LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

ApAms, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &e.

Catalogue of the Species of Hmarginula, a Genus of

Gasteropodous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurel-

Y sac hl

lidze, in the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 82

Catalogue of the Species of Nassa, a Genus of Gantebage-

dous Mollusca, belonging to the Family Buccinidz, in the

Collection of H. Cuming, Esq.; with the Description of

some New Species . . . : . - 94

Descriptions of Fifty-two Ne Species of thé cate Mira:

from the Cumingian Collection . . « £32

Contributions towards a Monograph of nee Touche. a

Family of Gasteropodous Mollusca . . 150

A Monograph of Scutus, a Genus of Ciaeuedte Mol-

lusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . oh ta ree oe

A Monograph of the Genus Monoptygma of Lea . - 222

Descriptions of New Shells from the Cumingian Collection 224

Note on the Genus Nematura. - 225

A Monograph of the Recent Species of Birds a Gene

of Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . - 226

A Monograph of Puncturella, a Genus of Gasteropodous

Mollusca, belonging to the Family Fissurellide . - 227

Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Rissoina, a Genus

of Marine ails Mollusks, from the Cumingian

Collection . . . owns - « 264

Descriptions of sever ral Rev. epee of Murex, Hiisoiedl,

Planazis, and Hulima, from the Cumingian Collection . . 267

Apams, ARTHUR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &e. page

Descriptions of New Species of Eulima, Triphoris, &c.,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. - . - - + + ~ 276

Bartvett, Mr. A. D.

On some Bones of Didus . . . . «© «© «© «© « © « 280

Bonaparte, Prince CHARLES LUCIEN.

On the largest known Species of Phaleridine Bird. . . 201

Bonyan, Dr. G. R.

Notes on the Raptorial Birds of British Guiana. . . . 53

BowerBank, J. S., Esq., F.R.S. &c.

On the Prerodactyles of the Chalk Formation . . . . 14

Davy, Dr., F.R.S. &e.

Observations on the Eye of the Mole. (Ina Letter to

WioSpence) Eeqsai\FsRs8.)0. to soleil of le cupelpss! 129

Ditiwyn, L. LLewetyn, Esq., F.G.S. &c.

On an undescribed Species of Megapodius . . . . . 118

Dueuip, Dr.

Letter on the Deal Fish. (Communicated by Mr. Yarrell.) 116

Forbes, Prof. Epwarp, F.R.S. &e.

On a Species of 47quorea inhabiting the British Seas. . 272

Gasxoln, J. S., Esq.

Descriptions of Twenty Species of Columbelle, and One

Specresor Cyprned see sn “ets Te sy ee nl tone

Gow tp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

On a new and most remarkable form in Ornithology . . 1

Letter from J. W.G. Spicer, Esq., concerning Two Hybrid

Birds. . . otk sivate Me As ee

On a New Siaiseias of Mimofibagh wits sen lial tie

On a New Species of the Genus Montifringilla goites Ite Ae 1

On some New Species of Trochilide . .... . -115

Remarks on the Genus Hapalotis . . . Jno 126

Descriptions of Two New Species: of hdadendliis of the

Genus Antechinus . . . Molen oot . 284

Descriptions of a New Spates ‘of Prilotis, bral a Now Spee

cies of Eepsahttria) uss) ods oivl.ow hen bog amano

Gray, J. E., Esq., F.R.S. &e.

Descriptions of Two New Genera aud some New Species

of Scutellide and Echinolampide, in the Collection of the

British Museum . . om Ka. ans

Description of a New Genus sat Patil of Gulodatian

(HEE

« 34

Lizards from Para 38

Description of a New Spedibs of BURinils ffi Callao,

collected by Erneste Denicke. - 92

Description of a New Genus of Gbrgnidial. - 124

Description of a New Genus of Bivalve Shells, and a Sea

Egg, from New Zealand ° . - 125

Notice of Two Viverride from evan lately eines in roe

Gardens... 2; - 131

On a New Genus of gf Stor al in the *Collettion of Mr.

Camine., 5. ss ae - 197

Description of a — ands of ides from retest

with a Synopsis of the Family . 235

Han ey, H., Serjeant-Major 1st Life Guards.

Observations on the Breeding of the Nightingale in Cap-

tivity . - 196

Harcourt, Epwarp VErRNon, Esq.

Notice of the Birds of Madeira. (In a Letter addressed

to the Secretary.) yecct Go ea eenhs » 141

HERRMANNSEN, Dr., of Kiel.

On some Genera of Shells, established in 1807 by the late

H. F. Link . eee Pererinmeriorse meme ne 5 fay son?)

Kaup, Dr.

Descriptions of some New Birds in the Museum of the

Earl of Derby . 39

Mack, Mr.

Remarks on the fact of Black Eggs being laid by a White

Duck. (Communicated by Mr. Oswald.) . . . . . . 192

Mercatrs, W., Esq.

An Enumeration of Species of recent Shells, received by

W. J. Hamilton, Esq., from Borneo, in November 1850, with

Descriptions of the New Species 70

Newman, Epwarp, Esq., F.L.S. &c. page

A few words on the Synonymy of Distichocera, a Genus

of Longicorn Coleoptera from New Holland, with Characters

of Three Species supposed to be undescribed . . . . ~ 75

Nicuotson, Dr., H.E.I.C. Medical Service.

Note on a New Species of Francolin . . . . . . . 128

Notes on an undescribed Species of Tailor-bird. . . . 194

Notes on a New Species of Artamus from India. . . . 195

Owen, Professor, F.R.S. &c.

On a New Species of Pterodactyle (Pterodactylus com-

pressirostris, Owen) from the Chalk; with some Remarks on

the Nomenclature of the previously described Species . . 21

On the Anatomy of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus Pallasit,

Van der Hoeven). . . 63

On the Skeleton of Troglodytes Gorilla Grid will be

published in the Transactions) . . - 263

On the Capacity of the Cranium in itis Mesa. the Oasie.

and the Gorilla (which will be published in the Transac-

[OLB SY 1S NWP de-N a a aa Pasha ae

Prerrrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of New Land Shells from the Collection of

Hi. Cuming, Esq... - 147

Descriptions of Forty-three New dpeaiss of Cylisiiiase,

from the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. . . . - 242

Descriptions of Fifty-four New Species of pies fon

the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq... . . . . . - «+252

Puitier!, Dr.

Descriptiones Naticarum quarundam novarum ex collec-

tione: Comingiana, “5, fey pany au aa... seayeeecinns Lieer \ ay Debate Ed pe

REEvE, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Description of a New Species of Bulimus from Australia 198

ScLaTER, P. L., Esq., B.A.

On Two New Species of Birds of the Genus Tenioptera . 193

Tomes, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &c.

On the Structure of the Teeth of the American and

Indian! Tapitints saa us . ehisaid wot ott 3 cabal

vii

Turner, H. N., Jun., Esq. page

Note on the Suborbital Gland of the Nylghau . . . . 116

On the Change of Colour in a Chameleon (Chameleo

RATES ES GNU. hn ed, oh teak aah ton aaa wate, /c0aS

On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia . . . 205

Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &e.

Observations on the Dentition of the Tiger Beetles . . 198

YaARRELL, W., Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Letter on the Deal-fish, from Dr. Duguid to Dr. Barker . 116

yi © eaten Tees A, Kays i “Ah ae pal sages ow be a aye :

‘ALA 8: fee seuailammag RUE dis Wo ongl Nidiedvibad aati, Ts oe

uP daha) anlenheneereal > wt dicvad lobe pend oe lah : Pe! ‘

GOR Sh por panier a ipigetnusl stan dae udtiroaai bined, + «avn ip!

ee Rrisetend jp Upm Ata i ied art i si aw Pa a, A

fh 1 Wolo 20.0 Sil Mongies of Soe BUL pall 0.7 uncqalell f ie

“ee Webel oaoitionsey 5dyino: wtbitarsoad Qt na’

elt orem | ‘Ne! pene a Arviniur f oem oy ;

as AD Pak. E Pcpalt oe

pr ene rN ACL toch lata oils wo thigh =

PF Dis 9 Ree Pate OF “Ate rociae ty la ( Me roacklns some as

"hp setely: ea en Din Chek: ith: acer Resin ge:

es ee 2: Datiieshaa ie Alte peer jaialy Payee ess fa yidiciod Be me

Ms va ie: Artaneorn of shit Wages ey tf ect distin’ gana

igi Hoven Ty fe he ah ah oe «

Et is thee Snide dian ” ot rinodgh Cit t aig ‘ ah i

“Filadistieed Wemee Treminetions) os Ke P eae Ry

abiprnpie. 8 aes Capua ‘OF Te Catite bs ihe eee abe Cpa, Whe

eh ie He Gah, SS wit he: loeblihall i te pee See

4 Piatra ios feats if a ee:

“9! Peeetipeiond of Here dav Brits Revista Coibettigar ge

“PR Coearig, Rage y 54) oe

tel ttons at Povey: itok ee FE ig aed

i froth vile Cethrutton, of 21> Cyrariag, Kan, i

; Deesirigtivtce at Pilati Nave Biveailip’ of otic: ae

he abet ne EE rect ba ri) PY SR eae

cs | Coady, by ae *<

| Deskriptioaay Nedieap elias uteounh ea aig

Hine init Mee i PR VR Ne Se ial

Q ae ‘

LIST OF PLATES.

1851.

Plate MAMMALIA. Page

XXIX. Molar Tooth of the American Tapir ................ 12]

MEX. © Herpéstes Smathti, Gray ods 2¢s0cv vdus vend csdeeas. 131

XXXII. Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray .......0ccccececcvcccses 131

AVES.

AMA. Balenienps rex, Gouldac ss sus saichws sane p eee oka: ]

XXXVI. Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup .........0.00.0e00e. 39

RAMVIL. Pears Brose’ d: Kaap <2 .ccs casce cane ees 39

XXXVIII AP 5 MORIEDN. “sce tovevenn Bist siege tate ene 39

XXXIX. Megapodius Cumingii, Dillwyn ..........0...0000 0. 118

XL. Francolinus yemensis, Nicholson ..............005. 128

XLI. Tenioptera erythropygia, Sclater ...............0.. 193

XLII. —— — striaticollis, Sclater ............0.0.000- 193

XLII. Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson ............0000000. 195

XLIV. Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bonap. .............0.00. 201

POE MABE OL GUE «a5 scae s'clcncaie, wd. cet ace Mma Hotes 280

PISCES.

IV. Petromyzon marinus, &c. &c. &C. 1... eee eee 235

We |, CORA, ARTIS so 9 once bis) o's nea ole 5 eakm ia ae ek Se 235

REPTILIA.

IV. Pterodactylus longirostris, Bowerbank .............. 14

VI. Anadia ocellata, Emminia olivacea, Iphisa elegans, Gray 38

MOLLUSCA.

XII. Bulimus Maconelli, Reeve ..........cccccccccrence 198

ANNULOSA.

XX. Distichocera Kirbyi g, Newman ............. eee ty A)

RADIATA.

Gonigoria clavata, :

1. { Mueltaa vbsideatake, (ORY stare aaa aaa: 124

EV... Aiguores Ferekalen sos evs ocanusluse date neeeaenens 272

Pre rr a ee) Tt.

tt @ Se Cas as ERE CRs OR ae papdemeasa tein

~<: Rg ae SS) if age ce aD: Qaida im

<a Lis ee, ed weet Ley saree » vy VERE

3 4 ae Rind ty Pome S Wren (l sep

ig 2 ‘RBG he peneeteiaa ans. «gall Qo een mlreeginey

ce ite ce a an ant dipena) wiogo Nh

rs ae Noa taaetith oe iave tote ‘anelodoit aiesey,

Ma caer ns taker caghancn gonna Ac

Hy ae vey C1 Pie OV a ale le

ae fabova weeny mer eamed ‘Pdeeleseny! waxta\ivous aemotyk

i 08 Yagi ep eins deca ke ae eee fonhind attire ners.

int Oire eee ee) ayes 2 SMES wo ae yee ME Yo pao 2

Y; $ ‘fe

‘s al ‘ ie tue . * AN -

Co gee Peden a Ft, 2

& sash

Posen ay

42] oe te ed eypherayt

VAs eee

Proc Z 3D. Aves XXXV.

M.&.N Hanhart, Imp

{

J Wolf, Lith

BALA NICEPS REX, Gould

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1851.

Prof. Owen, F.R.S., Vice President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON A NEW AND MOST REMARKABLE FORM IN ORNITHOLOGY.

By Joun Gou xp, F.R.S. etc.

(Aves, Pl. XXXV.)

I have the pleasure of introducing to the notice of the Society on

the present occasion the most extraordinary bird I have seen for many

years, and which forms part of a collection made on the banks of the

upper part of the White Nile, by Mansfield Parkyns, Esq., of Not-

tingham. For this bird I propose the generic name of BaLant-

cers, with the following characters :—

Bill enormously robust, equal in breadth and depth; sides of the

upper mandible much swollen; culmen slightly elevated, depressed

in the middle of its length, and terminating at the point m a very

powerful hook ; tomize sharp, turning inwards and very convex ;

lower mandible very powerful, with a sharp concave cutting edge and

a truncated tip; nostrils scarcely perceptible, and placed in a narrow

slit at the base of the bill, close to the culmen; orbits denuded ;

head very large; occiput slightly crested; wings very powerful, the

third, fourth and fifth feathers the longest ; tail of moderate length

and square in form; plumage soft and yielding; skin of the throat

loose, and capable of dilatation into an extensive pouch ; tibize and

tarsi lengthened, the latter a fourth shorter than the former; the

lower third of the tibiee denuded ; toes four in number, all extremely

long, and without the slightest vestige of interdigital membrane ;

hind-toe on the same plane as the anterior ones and directed inwards ;

tibize and tarsi reticulated, the reticulations becomimg much smaller

No. CCXFX.—ProcreEDInGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

on the joints; upper surface of the toes scutellated ; nails powerful,

and not much curved; the nail of the centre toe impectinated.

BaLa&niceps Rex.

Bill pale yellow, becoming horn-colour on the culmen and tip, and

blotched with dark brown; orbits pale yellow; head and neck slaty

grey, darkest on the crown ; chest ornamented with lanceolate feathers

of a similar colour, with a dark stripe down the centre; abdomen,

flanks, thighs and under tail-coverts very pale grey ; upper surface

generally very dark grey, most of the feathers margined with light

grey ; primaries, secondaries and tail blackish grey ; rump and upper

tail-coverts light grey ; legs greyish black.

Total length, from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail,

52 inches; from the tip of the bill to the end of the centre toe, 67 ;

bill, from the gape to the tip, 9; depth of the bill, 43; breadth, 4;

wing, 27; tail, 12; tibiee, 13; tarsi, 10; middle toe and nail, 7 ; ex-

ternal toe and nail, 63; internal toe and nail, 51; hind toe and nail, 4.

Hab. The upper part of the White Nile, in Eastern Africa.

Remark.—This is evidently the Grallatorial type of the Pelecan:-

de; at least such is the conclusion to which I am directed after a care-

ful examination and comparison of it with Pelecanus, Grus, Ardea,

and Cancroma, to none of which genera is it so nearly allied, except in

general contour, as to Pelecanus. Perhaps the most singular feature

connected with this form is the entire absence of interdigital mem-

brane, a character so conspicuous in the Storks, Herons, and the Boat-

bill, which latter bird is as nearly allied to Nycticoraxz as the present

bird is to Pelecanus. Both Cancroma and Nycticorax have the uail

of the centre toe strongly pectinated, which character is not found in

Pelecanus nor in Baleniceps.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY SPECIES OF COLUMBELLA, AND

ONE SPECIES OF Cyprma. By J. 8. GASKOIN.

1. CoLuMBELLA TENUIS. Testa pyramidalis, subventricosa,

levis, tenuis, albicans, maculis irregularibus fuscis magnis

longitudinaliter dispositis; anfractibus octo, duobus anticis

gibbosis ; spird subelongatd, acuminatd ; aperturd latd, antice

divergente, postice acuminatd, labio externo tenui, internoque

edentulo, varice externo subelevato; striis tenuibus ab varice

anticé continuis ; canali brevi.

Shell pyramidal, rather ventricose, smooth, thin, of a dull whitish

colour, with large distant dark brown markings extending, irregu-

larly, in width and form longitudinally over the volutions, which are

eight in number, the two anterior being gibbous, the others proceed

to form an acuminated apex; the spire constitutes more than one-

half the length of the shell*; aperture wide, diverging anteriorly,

* In estimating the proportionate length of the spire of the shell, I take the

measurement from the termination of the last volution at its junction to form the

posterior point of the aperture; and the width, at the largest diameter of the an-

terior whorl.

acuminated posteriorly ; outer lip curved outwards, thin, without den-

ticulations, as is also the inner lip, which is shining, and within of

the same colour as the shell; a slightly elevated varix terminates the

inner edge of the aperture, from which fine strice pass obliquely for-

ward over the dorsum to the anterior portion of the outer lip ; chan-

nel short, slightly curved.

Length, ;&° of an inch; width, =2% of an inch.

Hab. ’ Cab. Gaskoim, specimen unicum.

2. CoLUMBELLA ALBINODULOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, palli-

dissimé luteo-fulva, fasciis angustis interruptis tribus brunneis;

spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem ; nodulis latis prominenti-

bus subdistantibus albi-coronatis; aperturd oblongd subqua-

draté albd; labio externo crasso, recto, submarginato, intus den-

ticulato ; dentibus posticis majoribus, labio interno dentibus

irregularibus subvaricosis ; canali recto latiusculo subelongato.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a very light yellowish brown colour, with

three interrupted or dotted dark brown narrow bands, the first ex-

tending from the anterior point of the outer lip to the centre of the

aperture, the second from the anterior third of the margin of the

outer lip to the posterior part of the aperture, and the third from

the posterior third of the margin of the outer lip along the anterior

portion of the volutions spirally to the apex; broad nodules or tu-

bercles, moderately prominent and rather distant, exist from the

posterior portion of the outer lip over the dorsum or shoulder, and

continuously on the centres of the whorls, and as the whorls become

narrow, occupy them longitudinally on to the point of the spire, each

nodule being crowned with an opake white blotch ; opake white irre-

gular markings are also on the anterior volution ; spire acuminated,

constituting rather less than one half the length of the shell; seven

volutions, rather convex ; aperture straight, rather wide; outer lip

sharp at its edge, straight, curving suddenly on forming the channel ;

just within the lip is a row of about eight rather prominent teeth, the

posterior being the larger; inner lip slightly denticulated with about

six irregular varices, with a slight sharp prominence at its margin,

the large whorl ribbed with fine striee, most prominent anteriorly ;

channel straight, rather wide, slightly elongated and recurved.

Length, ;43, of an inch; width, 52°, of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

3. CoLUMBELLA INTERRUPTA. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans,

Sasciis duabus interruptis latis rufescenti-brunneis ; fascid an-

ticd pallidiore ; spird acuminata, anfractibus septem vel octo ;

aperturd latiusculd precipue ad partem posticam; labio ex-

terno crasso margine acuto, intus denticulato, denticulis qua-

tuor vel quinque ; labio interno cum margine externo denticu-

lato, aurantiaco ; testd extus cancellatd striis spiralibus vali-

dis, longitudinalibus tenuibus ; peritremate pallide aurantiaco,

postice subobtuso angulari ; canali breviusculo latiusculo.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull greyish white colour, with two distinct,

strongly marked, interrupted, broad, dark reddish brown bands, the

anterior being the less deeply coloured, the markings being rather

crescentic, with the horns pointing towards the aperture becoming

more arrow-shaped advancing onwards; the anterior band extends

from the fore part of the outer lip to the middle of the inner side of

the aperture, the second from the posterior part of the edge of the

outer lip over the dorsum at the shoulder, and spirally on the centres

of the volutions to the apex ; at the superior portion on the aperture

side of each marking is an opake white colouring; spire acuminated,

seven to eight whorls; at the suture, spirally on to the apex, is a fine

whitish varix having interrupted brown markings along its entire

course; aperture rather straight and broad, widening posteriorly ;

outer lip thick, sharp at its edge, orange-coloured at its inner border,

where there are four or five slight denticulations; inner lip has a

finely denticulated ridge at its outer edge of an orange colour, within

it is an angular projection forming the commencement of the chan-

nel; the whole external shell is cancellated, the transverse striee beg

much stronger than the longitudinal, and especially anteriorly ;_peri-

treme of a light crange colour, rather obtusely angular posteriorly ;

channel rather short and moderately wide.

Length ;4°, of an inch; width, 2, of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

4. CoLuMBELLA LEUCOSTOMA. Testa ovata, albicans, nitens,

postice fascid latd brunned spirali ornata ; apice albicante di-

midio antico anfractis ultimi albido ; spird acuminatd, anfrac-

tibus septem; aperturd guldque albis latiusculis, illd posticé

subquadratd, labio externo intus subdenticulato, dentibus sex

posticis majoribus ; canali brevi latiusculo.

Shell ovate, shining, of a whitish colour, having a broad brown

band occupying the posterior half of the anterior volution and the

entire of the sixth, fifth and fourth, except at their posterior edge,

which is white, the brown band terminating in an undefined line near

the suture ; the three apicine whorls are white, with very fine lightly

coloured linear markings, and in like manner is the white anterior

half of the last whorl finely but irregularly streaked; spire acumi-

nated, seven volutions, which constitute the greater half of the length

of the shell; aperture white, as is also the interior, rather broad,

somewhat square posteriorly; outer lip gradually curved inwards,

having within it about six slight denticulations, the posterior being

the larger ; inner lip smooth, spiral; a few fine strize extend obliquely

forwards over the dorsum of the channel from the slight varix at its

outer edge; channel short, rather broad.

Length, 35, of an inch; width, 24 of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

5. CotumBe ya Pacirica. Testa oblongo-ovata, lacteo-opaca,

maculis irregularibus distantibus rufescenti-brunneis ornata ;

intus alba; spird acuminatd, anfractibus convexis septem vel

octo postice obtusissime coronatis ; aperturd latd rectiusculd ;

labii externi margine tenui intus edentulo ; labio interno levi

externé margine tenui; anfractu ultimo anticé valde striato,

striis tenuioribus longitudinaliter decussantibus ; canali brevi,

lato, subrecurvo.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an opake milk-white colour, distantly macu-

lated with dark reddish brown irregular markings, internally white ;

spire acuminated, constituting the greater half of the length of the

shell; volutions seven to eight, convex, their posterior margin gene-

rally very obtusely and distantly coronated; aperture wide, rather

straight ; outer lip thin at the edge, even, no denticulation within,

marginated ; inner lip even, having a very slight straight edge or varix

externally, from which rather strong striations pass over the anterior

of the dorsum to the outer lip, and very much finer strize longitudi-

nally pervade the same ; channel short and wide, very slightly curved.

This shell differs from Columbella Miser, Sowerby, in the absence

of denticulation, in the last volution being much more gibbous, the

aperture much wider, the channel decided, the spire more pyramidal,

and much less coloration and markings.

Length, ;45, of an inch; width, ,25, of an inch.

Hab. Sandwich Islands. Cab. Gaskoin.

6. CoLuMBELLA vARIcosA. Testa oblongo-ovata, nitens, crassa,

albicans, colore nigricanti-brunneo irregulariter induta ; mar-

ginibus posticis anfractuum albicantibus ; spird acuminatd, an-

Sractibus septem vel octo subventricosis varicosis validis promi-

nentibus subobliquis instructis ; parte anticd ultimi anfractis

levigatd, anticé supra canalem transverse striatd ; aperturd ob-

longd subquadratd rectd intus cerulescente, labio externo recto,

marginato postice incisurd magnd instructo, intus denticulato

denticulis posticis validiusculis, labio interno levi margine ele-

vato tenui; canali brevi latiusculo.

Shell oblong-ovate, shining, thick, strong, of a white colour, gene-

rally irregularly and greatly covered, more or less intensely, with an

almost black-brown coloration, excepting the posterior edges of the

whorls, where it remains nearly white ; spire acuminated, constituting

one half thelength of the shell, has seven to eight volutions, rather

convex, slightly diagonal; strong, prominent, somewhat distant varices

exist on the posterior margin of the last whorl, the anterior portion

of which have many striz passing transversely and obliquely for-

wards from the columellar edge of the aperture; aperture oblong,

rather square and straight, internally of a bluish white colour ; outer

lip straight, marginated, having a rather large notch at the junction

with the body of the shell, and having anteriorly to this notch, within,

about five or six slight denticulations, the posterior being the larger ;

imner lip smooth, without denticulation, edge slightly elevated and

thin; channel short, rather broad.

Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 35, of an inch.

Hab. Peyta, Peru. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

7. CotumBetya AvustRaLis. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans,

maculis parvis irregularibus brunneis inequalibus ornata, ma-

Jjoribus saturatioribusque apud marginem posticum anfractuum

positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo subgibbosis, apice al-

bicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus cerulescente, labio externo

recurvo ad canalem convergente, intus denticulis septem ad octo

subprominentibus subdistantibus, labio interno levi anticé angu-

lifero ; canali latiusculo brevi recurvo, anfractu ultimo antice

transversim striato ; peritremate postice angulari.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a whitish colour, greatly covered with small,

irregular, dark brown, conjoined specklings, of unequal intensity in

coloration, the larger and darker markings being at the edges of the

whorls ; three rather narrow interrupted bands traverse the last whorl,

the posterior one proceeding along the anterior margin of the volu-

tions ; spire acuminated, being rather the greater half-length of the

shell; volutions eight, slightly gibbous, the four apicine white ; aper-

ture rather broad, internally of a bright pinkish blue-white colour,

slightly iridescent ; outer lip a little curved, converging at the chan-

nel; within are seven or eight irregular, slight elevations or denticu-

lations, rather distant, at the anterior portion of the edge are several

fine denticulations ; inner lip smooth, with a very slight thin varix at

the anterior part ; an obtuse angularity forms the commencement of

the channel; channel rather wide, short, and a series of rather fine

parallel striee traverse the anterior part of the last whorl; peritreme

angular posteriorly.

Length, 589 of an inch; width, 25. of an inch.

Hab. Sydney. Cab. Gaskoin, Cuming.

$8. CoLUMBELLA CANCELLATA. Testa ovata, pallide aurantiaco-

brunnea ; apice roseo, superficie omnino cancellatd, serie posticd

granulorum maore; spird acuminatd anfractibus septem; aper-

turd latiusculd brevique, labio externo subrecurvo convergente,

intus denticulis quatuor vel quinque subprominentibus, labio in-

terno levi; canali latiusculo, brevi, peritremate postice obtuse

angulart.

Shell ovate, of an uniform light orange-brown colour, except the

apex, which is pink, deeply cancellated over its entire surface,

having the posterior line of nodules larger than the others; spire

acuminated, and forms rather more than half the length of the shell ;

volutions seven ; aperture rather broad and short ; outer lip slightly

curved, converging towards the channel; within it are four or five

rather prominent denticulations; inner lip smooth, very obtusely

nodulated at its exterior slightly elevated edge ; channel moderately

broad, short, curved towards the columella; peritreme obtusely an-

gular posteriorly.

Length, ;3,5, of an inch; width, 348. of an inch.

Hab. West Indies. Cab. Gaskoin.

9. CoLumBELLA puLLA, Testa oblongo-ovata, saturate brun-

nea; parte anticd ultimi anfractis, columelldque albicantibus ;

spird acuminatd, anfractibus octo vel novem, convexiusculis,

suturd levi; aperturd latiusculd postice acuminatd, labio ex-

terno tenui levi, intus subdenticulato, saturate brunneo, labio

interno levigate subdenticulato, antice subalbido, margine in-

terno varicem rectum efformante, parte anticd teste trans-

versim striatd ; canali medioeri, recto.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an uniform dull, very dark brown colour,

and also within, excepting the columella and edge of the outer lip,

which are white; spire acuminated ; volutions eight or nine, slightly

convex, even at the suture; aperture rather acuminated posteriorly ;

outer lip thin, smooth, internally slightly denticulated ; inner lip

shining, with slightly elevated nodules or teeth, and its edge forms a

fine straight varix, from which a few thin striee pass over the dorsum

of the channel; channel moderately wide and straight.

Length, °2, of an inch; width, 2° of an inch; length of spire,

+5 of an inch ; length of last whorl, 522, of an inch.

fab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

10. CoLtuMBELLA INTEXxTA. Testa oblonga, angusta, levis, al-

bicans, strigis punctulisque irregularibus saturate brunneis

ornata ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus novem vel decem ; margi-

nibus posticis anfractuum brunneo maculatis, ultimo anfractu

anticé similariter colorato ; suturd elevatd; aperturd brevius-

culd angustdque, labio externo arcuato, ad marginem acutius-

culo, extus crassiusculo, ad canalem convergente, labio interno

ad marginem subvaricoso, levi, edentulo; canali breviusculo,

angustato, extus transversim striato.

Shell elongated, narrow, smooth, of a dull whitish colour, having

dark brown irregular dottings and streaks pervading the entire sur-

face of the shell ; irregular, rather large and distant, similarly coloured

spots are on the posterior margin of the volutions to the apex, and a

band, similarly indicated at the anterior part of the last whorl ; spire

acuminated, constituting about two-thirds of the length of the shell ;

volutions nine to ten, suture elevated; aperture rather short and nar-

row; outer lip arched, sharp at its edge, thickened externally, con-

verging towards the channel; inner lip slightly ridged at its edge,

smooth, without denticulations ; channel rather short, somewhat nar-

row, externally transversely striated.

Length, 553, of an inch; width, 52° of an inch.

Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

11. CoLUMBELLA CONTAMINATA. Testa oblonga, levis, saturate

brunnea, intus subalbida, lined suturali albicante subinterruptd ;

spird acuminatd dimidium teste superante, anfractibus octo vel

novem convexiusculis ; aperturd postice latd, anticé angustiore,

margine externo lato, crasso, intus denticulis linearibus sex vel

septem ; margine interno tenui, albicante, intus denticulis pro-

minentibus confertis albicantibus sex supra columellam conti-

nuis, columelld interstitiisque rufescenti-brunneis ; canali pro-

minente angusto subrecurvo, margine interno violaceo, parte ex-

ternd transversim striatd.

Shell oblong, smooth, of an uniform light brown colour, whitish

within ; a narrow interrupted white band proceeds from the middle

of the margin of the outer lip and continues along the posterior edge

of the volutions to the apex ; a less defined band traverses the dor-

sum more anteriorly, and terminates at the middle of the inner side

of the aperture ; spire acuminated, comprising more than one half

the length of the shell; volutions eight to nine, slightly convex, su-

ture a little elevated ; aperture rather wide, shining, broader poste-

riorly ; outer lip whitish, and thick externally, edge sharp, violaceous

for a little distance within, with six or seven linear denticulations ;

inner lip, a fine whitish varix extends from the curve of the aper-

ture to the anterior point of the channel; within this varix, at its

centre, are five or six denticulations, closely set, parallel, prominent,

proceeding over the columella, whitish at their edges, the inter-

stices and the portion exterior to them being of a reddish brown

colour; channel projecting, narrow, shghtly recurved, with a dark

violaceous colour within ; a number of rather strong striz pass from

the inner side of the aperture to the edge of the anterior half of the

outer lip.

Length, °°, of an inch ; width, ;2° of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

I have seen but one of this characteristic species: the aperture is °

allied in form to that of Columbella Puella, Sowerby. It may be

convenient to readers to state, that the species Col. Puella is by acci-

dent, in the index of the ‘Thesaurus Conchyl.’ of Sowerby, jun.,

entered as Col. Nympha.

12. CorumBetta Maraquesa, Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans ;

anfractibus sex vel septem; 4 vel 5 posticis roseis, longitudi-

naliter striatis, anfractibus tribus anticis levibus spiraliter

rufescenti-brunneo lineatis ; spird acuminatd, dimidium teste

equante ; aperturd mediocri rectiusculd ; labii externi margine

tenut postice marginato, extus incrassato, edentulo, labio colu-

mellari levi nitido, margine crassiusculo elevato; canali extus

transversim striato, brevi.

Varietas hujus teste major differt pro colore.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour ; spire acuminated, form-

ing about one-half the length of the shell; volutions six to seven,

which, with the last volution, the columellar side of the shell forms

an even convexity; the first four or five whorls are of a rose or

bluish-pink colour, minutely longitudinally striated ; the others are

smooth, with somewhat distant fine brown lines, seven, eight, or so

in number, passing spirally and continuously from just within the

outer lip along the three last whorls, to the commencement of the

pink striated volutions ; aperture moderately wide and long, rather

straight ; outer lip sharp at its edge, forming a notch at its junction

with its next whorl, thickened externally, without denticulation ;

inner lip also edentulate, smooth, shining, externally forming a rather

thick, slightly elevated varix, which extends to the extremity of the

channel, and from the whole length of this varix fine strize pass over

the dorsum of the channel to the anterior portion of the outer lip ;

channel short.

A variety of this species is rather larger in size, with the markings

along the posterior edge of the three last whorls in somewhat distant,

brown, square spots, from which rather distant undulating lines of a

lighter colour pass longitudinally over the volutions, while in some

specimens the colour is more en masse on the last whorl with small

circular spots in it, showing the colour of the shell.

Length, 533, of an inch; width, =5, of an inch.

Hab. Marquesas. Cab. Gaskoin, Gubba.

13. CotumBEeLia Austrina. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitens,

albicans, punctulis distantibus pallidissime brunneis, fascidque

anticd latd brunned ornata; spird acuminatd, anfractibus sep-

tem vel octo, convexiusculis ; suturd distinctd ; aperturd latius-

euld, labio externo posticé intus emarginato; margine acutius-

culo versus canalem incurvo, intus denticulis prominentibus octo

vel novem ; labio columellari recto, nitido, denticulis septem an-

tice positis, margine externo subelevato ; peritremate albicante,

aperturd intus violaceo-brunned ; canali subprominente, latius-

culo, dorso canalis transversim striato.

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, smooth and shining,

with light brown coloration, or interrupted from the anterior side of

the volutions of the spire, and extending, more or less faintly, over

them ; a much darker broad band occupies three-fourths, at its centre,

of the last whorl, the colour gradually softening into the whitish an-

terior, posterior, and outer portions of the whorl; spire acuminated,

constituting less than one half the length of the shell; volutions seven

to eight, rather convex, slightly ridged at the suture ; aperture rather

long, and moderately wide and straight ; outer lip forms a broad notch

at its juncture with the body of the shell, edge sharp, curving much

towards the channel, externally thickened ; within are eight or nine

rather prominent denticulations, diminishing in size from their com-

mencement at the anterior edge of the notch; inner lip straight,

smooth and shining, with a row of about seven small, even, round

teeth, which extend over the columella, and a very slightly raised

sharp varix forms the outer edge of the aperture proceeding to the

end of the channel ; from this varix fine strize pass over the dorsum

of the channel to the anterior part of the outer lip ; peritreme whitish,

the interior of the shell of a rather violaceous colour ; channel slightly

projecting, moderately wide.

Length, ;£° of an inch; width, 22, of an inch.

Hab. Australia. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

14, CotumpBetya BaccaTa. Testa oblongo-ovata, albicans, fas-

ctis tribus interruptis saturate rufescenti-brunneis, punctulis

opacis albicantibus rotundis per lineas obliquas vel longitudi-

nales positis ; spird acuminatd, anfractibus septem, quorum tri-

bus anticis levibus, posticis obtuse longitudinaliter striatis ;

apice albicante ; aperturd latiusculd intus albicante fasciis

brunneis tribus conspicuis ; labio externo crassiusculo denticulis

paucis intus prope centrum positis ; labio interno recto, ad

marginem externum varice prominente instructo ; canali lato,

obtuso. ,

Shell oblong-ovate, of a dull white colour, with three dark reddish

brown interrupted bands traversing the last whorl, the anterior ex-

tending from the fore-part of the outer lip to that of the aperture,

the second continuing along the anterior margin of the volutions to

near the apex, and the third passing similarly on their posterior mar-

gin to the same extent; opake, whitish, distinct, small round spots

pervade the four anterior volutions, being in rows, obliquely or longi-

tudinally placed; shell, within of a dull white colour, the three bands

being conspicuous ; spire acuminated ; volutions seven, the three an-

terior smooth, the posterior obtusely striated longitudinally, apex

whitish ; aperture rather wide and straight; outer lip somewhat

thick, having a few (one or two) rather prominent denticulations

within the edge, about the centre; inner lip straight, with a rather

strong varix at its outer edge; channel wide and obtuse; a few

strize pass obliquely over the anterior part of the columellar side of

the dorsum.

Length, 25, of an inch; width, 2%, of an inch.

7 100

Hab. ? Cab. Gaskoin.

15. CotumBeLua saGcitTa. Testa oblonga, subcylindracea, an-

gustata, levis, nitens, semipellucidula, pallidissime brunnea ;

fasciis duabus angustis interruptis albidi-opacis, ab postico

margine anfractuum ad apicem continuis; spird acuminatd,

3-5 longitudinis teste ; anfractibus octo ; apertura brevi, latd ;

labio externo crassiusculo extus margine albini-opaco, versus

canalem incurvato, labio interno levi nitido; dorso antice

transversim striato; canali longiusculo, latiusculo; peritremate

subquadrangulo.

Shell oblong, subcylindrical, narrow, smooth, shining, semitrans-

parent, of an extremely pale brown colour, with a very narrow inter-

rupted opake white band arising from about the middle of the outer

lip, and continuing along the anterior edge of the whorls to the apex ;

the markings forming this band are pointed, the pomts bemg toward

the outer lip; large white opake markings occupy the entire poste-

rior margin of the volutions, conjoined at the suture by broad bases,

and, diminishing pyramidally to a point, extend across the volutions,

and between each pyramidal mark, fitting the interstices, are dark,

reddish-brown, barb-shaped colorations ; spire acuminated, constitu-

ting three-fifths the length of the shell ; volutions eight, very slightly

convex ; aperture short, rather wide; outer lip moderately thick,

much incurvated to form the channel, with a whitish opake strong

margin externally, edentulous; inner lip even, and shining, with a

slight varix along its outer border, from which several rather promi-

nent strize traverse the anterior part of the dorsum to the fore part of

the outer lip ; the columella terminates angularly at the beginning of

the channel; channel rather long, moderately wide ; peritreme sub-

quadrangular.

Length, 32, of an inch; width, =12, of an inch.

Hab. Africa; West Indies. Cab. Metcalfe, Cuming, Gaskoin, &c.

16. CoLuMBELLA CoNSPERSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, pyrami-

dalis, pallide brunnea, maculis anticis, albi-opacis, irregulart-

bus; fasctis tribus albi-opacis, brunneo interruptis, duabus

posticis ab aperturd ad apicem continuis ; spird acuminatd an-

Sractibus novem vel decem convexiusculis; aperturd recta, latius-

culd ; labio externo ad marginem acuto, margine externo lato

prominente, intus denticulis quatuor quinque vel sex parvis ;

labio interno levi, nitido, intus varice parvo denticulato, extus

varice subprominente ad laterem canalis extenso ; striis tenui-

bus per anticam partem dorsi continuis ; canali longiusculo, an-

gusto, leviter recurvo ; peritremate subquadrangulo, lilacino.

Shell oblong-ovate, pyramidal, of a dull pale-brown colour, with

opake white, irregular markings on the anterior half of the last whorl;

three opake white bands ; the two anterior, interrupted and edged

posteriorly with dark brown coloration, traverse the last whorl; the

second, arising from the middle of the outer lip in narrow streaks,

continues along the anterior edge of the volutions close to the suture,

on to the apex; the third arises at the posterior part of the outer

lip, sometimes in conjoined nodules, edged anteriorly and interrupted

by a dark brown colour, passes over the dorsum and continues in

irregularly broad, even streaks on the posterior margin of the whorls

on to the apex. ['These characters are marked in fine specimens,

but are sometimes rendered less conspicuous by irregularity in

the opake white deposition.] Spire acuminated, constituting rather

more than one-half the length of the shell; volutions nine to ten,

slightly convex ; aperture straight, moderately wide ; outer lip sharp

at the edge, converges abruptly to form the channel, a broad promi-

nent margin externally, within are four, five, or six denticulations ;

inner lip smooth and shining, within is a little ridge forming about

six nodules or teeth, and at the outer edge is a rather strong varix

extending on to the side of the channel, and from the outer side of

which varix fine striee traverse the anterior portion of the dorsum ;

channel rather long and narrow, slightly recurved ; peritreme rather

quadrangular, and of a lilac colour.

Length, 52° of an inch; width, ,22, of an inch.

Hab.

? Cab. Gaskoin.

17. CotumBELLA FoRMOSA. Testa oblongo-ovata, levis, nitida,

colore flori-lacteo induta ; fasciis duabus maculis albicantibus

brunneisque interruptis ; spird acuminatd, ad dimidium longi-

tudinis teste equali; anfractibus septem vel octo convexiuscu-

lis, suturd subprominente ; apertura latiusculd et breviusculd ;

labio externo levi tenui, interno levi ; canali lato.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, of a light delicate cream

colour, with two interrupted bands of opake white and brown mark-

ings mingled together, the first arising from the anterior point of the

outer lip, and proceeding to the inner edge of the aperture ; the second

from the middle of the outer lip, and extending along the anterior mar-

gin of the volutions to the apex ; spire acuminated, of half the length

of the shell; volutions seven to eight, rather convex, suture slightly

prominent ; aperture somewhat wide and short; outer lip smooth

and thin; inner lip even and also edentulous, no varix at its inner

border; channel short and wide; a few strize traverse the anterior

part of the dorsum.

Length, 4°, of an inch; width, ;2° of an inch.

Hab. 2? Cab. Gaskoin.

18. CoLtumBELLA HIRUNDO. Testa ovato-pyramidalis, levis,

nitens, pallida, strigis punctisque brunneis leviter maculata ;

spird mucronatd, dimidium longitudinis teste equante; an-

Sractibus novem vel decem planis; aperturd latiusculd ; labio

externo crasso albo semicirculari, dentibus duobus vel tribus

latis posticis internis, margine externo crasso albo; labio in-

terno levi, subspirali, dente solitario majusculo ad posticam

partem; canali longo, latiusculo, recurvo, rostris prominenti-

bus, externo divergente quasi furcato ut in formd caude hirun-

dinis.

