prope latera subinterruptis ; margine ventrali intis denticulato :

long. 1-1, lat. 0°6, alé.0°9 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of from thirty to fifty fathoms.

—G.B.S.

Genus CyrHEREA.

CyTHEREA rAapiaTA. Cyth. testa subtrigond, subequilaterd, gibbosd,

pallescente brunneo radiatd et undulatim pictd, levi, epidermide

corned crassiusculd plus minusve indutd ; lateribus antico postico-

gue ventrem versus rotundatis ; margine ventrali rectiusculo, intis

levi: long. 2°5, lat. 1°5, alt, 2° poll.

Hab. ad oras Columbie Occidentalis. (Salango and Xipixapi.)—

G. B.S.

This species belongs to that division of the genus which has four

cardinal teeth, and is destitute of the cordiform anterior impression.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B. S.

CyTHEREA unicotor. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordiformi, crassius-

culd, brunnescente, levi, politd ; lateribus antico posticoque con-

centrice sulcatis, sulcis medio obsoletis ; latere postico longiore,

versus partem ventralem subacuminato ; margine ventrali levi,

intis purpurascente : long. 1°6, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad Real Llejos Americz Centralis.

Variat testd majore, albicante.

Found in coarse sand at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. 8.

CyTHEREA concinna. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd,

rubente albicante radiatd ; latere postico longiore, subacuminato ;

costellis numerosis, concentricis, obtusis, concinnis, confertis :

long. 1°6, lat. 0°8, alt. 1*2 poll.

Had. ad Panamam.

Found at a depth of ten fathoms in fine sand.—G. B.S.

CyTHEREA SQuALIDA. Cyth. testd ovato-subcordatd, crassiusculd,

levi, pallide fuscd, nonnunquam maculis irregularibus saturatiori-

bus ; epidermide fused ; latere postico longiore, prope partem ven-

tralem subacuminato : long. 2°7, lat. 1°3, alt. 2° poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

This shell bears some resemblance to Cyth. maculosa. It has ge-

nerally a very dull and dirty aspect. One of the several varieties in

Mr. Cuming’s collection is rather agreeably ornamented with con-

centric purple bands.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—G. B. S.

A paper was read by Mr. Owen, entitled, “‘ Description of a Micro-

scopic Entozoon infesting the Muscles of the Human Body.” The

author observes, that upwards of fifteen different kinds of internal

parasites are already known to infest the human body, but none have

been found of so minute a size, or existing in such astonishing num-

bers, as the species about to be described. The muscles of bodies

dissected at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital had been more than once

noticed by Mr..Wormald, the Demonstrator of Anatomy at that esta-

blishment, to be beset with minute whitish specks; and this appear-

ance having been again remarked in that of an Italian, aged 45, by

Mr. Paget, a student of the hospital, who suspected it to be produced

by minute EHntozoa, the suspicion was found to be correct, and

Mr. Owen was furnished with portions of the muscles, on which he

made the following observations.

With a lens of an inch focus the white specks are at once seen to

be cysts of an elliptical figure, with the extremities in general atte-

nuated, elongated, and more opake than the body (or intermediate

part) of the cyst, which is sufficiently transparent to show that it con-

tains a minute coiled-up worm. On separating the muscular fasci-

culi, the cysts are found to adhere to the surrounding cellular sub-

stance by the whole of their external surface, somewhat laxly at the

middle dilated part, but more strongly by means of their elongated

extremities. When placed on a micrometer, they measure +!5th of an

inch in their longitudinal and +;5th of an inch in their transverse di-

ameter, a few being somewhat larger, and others diminishing in size

to about one half of the above dimensions. They are generally placed

in single rows, parallel to the muscular fibres, at distances varying

from 4 a line to a line apart ; but sometimes a larger and a smaller

cyst are seen attached together by one of their extremities, and they

are occasionally observed slightly overlapping each other.

If a thin portion of muscle be dried and placed in Canada balsam,

between a plate of glass and a plate of talc, the cysts become more

transparent, and allow of the contained worm being more plainly seen.

Under a lens of the focus of 4 an inch, the worm appears to occupy

a circumscribed space of a less elongated and more regularly ellipti-

cal form than the external cyst, as if within a smaller cyst contained

in the larger: it does not occupy more than a third part of the inner

space. A few of the cysts have been seen to contain two distinct

worms; and Mr. Farr, who has paid much attention to the subject,

exhibited a drawing of one of the cysts from this subject, containing

three distinct worms, all of nearly equal size. Occasionally the tip

of one of the extremities of the cyst is observed to be dilated and

transparent, as though a portion of the larger cyst were about to be

separated by a process of gemmation; and these small attached cysts

are seen of different sizes, and, as it were, in different stages of growth.

This appearance, however, Mr. Owen conceives to be explicable with-

out a reference of a power of independent vitality to either of the

adherent cysts. The cysts are composed of condensed and compacted

lamelle of cellular tissue ; but a few are hardened by the deposition

of some earthy salt, so as to resist the knife and to produce a gritty

sensation when broken under pressure.

When removed from the interior of the cyst, which, on account of

the minuteness of the object, is a matter of some difficulty, the worm

is usually found to be disposed in two or two and a half spiral coils.

When straightened it measures from -",th to ;',th of an inch in length,

and from +}->th to s3cth of an inch in diameter: a high magnifying

power is consequently required for its examination. It is round and

filiform, terminating obtusely at both extremities, which are of un-

equal sizes, and tapering towards one end for about a fifth part of its

length, but continuing of uniform diameter from that point to the

opposite extremity. As it is only at the larger extremity that he has

been enabled to distinguish an indication of an orifice, Mr. Owen

regards that as the head. He states that this indication has been so

constant in a number of individuals examined under every variety of |

circumstance, that he has no hesitation in ascribing a large transverse

linear orifice or mouth to the greater extremity.

The recently extracted worm, observed by means of a Wollaston’s

doublet, before any evaporation of the surrounding moisture has af-

fected its integument, presents a smooth transparent external skin,

inclosing a fine granular and flaky substance or parenchyma. It is

obvious that the test of coloured food cannot here be applied to elu-

cidate the form of the digestive organs, but there is no appearance

of the parietes of an alimentary canal floating in a visceral cavity and

distinct from the integument of the body, nor was any trace of an

_ orifice observed at the smaller extremity. Mr. Owen was also un-

able to detect in any instance a projecting spicuJum or hook at

either extremity, or any appearance of the worm having been torn

from an attached cyst. Its transparency is such as not to admit of

a doubt as to its wanting the ovarian and seminal tubes, and the

other characteristics of the complicated structure of Filaria, Ascaris,

and the Nematoid Entozoa generally. It is not of a rigid texture, but

is extremely fragile, and exhibits when uncoiled a tendency to return

in some degree to its former state.

Mr. Owen refers to the genus Capsularia as established by Zeder,

and rejected by Rudolphi, (who considers its species as belonging

either to Filaria or Ascaris,) for the purpose of contrasting the

complicated organization of the worms composing it with the ex-

tremely simple structure of the encysted worm under considera-

tion. The circumstance of being inclosed in cysts he stated to be

common to many very differently organized genera of Entozoa.

There are few, indeed, with the exception of those which live upon

the mucous surfaces of the body, that do not, by exciting the adhe-

sive inflammation, become inclosed within an adventitious cyst of

condensed cellular substance. He regards the simple type of struc-

ture exhibited by the minute animal now for the first time described

as approximating it to the lower organized groups of the Vers Pa-

renchymateux of Cuvier; and both from its locality and from the

constancy of its cysts, he regards it as manifesting a relation of

analogy to the order Cystica of Rudolphi. From all the genera of

that order, however, it differs in the want of the complex armature

of the head, and of the dilated vesicle of the tail. At first sight it

seems indicative of an annectant group which would complete the

circular arrangement of the Entozoa by combining the form of the

Filarie of the first, with some of the characteristics of the Cysticerci

of the last, of Rudolphi’s orders. Unfortunately the class Entozoa,

as it now stands, is so constituted that an animal may be referred to

it without much real or available knowledge of its organization being

thereby afforded: it embraces animals with the molecular, and others

with the filiform, condition of the nervous system; conditions which are

accompanied by different types of the digestive system, and which in-

dicate not merely differences of class, but even of primary division, in

the animal kingdom. Mr. Owen considers the animal under consider-

ation as being most nearly allied to that form of the Polygastric In-

fusoria which is exhibited by the lower organized Vibriones of Miller,

and of which Ehrenberg has composed his genera Vibrio, Spirillum,

and Bacterium; and that, like the seminal Cercarie, it may be regarded

as an example from the lowest class of the animal kingdom having its

habitat in the interior of living animal bodies. Referring it, however,

provisionally, to the class Entozoa, in which it would indicate a new

order, its generic character may be thus given:

TRICHINA.

Animal pellucidum, filiforme, teres, postice attenuatum : ore lineari,

ano discreto nullo, tubo intestinali genitalibusque inconspicuis. (In vesica

externa cellulosa, elasticd, plerumque solitarium.)

Tricurna spiraLis. Trich. minutissima, spiraliter, rard fleruose,

incurva ; capite obtuso, collo nullo, caudd attenuatd obtusd. (Vesica

externd ellipticd, extremitatibus plerumque attenuatis elongatis.)

Hab. in hominis musculis (preter involuntarios) per totum corpus

diffusa, creberrima.

Mr. Owen further states that within about a fortnight of the former

case, a second body similarly affected had been brought into the dis-

secting-room of Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital ; and some notes were

furnished by Mr. Paget, who first observed the worms in the Italian,

with regard to the cases of the two patients while living in the Ho-

spital. From these it appeared that both had died after long and de-

bilitating illness, producing great emaciation, unaccompanied, how-

ever, With any eruption on the skin, or any greater loss of muscular

power than would probably have arisen from the diseases of which

they died. The occurrence of two cases in the same dissecting-

room within so short a period of each other, and the recollection of

similar appearances being not unfrequently present in other bodies

dissected there, combined with an account published in the Medical

Gazette for February 2, 1838, of very small Cysticerci occurring in

the muscles of a subject at Guy’s Hospital, which cannot but be con-

sidered referrible to the same cause, render it highly probable that a

sufficient number of observations will soon occur to elucidate this

curious disease. In two of the cases the emaciation was accompa-

nied by external, and in the third by internal, ulceration; but no

connexion was traced between the worm and any of the symptoms

of the disease.

In a portion of muscle placed, after it had reached a state of inci-

pient putrescence, in spirit of wine for three days, the worms, when

pressed out from their cysts, exhibited languid, but sufficiently evi-

dent motions, consisting in the tightening and relaxation of their

coils; and more languid motions were afterwards noticed in some

specimens that were examined a fortnight after the death of the sub-

ject from which they were obtained.

Mr. Owen enters at some length into the question of the origin

of the cyst, and after comparing its structure and connexions with

various more or less analogous productions, he states his opinion that

the cyst is adventitious, foreign to the Kntozoon, and composed of the

cellular substance of the body infested, morbidly altered by the irri-

tation of the worm.

. The reading of the paper was. accompanied by the exhibition of

drawings showing portions of the infested muscle, with magnified

representations of the cysts and of the worms contained within them;

and specimens of the objects themselves were also placed upon the

table for examination with the aid of Mr. Pritchard’s microscope,

lent by him for that purpose.

Mr. Owen also read a Paper ‘‘On the Anatomy of Linguatula

Tenioides, Cuv.” After referring to the observations on the anato-

mical structure of this highly organized Entozoon, published by Cu-

yier and Rudolphi, he proceeds to state the results of his own dis-

section of a fine specimen, 34 inches in length, for which he was in-

debted to Mr. Langstaff. The whole body is invested with a smooth,

transparent, rather fine cuticle, which, from maceration, and proba-

bly slight decomposition, had become detached. In this epidermis

there exist no marks of an annulate structure; but the cutis, or mus-

cular parietes of the body, is distinctly divided into segments slightly

overlapping each other, and most obvious on the sides of the body,

which are its thickest and most muscular portions. The dorsal and

yentral parietes, on the contrary, are so transparent as to allow of the

contained parts being readily seen through them.

The most essential difference between Linguatula and the Cestoidea,

among which it was first placed by Chabert, consists in the genera-

tive organs being androgynous, with the oviduct continued from one

end of the body to the other. Rudolphi, uncertain with regard to

the structure of the digestive organs, placed it among the Trema-

toda ; but the specimen under examination affords conclusive. evi-

dence of the justice of Cuvier’s removal of it to the Nematoidea. The

alimentary canal commences at the central foramen, or true mouth,

and runs straight to the opposite extremity of the body, terminat-

ing immediately above the orifice of the genital tube; the wsophagus

being 4rd of a line in length, and opening into a suddenly dilated canal,

which continues with little variation of diameter to the anus.

_ At the distance of a line posterior to the mouth, on the ventral

aspect of the body, the nurrow extremities of two elongated vesicles,

3:lines in length and more than + a line in diameter, adhere firmly

to the integument, the remainder hanging freely in the abdominal

cavity. These Mr. Owen considers to be analogous to the impreg-

nating glands of the hermaphrodite Rotifera, &c. The ovary, which

is distinct from the tube so called by Cuvier and Rudolphi, is a nar-

row, elongated, minutely granulated body, extending along the me-

sial line of the dorsal parietes of the body for the extent of its two

anterior thirds: about + an inch from the head it gives off two slen-

der capillary tubes, which unite below the origins of the lateral

nerves, and enter the commencement of the oviduct. The com-

mencement of this tube, formed by the junction of the two ducts

just mentioned with those of the seminal vesicles, is very narrow:

in the greater part of its course it is coiled in numerous and complex

gyrations around the intestine, but towards the lower third of the

body its coils become fewer and more distant, the brown ova are

seen in scattered masses, and at length it runs parallel with the in-

testine straight to the anus. It is widest at the commencement of

the coils; then becomes narrower; and afterwards continues of the

same diameter to its termination.

The cerebral ganglion mentioned by Cuvier was very conspicuous

in the specimen here described : it is situated between the mouth and

the commencement of the oviduct, and is consequently sub-cesopha-

geal. Eight pairs of nerves may be distinguished going from it in a

radiated manner. This radiated disposition of the nervous system is

similar to that which obtains in the Slug (Limaz); and it may also

be observed that the disposition of the muscular system in Limav is

analogous to that of Linguatula, being most developed at the sides of

the foot, and least along the middle line, which is thin and semi-

transparent when viewed against the light. If it were allowable to

trace further the analogy of form subsisting between genera so widely

separated, the two fosse with their little hooks on either side the

mouth of Linguatula, might be compared with the two depressions,

which, when the ¢entacula are retracted, may be seen in the same

situation in the head of the Slug. It is the superior organization of

these parts, required for its superior powers of locomotion, that ren-

ders necessary the further development of the nervous system in the

Slug; and the completion of the cerebral ring and the development

of the supra-cesophageal ganglia constitute the chief difference be-

tween it and Linguatula in this part of their organization. In like

manner the action of the muscles in the Slug occasions waste, and

demands a proportionate supply of new material; and hence the ne-

cessity of the superaddition of a sanguineous system for the car-

riage of the restorative molecules, of a more complex digestive appa-

ratus for their supply, and of respiratory and secretory organs for the

elimination of the waste parts of the body. In Linguatula, on the

contrary, the sphere of action being limited to a dark cavity, the

necessity for the superadded structures does not exist; its food, al-

ready animalized, requires only a simple canal to complete its assi-

milation; neither heart nor vessels are conspicuous ; and it is pro-

bable that nutrition is effected by transudation and imbibition.

The reading of Mr. Owen’s Paper was accompanied by the exhi-

bition of drawings in illustration of the structures described in it,

" March 10, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq.,.in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of led species of Trogon, partly

from the Society’s collection, and partly from that of Mr. Gould;

and, at the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould called the attention

of the Meeting to some of the more interesting among them.

One of them was the Bird represented by M. Temminck, in his

‘ Planches Coloriées’, under the name of Trog. fasciatus; and on this

Mr. Gould remarked, that having had an opportunity of examining

the drawing made by Forster, on which Pennant’s original descrip-

tion was founded, he had ascertained that it represented a species

altogether distinct from M. Temminck’s Bird, and much more nearly

resembling Z'rog. Malabaricus. As the name of Tog. fasciatus

must necessarily remain with the species originally described under

it, the one figured by M. Temminck requires another designation;

and Mr. Gould proposed for it that of Trog. Temminckiz.

Another, was the splendid species figured by M. Temminck, in

the same work, under the name of T'rog. pavoninus, a name by which

it is now generally known; but on referring to M. Spix’s ‘Avium

Brasiliensium Species Nove,’ the original description and figure of

Trog. pavoninus, Spix, appear to Mr. Gould to have reference to a

totally different species, distinguishable by its smaller size, by the

absence of crest from its head, by the comparative shortness of its

hinder back plumes (which do not extend more than a few inches

beyond the tail), and by the whole of the tail-feathers being black.

The species exhibiting the peculiarities just adverted to will, of

course, retain its original name of 7'rog. pavoninus ; for the other

Mr. Gould proposed that of

TRoGoN RESPLENDENS. Trog. plumis capitis noteique laxis, lan-

ceolatis, illus cristam efformantibus, hujus posterioribus longissi-

mis, tripedalibus ; supra et ad guttur pectusque splendidé aureo-

viridis ; ventre crissoque coccineis; rectricibus sex intermediis

nigris, ceteris albis ad apicem tantummodo nigris.

Foem.? vel Junior? Capite, gutture, pectoreque obscure viridibus ;

dorso viridi; ventre cinerascenti-brunneo ; crisso coccineo ; capite

subcristato ; tectricibus caude superioribus brevioribus ; rectrici-

bus externis tribus utrinque albis nigro fasciatis.

Rostrum flavum, in foemina? juniori? nigrum: tarst brunnei.

Hab. in Mexico in provinciis Austrum spectantibus.

Mr. Gould also characterized two species, hitherto apparently un-

described.

No. XXVII. Procrrepines or THE Zoo.ocicaL Society,

Trogon ampicuus. Trog. capite guttureque nigris ; pectore,

cervice, dorso, caudceque tectricibus superioribus viridibus ; als

brunneo-nigris, in medio cinereis lineis gracilibus Jlexuosis trans-

versim notatis ; rectricibus duabus intermediis proximarumque

duarum utrinque pogoniis externis cupreo-viridibus, harum pogo-

niis internis omniumque apicibus nigris, reliquis ad basin nigris,

ad apicem albis, in medio albis maculis parvis numerosis sparsis

nigris.

Long. tot. 12 unc.; ale, 54; cauda, 74.

Rostrum flavum: tarsi brunnei.

Hab. in Mexico in plagis Septentrionalibus.

This Bird is very nearly related to Tog. elegans, a species cha-

racterized by Mr. Gould at the ss of the Society on April 8,

1834, (Proceedings, Part II. p. 26). It differs by having the outer

tail-feathers obscurely and finely: dotted, while in Tog. elegans they

are marked by strong and well-defined bars; and by having the mid~

dle of the wing much more finely and minutely barred than the latter

bird. These distinctions, although apparently trivial, having been

observed by Mr. Gouldin many specimens, and the individuals seen

by him of Z'rog. ambiguus having been brought exclusively from

the northern, while those of Tog. elegans have all been collected in

the southern states of Mexico; he is induced to regard the two Birds

as being, very probably, specifically distinct.

Trogon cirreotus. T'rog. vertice, collo, dorso, guttureque cceru-

lescenti-viridibus ;_ rectricibus duabus intermediis ad apicem,

proximarum duarum utrinque pogoniis internis, reliquisque ad ba-

sin nigris, his apicem versus albis ; ventre citrino in aurantiacum

vergente ; alis brunnescenti-nigri is, rectricum pogonis externis

albo fimbriatis.

Foem. Capite, gutture, dorsoque saturate cinereis; rectricibus sex

intermediis brunnescenti-nigris: in ceteris mari simillima.

Long. tot. 10} unc.; ale, 54; caude, 6; rostri, arictu ad apicem, 1.

Rostrum coerulescenti-corneum.

Hab.

This species differs from Tog. violaceus by its smaller size, the

lighter colour of its under surface, and the great extent of the white

at the ends of the outer tail-feathers.

Mr. Owen commenced the reading of a Paper “On the com-

parative Osteology of the Orang and Chimpanzee.” He stated that

he was indebted to Mr. Walker for the opportunity of examining

and describing in detail the skeleton of an adult Chimpanzee, ob-

tained by that gentleman a few years since from the west coast of

Africa, which had enabled him to compare it with that of the young

animal. ‘This comparison evidenced in that species a series of changes,

in the advance towards maturity, analogous to those which take

place in the Orang and the Pongo, and consequently afforded a strong

confirmation of the opinion which regards the latter animal as the

adult of the former.

The general appearance and proportion of the Chimpanzee, Mr.

Owen remarks, are unquestionably the most anthropoid that the

Quadrumanous order presents; but many marked and essential

differences are observable upon a close comparison. The skull of

the adult is of a narrow elongated ovate figure, slightly contracting

towards the anterior part, which is, as it were, truncated, from the

depth and direction of the symphysis of the lower jaw. Compared

with the rest of the body it is of small size, owing to the arrested

development of the cerebral portion, which, as in other Quadrumana,

is altogether posterior, the face sloping forwards in the adult ani-

mal, at an open angle, as in the Baboons. Its exterior surface is

devoid of the intermuscular frontal and sagittal crests which give

sO strong a carnivorous character to the skull of the Orang. The

extent of the origin of the temporal muscles is, however, readily

traceable by a slightly elevated ridge of bone: it differs considerably

in the adult and in the foetal skulls, but exactly accords with the in-

crease in the power of mastication required for the due action of the

large permanent teeth. It is possible that the slight development of

the intermuscular crest may be a sexual character ; for in an adult

female cranium of the Orang, the crest was scarcely more prominent

than in the Chimpanzee : in the latter, however, its development. is

less to be expected, in consequence of the smaller comparative size

of the canine teeth. The muscular impressions on the occipital re-

gion are also less strongly marked than in the Orang, in which the

occipital foramen is nearer the posterior plane and its position is

more oblique. There is a greater proportion of brain behind the

meatus auditorius externus in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang, and

this disproportion is much greater in the adult than in the young.

Considerable changes also take place in the relations of the meatus

auditorius with the glenoid cavity for the articulation of the lower

jaw, in consequence of the increased development of the maxillary

apparatus, while the cranium remains nearly stationary; and a pro-

cess, of which the rudiment is perceptible in the young animal, co-

extending in downward growth with the changed position of the

articulation, becomes interposed between the condyle and the meatus,

and aifords a support against backward dislocation. In the cranium

of the negro, a similar process may be traced in a rudimental con-

dition, anterior to the fissura Glaseri, as in the young Chimpanzee.

The zygoma is proportionally weaker than in the Orang. But

the most remarkable characteristic of the skull of the Chimpanzee,

both in the young and adult states, is the large projecting supra-

orbital ridges, which being continued into each other across the

glabella, form a sort of barrier between the head and face. The

cranial sutures, which are obliterated in the adult Orang, syndac-

tylous Ape, and more or less in the Baboons, are for the most part

persistent in the Chimpanzee, as in the human subject. Enough of

the squamous suture remains to show that the anterior angle of the

temporal bone joins the frontal, and separates the parietal and sphe-

noid bones, as in the young. The condyloid processes are propor-

tionately smaller than: in the human subject, and their articular sur-

face is directed more outwardly. The foramen magnum is thrown

back to about the middle of the posterior third of the base of the

skull, and its plane is inclined from before upwards at an angle of 5°.

There are no posterior condyloid foramina. The styloid process is re-

presented by a very small tuberosity. A considerable space inter-

venes between the foramen magnum and the bony palate, which it-

self equally exceeds the corresponding portion of the human skull.

The zygomatic arches are opposite to the middle third of the cranium

as seen from below, in which position also the contraction of the

skull between the zygomata offers a marked distinction from that of

Man.

In the front view of the cranium, the threatening supraciliary ridges

almost hide the cephalic cavity from view; and the latter, instead of

forming a broad back-ground to the face, as in the young Chimpan-

zee, and still more in Man, is surpassed in breadth by the lateral

boundaries of the orbits and the zygomatic arches. The orbits are

seated higher than in the Orang, and are larger in proportion; but

their plane is more perpendicular, and they are wider apart. In

neither the Chimpanzee nor the Orang is there a supraorbitary

foramen, but its place is marked by a slight groove. The lachrymal

bones are entirely confined to the orbit. A character by which the

Chimpanzee approximates more closely than the Orang to the human

subject is found in the nasal bone, which projects in a slightly arched

form beyond the interorbital plane, and exhibits at its lower margin

a trace of its original separation into two lateral portions: it is an-

chylosed with the os frontis and the suture obliterated. The malar

bones are largely developed, and two or three small foramina are

observable in the process on the outside of the orbit. The contour

of the upper jaw from the nasal aperture to the incisor teeth is almost

straight, while in the Orang it is rendered concave by the greater

development of the alveolar processes of the intermaxillary bones.

The obliteration of the sutures between these bones and the upper

maxillary takes place at a much earlier period in the Chimpanzee

than in the Orang; although in the young animal, when the first

dentition is complete, traces of the original separation are still

visible. The situation of the foramina incisiva is always indicative

of the original extent of these bones, and in no Mammal do they

approximate so closely to the incisive teeth as in Man, The infra-

orbitary canal opens upon the face by a single foramen: Mr. Owen

has observed a second in one young specimen, but never more. In

the Orang there are usually three or more, as in many of the inferior

Simi. The lower jaw, like the upper, is characterized by its strength

and relative size. Its symphysis recedes, but the depth at this part

is much less than in the Orang. The alveoli advance more nearly

to the level of the condyle, and consequently approximate propor-

tionally to’the structure of the brute; the mental foramen is single.

Mr. Owen next proceeds to notice the dental formula and the

characters of the teeth; and observes particularly on the modifica-

tions in their arrangement and relative position consequent on the

preponderating development of the cuspidatus, He also points out,

the more important deviations which occur in the disposition and

development of the different bones of the face in connexion with the

same influential condition of the organs of mastication; and then

continues his description of the skeleton of the Chimpanzee by pass-

ing to that of the trunk. ,

The number of the vertebre is the same as in Man; but an addi-

tional rib subtracts one from the lumbar to be added to the dorsal

series. The spines of the cervical vertebre are simple and elon-

gated; that of the third being the shortest, with the exception of

the atlas, which, as usual, is without spine. The bodies of the lum-

bar vertebre are proportionally smaller than in Man; a difference

easily accounted for by the necessity of affording a basis for the

support of the latter in the erect position; and the same recession

from the Bimanous type is manifested inthe narrow and elongated

form of the sacrum. In the adult animal, but less conspicuously in

the young, the iliac bones rise on either side of the last lumbar ver-

tebra, and are partially attached to it. The coccygeal are anchy-

losed together, but not with the sacrum; three are distinctly visible

in the young. Of the sacral vertebre only the two superior are

united to the iliac bones. The pelvis differs from that of Man in all

those particulars which characterize the Quadrumana, and which re-

late to the imperfection of their means of maintaining the erect posi-

tion. The iliac bones are long, fiat, and narrow, the anterior sur-

face stretching outwards almost parallel with the plane of the sacrum;

the aperture is elongated and narrow; and the tuberosities of the

ischia are broad, thick, and curved outwards. There is, however,

a provision for a more extended attachment of the g/ut@i muscles in

a greater breadth of the tlia between the superior spinous processes

than is observed in the inferior Simie; and we may thence infer

that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained in the Chim-

panzee.

In the relative size and strength of the lower extremities, the Chim-

panzee claims a much closer relationship to the human subject than

the Orang. Both animals exhibit in this respect permanent condi-

tions that are transitory in Man: in the Orang the legs have the cur-

tailed proportions which they present in the human fetus of four

months’ gestation; in the Chimpanzee they retain the relative size of

the yearling infant. The femur, not more bent anteriorly than in

Man, has its neck of equal comparative length, but standing out

more obliquely from the shaft. In the adult, as well as in the young

Chimpanzee, the depression in the head of the femur for the attach-

ment of the ligamentum teres, which is wanting in the Orang and

the Pongo, is found to exist, notwithstanding the remark of Meckel

to the contrary. ‘The tbia and fibula are proportionally thicker and

stronger than in Man; and the patella proportionally smaller. In

their relative size and position the tarsal bones more closely resemble

the corresponding bones of the human subject than those of any other

Quadrumanous animal. The outer articulating surface of the astra-

galus is, however, of larger size, and a corresponding disproportion

exists between the external and internal malleolus, the Jatter, from

its smaller size, presenting less resistance to the rotation of the tarsus

inwards. The os calcis projects further backwards than in the lower

Simie, but is more compressed laterally, and of much smaller pro-

portional size than in Man, The os naviculare projects further down-

wards, and the internal cuneiform bone has a corresponding inclina-

tion below the level of the tarsal bones. But whilst the Chimpanzee

exhibits the Quadrumanous characters in these particulars, and es-

pecially in the curtailed proportion and detached opposable condi-

tion of the hallua, it approaches more nearly to Man in the length

and strength of that member. The whole foot is much longer than

in the human subject; and the entire organization of the inferior

members evidently bespeaks a creature destined to reside in forests,

the modifications of the bony structure which add to the facility of

climbing and grasping, rendering the entire frame more dependent

on the upper extremities for the means of progression and support.

The size and expansion of the thorax is a marked character in

the Chimpanzee: it has thirteen ribs on each side, and the last two

pairs are proportionally longer than in Man, the end of the last not

being pointed, but widened for the attachment of a cartilage. The

sternum is flattened, but not so broad as in the Orang. The har-

moma between its body and the manubrium, and those between the

four single pieces of which the body is itself composed, remain visi-

ble in the adult skeleton. The clavicle is long and strong, and is

not straight, as in the Orang, but sigmoidally curved, though in a

less degree than in Man; while the scapula, on the other hand, re-

cedes further from the human type than in the Orang. 'The hume-

rus very closely resembles that of the human subject, but is propor-

tionally longer and stronger, and has its twist more strongly marked

and lower down on the bone. As the segments of the limbs recede

further from the trunk they become subject to greater and more

varied modifications. Thus the disproportionate length of the hu-

merus is succeded by a still greater elongation of the fore-arm, the

bones of which are also more curved from each other than in Man,

and the inter-osseous space consequently enlarged. The bones of

the carpus are the same in number. as in the human subject ;_ but the

trapezium and trapezoides are proportionally smaller, while the os

pisiforme nearly equals the os magnum. The thumb does not quite

equal in length the metacarpal bone of the first finger, and is as

slender and weak as it is short. Some little disproportion also exists

between the relative lengths of the fingers; but taken together they

are relatively stronger and more elongated than in Man.

After completing his detailed examination of the skeleton, Mr.

Owen reverts to the changes which it undergoes in its progress to

maturity, especially as regards the proportions of the head and face;

and states that he has derived full confirmation of the identity of

species in the young and adult crania, from a comparison of the

_crowns of the permanent teeth lodged within the jaws of the young

Chimpanzee with those which had replaced the deciduous teeth in

the older specimen. ‘The resemblance in point of size and figure was

exact, and left no room for doubt as to the point in question. The

succession takes place precisely as in the human subject, but the per-

manent teeth, and especially the incisors and canines, are proportion-

ally longer. The particulars of their form and arrangement are

given at length.

This portion of the paper was accompanied by an extensive series

of admeasurements of the different parts of the skeleton in the adult

and young Chimpanzee, compared with those of the young and adult

Orang ; and was further illustrated by numerous drawings, and by

the exhibition of Mr. Walker’s skeleton of the Champanzee, lent by

him for the purpose.

The second portion of the paper commences with the remark

that the opportunity which the rare and interesting skeleton of the

adult Chimpanzee, in the possession of Mr. Walker, had afforded of

tracing the changes of structure occurring in that 4 pe, in its progress

to the adult condition, had induced the author to review the question

relative to the identity of the young Sima Satyrus with the great

Pongo of Borneo, formerly brought by him under the notice of the

Society (‘Proceedings of Committee of Science and Correspondence,’

Part I. p. 9); and to consider the osteological structure of the latter,

or adult Orang, with reference to that of its less powerful and

more anthropoid congener, the Chimpanzee. This comparison

would show that the number and value of the points of resem-

blance, or of approximation, to the Bimanous structure are in

favour of the Chimpanzee; although in this, as in most other in-

stances, there are some particulars of its organization indicative of

a more marked relation with the inferior forms of the group than

with those which rank immediately below it.

In common with the skull of the Mandrill that of the adult Orang

is remarkable for its flattened occiput, formidable canine teeth, huge

jaws, widely expanded zygomatic arches, and strongly developed

cranial ridges; but it exhibits a marked distinction in its less brutalized

expression, resulting from the more perpendicular slope of the face,

the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges, the greater expan-

sion of the cerebral cavity, and the non-development of the supra-

maxillary ridges. Its cranium isless flattened at the vertex than that

of the Chimpanzee; and but little exceeds in capacity that of the young

at the period of acquiring its first permanent molares, the increase

in size being chiefly dependent on the thickening of the walls of the

skull. The ridges which circumscribe on the frontal bone the origin

of the temporal muscles inclose a triangular space, the smoothness

of which strongly contrasts with the irregular surface of the re-

mainder of the cranium; and the interparietal crest rises, as in

the Hyena and other Carnivora, high above the general level. The

situation of these ridges, with reference to the sutures, is only de-

terminable by comparing the faint commencement of their growth

in the young animal, very few traces of the sutures remaining in the

adult skull, That between the ala of the sphenoid bone and the

descending angle of the parietal, by means of which the frontal

and temporal are kept separate, and which offers one of the few

osteological differences in which the Orang has a closer approxima-

tion to the human structure than the Chimpanzee, is among those

which continue to be marked even in the adult. The occipital fora-

men approaches in figure, position, and aspect, nearer to that of

the lower Mammalia; the occipital condyles are more closely ap-

proximated anteriorly; the anterior condyloid foramina are double

on each side; and the carotid foramen is situated more posteriorly,

and is relatively smaller, than in the Chimpanzee. The petrous

portion of the temporal bone is smaller, while the glenoid cavity

forms a much larger proportion of the base of the skull. This cavity,

if such it may be called, presents a quadrate, almost flattened sur-

face, slightly concave in the transverse, and slightly convex in the

antero-posterior direction, affording an interesting correspondence

with the structure of the molar teeth, and indicative of the vegetable

diet of the animal. The styloid and styliform processes are want-

ing, as in the Chimpanzee ; the mastoid is represented by a protube-

rant ridge, and its cellular structure is visible in consequence of the

thinness of the external table. The ant-auditory process is more

developed than in the Chimpanzee, and the margins of the auditory

foramina are smoother.

On the bony palate, the relative positions of the foramina incisiva

correspond with the increased development of the laniary teeth, and

consequently deviate in a proportionate degree from their positions

in the Chimpanzee and in the human subject. Two or three fora-

mina remain on either side and indicate the original separation of the

incisive bones; and similar indications of the original harmonie

between the incisive and maxillary bones are seen on the anterior

part of the skull. In the Chimpanzce the obliteration of these sutures

takes place some time before the temporary teeth are shed; in the

Orang they remain until the permanent teeth are almost fully deve-

loped : in the human subject the intermaxillary bones can be traced

as distinct elements only in the early periods of foetal existence, when

they were first detected by the poet Goethe. In the Orang no part

of the os nasi projects, as in the Chimpanzee, beyond the plane of

the nasal processes of the superior maxillary bones; and there are

no traces of its original separation at the mesial line, while in the

Chimpanzee such traces are usually found, and Dr. Traill observed

two distinct ossa nasi in the young of that species dissected by him.

The lachrymal bones are proportionally larger than in Man; but, as

in the Chimpanzee and the higher Quadrumana, they are confined to

the orbit, the whole outer boundary of which has a more anterior

aspect than in the Chimpanzee, and is relatively broader and stronger,

but with the oblique posterior edge less developed. The interorbi-

tal space is relatively narrower, the disproportion increasing with

the development of the superior maxillary bones, and evidencing a

still further departure from the human form, There are three infra-

orbital foramina instead of one ; the upper maxillary bones are much

more largely developed in consequence of the great size of the

laniary teeth; and the incisor teeth project more obliquely forwards

than in the Chimpanzee.

“In all the peculiarities,” Mr. Owen observes, “ of the Orang’s

skull, which are independent of the changes consequent on the se-

cond dentition, we find an exact correspondence between the Simia

Satyrus, or young animal, and the Pongo, or adult. Thecrania equally

exhibit the absence of the projecting supraciliary ridges; the presence

of the double anterior condyloid foramina; the numerous infra-

orbitary foramina, and those in the malar bone; the same disposi-

tion of the cranial sutures; the same form of the os nasi; and con-

traction of the inter-orbital space. The character of the lower jaw

by which it differs from the Chimpanzee, viz. the greater height and

breadth of the rami, and the greater depth of the symphysis, are

equally manifested in the young as in the old Suma Satyrus. In

following out the same observations with regard to the germs of the

permanent teeth in the young Orang, the same satisfactory results

are obtained in reference to their identity with those which are fully

developed in the old animals, as were previously detailed in the ac-

count of the Chimpanzee.”

Mr. Owen then proceeds to describe in detail the appearances

presented by the germs of the permanent teeth, and to compare them

with the adult; and concludes this part of his subject by some ob-

servations on the apparent confusion in which these germs lie hid-

den within the jaw, and on the admirable and orderly arrangement

by which the most perfect regularity is established in their ultimate

position. Applying these observations to the replacement of the

teeth in man, he inquires, how it happens that when the chances of

disarrangement are so much fewer, the mal-position of the perma-

nent teeth is of so frequent occurrence, and finds the solution of

this problem in a mischievous interference with the agents to which

the necessary changes have been entrusted. ‘The means by which

the growth of the permanent teeth are kept in due restraint are too

often prematurely removed by anticipating the natural period of the

extraction of the temporary teeth; the act of extraction accelerates

the growth of the concealed teeth, both by the removal of the check

which nature has imposed upon it, and by the irritation induced in

the surrounding parts; and their full development being consequent-

ly acquired before the jaws have been sufficiently enlarged, they

occupy more or less of the relative position which they had when

half formed within their bony cavities.”

The conditions of the superior development of the spinous pro-

cesses of the cervical vertebre in the Orang, are obviously the back-

ward position of the occipital foramen, the disproportionate develop-

ment of the face, and the general anterior inclination of the vertebre

themselves. Those of the sixth and seventh vertebre have a slight

inclination towards the head, indicating that the centre of motion in

this region is nearer the head than in Man. The whole of the cer-

vical region is proportionally shorter, and consequently better adapted

to support the head; and the entire vertebral column has one gene-

ral curve dorsad from the atlas to the commencement of the sacrum,

where there is a slight curve in the contrary direction. Asin Man,

the number of the dorsal or costal vertebre is twelve, and this con-

stitutes one of the more important differences between the Orang

and the Chimpanzee. That of the lumbar vertebre is four, as in the

Chimpanzee, in the skeleton of the Pongo preserved in the Museum

of Comparative Anatomy at the Garden of Plants, and in the trunk

of the skeleton of the adult Orang in the collection of the Society;

in which latter, as the bones remain connected by their natural liga-

ments, there is no room for supposing a vertebra to have been acci-

dentally lost. The additional lumbar vertebra in the skeleton of the

Pongo in the College of Surgeons, on which some stress has been

laid, as indicative of its specific difference from the young Orang,

which has uniformly presented but four, indicates its abnormal cha-

racter by its form and situation. The human subject occasionally

presents a similar /usus in the addition of a sixth lumbar vertebra.

The spines of these vertebre are much shorter than in the Chim-

panzee: as in the latter, the sacrum is longer, narrower and straighter

than that of Man. Five sacral vertebre are perforated for the

passage of the spinal cord; three are imperforated, and are conse-

quently coccygeal: the latter are anchylosed together, but not with

the sacrum, in the adult.

The tlia are as much expanded as in the Chimpanzee, but flatter ;

and the tschia are less extended outwards, corresponding with the

smaller development of the lower extremities. Both the ischia and

ossa pubis resemble those of the Chimpanzee, in their more elongated

form; and the whole pelvis equally deviates from the Bimanous type

in its position with regard to the trunk. ‘The form of its superior aper-

ture is an almost perfect oval, the antero-posterior diameter of which

is to the transverse as three to two; and the axis of the brim forms,

with that of the outlet, a much more open angle than in the human

subject, The chest is amply developed, equalling in size that of

the human subject, except in being somewhat narrower from side to

side. The ribs are narrower and less flattened, but their curvature .

is nearly the same as in Man; the twelfth is much longer, and has

a long cartilage at its free extremity. The sternum is short, but

broader than in the Chimpanzee: it is composed, below the manu-

brium, of a double series of small bones, seven or eight in number.

This composition, always seen in the young Orang, is sufficiently

obvious in the adult Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur-

geons, but much less so in that of the Garden of Plants at Paris.

In the young Chimpanzee the sternum is composed of a single series

of bones; while in the human subject, although at an early period

of ossification, a single series only of ossific centres appears: at a

later stage the lower part of the sternum is frequently seen to be

composed of a double series.

The clavicles are almost straight; and the scapula also differs from

that of the Chimpanzee in its greater breadth, and from that of Man

in the inclination of its spine towards the superior costa, in the acro-

mion being narrow and claviform, and in the absence of the flattened

and over-hanging margin of the spine. Other differences exist in

the comparative dimensions and features of the supra- and sub-

spinal foss@, in the inclination of the coracoid process, and in the

direction of the glenoid cavity. But the principal feature in the

organization of the Orang, and that in which it differs most from

the Chimpanzee, consists in the relative length of the upper and

lower extremities, the arms in the former reaching to the heel. The

articular surface of the head of the humerus forms a complete hemi-

sphere; and in some specimens that bone is perforated between the

condyles, The principal peculiarities in the fore-arm consist in the

large space between the radius and ulna, occasioned by the outward

curve of the former, and in the absence of the acute margin on its

ulnar aspect. The proportion borne by the radius to the ulna is in

Man as 11 to 12; in the Orang as $6 to 37. The bones of the

hand offer the same elongated form, with the exception of those of

the thumb, which does not reach to the end of the metacarpal bone

of the fore-finger. Those of the carpus have their ossification com-

pleted at a later period than in Man, and allow a freer motion upon

each other: the os pisiforme is divided into two. Of the fingers,

the proximal phalanges are more curved than in Man, and the dis-

tal more pointed, not expanding to afford support for an extended

surface of delicate touch.

As the upper extremity of the Orang exceeds in length that of the

Chimpanzee, so the lower differs as much in the contrary respect;

preserving throughout life much less than the foetal proportions of

the human subject. The femur has a straight shaft, no depression

on the head, a shorter neck forming a more obtuse angle with the

shaft, and no linea aspera posteriorly. The inner condyle not being

produced beyond the outer, the axis of the femur is in the same line

with that of the tibia, as in the Chimpanzee. The inward curve of

the ¢ibia occasions a much larger space between it and the fibula

than in Man or in the Chimpanzee. The patella is smaller in pro-

: portion than in Man, of an oval shape, and witha single articulating

surface. The bones of the tarsus are numerically the same with

those of the Chimpanzee, and haye the same general form, but ad-

mit of freer motion on each other. A greater degree of obliquity

in the articulating surface of the astragalus causes the whole foot to

beturned more inwards; and the os calcis has still less projection back-

wards than the Chimpanzee. The internal cuneiform bone recedes

most from the human type in having a greater development towards

the tibial aspect, and in having the surface of articulation for the

hallux below the range of the other metatarsal bones, all of which

are much longer and more bent and have greater interspaces than

the human. That of the hallux extends very little beyond the mid-

dle of that of the second toe, and stands off from it at an acute angle.

The peculiarity of the structure of the hallux first noticed by Camper,

in seven out of eight Orangs observed by him, viz. its possessing

no ungueal phalanx and consequently no nail, loses much of its im-

portance as a specific character from the fact that the individual

dissected at the Society’s Museum a few years since had very per-

fect, but small, black nails, and two phalanges, and that the same

number of phalanges exist in the natural skeleton of Lord Amherst’s

Orang in the Museum of the College of Surgeons. ‘The phalanges

of the other toes are.remarkably elongated, and those of the first

series are curved. The middle toe is longer than the rest, while in

the Chimpanzee it barely surpasses the second. ‘The concavity of

the great toe is turned more towards the other toes than in the Chim-

panzee, (in which that toe is also longer, having always two phalan-

ges in addition to the metatarsal bone,) is set more forwards on the

internal cuneiform bone, and has its concavity directed more towards

the sole of the foot. ‘The resemblance to the human foot is conse-

quently greater in the Chimpanzee than in the Orang.

In conclusion Mr. Owen adverted to a fine specimen of the skull

of a Pongo in the possession of Mr. Cross, of the Surrey Zoological

Gardens, which presents the following differences when compared

with the skull of the Pongo in the Museum of the College of Sur-

geons.

It is shorter in the antero-posterior diameter, and rises higher at

the verter. The supraorbitary ridges are more prominent; the

plane of the orbits is more vertical, and their lateral exceeds their

perpendicular diameter. The profile line of the skull is concave

between the glabella and incisor teeth, while, in the specimen in the

Museum of the College, it is almost a straight line between the same

parts. The symphysis of the jaw from the interspace of the mesial

incisors to the origin of the genio-hyoidei muscles, measures 24

inches in Mr. Cross’s specimen, but equals 33 inches in the Pongo in

the College Museum. There is also a remarkable difference in the

position of the zygomatic suture. In the Pongo of the College Mu-

seum it commences atthe distance of a quarter of an inch from the

orbital process of the malar bone, and extends obliquely backwards

to within 14 inch of the origin of the zygomatic process of the tem-

poral bone. In Mr. Cross’s specimen the same suture commences

8 lines from the orbital process of the malar bone, and extends to

within 10 lines of the origin of the temporal zygomatic process, so

that it is much nearer the middle of the zygoma.

With these differences, however, there exist the same form and

proportions of the teeth, and the same peculiarities of the foramina

and sutures which distinguish the Orang from the Chimpanzee. So

that although the difference in the shape and general contour of the

two skulls, is greater than is usually observable in those of other

wild animals, yet Mr. Owen does not consider them sufficient to af-

ford grounds for a distinction of species. He thinks it, however,

probable that they may be indicative of varieties of the Orang in-

habiting distinct localities, and remarks that it would be interesting

with that view to compare the crania of ascertained specimens from

Borneo and Sumatra, to which Islands this very remarkable species

appears to be confined.

March 24, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by W. Willshire,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z. 8., dated Mogadore, February 19, 1835, and

referring to the skin of an Aoudad, Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff., pre-

sented by the writer to the Society, and also adverting to his en-

deavours to obtain the animal which, from the description of it given

by the Arabs of the Desert, Mr. Willshire conceives must be the

Antilope Leucoryx described by Pennant.

The exhibition was resumed of the new species of Shells contained

in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present evening

under the notice of the Society, completed the genera Venus and Cy-

therea, which had been commenced at the Meeting on February 24,

(page 21). The Shells now exhibited were accompanied by cha-

racters by Mr. Broderip and Mr. G. B. Sowerby.

Genus VENUs.

Venus tricotor. Ven. testd ovato-ellipticd, crassiusculd, radiatim

costellatd, costellis decussatis ; maculis interruptis fuscis, irregu-

laribus, radiatim dispositis ; margine dorsali medio subangulato ;

impressione cordiformi anticd parvd ; intis violaced, margine ven-

trali denticulato : long. 1°7, lat. 0°75, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americ Centralis. (Puerto Portrero.)

Found in sandy mud at from eleven to thirteen fathoms.—G. B.S.

Venus uistrionica. Ven. testd obovatd, pallide fulvd, radiatim

costellatd, costellis plerumque duplicatis, concinne decussatis,

asperis ; maculis interruptis fuscis irregularibus radiatim picta ;

margine dorsali rectiusculo, postice subangulato ; impressione cor-

diformi anticd magnd ; intis albicante, margine ventrali denticu-

lato: long. 1°8, lat. 1°, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. apud Real Llejos, Americe Centralis, et ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found in muddy sand at low water.—G. B.S.

VENUS FUSCO-LINEATA. Ven. testd obovatd, albicante, radiatim cos-

tellatd, costellis anticé subdecussatis ; lineis undatis, subobliquis,

radiisque duobus fuscis nonnunquam pictd ; margine dorsali rec-

tiusculo, posticé subangulato ; latere antico brevi, impressione cor-

diformi anticd parvd ; intis purpurascente, margine ventrali den-

ticulato : long. 1°5, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-2 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis. (Guacomayo.)

Found in sandy mud at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B. S.

Venus Cuixensis. Ven. testd obovatd, pallidd, radiatim costellatd,

costellis (medianis precipue) planulatis, (anticis posticisque pre-

cipue) decussatis ; maculis, lituris, strigilisque pallide fuscis or-

natd ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, subdeclivi, postice subangulato ;

latere antico breviore, impressione cordiformi parvd ; intis albi-

cante, margine ventrali denticulato : long. 2°8, lat. 1°5, alt. 2°4

poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.)

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.

VENUS LENTICULARIS. Ven. testd lenticulari-subtrapeziformi,

crassd, opacd, pallida, levi, lineis concentricis antice posticeque

distinctis, medio obsoletis, prope umbonem elevatiusculis ; margine

dorsali subrotundato, postice subangulato ; impressione cordiformi

elongatd, parva, impressd ; intis albidd, margine ventrali levi :

long. 3°1, lat. 1:5, alt. 2°7 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Valparaiso Bay.)

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus Aspernima. Ven. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, opacd, albi-

cante, radiatim costellatd, costellis numerosis, decussatis, asperis ;

latere antico breviore ; margine postico dorsal declivi, rectiusculo ;

impressione cordiformi anticd elongatd : long 2°, lat. 1-, alt. 1-65

poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lobos dictam.

Found in fine sand at low water.—G. B. S.

Venus costreLtata. Ven. testd obovatd, turgidd, fuscescente, cos-

tellis lamellosis, reflexis, postice magis eminentibus, concentricis

ornatd ; lineis radiantibus impressis albis decussatd ; impressione

cordiformi anticd distinctd, marginibus medianis elevatiusculis ;

intts albd, margine ventrali crenulato : long. 2°6, lat. 1°5, alt.

2°3 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso, Chilensium, et ad Callao, Peruvie.

Oxs. Testa nonnunquam unicolor, nonnunquam prope apices con-

cinné punctulata.

aera in coarse sand at a depth of from six to fifteen fathoms.—

alta Soe

_ Venus opaca. Ven. testd oblongd, subquadratd, subturgidd, levi,

opacd, albidd, pallidissime purpurascente ; latere antico breviore,

rotundato, concentrice ruguloso, postico subrotundato, supra in-

Sraque subangulato ; margine interno integerrimo ; ligamento per-

magno : long. 3°4, lat. 1°6, alt. 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Conception and Maule.)

Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus variaBiLis. Ven. testd oblongo-subtrigond, tenuiusculd, levi,

politd, albd, strigilis lineisve angularibus fuscis varie pictd ; intis

albd, margine integerrimo : long. 1°3, lat. 0°7, alt. 11 poll.

Hab, in Australiad. (Swan River.)—G. B.S.

Venus piscors. Ven. testd obovali, crassiusculd, radiatim confertim

striatd, antic? rugis decussatd, albd fusco-nigricante instrata, co-

loribus valve altere diversimodo ordinatis ; lined dorsali elevati-

usculd ; intis albd, postic? violaceo tinctd, margine ventrali crenu-

lato : long. 1:9, lat. 1:1, alt. 1°6 poll.

Had. ad Sanctam Elenam, Americ Meridionalis, et ad Guacomayo,

Americe Centralis.

- The disparity in the arrangement of the colouring in the two valves

is a remarkable peculiarity in this species. F

Found in sandy mud at from six to nine fathoms.—G. B.S.

Venus Cypria. Ven. testd oblongd, subtrigond, concentrice lamellosd,

lamellis crassis, obtusis, postice tenuioribus, subappressis, albd

Susco radiata ; lined dorsali rectiusculd, declivi; ared posticd latd,

Suscata ; impressione cordiformi anticd conspicud, fused ; margine

ventrali intiis integerrimo : long. 0°75, lat. 0°4, alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Platz, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found among coral sand in seventeen fathoms.

This appears to be a near relation to the Linnean Venus Paphia.—

G. B.S.

VENUS CRENIFERA. Ven. testd ellipticd, asperd, albicante fusco

maculatd et varie pictd, lamellis concentricis, brevibus, confertis,

striis radiantibus confertissimis decussatis ; margine ventrali crenu-

lato ; dente cardinali antico magno, elongato: long. 1°4, lat. 0°8,

alt. 1:2 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Variat testd subfuscd, unicolore, striis radiantibus nonnullis elevatis

costiformibus. —

Hab. ad Paytam, Peruviz.

Found in the sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus teucopon. Ven. testd ellipticd, cinerascente, crassiusculd,

concentrice costellatd, costellis levibus, reflexis, radiatim striatd,

striis numerosis, confertis : ared dorsali posticd lunuldque fuscis ;

margine interno ventralt denticulato, denticulis albis, interstitiis

nigricantibus : long. 1°35, lat. 0°7, alt. 1°15 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Californiensi. (Guaymas.)

Found in coarse sand at low water.—G. B.S.

Venus CatirorniEnsis. Ven. testd globosd, crassd, albente, concen-

trice multi-lamellosd, lamellis crassiusculis lateraliter subcrenulatis,

costis creberrimis cancellatd ; ared posticd infossd, grandi ; lunuld

magnd, tumente ; intis albd, impressionibus muscularibus posticis

violaceo fucatis ; limbo, interno crenato: long. 2°9, lat. 1-7, alt.

2°7 poll.

Hab. in sinu Californie. (Guaymas.)

From about the middle of the valve the concentric /amelle begin

to approach nearer and nearer, till, in old specimens, they hide the

radiated ribs, and at length, at the ventral border which is covered

with an epidermis, they become mere smooth lineations. The internal

violaceous spots are not always on the posterior muscular impressions,

but sometimes only in their immediate neighbourhood.

Found in sandy mud at low water.—W. J. B.

Venus compra. Ven. testd subtrigond, planiusculd, crassd, la-

mellis concentricis lateraliter crenulatis, crassiusculis, radiatim

creberrimé costellatd, albente lineis flavo-castaneis inscriptd ; ared

posticd incisd, spadiceo strigatd ; lunuld pallidiore ; intis albd,

limbo crenato: long. 2°3, lat. 1-2, alt. 2° poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Bay of Sechura.)

A fine species. It was dredged up in coarse sand and mud at a

depth of seven fathoms.—W. J. B.

Venus ornatissima. Ven. testd subglobulosd, radiatim creberrime

costatd, lamellis concentricis valde elevatis, crispo-plicatis, spadiceo-

albente ; intis albd, limbo interno crenulato: long. 1-6, lat. (la-

mellis inclusis) 1°1, alt. 1-4 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

This unique and highly ornamented shell was dredged up from

sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.

The regular radiating ribs, each of which, as it advances from about

the middle of the valve to the ventral border, has a depression in

the middle, and the crisply plaited well-developed concentric frill-like

lamellae, render it the most curious in point of workmanship of any

of the species.—W. J. B.

Venus Macrracea. Ven. testd subglobulosd, lineis concentricis,

elevatis, acutis, subdistantibus ornatd, albd ; limbo interno levi :

long. 1°5, lat. 0°9, alt. 1°3 poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

This unique shell was dredged from sandy mud at a depth of

twenty fathoms. I have given it the trivial name of Mactracea be-

cause it reminds the spectator of some of the lamellated species of

that genus.—W. J. B.

Venus puuicaria. Ven. testd subtrigond, lineis concentricis, elevatis,

creberrimis, subtilissime plicatis ornatd, albd spadiceo inspersd ;

ared dorsali vel posticd nigro-spadiceo strigatd, lunuld fused ; ints

purpurascente, limbum versus crenulatum albente: long. 1:8, lat.

1-, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Chiriqui and Tumaco.)

The scattered spots are often arranged .in angular figures, and being

more intense in some parts than others, the valves present a some-

what radiated appearance.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of three fathoms.—

W. J.B.

Venus opscura. Ven. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis crenulatis

horridd, albente obscure maculatd ; intts albd, limbo crenulato :

long. 0°7, lat. 0°5, lat. 0°7 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Lord Hood’s Island.)

Found in coral sand at low water.—W. J. B.

Genus CyTHEREA.

CyrTuerea Lusrica. Cyth. testd subrotundato-cordatd, lubricd, sub-

violaced, intis albd, antice et superné subconcentrice lineatd, lineis

elevatis ; limbo interno levi: long. 1°7, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Puerto Portrero).

This species, which is of moderate size, was dredged up by Mr.

Cuming from coral sand at a depth of thirteen fathoms. The con-

centric somewhat elevated lines are comparatively small and close at

the upper part of the valve near the wmbones, and gradually widen

out till they become distant and strongly marked at the anterior part

‘of the valves, the middle and posterior parts of which are without

any lineations. The whole shell has a shining slippery appearance.

—wW. J.B.

CyTHEREA ALTERNATA. Cyth. testd subrotundato-trigond, lineis con-

centricis elevatis acutis frequentibus ornatd, albd spadiceo radiatd ;

ared dorsali vel posticd lunuldque spadiceo-vjolaceis ; intis albd,

umbones versus spadiceo-violaceo obscure nebulosd ; limbo interno

levi: long. 1:4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1-2 poll.

Hab. ad Columbiam Occidentalem. (Monte Christi.)

This species was dredged up in sandy mud at a depth of seven

fathoms, The size of the specimen is rather less than that of the pre-

ceding.—W. J. B. .

CyTHEREA TorTUOSA. Cyth. testd obliqu2 cordatd, postice sublobatd,

lineis frequentibus subconcentricis obtusis pestice irregularibus,

albd umbones versus subspadiceo-albd : long. 1°6, lat. 0°85, alt.

1:2 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam, et ad Xipixapi.

-" Var. testa roseo rufoque pulcherrimé subradiatim picta.

Lamarck refers to no figure for his Cyth. albina, but only says that

it has some likeness to the Pectunculus figured in Lister's Conchology,

t. 263, f. 99. Part of Lamarck’s description would apply to the

shell now before me, but the term “ striis exiguis” is inapplicable to

the blunt and coarse lines with which the shell under description is

marked concentrically, and as there is no notice taken of the posterior

sublobation, I must conclude that Lamarck’s Cyth. albina is not my

Cyth. tortuosa.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J. B.

Cyruerea arrinis. Cyth. testd ovato-oblongd, planiusculd, lineis

distantibus elevatis subacutis concentricis, albente vielaceo ra-

diatd, postice vir sublobata ; ared posticd violaced, lunuld pallidd ;

intis albd, limbo interno levi; epidermide fuscd tenui: long. 1°6,

lat. 0°7, alt. 1*1 poll.

Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Xipixapi.)

This species, which approaches the last, differs from it in the fol-

‘lowing particulars. The shell is much flatter, the elevated, regular,

concentric, somewhat sharp lines are much more distant, (especially

as they recede from the wmbones,) than the irregular, close-set, blunted

lineations, almost amounting to rugosities, of Cyth. tortuosa. ‘There

is an approach to lobation towards the dorsal or posterior border ;

but it is not nearly so strongly marked as in Cyth. tortuosa. Still it

may be a variety of Cyth. tortuosa.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of ten fathoms.—W, J. B.

CytTHEREA Dions, varr.

Though varieties of this species have, for a long time, been known

in this country, I am not aware that they have ever been recorded.

The descriptions of Linnzeus and Lamarck and the figures quoted by

them, apply to the variety found in the West Indies, which is com-

paratively small with the /amelle high and sharp and the spines close-

set and short, the prevailing tinge of the shell being of a somewhat

vinous or purplish flesh-colour. A dark-coloured long-spined variety of

this and a white one, also with long spines, the spines in both being

very close-set, were dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of nine

fathoms at Salango in West Colombia. _

Var. 6. Pallida, area dorsali vel posteriori lunuldque violaceis ; lineis

concentricis antice lamellatis, alibi rotundatis irregularibus, ru-

garum formam referentibus ; spinis distantibus longissimis.

This variety, of which Mr. Cuming possesses a specimen with the

lower spines an inch and a half long, grows to a large size. It was

dredged up at Tumbez, in Peru, from soft mud at a depth of five

fathoms.

Var. y. Violacea ; antic? et ad umbones sublamellosa, alibi levis ;

spinis valde distantibus, crassiusculis, mediocribus.

This variety, which is almost entirely of a violet colour excepting

the two white streaks which mark the line of the spines in each valve,

and some white about the neighbourhood of the lower part of the

anterior border, grows also to a large size. It is smooth with the

exception of a few concentric lines at the wnbones and a few lamellae

towards the anterior border. The spines are distant, indeed in the

specimen before me there are hardly any in the place where the in-

terior rows usually are, there being but one on one side and none on

the other, with the exception of a few towards the wmbones on both

sides. The outer spines, as well as the inner one, are thick and

strong but comparatively short, the longest being hardly seven eighths

of an inch long in a specimen of about the same size as that from

which the description of variety 8 was taken. Var. y was dredged

up from sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms at San Blas in the

gulf. of California.

There are many gradations of colour, &c. between the varieties.

I possess a specimen of variety ( very nearly white, with the ex-

ception of the lunule. All the varieties are subject to have the spines,

or at least some of them, tortuous.—W. J. B.

CyTHEREA VULNERATA. Cyth. testd subglobosd, lineis concentricis

creberrimis levibus, albente fasciis angustis purpureo-sanguineis

hinc et hine ornatd; lunuld et ared posticd sub-atropurpureis ; limbo

ventrali rubro, intis subcrenulato ; epidermide subfused ; intis

alba subroseo suffusd : long. 1°6, lat. 0-9, alt. 1°4 poll.

Hab. in America Centrali. (Real Llejos.)

The ruddy lines which occasionally gird this whitish shell, and its

red border, give this species a pleasing appearance. It was dredged.

up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. J.B

CyTHEREA PLANULATA, Var. suffusa. Cyth. planulata, testd equi-

laterali, trigond, radiis omnino suffusis ; latere postico clauso.

Hab, ad Salango.

This differs from Cyth. planulata, (Zool. Journ., V. p. 48,) in being

more equilateral, rather more gibbose, in having the coloured rays

spread all over the shell, and in being closed posteriarly. The an-

terior side in Cyth. planulata is the longer.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of nine fathoms.—G. B. 8.

CyvrmzRea arcENnTINA. Cyth. testd subtrigond, levi, albd, subequi-

laterali, latere antico paulld breviore, postico subacuminato ; mar-

gine dorsali postico rectiusculo, declivi, ventrali rotundato ; epi-

dermide tenui, corned, extiis velutind, albd, quasi argentatd, indutd.:

long. 2°5, lat. 1-4, alt. 2-1 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Nocoiyo, Americe Centralis.

Found in sand banks at low water.—G. B.S.

Cytuerea pannosa. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, albi-

cante maculis strigis lineisve angulatis luridis obscure pictd ;

apicibus subprominentibus : long. 1°15, lat. 0°6, alt. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chilenses. (Coquimbo.)

Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B. 8.

CYTHEREA PALLESCENS. Cyth. testd obovatd, tenui, pallide lutescente,

levi, concentric? striatd ; latere antico breviore, apicibus sub-

prominulis ; intis albd ; impressione cordiformi anticd elongatd,

distinctd : long. 1°4, lat. 0°8, alt. 1°1 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found in coral sand.—G. B. 8.

CyTHEREA INconsPicua. Cyth. testd obovatd, crassiusculd, levi, al-

bidd, concentricé striatd, striis exilissimis, epidermide tenuissimd,

pallidé subfuscd ; apicibus subprominulis ; impressione cordi-

formi anticéd ovatd, inconspicud: long. 1°2, lat. 0°65, alt. 1°

poll.

Hab. ad Paytam, Peruvie.

Found in sandy mud at low water.—G. B.S.

CyrTHEerea mopesta. Cyth. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, levi, con-

centrice sulcatd, sulcis obsoletiusculis ; albd fusco et fusco-purpu-

rascente varid ; apicibus subprominulis ; latere postico longiore,

declivi : long. 0°9, lat. 0°5, alt. O°7 poll.

Hab, ad Xipixapi, Americe Meridionalis.

Found in sandy mud in from nine to eleven fathoms.—G. B. 8.

CYTHEREA PECTINATA, Var. immaculata. Cyth. pectinata, testd pal-

lescente unicolore, intus lutescente.

Hab. ad Insulas Oceani Pacifici. (Lord Hood’s Island, one of the

Paumotu group.)—G. B.S.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous T'hrushes, chiefly inhabit-

ants of the Himalayan Mountains and of India; and Mr. Gould, at

the request of the Chairman, brought them under the notice of the

Meeting, principally with the view of indicating those of the former

district as constituting a new form in the family Merulide, Vig., for

which he proposed the generic name

JANTHOCINCLA.

Rostrum feré ut in Cinclosomate et Turdo sed magis robustum :

mandibula superiore ad basin setigera.

Nares basales, ovales, aperte.

Ale breves, concave, rotundate; remigibus 6ta 7maque longiori-

bus, omnibus mollibus.

Cauda subelongata, concava, rotundata; rectricibus mollibus.

Tarsi elongati, robusti. ;

Hallux digitum medium longitudine subeequans, ungue forti By

zequali munitus,

Typus genericus. _Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig.

Montium Himalaye Incole,

The chief distinguishing characteristics of the genus Zanthocincla

are the comparative length of the tarsus; the length of the hinder

toe, and the great length of the claw by which it is terminated; the

roundness, concavity, softness, and yielding character of the wings

and tail; and the peculiar fullness, lightness, and downiness of the

whole of the plumage, and particularly of that of the back and rump.

The downy nature of the covering is alluded to in the generic name.

The following species may be referred to it.

1. [ANTHOCINCLA OCELLATA.

Cinclosoma ocellatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm.. Sci. Zool. Soc.,

Part I. p. 55.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xx.

. TANTHOCINCLA VARIEGATA.

Cinclosoma variegatum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool. Soc.,

Part I. p. 56.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvi.

. IANTHOCINCLA ERYTHROCEPHALA.

Cinclosoma erythrocephalum, Vig., in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool.

Soc., Part I. p. 171.—Gould, Cent. Him. Birds, Pl. xvii.

4. TanrHocincia squamata. Janth. brunnea, plumis lunuld mgra

ad apicem notatis; uropygio sordidé castaneo; alis caudaque

nigris, rectricibus ad apicem ochraceo-flavis.

Long. tot. 94+ une.; rostri, 1; ale, 4; cauda, 44; tarsi, 13.

Rostrum tarsique brunnei.

The inner webs of each of the primaries and the outer edges of

the first seven of them are margined with a light silvery grey; the

secondaries have the same parts of a dull ochre yellow becoming

more ferruginous towards the shoulders.

5. Ianruocincta cHrysopTera. Janth. saturate brunnescenti-

cinerea, alis fascid castaned notatis; fronte, facie, gutture, auri-

busque sordidé cinereo-albentibus ; vertice nuchdque nitidé ferru-

gineis ; scapularibus pectoreque arenaceo-rubris, hoc saturatiore,

plumis lunuld castaned ad apicem notatis; cauddé supra saturate

aurco-olivaced, infra brunned; remigum pogoniis externis nitidé

aureo-olivaceis.

Long. tot, 10—104 une.; rostri, 3; ale, 4; cauda, 5; tarsi, 1}.

Rostrum pedesque brunnei.

The specimens exhibited of this and the preceding species wer

recently presented to the Society, with other selected Birds, by Sir

Philip Grey Egerton. __

6. IanrHocincia RuFocuLARIs. Janth. supra olivacea, posticé et

ad caudam rufescenti tincta, plumis nigro apiculatis ; vertice fas-

cidque alarum media nigris; strigd a rictu ad oculum juguloque

albis ; gulé crissoque rufis; pectore sordidé albescente brunneo-

nigricante. maculato; ventre brunnescenti-cinereo ; rectricibus

prope apicem rufo-castaneum nigro fasciatis.

Long. tot. 10 unc.; rostri, 1; ale, 34; caud@, 44; tarsi, 13.

Rostrum flavescenti-brunneum ; pedes brunnei.

. The ends of the secondaries are banded with black, and their ex-

ternal margin is silvery white.

April 14, 1835.

N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited, from the

collection of the President, the Earl of Derby, a specimen of a spe-

cies of Toucan, which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. It be-

longs to the same group with the other grooved-billed Toucans, and

is consequently referrible to the genus recently proposed by Mr.

Gould (Proceedings, Part II. p. 147), under the name of Aulaco-

rhynchus. He pointed out the characters which distinguish it from

the other species of the genus, and proposed for it the name of

Avnacoruyncuus Dersianus. Aul. viridis, supra in subaureum,

ad occiput in ceruleum vergens ; ptilis inferioribus flavescentibus ;

rectricibus duabus intermediis brunneo apiculatis ; guld albidd.

Long. tot. 14:—15 unc.; rostri, 3%; ale, 5; caude 5.

Dzscr. Rostrum robustum, magis quam in congeneribus angu-

latum, ad basin (nisi culminis) linea alba cinctum, nigrum in casta-

neum anticé posticéque transiens. Orbitz rufescentes. Pedes satu-

raté plumbei.

Mr. Gould remarked that the colouring of the extremities of the

tail-feathers would alone suffice to distinguish from each other the

four species at present known in this genus. . In Aud. sulcatus the

tips of the tail-feathers are not marked by any peculiar colour: in

Aul. Derbianus, the two, and in Aul. hematopygus, the four, inter-

mediate tail-feathers are tipped with brown: while in Awl. prasinus

the whole of the tail-feathers are tipped with brownish red.

The exhibition was resumed of the hitherto undescribed Shells

contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought at the

present Meeting under the notice of the Society were accompanied

by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They consisted of the fol-

lowing species and varieties of the

Genus Monoceros.

Monoceros impricatum, var. Costis transversis, confertis, nume-

rosis, imbricato-squamosis, squamulis fere obsoletis : long. 2°2,

lat. 1°3 poll. 3

Hab. apud Terra del Fuego.

Found on rocks.—G. B.S.

Monoceros crasstLasrum, var. album. Testd totd alba: long. 2°,

lat..1°4.

Hab. apud Valparaiso.

Found on rocks at low water.—G. B.S.

No. XXVIII. Procrrepines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ps

Monecrros costatum. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, albicante cas-

taneo suffusd ; anfractibus convewis, spiraliter costatis, costis sub-

squamosis ; spird brevi; labro crasso, extiis subcastaneo, intis

ruguloso ; dente basali brevi: long. 1°3, lat. 0°9 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chiliz. (Conception.)

Found under stones at low water.—G. B.S.

Monocerros cymatum, Sow. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, rugosd,

fusca nigro albidoque strigatd et variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor

ventricosis, rugis ultimi quatuor vel quinque latis, obtusis, spira-

libus ; spird exsertiusculd ; labro crasso, extiis sinuoso, intis den-

tato, dentibus 4-6 albis : long. 1°7, lat. 1°) poll.

Monoceros cymatum, Sow., in Tankerville Catalogue, No. 1888.

Buccinum cymatum, Solander, MS. ined.

Icon. Monoceros lugubre, Sow., Genera of Shells, No. V. f. 3.—

Wood, Suppl. t.4. Buccinum, f. 11. 12.

Hab. ad littora Californiensia.

Several rows of white teeth may be seen to remain within the

aperture, each of which has formed the inner edge of the outer lip

at the particular period of growth to which it respectively belonged.

—G.B.5.

- Monocrros acuminatum. Mon. testd ovato-acuminatd, crassius-

culd, fuscescente ; anfractibus quinque vel sex, ventricosis, spi-

raliter costellatis, costellis interstitiisque squamuliferis decus-

satis ; labro extis fusco, intis albo, levi; spird elongatd, acumi-

natd : long. 2°, lat. 1°1 poll.

Hab. ad oras Chili. (Baldivia.)

This may be only a variety of Mon. imbricatum.—G. B.S.

Monoceros GLosuLus. Mon. testd subglobosd, castaned, levi,

crassiusculd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus quatuor vel quinque,

ultimo maximo, ventricosissimo ; labro intis subincrassato, albo,

margine externo castaneo: long. 1°4, lat. 1- poll.

Hab. ad oras Chiliz. (Maulé.) "

Found in the clefts of rocks.—G. B.S.

Monoceros PuncTuLATuM, Gray. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, levi-

gatd, albidd punctulis numerosis castaneis spiraliter seriatis pictd ;

labro incrassato, extiis crenulato, albo, intis dentato ; dentibus

quingue obtusis, albidis ; aperturd intis fuscescente: long. 1:1,

lat. 0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Cocos, Oceani Pacifici Septentrionalis.

Found on the rocks.—G. B. 8.

Monoceros unicarinatum. Mon. testd ovato-oblongd, crassius-

culd, albicante fusco variegatd ; anfractibus quatuor vel quinque,

spiraliter costatis, interstitis concinne decussatis, carind unicd

postied ; labri margine crenulato, intis levi: long. 0°8, lat. O'5

poll.

Hab.

Monoceros citrinum. Mon. testd ovatd, crassd, levi, citrind ;

apice acuminato ; anfractibus quinque, superioribus plerumque unt-

carinatis, carind obtusd, ultimo gibboso ; labro crasso, plerumque

levi, etate intis dentato, dentibus validis, albis : long. 1°4, lat. 1°

poll.

Variat anfractu ultimo transversim costellato, costellis squamulosis.

Hab. apud Coquimbo.

Found in the crevices of rocks.—G. B.S.

Specimens were exhibited of various Hymenopterous Insects, partly

from the collection of the Rev. F. W. Hope, and partly from that

of Mr. Westwood. They were accompanied by characters by Mr.

Westwood.

Genus Praciocera, Klug, Jahrb. fur 1834.

Pracrocera apicauis. Plag. fulvo-lutescens ; capite viridi-nigro,

antennis nigris ; pedibus albidis, apice tarsorum fusco ; abdominis

segmentis quatuor apicalibus purpureo-nigris ; alis flavidis, stig-

mate apiceque late fuscis.

Antennarum, nervorum alarum, et unguium structura ut in Plag.

thoracicd.

Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. lin. 16.

Hab. in America Meridionali. Rio Janeiro.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Obs. Genus Plagiocera Cimbicidas cum Hylotomidis arcté con-

jungit.

Genus Prionoretma, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Caput latum, antic? subtridentatum. ;

Antenne 11-articulate; articulis 2do et 3tio fere equalibus, mi-

nutis, reliquis § longitudine sensim decrescentibus.

Abdomen subsessile, oviductu corpore fere duplo longiore, vagi-

nulis pilosis.

Pedes graciles, intermediis crassioribus cum tibiis paullo curvatis,

calcari valido armatis, tarsis intermediis dilatatis.

Obs. Genus Callimomem (oviductu elongato) cum Hupelmo (pedi-

bus intermediis) conjungens.

Obs. Genus Phlebopenes, Perty (Del. An. Art. Bras., 3.), eum Cal-

limomé forte conjungendum.

Prion. viripis. Prion. aureo-viridis purpureo nitens ; abdomine

nitido ; femoribus viridi-nigris, tibiis tarsisque obscurioribus, ge-

niculis pedum intermediorum albidis ; antennis nigris ; alis pullide

Sulvescentibus, in medio paullo obscurioribus, nervis fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 3+; oviductus, 5!. Exp. alar. lin. 6.

Hab. in Brasilia.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Fanus, Fab.

Fanvs Austrauis. Fen. piceo-niger, punctatissimus, thorace vario-

loso; capite antic, thoracis abdominisque lateribus, corporeque toto

subtis piceo-ferrugineis ; aniennis nigris ; pedibus piceo-ferrugineis,

Semoribus supra lined nigrd notatis ; mandibulis elongatis, similiter

dentatis, dente valido interno basali, dentibusque tribus parvis ante

apicem positis ; alis vie coloratis apicibus nonnihil infuscatis.

Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. 9. \

Hab. in Nova Hollandia.—In Mus. Westw.

Genus TuoracantHa, Latr.

THORACANTHA FLABELLATA. Thor. nigro-cerulea, nitida ; scutello

abdomen long? superante, nitidissimo, acutissimo, ad apicem in

spinas duas gracillimas desinente, longitudinaliter striato; thorace

transversim striato ; alis sub scutello omnino occultatis ; antennis

nigris 12-articulatis, articulis duobus basalibus fulvis, reliquis

nigris et singulis (ultimo elongato excepto) ramum longum emit-

tentibus ; pedibus fulvis.

Long. corp. (scutello incluso) lin. 23.

Hab. in Brasilia. —In Mus. Dom. Swainson.

Genus CampyLtonyx, Westw. (Fam. Proctotrupide.)

Caput latum, oculis valdé prominulis, fronte emarginato.

Antenne 2 graciles, elongate, apicem versus parum incrassatz.

Thorax valdé elongatus, continuus, collare longius quam iatum.

Metathorar longus, bicanaliculatus.

Pedes antici valdé elongati, raptorii, tarsorum unguiculis maximis

recurvatis.

Alarum nervi ut in genere Aateone.

Abdomen ovale.

Oss. A genere Gonatopo differt thorace continuo et alato, ab An-

teone thoracis et antennarum structura.

Campytonyx Amputicirormis. Camp. niger, punctatus; abdomine

levi nitido ; antennis (nisi ad basin), pedibus (nisi femoribus et

tibiarum apice), collaris lateribus, marginibusque segmentorum

abdominalium testaceo-rufescentibus ; capite antice obscure flaves-

cente; alis brevibus pallide flavescentibus, fasciis duabus fuscis

ornatis.

Long. corp. lin. 4. Exp. alar. lin. 3. |

Hab. ‘‘humi luco de Feuillent, 8 Juli, 1807,” prope villam

“ Lyons” Galliz.—In Mus. Com. De Jeanii.

Genus Tricgonatys, Westw.

Caput magnum, planum, anticé latius.

Mandibule valid, 3-dentatz.

Paipi elongati.

Antenne capitis cum thorace longitudine, graciles, filiformes, ad

apicem attenuate, 24-articulate.

Thorax ovatus.

Abdomen convexum, anticé et posticé attenuatum, vix peduncu-

latum, apice incurvo.

Ale cellula 1 marginali, 4 submarginalibus, quarum 1ma majore,

2da elongato-triangulari, 3tia parva, nervum 2dum recurrentem

excipiente.

Pedes graciles, haud spinosi, tarsis simplicibus.

Oss. Genus anomalum familie dubie.- Caput et antenne Lyde,

abdomen Mutille. Alarum neryi fere ut in Myrmosd dispositi.

TRIGONALYS MELANOLEUCA. Trig. nigra, punctata, subpubescens ;

capite anticé ct lateraliter maculisque duabus parvis posticis, tho-

race postice, abdominisque basi albis; alis anticis in medio fuscis.

Long. corp. lin. 4. Exp. alar. lin. 7.

Hab. in America Meridionali. Bahia.—In Mus. Brit. et Westw.

Communicavit Dom. Turner.

Genus Diamma, Westw. (Fam. Mutillide.)

Corpus oblongum, nitidum, apterum.

Caput subhorizontale, fere rotundatum.

Mandibule elongate, curvate, graciles, dentibus tribus minutis in-

ternis.

Antenne breves, convolutz, ad apicem graciliores.

Thorax elongatus, binodosus.

Abdomen elongatum, convexum, segmentis basalibus subcoarctatis.

Pedes breviusculi, spmosi.

Oss. Genus Myrmecodi affine.

Diamma Bicotor. Diam. niger, purpureo cyaneoque nitens ; an-

tennis, pedibus, mandibulisque rufis, his ad apicem nigris.

Long. corp. lin. 94.

Hab. in Noya Hollandia.—In Mus. Westw.

Genus Meria, J/l.

1. Mrrra Kuve. Mer. tota nigra, nitida; alis nigris, dimidio api-

cali purpurascente ; collari oblongo-quadrato ; scuto mesothoracico

lineis quatuor brevibus longitudinalibus impresso ; metathorace

scabroso ; abdomine nitidissimo, elongato ; alis cellulis submargi-

nalibus completis tantum duabus (2dd triangulari minutissimd in

Meriis veris pedunculatd, in hac specie obliterata] ; aculeo longis-

simo.

Long. corp. lin. 93. Exp. alar. lin. 12.

Hab. apud Sierra Leone.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

2. Meria Srinota. Mer. nigra, nitida ; capite rufo, ore antennis-

que nigris ; abdomine utringue maculis tribus parvis albis ; alis

_. fuscis, dimidio apicali obscuriore iridescente; tarsis piceis ; alarum

nervis ut in Meriis veris.

Long. corp. lin. 74. Exp. alar. lin. 103.

Hab. apud Sierra Leone.—In Mus, Westw. Communicavit Dom.

Hope.

3. Merta Mruzerorn, St. Farg. & Serv., in Encycl. Meth., x.

394., a Klugio sub nomine Mer. nitidule, anno 1810, in tomo 2do

libri ‘ Beitrage zur Naturkunde’ descripta.

4. Meria ruriventris, Klug, loc. cit., tab. iv. fig. 7.

5. Meria Larreitirt, Fabr., (Bethyllus). Tiphia tripunctata,

Panz. Tachus staphylinus, Jur.

6. Menta prmiprata, Spin. (Tachus).

Oss. Meria vicuroa, Perty, Del. An. Art. Bras., t. 27. f. 138,

haud congenerica.

The following Notes, extracted by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., from

his Journal, were read.

1814.—For a good many years I have attended to the habits of

Peafowl, and for the last eleven have written down my observations.

I find the individuals to differ as much in temper as human beings :

some are willing to take care of the young ones of others, whilst

some have pursued and killed them, and this whether they had a

brood of their own or not. Some cocks have assisted in the care of

young ones, whilst others have attacked them. An early hen fre-

quently has a brood herself the next year. Age makes no difference

in the number of the brood. I have had six from a hen a year old,

and one from an old hen. The hens have frequently a great pre-

ference to a particular peacock. They were all so fond of an old pied

cock, that one year, when he was confined in view, they were con-

stantly assembled close to the trellice walls of his prison, and would

not suffer a japanned peacock to touch them. On his being let out in

the autumn, the oldest of the hens instantly courted him, and ob-

tained proofs of his love in my presence. The next year he was shut

up in a stable, and the hens then all courted his rival; for the ad-

vances in these birds are always made by the female.

_The japanned breed are, I believe, a variety originating in En-

gland. In Lord Brownlow’s numerous breed of common, white, and

pied, the japanned suddenly, in my memory, appeared amongst them.

‘The same thing happened in Sir J. Trevelyan’s flock of entirely the

common sort; also in a breed of common and pied given by Lady

Chatham to Mr. Thoroton: and in both cases to the extinction of

the previously existing breed.

1821~2.—A black Poland cock, belonging to my friend and neigh-

bour Mr. Kendall of Barnsley, was seized last winter, near the house,

by a fox, but his screams being heard by the servants, he was res-

cued, desperately wounded, with the loss of half his feathers. In time

the remainder of his feathers came off, and he is now become per-

fectly white. This seems to have some relation to the human hair

becoming white at once from fear.

1827.—Mr. Reid, near York, has two Water Tortoises, brought

over from the siege of Belleisle, which commenced in 1761: one of

them, having wandered, was missing for sixteen years, when it was

found on cleaning out another pond. They are both alive, and very

tame.

1833, April 20.—This morning I found a large white Gold-fish

in great distress. A large male toad had fastened itself upon the

head and shoulders of the fish. On removing the toad, the fish swam

away, apparently unhurt.

Colonel Sykes read a paper “‘ On the Quails and Hemipodii of

India,” which he illustrated by the exhibition of a very extensive

series of those Birds, belonging partly to his own collection, which

was made in Dukhun, and partly to that of the Society, which has

been enriched by specimens from various Indian localities.

The author prefaces his descriptions of the species by some ge-

neral observations on generic distinctions and characters, and illus-

trates his remarks by commenting on some of the genera and species

constituting the genus Tetrao of Linneus and his followers. He

shows that the form of beak alone is inadequate as a mark of ge-

neric distinction, and that the form, and number, and size of the

toes and nails, are not always of themselves to be regarded as suffi-

cient for generic characters. Passing to the characters deriveable

from the combined consideration of the beak and feet, on which

Brisson’s system was founded, he remarks on some incongruous

associations which were thereby occasioned. Size, the most conve-

nient mode (in his estimation) of distinguishing the Quazi/s from the

Partridges, cannot, he remarks, be admissible as affording adequate

grounds for generic distinction. Habits, also, present many diffi-

culties in defining associations into genera; those assigned by au-

thors to an entire group belonging frequently to only one or a few

of the species included in it, while in some cases, such as that of

the common Quail, the habits differ in different localities; that bird

being in Europe migratory, while in India (and probably in China

also) it is stationary: its solitary habits, except at a particular sea-

son, are preserved in India, but its evident congener, the Cot. tezr-

tilis, is never flushed without a second being found within a few

paces. Plumage, although in many genera there is an evident ten-

dency to assume’a particular livery, is evidently unsuitable for ge-

neral adoption as affording adequate grounds for generic distinction,

however useful it may be in the discrimination of species.

After passing in rapid review the genera adopted by M. Tem-

minck in the family of Tetraonide, and offering brief remarks on the

validity of the several groups, Colonel Sykes proceeds to state that

having felt himself disappointed in his attempts to form a just and

precise estimate of generic differences from external characters only,

he sought in internal organization, in the form of the tongue, and in

the colour of the irides for additional guides and evidences of affini-

ties or dissimilarities. As regards the former of these, he turned his

attention principally to the stomach, the ceca, the proportional length

of the ceca to the intestine, and the proportional length of the in-

testine to the body. Notes of these several particulars, as observed

by him in India in nearly two hundred species of animals, are now

in his possession ; from which he extracts and arranges in a tabular

form such as relate to the Quails and Hemipodii, and, by way of

further illustration, such also as relate to some species of Perdiz,

Francolinus, Columba, and Pterocles.

Colonel Sykes then describes in detail the following species, ac-

companying his descriptions by observations on their habits, and on

such other points connected with them as appear to him to be in-

teresting.

Genus Coturniz.

. Coturnix dactylisonans, Mey.

. Coturniz textilis, Temm.

Coturnix erythrorhyncha, Sykes, in Proc. Comm. Sci. Zool.

Soc., Part II. p. 153.—(Perdix, Mey.)

. Coturnix Argoondah, Sykes, Ibid.—(Perdix, Mey.)

. Coturniz Pentah, Sykes, Ibid.—(Perdix, Mey.)

os pore

Genus Hemipodius.

. Hemipodius pugnar, Temm.

. Hemipodius Taigoor, Sykes, Ibid., p. 155.

. Hemipodius Dussumier, Temm.

LY oes ery

April 28, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The Chairman exhibited a portion of the vertebral column of a

Sole, Solea vulgaris, Cuv., which had been sent to him by Sir Tho-

mas Phillipps, Bart., for the purpose of illustrating the manner in

which reunion takes place after fracture of the long spinous processes

of the caudal vertebre. Each end of the fractured bones is enlarged,

and appears to have become a new centre of ossification, from whence

processes have been sent out to join the neighbouring one; and

where, as in this instance, several adjoining bones have partaken of

the injury, the new processes have, in more than one place, united

the broken portion, not to that with which it was originally con-

nected, but to the bone immediately preceding or following it: the

new bone exhibiting no appearance of disease, but possessing alto-

gether a healthy character.

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of a Toad, which he had recently

received from Swan River, whence it was sent to him by Joseph

Wright, Esq. Believing it to be hitherto undescribed, he charac-

terized it as the

Bomarnator Avsrratis. Bomb. brunneus; fronte, superciliis, guttis

dorsi sparsis, vittd lumbari, maculd ad basin artuum alterdque ad

basin pedum, maculisque majoribus irregularibus mentalibus ven-

tralibusque flavis.

Hab. in Australia.

The back is generally smooth, and has some small smooth tuber-

cles arranged along it in longitudinal series. The toes are four in

number on the anterior feet, and five on the posterior: they are

slender, free, and unequal.

Mr. Gray remarked, that the form of Toad to which the name of

Bombinator has been given had not previously been met with beyond

the limits of Europe ; and added, that this Australian species agreed

with the European, not only in the essential characters of the group,

but in the tone and nature of its colouring, and was only specifically

distinguishable by the mode in which the markings were distributed

on its surface.

Mr. Gray also exhibited some specimens of the genus Echinus, as

restricted by Lamarck and modern authors; and proceeded to ex-

plain his views with regard to its subdivision into what he consi-

ders four natural genera, adapted to facilitate the distinction of the

species of this extensive group. He regards this distinction as of the

more importance, in as much as some of the characters which had been

used for this purpose, such as the number of the ¢esser@, and of the

pores in the ambulacra, have been found to be inconstant ; the num-

ber of these increasing, as they are now known to do, with the age

of the specimens. He proposed to divide the Echini as follows:

Genus 1. Arsacta.

Corpus depressum.

Aree ambulacrorum angustissime : ambulacra angusta, recta, sin-

gulo e serie simplici tesserarum biporosarum superpositarum

efformato.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus valvis quatuor spiniferis tectus.

This genus corresponds with Echinus section A. of M. de Blain-

ville, and contains Arbacia pustulosa (Echinus pustulosus, Lam.),

Arb. punctulata (Ech. punctulatus, Lam.), &e.

Genus 2. SALENIA.

Corpus subsphericum.

Aree ambulacrorum angustissime: ambulacra angusta, recta, sin-

gulo e serie simplici tesserarum biporosarum superpositarum

efformato.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales maxime.

Anus subexcentricus.

This genus is known only in the fossil state, and has hitherto even

been confounded with Cidaris, but its tubercles are not pierced. It

comprehends Salenia scutiger (Cidaris scutiger, Munst., Goldf. Pe-

tref., t. 49. f. 4.—Park., Org. Rem., t. 12. f. 13.; Echinus petali-

Fferus, Desm.) and two or three other allied species in Mr. Gray’s

collection.

Genus 8. Ecuinvus.

Corpus plus minusve depressum.

Aree ambulacrorum latitudine dimidium arearum extraambula-

- eralium equantes : tessere ambulacrales tripliciter biporose.

Tesser@ ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus subcentralis, squamosus ; squamis spiniferis.

The ambulacral tessere in this genus may be regarded as being

each composed of three doubly pierced pieces: of these the upper’

is placed in the middle of the upper edge of the tessera; the next

below it, on the middle of the outer edge; and the lowest on the

lower part of the inner edge of the plate: so that when the plates

are together, forming the ambulacra, the pores appear to form oblique

limes, each composed of three double pores, the inner upper double

pore of each line belonging to the plate above the other two double’

pores.

This genus contains the sections B*. C. E. and G. of M. de Blain-

ville. The species may be divided into two very distinct sections, ‘

thus’: .

1. Ambulacris angustioribus : poris mediocribus approximatis.

a. Ore subintegro.

Of this section Ech. esculentus may be regarded as the type.

On this species Mr. Gray incidentally remarked that it is extremely

variable in shape, becoming very high and subconical in the adult age,

when it is Ech. Melo, Lam.; and being often subangular, in which

condition it is Ech. subangulosus, Ejusd.

b. Ore profunde inciso.

Ech. excavatus, Lam.; Ech. Pileolus, Lam.; &c.

2. Ambulacris latis: poris inter se tuberculis parvis sejunctis :

ore 5-inciso.

Ech. ventricosus, Lam.; &c.

Genus 4. EcurvomeTra.

Corpus plus minusve depressum, sepé oblongum.

Aree ambulacrorum mediocres: tessere ambulacrales quinquaniam

vel ultra biporosz.

Tessere ovariales et interovariales mediocres.

Anus subcentralis, squamosus; squamis sepe spiniferis.

In this genus the ambulacral plates may be considered as being

composed of five or more doubly pierced. pieces, which form an

arched line round the outer edge of the tessera, with a single pair

of pores at its lower inner angle.

The spines with which the species of this genus are furnished are

often of very unequal size, and they are of very variable form, some

of the larger ones being very long, as in Echinometra trigonaria ;

and others very short and truncated, as in Ech. atrata.

Mr. Gray stated that he had formerly separated from the Echini

some of the species of this genus which are peculiar for their oblong

form, and that the genus so proposed by him had been adopted by

M. de Blainville; but a much more extended examination has con-

vinced him that individuals of the same species vary from roundish to

oblong: and, therefore, having observed many round species agree-

ing with oblong ones in the peculiar character of the ambulacra, he

has united them to the former, under the same name. It is to be

remarked, as throwing doubt on the bilaterality of the Hchinide,

attempted to be established by M. Agassiz, that the spongy ovarial

plate which that gentleman regarded as the mark of the hinder part

of the Echinide, is always placed on one side or ae other of the

longer axis of the oblong species.

This genus will contain sections B**. D. and F. ge M. de Blain-

ville, as well as the Echinometra of that author, and many new spe-

cies which are as yet undescribed.

Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited a specimen of a new genus of

Corals, which he had recently received from the coast of Montserrat

in the West Indies. The coral in question is formed almost entirely

of rather large transparent rough fusiform spicula, which are irre-

gularly placed side by side along the stems, and are imbedded in the .

animal matter: the spicula are so abundant as to render the coral

very hard, and to give it much of the appearance of a mass of arra- -

gonite, of which it has also the form. Its stem is irregularly cylin-

drical, rather crooked, and slightly tapering: it throws off.a rather

thinner branch a little below the middle of the main stem ; and both

the main stem and its branch end in a hemispherical head, the upper

surface of which is covered with forty or fifty rather large conical

tubercles, each terminating in a small central mouth. These tuber-

cles are formed of spicula resembling those of the stem, the points

of which arm the apices of the cones. The central cones are the

largest and most distinct, and the marginal ones are smaller, and

more or less confluent. The stem when broken exhibits similar sp7-

cula and a few internal cells, but it has no distinct central avis: the

conical tubercles of the head are hollow, and they doubtless inclose

and give exit through their central mouths to the Polypes which form

the coral.

This coral appears to be most nearly allied to the genus Zenia (of

which Alcyonium floridum of Esper is the type), and agrees with it

in having no distinct avis, and in having the whole surface covered

with large sptcula, and the Polypes protruded from tubular cells at

the end of the branches. It differs, however, from that genus in

its spicula being much more abundant, and the coral consequently

more solid, and by no means spongy; and im being less branched,

with the polype-cells forming a hemispherical head, instead of a

bunch of small branches. For these reasons Mr. Gray is led to con-

sider it as forming a new genus, which, until the animal is known, he”

is induced to place next to Zenia, with the following characters :

Genus Nipatta.

Corallium fixum, cylindricum, subramosum, subsohdum, spiculis

calcareis densé indutum ; apice capitato, hemisphzerico, e pa-

pillis conicis inzequalibus spiculiferis formato.

Nipatra Occipentatis. Nid. corallio albido, subramoso.

Hab. in littore Oceani Atlantici apud Montserrat in India Occi-

dentali.

The specimen described is now in the collection of the British

Museum,

May 12, 1835.

N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by P. L. Strachan,

Esq., and dated Sierra Leone, February 22, 1835. It referred to

some Alligators sent from that country by the writer several months

since, all of which died on their passage. It also stated that he had

forwarded to the Society a Mud Turtle (Trionyx?), which, he hoped,

would prove acceptable.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by A. MacLeay,

Esq, Colonial Secretary, New South Wales, dated Sydney, October

25, 1834. It stated that the writer had, in consequence of the ap-

plication made to him, set on foot inquiries respecting that interesting

Bird of New Zealand, the Apteryx Australis, Shaw; and that he

had succeeded in obtaining a skin of it, (destitute, however, of the

legs,) which he had forwarded to the Society. The specimen was

exhibited.

The skin presented by Mr. MacLeay to the Society was obtained

by him from the Rev. W. Yate, who writes to him as follows, dated

Waimate, March 10, 1834: ‘ About six weeks ago I had one of

these birds in my possession, the second I have seen in the Land.

I kept it nearly a fortnight, and in my absence it died. One of my

boys took off the skin; the legs rotted off. I have very great plea-

sure in sending you the skin as it is. Should I ever meet with an-

other, I will do all I can to preserve it for you. Its food is long

earth-worms. It strikes with its bill on the ground, and seems to

know by the sound where its prey lies. It then thrusts its bill into

the ground, draws up the worm, and swallows it whole and alive.

They kick very hard, and their legs are remarkably strong for the

size of the bird. They are very rare in New Zealand, but are found

in the greatest numbers at Hiku Rangi, the mountain which you

mention.”

Mr. MacLeay adds, that he has applied to other friends on the

subject, and that, should he succeed in procuring further information,

he will communicate it to the Society.

He concludes by expressing his intention of forwarding to the

Society the white-fleshed Pigeon of the Colony, which, he conceives,

would be a great acquisition in England : it is certainly, he says, far

superior to Partridge.

No. XXIX. Proceepincs or tHE ZooioéicaL Society.

Colonel Sykes, in illustration of the extended geographical distri-

bution of some species of Birds, called the attention of the Meeting

to a collection of Bird-skins, formed at the Cape of Good Hope by

Captain Spiller, R.A., and presented by that gentleman to the So-

ciety. The principal object had in view was the demonstration of

the identity of many species of Birds existing in Southern Africa,

with those which Colonel Sykes had himself obtained in Dukhun.

By the juxtaposition of the Cape Birds, and of those killed by him-

self in India, he showed that the following species exist equally in

both those countries : several of them are also common to Europe.

Falco Tinnunculus, Linn.—South Africa, India, and Europe.

Milvus Govinda, Sykes.—South Africa and India.

Strix Javanica, Horsf.—Stria flammea, Linn.? Universal ?

Alcedo rudis, Linn.—South Africa and India.

Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn.—South Africa and India.

Coracias Indica, Linn.—South Africa and India.

Upupa minor, Shaw.—South Africa and India.

Cinnyris Mahrattensis, Cuv.—South Africa and India.

Ardea Caboga, Penn.—South Africa, India, and Europe.

Nyceticorax Europeus, Steph.—South Africa, India, and Europe.

Limosa Glottoides.—South Africa and India.

Gallinago media, Ray.—South Africa, India, and Europe.

Rhynchea Capensis, Steph.—South Africa and India.

Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath.—South Africa and India.

Himantopus melanopterus, Horsf.—Universal.

Colonel Sykes remarked that he had previously, while illustrating

his ‘ Catalogue of the Birds of Dukhun’, read before the Committee

of Science and Correspondence in 1832, shown the specific identity

of many European and Indian Birds, especially in the orders Gral-

latores and Natatores.

“Some account of a hybrid Bird between the cock Pheasant, Pha-

sianus Colchicus, Linn., and the grey Hen, Tetrao Tetri«, Ej., by

Thomas C. Eyton, Esq.,” was read. It was illustrated by the ex-

hibition of the preserved skin of the bird, and also of a drawing

made from it.

“For some years past a single grey Hen has been observed in the

neighbourhood of the Merrington covers, belonging to Robert A.

Slaney, Esq., but she was never observed to be accompanied by a

black Cock, or any other of her species. In November last a bird

was shot on the manor adjoining Merrington, belonging to J. A.

Lloyd, Esq., resembling the black game in some particulars, and the

Pheasant in others. In December another bird was shot in the Mer-

rington covers, resembling the former, but smaller: it is now in my

collection, beautifully preserved by Mr. Shaw of Shrewsbury.

“The hybrid bird in my possession, which is a female, may be

thus shortly described :

** Tarsi half-feathered, without spurs, of the same colour as in the

Pheasant. Bill resembling that of the Pheasant, both in colour and

shape. Jrides hazel. Crown and throat mottled black and brown.

Neck glossy black, with a tinge of brown. Breast of nearly the same

colour as that of the cock Pheasant, but more mottled with black.

Tail of the same colour as in the grey Hen; centre tail feathers

longest ; under tail coverts light brown.

“The plumage of this bird is very curious; as some parts of it

resemble either sex of both black game and Pheasant.

“I had an opportunity of examining the body after it was taken

from the skin, and of comparing it with the black game and the

Pheasant.-

‘The following are some remarks which I made on its anatomy :

** Left‘oviduct very imperfect ; the ovaries very small; the eggs

scarcely perceptible, and very few in number.

“The sternum approaches nearer to that of the black Grouse than

of the Pheasant; but the bone is not so massive, the anterior edge

of the keel is more scolloped, and the bone between the posterior

scollops is not so broad as in the black game.

“The os furcatorium is that of the Pheasant, being more arched

than in the black game, and having the flat process at the extre-

mity next the sternum broader.

“The pelvis is exactly intermediate between the two, having more

solidity, and being both broader and longer than in the Pheasant ;

but resembling that of the Pheasant in having the two processes on

each side of the caudal vertebre, which serve for the attachments of

the levator muscles of the tail.

“The subjoined Table shows some comparative measurements

between the hybrid bird in question, the cock Pheasant, and the

grey Hen.

Hybrid Bird.| Male

Grey Hen.| Female. | Pheasant.

i |

Ft. In In. Ft. In,

Length of the tarsus .....ee000.| 0 24% eS ter

Length of the middle toe .......| 0 215 Qa 235

Expansion of the wings.........| 2 2 +

Length of the middle tail feathers | 0 7 :

nf.

Vent to.gizzard ....ceesse0

Length from the vent to the ceca | 0

Length of the ceca ....eeees00+| 2

wow SwWOOF

oo FB RWS

Length of the intestinal canal from] | 4 2

Mr. Gray exhibited, from his own collection, specimens of a Coral,

known to some of the English residents at Canton by the name of

the Glass Plant. He stated that it appeared to him to be most

nearly related to Gorgonia, although it differed widely from that

genus by its axis consisting, not of a single calcareous stem, but of

a congeries of almost innumerable siliceous filaments, slightly twisted

together into the form of a rope. Each of these filaments, however,

is composed, like the stem of Gorgonia, of very numerous concentric

lamine, which are easily separated from each other by exposure to

heat, such as the flame of a candle, when the fibre splits down one

side, leaving the inner lamine exposed. Near their upper extre-

mity the filaments have a wrinkled appearance, and are furnished

with numerous barbs, directed backwards; towards the base they

taper gradually, and become much attenuated. The crust bearing

the polypes surrounds the mass of siliceous filaments, and a thin

portion of it probably envelopes each of the component filaments of

the rope, as it may be termed: the bark is of a leathery substance,

and includes a number of small spicula: its outer surface is sandy :

it is furnished with large, distinct, flat-topped tubercles, from which

the polypes are doubtless emitted, as they are from the somewhat

similar tubercles of the bark of the genus Eunicea. Towards the

lower end of the stem the crust is discontinued ; and this part is im-

bedded in a species of Sponge, which, if essential to the coral, is,

however, independent of it, the sponge occurring without the coral,

but the coral not having yet been found without the sponge. The

coral seems to be affixed only by the intervention of the sponge, and

is not flattened out at the base, like Gorgonia, for attachment to other

bodies. In Pennatula, which is affixed by the insertion of its lower

undilated end into yielding substances, the polypiferous crust is con-

tinued to the extremity of the stem, and does not cease, like that of

the glass-rope Coral, at the point of immersion.

Mr. Gray remarked that this Coral is peculiar, as being the only

body, the animal nature of which is undoubted, that is yet known to

secrete silica; the spicula and axis of all other Corals which have

fallen under his observation being purely calcareous: he has not,

however, yet had an opportunity of examining the Gorgonia Briareus,

the axis of which is described by Ellis as consisting of numerous

little purple glossy needles, but in the nearly allied Aleyonium asbes-

tinum (the spicula of which closely agree with this description) he has

ascertained that the spicula are calcareous. In the siliceous nature

of its spicula the Coral in question agrees with some of the Sponges,

Tethya, &c.

Mr. Gray stated that this curious production had occupied much

of his attention several years since, and that he had delayed the

publication of his views respecting it, in the hope of being enabled,

by the acquisition of more copious materials, to clear up some points

which did not appear to him to be, at that time, capable of satisfac-

tory elucidation. He characterized it as the type of a new genus.

HyaALonEMA.

Corallium simplex, subcylindricum, ad basin attenuatum et in

Spongid immersum, supra basin cortice coriaceo tuberculato

tectum; tuberculis sparsis, depressis, polypiferis. Axis e spi-

culis numerosis, elongatis, filiformibus, subcontortis, siliceis

constans.

Polypus ignotus.

HyatonemMa SIEBOLDI.

Hab. apud Japoniam, Dr. Siebold.

Specimens are contained in the British Museum, to which they

were presented by John Reeves, Esq.; in the Museum at Leyden ;

and in the collection of Mr. Gray ; the latter having been purchased

from the Dutch Museum, throvgh the kindness of Dr. De Haen.

A few fibres of the axis formed part of the Sloanean Collection,

when it was originally acquired for the British Museum, but their

nature was altogether unknown.

May 26, 1835.

N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to Mr. Vigors by Philip Poole, Esq.,

Assistant Surgeon, Madras Medical Establishment, and dated Tra-

vancore Residency, December 17, 1834. It accompanied a collec-

tion of skins of Mammalia, Birds, and Reptiles, amounting in number

to upwards of a hundred, which the writer presented to the Society.

“The whole of the animals were obtained in the forests about twenty

miles inland from Kolun or Quilon, in the Travancore country.”

Mr. Poole expresses his readiness to collect other objects for the

Society, and calls particular attention to the “red Mangouste, of

which,” he says, “I send both male and female: they are considered

a great curiosity in India, and I have been told that they are only to

be found in the Travancore country.”

The several Mammalia contained in Mr. Poole’s collection were

then exhibited, and Mr. Bennett brought them in succession under

the notice of the Meeting. The most interesting among them, he

stated, was the Jchneumon especially referred to by the donor, which

represented a species hitherto undescribed, and differing remarkably

from the usual livery of the genus. While the Herpestes fasciatus,

he observed, deviates from the nearly universal grizzled appearance

of the fur which characterizes the Ichneumons generally, and ap-

proaches, by the cross bands of its back and loins, to the markings

of the Suricate, Ryzena tetradactyla, Ill., the species from Travan-

core is equally aberrant by the possession of a longitudinal dark

dash on each side of the neck, which, in some degree, seems to ap-

proximate it in point of colouring, to the Civets, Civetta, Cuv.

The almost uniform colouring of Mr. Poole’s specimens, which are

destitute, except on the head, of any grizzled appearance, might

have been regarded as an additional deviation from the ordinary

characteristics of the group; but this Mr. Bennett showed, by the

exhibition of a skin which had still more recently come into the So-

ciety’s possession, is by no means universal throughout the indivi-

duals of the species, the skin last referred to (which is believed to

have been imported from Bombay) being grizzled, as in'the other

Ichneumons, over the greater part of its surface, and having the uni-

form red colour limited to the extremity of the back and the con-

tiguous part of the tail. Notwithstanding this discrepancy in the

;

colouring, he stated his conviction that the Bombay animal belongs

to the same species with those from Travancore; agreeing, as they

do, in the possession of the remarkable dark dash along the sides of

. the neck, in the broad dark tip of the tail and the uniform red of

its base, and in the general proportions of the body.

He characterized the species in question as the

Herrestes vitrticouuis. Herp. grisea aut rubra; caudé ad basin

rubra ad apicem laté nigra ; artubus vittdque ab aure ad scapu-

lam ducté nigris.

Long. corporis cum capite 22 unc.; caude (sine pilis), 123.

Hab. in Indiz Orientalis partibus Austrum spectantibus.

Mr. Bennett stated his intention of giving a detailed description

of this new species in some “ Observations on the genus Herpestes,

Ill.,” which he was about to prepare, and in which he proposed to

advert to the other Zchneumons in the Society’s possession. He

added, that a living individual of Herp. fasciatus had lately been, for

a short time, in the Society’s Menagerie, on its way to the collection

of the President, the Earl of Derby, at Knowsley.

A skin was subsequently exhibited of a Mammuferous animal,

which had lately been added to the Society’s collection, and which

Mr. Bennett regarded as the representative of a second species of

his genus Lagotis. He pointed out the marks by which it is distin-

guished from the species on which the genus was originally proposed

by him, and which was described in detail-in the ‘'Transactions’,

vol. i. p. 35, and proposed for it, in allusion to one of the most

striking of them, the name of Lag. pallipes. Its occurrence, he re-

marked, renders it necessary to characterize the two species of the

Genus Lacortis.

1. Lacotis Cuvier, Benn. Lag. auriculis caput longitudine

aequantibus ; vellere longiore ; caude@ setis albidisque nigrisque ;

pedibus cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite 16 unc.; caude (preter pilos), 113;

auricule, 24; pedis postici, 33.

Hab. in Peruvia?

2. Lacortis patuires. Lag. auriculis capite subbrevioribus ; vellere

brevi ; caud@ setis ferrugineis ; ventre pedibusque fulvescentibus,

his pallidioribus.

Long. corporis-cum capite 15 unc.; caude (preter pilos), 11 ;

auricule, 24; pedis postici, 3.

Hab. in Chiliz montosis.

Mr. Bennett stated his intention of preparing, in consequence of

the acquisition of this specimen, a short paper, which he proposed

to entitle “‘ Additional remarks on the Genus Lagotis, with some

account of a second Species referrible to it.”

Mr. Reeve exhibited specimens of two Shells, which he regarded

as previously undescribed, and compared them with the species most

nearly related to them, which he also exhibited.

The first of them is characterized by Mr. Lake as follows:

Cyrrama susviripis. Cyp. testdé ovatd, pyriformi, subventricosa ;

dorso convexissimo, subviridi, fasciis duabus tribusve latis, fulvo

brunneoque varie picto; basi convexd, pallida; margine subin-

crassato, rufescenti-brunneo, extremitates versus subproducto ; ore

lineari, sublato, posticé recurvo, dentibus submagnis subdistan-

tibus, columella convexd: long. 14, lat. 4, alt. 4 poll.

Hab.

This shell seems to partake of the characters of Cyp. Errones and

Cyp. pallida; having for the most part the colouring and marking

of the former, and the form of the latter: it is, however, specifically

distinct from either, It is of a ventricose pyriform shape; the back

is of a light green colour, variously painted with yellowish brown ;

and the margin is of a reddish brown colour, darker towards the

extremities. —L,

The second species is thus characterized by Mr. Reeve:

Lucina rucirera. Luc. testa rotundatd, lenticulari, convexiusculd,

albicante spadiceo-rufescente concentricé subfasciatd ; stris ra-

diatis elevatis aluisque concentricis rugosa ; itis albé; ano tri-

gono, impresso, minimo: long. 24, lat. 2, alt. 1 poll.

Hab. ad oras Nove Hollandiz.

This shell is closely allied to Luc. tigerina, (Cytherea tigerina,

Lam.,) and appears at first sight to be the var. 3 of that species

(Lam., Anim. sans Vert., nouv. ed., p. 219): but upon examination

it is found to differ, principally in the longitudinal strie being more

elevated, and crossing the transverse striz, and in the interior being

perfectly white: it is also from a very different locality. There is

in the collection of Mr. Cuming a specimen of the variety of Luc.

tigerina above mentioned which answers exactly to Lamarck’s de-

scription.—L, A. R.

Specimens were exhibited, partly from the collection of the Rev.

F. W. Hope, and partly from that of Mr. Westwood, of various

Hymenopterous Insects, which Mr. Westwood regarded as new to

science. They were accompanied by the following characters by

Mr. Westwood :

Genus Diruinus, Dalm.

Drruinus Mavritianus. Dir. eneo-niger ; capite thoraceque crassé

punctatis, illius cornubus brevioribus obtusis ; antennis nigris ar-

ticulo 1mo ad basin et apicem piceo ; tibiarum quatuor anticarum

apicibus tarsisque omnibus testaceis ; scutello in medio leviusculo ;

metathorace longitudinaliter 4-costato et utrinque angulato ; ab-

domine nigro nitido, subtis ( 2 ) fornicato.

Long. corp. lin. 2. Exp. alar. lin. 3.

Hab. in Insulé Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Meraprtma, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Thorax ante alas elongatus, declivis.

Antenne graciles, fere thoracis longitudine, apicem versus paullo

crassiores, apice ipso obliqué truncato.

Abdomen compressum, oviductu exserto, abdominis longitudine.

Pedes intermedi longiores, femoribus paullo retrd-curvatis, tibiis

caleari longo instructis, tarsis vix dilatatis subtus ciliatis, arti-

culo Imo longiore: postici crassiores, tibiis tarsorumque basi

valdé dilatatis compressis.

Oss. Genus Eupelmo affine.

Merarerna sprcrasitis. Met. capite thoraceque viridibus cupreo

nitentibus ; antennis nigris ; abdomine nigro, chalybeo purpureo-

que nitente ; pedibus quatuor anticis ferrugineis viridi subniten-

tibus ; tarsis intermediis fuscis ad basin albidis ; pedibus duobus

posticis fuscis, femoribus basi rufis, tibiis basi albis ; oviductu

nigro; alis pone medium nubecula vix infumatis.

Long. corp. lin. 24; oviductis, lin. 1. Exp. alar. lin. 33.

Hab. in Georgié Americe.—In Mus. Brit.

Genus Scnizaspip1a, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Corpus breve, crassum.

Antenne breves, crassz, 13-articulate, articulis 2do et 3tio fere

zequalibus, 4to-10mum interné serratis, reliquis tribus in unum

coalitis.

Scutellum magnum, posticé supra abdomen productum et ejus di-

midium basale superans, ad apicem furcatum.

Abdomen thorace paullo majus, supra planum, pedunculo (fere

tertiam partem abdominis longitudine aquante) ad thoracem

affixum. :

_ Oss. Perilampum (habitu) cum Eucharide (scutello armato) con-

jungens.

Scuizasprpia FuRCIFER. Schiz. enea; thoracis parte anticd trans-

versim striata ; scutelli lateribus longitudinaliter sulcatis ; abdo-

minis dimidio basalt ceeruleo, apicali fulvo ; antennis pedibusque

Sulvescentibus ; alis macula substigmaticali fuscescente.

Long. corp. lin, 23. Exp. alar. lin. 44.

Hab. apud Bengaliam.—In Mus. Brit. _

Variat magnitudine minore; antennis profundius serratis; thorace

magis sulcato; abdomine toto fulvo. (An sexus alter? 4?)

Genus Pentactapia, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Eulopho affinis: differt antennis 9-articulatis, articulo 2do parvo,

3tio-7mum ramum longum emittentibus, 8vo Inoque majoribus

oblongo-ovalibus ; abdomine compresso.

PENTACLADIA ELEGANS. Pent. splendidé purpureo-ceerulescens,

antennis obscurioribus.

Eulopho ramicorni dimidio longior.

Hab.?—In Mus. Com. Dejean (olim Latreillii).