Shell ovato-pyramidal, smooth and shining, pale in colour, lightly

speckled with fine brown streaks and dottings, with intermissions of

colour along the darker coloration of the posterior edge of the volu-

tions ; spire sharply mucronated, being about half the length of the

shell; nine to ten flat volutions; aperture rather broad; outer lip

thick, white, semicircular, with two or three broad denticulations

within posteriorly, converges abruptly to form the channel ; external

margin strong and white; inner lip smooth, subspiral, with a single

rather large node or tooth at the posterior part ; channel long and

moderately wide, recurved, beaks prominent, outer one diverging,

giving a forked appearance, as in the tail of the swallow.

This species is of the stamp of Col. bicanalifera of Sowerby, Proc.

Zool. Soc. part ii. page 113; Sowerby’s Thesaurus, fig. 144.

Length, 5&9, of an inch; width, ,25, of an inch.

Hab. Per the ‘Samarang.’ Cab. Gaskoin.

19. CoLumMBELLA CatirorniANA. Testa oblongo-ovata, sub-

pyramidalis, levis, nitens, brunnea, vel brunneo variabilis, ali-

quando lineis tenuibus, fortioribus, aut latiusculis irregulari-

bus; spird acuminatd dimidium teste subaquante ; anfracti-

bus septem convexis; aperturd latd subquadrangulari; labio

externo tenuiusculo intus denticulato, labio interno leviter den-

ticulato ; dorso anticé transversim striato ; peritremate pur-

pureo-nigricante ; canali brevi.

Shell oblong-ovate, smooth and shining, rather pyramidal, of a

brown colour, varying much in intensity and markings, in being

sometimes uniform, in others with one or two thin darker coloured

einctures, or with broad and continuous dark irregular markings

spirally passing on the whorls to be lost in the deeper colour of the

apicine volutions; spire acuminated, about half the length of the

shell; volutions seven, convex; aperture wide, subquadrangular ;

outer lip rather thin, denticulated within on its whole extent ; inner

lip slightly denticulated along its rather angular immer edge ; fine

strice traverse the anterior part of the dorsum; peritreme of a dark

purple-brown colour ; channel very short.

Length, 4°, of an inch; width, 2,9, of an inch.

Hab. Sandeago, California. Cab. Cuming, Gaskoin.

20. CotumpeLiA Iopostoma. Testa oblongo-ovata, irregula-

viter brunnea; spird acuminatd, apice ceruleo-brunneo ; an-

fractibus septem vel octo raptim longitudinaliter decrescen-

tibus; costellis prope aperturam minus prominentibus, costis

ad posticum marginem in tuberculis postice terminantibus ;

apertura postice latiusculd, antice subacutd ; labio externo

tenui, intus denticulato ; labio interno intus denticulato, varice

prominente marginato ; dorso anticé extus striato ; canali lon-

giusculo ; margine peritrematis purpureo-brunnescente.

Shell oblong-ovate, of an irregular brown colour ; spire acumina-

ted, apex dark bluish brown colour ; volutions seven to eight, greatly

decreasing in circumference on to the apex, strongly ribbed longitu-

dinally, less strongly towards the aperture, the mbs terminating in

colourless nodules at the posterior edge of the volutions; aperture

rather broad posteriorly, subacute anteriorly ; outer lip thin, denticu-

lated to its full extent within ; imer lip denticulated within, bordered

by a rather prominent varix, from the outside of which striz pass

over the dorsum of the channel; channel rather long and broad ;

edge of peritreme of a dark purplish brown colour.

Length, =, of an inch; width, 22, of an inch.

Hab. Port Essington. Cab. (specimen unicum) Gaskoin.

Cyprma Cruara. Testa subcylindraceo-ovalis, rufescenti-cinerea,

anticé et postice supra extremitate maculd brunned ornata ; fas-

ciis latis saturatioribus tribus ; basi marginibusque albescenti-

bus ; aperturd latiusculd subspirali ; labio externo crassiusculo,

dentibus circa viginti-sex, regularibus, prominentibus ; interno

subspirali, dentibus circa viginti; sulco columellari profundo

latoque, intus denticulato ; marginibus rotundatis, incrassatis ;

extremitatibus obtusis, punctis minutissimis nigris notatis.

Shell subcylindrical-ovate, of a lightish red-ash colour, with three

broad bands placed about the anterior and posterior thirds and middle

of the shell, the middle one being narrowest, the lighter colour of the

shell being observed between them; a rather large reddish-brown

marking over the anterior and posterior extremities, gradually fading

along the margins; base whitish in a degree tinted with pink, round ;

the calcareous deposit forming the denticulations extends on to the

sides of the shell; aperture moderately wide, subspiral; outer lip

thick, with about twenty-six regular, even, rather prominent teeth

occupying the entire thick edge of the lip but not extending on to

the base ; inner lip subspiral, about twenty projecting teeth termi-

nating outwardly im an even line at the edge of the aperture ; co-

lumellar suleus broad and deep, which about eight of the anterior

teeth traverse and strongly serrate its inner border, no columellar

groove ; the posterior teeth, proceeding but a little distance within the

aperture, terminate on the columella; the sulcus being so deep causes

a rather angular prominence of the inner side of the channel; mar-

gins thick and round ; extremities, the external posterior broad and

obtuse, the internal edge-formed concave within ; the anterior project

moderately and converge; all are dotted with very minute black

points which extend in a slight degree on to the margins; channels,

anterior rather narrow and short, posterior moderately wide, both

inclining towards the columella.

Length, 1,25, inch; width, 45 of an inch.

Hab. ? Cab. Cuming.

This species is of the stamp of Cyp. Isabella, Linn.

3. On THE PTERODACTYLES OF THE CHALK FoRMATION.

By J. S. Bowrersank, Esa., F.R.S. etc.

(Reptilia, Pl. IV.)

On the 14th May 1845 I exhibited at the Meeting of the Geological

Society the snout and under jaws, extending from the point to about

the middle of the cavitas narium, of a new and gigantic species of

Pterodactylus, with some other bones, a portion of which belonged

to the same individual, and others which have every appearance of

having belonged to another animal of the same species *, and I then

stated my belief that the bone figured by Prof. Owen, in the ‘ Trans-

actions of the Geological Society,’ vol. v. pl. 39, 2nd Series, would

probably ultimately prove to be that of a Pterodactyl. From the

great size of the snout, and the gigantic proportions also indicated by

the bones accompanying it, I was induced to give it the specific name

of giganteus. On a subsequent occasion, June 9, 1847, I continued

my remarks on these Reptile remains, in a paper entitled ‘ Microsco-

pical Observations on the Structure of the Bones of Pterodactylus

giganteus and other fossil animals,” in which I endeavoured to prove,

by the strongly-marked peculiarities of the bone-cells in Mammals,

Birds and Reptiles, that the whole of the bones described in my former

paper, and those figured by Prof. Owen in the Trans. Geol. Soc.,

2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39. figs. 1 & 2, were in truth of purely Repti-

lian character ; and I also figured a radius and ulna from the Cabinet

of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, of nearly the same gigantic pro-

portions as the one formerly in the possession of the Earl of Ennis-

killen, but now in my collection (fig. 1. pl. 39, Geol. Trans.), and a

bone from the Cabinet of Mr. Toulmin Smith, equivalent to that

represented by Prof. Owen in the same plate, fig. 2, which bones

presented the same structural evidence of their Reptilian nature, and

* Quart. Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 7. pl. 1. figs. 1-6.

which description of evidence has, I am happy to say, been more

fully developed and firmly established by the talented coadjutor of

Prof. Owen, Mr. Quekett of the Royal College of Surgeons, who has

publicly taught it in the Theatre of that Institution without question

or contradiction of its truth. This great radius and ulna in Mrs.

Smith’s Collection I referred to my previously established species, P.

giganteus, believing at that time that they were probably the bones

of a fully developed animal, while those previously described were

the remains of animals not developed to the full extent of their capa-

bility.

Since the publication of these specimens it has been my good for-

tune to obtain the snout of another and still larger species of Pte-

rodactyl, from the same pit at Burham in Kent, and which it is

probable will ultimately prove to belong to the species to which the

enormous pair of bones in the Cabinet of Mr. Charles of Maidstone

belongs. Should this hereafter prove to be the case, it will then re-

main to be shown whether the beautiful specimen of radius and ulna

in the Collection of Mrs. Smith of Tunbridge Wells, and the bone

nearly corresponding in size with them, and which was in the possession

of the Earl of Enniskillen, belong to-the newly discovered species,

which I purpose designating Pterodactylus Cuvieri, or to the pre-

viously named species, P. giganteus ; or whether there be yet a third

species existing in the chalk, to which these bones of an intermediate

size may hereafter be referred *.

The snout of the new species, P. Cuvieri, differs materially in its

form from the same part of P. giganteus: while the latter agrees as

nearly as possible in that respect with P. crassirostris and P. brevi-

rostris, the former appears to approach very closely the proportions

of P. longirostris. Thus, if we take the length of the snout from the

distal end of the cavitas narium, as compared with its height, at the

same point of P. crassirostris, P. brevirostris and P. giganteus, we

find the relative proportions to be,—of the first-named, 29 of height

to 56 of length; of the second, 28 of height to 50 of length; and of

the third, 28 of height to 58 of length ; we may therefore reasonably

conclude that, when perfect, the head of P. giganteus very closely re-

sembled in its proportions that of crassirostris. The length of the

fragment of the snout of P. Cuviert at the upper portion of the head

is 7°20 inches; at the palatal bones, 6°38 inches; and in this space

there are sockets for twelve teeth on each side. The distance between

each tooth is about 14 of the long diameter of the sockets, which are

somewhat irregularly placed, but are nearly equidistant from each

other. The pair of teeth at the distal end of the snout appear, both

from the position of the sockets and the tooth remaining én situ, to

have been projected more or less forward, in a line with the palatal

bones. The head appears to have been exceedingly narrow through-

out the whole of its length. At the third pair of teeth from the distal

* A third species, C. compressirostris, has since been described by Prof. Owen,

page 95, Part III. of ‘The Fossil Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations,’ pub-

lished by the Paleontographical Society, and to which species the bones in ques-

tion have been referred.

end of the snout it measures ‘66 inch, and at the eleventh pair of

teeth, -78 inch wide. Opposite the seventh pair of teeth the skull

curves upward suddenly and considerably, which is not the case at

any part of the corresponding portion of the skull of P. longirostris ;

it is therefore probable, that although in the number and disposition

of the teeth in the upper jaw, as far as our evidence goes, it strongly

resembles Jongirostris in its structure, yet in the length of its skull it

is probably shorter in proportion than that species, apparently in that

respect being intermediate between longirostris and crassirostris; thus

uniting the long-nosed with the short-nosed species of Pterodactyls.

There are no remains of the cavitas narium in the new species, but

it is not to be expected that it should make its appearance so near to

the termination of the snout, as in longirostris the distal portion of

that cavity is situated as far backward from the last of the dental

series of the upper jaw as that tooth is from the end of the snout.

The number of teeth on each side of the upper jaw in P. longirostris

is twelve, and the like number of sockets are apparent in our speci-

men; it is therefore probable that we have the whole of that portion

of the head.

If we estimate the size of the head on the scale of P. longirostris,

it would appear to be 25°52 inches in length ; but as we have observed

that the skull curves upward considerably at the seventh pair of teeth,

it is probable that its length may not be so much.

The length of the wing of P. crassirostris in proportion to the

length of its head is 3°91 times. The length of the wing of P. longi-

rostris compared with the length of its head is 2°51; if therefore

we assume, from the peculiar form of the snout of P. Cuvieri, that

the head as regards length is intermediate in its proportions between

P. crassirostris and P. longirostris, it should be 3°21 parts of the

length of the wing.

The snout contracts in width gradually upwards from the sockets

of the teeth, so that its upper portion forms a narrow ridge, and this

is its form as far backward as it can be traced. The palatal bones

are depressed, the suture forming a prominent ridge as far as it is

visible, but not in so great a degree as in P. giganteus.

One of the first pair of teeth remains in its socket ; the whole of

the other large teeth are displaced, but there are two of them imbed-

ded in the chalk, one within an inch and the other an inch and a half

of the sockets, and in the fifth right and eighth left socket there is a

rudimentary tooth in situ. The largest of the displaced teeth ex-

ceeds 1:32 inch in length, and has been buried in the socket for nearly

an inch ; the second large tooth, which is imbedded near the third

pair of sockets, does not exceed an inch in length; both teeth are

slightly curved, smooth, and are hollow at the base.

The great diversity in the size of these remarkable Reptiles will ren-

der a short review of some of the known species interesting ; and if we

arrange them in order, as they increase in size, the following will be

the series :—1. P. brevirostris, 2. P. longirostris, 3. P. erassirostris,

4. P. Bucklandi, 5. P. grandis, 6. P. giganteus, 7. P. Cuviert; and

to these may be added the bones in the possession of Mrs. Smith, the

Wii

Earl of Enniskillen, and Mr. Charles. Of these, drevirostris, crassi-

rostris and giganteus are short-nosed species, longirostris and Cuviert

long-nosed. With regard to relative length and proportions of the

other parts of the skeleton we have ample means to arrive at tolerably

correct conclusions, in consequence of the nearly perfect condition of

brevirostris, crassirostris and longirostris. In the former two we

find the cervical vertebree short and thick, the length being about

equal to the height in the latter of the two, while in longirostsis they

vary in length from three to five times their own diameter at the

middle. Very uncertain results therefore would arise from finding

single bones of this portion of the skeleton, excepting that a long and

attenuated cervical vertebra would seem to indicate a corresponding

length of snout ; but from the other bones of the animal, more espe-

cially those of the wing, much more satisfactory results may arise.

Upon a careful measurement of the casts in the British Museum from

the original specimens, I find the following to be the length of the

bones of the wing of P. longirostris :—

inch.

Hrameros «0? 00 28 1:25 = 8°55 of length of wing.

Radius and ulna... .. 1:90 =" 5°57 »

Carpus ees oe

Metacarpus......... 1°34 = 7°97 »

Ist’Phalange’....... 1°90 = 5°57 »

RG ROONEY HO) $958 1°75) "610 a

3rd i teenla ica the late 1°25 = 8°55 Be

4th a Se OPS a

10°69

inches.

The length of the head . aikedy ie aa TS Ba eS

From the tip of the nose to the commencement

of the! Givitas maritin ! 0P 2281.20 P82 22 2 2°10

Height of the skull at the commencement of

(heveavitds udtiunrs > occ soe ae ere ee ee

Length of the femur..............0...0.0. 1°34

Leneth ofthe) tibia) sy. 082. Fen Bo. 1-90

Smallest diameter of the radius near the distal

exisemivy IFoo Pe 2. OO ee 0°14

By these measurements it is apparent that the tibia, radius and

ulna and Ist phalange are equal in length. The humerus and 3rd

phalange are also equal to each other, and so likewise are the meta-

carpus and femur equal to each other. If we also compare the small-

est diameter of the radius, 0°14 inch, with its length, 1°90 inch, we

find that the bone is 13,8, diameters long, and in P. Macronyz (Buck-

landi) it is 134. We may therefore be enabled, by keeping these

comparative measurements in view, to predict with a tolerable degree

of certainty the spread of wing of any Pterodactyl of which we may

find one or more of the principal bones of the wing, and especially if

No. CCXX.—PRoceEDINGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

we take into consideration the comparative length of each bone with

regard to its total extension, as exhibited in the table of the dimen-

sions of P. longirostris. In the case of the great specimens of radius

we may arrive at their length in many cases, although the bone may

be imperfect at even both terminations. Thus the diameter of the

smallest portion of the bone formerly in the possession of the Karl of

Enniskillen and figured by Prof. Owen, is ‘81 inch at the smallest

portion of the shaft: this bone therefore, on the scale of 135 diame-

ters to its length, should be 10°93 inches in length. The measure-

ment of the smallest portion of the bone belonging to Mrs. Smith

(Geol. Journ. vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1@) is*77 inch: we may therefore, by

the same rule, conclude that its length was 10°39 inches when per-

fect. The length of the imperfect ulna beside it is 9°25 inches in the

specimen. The diameter of the smallest portion of the bone (Geol.

Journ. vol. ii. pl. 1. fig. 6) is ‘45 inch, which, in the proportion of 133

diameters to its length, will give 6°07 inches for its length. The

width of the corresponding bone in the possession of Mr. Charles of

Maidstone is 1°25 inch at the smallest diameter: by the same rule,

therefore, the approximate length should be 16°87. The remains of

the bone alongside of it is, although imperfect at both ends, actually

12°25 inches in length.

Upon these grounds therefore, in every case derived as much as

possible from direct measurements from the skeletons of the respective

species, I have given the following table of the dimensions of a series

of species of Pterodactyls, the most interesting either from the state

of perfection in which their remains have been found, or from the

gigantic proportions which they present ; and thus have endeavoured

to realize to the mind an idea, as nearly as possible correct, of the di-

mensions of the animals when alive.

Table of the relative proportions of known species of Pterodactylus,

with the length of each of the wing-bones and half of the width of

the body.

3 2 3 5 | 1 9,80

: 21 EB] 2| P| Ble. [ees

BolSala lb Bi) 2 lob log) glee F8s

rr) a8 5 g a wy a a Fo|_& Sy

Ea 5 Neel es [es mg (on eyt | Som ile aes

Be Jems, lh Os je dod aié6 | 3 |= ledge

in. in. fin. in. in. in. in in. ft. in.

P. brevirostris ...} 0°48 | 0°75 0:06] 0°52) 0°82] 0°76] 0°48] 0°35/0°19| 0 9

P. longirostris ...} 1°25 | 1°90 0°13} 1°34] 1°90] 1:75] 1:25} 1:17 |0°47| 1 10

P. crassirostris...| 2°08 | 4°42 0°34 1:32 | 2°83] 2°53] 2°08} 2°32|1°10| 3 2

P. Bucklandi.....} 3°25} 4°25 0°40] 3°75] 3°91] 4°83] 3°25] 3°00/1:06| 4 7

P. grandis ........ 3°75 | 5°70 0°39] 4°02) 5°70) 5°50) 2°75) 3°51|142) 5 5

P. giganteus...... 4:43) 6°74 0°46 | 4:75| 6°74] 6:21] 4:43] 4:14|1°68| 6 7

P. (Mrs. Snitiia 6°76 |10°39 0°70 | 7:26 |10°39 | 9°49} 6°76] 6°33 |2°59 |10 2

P. Cuvieri .. .{10°99 |16°87 |1°14 |11°79 |16°87 |15°56 |10-99 |10°29 |4°:22 |16 6

In the above table I have presumed that the largest bones should

be associated with the snout described as the type of P. Cuvieri, but

the truth of this assignment of the bones belonging to Mr. Charles

can alone be determined by the acquisition of more complete speci-

mens of the animal than those at present known.

In the construction of this table I have taken the proportions of

P. longirostris as the foundation, as it is the only species from which

I could get the measurements of all the bones of the wing from the

same animal; but it must not be supposed that the restorations

effected in the table will be absolutely correct at all times in its appli-

cation, for we see that in P. longirostris the radius and first pha-

lange are equal, but in ecrassirostris and Bucklandi this is not the

case: the greatest discrepancy rests with crassirostris, while Buck-

landi and brevirostris accord much more nearly with the proportions

of longirostris; and if we may judge by the comparative difference

between those bones in longirostris on the one part, and Bucklandi

and crassirostris on the other, it may perhaps be fairly surmised that

the greater length of wing would be found to exist in the long-nosed

species, and consequently that Buchklandi will prove to belong to the

short-nosed ones; and this also would seem to be indicated by what

remains of the cervical vertebree in the original specimen in the Bri-

tish Museum.

Prof. Owen, in treating of these animals in my late friend Mr.

Dixon’s work ‘On the Geology and Fossils of the Tertiary and Cre-

taceous Formations of Sussex,’ has thought proper to re-name P. gi-

ganteus, and designate it P. conirostris, Owen. I certainly did not

lend my specimens to my late friend Mr. Dixon for the illustration

of his work, with a view of having the name which I had assigned to

this new and gigantic species subverted, and without in the slightest

degree being consulted on the subject. Nor can I concur with the

reasons given by Prof. Owen for thus re-naming it, as the name gi-

ganteus was not given, as stated by the learned Professor, “because

certain bones of another and larger animal, of a different species, have

been erroneously referred to it ;” but, in truth, from its being the

largest distinct species at that time known, exceeding P. Buchlandi

(or Macronyx) by two feet in the spread of its wings, and P. grandis

of Cuvier by above a foot. The beautiful specimen of radius and

ulna in the possession of Mrs. Smith, and subsequently figured in my

second paper, was at that time unknown to me, and the bone then in

the possession of the Earl of Enniskillen was claimed by the Professor

as that ofabird. I had therefore no other material than that in my

own possession on which to base my name of giganteus.

If the learned Professor’s reason for the proposed change of name

is to hold good, that of exclusive fitness in specific nomenclature, then

the one he proposes is also inappropriate, as it might be with equal

propriety given to either crassirostris or brevirostris ; or if specific

names, based on comparisons of size, are to be extinguished, and new

names given on the discovery of new species, there would be no end

of the confusion generated; thus, as P. brevirostris is thicker in its

proportions than crassirostris, they would require to exchange names,

or the latter at least to be re-named ; medius would no longer be me-

dius, with the addition of our new species, and grandis would no longer

be grand in comparison. Into what an unenviable state of confusion

should we not plunge nomenclature if we were to adopt the practice

of the learned Professor, instead of the precepts so judiciously laid

down by himself and others of the Committee of Nomenclature of the

British Association, and which I quote as a justification on my part

for my refusal to adopt the learned Professor’s exchange of my name

for the one he has proposed !

In page 4 of the Report, under the head of “ Law of Priority the

only effectual and just one,” we find the following passages :—“ It

being admitted on all hands that words are only the conventional

signs of ideas, it is evident that language can only attain its end

effectually by being permanently established and generally recog-

nized. This consideration ought, it would seem, to have checked

those who are continually attempting to subvert the established lan-

guage by substituting terms of their own coinage.” ...... “Now in

zoology no one person can subsequently claim an authority equal to

that possessed by the person who is the first to define a new genus

or describe a new species; and hence it is that the name originally

given, even though it be inferior in point of elegance or expressive-

ness to those subsequently proposed, ought, as a general principle, to

be permanently retained. To this consideration we ought to add the

injustice of erasing the name originally selected by the person to whose

labours we owe our first knowledge of the object.” To these excel-

lent principles the learned Professor has given the sanction of his

signature. Prof. Owen, in the article on Péerodactylus in Mr. Dixon’s

work, has not quoted my observations on those Reptiles so fully as I

could have wished; inasmuch as he has adverted to the strongly-

marked peculiarities of the bone-cells, which are the principal cha-

racters in the question at issue, in so slight a manner, as almost to

induce me to imagine that he must have forgotten them entirely. I

shall simply content myself in challenging Prof. Owen to produce

any such general structure and proportions of the bone-cells from the

skeleton of any recent or extinct bird as those existing in the long bone

described as Cimoliornis, or to produce any such radius and ulna of a

bird containing similar bone-cells as those in the possession of Mrs.

Smith, and figured by me in my paper in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of

the Geological Society for February 1848,’ vol. iv. pl. 2.

On the subject of the strictures with which Prof. Owen has fa-

voured me at the conclusion of his observations in Mr. Dixon’s work,

and how far I have been ‘“‘ wanting in a due comprehension of the

subject, and have been a hindrance instead of a furtherance of true

knowledge,” I am content to leave to the judgement of those who

may feel a sufficient degree of interest to induce them to peruse what

I have written in my former papers on the Pterodactyles of the Chalk.

January 28, 1851.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON A NEW SPECIES OF PrERODACTYLE (PTERODACTYLUS COM-

PRESSIROSTRIS, OWEN) FROM THE CHALK; WITH SOME Re-

MARKS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE PREVIOUSLY DE-

SCRIBED SPECIES. By Pror. Owen, F.R.S.

(Reptilia, Pl. V.)

The honour of having first made known the existence of remains

of the Pterodactyle in the Chalk deposits belongs to James Scott

Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S. This indefatigable collector had the good

fortune to receive in 1845, from the Kentish Chalk, the characteristic

jaws and teeth, with part of the scapular arch and a few other bones,

of a well-marked species of Pterodactyle, and the discovery was briefly

recorded in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon-

don,’ and in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society for May 14, 1845, with

an illustrative plate (pl. 1).

Mr. Bowerbank concludes his notice by referring to a large fossil

wing-bone from the chalk, previously described and figured by me in

the ‘ Geological Transactions,’ and remarks that, “if it should prove

to belong to a Pterodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings

would reach to at least eight or nine feet. Under these circum-

stances,’ he says, ‘‘I propose that the species described above shall

be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.” (loc. cit. p.8.) Subsequent

discoveries and observations have inclined the balance of probability in

favour of the Pterodactylian nature of the fossils to which Mr. Bower-

bank refers, but have shown them to belong to distinct species.

These fossils are not, indeed, amongst the characteristic parts of

the flying reptile: one of them is the shaft of a long bone exhibiting

those peculiarities of structure which are common to birds and ptero-

dactyles ; the other shows an articular extremity, which, in our pre-

sent ignorance of those of the different bones of the Pterodactyle, has

its nearest analogue in the distal trochlea of the bird’s tibia. These

two specimens, which are figured in the sixth volume of the Second

Series of the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society,’ 1840, pl. 39.

figs. 1 & 2, were transmitted to me by the Karl of Enniskillen and

Dr. Buckland, as being “‘the bones of a bird” (p. 411), and my com-

parisons of them were limited to that class.

The idea of their possibly belonging to a Pterodactyle did occur to

me, but it was dispelled by the following considerations. The act of

flight—the most energetic mode of locomotion—demands a special

modification of the Vertebrate organization, in that subkingdom, for

its exertion. But in the class 4ves, in which every system is more or

less adapted and co-adjusted for this end, the laws of gravitation seem

to forbid the successful exercise of the volant powers in species beyond

a certain bulk ; and when this exceeds that of the Condor or Albatros,

as, for example, in the Cassowary, the Emeu, or the Ostrich, although

the organization is essentially that of the Vertebrate animal modified

for flight, flight is impossible ; and its immediate instruments, to the

exercise of which all the rest of the system is more or less subordi-

nated, are checked in their development ; and, being unfitted for

flight, they are not modified for any other use. There is not, per-

haps, a more anomalous or suggestive phenomenon in nature than

a bird which cannot fly! A small section of the Mammalia is modi-

fied for flight ; but the plan of the organization of that warm-blooded

class being less directly adapted for flight than that of birds, the

weight and bulk of the body which may be raised and transported

through the air are restricted to a lower range, and the largest frugi-

vorous Bat (Pteropus) does not exceed the Raven in size. The Rep-

tilian modification of the Vertebrate type would seem to be still less

fitted for any special adjustment to aérial locomotion ; and in the pre-

sent day we know of no species of the class that can sustain itself in

the air which equals a Sparrow in size. And the species in question—

the little Draco volans—sails rather than flies, upborne by its out-

stretched costal parachute in its oblique leaps from bough to bough.

Of the remarkable reptiles now extinct, which, like the Bats, had

their anterior members modified for plying a broad membranous wing,

no species had been discovered prior to 1840 which surpassed the

largest of the Pteropi, or Flying-Foxes, in the spread of those wings,

and there was, @ priori, a physiological improbability that the cold-

blooded organization of a Reptile should by any secondary modifica-

tion be made to effect more in the way of flight, or be able to raise a

larger mass into the air, than could be done by the warm-blooded

Mammal under an analogous special adaptation. When, therefore,

the supposed bird’s bone (Geol. Trans. 1840, pl. 39. fig. 1) was first

submitted to me by Dr. Buckland, which on the Pterodactyle hypo-

thesis could not be the humerus, but must have been one of the

smaller bones of the wing, its size seemed decisive against its reference

to an animal of flight having a cold-blooded organization. The sub-

sequent discovery of the portion of the skull of the Pterodactyle, de-

scribed by Mr. Bowerbank at the last meeting of the Society (Jan.

14), shows that the resources of Creative power in past time surpass

the calculations that are founded upon actual nature.

It is only the practised Comparative Anatomist that can fully realize

the difficulty of the attempt to resolve a paleeontological problem from

such data as the two fragments of long bones first submitted to me in

1840. He alone can adequately appreciate the amount of research

involved in such a generalization as that “there is no bird now known,

north of the equator, with which the fossils can be compared ;”’ and

when, after a wearying progress through an extensive class, the spe-

cies is at length found to which the nearest resemblance is made by

the fragmentary fossil, and the differences are conscientiously pointed

out—as when, in reference to the humerus of the Albatros, I stated

that ‘‘it differs therefrom in the more marked angles which bound

the three sides ’””—the genuine worker and searcher after truth may

conceive the feelings with which I find myself misrepresented as

having regarded the specimens “as belonging to an extinct species

of Albatros.” My reference of the bones even to the longipennate

tribe of natatorial birds is stated hypothetically and with due caution :

“*On the supposition that this fragment of bone is the shaft of the

humerus, its length and comparative straightness would prove it to

have belonged to one of the longipennate natatorial birds equalling in

size the Albatros.” (doc. cit. p. 411.)

Since the discovery has been made of the manifestly characteristic

parts of the genus Pterodactylus in the Burham chalk-pit, it has been

objected that the bones first discovered there, and described by me

as resembling birds of flight, ‘‘are so extremely thin, as to render it

most improbable that they could ever have sustained such an instru-

ment of flight as the powerful wing of the Albatros, or of any other

bird: their tenuity is in fact such,” says the ex post facto Objector,

‘as to point out their adaptation to support an expanded membrane,

but not pinions *.”

The reply to this assertion need only be a simple reference to na-

ture: sections of the wing-bones of birds may be seen in the Museum

of the Royal College of Surgeons, and have been exposed to view,

since the discovery of their structure by the Founder of that Collec-

tion, in every Museum of Comparative Anatomy worthy to be so

called.

To expose the gratuitous character of the objection above cited, I

have placed on the table a section of the very bone that directly sus-

tains the large quill-feathers in the Pelican ; its parietes are only half

as thin as those of the antibrachial bone of the great Pterodactyle

which is figured in my ‘ History of British Fossil Reptiles,’ pl. 4, and

is not thicker than those of the bone figured in the Geological Trans-

actions, 1840, above cited.

Hunter, who had obtained some of the long bones with thin

walls and a wide cavity from the Stonesfield slate, has entered them

in his MS. Catalogue of Fossils as the “ Bones of Birds,’’ and per-

haps no practical anatomist had had greater experience in the degree

of tenuity presented by the compact walls of the large air-cavities of

the bones in that class. Of all the modifications of the dermal system

for combining extent of surface with lightness of material, the ex-

panded feather has been generally deemed the consummation. Well

might the eloquent Paley exclaim, ‘‘ Every feather is a mechanical

wonder: their disposition all inclined backwards, the down about the

stem, the overlapping of their tips, their different configuration in dif-

ferent parts, not to mention the variety of their colours, constitute a

vestment for the body so beautiful and so appropriate to the life

which the animal is to lead, as that, I think, we should have had

no conception of anything equally perfect, if we had never seen it, or

can imagine anything more so.” It was reserved for the author of

the ‘ Wonders of Geology’ to prefer the leathern wing of the Bat and

Pterodactyle as the lighter form, and to discover that such a structure

as is displayed in the bone described and figured in the ‘ Geol. Trans.’

* Mantell, ‘ Wonders of Geology,’ 1848, vol. i. p. 441.

vol. vi. pl. 39, was a most improbable one to have sustained a power-

ful wing of any bird!* Let me not be supposed, however, to be

concerned in excusing my own mistake; [ am only reducing the

unamiable exaggeration of it. Above all things, in our attempt to

gain a prospect of an unknown world by the difficult ascent of the

fragmentary ruins of a former temple of life, we ought to note the

successful efforts, as well as the occasional deviations from the right

track, with an equal glance, and record them with a strict regard to

truth. The existence of a species of Albatros, or of any other actual

genus of bird during the period of the Middle Chalk, would be truly

a wonder of Geology ; not so the existence of a bird of the longipen-

nate family.

I still think it for the interest of science, in the present limited

extent of induction from microscopic observation, to offer a warning

against a too hasty and implicit confidence in the forms and propor-

tions of the Purkingean or radiated corpuscles of bone, as demon-

strative of such minor groups of a class as that of the genus Ptero-

dactylus. Such a statement as that ‘these cells in Birds have a

breadth in proportion to their length of from one to four or five ;

while in Reptiles the length exceeds the breadth ten or twelve times,”’

only betrays the limited experience of the assertor. In the dermal

plates of the Tortoise, e. g., the average breadth of the bone-cell to

its length is as one to six, and single ones might be selected of greater

breadth.

With the exception of one restricted family of Ruminants, every

Mammal, the blood-dises of which have been submitted to examina-

tion, has been found to possess those particles of a circular form: in

the Camelide they are elliptical, as in birds and reptiles. The bone-

cells have already shown a greater range of variety in the Vertebrate

series than the blood-dises. Is it then a too scrupulous reticence to

require the evidence of microscopic structure of a bone to be corrobo-

rated by other testimony of a plainer kind, before hastening to an

absolute determination of its nature, as has been done with regard to

the Wealden bone, figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. v.

pl. 13. fig. 6¢? As a matter of fact, the existence of Pterodactylian

remains in the chalk was not surmised through any observation of the

microscopic structure of bones that are liable to be mistaken for those

of birds, but was first plainly proved by the characteristic portions of

the Pterodactyle defined by Mr. Bowerbank, as follows, in his original

communication of this discovery to the Geological Society of London,

May 14, 1845 :—

“I have recently obtained from the Upper Chalk ¢ of Kent some

* Mantell, ‘Wonders,’ &c. ed. 1848, vol. i. p. 441.

+ Compare, for example, two of the longest of the cells figured by Mr. Bower-

bank in pl.1. fig. 9, ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. as those of

a bird, with two of the widest of the cells figured in fig. 1 of the same plate as those

of the Pterodactyle; and contrast the want of parallelism in the bone-cells of the

Wealden bone, fig. 9, with the parallelism of the long axes of the cells in that of

the Albatros, fig. 3.

¢ Mr. Toulmin Smith, in an able paper “On the Formation of the Flints of the

remains of a large species of Pterodactylus. The bones consist of—

“1. The fore part of the head as far as about the middle of the

cavitas narium, with a corresponding portion of the under jaws,

many of the teeth remaining in their sockets.

“2. A fragment of the bone of the same animal, apparently a part

of the coracoid.

«3. A portion of what appears to be one of the bones of the auri-

cular digit, from a chalk-pit at Halling.

«<4. A portion of a similar bone, from the same locality as No. 1.

**5. The head of a long bone, probably the tibia, belonging to the

same animal as the head, No. 1.

«*6. A more perfect bone of the same description, not from the

same animal, but found at Halling.”

In a subsequent communication, dated December 1845, Mr. Bower-

bank states with regard to the specimens Nos. 5 and 6, which he

supposed to be parts of a tibia, that “‘on a more careful comparison

with the figures of Pterodactylus by Goldfuss, 1 am inclined to be-

lieve they are more likely to be portions of the ulna.”

With respect to the long bone, No. 6 in the above list, comparing

it with that figured in the Geol. Trans., 2nd Series, vol. vi. pl. 39.

fig. 1, and referred by me to Cimoliornis diomedeus, Mr. Bowerbank

writes :—

“Although the two specimens differ greatly in size, there is so

strong a resemblance between them in the form and regularity of the

shaft, and in the comparative substance of the bony structure, as to

render it exceedingly probable that they belong to the same class of

animals ;”” and he concludes by remarking, that “If the part of the

head in my possession (see fig. 1) be supposed similar in its propor-

tions to that of Pterodactylus crassirostris,—and there appears but

little difference in that respect,—it would indicate an animal of com-

paratively enormous size. The length of the head, from the tip of

the nose to the basal extremity of the skull, of Pt. crassirostris is

about 4% inches, while my specimen would be, as nearly as can be

estimated, 91 inches. According to the restoration of the animal by

Goldfuss, Pt. crassirostris would measure as nearly as possible three

feet from tip to tip of the wings, and it is probable that the species

now described would measure at least six feet from one extremity of

the expanded wings to the other; but if it should hereafter prove

that the bone described and figured by Prof. Owen belongs to a Pte-

rodactyle, the probable expansion of the wings would reach to at least

eight or nine feet. Under these circumstances I propose that the spe-

cies described above shall be designated Pterodactylus giganteus.”’

(Quarterly Geol. Journ. vol. ii. p. 8.)

In a subsequent memoir, read June 9, 1847, and published in the

‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. February 1848,

Mr. Bowerbank gives figures of the ‘bone-cells’ from the jaw of a

Upper Chalk,” in the ‘Annals of Natural History,’ vol. xx. p. 295, affirms that no

upper chalk exists in the localities whence the above-defined specimens came.

They are from the “ Middle Chalk.”

Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 1), from the shaft of the bone in question

(0b. fig. 2), and from the femur of a recent Albatros (id. fig. 3), in

corroboration of the required proof: and he adds, “Fortunately the

two fine specimens from the rich collection of Mrs. Smith of Ton-

bridge Wells, represented by fig. 1. pl. 2, in a great measure justify

this conclusion; and in the bone a, which is apparently the corre-

sponding bone to the one represented by fig. 1 in Prof. Owen’s paper,

the head is very nearly in a perfect state of preservation.” (op. cit.

p. 5.) Mr. Bowerbank, in his explanation of plate 2, describes the

two fine specimens above mentioned as “Fig. 1. Radius and ulna of

Pterodactylus giganteus, in the cabinet of Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge

Wells.” (tom. cit. p. 10.) He proceeds to state, ‘There are two

other similar bones, imbedded side by side, in the collection of Mr.

Charles of Maidstone, of still greater dimensions than those from the

cabinet of Mrs. Smith ;”’ and he assigns his grounds for the conclu-

sion, that ‘the animal to which such bones belonged could, therefore,

have scarcely measured less than fifteen or sixteen feet from tip to tip

of its expanded wings.”

The Committee of the British Association for the Reform and Re-

gulation of Zoological Nomenclature, amongst other excellent rules,

have decided that, “A name which is glaringly false shall be changed”

(Report, p. 113). I submit that this is the case when the name gi-

ganteus is proposed for a species less than half the size of others pre-

viously discovered. Now, although those remains of the truly gigantic

Pterodactyles had not been demonstrated to be such, yet they were

suspected so to be by Mr. Bowerbank when he proposed the name

giganteus ; and the name is in fact proposed, subject to the condition

of that demonstration, and under the evident belief that they be-

longed to the same species as the obvious Pterodactyle remains he

was describing. He says, ‘‘ Under these circumstances I propose that

the species shall be designated ‘giganteus’,”’ and the circumstances

referred to are the probable case that the bones, which from their large

size I had supposed to belong to a bird, should prove to belong to a

Pterodactyle. :

The Committee for the Reform of Zoological Nomenclature next

proceed to determine that, “Names not clearly defined may be

changed. Unless a species or group is intelligibly defined when the

name is given, it cannot be recognised by others, and the signification

of the name is consequently lost. Two things are necessary before a

zoological term can acquire any authority, viz. definition and publi-

cation. Definition properly implies a distinct exposition of essential

characters, and in all cases we conceive this to be indispensable.”

(Report, pp.113,114.) Now with regard to the Pterodactylus gigan-

teus, Mr. Bowerbank had unreservedly applied the term to the species

to which the long wing-bone first described by me might appertain,

under the circumstances of its beg proved to belong to a Pterodac-

tyle ; inasmuch as he had figured two similar and equal-sized bones

in the ‘ Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. iv. pl. 2. fig. 1

(Proceedings of the Society for June 9, 1847), as the “radius and ulna

of Pterodactylus giganteus.” So far as a species can be intelligibly

defined by figures, that to which the term giganteus was in 1845 pro-

visionally, and in 1847 absolutely applied, seemed to be clearly enough

pointed out by the plate 2 in the work above cited. But, with the

large bones appropriately designated by the term giganteus, some

parts of a smaller Pterodactyle, including the portions of jaws first

announcing the genus in the Chalk, had been associated under the

same name. Supposing those bones to have belonged to a young

individual of the Pterodactylus giganteus, no difficulty or confusion

would arise. After instituting, however, a rigid comparison of these

specimens, when drawing up my Descriptions for Mr. Dixon’s work,

I was compelled to arrive at the conclusion that the parts figured by

Mr. Bowerbank in plate 2, figs. 1 & 2, of vol. 11. of the ‘Quarterly Geo-

logical Journal,’ and the parts figured in plate 2, figs. 1 a & 4, of vol. iv.

of the same Journal, both assigned by Mr. Bowerbank to the Ptero-

dactylus giganteus, belonged to two distinct species. The portions

of the scapula and coracoid of the Pterodactyle (pl. 1. fig. 2, tom. cit.)

indicated by their complete anchylosis that they had not been part

of a young individual of the species to which the large antibrachial

bones (pl. 2. fig. 1 a & 6, tom. cit.) belonged; although they might

well appertain to the species to which the jaws (pl. 1. fig. 1) belonged.

Two species of Pterodactyle were plainly indicated, as I have shown

in the above-cited work, by my lamented friend Mr. Dixon, ‘On the

Tertiary and Cretaceous Deposits of Sussex,’ 4to, p. 402. The same

name could not be retained for both, and it was in obedience to this

necessity, and not with any idea of detracting an iota from the merit

of Mr. Bowerbank’s original announcement of the existence of a Pte-

rodactyle in the chalk, that I proposed the name of conirostris for

the smaller species, then for the first time distinctly defined and di-

stinguished from the larger remains to which the name giganteus had

also been given by Mr. Bowerbank. I proposed the name, more-

over, provisionally and with submission to the ‘Committee for the

Reform of Zoological Nomenclature,’ according to whose rules I be-

lieved myself to be guided.

My conclusions as to the specific distinction of the remains of the

smaller Pterodactyle (pl. 1, tom. cit. 1845) from those figured in

plate 2. tom. cit. 1848, have received full confirmation by the va-

luable discovery of the portion of the cranium of the truly gigantic

Pterodactyle, about to be described, to which they belonged ; and it

is certainly to be wished that, in determining to assign to Mrs. Smith’s

specimens the name of ‘ giganteus,’ Mr. Bowerbank should have con-

formed to the following equitable rule of the ‘Committee of Nomen-

clature’ :—‘‘ The author who jist describes and names a species,

which forms the groundwork of later generalizations, possesses a

higher claim to have his name recorded than he who afterwards de-

fines a genus which is found to embrace that species. ...... By

giving the authority for the specific name in preference to all others,

the inquirer is referred directly to the original description, habitat,

&c. of the species, and is at the same time reminded of the date of

its discovery.”’ (Reports of the British Association, 1842, p. 120.)

Now the species which I originally described under the name of

Cimoliornis diomedeus comes precisely under this category: it has

formed the groundwork of later generalizations, which have led to its

being embraced by another genus. In this case the Committee of

Nomenclature, whilst determining that the specific name should be

retained, recommend that the describer should “append to the ori-

ginal authority for the species, when not applying to the genus also,

some distinctive mark, such as (sp.), implying an exclusive reference

to the specific name.”” In conformity with the above recommenda-

tion, the gigantic species of Pterodactyle, of which parts have been

described by Mr. Bowerbank, and parts previously by myself, would

be entered into the Zoological Catalogues as follows :—

Pterodactylus diomedeus, Owen (sp.), Proceedings of the Zoolo-

gical Society, January 1851.

Cimoliornis diomedeus, Ybid., British Fossil Mammals and Birds,

p. 545, cuts 230, 231 (1843-1846).

Osteornis diomedaus, Gervais, Thése sur les Oiseaux Fossiles, 8vo,

p- 38 (1844).

Pterodactylus giganteus, Bowerbank, Quarterly Journal of the

Geological Society, vol. iv. p. 10. pl. 2. figs. 1 & 4 (1848).

Leaving, however, the question of names, regarding which I have

no personal feeling except that they should indicate their objects

without ambiguity or obvious impropriety, I proceed to lay before

the same Society to which Mr. Bowerbank has communicated his last

interesting and important discovery, similar evidence of a third spe-

cies of Pterodactyle from the chalk, intermediate im size between the

species of which the jaws were figured as the Pterodactylus giganteus

in 1845, and the truly gigantic species which he has named Ptero-

dactylus Cuvieri.

The specimens, which consist of two portions of the upper jaw,

form part of that gentleman’s collection, and were in fact exhibited

on the table, but unnoticed, at our last meeting, their true nature not

having been recognised. The chief portion might well indeed be mis-

taken, at first sight, for a crushed portion of an ordinary long bone ;

and it was not until after a close comparison of several specimens of

these rare and interesting remains of Pterodactyles, kindly confided

to me by Mrs. Smith of Tonbridge Wells, Mr. Toulmin Smith of

Highgate, Mr. Charles of Maidstone, and by Mr. Bowerbank him-

self, for description in my forthcoming ‘ Monograph on the Fossil

Reptiles of the Chalk,’ that I discovered them to be parts of a skull

of an undescribed species of Pterodactyle.

In order to make this understood, it will be necessary to premise a

few words on the Pterodactyles in general, and on some of the cha-

racters of the jaw of the Pterodactylus Cuvieri in particular.

The Order Péerosauria includes species of flying reptiles so modi-

fied in regard to the structure and proportions of the skull, the dis-

position of the teeth, and the development of the tail, as to be refer-

able even according to the partial knowledge we now possess of this

once extensive group, to different genera.

M. Von Meyer e. g. primarily divides the Order into—

A. DIARTHRI, with a two-jointed wing-finger.

Ex. Pterodactylus (Ornithopterus) Lavateri.

B. TETRARTHRI, with a four-jointed wing-finger.

Ex. All the other known species of the order.

These again are subdivided into—

1. Dentirostres. Jaws armed with teeth to their ends; a bony

sclerotic ring; scapula and coracoid not confluent with one an-

other * ; a short moveable tail.

Ex. Pterodactylus proper.

2. Subulirostres. Jaws with their ends produced into an edentu-

lous point, probably sheathed with bone; no bony sclerotic ;

scapula and coracoid confluent; a long and stiff tail.

Ex. Pterodactylus (Ramphorhynchus) Gemmingi +.

The extremity of the upper jaw of the Péerodactylus Cuvieri is

sufficiently perfect to demonstrate that it had a pair of approximated

alveoli close to its termination, and we may therefore refer it to the

Dentirostral division.

In this division, however, there are species which present such dif-

ferent proportions of the beak, accompanied by differences in the rela-

tive extent of the dental series, as would without doubt lead to their

allocation in distinct genera, were they the living or recent subjects

of the modern Erpetologist. In the Pterodactylus longirostris, the

first species discovered and made known by Collini in 1784 f, the

jaws are of extreme length and tenuity, and the alveoli of the upper

jaw do not extend so far back as the nostril. In the Péerodactylus

erassirostris, Goldfuss §, on the other hand, the jaws are short, thick,

and obtusely terminated, and the alveoli of the upper jaw reach as

far back as the middle of the vacuity which intervenes between the

nostril and the orbit, and which Goldfuss terms the ‘ cavitas inter-

media.’

In the solid or imperforate part of the upper jaw anterior to the

nostril, the Pterodactylus longirostris has twelve long, subcompressed

teeth, followed by a few of smaller size: the same part of the jaw

in the Pt. crassirostris has but six teeth, of which the first four are

close together at the end of the jaw, and the first three shorter than

the rest. The cavitas intermedia in Pt. longirostris is much smaller

than the nostril; in the Pt. crassirostris it is larger than the nostril.

Were these two species of dentirostral Pterosauria to be taken, as

by the modern Erpetologist they assuredly would, to be types of two

* The condition of the scapular arch in the Pt. giganteus, Bow., Pt. conirostris

mihi, demonstrates the fallacy of this character.

+ Palzontographia, Heft 1, 4to. 1846, p. 19.

t+ Acta Academie Theodoro-Palatine, V. p. 58, tab. 5.

§ Beitrage zur Kenntniss verschiedener Reptilien der Vorwelt, 4to. 1831, sec. 1.

tab. 7, 8, 9.

distinct genera, the name Pterodactylus should be retained for the

longirostral species, as including the first-discovered specimen and

type of the genus; and the crassirostral species should be grouped

together under some other generic name.

The specimen of gigantic Pterodactyle described by Mr. Bower-

bank at the last meeting of the Society consists of the solid anterior

end, 7. e. of the imperforate continuous bony walls, of a jaw, com-

pressed and decreasing in depth, at first rapidly, then more gradually,

to an obtusely-pointed extremity. As the symphysis of the lower

jaw is long and the original joint obliterated, and its depth somewhat

rapidly increases by the development of its lower and back part into

a kind of ridge in some smaller Pterodactyles, the present specimen,

so far as these characters go, might be referred to the lower jaw, and

its relatively inferior depth to the upper jaw in the Pt. conirostris

would seem to lead to that conclusion. But the present is plainly a

species which has a longer and more slender snout in proportion to its

size, and the convex curve formed by the alveolar border, slight as it

is, decides it to be part of the upper jaw. The lower jaw, moreover,

might be expected, by the analogy of the smaller Pterodactyles, to be

flatter or less acute below the end of the symphysis.

The specimen of Pt. Cuvieri consists of the anterior extremity of

the upper jaw, of seven inches in extent, without any trace of the

nasal or any other natural perforation of its upper or lateral parietes,

and corresponds with the parts marked a, 4, in figs. 10&11. From

the number of teeth contained in this part, the Pt. Cuvieri presents

a much closer resemblance to the Pt. longirostris than to the Pé.

erassirostris ; and if the entire skull were restored according to the

proportions of the Pt. longirostris, it would be twenty-eight inches

in length.

But nature seems never to retain the same proportions in species

that differ materially in bulk. The great Diprotodon, with the den-

tal and cranial characters of a Kangaroo, does not retain the same

length of hinder limbs as its living homologue ; the laws of gravity

forbid the saltatory mode of locomotion to a Herbivore of the bulk of

a Rhinoceros; and accordingly, whilst the hind-legs are shortened

the fore-limbs are lengthened, and both are made more robust in the

Diprotodon than in the Kangaroo. The change of proportions of

the limbs of the Sloths is equally striking in those extinct species

which were too bulky to climb, e. g. the Megatherium and Mylodon.

We may therefore infer, with a high degree of probability, when a

longirostral Pterodactyle much surpassed in bulk the species so called

‘par excellence,’ that the same proportions were not maintained in

the length of the jaws; and that the species to which the fine frag-

ment belonged, far as it has exceeded our previous ideas of the bulk

of a flying reptile, did not sustain and carry through the air a head of

oe feet four inches in length, or nearly double the size of that of the

elican.

Although the fractured hinder part of the jaw of the Pt. Cuvieri

shows no trace of the commencement of the wide nasal aperture, there

is a plain indication that the jaws were less prolonged than in the P¢.

longirostris, in the more rapid increase of the vertical breadth of the

jaw. Opposite the ninth tooth, e. g., the depth of the jaw equals two-

fifths of the length in advance of that tooth, whilst in the Pt. longi-

rostris it is only two-sevenths. The contour of the upper border of

the jaw in the Pt. Cuviert differs from that in both the Pt. long:-

rostris, Pt. crassirostris, and Pt. Gemmingi, in sinking more sud-

denly opposite the ninth, eighth and seventh teeth, than it does along

the more advanced part of the jaw; a character which, while it affords

a good specific distinction from any of those species, indicates the

hinder parts of the head that are wanting in the present specimen to

have been shorter and deeper than in the Pt. longirostris.

The first pair of alveoli almost meet at the anterior extremity of

the jaw, and their outlet is directed obliquely forwards and down-

wards ; the obtuse end of the premaxillary above these alveoli is about

two lines across. The palate quickly expands to a width of three

lines between the second alveoli, then to a width of four lines between

the fourth alveoli, and more gradually, after the ninth alveoli, to a

width of six lines between the eleventh alveoli: here the palate ap-

pears to have been slightly crushed; but in the rest of its extent it

presents its natural form, being traversed longitudinally by a mode-

rate median ridge, on each side of which it is slightly concave trans-

versely. It is perforated by a few small irregular vascular foramina.

There are no orifices on the inner side of the alveoli; the successional

teeth emerge, as in the Crocodiles, from the old sockets, and not, as

in certain Mammalia and Fishes, by foramina distinct from them.

The second and third alveoli are the largest; the fourth, fifth and

sixth the smallest, yet they are more than half the size of the fore-

going, with which the rest are nearly equal. The outlets of the alveoli

are elliptical, and they form prominences at the side of the jaw, or

rather the jaw sinks gently in between the alveoli, and is’ continued

into the bony palate without any ridge, the vertical wall bending round

to form the horizontal plate. The greatest breadth of the under sur-

face of the jaw, taken from the outside of the alveoli, varies only from

seven lines across the third pair to nine lines across the eleventh pair

of alveoli; and from the narrow base the sides of the jaw converge

with a slight convexity outwards at the anterior half of the fragment,

but are almost plane at the deeper posterior half, where they seem to

have met at one acute superior ridge; indeed such a ridge is con-

tinued to within an inch of the fore part of the jaw, where the upper

border becomes more obtuse.

The whole portion of the jaw appears to consist of one uninter-

rupted bone—the premaxillary; the delicate crust of osseous sub-

stance, as thin as paper, is traversed by many irregular cracks and

fissures, but there is no recognizable suture marking off the limits of

a maxillary or nasal bone. ‘he bone offers to the naked eye a fine

fibrous structure, so fine as to produce almost a silken aspect, the

fibres or strize being longitudinal, and impressed at intervals of from

two to six lines by small vascular foramina.

Having premised so much with reference to the characters of the

Pt. Curerz, I proceed to the description of the distinct species, for

which I propose the name of Pterodactylus compressirostris.

PTERODACTYLUS COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen.

(Reptilia, Pl. V. figs. 1, 2 & 3.)

This species is represented by two portions of the upper jaw, ob-

tained from the Middle Chalk of Kent, the hinder and larger of which

includes the beginning of the external nostril (figs. 1 & 2,7). The

depth of the jaw at this part is fourteen lines, whence it gradually de-

creases to a depth of ten lines at a distance of three inches in advance

of this, indicating a jaw as long and slender as in the Pt. longirostris,

supposing the same degree of convergence of the straight outlines of

the upper and alveolar borders of the jaw to have been preserved to

its anterior end: that this was actually the case is rendered most pro-

bable by the proportions of the smaller anterior part of the jaw (figs.

1', 2', 3’), obtained from the same pit, if not from the same block of

chalk, and which, with a vertical depth of seven lines at its hinder

part, decreases to one of six lines in an extent of one inch and a half

im advance of that part. The sides of the jaw as they rise from the

alveolar border incline a little outwards before they converge to meet

at the upper border. This gives a very narrow ovoid section at the

fore part of the larger fragment (fig. 2), the greatest diameter at its

lower half being four lines, and the sides meeting above at a slightly

obtuse ridge. This very gradually widens as the jaw recedes back-

wards, where the entireness of the walls of the smoothly convex upper

part of the jaw proves that the narrowness of that part is not due to

accidental crushing. Had that been the case, the thin parietes arch-

ing above from one side to the other would have been cracked. The

only evidence of the compression to which the deep sides of the jaw

have been subject is seen in the bending in of the wall above the

alveoli, close to the upper ridge at the fore part of the fragment.

In an extent of alveolar border of three and a half inches there are

eleven sockets, the anterior one on the right side retaining the frac-

tured base of a tooth: the alveoli are separated by intervals of about

one and a half times their own diameter ; their outlets are elliptical,

and indicate the compressed form of the teeth: they are about two

lines in long diameter at the fore part of this fragment, but diminish

as they are placed more backwards, the last two being developed be-

neath the external nostril. The bony palate is extremely narrow, and

presents in the larger portion (fig. 3) a median smooth convex rising

between two longitudinal channels, which are bounded externally by

the inner wall of the alveolar border. There is no trace of a median

suture in the longitudinal convexity. The breadth of the palate at the

back part of the fragment is eight lines; at the fore part it has gra-

dually contracted to less than three lines, but it is somewhat crushed

here. The naso-palatine aperture, p, commences about half a line in

advance of the external nostril, three inches behind the fore part of

the larger portion (fig. 3) of the upper jaw; which exemplifies the

characteristic extent of the imperforate bony palate formed by the

long single premaxillary bone in the genus Pterodactylus. The frag-

ment from the more advanced part of the jaw (fig. 3’) contains five

pairs of alveoli in an extent of two inches, these alveoli being rather

larger and closer together than in the hinder part of the jaw. Owing

to the compression which the present portion has undergone, the ori-

fices of the alveoli are turned outwards, the bony palate being pressed

down between the two rows, and showing, as the probable result of

this pressure, a median groove between two longitudinal convex ridges ;

but the bone is entire and imperforate.

The form of the upper jaw in the present remarkable species differs

widely from that of the two previously known species from the chalk,

in its much greater elongation and its greater narrowness ; and from

the Pt. Cuvieri, in the straight course of the upper border of the jaw,

as it gradually converges towards the straight lower border in advanc-

ing to the anterior end of the jaw. The alveoli, and consequently the

teeth, are relatively smaller in proportion to the depth of the jaw than

in the P¢. Cuviert, and are more numerous than in the Pt. gigan-

teus ; they are probably also more numerous than in the Pt. Cuvier? ;

although, as the whole extent of the jaw anterior to the nostril is not

yet known in that species, it would be premature to express a decided

Opinion on that point. As we may reasonably calculate from the frag-

ments preserved (Pl. II. figs. 1, 2, 3), that the jaw of the Pt. com-

pressirostris extended seven inches in front of the nostril, it could not

have contained less than twenty pairs of alveoli, according to the num-

ber and arrangement of those in the two portions preserved.

The osseous walls in both portions present the characteristic com-

pactness and extreme thinness of the bones of the skull of the genus:

the fine longitudinal strize of the outer surface are more continuous

than in the Pz. Cuvieri, in which they seem to be produced by a suc-

cession of fine vascular orifices produced into grooves. ‘The conspi-

cuous vascular orifices are almost all confined to the vicinity of the

alveoli in the Pt. compressirostris. This species belongs, more de-

cidedly than the Pt. Cuvieri, to the ‘longirostral’ section of the Pte-

rosauria: whether it had an edentulous prolongation of the fore part

of the upper and lower jaw remains to be proved.

In attempting to form a conception of the total length of the head

of the very remarkable species of Pterodactyle represented by the

portions of jaw above described, we should be more justified by their

form in adopting the proportions of that of the Pt. longirostris than

in the case of the Pt. Cuvieri: but allowing that the external nostril

may have been of somewhat less extent than in the Pt. longirostris,

we may still assign a length of from fourteen to sixteen inches to the

skull of the Pterodactyle in question.

It could not have been anticipated that the first three portions of

Pterodactylian skull—almost the only portions that have yet been

discovered in the cretaceous formations—should have presented such

well-marked distinctive characters, one from the other, as are de-

scribed and illustrated in Mr. Bowerbank’s Memoirs and in the present

communication. Such, nevertheless, are the facts: and, however im-

probable it may appear, on the doctrine of chances, to those not con-

No. CCX XI.—ProcrEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

versant with the fixed relations of osteological and dental characters,

that the three corresponding parts of three Pterodactyles for the first

time discovered, should be appropriated to three distinct species, I

have no other alternative, in obedience to the indications of nature,

than to adopt such determination *.

2. DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW GENERA AND SOME NEW SPECIES

or ScutELLIDZ AND ECHINOLAMPIDZ IN THE COLLEC-

TION OF THE British Museum. By Jonn Epwarp Gray,

Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. ere.

The collection of the British Museum is extremely rich in species

of recent Echinoids, and fortunate in possessing long series of different

ages of several of the species.

Having been recently occupied in arranging and forming a cata-

logue of these animals, I transmitted to the ‘Annals of Natural Hi-

story’ for February a description of several genera and species of

Spatangide.

MM. Agassiz and Desor having recently published, in the Mono-

graph of Echini and other papers on these animals, all the species of

these two families then known to them, and as they had every facility

for examining the British Museum specimens, the species now to be

described are but few in number.

Fam. 1. ScuTELLIDZ.

Genus ECHINANTHUS.

Among the species which have the base concave, of which £. ro-

saceus may be considered the type, are to be added—

1. Ecurnantuus AUSTRALASIA.

Vent beneath, at a little distance from the edge ; back very convex

* The same criticism or objection may be offered to the conclusions in the text,

as the following one, which was called forth by my determinations of the species

of Balenodon found in the red crag. ‘The specimens exhibited by Prof. Hens-

low were only eleven in number; so that, without allowing anything for the cir-

cumstance of each whale having ¢wo tympanic bones, and the probability of some

of the above being in pairs, we have the first twelve determinable cetaceous bones

discovered in the red crag appropriated to no less than five species. I have no pre-

tensions to call in question the decision of Prof. Owen upon osteological grounds,

but I must own that I am disposed, upon the doctrine of chances, to consider it

hardly probable that these determinations are accurate.”—Scarles V. Wood, Feb.

16, 1844, London Geol. Journal, p. 35. The fifth species is a gratuitous addition

to the four described by me, the determinate characters of which have been con-

firmed by numerous additional discoveries. Mr. Wood should have remembered,

before he attempted to discredit the determinations from anatomy, and to substi-

tute the numerical test, that the second mammalian fossil from the oolite, although

a lower jaw, like the first, was of a different species, and that of five subsequently

discovered unequivocal mammalian remains from Stonesfield, a// are parts of the

lower jaw, whilst two of them demonstrate a ¢hird species. Very improbable this

to him, on the doctrine of chances; but only showing, as Sir Charles Lyell has

remarked, “the fragmentary manner in which the memorials of an ancient terres-

trial fauna are handed down to us.”

in the middle ; upper margin rather flattened, with a slight concavity

at the end of the ambulacra; under side flat near the margin, deeply

concave in the middle ; spines of the under side near mouth very fine.

Hab. Australia; N.S.W., Brisbane Water.

2. ECHINANTHUS TESTUDINARIUS.

Vent beneath a little within the edge, depressed; back slightly

raised, evenly convex ; under surface rather concave from the edge.

Hab. Indian Ocean; Borneo.

3. EcCHINANTHUS OBLONGUS.

Ovate-oblong, elongate, rounded at the end; sides thick, rounded;

back depressed round the end of the ambulacra ; crown rather convex;

ambulacra ovate, lanceolate, broad, and closed at the end; under

side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral grooves indistinct ; vent

near the margin.

fab. Philippines ; Siquijor.

4. ECHINANTHUS PRODUCTUS.

Shell ovate, elongate, the hinder end produced and flattened, the

edge rather thick, thinner behind; the ambulacral petal broad, the

bands not quite united at the end; under side concave to the margin ;

vent near the margin.

Hab. ie

5. Ecuinantuus CoLe.

Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; margin thick, rounded; back

depressed as far as the end of the ambulacra, and then rather convex

in the middle, the under side concave nearly to the edge; ambulacral

petal ovate lanceolate, closed at the end; vent near the margin.

Hab. Mauritius. Lady Mary Cole.

To those which have a flat base may be added—

6. ECHINANTHUS EXPLANATUS.

Depressed, much expanded, centre of the back rather convex ;

ambulacra occupying rather more than half the space between the

vertex and margin, the lines of pores of the anterior pair and posterior

odd one far apart at the end; cavity with thin concentric lines of

short compressed columns near the margin ; jaws depressed.

Hab. Mauritius ?

Genus Roruta.

The British Museum series induces me to believe that Rotula digi-

tata of Agassiz is not distinct from R. Rumphit, as M. Agassiz first

considered it to be.

Genus Ecurnopiscuvs.

I cannot find any permanent difference to distinguish Lobophora

bifissa from L. aurita ; they are found together in the same habitat

in the Red Sea.

Genus MELuiTA.

The larger spines on the back of this, the former, and succeeding

genus are short, equal in size, and furnished with a more or less sphe-

rical head.

The Museum series of specimens show a very gradual passage

between the Hchini which have been called Mellita testudinaria and

M. quinquefora by Agassiz.

The species which have six slits on the dise are found on the coast

of Tropical America, and others on the shores of the Red Sea ; I be-

lieve they form two species, which appear to have been confounded

under one name.

The American Mellita hexapora has only narrow linear bands of

larger tubercles (bearing the larger spines) between the branched

lines radiating from the mouth on the under surface, and these lines

are very much branched.

Mellita similis and M. lobata of Agassiz, also from the West

Indies ; the first appears to be only a variety, and the latter a mon-

strosity of this species.

The Red Sea species I have named

MELLITA ERYTHRZA.

Shell depressed, with five ambulacra and one posterior interambu-

lacral slit; inferior oral grooves branched, branches very slightly

divided ; the larger spines and tubercles in a broad band, occupying

nearly the whole interambulacral space between the inferior oral

grooves.

Hab. Red Sea. Sir J. Gardiner Wilkinson.

There is a new genus which has the edge of the disk perforated

and the vent near the mouth, as in Kehinoglyphus, but differs in the

oral grooves being more simple and only branched near the edge, in

the lanceolate form of the ambulacra, and in the square form of the

tesserze of the ambulacral zones beyond the tip of the ambulacra.

Genus Lropta.

Body depressed, with a posterior slit and five perforations between

the end of the ambulacra and edge ; the marginal ambulacral tesserze

squarish, like the interambulacral ones; ambulacra lanceolate, acute

at the tip, the anterior one most narrow and longest ; pores united by

a groove ; ovarial plate pentangular ; ovarial pores three ; oral grooves

simple, slightly impressed, converging towards the margin in front

of the ambulacral perforations ; vent near the mouth, in front of the

anal perforation, with a group of three or four larger spines between

it and the mouth.

1. Leop1a RicHARDSONII.

Body suborbicular, slightly depressed, five-lobed, hinder edge trans-

verse ; ambulacra lanceolate, not reaching to the discal perforations ;

discal perforations ovate, small, the anterior smaller, the hinder largest,

with two pairs of rather large tesserze between the ends of the ambu-

lacra and the foramen, the upper pair subtrigonal ; oral grooves simply

forked near the edge.

Hab. West Indies.

The single specimen I have seen of this species was presented by

Sir John Richardson. It is rather deformed and sinuous on the right

side, the hinder lateral perforation being nearly obliterated on that side.

In Echinoglyphus the tesseree of the ambulacral bands are broad

and band-like between the ambulacra and the ambulacral slits.

Genus EcuinoGiypuvs, Van Phelsum. The Encore of Agassiz.

The large Brazilian species of this genus appear to be very va-

riable. The young specimens have large notches on the edge of the

shell, and as the animal increases in size, the marginal edges of these

notches more or less approximate together, and sometimes even be-

come united, so as to transform the notch into a perforation. M.

Agassiz on these variations has formed several species; but the

Museum series, from the Brazils and other parts of the east coast of

Tropical America, show that they are all mere variations of the spe-

cies which Van Phelsum called Lchinoglyphus frondosus, and La-

marck Scutella emarginata. I am induced to believe that Scutella

quinqueloba of Eschscholtz, Encope Valenciennesii, Encope subclausa,

Encope oblonga, and Encope Michelini, are only varieties of this spe-

cies : they are all remarkable for the large size and longly-rayed star-

like form of the madreporiform plate.

Genus FipuvaRia.

The following species is peculiar as having an oblong, longitudinal

vent.

1. FrpuLARIA OBLONGA.

Shell ovate, elongate, ventricose; vent oblong, longitudinal, ac-

cording to the axis of the shell.

Hab. N. Australia.

Fam. 2. EcHINOLAMPID.

Genus EcHiINoLAMPAS.

The species of this genus may be divided into two sections, accord-

ing to the form of the ambulacra.

Echinolampas oviformis and its allies have the porous bands of the

anterior and other pair of ambulacra equal; the lower side of the

shell flat ; the mouth oblong, transverse, with (5) tubercles between

the oral ambulacra.

The other species have the anterior porous band of the anterior

pair of ambulacra shortest ; under side rounded, convex ; mouth ob-

long, transverse, large, marked with no tubercles, and only very rudi-

mentary oral ambulacra.

1. EcCHINOLAMPAS DEPRESSUS.

Ovate, depressed, subpentangular ; back regularly convex.

Hab.

Genus Morrontia.

Shell ovate, thin, rather produced in front, rounded behind, co-

vered with small tubercles; vertex central, convex; internal cavity

quite simple ; ambulacra petaloid, narrow, open at the end; bands

rather diverging ; pores rather crowded, united by an oblong groove ;

beneath concave, especially near the mouth and vent ; mouth rather

large, roundish oblong, transverse, without any ambulacral star ; vent

large, transverse, oblong, in the middle of the space between the

mouth and hinder edge ; ovarial pores four; madreporiform plate

small, central.

? Echinocyamus, sp., Desmoulin.

Mortonia, Gray, Cat. Echinoida in Brit. Mus.

This genus differs from Echinocyanus in the thinness of the shell,

and especially in the ambulacra being larger, more perfect, and in the

pores of the ambulacra being united in pairs by a cross groove. It

differs from the fossil genus Pygaulus in the vent being inferior, in-

termediate between the mouth and edge, and transverse.

This genus is named after Dr. Morton, the historian of Northamp-

tonshire, who first attempted to arrange the fossil Echini into generic

groups.

MorrToniA AUSTRALIS.

Elliptical, depressed, rather acute in front, rounded. behind, under

side concave near the mouth and vent; vent large, oblong, trans-

verse, in the centre between the mouth and hinder margin.

Fibularia australis, Desm. Tab. Syn. 240.

Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz et Desor, /.c. 140.

Hab. South Sea. Mallet.

February 11, 1851.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DescRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND FAMILY OF CyCLOSAU-

RIAN Lizarps, FROM Para. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R-S.,

P.BSS.

(Reptilia, Pl. VI.)

This interesting Lizard has lately been purchased by the Museum,

from a collection of Saurians recently made by Messrs. Wallace and

A id during their excursion within a circuit of about 300 miles of

ara.

Proc.Z.S.Reptilia, VI

‘

eo?’

Seen SHEe

=En oe!

1 ANADIA OCELLATA. 2.EMMINIA OLIVACEA. 3.IPHISA ELEGANS

4, Hattom Garden.

Ford & West, Iathographers,

vy a a

sh! i

Por als Tae

Proc Z.5.Aves. XX

J Wolf, lith M & N Hanhart Jmp*

SAUROPHAGUS DERBIANUS. Aaxzp

It is exceedingly interesting as presenting an entirely new form,

different in many particulars from any before observed ; so much so,

that I am induced to form for it a new family, to be placed near dina-

diade and Cherviolide, which may be thus characterized :—

1. IpHisaD&.

Scales of the back, belly, nape and throat smooth, broad, six-sided,

transverse, forming a single series’ on each side of the tail, narrow,

lanceolate, elongate, regularly keeled, in rings alternating with each

other; head shielded; chin shielded; ear open, circular; femoral

pores distinct.

IpHisa.

Head depressed, shielded; anterior frontal single, broad, four-

sided; posterior frontals two, small, subtrigonal; vertebral single,

rather elongate ; posterior vertebral two, small, five-sided ; occipital

three, larger, middle one narrow, longitudinal; superciliary shield

3-3, hinder smaller, anterior smallest; temple with small shields ;

labial shields moderate ; rostral and mental broad; chin entirely

shielded ; anterior single, transverse, first pair very large, triangular,

covering nearly the whole of the chin, second pair small, at the outer

hinder angle of the former ; nostrils lateral, in the lower edge of the

nasal shield, between it and the labial shield ; eyes large, lateral ; eye-

lids scaly?; ears circular, open; nape, back, throat and belly covered

with two series of broad, smooth scales; sides rounded, covered with

three or four series of six-sided, smooth scales, placed in oblique series ;

chest with a collar of five scales, the central one elongate, triangular,

the lateral ones four-sided, the outer pair very narrow; preanal

shields three, the central one elongate, narrow, subtriangular ; limbs

short, weak, covered with broad smooth shields above, the hinder

shield beneath ; femoral pores 10-10, distinct, the series nearly

united in front of the preanal plates; toes 5-5, unequal, the inner

very short, the outer hinder separated from the other by a space like

a thumb ; tail elongate, cylindrical, tapering, covered above and below

with whorls of narrow, elongate, regular, lanceolate, strongly keeled

pointed scales, those of each series alternating with those that suc-

ceed and follow it.

1. IpHisa ELEGANS. (Reptilia, Pl. VI. fig. 3.)

Olive-brown black marbled; sides darker, white varied ; chin and

beneath yellowish white,

Hab. Para.

2. DescripTIoNns oF somME New Birps in THE Museum

OF THE EARL oF DersBy. By Dr. Kavp.

(Aves, Pl. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII.)

During my visit to London last year I had the honour to receive

an invitation from the Earl of Derby, to visit his collection at Knows-

ley Hall, with permission to use the materials I might find there for

the monography of Muscicapide on which J was engaged. Of that

collection I had already formed very high expectations; but I was

agreeably surprised by finding them all surpassed, so great is the rich-

ness of this noble collection. It contains more than 14,000 speci-

mens of stuffed birds, besides skins, which are not yet numbered.

What adds still greater interest to this collection is, that it contains

a large number of the original specimens described by Latham and

other English authors, of whose writings these specimens are the only

explanation. To the pleasure of working in so rich a collection must

be added the command of a colossal library, to which not one work

of importance is wanting. All this, with the aviaries of magnificent

living birds, from every zone of the world, must have the greatest

charm for the naturalist, and make Knowsley Hall for him a perfect

Eden, which once seen shall never be forgotten.

The new birds described here include only one portion of my re-

searches, because I could not finish so many genera. The materials

of the very rich family of Muscicapid@ are too extensive, for a com-

plete elucidation during the limited period of my visit from a foreign

country ; I wish my descriptions therefore to be considered only as

fragments.

The object of my visit to England was to collect materials for a

complete monography of the Muscicapide ; but notwithstanding the

many favours I received, and the extreme liberality with which my

labours were facilitated in every English collection, I must confess

with sorrow that I shall never be able to make a complete whole (per-

fectly free from objection), with materials collected in different mu-

seums. A perfect arrangement can only be achieved by the study of

the materials present together, so that at every moment a compari-

son may be made between any two or any number of the species.

Were it my good fortune to assemble the whole materials of one

family in my rooms at Darmstadt, one winter only would be neces-

sary to finish each family in such a manner as to satisfy the require-

ments of modern science.

Were any one museum willing to accord me the whole materials in

its possession, it is probable that all the supplementary species not

contained in that collection would be readily furnished by other mu-

seums, as the absence of a few species for a short period would be of

little or no importance.

That we can only climb to the summit of our science by means of

well-made monographies, there can be no possible doubt ; and I attach

a higher value to a monography constructed on philosophical prin-

ciples, than to the best fauna of any single part of the world: for

only by a strict comparison of the birds of the five parts of the globe

can we know what is a family, a subfamily, genus, species and sub-

species. Only in this way—a difficult way no doubt—can we learn

the true harmony of nature; and thus shall we be filled with admi-

ration, when we see that every species, genus, family or order repre-

sents a certain type, and must receive its place in a scheme of classi-

fication according to fixed laws, which man must discover, but over

which he has no control.

This charm can never belong to merely descriptive ornithology,

because even the best descriptions are only like mosaic stones, which,

when placed without rules, or arranged according to false principles,

give us only a scattered mass of heterogeneous materials, or a picture

destitute of truth.

These claims I have urged over and over again in my dissertations,

but hitherto without effect. When shall the time arrive when a

catholic spirit shall guide the destinies of science, and lead onward to

that triumph of true knowledge, in which every director of a mu-

seum, and every student of the works of nature, may take his part ?

At present it is impossible that a naturalist can without help

arrange the whole materials of one class in his museum. Our mu-

seums are little more than great exhibitions for the people, who look

too often only to colour, instead of being stores of nature’s trea-

sures, ready to be communicated to every naturalist who has proved

himself worthy of the name. Every museum ought to accord freely

and liberally the wished-for materials, for this is the cheapest way in

which a family can be properly named and accurately classed. The

common excuse that the lent materials might come to harm, is little

more than an excuse. Time and destructive insects will do the harm,

without the slightest advantage to science.

Nisus (seu ACCIPITER) CHIONOGASTER, Kaup.

Diagnosis.—Above dark blue grey, beneath pure white.

Description.—The male is less than the Nis. fringillarius. Above

dark blue grey, the crown, lorum, and a stripe over the eye- and ear-

cover feathers more approaching to black; ear-covering, cheek and

crop with fine black quill lines; tail with three black bands and a

broader band at the end, which is white bordered ; the underside of

the tail has the bands more silver-grey ; the first tail-feather with five

bands before the large end-band; the wings on the inner side with

four bands before the large end-band. Before the emarginations the

bands are grey, and after them whiter.

The larger female with a white eye-stripe, and broader black quill

stripe on the crop; the cover feathers of the tibia with a fine rufous tint.

According to the ticket of M. de Lattre, the iris of the female is

orange, and that of the male dark brown, like burnt sienna.

These two specimens were procured by M. de Lattre in Coban, in

the year 1843.

Dimensions in millimetres.— 3 Q

IGA eset ehcke Joho cxtetesea>' AO’ pice. aerate

LEG eee Senet elder LG we <Page 19

AOS pets ce aso ion D7 Omer eae 206

DS bets Whe ete, eed el TAO oy: eteas = 160

NPD actetene: A heel ce csek eae AST ars aA 56

Middle toe without nail... 32 ...... 37

We possess several species in the genus Nisus, Cuv., seu Accipiter

of the English authors. Most of these are very near to the common

Sparrow-Hawk ; and I think some of them, like the North American

fuscus seu velox, the African rufiventris, the madagascariensis, and

perhaps the erythrocnemius of G. Gray, are not true species, but that

they are subspecies of the common European Misus fringillarius,

forming a group amongst themselves, and exhibiting by no means

the decided differences apparent between fringillarius and pileatus,

or pileatus and tachiro.

In the same near relation to the chiquera of Western Africa do I

consider the true chiquera, Vaill. 30, from India; and this opinion I

found on the following characteristics.

The West African chiquera has the body above darker cinereous,

with very distinct narrow black lines, and the stripe beneath the eye,

and the black stripe over the eye and ear-covers, are more distinct ;

the rufous head with darker fine stripes.

The Indian chiquera has the head without stripes; the body above

lighter grey, with very few traces of black bands ; and the black semi-

circle round the eye is shorter and not so complete.

But these slight differences will not justify us in considering the

West African chiquera as a true species distinct from the Indian true

chiquera ; it is only a subspecies of the latter true species. As such

we must make a distinction, and as such it must be accorded a place

in the system. I think the best way is to give a description of the

oldest known subspecies, and arrange all the other subspecies with

different names, distinguished by the letters of the alphabet, a, 4, ¢,

&c., amongst the true species. In this way it would only be neces-

sary to give a very short description of the subspecies, consisting of

the few marks by which it differs from the old known subspecies.

Until we have discovered all the species contained in one and the

same subgenus, we can never say with certainty whether a given speci-

men represents a true species, or only a subspecies; I must there-

fore confess that in the following descriptions of the family Musci-

capide, it is very probable that I have described as species some spe-

cimens which hereafter will be arranged as subspecies, when the whole

species composing the subgenus are completely known.

One of the most interesting birds in the collection of Lord Derby

is a little Falcon, belonging to the subfamily Falconine, which en-

abled me to correct the characters of the genus Harpagus.

The characters must be changed as follows :—Bill large, with two

teeth, slender and indistinct, or strong and distinct ; wings short, and

in the proportions of the quills very like Nisus seu Accipiter ; toes

short, and the inner and outer toes of the same length.

The genus Harpagus must be divided into two subgenera.

The older subgenus Harpagus must be distinguished by the follow-

ing characters :—Two strong and distinct teeth; the nostrils placed

near the end of a soft membrane covering a large cavity; tibia with

scales not divided.

Two species, diodon and bidentatus.

The other subgenus, in which this new species must be placed,

must be characterized :—Two slender indistinct teeth; the nostrils

round, very small, and bored in the nasal bones; the first wing-

feathers with very distinct emarginations, the fourth the longest ;

tibia with whole and divided scales (fig. 3).

I give this subgenus the name of Spiziapteryx, and the species I

have named

HARPAGUS CIRCUMCINCTUS.

Diag.—Size of the Kestril, with white stripe over the eye, which

encircles the whole head and is connected with a white collar; the

tail-covers, above and beneath, white.

Descr.—Rufous ash-grey, beneath lighter, with dark brown shaft-

stripes; the white stripe over the eye, and the collar black marginated ;

tibia-covers white; the arm and hand wings white at the roots, and

like the stronger cover-feathers, with white spots and bands on the

inner and outer webs ; the first wing-feather without spots on the ex-

terior web, and with fine white spots on the interior web ; tail black-

brown; beneath with white roots and three small white bands and

an end band; the fifth without spots on the exterior web; the

fourth with only traces; the third exhibits round white spots ;

and the two exterior feathers are white-banded. From this very

irregular distribution of spots, the tail, seen from above, exhibits a

very irregular drawing. Cere, naked eye region and feet yellow;

nails dark brown.

I apprehend that this specimen, the only one in England, is not a

very old bird. Lord Derby received this bird from Chili, by Mr.

Bridges.

Dimen.—Head, 49; bill, from the cere, 16; from the gape, 22;

height, 13; breadth, 20; over wing, 123; tip of the wing, 56; middle

tail-feather, 148 ; outer tail-feather, 115; tarsus, 45 ; middle-toe, 26 ;

nail, 11; outer-toe, 174; nail, 10; inner-toe, 16; nail, 12; after-toe,

13; nail, 13.

A new species of the subgenus SauropHacus, Swains.

In the little subgenus Sawrophagus, Swains., we had, till now, only

three species. These are, lictor, sulphuratus, and flavus. I received

by Mr. Wollweber from Zacatecas in Mexico an only specimen of a

fourth species; but I found in the collection of Lord Derby, and in

the British Museum, a great number of the same species.

To this species I have given the name of Derbyanus, as a mark of

my respect for that distinguished patron of ornithological science, the

Earl of Derby, President of the Zoological Society.

All the species of this little subgenus have the same general colour-

ing, and are distinguished only by very few characters taken from the

colouring of the wings and from the dimensions. The young ones

have, like the young birds of Scaphorhynchus, the bill shorter and

bigger, and the head is black, without the beautiful crest of the old

birds. The old birds have a white front, connected with a white

band over the eyes and over the black ear-covers, and surrounding

the black head, which in the middle is ornamented with a yellow

crest; the chin and underpart of the neck white; breast, belly,

under-wings and tail-covers yellow; back olive-coloured ; wings and

tail brown, with red margins.

SaAuROPHAGUS LICTOR, Gray & Mitch. Genera of Birds, t. 62.

Lanius lictor, Licht.—Saurophagus pusillus, Swains.—Swainsonii,

Gould.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 86 mm. long. It shows the finest bill, a more graduated tail,

and the smallest dimensions.

Hab. Brazil, Para.

SAUROPHAGUS SULPHURATUS.

Lanius, Gmel.—Tyrannus, Vieill. Enl. 296.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 110--114 mm. long.

Hab. Amer. meridional.

SAUROPHAGUS FLAVUS, Gray.

Corvus, Gmel.

Diag.—Only the margins of the outer webs of the wings rufous ;

wings 126-130 mm. long.

Hab. Brazil meridional. Bolivia.

Sauropuacus Dersianus, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVI.)

Diag.—The wing-feathers from the second to the sixteenth have

the whole outer webs on the greatest part of the length rufous ;

wings 128 mm. long.

Hab. Zacatecas, in Mexico.

Comparison of the dimensions.—

Saur. Saur. Saur. Saur.Der-

lictor. sulphuratus. JSlavus. byanus.

ead Freee ke dhs gained b .. 53-58 .. 60-62 .. 60

Bill, from the forehead... 22 .. 29-30 .. 35 .. 32

—— from the gape...... 26 .. 32-36 .. 4042 .. 38

Wings WER PL SS, OS 86 .. 110-114... 130 .. 128

Tath.. tA 3814. oe Be ae 74 .. 82-86 .. 100 .. 92

Tarsus «akg? Qor re oat LOR E25 =27 2 SPB! Cet tO

Middle-toe with the nail... — .. 21 pe HOBOS ME DE

In these dimensions Saurophagus Derbianus is very near to Saur.

flavus.

In what relation with the subgenus Seaphorhynchus, Pr. Max., this

little subgenus Sawrophagus is to be placed, I shall determine in my

next monography, Muscicapide.

Of the subgenus Scaphorhynchus, Ch. Bonaparte, in his very use-

ful Conspectus, has given five species :—pitangua, flaviceps, atriceps,

audazx, and chrysocephalus.