Genus Cuatciretta, Westw. (Fam. Chalcidide.)

Antenne ad os inserte, 12?—13?-articulate, articulo 2do brevi,

3tio et sex sequentibus paullo majoribus, valdé continuis, reli-

quis tribus vel quatuor massam elongato-conicam efformantibus.

Metathorax valdé declivis.

Pedunculus dimidium abdominis longitudine zquans, gracilis, cy-

lindricus.

Femora intermedia ad basin gracilia, ad apicem subclavata; coxze

postice crasse, longe ; femora postica maxima, subtus 7-den-

tata.

Ozs. Genus Chalcidibus typicalibus (ex. gr. Sispes) affine.

Cuatciretta Evaniowes. Chale. nigra, punctata ; abdomine com-

presso, nitido ; antennarum bast, geniculis et interdum pedunculo

piceis ; tibiis tarsisque magis testaceis.

Long. corp. lin. 14. Exp. alar. lin. 2.

Hab, in Insula Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Macroretzia, Westw. (Fam. Proctotrupide.)

Corpus longissimum, lineare.

Caput rotundatum, thoracis latitudine.

Antenne in utroque sexu thoracis longitudine, 12-articulate, ¢

articulis fere zqualibus, submoniliformibus, 2 articulis sex

terminalibus clavam crassam oblongam efformantibus.

Thorax ovatus: scutello inermi.

Alg abdomine multo breviores, nervis ut in genere Pteromalo dis-

positis.

Abdomen fere sessile, longissimum, longitudinaliter striatum, seg-

mentis quatuor basalibus zequalibus, depressum, marginatum ;

in @ longius et posticé valdé attenuatum: oviductu retracto.

Oxss. Genus Yeleadi affine.

MacroretE1A CrEonymoiwEs. Macr. nigra; abdomine piceo ;

antennarum basi pedibusque rufescentibus ; (3): 2 picea; capite

antennarumque clava nigris ; abdomine testaceo, apice nigro.

Long. corp. ¢ lin. 14, 9 2%. Exp. alar. lin. 23.

Hab. in Insula Mauritii, Dom. Templeton.

Genus Anopontyra, Westw. (Fam. Scolide.)

Corpus elongatum : abdomen, articulis continuis, oblongo-ovatum,

ad apicem inerme.

Antenne graciles, 13-articulatz, articulo 2ndo discreto, ¢.

Mandibule dente valido interno ante apicem armate.

Palpi maxillares elongati, 6-, labiales 4-articulati.

Alarum nervi fere ut in Tengyra Sanvitali dispositi.

Oss. Tengyris affinis: statura minus elongata quam in Tengyris

et Myzinibus 3.

ANoDONTYRA TRICOLOR. An. nigra; collari anticé flavo lineato ;

segmentis abdominalibus 2do, 3tio et 4to ad marginem posticum

flavo interrupté marginatis, subtis etiam maculé parva laterali

ejusdem coloris notatis; tibus tarsisque testaceis; alis fulvo-

testaceis, ante apicem nubilo fuscescenti notatis.

Long. corp. lin. 8. Exp. alar. lin. 143.

Hab. in Chilii—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Szricocaster, Westw. (Fam. Vespide ?)

Caput magnum, planum, quadratum: oculi integri, ovales.

Antenne ( 2) capite non longiores, in medio faciei inserte, genicu-

latee, 12-articulatze, articulo 1mo longo, reliquis valdé continuis.

Labrum corneum, triangulare.

Mandibule mediocres, ante medium et sub apicem interné excisz.

Maxille et Mentum elongate : palpi maxillares 6-, labiales (bre-

viores) 4-articulati.

Labrum e lobis duobus parvis carnosis constans.

Thorax brevis: scutello haud elevato.

Abdomen ovale, subdepressum, segmentis continuis.

Pedes breves, antici ( 2) haud fossorii, tibiis posticis spinosis.

Ale antice cellula 1 marginali subappendiculata, cellulis 2 sub-

marginalibus completis quarum 2da nervos duos recurrentes

recipit.

Oss. Genus quoad affinitates dubium. Ceramium (habitu) Philan-

this vel potius Sapygis (structura orali) quasi conjungens.

SericoGasTER Fasciatus. Ser. niger; scutello, antennis, pedibus-

que rufescentibus ; femoribus posticis ad basin apiceque antenna-

rum piceis ; abdominis segmentis flavo irregulariter marginatis.

Long. corp. lin. 43. Exp. alar. lin. 6.

Hab. in Nova Hollandié.—In Mus. Dom. Hope.

Genus Doryuvs, Fabr.

Dorytus Ortentaus. 4 Dor. helvolo distinguitur, staturd paullo

graciliore, nervo recurrenti alarum anticarum pone medium

areole submarginalis inserto, nervisque binis internis (posti-

carum) nervis duobus transversis connexis.

Hab. in India Orientalii—In Mus. Westw. Communicavit Dom.

W. W. Saunders, F.L.S.

Mr. Owen read a paper ‘‘On the Anatomy of Distoma clavatum,

Rud.,” an Entozoon of an intermediate grade of structure between

the two subjects, Trichina and Linguatula, which he has recently

brought under the notice of the Society: the one manifesting simply

a homogeneous granular pulp enveloped in a transparent, thin, elastic

tegument; and the other having distinctly developed nervous ganglia

and filaments, a muscular tunic, a digestive canal contained in an

abdominal cavity, ovaries, oviduct, and fecundating glands.

The specimen of Dist. clavatum examined by Mr. Owen measured

2 inches and 2 lines in length, and 13 inch in circumference at its

thickest part. Its outer integument was thin, crisp, and semitrans-

parent; transversely and minutely wrinkled, and evidently fibrous

in the same direction ; and adhering but slightly, at least after ma-

ceration in spirit, to the succeeding layer. This latter tunic was

evidently muscular, and was composed of longitudinal fibres: it ad-

hered pretty closely to the membrane immediately inclosing the cel-

lular parenchyma of the body, but was separable from it by careful

manipulation. The muscular tunic was beautifully ornamented by

tortuous vessels containing a dark-coloured fluid.

The anterior orifice is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, forming

a suctorious disc, at the bottom of which is a minute orifice leading

to the digestive tubes. These are two in number, and are continued,

slightly enlarging and diverging from one another, to the cells at

the posterior part of the body.

The large cup-like cavity, about 3 lines posterior to the anterior

end of the animal, is simply for adhesion, and has no communication

with the interior of the body; but immediately in front of it is a

small transverse slit, concealed by the wrinkles of the integument,

which forms the outlet of the generative organs.

At the posterior extremity of the body there is a minute central

orifice, leading into a narrow cavity formed between two layers of a

, villous membrane, extending vertically across the terminal dilated

part of the animal. Between this cavity and the rest of the body no

communication could be detected, on the most minute inspection.

Its internal surface is of a yellowish white colour, and smooth. Its

function is probably excretory, and it may, therefore, be regarded

as exhibiting a rudimentary condition of the respiratory system. On

each side of it is a large lateral cavity, internally black and minutely

wrinkled, and filled (in the individual examined) with a dark brown

fluid, similar in appearance to partly digested blood. This nutriment

is conveyed to the lateral cavities by the intervention of the smaller

cells anterior to those from the two alimentary canals leading from

the mouth, and is distributed into the dark-coloured vessels of the

muscular tunic: so that the lateral cavities, analogous to those which

have been considered as chyle-receptacles in Amphistoma, &c., hold

an intermediate position between the alimentary and the sangui-

ferous canals. The cells at the smaller end of the body were occu-

pied by a yellow fluid, containing numerous ova of the same colour,

many of which had thence passed into the tortuous oviduct.

Distoma is thus seen to possess, in addition to the cellular paren-

chyma of the body, the three systems of canals, digestive, vascular,

and generative, which are usually met with in the Trematoda. An

analogy to the Leech may be traced, not merely in the external

suckers, but also in the form of the cells, which at the posterior part

of the body communicate with, and form part of, the digestive ap-

paratus, especially of the two last cavities, which very closely re-

semble the last pair of gastric ceca that occupy, in the Leech, a

similar position.

The reading of the paper was illustrated by the exhibition of the

animal described in it, and of drawings of its several parts.

Mr. Owen subsequently read ‘“‘Some Remarks on the Entozoa,

and on the Structural Differences existing among them; including

Suggestions for their Distribution into other Classes.”

The difficulty of assigning to the internal parasites of other ani-

mals a definite character, by which they may be distinguished as a

class, is evident on a mere inspection of the definition proposed for

the Entozoa by Cuvier: it rests chiefly on their habitats, and on

certain negative properties, and attempts to combine with these a ge-

neral resemblance of form. Rudolphi at one time imagined that he

had overcome this difficulty, by denying to the Hntozoa a nervous

system; but he was subsequently under the necessity of regarding

the Nematoidea as excluded from this definition, and he proposed to

associate this portion of the Hntozoa with the Annelida. But the

possession by the red-blooded Worms of a distinct respiratory system

would alone be sufficient to forbid this association, even if the essen-

tial character of ganglions on the nervous chords were not also pre-

sent to negative it absolutely. As the Nematoidea differ from the

Parenchymatous Worms by possessing a distinct nervous system as

widely on the one hand, as they do from the Annelida in the form of

that system on the other, Mr. Owen has been induced to associate

them with those other classes of the Radiata of Cuvier which, while

they are distinguished from the rest of the division by the undoubted

presence of nerves, agree with the Nematoidea in manifesting these

organs in,the form of simple ungangliated disconnected chords.

The subdivision of Cuvier’s Radiata, proposed by Mr. W.S. Mac-

Leay, into two principal groups, the Acrita and the Radiata, may be

regarded as consonant with the system of nature, although’the latter,

by the exclusion of the Nematoidean Worms, is too restricted as to

its contents: the definition of the former group given by its pro-

poser requires also modification, in consequence of the vast disco-

veries which have of late years been made in the organization of the

animals comprised in it. Mr. Owen discusses the several characters

assigned to the Acrita, and dwells particularly on the variations in

the generative system which range from gemmation and spontaneous

fission, observed only in this group in the animal kingdom; to the

cryptandrous or productive form only, which occurs in the Cystici

and Cestoidea; to the superaddition of a fecundating gland to the

ovary, as in Tyematoda; and to the separation of the sexes, as in the

Acanthocephala: so as already to typify almost all the modes of ge-

neration by which the higher races of animals are perpetuated.

Mr. Owen regards the molecular and the filiform condition of the

nervous system as respectively furnishing the primary characters of

the Acrita and the Radiata; although traces of longitudinal nervous

chords may be met with in Echinorhynchus and in the Acalephe.

Another distinction of great moment is the absence, in the Acrita,

of a distinct abdominal cavity separating the digestive cavity from

the parietes of the body; the digestive cavity in those animals, what-

ever may be its form, being essentially a simple excavation of the

parenchyma. The vascular system, where traces of it are met with

in the Acrita, corresponds with the digestive system in being equally

devoid of proper parietes, and consisting of canals excavated in the

parenchymatous substance of the body, in which a cyclosis of the

nutrient fluids, analogous to that of plants, is observed, but no true

circulation.

In the Acrite subkingdom, with the exception of the generative

and digestive organs, all the other systems are more or less blended

together, and the corporeal parenchyma seems to possess many func-

tions in common. Where a distinct organ is eliminated, it is often

repeated almost indefinitely in the same individual. Thus, in the

Polypi the nutritious canals are supplied by a thousand mouths; in

the Polygastrica there is an analogous multiplication of the digestive

cavity itself; the generative system becomes the subject of this re-

petition in the Tenia, each joint being the seat of a separate ovary;

and the Sponges, which exhibit in their calcareous and siliceous spi-

cula the first rudiment of an internal skeleton, repeat again and again,

without modification, in the same individual the same spiculum. The

Acrita offer, as it were, the germs of the higher animal forms, and

sketch forth the ideas of the typical condition of the principal sub-

divisions of the animal kingdom.

As classes of Acrita Mr. Owen proposes to regard the Polygastrica,

the Spongie, the Polypi, the Acalephe, and the Vers Intestinaux Pa-

renchymateuz of Cuvier, for which latter he proposes the name of

Sterelmintha.

Among the Radiata, for which he uses the name Nematoneura, he

includes the Echinodermata and the Rotifera, together with the Vers

Cavitaires of Cuvier; which latter he subdivides into the Epizoa and

the Celelmintha, a term proposed by him to comprise all the Nema-

toidea, together with the genera Linguatula and Sipunculus.

He passes in rapid review the several systems of the Celelmintha,

and remarks on the generative functions, that the same variations

which are met with in the Stere/mintha occur in this series also. We

have the simple female apparatus without male organs, or the crypt-

androus type, in Sipunculus ; the superadded male glands, but

without reciprocal fecundation, in Linguatula; and the separate sexes

in the Nematoidea.

In conclusion, Mr. Owen gives the following list, distributed ac-

cording to his views of the

Entozoa Homrnis.

Subregnum Acrira.

Classis (Inrusori1a, Cuv.).

1. Cercaria Seminis cui locus Semen virile.

2. Trichina spiralis Musculi voluntarii.

Classis STERELMINTHA.

3. Echinocercus Hominis Hepar.

4. Cysticercus Cellulose Musculi et cerebrum.

5. visceralis Viscera generatim.

6. Tenia Solium Intestina tenuia.

7. Bothriocephalus latus Intestina tenuia.

8. Polystoma Venarum Vene.

pinguicola Ovaria.

10, Distoma hepaticum Vesica fellea,

Subregnum NEMATONEURA.

Classis CaLELMINTHA.

. Ascaris vermicularis

Lumbricoides

. Strongylus Gigas

. Spiroptera Hominis

. Trichocephalus dispar

. Filaria branchialis

Medinensis

Oculi

Intestinum rectum.

Intestina tenuia.

Ren.

Vesica urinaria.

Czeecum et intestina crassa.

Glandulee branchiales.

Substantia cellulosa.

Oculus.

June 9, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Thompson of Belfast exhi-

bited numerous specimens of Birds and Fishes, some of which were

new to the British, and many to the Irish, Fauna. With reference

to these specimens, and to others not in his own possession, he read

the following notes.

“ Of the following species of Birds, Fishes, &c., the first four are

additions to the British Fauna: the remainder are species hitherto

unpublished in the Fauna of Ireland.

Canada Onl, Surnia funerea, Dum. An Onl of this species, pre-

served in the collection of Dr. Burkitt of Waterford, was taken on

board a collier, a few miles off the coast of Cornwall, in March, 1830,

being at the time in so exhausted a state as to allow itself to be

captured by the hand. On the arrival of the vessel at Waterford,

whither she was bound, the bird was given to a friend of Dr. Burkitt,

with whom it lived for a few weeks, and then came into his posses-

sion. The very circumstantial account of the capture of this bird

given by Captain Stacey of the collier, leaves no doubt of its accu-

racy.

Lough Neagh Coregonus. In September last a comparison of the

Lough Neagh Coregonus with the Vendace of Loch Meben (whence

I procured specimens, through the kindness of Sir William Jardine,

Bart.,) proved to me that these species are distinct. The disagree-

ment of the former with the Gwiniad, or Coregonus of Wales, as de-

scribed by Pennant, was at the same time very obvious; and from

the examination of an individual of the latter species (lately favoured

me by Mr. Yarrell) and specimens of the Lough Neagh Fish, I am

fully satisfied that they are specifically different.

From the Gwiniad, the Pollan or Lough Neagh Coregonus differs

in the snout not being produced; in the scales of the lateral line;

in having fewer rays in the anal fin, and in its position being rather

more distant from the tail; in the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins being

of less dimensions ; and in the third ray of the pectoral fin being

longest, the first being of the greatest length in the Gwiniad.

From the Pollan, the Vendace or Loch Meben Coregonus differs so

essentially in its lower jaw being the longer, as well as in its being

turned upwards, as to render it unnecessary to draw further com-

parison.

The Pollan is very uniform in size, its ordinary length being

about 10 inches: none that I have ever seen exceeded 12. The

relative length of the head to that of the body is as 1 to about 34: the

No. XXX. ProcrEpines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

depth of the body equal to the length of the head: the jaws equal,

both occasionally furnished with a few delicate teeth; the tongue

with many teeth: the lateral line sloping downwards for a short way

from the operculum, and thence passing straight to the tail: nine rows

of scales from the dorsal fin to the lateral line, and the same number

thence to the ventral fin; the row of scales on the back and that of the

lateral line not reckoned: the third ray of the pectoral fin the longest.

D.2+12. P.16. V.14+11. A. 2+11. C.19. B. 9.—Vertebre 59.

Colour to the lateral line dark blue, thence to the belly silvery ;

dorsal, anal, and caudal fins towards the extremity tinged with black;

pectoral and ventral fins of crystalline transparency, excepting at

their extremities, which are faintly dotted with black. Jrides sil-

very, pupil black.

As not one of the Coregoni, of which I can find descriptions, agrees

with the Lough Neagh species, I am induced to consider it as new,

and venture to propose for it the name of Coregonus Pollan, as by

this trivial appellation it is invariably known in its native district.

Cephaloptera, Dum. A fish of this singular genus, taken about

five years ago on the southern coast of Ireland, and thence sent to

the Royal Society of Dublin, is at present preserved in their Museum.

In breadth it is about 45 inches. The specimen being imperfect, and

the characters of some of the species being ill defined, I hesitate

applying to it a specific name. It somewhat resembles the Ceph.

Giorna, as figured by Risso.

Physalia pelagica, Eschsh. On the 13th of March, 1834, a spe-

eimen of this Physalia was found by Miss Ball of Youghal, on the

coast of the county of Waterford, near Ardmore. When taken up it

exhibited great brilliancy of colour. To Mr. Gray I am indebted

for the opportunity of consulting the work of Eschsholtz (Syst. der

Acaleph.), according to which the Phys. pelagica of Lamarck differs

from this, being identical with his Phys. Caravella. 'The Phys. tuber-

culosa of Lamarck is considered by Eschsholtz synonymous with his

Phys. pelagica.

Orange-legged Hobby, Falco rufipes, Bechst. An immature spe-

cimen of this bird, shot in the county of Wicklow in the summer of

1832, forms part of the collection of T. W. Warren, Esq., of Dublin.

Snowy Owl, Noctua nyctea, Sav. About the 26th of March, 1835,

one of these birds was shot near Portglenone, county Antrim, and

came into possession of Dr. Adams of that place, who presented it

to the Natural History Society of Belfast: the individual now exhi-

bited is said to have been seen along with it. On the 21st of the

same month a bird of this species was seen on an open or heath-

covered moor about twenty miles distant from Portglenone, by two

of my friends, within a few yards of one of whom it sprung, just as

he had fired at a Snepe.

In Dublin I subsequently saw a specimen of this On/ which had

been shot in the county of Mayo, also in the month of March; and I

am credibly informed that a few others were obtained about the same

time in different parts of Ireland.

Great spotted Woodpecker, Picus major, Linn. A specimen of

Pic. major, preserved in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society,

was shot in the vicinity of that city a few years since. In the manu-

script Notes of the late Mr. Templeton it is stated that an indivi-

dual of the same species was sent to him, in August, 1802, from the

county of Londonderry.

Little Bustard, Otis Tetrax, Linn. Two birds of this rare species

were seen in the county of Wicklow, on the 23rd of August, 1833,

and one of them was shot by Mr. Reside, for whom it was set up

by Mr. W.S. Wall, Bird Preserver, Dublin.

Velvet Scoter, Oidemia fusca, Flem. In December, 1833, a spe-

cimen of this Duck was killed at Clontarf, near Dublin. Its occur-

rence on the Irish coast in one or two other instances has been com-

municated to me.

Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Dr. J. D. Marshall

of Belfast informs me that a specimen of this bird, which he pos-

sesses, was procured in the neighbourhood of that town in the au-

tumn of 1831.

Great Auk, Alca impennis, Linn. One of these birds, taken in

1834 off the coast of the county of Waterford, is preserved in the col-

lection of Dr. Burkitt of Waterford. It lived in confinement for some

months.

In Sampson’s ‘ Londonderry’ it is erroneously stated that Alca

impennis frequents the rocks of that county as well as those of

Donegal: the Razor-bill, Alcea Torda, Linn., which is common to

both counties, being omitted in Mr. Sampson’s Catalogue, is, I pre-

sume, the bird alluded to under the name of Alca impennis.

Pomarhine Skua, Lestris Pomarhinus, Temm. Of this Skua, three

specimens were procured in different parts of Ireland, within a short

period, about the commencement of the winter of 1834-5. The

first, purchased alive at Youghal, county Cork, on the 12th of Oc-

tober, was caught upon a hook, at sea, and lived for a few weeks,

part of which time it was in the Garden of the Zoological Society

of Dublin. The second specimen was shot in Belfast Bay, on the

18th of October, and is in the collection of Dr. J. D. Marshall.

Both these individuals were immature. The third, an adult bird,

was shot from among a flock of Gulls, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin,

on the 5th of November, and, with the first mentioned, is in the pos-

session of Robert Ball, Esq., of Dublin.

Sapphirine Gurnard, Trigla Hirundo, Linn., is commonly taken

on the north-east coast of Ireland: it not unusually attains 2 feet

in length. By the Howth (county Dublin) fishing-boats I have seen

this species brought ashore in considerable quantity.

Lineated Gurnard, Trigla lineata, Linn. On the 28th of February,

1835, Dr. J. D. Marshall, being attracted by the peculiar colour of

a Gurnard in Belfast Market, kindly communicated the circumstance

to me, and on inspection of the fish, I found it to be the Trigla

lineata, and learned that it had been taken in Strangford Lough. Its

length is 167 inches. On the 3rd of March I procured another spe-

cimen, but of smaller dimensions, from the same locality.

Long-spined Cotius, Cottus Bubalis, Euphr. This appears to be

more common on the Irish coast than Cott. Scorpius, Linn, I have

taken it off Down, and in Galway Bay, and have seen a specimen of

Mr. Ball’s from the harbour of Cork. Of eleven specimens of Cott.

Bubalis and Cott. Scorpius examined by me, which were obtained in

the north-east, the west, and the south of Ireland, and preserved

without any regard to species, eight were of the former, and three

of the latter.

One specimen of Cott. Bubalis, taken in Belfast Bay, and preserved

in the Museum of that town, is 7 inches in length.

Pogge, Aspidophorus Europeus, Cuv. & Val., (Cottus Cataphrac-

tus, Linn.). Specimens of this fish, from the coast of Down, have

been sent to me by Captain Fayrer, R.N.; and in Mr. Ball’s collection

is one from the coast of Cork.

Bonito, Scomber Pelamys, Linn. Of this species, rarely captured

in the British seas, one taken on the coast of Wexford, some years

since, was sent in a fresh state to the Royal Dublin Society, and is

preserved in their Museum: its length is 29 inches.

Atherine, Atherina Presbyter, Cuv. This is taken ‘plentifully on

the goast of Down, especially in Strangford Lough. Of about forty

specimens from this locality, which I examined in January last, the

average length was 64 inches; a few were 7, and one was 7+ inches

long. Mr. Ball informs me that the 4therine is not unfrequently

taken along with Sprats at Youghal, and that on the 14th of Sep-

tember last he saw a shoal of them at Portmarnock, county Dublin,

where a stream had formed a pool in the sand below high-water

mark.

Smooth Blenny, Blennius Pholis, Linn. This is more commonly

to be met with than any other species of fish in the rocky pools on the

north-east coast of Ireland: specimens have been sent to me from

the south by Mr. Ball; and in Galway Bay, on the western coast, I

captured a few individuals in June, 1834.

Wolf Fish, Anarrhichas Lupus, Linn., is occasionally taken on the

eastern coast of Ireland. The Museum of the Royal Dublin Society

contains a native specimen.

Black Goby, Gobius niger, Linn.? Of the black Goby, as gene-

rally recognised by British authors, a specimen taken at Youghal

has been submitted to me by Mr. Ball. In a paper read before the

Linnean Society last year, I showed that the Gob. niger of Pennant,

and the fish to which Donovan applies the same name, are two di-

stinct species. To the latter Mr. Yarrell has since given the name

of Gob. bipunctatus.

Sordid Dragonet, Callionymus Dracunculus, Linn. A specimen of

this fish, taken at Youghal in August last by Mr. Ball, is in his col-

lection.

Ballan Wrasse, Labrus maculatus, Bloch, occurs commonly, and

of a large size, on the coasts of Down and Antrim, often attaining

upwards of 20 inches in length.

Striped Wrasse, Labrus variegatus, Gmel., is occasionally taken

on the Down and Antrim shores: a specimen from the south has

been sent to me by Mr. Ball: and in the Museum of the Royal

Dublin Society one is preserved, which was purchased in Dublin

Market.

Goldfinny, Crenilabrus Cornubiensis, Yarr. I have seen but one

Irish specimen of this fish, which was taken at Youghal by Mr. Ball.

The proportion of spiny to soft rays in its dorsal fin is but 13+ 10;

otherwise it agrees with this fish as commonly described.

Salmo ferox, Jard. & Selby. A large species of Salmo, found in

Lough Neagh, and known there by the name of Buddagh, has long

attracted attention. ;

In Harris’s ‘ History of the County of Down’, published in 1744,

it is remarked (p. 236), ‘Thf8 Buddagh seems to be the same fish

found in the lake of Geneva, and called by Gesner and Aldrovandus

Trutta lacustris.’ In Sampson's ‘ Londonderry’, and Dubourdieu’s

‘Down’, it appears as Salmo lacustris. However, upon seeing a

specimen of the Loch Awe trout, named Salmo ferox by Sir Wil-

liam Jardine and Mr. Selby, at the last Meeting of the British Asso-

ciation, I recognised it as identical with the Buddagh of Lough

Neagh.

Small-headed Dab, Platessa microcephala, Flem., is occasionally

brought from the Down coast to Belfast Market, where it is known

by the name of Lemon Sole.

Whiff, Pleuronectes megastoma, Don., occurs, though very rarely,

on the north-east coast of Ireland.

Pleuronectes punctatus, Penn. On the 25th of March, 1835, I

procured a specimen of this fish, 64 inches in length, from Ardglass,

county Down, where it must be very rare, being quite unknown to

the fishermen.

Ocellated Sucker, Lepadogaster Cornubiensis, Flem. The only

Irish specimen of this fish which I have seen was taken by Wm. H.

Harvey, Esq., of Limerick, on the coast of Clare.

The number of fin-rays in this specimen differs very much from

that stated by Pennant and Donovan to exist in the ocellated Sucker :

Pennant gives. . .. D.11. A.9. .V.4;

Donovanlayiel whl. wl es 11s, A. 20. PoliaGi65

Mr. Harvey’s specimen has D. 20, A.11. V. 4. P,19. C. 14. B.6;

and exhibits, in addition to the two filaments which appear before

each eye, a third fleshy appendage placed nearer to the eye, and un-

connected with the others.

Notwithstanding these discrepancies, the general accordance of

Mr. Harvey’s fish with the figures of the ocellated Sucker given by

the authors above quoted, and its possessing the character whence

the trivial name has been derived, make me unwilling, without further

investigation, to consider the species distinct.

A notice of two specimens of Lepadogaster bimaculatus, Flem.,

having occurred to me on the coast of Down, was, early in the pre-

sent session, communicated to the Linnean Society, it being at the

same time remarked that the spots from which the species had ob-

tained its scientific as well as trivial name were in both instances

wanting. Since that time I, on one occasion, took upwards of a

dozen specimens of this fish, by deep dredging in Belfast Bay: one

or two of these were also immaculate.

Leptocephalus Morrisit, Penn. By the kindness of scientific

friends I am enabled to mention the occurrence of six specimens of

Lept. Morrisii on the coast of Ireland. Mr. Ball has thus written

me respecting it: ‘The first I saw was at Cove, in 1809.......1

was at the capture of a second at Clonakilty, in 1811. I caught one

myself at Youghal, in 1819, and procured another which was taken

there. The fifth, the specimen which I have preserved, was taken

in a shrimp-net, at Youghal also, in 1829; the four others having

been found under stones, near low-water mark.’ Dr. J. L. Drum-

mond informs me that when in Bangor, county Down, in June, 1831,

a specimen of Lept. Morrisii, about 4 inches in length, was brought

to him: it had been just taken from a pool left in the sand by the

ebbing tide, and was almost perfectly transparent.

Syngnathus Ophidion, Linn. Of this fish I have seen a few spe-

cimens, which were obtained by Mr. G. C. Hyndman at the entrance

of Strangford Lough, in March, 1832.

Ammoceetes branchialis, Flem. I have specimens of this fish from

the county of Kildare.

The oceanic shell Janthina exigua, Sow., which was, I believe,

for the first time noticed in 1834, as occurring on the English coast

(Turton, in Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 352), and never before

on that of Ireland, was obtained in considerable abundance in Sep-

tember, 1834, at Kilkee, on the coast of Clare, by Mrs. James Fisher,

of Limerick.” —W. T.

Mr. Thompson also read the following notes respecting two Birds,

which he regarded as interesting on account of the rarity of their

occurrence.

Scolopax Sabini, Vig. The specimen exhibited of this very rare

bird is one of the four individuals noticed by Mr. Yarrell in a paper

on British Snipes, which appeared in the ‘ Magazine of Natural Hi-

story’ for 1850 (vol. iii. p. 29). It is there merely mentioned as “a

third specimen, lately mounted by a London bird preserver”, and

no particulars respecting it have yet appeared. It was shot by Cap-

tain Bonham of the 10th Hussars (who most kindly ordered it to be

sent hither from Brighton for my inspection), at the end of Novem-

ber or beginning of December, 1827, near Garvagh, in the county

of Londonderry, being the second individual killed in Ireland, In

a letter to a mutual friend, Captain Bonham remarks of this bird,

that it sprung from the side of a high heathery hill, from which

common Snipes, Scol. Gallinago, Linn., were at the same time raised,

but that it did not call as they do. His want of success in obtaining

it before the third shot afforded Captain Bonham an opportunity of

remarking its disregard for his presence, which was manifested by

its alighting quite near again, after being fired at, in the manner of

the Jack Snipe, Scol. Gallinula, Linn.

Larus Sabini, Sab. A third specimen of this bird occurred last

autumn in Ireland. It was shot on or about the 15th of September,

1834, on the shore of Belfast Bay, near Claremont, the residence of

Mrs. Clewlon, in whose possession it now is. It is a young bird of

the year, and in plumage similar to the other two individuals of this

species, which I had the satisfaction of announcing to the Linnean

Society last year as having been obtained in Ireland.—W. T.

Mr. Thompson subsequently read the following notice respecting

the

Larus Argentatoides, Swains. & Rich. “ On submitting six mature

specimens of the Herring Gull of the north of Ireland to a critical

examination, similar to that pursued in the second volume of the

‘Fauna Boreali-Americana’ by Mr. Swainson and Dr. Richardson,

I ascertained their identity with the Lar. Argentatoides of that work

(vol. ii. p. 417). Between the largest and the smallest of these spe-

cimens there was a difference in total length of from 222 to 244

inches, and in their tarsi of from 27 to 32 lines. The second quill

in two individuals, exhibited, in addition to the white tip, ‘a round

white spot on its inner web’; in this respect agreeing with the Lar.

Argentatoides as described in the work referred to, and previously

by C. L. Bonaparte in his ‘Synopsis of the Birds of the United

States’ (Ann. of Lyc. of New York, vol. ii. p. 360); the second

quill in three of these specimens wants this white spot, in which par-

ticular they agree with the Lar. argentatus, as contradistinguished

by Bonaparte from the Lar. Argentatoides: the same quill in the

sixth specimen is in an intermediate state, a round white spot, not

more than 4 of an inch across, appearing on it in the one wing; the

second quill of the other wing in the same individual exhibiting a

white spot fully half an inch in diameter: thus proving that this

marking is so inconstant that it should not be relied on as a cha-

racter.”—W., T.

Mr. Thompson finally exhibited, from the collection of Mr, Ball,

84 \

the first specimen of the American Cuckoo, Coccyzus Americanus,

Bon., recorded in the British Catalogue ; and showed its identity of

species by comparing it with an American specimen exhibited for

that purpose.

He also exhibited one of the two specimens of the Noddy, Sterna

stolida, Linn., noticed by him before the Linnean Society last year

as having been obtained near the coast of Ireland.

The exhibition was resumed of the previously undescribed species

of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought

on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-

panied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, and comprised the fol-

lowing species of the

Genus Pinna.

Pinna rucosa. Pinna testé magnd, rudi, trigond, longitudinaliter

obtuse radiatim costatd, postice latd, rotundatd ; costis posticé

- squamiferis, squamis magnis, elongatis, irregularibus, subrecurvis,

foliaceis, tubufosis ; margine dorsali recto, antico ventrali sub-

coarctato: long. 9°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 6° poll.

Hab. in Sinu Panamensi. (Isle of Rey.)

One of the specimens obtained by Mr. Cuming measures eighteen

inches in length. They were procured from sand banks.—G. B.S.

Pinna maura. Pinna testa oblonga, tumidd, fusco-nigricante, lon-

gitudinaliter radiatim costatd ; costis parvis, obtusis, suboblite-

ratis, postice squamiferis, squamis fornicatis, subreflexis, ventra-

libus minoribus ; margine dorsali rectiusculo, postico subrotun-

dato, ventrali postico subventricoso, ventrali antico declivi: long.

10°5, alt. (ad partem posticam) 5*5 poll.

Hab. apud Panamam.

Obtained from muddy banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna tuBercutosa. Pinna testd subtrigond, alta, fusco-nigri-

cante squamulis pallidioribus, obsolete subradiatd, radius squa-

muliferis, squamulis foliaceis, brevibus, postic? incurvis, fornicatis,

tubercula simulantibus ; margine dorsali recto, postico subdeclivt,

ventrali subrotundato; angulis posticis rotundatis ; vertice sub-

adunco : long. 8°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 6° poll.

Hab, apud Panamam.

Obtained, like the last species, from muddy banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna atta. Pinna testa trigond, flabelliformi, radiatim longi-

tudinaliter costellatd ; costellis angustis, muricatis (postice pre-

cipue), squamulis paucis, longioribus, ventralibus subobsoletis ;

margine dorsali recto, postico alto rotundato, ventrali ventriceso ;

vertice subadunco : long. 5°5, alt. (ad partem posticam) 4°5 poll.

Hab. in Sinu Honduras.

Found on sand banks.—G. B. S.

Pinna Lanceonata, Pinna testa lanceolata, superne radiatim lon-

gitudinaliter costellatd, infra fer mutica ; costellis distantibus,

muricatis, squamuliferis, squamulis distantibus, subrecurvis, lon-

giortbus ; margine dorsali recto, postico rectiusculo, subdeclivi,

ventralt subventricoso: long. 7°75, alt. (ad partem posticam)

3°5 poll.

Hab. apud Puerto Portrero.

Dredged from sandy mud at a depth of thirteen fathoms.—G. B.S.

PINNA SQUAMIFERA. Pinna testa sublanceolatd, corned, costellis

paucis squamiferis longitudinaliter radiata, squamis subdistanti-

bus, majoribus, latiusculis, subreflexis, rotundatis, hyalinis ; mar-

gine dorsali recto, postico ventralique rotundatis, continuis ; ared

ventral rugosa: long. 6°, alt. (ad partem posticam) 3° poll.

Hab, ad Caput Bone Spei.—G. B. S.

Pinna Arra. Pinna testa lanceolata, corned, subradiatim costel-

lata et fusco pictd; costellis subobsoletis, postice squamuliferis,

squamulis latiusculis, laxis, sparsis; margine dorsali ventralique

e@qualibus, postico brevi, subrotundato : long. 6°, alt. (ad partem

posticam) 2°5 poll.

Hab. ad Caput Bonze Spei.—Communicavit Dom. Ed. Verreaux.

—G. B.S.

Mr. Gray exhibited specimens of two Corals, which he regarded

as the types of two genera not previously distinguished. He cha-

racterized them as follows:

ERRINA.

Corallium solidum, calcareum, durum.

Cellule tubulares, prominentes, superné longitudinaliter fissae, ad

apices ramorum undique sparse : fossa profundd minima sepe

sub basin cellularum sita.

Polypus adhuc incognitus.

The type of this genus is the Millepora aspera of Esper (Supp., i.

t. 18. Lam., ii. p. 201.).

It is probable that the Mill. tubulifera, Lam., and the Mill. pin-

nata, Ej., are also referrible to it.

ANTHOPORA.

Corallium durum, lapidosum; superficie granulosa, scabra, vix

porosa.

Cellule sparse, subcylindrice, supra concave 6-radiate, infra

6-lamellosz ; lamellis in centro stylifero coadunatis; stylo vix

prominente ; sulcis aliquibus minoribus inter radios.

The outer coat of the coral is hard and stony, and the centre of

its branches is cellular, and formed of six-rayed branching stars.

The stars are elongate, tubular, and chambered, like those of Pocil-

lopora.

This genus agrees in the number of the plates of the cells, the

central style, and the solidity of the coral, with M. de Blainville’s

Sideropora, but differs from it in the rays of the stars not being

produced. By the latter character, and by the number of its rays,

it differs from the genus Stylaster, Gray. From Stylopora, Schweigg.,

it differs by the central style of the cells not being exserted, and by

the coral being solid instead of porous.

The form of the stars is best seen at the tips of the branches, their ~

mouths becoming in the older parts so contracted as to obscure the

central style. When the coral is worn, the style is distinctly visible.

1. Anruopora cucutLaTa. Anth. corallio solido, ramoso; ramis

compressis, subpalmatis, ad apices dilatatis rotundatis compressis ;

cellularum margine superiore producto, cucullato, (Animal viri-

descens, Ehr.)

Millepora alcicornis, Forsk.

Millepora digitata, Pall.

Porites scabra, Lam.

Pocillopora Andreogyni, Aud.

Porites digitata, Ehr.

Hab. :

The details of this species given by M. Savigny in the fourth

Plate of the Polypes, forming part of the great work on Egypt, leave

little to be desired for its elucidation.

2. AntHorora ELEGANS. Anth. corallio solido, ramoso; ramis

subcylindricis rarissime subcompressis, attenuatis, ad apices ro-

tundatis ; cellularum margine circulari.

Porites subseriata, Ehr. ?

Mr. Owen read a “ Note descriptive of a new species of T'ape-

worm” discovered in the small intestines of the Flamingo, Pheeni-

copterus ruber, Linn., and to which he had given the name of Tenia

lamelligera when he first brought it, in 1832, under the notice of

the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Society (Pro-

ceedings, Part II. p. 143). His principal object in again adverting

to the subject was to lay before the Meeting a series of drawings

which he had prepared of this remarkable Intestinal Worm, which

bears generally a superficial resemblance to the Annelidous Nereis

lamelligera, Pall.

Mr. Bell read a paper entitled ‘‘ Observations on the Genus Cancer

of Dr. Leach (Platycarcinos, Latr.), with Descriptions of three New

Species.”

He commences by remarking on the subdivisions which the in-

crease of our knowledge has rendered necessary in the genus Cancer

as established by Linnzus, and by giving his reasons for preferring

the appropriation of that name, proposed by Dr. Leach, to the smaller

group comprehending the /arge edible Crab of our coast, rather than

the assigning to it the appellation of Platycarcinos, suggested by La-

treille; a name which, in fact, is objectionable, independently of the

peculiar fitness of the other, on account of the shells of the animals

: 87

of this group not being flat, as would seem to be implied by it. He

then characterizes and describes the genus as now restricted: and

subsequently characterizes the several species referrible to it, in-

cluding the one generally known in the markets; a second, which

was originally described by Say ; and three others, now for the first

time noticed, which were obtained by Mr. Cuming on the coast of

Chili, and which form part of the Society’s Collection, having been

presented to it, together with the whole of his Crustacea, by that

gentleman: the new species are also described in detail. Mr. Bell

calls particular attention to the fact, that nearly every one of the

structural characters indicated by Dr. Leach in the common Crab

as specific, are, in reality, generic marks; all the known species

agreeing, without exception, in the margin on each side having nine,

or more properly ten, divisions (the last being obsolete) ; in the front

being trifid; and in the carapace being granulated.

The characters of the species are as follows :

Genus Cancer, Leach.

1. Cancer tonerres. Canc. testd leviter granulatd, sparsim punc-

tatd ; margine antico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis contiguis, ad

marginem minute denticulatis ; manibus levibus, extis lineis quin-

que impresso-punctatis ; pedibus longioribus ; abdominis articulo

ultimo equilateraliter triangulart.

Long. 34; lat. 6 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, Dom. Cuming.

Supra pallidé ruber flavo obsoleté punctatus; subtis flavescens.

Chelarum apices nigrescentes.

2. Cancer Epwarpsir. Canc. testd granulatd ; margine antico-

laterali decem-lobato, lobis latis, contiquis, profundé dentatis ;

manibus supra obsolete tuberculoso-carinatis ; maris abdominis ar-

- ticulo ultimo anticé producto.

Long. 54; lat. 74 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, Dom. Cuming.

Supra rufescenti-brunneus ; subtis flavus rufescente varius.

3. Cancer pentatus. Canc. testd granuloso-scabrd, hispidd ; mar-

gine antico-laterali decem-dentato, dentibus lanceolatis, denticu-

latis ; manibus tuberculoso-bicarinatis, extis lineis quinque longi-

tudinalibus granulatis ; pedibus pilosissimis.

Long. 4; lat. 54 unc.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, DD. Cuming et Miller.

Supra saturaté rufescenti-brunneus flavo (presertim in junioribus)

varius; subtus rufus flavo varius.

4. Cancer 1rroratus, Say. Canc. testd leviter granulatd ; mar-

gine antico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis contiguis, quadratis, ad

marginem denticulatis ; manibus compressis, dentato-bicristatis.

Hab. ad oras Floridarum, Say, et Americ Australis, DD. Cuming

et Miller.

5. Cancer Pacurus, Auct. Cane. testd granulatd ; margine an-

tico-laterali decem-lobato, lobis quadratis, contiguis, integris ;

manibus levibus.

Hab. ad oras Magne Britanniz et Europe Occidentalis.

In illustration of Mr. Bell’s paper the several Crabs described in

it were exhibited, and it was stated that drawings of them would be

prepared.

Mr. Bell subsequently read a paper ‘‘ On Microrhynchus, a new

Genus of Triangular Crabs.” Its characters are thus given:

MicroruyYNcuaus.

Testa subtriangularis, posticé rotundata, anticé rostro brevissimo

terminata.

Oculi pedunculo elongato multo crassiores, retractiles.

Orbita supra unifissa, extrorsim unidentata.

Antenne exteriores ad latera rostri insertz, articulo basilari rostro

vix breviore.

Antenne interiores in fossula integra anticé aperté et ad apicem

rostri feré attinente locate.

Pedipalpi externi caulis interni articulo secundo cordiformi, anticé

profundé emarginato.

Pedes antici maris corpore vix longiores, reliquis multo crassiores,

digitis arcuatis ; foeminz minimi: pedes ecto posteriores subcon-

similes, corpore fere duplo longiores, unguibus leviter curvis.

Abdomen maris 7- feeminz 5-articulatum (hujus articulis tribus

ultimis conjunctis).

Genus Camposcie affine, et verosimiliter Camposciam inter et Ina-

chum collocandum.

1. Micrornyncuus crsposus. Micr. testd gibbosd ; rostro bifido.

Long. teste 6; lat. 5 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Flavescenti-albidus.

2. Microruynenus perressus. Micr. testd depressd, granulatd ;

rostro minuto, triangulari, integro.

Long. test 6; lat. itidem 6 lin.

Hab. cum precedente.

Albidus carneo obsoletissimé tinctus.

The reading of the paper was illustrated by the exhibition of the

specimens on which it is founded, and which form part of the same

collection with the Crabs before referred to. Mr. Bell stated that

he regarded it as part of a Descriptive Catalogue of the Crustacea of

the western coast of South America, on which he is now engaged,

and the materials for which will be chiefly furnished by the collec-

tion presented to the Society by Mr. Cuming.

June 23, 1835.

Dr. Horsfield in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Keith E. Abbott,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., dated Trebizond, February 14, 1835. It

referred principally to a collection of skins of Mammalia and Birds,

and of preserved Reptiles, Fishes, and Insects, formed chiefly in his

neighbourhood by the writer, and presented by him to the Society.

It also referred to some living animals presented by him at the same

time. A portion of the collection was obtained by Mr. Keith Abbott

from the vicinity of Erzeroun, to which city he states his intention

of proceeding shortly with the view of taking up his residence there

for some time.

The collection was exhibited.

Among the Mammalia Mr. Bennett pointed out, as apparently

hitherto undescribed, a ‘field Rat’, for which he proposed the

name of

Mus tatires. Mus caudd corpore multo longiore ; supra plumbeo-

niger, subtus pallidior ; pedibus cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite 54 unc.; caude, 8; auricule, 8 lin.;

pedis postict cum unguibus, 14 unc.

He remarked that this new species appears to be most closely

allied to the Mus Alexandrinus, Geoff., with which it nearly agrees in

the comparatively great length ofits tail. Its colouring is, however, ~

much darker than that of the species referred to. The hairs over the

whole of the body are very long and silky: the short rigid hairs on

the tail, as is stated to be the case also in Mus Alexandrinus, are

comparatively numerous.

The other Mammalia comprised a Shrew, Sorex; a Hedgehog,

Erinaceus ; a Marten, Mustela Foina, Linn,; and a Badger, Meles

Taxus, Storr. The skin of the latter was remarked on as particu-

larly interesting, not only on account of its eastern locality, but also

for the softness and length of its comparatively dense fur; for its

greater paleness, depending on the extent of the whitish or fulvous

tips of the separate hairs; for the copiousness of the under soft

woolly coat of fur with which the animal is covered at the base of the

longer setacegus hairs ; and for the diminished breadth, as compared

with ordinary European specimens, of the black marking of the under

surface.

A specimen of a Zorille, Mustela Zorilla, Desm., contained in

the collection, is apparently scarcely different, notwithstanding the

great difference of locality, from an individual obtained, by the kind-

ness of Sir Thomas Reade, from Northern Africa. Respecting this

animal Mr. Keith Abbott states, ‘It is called, in Turkish, Gheurjen.

I had intended sending it to you alive, but it died a few days ago.

It was sent to me from the neighbourhood of Erzeroun: I am not

aware of there being any in this immediate neighbourhood. It was

of a particularly savage nature, and although I had kept it for several

months, I was never able to tame it in the least : it would bite when-

ever it could.”

“<7 send you likewise,” he adds, ‘a little Marmot alive in a small

cage. It came from Erzeroun, in the neighbourhood of which, I un-

derstand, there are vast numbers.”’ It is apparently very nearly al-

lied to Citillus concolor, Arctomys concolor, Temm., but may probably,

Mr. Bennett remarked, be specifically distinct. It may be charac-

terized as follows :

Citittus XanTHorryMna. Cit. brunneo-grisescens flavo irroratus,

subtis albescens ; prymnd cauddque rufescenti-flavidis, hde rotun-

datd, brevi, pilosissimd ; pedibus linedque oculum cingente albis ;

auriculis inconspicuis.

Long. corporis circiter 7 unc. ; caude, 2.

The Birds of the collection were brought under the notice of the

Meeting, at the request of the Chairman, by Mr. Gould. He ob-

served on each of them as regarded its geographical distribution,

considering the exhibition as a continuation of those of June 24

and November 25, 1834. (Proceedings, Part II. pp. 50 and 133.) The

following species, exhibited on the present occasion, were not com-

prised in either of the former collections: and the total number is

thereby raised to sixty-seven species obtained in the neighbourhood

of Trebizond, a locality which is particularly interesting on account

of its intermediate position between Western Europe and India.

_ Alcedo Ispida, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally, but not seen

by Mr. Gould in collections from India or Africa.

Turdus musicus, Linn. Not previously observed out of Europe.

Curruca atricapilla, Bechst. Inhabiting Europe generally, but not

met with in Indian collections.

Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Similarly circumstanced with the last.

Sylvia Trochilus, Lath. Inhabiting Europe generally, and the

western portions of India.

Regulus cristatus, Cuv. Mr. Gould had not previously seen this

bird, except in European collections.

Motacilla melanocephala. This is considered by some ornitholo-

gists as a variety of the Mot. flava of continental writers. It is never

found in the western or northern parts of Europe.

Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Common throughout the whole of

Europe, and tolerably so in the western parts of India.

Phenicura Suecica, Jard. & Selb. Inhabits Europe and India.

Only two specimens of it have been taken in England.

Querquedula Crecca, Steph. Dispersed over the whole of Europe,

India, and the northern regions of Africa; but not found in America.

Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. Inhabits the whole northern hemisphere.

The Trebizond specimen is young.

Larus canus, Linn. Inhabiting Europe generally.

Larus fuscus, Linn. Inhabiting the European and American seas.

Larus ridibundus, Linn. Inhabiting the whole of Europe, India,

and North America.

The Fishes forwarded by Mr. Keith Abbott are all from the salt

water. They include twenty species. Respecting them he writes:

«Had I received your letter sooner I might have collected a great

many more fishes, but the season was gone by. There is no fish-

market in this place, and the people are by no means expert in the

art of catching them. The only kind of fish caught in any quantity

just now is the Anchovy, of which there are two specimens in the

jar of spirits: these are taken in astonishing quantities. The Her-

ring, Mackarel, and Mullet (red and grey), are very abundant in this

sea; as likewise the Turbot, of which I send a specimen. Salmon

and Sturgeon are likewise occasionally caught here.”

In bringing these Fishes under the notice of the Society, Mr. Ben-

nett remarked that there were among them several which required

a more careful comparison with Mediterranean species than he had

been, at present, enabled to give to them ; but that the following ap-

peared to him to be distinct from any which had hitherto been de-

scribed.

Trieva pavctrapiaTA. Trigla pinnd priore dorsali sex-radiatd ;

sulco dorsali fortiter armato : pinnis pectoralibus magnis, interne

ceruleis, fasciis undulatis apicem versus maculdque infra medium

saturatioribus, hdc albo guttulatd.

DG, 16. A..15.

Long. tot. 103 unc.; capitis, 24; capitis alt. 14; craniilat. 1.

Caput leniter declive: ossa suborbitalia anticé vix prominentia,

dentibus tuberculisve parvis 4—5 munita.

Dentex rivuxtatus. Dent. ovali-oblongus ; capite leniter proclivi ;

oculo majusculo: supra aureus, maculis presertim ad lineam latera-

lem nigrescentibus, vittis laterum argenteis flexuosis hinc et hinc

cancellatis.

D. 11411. A. 349. P.15.

Long. tot. 63 unc. ; alt. max. 14.

A Dent. macrophthalmo, Cuv. et Val., differre videtur corpore

magis elongato, capite vix tumido, oculo minore, pinna pectorali in

medio magis elongato subrotundato, caudali magis bifurcé ; necnon

coloribus picturaque, qua Scolopsidem cancellatum, Benn., quodam-

modo simulat. Maxille inferioris, equé ac superioris, dentes antici

quatuor majores.

Gozivs sorpipus. Gob. pinnd dorsali secundd priore altiore ;

caudali pectoralique rotundatis : corpore vario ; pinnis maculatis,

analiventralibusque nigro (illd late) marginatis.

DG ploie Ce do. A. ta. P17,

CRENILABRUS FRENATUS. Cren. ovatus, guttatus punctatusque,

Sasciis quatuor nigrescentibus maxillam inferiorem cingentibus :

pinnd caudali rotundatd.

D. 14410. A.3+49.

Long. tot. 44 unc. ; alt. corp. 14.

Totus, preter pinnis pectoralibus ventralibusque, varius; sed ma-

culis insignibus nullis notatus. Dentes subequales, commissuram

versus gradatim decrescentes.

Atosa rmmacuzatTa. Al. mazillis dentiferis, immaculatus ; pinnis

ventralibus dorsalis initio paullo posterioribus.

D.A7 ASS:

Long. tot. 104 unc.; alt. max. 23; long. capitis 24; a rostro ad

lineam initii pinnz dorsalis, 44.

RuomsBus steLLosus. Rhomb. subrotundus, utringue tuberculoso-

muricatus ; oculis subdistantibus, intervallo vix convexiusculo ;

maczilld superiore vix uncd armatd.

Long. (pinnis exclusis) 7} unc. ; lat. 5.

A latere sinistro squamis parvis adherentibus-vestitus; tubercu-

lisque osseis, magnis, acutiusculis, ad basin scabroso-dilatatis, sparsis,

vix numerosis armatus: a latere dextro tuberculis itidem osseis,

minoribus, acutiusculis, basin versus cute vaginatis, subnumerosis

donatus. Capitis tubercula a latere dextro pauca, minima; a latere

sinistro numerosa, majora, presertim ad genam; inter oculos conferta.

Pinna pectoralis rotundata, 12-radiata: caudalis etiam rotundata.

Linea lateralis ad initium laté curva, dein recta. Os quadrato-promi-

nulum.

Corpus e latere sinistro unicolor, nigrescens? Pinnz fuscz, hinc

et hinc hyalescentes, nigrescente guttate et punctate.

Synenatuus TyrHioiweEs. Syngn. pinnis omnibus preditus ; cor-

pore heptagono ; capite compresso, elongato, supra plano ; ano in

medio.

Long. tot. 8} unc. ; capitis, 13.

A Syngn. Typhle, Linn., differt situ ani, longitudine capitis, pre-

sertim ante oculos, numeroque radiorum et scutorum.

Syngnathus

Typhle. Typhloides.

Long. a rostro ad humerum ...... 1-4 1°75

ab humero ad anum........ 2:2 2°6

ab ano ad pinnamcaudalem.. 4°3 3°9

capitis ante orbitam........ 77 | |

ATGO TG Hel PETE woe ocd s aims wins 15 15

CURE Ee secs pas ec recs ome os 17 17

POSE ATG ra cote ce aireariis ws cena’ 36 33

Radii pinne dorsalis ............ 43 35

In addition to the collections already referred to, Mr. Keith Abbott

presented at the same time to the Society a “cock and two hens of

the Fowls of Herat in Khorassaun, a breed which is,” he believes,

“unknown in Europe. They are young birds of the real Herat race.”

These, it was stated, are apparently identical with the Kulm Fowl of

Dukhun and the Malay Fowl, the Gallus giganteus, Temm.

A large collection of skins of Birds formed at Travancore by P.

Poole, Esq., and presented by him to the Society, was exhibited.

Mr. Gould, in bringing it, at the request of the Chairman, under

the notice of the Society, remarked upon it as distinguished from all

the collections which he had hitherto seen from India, by its pos-

sessing not even one European species, and only three or four

which occur in Africa; a peculiarity probably attributable to its

having been obtained in so southern a locality. He subsequently

called the attention of the Meeting to each species contained in the

collection, and pointed out among them several which he regarded

as being hitherto undescribed.

A large drawing made in Madeira by Miss Young of the Fish de-

scribed by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, in the Second Part of the ‘ Transac-

tions’ (page 123), under the name of Alepisaurus ferox, was exhibited.

It was taken from a perfect specimen, and consequently showed the

correct form of the caudal fin, a part which was mutilated in the in-

dividual originally described : its form is very remarkable, the upper

lobe being greatly prolonged and falciform. The drawing also

showed correctly the form of the outline of the high dorsal fin, which

differs from that originally represented.

The exhibition was in illustration of a Paper entitled ‘‘ Additional

Observations on Alepisaurus: by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, Corr.

Memb. Z.S.”

The exhibition was resumed of the undescribed Shells contained

in Mr. Cuming’s collection. Those brought on the present occasion

under the notice of the Society were accompanied by characters by

Mr. G. B. Sowerby and by Mr. W. Lytellton Powys. They com-

prised the following species.

Genus Panpora.

Panpora BREVIFRONS, Sow., Species Conchyliorum, Part II.

Tab. Pand. secund. figg. 25, 26. Pund. testd elongatd, tenuis-

simd, hyalind, ulbd ; latere antico breviore, rotundato, superné

subangulato ; latere postico longiore, rostrato, subtruncato ; mar-

gine dorsali recto, ventrali rotundato ; dente in valvd planulata

unico, minimo: long. 0°9, lat. 0°15, alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. apud Panamam.

a Obtained from a sandy bottom, at the depth of ten fathoms.—

Panpora arcuata, Sow., Ibid., figg. 27, 28. Pand. testd ovatd,

crassiusculd, opacd, margaritaced ; latere antico breviore, rotun-

dato, postico rostrato ; margine dorsali arcuato, ventrali rotun-

- dato ; lined impressd obsoletd ex umbone ad marginem ventralem

decurrente: long.1- , alt. 0-6 poll.

Hab, apud Sanctam Elenam.

Found on the sands.—G. B. S.

Panpora piscors, Sow., Ibid., figg. 29, 30. Pand. testd ellip-

ticd, depressd, albicante, opacd; latere antico breviore, postico

altiore ; margine dorsali postico subarcuato, antico rotundato, ven-

trali rotundato posticé ventricoso ; valvd sinistrd postice radiatim

lineatd, carind prope marginem dorsalem posticum conspicud :

long. 0°55, lat. 0°06, alt. 0°4 poll.

Hab.

Panpora Czyxanica, Sow., Ibid., figs. 20—22. Pand. testa

elongatd, depressd, subjlecuosd, posticé rostratd, margine superi-

ore postico arcuato recurvo, antice dilatatd ; dentibus duobus vali-

dis et lamind marginali in valvd planulatd, dente unico fornicato

in alterd: long. 1°1, lat. 0°1, alt. 0°6 poll.