The species flaviceps and atriceps must go down, because flaviceps,

Sw., is a female, and atriceps a young bird of pitangua; audax does

not belong to this subgenus, and is to be placed in the neighbourhood

of rufinus, Spix, and cireumeinctus, Sw., which have the same bill

and similar covering.

We have only two species, pitangua and chrysocephalus, Tchudi,

in the section of Scaphorhynchus.

Scaphorhynchus, with its broad bill, shorter and feebler tarsi and

toes, represents more the Swallow type, and must be placed in the

second rank of his genus.

Before I finish I may allow myself the observation, that, till now,

the whole family of Muscicapide has been in a condition of the great-

est confusion, and that the greatest number of genera must go down,

or must be considered as subgenera of some larger genera. As an

example of the way in which this is to be effected, I give for instance

the genus Psaris, into which I transplant three genera of the new

authors.

Some remarks on the genus Psaris, Cuv.

The genus Psaris, which is synonymous with Tityra, Vieill., is a

true genus, which cannot be considered as the only type of a sub-

family, and which cannot be divided into several genera. It is an

indivisible genus, which I have separated into some little subgenera

only. I prefer, from well-known reasons, the name Psaris.

The characters of this genus are :—Thick, strong, slightly com-

pressed bill, without strong bristle-feathers on the mouth gape ; tarsi

moderately high, with broad scales on the front; on the sides and

behind with small scales. The old males have the second hand wing-

Seather abnormously short and of an unusual formation. The females

and young birds have the wings regular.

The species of this large genus are limited to the southern parts of

America.

a. Subgenus CHLoRopsaRIs.

They have the bill and the feathered lorum of the Pachyrhamphus,

but the wings are shorter and the tail more graduated. Size of a

Sparrow, colouring more variegated and greenish on the back.

1. Psaris Cuvrert, Swains. Spix, tab. 45. 2.

2. Ps. arRicaPILLus. Muscicapa, Gmel. Enl. C. 871g. 8319.

3. Ps. verRsicoLtor. Vireo, Hartlaub.

6. Subgenus Pacuyruampuus, G. Gray.

The bill unicolor black, shorter than the head, not compressed on

the sides ; the bristle-feathers moderately long ; the abnormous hand-

feather like Chloropsaris, with broader inner webs and emarginated

only on the tip; tail unicolor, very little graduated. Size of a Lanius

colurio. The colouring is dark and not so variegated.

We can give by the diagnosis the colouring of the abnormous hand-

feather of the males.

4. Ps. vauipus. Lanius validus, Licht.

The second hand wing-feather with a long white spot on the inner

web, which reaches to the third part of its length.

5. Ps. nigrescens. Pach. nigrescens, Cab.

The second hand wing-feather black, with white margin on the ex-

terior web.

6. Ps. pecrorauis. Pach. pectoralis, Swains.

The second hand wing-feather black, with white spot near the root,

and fine white exterior margin.

7. Ps. Acuatm. Pach. Aglaia, Laft.

The second hand wing-feather with an oval white spot near the

root, and without white exterior margin.

ec. Subgenus Psaris.

The red and black bill on the anterior part more compressed, and

like Cassicus, with broad root, surrounded by the frontal feathers ;

lorum and eye region naked ; the bristle-feathers over the gape very

indistinct ; the second hand wing-feather extremely narrow, formed

like a sword, without an emargination on the tip. The colouring is

silver-grey, like Zanius excubitor, with more or less black head, face,

wings and tail. Size of Lanius excubitor.

8. Ps. cayanus, Cuv.

The black colour covers the whole head, and extends to the tip of

the ear-feathers ; the bill two-thirds red-coloured ; tail black, on the

root only white or silver-grey ; the wings 116-122, and the abnormous

second hand-feather 40 mm. long.

9. Ps. BRASILIENSIS, Swains.

The black of the ear-feathers extends further than the black of the

head; the bill one-third red-coloured ; the inner webs of the wings

white-bordered ; the wings 129, and the abnormous second hand-

feather 41 mm. long.

This species is probably a subspecies of cayanus.

10. Ps. semirasciatus. Pach. semifasciatus, Spix, t. 442.

The black on the head covers only the front to the eye, and de-

scends to the anterior ear-feathers round the eye to the chin; tail

black, with a silver-grey or white band under the tail-covers, and a

white band on the tip; the wings 127-134, and the abnormous

second hand-feather 46 mm. long; it is on the exterior web black,

and on the interior white.

The female with dirty brown head and a greyish brown back, with

a tinge of red.

1]. Ps. maximus, Kp.

In the collection of Lord Derby I found a young bird of very large

Proc. 4.5.Aves. XXXVII

J Wolf, ith

M & N. Hanhact, i

PSARIS FRASERI.Kaup.é.

J.Wolf hth.

SARIS

FRASERII.Aaup.?

Proc. %.S.Aves XXXVIII.

M&N Hanhart, Imp*

dimensions, which does not belong to any of the preceding species.

The bill is reddish on the root; the under parts are lighter than on

the young cayanus; the stripes are more obsolete, and are reduced

on the side as black shaft-stripes; shafts of the tail reddish brown ;

under tail and interior wing-covers white, without spots.

Ps. cayanus. Ps. maximus.

Dice HEA teat te te) OL eae em OD

Gape. . x ed 35

Wier e.. 129 129

Aare are ee, 2 ed Dee ee 73

Height of the bill ..... 11 13

readthes oes so. 12 134

It would be very interesting to discover the old bird of this species.

d. Subgenus Eraror.

It unites the size, colouring and formation of the second hand-

feather of the true Psaris with the bill and feathered lorum and eye

region of the other subgenera.

This little subgenus, with its mixed characters, gives the clearest

proof that Psaris, Pachyrhamphus and Bathmidurus cannot be con-

sidered as true genera.

12. Ps. rnquisiror, Orb. Lanius inquisitor, Olf.

Diag.—Tail black.

Descr.—The male with black head and white ear-covers, connected

with a white collar, which divides the black head from the silver-grey

body ; tail black, at the root white, which extends to the margins of

the inner webs ; end of the tail without white band ; the second hand-

feather on the inner web white.

The female (Jardinii, erythrogenys, Selbyi, and Nattereri, Sw.)

with white front and rufous ear-covers.

13. Ps. Fraseru, Kaup. (Aves, Pl. XXXVIT. XXXVIII.)

Diag.—Tail two-thirds white, with black white-bordered end.

Descr.—The head to the ear-covers black; ear-covers and under

the posterior part of the eye white; the second hand wing-feather

light ash-grey, with white root.

The dimensions of these two species are nearly the same :—head,

52; gape, 32; height of the bill, 10; breadth, 14-15; wing, 105-

113; tail, 63-70.

I give to this very distinct species the name of a very able zoolo-

gist, who is going a second time to Western Africa. From this jour-

ney we may anticipate the greatest benefit to our science, and we wish

Mr. Fraser the best success. For all his kind assistance in the col-

lection of Lord Derby I give him my best thanks.

e. Subgenus BarumipuRvus, Cab.

They have the bill like Chloropsaris, Pachyrhamphus and Erator,

but the tail in most of the species is more graduated. The colouring

of it is black, with white or yellow end spots. Size of a Finch. The

predominating colour of the males is black, white and grey.

In this little subgenus we have different type-species, about which

the different subspecies arrange themselves. One of these is

Ps. MARGINATUS.

Head-feathers black, on the tip with steel-blue; wings black ;

shoulder-covers, wing-covers and arm-wings white marginated ; tail

graduated, black with broad white tip.

The female has all the margins and the under parts rufous yellow,

the back greenish, and the head darker coloured.

a. Ps. MARGINATUS MINOR.

Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; ear-covers, back part

of the neck, lower part of the back light grey; upper part of the

back black ; all the under parts white with grey tint ; the abnormous

second hand-feather white, on the exterior web on the root with a black

spot, and from this spot till the end; along the shaft on the interior

web a small long black stripe.

6. Ps. MARGINATUS MAJOR. Bathmidurus major, Cab.

Lorum and a small line on the front whitish ; before the eye a

black spot of bristle-feathers; the shoulder-covers all white; over-

back black ; the abnormous second hand-feather longer, white, with

a small stripe along the shafts on both sides.

c. Ps. MARGINATUS TRISTIS, Kp.

Without a small white line on the front; lorum and the whole

head black ; the feathers on this part are more massive on the tip,

and have more lustre; the shoulder-covers only on the tip white ;

the whole neck and upper part of the back black ; lower part of the

back, ear-covers and all the under parts dark grey, mixed with black ;

the tail has not so much white on the tip ; the under side of the wings

with smaller white margins ; the second abnormous hand wing-feather

on the inner web whitish with grey spots, on the outside black, with a

grey margin on two-thirds of the upper part ; the emargination on the

tip very distinct.

Mus. Derb.

. Ps.marg. Ps. marg. Ps.marq.

Comparison.— picnare aber pit ms

] 3

EGaghgeee ns. We ees scone eee A OO. 55 SOUTSOM Jd 37

From the gape to the tip of the bill 18 .. 19 19 .. 20

Wing 2 as 08 : . and Aceon .ck. eG hires 8400 FB ai ale

Tail ono: cepneeortion ob SRO fens DO! ohh o64'oH56 vere 262

A new species in the collection of Lord Derby and in the British

Museum, forming a second type-species, I have called

Ps. PARINUS, Kaup.

Size of Parus major ; head-feathers black, with a soft violet lustre,

and not imitating the form of scales; lorum, ear-covers and all the

under parts dirty white; the whole back and shoulder-covers grey ;

the little plumage of the wings black or grey, with whitish margins ;

hand-wings black, arm-wings dark grey, marginated with whitish

yellow ; the inner webs of the wings broadly marginated with whitish

yellow ; tail-feathers grey, along the shafts black and on the margin

narrowly bordered with yellowish white ; the second abnormous hand-

feather with broader inner web black, with white margin from the

emargination to the end, and with a large long white spot from the

root to two-thirds of the feather.

The female rufous with darker head ; wings black-brown, with pre-

dominating rufous yellow margins ; belly and under tail-covers lighter-

coloured.

This species comes from Para.

Very near to this species must be placed the Psaris surinamus

(Muscicapa, Gmel.), which is characterized with the following dia-

gnosis :—Caudd rotundatd, apice albd ; corpore nigro, subtus albo.

I have not hitherto seen this species, nor Ps. niger variegatus and

melanoleucus.

Dimensions of Ps. parinus :—head, 34; gape, 17; wing, 68; tail, 49.

Genus SetopHaGa, Swains.

This genus is one of the finest of the whole family of Muscicapide.

Tt is found only in America. Only one species inhabits the northern

part, namely the very distinct species, Set. ruticilla, with its yellow

or red-banded wings and tail. The tail-feathers are pointed.

The greater part inhabit the southern parts. They form various

little subgenera, distinguished by their very different colourmg. One

of these, and I think the most beautiful, is the little section to which

the following species belong. They have much yellow on the head

and under side; on the over parts dark cinereous.

SETOPHAGA RUFICORONATA, Kp.

Diag.—With red head-spot ; the first tail-feather all white.

Descr.—The hind ear-feathers black ; front, lorum and eye-region

yellow ; the first tail-feather all white; the second white, with black

spot on the outer web, and black margin on the inner web; under

tail-covers black-spotted,

Mus. Derbyanum.

Very near to this species is

SET. RUFICAPILLA, Cab.,

of which Bonaparte gives the diagnosis in the following manner :—

Fusco-plumbea, subtus omnino flava, lateribus fuscis ; pileo castaneo,

rectricibus extimis apice albis. Guiana.

SET. LEUCOMPHOMMA, Kp.

Diag.—Lorum, eye-region and chin white.

Descr.—FKar-covers black, the yellow colour reaching only to the

after part of the eye; tail and under tail-covers like ruficoronata.

Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.

No. CCXXII.—Procrepineés OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Set. ORNATA, Boss.

Diag.—The whole head beautiful yellow.

Descr.—The head-feathers longer (10 mm.) ; the face and chin

white ; the anterior ear-feathers on the tip black, the hind ear-feathers

all white ; the first tail-feather all white, the second only on the basal

inner web black ; under tail-covers black-spotted.

Hab. Andes. Mus. Derb.

Ser. FLAVEOLA, Lafr.

Diag.—The hind ear-feathers with black stripes.

Descr.—The face orange ; the anterior ear-feathers black, the hind

ear-feathers yellow, black-striped ; under tail-covers white ; the first

to the third tail-feather with white shaft and shaft-spot, which is en-

larged on the tip.

Hab. Columbia. Mus. Derb.

A third type-species is vULNERATA, Wagl.

The species belonging to this type-species have the breast and

belly beautiful red.

They are natives of Mexico.

Set. vULNERATA, Wagl.

Above cinereous, with black front, throat and rufous spot on the

head ; first to third tail-feather with white spots on the tip.

Set. prcra, Swains. Zool. Ill. t. 3. tricolor, Licht.

Above, throat and sides of the lower parts black; margins of the

first hand-wing and the three least arm-wings white, like the cover-

feathers of the wings; the first and second tail-feather nearly all

white, the third white, with broad black margin on the inner web.

SET. MULTICOLOR, Bonap.

Black ; front, small band over the wing-covers, belly and the tips

of the tail-feathers white.

A fourth type-species is

Set. VERTICALIS, Lafr.

Cinereous, head rufous; breast and belly yellow; the first tail-

feather three-fourths, the second half, and the third only on the tip

white.

Hab. Bogota. Mus. Derb.

Set. FLAMMEA, Kp.

Breast and belly orange; the first to the third tail-feathers only on

the tips white.

Hab. Guatimala. Mus. Derb.

SET. MELANOCEPHALA, Tchudi, p. 192. t. 12. 1.

A small line of the front, lorum, eye-region, like all the lower parts,

yellow ; the four exterior tail-feathers white.

Hab. Peru. Mus. Derb.

Genus TYRANNULA, Swains.

The genus Tyrannula, as Prince Ch. Bonaparte has apprehended

it, is too large, and the forty species must be divided into some natu-

ral genera and different subgenera.

The manner of arranging these species in geographical sections is

very simple, but very often the wrongest way, although so very clear

that it can be understood by everybody. It is true that some genera

are limited to a certain part of the world; but there are also many

genera which are composed of species from all parts of the world, or

from different zones of the same part of the earth.

A very natural section is formed by the species which Bonaparte

called “ Ultimi Tyrannorum sive Tyrannularum prime.”

The bill of the length of the head; over the nostrils as high as

broad ; the back rounded off; the gape bristle-feathers of moderate

length ; the wings moderately long, reaching to the tail-cover feathers ;

the tip of the wing short ; the first wing-feather as long as the eighth,

third and fourth the longest ; the long tail of the length of the body ;

the head unicolor, without yellow crest, but the feathers can be erected ;

above dirty olive, with darker-coloured head; gorge and over breast

ash-grey ; the belly yellowish; the margins of the wings and tail ru-

fous.

1. Tyr. Coorrrt. Muscicapa, Nuttall.

With shorter wings than mexicanus, but with longer bill, like erz-

nita; throat and over breast light grey, not so dark as crinita; the

black stripe along the inner webs of the tail-feathers is broader, like

stolida.

Hab. Northern America and Chili. Brit. Mus.

2. Tyr. crinira. Muscicapa, Linn. ; irritadilis, Viel.

With longer wings; throat and over breast darker grey; all the

wing-feathers, except the first, black-brown with rufous margins.

Hab. North America. In every museum.

3. Tyr. Gosst1, Bonap.

With longer wings ; the anterior part of the outer webs of the first

and second hand-wing whole rufous ; the head darker, and the ash-

grey dark, like crinita.

Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.

4, Tyr. mexicana, Kaup.

With short wings; all the wing-feathers, except the first, with ru-

fous margins ; breast light ash-grey ; above lighter.

Mr. Wollweber sent me this species, which I found also in the

British Museum.

5. Tyr. stottpa. Myobius, Gosse.

With short wings; the rufous margins on the wing-feathers very

fine ; the black stripe along the shafts of the inner webs of the tail-

feathers reaching only to the middle of the feathers; the inner webs

of the exterior tail-feathers with extinguished bands.

Hab. Jamaica. Brit. Mus.

Comparison of the dimensions.—

Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr. Tyr.

Cooperi. crinita. Gossit. mexicana. stolida.

Headisuit teil niin 46°, tnec4burs 7) AB ahd oa as

Bill from the gape 28 .. 28 .. 31 .. 24 .. 24

Wings 8 2 et 9400, 2002105 Joe] 04on $098, BE

Pails SP ALM 88 .. 89-94 .. 95 ..86-90.. 82

Parsus). 2h ee 22a dys), DUO west eZ 4oow, M220 GrewD

It is possible that all these species are subspecies of one or two type-

species. This point, however, can only be determined by future re-

searches.

Genus TopIRHAMPHUS.

I found in the collection of Lord Derby two new species belonging

to this genus.

Top. PECTORALIS.

Green, with a white spot before the eye; throat and chin dark ash-

grey; next this with white on the crop; breast light ash-grey ; the

inner margins of the wing-feathers and the inner wing-covers yellow ;

outer margins of the wing-feathers and tail olive ; belly and sides white.

Head, 28; gape, 14; wing, 45; tail, 42; tarsus, 15 mm. long.

Hab. ? Mexico.

ToD. RUFICEPS.

With red head and dark ash-grey occipital feathers; next this an

ash-grey collar; over part of the wings black, with two light yellow

bands ; wing- and tail-feathers with olive margins, which on the arm-

wings are more white; lorum black ; ear-covers brownish; chin and

throat white, with brownish tint, and divided from the yellow under

parts with a black striped band; the tibial feathers black.

Head, 26; gape, 13; wing, 46; tail, 36; tarsus, 17 mm. long.

Hab. * Mexico.

PHRYNORHAMPHUS, Kaup. Smithornis, Ch. Bonap.

The bill very broad, half as high as broad, with sharp culmen ; the

wings short ; the first wing-feather long, nearly as long as the seventh,

the second as long as the third and fourth ; outer toe at the base con-

nected with the middle toe.

I am strongly inclined to believe that this section does not possess

the song-muscles.

PHRYNORHAMPHUS CAPENSIS. Platyrhynchus capensis, A. Sm.

Deser.—Upper mandible black, lower mandible yellow; front and

lorum rufous yellow; head black; the bristle-feathers with white

roots ; ear-covers ash-grey, with whitish shafts and shaft-spots ; back

olive-grey, with black spots ; the roots of all the feathers on the back

pure white ; wing-covers with rufous yellow margins, which form two

small bands; lower parts white, on the sides tinted with brownish

rufous, and with broad black shaft-spots ; the middle of the throat,

belly and under tail-covers white; tail black-brown, with olive

margins.

Head, 40; gape, 22; height of the bill, 7 ; breadth, 12; wing, 72;

tail, 55; tarsus, 18; middle toe, 15 mm. long.

Lord Derby’s collection. Brit. Mus.

A communication was received from Dr. G. R. Bonyan, of British

Guiana, on the Raptorial Birds of that country, of which the follow-

ing is an abstract :—

3. Nores oN THE RaproriAu Birps or British Guiana.

By Dr. G. R. Bonyan.

There are, I believe, only three species of Vulture in British Gui-

ana. The first is the well-known

KING OF THE VULTURES.

Sarcorhamphus Papa of Dumeril.—Irubicha, Azara.—Vultur

Papa, Linn.—Le Roi des Vautours, Cuv.—Carrion Crow Governor

of negroes.

There is a very good drawing of this bird in Latham’s ‘General Hi-

story of Birds.’ It is by no means common in Demerara, but young

birds are occasionally brought from the upper rivers, particularly

the upper parts of the Mahaica and Mahaicony creeks, where they

abound, to the town. They are easily tamed and eat any sort of

meat, not showing a particular predilection to putrid meat. Although

I have seen this bird in its wild state, I have never witnessed it alight-

ing upon a carcase ; the common Carrion Crows, it is said, cede place

until the king has fed. Mr. Waterton witnessed this singular fact,

and I have heard it corroborated by more than one person of veracity.

I know nothing of its habits or nidification. The colours about the

head and neck are remarkably beautiful and varied, and have a downy

bloom as it were, which it is impossible to imitate by painting the

preserved specimen.

The Common Carrion Crow. Cathartes iota.

If this bird be the same as ‘“‘ Vultur iota” of Charles Bonaparte,

it is imperfectly described by Cuvier as having only the head naked ;

whereas it has the head and the neck more than half way down,

naked, warty and black ; nor is its plumage of a shining black, but

dull and inky. The Carrion Crow is seen over the whole surface of

the country, either soaring on dry sunny days at an immense height

in the air, or swooping down in wide gyrations towards the ground.

If a carcase be thrown out on a dam, no Carrion Crow being within

the range of vision, after a short time one will be seen in a distant

part of the horizon; presently another will appear ; then another and

another, until they will be observed coming from all quarters; not,

however, in a direct line towards the object, but in more or less ex-

tensive gyrations. ‘There can be no doubt that the first Carrion Crow

that sees the object, by an increased energetic quickness of its flight,

gives notice to those which are within its sphere of vision that there

is game in view, which accounts satisfactorily enough for the vast

number of these birds which are collected from every quarter of the

horizon in so short a time after a dead body is exposed. Indeed, to

the eye of the common observer, the difference of motion of a Vultur

cota on the look-out, and after it has sighted its quarry, is very re-

markable. The former is a slow, steady and gentle soar, in small

gyrations, at an equal height ; the head of the bird, if it be examined

with a glass, being seen turning from side to side. The latter is a

rapid and energetic advance, every hundred yards or so the speed

being increased by several vigorous flaps of the wings. It appears to

me to be quite unnecessary to enter into the discussion, as to whether

this bird hunts by sight or scent, as it is quite sufficiently established

that it is assisted by both senses. The instant a snake is killed, the

Carrion Crow will, if in the neighbourhood, sight the object, and

speedily descend and commence his attacks upon the dead animal.

Or if a negro lets fall a calabash with eggs, and they are broken, the

Carrion Crow will soon be seen feasting on the unwonted luxury. If,

on the other hand, a body be imperfectly interred, this bird will, so

soon as putrefaction has commenced, be seen in the neighbourhood

perched upon a tree or tombstone, and apparently much puzzled to

know where the piece of mortality can lie concealed which evolves

the, to him, delicious fragrancy. If the body be that of a tough-

skinned animal, such as an ox or horse, the Crows will wait, perched

on trees in the neighbourbood, until putrefaction has softened it suffi-

ciently for them to feed on it. Their bills and feet are remarkably

weak. They build in very high trees nests of broken sticks. The

eggs when broken have a semi-putrid odour. It is worthy of remark

that the Carrion Crow is common about the streets of New Amster-

dam, scarcely getting out of the way of the passengers; while in George-

town, not more than sixty miles distance, this bird is never seen in

the streets. The former town is said to be much more cleanly and

well-kept than the latter.

The YELLOW-NECKED CARRION Crow.

This bird is smaller and more slender than the common Carrion

Crow. It is found principally about the creeks of Mahaica and Ma-

haicony. It is less numerous than the Black-headed Carrion Crow.

It is not either so gregarious a feeder, and appears to search for

smaller carcases, such as the putrid fish on the dried savannahs bor-

dering the creeks. There is certainly, with the exception of the

colour of the head and neck, the absence of warts, and the slender

form of the body, but a very slight specific difference between this

bird and the former. The colour is black, with blue and greenish

iridescence.

595

The Fisninc-Hawk. Pandion.

A very handsome little fishing Eagle. I do not think this is the

same species as Le Balbusard of Cuvier. It enlivens very much the

scene about the flat swampy lands of the sea-coast, when the trenches

are full with the mixed tide and bush water. It hovers for a length

of time in one spot at a considerable height, and then suddenly de-

scends vertically on its finny prey, or it alters its position to another

part of the trench. When it makes a capture it flies off to a neigh-

bouring tree to devour it.

The Larce Buus Hawk or THE CaTARACTs.

This bird I shot with a single bullet while descending the long and

swift rapid of Twansinki, lat. 5°, on the Essequibo. It is very rarely

seen on the lower parts of the rivers. The manner of its death was

as follows, as I find on referring to my journal of the trip:—10th

November. An exciting day’s journey in the descent of the rapids

between Twansinki and Waraputa. Some of these we did not ven-

ture to shoot, as it is called, but had to let the boat down, by means

of the tow-line, most ignominiously, stern foremost. We had, how-

ever, the satisfaction of being very nearly swamped in descending a

long rapid in the lower Twansinki range, which made up somewhat

for the slight we considered had been put upon our courage by our

coxswain, Hermanus, refusing to shoot down those rapids he con-

sidered to be dangerous. Our indignation against the noble captain

was considerably cooled. The great danger in the descent of these

long rapids is from the boat being carried down by the rush of the

torrent, and the bow being at the same time more or less submerged

by the curling back of the water, when it meets the resistance of the

rocks in its passage. Thus the descent, although very swift, is ina

succession of violent plunges, at each of which the boat, if not

built with a sufficient spring in the bow, which was unfortunately the

case with us, takes in a large quantity of water, and is in great dan-

ger of being swamped before it reaches the foot of the rapid. Every-

thing depends of course on the way the boat has on it, and our crew,

on this occasion, urged by the frantic gestures and shouting of the

steersman and bowman, pulled with amazing vigour and energy. In

the very midst of the hurly-burly of this descent, a Large Blue Hawk

flew rapidly across our bow and alighted on a high dry tree. My

soul had long yearned after a “‘ Blue Hawk” of the Cataracts. Be-

fore I could fairly cover it, the bird was eighty yards behind us. The

report of the gun was scarcely audible in the tremendous noise, and

the Hawk for a second remained immoveable and apparently unhurt,

when his head sunk, his body swung forward, and the powerful grasp

of his talons relaxing in death, he fell plumb down.

There are three species of Iéycter, or “Carracarra Hawks,”’ as

they are called by the creoles. These are very numerous on the

banks of the rivers and creeks, and appear to be continually on the

alert, flying from tree to tree, alighting and scratching on the sands,

and indeed being the only specimens of the bird kind on the higher

rivers which are always to be met with during the whole day. The

first is

The Lavcuine Hawk.

A well-known bird, which has been described by Waterton, Schom-

burgk and others. It is remarkably noisy, and is generally seen in

company with three or four others of the same species flying about

and perching on the high trees on the borders of creeks, uttering

almost constantly a discordant loud gabbling, from whence it has got

the name of the ‘Laughing Hawk.” This bird feeds on eggs, young

birds, insects, and does not despise certain sorts of fruit. It is, in

fact, omnivorous.

The YeLLow-HEADED CarracaRRA Hawk.

Smaller than the preceding. Three or four are generally seen to-

gether. They frequent chiefly in the months of September, October,

and November, when the guana and river turtle lay their eggs, the

extensive sand-banks on the river Essequibo, beyond the first rapids

in latitude 6° 10’. I have seen them in companies of from three to

five, assiduously scratching up the sand in which the guana or turtle

had laid ; and as these reptiles deposit their eggs at least eight inches

beneath the surface, their rasorial powers are very considerable. The

sands on this part of the Essequibo extend in every direction, lying

on the beautiful bosom of the placid river, among finely wooded islands

of all sizes, with most inviting sand beaches, enticing you to land at

every turn. If you do land, you will probably see on the hard fine

sand the scrambling track of a guana, which, if petrified, would set

a paleontologist frantic with delight. Close by, the steadier and

more decided footstep of the cayman, clearly showing that he is made

of somewhat sterner stuff than his herbivorous friend, and still further

off, a camoude has dragged his slow length along. There are tracks

of turtle, ducks, snipes, lizards, and all sorts of Coprie; in fact, a

first-rate piece of interesting geology, only not baked or compressed

yet. Edging the bank is the eternal forest.

The RED-HEADED CARRACARRA.

This bird is of the same size as the preceding, but its habits are

somewhat different, as its food appears to be principally confined to

insects and small reptiles. I found the stomach of one I dissected

full of fragments of beetles. Mr. Swainson places these birds at the

head of the Kites, where they are certainly more naturally situated

than among the Eagles, where they are placed by Cuvier.

The next birds are the Awl-beaked Fish-Hawks. I only know

two, and they are very near one another.

The Lancer AWL-BEAKED FisH-Hawk

Is remarkable for the great length of the curve of the upper man-

dible, and is somewhat larger than the next. Both are savannah

birds, feeding on freshwater fish. They are often seen in large flocks,

particularly on an extensive savannah, through a part of which is dug

the freshwater canal called the ‘‘ Lamaha,’’ which was intended to

supply the city of Georgetown with water. They prey particularly

on the Hassar (Callichthys, Schomb.). This curious fish, which

builds a nest in or under which it lays its eggs, is found in abundance

in the small pools and water-holes of the savannahs. It is a very do-

mestic fish. The female, when the time for spawning arrives, collects

a number of small pieces of stick, and places them together, across

one another; it then, descending beneath this structure, which is

about a foot in diameter, exspumates a quantity of viscid matter,

which, being mingled with air, causes the nest to float. In this viscid

exspumation the eggs are laid, and both the male and female remain

near the nest, making furious strokes at any intruder; and as they

are provided with a very sharp bony first ray to the dorsal fin, if a

wound be inflicted it is generally a severe one. The form of the beak

of the Fish-Hawk is admirably adapted for separating the plates of

mail in which the Hassar is enveloped. It is when the water in the

pools and water-holes is reduced in the first part of the dry season to

soft mud, that flocks of these birds are seen on the savannahs, feast-

ing on Hassar.

The SMALLER AWL-BEAKED FisH-HAwK.

Habits the same as the former. From the habits of this group of

birds of scouring the savannahs in search of prey, the length of their

wings, and the strength of their claws, they approach near to the

Harriers.

The Scissors-TaiLeD Kite. Nauclerus furcatus.

This is a very graceful bird, and is generally seen soaring, with

widely-forked tail, above the lower parts of creeks, or over rivers when

the water is fresh. They are, when perched, generally in companies

of from five to six. They strike at small birds, creepers and such

like, when feeding. I do not think that they strike at birds on the

wing, and I never saw the Nauclerus pounce on a fish, although they

appear to prefer to soar over the broad parts of creeks and fresh rivers.

In fact, they are scarcely ever seen elsewhere. The Camouni creek,

a few hours’ sail up the Demerary river, is a favourite haunt of the

Scissors-tail. Here they may be seen by the now rare traveller in

this once thickly populated and very beautiful creek, either soaring

high up in the brilliant sunshine, with a gentle undulatory motion,

moving the head from side to side, and alternately opening and shut-

ting the fork of the tail, whence their name of “ Scissors-tail’’ ; or

perched in a small company upon some high creek-side tree, attracted

probably by a flock of creepers or manakins. In coming down the

Camouni one morning with a pleasant company of sportsmen—we

had bivouacked near the source of the river the night before—I was

much struck with the remarkable gracefulness and beauty of the Nau-

clerus. A company of six had selected a high tree close to the water’s

edge, at a wide and graceful bend. The approach of our boat alarmed

them, and they flew up and around the tree as if inclined to settle

again after we had passed on; but on one of our party firing, the

birds, finding the danger impending, sought for safety in the higher

regions of the atmosphere, and it was in their gyrations to obtain a

suitable elevation that their gracefulness and beauty were particu-

larly remarkable. I am not acquainted with any Hawk which soars

to such a height as the Nauclerus. I have seen them over the river

Pomeroon, at an elevation so great as to be scarcely visible.

The whole of the next group, nine in number, with the exception

of three, are birds which frequent the extensive abandoned fields near

the sea and the courida trees (Avicenna nitida et tomentosa), which

form a narrow belt of vegetation along the coast, between the sea and

the high roads. These fields, which were for the most part formerly

in cotton, are often inundated, either from imperfect drainage of bush-

water, or the incursion of the sea, which, since the British people

commenced to make us pay the penalty of having had slaves, is fast

resuming its ancient dominion, from whence it was dammed out by

our Dutch predecessors. Over these fields may be seen hunting with

indefatigable industry the first two of the group; viz.

The Brown-BACKED Harrier, and

The Lone AND SLENDER-LEGGED BuZZARD.

They search every bush, destroying old and young alike, snatch

up the little grass-finches, and im fact are a most dreadful scourge

to the feathered inhabitants of these woe-begone and miserable look-

ing swamps, remembrances of our former glory and shame. The

next is

The Curstnut Harrier.

A very rare bird, which was shot while flying over the Mahaica

creek. Nothing whatever is known of its habits, but from its struc-

ture they must be similar to those of the two former.

The Larce SrA-FisH1nG Hawk.

The coasts of Demerara, it may not be unnecessary to inform the

English reader, are bound by vast mud-flats, which at high tide are

covered by the sea. At dead low tide the water-mark is, at many

parts of the coast, not visible. It is on the courida trees which bor-

der the coast landward that the Large Sea-fisher may be seen waiting

patiently for the influx of the tide, which brings with it his food. At

about half-tide he begins to bestir himself, and as there is always an

abundance of fish brought up by the water, he soon captures as much

mullet and other such-like coast-fish as gratifies his hunger. The

Sea-fisher fishes on the hover from a considerable height, pouncmg

down vertically on its prey. The next is

The Birp Hawk,

With striated chestnut belly, which does not hunt on the wing, but

sights its prey, small birds, from the perch, generally a courida tree.

It builds a nest of dry sticks upon these trees. The next is

The PARROT-BEAKED BuzzarRp.

A rare bird, and was shot in a cocoa-nut tree in the Mahaicony.

It sights its prey, small birds, from the perch. Another species,

The LonG-LeGGED SNAKE-EATER,

Leads us back to the abandoned fields. This bird, a large, brown,

dirty and ruffianly-looking animal, is very often seen, particularly on

the east sea-coast, undergoing the punishment peculiarly appropriated

to bullies, namely, being severely thrashed by fellows much smaller

than himself. The Kiskadee, a tyrant shrike, is the little champion

who thrashes the Snake-eater. Sometimes two or three of these

birds will be seen, always keeping above it, pecking the Hawk most

unmercifully, and they seldom fail in bringing it to the ground, when

the sight of its powerful talons I presume, reminding them that the

better part of valour is discretion, causes them to fly off to some

neighbouring tree and set up a glorious “Io Pan” of Kiskadee,

Kis-kis-kiskadee over their victory. I have seen this Hawk capture

snakes more than once and fly off to its perch to devour the prey.

Another species,

The Cras-EATER,

Frequents the courida trees, from whence it sights its prey on the

mud-flat, namely crabs. It pounces upon any unwary crab that quits

its hole, and, unlike the Snake-eater, consumes it on the spot where

it takes it, and then returns to its look-out. They build a nest of

sticks in the courida bush. Another species,

The INSECT-EATER,

Is the most ignoble of all our Hawks. Its feet and claws are sin-

gularly weak, and it feeds almost exclusively on beetles and other

insects, which it captures on the courida bush, which it frequents, I

have opened them and taken a large quantity of the fragments of in-

sects out of the stomach.

The CresteD AND Bootrep EaGue.

A live specimen of this beautiful bird was brought to me as a

present by an old servant who had left me a long time, and had been

living far up the Demerary river. He unfortunately knew nothing

of its habits, and told me that it was the only one he had seen. I

have never seen one in the wild state. This bird lived for some days,

but would not eat. Apparently, the beautiful semicircular crest of

black feathers with a white central star was only elevated when the

bird was excited. This however was almost constantly the case,

from extreme wildness. The cry was a loud, plaintive, diminishing

ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha. This bird certainly has most of the characters

of a true Eagle. It is heavy and robust, with a beak somewhat

straight at base; tarsi plumed to the toes ; wings moderately long,

with the fourth feather the longest ; and the general air is that of an

Eagle.

There are only three Falcons that I have seen here ; the first two

true Falcons, with the typical characters and habits marked, and the

third with all the typical characters (excepting the two-toothed beak)

and the habits wanting. The first two are little Falcons, namely,

The CHESTNUT-BELLIED Fatcon, and

The WHITE MOTTLE-BELLIED FALCcon.

They are both birds that strike their prey on the wing, and are

capable of killing birds nearly as large as themselves. The yellow-

bellied species may be seen very busy at dusk, hunting bats with

amazing swiftness. I have never been able to find either of their

nests.

The Two-rooTHED Barip1.

A bird with precisely similar habits to the next three birds. Like

them, the Baridi never strikes, but confines himself to pillaging

nests and destroying young birds. He is a sneaking marauder and

burglar, and not audacious enough to commit highway robbery and

murder, like the true Falcons. His wings are very short, and the

characteristic formula of the quill-feathers is wanting. Consequently,

I have placed this bird at the head of the succeeding group.

The PLAIp-cCHESTED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

The BRowNn-BACKED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

The YELLOW-CERED SHORT-WINGED Hawk.

They are characterized by the same habits as the Baridi, stealing

eggs and murdering unfledged birds.

The two next Hawks are large and powerful. The first is a large

Black Hawk. It is a very fierce and destructive bird. It will kill

rats and other small quadrupeds, as the Adouri (Cavia agouti), &c.,

and will strike at and kill so large a bird as a Currycurry (Ibis rubra).

My huntsman Benjamin tells me that some time ago he shot a Curry-

curry, and before the bird fell to the ground, a large Black Hawk

seized it and bore it away. It is very destructive to hen-roosts. The

next species is found far up the river Demerary, and is by no means

common. Mr. John King, a very respectable bird-stuffer and an

observant naturalist, tells me that in a period of many years, con-

stantly occupied in procuring species of birds and animals, he has

only seen a few specimens of this bird. I have ascertained from the

same authority, that its habits are very similar to the Large Black

Hawk of the coasts.

I only know of five Owls in this country ; of four I have procured

specimens. The first two, Booted Owls without ears, are common

enough, and I have not been able to ascertain anything in their habits

differing from the well-known and frequently described habits of their

European congeners.

The SMALL-BOOTED Brown OwL.

This is seen frequently at dusk in company with the Little Bat-

falcon, hunting bats. The larger one, or Large-booted Black and

White Owl, is strictly a night bird, and found principally in the

forests. The next two are likewise strictly night birds.

The LarcEe LonG-LEGGED Strix, or JumsBi Birp,

Inhabits hollow cabbage-trees or old and dilapidated houses, un-

fortunately that style of habitation in Georgetown, and over the whole

country, being at this time the rule, and not the exception. They

make a great noise at night, a sort of clack, clack, clack, &c., termi-

nating with a harsh, disagreeable and ominous scream. They are

held here, as elsewhere, to be birds of ill omen, portending death,

wherefore they are called “‘ Jumbi,”’ or Ghost Birds, by the negroes.

The Litrte LoNG-LEGGED STRIx

Is a very handsome little mouse-coloured Owl, which preys upon

moths and other night insects as well as small bats. They are mostly

seen on the savannahs and in the courida bushes, and are strictly

nocturnal.

It will be perceived that I have not described the Harpya de-

structor. This is in consequence of my not having had an oppor-

tunity of examining a dead specimen ; a living specimen which I have

access to, in the possession of Governor Barkly, being altogether too

fierce to take liberties with. It has a very owlish appearance, both

in its facial disk and soft plumage. I have seen another imperfect

skin of a very large Eagle feathered to the toes, with tremendous

talons; both this and the Harpy I hope to be able to describe in a

subsequent communication.

February 25, 1851.

R. H. Solly, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould directed the attention of the Meeting to two Hybrid

Birds, concerning which he read the following letter, which had been

addressed to Mr. B. Leadbeater, F.Z.S.

“ Cottimore, Walton-on-Thames, December 17, 1850.

“‘Srr,—With reference to the bird which you now have of mine

to preserve, I will tell you all which I have ascertained concerning it.

It was shot at Henley Park, in the county of Surrey, by the keeper

of H. Halsey, Esq., on a part of his property called the Peat Moor,

and not far from the Frimley ridges; a wild tract of country, with a

good many black-game upon it. The keeper was shooting pheasants

for the supply of the house, and this bird rose on the opposite side

of the hedge to that on which he was, on the outside of a large covert :

he did not see it distinctly ; but as in rising it made the sort of ery

or crowing which a cock-pheasant is apt to do when disturbed, he

shot it. I found it hung up m the larder, but was just in time to

rescue it from the cook, and Mr. Halsey allowed me to take posses-

sion of it to be preserved. There is no doubt of its being a hybrid

between the black-cock and hen-pheasant, as it appears that a black-

cock has for the last two years frequented this particular covert and

fed with the pheasants. The keeper, after feeding his pheasants, has

frequently hid himself, to count his stock of those beautiful birds,

and always saw this black-cock come to feed with them; and so it

lasted for two years or more. I have no doubt that this bird is the

produce of his intimacy with a hen-pheasant. The old black-cock

used to play like a cock-turkey, the keeper tells me, dragging his

wings, and could drive all the cock-pheasants, being completely master

over them; which I wonder at, as the pheasant has spurs and he

has none. The hybrid was shot on the 26th of October, and had he

lived another month, would have been a beautiful bird. You will

observe that he crowed on rising as a cock-pheasant does, which I

believe a black-cock does not do. As far as I can ascertain in the

number of instances of hybrids mentioned in Yarrell’s ‘British Birds,’

they seem all to be the produce of cock-pheasants and grey-hens,

whereas there is no doubt this is the reverse.

“IT may mention while on this subject, that in another wood on

Mr. Halsey’s property two Hybrids were produced between the cock-

pheasant and hen golden pheasant; this took place about thirteen

years ago. A hen golden pheasant had escaped from confinement,

and it was known that she was alive in the coverts ; and in one par-

ticular wood it was remarked that the pheasants were always disturbed

and driven out of it, and it was not known for some time by what ;

till at last, by watching at the feeding-places, it was discovered that

this golden hen-pheasant and two other curious-looking birds were

so pugnacious, that they drove every thing from the place. They

were all three shot, when the other two proved to be cock-birds, and

there is no doubt whatever of their parentage, both from their shape

and plumage. They are small birds and not handsome, partaking

of the plumage of both sorts of pheasants, without any of the beauty

of either. I believe this to be the first instance on record of their

ever breeding in a wild state; and you must remember that they were

not in a Norfolk covert, full of half-tame pheasants, but in one of the

wildest parts of England, as the presence of black-game will tell you.

They were shot in the month of November, and therefore had pro-

bably got as good plumage as they ever would have. They are now

in my possession through the kindness of Mr. Halsey.

«| think it a very curious circumstance that these birds should have

been produced in a wild state, as I find in the ‘Gardens and Mena-

gerie of the Zoological Society,’ vol. ii. Birds, under the head of

Golden Pheasant, that in China, where the two sorts are wild, they

have never been known to produce a mixed breed, and that in confine-

ment it is sometimes obtained, but with the greatest difficulty. Also,

in the ‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ vol. ii. Birds, by W. Thompson,

it is stated, as a reason for the Golden Pheasant not doing well in a

wild state in this country if introduced where the common pheasant

is now abundant, that they are such a shy, timid bird, and would be

easily driven off by the other species. This fear is evidently ground-

less, as not only the half-bred birds, but the golden hen drove all

the other pheasants, as was seen frequently by the keeper ; and they

were so cunning, and so well able to take care of themselves, that

after it was known they were there, and the mischief they did, the

covert was beat in the usual way for pheasants, in the hopes of being

able to destroy these birds, but without meeting with them, and the

keeper was obliged to watch for them and shoot them at feed.

*«T remain, your obedient servant,

* Joun W. G. Spicer.”

The following papers were also read :—

1. On THE ANATOMY oF THE Wart-Hoc (Paacocuerus Patzasn,

VAN DER HOEVEN).

By Pror. Owen, F.R.S., F.Z.S. etc.

The female Phacocherus died, without previous symptoms of ail-

ment, on Wednesday, February 5th, having lived in the Menagerie

of the Society ten months, durmg which it throve, like the male, and

grew rapidly ; its weight at the time of its death was 195 lbs.

The length of the body from the extremity of the jaws to the root

of the tail was 3 feet 6 inches; the length of the head 1 foot; that

of the tail 1 foot: this part is naked, very slender, tapering towards

the end, which is subcompressed, a little dilated, and ornamented

with a tuft of long and slender black bristles, growing chiefly from

the opposite margins, as in the Elephant. A layer of lard or fat ad-

hered to the under surface of the corium, as in the Common Hog,

preventing the movement of the skin by a panniculus carnosus.

The hair is of one kind, coarse, scanty, and moderately long ; the

bulb of each is imbedded in a flattened whitish body, about 3 lines

broad. The cuticle is impressed by curved lines, giving it the ap-

pearance of being composed of imbricated scales from 3 to 4 lines in

breadth. There is a strong callosity in front of each carpus, formed

by, or connected with, the frequent habit of this animal of walking

on its fore-knees. The suborbital wart-like appendage, situated

14 inch below the eye, is composed of a mass of fibrous and adi-

pose tissue. A double row of strong cilia project from the upper

eyelid; but there are none on the lower lid. There is a broad

‘membrana nictitans.’ An arch of long black hairs forms an eye-

brow. The upper lip is bent upwards, or folded over the base of the

upper tusk, and many short hairs grow from the thickened margin

of this fold. There is a slightly curved callous ridge of the integu-

ment, 5 inches in length, parallel with the middle of the lower bor-

der of the lower jaw. ‘There are but four nipples, one pair abdomi-

nal, about an inch behind the umbilicus; the other pair inguinal.

The anus is situated about an inch below the base of the tail, is a

transverse crescentic aperture, with a thick upper border. The vulva

is situated about 10 lines below the anus; it is a little peaked

below, and the clitoris, like a small caruncle, projects 4 lines within

the margin.

There was no appearance of incisors in either jaw; but in the

substance of the alveolar border of the lower jaw were four rudi-

mental incisors, 9 lines long by 2 lines wide, which probably were never

destined to come through, and are smaller than those in the Caffra-

rian Phacocheere, called ‘ Harruja,’ in the British Museum. The

present specimen also differed from that species in having no incisor

in the upper jaw ; not even the rudiment of one could be found in the

substance of the premaxillary. Hence I conclude the species to be

that which Van der Hoeven has characterized by the absence of in-

cisors in both jaws, and has called Phacocherus Pallasii. The ex-

serted crown of the canine tusks was 23 inches long in the upper,

and 2 inches long in the lower jaw. Five molars were apparent on

each side the upper jaw, and four molars on each side the lower jaw.

The first in each jaw was a small, obtusely rounded premolar, with

three long diverging fangs above and two below, answering to p 3;

the second molar in the upper jaw was a much-worn milk-tooth, m 4 ;

the third grinder above and the second below were the first true mo-

lar, m 1, with the crown worn down nearly to the roots. The fourth

grinder above and the third below were the second true molar, m 2,

with a body or crown 14 of an inch in length before the giving off

of the short bent fangs. The last tooth in both jaws was the anterior

point of the third true molar just beginning to cut the gum*.

The absence of any incisors above the gum in this young animal,

and the presence of four rudimental ones hidden in the lower jaw,

just where they are occasionally found in old individuals of the Pha-

cocherus Pallasii, show that this hidden condition and small size are

not due to age, but are specific characters.

The roof of the mouth presented about twenty-two pairs of trans-

verse, arched, palatal ridges, with their convexities turned forwards ;

gradually decreasing as they were placed more backwards, and ter-

minating opposite the end of the molar series; beyond this part the

membrane of the palate was smooth and soft. The tongue is long

and narrow, with small, obtuse, well-defined papille below its mar-

gins, with a smooth dorsum, beset with very fine gustatory papillee

for two-thirds of its extent. At the base of the tongue, 6 inches from

the tip, are two large fossulate papille, on the same transverse line,

and behind these the dorsum of the tongue is beset with numerous

soft, moderately large, pointed and retroverted papille.

* The grinding surface of the teeth in place closely corresponded with those of

the Phacocherus Pallasii figured in my Memoir on the Teeth of the Wart-Hogs

(Philosophical Transactions, 1840, pl. 34. fig. 8, m1, m2 and m3). The pre-

sent specimen shows a stage anterior to the one there figured, the last milk-

tooth intervening between the first molar and the small premolar in the upper

jaw. There was no trace of the germ of a p4 above the crown of d4 in place,

whence it may be concluded that, at corresponding phases of dentition, the Phac.

Pallasii has fewer grinders than the Phac. Hliani.

Two mucous sacculi, about | inch in diameter and 14 inch in depth,

are produced from the upper and back part of the pharynx into the

pterygoid fossze, on each side the basisphenoid. Between the mouths

of these sacculi there projects from the back part of the pharynx a

glandular prominence or caruncle, about 7 lines long by 5 lines broad.

At the lower and back part of the pharynx a third median sacculus

is developed, just below the ‘ constrictores pharyngis’; m this re-

markable structure the Wart-Hog resembles the Babyrussa*. The

cesophagus commences between this sacculus behind and two large

post-arytenoid sacculi in front, and is divided from both by a trans-

verse membranous ridge or wall. The long ligamentous crura of the

epiglottis are continued from the sides and back part of the post-

arytenoid sacculi to that cartilage, which is unusually distant from

the larynx. The convex border of the broad epiglottis projects into

the posterior nostril. The cesophagus descends behind the trachea to

the thorax, and in the posterior mediastinum it is suspended by a fold

of the pleura, about 14 inch broad, which attaches the tube to the

descending aorta, after it has passed through the arch.

The stomach is of small size and simple shape; its length in a

straight line is 9 inches; following its greater curvature 1 foot

7 inches ; the lesser curvature, or the distance from the cardia to the

pylorus, being only 3 inches. The left end extends about 34 inches

beyond the cardia, and the right end projects about 2 inches to the

right of the pylorus. It presents the usual form of the simple sto-

mach, but the cardiac blind end is marked off by a slight constric-

tion, hardly, however, to the same degree as in the Common Hog ;

and far from presenting the complexity of the stomach in the Baby-

russa. The great omentum is continued from behind the great cur-

vature, and was folded or crumpled up behind and beneath the sto-

mach, enclosing the spleen, which was to the left and a little behind

the great end of the stomach. No part of the omentum was visible

when the abdominal cavity was exposed, and but little of the stomach

could be seen. Almost the only viscera that presented themselves

were the large spiral coils of the colon, closely united together by

mesocolic bands laden with fat, about an inch in breadth. The

czecum was in the left lumbar region. The stomach extended from

the left hypochondrium across the epigastric to the right hypochon-

driac regions. The liver extended from the right hypochondrium to

the left, but did not cover all the great end of the stomach. The

small intestines lay concealed behind the colon.

The cesophagus, which is 2 inches in circumference at its termi-

nation in the stomach, opens nearer the posterior than the ante-

rior surface of the lesser curvature, 33 inches from the left end,

which forms a prominence above the concavity leading to it from the

ullet.

* The cesophageal epithelium is continued a little way on the inner

surface of the stomach, forming a thin, narrow, oval patch, extend-

ing 1} inch to the left of the cardia, 2rds of an inch to the right and

* See Prof. Vrolik’s excellent memoir on that animal, ‘ Recherches d’Anatomie

comparée sur le Babyrussa,’ 4to, p. 30, pl. 3.

No. CCXXIII.—ProcerepinGs or THE ZooLoGicat Society.

back part of the cardia, and 3rd of an inch to the front of the cardia.

The rest of the stomach is lined by the usual gastric vascular mem-

brane, which in the distended state shows one or two short and very

narrow, straight rugze, and is smooth in the rest of its extent, except

near the commencement of the short and narrow canal leading to the

pylorus, where a number of longitudinal rugze converge. 'The mus-

cular coat of the stomach is 2 lines in thickness at the cardia, where

its texture is unusually firm ; it diminishes in thickness to 1 line after

a course of 2 inches from the cardia, and is less than half a line thick

over the great dilated portion of the stomach. It resumes its thick-

ness of 2 lines at the narrow pyloric portion. A few longitudinal

rug radiate from the cardia a little way upon the epithelial part, but

there is no valvular apparatus there.

The form of the pylorus is crescentic, bounded below by an arched

protuberance, receiving in its concavity a single longitudinal protube-

rance from the upper side.

The bile-tube (ductus choledochus) opens on a mammillary emi-

nence half an inch from the pylorus.

The duodenum, which is about 1 inch in diameter at its com-

mencement, where it receives the ductus choledochus and pancreatic

duct, contracts to a diameter of 2rds of an inch as it bends down in

front of the right kidney, suspended by a narrow mesentery ; it then

crosses the first lumbar vertebra, and becomes attached to the back

of the ascending colon ; there it ascends a little way, bending obliquely

round the colon, and becomes suspended, as jejunum, upon the

proper mesentery. The jejunum and ilium lie in close coils sus-

pended by the narrow mesentery, which is loaded with fat, termina-

ting next the intestine in lobes which project as a free border on

each side the junction of the mesentery to the gut. The mesenteric

vessels pass straight through this fat, without forming anastomotic

arches. The mesenteric glands are arranged in a semicircle about

the root of the mesentery. The small intestines preserve a pretty

uniform diameter until near the end of the ilium, which gradually

contracts to a diameter of about half an inch. The length of the

small intestine is from 18 to 20 feet, or about five times the length

of the body ; which is proportionally one-half the length of the small

intestines of the domestic Hog. The ilium passes near its termination

from the right to the left lumbar region, and ascends to terminate in

the cecum, to which it is attached by a duplicature of the perito-

neum. The ceecum was situated in the advanced part of the left

lumbar region. It was 34 inches in length, and about 24 in diame-

ter, with an obtuse rounded end ; its parietes were slightly puckered

or sacculated on two longitudinal bands, about 4 lines in breadth, a

third band commencing near the entry of the ilium; its circumfe-

rence is 7 inches. It is divided by a constricted neck, 35 inches in

circumference and 12 inch in length, from the colon, and this con-

tracted part was sacculated only on one side, the other side being

smooth, with a strong coat of longitudinal fibres external to the cir-

cular ones. At this part the ilium, cecum and beginning of the colon

are attached by a strong mesentery to the spine: the colon ascends

in front of the left kidney to the great curvature of the stomach, and

bends over to the right side in front of the epiploon, and descending

describes a large spiral curve, then a second, third and fourth, pro-

gressively diminishing in extent; the last and innermost is folded

upon itself, and repeats two spiral coils in the opposite direction,

the extent of these increasing; and the gut, quitting the mass of

closely connected coils, passes backwards, and bends round the root

of the mesentery, adhering to that part and to the pancreas above,

then descends in front of the duodenum, much diminished in size,

and getting to the back of the lumbar region becomes the rectum,

and is continued, tightly bound to the sacrum, behind the genital

organs and bladder to the vent. The coils of the colon, which are

the first viscera that present themselves, and conceal almost all the

others in the abdomen, are attached to one another by bands of meso-

colon of about an inch in breadth; and these were laden with lobes

of fat. There were many small, dark-coloured glands at the root of

the mesocolon, from which straight blood-vessels radiated in groups

of from four to eight or ten. The colon, where it forms the first

series of coils, is 10 inches in circumference, and is slightly sacculated

on two longitudinal bands. The sacculi subside with a slight dimi-

nution of diameter in the returning coils.

The length of the ‘large intestines’ was 13 feet 6 inches, or nearly

four times the length of the entire animal.

The mucous membrane of the small intestines is produced in the

duodenum into four or five narrow longitudinal folds, which in the

jejunum are six or seven in number, and are here or there connected

together by oblique folds. Towards the middle of the jejunum these

folds disappear, and then reappear at intervals progressively increa-

sing; and in the ilium the mucous lining is even and simply villous.

In the partial or interrupted extents of the plicated structure, the

rugee are more reticulate in their arrangement. The lining membrane

of the colon was smooth and even, but gorged with blood, and varied

in many parts from a deep vinous to an almost black colour. The

lining membrane of the rectum was disposed in numerous fine longi-

tudinal rugee. The small intestines contained only mucus ; the large

intestines a dark fluid matter of the usual feecal odour, with one or

two masses of hard feces, about the size and shape of a pullet’s egg.

The liver weighed 2 lbs. 4 oz. i consisted of three principal lobes,

viz. a right, middle and left ; the right is the largest, and is partially

subdivided at its free extremity, which is closely connected with the

right supra-renal body and the summit of the right kidney. The

middle lobe is bifid, a gall-bladder 4 inches long by 12 inch broad

being lodged in the cleft; a small ‘lobulus Spigelii’ projects near

the neck of the gall-bladder. The left lobe of the liver terminates

on the left side, about 3 inches from the cardiac end of the stomach.

The hepatic duct joins the cystic after a course of an inch; the

‘ductus communis’ is about the same length, and has a width of

3 lines at its termination, which is at the upper part of the beginning

of the duodenum.

The pancreas is a long flattened band, from an inch to an inch

and a half in breadth, extending in two directions from the begin-

ning of the duodenum, where its duct terminates. One portion fol-

lows the first part of the curvature of the duodenum to the extent of

6 inches; the other and chief part of the gland passes from the py-

lorus behind the stomach to the spleen, and is 7 inches in length.

The spleen is a long, flattened, ellipsoid body, about 11 inches in

length and 21 inches across its broadest part at the middle. It

weighed 3 oz.

The kidneys together weighed 63 oz. ; they are not cleft or lobu-

lated, and are situated symmetrically at the back of the hypochon-

dria. The supra-renal bodies are of an elongate, subcylindrical shape.

The heart is a somewhat flattened cone, with a produced pointed

apex formed by the left ventricle. The pericardium adheres to the

sternum ; it was covered with much fat. There is a large pleural sac

between the pericardium and the diaphragm, which contains the azy-

gous lobe of the lung, the long intra-thoracic inferior cava, the ceso-

phagus and descending aorta.

The right lung is divided into three lobes and the ‘lobulus azygos’;

the left lung into two lobes, the upper and smaller lobe being slightly

subdivided. The tracheal rings overlap each other behind. The

thymus gland extended from the fore-part of the pericardium into

the neck. The thyroid gland consists of one elongate, narrow lobe,

concave where it is applied to the fore-part of the trachea, convex

where it is covered by the ‘ sterno-thyroidei’; it is about 2 inches in

length and 8 lines wide. The thyroid cartilage is of unusual length,

shaped like the side or section of a vase, convex outwards at its lower

half, and concave above, by the bending outwards of its broad upper

margin ; its length is 2} inches, its breadth 1} inch. The arytenoid

cartilages are still more unusual in their conformation ; they are very

long, curved backwards, and confluent at their apices ; on each side of

this prolonged confluent point they are deeply cleft, so as to form two

lateral pointed processes or appendages. A fold of membrane is con-

tinued from each lateral appendix outwards to the ligamentous crura

of the epiglottis ; these folds form the outer walls of two large post-

arytenoid sacculi, which intervene between the larynx and pharynx.

A median fold of membrane is continued backwards from the middle

line and confluent apices of the arytenoids, and forms the septum

between the post-arytenoid sacculi. The mucous membrane of the

larynx is continued from the anterior and upper border of the thyroid

forwards and upwards into the concavity of the basihyal, forming a

wide but not very deep anterior sacculus.

The brain weighed 3} oz.

Female Organs.—The ovarium, 9 lines long, 6 broad and 4 thick,

is kidney-shaped, and is suspended by the middle of the concave bor-

der by a short, thick peduncle, to which is attached the commence-

ment of the ostium abdominale of the oviduct ; this orifice is not fim-

briated, but has some delicate wrinkled processes on its inner surface.

The peritoneal fold continued from this part to the end of the cornu

uteri, and which approximates it thereto, forms one side of the open-

ing of a wide ovarian pouch, upon the outer and fore-part of which

the oviduct describes its convolutions in its course towards the uterus.

The stroma ovarii contained at its periphery a few advancing ovisacs

about a line in diameter.

Each cornu uteri is about 1 foot 4 inches in length, and of a nearly

uniform circumference of 2 inches. It is beset with narrow, wrinkled,

oblique, irregular rugee, formimg longitudinal elevations as they ap-

proach the body of the uterus, and again becoming oblique—patches

of the rugous surfaces alternating with smooth patches.

The common uterus presents large, longitudinal, wrinkled rug

for the first inch of its extent, and then a spiral valve begins to be

formed, about 2 lines in thickness, which describes thirteen close

coils before subsiding in the common vagina; the length of the spiral

portion, which may be compared to the ‘ cervix uteri,’ is 33 inches ;

the length of the vagina is 4 inches. The rugz of the vagina are

longitudinal, and longer at its beginning and end, where they termi-

nate on a well-defined circular fold, dividing the vagina from the uro-

genital canal, and constricting the orifice; the free borders of the

spiral valve are beset by free, fine, longitudinal folds of the lining

membrane of the uterus.

The urethra is about 3 inches in length, and becomes closely con-

nected with the vagina 2 inches before it terminates. Its orifice is

defended by two longitudinal folds.

In comparison with the Common Hog, the Wart-Hog, as regards

its internal anatomy, differs in the more simple form of the stomach,

the relatively shorter small intestines, and the relatively longer large

ones ; but, like the Common Hog, the czecum is small, and the colon

disposed in spiral coils, in both which characters they resemble the

Ruminants ; the caecum is broader in proportion to its length than

in the Common Hog. In both the Common Hog and Wart-Hog

the intestinal canal is more tied down by the fat-laden processes of

peritoneum, and appears to have less motion allowed it, than in other

quadrupeds. The liver and gall-bladder, the kidneys and the tho-

racic viscera, much resemble those of the Common Hog. The inner

surface of the jejunum shows a reticulate disposition of rugze in the

Common Hog, but not the regular longitudinal folds in the duode-

num and beginning of the jejunum, as in the Wart-Hog.

The epiglottis passes into the posterior nares in both the Wart-Hog

and Common Hog, and has the hyo-epiglottidei muscles ; but the pha-

rynx in the Common Hog does not present the superadded sacculi,

nor the larynx those peculiarities which distinguish the Wart-Hogs.

These resemble the Babyrussa in the sacculated structure of the

pharynx, but differ in the more simple stomach. The Wart-Hog

differs from the Common Hog in the smaller size and more simple

form of the ovaria, and the fewer mammz. The most marked dif-

ference from all other Suide, and that which best justifies the generic

separation, is presented by the dentition of the Phacocherus ; the

modifications of the alimentary canal are not of the same degree.

2. An ENUMERATION OF SPECIES OF RECENT SHELLS, RECEIVED

By W. J. Hamitron, Ese., rrom Borneo, in NOVEMBER

1850, with DescRiIPTIONS OF THE NEW SpPEcIES. By W.

METCALFE.

1, Hexrx Brookes, Adams and Reeve, Zoology of the Voyage of

the Samarang, Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 4 a, 6.

2. Hexix virrata, Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Samarang,

Mollusca, p. 60. pl. 15. fig. 7 a, 4, ¢.

This species, having been previously deseribed by Mr. Benson, in

the ‘Magazine of Natural History,’ under the name of H. reglis,

ought to retain that name.

In addition to the variety figured in the Mollusca of the Samarang,

Mr. Hamilton received two other varieties, in which the pale green

bands are wanting, the brown colour more or less predominating, with

bands of yellowish brown, and a brown circle surrounding the um-

bilicus.

3. Heiix ScHuMACHERIANA, Pfeiffer.

4. HeLIx RESPLENDENS, Philippi in Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1846,

p- 192.

5. Hexnix nasuta, nobis. H. testd subdiscoided, sinistrorsd,

carinatd, angusté perforatd, tenuissimd, lineis incrementi et

spiralibus confertis subtilissimé decussatd, pellucidd, hyalina ;

lined angustd pallidé brunned ad carinam ornatd; spird sub-

conicd ; anfractibus 53 planulatis, ultimo acutissimé carinato,

subtus nitescente; aperturd subrhomboided, ad angulum exte-

riorem valde productd et coarctatd; peristomate simplici, tenut,

margine superiore vie reflexo, basali antice reflexiore, umbili-

cum subtegente.

Long. 1,45; lat. 125; alt. $5 unc.

This elegant species is covered with a thin epidermis, of a pale

straw colour, under which the shell is milky white. It bears some

analogy to H. Tayloriana (Adams and Reeve, Zool. of the Sama-

rang, Mollusca, pl. 15. fig. 2 a, 6), but the projection at the extre-

mity of the aperture is much more acute, and the shell is of a more

gelatinous texture: it differs also in being sinistral.

6. Hexix GLutinosa, nobis. 4H. testd orbiculato-convexd, an-

guste perforatd, tenui, nitidissimd, diaphand, pallide brunned,

carinatd ; supra carinam fused, infraque lined angustd flaves-

cente, ornatd; spird conoided, obtusd; anfractibus 5 parum

convexis ; ad carinam supra infraque lined impressd circulari,

striisque numerosissimis transversis notatd; peristomate sim-

plicit, acuto, margine columellari viz reflexo.

Long. 1,; lat. 1; alt. ,& unc.

A bright shell, resembling a thin film of glue, with a keel of a

darker shade; slightly indented above and below the keel, the in-

dentation elegantly crossed with slight striz, the effect of which, as

well as the darker line, is partially visible throughout the sutures.

7. Hetrx conicorpes, nobis. HH. testd imperforatd, trochi-

Sormi, acute carinatd, tenui, pellucidd, luteo-corned ; spiraliter

leviter striatd, striis ad suturam majoribus, confertioribus ;

apice mamillari; anfractibus 7, superioribus subconvexis, duo-

bus ultimis planulatis, ultimo subtus convexo, nitido, ad eari-

nam et in medio depresso; aperturd trapeziformi, subtus arcu-

atd ; peristomate simplict, acuto, subtus flexuoso, marginibus

callo tenui junctis.

Long. +4; lat. =; alt. 4, une.

8. Butimus citrrinus, Bruguiére; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul.

pl. 31. fig. 187 a.

9. Buximus cuxoris, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Bul. pl. 37. fig. 223.

10. Cyctosroma Borneensis, nobis. C. testd suborbiculari,

depresso-conoided, acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, maculis

ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatd ; striis ob-

liquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressd ; an-

fractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine

acute carinato, circa umbilicum obtuse angulato ; apertur dsub-

circulari ; peritremate albo, reflexo ; supra productiore, subtus

reflexo, ad columellam subsinuato ; umbilico magno, profundo ;

operculo corneo, tenur.

Long. 1,5; lat. 1,3,; alt. ,9, unc.

Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa.

Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum,

Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow.; but having a more depressed

spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.

11. CycLosroma, apparently C. parvum, Sow. Thes. Conch. Cyel.

fig. 254, 255.

12. CycLosroma unpDatuo, nobis. C. testd globoso-pyramidali,

tenui, pellucidd, alba, lineis hyalinis undatis decurrentibus or-

natd, tenuiter striatd ; anfractibus 6, parum rotundatis, pri-

mis conicis regulariter crescentibus ; ultimo magno, obtuse cari-

nato; aperturd circulari, superné angulatd ; peritremate lato,

expanso, vix nisi ad columellam reflexo ; suturis mediocribus ;

umbilico parvo.

Long. 58,; lat. 55; alt. & une.

This species belongs to the division of the genus of which C. deve,

Gray, may be considered the type.

13. CycLosTOMA TENUILABIATUM, nobis. C. testd discoided,

spird depressd, pland, colore pallido, superné castaneo-macu-

latd et undulatd ; epidermide luteo-castaned, indutd ; anfrac-

tibus 5 rotundatis, 4 primis levibus, ultimo lineis impressis

irregularibus ruguloso ; suturd impressd; aperturd circulari ;

peritremate duplici ; interno simplici, superné emarginato ; ex-

terno tenut, lato, planiusculo, supra ascendente, fornicato, dein —

compresso ; umbilico patulo ; anfractibus intus distinctis.

Long. 1,1,; lat. 3; alt. =3, une.

Belonging to the genus Pterocyclos of Benson.

14. CycLostoma BiIcILiATUM. Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson,

Land- und Siiss. Moll. von Java, p. 49. t. 20. fig. 9.

Several individuals of this species having been received, its locality

is thus fixed. It is observable that the complete shell, which was

not known to Mousson, exhibits a tubular spiracle near the aperture,

similar to that apparent in C. spiraculum, Sow. ; also, that the aper-

ture is circular, depressed, with the peritreme white, expanded,

slightly reflected, and at the upper part faintly undulated.

15. ScaraBus PLICATUS, Fer. var. major.

This variety, in place of the usual purple colour of the shell, ex-

hibits a deep yellow ground, with four broad bands of dark brown

colour.

16. Scarasus BorneeEnsis, A. Adams.

17. AuRicuLA suBNoDOSA, nobis. <A. testd ovato-oblongd,

crassd, albd, epidermide castaneo-fuscd, infra suturas decus-

satim granosd, medio levi, ad basim striis decussatd ; anfrac-

tibus convexiusculis, suturis distinctis, subcrenulatis ; anfractu

ultimo superne longitudinaliter plicato-subnodoso ; aperturd

medio paululum angustatd ; columelld biplicatd.

Long. 2,45; lat. 1,3; une.

A species distinguishable from 4. Mide by the convexity of the

upper whorls and the smoothness of their lower halves, the depth of

the sutures, and the longitudinal nodulous folds which surround the

upper part of the final whorl: the aperture is also proportionally

wider than in 4. Mide. In the single specimen received, the colu-

mellar lip has an interior protuberance above the upper fold.

18. AuricuLA pouiTA, nobis. A. testd ovato-oblongd, basi an-

gustiore, spird brevi ; epidermide castaneo-fuscd, nitidd ; striis

numerosis minutissime granulosis circumdatd, granis superius

distinctioribus ; aperturd medio coarctatd; columelld tripl-

catd, plicd infimd linear. ‘

Long. 1,8; lat. ;8 une.

Although the characters of the aperture resemble those of 4. Jude,

the form of the shell differs entirely in its greater breadth, and in the

shortness of the spire.

19. Auricuta FELIs, Lam.

20. AURICULA MUSTELINA, Desh.

21. Neritrna crepiputartia, Lam. Conch. Ill. fig. 25.

22. Neritina Beck, Reclus, Thes. Conch. fig. 13.

23. NERITINA PIrpERINA, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 166, 167.

24. Neritina pusra, Chemn. Thes. Conch. fig. 81-88.

25. MeLANIA crrCcUMSTRIATA, nobis. M. testd elongatd, tur-

ritd, solidd, fusco-viridi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, infra su-

turam paululum constrictis ; superioribus stris 6 transversis

elevatis, plicisque 8 majoribus longitudinalibus ornatis ; ultimo

striis 13; aperturd ovali-oblongd, basi dilatatd, superius acuté

angulatd, et fere rimatd, intus albiddé; peritremate sinuato,

columelld callosd.

Long. 2,5,; lat. ,8 une.

26. MreLanra suBSUTURALIS, nobis. M. testd turritd, fusco-

viridi, lineis castaneis longitudinalibus obliquis variegatd ; an-

Sractibus fere planis, quorum superiores stris elevatis perpau-

cis validis, inferiores pluribus minoribus inequalibus ornati ;

ultimo ad basim crebristriato ; suturd distinctd, excavatd ;

aperturd ovali, superné angulatd, intus albido-cerulescente ;

peritremate acuto, sinuato, extus effuso.

Long. 1,45; lat. 58 une.

27. Pauupina Hamittont, nobis. P. testd ovato-conicd, tenut,

perforatd, viridi, concolore ; striis transversis undulatis, aliis-

que longitudinalibus tenuissime decussatd ; anfractibus 5 rotun-

datis, superioribus etate erosis; suturd impressd ; aperturd

ovali, supra angulatd, intus cerulescente, margine paululum

incrassato, albido ; peristomate acuto, lined tenui nigrd cir-

cumdato.

Long. -%,; lat. ;6 une.

The Bornean specimens being scarcely adult, the description is

drawn up from individuals in my cabinet, which have long been there

without any locality assigned.—W. M.

28. Lirrorina scaBRA. Helix sc., Linn.

29. LirrortnA MELANOsTOMA, Gray, Zool. of Beechey’s Voy.

30. Lirrorina ALBICANS, nobis. L. testd ovato-oblongd, acu-

minatd, tenut, albidd, apice levi, nitente ; anfractibus 7 vel 8,

quorum 5 ultimi striis numerosis paulatim ecrescentibus ornati ;

ultimus rotundatus, etate varicosus, strid unicd majore, quasi

carinatus, striis ad basim minoribus circumdatus ; apertura

rotundato-lunari, lacted ; peristomate subreflexo.

Long. 55; lat. ,4, unc.

A delicate species, of a milk-white hue, the older specimens having

many varices produced by the previous reflexions of the outer lip.

31. Ceriraium ostysum, Lam.; Zool. of the Samarang, Moll.

pl. 13. fig. 3.

32. CERITHIUM UNICARINATUM, nobis. C. testd turritd, tenui,

apice truncato, hinc inde varicosd, cinered, longitudinaliter pli-

catd, interstitiis longitudinaliter striato-rugosis ; suturd parum

impressd ; anfractibus viv rotundatis, regulariter crescentibus ;

ultimo acuté carinato, infra carinam crebristriato; apertura

mediocrt subfused ; columelld rectd; peritremate modiceé re-

frexo, albescente.

6. 5

Long. 1,5; lat. =, une.

33. AmpuLuLaARIA, probably 4. Celebensis, Quoy, Voy. de l Astr.

pl. 57. fig. 1-4.

34. Natica macutosa, Lam. pellis-tigrina, Chem.

35. NovAcuLINA oLIvacea, nobis. WN. testd oblongd, valde in-

equilaterali, epidermide olivaced, ad extremitates fuscescente,

indutd ; natibus erosis ; anterius rotundatd, posterius angulato-

rotundatd ; margine superiore fere recto, postice paululum de-

scendente, ventrali medio subcompresso ; intus albd, dentibus

lamellatis duobus recurvatis in utrdque valvd, posteriore bifido.

Long. 5%, ; lat. 3,3, unc.

A large example of this species, in the Collection of H. Cuming,

Esq., exhibits a character which will probably be found generic ;

namely, a shelly protuberance in each valve, attached to the interior

ligament at nearly its hinder extremity. These shelly substances

have not, that I am aware, hitherto been noticed. It is probable

that they become detached in most specimens by the removal of the

animal.

36. CyRENA TRIANGULARIS, nobis. C. testd trigond, solidius-

culd, epidermide fusco-virescente, transversim striatd, striis

marginalibus lateralibusque eminentioribus, sulco ab umbone

ad marginem posteriorem leviter impressd ; margine antico de-

scendente, vix excavato, angulo anteriore rotundato; margine

superiore subrotundato, postice fere biangulato, propter suleum

dorsalem subsinuato ; intus lacted, margine continuo nitentiore ;

dentibus cardinalibus in utrdque valvd tribus, duobus bifidis ;

dentibus lateralibus brevibus, tenuissimé rugosis, haud striatis.

Long. 3; lat. 3,; alt. 1,8, unc.

The characters of this shell bear some resemblance to C. Swma-

trensis, Sow. Gen.; but on comparison with the type of that species,

now in the Cabinet of Sylvanus Hanley, Esq., the present is found to

differ materially, in its triangular outline, as well as in the character-

istic furrow from the umbo to the posterior margin, affecting the

curvature of the posterior angle, and producing a slight sinuosity in

the margin.

37. Unto.

38. Unto.

I am unwilling to describe as new these*two species of the genus

Unio, from want of acquaintance with the great American collections

of the genus.

Although no letter accompanied this box of shells, Mr. Hamilton

presumes that they have been sent to him by his friend Sir J. Brooke,

Rajah of Sarawak. The remittance is undoubtedly from Borneo.

“I

March 11, 1851.

J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. A FEW WoRDS ON THE SYNONYMY OF DISTICHOCERA, A GENUS

or Loneicorn CoLeorpTERA FROM New Ho.Luanp, wiTH

CHARACTERS OF THREE SPECIES SUPPOSED TO BE UNDE-

SCRIBED. By Epwarp Newman, F.L.S. etc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XX.)

Among the invaluable labours of the late Mr. Kirby, none are more

useful to the general entomologist than his lucid and masterly de-

scriptions of new and remarkable forms of exotic Coleoptera; and of

these, none afford to myself so much instruction and pleasure as that

entitled ‘A Description of several New Insects collected in New

Holland by Robert Brown, Esq.,”’ and published in the twelfth vo-

lume of the ‘ Linnean Transactions.’ In this admirable paper is the

first description I can find of the extraordinary genus Distichocera,

although, as Mr. Kirby himself informs us, it was known long pre-

viously under the same name, and although he himself gives it as

“Distichocera of MacLeay,” a name which I am inclined to conclude

existed in manuscript only. Concerning the genus in question I lay

no claim to any additional knowledge of the structure, habits or affi-

nities of the insect described by Mr. Kirby; but the labours of col-

lectors, amid the seemingly inexhaustible riches of our Australian

colonies, have placed within my reach a greater number and greater

variety of specimens. Mr. Kirby has only made us acquainted with

a single species, and a single sex of that species. Mr. MacLeay has

added a second, which has also been described by Guérin, Boisduval

and myself under a variety of names. Three other forms of the

genus have occurred to me, making the number five in all. Of these,

three are certainly females, and two as certainly males. The object

of this communication is to express my views as to associating the

sexes, and to make known two supposed species which were pre-

viously uncharacterized.

Genus DisticHocera, MacLeay (MSS.?).

Distichocera, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 471.

*‘Labrum transversum, tetragonum. Labium membranaceum apice

bilobum : lobis divaricatis. Mandibulee trigone, edentulee apice

incurvee acutze. Maxille basi trigone, apertee. Palpi filiformes.

Mentum transversum, trapeziforme. Antennze sensim crassiores,

disticho-ramosze.”’— Kirby, 1. ¢.

1. DisTICHOCERA MACULICOLLIS.

Mas. Distichocera maculicollis, Kirby, 1. c.

Distichocera maculicollis, Audinet Serville, Ann. Ent. Soe. Fr. ii. 59.

Distichocera maculicollis, Boisduval, Faune de I’ Océanie.

‘Corpus fere cuneiforme, subtus pilis argenteis nitidum, supra ni-

grum, obscurum. Caput subcordatum, pilosum, canaliculatum

utrinque ante antennas carinatum. Oculi brumnei. Antenne

breviores, nigree: articulis omnibus apice biramosis (duobus pri-

mis brevissime); ramis oppositis compressis vertice rotundatis

sinistris paulo longioribus, articulo extimo simplici clavato.

Thorax subcylindricus: maculis quatuor dorsalibus quadratim

ordinatis. Elytra cuneiformia: lineis tribus longitudinalibus

elevatis: striga apud scutellum et alia majori in medio apud

suturam piloso-argenteis, apice truncata. Femora brumnea.

Tibize bicalcaratee. Ale elytris longiores.” —Kirby, 1. c.

Fem. Distichocera rubripennis, MacLeay, App. King’s Voyage.

“ Rufo-testacea subtomentosa, capitis lateribus oreque nigris, ver-

tice canaliculato, antennis nigris, articulis vix biramosis, ramis

sinistris brevissimis ; thorace atro, vitta utrinque rufo-testacea,

scutello nigro, elytris rufo-testaceis tomentosis apice obtusis de-

hiscentibus ; corpore cuneiformi subtus villo argenteo micante,

abdomine utrinque nigro maculato, pedibus nigris.” —MacLeay,

L. e.

Distichocera ferruginea, Guérin, Voyage de la Coquille.

Distichocera ferruginea, Boisduval, Faune de l Océanie, 467.

“Nigra; capite macula frontali, thorace vittis duabus elytrisque

dense villoso-fulvis.””—Boisduval, 1. c.

Distichocera fulvipennis, Newman, Ent. Mag. v. 492.

« Antenne nigre; caput nigrum, fronte fulvo: prothorax niger,

lineis 2 dorsalibus, longitudinalibus, latis, fulvis: scutellum ni-

grum: elytra fulva: abdomen piceum, lanugine argentea vesti-

tum: pedes picei. (Corp. long. 9 unc. ; lat. 3 unc.)’”—New-

man, l. c.

I have cited entire the original specific characters in every instance,

in order to save the reader the trouble of making the references. I

will now proceed to give more detailed characters.

Male.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, having a slight

epicranial sulcus, which is prolonged anteriorly between the bases of

the anteunze: face slightly inclined, rather long: eyes arcuate, reni-

form, pitchy brown, large, approaching on the epicranium, somewhat

dilated on the cheeks : antennze as long as the body, 12-jointed, black ;

the first jomt short, stout, somewhat obconical; the second very

short ; the following, to the eleventh inclusive, moderately short, still

much longer than the second, somewhat cyathiform as regards the

shaft, and emitting from its apex two long branches; these increase

in length from the first pair, and those on one side of each antenna

are uniformly longer than those on the other ; this discrepancy is par-

ticularly observable in the third (or first branched) joint ; the twelfth

joint is club-shaped and undivided; it is longer than either of the

others, yet scarcely exceeds in length the branches of the eleventh.

Prothorax subquadrate, its anterior and posterior margins nearly equal,

its lateral margins somewhat uneven, but not produced into a central

tooth ; pronotum somewhat uneven, black, with four greyish spots,

which are due to a grey velvety pilosity ; the two smaller of these

touch the anterior, the two larger the posterior margin, and appear

as though forming parts of two vittee, each of which is interrupted in

the middle ; prosternum produced between the procoxe and there

deeply notched, pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pilosity. Scu-

tellum rounded, black, and glabrous. Elytra black, broad at the

base, gradually tapering to the apex, where they are slightly divari-

cate, truncate, and furnished with a small obtuse and obscure tooth

in the middle as well as at each angle of the truncature: each elytron

has three carine ; the first is prominent, originates near the base, and

curves towards the suture but without reaching it, terminating in the

apical area; the second originates on the disk considerably below the

humeral angle, and running parallel with the first, unites therewith

in the apical area; the third is nearly obsolete; it is situate on the

apical half of the elytron, between the second carina and the costal

margin ; the costal margin is pitchy red, and clothed with a grey pu-

bescence: the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,

and unfolded: the legs are rather long; the metatibie slightly in-

curved, and furnished with two apical spines: the under surface of .

the thoracic and abdominal segments is of a pitchy red colour, clothed

with a sparse grey pubescence ; the legs are of a similar colour, but

the pubescence is scarcely observable.

Fem.—Head somewhat cordate, black, velvety, with a large ful-

vous spot occupying the face and extending to the epicranium be-

tween the eyes, but not reaching the anterior margin of the pro-

thorax ; a deep longitudinal epicranial sulcus extends forwards to

between the bases of the antennze: eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy

black: antennze more than half the length of the body, 11-jointed ;

the first joint rather short, somewhat obconical ; the second very

short ; the third the longest, but still not disproportionately so, di-

lated at the apex ; the fourth and fifth of the same form, but shorter ;

the remainder, to the eleventh, slender at the base, but dilated and

somewhat cupshaped at the apex, receiving into the cup the base of

the next succeeding joint, and being produced into a strong obtuse

lobe, tooth, or serrature on one side; this is very conspicuous, and

gives the antenna a subserrated appearance ; on the opposite side is a

very slight, scarcely perceptible indication of a like lobe ; the eleventh

joint is sesquialterous. Prothorax nearly equal in length and breadth,

the anterior narrower than the posterior margin, the lateral margins

uneven and slightly lobed in the middle; pronotum uneven, with a

slightly impressed anterior and posterior submarginal transverse sul-

* cus, velvety black, with two broad irregular longitudinal vitte of a

bright fulvous orange colour ; prosternum produced between the pro-

cox, and the process notched. Scutellum short, rounded, black,

shining. Elytra at the base much wider than the prothorax, gra-

dually narrowing to the apex, where they are slightly dehiscent, trun-

cated, and the truncature produced in the middle into an obtuse,

scarcely perceptible tooth ; each elytron has three carine ; the first is

prominent, originating near the base, and curves very gradually to-

wards the suture without reaching it, terminating in the apical area ;

the second is indistinct, originates near the humeral angle, and run-

ning parallel with the first, ceases in the apical area ; the third is still

less distinct, and its limits are obscure ; at both extremities a junction

between the first and second carinze may be made out, but is not very

manifest : the wings are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra,

but scarcely so long as the abdomen; the entire under-surface is

pitchy red clothed with a silvery grey pubescence, but there is an

ovoid denuded space on each side of each abdominal segment. Legs

pitchy red; tarsi pitchy black ; metatibize with two apical spines.