Hab. in Mari Ceylanico, et apud Insulam Muerte, Colombie Oc-

cidentalis.

Mr. Cuming has a single specimen obtained, at the latter locality,

from a depth of eleven fathoms.—G. B.S.

Panpora rapiata, Sow., Ibid., figg. 23, 24. Pand. testa ovatd,

depressiusculd, albd, margine superiore postico recto ; latere pos-

tico longiore, subtruncato ; margine ventrali rotundato; latere an-

tico parvo ; valvd planulatd radiatim rufo-lineatd : long. 0-6, lat.

0°15, -alt. 0°35 poll.

Hab. apud Insulam Muerte, Colombize Occidentalis.

Dredged from sandy mud, at the depth of eleven fathoms. —G. B.S.

Genus Buccinum.

Buccinum mopestum. Bucc. testd ovato-fusiformi, albiddé aut lu-

teo-rufescente, strigis longitudinalibus confiuentibus rubro-casta-

neis ornatd, anfractu ultimo albo Sasciato, basi sulcato ; anfrac-

tibus 8, spiraliter striatis et supern? lineis impressis bicingulatis ;

apertura elongatd ; labio externo varicoso, intis leviter striato :.

long. 1:15, lat. 0°5 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americe Centralis.

Dredged from muddy gravel in the Bay of Montija, at a depth

varying from seven to seventeen fathoms.—W .L. P.

* Buccrnum Cuminer. Bucc. testd ovato-elongatd, subturritd, tenui,

rufo-stramined, maculis parvis saturatioribus striisque albidis ele-

vatiusculis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus 7—8, longitudinaliter

costatis, costis anfractés penultimi evanescentibus, ultimi nonnul-

lis ; columelld subrectd, inferne spiraliter plicatd ; labio externo

tenui, intis levi: long. 1°25, lat. 0-5 poll.

Hab. ad littora insularum Oceani Pacifici.

A single specimen of this very elegant and delicate species was

collected by Mr. Cuming on the sands at Grimwood’s Isle.—W. L. P.

Buccinum catenatum. Bucc. testd ovato-oblongd, tenui, roseo-

albicante, spiraliter tenuissime striatd, basi sulcatd ; anfractibus

6—7, convevis, superioribus longitudinaliter costatis, tribus ulti-

mis maculis parvulis nivosis per series transversas dispositis ; aper-

turd levi, nitidd ; labio externo subcrenulato : long. 0°75, lat. 0°3

poll.

Hah.

I have only seen one specimen of this interesting species, which I

have reason to believe was brought from the Mauritius.—W. L. P.

Buccinum succrnctum. Bucc. testa ovato-pyramidali, tenui, spi-

raliter costatd, inter costas tenuissimé striatd, lacted ; anfractibus

7—8, convewis, ultimo spird vir majore ; aperturd ovali; colu-

melld flecuosd ; labio externo intis sulcato: long. 0°75, lat. 0°3

poll. ies

Hab. ad littora Insule Mauritii.—W. L. P.

Genus Nassa.

Nassa NoODIFERA. Nassa testd ovato-acuminatd, subturritd, albes-

cente, longitudinaliter costatd, et spiraliter impresso-striatd ; an-

Fractibus superne angulatis, costis ad angulum nodoso-tuberculatis ;

apertura albd, nitidd ; labio externo intis leviter striato : long.

0°65, lat. 0°35 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos et ad littora Paname.

F ound in coral sand in from six to ten fathoms.—W. L. P.

Nassa concrnna. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, peracutd, pallide fulvd

fasciis saturatioribus cinctd, longitudinaliter creberrime undatim

plicatd, striis impressis contiguis eleganter decussatd ; anfractibus

8—9, rotundatis, ad suturas granulis moniliformibus ornatis ; aper-

turd ovali ; columella subrugosd ; labio extis marginaio, intiis sul-

cato: long. 0°8, lat. 0°4 poll.

Hab. in Polynesia. (Toobouai.)

Collected on the reefs.— W. L. P.

Nassa pentiFerA. Nassa testd ovatd, subventricosd, olivaced, an-

fractu ultimo fascid pallidiore cinctd, longitudinaliter granoso-

plicatd, decussutd; aperturd fusco-violaced ; labio externo sinuoso,

tncrassato, basin versus denticulo unico instructo, intis leviter sul-

cato : long. 0°85, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americz Meridionalis.

Dredged in the Bay of Arica, in ten fathoms, from a muddy bot-

tom.—W. L. P.

Nassa Festiva. Nassa testd ovato-globosd, ccrujescente, punctis

variis et antice lineis contiguis rubro-castaneis pictd ; anfractibus

8, longitudinaliter costatis et spiraliter sulcatis, ultimo ventricoso,

spird peracutd longiore ; apertura albd, rotundatd ; columelid gra-

noso-plicatd ; labio externo crasso, variciformi, intis valde sul-

cato : long. 0°85, lat. 0°6 poll.

Had. ad Panamam et ad Sanctam Elenam.

Dredged from sandy mud at a depth varying from six to ten fa-

thoms.—W. L. P.

Nassa Exitis. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, basi subcompressd, oliva-

ced obscure fasciatd ; anfractibus 7—8, convecis, spiraliter obsolet?

striatis, suturis granulis moniliformibus infra in costellas decur-

rentibus ornatis, costellis et striis anfractis ultimi evanescentibus ;

apertura violaced; labio externo incrassato, intis subsulcato -

long. 0°65, lat. 0°3 poll.

Hab. sub lapidibus ad Paytam, Peruvie.

The anterior part of the last volution, towards the lip, is smooth

and free from ribs.—W. L. P.

Nassa pALLipA. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, sordidé albd, canali

fusco maculatd ; anfractibus 8—9, superné subangulatis, longitudi-

naliter oblique costatis, spiraliter sulcatis et rugoso-striatis ; labto

externo intus striato; columelld arcuatd, callosd : long. 1°2, lat.

0°65 poll.

Hab. ad Panamam.

The ribs are not continued over the anterior part of the last volu-

tion towards the lip.

Dredged from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.—W. L. P.

Nassa scaBriuscuLa. Nassa testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd, fuscd

luteo fasciatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, striis elevatis asperis spi-

raliter cancellatd ; aperturd rotundatd ; labio externo albo, antice

fusco maculato, extis marginato, intds valde sulcato : long. 0°47,

lat. 0°27 poll.

Hab. ad oras Americz Centralis.

Dredged in sandy mud at a depth of twelve fathoms in the Bay of

Montija.—W. L. P.

Nassa compianata. Nassa testd ovatd, complanatd, olivaced fasciis

luteis cinctd ; anfractibus superioribus utrinque granosis, ultimo

varicibus lateralibus et plicis graniferis dorso evanescentibus ;

aperturd ovali; labio externo marginato, intis sulcato ; long.0°35,

lat. 0°22 poll.

Hab. ad oras Colombiz Occidentalis.

Found at Atacamas, under stones.—W.. L. P.

Genus Purpura.

Purpura Ten1ata. Purp. testd obovato-oblongd, transversim te-

nuissime striatd, rufo-castaned fasciis fulvo-luteis cinctd ; spird

brevissimd ; anfractu ultimo permagno ; aperturd elongatd, sub-

equali, intts lacted, peritremate castaneo lineis albidis radiato ;

columella pland, pallide castaned ; labio externo intis denticulato -

long. 0°9, lat. 0°62 poll.

Hab. in Oceano Pacifico. (Maldon Island.)

I am not aware of this interesting shell having been hitherto de-

scribed. It bears a considerable resemblance to the Purp. Vewxillum

of Lamarck; but differs from that species in having a much shorter

spire, in its very flat columella, and in the outer lip being more ex-

panded and radiated. The bands also afford a ready mark of distinc-

tion: in Purp. Vewillum they are of a reddish brown on a lighter

ground; whilst in Purp. teniata the ground colour is dark chestnut,

and the bands yellow.—W. L. P.

July 14, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr, Ogilby exhibited several rare and undescribed species of

Mammalia and Birds, brought from the Gambia, on which he made

the following observations :

«Through the kindness of Mr. Rendall, who has lately arrived

from the Gambia, where his brother is lieutenant-governor of Fort

St. Mary and the other British possessions in that neighbourhood, I

am enabled to present the Society with the following account of a

few new or rare species of Mammals and Birds; forming, however,

but a very small portion of the valuable collection which Mr. Ren-

dall has brought home with him. The collection, it is true, contains

very few Mammals; these, however, are either altogether new to

science or of very rare occurrence, and show how little we know of

the zoology of the west coast of Africa. ‘

Genus Cotosvus, J7l.

Colobus fuliginosus. ‘This new and interesting species of a very

obscure and imperfectly known genus, measures 2 feet 5 inches from

the upper lip to the extremity of the tail, which organ is itself 2 feet

8 inches long. All the upper parts of the body are of a light smoky

blue colour, very similar to that of the common Mangabey, (Cercopi-

thecus fuliginosus, Geoff.), rather darker on the shoulders than else-

where, and copiously tinged with red on the occiput : the colour of the

back descends some way down on the external face of the fore arms and

thighs, and also a short distance, but more obscurely, on the upper

surface of the tail. With these exceptions, all the rest of the extre-

mities, the arms, fore arms, thighs, legs, hands, feet and tail, are of

a uniform light or brick red, and a more intense shade of the same

colour extends up the fore* part of the shoulders, and spreads over

the breast, throat and whiskers, which latter are long, directed down-

wards on the cheeks, and backwards into long pointed tufts behind

the ears, which are small, round, naked, and furnished with a di-

stinct helix, in all respects like that of the human subject. The belly

and flanks are of a dirty yellowish white, and a circle of black stiff

hair passes over the eyes. The face, palms of the hands and soles of

the feet are naked and of a violet colour; the callosities are of mo-

derate size; the thumbs of the anterior extremities are wanting, but

their situation is marked bya small nailless tubercle ; the middle and

ring fingers, both on the fore and hind hands, are of equal length, as

are likewise the index and little fingers; and it is to be observed,

No, XXXI. Procerpines or THE ZootocicaL Society,

that the latter are united to the contiguous middle or ring fingers,

respectively, through the greater part of the first phalane, as in the

Siamang, Pithecus syndactylus, F. Cuv. The face is short, the head

round, and the whole form and habit of the animal similar to those

of the Semnopitheci. The teeth are of the usual form and number,

and there are large and very distinct cheek pouches. I was the more

particular in making this last observation, because the organs in

question had not been previously recorded as existing in the Colodi,

and because M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in his valuable lectures, of which

it is a matter of great regret that so small a portion has been given

to the public, even doubts their existence. Of this, however, there

can be no longer any reasonable doubt; they are extremely appa-

rent and rather capacious in the specimen now under description.

The teeth of this specimen, a very old female, without even except-

ing the canines, which do not appear to have been remarkably large

at any time, are worn almost down to the gums.- Mr. Rendall pos~

sesses a second and younger specimen which, however, differs in no

respect from that just described.

The arrival of these skins, probably the only perfect specimens of

the genus Co/obus in Europe, with the exception of that in the Ley-

den Museum, and of the specimens recently brought from Abyssinia

by Dr. Riippell, naturally led me to refer to the imperfect skins no-

ticed by Mr. Bennett in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science

and Correspondence’ of this Society for 1832, page 122, and to exa-

mine generally the characters of the different species already described.

The result of my investigation into this subject leads me to conclude

that we at present possess sufficient indications of six distinct spe-

cies of Colobi, which may be characterized as follows :

1. Col. polycomos, Schreb., “ with the head and shoulders co-

vered with long, coarse, flowing hair, of a dirty yellowish colour,

mixed with black; body, arms and legs of a fine glossy blackness,

covered with short hair; tail of a snowy whiteness, with very long

hair at the end forming a tuft.”

2. Col. Ursinus, with very long glossy black hair over the whole

body and extremities, and a long snowy white tail slightly tufted at

the end: described from two imperfect skins, without head or hands,

the same asthosenoticedby Mr. Bennett in the ‘Proceedings’ for 1832.

Mr. Bennett considered these skins as referrible to the Col. poly-

comos; and the general colour of the body and tail, as well as a slight

appearance of grizzled or gray hair about the neck, where the head

has been cut off, in both the specimens, would at first sight appear

to justify his views; but the words of Pennant, (the only original

describer of the species,) as quoted above, imply that the “ long

dirty yellowish hair,” which he compares to a full-bottomed perri-

wig, grows from the shoulders and neck as well as the head, and

expressly declare that the hair on the rest of the body, as well as on

the legs, is short. Now in the specimens at present under consider-

ation the very reverse of this is observable. The black hair of the

‘

shoulders, as already observed, has a partial mixture of silvery white

on the anterior face just where the head has been cut off; but it is

not longer than the hair upon the rest of the body and limbs, which

is moreover 5 or 6 inches in length, and in texture and appearance

not unlike that of the Ursus labiatus. The whole animal in fact re-

sembles a small Bear, and is covered with the same uniform, long,

black, and glossy fur upon every part except the tail, which, at the

root more particularly, is furnished with much shorter hair. Whe-

ther or not this species, like the polycomos, has the head ofa differ-

ent colour from the body, is a subject for further observation: the

white or silvery hairs already mentioned as still remaining about the

shoulders, render it extremely probable that it has, but in no case

can it form the striking contrast in length, nor present the long flow-

ing mane or wig-like appearance ascribed to the animal observed by

Pennant, Mr. Gould, who procured these skins for the Society, re-

ported them as-coming from Algoa Bay; we know enough of the

zoology of that part of Africa, to render this account extremely

doubtful, and the probability is, either that Mr. Gould was misin-

formed, or that he may have mistaken Delagoa Bay for Algoa, which,

from the similarity of sound, might readily happen. If this conjec-

ture should prove correct, it would follow that the Col. Ursinus was

the analogue of the Col. polycomos on the opposite coast, and the

conjecture receives further countenance from the fact of many other

known species of Mammals having such analogues in the same loca-

lities.

3. Col. Guereza, Riipp., with the head, face, neck, back, limbs,

and basal half of the tail, covered with short black hair; the temples,

chin, throat, and a band over the eyes, white; the sides, flanks from

the shoulder downwards, loins and buttocks, clothed with long flow-

ing white, which hangs down on each side like a loose garment ; the

tip of the tail furnished with a tuft of dirty white. Described and

figured by Dr, Riippell in his ‘ Neue Wirbelthiere.’

4. Col. ferruginosus, Geoff., “‘ with a black crown; back of a deep

bay colour; outside of the limbs black; cheeks, under part of the

body, and legs of a very bright bay; tail black.” This species, ori-

ginally thus described by Pennant, was, like the Col. polycomos,

brought from Sierra Leone.

5. Col. fuliginosus. Smoky blue above, dirty yellowish gray beneath;

with the cheeks, throat, tail and extremities brick red. Brought

from the Gambia.

6. Col. Temminckii, Kuhl, ‘‘ with the hands, face, and tail, purp-

lish red; rest of the members, clear red; belly, reddish yellow;

head, neck, back, shoulders and outer face of the thighs, black.’

Habitat unknown: described from a specimen formerly in Bullock’s

Museum and now in that of Leyden. Notwithstanding some slight

discrepancies, I agree with Mr. Bennett in referring to this species

the two other skins of the Society’s Collection, noticed by him

in the Part of the ‘Proceedings’ already referred to. These skins

100

were procured at the same time, and most probably in the same lo-

cality, as those of the Col. Ursinus. They are equally imperfect ;

the hair of the shoulders and back, dead black, and without the beau-

tiful gloss of the Col. Ursinus; on the flanks and over every part of

the limbs the colour is a uniform maroon or clear purple red; the

head and hands are wanting, but the maroon of the tail is much

deeper than that of the legs and flanks, approaching almost to black,

and, in the older of the two specimens, actually replaced by that colour

on the terminal half of the tail. If the conjecture already thrown out

with regard to the derivation of these skins should turn out to be

well founded, and if the animal here described eventually proves to

be identical in species with the Col. Temminckii, of which I see no

just reason to doubt, it follows that the hitherto unascertained ha-

bitat of that species must be sought on the east coast of Africa.

Fischer, probably induced to it by the authority of M. Temminck,

has united the Col. Temminckii with the Col. ferruginosus or bay

Monkey of Pennant; the short descriptive characters above given in

the words of their original describers, leave no doubt as to the spe-

cific distinction of these two animals; in which, indeed, though the

colours are the same in both, their distribution is reversed, the bay

or red of the one occupying the same situation as the black of the

other.

Genus Prerorvus.

Two undescribed Pteropi, brought over by Mr. Rendall, present

some modifications of dentition which have not been observed in other

species, and which appear to indicate a subgenus, probably repre-

senting the common Asiatic forms on this coast of Africa. These

animals:have the incisors and canines of the same form and number

as the rest of the genus, but there are only three molares in the upper

and five in the lower jaw. The incisors are small and regular, the

canines of intermediate size; the first false molar in the lower jaw

is small and of the normal form, but the second in this jaw and the

first in the upper are of the same form as the canines, and very little

inferior to them in size, so that when the mouth is opened there

appear to be four canines in each jaw; next follows in either jaw a

tooth with a large fang upon the outer edge and a smaller one within,

which is of intermediate form between the true and false molars;

after which come two normal molars in the lower and one in the

upper jaw. All the molars are separated from one another by a

vacant space on each side; this gap is particularly large between the

real and spurious canines or first false molars in the upper jaw, the

corresponding space in the lower having, in its centre, the small false

molar already mentioned.

Pteropus Gambianus.

Length from the nose to the centre between the thighs 64 in.

Length of the head from the nose to the root of the ear.. 14

Expanse of the wings...... wie RDO i See be A Pl

101

The fur is of a very soft woolly texture, and of a uniform reddish

mouse colour over every part, only rather lighter on the sides of the

neck and belly than on the superior surface of the body. The wings are

ample, naked except upon the thighs and arms, and of a light brown

colour; there is no real interfemoral membrane; but the whole pos-

terior face of the thighs and body is margined with a narrow band of

integument about half an inch broad, and covered above with the

same description of hair as the back. The ears are small, naked,

erect and elliptical, and the eyes placed much nearer to them, and

consequently at a greater comparative distance from the muzzle, than

in the ordinary Pteropi.

Pteropus macrocephalus. The whole length of this species is

barely 6 inches, the length of the head 2 inches, and the expanse

of the wings about 1 foot 3 inches. The colour, form and appear-

ance are much the same as in the last species, but the Péter. macro-

cephalus is at once distinguished by the great size of the head, as well

as by the colour of the flying membranes which are very dark brown,

nearly approaching to black. The canine teeth also, as well as the

head, are of much larger size, and the interfemoral margin is nar-

rower. Dr. Horsfield, from the great length of the head, thinks that

this species may approximate to the Macroglossus of M. F. Cuvier,

the Pier. rostratus of his own ‘ Zoological Researches in Java.’

It is to be observed, however, that it differs in dentition from that

animal, as well as from all other Péeropi hitherto described; and,

with the Pter. Gambianus, may furnish the type of a new genus to

those who regard such modifications as amounting to generic cha-

racters. Mr. Rendall’s collection contains numerous specimens of

both the species here described.

The only other Cheiropter brought home by Mr. Rendall is the

Megaderma Frons of Geoffroy, well described by Daubenton; to whose

account I shall only add, that the wings are of a deep orange colour,

and the fur unusually long and soft.

Genus Herpsstrs, Jil.

Mr. Rendall has brought over specimens of two Herpestes, one of

which, the Herpestes Mongos of Linnzus, very well figured and de-

scribed by Buffon (Hist. Nat., tom. xiii. tab. 19.), deserves to be

noticed, for the purpose of correcting the habitat of the species,

which, upon Buffon’s authority, has hitherto been given as India, but

which Mr. Rendall’s specimens clearly show to be the west coast ~

of Africa. The mistake originally arose from Buffon’s having iden-

tified the Mangouste a bandes, the species at present under considera-

tion, with the Mongos of Kempfer, unquestionably an Indian spe-

cies (the Herpestes griseus of authors), and still commonly called

by that name in Upper India, where many natives and Europeans

keep it in a semidomestic state, for the purpose of destroying vermin.

Under these circumstances, though there are few cases in which

102

such a change is advisable, or even excusable, perhaps it would be

better to follow the example of M. Desmarest in the ‘ Dictionnaire des

Sciences Naturelles,’ and substitute the specific name of fasciatus for

that of Mungos, as regards this animal, reserving the latter name for

the species to which it really belongs, and which is at present de-

signated by the very vague term of griseus.

The other species brought by Mr. Rendall, and which I propose

to call Herpestes Gambianus, is new to science, but is insome degree

allied to the Herp. vitticollis, characterized by Mr. Bennett at a re-

cent meeting of the Society (page 66). It is, however, much smaller

than that species, measuring only 17 inches from the nose to the

root of the tail, whilst the Herp. vitticollis measures fully 23 ; the

tail also measures 13 inches in the latter animal, and only 93 in the

former. The general colour of the body is that grizzled gray and

brown, so common among the Herpestes, upon the upper parts, clearer

upon the head, neck and shoulders, and copiously mixed with red

upon the latter part of the back, hips and thighs, particularly upon

the latter, which are nearly all red; the tail has a copious mixture

of black, and is terminated by a small tuft of pure black; but this is

only found at the extreme point, and does not extend over a consider-

able portion of the organ, as in Herp. vitticollis. The throat and sides

of the neck are pale silvery brown; the breast, belly, and interior of the

limbs, red; the feet alone, not the whole legs as in Herp. vitticollis,

are black, and a stripe of dark brown extends from the ear to the

shoulder, along each side of the neck. The hair lies smooth and

close to the skin.

There are some peculiarities in the dentary system of these animals

which are deserving of notice.

° : 6 1—1 5—5

Herp. fasciatus and Herp. Gambianus. Teeth — : 7-7: 5=3 The

incisors small, simple, and regular; the canines of moderate size ;

the first two false molars of the normal form; the third, carnas-

sier, of rather small size compared with its analogue in genera

more decidedly carnivorous, and the last two, in both jaws, tubercu-

lous. The rudimentary false molar, mentioned by M. F. Cuvier, is

wanting in both these species ; nor can its absence be owing to the

age of the specimens examined, as some were. evidently young ani-

mals, though arrived at adult age, Its entire absence is further con-

firmed by the situation of the teeth respectively, in the reciprocal

position of the jaws, the first inferior false molar filling up the entire

vacant space between the corresponding superior tooth and the canine

of the same jaw.

This system differs considerably from that ascribed to the Herpestes

by M. F. Cuvier (Dents des Mammiféres, i. 99.), but agrees in all re-

spects with the description of M. Desmarest. The following, however,

is equally foreign to the accounts of both these authors, and, were

not all the other characters so perfectly accordant with those of Her-

pestes, would decidedly indicate a new genus. Indeed, it so stands

103

in my notes, under the name of Mungos, but with a note of interro-

gation, as I have only been able to examine a single specimen.

Mungos? vitticollis. (Herpestes vitticollis, Benn.) Teeth ee

1-1 6-6

Laddeies

in form or number. ‘The first false molar in either jaw is tubercu-

lous; the second and third consist of one large conical fang in the

centre, and a smaller tubercle on each side of it; then follows the

carnassier, and after it two tuberculous teeth in the upper and three

in the lower jaw. The first of these in the upper jaw is large and

triangular; the second, short and broad, its latitudinal dimensions

more than doubling its longitudinal; the three of the lower jaw are

small, simple, rather distant from each other, and of cylindrical form.

This is a system of dentition which, as far as I am aware, is alto-

gether peculiar, and if confirmed by the examination of other speci-

mens, will undoubtedly form the type of anew genus. Perhaps fur-

ther and more rigid examination may even detect different species

from the different localities, as specimens have arrived for the So-

ciety from Travancore and Bombay, and one from Madras, at the

British Museum.

The incisors and canines have nothing remarkable either

Genus Scrurvs, Linn.

Sciurus Gambianus. This animal belongs to that subgenus of

Squirrels which are distinguished by having round untufted ears

and long cylindrical tails, covered with short hair, and not distichated.

The upper surface of the body and root of the tail are uniform mouse-

coloured brown, with a slight shade of yellowish red, and everywhere

pointed thickly with gray, from the hairs being separately annulated

with black and yellowish white; all the under parts are uniform

dirty white. The tail is long, covered with short hair, towards the

root of the same uniform colour as the back, but annulated or fas-

ciated from thence to the tip with numerous alternate bands of black

and light grayish brown, precisely like those which mark the back

of the Ryzena and the Herpestes fasciatus. 'The whole length of the

animal is about 9+ inches, and the tail about the same. ‘The ears

are very short and rounded. :

From Dr. Smith’s description of his Sci. Poensis, | imagine it must

approach this species in form, but is distinguished by its smaller

size, different colour, and unannulated tail.

Of the numerous Bird-skins in Mr. Rendall’s collection I shall

only notice the two following, which appear to be new species, and

which derive an additional interest from their generic affinities. The

first I propose to call, out of compliment to the gentleman to whose

kindness we are indebted for the present exhibition and description,

Numida Rendallii. This beautiful species, which Mr. Gould agrees

with me in considering new to science, is of smaller size than the

104

common Guinea Fowl, and in this resembles the Num. cristata. The

head and upper part of the neck are bare, the former covered with a

wrinkled scalp-like skin, gathered into a small keel-shaped ridge in

the centre, about half an inch in length, and not more than a quarter

of an inch high. The neck is black, naked principally on the throat

and sides, and covered on the back with glossy black hair, or rather

small feathers, with the beards so fine as to be perceptible only upon

close examination. The lower part of the neck and breast are covered

with feathers of a beautiful violet colour without spots, clearest on

the breast, but with a browner hue upon the upper surface. The

back, shoulders, and rump are of the usual brown colour, speckled

thickly with minute white spots, each surrounded with an intensely

black ring, much smaller and more numerous than in the common

species, and intermixed with an infinity of still more minute white

points. The greater coverts of the wings and whole under surface of

the body are black, with large white spots ; the quill feathers spotted

towards the shaft, and barred transversely on the lower margin only,

and the tail feathers light gray, with white spots in a black ring,

and interspersed with numerous black dots or points. The white

spots of the coverts, quills, and belly, are not surrounded by black

rings like those of the back and tail. This appears to be the com-

mon species on the banks of the Gambia. QR

Genus Gyrogeranus, Jil.

A Secretary in Mr. Rendall’s Collection offers some peculiarities,

when compared with the common Cape animal, which at first in-

duced me to believe that it might be a distinct species, and in this

opinion I was in some manner confirmed by the more experienced

and concurrent belief of Mr. Gould; but I confess that a more

attentive comparison of specimens from both localities has consi-

derably shaken my original opinion. I may remark, however, that

still greater differences are indicated by Sonnerat in his figure and

description of the Secretary of the Philippine Islands, and which, as

far as I am aware, has not been noticed by more recent naturalists.

Whether or not the Secretaries of these three localities, the Cape of

Good Hope, the Gambia, and the Philippines, may ‘eventually turn

out to be really distinct, or only varieties of the same species, must

be left for future observation; but it is at least useful to direct the

attention of travellers, collectors, and zoologists to the subject, and

with this intention I will here state the principal marks which appear

to distinguish each, giving them provisionally specific names, derived

from the localities which they respectively inhabit.

1. Gyp. Capensis, with the plume of long cervical feathers com-

mencing upon the occiput, spreading irregularly over the upper part

of the neck, narrow throughout the greater part of their length as if

the beard had been cut on each side close into the shaft of the quill,

and spreading only at the point. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.

105

2. Gyp. Gambiensis, with the cervical crest commencing some

distance below the occiput, arranged in two regular series, one on

each side of the neck, with the intermediate space clear, and com-

posed of long spatule-shaped feathers, much broader throughout than

in the last species, though similarly decreasing in width towards the

root. In both these species the two middle feathers of the tail are

considerably longer than the others. Inhabits Senegambia. x

3. Gyp. Philippensis, with the cervical crest spread irregularly

from the occiput to the bottom of the neck, the longest feathers being

those situated the lowest, which is just the reverse of what we ob-

serve in Gyp. Gambiensis, and with the two exterior tail feathers the

longest, so that the tail appears forked. This is apparent not only

in Sonnerat’s figure, but is expressly mentioned in his detailed de-

scription, and, if confirmed by future observation, is clearly indicative

ofa specific distinction. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. Described

and figured in Sonnerat’s ‘ Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée,’ p. 87, t. 50.

The colours of the three species or varicties here indicated do not’

seem to be materially different in other respects.” —W. O.

A collection of skins of Birds, formed in Hayti by J. Hearne, Esq.,

Corr. Memb. Z.S., and presented by him to the Society, was ex-

hibited. At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould brought the

specimens severally under the notice of the meeting. They com-

prised sixteen species, two or three of which appeared to be hitherto

undescribed ; including a Humming Bird, which Mr. Gould believed

to be the representative of a new species, allied to Trochilus pec-

toralis, Lath. ;

There was also exhibited the skin of the Mammiferous animal

recently described by M. Brandt, in the Transactions of the Imperial

Academy of St. Petersburgh, as the type of his new genus Soleno-

donta. It was obtained by Mr. Hearne in Hayti, where it is known

as the Agouta. Respecting it Mr. Hearne writes, ‘‘ The only qua-

druped, I believe, found on the island on the landing of Columbus

was the Agouta, a little larger than, and somewhat resembling, a Rat,

with an equally long tail and with a longer snout; whose food is

chiefly grain, although the animal is carnivorous also; its hair is red.

I had one alive intended for the Society, but it received a wound

from a cat of which it died, and the skin is too miserably preserved,

I fear, to be of use; but I shall bring it myself, or early send it ;

and I shall endeavour to get another alive, and in such state to send

it to you.”

The following note by H. Bruce Campbell, Esq., on a white va-

riety of the Blackbird, Turdus Merula, Linn., recently presented by

him to the Society and now living at the Gardens, was read.

“ The curiosity which I have the pleasure to present to the Zoolo-

gical Socicty, (a bird of the common Blackbird kind, the Merle noir

106

of M. Temmianck, entirely white, including the plumage, beak, legs,

and feet,) was discovered in June, 1832, near a farmhouse in the

occupation of Mr. Owkam at Bilsthorpe, Nottinghamshire. There

were two other young ones in the nest, the plumage of which, as

well as that of the parent birds, was of the ordinary caste. The old

birds made a second nest in the following month, near to the first

one, in which four eggs were deposited; one of these was entirely

different from the rest, resembling in colour the egg of the common

Duck; this nest was unfortunately taken by some boys in the vil-

lage; it is probable if this had not been the case, that there would

have been produced a second extraordinary freak of nature.

«« There is at the present time in the possession of the Rev. Joshua

Greville at Weston Pavell, near Northampton, a pyeballed male bird

of this species, the white preponderating ; it is now six years old and

an excellent songster. It was originally black, and when about two

years old its plumage changed and became spotted black and white.

« It is said that these birds have been occasionally found white on

the Alps and other high mountains, which alteration in colour is

ascribed to the continued cold in those places, an effect which it is

known is produced in the case of the Ptarmigan, &c. Albin men-

tions having had a bird of this species “ finely mottled,” sent to him

by Sir Robert Abdy out of Essex. Buffon makes mention of a white

Nightingale, and in the Museum at Oxford, there is a Chaffinch com-

pletely white. Many other instances of white varieties are furnished

by authors and by collections.

« The present is a male bird, but though he has the quickly re-

peated chirp and all the habits of his kind, nature, when she altered

her regular course and presented him with his snowy costume, seems

therefore to have denied to him the usual vocal powers of his tribe :

he is no warbler, but from his frequent fruitless attempts, it may be

inferred, that he feels the dear price at which he has been permitted

to wear his novel and attractive plumage.”

With reference to an observation in the preceding note, Mr. Yar-

rell remarked that no inference could safely be drawn from the co-

lour of the egg as to that of the bird to be produced from it: a de-

ficiency of the superadded colouring, reducing the egg to its ground

colour alone, being by no means an uncommon occurrence, and the

product in such cases not deviating from the usual appearance of

the race.

_ Mr. Cox added that he had at present under his care a nest of

the domestic Sparrow, Passer domesticus, Briss., all of which, with one

exception, exhibited the usual characters of their race: one, how-

ever, was entirely white. He stated his intention of presenting to

the Society this variety, as soon as the young bird was sufficiently

reared.

The following note by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., M.P., Vice-Pre-

sident, was read.

107

«« My male black Swan, Oygnus atratus, died yesterday (June 29,

1835). He had been long going off, apparently through old age,

though not more than fifteen; yet he has left four young ones, not

three months old. His widow is still healthy, and does not appear to

grieve much; nor did she pay any attention to him in his last days,

probably because engaged with her young. They have hatched in

all forty-four, and reared forty young ones. They were chiefly

hatched in January, and always in an earthern wigwam built for them

in a small island. Once there were two broods in a year, the next

year only none.”

108

July 28, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of eight species of Mice and Rats, col-

lected in India by Walter Elliott, Esq. They were brought under

the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gray, who stated that five of them

were hitherto undescribed. Of these he pointed out the distinguish-

ing characteristics. Among them were three which, on account of

their possessing a peculiarity in the structure of their molar teeth,

he regarded as representing a section in the genus Mus, which

might, perhaps, be considered deserving of generic distinction.

The remaining species were the Mus oleraceus, Benn. ; the Mus pla-

tythrixz, Kj.; and the Mouse which Mr. Gray has figured, from ea.

Hardwicke’s drawings, in the ‘Illustrations of Indian Zoology,’

under the name of Arvicola Indica: it is, however, really a Mus.

Mr. Gray stated that Mr. Elliott had made copious notes respect-

ing the habits of the several species exhibited, and that it was his

intention to communicate them to the Society. He added that Mr.

Elliott’s collection contained many other interesting specimens of

Mammalia, as well as of other classes of animals; and that selec-

tions from it would be brought, from time to time, under the notice

of future Meetings.

Mr. Gray also exhibited specimens of two remarkable species of

Partridge, Perdix, Mey., which he regarded as previously unde-

scribed. They were brought from the Gambia by Mr. Rendall, a

selection from whose collection had been exhibited at the previous

Meeting by Mr. Ogilby. Mr. Gray pointed out the distinguishing

characteristics of the birds exhibited.

Mr. Gray subsequently exhibited, also from Mr. Rendall’s col-

lection, several Shells which appeared to him to be hitherto unno-

ticed, including an undescribed species of Cryptostoma, Blainv.

Among the Shells of the same collection was one that had been

incrusted by a Coral, but in which the mouth had been preserved

open in consequence of its having become the habitation of a Pa-

gurus, the movements of which through the aperture had prevented

that part of the shell from being involved in the general incrusta-

tion. Mr, Gray exhibited other specimens of analogous incrusta-

tions, some of which had been regarded by authors as constituting

real species. The incrusting Coral is generally an Alcyonium, but

in some cases it is a Cellepora. '

109

’ The exhibition was resumed of the previously undescribed species

of Shells contained in the collection of Mr. Cuming. Those brought

on the present evening under the notice of the Society were accom-

panied by characters by Mr. G. B. Sowerby. They comprised the

following species of the

Genus Prcren.

Precten susnoposus. FPect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, au-

riculis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus numerosissimis, radiisque

decem, crassis, rotundatis, alternatim nodoso-vesicularibus vel

subnodosis ; intis plerumque purpureo signatd: long.5°25,lat.2°75,

alt. 5° poll. ’

Variat a, colore rufo-fuscescente, striis albis. Hab. ad Sinum Cali-

forniz.

B, coloribus subvariegatis pictd seu fuscd, maculis albis utplurimum

notatd. Hab. ad Insulam Platz, Columbiz Occidentalis.

y, testd depressiore, colore aurantiaco nitente. Hab. ad Sinum Te-

huantepec, Mexicanorum.

Found in sandy mud and coral sand in from ten to seventeen

fathoms.—G. B.S.

Precren maeniricus. Pect. testd subequivalvi, equilaterali, auri-

culis inequalibus ; striis radiantibus exiguis numerosissimis, radi-

isque tredecim, crassiusculis, rotundatis, nonnunquam subnodosis ;

intis albd purpureo marginatd : long. 5°5, lat. 2°, alt. 5°5 poll.

Variat «, colore sanguineo nitente. Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos.

f, testd fuscd, maculis albidis variegatd. Hab. ad Insulam Plate,

Columbiz Occidentalis.

A single specimen of var. « was found in coral sand at a depth of

six fathoms : var. B was also found in coral sand in seventeen fathoms.

—G.B.S.

Pecren pentatus. Pect. tesid vald? inequivalvi, equilaterali, au-

riculis equalibus ; valud planulatd sulcato-radiatd et striatd, alterd

valde convexd, levigatd, radiatim sulcatd, margine ventrali pro-

Sunde dentato : long. 3°75, lat. 1°5, alt. 3°5 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam.

Found among sand and stones in twelve fathoms.

The flat valve is of a dark brown colour outside, white with a broad

dark purple margin within; it falls deeply into the convex valve,

whose margin is deeply cut between the ribs; this latter valve is of

a brownish colour outside, and nearly white within.—G. B. 5.

Pscren tumipus. Pect. testd subinequivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis

magnis, subequalibus ; valvd alterd turgidd, fusco rufescente al-

bidoque variegatd, radiatim 18-costatd, costis superne planulatis,

interstitiis transversim striatis, alterd turgidiore, albicante, radi-

atim sulcatd, costis interstitialibus latioribus, planulatts, lateribus

) Ais

j ‘

110

fusco-variis ; marginibus ventralibus acut? dentatis : long. 1°75,

lat. 1°, alt. 1°75 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Salango, Columbiz Occidentalis.

Found in sandy mud at from six to ten fathoms.—G. B.S.

Precren crrcunaris. Pect. testd suborbiculari, tumidd, subequivalvi,

equilaterali, fusco alboque varid, auriculis magnis, subequalibus ;

costis radiantibus octodecim interstitits latioribus, arcuatim striatis ;

valvd alterd sulcis profundioribus : long. 1-5, lat. 0°8, alt. 1 4 poll.

Hab. ad Sinum Californie. (Guaymas.)

Found in sandy mud at a depth of seven fathoms.—G. B.S.

Prectren aspersus. Pect. testd suborbiculari, depressiusculd, sub-

equivalvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, dextrd majusculd ;

valvarum alterd radiatim costatd, pallescente seu albd, costis qua-

tuordecim majoribus, rotundatis, levibus, alterd radiatim costatd,

costis quindecim acutioribus, fuscis, punctulis cerulescentibus

aspersis, interstitiis tenuissime transversim striatis, pallescentibus :

long. 1°4, lat. 0°5, alt. 1°38 poll.

Hab. ad Tumbez, Peruvie.

Dredged in soft mud at a depth of five fathoms. This species has

sometimes a few irregular blotches of white sprinkled over the darker

coloured valve.—G. B.S.

Prcren spinirervs. ect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequi-

valvi, equilaterali, auriculis inequalibus, sinistrd majore ; valvis

radiatim costatis, costis utriusque novem, latis, squamuliferis,

squamulis fimbriatis ; valve alterius marginibus dorsali, antico,

posticoque spiniferis : long. 0°9, lat. 0°25, alt. 0°9.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani Pacifici.

A single specimen of this beautiful little shell was taken on the

reefs in coral sand.—G. B. 8.

Precren parvus. Pect. testd subovatd, depressiusculd, subequivalvi,

equilaterali, albicante, auriculis inequalibus, graniferis ; valvis

radiatim costatis, costis octo inequalibus, transversim striatis ;

interstitiis radiatim sulcatis et transversim striatis : long. 0°7, lat.

0°25, alt. 0°8 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam, Oceani Pacifici.

Found in coral sand on the reefs.—G. B.S

Genus XYLOPHAGA.

XytopwaGa eiososa. Xyl. testd globosd, margine dorsali postico

declivi, valvis accessoriis majusculis : long. 0°4, lat. 0°35, alt. 0°35

poll.

Hab. ad Valparaiso.

Found in a piece of wood dredged from a depth of a hundred

fathoms.—G. B. S.

lll

A paper was read comprising ‘‘ Descriptions of a few Invertebrated

Animals obtained at the Isle of France,” by Robert Templeton,

Esq. It was accompanied by coloured drawings of the new species

described in it, which were exhibited.

Of these animals two belong to the Radiated division of the ani-

mal kingdom. They may be characterized as follows :

ACTINIA SANGUINEO-PUNCTATA. Act. flavescenti-rufescens,

punctis sanguineis confertis per series longitudinales numerosas

dispositis ornata ; ore guttis cceruleis quinque circundato ; tenta-

culis viridescentibus, hyalinis.

Hab, vix uncialis, super saxa.

Xenta Dessarpiniawa. Xen. pallidé livido-ccerulea ; polypis

8-, raritis 9-radiatis.

Hab. super lapides prope Black River.

The mass from which the polypes arise is spread over the sur-

face of the stones to the extent, in many places, of more than a foct.

It is usually about an eighth of an inch in thickness, and appears to

be composed of an infinite interlacing of tubular stems. From the

sides of these stems are given off peduncles, each of which termi-

nates in a disc having a central mouth and eight (rarely nine) rays.

These rays are simple on their under or outer surface, pectinated

along their edges, and furnished on the upper or inner surface with

short processes, having cupped or sucker-like extremities. The

discs are perpetually in motion, waving from side to side as though

in search of objects; and when anything comes in contact with

their rays or tentacula, the suckers instantaneously close in upon it,

and the tentaculum doubles itself up like a finger and conveys the

prey to the mouth: if the object be large, two or three of the tenta-

cula are employed. When the prey is so large as not to admit of

its being swallowed, the tentacula relax their hold and allow it to

escape.

The remaining two belong to the Annulose type, ‘and appear to

represent two genera among the Annelida, nearly allied to the

Serpulide.

ANISOMELUS.

Os tentaculis simplicibus octo, per paria dispositis, filiformibus,

prehensilibus instructum.

Branchie? simplices, tentaculiformes, pedibus haud multo longi-

ores, in segmentis corporis quatuor anterioribus site.

Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, ad basin in saxis immersa,

Oss. Numero et symmetria tentaculorum, necnon branchiarum

simplicitate?, a Terebel/d czterisque generibus affinibus distinguitur.

ANISOMELUS LUTEUS.

Long. corporis vix + unc.

Hab. in saxis corallinis apud Black River.

112

Of the eight tentacula of this Annelide, one pair, that towarés the

ventral aspect, is short, and the opposite pair is long, being fully

equal in length to the entire body : the intermediate pairs are inter-

mediate also in length. When undisturbed, the animal projects

from its tube or shell as far as the fifth or sixth segment, swinging

itself from side to side, and moving its tentacula about. If anything

is discovered suitable for food, the extremity of one or more of the

tentacula is rolled around it, and by this means the substance is con-

veyed to the mouth. The tentacula are numerously ringed, and

have in their interior a tube in which oval globules are distinctly

seen moving to and fro, as the motions of the tentacula affect a few

contiguous rings.

PIRATESA.

Os tentaculis seu branchiis numerosis, longé ciliatis, subulatis,

simplici serie dispositis, cinctum,

Testa cylindrica, calcarea, erecta, e saxo parum prominente.

Oss. Genus propter tentaculorum branchiferorum dispositionem

a Sabelld, Cuv., sejungendum.

PIRATESA NIGRO-ANNULATA, Pir. brunnea, tentaculis pallidio-

ribus nigro confertim interrupte annulatis.

Hab. in saxis corallinis apud Black River.

The cilia of the tentacula arise in a single row along each edge of

the upper surface, and turn in upon any substance that is seized so

as to embrace it tightly: when at rest, they are doubled up into

little coils or knots, and are only expanded when the animal is

searching for food. When engaged in this operation it elevates

itself out of the tube, turns the disc down with very deliberate mo-

tion towards the adjacent part of the stone, and apparently exa-

mines the surface with minute attention; the tentacula at this time

being constantly moved about so as to ensure the entrapping of

any animal that may rest within their reach,

113

August 11, 1835.

Dr. Hersfield in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, June 7, 1835. It

referred to the writer’s success in dredging over the rocky ground

off Torquay, whence he anticipates that he shall obtain many in-

teresting Corallines and Asterie. A selection from those already

collected by him, including a specimen of the genus Comatula,

accompanied the letter and were exhibited.

Mr. Harvey states that the specimen of Caryophyllia Smithi, re-

ferred to in a previous letter, (page 4,) is still living in his possession

and is quite healthy. ‘The half one by the side of it, which was

broken in forcing it from the rocks, is also alive, and has nearly

reproduced the round shell: the cup was destroyed, at the time it

came into my hands, for considerably more than half its circumfer-

ence; in the course of the eight months which have since elapsed

the reproduction has been such as nearly to complete the circumfer-

ence of the cup. The Pyrgomata on the coralline are also alive.”

Mr. Burton, at the request of the Chairman, placed upon the

table a specimen of the species of Ratelus originally described by

Pennant as the Indian Badger, and by Shaw under the name of

Ursus Indicus. To aid in its comparison with the Ratel of the

Cape of Good Hope, from which Mr. Burton regards it as distinct,

he describes it in considerable detail.

«« This animal, which evidently belongs to the last genus of Cu-

vier’s arrangement of the Plantigrades, measures from the tip of the

nose to the extremity of the tail 3 feet 3 inches, of which the head

and neck occupy 11: inches, leaving 211 for the length of the body.

The anterior extremity is 8 inches long, exclusive of the nails; the

posterior about 6. The length of the head may be about 6} inches;

but the great thickness of the neck, the outline of which is con-

tinuous with the vertex, renders the exact occipital termination of

the head imperceptible. From the extremity of the nose to the

inner angle of the eye is 2 inches: from the same point to the ex-

ternal opening of the ear is 43. From the comparative length of

the body and limbs it results that the animal is very low on the

legs (or, as the French authors term it, ¢rapu), long in relation to

its height, and necessarily higher before than behind. When

standing, it cannot be computed at more than 9 or 10 inches high

at the shoulder, and about 6 or 7 at the crupper.

** The head is rather small for the size of the neck and body.

The eye is likewise remarkably diminutive, the distance between

the extreme points of the canthi being less than half an inch, an

opening which leaves little space for the eyeball externally. There

No, XXXIJ.—Proceepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

114

is no external ear: the rudiments of it may indeed be faintly traced

in some parts surrounding the meatus externus ; but these are level

with the surrounding skin. Below there is a hard low ridge, or ra-

ther thickening of the integument, and on the opposite side of the

opening, a small raised tubercle, which may be considered as vestiges

of the tragus and antitragus; but beyond these obscure indications

there is nothing conformable to the character of an auricle.

“« The toes of the fore feet are five in number, and are armed with

enormous claws or nails, of which the internal one rises so high on

the foot that its extremity is parallel with the origin of the second :

this last and the fourth are equal; the length of their nails about 14

inch: the nail of the middle one is the longest of all, being about

1+ inch in length: the length of the outer one is nearly 1 inch.

The superior aspect of the nail presents a surface of some thick-

ness, rounded off at the edges ; the under surface is concave, and

the edge reduced to a mere line, except towards the point where

the /amine separate. The lateral surfaces of these nails are per-

fectly flat, so as to adapt them for accurate apposition to each

other; and the toes being also short and flattened at their sides, it

is to be concluded that the whole are closely approximated when

the animal works in the ground, and that the foot is thus formed

into a broad and powerful spathe.

«‘ The character of the hind foot is essentially different : the toes

- are less developed, and the naiis very short, and comparatively feeble.

On the under surface the /amine of the nails are separated to such

an extent, that a deep oval fossa is formed between them. The

plant of this foot protrudes so much that it is almost globular, in

in consequence of which the short nails do not reach near the

ground.

«The dental formulary is that of Ratelus Capensis, The teeth

are fewer than in any other genus of the same tribe, as might be

expected from the abruptness of the head anterior to the eyes, and

the shortness of the mouth. The four middle incisors of the lower

jaw are the smallest and most feeble: the two external ones of

this range and the four middle ones of the upper jaw are somewhat

larger and stronger. In this last the two outer incisors differ essen-

tially from all the others, and partake of the character of canines.

They are at least three times as large as the adjoining ones, strong,

round, and curved inwards. The true canines are powerful teeth :

those of the lower jaw, when the mouth is shut, are imbedded in a

space between the upper external incisor and canine; the lower

ones approximate closely to the external incisors. The front molar

of the lower jaw is very small; the others gradually increase in

size to the last, which is long, has two points, and a tuberculated

surface behind. The great carnivorous tooth of the upper jaw has

a tubercle or heel projecting inwards: the breadth of the posterior

tooth of this jaw exceeds its length; so that in these characters it

approaches the Mustelide.

«The colour of the animal is black with the exception of the

back and upper parts of the head and neck, although a few black

hairs thinly scattered along the middle of the back give a faint gray

115

tint to the super-vertebral region, which, however, is soon lost in

the white of either side. White also prevails along the dorsal

aspect of the tail to within an inch of its termination, where it is

lost in the black of the point. The margin of the white colour forms

a concave line across the face, whence, descending along the side of

the neck, ribs, flanks, and rump, it meets the line of the opposite

side on the tail. ‘The remaining parts, including the extremities,

are, as before stated, more or less black.

*¢ As the animal approaches the Urszne tribe in its form and planti-

grade movement and the Weasels in its dentition, so with respect to

its integuments it bears some analogy to the Porcine Pachydermata.

The skin is tough, thick, and hard; the hairs are long, loose,

coarse, and scanty, without vestige of the finer wool which imme-

diately envelopes the skin of so many other animals. They are,

however, much thicker on the upper than on the lower surface

both of the body and limbs, On the posterior parts of the thighs

they are so long as almost to form tufts; on the front of the fore

legs they are also very long, and their course is here directly across

the limb. On the sides of the neck the lay of the black hairs is

precisely vertical, thus meeting the white ones, whose course is

longitudinal, exactly at right angles. Round the opening of the

ears there is a peculiar circular ring of hairs, about half an inch in

breadth, which bears a rude similitude to the feathered circles sur-

rounding the eyes of the nocturnal birds of prey. The face and jaws

are nearly naked, scarcely any traces of hair being observable in

these parts: the whole ventral aspect is also remarkably destitute

of this covering. A few long black hairs are here and there met

with on the chest, belly, and under surface of the extremities, but

not in sufficient quantity to conceal the skin. There is also a line

along the inferior surface of the tail entirely denuded of hair. The

integuments round the anus are naked, and dilated into a kind of

circular bag or pouch, theugh not to a considerable extent. The

specimen from which this description is taken is a male.

* Jt is impossible to examine this animal, even in the most cur-

sory manner, without coming to the conclusion that it is wonder-

fully adapted for making its way beneath the surface of the earth.

The powerful fore leg, armed with enormous claws; the cuneiform

head ; the face deprived of hair ; the minute and sunken eye; the

entire absence of external ear; the strong and muscular neck and

shoulder ; the comparative diminution of the posterior extremities,

whereby the bulk of the hinder parts is lessened ; the naked abdo-

men;—all unite to characterize it preeminently as a digger. And

in fact, among the population of its native regions, it is said that it

seeks its choicest food in the cemeteries, and such is its dexterity in

tearing open the graves of the dead, that no tomb is sacred from

its attacks. The latter part of this account’ is probably in some

degree overstated ; but it has, at all events, in those parts obtained

the appellation of the Gravedigger. The generic term of Storr, -

Mellivora, although it may suit the African species, is consequently

peculiarly inappropriate in reference to this.

“It is a native of the upper provinces of Bengal, where, however,

116

it is said to be rare. The present specimen, which is in excellent

condition, was brought from thence by Dr. Sandham, surgeon: of

the 11th Light Dragoons, by whom it was presented to the Museum

of the Army Medical Department. It is brought under the notice

of this Society with the sanction of the Director General, Sir James

McGrigor, Bart.

«« This animal has been almost entirely neglected by systematic

writers. It was alluded to by Pennant, but in so short, vague, and

unsatisfactory a manner, that it is impossible to form any distinct

notion of it. Shaw followed and copied the few words of Pennant

which relate to it, and termed it Ursus Indicus. Lastly, the late

General Hardwicke, whose talents and perseverance made him fa-

miliar with the natural history of Northern India, published some

account of it in the 11th volume of the ‘Linnean Transactions’.

But it does not appear that he considered it as different from the

Rat. Capensis, or was sufficiently aware of its peculiarities to enable

him to erect it into a distinct species. A specimen formerly living

in the collection of this Society was understood to have been

brought from Madras.

“In the synopsis of Mammalza, in Griffith’s translation of the

‘ Animal Kingdom’, there is merely a note stating that the Ursus

Indicus of Shaw is probably a variety of the Ratel. The French

authors have entirely neglected it; neither the Baron nor M.F.

Cuvier makes any mention of it. M. Lesson, still later, asserts that

there is but one species in this genus; ‘On n’en connait qu'une

seule espéce,—Ratel du Cap.’”—E. B.

Mr. Burton subsequently exhibited a specimen of an Agriopus,

Cuv., which he regarded as hitherto undescribed. He character-

ized it as the

AGRIOPUS UNICOLOR, Agr. brunneo-fulvus; dentibus setaceis

maxillaribus ; radiis mollibus pinne dorsalis quatuordecim,

analis decem.

* This fish bears a general resemblance to Agr. torvus, Cuv.& Val.,

the type of the genus. Its length is nearly similar, but the body is

more slender and compressed, particularly towards the middle.

The lower outline is sufficiently regular. The dorsal line from the

eighth to the fourteenth spinous ray is somewhat concave, if, how-

ever, this effect be not produced by imperfect stuffing. The eyes

protrude less than in 4gr.torvus. The profile furnishes one of the

most marked distinctions between the two species: that part: be-

tween the eyes, instead of being vertical, slopes considerably ; and

the line of the snout, in place of descending in an angle of about

forty-five degrees, is very nearly horizontal, or in a line with the

body. The mouth is somewhat deeper.

‘<The next remarkable variation is in the teeth. The observation

which Cuvier and M. Valenciennes have applied to those of dgr.

torvus—‘c’est a peine si l’on sent aux machoires queiques petits

dents en velours’—is by no means applicable here. On the con-

trary, they are very conspicuous, rather ‘en carde’ than ‘en

117

velours’, and are irregularly crowded on the makxillaries. Those

towards the angle of the mouth are somewhat longer. The lines of

ossific granulations, which, passing forwards from the superciliary

ridges, unite in an angle on the forehead, are mucli more distinct :

the appearance of those clustered on the posterior suborbitary and

temporal bones is much the same in both species. The upper divi-

sion of the border of the operculum approaches nearer to a semi-

circular form.

general form and number of rays, is also alike. The dorsal presents

some variations; the height of the first spine being only two fifths

of that of the second, the latter and the fourth equal, and the third

somewhat the longest of all. The emargination in the membrane be-

tween the second, third, fourth, and fifth spinous rays is obviously

deeper. The number of soft rays exceeds that of Agr. torvus by

one, being fourteen in number. The anal has also one additional

ray.

D.21 + 14; A.1 + 10; P.1 + 8; &e.

The caudal has nothing worthy of note, unless its termination is

more lunated ; but this distinction must be received with caution,

as the injury commonly sustained in this part by dried specimens

renders its character equivocal.

«« The skin is smooth, equally free from scales, warts, tubercles,

or protuberances of any kind, with the exception of the granulations

on the head before mentioned. It is of a yellowish brown colour

throughout, darker on the upper part of the head, and above the

lateral line; lighter below, the lightest part being immediately

posterior to the operculum. This description is taken from the

dried specimen; what variations occur in the fresh subject I have

no means of ascertaining. Towards the superior edge of the dorsal,

and over the ventrals and caudal, the colour becomes yet darker :

the pectorals incline to blackish, The black bars and blotches

which prevail throughout the dark ground colour of Agr. torvus are

entirely absent in this species. The lateral line is nearly straight,

marked as it passes along the anterior part of the body by distant

and obscure tubercles, all traces of which disappear at the com-

mencement of the soft dorsal. These are the principal distinctions

between this fish and Agr. torvus, with which it has probably hi-

therto been confounded.

“A remark of Cuvier and M. Valenciennes in the ‘ Histoire Na-

turelle des Poissons,’ supposes the existence of other species, al-

though the little there said is not applicable to this: ‘ Parmi nos

individus, il s’en trouve un dont la peau est toute brune,’ (so far only

it accords with our description) ‘mais relevée partout en petites

bosselures arrondies, comme des verrues peu saillantes. Nous ne

savons s'il appartient 4 une espéce différente, ou si ce n’est qu'une

variété.’ It may not unreasonably be assumed from the above

description that this is a distinct species, under which impression it

has been brought under the notice of this Society.

‘Tt is an inhabitant of the Cape seas, from whence the preserit

118

specimen, which forms part of the collection of the Army Medical

Department at Chatham, was brought.’—E. B.

Mr. Gray exhibited various species of the Linnean genus Venus,

in illustration of the subdivisions into other generic groups which

appeared to him to be, in the present state of the science, valid.

He pointed out the characters of these several genera ; referred to

the types of each; and noticed many hitherto undescribed species

contained either in his own collection or in that of the British Mu-

seum.

Mr, Bennett called the attention of the Saciety to a Paradoxure

now living at the Gardens, which he regarded as previously unde-

scribed. He characterized it as the

Parapoxurus Grayi. Par. vellere denso, subequali; olivaceo-

JSulvescens cinereo tinctus, subtis pallidior ; facie, auriculis, pedi-

busque nigris, wlius vitta nasali, fascid abbreviaté suboculari, .

JSronteque cinereis.

Long. corporis cum capite, circiter 20 unc. ; caud@ paullo major.