Obs.—I believe that no author has hinted at the union of these

very dissimilar insects under one specific name, but I think such a pro-

ceeding will be borne out by the evidence. In the first place I would

observe that both forms are equally abundant ; that they occur in the

same situations and at the same season; that collectors have several

times reported them as only sexually different ; and finally, that all

the individuals of maculicollis are males, and all the individuals of ful-

vipennis females. Then, as regards structure, the cibarian organs of

the two forms closely approximate; so also does the direction and

- general figure of the head; the antennze indeed are remarkably dif-

ferent, but this discrepancy obtains equally in several genera of lon-

gicorns and in many other groups of Coleoptera, the males invariably

possessing in such instances the longer, more compound and more

ornate antenne. ‘The discrepancy in the prothorax, which at first is

very striking, will be found more in appearance than in fact, and more

in colour than in figure ; and even in colour an analogy exists that

would be likely to escape the superficial observer ; the two fulvous

vittee so conspicuous in fulvipennis appear divided, paler, and semi-

obsolete in maculicollis, and the difference in the figure of this part

is in simple accordance with the more robust habit in the supposed

female: the discrepancy in the elytra again is considerable as regards

width, and particularly striking as regards colour; but their struc-

ture is normally the same; the number, direction and comparative

length of the carinz being identical: the legs are precisely alike in

the two forms in structure, proportions, size and colouring. So that

the reasons for uniting the forms under one specific name are stronger

than any that can be urged for keeping them distinct ; and their not

having been united by Kirby, MacLeay, Guerin, or Boisduval, merely

implies that the idea did not occur to those distinguished entomolo-

gists: there is no evidence that they maturely weighed and then re-

jected the conclusion.

2. DisticHoceRA PAR. Sexuum amborum color par: testaceo-

fusca, maris capite prothoracisque disco saturatioribus ; om-

nind pilis cinereis obsita.

Maris long. corp. °525 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *2 unc.

Femine long. corp. *7 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *225 une.

Male.—Antennee, anterior margin of prothorax, elytra, legs, and

entire under-surface testaceous brown, the head and disk of the pro-

thorax being darker; a longitudinal, narrow, silvery spot, due to the

;

Proc. 7.8. Annulosa. x

W Wing, hth

ISTICHOCKRA KIRBIL. Newmans

presence of a velvety pilosity, is observable in the centre of each ely-

tron; every part of the body is more or less thickly beset with a grey

pilosity.

Female.—Almost exactly resembling the male, but the prothoracic

disk is not darker than the elytra, and there is no silvery mark in

their centre.

In both sexes the carination of the elytra follows that of D. ma-

culicollis, but is less pronounced.

Compared with D. maculicollis both sexes of this species are of

smaller size, and the discrepancy in breadth is rather more obvious

than in length; the antenne of the males are very similar, but the

apical joint is more clavate in par ; their colour is decidedly different,

in maculicollis being black, in par testaceous, with the apices of the

ramuli slightly darker ; the prothorax is more rounded at the sides in

par than in the older species ; but the plainness and purity of colour

in par are sufficient at once to distinguish it.

Male and female in the cabinet of Mr. Scott, to whom I am in-

debted for the opportunity of describing it.

3. Disticuocrera Kirsyt.

Mas. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio

corporis longiores, 11-articulate, articulis 3-10 biramosis, 110

sesquialtero: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, dorso inequa-

lis lateribus medio \-dentatus : scutellum nigrum : elytra fulva,

5-carinata, apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-

sinuatd : pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°15 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. *3 unc.

Fem. Caput nigrum, longitudinaliter sulcatum, antenne dimidio

corporis viv longiores, 11-articulate articulis 4-8 apice emar-

ginatis: prothorax niger vittis 2 latis fulvis, lateribus medio

1-dentatus : seutellum nigrum lateribus fulvum: elytra fulva

5-carinata apice dehiscentia, singulo truncato, truncaturd bi-

sinuatd, pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°25 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. °375 unc.

Male.—Head black, with the exception of a scarcely perceptible

fulvescent tinge on the short velvety down of the epicranium ; a deep

epicranial longitudinal sulcus extends forwards between the antenne :

eyes arcuate, reniform, pitchy black, large, approaching on the epi-

cranium, dilated and gibbose on the cheeks: antennze more than

half the length of the body, 11-jointed ; the first joint rather short,

stout, somewhat in the common shape of a reversed cone; the second

joint very short ; the following, to the tenth inclusive, short, some-

what cup-shaped towards the base, and emitting at the apex two long

branches, which are slightly incrassated externally ; the eleventh

joint is much longer than either, slender towards the base, somewhat

club-shaped and very decidedly sesquialterous: prothorax uneven on

the back, somewhat restricted just behind the anterior margin ; lateral

margins produced in the middle into a decided strong but obtuse tooth;

the posterior half of each lateral margin concave, yet the anterior and

posterior margins are straight and nearly equal in breadth ; the colour

of the prothorax is black, with the exception of two broad fulvous

irregular vittee extending from the anterior to the posterior margin :

prosternum black, shining, projecting between the anterior coxze, and

the projection deeply emarginate : scutellum rather long, blunt at the

apex, perfectly black: elytra fulvous, slightly divaricating, conspi-

cuously carinated, truncate at the apex, and the truncature sinuate

carinated ; the carinz five discoidal, one costal and one sutural; the

first discoidal originates at the base, and nearly runs into the sutural

at about one-third of its length; the second unites with the first at

the base and runs into the apical area of the wing; the third omgi-

nates at the base and runs into the apical area; the fourth originates

in the humeral angle, dividing at one-third of its length, and the

two branches counting as two carine, there uniting with the two pre-

viously described in a confused manner in the apical area: the wings

are fuliginous, slightly longer than the elytra, and scarcely folded at

the tip: the abdomen and legs are black, the latter of moderate size

and proportion: the metatibize are armed with two spurs.

Fem.—Head black, with the exception of a fulvescent tinge on the

short velvety down of the epicranium: eyes reniform, or almost ar-

cuate, ferruginous (probably by accident): antennze rather more than

half as long as the body and moderately stout, 11-joimted ; the first

joint moderately long; the second very short ; the third about equal

in length to the first, and together with the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh

and eighth inclusive, deeply notched at the apex, and receiving the

base of the next preceding joint in the notch: prothorax uneven on

the back, somewhat curved anteriorly, and the anterior half of each

lateral margin uniting therewith in producing a somewhat semicir-

cular outline ; the posterior half of each lateral margin is concave,

and a strong but obtuse central tooth is produced on each side at the

point of union of the convex and concave portions of the margin ;

the posterior margin is nearly straight ; the colour is velvety black,

with two broad fulvous vitte, extending from the anterior to the

posterior margin: prosternum black, thickly sprinkled with a grey

pilosity, projecting somewhat between the procoxee, and the pro-

jection emarginate: scutellum rather long, rounded at the apex, vel-

vety black with fulvous margins: elytra bright fulvous, conspicuously

carinated, slightly divaricating, truncate at the apex, and the trunca-

tures sinuate: the carine on each elytron are five in number, and are

thus disposed ; the first is near the suture and parallel therewith for

rather more than a third of its length; it unites with the second at

the base, and this runs into the apical area and there joins the third ;

the third originates at the base, exceeds the second slightly in length,

and joins the fourth in the apical area ; the fourth originates near the

humeral angle and divides at about a third of its length ; both branches

proceed to the apical area, and there unite with the second and third :

wings fuliginous, exceeding the elytra in length, and scarcely folded

at the tip: legs black.

Hab. Australia. I have seen but a single specimen of the male,

which is in the Cabinet of the Zoological Society, and one of the fe-

male, in the Cabinet of the British Museum.

4. Disricuocrera MacLrayi.

Fem. Caput nigrum, fronte ferrugined, longitudinaliter sulcatum :

antenne desunt: prothorax ferrugineo-lanuginosus, lateribus bi-

tuberculatus, haud dentatus : scutellum ferrugineo-lanuginosum

lateribus nigrum, glabrum : elytra ferruginea 5-carinata apice

viz dehiscentia vix truncata: pedes nigri.

Corp. long. 1°35 unc.; elytrorum lat. max. 5 unc.

Fem.—Head, including the eyes, black ; the face clothed with fer-

ruginous down ; epicranium impressed with a longitudinal sulcus,

which is very deep between the eyes; the eyes are moderately large

and reniform, the lower or cheek lobe being the largest ; the face has

a large and deep depression occupying the basal or upper portion of

the clypeus; the first and second joints of the antennz alone are

present : prothorax black, clothed with ferruginous down, without

any trace of that central black velvety vitta which obtains in the

females of other described species ; the anterior portion of the pro-

thorax is smooth and somewhat ring-like ; the rest of the dorsal sur-

face uneven and tuberculated on each side; it has two obtuse tu-

bercles: prosternum produced between the procoxz into two short

incurved, backward-directed processes which approximate at their

apices, leaving an aperture through which the point of a needle may

be passed: scutellum semicircular, clothed with ferruginous, with

the exception of the margin, which is glabrous: elytra ferruginous

and clothed with ferruginous down, wide at the base, narrowing to

the apex and then truncate, the angles of the truncature being ob-

tuse ; the elytra are carinated, each haying five carine ; the first is

very short and nearly obtuse ; it commences near the scutellum and

ceases before it has reached a third of the length of the elytron; the

second and third commence near the base of the wing and unite in

the apical area; the third and fourth commence almost together just

below the humeral angle, and unite in the apical area; the two pairs

are also united, and below their union several other raised anasto-

mosing lines form a kind of network: the abdomen and legs are black,

with a short hairy pubescence ; metatibiee with two distinct apical

spines.

Pag. Australia. A single specimen of the female, taken by Mr.

Ince, R.N., in that gentleman’s cabinet. y

Perhaps I may be permitted to avail myself of the opportunity of

stating that I am assiduously engaged in the preparation of a de-

seriptive list of the longicorn Coleoptera of our Australian colonies,

and that I shall feel deeply indebted to any members of the Zoological

Society who would kindly assist me by the communication of speci-

mens. As the extent and value of her colonies have always been a

distinguishing character of Great Britain, so I think should the in-

dustry of her sons take precedence of other nations in making known

to the world the abundant riches of those colonies in the field of

Natural History.

No. CCXXIV.—ProcerepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

2. A CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF EMARGINULA, A GENUS OF

GASTEROPODOUS MOLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY

FissuRELLIDZ; IN THE COLLECTION or H. Cumine, Esa.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus EmMarGinuta, Lamarck.

Head proboscidiform ; tentacles subulate, with the eyes on tuber-

cles at their external bases; foot with a range of cirrhi round the

sides; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two; anal siphon

with its angulated membranous sides projecting from the edges of the

fissure ; tongue with a central laminar subquadrate tooth and nume-

rous lateral teeth.

Shell conical, with an elevated slightly recurved entire vertex turned

towards the posterior end ; surface cancellated ; aperture emarginated

in front by a slit, which runs for some distance up the shell; interior

without a partition; muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in

front.

Emarginulus, Montf.—Patella, sp. Linn.

1. EMARGINULA FISSURA, Linn.

Patella fissura, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p.1261.—Emarg. fissura,

Flem.—Zmarg. levis, Recluz.—Emarg. curvirostris, Macgil.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

2. EMARGINULA RETICULATA, Chemn.

Emarg. reticulata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Genera (Emarg.), f. 5.

Hab. Malta, on stones. Mus. Cuming.

3. EMARGINULA CANCELLATA, Philippi.

Emarg. cancellata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 7. fig. 15.—? Patella

erystallina, Wood.

Hab. Sicily, and island of Paros. Mus. Cuming.

4. EMARGINULA FISssuRATA, Chemn.

Patella fissurata, Chemn.11.1929-30; Sowerby, Genera(Emarg.),

fig. 3.—Hmarg. rubra, Lam. Hist.

Hub. Seas of Europe. Mus. Cuming.

5. EMARGINULA CURVIROSTRIS, Deshayes.

Emarg. conica, Blainville, Man. pl. 48. fig. 4.

Hab. 2

6. EMARGINULA ROSEA, Bell.

Emarg. rosea, Bell, Zool. Journ. vol. i. 1824.—Emarg. pileolus,

Michaud.—Emarg. capuliformis, Philippi.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

7. EMARGINULA CRasSA, J. Sowerby.

Emarg. crassa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch. pl. 33; Forbes and Han-

ley, Brit. Moll. pl. 63. fig. 2.

Hab. Norwegian Seas. Mus. Cuming.

8. Emareinuta Huzaropit, Payrandeau.

Emarg. Huzardii, Payr.

Hab. ?

9. EMARGINULA SOLIDULA, Costa.

Emarg. solidula, Costa.

Hab. Catania. Mus. Cuming.

10. EMARGINULA ELONGATA, Philippi.

Emarg. elongata, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. pl. 110. fig. 2.

Hab. Mediterranean. Mus. Cuming.

11. Emareinuta VANICORENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarg. Vancorensis, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de !’Astrol. pl. 68.

fig. 19, 20.

Hab. Vanicoro. Mus. Cuming.

12. EMARGINULA STRIATULA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarg. striatula, Quoy et Gaimard, Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68.

fig. 21, 22.

Hab.

13. Emareinuta Cuviert, Savigny.

Emarg. Cuvieri, Savigny, Egypt, tab. 3. fig. 2.

Hab. Egypt. Mus. Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

14. EMarGinuta CLiypeus, A.Adams. JL. testd elongato-ellip-

tied, valde depressd, testaced, maculd luteold in medio dorsi, ver-

tice subcentrali, postice inclinato ; costis confertis, equalibus,

radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, ornatd ; basi arcuato ; aperture

margine crenulato, anticé valde fissurato ; fissurd magna ; aper-

turd intus bimaculosd.

Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines, on dead shells, 7 fathoms, sandy

mud. Mus. Cuming.

15. EMARGINULA ScaBRIuSCULA, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-

elliptied, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subpostico, retror-

sum inclinato ; costis inequalibus, radiantibus, imbricato-sub-

aculeatis, asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, cancellatd ;

aperturd anticée angustatd, basi arcuatd, margine ereno-denti-

culato.

Hab.

16. EMaAreGinoza opovata, A. Adams. Z. testa elongatd, ob-

ovatd, depresso-conicd, testaced, vertice subcentrali, retrorsum

inclinato, costellis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis, et liris ele-

vatis, concentricis, cancellatd ; aperturd posticé rotundatd, an-

tice angustatd, margine creno-denticulato, antice profunde in-

ciso.

Hab. Catbalonga, isle of Samaar, on stones, 4 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

17. EmMARGINULA INCIsuRA, A. Adams, J. testd elongato-

ovali, planulatd, pallide fulvd, vertice antico retrorsum incli-

nato, costellis inequalibus, radiantibus, longitudinalibus, im-

bricato-asperis, et lineis elevatis, concentricis, decussatd, basi

arcuato, aperture margine crenulato, anticé declinato, valdé

jissurato, incisurd magnd, longd, haud usque ad verticem pro-

ductd, marginibus intus callosis.

Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.

18. EmMarernuta micans, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovali,

pallide fused, nitidd, vertice postice declinato, costellis radian-

tibus et lineis elevatis transversis, regulariter cancellatd, can-

celli quadrati ; aperture margine denticulato, incisurd magna

et longd.

Hab. Rains Island, North Australia (Lieut. Ince). Mus. Cuming.

19. EMARGINULA PuNCTATA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd,

albido-grised, pulcherrimeé viridi punctatd, vertice subcentrali,

posticé inclinato ; costis longitudinalibus (majoribus cum mi-

noribus alternatis) concinné granulatis ; aperture margine cre-

nulato, excurvato, antice valde fissurato.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

20. EMARGINULA VARIEGATA, A. Adams. . testd ovato-conicd,

albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, vertice acuto, subcentrali, posticé

inclinato, costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis,

ornatd ; aperture margine denticulato, antice fissurato, fissurd

brevi subquadratd.

Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

21. EMARGINULA PUNCTICULATA, A. Adams. £. testd elevato-

conicd, capuliformi, albd, fusco punctulatd, costellis planulatis,

crebris, longitudinalibus, radiantibus, ornatd ; apertura ovali,

margine crenulato, antice profunde fissurato ; fissurd magnd et

longd.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, Philippines, on stones, 12 fa-

thoms. Mus. Cuming.

22. EMARGINULA FuULIGINEA, A. Adams. J. testd elliptied,

valde depressd, fuligined, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato,

costellis equalibus, radiantibus, granulosis, confertis, et lineis

imerementi concentricis, ornatd ; aperturd ovali, intus viridi,

margine crenulato, anticé fissurato, incisurd ‘intus in canalem

productd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

23. EMARGINULA GALERICULATA, A. Adams. . testd obliqué

conicd, capuliformi, vertice valde curvato, ultra marginem poste-

riorem decumbente, costellis angustis, crenulatis, radiantibus,

interstitiis lineis elevatis, transversis, concinné clathratis ;

costd anticd, supra incisuram, granulato-punctatd ; aperture

margine crenulato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab. Calapan, isle of Mindoro, on stones, 12 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

24. EmMarcinuta putcura, A. Adams. JF. testd depresso-

conicd, viridi, albo pulcherrimé radiatim pictd, vertice subcen-

trali, posticé inclinato, costis radiantibus, inequalibus, acu-

leato-asperis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ;

aperture margine denticulato, anticée inciso, fissurd brevi sub-

quadratd.

Hab. Isle of Camaguan, Philippines, on exposed rocks, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

25. EMARGINULA CONCINNA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-de-

pressd, albidd, vertice postico, ad marginem declinato, costis

sulcosis, distantibus, radiantibus (circa 12), interstitiis liners

longitudinalibus, et transversis, concinne decussatis ; aperture

margine dentato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

26. EMARGINULA VIMINEA, A. Adams. J. testd ovato-conicd,

albidd, vertice centrali, retrorsum inclinato, costellis radianti-

bus, nodulosis, subequalibus, et lineis crassis, transversis, regu-

lariter cancellatd ; cancelli profundi, punctiformes ; aperture

margine crenato, anticée profunde inciso.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

27. Emarcinuta excurvata, A. Adams. JL. testd elongato-

ellipticd, depresso-conicd, testaced, apice acuto, subpostico, re-

trorsum inclinato, costis radiantibus, et liris concentricis, ele-

vatis, cancellatd, liris ad costas nodulosis, basi arcuato ; aper-

ture margine excurvato, crenulato, anticée profunde inciso.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

28. EmMAarGINnuLA piLecrAé, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-ovali,

subquadrangulari, albd, valdé depressd, vertice subpostico, re-

trorsum declinato, costis subdistantibus, radiantibus, asperu-

latis, et liris elevatis, concentricis, pulcherrimé cancellatd ; bast

arcuatd ; aperture margine denticulato, anticeé valde fissurato.

Hab. King George’s Sound, South Australia. Mus. Cuming.

29. EMARGINULA scABRICOSTATA, A. Adams. JF. ftestd ovali,

valde depressd, albidd, fasciis tribus, lutescentibus, radiantibus,

antice ornatd; vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato, costis radi-

antibus, distantibus, corrugatis, interstitiis valdé clathratis et

corrugatis ; aperture margine dentato et denticulato, anticé

valde inciso.

Hab. Isle of Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, on dead shells, sandy mud,

12 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

30. EMARGINULA CANDIDA, A. Adams. J. testd ellipticd, de-

presso-conicd, obliqud, albd, vertice subpostico, retrorsum decli-

nato, costis radiantibus, imbricato-asperis (majoribus cum mi-

noribus alternatis), interstitiis clathratis ; aperture margine

denticulato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia, on the sands. Mus. Cuming.

31. EMARGINULA BELLULA, A. Adams. L. testd elongato-ellip-

tied, subdepressd, albidd, vertice subpostico, declinato, costis

distantibus prominentibus, lineisque transversis concinné scul-

ptis; carind, supra incisuram, puncturatd ; aperture margine

denticulato, intus sulcato, anticé profunde inciso.

Hab, Catanuan, province of Toyabos, island of Luzon, on dead

shells, 10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

32. EMARGINULA RETECOSA, A. Adams. J. ftestd elevato-

conicd, ellipticd, albidd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inelinato,

costis radiantibus, equalibus, subnodosis, ornatd ; interstitis

regulariter cancellatis, cancelli in serie unico dispositi ; aper-

ture margine crenulato, incisurd profundd.

Hab. Bolinao, province of Tambalas, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

10 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

33. EmMarGInuLA EximtA, A. Adams. Z£. testd elongato-ovali,

valde depressd, albd, subpellucidd, vertice postico retrorsum

inclinato, costis radiantibus, distantibus, prominentibus, im-

bricato-nodosis, interstitiis liris transversis et longitudinalibus

late cancellatd ; totd superficie lineolis radiantibus et concen-

tricis pulcherrimée decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato,

antice profunde inciso.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, under stones, low water. Mus.

Cuming.

34. EmMareinuta pLanutata, A. Adams. LE. testd elongato-

ovali, complanatd, vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato, albidd,

costellis radiantibus, equalibus, imbricato-asperis, lineisque

concentricis incrementi decussatd, basi arcuato ; aperture mar-

gine antice valde ineiso ; incisurd latd et profundd.

Hab, Singapore, coarse sand and shells, 7 fathoms. Mus.Cuming.

35. EMARGINULA CucULLATA, A. Adams. LE. testd obovali, ob-

lique conicd, albd, vertice producto, subpostico, intorto ; costis

prominentibus, nodulosis, radiantibus, interstitiis cancellatis ;

aperture lateribus anticé angustatis, margine denticulato,

posticé rotundato, antice profunde fissurato, incisurd longa et

latd.

Hab. Singapore, on shells, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

36. EMARGINULA ACULEATA, A. Adams. J. testd elongato-

ovali, depressd, rufescente, vertice subpostico, retrorsum in-

clinato ; costis radiantibus, aculeato-asperis, prominentibus,

interstitiis valdé clathratis ; aperture einisine? denticulato,

antice fissurato, fissurd profundd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

37. Emarcrnuta Lavicostata, A. Adams. J. testd parvd,

elliptied, valde depressd, apice subpostico, retrorsum inclinato,

costis levibus, radiantibus (circa 14), interstitiis costellis lon-

gitudinalibus, et lineis transversis laté clathratis ; aperture

margine denticulato, lateribus anticé angustatis, antice valde

inciso.

Hab.

? Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Ciyprpina, Gray.

Shell ovate, conical, surface with radiated ribs; vertex acute, cen-

tral, not recurved; aperture with the margin crenulated ; muscular

impression fungiform, anal groove and emargination inclining towards

the right anterior margin (in the natural position of shell).

1. Cuypipina norata, Linn.

Patella notata, Linn. Chemn. Conch. vol. x. p. 321. Vign. 25.

fig. C. D.

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

2. CLYPIDINA RUGOSA, Quoy and Gaimard.

Emarginula rugosa, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. fig.

Emarg. conoida, Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 160. fig. 7.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

3. CLYPIDINA ASPERA, Gould.

Emarginula aspera, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.

Hab. Sydney, New South Wales. Mus. Cuming.

4, CLypipina FUNGINA, Gould.

Emarginula fungina, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 12.

Hab. Upolu. Maus. Cuming.

5. Ciyprpina suLcirerA, A. Adams. C. testd ovali, depresso-

conicd, viridescenti, vertice obtuso, ad partem posteriorem po-

sito; costellis radiantibus, interstitiis haud equantibus, et striis

incrementi ornatis ; basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato,

incisurd haud profundd, sublaterali, intus in canalem productd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

6. Ciypriptna rupis, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, rudi, albidd,

depresso-conicd, costis octo angulatis radiantibus, interstitiis

costellis longitudinalibus et lineis concentricis decussatis ; apice

subcentrali; basi arcuato; aperture margine crenato, anticée

sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

7. CLYPIDINA STELLATA, A. Adams. C. testd soliduld, albidé,

ellipticd, depresso-conicd, apice subcentrali, costis elevatis, sub-

spinulosis, radiantibus ; interstitiis costellis et striis crebris

decussantibus, exwasperatis ; aperture margine dentato, sinu

sublaterali, intus in canalem apicem versus producto.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

8. Ciyprpr1Nna scABRICULA, A. Adams. C. testd elongato-ovali,

oblique conicd, costis radiantibus, elevatis, distantibus, asperu-

latis, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et lineis scabriusculis

valde cancellatd ; vertice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; aper-

ture margine dentato-crenulato ; incisurd profundd, intus in

canalem productd.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

9. Ciypriprna ANNULATA, A. Adams. C. testd crassd, ellipticd,

albidd, annulo luteo-fusco circumcinctd ; costis elevatis asperis

radiantibus distantibus, interstitiis costellis longitudinalibus et

lineis transversis elevatis concinné clathratis ; aperture mar-

gine duplicato, incrassato, pulcherrimeé fimbriato, sinu quadrato

intus in canalem producto; aperturd intus annuld albidd.

Had. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

10. Cuyprpina AcuminaTA, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-conicd,

albidd, viridi annulatd, costis longitudinalibus radiantibus, un-

bricato-asperis, interstitiis tricostulatis, costellis imbricato-

asperis ; sulcis transversis concentricis, distantibus, impressd ;

vertice acuminato, acuto, subcentrali ; aperture margine valde

crenulato, sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

11. Cuyprprna canpipa, A. Adams. C. testd elliptied, soliduld,

conicd, candidd, costellis asperulatis inequalibus, radiantibus,

et striis elevatis transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; vertice

subcentrali ; aperture margine crenulato, sinu brevi, intus in

canalem producto.

Hab. Port Adelaide, Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Tueaui, Gray.

Shell oblong, narrow anteriorly, back elevated, cancellated ; apex

posterior and recurved; aperture with the margin crenulated, and

deeply sinuated anteriorly.

1, TuUGALI ELEGANS, Gray.

Tugali elegans, Gray, Cat. Moll. New Zealand.

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.

2. TUGALI INTERMEDIA, Reeve.

Parmophorus intermedius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842 ; Conch.

Syst. pl. 139. fig. 5, 6.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

3. TuGALI ossEA, Gould.

Emarginula ossea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.

Hab. Feejee Islands. Mus. Cuming.

4. TUGALI CINEREA, Gould.

Emarginula cinerea, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 13.

Fab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. TUGALI PARMOPHOROIDEA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula parmophoroidea, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de |’ Astrol.

pl. 68. fig. 15, 16.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

6. Tueaur carinata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovali, dorso

carinatd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, confertis, et striis

transversis, concentricis, decussatd ; apice posticée declinato ;

basi arcuatd ; aperture margine crenulato, extremitate ante-

riori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

7. Tugaui cicatricosa, A. Adams. 7’. testd elongato-ovali, alba,

dorso valdé depressd, costellis radiantibus et lineis concentricis

elevatis decussatd, vertice subpostico depresso excavato quasi

cicatricoso, subpellucido ; basi arcuato ; aperture margine cre-

nulato, extremitate anteriori sinuato, sinu intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.

8. TuGaLi scuTELLARIS, A. Adams. TZ. testd elongato-ovali,

virido-fuscd, tenui, dorso planulatd, vertice postico, acuto, vix

elevato, costellis radiantibus subdistantibus, et striis concen-

tricis incrementi, decussatd ; extremitate anteriori vix sinuato;

apertura intus fuscd, margine subcrenulato.

Hab. Bais, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

9. Tucaui rapiATA, A. Adams. TT. testd elongato-ovali, luteold,

valdé depressd, costis radiantibus, rotundatis, elevatiusculis,

distantibus, et striis concentricis, ad incrementum ornatd ; aper-

turd intus albidd, margine crenulato, extremitate anteriori vir

sinuato.

Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

10. TuGgaui pecussata, A. Adams. T. testd elongato-ovalt,

. albidd, planulatd, dorso carinatd, costellis longitudinalibus,

radiantibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis eleganter clathratd ;

vertice acuto, postico; aperture margine crenulato, anticé si-

nuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus SuseMaRGINULA, Blainville.

Shell conical, compressed, vertex inclined towards the posterior

margin; aperture with the anterior margin folded in the form of a

gutter or channel ; surface cancellated.

Hemitoma, Swainson.

1. SUBEMARGINULA EMARGINATA, Blainv.

Emarginula emarginata, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 dis. fig. 2.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

2. SUBEMARGINULA OCTORADIATA, Gmel.

Patella octoradiata, Gmel.; Lister, 532.11.—Emarg. Listeri, Ant.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

3. SUBEMARGINULA DEPRESSA, Blainv.

Emarginula depressa, Blainv. Man. de Malac. pl. 48 dis. fig. 3.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

4, SUBEMARGINULA CLATHRATA, Adams and Reeve.

Emarginula clathrata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Zool. Voy. Sama-

rang, pl. 11. fig. 6.

Hab. Mindoro Sea. Mus. Cuming.

5. SUBEMARGINULA PANIHENSIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula Panihensis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol. pl. 67.

fig. 7, 8.

Hab. Island of Panhi. Mus. Cuming.

6. SUBEMARGINULA TRICOSTATA, Chemn.

Patella tricostata, Chemn.; Sowerby, Gen. of Shells, No. 34. fig. 6.

Hab. Me

7. SUBEMARGINULA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de lAstrol. pl. 68.

fig. 11, 12.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

8. SUBEMARGINULA ELARGIE, Quoy et Gaimard.

Emarginula elargie, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del Astrol. pl. 68. fig. 9, 10.

Hab. Philippmes. Mus. Cuming.

9. SUBEMARGINULA GALEATA, A. Adams. S. testd griseo-rufes-

cente, elevato-conicd, tenut, vertice subcentrali, postice inclinato,

costis tuberculosis, radiantibus, albidis, et lineis transversis, ele-

vatis, subclathratis, costd anticd prominenti; aperture mar-

gine dentato, antice valde sinuato, sinu intus in canalem pro-

ducto.

Hab. Philippine Archipelago. Mus. Cuming.

10. SuBpreMARGINULA ARABICA, A. Adams. S. testd albidéd,

crassa, depresso-conicd, vertice obtuso subcentrali, postice in-

clinato ; costis radiantibus tuberculosis et liris elevatis trans-

versis clathratd ; aperture margine incrassato, crenato, anticée

sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.

11. SUBEMARGINULA ALVEOLATA, A. Adams. S. testd tenuz,

albd, subpellucidd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali, postice

inclinato ; costis radiantibus lirisque transversis irregulariter

alveolatd ; costis ad liras nodulosis ; alveolis pellucidis ; aper-

ture margine dentato, anticé sinuato, sinu intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

12. SuBEMARGINULA rmBrRicaTA, A. Adams. _ S. testd ovato-

oblonga, subquadrangulari, cinereo-albidd, vertice parvo, cen-

trali, postice inclinato ; costis radiantibus imbricato-asperis,

inequalibus, et lineis crassis irregularibus incrementi decus-

satd; aperture margine dentato, anticé valdé sinuato, sinu

subquadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Mouth of Victoria River, north-east coast of Australia, under

stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.

13. SUBEMARGINULA PuMILA, A. Adams. S. testd orbiculato-

ovali, valdé depressd, apice subcentrali, posticé inclinato ; costis

radiantibus, nodosis, inequalibus, et lineis elevatis concentricis

incrementi, decussatd ; aperture margine denticulato-crenato,

antice profunde sinuato ; sinu subquadrato, intus in canalem

producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

14. SuBEMARGINULA caTILLUus, A. Adams. S. testd elongato-

ovali, valde depressd, vertice vix elevato, posticé inclinato ;

costis radiantibus nodulosis, crassis, et lineis incrementi trans-

versis, ornatd ; aperture margine irregulari, crenulato, intus

calloso, anticé valde sinuato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

15. SuBEMARGINULA DENTICULATA, A. Adams. S. testd elon-

gato-ovali, albd, novem-radiatd, vertice acuto postice inclinato,

costis novem, crassis, rugulosis, radiantibus ; intervallis costel-

latis, costellis longitudinalibus, asperulatis ; aperture margine

dentato, et denticulato, anticé emarginato, incisure lateribus

incrassatis, anticé in dentes duos productis.

Hab. Mexico. Mus. Cuming.

16. SuUBEMARGINULA PoLYGONALIS, A. Adams. S. testd elon-

gato-ovali, depresso-conicd, albd, octoradiatd, vertice subcentrali,

postice inclinato, costis radiantibus subnodulosis, longitudina-

libus (octo majoribus), lineis concentricis incrementi asperd ;

apertura octagonali, margine crenulato, anticé valdé sinuato,

sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Catanuan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

17. SUBEMARGINULA CRASSILABRUM, A. Adams. S. testd ellip-

tied, crassd, rudi, albd, depresso-conicd, vertice subcentrali,

eroso, costis radiantibus distantibus, inequalibus, subaculeatis,

ornatéd ; aperture margine crenato-denticulato, posticé recto,

anticé rotundato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

18. SUBEMARGINULA NopuLosa, A. Adams. S. testd ovatd,

oblique conied, albido-rufescenti, vertice subcentrali, postice de-

clinato ; costis longitudinalibus nodosis, radiantibus, duabus

latere anterioribus permagnis, liris irregularibus transversis,

decussatd ; aperture margine irregulari, posticé acuminato, an-

tice truncato, sinuato, sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, on small stones, 10 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

19. SuBEMARGINULA CRATITIA, A. Adams. S. testd ovatd,

conicd, albidd, vertice obtuso, centrali, postice haud inclinato,

costis radiantibus distantibus, nodulosis ; interstitiis costellis

duabus longitudinalibus, et lineis elevatis, transversis, elegan-

ter cancellatis ; aperture margine crenulato, anticé sinuato,

sinu quadrato, intus in canalem producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

20. SUBEMARGINULA SCULPTILIS, A. Adams. S. testd ovalt, ob-

liquée conied, albidd, viridi radiatim maculata ; vertice subcen-

trali, posticé valde declinato ; costis radiantibus, longitudinali-

bus, corrugatis ; interstitiis pulcherrimé punctato-clathratis ;

costd anticd prominenti, crenulatd; aperture margine undu-

lato et crenulato, posticé rotundato, anticée truncato et sinuato,

sinu intus in canalem producto.

Hab. Calapan, island of Mindoro, on small stones, 12 fathoms.

Mus. Cuming.

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BuLIMUS FROM CALLAO,

COLLECTED BY ERNESTE DENICKE.

CoMMUNICATED BY J. E. Gray, Esa., V.P.Z.S.

Mr. Erneste Denicke, a sailor on board a Hamburg vessel trading

with Chili, called at the British Museum, and informed me that he

had a new species of Bulimus, which he had discovered on the White-

sand Hill at Chala, near Callao. He further stated that he had col-

lected the Chilian shells, and had studied shells in general, and that he

was convinced that it was a new species. Having compared the shell

with the species in the English collections and the descriptions in

Pfeiffer, and being satisfied that M. Denicke was correct in his idea,

I propose that it should be named after that conchologist.

It was pleasing to see the intimate knowledge which he had

acquired of the genera and species of shells, and the interest which

he took in the study, when we consider the laborious nature of his

occupation, and the very little time that he had at his command.

The only holidays he had while his ship was in London were spent

at the British Museum, at Mr. Cuming’s collection, and in the gar-

dens of the Zoological Society.

Buxtimus DENIcKEI.

Shell conical, trochiform, white, the upper whorls small, forming

a rather produced tip, the others rapidly enlarging, slightly convex,

forming a conical spire, the last angularly keeled; axis perforated ;

mouth rhombic ; outer lip slightly reflexed, acute ; throat deep rose-

coloured.

Hab. Chala, near Callao, on the Whitesand Hills.

To the preceding communication by Mr. Gray, the following de-

tails were added by Mr. Lovell Reeve :—

Buuimus Denickxer. Bul. testd pyramidali-conicd, subampliter

umbilicatd, apice papillari, anfractibus superne convexo-decli-

vibus, medio acutangulis, carinatis, undique peculiariter cor-

rugatis et malleatis, opaco-albis, immaculatis, aperturd sub-

oblongo-ovatd, labro tenui, simplici, effuso, aperture Sauce in-

tensé purpureo-rosed.

Hab. Found imbedded in sand at the top of a lofty hill near the

Port of Chala, Peru, by Mr. Erneste Denicke. :

This interesting species of Bulimus is of about the same size and

form, and belongs to the same type, as B. lemniscatus, inhabiting

Ilo, Peru. Specifically it is very distinct, the entire surface of the

shell being peculiarly indented and shrivelled, and of an opake un-

spotted white. The interior of the aperture is of a deep purple-rose

colour.

4. ON A NEw SPECIES OF MuSOPHAGA.

By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould exhibited to the meeting a drawing by Lieut. J. R. Stack,

of a new and beautiful species of Musophaga, of which a living ex-

ample had been for the last ten years in the possession of Lady Ross,

at St. Helena. Mr. Gould also exhibited some feathers shed from

the wings and tail of the bird, an examination of which, and of the

drawing, satisfied him that the bird was quite distinct from all pre-

viously described members of the genus.

Lady Ross, who is at present in England, had informed Mr. Gould

that the bird was about the size of a hen-pheasant, and that it had

been brought to St. Helena from the western coast of Africa, but the

precise locality in which it had been procured was unknown to her.

For this interesting addition to the Musophage Mr. Gould pro-

posed the specific appellation of Rosse, in honour of its amiable

owner, who has promised that in the event of her not returning to

St. Helena, she will have the bird brought to England, where its

arrival will be hailed with pleasure by every lover of ornithological

science.

Musornaca Ross.

Body, wings and tail rich deep blue; primaries and secondaries

arterial blood-red, narrowly margined and more broadly tipped with

purplish brown, as in the other species of the genus; crown sur-

mounted with a high rounded crest of hair-like blood-red feathers ;

bill and denuded orbits yellow ; irides brown.

March 25, 1851.

William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. CATALOGUE OF THE SPECIES OF NASSA, A GENUS OF GASTERO-

Popous MoOLLUSCA BELONGING TO THE FAMILY BUCCINID#,

IN THE CoLLEcTION oF HueuH Cumine, Ese., WITH THE

DESCRIPTION OF SOME NEW SPECIES. By ArTHUR ADAMS,

F.L.S. ere.

Subgenus Nassa.

Shell cassiform ; spire short; inner lip with the callus greatly de-

veloped.

A. Shell ribbed or nodulous.

1. Nassa arcuLarRtA, Linn.

Buce. arcularia, Linn. ; List. Conch. pl. 970. f. 24; Kien. Buce.

pl. 28. f. 115.

Hab. Mauritius; Philippines, on the reefs (7. C.).

2. Nassa puuuus, Linn.

Buce. pullus, Linn. ; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. R; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 114.

Hab. 2

3. Nassa coronata, Brug.

Buce. coronatum, Brug.; Gualtieri, Test. pl. 44. fig. C, D; Kien.

pl. 28. f. 112.

Hab. Philippines, on the reefs (Z. C.).

4. Nassa MuTABILIS, Linn.

Buec. mutabile, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 975. f. 30; Kien. pl. 24.

f. 30.

Hab. Red Sea; Philippines, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

5. NASsSA MARGINULATA, Lam.

Buce. marginulatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. x ; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 29. f. 117.

Hab. Cagayan, Philippines (ZZ. C.).

6. NASSA TIARULA, Kien.

Buce. tiarula, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 4.

Hab. Isle of Ticao, Philippines, under stones (H. C.).

7. Nassa potyGonata, Lam.

Buce. polygonatum, Lam. Voy. de l Astrol. pl. 32. f. 28, 29.

Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.

8. Nassa LuTEOstToma, Kien.

Buce. luteostoma, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f: 1.

Hab. Coast of Senegal.

9. NAssA PAUPERATA, Lam.

Buce. pauperatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 44. fig. m.

Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia (Mr. Dring).

10. Nassa Livescens, Phil.

Buce. livescens, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135.

Hab. Philippines (H. C.).

11. Nassa CANDENS, Hinds.

Nassa candens, Hinds, Voy. Sulph. Zool. Moll. pl. f.

Hab. Marquesas Islands.

12. Nassa GeEmmu.ata, Lam.

Buce. gemmulatum, Lam.; Petiver, Amb. pl. 64. f. 7; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 84.

Hab. Indian Seas.

13. Nassa ANTILLARUM, Phil.

Buce. antillarum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 139.

Hab. West Indies.

14. Nassa Sturmit, Phil.

Buce. Sturmii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 135.

Hab. Philippines (#7. C.).

15. Nassa NopirerRa, Phil.

Buce. nodiferum, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 136.

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines (ZZ. C.).

16. Nassa masta, Hinds.

Nassa mesta, Hinds, Moll. Zool. Sulph. pl. f.

Hab. Central America.

17. Nassa Lyritua, Beck.

Nassa Lyrilla, Beck.

Hab. East Indies.

18. Nassa IsaBevuet, d’Orb.

Buce. Isabellei, @ Orb. Voy. Amér. Mérid. t. 61. f. 19.

Hab. Central America.

19. Nassa cREMATA, Hinds.

Nassa cremata, Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulph. pl. 9. f. 8, 9.

Hab. Philippines.

20. Nassa venusta, Dunker.

Buce. venustum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 1.

Hab. Corrigidor Island, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.). Mus. Cum.

21. Nassa Gruner, Dunker.

Buce. Gruneri, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 2

Hab. Island of Ticao. Mus. Cuming.

22. Nassa crassa, Koch; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 4.

Buce. crassum, Koch.

Hab. Swan River; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

23. NASSA MARGARITIFERA, Dunker.

Buce..mar' i diha Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Becca t. Qf 02.

Hab.

24. Nassa CAPERATA, Philippi.

Buce. caperatum, Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 18.

Hab. Philippines.

25. Nassa Jonasi, Dunker.

Buce. Jonasi, Dunker; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 10.

Hab.

26. Nassa GEMMA, Philippi.

Buce. gemma, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 1. f. 5.

Hab. Island of Ticao, under stones, low water. Mus. Cuming.

27. NASSA SEMIGRANOSA, Dunker.

Buce. semigranosum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 1. f. 9 (Buccinum).

Hab.

28. Nassa ALBESCENS, Dunker.

Buce. albescens, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t. 2. f. 15

Hab.

29. NASSA SPLENDIDULA, Dunker.

Buce. splendidulum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 3. f. 13.

Hab.

30. Nassa coronuta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, cine-

rescente, fascid supra albidd, infra fusco ornatd; spird brevi ;

anfractibus ad suturas angulatis, longitudinaliter costatis, costis

distantibus rotundis supra nodulosis ; labio callo crasso obtecto ;

columella rugosd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Corrigidor, Bay of Manila, under stones, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

31. Nassa pispar, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, ventricosd,

levi, lutescente, rufo cinereoque varie pictd ; anfractibus superné

gibbosis ; labio callo albo mediocri tecto; columellé transversim

corrugatd ; labro anticé dentato, intus lirato.

Hab. Philippines, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

32. Nassa sticgmMaria, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd,

rufescente, albo fuscoque variegatd et punctatd; liris granosis

transversis ornatd, granis planis quadratis ; labio levi, callo albo

nitido obtecto, labro margine dentato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines, under stones (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

33. Nassa Siqursorensis, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, subturritd,

rufescente, fascid pallida cinctd, longitudinaliter costellatd ; suturd

tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd, costellis permultis confertis,

interstitiis transversim striatis ; columella corrugatd, labro anticé

valdé dentato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, Philippines (7. C.). Mus. Cuming.

34. Nassa retecosa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd; spird

acutd, rufescente, suturd canaliculatd, cingulis albis transversim et

longitudinaliter cancellatd ; labro crenato, anticé dilatato et sinuato ;

labio callo, subexpanso, anticé recto.

Hab. Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cum.

35. Nassa verRucosA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd,

spird productd; suturd canaliculatd, rufescente, fusco sparsim

punctatd, liris transversis granosis ornatd, granis rotundis verru-

ciformibus in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio

valde calloso, tuberculato, albo ; labro margine serrato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

36. Nassa varieEGATA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd,

albido-grised, fuscoque variegatd, longitudinaliter striata, liris

transversis granosis subdistantibus ornatd, granis rotundis in

seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dispositis ; labio tuberculato callo

tenui expanso tecto, labro margine crenato.

Hab. Dalmaguete, island of Negros, Philippines (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

37. Nassa cmuata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub-

turritd, albidd, fascid rufd cinctd, suturd tuberculis moniliformi-

bus ornatd, longitudinaliter costellatd ; costellis simplicibus, inter-

stitiis concinne clathratis, labio callo tenui obtecto, labro margine

crenulato.

Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, sandy mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

38. Nassa ranipA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminatd, sub-

turritd, rufescente, cingulis transversis granosis sculptd, granis

elongatis subquadratis in seriebus obliquis longitudinalibus dis-

positis ; columella rugosd ; labio non calloso, labro valde dentato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

39. Nassa sorpipa, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, albidd, fusco

Sasciatd; suturd tuberculis moniliformibus ornatd; longitudinaliter

costatd, transversim valde liratd ; labio callo albo crasso tecto ;

columella corrugatd ; labro margine calloso reflexo.

Had. Siquijor, on the reefs.

No. CCXXV.—ProceeEpin6Gs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

40. Nassa Cumineir, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, ventricosd

albidd, rufo nebulosd ; suturd canaliculatd, liris transversis gra-

nosis sculptd, granis quadratis in seriebus longitudinalibus dispo-

sitis; aperturd ringente; labio corrugato, tuberculifero; labro

intus valde sulcato.

Hab. China. Mus. Cuming. Unique specimen.

41. NASSA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, acumi-

natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd rufd cinctd ; suturd cana-

liculatd, margine crenellifero, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter

tenuissime costatd ; columelld sublevi ; labro integro.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

42. Nassa suLtcirerA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-ventricosd ;

spird productd, cinerescente, luteo-fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

subplicatd, transversim liratd ; anfractu ultimo infra suturam

sulco impresso ; labii callo crasso mediocri; collumelld anticé bi-

plicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

43. Nassa corticaTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

productd, epidermide viridi-fusco obtectd; anfractibus superne

nodosis ; anfractu ultimo antice cinguld subnodosd ornato, postice

nodulis coronato; labio vix calloso; columelld antice biplicatd ;.

labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. New Zealand.

44, Nassa LaBecuta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqua ;

spird subacuminatd, pallide fuscd ; anfractu ultimo fascid fuscd

obsoletd cincto ; anfractibus planulatis supremis costatis, ultimo

superne costato, inferne plano; labii callo expanso, tenui, nitidd

labeculd fuscd ornato ; labro posticé incrassato, intus dentato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

45. Nassa muuricostaTa, A. Adams. NN. testd ovatd, acuminatd,

albo rufoque variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd; costis planis

obliquis confertis permultis ; labio cum callo parvo tecto ; columelld

levi, antice biplicatd ; labro intus sulcato, margine acuto integro.

Hab. Batangas, island of Luzon, 4 fathoms, coarse sand (#. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

46. Nassa costata, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

acutd, productd, pallidd, anfractu ultimo maculd rufo-fuscd or-

natd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter costatis, inter-

stitits planis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim striato ; labio

cum callo circumscripto tecto; columelld transversim rugosd ;

labro anticé dentato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Burias, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

47. Nassa cattosa, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovatd, spird

acutd, albd fusco-maculatd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim

sulcatd; labio cum callo magno albo nitido expanso tecto; columella

antice triplicatd ; labro margine incrassato calloso, intus dentato-

lirato.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (#7. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

48. NassA GemMuLIFERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,

spird acutd, productd, cinerescente rufo variegatd, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim cingulatd, cingulis ad plicas noduliferis ;

labio cum callo expanso albo tecto ; columelld transversim corru-

gatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Burias, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

49. Nassa rissitapris, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliquid,

cinerescente, pallide fasciatd, longitudinaliter costatd, anfractu

ultimo antic? transversim sulcato ; labio cum callo expanso obtecto ;

columelld anticé tuberculis duobus transversis ; labro anticé sinuato,

postice valde inciso.

Hab, Cagayan, Prov. Misamis, island of Mindanao, 25 fathoms,

sandy mud (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

50. Nassa Nopicostata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albd,

fascid pallidd fulvd cinctd ; anfractibus planulatis, longitudinali-

ter costatis, transversim evanide liratis; costis nodis distantibus

instructis, superne nodosis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;

columelld rugosd, antice acutd, productd; labro extus limbato,

antice valde sinuato.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

51. Nassa pexicata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subpel-

lucidd, albidd, fascid angustd, fuscd, maculisque fuscis ornatd, lon-

gitudinaliter costatd, costis planulatis superné nodosis, interstitiis

lineis elevatis transversis clathratis ; labio calloso ; columelld an-

tice plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, intus longitudinaliter sul-

cato, transversim lirato.

Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, Luzon, coarse sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

52. Nassa canceLxaTa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

acutd, fulvescenti, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis

planis rotundatis, interstitiis concinne cancellatis; labio callo

magno expanso crasso obtecto; columelld levi, simplici; labro

margine calloso incrassato, antic? subsinuato.

Hab. Masbate, under stones (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

53. Nassa cLaTHRATuLA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird

acutd, anfractibus conveais, nived, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis

nodulosis, interstitits valde clathratis ; labio cum callo mediocri

obtecto; columella antice biplicatd; labro extus varicoso, intus

lirato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, deep water, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

100

54. Nassa CRENOLIRATA, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovatd,

pallidd, lineis angustis transversis fuscis ornatd, longitudinaliter

costatd, costis nodulosis, superné nodosis ; aperturd angustatd ;

labio cum callo obtecto ; columelld plicis quatuor transversis in-

structo ; labro extus marginato, intus valde dentato-lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

55. NASSA SINUSIGERA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ob-

liqud ; spird acuminatd, pallidd, fusco variegatd, longitudinaliter

costatd, costis superné nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ; labio cum

callo mediocri tecto; columella transversim corrugato-plicatd ;

labro anticé valde sinuato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, 8 fathoms, coarse sand (H.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

56. Nassa GenicuLaTa, A. Adams. N. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,

fulvd, albo variegatd; fascid latd, transversd, cinereo-fuscd

cinctd, transversim striatd, longitudinaliter costatd ; costis geni-

culatis ; labio subcalloso, antice bituberculato; labro extus in-

crassato, intus dentato-lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, 4 fathoms, sand (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

57. Nassa speciosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, lutescente, albo variegatd, transversim liratd, liris confertis

granulosis, longitudinaliter plicata ; plicis distantibus obliquis, su-

perne nodosis, nodulis albis ; aperturd albd, anticé rufo-fusco ma-

culatd ; columelld levi, callo subexpanso tectd ; labro intus evanideé

lirato, margine anticé maculd fuscd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

58. Nassa optusata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, spird

obtusd, pallidd, rufo-fusco variegatd, transversim liratd, longitu-

dinaliter costatd, costis distantibus superné nodosis ; labio callo

crasso albo obtecto ; labro intus incrassato, sulcato et transversim

lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, coral sand, 7 fathoms (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

59. Nassa aByssicoua, A. Adams. N. testd parva, ovato-conicd,

sordideé albd; costellis confertis longitudinalibus permultis, inter-

Stitiis concinné clathratis ornatd ; labio arcuato, mediocriter cal-

loso ; labro intus dentato-lirato, extus incrassato.

Hab. Loay, island of Bohol, clayey ground, 60 fathoms (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

60. Nassa pusto, A. Adams. WN. testd parvd, ovato-conicd,

fulvd, fusco variegatd et maculosd ; costellis planis, longitudinali-

bus confertis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo antic? sulcato, labio cum callo

nitido subexpanso tecto ; labro intus sulcato, margine subreflezo.

Hab. Sorsogon, Albay, isle of Luzon, 6 fathoms, coarse sand

(H.C.). Mus, Cuming.

101

B. Shell spinulose ; inner lip with the callus moderate, defined.

61. Nassa sussrrnosa, Lam.

Buce. subspinosum, Lam.; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 26. f. 103.

Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, Philippines, low water (H.C.).

62. Nassa MuricaTA, Quoy et Gaim.

Buce. muricatum, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. pl. 32. f. 32, 33.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro (H. C.).

63. Nassa vIBEx, Say.

Buce. vibex, Say.

Hab. West Indies, Philippines.

64. Nassa ampraua, Montag.

Buce. ambiguum, Mont. ; Kien. Bucc. Mon. pl. 21. f. 81.

Hab. British Islands.

65. Nassa norripA, Dunker.

Buce. horridum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 8.—Buce. seabrum,

Dunker, olim.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

66. Nassa uisprpa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acutd, albido-

cinered, rufo-fusco punctatd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd ;

plicis cum seriebus novem tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.

Hab. Loon, island of Bohol, on the reefs, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Plicated, the rows of tubercles rather close together, the upper

row distinct from the rest.

67. Nassa ecurnata, A. Adams. WN. testd elongato-ovatd, al-

bidd, nodispinosd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis quinque, seriebus

tuberculorum spiniformium armatis.

Hab. Galeo, island of Mindoro, 3 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.).

Plicated, with the upper row of tubercles larger and distinct from

the others.

Subgenus Exong, Risso.

Shell with the back gibbous ; inner lip with the callus greatly de-

veloped, surrounding the circumference of the shell.

1. EroNE GiBBOsULA, Linn.

Buce. gibbosulum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 973. f. 28; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 116.

Hab. ?

2. EIONE CLATHRATA, Kien.

Buce. clathratum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 108.

Hab. ?

3. EIONE GRANIFERA, Kien.

Buce. graniferum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 27. f. 111.

Hab. ?

102

4. Erone Tuersirtes, Brug.

Buce. Thersites, Brug. ; List. Conch. t. 971. f. 26; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 28. f. 113.

Hab. 2

5. Nassa circumcineta, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, cinered,

nitidd, dorso gibbosd; spird brevi, acutd, suturd fuscd; labio cum

callo crasso albo nitido tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram deeur-

rentibus fusco marginatis ; columelld levi, anticé uniplicatd ; labro

calloso marginato, intus levi.

Hab. Red Sea. Mus. Cuming.

6. Nassa porsuosa, A.Adams. UN. testd ovatd, depressd ; spird

acutd, dorso in medio nodatd, olivaced, levi, longitudinaliter sub-

plicatd ; labio cum callo magno crasso lutescente tecto, marginibus

incrassatis usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld levi, labro

margine calloso incrassato, intus sublirato.

Hab. Masbate, on the mud-banks at low water (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

7. Nassa orspicunaTa, A. Adams. WN. testd semiorbiculari, con-

vexo-depressd, levi, olivaced, apud dorsum gibbd; spird brevi,

labio cum callo expanso crasso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram

decurrentibus, columelld levi, labro extus calloso incrassdto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa caLLospira, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, pallidd, fascid

transversd cinered ornatd ; spird acutd, transversim liratd, plicis

nodosis longitudinalibus instructa ; labio cum callo magno albo ea-

tenso tecto, marginibus usque ad spiram decurrentibus ; columelld

anticé biplicatd; labro crasso calloso, marginato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Island of Burias, 6 fathoms, coral sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

9. Nassa nana, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acutd; an-

Sractibus rotundatis, rufescente, fascid pallidd luted ornatd, lon-

gitudinaliter plicatd, transversim semistriatd ; labio cum callo

expanso tenui tecto; columelld rugosuld ; labro marginato, intus

sulcato.

Hab. Dumaguete, island of Negros, coarse black sand, 11 fathoms

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

10. NassA BELLULA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, spird acumi-

natd, acutd ; anfractibus angulatis, palliduld, fascid luteold or-

natd, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd ; interstitiis con-

cinné longitudinaliter striatis, labio callo magno tecto ; columella

rugosd ; labri margine rugoso calloso, intus crenulato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samaar, under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

11. Nassa srmacutosa, A. Adams. N. testd suborbiculari, apud

dorsum valde convexd, nodosa; spird acutd, longitudinaliter sub-

103

plicatd, antice transversim sulcatd, olivaced, fascid pallida trans-

versd cinctd, labio cum callo crasso albo magno suborbiculari

cincto ; columella levi, antice uniplicatd ; labro valde incrassato

marginato, antice sinuato, intus lirato, extus maculis duabus rufo-

Suscis ornato.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, on mud-banks (H. €.).. Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa Leprospira, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, apud dorsum

conveard, nodosd; spird productd, acutd, lutescente longitudinaliier

plicatd, antice transversim striatd, labio cum callo lutea crasso

tecto ; columelld corrugatd, labro intus lirato.

Hab. Ilo Io, island of Panay, on mud-banks, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus ALEcTRIoN, Montfort.

Shell bucciniform ; spire elevated ; inner lip with the callus mode-

rately developed ; outer lip dentate, or serrate at the margin.

A. Shell papillose ; inner lip spread.

1. Nassa papityosa, Linn.

Buce. papillosum, Linn. ; List. Conch. t. 969. f. 23.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs (H. C.).

2. Nassa NASSOIDES, Reeve.

Buce. nassoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mon. Buccinum, pl. f.

Hab. 2

3. NASSA NODIFERA, Powis.

Nassa nodifera, Powis.

Hab. Philippines.

4. Nassa MONILIS, Kien.

Bucc. monile, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 11. f. 40.

Hab. New Guinea.

5. Nassa CRENULATA; Brug.

Buec. crenulatum, Brug. ; Petiver, Gaz. t. 64. f. 8; Kien. Mon.

pl. 23. f. 90, pl. 14. f. 49.

Hab. Indian Seas.

6. Nassa uirta, Kiener.

Buce. hirtum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 72.

Hab. New Holland.

7. Nassa JACKSONIANA, Kiener,

Buce. Jacksonianum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 73.

Hab. Port Jackson, New Holland.

8. Nassa VARIABILIS, Phil.

Buce. variabile, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. vol. i. p. 221.—B. subdia-

phanum, Bivon.—B. stolatum, Gmel.—B. zonale, Brug.—B. costu-

104

latum, Broce.—B. angulatum, Broce.—B. Cuvieri, Payr.—B. Ferus-

saccii, Payr.—B. corrugatum, Broce.

Hab. Mediterranean.

9. NassA COMPLANATA, Powis.

Nassa complanata, Powis.

Hab. Atacamas, West Columbia.

10. Nassa seEminoposa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acu-

minatd, levi, nitidd, fulvo-fuscescente ; suturd tuberculis moni-

liformibus ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis superné sub-

nodulosis ; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato, labio levi, .

cum callo tenui expanso obtecto, labro antice dentato intus li-

rato.

Hab. Island of Annaa, South Seas, on the reefs (H.C.). Mus.

Cuming.

B. Shell smooth, polished.

1. Nassa Gans, Linn.

Bucc. glans, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 981. f. 40; Kien. Mon. pl. 15.

tf, 52%

Hab. Island of Ticao, Philippines, on the reefs (H. C.).

2. NAsSA SUTURALIS, Lam.

Buce. suturale, Lam. Chem. pl. 125. f.1199, 1200; Kien. Mon.

pl. 24. f. 96.

Hab. Swan River.

3. NAssA ELEGANS, Kien.

Buce. elegans, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 97.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

4. NassA RUFULA, Kien.

Buce. rufulum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 24. f. 95.

Hab. Swan River.

5. Nassa uzra, Philippi.

Buce. letum, Phil. Zeit. f. Mal. 1848, p. 141.

Hat. 2

6. Nassa Bronnut, Philippi.

Bucc. Bronnii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1848, p. 137.

Hab. Corrigidor, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

7. NAssa GAuDIOSA, Hinds.

Nassa gaudiosa, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. _ . f.

Hab. Straits of Malacca.

8. Nassa picta, Dunker.

Buccinum pictum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 6.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

105

9. Nassa Reeviana, Dunker.

Buccinum Reevianum, Dunker, Phil. Abild. (Buccinum), t. 2. f. 3.

Nassa filosa, Gray MSS.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

10. Nassa mucronata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, sub-

levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, lutescenti fusco variegatd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo gibboso ; spird acutd, mucronatd ;

labio levi; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black sand (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

11. Nassa optrquata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, obliqud,

levissimd, nitidd ; lineis fuscis transversis, fascid pallida ornatd,

cinerescente, albo variegatd; labio levi, simplici; labro intus

lirato.

Hab, Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy

mud, 25 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa puncrata, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd ; spird

acuminatd, levi, cinered, albido punctatd, lineolis fuscis transversis

ornatd ; labio callo tenui expanso tecto ; columella rugosd; labro

extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, province of Albay, isle of Luzon, coarse sand,

6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

13. Nassa LentTiGinosa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd ;

spird acuminata, levi, nitidd, lutescente aut cinerescente, lineis

undulatis confertis pictd, lineolis fuscis transversis ornatd ; labio

cum callo tenui tecto ; columella anticé rugosd ; labro margine in-

crassato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Masbate, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (#.C.). Mus. Cuming.

14. Nassa tuctuosa, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, elongatd, acu-

minatd, subnitidd, transversim sulcatd, nigricante nonnunquam

fasciis albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; labio callo

nitido obtecto ; columelld antice biplicata et tuberculis tribus in-

structd; labro extus incrassato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, under

stones on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

15. Nassa srotipa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd; spird

acuminatd, solidd, cinered, fusco maculatd, longitudinaliter pli-

catd ; aperturd antice effusd ; labio reflexo, levi, valde calloso ;

labro intus levi, fusco alboque fasciato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

16. Nassa pistorta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, nitidd ;

spird acuminatd, distortd, pallidd, cinereo variegatd, lineis fuscis

transversis ornatd ; aperturd antice valde effusd ; labio levi, an-

tice biplicato ; labro anticé producto, intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

106

17. Nassa MaRmMorEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, levi,

nitidd ; spird subacuminatd, albidd, fusco marmoratd, fasciis dua-

bus pallidis ornatd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio corrugato ;

labro extus varicoso, intus lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

18. Nassa sprrata, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acuminatd,

levi, nitidd, albidd, luteo-fusco nebulosd ; anfractibus conveaius-

culis, prope suturas angulatis ; labio levi ; labro intus lirato, ex-

tus incrassato, antice margine simplici non dentato.

Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.

C. Shell smooth or ribbed. Inner lip defined.

1. Nassa ourvacea, Brug.

Buce. olivaceum, Brug. Favanne Conch. pl. 33. f. 2; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 15. f. 53.

Hab. Philippines.

2. NASSA CANALICULATA, Lamarck.

Bucc. canaliculatum, Lam. Chem. Conch. pl. 125. f. 1194-95 ;

Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 89.

Hab. Philippines.

3. NASSA UNICOLOR, Kiener.

Buce. unicolor, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 19. f. 69.

Hab. Australia.

4. Nassa ornNATA, Kiener.

Buce. ornatum, Kiener, Mon. Buce. pl. 124. f. 168.

Hab. Tranquebar, Ceylon, Indian Seas.

5. Nassa Exits, Powis.

Nassa exilis, Powis.

Hab. 2

6. Nassa ruFoctncra, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, sub-

turritd, albidd, fascid transversd rufd ornatd, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim striatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; labio

callo albo circumscripto tecto; labro extus marginato, intus sul-

cato.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming. —

7. Nassa micans, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-fusiformi, albidd,

levi, nitidissimd ; anfractibus convexiusculis supremis costellatis ;

labio callo tenui tecto ; labro anticé crenulato, intus lirato.

Hab. Cagayan, Misamis, Mindanao, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (HH. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa PALLIDULA, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, subacuminatd,

pallidd, levi, anfractu ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; suturd

107

canaliculatd ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columelld sim-

plici; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (ZH. C.).

9. Nassa compta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, subturritd,

levi, nitidd, rufescente pallide variegatd ; anfractibus convexius-

culis, supremis costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ;

columelld antic corrugatd ; labro margine incrassato, albo, sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Cape St. Antonio, Africa.

10. Nassa succincta, A. Adams. UN. testd ovatd, subturritd,

levi, cinerescente ; fascid pallidd, cinctd, anfractibus planulatis,

supremis costellatis ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo incras-

sato circumscripto tecto ; columelld dentato-rugosd ; labro postice

inflexo, anticé valde sinuato et dentato, extus limbato, intus lirato.

Hab. Masbate. Mus. Cuming.

11. Nassa zonauis, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,

nitidd, longitudinaliter striatd; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-

cato; lutescente, fasciis tribus transversis rufo-fuscis cinctd ;

labio cum callo tenui expanso tecto; columelld levi; labro extus

incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Isle of Ticao, on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

12. Nassa sertTuLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovatd, acuminald, levi,

nitidd, fulvd, albo nebulosd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, supremis

costellatis ; labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella trans-

versim corrugatd ; labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Masbate, on the reefs (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

13. Nassa semipuicatTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, ci-

nered, fascid pallida transversd ornatd, nitidd, sublevi, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis in anfractu ultimo sepeé evanidis, inter-

stitiis transversim striatis ; labio callo circumscripto ; columelld

transversim corrugato-plicatd ; labro extus albo marginato, intus

lirato.

Hab. Chusan (Benson). Mus. Cuming.

14. Nassa crnnAmMomEA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-acuminatd,

cinnamomed, levi, nitidd, levigatd, sempellucida, anfractibus con-

vexis ; labio simplici ; labro extus marginato, intus sublirato.

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, under stones, low water (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

15. Nassa papra, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd, levi,

nitidd, castaned; anfractibus planis, supremis longitudinaliter

plicatis, anfractu ultimo transversim striato ; labio simplici viz

calloso ; labro extus marginato, intus plicato.

Hab. Sinaat, province of North Ilocos, island of Luzon, on the

reefs (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

108.

16. Nassa mitrauis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, fuscd, sublevi, longitudinaliter semiplicatd ; anfractibus

planiusculis, ultimo anticé transversim sulcato; labio subcorrugato ;

labro extus marginato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Isinimalan, isle of Negros, on the mud-banks (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

17. Nassa sERoTINA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,

serotind, anfractu ultimo anticé cingulis duabus elevatis articulatis

ornato ; transversim sudstriatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

rotundis subdistantibus; apertura albd; columelld levi, subcallosd ;

labro extus incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Australia.

18. Nassa PULCHELLA, A. Adams. UN. testd turritd, acuminatd,

nitidd, albidd, luteo variegatd, fascid fuscd transversd ornatd ;

longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis subdistantibus rotundatis tuberculis

albis transversis instructis ; labio calloso nitido ; labro extus mar-

ginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. Mus. Cuming.

19. Nassa TERETIUSCULA, A. Adams. N. testd subturritd, acu-

minatd, lutescente aut plumbed, fascid angustd fuscd transversd

ornatd ; levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd ; labio cum callo

mediocri tecto; columelld anticé tortuosd, plicatd; labro extus

limbato, intus lirato.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

20. Nassa varicireRA, A, Adams. N. testd turritd ; spird acu-

minatd, pallidd, fasciis fuscis duabus transversis ornatd ; anfrac-

tibus subplanulatis, varicibus albis, spiraliter instructis ; suturd

canaliculatd ; columelld anticé plicis tribus transversis ; labro

extus marginato, postice angulato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

21. Nassa scauarRis, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd, subtur-

ritd, pallidd, rufo-fusco fasciatda ; longitudinaliter costatd, trans-

versim liratd; anfractibus rotundatis, tuberculis moniliformibus

apud suturam ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; labio cum callo subexpanso

tenui tecto ; columelld corrugatd, antice biplicatd; labro antice

crenulato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Corrigidor, 7 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.). Mus.

Cuming.

22. Nassa pLanocostaTa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,

cinerescente, fascid rufo-fuscd transversim cinctd ; costellis planis

confertis longitudinalibus, interstitiis concinne clathratis ornatd ;

labio cum callo circumscripto tecto ; columella transversim plicato-

dentata ; labio antice denticulato, intus valde lirato.

Hab. Payta, Peru, under stones, low water (H. C.). Mus. Cu-

ming.

109

D. Shell scalariform, cancellated.

1. Nassa SCALARIFORMIS, Valenc.

Buccinum scalariforme, Val. ; Kiener, Monograph Buce. pl. 21.

f. 80.

Hab. New Guinea.

2. Nassa Rorssyt, Deshayes.

Buce. Roissyi, Belang. Voy. aux Ind. Or. pl. 3. f. 3, 4; Kiener,

Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 82.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

3. Nassa Reever, A. Adams.

Buce. elegans, Reeve.

Hab. 2

4, Nassa NUCLEOLUS, Philippi.

Buce. nucleolus, Philippi.

Hab. 14

5. Nassa nopata, Hinds.

Nassa nodata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. . f.

Hab. Malacca.

6. NASSA PERPINGUIS, Hinds.

Nassa perpinguis, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. . f.

Hab. Bay of Magdalena, California. Mus. Cuming.

7. Nassa mica, Adanson.

Buce. miga, Adanson, Voy. au Senegal, pl. 8. f. 10; Kiener, Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 87.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa MyRISTICATA, Hinds.

Nassa myristicata, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulphur, pl. 9. f. 10, 11.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

9. NASSA PALLIDA, Powis.

Nassa pallida, Powis.

Hab. Panama, sandy mud, 6 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

10. Nassa NopULIFERA, Philippi.

Buccinum noduliferum, Phil. Abild. (Bucce.) t. 1. f. 3.

11. Nassa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, sub-

turritd, pallide fulud; fascid fuscd cinctd, transversim sulcatd,

longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis distantibus, postice apud suturas

angulatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto; labro margine sub-

reflexo, intus crenulato.

Hab, Galapagos Islands, 10 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

110

12. Nassa nopicrncta, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-turritd ; spird

acuminatd, pallidd, lineis rufis transversis cinctd, transversim

sulcatd ; plicis distantibus longitudinalibus, apud suturas noduli-

feris ornatd ; labio cum callo albo levi nitido tecto ; labro extus

varicoso, intus lirato.

Hab. Galapagos Islands, 7 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

13. Nassa Sancraz Hetena, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd,

subturritd ; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis, albidd rufo-

variegatd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis distantibus subnodosis ;

anfractu ultimo antice transversim sulcato ; labio levi, calloso ;

columelld antice uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud, 20 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

14. Nassa cincreLua, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, albidd,

lineis fuscis transversis cinctd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd,

plicis distantibus, liris transversis albis, interstitiis fuscis or-

natd ; labio corrugato, vix calloso; labro extus varicoso, intus

valde lirato.

Hab. St. Helena, 20 fathoms, sandy mud.

15. Nassa corruGata, A. Adams. N. testd elongatd, subturritd,

fulvescente, rufo nebulosd ; transversim liratd, longitudinaliter

plicatd ; plicis nodulosis ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; labio sim-

plici, non calloso ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato ; colu-

melld tortuosd, antic? productd.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

16. Nassa TuRRITA, A. Adams. UN. testd elongatd, subturritd,

pallide fulvd; anfractibus rotundatis ; suturd subcanaliculata,

longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris subnodulosis ;

labio cum callo tenui tecto; columelld antice abrupte truncata; labro

intus valde lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

17. Nassa Japonica, A. Adams. N. testd turritd, pallide fulvd,

fascid rufo-fuscd cinctd ; longitudinaliter plicatd, cingulis trans-

versis ad plicas nodulosis ornatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter

striatis ; labio subrugoso ; columella antice productd ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Japan (Dr. Siebold). Mus. Cuming.

18. Nassa peNTICULATA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, ful-

vescente rufo maculosd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, longitudinaliter

plicatd, transversim liratd, liris planis, interstitiis tenuissimeé

longitudinaliter striatis ; labio cum callo albo nitido tecto, antice

producto, libero; labro intus lirato, margine denticulato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

19. Nassa nivea, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, candidd,

nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis plicis longitudinalibus distantibus,

transversim sulcatd ; labio cum calio mediocri tecto, margine acuto

11)

producto ; labro margine subcrenulato, intus lirato ; columella an-

tice triplicatd.

Had. Batangas, island of Luzon, 21 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

20. NAssA PLICATELLA, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-conicd, Sulvd ;

labro albido ; anfractibus subrotundatis longitudinaliter plicatis

transversim liratis, liris ad plicas nodulosis ; labio cum callo me-

diocri ; columella anticé uniplicatd ; labro margine acuto, intus

lirato.

Hab, Wallwich Bay, Africa. Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus TriToNeLLA, Adams; Tritonia, Fleming.

Shell turrited, cancellated ; aperture rounded, not produced into

an anterior canal ; outer lip not dentate, with a marginal varix.

1. Nassa pEcussATA, Kiener.

Buce. decussatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 3.

Hab. Brisbane Water, East Australia (Mr. R. Strange).

2. NASSA TRITONIFORMIS, Kien.

Buce. tritoniformis, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 30. f. 2.

Hab. Senegal.

3. Nassa ascantas, Brug.

Buec. ascanias, Brug. Dict. no. 42.—B. asperulum, Broce.—B.

macula, Montag.—N. rudis, Gualt.—B. Lacepedii, Payr.—Tritonia

varicosa, Fleming.—B. coccinella, Lam.—B. incrassatum, Mill.—

B. minutum, Penn.

Hab. Mediterranean.

4, Nassa FrasciaTa, Lamk.

Buce. fasciatum, Lam.; Gualtieri, pl. 43. fig. m; Kien. Mon.

Buce. pl. 22. f. 86.

Hab. New Holland.

5. NASSA DENTIFERA, Powis.

Nassa dentifera, Powis; Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.

Hab. South America.

6. Nassa FESTIVA, Powis.

Nassa festiva, Powis.

Hab. 2

7. NASSA ANOMALA, Reeve.

Triton anomalus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 4. f. 13, 14.

Hab. Island of Quibo, Veragua.

8. NASSA SCABRIUSCULA, Powis.

Nassa scabriuscula, Powis.

Hab. ?

112

9. NASSA MULTIGRANA, Dunker.

Buce. multigranum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 13.

Hab. ?

10. Nassa stenata, Dunker.

Buce. signatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. t. 2. f. 17.

Hab. 2

11. Nassa OBLIQUEPLICATA, Dunker.

Bucc. obliqueplicatum, Dunker ; Phil. Abild. (Buccinum) t.1. f.13.

Hab. 2

12. Nassa ruscata, A. Adams. WN. testd ovatd, spird acumi-

natd, anfractibus convexiusculis, fuscd, longitudinaliter plicatd,

transversim liratd, plicis ad liras tuberculatis, interstitiis trans-

versim striatis; columelld rugosa; labro posticé sinuato, intus

dentato-lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus Tritta, Risso.

Shell turrited ; inner lip spreading ; outer lip not dentate, without

a marginal varix.

1. Nassa RETICULATA, Linn.

Bucc. reticulatum, Linn.; List. Conch. t. 966. f. 21 a; Kien.

Mon. Buce. pl. 23. f. 91 & pl. 19. f. 71.

Hab. Mediterranean.

2. Nassa Gavi, Kiener.

Buce. Gayti, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. 21. f. 79.

Hab. St. Helena, sandy mud.

3. Nassa suLcaTa, Kien.

Buce. suleatum, Kien. Mon. Buce. pl. f.

Hab. 2

4. NasSA CONCINNA, Powis.

Nassa concinna, Powis.

Hab. Philippines.

5. Nassa TRIVITTATA, Say.

Buce. trivittatum, Say.

Hab. New York.

6. Nassa pEaLBaTA, A. Adams. UN. testd ovato-conicd, acumi-

natd, subturritd, albidd, fascid pallidd luted cinctd ; anfractibus

planulatis longitudinaliter plicatis, plicis nodulosis, transversim

liratis ; columelld tuberculato-dentatd ; labro extus incrassato,

intus dentato-lirato. j

Hab. Dumaguete, isle of Negros, 11 fathoms, black coarse sand

(H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

113

7. Nassa cosTeLiirera, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-conicd,

acuminatd, albidd, fusco-variegatd, fascid fuscd in ultimo an-

Fractu longitudinaliter costulatd, transversim liratd ; costellis

nodulosis ; anfractibus planiusculis ; labio transversim corrugato-

plicato ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Curimas. Mus. Cuming.

8. Nassa TRirasciATa, A. Adams. WN. testd ovato-acuminatd ;

spird acutd, productd, pallidé cerulescente aut albidd, fasciis tri-

bus transversis rufis ornatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd, transver-

sim sulcutd ; columella levi, callo cum nitido expanso tecto ; labro

margine acuto, intus lirato.

Hab. Vigo Bay (M‘dndrew). Mus. Cuming.

Subgenus DesmouLea, Gray.

Shell subglobose, covered with a downy epidermis; spire short ;

apex papillary.

1. Nassa ABBREVIATA, Wood.

Buce. abbreviatum, Wood, Chem. Conch. pl. 153. f. 1463; Kien.

Mon. Buccinum, pl. 26. f. 105.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

2. Nassa RETUSA, Lam.

Buce.retusum, Lam., Chem. Conch.t.153.f.1465 ; Kien. pl. 24.f.94.

Hab. se

3. Desmoutea Pincuis, A. Adams. JD. tesid ovatd, abbreviaid,

ventricosd ; spird brevi, apice mucronato ; anfractibus gibbosis,

lutescente albo variegatd ; epidermide fusco villoso tectd, trans-

versim striatd; labio calloso; columelld levi, antice tuberculo

unico, uniplicatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

4. DEsMOULEA PyRAMIDALIS, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd ;

spird acuminatd, apice obtuso, violascente, longitudinaliter eva-

nide plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio fusco subcalloso simplict ;

labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Desmoutea crassa, A. Adams. JD. testd ovato-conicd, ab-

breviatd, solidd, levi; spird obtusd, apice violaceo ; anfractibus

superne gibbosis, rufescente albo variegatd, transversim sulcatd ;

labio cum callo crasso tecto; columellé transversim liratd, antice

uniplicatd, tuberculis duobus instructd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Japan. Mus. Cuming.

6. Dresmouxea Japonica, A. Adams. OD. testd ovatd, levi,

nitidd, antice transversim sulcatd, fulvescente, maculis lineisque

transversis fuscis ornatd, albo variegatd ; labio antice calloso ;

columelld antice tuberculis tribus instructd ; labro extus incras-

sato, intus lirato.

Hab. Japan (Siebold). Mus. Cuming.

No. CCXXVI.—ProcrepDinGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

114

Subgenus Acircutina, A. Adams.

Shell turrited ; inner lip with a circumscribed callus free anteriorly ;

outer lip with the margin thickened and flexuose.

1. Actcutina costaTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,

serotind, nitidd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim sulcatd ; labio

calloso, antice fusco, producto ; labri margine subrecto, intus li-

rato.

Hab.

? Mus. Cuming.

2. AcicuLIna sTRIATA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-turritd, fuscd,

fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, anfractu penultimo gibboso ad

suturas longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim valde striatd ; labio

calloso ; labri margine vix incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. San Nicholas, isle of Zebu, 5 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

3. Actcutina LABIaTA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, acuminatd,

nitidd, cinerescente, fascid pallidd transversd ornatd, longitudi-

naliter costatd, costis ad suturam nodulosis, transversim sulcatd ;

labio fusco, calloso ; labro margine incrassato, fusco, valde flex-

uoso, postice sinuato, in medio producto.

Hab. Malacca, coarse sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

4. ACICULINA GLABRATA, A. Adams. A. testd turritd,acuminatd,

levi, nitidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, albidd, fasciis cinerescen-

tibus maculisque fuscis ornatd; labio calloso, antic uniplicato ;

labri margine incrassato, flexuoso, in medio producto.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

5. Acicutina macuuaTta, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, levi,

nitidd, albd, maculis luteo-fuscis longitudinalibus ornatd, trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; labio calloso, antice producto ;

columelld uniplicatd ; labro extus marginato, intus lirato.

Hab. Banang, Sargassinan, isle of Luzon, muddy sand, low water

(H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

6. Acicunina virraTa, A. Adams. A. testd turritd, albidd, ni-

tidd, fascid transversd fuscd interruptd ornatd, transversim sul-

catd, longitudinaliter costatd; labio cailoso; columella bituber-

culatd, et antice valde uniplicatd ; labro extus varicoso, intus den-

tato-lirato.

Hab. Ticao, coral sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

2. ON A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS MONTIFRINGILLA.

By Joun Goutp, F.R.S.

For a knowledge of this species we are indebted to Lord Gifford,

by whom several examples were killed in Thibet. It is intimately

allied to Montifringilla Gebleri, but differs in being of a larger size,

115

in the darker colouring of the head and face, and in the deeper tint

of the back and rump ; the latter part is moreover ornamented with a

patch of blood-red, which has suggested the specific name of hemato-

pygia as an appropriate appellation ; it also differs from M. Gebleri

in being destitute of the orange-red mark on the shoulders.

Mon TIFRINGILLA H&MATOPYGIA.

Face and forehead brownish black, gradually blending into the

light greyish brown of the upper surface ; rump stained with blood-

red; upper tail-coverts brown, tipped with dull white; tail dark

brown, each feather margined externally with white ; wing-coverts

hoary ; wings dark brown, the first four primaries narrowly edged

with white, the next five primaries with a broad streak of white along

the basal portion of their external webs, terminating in a line with

the extremities of the secondaries, which are externally fringed with

hoary ; spurious wing dark brown, margined at the base with whitish ;

under surface very light brown, gradually becoming paler, until on

the under tail-coverts the hue is buffy white; bill and feet bluish

black.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, +; wing, 43; tail, 23; tarsi, 1.

3. ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF TROCHILIDA.

By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould exhibited some remarkably fine examples of the T'ro-

chilus Jardinii of Bourcier, and then characterized the following

species :—

Trocuiwus ( ?) AMABILIS.

Crown of the head shining metallic green; chin black; breast

beautiful shining blue, with a line of lustrous green commencing at

the angle of the bill, passing down the sides of the neck and sur-

rounding the base; upper surface bronzy green; tail-coverts and

central tail-feathers greenish bronze; lateral tail-feathers brownish

black ;. wings purplish brown ; under surface like the upper, but less

brilliant ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts grey, the centre

of the latter bronzy green.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 2; wing, 23; tail, 1{-

Hab. New Grenada.

Remark.—About the size of T. albirostris.

PHAETHORNIS GRISEOGULARIS.

Head, upper surface and wing-coverts bronzy brown; upper tail-

coverts rufous; ear-coverts blackish brown; wings purple brown;

base of the tail dark brown, the apical third of the two central feathers

dark grey, tipped with white, the apical third of the next feather on

each side grey on the inner web, buff on the outer web, and tipped

with white ; the three lateral feathers on each side tipped with buff ;

under surface sandy buff, with a wash of dull grey down the chin and

a crescent of black across the breast ; upper mandible black ; basal

116

two-thirds of the under mandible yellow, apical third blackish brown ;

feet yellow.

Total length, 33 inches; bill, 1; wing, 13; tail, 13.

Hab. Columbia.

Remark.—Nearly allied to P. Eremita and P. pygmea, but dif-

fering from them in being of a larger size, in the total absence of any

crescentic black mark on the chest, in having the throat clouded with

dark grey instead of buff, and the two central tail-feathers tipped

with grey and their shafts black.

4. Notre on THE SuBORBITAL GLAND OF THE NYLGHAU.

By H. N. Turner, Esea., Jun.

Among the cranial characters of the genus Portax I have adduced

the want of a suborbital depression, and the existence of a smooth

line running along the surface of the bone; and as I had observed

appearances of a suborbital sinus in the living animal, which I could

not detect in the dried specimens, I felt much interested in the exa-

mination of the parts in one that recently died in the Gardens, and

which Mr. Mitchell kindly forwarded to me for dissection.

Externally there is a slight pit immediately in front of the orbit,

and anteriorly to it a small longitudinal fold of the skin, in the middle

of which is a little round pore, through which exudes a yellowish

secretion, furnished by a gland placed just underneath. The gland

itself is slightly larger than a hazel-nut, and is laid upon the surface

of the bone without any fossa to receive it, but is firmly attached to

the smooth line before observed. The tendo oculi, and a few fibres

of the orbicularis palpebrarum are attached to it.

The small pit immediately in front of the orbit is merely the space

below the tendo oculi, between the gland and the rim of the orbit.

In the Nylghau, the existence of a “lacrymal sinus” has usually

been acknowledged ; but it affords a good example of the incertitude

with which we can ever deny that it exists in a species of which fresh

specimens have not been examined with a view to this character, and

in which no traces of the organ are discernible, either in the dry skin,

or in the existence of a fossa in the skull.

Pimlico, March 1851.

5. Lerrer on THE Dera.t-risH, From Dr. Dueuip To

Dr. Barker. CoMMUNICATED BY MR. YARRELL.

“ Kirkwall, 5 March 1851.

“In April 1829, I received from Mr. Strang, Sanday, a specimen

of a fish which had been found on the shores of that island, with a

request that I should give him some information about it. He men-

tioned that he had met with many specimens during a series of

years,—that it was well known to the natives of the island, by whom

it was called the Deal-fish, and that they often found it thrown

ashore, and even occasionally used it as food. I easily ascertained,

from the works to which I had access, that it was a fish unknown to

117

the British Fauna, but could not determine what it really was. The

specimen being a good deal mutilated about the head and abdomen,

and in a state of partial decomposition, I did not attempt to preserve

it, but drew up as correct a description of it as its condition admitted

of, which I sent to Dr. Fleming, along with all the information about

it which I could obtain from Mr. Strang, and also a somewhat rough

drawing. Dr. Fleming wrote, of date 8th May, 1829, at once deter-

mining the fish to be the Gymnogaster arcticus of Brunnich, or

Vaagmaer, as described by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ ii. 246, a

native of the seas of Iceland ;—at the same time mentioning some

slight discrepancies, which more perfect specimens, since procured,

have completely removed. With my consent, he drew up a notice of

it, which was inserted in the 4th volume of ‘ Loudon’s Magazine of

Nat. Hist.,’ along with a plate from the drawing sent. This article

I have not met with, having merely seen Yarrell’s quotations from it.