Hab. in India.

The fur of the animal, unlike that of Par. Typus, F. Cuv., and

some other closely related species, is nearly of equal length, and is

dense and in some degree woolly. Its colour above is a light ful-

vous brown, showing in certain lights a strong cinereous tinge,

owing to the black tips of many of the hairs. Beneath it is lighter,

and has a more cinereous tinge. The limbs are ash-coloured and

deeper in intensity towards the feet, which are black. The tail is

throughout of the same colour with the body. ‘The ears are

rounded, covered with hairs, and nearly black. The face is black,

with the exception of the forehead, of a longitudinal dash down the

middle of the nose, and of a blotch-like short oblique band under

each eye; these markings being grey. There are no traces of lon-

gitudinal bands or spots on the body.

The separate hairs are dusky at the base and pale yellowish in

the middle: they are tipped with black.

The tail is constantly twisted in the manner in which it is occa-

sionally borne by Par. Typus, and cannot be rendered straight.

As the specimen was purchased of a dealer, the precise part of

India in which it was captured cannot be ascertained.

119

August 25, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by Captain Manby,

R.N., dated Yarmouth, Aug. 22, 1835, and announcing the strand-

ing of an enormous whale, near Southwold in Suffolk, on the 19th

of August. Captain Manby states that it is of the species denomi-

nated by Linneus, Balena Physalus.

Drawings were exhibited of three Fishes captured at Port Praya,

by Capt. P. P. King, R.N., Corr. Memb. Z. S. They were commu-

nicated by Mr. Broderip. They comprised representations of Ser-

ranus teentops, Cuv.& Val.; Sargus fasciatus, Eor.; and an Acan-

thurus, apparently hitherto undescribed, the

AcantuuRvs Kinet. Ac. purpureo-virescens, supra lineis azureis

undulatis interruptis numerosis longitudinaliter notatus; oper-

culorum margine, pinne pectoralis maculd, dorsalis basi, macus

Ligue ovali spinam caudalem cingente rufescenti-flavis: pinnd

caudali lunata.

D.10 + 27. A.3 + 25. P.17. V.1 +4 5. C.16.

Long. tot. 12 unc. , alt. corporis, 42; long. radiorum pinne dor -

salis, 14; lat. inter oculos, 1, ad pinnas pectorales, 12,

Besides the markings enumerated, there is a blue line at the

lower part of the soft portion of the dorsal fin, separating it from

the reddish yellow streak of its base. The branchial rays are red-

dish yellow.

The teeth are eighteen above and sixteen below: they are cre-

nated and closely set. The scales are small, ovate, square at the

outer margin, and minutely serrated.

The following Notes, by Mr. Owen, on the anatomy of the K7n-

kajou, Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, Ill., were read.

‘¢ The anatomy of an animal which is the sole representative of its

genus, and which, in its external form and habits, manifests a rela-

tionship with genera belonging to two different orders of its class,

must always be a desirable addition to zoological science. The

death of the Kinkajou, which has been for the last two or three

years in the Menagerie, has afforded the opportunity of determining

the natural affinities of a somewhat anomalous form, and of thus

compensating in some degree the loss of a living specimen, by the

120

additional facts contributed in consequence to the science which

it is our object to advance.

“It is not in my province to enter upon an external description

of the Kinkajou, nor is such an account now required, since it has

already been given, with more or less of detail, by the best syste-

matic zoologists of the last half century. Its interest, as an

osculant form, may be gathered by a simple reference to the modes

in which it has been considered and classified by different authors,

and to the synonyms indicative of the different degrees of import-

ance attributed by them to its outward peculiarities. Classed

among the Viverride by Shaw, under the name of the prehensile

Weasel, and raised to the Quadrumana by Pennant, as the yellow

Macauco, it holds a somewhat intermediate station in the system of

Cuvier, who places it in the Plantigrade family of Carnivora, under

the generic name Cercoleptes, applied to it by Illiger.

«In the following description of the anatomy of the Cercoleptes,

I shall therefore consider it with reference more especially to the

Lemures and the Plantigrade Carnivora.

«« The specimen measured in length, from the end of the nose to

the root of the tail, 1 foot 4 inches; and the length of the tail was

1 foot 5 inches.

«« There were no clavicles, not even ina rudimentary state. The

clavicular portion of the sterno-mastoideus arose from the cartilage

of the first rib, and the corresponding portion of the deltoid from the

transverse processes of the lower cervical vertebra.

«¢ The abdominal viscera were protected by a large omentum

streaked with fat. The esophagus was continued about an inch

into the abdomen, and entered the stomach about an inch from the

left extremity. The pyloric extremity of the stomach was bent up-

wards abruptly, and suddenly became narrow.

«“ The duodenum made a large semicircular sweep downwards,

backwards, and to the left, being loosely connected by a wide du-

plicature of peritoneum for the greater part of its course ; it was also

connected with the colon by a fold of peritoneum continued from it.

The remainder of the intestinal canal was disposed in rather large

folds, connected to a mesentery about 2 inches broad, in which the

mesenteric vessels formed only a single series of arches. The dia-

meter of the small intestine was about half an inch, becoming

somewhat less towards the colon. There was a slight constriction

indicating exteriorly the commencement of the large intestine, and

better marked within by a sudden thickening of the muscular coat,

and the commencement of a few narrow longitudinal folds of the mu-

cous membrane, but there was no cecum.

«« The whole length of the intestinal canal was 6 feet 6 inches;

the length of the large intestine was only 5 inches. At its termi-

nation it became very muscular, and the lining membrane was

thrown into irregularly transverse ruge. In the rest of the intes-

tinal canal, with the exception of the longitudinal folds above men-

tioned, the mucous membrane was smooth and uniform.

121

« The liver was composed of three principal divisions, of which

the left had a small appendiz at its under surface. The middle or

cystic division was deeply cleft into three lobes, the round liga-

ment passing into the left notch, and the gall-bladder being lodged

in the right, with its fundus on a level with the upper convex sur-

face of the gland. The right division of the liver was also cleft into

three lobes, which were again further subdivided by shallower fis-

sures, the smallest lobe occupying the usual place of the dobulus

Spigelii, viz. the lesser curvature of the stomach.

«* The gall-bladder had an entire investment of peritoneum, and

two of the primordial ceca had been dilated and retained in their

original simple condition to form this receptacle: one of them was,

however, much less than the other, appearing as a small vesicle ap-

pended to the origin of the cystic duct. I have met with similar

structures in other animals: in the Hyrax Capensis there were two

accessory gall receptacles; and in a preparation in the Hunterian

collection, three hepatic ceca have been almost equally developed

to form the biliary reservoir (this is from some small quadruped,

species unknown, No. 820, Gallery Catalogue). I dwell more par-

ticularly on this circumstance, because it is an anomaly which has

not, so far as I know, been described, and because it throws some

light on that part of the structure of the liver which is generally al-

lowed to be still left in the most uncertain state, viz. the ultimate

disposition of the biliary ducts. It obviously accords best with the

opinion of Miiller, that the tubuli diliarii terminate in, or rather

commence from, blind extremities.

** The pancreas consisted of a transverse and circular portion,

the latter following the curve of the duodenum; the duct termi-

nated, with the ductus choledochus, 2 inches from the pylorus.

“‘ The spleen occupied the usual situation ; was 4 inches long,

+ inch broad, and +n inch thick ; its weight 13: drachms; it was

of the usual elongated trihedral shape.

“«« The kidneys were situated high in the loins, the right higher

than the left, of a somewhat elongated form, with a smooth simple

exterior, neither notched nor painted with arborescent veins, as in

the typical Carnivora. The tubuli uriniferi terminated on a simple

elongated mamilla, formed by the union of five lateral processes.

The ureters entered, as usual, behind the neck of the bladder.

«« The supra-renal glands were very small, reddish coloured, and

healthy, although imbedded in a dense strumous mass which occu-

pied the interspace of the kidneys.

“ The ovaries were a little larger than peas, with a smooth ex-

terior, enveloped in a loose serous capsule having only a small open-

ing turned towards the horn of the uterus, and in which the head of

a probe could be with difficulty admitted. They were suspended

by, a duplicature of peritoneum continued from the lower end of each

idney,

“ The length of the corpus uteri was 1 inch; of each cornu 2

inches; of the true vagina 2 of an inch; of the urethro-sexual

canal linch, A well-marked transverse fold divides this from the

122

vagina, There were no anal scent-bags, but merely superficial fol-

licles. In this respect Cercoleptes has a nearer affinity to Ursus, in

which the anal bags are very small and shallow, than to the Weasel

tribe, in which they are largely developed.

«‘ The tongue was long, smooth, flat, and slightly emarginate

at the tip. It had seven fossulate papille ; the three nearest to the

epiglottis, and forming the apex of the triangle, were the smallest.

There was a long and large elastic /ytta, ligamentous anteriorly,

cellular posteriorly, surrounded by a muscular sheath of circular

fibres.

“« The tonsils were large and oblong. There was no wvula. The

epiglottis was well developed, with a pointed apez. There were

two narrow, shallow slits in place of laryngeal saccult.. The thy-

roid glands were separate, oblong, pointed at their lower extre-

mities. There were more than twenty-five tracheal rings, which

were incomplete behind.

“ The brain ofthe Kinkajou is characterized by convolutions dis-

posed as in the Carnivora generally ; but the anterior transverse an-

fractuosity (marked No.1. in Plate XX. of the ‘ Zoological Society’s

Transactions’) runs more obliquely from within, outwards and for-

wards, and there is a greater proportion of brain anterior to it.

The general form of the brain is longer and narrower than in the

Cat. The'cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by a strong

bony tentorium.

‘* The morbid appearances in the parts examined by me were

small firm tubercles studding the liver, spleen, and kidneys; a

large tuberculous mass between the kidneys ; and a similar mass

occupying the place of the mesenteric glands: both these masses

were of scirrhous hardness, and of an irregular fibrous structure in

the middle.

“In the note-book of our medical superintendent, Mr. Youatt, is

the following record of the illness of the Kinkajou:

««<¢ May 17th. Has not been well for some days ; dull, and off

itsfood. A little castor-oil operated well.

«« ¢ May 23rd. Dismissed well.

*«¢ May 26th, Again off its food.

« « June 3rd. No symptom of serious illness.

«<¢ June 7th. Spirits and appetite gone; sad heaving at the

flanks. There is deeply seated organic mischief.

« ¢ June 10th. Sinking.

*¢¢ June 15th. Died,’

«In his description of the morbid appearances, Mr. Youatt ob-

serves: ‘ When I attempted to cut through the diaphragm, in order

to bring the lungs into view, I met with a hardness which I could

with difficulty cut, and which creaked under the knife. When I

got the contents of the thoraz fairly out, I found adhesions under

the diaphragm, but not a vestige either of pericardium or mediasti-

num; in lieu of them was a hardened, almost cartilaginous mass,

presenting a convex surface superiorly, adapting itself to the form

of the thorax, with a hollow formed in it, which contained the

123

heart ; and a prolongation on either side becoming thinner and thin-

ner, until at the base was some vestige of membrane. The heart

was contained in this cavity, but its vessels, both pulmonary and

arterial, were apparently lengthened in order to reach the lungs.

The lungs, pressed out of their place by this unnatural body, were

diminished in size; the substance softened, half pultaceous, and,

when squeezed, a purulent matter escaped. There were also nu-

merous minute tubercles in the substance of the lungs. The animal

had wasted almost to a skeleton.’

«We may therefore regard the complaint of the Kinkajou as

being a long-continued strumous disease, in which some of the tu-

berculous deposits, instead of suppurating, had become partially or-

ganized, and the cellular septa rendered ligamentous.

*“« T conclude with afew observations on the affinities of the genus

Cercoleptes, as they are elucidated by the preceding anatomical! ac-

count.

“ Besides the differences of outward form which the Kinkajou

presents, as compared with the Lemur, in the shorter muzzle, the ab-

sence of the hinder thumb, and the presence of the prehensile tail,

as well as in the quality of the hair and the dentition, the following

important discrepancies occur in the internal anatomy of these two

genera :

“In Lemur the intestinal canal is above six times the length of

the animal’s body ; in the Kinkajou it is scarcely five. In Lemur

it is also complicated by a cecum of considerable length (measur-

ing 15 inches in the ruffed Lemur, according to Mr, Martin, and

which I found of 74 inches in length in a Lemur nigrifrons). The

colon also in the Lemures, is largely developed, (measuring upwards

of 2 feet,) and is sacculated at its commencement. In the Kin-

kajou the large intestine, as in the Raccoon, is separated from the

small by a slight internal circular projection of the mucous mem-

brane, and measures only 6 inches in length. The stomach is also

narrower at the pyloric end, and more bent upon itself than in

Lemur.

*« With respect to the digestive glands, there are no material dif-

ferences. In both animals the liver is much subdivided, and the

spleen is large. The kidneys are of a simple exterior in the Kin-

kajou, as in the Raccoon; not lobulated, as in the true Ursi: in

this respect they resemble Lemur, but the form is so usual as not to

authorize any deduction from it. In the generative organs, how-

ever, the Cercoleptes recedes from the Quadrumanous type further

than the Lemur, in the extent to which the uterus is divided, and

the consequently greater length of the cornua, and Fallopian tubes.

{ts nearer affinity to Procyon is also manifested in the disposition of

the serous capsule about the ovarium, which leaves only a small

orifice sufficient to admit the end of a probe; while, in Lemur, the

ovaria are situated, like those of the Quadrumana, almost as in the

human subject.

“ In the osseous system it may be noticed that the Cercoleptes de-

124

viates from Lemur, and approximates Procyon and its congeners, in

the absence of a clavicle and the presence of a bony tentorium.

‘«¢ Thus all the more important parts of its anatomy show that its

true position isin the Carnivorous order, and that it has the closest

affinities with the Ursiform Plantigrada, making, however, the

nearest approach to the Quadrumanous type in that family.”

fens 125

September 8, 1835.

Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

A living Iacchus Monkey, Iacchus penicillatus, Geoffr., was ex-

hibited, which had recently been presented to the Society by Mrs.

Moore of Rio de Janeiro. It was accompanied by a note, in which

it was stated to have been obtained from the province of Bahia.

« Like most monkeys, it will eat almost anything; but its chief and

favourite tood, in its wild state, is the Banana. It is a very delicate

animal, and requires great warmth ; and its very beautiful tail is, in

this respect, eminently conducive to the comfort of the little crea-

ture, who, on all occasions when he requires warmth, rolls himself

in the natural boa with which Providence has, in its wisdom, en-

dowed him.”

A note by Mr. William Smith, relative to the animal of the 4r-

gonauta Argo, Linn., and forwarded through Mr. Gray, was read.

The most important statement adduced in it, with reference to the

question of the parasitic nature of the Cephalopod so frequently found

in the shell, is thus expressed :. “‘ It seems pretty evident that the

animal found in the 4rgonauta is a parasite, because, in the Bay of

Naples, where it is very abundant, the shell is but rarely found;

whereas the Octopus itself is constantly to be met with, and indeed

is daily to be seen in the common market as an article of food. To

give some idea of its comparative scarcity in union with the shell, I

shall merely mention that the usual price of the animal alone is about

fourpence; while a specimen inhabiting the shell cannot be obtained

under five shillings.”

The following Notes, by Mr. Martin, of the dissection of a spe-

cimen of the small Nocturnal Lemur, Microcebus murinus, Geoftr.,

which lately died at the Society's Gardens, were read.

‘«« The animal was a male, and doubtless adult, as was sufficiently

indicated by the development of the sexual organs. Its Jength

from the nose to the insertion of the tail was 5 inches; that’ of

the tail, 6 ; the ears were large and naked; the head was rounded ;

the muzzle short and pointed; the eyes were not so large, in pro-

portion, as in the slender Loris, Loris gracilis, Geoftr., but were

evidently of a nocturnal character, being extremely resplendent,

the glare of the tapetum lucidum showing very bright through the

round dilated pupil.

“The penis was furnished with a slender bone extending from

the glans for nearly half aninch. The glans was compressed, with

a lunar-shaped elevation, inclosing a small depression on its an-

No, XXXIII.—Procerrpines or THE ZooLocicaL Society.

126

terior aspect. The éestes were of considerable magnitude, and in-

closed in a pendent scrotum, which was very conspicuous.

“On opening the abdomen, two portions of the liver covering the

stomach, the spleen with its upper end also lying upon the stomach,

the left kidney, a section of the great curvature of the stomach,

and the convolutions of the intestines, were presented to view.

«The liver consisted of a middle and a left lobe having an ante-

rior aspect, and of a right lobe having a dorsal aspect, covered en-

tirely by the right portion of the middle lobe. ‘Fhis middle lobe

had two fissures ; that to the left for the insertion of the ligamentum

latum ; that to the right, admitting the gall-bladder to appear; the

bladder itself being situated near the edge, on the under side of

the lobe, in a continuation of the fissure. On opening the abdomen,

the gall-bladder as well as the lobe in which it is situated, cannot

immediately be seen, owing to its dorsal inclination. The gall-

bladder was very small, being about 3 lines in length: what

struck me, however, as being very remarkable, was that, contrary

to the general rule, its neck, or apex, was on the edge of the liver,

its fundus being inwards ; so that the duct made an acute turn at

its commencement, and then proceeded along the body of the

bladder ; leaving this, it continued for half an inch, and then re-

ceived two or three auxiliary hepatic ducts; and after a further

course of the third of an inch, it entered the duodenum little more

than a quarter of an inch below the pylorus.

«‘ The spleen was long and slender, measuring 1 inch by a quar-

ter: it was attached pretty closely to the stomach.

‘‘ Of the intestinal canal the duodenum was the largest in cir-

cumference; it gradually diminished to the average measure, which

was rather more than half an inch, that of the large intestines, if

we may so call them, being scarcely so much. The length of the

small intestines was 1 foot; that of the large, 8 inches. The

stomach was somewhat oval, and the cesophageal and pyloric ori-

fices were distant only 3 lines; the measurement of the greater

curvature was 22 inches; the circumference, when moderately dis-

tended, 24. The cecum, somewhat enlarged at its base, was about

3 inch in length, and terminated in a blunt apez.

The kidneys were compressed in form, and half an inch in length ;

the tubuli converged in one large distinct conical papilla. The

supra-renal ylands were closely attached to their upper and inner

part, and were of the size of small peas.

«The lungs consisted of two lobes on the left, and three on the

right side. The heart was poibted ; its length being half an inch,

“The tongue was pointed, and 1 inch in length: its surface

was velvety, with soft, small, delicate papille.

« The thyroid glands were oval, and little larger than pin-heads.

«The submaxillary glands were large.

“ The esophagus was smooth on its internal surface.

“< The trachea consisted of nineteen or twenty rings.

«« The sexual organs were next examined. The length of the penis

from the pubes was 1 inch; the erectores muscles were large and

127

long ; the testes were oval, and as large as sparrows’ eggs, being 3 of

an inch in length, in breadth + an inch, in thickness 3 lines; the

epididymis, 3 lines in length, was somewhat club-shaped; the cre-

master muscle was very strong; the length of the cord to the ab-

dominal ring was 3 of an inch; the total length of the vasa deferen-

tia, 14 inch; they terminated internally at the root of the vesicule

seminales, that is, between them and the bladder; the vesicule

seminales were small and tubular, with a turn at the extremity ;

from their entrance to the bulb of the wrethra 4 an inch.

** Being desirous to ascertain whether the arteries of the extre-

mities manifested any approximation in their arrangement to what

obtains in the Loris gracilis, Geoffr., and the Sloth, Bradypus tridac-

tylus, Linn., I injected the subclavian and femoral with mercury.

The distribution was found to be similar to that of other Quadru-

mana, and without the slightest approach to the plexiform condition

which was observed in the Loris. The arterial trunks were in fact

simple, giving off muscular branches in the usual manner, as they

proceeded.

“‘ The muscles of the limbs, and especially those of the thighs,

were remarkably large and firm, conveying an idea of far greater

svat than would be suspected in so small and delicate an ani-

mal,

128

September 22, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair,

Some extracts were read from a Letter addressed to the Secre-

tary by M. F. Cuvier, For. Memb. Z. S., and dated Paris, Septem-

ber 15, 1835. Among other zoological notices contained in it were

some remarks on the dentary systems of the three approximating

genera of Herbivorous Rodentia, Ctenomys, Blainv., Octodon, Benn.,

and Pephagomys, F.Cuv. M. F. Cuvier states that the teeth of the

former are destitute of true roots.

A Letter was read, addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,

Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, September 9,

1835. It accompanied some dried specimens of the animal of Ser-

pula tubularia of Dr. Turton, which were forwarded by the writer

with the view of demonstrating that the Patella tricornis, Turt., is in

reality an appendage to that animal, serving as an operculum to its

shelly tube—a fact which, subsequently to his description of the

supposed new species of Patella, Dr. Turton appears himself to have

suspected. The appendage described as the Pat. tricornis is in

reality the covering of the dilated extremity of the single developed

tentaculum in the Serpulidous animal forming the shell characterized

by Dr. Turton as the Serp. tubularia : a similar covering is met with

in the animals of all the species of Vermilia, Lam., and Galeolaria,

Ej.; but not in those of the genus Serpu/a as restricted by Lamarck,

Mr. Harvey states that «« Two days ago an industrious young

naturalist, Mr. H. Glossop, of Isleworth, who has accompanied me

on many dredging excursions, noticed an unusual, as he thought,

horny substance upon the worm of a Serpula tubularia, which was

adhering to a shel] in salt water, and on examination it proved to be

the Patella tricornis of Dr.Turton. We have since pulled out and

examined above a hundred of these Serpule, all living specimens,

and have found an operculum upon each of them. I am going to sea

again on Saturday, and in a few days it is my intention to send you

several living specimens, that you may satisfy yourself and the So-

ciety on this subject: I will forward them by the mail, witha bottle

of sea-water in the basket, that you may preserve them alive for a

day or two.”

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a specimen of

a Crocodile which he had regarded, while it was living in the Soci-

ety’s Gardens, as referrible, on account of the length of its head and

the extent of the shielding at the back of its neck, to the Crocodilus

129

cataphractus, Cuv. A more close examination of it, however, sub-

sequently to its death, had shown him that its head was still more

prolonged than that part is described to be in Croc. cataphractus, its

length being to its breadth as 3 to 1, instead of as 2} to 1: it is also

deficient of the second post-occipital series of four small plates no-

ticed as occurring in Croc. cataphractus. On these accounts princi-

pally he stated that he considered it as representing a previously

undescribed species, which he characterized as

CRocopDILUS LEPTORHYNCHUS. Croc. rostro elongato, capitis la-

titudine longitudinis partem tertiam equante ; scutis post-occipt-

talibus ovalibus parvis duobus, nuchalibus per paria quatuor ca-

taphractis, cum dorsi seriebus continuis.

Long. tot. 27 unc. ; cranii, 43; cranii, ad maxillarum commissu-

ram, lat. 12. ,

Hab. apud Fernando Po.

Dentes in maxilla superiore quatuordecim, in inferiore quindecim.

Notwithstanding the approximation of this species to the Gavials

by the elongation of its jaws and by the extent to which the back of

the neck is protected by bony plates, it has all the essential generic

characters by which the Crocodiles are distinguished. The two pos-

terior pairs of nuchal plates are much smaller than the two pairs an-

terior to them. y

The animal having been anatomically examined subsequently to

its death, the following notes were prepared by Mr. Martin of his

dissection of the Crocodilus leptorhynchus.

*« The length from the anus tothe nose was 1 foot 2inches; from

the anus to the tip of the tail, 1 foot 1 inch; that of the ramus of the

lower jaw, 54 inches.

** The musk-gland described by Mr. Bell was very small ; and the

peculiar muscle embracing it and running to the os hyoides was so

delicate and slender that it was only to be followed with extreme

care : the gland contained a small portion of creamy matter scented

very strongly of musk.

“The serous cavities (of which, in his account of the Croc.

acutus, Mr, Owen gives a detail,) may be described as follows.

A serous membrane constitutes a sort of pericardium, to which

the heart is secured at its apex by the membrane reflected from its

own surface: from this pericardiac membrane is reflected an ex-

pansion, forming a distinct serous cavity on the anterior surface

of each lobe of the liver: the pylorus and gall-bladder are in a

separate serous cavity: and so is the anterior part of the sto-

mach, the membrane passing from the parietes of the abdomen on

the left side, uniting with the under part of the stomach, and being

reflected over its surface. Besides the cavities on the liver alluded

to, there is another on the right lobe at its dorsum, very exten-

sive, and formed by a process of the pleura: but the pleura is not

130

continued to the left lobe. The intestines occupy their own serous

cavity: but below the pubes a distinct serous cavity contains the

anterior part of the cloaca or genito-urinary reservoir. The perito-

neal or serous membrane does not invest the kidneys, but is reflected

over their anterior (abdominal) surface.

‘« The peritoneal canals were very easily made out. They opened

on each side of the base of the penis, by two orifices capable of ad-

mitting the point of a fine blow-pipe. In the Croc. acutus Mr. Owen

found them to allow barely of the passage of an eye-probe; but in

the present animal, small as it was, they were far larger; still it

appeared to me that they could not serve the purpose suggested

by M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Can they be intended to allow of the

escape of any gaseous secretion, any aeriform fluid, which may fill

the abdominal serous cavity, and be expelled under certain circum-

stances, as, for instance, when thie animal seeks the deep bed of the

lake or river?

‘The stomach was globular and flattened, with a glistening ten-

dinous patch on each side, as large as a shilling, or nearly so. The

entrance of the esophagus and the pyloric appendix were close

together, the appendix being about as large as a good-sized horse-

bean : from this the duodenum, emerging, formed a double fold; that

is, a fold formed by two lengths of intestine put together, and bent

upon themselves, embracing within the outer line, as in Birds, the

pancreas, along thin gland, one portion of which was continued a short

distance along the free portion of the intestine, where it became

more thick, and ended abruptly. Further to the right, but in close

contact with this duodenal fold, lay the spleen, a grey flattened

rounded cake; it was touched by the lower edge of the right lobe of

the liver,and was totally surrounded by peritoneum, which attached it

by a narrow riband or slip to the duodenum, below the entrance of

the biliary ducts: along this riband ran a large vein, going from

the spleen to the vena porta: a small artery was also visible. The

gall-bladder, of an oval shape, and 1 inch long, entered the duode-

num at the termination of the outer folded layer, just where it. be-

gan to be free, by a duct half an inch in length. The pancreatic duct

I could not succeed in tracing, but it certainly did not enter with

the biliary. In the Croc. acutus it enters a quarter of an inch beyond

that duct.

‘“«It may be remarked that the stomach contained no pebbles or

stones, but merely a little mucus. In a specimen of Croc. acutus

subsequently examined the stomach was distended with undigested

lumps of flesh, and a vast quantity of Indian corn, swallowed most

probably in lieu of pebbles: the grains were hard, and quite unal-

tered.

«« The liver consisted of two distinct masses or lobes, of a trian-

gular figure; and it was between them, but on the edge of the right,

that the gall-bladder was situated.

« The duodenum was rather larger in circumference than the rest

131

of the small intestines, which were in a worm-like range of convolu-

tions, on a process of peritoneum that expanded like a fan from the

spine: at the root of this mesentery I found the gland described by

Mr. Owen, but of moderate size, and dark coloured; its diameter

about halfian inch. The total length of the small intestines was 4 feet

8 inches. They entered the rectum (for to this were the large intestines

‘reduced,) by a valvular or sphincter-like aperture, the parietes of

which were firm, thick, and muscular. The rectum suddenly enlarged

on the reception of the small intestines, the length of this viscus

being barely 2 inches; its internal membrane was longitudinally

plicated. The portion which I have denominated rectum entered into

a large cloaca, or genito-urinary cavity, its entrance being surrounded

by a large fleshy sphincter, similar to that around the entrance of the

small intestine into the rectum.

«<The cloaca was itself divided into two chambers, by a valvular

fold: the upper division was large; the anal one small. The breadth

of the meso-rectum, 1 inch. The ureters entered just above the val-

vular fold alluded to. The wrine opake and white, as in Birds.

«The penis was small, being only half an inch in length; it lay

curled up, and its apex was cleft horizontally, one point being elon-

gated, and bending over the other, so as to produce a resemblance in

miniature to the flower commonly known as the Snap-dragon,—

Antirrhinum majus.

*‘ The kidneys consisted of two oval bodies, with flattened sur-

faces, having their venous ramifications symmetrically disposed,

runniug horizontally across from a median line, so that each kidney

had no unapt resemblance to some of the fossil fern leaves: the

ureters emerged from a cleft in the centre of the lower ape of each

kidney, and were of considerable circumference ; their length was

1 inch,

«« At the upper apex of the kidneys, and partly upon them, lay the

testes, two red elongated slender bodies, of a tolerably firm consist-

ence. In length they were about 1 inch, and each extremity was

pointed.

«Over the yellow wrinkled skin which covered the tongue or

muscular expanse between the rami of the lower jaw, numerous small

glandular orifices were thickly dispersed, whence exuded a viscid

saliva or mucus. ‘The pharyna was closed by the cartilaginous ex -

pansion of the os hyoides described by M. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire in

the 2nd volume of the ‘ Annales du Muséum,’ which, by its arrange-

ment, forms a gular valve, its free edge pressing against a sort of

velum pendulum, or semilunar fold of the palate, which advances

anterior to the posterior nares. Considerably behind this gular

valve is situated the glottis, the rima of which, like that of a Bird,

is unfurnished with an epiglottis ; unless, indeed, the gular valve be

considered in this light, its use being to prevent the ingurgitation of

water both into the tracheal tube and the @sophagus; so that the

animal can breathe, provided the nostrils are just above the water,

132

though the jaws be open beneath the surface. ‘The trachea is a

straight simple tube; it was found in this animal to consist of fifty

rings before its bifurcation, its length being 34 inches. A little

below the bifurcation, on each side, was a small glandular body,

similar to that seen in Bards, just where the trachea enters the thorax.

The bifurcations were observed to run a considerable distance into

the substance of the lungs before they blended into it.

‘«‘Though differing in a few minor points, the visceral anatomy of

this species bore, on the whole, a close resemblance to that of the

Croc. acutus, of which the details given by Mr. Owen are already

published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Committee of Science and

Correspondence’ of this Society, Part I. pp. 139 and 169.”

A specimen was exhibited of the Stanley Crane, Anthropoides pa-

radiseus, Bechst.; and Mr. Yarrell called the attention of the Meet-

ing to the conformation of its trachea, which corresponded perfectly

with the one figured by him in the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’ He

remarked, that as the present Bird had lived for upwards of three

years in the Society’s Menagerie, it seemed probable, from this co-

incidence of form, that no increase in the extent of the fold of the

trachea is occasioned by increasing age.

The reading was concluded of an anatomical description, by Mr.

Reid, of the Patagonian Penguin, Aptenodytes Patachonica, Forst.

‘«« The specimen, an adult male, whose dissection forms the sub-

ject of the following paper, was captured at East Falkland Isle,

in latitude 51° 32’ south, by Lieutenant Liardet, R.N., and was

brought to England in H.M.S. Snake, and presented by that gen-

tleman to P. C. Blackett, Esq., by whose kind permission I was al-

lowed to examine it in detail: the results of this dissection I now

beg respectfully to lay before the Society. Owing, however, to the

length of time which had elapsed subsequently to its capture, and

to the manner of its preservation (in rum),—together with a wound

on the inferior part of the neck, and others in the mouth, added to

several bruises,—part of my description will not be so perfect as

could be desired.

‘«‘ The bones are very hard, compact, and heavy, having no aper-

tures for the admission of air; but they contain, especially the bones

of the extremities, a thin oily marrow. The foramina for the trans-

mission of the blood-vessels of the bones are small. The periosteum

is thick and fibrous.

** The cranium is short and broad, and is united into a single bone,

with very little appearance of suture or harmony: superiorly it is

flattened ; posteriorly, towards the occiput, it is rounded; it declines

obliquely forwards; and when it attains the front of the orbits it is

suddenly truncated to meet the superior mandible.

‘«‘ The orbits are large, and separated only by membrane. Above

each orbit there is a fossa, which is deeper and broader behind than

133

in front, and which ends suddenly at its union with the orbitar pro-

cess of the temporal bone. External and inferior to the termination

of the transverse ridge of the occipital bone there is a process. The

temporal bone has two pracesses: the tympanic, situated imme-

diately anterior to the last-named process ; and the orbitar, situated

immediately behind the posterior part of the orbit. The basilar pro-

cess of the occipital bone is short, ending posteriorly in a single

round, prominent condyle, which articulates with the atlas. The

body of the sphenoid is lengthened, and its pterygoid processes

form separate bones. ‘The tympanic bones have the internal pro-

cess much produced. The jugum is very long and thin, attached as

usual to the tympanic and superior maxillary bones. The palatine

bones are long and thin, meeting posteriorly the pterygoid, and an-

teriorly the superior maxillary bones.

«The upper jaw is immoveable: the superior mandible long,

slender, and a little arched at the point. The apertures for the

nostrils are long and narrow. The bones of. the superior mandible

are of the usual form. The superciliary bones are wanting. The

lachrymal bones are small, and fixed to the cranium. The turbi-

nated /amin@ are small, soft, and cartilaginous.

*« The lower jaw is long and slender, and composed of three

pieces, viz., the body of the bone and its two articulating portions.

The coronoid processes are very small. The condyloid process is

not elevated above the body of the bone. There is a process pro-

duced posteriorly for the attachment of the pterygoid muscles,

“ The os hyoides has the lateral cornua much lengthened, passing

upwards posteriorly to the occipital bone, then curved forwards for

a short distance upon the temporal bone.

“ The vertebral column consists of

- Cervical vertebre ........ 13

Dorsal’ ——— 1. ss 9

Sacral ih Weta kan 14

Caudal oe 8

In all 42

“« The atlas is of the usual shape. The processus dentatus of the

second vertebra is flattened laterally ; the posterior spinous process

short, and the anterior long. The articulating processes are infe-

riorly produced, as are those of all the cervical vertebra : in the

lower of them the processes diverge less than in the upper ones.

The posterior spinous process of the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and

thirteenth vertebre is long: in the remainder this process is short.

The transverse processes are short in all except the twelfth and

thirteenth vertebra, in which they more nearly correspond with the

processes of the dorsal series. The articulation of the bodies of the

vertebre is effected as usual. The sixth vertebra has the transverse

processes extended downwards as much as they may be without the

134

free motion of the neck being impeded: in the seventh, eighth,

ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth these processes gradually shorten,

and in the twelfth and third can hardly be said to be produced :

they lengthen in the fourth and fifth, and in the sixth reach the

maximum. In the sixth vertebra we notice the commencement of

two processes proceeding from the superior part of the anterior face

of the vertebrae, a little external to the median line, which give firm

attachment to the muscles of the neck: in the succeeding vertebre

these processes are more fully developed till they reach the tenth,

after which we observe no trace of them; but instead of them, in

the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth we have a very prominent an-

terior spinous process: in the two last it is bifid. In the last (the

thirteenth) the transverse processes are extended laterally, and are

curved acutely backwards, leading immediately to the shape of the

dorsal vertebre.

‘«« These are nine in number. The first has very extensive motion :

in the second the motion is much diminished: and the diminution

of motion is continued as far as the seventh vertebra, the last two

having no motion whatsoever. The posterior spinous processes have

less development than is usual in most Birds. The anterior ones are

very little produced, The transverse processes do not overlap each

other, The oblique processes strongly resemble those of the neck.

In the first vertebra the anterior spinous process is most prominent,

and in the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth the process is bifid

and less prominent.

‘«‘ The sacral region is composed of twelve bones, all anchylosed

together, of which the upper four might almost be regarded as lum-

bar, for they are unconnected to the i/ia, except by ligament. The

canalis vertebralis is broadest in the tenth of these vertebre.

“«« There are eight caudal vertebre, each furnished with transverse

and spinous processes, and also, on their anterior face, with two

processes arising one on each side of the median line, measuring in

length, on an average, 6 lines. The eighth, or last, is in length Z

inches, conical, with the base towards the body, and having the tip

scabrous, for the insertion of muscle: on the superior part of the

anterior face there is a groove extending about one third of its

length. About half an inch from the tip there is a thickening of sub-

stance, giving the appearance of the tip having been originally se-

parate. The canalis vertebralis extends a short way down the bone.

The seventh vertebra is united to the eighth by anchylosis.

«¢ The ribs are nine in number, and of the usual form: the two

upper ones are not connected with the sternum. The oblique pro-

cesses are situated halfway between their vertebral and sternal ex-

tremities. They commence cartilaginous at the inferior margin of

each rib, and are about 5 lines broad at their origin : towards their

termination they spread laterally to the width of 1 inch, As they

approach the lower rib they get gradually thinner. In the first and

last rib they are totally wanting. The last rib, at its centre, has a

135

surface concave externally, produced by the action of the thigh.

The sterno-costal bones are seven in number; the Jast one curved

suddenly at its costal end.

‘«« The body of the sternum is long. The keel is much developed

at its top, and forms a very acute angle posteriorly, terminated by

asmall line. The space for the attachment of the middle pectoral

muscle is considerably larger than that for the attachment of the

great pectoral. On each side of the keel there is a large space, ter-

minating inferiorly in one, owing to the shortness of the middle

layer compared with the lateral ones. The keel terminates abruptly

inferiorly. The ensiform process has a ridge in the middle, along

which and the inferior edge of the keel a membrane was attached

(which separated-in maceration). The external layers of the bone

are, as has been already incidentally noticed, much longer than the

middle one: they curve inwards toward each other, and are tipped

with cartilage. The sternal fossa is large and very distinct. *The

sternal apophyses are very large.

‘“« The coracoid bones are long, strongly formed, and smooth an-

teriorly ; the margin much produced at the superior internal edge,

and the ends furnished with long hamuliform processes, extending

upwards and downwards. The superior one is attached to the cla-

vicle by the intervention of ligament. The upper part of the os

coracoides is bent upon itself at an angle greater than a right angle.

They are larger at their inferior ends, the inner ends being pro-

duced and curved forwards. The glenoid cavity of the bone is

situated on the exterior posterior part, and is formed by this bone

and the scapula, about three fifths of the cavity being formed by the

os coracoides.

‘‘ Hach clavicle is turned downwards, and is broader near the

coracoid bone, and tapering to the front, where there is a protu-

berance formed by the junction of the clavicles: this protuberance

Goes not touch the sternum. Posteriorly they give off a flat conical

process, which goes down internally to the coracoid hone, and is

united to the process situated on the posterior part of the scapula,

immediately inferior to its head.

** The scapula is remarkably broad and thin: its neck and head

rounded. There are three articulating processes in this bone: one

with the furculum; another with the coracoid bone; and the third

with the humerus.

* On comparing the sternum and adjacent bones with the sterna

of some nearly allied Birds, we find less development of the keel

in the Loon, and less development of the lateral wings in the

Auk, and more in the Spheniscus. The differences will be best shown

by the following tables :

136

Colymbus| Alca | Spheniscus | Aptenodytes

Glacialis.| Torda. | demersa. | Patachonica.

Length of the body of the inch. lin, finch. lin. finch. lin. inch. lin,

BucB | 410.15) 10 Tal O

SHETNUM ss ae wn a

Length of the lateral wings..}3 9 |4 0 |6 5n.| 8 O

Length of its keel ........ BOE EM eG cs Maia

Lengthoftheensiform process}1n.0 |0 3 |0 3 | aa

Lengthofthesternal apophyss}0 3 |0 2 |O0 9Qn.}'1 O

Half the breadth of the bone 6 lo 10 |1 7 go 14

at its superior margin ..

Height of the keel atthe su- ||) 6. feels 1 9

Peporpore: Pe.

Projection of the keel, su-

perior to the body of ef Si i Re a a 2 0

SEINUM ee ke ee

Length of the os coracoides..\2 O |1 8 |3 8 5 10

Length of the scapula...... Bs SMAI FENG Pit

Be eras erie atits| 19 3 |g 9g |o v7nlo 8

Breadth near its inferior angle|O0 3n.jJ0 2 |1 9Qn.}] 2 In.

or, in integral parts, the length of the centre of the sternum being

taken as unity :

Colymbus.| Alca. | Spheniscus. | Aptenodytes.

Length of the middle of the

1 1 1 1

SUCTIUIN sei) DeRetaod as Ae

Length of the lateral wings..| 23 $4 1 D 13

Length of the keel ........ £0 1.3; Lal: 14

Lengthoftheensiform process} 4-n.| sD.) 3, n. santas

Length of the sternal apophysis| >, a5 = +

Breadth ofthe superior margin} 9, Es 2n ao

Height of the keel ....... 40 as 2 +Be

Projection of the keel Pai , ; . H

the body of the bone .. Er Lio ag %

Length of the os coracoides..| +, 49 4n, 19

Length of the scapula...... se 1zZ ee jt en,

Breadth at its neck........ US | sts ty De

Breadth at its inferior angle..| 3, 25 70. an

“* The humerus is much flattened. On its posterior aspect there

is a large foramen, situated under, and occupying the whole of the

internal part of its head, which is in form crescentic from before

backwards: over the internal and posterior part of it a groove

passes. The distal end of the bone has two tubercles for articula-

tion. There are two prominent trochlee on its posterior surface, on

which work the two sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint. The form

of the larger of these is flattened, and of the smaller trapezoid, with

truncated edges.

137

*« The ulna is very thin and flat, not quite so long as the humerus,

rounded slightly at its upper extremity, and still less at its lower

one. Its head has a cavity, which receives the posterior tubercle of

the humerus. Immediately inferior to this is a prominence on the

posterior margin, to which is attached the ligament of the two sesa-

moid bones. The superior ulno-radial joint admits of little motion,

being composed of a convex and plane surface. Near the distal ex-

tremity of the bone there are several rough lines for the attachment

of muscles. The distal articulating surfaces are three: one with

the radius anteriorly ; another with the first carpal bone inferiorly ;

and the third with the second carpal bone posteriorly and obliquely

downwards.

‘¢ The radius much resembles the u/na in shape. At its head it

has two articulations : one superiorly, with the anterior tubercle of

the humerus; and the other posteriorly, for articulation with the

ulna. There are likewise two articulations at its distal extremity :

posteriorly one for the u/na; and inferiorly there is another with the

first carpal bone. Near its neck is situated a process for the attach-

ment of muscles. On its superior anterior part a groove runs ob-

liquely, from before backwards, and from above downwards. At

the distal extremity there is a similar one, but running in a con-

trary direction, i. e. from behind forwards.

*« The first carpal bone has the form of a trapezium, with three

‘articulating surfaces : a superior one for the radius ; a posterior one

for the u/na ; and an inferior one for the metacarpus. The shape

of the second carpal bone is triangular, with articulating processes,

and a notch on its inferior edge: one anteriorly for the ulna; the

other inferiorly for the metacarpus.

“The metacarpus is composed of a single bone, formed by the

union of two. ‘The anterior of the two metacarpal bones supports

two phalanges of the first finger, and is twice the size of the posterior

one, which supports the single phalanx of the second finger. The

upper end is crescentic, articulated with the first carpal bone an-

teriorly, and with the second inferiorly. There is a sulcus between

the ends of the two bones, at their inferior extremity.

“ The first phalanx of the first finger is a long, broad, and flat

bone, tapering gradually from above downwards, united to the me-

tacarpus by a flat surface, and connected with the second phalanx

by a similar articulation. ‘The other phalanz is broad and flat, ta-

"pering from above downwards. By a similar articulation is attached

to the posterior metacarpal bone a phalanz, which is flat, long, and

tapering from above downwards, superiorly giving off a process

-which passes upwards for a short distance on the posterior part of

the metacarpal bone.

‘The bones of the pelvis are so much shortened behind that they

throw the centre of gravity in a perpendicular line with the ver-

tebre. The length of the ilia behind the cotyloid cavity is one third

of the length of the body in a Gull (Larus); one half in the Loon;

138

and not quite one fourth of the length of the trunk in the Patago-

nian Penguin. ‘The sacro-sciatic notch is a complete foramen. 'The

pubic bones are long and feeble; they are turned forwards and

tipped with cartilage. The cotyloid cavity is a perfect foramen,

with a large process at its postero-inferior part tipped with carti-

lage, and articulated with the trochanter major. The thyroid fora-

men is not complete, except by the intervention of a ligament which

separates it from the obturator foramen. As there is no iliacus in-

ternus, the superior part of the os dlium extends upwards, and lies

close to the ribs.

“ The os femoris is formed as usual, the head being flattened an-

teriorly, the neck short and thick, the trochanter major smooth on

its superior posterior surface, and articulated with the process on

the zlium. Besides the posterior there is also an anterior linea

aspera, There is a process external to the external condyle, having

its inferior surface tipped with cartilage, which acts as a pulley.

On its infero-external surface there is a sharp edge. The condyles

are not much everted.

« The shape of the patella is peculiar. There are two articulating

surfaces posteriorly : one which would form part of a large crescent,

and which has a prominence for the condyles of the femur in its

centre ; the other, inferior, is likewise crescentic ; it is very narrow,

and articulated by ligaments to the tubercle of the izdia.

‘The superior surface af the femur has a crista in its centre, of

an ovoid form : the posterior edge truncated. “The internal surface

is perfectly flat : the oblique slightly marked with a ridge, and looks

downwards. There is a groove on the centre of the anterior edge

which also passes obliquely downwards on the external side: these

two sides are truncated at their junction.

“ The tzbza is nearly twice the length of the femur : the tubercle is

elevated above its head, and forms a broad short conical truncated

process. On the anterior part of the head there is a large groove,

deepest at the top, and passing obliquely downwards and inwards:

the outer side is here smooth for articulation with the fibula. It

has inferiorly two condyles, articulated with the metatarsus, having

a foramen above and between them for the transmission of tendon,

&c.

“« The fibula is in the form of a lengthened cone, and is attached

to the outer surface of the tibia : for about two thirds of its length it

is anchylosed to that bone inferiorly. It has the usual quantity of

surfaces for the attachment of muscles.

‘¢ There is no ¢arsus.

“* The metatarsus has two articular depressions on its posterior

surface for the reception of the condyles of the ¢ibia._ It represents

three pullies for articulation with the phalanges. On the inner part

of the superior face is situated the metatarsal bone of the first toe,

connected by ligaments to the large bone. There is a fossa on the

superior surface, between the first and second, and second and third

139

bones of the metatarsus: this gradually decreases in size and in-

creases in depth, till it perforates the bone, and joins the fosse on

its inferior surface, where, immediately anterior, internal, and infe-

riorly to the outer depression on its head, there is a large protu-

berance forming the inner boundary to a groove. The phalangeal

end is formed as in most Birds. The first toe, which is the smallest

in the foot, has three bones, all of which are flattened, and have

simple articulations, the last one having a nail. The metatarsal bone

is only connected to the others by muscle: the whole length of the

toe is ] inch ; the second toe has three phalanges : the third has four :

and there are five belonging to the fourth toe. All are formed as

is usual in this class,

‘«« The ligaments of the head and trunk are of the usual form.

‘¢In addition to these a ligament arises from the sesamoid bones

of the elbow-joint, which passes to the external or dorsal side of

the carpus, where it is tied down; it again passes forwards, and is

attached by separate slips to the joint and head of the first part of

the metacarpus and to the first phalanz of the first finger ; and is in-

serted into the second about 3 lines from its head.

‘*< The ligaments of the hip-joint are as usual.

“ Besides the usual ligaments of the knee-joint there is one which

arises together with the crucial, and is attached to the patedla half-

way down the central line. The form of the semilunar cartilages is

crescentic, with prolonged horns.

«« The ankle-joint has semilunar cartilages of the usual form.

‘* There are superior and inferior annular ligaments belonging to

the metatarsus.

,“ In no other instance is there any deviation from the usual form.

“« There is a very large bursa situated within the knee-joint.

‘«« The muscles were of a dark red colour, very tough, and having

a great deal of cellular membrane amongst them. The /ascie were

very thick and strong. In no instance did I observe any tendency

to ossification in the tendons. In the tendons of the perforatus of

the first and second toes there was a sesamoid bone, scarcely

equalling in size a mustard-seed.

** The panniculus carnosus is very thick and strong, and is divided

into three pieces. The first division arises muscular from the lateral

parts of the skin of the shoulder, back, and under the wing ; from the

Jascia of the muscles of the back ; tendinous along the superior

edge of the furculum ; tendinous from the fascia covering the mus-

cles of the shoulder; muscular from the blubber over the shoulder-

joint; and by a small head from the inferior part of the cervical

Jascia: it passes upwards, uniting anteriorly and posteriorly to its

fellow, and is attached, muscular, into the superior transverse ridge

of the occipital bone, and to the posterior third of the sides of the

lower jaw. The second portion arises from the dorsal, fuscia by five

irregular fleshy slips: it passes downwards, and is attached to the

blubber covering the back and sides, sending forwards a membra-

140

nous slip, which is attached to the skin of the abdomen. The last

portion arises fleshy from the tubercle of the ¢zbza, and from the

peroneal fascia : and, covering the abdominal muscles, is attached

very firmly to the skin of the abdomen, sending off two slips, which

unite with their fellows over the central line.

“‘ The occipito-frontalis is small, arising posteriorly from the pan-

niculus carnosus, and inserted anteriorly into the frontal bone, just

above its junction with the superior mazilla. The orbicularis palpe-

brarum arises from the anterior part of the orbit, immediately an-

terior to the situation of the lachrymal bones, and is inserted into

the orbitar process of the temporal bone, from the inferior half of

which a muscle arises, passing downwards under the eye, and at-

tached to the inferior part of the optic foramen, sending off a slip,

which is attached immediately anterior and internal to the orbitar

ee of the temporal bone. There is most motion in the inferior

eyelid.

« Round the entrance of the external meatus of the ear there are

some muscular fibres observable, but as the part was much bruised,

I was unable to separate them: they seem to act as a sphincter.

“ The masseter, temporalis, and pterygoideus arise as usual, as does

also the zygomatic.

«‘ On the fore part of the neck there are two muscles : one arising

from the superior edge of the, furculum, near its union with the os

coracoides, and from the recurved portion of the coracoid bone, and

inserted into the temporal fascia ; the other arising tendinous from

the superior internal part of the furcudwm, and attached to the outer

and posterior part of the tympanic bone.

« The tongue has a hyoglossus and lingualis, as usual.

«The muscles of the os hyoides and lower jaw are as usual.

“ There is only one pair of muscles of voice.

“ The recti postict and antici, obliqui capitis, splenit capitis et collz,

complexi, intertransversales, interspinales, transversalis colli, spinales

dorsi et colli, trapezius, cucullaris, rhomboideus, biventer cervicis, tra-

chelo-mastoideus, longus colli, and scaleni muscles are large and well

defined, arising and attached in the same manner as in most short-

necked Birds, but especially resembling the muscles of the neck of

the Loon; as do also the abdominal muscles, and those for the mo-

tion of the dorsal vertebra, ribs, and tail.

«‘ The muscles connecting the scapula to the trunk resemble those

of the Loon, but have broader attachments, in proportion as the

scapula of the Penguin is broader than that of the Bird referred to.

‘«‘ The principal differences are in the muscles of the wing and

leg.

es The muscles of the wing I shall now describe. The pectoralis

major arises from the superior part of the crista and the external

part of the body of the sternum, from the fascia of the pectoralis

minor, from the cartilages of the ribs, and from the anterior part

of the coracoid bone; over the crista it unites with its fellow of

141

the opposite side; it is inserted, muscular, into the anterior su-

perior part of the humerus. The pectoralis minor arises from the

lower part of the crista and the interior part of the body of the

sternum, and from the inferior part of the furculum and coracoid

bone; its tendon passes over the union of the three bones of the

shoulder-joint, moving freely over them, and is inserted, tendinous,

into the scabrous surface on the posterior part of the external side

of the humerus, just below its head. The coraco-brachialis arises

from the lateral angle of the sternum and base of the coracoid bone,

and is inserted immediately posterior and a little superior to the

pectoralis minor. The subclavius occupies the usual place, but is

small. A muscle arises from the outer and upper fourth of the mem-

brane between the furculum and os coracoides ; it passes upwards,

but internal to the capsular ligament of the joint; and is inserted,

tendinous, immediately above the insertion of the pectoralis minor.

Another muscle arises trom the external inferior third of the os co-

racoides, from the angle and costal part of the sternum, and from

the fascia of the pectoralis major for about the length of an inch ;

passing upwards it forms a round tendon about ¢ of an inch from

the shoulder, which passes over the joint and under the supra-spi-

natus, and is inserted into the external edge of the foramen at the

head of the humerus. The supra-spinatus is smail, and arises fleshy

from the superior edge of the scapula, near the glenoid cavity ; it

passes round and constricts the ligament of the joint, and is in-

serted, tendinous, into the humerus, immediately anterior to the

muscle last named.

‘*I will here notice, before proceeding to the remaining muscles,

a loop through which several of the muscles pass. It arises flat from

the infero-anterior edge of the scapula, just below the glenoid ca-

vity, and passing upwards and outwards for about an inch, is then

- doubled upon itself, and attached to the same part from whence it

arose: there is no admixture of its fibres.

“‘ A muscle arises from the fascia which covers the last rib and the

outer edge of the external oblique, passes upwards and through the

loop, and is inserted into the lower part of the external edge of the

JSoramen situated at the posterior part of the head of the humerus.

The /atissimus dorsi arises from the last cervical and first five dorsal

vertebre, and forms a tendon, which passes through the loop and is

inserted immediately below the preceding muscle. The infra-spi-

natus arises fleshy from the whole external surface of the scapula

below the upper third, and is inserted into the large tubercle of the

humerus. A muscle arises from that part of the inner edge of the

os coracoides which is produced ; it passes obliquely upwards and

outwards behind the os coracoides, to which it is attached ; and is in-

serted tendinous into the anterior tubercle of the humerus. The

deltoides arises from the posterior part of the projecting edge of the

scapula, and from the scapular process of the clavicle; passing over

the shoulder-joint, it is inserted into the anterior part of the middle

142

tubercle of the humerus. The subscapularis arises from the internal

surface of the scapula; it passes upwards, and is inserted into the

posterior part of the middle tubercle of the humerus. The teres minor

arises from the whole width of the posterior surface between the

glenoid cavity and the end of the upper third of the scapula; it passes

in the groove, and is inserted into the inferior part of the large tu-

bercle of the humerus. Of the triceps extensor cubiti the long head

arises immediately above the origin of the teres minor, and passin

down on the external side of the humerus, it is joined by the second

head, arising from the internal part of the large foramen cecum of

the humerus ; these two unite about the middle of the arm, and are

joined by the third head, which arises from the two inferior thirds of

the posterior edge of the humerus till within 8 lines of the joint: it

is now attached to the sesamoid bones of the elbow-joint, and to

the fossa on the inferior parts of the posterior surface of the os

humeri.

“« The anconeus arises from this muscle, and from the part of the

bone below the origin of the third head, and is attached to the sesa-

moid bones anterior to the triceps extensor cubiti. Instead of a biceps

and drachialis internus, there is a triceps flexor cubiti, the long head

of which arises, tendinous, from the antero-interior part of the su-

perior angle of the furculum, and, passing over the joint, is joined,

at the union of the upper with the middle third of the humerus, by

the fibres of the middle head, which arises fleshy from the furculum

immediately behind the foramen formed by the union of the three

bones of the shoulder passing on to join the long head ; at the head

of the humerus it is joined by the short head which arises from the

anterior part of the foramen cecum ; when it reaches the superior

part of the middle third of the humerus, it joins the other tendons,

and then forms an aponeurosis over the elbow-joint, and is attached

to the middle part of the radius. A muscle arises from the anterior

superior edge immediately below the arterial groove on the lower

part of the humerus; it passes directly downwards and is inserted

into the radial extremity of the metacarpal bone and into the edge

of the carpal ligament. The flexor communis arises from the inter-

nal side of the humerus, from the ligament of the elbow-joint, and

from the superior part of the radius and ulna; it divides into two

tendons, which go down in the interosseal space, passing under the

‘ligamentum carpi annulare posterius, and are attached to the first and

each succeeding phalanz of the two fingers about 5 lines below their

articulations, The extensor communis has the same situation and

number of attachments on the external or dorsal side of the humerus.

There is a pronator quadratus arising as is usual in this class. There

is also a muscle which arises from the anterior part of the radius at

its distal extremity, and is inserted into the projection of bone

formed by the phalanz of the second finger, and also, by aslip, into

the internal part of the first phalanz of the first digit. ,

«The muscles serving for the motion of the inferior extremity

may be described as follows.

143

‘« The rectus arises by a fascia from the spinous processes of the

last three dorsal and two lumbar vertebr@, and muscular from the

lower half of the external part of the dorsum ilii and sacro-iliac sym-

physis; and, passing over the neck of the thigh-bone, is inserted

into the lower edge of the groove on the anterior part of the patella.

The tensor vagine femoris arises by a fascia from the sacral vertebra,

passes over the cotyloid cavity and trochanter major, and turning to the

anterior part of the thigh is joined by another head which arises im-

mediately anterior to the cotyloid cavity ; after this union they are

inserted into the fascia of the thigh about halfway down. The glu-

t@us medius at its origin occupies that part of the dorsum which ex-

tends between the origin of the acetabulum and the ridge situated in

the centre, and passes downwards and is inserted into the trochanter

minor and the ridge which joins it. The gluteus minimus arises from

the whole of the dorsum iii unoccupied by the other glutei except

its crista, and is inserted into the anterior part of the trochanter

major. ‘Uhe gluteus maximus arises from the prominent ridge on the

os dium below the acetabulum; it passes on the posterior surface of

the thigh-bone; and when it has passed below the head of the tibia

it forms a round tendon and passes through a loop situated on the

external posterior part of the tib¢a; continuing its course obliquely

downwards, it is inserted into the scabrous ridge on the posterior

surface of the ¢ébza near its head. A muscle arises from the trans-

verse processes of all the caudal vertebre except the last, goes for-

wards, and is attached to the postero-internal edge of the tibia just

below its head. Another muscle arises from the anterior part of the

last caudal vertebre, and is inserted into the external part of the

linea aspera after its bifurcation. The pyriformis arises from the an-

terior oblique processes of the caudal vertebrae, from the tip of the

ischium, and from the internal part of the os pubis ; the fibres con-

verge downwards, and are inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of

the é2bca just below the tubercle. The semitendinosus arises from

the ridge immediately anterior to the gluteus maximus, and is inserted

immediately inferior to the bifurcation of the linea aspera on its ex-

ternal division. The gemini arise from the ischium immediately pos-

terior to its spine, and are inserted into the cavity posterior to the

trochanter major. A muscle arises from the ischium anterior to the

gemini, and is inserted into the intero-anterior ridge of the ¢zbia, just

below the pyriformis. Of the triceps adductor femoris the first head

arises from the extero-inferior part of the pubis; the second head

arises immediately above the first; and the third above the second,

and from the interosseous ligament which unites the pubis and ischium:

they join on the upper third of the thigh, and are attached to the linea

aspera on its internal side and division. The obturator internus arises

fleshy from the internal part of the pubis, from part of the obturator

Soramen, and from the zschium; it formsatendon which passes through

the thyroid foramen, is tied down to the joint, and is inserted into

the anterior part of the great trochanter. A muscle arises from the

144

outer edge of the cotyloid cavity, passing outwards and a little

upwards, and is inserted behind the trochanter major. Another

muscle arises from the anterior part of the acetabulum, passing

directly outwards, and is strongly attached to the ligament of the

joint ; it is inserted into the thigh-bone just below its neck.

«¢ A muscle arises from the interior and a small part of the anterior

and posterior surfaces of the thigh-bore, from near its neck to the

condyles, and forms a tendon which is inserted into the ridge at the

anterior internal part of the ¢ib¢a immediately below its head. The

cruralis arises fleshy from all the superior and external parts of the

bone not occupied by the former; one part is inserted into the whole

of the superior surface of the species the remainder passes over the

internal part of the patella and is attached to the internal side of the

head of the ¢ibia._ A muscle arises by four heads: the first, tendi-

nous, from the ridge behind the external condyle which formed the

loop through which the gluteus maximus passed ; the second, fleshy,

from the internal side of the triceps ; the third, from the inferior por-

tion of the intero-anterior ridge of the tba; the fourth, from the in-

ferior internal edge of the patella ; these two last join just below the

origin of the third, and passing down tendinous are united to the two

other tendons a little above the ancle-joint : it expands and flattens

at the joint, and just below it divides into two tendons, the internal of

which is inserted into the internal edge of the groove on the plantar

surface of the metatarsal bone, while the external tendon is inserted

into the external head of the same bone. Another muscle arises

from the postero-inferior part of the cotyloid cavity, passes forwards

on the exterior part of the thigh and over the groove on the patella,

and is attached on the interior part of the head of the tzbia. The

tendon of the flexor perforatus is composed of four muscles, which

unite just above the ancle-joint. The first arises. by two heads, one

from the outer surface of the external, and the other from the inner

side of the internal condyle ; about the end of the upper third of the

tibia this forms a tendon, which passes down to the place of junction

with the others: the second has also two heads, one from the pos-

terior part of the head of the fiéula, and the other immediately be-

low the attachment of the gluteus maximus; the muscle forms its

tendon just below the middle of the bone, and passes forwards and

joins that of the first muscle: the third has one origin between the

two condyles, and forms its tendon at the middle of the leg, passing

on and joining the two former: the fourth muscle arises immedi-

ately above the third, and forms its tendon like the rest, joining them

above the ancle: after the tendons are united they are distributed

as usual. The jlexor perforans consists of two heads; the first arises

from the back part of both condyles; the second arises from the

superior and posterior third of the tibia, fibula, and interosseous liga-

ment : they unite about halfway down the bone and form a tendon,

which passes in the groove of the plantar surface of the metatarsal

bone, and is distributed in the usual manner. A muscle arises from

145

the scabrous surface situated on the internal part of the posterior

face of the tibia about halfway down that bone, and forms a tendon

which is attached to the upper part of the internal edge of the groove

in which runs the tendon of the perforans. Another muscle arises

from the external condyle, from the patella on its anterior surface,

and from the fibres of the rectus femoris ; it covers the ¢zbza and fills

up the space between it and the fibula, and forms a tendon which

passes through the foramen situated at the anterior surface of the

tibia between its condyles, under the capsular ligament of the ancle-

joint, and is attached to the prominence situated between the second

and third portions of the metatarsal bone near its tibial extremity.

‘«« A muscle arises from the anterior and external parts of the head

of the fibula; it becomes tendinous about halfway down the leg,

passes under the annular ligament, and is inserted into the external

side of the metatarsal bone near its postero-inferior angle: another

slip goes under the foot and forms the plantar fascea. Another

muscle arises from the anterior inferior surface of the patella, and

from the whole of the fossa and its edges on the head of the ¢idza,

passes downwards, and is tied down by the annular ligament ; and

has the same distribution as in the Loon and Gull, except that the

tendon is more closely tied down, smaller, and not so round. An-

other muscle arises fleshy from the whole anterior part of the fibula,

interosseous ligament, and part of the external side of the fzbéa; it

forms its tendon near the ancle-joint, and is attached to the pos-

tero-external angle of the metatarsus on its plantar surface. There

are also four muscles arising from the metatarsal bone, one on each

side, and one in- the fosse between the three portions of the meta-

tarsal hone: they all arise near the tibial end on its superior surface,

and are attached to the phalanges of the first, second, and fourth

fingers. The thumb has three muscles: an extensor, on its superior

surface; a flexor, on its inferior; and an abductor, on its internal

surface; all attached to the tibial end of the metatarsus as usual.

“The diaphragm consists of twelve narrow fleshy slips, which

arise, six on each side, from the internal surface of the ribs: near

their angle they pass upwards, and are inserted tendinous into the

thin transparent membrane covering the lungs. The blood-vessels

pass in front of ic.

‘‘ The circulatory system corresponds exactly with that of the

Loon, except in the origin and distribution of the arteries of the

stomach. The celiac artery comes off on a level with the fifth rib ;

it passes a little forwards, and divides into the coronaria ventriculi,

the hepatic, and the splenic. The coronaria ventricult, just after its

origin, divides into the superior and inferior coronaries: the superior

passes round the large curvature of the stomach, and near the pylo-

rus gives off the superior pyloric and left hepatic; the inferior passes.

down the right side of the stomach, and disappears at the pylorus,

being here minutely ramified upon it. The hepatic gives off the

right gastro-epiploic, which goes on the inferior angle of the sto-

146

mach, and the right gastric, which goes on the pylorus and superior

part of the stomach, anastomosing with the superior pyloric and

inferior coronary arteries. The splenic gives off a small artery dis-

tributed on the cardiac portion of the stomach, and some vasa

brevia, which are distributed to the left portion of the stomach.

“Not wishing to mutilate the skeleton, | did not examine the

brain ; but from the number, size, and situation of the foramina in

the base, and the whole contour of the cranium, the brain must be

presumed to be very nearly similar in proportional quantity and

structure to those of the Loon and Gull.

«The nerves are distributed as usual. The brachial plexus is

composed of the last cervical and first two dorsal nerves, and of a

filament from the last spinal nerve but one in the cervical region.

The sciatic is composed of the five superior or anterior pairs of pel-

vic nerves.

‘«‘ The nose is organised similarly as in others of this class. The

cartilaginous amine of the turbinated bone are concentric, and

thirteen in number.

‘«‘ The eye has six muscles, which arise and are attached as usual.

The lachrymal gland is placed at the postero-superior part of the

orbit, and is large in proportion to the globe of the eye. It sends

off several ducts; I think seven ; but the part being much injured, I

found it impossible to ascertain their precise number and origin :

one, however, opened immediately under the anterior part of the

membrana nictitans. Two other ducts also opened below this mem-

brane, passing from the Harderian gland, which was situated at the

inferior part of the orbit. The nasal gland occupied its usual situ-

ation, partly in the anterior and superior portion of the orbit, and

partly in the fossa of the frontal bone: its duct passed forwards

under the bridge of bone, and then bifurcated, one division of it end-

ing on the cartilaginous /amine of the ossa turbinata, and the other

going forwards, and lying on the bone: I was not able to trace it

further,

“The membrana nictitans is large and strong: it is moved by a

pyramidalis and a quadratus muscle.

‘<The globe of the eye is large, as compared with the cranium.

The sclerotic is less osseous than I have yet found it in any Bird.

The optic nerve enters at the postero-inferior part of the sclerotic.

The cornea is small, owing to the large space occupied by the scle-

rotic. Under the cornea lies the membrana aquatica, consisting of a

thin membrane, adhering to the edge of the zris. This membrane

was first observed, together with the tunica cellularis, by Mr. Blackett,

in 1802, in the eye of the Cat, the preparation of which was sold in

the first part of Mr. Brookes’s Museum. The tunica cellularis in this

animal is rather pulpy, but, on the application of liquor potasse,

it dissolved, and displayed a cellular structure. Mr. Blackett de-

monstrated this membrane to me in 1832, since which time | have

observed it in all the eyes I have examined; but, owing to the diffi-

147

culty in obtaining specimens, I have not been able to make suffi-

ciently extensive researches to justify the demonstration of the mem-

brane as one of the proper tunics of the eye. There appears to be

a marsupium nigrum. ‘The retina is very thick and strong.

“‘ The absorbent system is more perfect than in most Birds. Of

the thoracic ducts, the left is the largest. There are a femoral and

two axillary glands; also an extra pair of bronchial glands more

than in the Loon or Gull. The coccygeal glands are 2 inches 3

lines long, and 9 lines broad.

“There is a gular pouch, which measures in length 4 inches,

and in breadth 8 lines,

“* The tongue is set with cartilaginous papille directed backwards.

“ There is only one pair of salivary glands ; the submaxillary.

«The structure and proportion of the lungs are the same as in

the Water Birds generally. The air-cells are few in number, and

small, and are filled by openings from the lungs, or from one cell to

another. They consist principally of the internal air-cells ; one above

the furculum ; and the axillary, abdominal, and femoral rows.

** The liver, spleen, and pancreas are large.

“ The esophagus is straight, and 1 inch and 5 lines in width. It

is infundibuliform, so that when it reaches the stomach it is 2 inches

and 4 lines wide: the infundibulum contained the beaks of cuttle-

fishes and gravel.

*«« The stomach is muscular, small, and glandular, and of the shape

of an egg. The duodenum is broad at its origin, and at about-34

inches from its commencement the biliary and pancreatic ducts enter.

The gall-bladder is 6 inches long and 2 inches in circumference ; it

is attached to the under side of the liver, and, gradually diminishing

in diameter, it passes over the stomach, and is inserted into the in-

testine, without the intervention of any duct.

«The testes were large, as were the supra-renal glands and kid-

neys. I did not observe any difference from the usual structure and

proportions in any other parts.

“The small intestines measured 22 feet 6 inches in length, and

were about the thickness of the little finger. There were attached

to them two ceca, each measuring about 1 inch 3 lines in length,

which were of the same diameter as the intestines. The great intes-

tines were somewhat larger than the small. The measurements of

the stomach and the intestines were as follows:

Feet. Inches. Lines.

Length of the esophagus ............206+ eu Om 1s QD

Breadth at the pharyna ....... say ssatehe SIR gs 8 1 6

a infundibulum ..cacsccrecses O BD &

Length of the infundibulum .............. 0:10 0)

Breadth at the junction of the infundibulum with

CPO Sars 5 Sucre ess ¢ = celts 0 6 0

Length of the stomach ...... sais acejsife Minish sc 0) 4 0

Width of GMLOP. veces. phe SA aR aa Naas ean ot Bo

Feet. Inches. Lines.

Length of the duodenum ....0.+.+-++000-0 0

Circumference of ditto .........---2--00- 0 0)

Length of the small intestines, inclusive of the

DOD CHUM, cn ope aganchet Peyas oe yas maker ode ¢519} 9i=1741° 22 6 0)

Length of BNE CaCI ee. . sweet wala me Soil atk 0 1 3

Circumference of the c@ca and the small intes-

PADOR eaten eeetrcitis:s tian ssoie cape elders shee: 0) 2 6

Length of the large intestines.............. 0) 6 0

Circumference of ditto ..........0..-005: 0) 2 9

“ The total length of the individual examined, measured over the

back, was 3 feet 2 inches and 6 lines; the length of the neck, 11

‘inches and 9 lines; that of the trunk, 1 foot 1 inch and 9 lines.”

The reading of Mr. Reid’s communication was illustrated by the

exhibition of the skeleton of the specimen of the Patagonian Penguin

described by him, and of preparations of many of the viscera, the

whole forming part of the collection of Mr, Blackett.

149

October 13, 1835.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Bennett called the attention of the Meeting to a Pteropine

Bat which had recently been obtained from the neighbourhood of

the river Gambia, and which was exhibited. He directed especial

notice to two large tufts of white hairs placed upon its shoulders

and forming a very conspicuous feature in its appearance. These,

he remarked, might probably cover cutaneous glands destined for the

preparation of a secretion fitted to defend that part of the animal in

its passage through the air, or perhaps to attract the opposite sex.

It could scarcely be conceived that they have any influence in in-

creasing the buoyancy of the animal; although the backward posi-

tion of the wings might seem to render necessary such a supple-

mental aid : their position in advance of the ordinary alar membranes

gives them, in fact, some resemblance to supplementary wings.

He stated that on account, chiefly, of the position of the wings so

far backward as almost to seem to be placed behind the centre of

gravity, he was disposed to consider that the Bat exhibited might

be regarded as the type of a new genus, to which the name of Epo-

mophorus might be given. But the genus would, he conceived, rest

almost entirely on this single character, and he hesitated to propose

it definitively until he had an opportunity of examining a specimen

preserved in spirit, and consequently not liable to that distortion to

which the individual skin exhibited might have been subjected. In

one of the two other species of Pteropi previously obtained from the

same country by Mr. Rendall, and brought under the notice of the

Society on July 14 (page 100) by Mr. Ogilby, the same backward

position of the wings exists. In dentary characters the new spe-

cies agrees with those just referred to, the only exception being in

the presence of a third abnormal incisor on the left of the upper

jaw.

Regarding it as a form of some interest to zoologists, Mr. Bennett

stated his intention to describe it more fully in a paper which he pro-

posed to prepare on the subject. He characterized it as the

Preropus Epomopnorvs. Pter. pallid? brunneus, postice pallidior ;

ventre albido ; scopd humerali albd magnd.

Long. tot. 64 poll.; capitis, 24; expansio alarum, 12.

Hab. in regione Gambiensi.

Professor Agassiz, at the request of the Chairman, explained his

views of the affinities and distribution of the Fishes of the family

Cyprinide.

No. XXXIV.—Procrepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Soacrery,

150

He commenced by remarking that among tlie genera referred by

Cuvier to this family there were several, such as Pecilia, Lebias, &c.,

which possessed maxillary teeth and a large number of branchio-

stegous rays. These genera, he conceived, ought to be excluded

from the Cyprinid@ ; and the family be considered as limited to fishes

with mouths destitute of teeth, and having few branchiostegous

rays.

To the family thus reduced the nearest affinities appeared to him

to be the genera Atherina and Mugil. In internal organization

the Cyprinide agree nearly with those genera; and this considera-

tion, M. Agassiz conceives, is of much higher importance in the natu-

ral arrangement than the external character founded on the presence

or absence of spinous rays in the dorsal and other fins. The affinity

of the Cyprinide to the Siluride he regards as extremely doubtful :

and although from the bearded Carps to the bearded Siluri there

appears to be a natural transition by means of the bearded Loaches,

it is important to distinguish that in these latter, as well as in the

Carps and other Cyprinide, the beards, as they are called, are merely

processes of the skin; while in the Siluri, the cirri of the angles

of the mouth are actually prolongations of the maxillary bones,

becoming gradually cartilaginous and tapering into thread-like ex-

tremities.

In the subdivision of the Cyprinide, M. Agassiz regards the form

of the fins, and especially of the dorsal and anal, as furnishing indi-

cations of the highest value; and the form of the pharyngeal teeth

as affording the characters next in importance. He first distinguishes

the group comprising the genera Anableps, Cobitis and Botia, the

latter established by Mr. Gray for the reception of those Loaches in

which the suborbital bone is armed with a moveable spine. He then

distinguishes another group comprising four genera: 1. Cyprinus,

in which the pharyngeal teeth are large, and, when worn, resemble

the molars of some Rodent Mammalia, such as the Hare; 2. Barbus,

in which there are three rows of lengthened conical hooked teeth on

each side of the pharynx; 3. Gobio, in which the pharyngeal teeth

have the same form as those of the Barbels, but are more slender,

and constitute only two rows ; and 4. Tinca, the pharyngeal teeth of

which are club-shaped, rounded at the end, and placed in a single

row. In the genus Leuciscus, which M. Agassiz limits to Leuc. Al-

burnus and three allied species, the mouth is cleft obliquely, and the

teeth, consisting of elongated cones, are disposed in four rows.

From these the Cyprinus Nasus is to be generically distinguished as

possessing six rows of pharyngeal teeth : its mouth is transverse and

inferior, with the edges cutting. A third genus, containing many

species, also requires to be distinguished, as having only two rows

of teeth, one of which is hooked: in these the opening of the

mouth is rounded. There remains the genus Adbramis, distinguished

by its long anal fin, in which the teeth are bevilled off and have

151

a cutting edge: of this genus eight species are known to Pro-

fessor Agassiz.

In this enumeration of the genera of Cyprinide M. Agassiz limited

himself to the European forms, and scarcely adverted to any but

European species.

In illustration of his views preparations were exhibited of the pha-

ryngeal teeth of Cyprinus, Barbus, and other genera, from the col-

lection of Mr. Yarrell.

October 27, 1835.

William Yarrel], Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Burton exhibited, with the

permission of Sir James M°Grigor, Bart., specimens of many Birds

which had recently been presented to the Museum of the Army

Medical Department at Chatham. He particularly pointed out

among them the following which he regarded as hitherto undescribed,

and for which he proposed the names and characters subjoined.

Noctua Broprer. oct. brunnea ; capite fascidque gulari pallide

rufo strigatis guttatisque, dorso, alis, pectore, ventreque pallide

rufo fasciatis ; mento, collo, et regione postauriculart albis ; fascia

cervicali latd nigro albo rufoque varid ; secundariis maculd alba

notatis ; caudd brunned, subtis pallidiore, fasciis septem rufis an-

gustis ornatd ; femoribus albis brunneo variis.

Long. tot. 63 poll.; corporis 44; caude 24; tarsi 1.

Rostrum album.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

The colouring of this bird bears a general resemblance to that of

Noct. Cuculoides, Gould; but the peculiar cervical collar, the dimi-

nutive size, and some other characters forbid its being identified with

that species.

It is dedicated to Sir Benjamin Brodie, Bart., V.P.R.S., &c., in

token of high respect and ancient friendship.

Prenicura MacGricori2. Phen. capite, collo,dorso, scapularibus,

rectricumque pogoniis externis saturate ceruleis ; fronte, regione

superciliari, uropygioque ceruleis ; remigibus rectricumque pogo-

niis internis brunneis ; mento regioneque preoculari nigris ; collo

utrinque maculd ceruled belle notato ; pectore ventreque brunneis,

hoc pallidiore.

Long. tot. 54 poll.; corporis, 34; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

This graceful bird is named in honour of the only daughter of Sir

James M‘Grigor, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Director General of the Army

Medical Department.

SyLvIA? CASTANEO-CoRONATA. Sylv. corpore supra, alis, cauddque

? ip q

1o3

olivaceis ; capite genisque castaneis ; subtis flavo, olivaceo tincto,

guld nitide flava ; alis cauddque subtis remigumque pogoniis in-

ternis brunneis ; caudd minimd.

Long. tot. 3% poll.; corporis, 2%; tarsi, 1.

Mandibula superior nigra, inferior alba; pedes pallidi.

This bird is provisionally retained in the genus Sylvia; but the

imperfect development of the tail, and the length and strength of the

toes, more particularly of the posterior one, will probably at some

future time render it the type of a new genus.

SyztviaBurxu. Sylv. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi, subtis flavo ;

capite maculis elongatis irregularibus nigrescentibus duabus nebu-

loso ; alis prope flexruram seriebus duabus punctorum flavorum

obsoletorum fasciatis ; remigum pogoniis internis brunneis ; caudd

brunned vreter rectricum externarum duarum pogoniis internis

albis.

Long. tot. 5 poll.; corporis, 3; caude, 2; tarsi, 3.

Mandibula superior nigrescens tomio apiceque albis, inferior alba ;

pedes albescentes.

Hab, apud Montes Himalayenses.

This bird is named in honour of Dr. Burke, Inspector General

of Hospitals, Principal Medical Officer of the King’s Army in In-

dia, by whom these birds were presented, and who has enriched the

Museum with an extensive collection in ornithology from Northern

India.

ZEGITALUS FLAMMICEPS. 2g. capite flammeo; dorso scapulari-

busque flavescenti-viridibus ; uropygio viridescenti-flavo ; alis flavo

viridi brunneo albidoque variis ; remigibus rectricibusque brun-

neis, pogoniis internis viridescentibus, ad apices albo ciliatis ; guld

flammed, in flavum ad pectus transeunte; ventre flavescenti albido ;

alis subtis albis, nisi extern et inferne.

Long. tot. 33 poll.; corporis, 22; caude, 14; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum nigrum, mandibule superioris tomio nisi ad apicem albo ;

pedes nigri. Ale caudam longitudine subequantes; remigibus 2d4

3tidque longioribus. Caput subcristatum.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

Two species of this genus are already known and described, Ag.

Smithii and 42g. pendulinus: the present therefore forms the third

of M. Boié’s subdivision.

Genus SyLvrparus.

Rostrum parvulum, brevissimum, compressum nisi ad basin ; man-

dibule equales, superior paululum ad apicem arcuata; nares plumis

setaceis tectum.

154

Pedes ut in genere Paro.

Ale longiores, fere ad extremam caudam extense, remige lma vera

breviore, 2nda, 3tid, et 4ta zqualibus et longissimis, 5ta his paulo

breviore, 6ta primam equante.

Cauda mediocris, zequalis.

SyLvipaRus mopestus. Sylv. corpore supra brunnescenti-viridi,

subtis viridescenti-albido ; remigibus rectricibusque brunneis, po-

goniis externis flavescenti-viridi ciliatis.

Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 2+; caude, 13; tarsi, $.

Rostrum pedesque nigrescentes.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

It is reluctantly proposed to institute a new genus in a family

already sufficiently complicated; nevertheless, as this bird combines

the characters of Sylvia, Regulus, and Parus in its wing, tail and

bill, it is deemed necessary to make it the type of a genus of which

more species will probably be discovered as our intercourse with the

remote regions from whence it is derived becomes more extended.

PicuMNus InnominaTus. Pic. corpore supra flavescenti-viridi,

subtis sordidé albo maculis nigris conspicuis in fascias_ad ventrem

lateraque confluentibus notato ; fronte nigro aurantiacoque obscure

fasciato ; remigibus brunneis, pogoniis externis flavescenti-viridi

ciliatis ; rectricibus intermediis nigris, ceteris albo nigroque fas-

ciatis ; colli lateribus brunneis, lined albd supra oculum oriente

alterdque sub oculum et inde ad scapulam ductis ibique confluen-

tibus.

Long. tot. 4 poll.; corporis, 23; caude, 14; tarsi, +.

Rostrum nigrum albo basin versus varium ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

This is the only species of Picumnus yet discovered in the Old

World.

Mr. Burton also exhibited a fine specimen of that splendid bird,

Eurylaimus Dalhousii, Wils., likewise from the Chatham collection,

of which only two other specimens are known to exist in Europe.

Various specimens of Fishes and other marine animals, collected

by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on the south coast of

Devonshire, were exhibited: and Mr. Yarrell called the attention of

the Meeting to them, and to the Fishes in particular, remarking on

their characters and habits, and on the peculiarities of their internal

structure.

A note by Mr. Allis of York, forwarded through Mr. Bell, was

read.

155

It referred to the statement made by Mr. Martin at the Meeting

on February 10, 1835 (page 17), that in the Adjutant, Ciconia

Argala, Vig. and Childr., and in the common Heron, Ardea cinerea,

Linn., no less than in the Pelicans, the os furcatum is united by bone

to the anterior apex of the keel of the sternum. After remarking

that this statement is at variance with his experience, Mr. Allis pro-

ceeds thus :—‘‘I have prepared a skeleton of the Adjutant; two of

the purple Heron; two Storks; three of the common Heron; one

common Bittern; one little Bittern; one American small green Heron ;

a British Crane; and a Polish Crane. Among all these the Cranes are

the only birds where there is true osseous union between the furcu-

lum and the keel: and in the Cranes the furculum is rather a forked

elongation of the keel than a distinct bone. Out of more than two

hundred birds’ skeletons which I have mounted, the Pelican is the

only other bird where the furculum and sternum form one bone.

The Cormorant and the Gannet have the furculum resting on the

apex of the keel like the Adjutant and the Herons, but there is no

bony junction. I think the specimens of Mr. Martin must have

been extremely old birds, or that the bone must have been injured

at the point of union, and that the osseous union was formed in con-

sequence-of that injury. The Heron’s skeletons which I have my-

self prepared are by no means young birds; but I suppose extreme

old age would be very likely to form a bony junction between bones

pressing so close to each other as they do in this case.

“It may be thought singular that I should prepare duplicates of

the skeleton of so common a bird as the common Heron. The reason

is, that two of the skeletons exhibit curious specimens of nature’s

reparation of broken limbs, and the third is a singular instance of

malformation. The sternum of the Heron is united to the vertebral

column by four short ribs which are attached to four of the largest

of the long ribs: this specimen has the usual number of short ribs ;

but one of them is placed so far forward on the sternum as to be

quite out of the reach of any of the vertebral or long ribs; and the

last of the four long ribs which is usually attached to one of the short

or sternal ribs, wanting its usual support, is attached by cartilage to

the rib immediately preceding it.”—T. A.

A Note from Mr. Martin, on the same subject, was subsequently

read.

Mr. Martin admits the incorrectness of his previous statement as

regards the Adjutant and the common Heron; but remarks that the

union, although not effected by bone, is yet so close as probably to

have nearly the same physiological consequence as if anchylosis had

actually taken place. When considering the sternum and os furcatum

of the Pelican as structurally bearing upon the bird’s powers of flight,

he looked for analogies of the structural point in question among

156

birds of ample wing, and of slow but untiring flight. Observing

them in the birds to which he had before referred, he did not accu-

rately draw the line of distinction between anchylosis, and a firm and

close attachment with only thin cartilage intervening between the

bones. With regard to the effects produced upon aerial progression,

he conceives that, ceteris paribus, it is immaterial whether the union

be that of anchylosis or not, provided the junction be firm and in-

timate.

Mr. Martin thinks it, however, probable that in the Adjutant, when

old, a bony union may take place; the junction between the os fur-

catum and the sternum in the Society’s skeleton of this bird being

so close as almost to admit of its being regarded as a kind of suture.

In an adult example of the Stanley Crane, Anthropoides paradis@us,

Bechst., where the anchylosis between these bones is fairly perfected,

he finds traces of the obliteration of a similar mode of union.

Referring to Mr. Allis’s remark that in the Cranes the os furcatum

is rather a forked elongation of the keel than a distinct bone, Mr.

Martin observes that the anchylosis which takes place in those birds

does not render the os furcatum less a distinct bone in reality than

where its union is by cartilage or suture; for in these latter cases it

is only by an arrest of the process of ossification—a natural arrest,

it is true—that anchylosis has not been effected.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited drawings of

ten species of Ramphastide which had become known to him since

he published, in 1834, his ‘ Monograph’ of that family. Several of

these birds had already been brought under the notice of the So-

ciety. He now named and characterized the remaining ones as

follows.

RampuastoscitreoryGus. Ramph. tectricibus caude superioribus

sulphureis.

Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 54; ale, 94; caude, 6; tarsi, 2.

Hab. in Brasilia ?

Descr. Rostrum (pro corporisratione) minus, nigrum, fascia basali

culmineque prope basin flavis. Pectus albidum flavescente tinctum.

Torques pectoralis coccinea latiuscula. Orbitz tarsique plumbei, hi

saturatiores.

Rampuastos oscutans. Ramph. rostro nigro, culmine fascidque

basali stramineis ; pectore in medio aurantiaco.

Long. tot. 18 poll.; rostri, 44; ale, 74; caude, 64; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Ramph. culminato, Gould, quam proximé accedit. Pectus

aurantiacum, latera versus in flavum transiens; gula regioque paro-

tica albe. ‘Torques pectoralis subangustata.

157

Prerociossus PLuRicincTuS. Pter. gastreo flavo, fascid pectorali

nigrd, alterdque subventrali antice nigrd posticé coccined.

Long. tot. 20 poll.; rostri, 44: ale, 64; caude, 84.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. regali, Licht., affinis. Rostrum ad basin lined

elevata flav cinctum : maxille superioris culmen, linea intrabasalis,

tomiique pars posterior nigre; latera aurantiaco-flava apicem versus

pallescentia: maxilla inferior nigra. Caput collumque nigra; foeminz

regio parotica castanea, fasciaque guttur postice cingens coccinea.

Pectus et venter maculis indistinctis sparsis coccineis notati. Femora

olivacea.

Preroctossus HumBo.prit, Wagl. Pter. gastr@o flavo ; mandi-

buld inferiore nigrd, superiore flavescente, culmine, apice, lined

prope basin, serraturarumque maculis transversis nigris.

Long. tot. 16-17 poll.; rostri, 4; ale 54; caude, 63; tarsi, 13.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. inscripto, Swains., maximé affinis, sed major. Ros-

trum majus, magisque productum: mandibule superioris liturz

omnes angustiores.

Preroccossus Natrereri. Pter. ventre flavo, femoribus castaneis,

crisso coccineo ; rostro rubro, culmine, maculd prope basin utrius-

que mandibule, plurimisque subtransversis ad serraturas nigris.

Long. tot. 184 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 54; caude, 5; tarsi, 1y.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pier. maculirostri, Licht., admodum affinis, in sexu

utroque. Rostri colores toto ccelo diversi: sicut et ventris femo-

rumque.

Prrrociossus Reinwarpti, Wagl. Pter. ventre aurantiaco cas-

taneo tincto, crisso coccineo ; culmine rostrique dimidio apicali

nigrescenti-brunneis, basali rufescente.

Long. tot. 12-13 poll.; rostri, 24; ale, 5; caude, 54; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Precedenti valde affinis. Rostrum magis elongatum, coloribusque

maximé diversum: prope basin mandibule superioris tomium nigro

trimaculatum. Rectrices intermedie quatuor brunneo apiculate : in

Pter. Nattereri et Pter. maculirostri, rectricum sex intermediarum

apices similiter notati sunt.

Preroetossus Lanesporrrit, Wagl. Pter. ventre castaneo, crisso

coccineo ; rostro nigrescenti-brunneo basin versus pallescente.

Long. tot. 134 poll.; rostri, 23; ale, 53; tarsi, 1+.

Hab. in Brasilia.

Descr. Pter. Culik, Wagl., affinis. Rostri ad basin ventrisque

color alius. (Rectricum apices desiderantur.)

158

PreroGLossus paAvoninus, Mus. Mun. Peter. supra prasinus, sub-

tis pallidior, crisso rectricumque apicibus brunneis ; rostro in-

Ferneé et ad basin nigro.

Long. tot. 13-14 poll.; rostri, vix 33; ale,54; caud@,5+; tarsi, 14.

Hab. in Mexico.

Descr. Per. prasino, Licht., propemodo affinis. Rostrum ni-

grum, ad basin linea aurantiacd cinctum; mandibula superior

pro maxima parte apicem versus flava in cceruleo-viridem superné

transiens.

Mr. Gould concluded by stating that it was his intention imme-

diately to publish, as a supplement to his ‘ Monograph of the Ram-

phastide, the drawings which he had laid before the Meeting.

Of that family thirty-three species are now known to him, which

may be distinguished by the following Synoptic Table of the spe-

cies of

RaMPHASTID&.

I. Cauda breviore, quadrataé: rostro maximo. Nigri; gutture eau-

daque tegminibus discoloribus.—RaMPHASTOS.

Caude tegminibus superioribus flavis vel flavescentibus.

Pectore albo.

Rostro ut plurimum nigro, lateri-

bus compressis 1. culminatus.

—— convexis . : 2. Cuvieri.

a rubro. 3. erythrorhynchus.

Pectore pallidé lutescente. 4. citreopygus.

flavo. Se eae 5. osculans.

Caude tegminibus superioribus albis.

PRetire atop.” poet Ve on ae peer

flavo.

Rostro pluricolore . . . . . 7. carinatus.

obliqué dimidiatim flavo . 8. Swainsonii.

Caudz tegminibus superioribus coccineis.

Rostro nigro.

Auribus albis “ . : @ 2s... 4. 9. wrtellinans:

pectori concoloribus,

(SC Havis)— cen ee eee Ose aamene

Rostro viridescente. . . . . . ll. dicolorus,

II. Cauda longiore, gradata: rostro majore. Viridescentes ; capite,

gastreo, tegminibusque caude superioribus in plurimis dis-

coloribus.—PTEROGLOSSUS.

Gastreo bi-vel pluri-colore, coloribus discretis.

Pectore ventreque flavis, fasciatis.

Fascia ventrali coccinea, lata.

159

Maxille superioris lateri-

bus sordidé albis

oblique

dimidiatis nigris .

Fascia ventrali anticé nigra pos-

ticé coccinea.

Pectore macula nigra notato

torque lata nigracincto.

Pectore coccineo.

Torque pectorali vel nulla vel an-

gusta, flava SA iad

latissima, nigra .

Pectore ventreque flavis, haud fas-

ciatis.

Maxilla superiore dimidiatim flava

et aurantiaca . Wael takin

flava, nigro in-

—

scripta.

Maxilla inferiore nigra. . . .

—_ superiori concolore

Pectore gutturi concolore, ventre

discolore.

Maxilla superiore nigro maculata,

albescente .

ut plurimum rubra.

apice concolore .

nigrescente

Maxillis nigris,

basin versus rubris

paullum cinerascentibus

Gastrzeo unicolore, vel subunicolore.

Gastro stragulo discolore.

Gastreo flavo, rubro intermixto .

ceeruleo-cano .

a aa

Gastrzo stragulo subconcolore.

Crisso discolore.

Mandibul superioris basi fla-

vescente .

ni-

gro y

Crisso concolore.

Uropygio concolore,

Rectricum apicibus concolo-

ribus Sabon dathtte deg

intermediarum dua-

rum apicibus castaneis

Uropygio coccineo

16.

co Ont

18.

19.

. Aracart.

. castanotis.

. regalis.

. pluricinctus.

. bitorquatus.

. Azare.

. viridis.

- Humboldtii.

. inscriptus.

. maculirostris.

. Nattereri.

. Reinwardtiz.

Culik.

Langsdor ffi.

. ulocomus.

. hypoglaucus.

. Bailloni.

prasinus.

pavoninus.

20. sulcatus.

21.

22.

Derbianus.

hematopygus.

160

The latter five of the above species are referrible to the genus

proposed by Mr. Gould, on December 23, 1834, (Proceedings, Part ii.

p- 147,) under the name of Aulacorhynchus.

The following ‘‘ Observations on the Habits, &c. of a male Chimpan-

zee, Troglodytes niger, Geoff., now living in the Menagerie of the

Zoological Society of London, by W. J. Broderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S.,

F.R.S., &c.,”’ were read :—

«The interesting animal whose habits in captivity I attempt to

describe, was brought to Bristol in the autumn of this year by

Capt. Wood, from the Gambia coast. The natives from whom

he received it, stated that they had brought it about one hundred

and twenty miles from the interior of the country, and that its

age was about twelve months. The mother was with it, and, ac-

cording to their report, stood four feet six inches in height. Her

they shot,—and so became possessed of her young one; and those

who have seen our animal will well understand what Dr. Abel

means, when, in his painful description of the slaughter of an Asi-

atic Orang (Pithecus Satyrus, Geoff.), he observes that the ges-

tures of the wounded creature during his mortal sufferings, the hu-

man-like expression of his countenance, and the piteous manner of

his placing his hands over his wounds, distressed the feelings of those

who aided in his death, and almost made them question the nature

of the act they were committing. During the period of his being

on ship-board, our Chimpanzee was very lively. He had a free range,

frequently ran up the rigging, and showed great affection for those

sailors who treated him kindly.

“IT saw him for the first time on the 14th instant, in the kitchen

belonging to the Keeper’s apartments. Dressed in a little Guernsey

shirt, or banyan jacket, he was sitting child-like in the lap of a

good old woman, to whom he clung whenever she made a show of

putting him down. His aspect was mild and pensive, but that of a

little withered old man; and his large eyes, hairless and wrinkled

visage, and man-like ears, surmounted by the black hair of his head,

rendered the resemblance very striking, notwithstanding the de-

pressed nose and the projecting mouth. He had already become

very fond of his good old nurse, and she had evidently become at-

tached to her nursling, though they had been acquainted only three

or four days; and it was with difficulty that he permitted her to go

away to do her work in another part of the building. In her lap he

was perfectly at his ease; and it seemed to me that he considered

her as occupying the place of his mother. He was constantly reach-

ing up with his hand to the fold of her neck-kerchief, though when

he did so she checked him, saying ‘‘ No, Tommy, you must not pull

the pin out.” When not otherwise occupied, he would sit quietly in

161

her lap, pulling his toes about with his fingers, with the same pensive

air as a human child exhibits when amusing itself in the same

manner. I wished to examine his teeth; and when his nurse, in

order to make him open his mouth, threw him back in her arms and

tickled him just as she would have acted towards a child, the carica-

ture was complete.

“*T offered him my ungloved hand. He took it mildly in his, with

a manner equally exempt from forwardness and fear ;—examined

it with his eyes, and perceiving a ring on one of my fingers, sub-

mitted that and that only to a very cautious and gentle examination

with his teeth, so as not to leave any mark on the ring. I then offered

him my other hand with the glove on. This he felt, looked at it,

turned it about, and then tried it with his teeth. His sight and his

ordinary touch seemed to satisfy him in the case of a natural surface,

but, as it appeared to me, he required something more to assure his

senses when an artificial surface was presented to him; and then he

applied the test of his teeth.

** At length it became necessary for his kind nurse to leave him;

and after much remonstrance on his part, she put him on the floor.

He would not leave her, however, and walked nearly erect by her side,

holding by her gown, just like a child. At last she got him away by

offermg him a peeled raw potato, which he ate with great relish,

holding it in his right hand. His keeper, who is very attentive to

him, and whom he likes very much, then made his appearance, and

spoke to him. Tommy (for by that name they call him) evidently

made an attempt to speak too, gesticulating as he stood nearly erect,

protruding his lips, and making a hoarse noise ‘‘ hoo-hoo”’ somewhat

like a deaf and dumb person endeavouring to articulate. He soon

showed a disposition to play with me, jumping on his lower extremi-

ties opposite to me like a child, and looking at me with an expression

indicating a wish for a game of romps. I confess I complied with

his wish, and a capital game of play we had.

«On another occasion, and when he had become familiar with me,

I caused, in the midst of his play, a looking-glass to be brought, and

held it before him. His attention was instantly and strongly ar-

rested: from the utmost activity he became immoveably fixed,

steadfastly gazing at the mirror with eagerness and something like

wonder depicted on his face. He at length looked up at me—then

again gazed at the glass. The tips of my fingers appeared on one

side as I held it—he put his hands and then his lips to them—then

looked behind the glass—then gazed again at its surface—touched

my hand again, and then applied his lips and teeth to the surface of

the glass—looked behind again, and then, returning to gaze, passed

his hands behind it, evidently to feel if there was anything substan-

tial there. A savage would have acted much in the same way,

162

judging from the accounts given of such experiments with the un-

tutored natives of a wild and newly discovered land.

“‘T broke a sugared almond in two, and, as he was eating one half,

placed the other, while he was watching me, in a little card-box

which I shut in his presence—as soon as he had finished the piece

of almond which he had, I gave him the box. With his teeth and

hands he pulled off the cover, took out the other half, and then laid

the box down. He ate the kernel of this almond, rejecting the

greatest part of the sugary paste in which it was incased, as if it had

been a shell: but he soon found out his error; for, another almond

being presented to him, he carefully sucked off the sugar and left

the kernel.

I then produced a wine-glass, into which I poured some racy sherry,

and further sweetened it with sugar. He watched me with some

impatience, and when I gave him the glass he raised it with his

hands to his lips, and drank a very little. It was not to his taste,

however, for he set down the glass, almost as full as he had taken

it up; and yet he was thirsty, for I caused a tea-cup with some

sugared warm milk and water to be handed to him, and he took up

the cup and drained it to the last drop.

“<I presented him with a cocoa-nut, to the shell of which some of the

husk was still adhering: the tender bud was just beginning to push

forth—this he immediately bit off and ate. He then stripped off some

of the husk with his teeth, swung it by the knot of adhering husk-

fibres round his head, dashed it down, and repeatedly jumped upon

it with all his weight. He afterwards swung it about and dashed it

down with such violence that, fearing his person might suffer, I had

it taken away. A hole was afterwards bored through one of the

eyes, and the cocoa-nut was again given to him. He immediately

held it up with the aperture downwards, applied his mouth to it, and

sucked away at what milk there was with great glee.

“As I was making notes with a pencil, he came up, inquisitively

looked at the paper and pencil, and then took hold of the latter.

Before I gave it up, I drew the pencil into the case, foreseeing that

he would submit the pencil-case to examination by the teeth. Im-

mediately that he got it into his possession, he put the tip of his

little finger to the aperture at the bottom, and having looked at it,

tried the case with his teeth.

«While his attention was otherwise directed I had caused a

hamper containing one of the Pythons to be brought into the room

and placed on a chair not far from the kitchen dresser. The lid

was raised, the blanket in which the snake was enveloped was

opened, and soon after Tommy came gamboling that way. As he

jumped and danced along the dresser towards the basket, he was all

gaiety and life. Suddenly he seemed to be taken aback, stopped—

163

then cautiously advanced towards the basket, peered or rather craned

over it—and instantly with a gesture of horror and aversion, and the

cry of Hoo! hoo! recoiled from the detested object, jumped back

as far as he could, and then sprang to his keeper for protection. He

was again put down, his attention diverted from the basket, and,

after a while, tempted to its neighbourhood by the display of a fine

rosy-cheeked apple, which was at last held on the opposite rim of

the hamper. But no—he would evidently have done a good deal

to get at the apple; but the gulf wherein the serpent lay was to be

passed, and after some slight contention between hunger and horror,

off he went and hid himself. I then covered up the snake, and after

luring him out with the apple, placed it on the blanket—No. I then

shut down the lid—still the same desire and the same aversion. I then

had the hamper, with the lid down, removed from the chair on which

it had been placed to another part of the room. The apple was again

shown to Tommy and placed on the lid. He advanced cautiously,

looking back at the empty chair and then at the hamper: he ad-

vanced further with evident reluctance, but when he approached

near he peered forward toward the basket, and, as if overcome by

fright, again ran back and hid himself under his cage.

“T now caused the hamper with the serpent to be taken out of

the room. Our friend soon came forward. I showed him the apple

and placed it on the chair. He advanced a little, and I patted his

head and encouraged him. He then came forth and went about the.

room, looking carefully as if to satisfy himself that the snake was

gone—advanced to the chair more boldly,—looked under it—and

then took the apple and ate it with great appetite, dancing about

and resuming all his former gaiety.

«We know that there are large constricting serpents in Africa ;

and as the animal must have been very young when separated from

its parent, I made this experiment in particular to try his instinct:

it succeeded to the entire satisfaction of the witnesses who were

present.

“He manifested aversion to a small living tortoise, but nothing

like the horror which he betrayed at sight of the snake. I was in-

duced to show him the former by the account of the effect produced

by Testudinata on the Asiatic Orang, whose habits are so admirably

described by Dr. Abel and Captain Methuen, who brought the ani-

mal to England.

«Tommy, among other exercises, is very fond of swinging. He

places himself on the swing, generally in a sitting posture, holding

on each side with his hands. He not unfrequently puts up his feet

and grasps the cord on either side with them too, appearing more at

home on his slack rope than I] Diavolo Antonio himself.

** James Hunt, one of the keepers, has observed him frequently

164

sitting and leaning his head on his hand, attentively looking at the

keepers when at their supper, and watching, to use Hunt’s expres-

sion, ‘‘every bit they put into their mouths.” Fuller, the head

keeper, informs me that our Chimpanzee generally takes his rest in a

sitting posture, leaning rather forward with folded arms and some-

times with his face in his hands. Sometimes he sleeps prone, with

his legs rather drawn up, and his head resting on his arms.

“Of the black Orangs which I have seen, Tommy is by far the

most lively. He is in the best health and spirits, and is a very diff-

erent animal from the drooping, sickly Chimpanzees that I have

hitherto seen. A good deal of observation made on the Asiatic

Orangs which have been exhibited in this country, satisfies me that

the intelligence of the African Orang is superior to that of the Asiatic.

This intelligence is entirely different from that of a well-educated

dog or a.mere mimic, and gives me the idea of an intellect more re-

sembling that of a human being than of any other animal, though

still infinitely below it.

“The Pygmy of Tyson and the black Orang dissected by Dr.

Traill, and so well described by him in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions,’

are both stated to have progressed generally by placing their bent

fists on the ground and so advancing: indeed Dr. Traill says that

the individual which he saw never placed the palms of the hands on

the ground. The progression of Dr. Abel’s red or Asiatic Orang is

described to have been after the same fashion. Whether it is that

our Chimpanzee is in better health and more lively, I know not, but

he certainly passes a great deal of his time in a position nearly ap-

proaching to erect, nor does he, generally, place the bent knuckles

to the ground. He will often stand on the top of his cage and

apply the palms of his hands to the smooth surface of the wall against

which it stands. — It is said that a spectator who saw him thus em-

ployed, with his back to the company, dressed in his little banyan

jacket and woollen cap, was told by a companion to look at the

monkey, as he profanely called him. ‘“‘ Where is he?”’ was the re-

ply. ‘“ Why there on the top of the cage,” was the answer. ‘‘ What!”

said the first, ‘‘ that little man who is plastering the wall?”

«Tommy does not like confinement, and when he is shut into his

cage, the violence with which he pulls at and shakes the door is very

great, and shows considerable strength; but I have never seen him

use this exertion against any other part of the cage, though his

keeper has endeavoured to induce him to do so in order to see

whether he would make the distinction. When at liberty he is ex-

tremely playful, and, in his high jinks, I saw him toddle into a

corner where an unlucky bitch was lying with a litter of very

young pups, and lay hold of one of them, till the snarling of the

mother and the voice of his keeper, to which he pays instant respect,

165

made him put the pup down. He then climbed up to the top of the

cage where the Marmozets were, and jumped furiously upon it, evi-

dently to astonish the inmates, who were astonished accordingly, and

huddled together, looking up in consternation at this dreadful pother

o’er their heads. Then he went to the window, opened it and looked

out. I was afraid that he might make his escape: but the words

«Tommy, no!” pronounced by his keeper in a mild but firm tone;

caused him to shut the window and come away. He is in truth a

most docile and affectionate animal, and it is impossible not to be

taken by the expressive gestures and looks with which he courts

your good opinion, and throws himself upon you for protection

against annoyance.

“Tt must be remembered that though I have not observed our Chim-

panzee to progress with his bent knuckles touching the ground, as I have

seen the Asiatic Orangs move, there is no reason for doubting the ac-

curate descriptions of Tyson and Dr. Traill. I consider it as my pro-

vince to relate faithfully what I saw,and I have only seen our Chimpan-

zee, as yet, in a small room, where a very few paces will bring him toa

chair, a leg of a dresser, or some other piece of furniture which en-

ables him to call into action his prehensile hands and feet, so admi-

rably adapted to his arboreal habits. The narrowness of the pelvis,

the comparatively inferior development of the glut@i* and gastro-

cnemii muscles, and other peculiarities of conformation so ably pointed

out by Tyson, Dr. Traill, and others, but more particularly by Mr.

Owen, show that the erect, or, more properly speaking, the semi-

erect position, is not the natural one; though my observations upon

living Asiatic Orangs and Chimpanzees accord with the inference

drawn by Mr. Owen from the comparative organization of the lat-

ter, viz. that the semi-erect position is more easily maintained by the

Chimpanzee than by any of the other known Simie.

“The great intelligence and strength of the individual now in the

menagerie of the Society, added to the state of its dentition, raised

a doubt in my mind as to the accuracy of the report of its age; and I

wrote to my friend Mr. Owen my suspicion that he might be older

than he was said to be. I received the following reply, in which so

much valuable information is concentrated that I feel it to be due to

those who may think this memoir worthy of attention to give it as

I received it.

‘21st October, 1835.

“« My dear Broderip,—I feel that we have no data towards deter-

* This must be understood as limited to a comparison with the same

muscles in man ; for there is in the Chimpanzee as Mr. Owen observes, “a

provision for a more extended attachment for the glut@i muscles, in a greater

breadth of the ilia between the superior spinous processes, than is,observed

in the inferior Simi.”

166

mining with certainty the exact age of the young Chimpanzee at the

Gardens: its present state of dentition corresponds to that which

our own species presents during the period of from 2 to 7 years, viz.

incisors 4, canines 7, molars 4, all of which belong to the deci-

duous series. The deciduous canines appear in the human jaws be-

fore the completion of the second year ; and those of the Chimpanzee

are certainly the temporary ones, but are protruded by the enlarged

germs of the permanent teeth behind them, so as to appear larger

than natural. From this circumstance and from the space already

existing beyond the deciduous molars, I infer that the appearance

of some of the permanent teeth is near at hand; and we may still

see an additional molar protruding in each jaw before the winter is

over, if the poor animal should survive that period.

«<The human child acquires the corresponding permanent molars

at the seventh year; and from the appearances on the jaws of our

Chimpanzee I conclude that its age tallies with that of 5 or 6 years in

us. But analogy will be dangerous ground for an inference as to

precise age, since it is by no means improbable that, where the brain

is so much less developed, the full use of it may be much earlier ac-

quired, such as it is; and that the shedding of the teeth may take

place at a proportionally early period.

‘ Believe me, &c. * Ricoarp Owen.’

“I now proceed to the measurements of our male specimen,

premising that the operation was a work of no small difficulty in

consequence of the restlessness of the animal. Indeed I am not-sure

now about the height, though I am confirmed in the measurements

by Mr. Miller and Fuller. The Chimpanzee would keep drawing up

his legs and putting the musculus scansorius detected by Dr. Traill

into action; and it was not practicable to make him stand or lie

quite straight with his legs entirely extended.

Ft. In

Height from the heel to the top of the head ........ ay

Circumference of the bottom of the breast.......... 1 5

round the hips ......... coor iggy 8 1 34

of the head round the eyes andears.. 1 3

Peni wite Mant 02 See es ee. ee oe 0. 3}

Height from the middle of the upper lip to the eyebrows 0 34

Length from the eyebrows to the occiput .......... 0 7

Diameter ‘of the’ear upwards 22). . S20 ee O 2

Transverse diameter of the same.................. Onl:

Circumference of the external edge of the same...... O 63

of that part which adheres to the head O 43

Height from the upper point of the pubis to the clavicle. 0 104

Distance between the navel and sternum ......:... O 44

107

Distance between the navel and pubis ............. 0 33

= nipples. .... 00. seeeeceeees

Length of the arm from the shoulder to the end of fo? gs

Pipe ere 2 95 par can crave opel gas ia aeons sha tate, arash ade 1

Cigeumference of the, arms... 465) jojar< aio we 'sted o's oS 0 6

of the forearm four inchesabove thewrist O 64

Length of the hand from the wrist to the end of me O 54

TS AAO ee ty ae ee A

wemecumterence of fle hand . 62.5060. deus sc cecees O 4:

Paneth of the thumb. :5 siejs ois « sie)eye.c ie aioe Bb Set any 0 1:

———_——— second finger ............. S/abalale “sh Ones.

Maas Aer Fe apis e) al eines sna ee O 34

Pie Clas ANCE scree nadine tahnraysrecarwl aie lola oe Ones

Gp A MED. 5 iano 5 evel eye's ae O 2

Circumference of the thumb and little finger ....... O 14

————— PET AHCTH | 22\o (Staal cis dislwiain So's O 1g

Miceiie tne eNG ST VADER a's a5 alas founs isto) eintp aw) sjnsss «ao O 2%

RIP CRMIG OE NGO ie «ways bis b <idl tances eiaiieiory, srei died 0 2

Height from the heel to the extremity of the thigh-bone 0 114

Length from the heel to the extremity of the Eee 0 5

PUREE RE) TAG 5h acaye starlet ap ohedel tui drwriotaicvehs °

Garcumforence Gf the thigh. <i..0).ihevcwie sles oo < cciewe ee 0 8

leg, at its thickest part........ 0 6

Se foot, taken from the origin of 05

JU a a ee ee ara Ms

Length of the thumb or great toe................. 0 ly

RECOM OE o/s parsing. Haysiardel sie hae Save 0 2

—__—_——- third toe........ ofall aes 1a achat eieonee)) One

fourth toe ........ esehidiehich wvellanctenere rae 0. 24

PEE AO ea aete tetas PASE Aare elk sasicesy alle 0 lt

Greatest breadth of the sole at the origin of the thumb 0 2:

A CONSARL NG EMRE oe faa yay of s) pa ein leo si ahal wns inary fasion :

ao near the heel .......... 0 1z

Circumference of the great toe at the largest point.... O 14

EER EIB oak )2 i Sictnbeishe's eds ovacee O lt

“On referring to the dimensions given by Daubenton we shall

be struck with the stoutness of our specimen as compared with that

of the individual which was the subject of his observations.

“It was my intention to have added a particular description of the

individual which has been the subject of this memoir; but on care-

fully inspecting the animal I find Dr. Traill's elaborate description so

accurate—(there really is no difference but sex at present)—that I

should be needlessly occupying space if I inserted my own; and I

beg, therefore, to refer the reader to that gentleman’s highly valuable

papers in the ‘ Wernerian Transactions’.

168

*« Since writing the above the cage in which our animal was con-

fined has been enlarged and several barked branches have been nailed

to a stem so as to form an artificial tree. These branches he ascends

with great activity, and frequently swings with his head downwards,

holding on by his. lower extremities, and recovering himself with

greater agility than any rope-dancer.”—W. J. B.

169

November 10, 1835.

Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen

of the true Lanner Hawk, Falco Lanarius, Linn., and entered into

some details with respect to its distinguishing peculiarities. Its real

characters, he stated, have hitherto been so imperfectly understood

as to have led to very general doubts as to its existence as a distinct

species.

Mr. Gould also exhibited specimens of two species of Pheasant,

both of very great rarity, which had recently come into his posses-

sion: they were the Phasianus Semmeringii, Temm., and the Phas.

versicolor, Ej. He accompanied the exhibition by some remarks on

the subdivisions which appear to him to be required among the Pha-

sianide generally ; and more especially on the position, among that

extensive group, of the species exhibited.

Mr. Bell read “‘ Some Account of the Crustacea of the Coasts of

South America, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species;

founded principally on the Collections obtained by Mr. Cuming and

Mr. Miller. (Tribus 1, Oxyrhynchi.)” The paper contains characters

and descriptions of the following genera and species of Crustacea ;

and was accompanied by the exhibition of the specimens described

in it, and of drawings in illustration of it.

Fam. Lerroropip.

Genus Lerrorop1a, Leach.

Lerroropia Sagirraria, Leach.

Hab. apud Valparaiso.

Genus Euryronpius, Guer.

Evryropivus Latreiui, Guer.

Hab. apud Valparaiso, D. Cuming ; ad Rio Janeiro, D. Miller.

Fam. Marrpa.

Genus Lisinta, Leach.

Lrsinta Rostrata. Lid. rostro producto, valido, bidentato ; den-

tibus compressis, acutis, divergentibus.

Long. tot. 2 poll. § lin., lat. 2 poll. 3 lin.

Hab. ad oras Peruvie.

Genus Ruopia.

Testa pyriformis, in rostrum parvum bidentatum anticé producta.

No. XXXV.—Proceepines or THE ZooLoGicaL Society.

170

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores.

Orbita fissuraé magna superné aperta.

Antenne interiores in foveolis profundis, lunatis, antic separatis

receptz.

Antenne eaxteriores rostro duplo longiores; articulo basilari biden-

tato, reliquis cylindricis, ad rostri latera insert.

Pedum par anticum ( immaturi) reliquis brevius; digitis minu-

tissimé serratis; paria quatuor posteriora testa longiora, a se-

cundo ad quintum sensim paulld breviora.

Abdomen Maris 7-articulatum; ramMina —?

Oss. Genus Herbstie affine ; differt preecipué pedibus anticis tenui-

oribus abbreviatis, digitisque minutissimé tantum serratis.

RaopDIA PYRIFORMIS.

Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 6.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus PEtia.

Testa pyriformis, rotundata, anticé rostro elongato apice bifido

terminata.

Orbita supra fornicata, externé unifissa, infra emarginata.

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo crassiores.

Antenne interiores in basin rostri inserte.

Antenne exteriores rostro haud multo longiores, articulo basilari

longissimo ad medium rostri attinente, extis uni-denticulato;

articulis reliquis cylindricis, gracilibus.

Pedipalpi externi caule externo semifusiformi; caulis interni arti-

culo primo elongato-rhomboideo, secundo trapezoideo, margine

integro. :

Pedum par anticum aliis paulld crassius, secundo brevius; di-

gitis apicem versus serrulatis, digito immobili ad medium ex-

cavato, tuberculum unicum digiti mobilis recipiente: paria

quatuor posteriora gracilia, compressa, pilosa.

Abdomen Maxis 7-articulatum.

Oss. Genus Herbstie et Pise affine.

PELIA PULCHELLA.

Long. teste 4 lin., lat. 23.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Hersstia, Edw.

Herzstia Epwarpsi. Herbst. pedum pare antico inermi.

Long. testz 7 lin., lat. 6.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus TuHoE.

Testa subtriangularis, depressa, horizontalis, rostro minimo apice

leviter fisso terminata.

Orbita edentata, fissuris tribus inconspicuis.

Oculi retractiles, globosi, pedunculo brevi..

Antenn@ interiores in fossula anticé tantum divisa insertz.

171

Antenne exteriores ad latera rostri insertz, rostro triplo longiores,

pilose, articulo basilari lato, anticé et posticé producto.

Pedipalpi externi introrstimciliati, caulis interni articulo primo sub-

rhomboideo, secundo margine integro.

Pedes antici mantis reliquis longiores, brachiis supra et externé

serie cellularum erosis; manibus levibus, digitis ad apicem

tantum contingentibus : posteriores depressi, lateribus pilosis.

Abdomen in utroque sexu 7-articulatum.

Oss. Genus Herbstie affine: differt corpore depresso, rostrique

forma. Peculiares admodum cellule brachiorum.

Tuoi Erosa.

Long. teste 5 lin., lat. 4.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Hyas, Leach.

Hyas Epwarpsi. Ay. testd antice angustatd, post orbitas haud

coarctatd, pilosd; orbitarum dente interno mediocri.

Long. teste 9 lin., lat. 7.

Hab. apud Valparaiso et ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Genus Pisa, Leach.

Pisa spinrres. Pisa testd ovatd ; dente articuli basilaris antenne

exterioris dente superorbitali longiore; margine antico-laterali et

pedibus omnibus spinosis.

Long. testz 8 lin., lat. 4.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, et apud Sanctam Elenam.

Pisa acunteata. Pisa testd triangulari ; dente articuli basilaris an-

tenne exterioris dente superorbitali breviore ; margine antico-la-

terali inermi, regione branchiali spinis quatuor armatd, pedibus

supra spinosis.

Long. teste 8 lin., lat. 7.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas,

Genus Mrrurax, Leach.

Mirnrax rostratus. Mithr. testd spinosd, rostro elongato bi-

dentato, dentibus divaricatis, terminatd ; pedibus spinosis, ma-

nibus levibus.

Long. testz 2 poll. 2 lin., lat. 2 poll.

Hab.

Mirurax Ursus (Jun. Cancer Ursus, Herbst). Mithr. testd gra-

nulatd, verrucoso:tuberculatd ; rostri dentibus obtusis tuberculo

granuloso terminatis ; tuberculis octo pone rostrum, et sex circum

orbitam ; manibus levibus.

Long, teste 2 poll., lat. eadem,

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Mirurax novosus. Mithr. testd trigono-ovatd, margine tuberculis

tribus fortibus, rotundatis, et dente unico; rostro brevi trifido ; pe-

dipalpis articulo secundo caulis externi lunulato ; manibus levibus,

172

supra cristatis, carpis tuberculatis ; pedibus posterioribus supra

spinosissimis et pilosis.

Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 1 poll, 3 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Mirurax DEenticuLatus. Mithr. testd profundeé sculptd, margine

laterali dentibus quatuor obtusiusculis ; pedipalpis articulo secundo

caulis interni cordato; manibus levibus ; pedibus posterioribus

pilosis, spinosissimis.

Long. testz 5 lin., lat. 6.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, sub lapidibus.

Mirurax pyemzvus. Mithr. testd depressd, subpentagond, fronte

obtusissimo, lato, obsoleté bilobo.

Long. testz 3 lin., lat. eadem.

Hab. apud Panama.

Genus Piro.

Testa late ovata, rostro parvo, brevi, bifido, haud deflexo, terminata.

Oculi peduncuio elongato, cylindrico, subcurvo, haud crassiores.

Antenne interiores minutissimz.

Antenne exteriores breviuscule, articulo basilari lamelloso, extis

dente triangulari armato; secundo compresso, cordato, anticé

emarginato, et tertio multd majore ; reliquis parvis cylindricis.

Pedipalpi externt caulis interni articulo secundo triangulari, ex-

trorstum producto.

Pedes mediocres. Par anticum Maris — —? Famina# reliquis

minus, digitis minuté serrulatis, digito mobili longiore; paria

quatuor posteriora ordine 2, 3, 4, 5 gradatim breviora; digitis

subtis minutissimé denticulatis.

Abdomen Maris — —? FaemIn#& 7-articulatum.

Oss. Micippe et Paramicippe affine: differt pracipué rostro mi-

nuto haud deflexo.

Pirso sexpENnTATA. Pitho teste margine laterali dentibus sex

triangularibus acutis.

Long. testz 9 lin., lat. 8.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas. /

PirHo QuinquEDENTATA. Pitho teste margine laterali dentibus

quinque triangularibus acutis armato.

Long. teste 6 lin., lat. 5.

Hab. cum precedente.

Genus TycuHe.

Testa oblonga, depressa, angulata, anticé declivis, fronte lato, rostro

bidentato piloso terminata; rostri dentes compressi, obtusi,

apicem versus interné emarginati.

Orbita supra latissima, in dente prominente complanato anticé

producta, infra carens.

Oculi pedunculo elongato graciliores.

Antenne interiores in fossula ad basin rostri inserte.

173

' Antenne exteriores rostro paulld longiores, articulo basilari latius-

culo, anticé angustiore; articulo tertio secundo abrupté minore;

omnibus externé pilosis.

Pedipalpi externi rugosi, caule exteriore subulato, caulis interioris

articulo primo canaliculato, extis profunde emarginato, secundo

securiformi, tridentato.

Pedes antici graciles, simplices, pari secundo breviores, digitis in-

ermibus: posteriores cylindrici, unguibus acutis, curvis, com-

planatis terminati.

Abdomen maris 7-articulatum; raminz — —?

Oxs. Genus Creocarcino affine.

TYCHE LAMELLIFRONS.

Long. testz 7 lin., lat. 4.

Hab. apud Panama.

Genus Prericera, Latr.

Pericera vittosa. Per. testd depressd, villosd, regionibus elevatis,

sulcis separatis, spind obtusd laterali utrinque ; rostri cornibus

validis, sublamelliformibus, divergentibus ; dente articuli basilaris

antenne externe dente superorbitali multd longiore ; antennis ex-

terioribus sub rostro insertis.

Long. teste 1 poll. 7 lin., lat. eadem (spinis lateralibus inclusis),

Hab. in Sinu Guayaquil.

Pericera ovata. Per, testd elongato-ovatd, spinis viginti ad vi-

ginti quatuor armatd ; dente superorbitali dente articuli basilaris

antenne externe longiore.

Long. testz 1 poll., lat. 6 lin.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

PERICERA HEPTACANTHA. Per. testd pyriformi, dorso quinque-

spinoso, ordine 1, 3, 1, lateribus utrinque 1-spinosis ; rostri cor-

nibus parvis, acutis.

Long. testz 1 poll. 5 lin.,lat. (spinis lateralibus inclusis) 1 poll. 7 lin.

Hab. apud Puerto Portrero.

Genus Acanruonyx, Latr.

Acantuonyx Petiverii, Edw.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas, D.Cuming; ad oras Brasiliz,

D. Miller.

Genus Errattus, Edw.

EPriautus pentatus, Edw.

Hab. apud Valparaiso.

Eprattus Marernatus. Lp. testd depressd, lateribus marginatis ;

Sronte latd, antennas exteriores omnino tegente.

Long. teste 2 poll. 3 lin., lat. 1 poll. 8 lin.

Hab. ad oras Brasilie.

The skeleton was exhibited of a Coypus, Myopotamus Coypus,Comm.,

together with preparations of some of the viscera obtained from the

174

same individual, which recently died at the Society’s Gardens. With

reference to them the following notes by Mr. Martin were read.

«Though the Coypus is now well known to naturalists, Iam not

aware that much attention has been paid to its anatomy :—it is not

often, indeed, that the living animal is brought to Europe, extensive

as the importation of its skins appears to be. I am therefore not

without a hope that the following notes of the examination of an in-

dividual which died in August, 1835, at the Gardens of the Society,

will be found not altogether destitute of interest, imperfect as they

are from circumstances over which I had no controul.

«The animal was an adult male, measuring from nose to anus

‘1 foot 11 inches; the length of the tail being 1 foot 5 inches. The

body was very fat ; and the subcutaneous muscle or panniculus car-

nosus was strong and extensive, as it is in aquatic Rodents in general.

Of the external organs of generation the penis alone was apparent,

for the testes are not contained ina scrotum but situated in the groin

just without the abdominal ring; the length of the penis from the

pubes was 5 inches; the glans was acuminate and contained an os-

seous stylet.

«On looking into the abdomen, I found that the wiscera had pre-

viously been disarranged, in the examination which the animal had

undergone with the view of ascertaining the cause of its death; their

natural situation consequently could not be determined. The liver

consisted of one left, one middle, and two right lobes, one of which

was small and seated dorsad. The middle lobe was deeply cleft; and

in the channel continued from the fissure on the under surface of this

lobe was seated the gall-bladder, which, having been cut, was desti-

tute of its fluid. On distending this viscus, however, through the

ductus choledochus, which was as large as a crow-quill, I found its

shape to be a long oval, measuring in length 2 inches, its duct being

joined by a large hepatic duct, + an inch below its commencement ;

the total length of the ductus choledochus communis was 2 inches,

and its entrance into the duodenum was just below the sacculated

origin of that portion of the intestine, or 24 inches from the pylorus.

“The pancreas consisted of an irregular mass or body concealed

by the stomach, whence it spread itself, in thin irregular layers of an

elegant arborescent arrangement, through the duodenal mesentery,

between the two membranes. Its duct, owing to the previous dis-

arrangement of the viscera, I could not discover; it did not appear

to enter with the biliary.

«The spleen resembled a prism in its figure, and was 3 inches in

length ; it adhered to the cardiac portion of the stomach by a ribband

of peritoneum 1 inch in breadth. In the Ondatra, the Capromys,

and some other Rodentia, the spleen presents the same figure.

««The stomach closely resembled that of the Capromys, being of

an oblong figure, both extremities having pretty nearly the same

volume; the cardiac extremity projecting 3 inches beyond the en-

trance of the narrow wsophagus, and the pyloric sacculus a little more

than 2 beyond the pyloric orifice. The stomach, measured in a

straight line from end to end, was 73 inches; its greatest depth

being 44.

175

«<The duodenum was found to commence with a large dilatation

or sacculus, projecting towards the wsophagus like a cecum; in which

respect it resembles Celogenus as described by Sir E. Home. In

Capromys, Anema, and Dasyprocta a similar dilatation, though not

so considerable, has also been noticed. In circumference at this part

the duodenum measured 44 inches ; the decrease is gradual, and where

the biliary duct enters the circumference is 3 inches; a little di-

stance below this it is 21. To follow the natural course of this intes-

tine was out of my power; it has a mesentery, however, through

its whole extent.

“The total length of the small intestines was 16 feet 4 inches,

and their mean circumference 13.

«The cecum was of large size, making a circular turn at its base

and gradually diminishing in volume as it proceeded. It was

puckered into sacculi by two muscular bands, one on each side ;

which were not however traceable quite to its extremity, but were

tolerably strong in its wide basal part. In its general figure the

cecum had no unapt resemblance to a ram’s horn. In length it

measured about I foot 10 inches, its greatest circumference 8 inches.

«The ileum terminated in a sort of sacculus at the base of the colon,

beyond which projected the round head of the cecum: the valve in-

dicating the separation of the cecum from the colon is very ap-

parent in the dried preparation.

«The colon began large, but gradually became narrow; on leaving

the cecum it was slightly sacculated for a short distance, but this

appearance was speedily lost : its mean circumference was 23 inches.

The commencement of the colon was not only somewhat larger than

the succeeding portion, but made an abrupt turn from the cecum,

and after a course of 1 foot 5 inches suddenly folded upon itself, the

reflected length running down for the distance of 11 inches, when it

turned suddenly back again, but did not adhere so closely to the pre-

vious fold, as that did to the first length ; it then became very small,

and soon dipped down to constitute the rectum. The whole of this

long loose fold reminded me of the duodenum of Birds. A similar

structure is recorded by Mr. Owen in his notes on the dissection of

Capromys Fournerii, as existing in that animal. It was near the end

of the first loose fold, as also in Capromys, that the feces began to

assume a solid form in separate oval masses. The total length of

the large intestines was 4 feet 4 inches.

“« The kidneys were of an oval form, and very soft in their structure ;

their surface, the tunic being removed, presented a granular appear-

ance. ‘The two portions were very distinct. The pelvis was small ;

the papilla single. The right kidney was somewhat higher than the

left. The length of each was 2 inches, the breadth 14. The supra-

renal glands were long and rounded, of a greyish yellow externally;

but their internal structure was like soft liver: each had a small

cavity within. Their length was 1 inch. Their situation was me-

siad of the upper extremity of each kidney.

“The lungs were of small volume, and consisted of three lobes

of nearly equal size, and one very small lobe on the right ; and of

three lobes on the left side.

176

“In shape the heart was very elegant ; it was compressed, and both

ventricles described the half of a circle, and ended in a short sharp

apex. The length and breadth of this organ were equal, the admea-

surements being each 13 inch.

‘“« The disposition of the branches given off at the arch of the aorta

‘was as follows. On the right side arose a common trunk, which di-

vided into the right subclavian and the right carotid, but gave off

lower down to the left the left carotid. The left subclavian arose

from the aorta in a distinct branch.

“Tn his account of the anatomy of Capromys Mr. Owen notices

a peculiarity in the arrangement of some of the abdominal mus-

cles: a decussation of the ‘pillars of the recti muscles taking place

at the pubes. In the Coypus an arrangement of a similar cha-

racter was observed. It may be thus described. From the right

os pubis and close to the symphysis arises a fleshy column, which

crossing a column arising from the left side passes obliquely up-

wards, and becomes immediately united with another larger column

arising more outwardly, and passing under the column of fibres from

the left side, as the first does above it; and thus is constituted the

left rectus muscle. Between these two columns, as we haye said,

and from the left side of the pubes, runs up a decussating column,

which blends with another passing beneath the larger column of the

left rectus, both forming by their union the right rectus abdominis.

The lower column of the external oblique, with which muscle the

rectus is blended above (as in Capromys) so as to appear in reality

but one, has its own insertion on its own side.

«The testes were situated in the gfoin on each side of the pubes,

enveloped in a strong cremaster of circular fibres given off from the

external oblique and transversalis ; they were capable of being pass-

ed back through the abdominal ring, which is very large, the columns

of the rectus forming its inner edge. As in many others of the Ro-

dent order, large foliated fatty processes, adhering to the testes, were

found hanging loose in the abdominal cavity; their length was 5

inches, their breadth at the broadest part 2.

** The bladder was of the usual oval form, and, as it lay undistend-

ed with fluid, measured 2 inches i in length. The ureters entered la-

terally near its neck.

*‘ Beneath the ureters near their entrance the vasa deferentia

crossed: the total length of these tubes was 5 inches; at their origin

on leaving the epididymis they were found to be slightly tortuous,

but only for a short distance. The epididymis consisted of a congeries

of convolutions, whence a tortuous elongated portion followed the

convex surface of the ¢estis for two thirds of its length, and then

passed into the vas deferens, which was enveloped in a fatty process

extending from the testes, and spreading over the base of the vesi-

cule seminales and the proximate portion of the ureters. The vesicule

seminales were long tortuous bodies with numerous small processes

or sacculi, giving them a knotted appearance: at their apex they

folded down upon themselves, and terminated in a point: when ex-

tended they measured about 4 inches.

“The urethra at its commencement formed a sort of cul de sac,

177

-as noticed by Mr. Owen in the Capromys ; and a transverse ridge se-

parated the entrance of the bladder from the orifices of the vasa de-

ferentia and vesicule seminales. Below this ridge was a small conical

body, at the apex of which opened the vasa deferentia, and on the

sides the vesicule seminales. The latter, when opened, were found

filled with a white hard curdy matter having some resemblance to

the roe of fishes. This substance filled a great portion of the wre-

thra also.

«The prostate gland appeared like accessory vesicule, and was

closely united to the base of those bodies: it was divided into two

large lobes, each of which was found to be composed of a number

of blind tubes or elongated cells, united into a mass by cellular mem-

brane. They were easily unravelled into a tuft of long fringes, each

tube being 3 of an inch in length. ‘These tubes all concentrated in

a small spot, where they opened by a few minute orifices into the

urethra at the base of the little conical elevation before alluded to.

«The distance from the prostate to the base of the bulb of the

urethra was 12 inch.

««The membranous part of the urethra was closely embraced by a

layer of muscular fibres: the acceleratores urine investing the bulb

were large and strong: the erectores were fleshy ; they embraced the

crura penis. On each side of the bulb, external to the accelerator

urine, lay a gland as large as a filbert, whence proceeded a tube of

the diameter of a crow-quill, which passing beneath the accelerator

entered the bulb of the urethra above its centre. The length of this

duct was 1 inch. These glands are, I suppose, to be considered as

the glandule ante-prostate, or Cowper's glands.

** At the extremity of the rectum on its abdominal aspect was si-

tuated a large glandular sac of the size of a walnut filled with in-

odorous creamy matter; its excretory orifice was just within the

anal opening. This sac was invested with a tunic of muscular fibres

continued from the sphincter and levator ani.

“The tongue was acuminate and 3 inches in length, its surface

covered with small retroverted shining velvety papille; two large

distinct papille of an oval form appearing at the base. The free part

of the tongue, that is from the frenum to the apex, was 3 of an inch.

The basal portion of the dorsum was elevated, but not so abruptly

as in some Rodents; the disc, however, was sufficiently marked.

“* The fauces were found to form a funnel-shaped cavity with nei-

ther tonsils nor palate arches; but the soft palate was continuous to

the posterior aperture, which barely admitted the entrance of a com-

mon quill. The posterior nares were continued like a funnel beyond

this posterior orifice of the fauces, and received into their aperture

the glottis, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages, so that the margin

of the orifice of the fauces lay in contact with the dorsum of the

tongue anterior to the epiglottis, which rose behind it, and which it

was evident could not be brought at all under the soft palate ; hence

respiration and every vocal intonation must proceed through the

nostrils.

** The epiglottis was broad basally, but not elevated; it assumed

178

‘a rounded figure, and when pressed down did not completely cover

the rima of the glottis until the larynx was depressed towards its

base.

“A distinct fold or duplicature surrounded the opening of the

nares into the esophagus; which tube was small, and had its lining

membrane corrugated into longitudinal folds.

“The sublingual glands were large.

“The trachea was about 3 inches in length to its bifurcation, and

4 an inch in diameter ; the bronchi were about 1 inch long before

entering the lungs.

“To the above sketch of the visceral anatomy of the Coypus, I have

to subjoin a few observations on some portions of its skeleton.

“Of the skulls of such Rodentia as I have been enabled to com-

pare with that of the present animal, although it agrees in many

points with that of Capromys, the one which approximates the

nearest to it is that of the Capybara. The main outline and con-

tour of both are very similar; they both agree in the flatness of their

upper surface, in the elongation of their form, in the magnitude of

the suborbital foramen, and in the development of the processes of

the occipital bone continued from its transverse crest. When, how-

ever, we descend to details, numerous and striking points of differ-

ence are immediately observable. In the Capybara, for instance, the

margin of the orbit is circular or nearly so, and the zygomatic arch,

broad and strong, has its lower edge brought down considerably be-

low the level of the molares: whereas in the Coypus the margin of the

orbit approaches to a square, and the zygomatic arch is narrow and

scarcely depends to a level with the crown of the molares, though it ad-

vances much further than either in the Beaver or Water Rat; in which

animals the orbits, of an oval shape, have a less lateral and more

vertical aspect. In the Coypus the temporal fosse are deeper than

in the Capybara or the Beaver, and the external auditory foramen

runs obliquely forwards and downwards, while in the Capybara it

runs obliquely downwards and inwards, and in the Beaver down-

wards and backwards. The frontal bone is divided by a permanent

longitudinal suture, as it is also in Capromys; whereas in the Capy-

bara, the Water Rat, and the Beaver no trace, at least in adults, of

such a separation is visible. The Beaver when semiadult exhibits,

however, a slight appearance of it.

“The general admeasurements of the skull of the Coypus before

me are as follows:

Lin.

From the end of the nasal bones to the occipital ridge.. 4 6

From the lower edge of one zygoma to the opposite eg

Breadth of the frontal bones between the orbits ...... ar

From the outer edge of the last molar tooth to the edge

BORDER ORIE E50 as old's’ shui BA aelee oh LSS ye 0 5

From the base of the incisors to the base of the first molar 1 3

From the crown of the first molar to the top of the skull

where the nasal and frontal bones unite in a straight

BAe). Sree tt eo CR tai siete SM ee 1y°9

179

Length of the row of the molares on each side ...... Bad

Breadth of the lower jaw from the outer edge of one

ramus at its broadest part to the opposite.......... 3.3

From the middle of the condyle of the lower jaw to the

Paseo! thetimcisors terre ties Schs Zfeh. cia aie a eee sires 301

*« Placing the skull before us, and surveying its upper aspect, we

observe that the nasal bones are narrow and elongated, being broadest

at their nasal extremity and narrowest at their frontal, as in Capromys

and the Water Rat, but not in so great a degree. In the Capybara

the contrary obtains: in the Beaver the nasal bones are broadest in

the middle. Their length in the Coypus is 14 inch, their united

breadth at the frontal union 5 lines.

«« By the side of the nasal bones runs up the ascending ramus of

the intermaxillary bone, which at its union to the frontal expands

considerably, and terminates on an exact level with the nasal. In

the Capybara the ramus is very narrow, and does not ascend quite so

high as the nasal: in two skulls of the Beaver now before me, I find

it ascend 1 line-higher than the nasal in the one, and 2 lines lower

than the nasal in the other. In Capromys it ascends somewhat

higher.

‘««The frontal bones, having a longitudinal suture between them,

form an oblong square, occupying a considerable space, their length

being 1 inch 5 lines, and their united breadth 1 inch 3 lines. They

form above the orbits a bold but level ridge: in the Capybara this

ridge is arched, rounding the orbit above; in the Beaver the ridge is

but little prominent ; and in the Water Rat there is none. It may

be added that in the Beaver the frontal bone (for here we may

speak of it as single) approaches a triangle in its outline, the anterior

portion of the parietal bone on each side advancing upon it.

‘In the Coypus the parietal bones are small, and are depressed on

each side posteriorly to form a deep temporal fossa, bounded by a ridge

(the index of the origin of the temporal muscle), which ridge, with

the coronal suture for a base line, forms a triangle ending ina slight

short sagittal crest. The parietal bones are nearly consolidated to-

gether, and doubtless become ultimately completely so; it is only

for a short space from the coronal suture that in the present skull

any trace of a sagittal suture is visible. In the Capybara the union

is complete ; but in the Beaver the sagittal suture continues unobli-

terated, and the parietal bones moreover are separated posteriorly by

a large interparietal or os triguetrum. In the Water Rat there is an

oblong post-parietal bone.

«The occipital bone is narrower than in the Beaver, and more

nearly resembles that of the Capybara; it rises, however, immediately

behind the lambdoid suture into a high strong transverse crest, which

sweeps down on each side, and is continued in two strong processes,

the outer and shorter of which passes just behind the auditory fo-

ramen, while the interior process has its base between the former and

the condyle, abuts upon the posterior part of the tympanic bulla, and

passing obliquely outwards and downwards ends in a broad lunar-

shaped termination: its length is 1 inch 2 lines. The foramen

magnum is nearly circular: in the Beaver it is compressed horizon-

180

tally: in the Capybara laterally. The cuneiform process is flat with

a slight mesial spine: in the Capybara it is convex: in the Beaver

hollowed out like a box. The condyles resemble those of the Ca-

pybara, but advance somewhat more forwards.

««The squamous portion of the temporal bone, which, as is usual

in these animals, is separated by a permanent suture from the pe-

trous, consists of a narrow strip, advancing from the base of the oc-

cipital ridge, and then spreading to form the posterior margin of the

orbit; a bold process backing the posterior angle of the superciliary

ridge. The zygomatic process of the temporal bone resembles that

of the Beaver more nearly than that of the Capybara or of the Ca-

promys, but turns up at its extremity in a more decided hook. The

petrous portion is small, and, with the exception of the ridge round

the auditory foramen, consists of little besides the tympanic bulla,

which in the Beaver is externally divided by a strong ridge.

«The malar bone is elongated and narrow, but, as in Capromys also,

it does not advance forwards along the zygomatic process of the max-

illary bone as in the Beaver, the suture being just behind the great sub-

orbital foramen. In the Capybara the malar bone does not advance so

far. The large foramen alluded to is formed by two branch-like pro-

cesses of the maxillary bone, the upper one of which arises just below

the union of this bone to the frontal, and, bending down, forms the an-

terior margin of the orbit; the other branch arises just over the root of

the first molar tooth, and advancing outwards and backwards joins the

other branch to form the boundary of the foramen, which is a trian-

gular aperture leading at once to the orbit. In the Beaver the sub-

orbital foramen is very small. In the Water Rat it is somewhat larger

than in the Beaver. In Capromys it is as open as in the Coypus.

“The lachrymal bone, which in the Capybara spreads largely in

a triangle without the orbit at the interior inferior angle, is in the

Coypus very small and altogether within the orbit. ,

**On turning to the base of the skull we may observe that the

internal pterygoid processes, (which in the Capybara are very small,

but both in the Beaver and Water Rat largely developed, being in

the former of a hook-like figure and touching with their apez the

anterior point of the tympanic bulla,) are here moderate and bent

back, their points being on a level with the spheno-temporal fissure.

The glenoid cavity, which the malar bone contributes to form, resem-

bles that of the Beaver. ;

«<The palate bones, which in the Beaver begin in a point opposite

to the posterior edge of the first molar, here begin opposite the pos-

terior edge of the third molar; but they advance further backwards

so as to throw the pterygoid processes to a considerable distance

from the last molar tooth: in which circumstances the Coypus differs

both from the Beaver and the Capybara, and more nearly agrees with

Capromys, where the palate bones commence opposite the middle of

the second molar, but do not advance so far backwards.

«« The lower jaw of the Coypus is very remarkable; it seems as if

it had been horizontally compressed, so as to throw the broad part

of each ramus outwardly into a semilunar shelf. The fact is that

this part must be regarded not as the body but as a process of the

181

ramus which exists also, but in a more moderate degree, in Ca-

promys ; in the Capybara we see indications of a similar structure.

An immense space is here afforded for the insertion of the temporal

and masseter muscles: these muscles may be short, but their strength

will be prodigious. In the Beaver the coronoid processes are long

and rise above the condyles: in the Capybara they are short and on

a level with the condyloid processes, which are themselves very con-

tracted: in Capromys they are very small: but in the Coypus the

coronoid processes are reduced to a mere rudiment, elevated by the

side of the last molar tooth. On the contrary the posterior angle

here stretches back in a flat narrow process continued from the la-

teral shelf, or, as we may term it, horizontal reflexion of the lower

margin of the ramus. :

«The dentition of the Coypus is figured by M. F. Cuvier in his

work ‘Sur les Dents des Mammiféres.’ It differs widely from that

of Hydromys, with which the animal was associated generically by

M. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Cuvier observes, that the skull of the Coy-

pus has a resemblance to that of Hystrix dorsata: 1 have not seen

a skull of this animal and therefore cannot judge, but certainly the

teeth as given by M. F. Cuvier and those of the Coypus materially

differ. The molars in the Coypus are four on each side above and

below. In the upper jaw they have an outward inclination; the

last is the largest, and they decrease in size slightly but regularly

from the last to the first: each is a copy of the other; and the rib-

bands of enamel are oblique. The molars of the lower jaw incline

obliquely inwards, and decrease in size from the last to the anterior.

The incisores are large and strong and of a deep orange yellow on

their outer surface ; the alveoli of those of the upper jaw pass through

the intermaxillary into the true maxillary bones. In the lower jaw

they extend beneath the whole row of the molares.

“‘ Of the rest of the skeleton, the trunk, clavicles, scapule, humeri,

and femoral bones are all that I have been able to examine, the rest

being contained within the mounted specimen.

“The scapula agrees closely with that of Capromys, but differs

considerably in shape from that of the Beaver. Its anterior edge

runs out into an angle, at a greater comparative distance from

the spinous ridge than either in the Beaver or the Porcupine;

and the same may be said of the posterior angle: so that the

total breadth of this bone is comparatively greater than it is in

those two animals. Its length from the glenoid cavity to the pos-

terior angle is 24 inches. Its breadth from this angle to the oppo-

site 2. The spinous ridge is thin and but little elevated; about the

middle it is slightly dilated. Three quarters of an inch before it

reaches the level of the glenoid cavity it ceases; the acromion

process being here united to it by cartilage in the specimen be-

longing to the Society. I find, however, that this cartilaginous

union at some period of the animal’s existence becomes ossified ; for

in a clavicle belonging to Mr. Blackett the acromion is completely

anchylosed to the extremity of the spine. This process is at first

slender, but it spreads at its termination into a broad triangular base,

to the anterior apex of which is attached the clavicle. The length

182

of this process is 1 inch, and it advances 4 an inch beyond the gle-

noid cavity.

“The clayicle is slender, 1 inch 5 lines ong, with a slight sig-

moid flexure.

«The humerus presents nothing very remarkable ; its length is 1

inch. "

« The pelvis is long and narrow; its breadth from point to point.

is 34 inches ; its length, 5 inches ; the depth of the symphysis pubis,

12 inch.

“The femur is thin and small, and has both a trochanter major

and a trochanter minor.

‘In the motions of the hinder limbs of the Coypus when alive I

observed not only an awkwardness, but a want of firmness, which

gave something of a crawling character to the progression of the

animal on the floor. A recollection of this circumstance, which

struck me when I first saw the animal, led me to open the capsule

of the hip-joint with care: on doing this, I was surprised to see no

ligamentum teres : on opening the other, still none appeared. Iam con-

vinced that I did not destroy or rupture the ligament, for no ruptured

fibres were at all visible, and on opening the acetabula of other

animals at the same time, the ligament was found strong and large ;

in this, however, nothing of the kind was visible. ‘Thereis on the

head of the femur a very slight depression, but it is covered, as

the rest of the head, with smooth cartilage. I believe, therefore,

that the Coypus may be added to the list of the few Mammalia in

which this ligament is absent: but it would be desirable that ano-

ther specimen should be examined before this peculiarity is insisted

on as an ascertained fact.

‘« The ribs are short, thin and flexible, the longest measuring only

3 inches exclusive of the cartilage; the first two are very short, but

strong. The chest of the Coypusis, in fact, of very small capacity.

The number of the ribs is thirteen.

«The spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra is very short,

like those of the cervical vertebre; but that of the second rises

abruptly to the length of 1 inch, which is at least a quarter higher

than those of the succeeding vertebre.

«The number of the vertebre is as follows :—

Cervical NE Bae oa ¥

Dorsal Sas es iB!

Mambarr: Pree: 6

Secralle ea ose 4

Caudal Men A Pe 23

“I regret that I was unable to examine all the bones of the extre-

mities, as Cuvier notices a peculiarity in those of the carpus,—in

there being no separation between the os magnum and trapezoides.”

Mr. Christy subsequently exhibited several skins of the Coypus,

for the purpose of directing the attention of the Meeting to the po-

sition of the mamme in the female, which are situated extremely high

up the sides.

183

November 24, 1835.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Yarrell exhibited a specimen of the Syngnathus Acus, Linn.,

with the view of again calling the attention of the Society to the

fact that the males in this species of Pipe-fish are furnished with a

pouch under the tail, in which they bear about with them the ova

until the young have escaped from the capsule; and which probably

serves also as a place of shelter to which the young can, for some

time after their exclusion, retreat in case of danger. In this indivi-

dual the opened abdomen exhibited the preparatory organs of the

male; and the displayed subcaudal pouch showed many eggs con-

tained in it, the young of which were fully developed and ready to

escape from the capsules, while from others the young had actually

escaped. As a guide to those observers who may be desirous of

procuring specimens equally illustrative of the peculiarity of this

fish, Mr. Yarrell mentioned that the individual exhibited was ob-

tained on the 20th of July.

Mr. Yarrell read some ‘‘ Notes on the Economy of an Insect destruc-

tive to Turnips’’; which he prefaced’ by adverting to the importance

to agriculture of an attentive collection of those entomological facts

which relate to species injurious to the ordinary crops of the farmer.

He then proceeded to remark that the turnip crop is in this country

usually infested in every season by two species of Haltica; and that

another destroyer has been, in the dry summer of this year, super-

added to them, especially on the light and chalky soils. To the

history of this latter pest, which has been known to occur in those

seasons only in which there has been an almost total absence of rain,

Mr. Yarrell’s paper is directed. A good account of a similar visita-

tion in 1782, as it was observed in Norfolk by Mr. William Marshall,

was published in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for the following

ear.

4 Early in July last the “ yellow fly ” was seen upon the young tur-

nips. It was remembered by some farmers that this was the fly

which prevailed in the year 1818, and which was followed by the

caterpillars known by the name of the blacks. The eggs being depo-

sited by the perfect insect in the leaf of the plant, the black cater-

pillar or turnip-pest speedily makes its appearance, feeding on the

soft portions of the leaves of the turnips and leaving the fibres un-

touched ; and finally, casting its black skin and assuming one of a

more slaty or grey colour, it buries itself in the earth. Lodged there,

it forms for itself, from the soil, a strong oval cocoon; from which

some of the earlier broods pass almost immediately into the perfect

state, filled with ova, and ready quickly to supply another generation

184

of destroyers. So compiete and so rapid was the destruction in some

instances, that a whole field was found, in two or three days, to pre-

sent only an assemblage of skeletonized leaves; and this too when

the turnips had attained a considerable size.

The insect whose proceedings have been thus briefly noticed, be-

longs to the Hymenopterous family Tenthredinide ; it is the Athalia

Centifoli@, a species first noticed by Panzer. Mr. Yarrell describes

the perfect insect and the caterpillar; and then recurs to the damage

effected by the latter. By their repeated broods the devastation was

continued for so long a time that even the third sowing did not in all

cases escape destruction ; and it was not until the occurrence of the

heavy rains in September, terminating the unusually dry summer,

that the mischief ceased. The destruction of the leaves caused, in

most instances, the loss of the root also; and where the leaves suf-

fered from the attacks of the black caterpillar, but not sufficiently to

occasion the death of the plant, the turnip itself became pithy and

of little value. It has become necessary, Mr. Yarrell states, to im-

port the root largely from the Continent to supply the deficiency of

the home crop.

The remedial measures adopted on a former visitation were the

turning into the infested fields of a large number of ducks, who

greedily devoured the caterpillars as they were brushed from the

leaves by a boy with a long pole; the passing of a heavy roller over

the ground at night, when the caterpillars were at their feed; and

the strewing of quick lime by broad cast over the fields, renewing

it as often as it was dispersed by the wind. The latter mode was

generally considered as the most effectual preservative.

December 8, 1835.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of various Birds, chiefly from the So-

ciety’s collection, which Mr. Gould regarded as hitherto undescribed.

At the request of the Chairman he pointed out the distinguishing

peculiarities of the undermentioned species.

PHa@nicura PLUMBEA. Phen. nigrescenti-cinerea ; caudd tectri-

cibusque superioribus castaneo-rubris ; remigibus nigrescenti-

brunneis, cerulescenti-griseo fimbriatis.

Fem. Supra brunnescenti-cinerea, uropygio albo ; rectricibus dua-

bus intermediis brunneis, basin versus albis reliquis ad apicem

brunneis ; pectore cinereo, plumis singulis lunulis alternatim brun-

neis albidisque notatis ; remigibus brunneis ; secundariis cinereo-

‘ brunneis macula parvd albd ad apicem notatis.

Long. tot. 54 poll.; ale, 3; caude, 2; tarsi, Z; rostri, £.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.

This bird is in every respect a typical example of the genus Phe-

nicura. Itis rather less in size than Phen. Ruticilla, Swains.

PyrGiTa cINNAMOMEA. Pyrg. supra cinnamomea, dorso in medio

nigro longitudinaliter maculato ; alis cauddque brunneis, illis albo

prope scapulam unifasciatis ; guld nigrd ; genis, colli lateribus, cor-

poreque subtis cinerascenti-albidis.

Long. tot. 43 poll.; ale, 23; caude, 2; tarsi, %.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.

Rather less in size than Pyrg. montana.

Mervta castanea. Mer. castanea; capite colloque cinereo-albidis,

gutture pallidiore ; alis cauddque nigris; tectricibus caude infe-

rioribus crissoque albis nigro variis.

Long. tot. 114 poll.; ale, 54; caude, 54; tarsi, 13; rostri, 14.

Rostrum pedesque flavescenti-brunnei.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses.

Savropnacus Swarnsonu. Saur. supra brunnescenti-cinereus ;

capite nigro, cristd occultd aurantiacd ; caudd nigrescenti-brun-

ned, rectricum exteriorum marginibus omniumque apicibus cinereo-

albis; alis brunneis, scapularibus secundariisque cinereo-albido

marginatis ; corpore sublis albo.

Long. tot. 8 poll.; ale, 4; caude, 34: rostri, 14; tarsi, vix 1.

Rostrum pedesque nigrti.

Hab, in America Australi.

No, XXXVI.—Proceepines or THE ZootocicaL Socrery,

186

Bracuypus guiaris. Brach. flavus, supra olivaceo tinctus ; ca-

pite auribusque nigris; caudd olivaceo-brunned ; remigibus brun-

neis.

Long. tot. 53 poll.; ale, 48; caude, 34: rostri, $; tarsi, $.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes saturaté brunnei.

Hab. in India Orientali apud Travancore.

More diminutive in size than Brach. dispar, Horsf., but nearly

allied to it.

Genus STENORHYNCHUS.

Rostrum capite longius, gracile, compressum, subfornicatum ;

mandibula superiore leviter emarginata, culmine in frontem de-

pressissimum producto.

Nares ovales, aperte.

Ale breviuscule, subrotundate ; remige 1ma brevissima, 4ta lon-

giore ; 5ta et 6ta 4tam subzquantibus.

Cauda mediocris, rotundata ; rectricibus decem ?

Pedes robusti: acrotarsiis subscutellatis ; halluce ungueque pos-

tico fortibus, tarsum longitudine subequantibus, digito inter-

medio brevioribus.

Plume molles.

SrenorHYNCHUS RUFICAUDA. Sten. supra sordid? saturate brun-

neus, rufo caudam versus tinctus ; caudd, secundariis, scapulari-

busque saturate rufo-brunneis ; subtis brunnescenti-cinereus, in

rufo-brunneum ad latera vergens.

Long. tot. 94 poll.; rostri, 13; ale, 43; caude, 34; tarsi, 1.

Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnei.

Hab.

As only one specimen of this bird has yet been seen, itis doubt-

ful whether it may not possess twelve tail-feathers; but, after a care-

ful examination, Mr. Gould can discover no more than ten.

Mervta Nestor. Mer. fuliginoso-nigra ; capite colloque sordid

cinereis ; caude tectricibus inferioribus maculd longitudinali fla-

vescenti-albidd notatis.

Long. tot. 74 poll.; rostri,1; ale, 43; caude, 3; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum tarsique flavi.

Hab. in Nova Cambria Australi.

This appears to be in every respect a true Merula. It is the first

of that genus that has been received from New Holland. It formed

part of Captain Sturt’s collection made in the Murrumbidgee

country.

Janrnocincta pPrcTorauis. Janth. ferrugineo-cinerea; capite

supra olivaceo-cinereo; cervice lateribusque ferrugineis ; plumis

aures tegentibus cinereis, rachibus nigris ; lined nigrd a basi man-

dibule inferioris aures cingente cum alterd pectus lunulatim cir-

cumdante conjunctd; corpore subtis albo ; remigibus brunneis,

pogoniis externis cinereis ; caudd rotundatd, basin versus olivaceo-

187

cinered, in medio nigro unifasciatd ; rectricibus exlimis tribus

utringue albo, ceteris olivaceo-cinereo, apiculatis.

Long. tot. 121 poll.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caude, 53; tarsi, 2.

Rostrum nigrescenti-brunneum ; tars? brunnei.

Hab. im Nepalia.

IanrHocincLa atpocuLaRis. Janth. supra et ad pectus olivaceo-

cinerea, subtis ferrugineo-aurantiaca ; caudd rotundatd, olivaceo-

cinered, rectricibus extimis utrinque quatuor ad apices late albis.

Long. tot. 114 poll.; rostri, 14; ale, 54; caude, 51; tarsi, 14.

Rostrum tarsique brunnei.

Hab. apud montes Himalayenses, in Nepalia, &c.

‘Nearly allied to Janth. leucolopha, (Corvus leucolophus, Lath.).

A paper was read, entitled ‘‘ Mémoire sur une Nouvelle Espéce

de Poisson du Genre Histiophore, de la Mer Rouge: par M. E. Riip-

pell, M.D., Memb. Ext. Z.S.” It was accompanied by a drawing

of the fish described in it.

MM. Cuvier and Valenciennes have described, in their ‘ Histoire

Naturelle des Poissons,’ three species of Sword-fishes of the genus

Histiophorus ; from all of which Dr. Riippell regards his fish as di-

stinct, although it apparently approaches most nearly to Hist. Ame-

ricanus : it should seem that its occurrence at Djetta, on the coast

of Arabia, was only accidental, as the Arab fishermen knew no name

for it. The most striking peculiarity of the new species is the uni-

formity of the colour of its dorsal fin: in all those which were pre-

viously known the first dorsal fin is varied with spots; in the one

obtained by Dr. Riippell, the first dorsal fin is black throughout and

destitute of spots, on which account its discoverer proposes for it

the name of

HistiopHorvus immacuLatus. Hist. pinnis pectoralibus mediocri-

bus ; dorsali nigrd, immaculata.

D.47, 0+7. A.10,04+7. C.5417+5. P.14+19. V. 3.

Pinne pectorales quam in Hist. Indico, Cuv. & Val., multo mi-

nores: utpote quz in illo } vel + corporis longitudine «quant, in

Hist. immaculato +; tantum. In Hist. putchello preoperculi angu-

lus spina munitus: in Hist. immaculato aliisque inermis. Hist.

Americani pinna dorsalis cinereo-argentea, maculis brunneis rotun-

datis ornata.

Dr. Riippell describes the fish in considerable detail. He has not,

however, examined it anatomically, on account of his possessing

only one specimen, which he had deposited in the Frankfort Mu-

seum.

The following notes by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., were read.

“In many books that I have seen some errors are made in the

history of the Kangaroos, which my long possession of those animals

enables me to correct.

“The great Kangaroo does not make use of his tail in leaping.

He uses it in walking, and still more in standing. When excited,

188

he stands (the male only) on tip-toe and on his tail; and is then of

prodigious height. In fighting he does not stand on the tail and one

leg, but balances himself for a moment on the tail only, and strikes

forward with both hind legs.

«The bush Kangaroo, or Kanguru enfumé of Cuvier, never uses

his legs in fighting. He generally contents himself with threatening

with his teeth and a low growl; but I have seen him, when attacked

by an Emu, jump up at the bird’s head. Neither of them, however,

has persevered in annoyance.

«When sitting in a state of repose the great Kangaroo throws the

tail behind him: the lesser one before him, between his legs.”

The following note by Sir Robert Heron, Bart., was also read, as

giving an account of an extraordinary instance of want of sagacity

in a Dog.

«« A large old white female terrier followed me this autumn from

Grantham. She remained perfectly satisfied for three weeks, when,

on my again going to attend the petty sessions, she again followed me.

I then found that she belonged to one of my colleagues, the Rev. Mr.

Ottley ; and that she had long been a great favourite in the family,

who were greatly distressed at her loss. It happened that Mr. Ottley

and I each rode a chestnut pony with a long tail. This had com-

pletely deceived the dog, whose unsentimental friendship did not

prompt her to ask any further questions.”

December 22, 1836.

E. S. Hardisty, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of several Rodent animals collected du-

ring his survey of the Straits of Magalhaens, by Capt. P. P. King,

R.N., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and presented by him to the Society.

They were accompanied by some notes by Capt. King, which were

read.

In bringing the animals severally under the notice of the Meeting,

Mr. Bennett first directed particular attention to one of them, which

constituted, in his estimation, a new species in the genus Ctenomys,

Blainv. To elucidate its relations with the nearly allied genera of

Herbivorous Rodentia, Octodon, Benn., and Poephagomys, F. Cuv.,

a specimen of Octodon Cumingii was exhibited and compared with

it; and Mr. Bennett stated his intention of entering with some

detail into the subject in a paper which he proposed to prepare

upon it.

In the structure of its molar teeth, Octodon may be regarded as

occupying an intermediate station between Poephagomys and Cteno-

mys. In Octodon the molars of the upper jaw differ remarkably in

form from those of the lower. The upper molars have on their inner

side a slight fold of enamel, indicating a groove tending in some

measure to separate on this aspect the mass of the tooth into two

cylinders: on their outer side a similar fold penetrates more deeply,

and behind it the crown of the tooth does not project outwardly to so

great an extent as it does in front. Ifeach molar tooth of the upper

jaw be regarded as composed of two partially united cylinders,

slightly compressed from before backwards, and somewhat oblique

in their direction, the anterior of these cylinders might be described

as entire, and the posterior as being truncated by the removal of its

outer half. Of such teeth there are, in the upper jaw of Octodon,

on each side, four; the hindermost being the smallest, and that in

which the peculiar form is least strongly marked. - In Ctenomys, all

the molar teeth, both of the upper and the lower jaw, correspond

with the structure that exists in the upper jaw of Octodon, excepting

that their crowns are slenderer and more obliquely placed, whence

the external emargination becomes less sharply defined; and also

excepting that the hinder molar in each jaw is so small as to be

almost evanescent: as is generally the case, however, the relative

position of the teeth is counterchanged, and the deficiency in the

outline of the crown of the tooth, which in the upper jaw is external,

is, in the lower jaw, internal. In the lower jaw of Octodon the crowns

of the molars assume a figure very different from those of the upper,

dependent chiefly on the prolongation of the hinder portion of the

tooth to the same lateral extent as its anterior part: each of them

a SS

190

consists of two cylinders, not disjoined in the middle where the bony

portion of the crown is continuous, but partially separated by a fold

of enamel on either side producing a corresponding notch; placed

obliquely with respect to the jaw they resemble, in some measure, a

figure of 8 with its elements flattened obliquely, pressed towards

each other, and not connected by the transverse middle bars. With

the lower molars of Octodon those of Poephagomys, as figured by M. F.

Cuvier, correspond in structure in both jaws. Octodon thus exhibits,

in its dissimilar molars, the types of two genera: the molars of its

upper jaw represent those of both jaws of Ctenomys; those of its

lower jaw correspond with the molars of both jaws of Poephagomys.

The characters distinguishing the new species of Ctenomys are

chiefly those of colour. The Cten. Brasiliensis is described by M. de

Blainville as being shining rufous above, and reddish white below.

The new species may be characterized as the

Crenomys Maceuianicus. Cten. flavescenti-fusco-griseus, subtis

pallidior ; pedibus cauddque albescentibus.

Long. corporis cum capite 9 unc.; caude, 23; capitis, 2.

Hab. apud Portum Gregory dictum, ad Frettis Magellanici ostium

orientale.

Captain King states that this ‘little animal is very timid; feeds

upon grass ; and is eaten by the Patagonian Indians. It inhabits

holes, which it burrows, in the ground: and, from the number of the

holes, it would appear to be very abundant.”

A second animal exhibited appears, like the preceding, to represent

in the more southern latitudes of South America a genus whose type

was originally observed in Brasil. Mr. Bennett regarded it as a

second species of Kerodon, F. Cuv., chiefly distinguishable from the

one discovered by Prince Maximilian of Wied by its more uniform

colour. Excepting a slight dash of white behind the ear, and a

longer line of the same colour marking the edge of each branch of

the lower jaw, the animal is entirely grey; the upper surface being

distinguished from the under by a greater depth of tint, and by the in-

termixture of a free grizzling of yellow and black. The crowns of

the molar teeth, as in the typical species, consist of bone surrounded

by two triangles of enamel, the bases of which are connected together

by a short line of enamel passing from the one to the other: all the

lines being slender and sharply defined.

For this species Mr. Bennett proposed the name of

Keropon Kineu. Ker. griseus, supra flavo nigroque punctulatim

interstictus ; maculd pone aures linedque ad mazxille inferioris

marginem albis.

Long. corporis cum capite 94 unc.; capitis, 2+; auricula sub-

nulla.

Hab. apud Portum Desire dictum, ad Patagoniz littus orientale.

The third animal exhibited was remarked on as constituting a new

species of Cavy, distinct from all those that were previously known,

19]

including the two which have recently been described by M. Brandt

in the ‘ Nouveaux Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale de St. Peters-

bourg.’ Mr. Bennett characterized it as the

Cavra Curtert, King MSS. Cav. brunnescenti-nigra ; subcristata ;

genis in medio nudiusculis.

Long. tot. 10 unc. ; capitis, 3.

The general form of the animal is probably similar to that of the

restless Cavy, Cavia Cobaya, Gmel., popularly known as the Guinea-

pig. It is covered universally by long, smooth, glossy, black hairs,

which are slightly tinged with brown. Its ears are rather large,

broadly expanded, and hairy ; and between them the hairs are longer

than those on the adjoining parts, occasioning a slight appearance of

a crest. On the middle of each cheek the hairs radiate as from a

centre, almost in a similar manner to that in which they spread from

around the crown of the bonneted Monkeys, and the skin is conse-

quently left in the middle point almost bare. The dentition is alto-

gether that of the restless Cavy, and the incisors, as in it, are white.

The skull is rather more expanded laterally, which gives to it an

appearance of comparative flatness.

_ This animal was known, on the survey, by the name of the Pe-

ruvian Cavy. The specimen in the Society’s collection was presented

to one of the officers of the Beagle by an American sailing-master,

of Stonington, U.S., a very intelligent person, to whom we were

much indebted. The trivial name which I have proposed for it is in

recollection of the benefit we derived from his experience and know-

ledge of the intricate navigation of the south-western coast of Pata-

gonia, which was freely imparted to us on several occasions.”—

PE. P.K

The collection also contained specimens of a Mouse, for which

Mr, Bennett proposed the name of

Mvs Macetzanicus. Mus caudd corpus caputque longitudine equan-

te; supra saturate subflavicanti-fuscus ; subtis albidus ; pedibus

albis.

Long. corporis cum capite 44; caude longitudo eadem ; pedis pos-

tici, 1.

Hab. apud Portum Famine dictum, in Fretu Magellanico.

The ears are of moderate size, rounded, and hairy.

Specimens were exhibited of several Marsupialia, on which Mr.

Ogilby made the following remarks.

“A small collection of Marsupial Quadrupeds, which Mr. Gould

lately received from his brother-in-law, Mr. Coxen, contains two or

three interesting species, which the usual kindness of Mr. Gould

enables me to notice. They were all procured, as I am informed, in

the country beyond the Hunter River, about eighty miles north of

Sydney in New South Wales. The most remarkable is an unde-

seribed species of Phalanger, which I propose to call

Phalangista Canina, It is similar in size and general proportions

192

to Phal. Vulpina, and the two allied species described in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings’ for 1830-31, (page 135,) but is easily distinguished from

them all by the small size and round form of the ears, as well as

by the distribution of the colours. All the upper parts of the body, the

head, cheeks, back, sides, and outer face of the arms and thighs are

of a uniform grizzled brown; the throat, breast, belly, and interior

of the members dirty ashy grey with a slight shade of yellow. The

ears are only an inch in length and about the same in breadth, being

thus little more than half as long as in Phal. Vulpina. ‘They are

naked within, but covered with deep coffee-coloured fur on the out-

side ; the nose, and the paws, both before and behind, are dark brown;

and the tail is bushy and entirely black to within about 2 inches of

its root, which is of the same colour as the back. All these circum-

stances distinguish the present species from Phal. Vulpina, with

which alone it can possibly be confounded, and in which the backs of

the ears, and the cheeks and paws are yellowish white, whilst the black

colour occupies only the latter half of the tail. Both these animals

have long black vibrisse, and a tuft of similar stiff hair on the cheek,

about an inch below and behind the eye. The whole length from

the nose to the root of the tail is 2 feet; the length of the tail 134

inches. .

Phal. Cookii. _I notice this species merely to observe that the

present specimen is the only certain evidence we possess of this

animal being an inhabitant of Continental Australia. Cook observed

it in Van Diemen’s Land, and I had never been able to ascertain the

precise locality from which the various other individuals I had for-

merly examined, were obtained.

Macropus Eugenii. This specimen agrees with M. Desmarest’s de-

scription, and is interesting as coming from a very distant part of

the country.

Perameles obesula. An adult specimen of the same size as the

full-grown Per. nasuta. I notice it to mention that the teeth

are, in all respects, similar to those of Per. nasuta, both in form and

number.

The collection contains besides, two very fine specimens of Pe-

taurus Taguanoides; one of Pet. Sciureus; one of Hydromys chryso-

gaster; and a young Koala.”’—W. O.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Shells of the genus Mitra,

Lam., and of one species of Conoelix, Swains., forming part of the

collection of Mr. Cuming; and the following account of them by Mr.

Broderip was read.

«The species of the genus Mitra, Lam., which I am about to de-

scribe had been sent by Mr. Cuming, in whose cabinet they are, to

Mr. Swainson, whose intimate acquaintance with this family renders

him so particularly competent to the task of describing them. They

were named by him, and he also made notes respecting them before

returning them. In the following account of them I have retained

Mr. Swainson’s name in every instance but one: and whenever he

has made any written observations I have quoted them.

193

Genus Mirra, (Lam. & Swains.).

Mirra nesutosa. Mitra testd turritd, striis impressis cinctd,

pallid? flavd maculis castaneo-fuscis pictd ; columelld obsolete sex-

plicatd: long. 14 poll., lat. 34 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

~ Mr. Cuming found this species on the reefs at low water.

Mr. Swainson, whose name is retained, has the following observa-

tion : ‘‘ representing nubila.” ‘Type 5,1.”

Mirra Swainsonu. Mitra testd turritd, valde productd, levigata,

pallid carned, apicem versus pallid brunned, striis transversis

cinctd ; columella quadriplicatd : long. 6, lat. 1. poll.

Hab. ad Colombiam Occidentalem. (Monte Christi.)

Dredged up from sandy mud by Mr. Cuming in seven fathoms

water.

This shell has been much exposed, and its colour is faded.

The following remark appears on the cover: “‘‘I'ype 1, 1.”

Mirra Ancitumpes. Mitra testd turritd, minutisime transversim

striatd, totd pallide jflavd; columella quinqueplicatd: long. 5,

lat. 2 poll. .

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

The following remark appears on the cover: ‘“‘ Type 5, (2 ?).”

Mirra maura. Mitra testd turritd, transversim minut? striatd,

anfractibus torosis,totd nigricante ; columella albd, quadriplicatd ;

aperturd hiante : long. 23, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Peruviam. (Iquiqui.)

Found in the fissures of rocks, buried in sand, at low water coal

On the cover is the following observation : ‘‘ representing Tiara

foraminata, Type 1, 4.”

The older shells are eroded, especially towards the apez, like some

of the freshwater turbinated shells.

Mirra Frutvescens. Mitra testd ovato-elongatd, fulvd, striis altis

cinctd ; columelld sexplicaid: long. 4, lat. +%5 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

On the wrapper is the following observation: ‘‘’ Type 5, 1.”

Mirra testacka. Mitra testd turritd, acuminatd, rubro-lutescente,

transversim striatd ; columelld quinqueplicaté : long. 14, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Mr. Swainson has the following observation on the wrapper:

“Type 5, 1. representing fulva.”

Mirra Fuuyva, var. Mitra testd turritd, fulvd, striis transversis

punctatis cinctd ; suturd crenulatd ; columella sexplicatd ; labro

crenulato.

194

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

The following observation appears on the wrapper: “Type 1, 2.

representing Tiara.”

(5.«4 Mrrra curysosroma. Mitra testd ovato-acuminatd, striis magnis

subcrenulatis cinctd, flavescente castaneo maculatd, maculis mag-

nis ; columella sexplicatd ; labro subrubro-aureo, externé subcre-

nulato : long. 12?, lat. + poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan. :

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the cover is written, ‘‘ Type 5, 1. representing ferruginea.”

Mirra tristis. Mitra testd turritd, suturis rotundatd, striis trans-

versis cinctd, longitudinaliter costatd, atro-fuscd, suturis pallid

Sasciatd ; columella quadriplicatd, plicis maximis ; aperturd (in

adultis) albido-purpurascente : long. 14, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam et ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Found in sandy mud at a depth of from six to ten fathoms.

On the cover, ‘“‘ Type 2, 4.”

Mirra EFFusa. Mitra testd fusiformi, transversim valde striatd,

striis intermediis minimis ; totd fuscd vel atro-castaned ; colu-

melld quadriplicatd, plicis duabus superioribus magnis ; labro cre-

nulato : long. 12, lat. +4; poll.

Hab. in America Centrali (Guacomayo) et ad Insulas Gallapagos

dictas.

Found in sandy mud at the depth of twelve fathoms.

On the cover, ‘Type 1, 5.”

Genus Tiara, Swains. (Mirra, Lam.)

Tiara ForaMINATA. Tiara testd turritd, longitudinaliter costatd,

striis distantibus impressis inter costas hinc et hinc quasi forami-

natis, costis magnis, sordidé fuscd, suturis rotundatd ; columella

quadriplicatd, plicis maximis ; aperturd sordidé albido-purpuras-

cente: long. 28, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Sanctam Elenam, ad Insulam Platam dictam, et ad

Panamam.

Dredged up from sandy mud and gravel at a depth ranging from

six to fourteen fathoms.

This appears to have been published in Mr. Wood's ‘ Supplement’

under the name of Voluta Lens.

On the cover, ‘representing Mitra maura, Type 2, 4.”

Tiara muricatTa. Tiara testa longitudinaliter costatd, transversim

striatd, costis submuricatis, totd brunned ; columelld triplicatd :

long. &, lat. 2 poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos dictas.

Dredged up from sandy mud at a depth of six fathoms.

195

Tiara mucronata. Tiara testd longitudinaliter costatd, trans-

versim striatd, striis sub-punctatis, anfractibus noduloso-muri-

catis precipue suturam versus, albidd fusco vel ferrugineo fasci-

atd, fascid basali latissimd ; columelld quadriplicatd: long. 1,

lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Taheiten.

Found in soft muddy sand at low water within the reef.

Tiara catenatTa. Tiara testd ovatd, longitudinaliter costatd, al-

bidd suturam versus punctis sanguineis fasciatim dispositis con-

cinnd, apice subviolaceo, anfractu basali bifasciato, fasciis fusco-

castaneis ; columella quadriplicatd: long. %, lat. +45 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, “Type 1, 3.”

Tiara mutticostata. Tiara testd longitudinaliter multicostatd,

transversim substriatd, brunned vel ferrugined albo fasciatd ; co-

lumelld quadriplicatd : long. %, lat. 4 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

In the ferruginous individuals the white band is nearly obso- —

lete, and would almost justify their separation as a variety: but

such individuals of that colour as have been submitted to me appear

to be young.

Tiara rosea. Tiara testa multicostatd, costis postice subtubercu-

losis, creberrimé transversim sulcatd, rosed albo fasciatd ; co-

lumellé quadriplicatd: long. 4, lat. = poll.

Hab. ad Insulas Lord Hood’s dictas.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 1, 2.”

Tiara MILLECostTaTa. Tiara testd subovatd, longitudinaliter cre-

berrime costatd, basi cancellatd, nigro-castaned, apice albido ; co-

lumelld triplicatd : long. 3, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

The close-set longitudinal ribs and cancellated base give this shell,

which may not have attained its full growth, the aspect of a Can-

cellaria.

Tiara tineata. Tiara testd fusiformi, albidd hine et hinc cas-

taneo strigatd, lineis elevatis castaneis cinctd ; columelld tripli-

catd ; epidermide valde tenui: long. 1, lat. % poll.

Hab. ad Salango Colombiz Occidentalis.

Found on sandy mud in ten fathoms water.

The elevated lines run from the apew to the base like the threads

of a screw.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 1.” '

Triana NivEA. Tiara testd fusiformi, albd, lineis creberrimis sub-

196

punctatis transversis insculptd ; columelld. quinqueplicatd : long.

22, lat. + poll.

- Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Minute longitudinal lines cross the transverse thick-set punctated

ones, and with the punctures produce a somewhat cancellated ap-

pearance, which may be also detected by the touch.

The base of the columella is strongly developed, milk white, and

shining, reminding the observer of the same part in Ancillaria.

' On the paper, “Type 5, 3.”

Tiara AvuRANTIA. Tiara testd turritd, costis longitudinalibus striis-

que elevatis transversis subnodulosd, aurantiacd albo fasciatd ;

columellé quadriplicatd : long. 14, lat. +8; poll.

Hab. cum precedente.

Trara Teresratis. Tara testd fusiformi-turritd, acuminatd,

carned aurantiaco nebulosd; anfractibus 11 seu 12, levibus, ni-

lidis, longitudinaliter crebre sulcatis, sulcis profundé impressis et

lineis impressis spiralibus decussatis ; aperturd brevi, angustd,

labio externo murgine crenulato ; columelld quadriplicata : long.

1°85, lat. 0°45 poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Annaan.

Found on the reefs.

Mr. Swainson has written on the paper containing it, ‘Type 4,

4. This is one of the most extraordinary shells in the collection, as

it so closely resembles the Mitra Terebralis that, but for its possess-

ing the generic characters of Tiara, it might pass for the same

species.”

It is one of the most slender of its genus, and has very much of

the general character and form of a Terebra; and its resemblance to

Terebra is increased by the circumstance of its having one spiral

groove, more deeply impressed than the others, placed at about one

third of the length of each volution before the suture. The points

of contact of the decussating with the longitudinal grooves are deeply

impressed.

There is & fine specimen in Mr. Broderip’s collection.

Mr. Sowerby has furnished me with the account of this species.

Trara crenata. Tiara testd fuscd, lineis subelevatis cinctd ; co-

lumelld triplicatd : long. 4%, lat. +2; poll.

. Hab, ad Xipixapi Colombiz Occidentalis.

. Found on sandy mud in six fathoms water.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 3. or 3, 3.”

Tiara ruBRA. Tiara testd minutd, longitudinaliter costatd, trans

versim minutissime striatd, rubra albo fasciatd; canali subreflexo

columella quadriplicatd : long. +4,, lat. § poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Lord Hood’s dictam.

Found on Meleagrina margaritifera.

- On the paper, “ Type 1, 2.”

197

Trara semipLicata. Tiara testd ovato-fusiformi, glabrd, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, basi transversim striatd, castaned, anfractibus

spire basi albo fasciatd, anfractu basali fascid submedid alba

cincto ; columelld quadriplicatd : long. 44, lat. +35 poll.

Hab..ad Insulam Rieteam.

Found on the reefs.

The basal whorl is only plaited on a comparatively small portion

of its circumference, but this is evidently the result of malformation

in the only specimen submitted to me.

Tiara atrenvata. Tiara‘testd fusiformi, attenuatd, fuscd, lineis

valde elevatis distantibus cinctd ; columelld triplicatd ; aperturd

albidd, glabra : long. 14, lat. % poll. Bw. 14664) 4

Hab. ad Insulam Cafiam Americe Centralis.

Found ona rocky bottom at the depth of twenty-eight fathoms.

Approaching Tiara lineata, but differing from it. The basal whorl

of Tiara attenuata is longer in proportion than that of Tiara lineata,

and the elevated line on the angular shoulder of each whorl in the

former is larger than the others.

On the paper, ‘‘ Type 5, 1.”

Genus ConoE.ix, Swains.

Conor1ix Vireo. Con. testd conicd, crussd, spird depressd, lineis

transversis subpunctatis insculptd, albidd, columelle basi nigro-

purpured ; epidermide subfuscd, tenuissimd : long. +8;, lat. 3% poll.

Hab. ad Insulam Rieteam.

Found on the reefs in shallow water.

On the paper, “representing Conus Virgo.” —W. J.B.

The following observations by Mr. Swainson elucidate his notes

in relation to'the Mitres, appended to most of the preceding cha-

racters :-—

‘To render my explanation of the notes and references attached to

_the different species of the Mitrane more intelligible to conchologists,

it will be necessary for me to state, in as few words as possible, the

result of my investigation of this subfamily, and the principles

which have regulated these numerical indications.

“* T have already, in another work, characterized the family Volu-

tide, which appears to be that primary division of the Carnivorous

Gasteropoda (Zoophaga, Lam.), which represents the Rasorial type

among Birds, the Ungulata among Quadrupeds, and the Thysanura

among perfect Insects (Ptilota): these analogies being of course

remote, although founded on the structure of the animal, no less

than on its testaceous covering. It thus follows that the Lamarck-

ian Mitre, instead of a genus, constitute a subfamily, which

appears to be the subtypical group of the circle. The five genera

composing this circle I have long ago characterized; and here, for

Some years, my analysis of the group terminated. The inspection,

however, of the numerous species brought home by Mr. Cuming,

and the gradually augmented number in my own cabinet, seemed to

198

invite a still further and more minute investigation, for the purpose

of ascertaining if any, and what, subgenera were contained in the

more crowded groups of Mitra and Tiara. This investigation was

carried on, at intervals, for nearly twelve months; and the result sur-

passed my most sanguine expectations. It has convinced me that not

only does each of the genera of the Mitrane represent analogically

the corresponding groups of the Volutine, but that the same rela-

tions can be demonstrated between the minor divisions of the genera

Tiara and those of Mitra: in other words, that these latter represent

all the subfamilies and genera of the other Volutide, while they pre-

serve their own peculiar or generic character. What I have just

said on the parallel relations of analogy between the Mitrane and

the Volutide, is strictly applicable, in fact, to the genera Mitra and

Tiara, the primary divisions of each of which can thus be demon-

strated subgenera. Nor is this all: the materials I have been fer so

many years collecting have enabled me to ascertain, in very many

instances, that the variation of the species, in each of these sub-

genera, is regulated on precisely the same principle. Hence it fol-

lows that the two circles of Mitra and Tiara, like the two divisions

of Mr. MacLeay’s Petalocera, contain species representing each

other, so that if their generic character is not attended to, it is

almost impossible to discriminate them even as species. Many in-

stances of this extraordinary analogy might be mentioned, indepen-

dent of that here alluded to, between Mitra Terebralis and Tiara

Terebralis.

“« Selecting this shell to illustrate the numbers ‘“ Type 4,4”, I

may observe, that ‘Type 4’ signifies that it belongs to the fourth

subgenus of Tiara, in which group it is the fourth subtype, uniting

to Mitra maura, which is the fourth subtype of the first or typical

subgenus. Mitra maura, again, as representing this latter shell,

consequently becomes the fourth subtype of the first or typical sub-

genus, and is therefore marked ‘‘ Type 1,4.” The first figure always

denotes the subgenus, and the last the station which the species ap-

pears to hold in its own subgenus.

«TI am unacquainted with any group in the animal kingdom

which demonstrates more fully than this does the law of represen-

tation. It may be mentioned, also, that nearly all the divisions I

had long ago: characterized, from the formation of the shells alone,

have more recently been confirmed by a knowledge of their respec-

tive animals: a knowledge for which we are entirely indebted to

the able naturalists who accompanied the French expedition on

board the Astrolabe.” —W. S.

Specimens were exhibited of several hitherto undescribed Cowries,

most of which have been brought to England within the last few

years. They were accompanied by the following characters and de-

scriptions by J. S. Gaskoin, Esq.

Genus Cyrrma.

_ Cyprama rormosa. Cypr. testd ovato-globulosd, tenui, sericeo-sub-

199

nitente, pallid rosed, subnebulosd, antice saturatiore, basi albidd ;

costis numerosis, confertis, continuis, ad basin non interruptis ;

margine subincrassatd ; aperturd latiusculd ; lined dorsali nulld.

Shell ovato-globose, posterior end rather obtuse and broad, of a

delicate rose (almost white) colour, somewhat clouded with very light

reddish brown, which is deeper over the anterior extremity. Base

white, somewhat even. Aperture rather wide : teeth of the lip about

twenty-one, almost every alternate rib (about fifteen in number)

terminating between the denticulations just before arriving at the

edge of the lip; teeth of the columella about twenty-five, and about

seven terminate exterior to the aperture: columellar front grooved

along its entire length, inner edge of the groove slightly serrated,

forming a circular projection towards the anterior extremity, where

it is deepest and widest. Ribs slightly prominent, numerous, close,

extremely even and regular, extending continuously from the lip to

the inner border of the columellar groove, very few terminating on

the sides of the shell; false ribs few, and extending but little towards

the back. Anterior beaks rather wide apart, slightly produced :

beaks of the lip longer than those of the columella. Spire only trace-

able in the adult, and in the younger state forming a fine small point

or apex. Margin only on the lip side, and slightly thickened. No

dorsal line.

Length -425 of an inch; breadth 350; height -325.

The younger specimens of this beautiful shell are of a fine clear,

semipellucid, rose (almost white) colour, with the light reddish brown

markings at the anterior and outer extremity of the shell, and at the

point of the posterior beak of the lip, more conspicuous than in the

adult, while the cloudings are less observable.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

From Cypr. Europea it is distinguished by the following charac-

ters: greater convexity of the curvature of the inner edge of the colu-

mellar groove ; ribs and teeth much more numerous and even, and

on the lip almost every alternate rib terminates before arriving at its

edge ; shape more gibbous and obtuse posteriorly ; mouth wider;

spire scarcely visible in the adult, and forming a beautifully minute

point in the younger individuals ; texture and colour of the shell in-

finitely more delicate.

Cab. Gaskoin.

CyPrma RUBINICOLOR. Cypr. testd ovato-subglobosd, utringue sub-

rostratd, rubelld, extremitatibus pulchre roseo-rubris ; labro in-

crassato, convexo ; costis acutis, continuis, indivisis 3 lined dorsali

nulla.

Shell ovato-globose, of a light red or pinkish colour; the four beaks,

particularly on the base, of a much deeper red. Base roundish.

Aperture and margins lighter coloured. Margins thickened, some-

what produced, in short, rather broad beaks. Aperture rather narrow,

and inner edge of the lip nearly circular. Colwmella somewhat ven-

tricose towards the middle, concave towards the anterior end: teeth

numerous and even; on the lip about twenty, proceeding across the

back, forming ribs, and continuing over the columella, pass through

200

the frontal groove, converging towards the middle, and terminating

at its inner border in a very slightly curved serrated edge ;. one or

two ribs terminate near the middle of the back. False ribs few, and

terminating in teeth only between the beaks. No dorsal line.

Length °475 of an inch; breadth *400; height °250.

Habitat.

Its distinctive characters from Cypr. sanguinea are: teeth much

more numerous and even; no ribs terminate on the lip, rarely more

than one or two on the side of the back, and they are of the colour of

the shell; colour much lighter, and the beaks on the base deepest-

coloured.

Cab. Gaskoin.

Cyprma propucta. Cypr. testd ovato-subglobosd, basi planulatd,

transversim costatd, albidd ; marginibus crassiusculis, ad extremi-

tates subdepressis ; aperturd angustiore, labri margine subrectd,

columelle flexuosa, acutanguld ; lined dorsali nulld.

Shell ovato-subglobose, of a uniform dull white colour. Aperture

rather narrow: teeth prominent and even, about twenty-six on the lip,

and twenty-three on the columella; between the beaks there are about

five or six rather strongly marked denticulations. The columellar edge

of the aperture forms a sharp line, within which is a broad and rather

deep groove, extending the length of the mouth, deeper at each end ;

the ribs, extending through it, form on its inner border a denticulated

line, and they are more acutely prominent within the aperture than

on the outside of the shell. Ribs prominent, smooth, (interstices

uneyen,) many terminating on the side of the shell at various di-

stances from the middle of the back, those continuing to the middle

about fifteen, a few only of which are continuous down the opposite

side, the rest terminating in the centre of the dorsum between each

other, but not in obtuse or thickened ends: false ribs about six pos-

teriorly and eight anteriorly, and, like those in the Cypr. sanguinea,

extending high up towards the back. Extremities much produced,

somewhat flattened. Margins thick. No impressed dorsal line. An-

terior beaks wider apart than the width of the aperture, and within

each of these beaks is a slight impression or groove.

Length 500 of an inch; breadth °375; height -300.

Habitat.

It is thus distinguishable from Cypr. scabriuscula: it has no dorsal

line ; ribs much larger and prominent ; has wide margins ; a broad and

flattened base; a slight groove within the anterior beaks; extremi-

ties much produced and flattened, &c.

Cab. Gaskoin.

I am indebted for the very appropriate appellation of this species

to my friend Mr. Gray.

Cyprma canpiputa. Cypr. testd ovato-globulosd, latere columel-

luri subventricoso, nived ; extremitatibus columellaribus subcom-

_ pressis ; margine subincrassatd ; aperturd subangustatd, postice

recurvd ; labri dentibus numerosis confertis ; costis ex aperturd

divergentibus ; lined dorsali nulla.

201

Shell ovato-globose, the columellar side rather ventricose, entirely

of a snow-white colour. Base somewhat flat. Aperture rather narrow,

curved posteriorly. Columellar groove extending from one end of

the shell to the other, rather broad, most so at the anterior extremity,

not deep. Teeth even, somewhat numerous, small on the edge of

the lip, on which there are about twenty-two; on the columella about

thirteen, which converge towards the centre. Ribs rather prominent ;

some few terminate on either side of the shell, the rest pass continu-

ously across it from the edge of the lip, and terminate in minute den-

ticulations at the inner border of the frontal groove: false ribs a

few. Anterior and posterior beaks of the columella divergent, and

slightly projecting : extremities produced, and obtuse: marked den-

ticulations between the anterior beaks. Spire scarcely visible, or

forming a small blunt protuberance. No impressed dorsal line.

Margin on the lip only and rather thick.

Length °312 of an inch; breadth -250; height °212.

Habitgt. Mexico.

Distinguishable from Cypr. scabriuscula by the shell being much

wider and shorter ; aperture more curved ; teeth and ribs much fewer ;

the extremities more obtusely produced, thicker and wider; colu-

mellar beaks more divergent and prominent ; body of the shell more

ventricose ; anterior part of the columellar groove not so broad; no

impression of a dorsal line.

Cab. Gaskoin.

The propriety of regarding this as a distinct species is confirmed

from the coincidence of three persons having done so, without any

communication or knowledge of each other, in three distant capitals,

viz., Dr. Beck of Copenhagen, by the name of Cypr. approximans ;

M. Duclos at Paris, by that of Cypr. olorina; and myself in London,

under the appellation of Cypr. candidula: and as I believe I am the

first to describe it, it is perhaps right that I should retain, and apply

to it, my own designation.

Cypr#a acuTipenTaTa. Cypr. testd candidd, ovato-globulosd,

utrinque subproductd ; labro incrassato ; costis acutis prominenti-

bus, dorsum versus partim interruptis, opacis, interstitiis inequa-

libus nitidulis ; columelld convexiusculd, absque plicd.

Shell ovato-globular, white ; extremities slightly produced. Aper-

ture narrow, somewhat ventricose at the middle of the columella,

and a little concave at the anterior end. Teeth numerous, about

seventeen, thin, sharp, and prominent, continued to form the ribs,

several of which terminate (especially at the outer part of the shell)

before arriving at the summit of the back, and the teeth are conse-

quently more numerous on the lip than on the columella; a deep

depression at each end of the columellar side of the aperture caused

by the abrupt termination of the columella, it not extending to the

extreme ends of the aperture. Ribs rather thick, not crowded,

prominent, the interstices between them somewhat shining ; observed

by a magnifier the ribs appear uneven ; false ribs at both extremities,

a few only forming teeth. No complete dorsal line, but a faint de-

202

pression. No depression or groove in front of the columella. Colu-

mellar side more gibbous than the outer, and the ribs continue en-

tirely round it, converging towards the centre.

Length °300 of an inch; breadth -200; height -175.

Habitat. Isle of Muerte, Bay of Guayaquil.

Nearest in shape to Cypr. exigua, and in the manner of the ribs

terminating on the back; but it is of a dull white colour, destitute of

markings, and has no groove or depression in front of the columella,

which distinguishes it from all other species of this form of Cypree.

Cab. Cuming.

I had the misfortune to break the only specimen that I have seen

of this shell shortly after I had described it, but having submitted —

the description to the critical examination, with the shell, of Dr.

Beck and Mr. Sowerby at the same time, I conclude this description

may be received, although I have no specimen to show to the So-

ciety.

Cyprza Pepicutus, var. labiosa. Cypr. testd ovali, latd, extremi-

tatibus rotundatis ; costis prominentioribus, nullis supra labium

externum terminantibus ; marginibus latioribus, crassioribus ; lined

dorsali profundiore, fuscd ; bast marginibusque cinerascenti-gri-

seis ; dentibus albis.

Shell oval, of a reddish brown on the back, running into a blueish

brown on the sides; six rather large dark brown spots on the back,

three on each side the dorsal line, placed opposite to each other at

the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the back; base of a grey-

ish brown colour, rounded and broad. Aperture rather wide, white

within: teeth about twenty on the lip, white, prominent, even and

distant, and all continuing evenly over the lip forming the ribs,

several of which terminate on the side of the shell, the others (about

twelve) at the dorsal line, in elevated and broad or thickened ends;

on the columella there are about fifteen teeth, a few of which, con-

tinuing to form the ribs, terminate on the side of the shell, the rest

at the dorsal depression, in a similar form to those on the opposite

side; there are about two floating ribs, false ribs at each end. Colu-

mellar groove very shallow posteriorly, rather deeper and wider an-

teriorly ; the teeth passing, slightly prominent, across it form a ser-

rated edge at its inner border. Margins much thickened and pro-

duced, terminating in a coronated ridge all round the shell, scarcely

more prominent at the extremities than on the outer or lip side.

Extremities round. Dorsal line rather broad, deep, shining, and of

a darker brown colour than the back.

Length °525 of an inch; breadth °410; height ‘320.

Habitat.

Differs from Cypr. Pediculus in being broader and shorter, and

rounder at the extremities; in the colour and shape of the base;

in having much more prominent ribs, and none terminating on the

lip; margins infinitely thicker and broader ; teeth white ; dorsal line

more impressed, &c.

Cab. Gaskoin.

203

This shell having some characters in common with Cypr. Pe-

diculus, and as I have seen only this one specimen, I have felt it

difficult to separate it entirely from that species; and on the other

hand it has characters so different, that I scarcely know how to

make it a member of that tribe: I have, however, placed it as Varietas

labiosa ; and should other specimens be found, I think it may be pro-

perly severed from its present associates, and retain that distinctive

appellation.

Cypr#a vesicuLaris. Cypr. testd inflatd, subglobulosd, subtrigond,

rubelld ; costis transversis, approximatis, levibus, concoloribus

supra columellam continuis ; aperturd ampld ; labro intis albido,

dentato.

Shell ovato-subglobose, inflated; semipellucid, of a faint rose,

or flesh colour. Aperture very broad, a little longer than the spire.

Posterior part of the columella rather ventricose : the anterior forming

a broadish groove, the inner border of which is most prominent at

its middle, and the ribs passing through it terminate, at its posterior

part, in a serrated edge, the anterior part being even and forming a

smooth notch. Lip of a lighter colour than the rest of the shell,

straight at its base, longer than the body of the shell, forming a very

slight notch as it joins the columellar side at the posterior extremity,

and anteriorly a broader and deeper one between the beaks. Beaks

very slightly produced, and the anterior ones a little divergent.

Teeth numerousand even, about twenty on the lip, and about twenty-

three on the columella. Ribs even, close, numerous, not prominent,

extending transversely across the shell in parallel lines, and passing

entirely round the columella to its inner margin; about eight of the

ribs terminate on the lip, and consequently form no denticulations,

and almost alternately between the teeth from the anterior extremity,

some few terminate on the outer part of the columella. Ribs very

faintly marked on the back. No dorsal line. Margin a little thick-

ened. Spire visible, depressed.

Length of the columella *475 of an inch; of the lip ‘525; breadth

*450; height °350.

Habitat. Cape of Good Hope.

From Cypr. aperta it differs by the anterior columellar beak being

divergent; posterior end of the shell blunter and broader; ribs

infinitely more numerous and even, and extending entirely over the

columella to its inner edge within the aperture.

Cab. Gaskoin.

Cypraa Becxi. Cypr. testd ovato-oblongd, utrinque productd,

subrostratd, subumbilicatd, superne pallid? fulvd, punctis subo-

cellaribus helvolis sparsis; margine supra subcrenatd, basique

albis ; labri dentibus crassiusculis, posteriis lineold helvold notatis,

columelle gracilioribus, in culmen rectilineum terminantibus, medio

obsoletioribus ; sulco columellari profundo, recto, levi, anterits

et inferne denticulato.

Shell oveto-oblong, of a light fawn colour, dotted distantly with

minute slightly ocellated reddish brown puncta, which are larger

204

near the margins, especially the columellar, mixed with a few ex-

ceedingly faint minute spots lighter coloured than the ground. ' Base

nearly white, rather flat. Aperture narrow: columella somewhat

gibbous at the middle part: teeth, like the base, nearly white,

even, not minute, extending half across the lip, on which there are

about nineteen, coloured at their edges of a reddish brown colour,

forming short lines; teeth of the columella about eighteen, forming

an angular, slightly elevated, serrated, longitudinal ridge, more

prominent at the anterior extremity; at the two extremities the

teeth extend a little outwards, and are there marked, as on the lip,

by reddish brown little lines. At the anterior portion of the front

of the columella is a deep elongated groove, terminating outwardly

in a deep notch, between the end of the ridge and the beak, with

three or four denticulations at its inner border, not extending through

it from the ridge. Extremities produced; the beaks divergent; the

outer anterior and posterior beaks larger and a little longer than

the inner. Internal colour the same as that of the base. Spire a

little prominent, with a depression around it superiorly and late-

rally. Dorsal line almost obsolete.

The young has no markings on the teeth.

Length *450 of an inch; breadth °250; eooe 175.

Habitat.

Distinguished from Cypr. Cumingii by the ee lines or markings

on the lips; teeth infinitely less numerous, and larger; dark brown

ocellated dots on the back; a;erture straighter and wider ; shell

more elongated and less gibbous ; groove nearly around the spire;

posterior channel more produced; beaks more equal; lip round;

outer edge of the margin crenulated, &c.

Cab. Cuming.

Doctor H. Beck, the learned naturalist of Copenhagen, being at

this time in our capital, I have taken advantage of the circumstance

to date its period, by placing his name, now, to this new species of

Cyprea.—J. 8. G.

There was read an “Extrait du Quatriéme Rapport Annuel sur

les Travaux de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Ile Maurice : par

M. Julien Desjardins.”

The communications relative to the Mammalia read before the Na-

tural History Society of the Mauritius in the fourth year of its ex-

istence have comprised an account by the secretary, M. Julien

Desjardins, of a Whale which he regards as the Physeter macroce-

phalus, Linn., that was cast ashore on an adjoining reef: and some

observations by the same author on several of the Mammalia of the

island, and particularly on the hybernation of the Tenrec, Centenes

spinosus, Ill.; the lethargy of which animal takes place when the

thermometer is not lower than 20° Cent., and even when it marks 26°.

In ornithology M. Desjardins has also been the only contributor.

He has described, as new, two Birds belonging to the island, and has

proposed for them the names of Charadrius Nesoyallicus and Seolo-

pax elegans.

205

M. Liénard, the elder, has, in the course of the year, described

many Fishes, including a new species of Plectropoma, allied to the

Plectr. melanoleuca, Cuv. & Val., which is of a uniform brown co-

lour, with all its fins of a still deeper brown, except the pectoral

which are orange; on this latter character his specific name is

founded : a Holacanthus, La Cép., from Batavia, remarkable on ac-

count of the numerous sinuous silvery lines which occupy principally

the middle of the body; and having also on its face two yellow and

two black bands, one of which is ocular: a Cheilinus, Cuv.: an

Echeneis, Linn., furnished, on its suctorial disc, with twenty-five

pairs of plates: and a Murena, Thunb., the body of which is of an

ebony black, and the dorsal fin yellow; the trivial name being in-

dicative of the latter peculiarity. He has also given some account of

a collection of Fishes obtained from the western coast of Madagas-

car, and comprising thirteen species, several of which he regards as

_new. M. Desjardins has described as the blue-faced Tetrodon, a species

remarkable for two large blue spots on each side of its face, and

having the fin rays as follows; D. 15. A.12. P. 14. C. 14.; it in-

habits the seas adjacent to the Isle of France.

In entomology the only communication made to the Mauritius

Society was by M. Goudot, and related to the Insect, described by

Mr. Bennett at the Meeting of the Zoological Society on January 22,

1833, (Proceedings, Part i., p. 12,) under the name of Aphrophora

Goudoti: The communication made to the Zoological Society, of

which a full abstract is given at the page quoted, was apparently

identical with that read before the Mauritius Society.

The remaining zoological communication related to the Intestinal

Worms, and was made by the Secretary. It gave some account of

the Distoma hepaticum, Cuv., as found in the stomach of a cow; and

of the Cysticercus Cellulose, Brems., existing in innumerable quan-

tities over almost the whole of the head, trunk, and extremities of

a sow.

An “ Extrait du Cinquiéme Rapport Annuel” of the same Society,

by M. Julien Desjardins, Corr. Memb. Z.S., was also read.

In the year of which the present Report gives an account, M.

Desjardins has communicated to the Natural History Society of the

Mauritius, a list of several species of Birds that are occasional visi-

tors of that island; and has also referred particularly to the Coturniz

Sinensis, Cuv., and the Nectarinia Borbonica, Ill., as stationary in

the Mauritius. ‘

M. E. Liénard has brought from the Seychelles a species of Gecko

of considerable size; which he has described in:a communication

made to the Society: and M. E. Liénard has placed on record the

existence in the adjacent seas of the Sphargis coriaceus, Merr.

M. Liénard, the elder, has again made numerous contributions to

ichthyology. He has given a detailed description of the Squalus

Vulpes, Linn.: has described as new a Trichiurus, Linn., which he

had formerly regarded as the Trich. lepturus, Ej., but which has the

eye much larger, more numerous s¢rie on the suboperculum, and afew

206

more rays in the dorsal fin: and has also described two species of

of Crenilabrus, Cuv., which he regards as new; one of them has

three longitudinal rose-coloured bands on the white ground of the

body, others on the dorsal fin, a large blood-red spot on the ventral

fins, and D. 12410. A. 3411; the other is banded like the pre-

ceding, but is deeply rose-coloured on the back and pale yellow be-

low, has a black circle surrounding the base of the pectoral fin, a

large red spot above the anus, the dorsal and caudal fins red, the anal

and ventrals yellow, the pectorals rose-coloured, and D. 1249.

A.3+11. He has also given a description of a Murena, Thunb.,

of a very pale olive yellow towards the front and brown towards the

tail, and marked on the back by white ocellated spots bordered with

brown.

In the same department M. E. Liénard has contributed descrip-

tions, from recent specimens, of several Serrani described by Cuvier

and M.Valenciennes in their ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons’; and

has also given a description of a Blennius, Linn., destitute of appen-

dages on the head. ‘These fishes were observed in a voyage to the

Seychelle Islands, whence M. E. Liénard brought back with him to

the Mauritius a Chetodon of very varied colours, which M. A. Liénard

subsequently described under the name of Chetodon diversicolor.

M. Desjardins has stated, in a note, that the Mango fish, Polynemus

longifilis, Cuv. & Val., is not found, as had been announced, in the

Isle of France. And he adds that he has prepared an alphabetical

index to the nine volumes of the ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons’

that had then reached the Mauritius. M.Magon has presented to

the Museum of the Society a fragment of a ship’s coppered keel

pierced by the point of the upper jaw of a Histiophorus, Cuv., which

still remains infixed in it.

M. Desjardins has contributed the only notices relative to the Mol-

lusca, which have consisted of short descriptions of three species be-

longing to the island: an Octopus, Oct. arenarius, Desj., found in

the shell of a Dolium; a Pupa, of a red and yellow colour; and a

small species of Helicina. He has also ascertained the existence at

the Mauritius of the Tornatella flammea, Auct.

To the same active member the Mauritius Natural History Society

is indebted for the only entomological communication made to it in

the fifth year of its existence: it is a detailed description of a large

species of Julus brought from the Seychelles, and characterized as

the ulus Seychellarum, Des}.

Specimens were exhibited of various Fishes, forming part of a col-

lection from Mauritius, presented to the Society by M. Julien Des-

jardins, and forwarded by him at the same time with the ‘‘ Rapports

de la Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Ie Maurice.” These were

severally brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Bennett,

who called particular attention to the following, which he regarded

as hitherto undescribed.

AproGon TE£NIOPTERUS. Ap. altiusculus ; fronte latiore: pinnd

dorsali priore macula elongatd obliqud inter singulos radios,

207

secundd analique vittd prope basin, ventralibus maculis elongatis

inter radios exteriores, caudalisque marginibus, nigris.

D. 7,1+9, A. 2+8.

Acantuurus Dessarpinit. Ac. pinnis altissimis: capite pecto-

reque ceruleo? punctatissimis ; corpore reliquo lineis plurimis (ce-

ruleis ? flavis ?) inter se sepissimé fascias nigras includentibus,

in pinnas verticales excurrentibus, ibique ad formam pinne ro-

tundatis ; pinnis anali dorsalique antice ad basin guttulatis ; cau-

dali pallideé per series irregulares punctatd.

D. 3429. A. 3428.

Dentes maxillz superioris serrati, elongato-trigoni, ad apicem sub-

rotundati; inferioris crenati, serra intermedia elongata.

The peculiarities of the colouring of this Fish, Mr. Bennett stated,

induced him to regard it as distinct from those figured under the

name of Ac. velifer by Bloch and by Dr. Riippell; which also he

considered, on a comparison of the figures published by those au-

thors, to be specifically different from each other, and distinguishable

by the subjoined characters.

Acantuurus Ruprecit. dc. pinnis altissimis : capite pectoreque

albido punctulatissimis ; corpore reliquo inferne flavo guttato, su-

perne flavo transversim lineato lineis inter se s@pissime fascias

abbreviatas nigras includentibus ; pinnis dorsali analique lineis in-

curvis plurimis illdque antice guttis sparsis flavis notatis ; caudali

punctulis albidis per series verticalibus dispositis.

“DD. 3429. A. 2423.”

Acanthurus velifer, Riipp., Zool. Atlas zu Nord-Afrik. Reise,

tab. xv. f. 2.

Hab. “in Mari Rubro.”

Acantuurvs Biocui. Ac. pinnis altissimis : capite flavo punctato ;

corpore toto lineis albescentibus fascias saturatiores inter se s@-

pissime includentibus transversim notato, lineis in pinnas verticales

excurrentibus ibique per series incurvas guttarum cerulearum dis-

positis ; pinnd caudali fasciatd seriatimque punctulatd,

«“D. 3428. A. 2421.”

Acanthurus velifer, Bloch, Ichth., tab. 427. f. 1.

Dentes maxillz superioris serrati, acuté elongato-trigoni.

Hab. “ apud Tranquebariam.”

Lasrus sprtonotus. Labr. pinnd caudali sublunatd: maculd in

initio pinne dorsalis alterdque ad ejus finem maxima, laterali,

caudam superne circumdante ; pinnis dorsali analique ad basin

squamis corport conformibus vittatim vestitis.

D. 12+10. A. 3412.

Labro rubro-lineato, Comm., ut videtur, maximé affinis, et forsan

idem. Dentes antici validi in utraque maxilla quatuor: superioris

subzequales, distantes ; inferioris duo intermedii minores subapproxi-

mati, inter intermedios maxille superioris (ore clauso) recepti, late-

ralis utrinque major ante lateralem maxille superioris (ore clauso)

recepto.

208

ANAMPSES LINEOLATUS. An. capite corporeque crassis, illo antic?

subrotundato, hoc ceruleo? lineolato ; fascid linedque inter oculos

notatus ; pinnis dorsali analique ceruleo ? marginatis, hde insuper

in medio vittatd.

D.9+12. A. 3412.

Ab An. ceruleo-punctato, Rupp., differt corpore et presertim

capite crassioribus, hoc anticé os versus minus producto; necnon

picturé, presertim vittd pimne analis. In An. ceruleo-punctato

squame singule punctum, in Ax. lineolato lineolam corpori trans-

versam gerunt. In hoc caput, nisi ad frontem labiaque, vix notatum ;

pinnaque caudalis, ut videtur, equé haud notata.

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Species newly characterized are printed

in Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting

which novel information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting

which Anatomical Observations are made, in Cari7A.s.

Acanthonysz Petiverit, Edw. ...

Acanthurus Blochii, Benz.......

Desjardinii, Benn... 207

Kingii, Benn. ...... 119

Ruppellii, Benn. ... 207

Actinia sanguineo-punctata,

Temp. vecsseee 111

A€gitalus flammiceps, Burt. ... 153

Agriopus unicolor, Burt. ...... 116

Alca impennis, Linn. ............ 79

Alcedo Ispida, Limn. ............ 90

rudis, Linn. ............ 62

Alepisaurus ferox, Lowe......... 93

Alosa immaculata, Benn. ...... 92

Ammoceetes branchialis, Flem...% 82

Anampses lineolatus, Benn. .. 208

Anarrhichas Lupus, Linn. ...... 80

Ancistrosoma, n. g., Curt. ...... 18

Klugii, Curt. ... 18

Anisomelus, n. g., Zemp. ...... 111

luteus, Temp....... 111

Anodontyra, n. g., Westw....... 71

tricolor, Westw.... 71

Anthopora, .n. g., Gray.......... 85

cucullata, Gray.... 86

elegans, Gray....... 86

ANTHROPOIDES PARADISEUS,

Bechst....... . 132

Anthus pratensis, Bechst. ...... 90

Antilope Hodgsonii, Abel. ...... 3

Apogon tzniopterus, Benn.

AptEeNopyTEs PaTacnonica,

«-» 206

Forst. ......... 132

Apteryx Australis, Shaw. ...... 61

Arbacia, n, g., Gray. ...ceec.0se 58

Page

Ardea Caboga, Penn............. 62

Argonauta Argo, Linn. ......... 125

Arvicola Indica, Gray. ......... 108

Aspidophorus Europeus, Cuv.. 80

Athalia Centifolia, Leach....... 183

Atherina Presbyter, Cuv. ...... 80

Aulacorhynchus Derbianus,

Gould....... 49

hematopygus,

Gould........ 49

prasinus,

Gould. ...... 49

sulcatus,

Gould. ....., 49

Balena Physalus, Linn..,........ 119

Blennius Pholis, Linn. ......... 80

Bombinator Australis, Gray.... 57

Brachypus gularis, Gould.......

Buccinum catenatum, Pow. ... 94

Cumingii, Pow....... 94

‘modestum, Pow. ... 94

succinctum, Pow.... 95

Bufo vulgaris, Linn. ... ........ 54

Callionymus Dracunculus, Linn. 81

Campylonyx, n. g., Westw....... 52

Ampuliciformis,

Westw....... 52

Cancer dentatus, Bell............ 87

Edwardsii, Bell.......... 87

irroratus, Sd7........000+ 87

longipes, Bell............ 87

Pagurus, Auct. ......... 88

Canis familiaris, Linn. ......... 188

Caryophyllia Smithii, Brod. ...4,113

Cavia Cutleri, King. ......... .. 191

INDEX.

210

‘ Page. Page.

Cecidoses, n. g., Curtercccccrsers 19 | Cytherea concinna, Sow. ...... 23

Eremita, Curt. ...... 19 Dione, varr., Brod.... 45

Centenes spinosus, Ill............ 204 inconspicua, Sow...... 47

Cephaloptera sp., Dum.......... 78 lubrica, Brod. ......... 44

CERCOLEPTES CAUDIVOLVULUS, modesta, Sow......0... 47

Bre ore cone 119 pallescens, Sow. ...... 47

Chzetodon diversicolor, Z. Lién. 206 pannosa, Sow. ......4.. 47

Chalcitella, n. g., Westw. ...... 70 pectinata, var., Sow... 47

Evanioides, Westw. 70

Charadrius Nesogallicus, Des}... 204

Cinclosoma erythrocephalum,

Nit pone dcee 48

ocellatum, Vig...... 48

variegatum, Vig..., 48

Cinnyris Mahrattensis, Cuv.... 62

Citillus xanthoprymna, Benn... 90

Coccyzus Americanus, Bon. ... 84

Colobus ferruginosus, Geoff. .... 99

fuliginosus, Og.......... 97,99

Guereza, Riipp.......... 99

polycomos, Schreb. ... 98

Temminckii, Kuhl. ... 99

ursinus, Og. ......+0. wsey9s

Colymbus Arcticus, Linn. ...... 90

Conoelix Virgo, Stvains........+ 197

Coracias Indica, Linn. ......... 62

Coregonus Pollan, Thomps. ... 77

Cottus Bubalis, Wuphr. ......... 80

Scorpius, Linn. ......... 80

Coturniz Sinensis, Cuv. .......6 205

Crenilabrus Cornubiensis, Yarr. 81

frenatus, Benn. ... 91

ASIN PACT. a dnawsls eg 206

Crocodilusleptorhynchus, Benn. 128

CrocopILUS LEPTORHYNCHUS,

Bennsaieae ns ce ce 128

Ctenomys Magellanicus, Benn. 190

Curruca Atricapilla, Bechst.... | 90

cinerea, Bechst. ...... 90

Cursorius Asiaticus, Lath. ...... 62

Cygnus atratus, Mey..........+6. 107

Cypreea acutidentata, Gask. ... 201

Beckii, Gash............ 203

candidula, Gash. ...... 200

formosa, Gash. ......... 198

Pediculus, var. labiosa,

Gashis ss. Nees 202

producta, Gash......... 200

rubinicolor, Gask....... 199

subviridis, Reeve. ...... 68

vesicularis, Gash. ...... 2038

Cyprinus auratus, Linn.......... 54

Cysticercus Cellulose, Brems... 205

Cytherea affinis, Brod. ..... s.autAo

alternata, Brod....... 45

argentina, Sow. ....... 46

planulata, var., Sow... , 46

radiata, Sow. ...c..s0. 23

squalida, Sow.......... 23

tortuosa, Brod......... 45

unicolor, Sow. ....0000+ 23

vulnerata, Brod....... 46

Dasyurus macrourus, Geoff... 7

Dentex rivulatus, Benn.......... 91

Diamma, n. g., Westw......... 53

bicolor, Westw. ..... 53

Dirhinus Mauritianus, Westw... 69

Distoma cLavatum, Rud. ...... 72

Distoma hepaticum, Cuv......++. 205

Dorylus Orientalis, Westw........ 72

Echeneis, n. s., L2én. .......0000- 205

Echinometra, n. g., Gray. ...... 59

E.chinus.s..cvevecs sean “Renee 58

atratus, Lam. .....++. - 59

esculentus, Linn....... 59

excavatus, Lam....... 59

petaliferus, Desm. ... 58

pustulosus, Lam....... 58

ventricosus, Lam...... 59

EMYS.8). vcnoveredacessesss usecase.

Epialtus dentatus, Edw.....+.++

marginatus, Bell....+.

Errina, n. g., Grayeccccreseseeees 85

Eufylaimus Dathousii, Wils....

Eurypodius Latreillii, Guér.... 169

Falco Lanarius, Linn... s+.

rufipes, Bechst..crcerseve 78

Tinnunculus, Linn......06. 62

Foenus Australis, Westw...ec00. 51

Gallinago media, Ray .....00.4000. 62

Gallus domesticus, Linn.......0. 54

giganteus, Temm....

Gobius niger? Linn...ccsccsecsece 80

sordidus, Benn. ...e0000. 91

Gypogeranus Capensis, Og...... 104

Gambiensis, Og... 105

Philippensis, Og.. 105

Herbstia, Edwardsii, Bell. ...... 170

Herpestes fasciatus, Desm......

Gambianus, Og.....+.

Mongos, Linn........ 101

vitticollis, Benn... 67,103

Himantopus melanopterus,

Horsf. eseere 62

INDEX. 211

: Page. Page

Hipponyx barbata, Siow..:....... 5 | Macroteleia, n.g., Westw. ...... 70

Mitrula, Sow......... 5 Cleonymoides, u

radiata, Gray......... 5 Westw.....s000 71

subrufa, S'020....000... 5 | Megaderma Frons, Geott........ 10)

Histiophorus immaculatus, Meles Taxus, Storv......0c0se000e 89

: Riipp. ..e0000. 187 | Meria dichroa, Perty........ dodtvod

Holacanthus, n. s., Lién......... 205 dimidiata, Spin. sees 54

Hyalonema, n. g., Gray......... 65 Klugii, Westw.....0000 53

Sieboldi, Gray..... 65 Latreillii, Fabr. ......... 54

Hyas Edwardsii, Bell............ 171 Millefolti, St. Farg....... 58

Hyrax Capensis, Pall...........+. 13 rufiventris, Klug. «0. 54

Hyrax Capensis, Pall. ......... 14 Spinole, Westw. ...0.... 53

Tacchus penicillatus, Geoff....21,125 | Merula castanea, Gould......... 185

Lanthina exigua, Sow........ . Fi 4 Nestor, Gould .......... 186

Tanthocincla, n. g., Gould....... 47 | Metapelma, n. g., Westw. ...... 69

albogularis, spectabilis, Westw. 69

Gould. ......005 187 | Microcesus murinus, Geoff.... 125

chrysoptera, Microrhynchus, n. g., Bell...... 88

Gould. .......0. 48 depressus, Bell. 88

erythrocephala, gibbosus, Bell. 88

Gould. ...0..... 48

ocellata, Gould... 48

pectoralis, Gould. 186

rufogularis,Gould 48

squamata, Gould. 48

variegata, Gould. 48

Lulus Seychellarum, Desj. ...... 206

Kerodon Kingii, Benn........... 190

Labrus maculatus, Bloch. ...... 81

spilonotus, Benn. ...... 207

variegatus, Gmel. ...... 81

Lagotis Cuvieri, Benn...... ont GY

pallipes, Benn............ 67

Larus Argentatoides, Swains.

& Rich.........

argentatus, Linn. ...... 83

canusiLinns Je. £00568. 90

Juscus, Linn. ............ 90

ridibundus, Linn. ...... 90

Sabini, Sab. ............ 83

Lepadogaster bimaculatus,

lenis Vases: 82

Cornubiensis,

Flem.c2e. sts 81

Leptocephalus Morrisii, Penn.. 82

Leptopodia Sagittaria, Leach... 169

Lestris pomarhinus, Temm...... 79

Libinia rostrata, Bell............. 169

Limosa Glottoides, Sykes. ...... 62

Lineuatuta Tzaniores, Cuv... 27

Lucina rugifera, Reeve. ......... 68

Macropus Eugenii, Desm. ...... 192

fuliginosus, Geoff..... 187

major, Shaw. ...... eee 187

Parryi, Benn......... 1

penicillatus, Gray.....

1 \ Mungos? vitticollis, Og........ "

Millepora alcicornis, Forsk. ... 86

digitata, Pall. ........ 86

Milvus Govinda, Sykes ......... 62

Mithrax denticulatus, Bell....... 172

nodosus, Bell .......... 171

pygmeus, Bell......... 172

rostratus, Bell ......... 171

Ursus, Bell's. cascteene 171

Mitra Ancillides, Swains. ...... 198

chrysostoma, Swains...... 194

effusa, Swains. ........00 193

fulvajiSwaims7 Ge. cies tes nce 193

fulvescens, Swains. ...... 193

maura, [email protected] 193

nebulosa, Swains.......... 193

Swainsonii, Brod.......... 193

Lerebralis iar snt 8 ike 196

testacea, Swains. ........ 193

tristis, Swains. ..... hes . 194

Monoceros acuminatum, Sow... 50

: citrinum, Sow. ...... 51

costatum, Sow. ....... 50

crassilabrum, var.,

NOWrerstvaadace. 49

cymatum, Sow...... saw)

globulus, Sow. ..... 5 aw

imbricatum, —_-var.,

POW er cacaedles's ss 49

lugubre, SoW.......+. 49

punctulatum, Gray. 49

unicarinatum, Sow... 49

Motacilla melanocephala

Mouretia Peruviana, Sow....... 6

reticulata, Sow. ...... 6

stellata, Sow. ......... 6

212 INDEX

Page. Page.

Murena, nu. s., Lién.........-205,206 | Pericera ovata, Bell ............ 178

Muslatipes, Benn. ........se0000 89 villosa, Bell ........0006 173

Magellanicus, Benn. ...... 191 | Phalangista Canina, Oy........- ry

oleraceus, Benn. .....ees0+6. 108

platythrix, Benn...........6 108

Mustela Zorilla, Desm. ......... 89

Myororamus Coyrus, Comm.

178,182

Nassa complanata, Pow. ...... 96

concinna, Pow. .......0.606 95

dentifera, Pow. ...... Bee ae

Pxiliss) Powe, aie ces 95

festiva, Pow. ......ccscsceee 95

nodifera, Pow,...........00+ 95

pallida, Pow. ............06 96

scabriuscula, Pow.......... 96

Nectarinia Borbonica, Ill. ...... 205

Nidalia, n. g., Gray ....sseceeee 60

Occidentalis, Gray ... 60

Noctua Brodiei, Burt...........6 152

NY CLEA, SAN ...sseseeeeeeee 78

Numida Rendallii,Og............ 103

Nycticorax Europeus, Steph... 62

Octodon Cumingit, Benn. ...... 189

Octopus arenarius, Desj......... 206

Oidemia fusca, Flem............. 79

Oriolus melanocephalus, Linn... 62

Otis Tetrax, Linn. .......cccceeee 79

Ovis Tragelaphus, Geoff. ...... 41

Pandora arcuata, Sow...........+ 93

brevifrons, Sow......... 93

Ceylanica, Sow......... 94

discors, Sow....ssseseee. 93

radiata, Sow..........4. 94

Paradoxurus Grayi, Benn....... 118

Passer domesticus, Briss......... 106

Patella Extinctorium, Turt...... 128

Mitrula, Auct. ........ 95

subrufa, Dillw. ........- Se

tricornis, Turt. ...... ... 128 &

Pawo cristatus, Linn. ............ d+

Pecten aspersus, S02. ......00.+ 110

circularis, Sow. ......+6. 110

dentatus, S'02.........00s 109

magnificus, Sow.......... 109

Parvus, SOW......02seeeeee 110

spiriferus, Sow. ......... 110

subnodosus, Sow......... 109

tumidus, Sow..........06. 109

Peiecanus rurescens, Gmel... 9,16

Pelia, n. g., Bell. .cccccccerserene 170

puch PRAM eae Sse 170

Pentacladia, n. g., Westw.. 70

elegans, Westw.... 70

i erameles obesuld, rs... «- eee eae | 192

Perieera heptacantha, Bell...... 173

‘Porites digitata, Toe

Cookii, Geoff. ....0«

PhasianusColchicus, Linn.......

Seemmerringii, Temm.

versicolor, Temm. ...

Pheenicura MacGrigoriz, Burt,

plumbea, Gould ...

Suecica,Jard. &Selb.

Physalia pelagica, Eschsch. ...

Physeter macrocephalus, Linn.

Picumnus innominatus, Burt...

Picus major, Linn. ...-....++ Geant

Pileopsis Mitrula, Lam..........

subrufus, Lam........ :

Pinna Afra, Sow........ sac eradaos

altay{Soiretewsscccnce

lanceolata, Sow......cesece

Maura, SOW. cscececceee aan

rugosa, Sow’, ......0.

squamifera, Sow. ......0

tuberculosa, Sow. ...... ies

Piratesa, n. g., Temp......

nigro-annulata, Temp.

Pisa aculeata, Bell ........000. ate

spinipes, Bell ...... eeaeneee

Pirnecus TRoctopytes, Geoff.

Pitho, n. g., Bell..cocccccecseceees

quinque-dentata, Bell...

sex-dentata, Bell.....s00»

Plagiocera apicalis, Westw......

Platessa microcephala, Flem...

Plectropoma, n. s., Lién.......06

Pleuronectes megastoma, Don...

punctatus, Penn...

Pocillopora Andreogyni, Aud...

Podiceps rubricollis, Lath.......

Rolynemus longifilis, Cuv. &

Val

ecece

acceece

eeecce

scabra, Lam. .......0.068

subseriata?, Ehr........ z

Prionopelma, n. g., Westw.....

viridis, Westw...

Pteroglossus Humboldtii, Wagl.

Langsdorfiii, Wagl.

Nattereri, Gould..

pavoninus, Mus.

Mutie.....++ eons

Reinwardtii, Wagl.

Pteropus Gambianus, Og. ......

macrocephalus, 09...

Whitei, Benz. .........

Purpura teniata, Pow.

Pyrgita cinnamomea, Gould .

158

157

100

. 101

149

185

Saurophagus Swainsonii,

Gould ......... 185

Schizaspidia, n. g., Westw....... 69

furcifer, Westw.... 69

Sciurus Gambianus, Og......... . 103

Scolopax elegans, Des). ......... 204

Sabini, Vig..........00 82

Scomber Pelamys, Linn.......... 80

Sericogaster, n. g., Westw....... 71

fasciatus, Westw... 72

Serpula tubularia, .........00000 128

Serranus teniops, Cuv. & Val... 119

Simra Satyrus, Linn............ 30

Siphonaria costata, Sow.......... 6

leviuscula, Sow. ... 7

lineolata, Sow. ...... 6

maura, S0w. ......0++ 7

Pica, S0Ws .stesccssese 6

radiata, Sovw.......... 6

subrugosa, Sow...... 6

Solea vulgaris, Cuv.........s0000e 57

Solenodonta » Brandt. ... 105

Sphargis coriaceus, Merr. ...... 205

Stenorhynchus, n. g., Gould ... 186

ruficauda,

Gould ...... 186

Sterna stolida, Linn. ...........+ 84

Strix Javanica, Horsf,........... 62

Surnia funerea, Dum..........+++ 77

Sylvia Burkii, Burt. .........0. 153

castaneo-coronata, Burt. 152

Trochilus, Lath. ......... 90

Sylviparus, n. g., Burt. ......... 153

modestus, Burt. ... 154

Syngnathus Acus, Linn.......... 183

Ophidion, Linn. ... 82

Typhloides, Benn... 92

Tenia lamelligera, Owen ...... 86

Tetrao Tetrix, Linn. ............ 62

Tetrodon, n. s., Desj..........00 205

INDEX. 213

Page. Page.

Pyrgoma Anglicum, Leach...... 113 | Thoe, n. g., Bell..rsceosee oes . 170

~ Querquedula Crecca, Steph. ... 90 erosa, Bell ..ceconseoseeee 171

Ramphastos citreopygus, Gould 156 | Thoracantha flabellata, Westw.. 52

erythrorhynchus, Tiara attenuata, Swains.......... 197

Games feeswap chs aurantia, Swains. ......... 196

osculans, Gould... 156 catenata, Swains. .....0.0 195

Ratelus Indicus?, Burt. ......... 113 crenata, SWains.......see0e 196

Regulus cristatus, Cuv. ....0.0+ 90 foraminata, Swains. ...... 194

Rhodia, n. g., Bell ......000..000e 169 lineata, Swains..........00. 195

pyriformis, Bell ....... 170 millecostata, Swains...... 195

Rhombus stellosus, Benn. ..... 92 mucronata, Swains. ...... 195

Rhynchea Capensis, Steph. ... 62 multicostata, Swains, ... 195

Salenia, n. g., Gray ..s.seeceeee 58 muricata, Swains. ......... 194

Salmo ferox, Jard. and Selb.... 81 Nivea, SWAiNs. ......se000 195

lacustris, Samps. ......... 81 rosea, Swains. ...... Raeaes 195

Sargus fasciatus, Cuv. and Val. 119 rubra, Swains. ........008. 196

semiplicata, Swains....... 197

Terebralis, Swains... 196,198

Tornatella flammea, Auct....... 206

Trichina, n. g., Owen.........4.. 26

spiralis, Owen......... 26

Trichiurus, n. s., Lién. .......4- 205

Trigla Hirundo, Linn...........- 79

lineata, Linn. ......... <esneie

pauciradiata, Benn....... 91

Trigonalys, n. g., Westw......0. 52

melanoleuca,

Westw......+ we 58

Troglodytes niger, Geoff.......«. 160

Trogon ambiguus, Gould ...... 30

citreolus, Gould......... 30

resplendens, Gould ... 29

Turdus Merula, Linn,......2606. 105

musicus, Linn..... a - 90

Tyche, n. g., Bell ......secceec. 172

lamellifrons, Bell ...... 173

Upupa minor, Shaw ......se00 =) Oz

Venus asperrima, Sow. ......... 42

Australis, Sow.........0. 22

Californiensis, Brod. ... 48

Chilensis, Sow............ 41

Columbiensis, Sow....... 21

compta, Brod......... wee 4a

costellata, Sow..... Rtweabe 42

crenifera, Sow..........06. 43

Cypria, Sow......... Soaver cae

discors, Sow..........e00e+ 42

discrepans, Sow. ......... 22

fuscolineata, Sow......... 41

histrionica, Sow. ......... 41

lenticularis, Sow....... « 42

leucodon, Sow........+0+ 43

Mactracea, Brod......... 4

multicostata, Sow......... 22

obscura, Brod..........005 44