Since 1829 I have met with seven or eight specimens, some of which

' were mutilated by birds, and some quite entire, and from the latter

I have ascertained the existence of ventral fins, which are exceedingly

minute and rudimental, and easily overlooked, more especially if the

specimen be not quite fresh and perfect. I am now therefore enabled

to say with certainty that there can be no doubt of the identity of

the fish occurring in these islands with the Vaagmaer, as described

and figured in Yarrell’s Supplement to the 1st edition of his ‘ British

Fishes,’ from information supplied by Professor Reinhardt of Copen-

hagen, and there named Trachypterus vogmarus. In the first figure,

given at page 14, the ventral fins are much too long and conspicuous,

but they are quite correctly represented in the vignette at page 18.

The late Dr. John Reid, of St. Andrews, published an article in the

Annals of Nat. Hist., June 1849, describing a specimen of the T'ra-

chypterus Bogmarus thrown ashore on the coast of Fifeshire, in which

he says, ‘ No unquestionably genuine specimen of this rare fish has,

as far as I am aware, been hitherto found in the British seas; for

the description and figure of the fishes thrown ashore in Orkney,

supposed to be specimens of the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, given by

Dr. Fleming on the authority of Dr. Duguid, differ in so many im-

portant points from the Vaagmaer as must excite doubts as to their

identity.’ Now Dr. Reid has not stated what the important points

of difference are between my description and that of Prof. Remhardt.

It is true there is one important point—important as determining

the proper classification of the fish—the existence or non-existence of

ventral fins. These I did not detect; but it is not surprising, con-

sidering their minuteness, and the mutilated condition of the only

specimen I had then seen. We have at this moment three dried

ones in the Orkney Museum, not so perfect as could be desired, but

sufficiently so to determine this point, as well as the identity of the

fish with the Icelandic Vaagmaer. It is strange also that Dr. Reid

never mentions the existence of ventral fins in his specimen at all,

and that also, while he denies that the fishes thrown ashore in Ork-

ney are the Deal-fish or Vaagmaer, he should forget that the popular

name Deal-fish is strictly of Orcadian origin.”

118

6. ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF MEGAPODIUS.

By L. Luewettyn Ditiwyny, Esa., F.G.S., F.Z.8. ete.

(Aves, Pl. XX XIX.)

My friend Mr. James Motley, who is now conducting the operations

of the Eastern Archipelago Company in Labuan, has lately sent me

home a box of zoological specimens which he has collected in that

island, and among the birds was the pair of the Megapodius, one of

which I now produce; it is, I believe, identical with the species in

the British Museum sent home by Mr. Cuming from the Philip-

pine Islands. In the catalogue accompanying the specimens, and

in several letters which I have received from him, he has described

some of the habits of these curious birds, and deeming that original

observations, however scanty, on the habits of almost any animal

from that remote region might not be uninteresting to the Society, I

have abstracted from his communications to me the following notice

respecting them :— ’

These birds are said to be principally confined to small islands,

and to such more especially as have sandy beaches; they are not

uncommon in Labuan, but are, however, very rarely to be seen, as

they are very shy, and frequent dense flat parts of the jungle, where

the ratans grow and where the luxuriance of the vegetation renders

concealment easy.

The Malays snare them by forming long thick fences in unfre-

quented parts of the jungle; in these they leave openings at intervals

in which they place traps; the birds, running through the cover in

search of food, meeting the obstruction caused’ by the fence, run

along it till they come to one of the openings, through which they

push their way and are trapped.

Their food principally consists of seeds and insects.

In walking they lift their feet very high from the ground, and set

up their backs something like guinea fowls; they frequently make a

loud noise, like the very loud screech of a chicken when caught.

They are very pugnacious, and fight with great fury by jumping

upon one another’s backs and scratching with their long strong claws.

The eggs are of a fine dark cream-colour, and of very large size,

three of them weighing nearly as much as a full-grown bird. Ac-

cording to the general account given to Mr. Motley by the Malays,

each bird lays about eight or ten at each time of breeding ; the place

they select for depositing them is always situated near the beach, and

close within the edge of the jungle, and here they bury them in the

sandy soil to the depth of about eighteen inches; over the place

where they are thus buried the bird collects a large heap of shells

and rubbish, so that a person who has seen their nest has no diffi-

culty in finding it again; the eggs thus deposited are left to be hatched

by the heat of the sun, and this the natives assert requires between

three and four months to complete. Mr. Motley himself found upon

breaking an egg which had been thus situated for nearly six weeks,

that it contained merely the embryo of a chick, about as much ad-

vanced as that of a hen’s egg at four days. Some other eggs which

hej TIONINND SAdodvyoy aw

119

were brought him, but which he had no means of ascertaining how

long they had been laid, he buried in a box of sand about 3 feet deep

and exposed to the weather. At the end of about three weeks a young

bird came up, not downy, but covered with little shafts or pens ready

to form feathers. One of the Malays employed by Mr. Motley saw it

emerge, and said that it just shook off the sand and ran away so fast

that it was with difficulty caught. On the next day, when Mr. Motley

first saw it, it appeared to him to be about half-grown. From the first

it fed itself without hesitation, scratching and turning up the earth

like an old bird. Two more afterwards emerged in the same state.

According to Mr. Motley, the sexes are alike, except that the naked

skin about the head is redder in the male than in the female.

In his investigations respecting the nidification of these birds, Mr.

Motley was much assisted by Mr. Low, who is resident in the island.

As the Philippine specimens brought home by Mr. Cuming have

not yet been characterized, I propose to name this species

Mercaropivus CumInGiI.

Sp. Char. Olivaceous brown above; blackish slate colour with a

slight olivaceous tinge below ; the feathers on the throat and nape are

thinly dispersed, so as to leave that part nearly bare; on the hind

head the feathers are somewhat lengthened, forming a kind of crest ;

bill black at the base, yellowish towards the tip; legs, feet and claws

black ; the bare skin about the head is redder in the male than in the

female.

in. lin.

Length from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, about 14 0

Qf, DU TeOM PARE on. ee es ae oo) en |

Oto trom drOuy te» ci. c4-4) >.> ae ee 0 10

BN Be one do las 2 ined ee ee ee ORL LO

Cig RIO ATES aie. a cymes of 02+ 2h ciate eee oan 8

OESGATSUR SS oy Macc chic co Se Be cei a ae

POY ana 10 Kad CeiM, c= a Ru os a ae eta ag TE

Os HANI. W440. 50. lee

The front toes are nearly equal, the middle toe being rather the

longest, and the inner one shortest.

To the foregoing account some additional details of considerable in-

terest may be subjoined. These details, although dated Labuan, July

1850, were not received until after Mr. Dillwyn’s communication :—

EXTRACT FROM A LeTTER FROM Mr. Hueu Low, paTeD

LaBuan, 4TH or JuLy, 1850.

“I have been using great exertions to procure for the Earl of

Derby a very remarkable Gallinaceous bird, the existence of which I

ascertained only three months back ; having no books I am unable

to refer to its genus, but it is nearer a Guinea fowl than anything else.

I heard from the natives that such a bird existed, and that its eggs

120

were occasionally to be procured. I offered a dollar each for all they

would bring me; and first one was brought, afterwards five, but I

could not succeed in hatching either of these under fowls. The first,

after having been set upon for a month, was picked to pieces by its

foster-parent, and the chick had apparently but just begun to form.

The five eggs were addled. Having learned that the birds abounded

on a small island, about a hundred miles along the coast, I bired a

boat and five men, and sent them, about fourteen days since, with

snares, &c., to endeavour to catch some of the old birds and to seek

for the nests, this being the laying season, and to gather plants of

Phaleinopsis, which grows on the same island (Pulo Tigu and Pulo

Guya). They returned yesterday, bringing with them 102 eggs and

only two birds, both of which had their legs injured by the snares.

The sight of the eggs and birds have perfectly astonished me, the

body of the former being no larger than that of a bantam, while the egg

is as long, though not so broad, as that of a Chinese goose. The men

say that on the different islands they visited they found a good many

nests, which are placed at a little distance from the sea-shore, in the

jungle of small islands, the spot being invariably marked by a large

collection of sticks and branches. The eggs are found about three

feet deep in the sand, and the men assure me that the bird has no

communication with them except by rasping away the sand. The

man I employed has lived all his life on small islands, hunting for

tortoise-shell, and well knows the habits of the bird ; he says the eggs

are hatched entirely by the sun’s heat, or rather the heat in the sand.

One of the birds he brought died this morning, and I shall put its

skin together with some of the eggs in a box, that you may send

them to Earl Derby. I do not like to take the liberty of writing to

his lordship myself, but if I can succeed in getting a lot of young

birds, I shall not fail to send them to him by the very first opportu-

nity. I have placed some of the eggs under fowls, and some in sand

out of doors ; some also in sand in a warm house, where I can regu-

late the temperature; and I have hopes of rearing, or at least of

hatching, some of the chicks, if the eggs are still good: but I think

that by sending the men again in three months’ time with snares I

might catch a lot of the young ones hatched naturally, and be able

to rear them. The bird is said not to be found on the mainland :

the eggs are reported excellent eating.

* Aug. 12. Of. the eggs I wrote to you so much about last mail,

one only has hatched: the chick came up full-fledged from under

three feet of sand, and immediately ran about with the most surprising

activity. It eats rice, ants’ eggs, &c. with the greatest avidity, and

as it is now three weeks old, I have every hope of preserving it. More

of the eggs appear to have chickens in them, and I hope will hatch.

The bird, as I have ascertained, is an undescribed species of Mega-

podius.”

, a '

p -_ —— “ily ‘

x vet

" >of J

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' ~ as

Si 5

, A:

LAL

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; y 2 a ie

‘ oF om

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| mr: re j is ; 2 ig woke

Be La ee eae} se PA ka

th A ay

“t 4! i fod Maia aay at VW) ry: *t he

, 5 ' : al

‘is ue ty Ay ir! 7 jay:

Proc. Z.S Mammalia XXIX. —

GH Ford Lith

Molar tooth of the American Tapir:

section through the crown

121

April 8, 1851.

Professor Thomas Bell, Sec. R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE StrucTURE OF THE TEETH OF THE AMERICAN AND

Inp1AN Tapirs. By Joun Tomes, F.R.S.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXIX.)

It is now upwards of fifteen years since the attention of physiolo-

gists and comparative anatomists was drawn to the structure of the

tissues which enter into the composition of the dental organs. In

1678 Leeuwenhoek communicated a paper to the Royal Society, on

the Structure of the Teeth and other Bones, in which he described the

dentinal tubes. His researches, however, were not confirmed by sub-

sequent observers, and indeed were almost entirely overlooked until

the period to which I have referred. Purkinjé, in 1835, confirmed

the correctness of Leeuwenhoek’s observations, at the time uncon-

scious that the tubular structure of the dentine had been previously

recognised. He also described the structure of the cementum.

Prof. Retzius was in the same year engaged in examining the

structure of the dental tissues, and published the results in 1836. In

1837 Prof. Retzius published a work on the subject, the substance of

which was in 1839 printed in our own language by Mr. Nasmyth.

In the latter part of 1837 I was engaged in examining the dental

tissues, at that time unconscious that the subject had occupied the

attention of the German or Swedish anatomists. In June 1838 the

results of my examination were read before the Royal Society. In

September of the same year, Prof. Owen read a paper on the Structure

of the Teeth, before the British Association. In 1840 the publication

of Prof. Owen’s ‘Odontography’ was commenced, and completed in

1845. In this work will be found descriptions of the structure of

the teeth of animals belonging to each division of Vertebrata.

In these various essays the authors agreed generally in the main

facts of dental structure, and in each successive publication new facts

were related. Judging from the amount which had been published,

it might have been concluded that the subject was well nigh ex-

hausted. Such however was not the case: many blunders, in the

hurry which is incident to a new subject, had been committed and

required correction, while many important facts had failed to be recog-

nised. Prof. Owen pointed out that in the Order Edentata the teeth

are destitute of enamel, while it is present in the other mammalian

orders, with the exception of a few isolated cases.

Having neglected the subject of dental structure for some years,

in consequence of more urgent pursuits, in 1847 I again entered on

the inquiry, which to me possessed great attractions, not only on

account of various modifications which are to be found in the arrange-

122

ment of the components of the tissues in different animals, but also

in minor modifications in the teeth of the same animal.

My inquiries were first directed to human teeth; the results, both

as regards structure and development, were published in my ‘ Lec-

tures on Dental Physiology and Surgery,’ 1838. The teeth of mar-

supial animals next occupied my attention. In this order it was

found that the dentinal tubes are continued into and form a consider-

able portion of the enamel, excepting only in the Wombat. The re-

sults of these investigations will be found in the Second Part of the

‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1849.

By the help of this Society I have been enabled to make an ex-

tensive series of investigations in the teeth of the Order Rodentia,

with results which have far exceeded my expectations. Each family,

as arranged by Mr. Waterhouse, has its peculiar structure of enamel,

an account of which, with illustrations, is published in Part 2 of the

‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ 1850.

Having, by way of preface, given a very cursory and imperfect in-

dication of what has been done in dental structure, or rather of what

has been recognised as peculiar to certain groups of mammalian ani-

mals, in order to show that the subject is not without importance, I

shall proceed to lay before the Society certain peculiarities which I

find exist in the teeth of the two Tapirs, and which are, to the best

of my belief, confined to those creatures. It should however be under-

stood, that similar conditions may be found in the teeth of other ani-

mals, but at present I believe they have not been seen. I have

myself examined numerous examples from each of the mammalian

orders, and from the great majority of the genera, and have failed to

find a condition of dentine similar to that of the Tapir’s tooth. Under

these circumstances, it may, I think, be fairly assumed to be charac-

teristic of those animals, and hence has a degree of importance which

it otherwise would not possess. With this impression, I have thought

it desirable that the facts should be recorded.

The dentine of the molar teeth, when exposed by making a longi-

tudinal section through the centre of the crown and fangs, and re-

ducing it sufficiently thin to be viewed by transmitted light, is seen to

be composed of tubes which pursue a uniform course. Those which

are destined to reach the highest parts of cusps or ridges pursue a

straight course, subject to slight undulations, while others, which pass

to the sides of the cusps, are turned in the latter part of their course

away from the central line of the cusps or ridges; others again, which

pass to the lowest points of the depressions on the masticating sur-

face of the tooth, follow a tolerably straight course. The dentine

which forms the sides of the tooth is occupied by tubes which in the

outer third of their course describe a bold curve outwards, the con-

vexity of which is directed towards the crown of the tooth, but on

approaching the enamel turns a little upwards. In the fangs of the

teeth, the dentinal tubes, in addition to describing a double curve, are

subject to strongly-marked secondary undulations. The dentinal

tubes, as they leave the pulp-cavity for the crown of the tooth, have

123

a diameter of about the 7500th of an inch, which is gradually dimi-

nished to the 15,000th. When within a short distance of the enamel,

they suddenly dilate into a more or less oval cell, from which a few

very minute tubes pass off towards the line of junction of the enamel

and dentine. The bulbous terminations of the tubes are more con-

stant and larger about the prominences of the cusps, and diminish in

size and frequency on the sides of the tooth, where the enamel be-

comes thin, at the termination of which they altogether cease. The

bulbs have an average diameter of about 3450, and are in length

about the 1000th of aninch. In addition to the terminal dilatations,

the coronal tubes are subject to occasional dilatations in their course.

It is by no means uncommon to find instances where a peripheral

layer of cells lies underneath the enamel, into which the dentinal

tubes pass, and through which an anastomosis is effected; but in

no other teeth save those of the Tapir do the coronal tubes termi-

nate in well-marked and uniform cell-like dilatations having distinct

parietes. I have pointed out several examples, in my paper on the

teeth of Rodentia, m which these peripheral cells are found, but they

are irregular in shape, have not distinct parietes, and are entered by

the ultimate branches of the dentinal tubes; whereas in the Tapir

the cells are formed by the expansion of the tubes, which previous to

the expansion give off few if any branches. Some however subdi-

vide once or twice in their course; in which case the smaller of the

divisions do not commonly dilate into terminal cells, but form anasto-

moses with other tubes similarly circumstanced.

In the fangs the dentinal tubes leave the pulp-cavity with a dia-

meter of the 7500th of an inch, and speedily dilate to the 6000th.

During the greater part of their course they give off very minute,

hair-like, short branches ; but when near their termination they in-

crease in size, turn a little upwards towards the crown of the tooth,

and send out numerous branches, the majority of which pass from

the lower sides of the tubes. The ultimate branches pass into the

granular tissue, which, interspersed with irregular cells, forms the

outer part of the dentine of the fangs. Near the neck of the tooth

the granular dentine exists as a thin layer, which becomes thickened

and more opake from the greater number of cells in the lower part

of the fang.

Partially obliterated vascular canals enter from the surface of the

fang, and proceed in straight lines through the dentine to the pulp-

cavity. In the Indian species similar vascular canals proceed from

the pulp-cavity towards the ridges of the masticating surface, and

appear to terminate in loops. They have a diameter of about the

1000th of an inch. In a molar tooth of the American Tapir, for

which I am indebted to the Society, vascular canals do not exist in

the crown. This difference will, if found to be constant, serve to

distinguish the molars of the two species. Near the extremities of

the fangs the dentine graduates insensibly into the granular condition,

and this again into the cementum, without offering any generic pecu-

liarities.

124

The cementum is in no part of the fang very abundant, as com-

pared with the amount which is found in the teeth of many other

animals. Near the neck of the tooth it is arranged in minute rods

or columns, similar to that which I have described as existing in the

teeth of many Rodents. In this situation it is destitute of lacune ;

but in tracing it downwards towards the root of the tooth, where it

is increased in quantity, lacunze possessing the usual characters are

found. In addition to the lacunz the cementum is traversed in parts

by ill-defined canaliculi, which proceed from the surface of the fang in

tolerably straight lines.

In tracing a longitudinal section of a molar tooth downwards from

the crown to the end of the fang, it will be seen that at places the

dentine has been removed and the space filled up with cementum.

Here and in other parts the cementum is abundantly supplied with

vascular canals.

The enamel does not differ in any material points from that of the

teeth of Ruminants. The fibres have a minutely granular appearance

and have a diameter of about the 5000th of an imch. On the sides

of the tooth they pursue an outward course, and make one bold curve,

the convexity of which is directed towards the masticating surface,

while on the crown of the tooth their course is waved and irregular ;

an arrangement which no doubt adds much to the strength of the

tissue in that part where the greatest strength is required.

In the incisor teeth similar peculiarities may be observed, but they

are much less strongly marked than in the molar teeth. Vascular

canals are, too, of less frequent occurrence in the incisor teeth.

I hope on a future occasion to be enabled to lay before the Society

a statement of the peculiarities which pertain to and are characteristic

of other groups of animals.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF GORGONIAD&.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.

(Radiata, Pl. IIT.)

The Coral here described was sent to me by Sir John Richardson.

It is nearly allied to Gorgonia, but the branches are erect, clavate,

and very rarely subdivided. The bark is very thick, formed of nu-

merous close diverging cells radiating round a very thin, small, black

compressed axis, each of the cells ending in a conical prominent tu-

bercle closely covered externally with red calcareous spicula. The

expanded base and the base of the stem and the interspaces between

the cells are covered with smaller red calcareous granules.

This genus may be named and characterized thus :—

GoniGorIA.

Coral clavate, slightly branched; the root dilated; axis horns

black, compressed, thin; bark thick, calcareous, covered with conical

tubercles, each covered externally with numerous close red spicula.

dy 94,7 pwoy WT POLED

Ker “sty pldo00 EIePIN 7 Ker) “BTeARTO e1LOST04) I

TW eyeIpYey aS Z Vtg ;

ad a

—

s —

Seong: 5:

bd ‘.

1 ar Sarr?

125

GoniGoriA CLAVATA. (Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 1.)

Coral clavate, rounded at the end, simple, or rarely forked.

Hab. 2

The coral is almost two inches high, and the thickest part is about

one-third of an inch in diameter.

I take this opportunity of presenting a figure of another Coral,

which, although described by me several years since, has not yet been

engraved.

NIDALIA OCCIDENTALIS, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 60. (Ra-

diata, Pl. III. fig. 2.)

Hab. West Indies, Montserrat.

3. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE SHELLS, AND A

Sea Ecc, rrom New ZEALAND.

By J. E. Gray, Ese., F.R.S., P.B.S. erc.

Mr. Richard Taylor, of Wanganui, New Zealand, has kindly sent

to the British Museum a series of marine and freshwater shells, col-

lected by him in 1847. Among many other interesting specimens is

one which combines the form and internal appearance of a Solen with

the hinge-characters of a Mactra, and evidently forming the type of a

genus not hitherto observed. It may be thus named and character-

ized :-—

VANGANELLA.

Shell equivalve, oblong, transverse, thin, compressed, rounded _be-

hind, rather produced and tapering in front, covered with a thin,

hard, polished periostraca; the inner surface of each valve straight,

with two diverging, thickened ribs just within the stars of the ab-

ductor muscles, which are large and far apart, and the upper front

edge of the valve double; siphonal inflection short, broad; hinge-

tooth of left valve folded together, moderate ; of right valve small,

separate ; lateral teeth short, small, close to hinge-tooth of left valve

double ; the ligament small, just within the cardinal edge, not sepa-

rated by any shell plate from the cartilage, and partly hidden from

view by the upper edge of the hinge-margin ; the cartilage very large,

inclosed in a large, elongate, shallow, triangular pit on the upper part

of the hinder internal rib.

The position of the cartilage-pit and the internal ribs at once sepa-

rate this genus from Spisula.

VANGANELLA TayLorit.

Shell rather compressed, white, smooth, covered with a pale brown-

ish-white polish ; periostraca darker coloured on the upper part of

the front edge; the upper hinder slope irregularly wrinkled with

periostraca.

Hab, New Zealand.

126

ARACHNOIDES ANTIPODARUM.

Body rather convex, with five broad sunken grooves, rather more

than one-third the width of the sections of the body, and forming in-

flexed spaces on the edge of the circumference ; ambulacra nearly

straight, and regularly diverging, without any isolated pores between

the end of the ambulacra and the circumference of the body.

Hab. New Zealand. Coast of Wanganui.

This species is easily known from the A. placenta of the-North Sea

(Agassiz, Monog. t. 21. fig. 25-42) by its being rather larger and con-

siderably more convex, and in the grooves edged above by the ambu-

lacra being broader compared to the sections of the shell. It differs

also in having the ambulacra nearly straight and without any isolated

pores between them, as in the edge of the shell figured by Agassiz,

t. Zi. f 3B.

The specimen was unfortunately broken in the carriage from New

Zealand, and the part of the shell containing the ovarial pores was

destroyed.

The upper and lower part of the shell is supported by compressed

perpendicular columns, about one-third the width of the disk ; near

the oral disk there are placed five pairs of short processes for the sup-

port of the jaws; the jaws are triangular; they agree, as does the

disposition of the spire, tubercle, and all the other external characters,

with the northern species as figured by Agassiz from the specimen

in the Museum collection.

4. REMARKS ON THE GENUS HAPALOTIS.

By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S.

With the view of correcting some errors respecting the members

of the genus Hapalotis, and of describing two new species, Mr. Gould

exhibited an extensive series of specimens, including several species of

this curious form of Rodent, from his own collection: viz.—

1. Haparotis aupires, Licht.

2. Hapaoris APIcAuis, Gould, n. s.

This new species is about the size of, and similar in colour to,

H. albipes, but it has larger ears, and its feet, which are perfectly

white, as in that animal, are much more delicately formed, and the

tail is nearly destitute of the long brushy hairs towards the tip; the

eye is also much smaller.

Face and sides of the neck blue-grey ; upper part of the head, space

between the ears, the ears and upper parts of the body, pale brown

interspersed with numerous fine black hairs; under surface white ;

flanks mingled grey and buffy white; fore feet white, with an ob-

lique mark of dark brown separating the white from the greyish

brown of the upper surface ; hinder tarsi and feet white ; basal three-

eae of the tail brown, apical fourth thinly clothed with white

airs.

127

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 8

of the tail . : ited eet Se b

of the tarsus and toes. : : 13

from the tip of the nose ‘to the base of the ears 13

GENO I at e cOe. nie a AR a ak. ad ie

3. HApPALoTIs HirsuTUsS, Gould.

Mus hirsutus, Gould in Proc. Zool. Soc. part x. 1842, p. 12.

Since this singular species was brought from Port Essington by

Mr. Gilbert, at the close of 1841, a second and more perfect indi-

vidual, also from the northern coast of Australia, has been deposited

in the British Museum.

This is the largest species of the genus.

4. Hapatotis conpiror, Gould in Sturt’s Narr. of Exp. to Cen-

tral Australia, vol. i. pl. in p. 120; vol. ii. App. p. 7.

5. Hapatotis toneicaupAtvus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xii.

p- 104.

6. Haratortis Gouin, Gray, App. to Grey’s Trav. in Australia,

vol. ii. pp. 404, 413; List of Mamm. in Brit. Mus. Coll.

p- 116.

H. Richardsonii, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.

H. macrotis, Gray, on specimens in Brit. Mus.

H. Mitchellii, Gould, Mamm. of Australia, part i. pl. 15.

Hab. Western and Southern Australia.

7. HapaLotis mMurRiNus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. part xiii. 1845,

p. 78.

Hab. South Australia and the Liverpool Plains in New South Wales.

8. HapaLotis Cervinus, Gould, n. s.

The whole of the head, upper surface and sides of the body, of the

most delicate fawn colour, interspersed with numerous fine black hairs

on the head and back ; whiskers greyish black ; nose and under sur-

face white ; tail pale brown, lighter beneath ; ears very large, some-

what pointed, and nearly destitute of hairs.

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 43

Gn torte rnin aso te ys. 6 os catch ates

of the tarsus and toes. .

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ears

ORM EHIa Starr. co ts. sated meen ene

pol peck Sy

| 00] Fs] bole

This beautiful species was brought from the interior of South

Australia by Captain Sturt. It is one of the smallest members of the

genus, and is remarkable for the delicacy of its colouring and for the

large size of its tail in comparison with that of its body.

128

5. NoTE ON A NEW SPECIES OF FRANCOLIN.

By Dr. Nicuotson, H.E.I.C. Mepicau SERVICE.

(Aves, Pl. XL.)

While in Arabia in February 1836, I proceeded into the interior

as far as the town of Moosa, about twenty miles to the eastward of

Mocha in Yemen, accompanied by Captain Bull of the Indian Navy,

in quest of plants and other objects of natural history, as well as

with the view of seeing the country. Having delivered our intro-

duction to the chief of that district, he assigned us quarters in his

palace and appointed an Arab huntsman to attend us—as well to

show us game, as to be a guardian to our persons. We started at

daylight, mounted on asses, and pursued our course to the eastward

for about six miles, when at the foot of a range of hills, in a jungle of

Acacia arabica, we came on several large coveys of guinea-fowl. We

soon found that it was of no use to attempt to get a shot by walking

after them, as they soon left us; so we followed, and whenever they

entered a thick piece of jungle we ran up in time to get a shot at them,

being pressed to take wing. In this way we made a very good bag,

to which we afterwards added a bustard (differing from the Indian)

and several small hares, which were very abundant. At the first

shot I brought down, as I supposed, a couple of guinea-fowl, right

and left, but on picking them up found that one of them was a fine

species of Francolin, coloured as in the accompanying sketch.

Bill and legs coral-red, the latter with blunt knobs for spurs; the

top of the head, a line under the eye from the angle of the mouth,

and a patch below it, black ; round the eye and some way down the

neck, buff; breast and side covered with large patches of black, buff,

and light blue or french-grey ; all the back and other parts french-

grey ; the quills are light buff.

This magnificent bird we found afterwards in pairs, betraying the

same habits as the two species of Francolin in India, the male often

standing and crowing on some small eminence. These birds are fully

as large as the gallina, which is not quite so large as the domesticated

species, but as large as a good-sized fowl.

I propose for this bird the name of Francolinus yemensis.

fe 420 Aves. Xb

J.Wolf Lith M.&.N. Hanhart , Imp*

FRANGOLINUS YEMENDID .Metolsow.

129

May 13, 1851.

John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE Eye or THE MOLE, IN A LETTER

ADDRESSED TO W. Srence, Esa., F.R.S.

By Joun Davy, M.D., F.R.S.

In a letter with which you favoured me some weeks ago, you

made mention of Schiddte’s ‘ Faunze Subterraneze Specimen,’ and

of the interesting discoveries described in it of several species of

eyeless animals, the inhabitants of caves into which the sun’s rays

never penetrate, and where, in utter darkness, visual organs would

consequently be useless.

Reflecting on the subject, I thought it worth while to examine with

some care the eyes of the common Mole, an animal that spends the

greater portion of its time beneath the surface of the earth, and seems

in its general organization specially adapted for a subterraneous life.

I shall chiefly notice what, in the dissections I have made, appears

to be peculiar.

The first peculiarity that arrests attention is, that the eyes of the

Mole are not contained in bony sockets, but lie unprotected by any

bony prominences in the cellular tissue, beneath the common integu-

ments ; and, in consequence, were this animal an extinct one, and its

skeleton found in a fossil state, there being no orbit, the palzeontolo-

gist might be led to infer that it is a species destitute of eyes.

The next peculiarity I would mention is in regard to eye-lashes.

These too it seems to be destitute of. The hair in which the eyes

are buried, and by which they are defended, seems to be the common

fur of the head. I could detect in that immediately surrounding

them no hairs of larger dimensions, or in any respect different from

those of which its fine fur is composed.

The apertures for the admission of light constitute another pecu-

liarity. When the fur is removed from the skin surrounding the

eyes, a minute aperture appears over each, about ;!;th of an inch in

length when closed, and, in this state, linear and straight, but cir-

cular when fully expanded. The extreme margins of these openings

in the integuments being covered with fur, there is no well-marked

appearance of eyelids,—indeed, it may be a question, whether the

Mole, in strictness, can be said to possess these appendages. From

the observations I have made, I am disposed however to infer that it

does possess them, but imperfect ;—imperfect, not having been able

to detect beneath the marginal cutis any vestige of ciliary cartilages,

and yet having found in the surrounding subcutaneous cellular tissue

muscular fibres so arranged as if designed for closure, resembling an

orbicular muscle, and probably designed for and performing the part

of such a muscle.

No. CCXXVII.—PrRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

As to the other muscles of the eye, one only, an abductor, was

distinguishable from adjoining muscles. It is of large size compara-

tively, and it may be inferred powerful: by acting on it, seizing it

with a forceps, and drawing it upwards, the ball of the eye was re-

tracted, thus denoting its office. I sought in vain for other muscles.

That they were not discovered, supposing them to exist, is not sur-

prising, considering the smallness of the organ and its peculiar un-

insulated position, most unfavourable for discriminating the subordi-

nate parts pertaining to it, such as the muscles.

Relative to the constituent parts of the organs themselves, except-

ing their delicacy and minuteness, I am not aware of any peculiarity.

The eye-ball is about jth of an inch in diameter; the iris dark

brown ; the pupil circular ; the lens about ;4,1d of an inch in dia-

meter. Traces of a vitreous humour, and also of an aqueous, were

observable ; the former in the appearance of a cellular texture, as seen

under the microscope with a high power; the latter as an exudation

of moisture, a just perceptible quantity of fluid, when the ball was

ruptured. From the situation of the eyes low down in the face, the

optic nerves are necessarily of unusual length.

The dissections, of which I have thus briefly given the results, I

need hardly remark were made chiefly under water, and with the aid

of the microscope.

To return to the subject which led to the inquiry, viz. the subter-

raneous eyeless Fauna brought to light by the Danish naturalist, you

in your letter briefly advert to the speculations which this curious

discovery gives rise to, as, ‘“‘ whether these animals originally had

eyes, and have lost them from want of use by inhabiting for ages

dark caves; or, whether they were originally created without eyes,

for those abodes where they have no occasion for them,” &c. Allow

me to ask—fully appreciating the difficulty of solving such pro-

blems—whether the preceding observations on the eyes of the Mole

are not rather in favour of the latter than of the former solution? It

is easy to imagine how the optic nerve and the more important parts

of the organ of vision might diminish in size from little use; but it

is difficult to suppose that the same circumstance could have any

material effect in obliterating a cavity in bone—the eye’s orbit—and,

if the Mole’s eyes were thus originally designed, why may not the

eyeless animals have been formed in the first instance without eyes ?

Do not we see throughout Nature the most perfect harmony between

the organic structure and the modes of life and habits of the living

beings, so that the one is the true index of the other,—and that in

the most minute details? Excuse my touching on these speculative

questions, which, probably, from their nature, always must be specu-

lative,—unless indeed the eyeless species are found otherwise identical

with species possessing eyes, and there be found also a gradation in

them, as to power and size in accordance with the degrees of light to

which the individuals have been habituated, as in advancing from the

open air and the entrance of the dark abodes to their deepest recesses.

Also, excuse me if the matter of this letter should not be new to you.

Lesketh How, Ambleside, April 28, 1851.

UAT FIOM L

iar WeueH Ne

XXY Brune yy G 7 1017

[XXX PeUMey ¢ 790d

ENOL

151

P.S.—It may be deserving of mention, that notwithstanding the

small size of the eye of the Mole, its appearance in foetal development

is early : thus, in a foetus which I have recently examined, the length

of which was about three-quarters of an inch, the eyes were distinct ;

they were visible—conspicuous in the naked face, even without the

aid of a magnifying glass, and indeed were not much smaller than

those of the adult, and but little different in appearance : the diameter

of each was about ;4,th of an inch.

2. Notice oF Two VivERRIDe FROM CEYLON, LATELY LIVING

IN THE GarpeENs. By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S. erc.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXX., XXX1.)

The specimens here noticed were brought from Ceylon by Alex.

Grace, Esq., and lived some time in the Gardens of the Society.

The first is the species which I described some years ago under the

name of Herpestes Smithii (Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, ii.), from a speci-

men which was living in the Surrey Zoological Gardens, now pre-

served in the Collection of the British Museum: that specimen was

said to have been sent from the Cape of Good Hope, but this must

have been a mistake, as it is quite unknown to Dr. Burchell, Dr.

A. Smith, Mr. Smut, Dr. Wahlberg, or other zoologists who have

written on the animals of South Africa.

Mr. Grace informs me that it is an inhabitant of the interior part

of Ceylon. It is by far the most beautiful species of the genus, as

will be seen from the accompanying illustration (Mamm., Pl. XXX.).

The second is a new species of Cynicris, which I propose to eall

Cynictis Maccartu1£. (Mammalia, Pl. XXXI.)

Teeth normal. Red brown; hair elongate, flaccid, pale brown,

with a broad, black subterminal band, and a long whitish brown

tip; of hands and feet shorter. Feet blackish brown, hair white

tipped. Claws elongate, slender, compressed, especially of the two

middle toes of the fore feet. Tail redder; hair elongate, one-

coloured, red. Ears rounded, hairy.

Hab. Ceylon; Jaffna, North of Ceylon (4. Grace, Esq.).

This species somewhat resembles Cynictis melanura in general

colour, but the hairs are much longer, not so adpressed, and, when

the individual colour of the hair is examined, most distinct.

I have proposed to name this interesting animal after Mrs. Mac-

Carthy, the wife of the Treasurer of the Colony and the daughter of

Mr. Hawes, the Assistant Secretary to the Colonies, who is much

interested in the study of natural history, and has kindly sent me

several very interesting natural productions from Ceylon.

The skull differs from all the other Herpestes that [ have examined,

in the back of the nape being deeply and sharply notched instead of

transversely truncated, the notch in the living animal being filled up |

with a cartilaginous septum.

132

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTY-TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS

Mirra, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION.

By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Mirra serotina, A. Adams. M. testa oblongo-fusiformi,

acuminatd, serotind ; spird productd, longitudinaliter plicatd, pli-

cis confertis, undulatis; transversim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ;

apertura antice dilatatd ; columelld quadriplicatd, basi contortd et

recurvd ; labro intus lirato, margine recto, anticé subangulato.

Hab. Marquesas.

A light orange species, with a produced spire, and the outer lip pro-

duced and rather angulated anteriorly.

2. Mirra cratiria, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

albidd, nitidd, liris elevatis transversis, acutis, et lineis elevatis,

longitudinalibus, decussatim ornatd ; interstitiis subtilissime lon-

gitudinaliter striatis ; aperturd intus aurantiacd ; columelld plicis

quinque instructd.

Hab. South Africa.

The shell from which the description is taken is worn, and not in

good condition, but it appears to be distinct from any species already

described.

3. Mirra stramined, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fyusiformi,

stramined ; anfractibus planulatis, liris transversis rugulosis, in-

terstitiis cancellatis, suturd subcanaliculatd ; aperturd oblongd,

antice subproductd ; columelld plicis quatuor, basi subrecurvatd ;

labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

An oblong, transversely-ridged species, rather faintly cancellated

between the interstices.

4, Mrrra insients, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-acuminatd ; spird

acutd, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, fascid angustd albo

Fuscoque articulatd, ornatd; anfractu ultimo anticé transversim

striato ; columelld sinuatd, biplicatd, anticé incurvatd.

Hab. Rains Island (Mr. Ince).

This is a very peculiar form, reminding one almost of the genus

Pusionella of Gray.

5. Mirra tavis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, apice

acuto, levi, nitidd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, supremis cancel-

latis, ultimo fascid latd transversd, rufescenti ornato ; columella

plicis quatuor, supremis magnis imbricatis.

Hab. Zanzibar.

A smooth Oliva-shaped species, with a polished surface, and a red-

brown band. blending into the white of the last whorl; the plates of

the columella are imbricate.

6. Mirra tiertna, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-ovatd ; spird

erassiusculd, apice mucronato, rufo, albo strigosd; anfractibus

133

planiusculis, transversim subsulcatis ; columella plicis quinque ;

labro intus rufo.

Hab. Philippines.

Several specimens of this species, all agreeing in form, were col-

lected by Mr. Cuming; but one only retained the natural colour of

the surface.

7. Mirra TrarEvua, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-ovatd, fused,

nodulis albis, ad suturas coronatd, longitudinaliter subplicatd,

transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ; columelld plicis

quatuor ; labro margine crenulato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.

This small, brown-coloured species is beautifully crowned, in adult

specimens, with a diadem of white nodules at the suture of the whorls.

8. Mirra prera, A. Adams. MM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, ob-

scuro-fuscd, lineis pallidulis transversis prope suturas, albidd,

maculis rufis, ornatd ; levi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus sep-

tem, planulatis ; aperturd subdilatatd, intus albd ; columella pli-

cis quatuor, albis, obliquis, instructd, antice subintortd.

iad. Australia.

This species partakes somewhat of the character of M. sacerdo-

talis,

9. Mirra tuctuosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

obscuro-fuscd, fascid unicd pallidd transversd ornatd ; spird

acutd, anfractibus planulatis, transversim liratd ; interstitiis

valde clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; spird bre-

viori ; labio crassiusculo ; columelld plicis quatuor salientibus.

Hab. China Seas.

This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

10. Mirra inscuupta, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird brevi, acutd; aperturd breviori; anfractibus planulatis,

pallide fuscd, maculis rufis, longitudinalibus, variegatd ; cingillis

integris, acutis, prominentibus, equidistantibus ; liris intermediis

submoniliformibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter valde sulcatis ;

aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro acuto margine

crenulato.

Hab. Ceylon (Dr. Gardner).

This species also belongs to the same group as M. cingulata.

11. Mirra exarata, A, Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturam equante ; anfractibus subrotundis ; suturd subcanalicu-

latd, olivaced, fasciis duabus pallidis transversis, longitudinaliter

costatd ; costellis equalibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis lineis in-

sculptis, profundis, transversis ; columella plicis tribus, validis,

instructd.

Hab. Bais, island of Negros, coarse sand, 7 fathoms.

The most characteristic feature of this species is the sculpture be-

tween the ribs, consisting of deep, engraved, transverse lines.

134

12. Mirra rurocineta, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiform

spird aperturam equante; anfractibus rotundis, sordidé alba,

fascid transversd laté rufo-fuscd ; longitudinaliter costatd, cos-

tis obtusis, rotundis, distantibus; interstitiis lineis impressis

transversis ; aperturd subdilatatd ; columella plicis quatuor in-

structd ; labro tenui anticé dilatato.

Hab. 2

A small, slightly-worn specimen serves for this description, but it

is of peculiar form and sculpture.

13. Mirra nivipa, A. Adams. JM. testa ovato-fusiformi; spird

apertura breviort; anfractibus subrotundis, levi, nitidd, badid,

anfractu ultimo antice et postice sulcis nonnullis transversis in-

structo; aperturd oblongd, antice subdilatatd ; columelld plicis

quatuor ; labro simplici.

Hab. ?

A small, brown, shining species, with only a few transverse spiral

Ines for sculpture.

14. Mrrra compra, A. Adams. MM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturd longiore; anfractibus subrotundis, superné angulatis,

sordidé alba, longitudinaliter plicatd ; transversim liratd, liris

apud plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis valde et regulariter clathratis ;

anfractu ultimo antic angustaio et reflexo ; columelld plicis quin-

que instructd ; labro interne sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species, remarkable for the strong cancellations between the

longitudinal plicae, was brought home in I.M.S. Samarang.

15. Mirra tie@ara, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi; spird

aperturd longiore, anfractibus planis ; castaneo-fuscd, lined unica

pallidd, transversd in medio anfractuum, longitudinaliter plicatd,

transversim subliratd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro simplici,

margine acuto.

Hab. Pasacao, province of South Camarinas; isle of Luzon, on

the sands.

The colouring of this species is very different from the allied spe-

cies, and the sculpture is peculiar to many species belonging to the

subgenus Turris of Schumacher.

16. Mirra vipex, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundis ; fuscd, prope suturas

palliduld, zonuld albd angustd transversd in medio anfractuum ;

longitudinaliter corrugato-plicatd, transversim liratd, liris apud

plicas nodulosis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfractu

ultimo angustato et antice subreflexo ; columella plicis quatuor in-

structd; labro acuto.

Hab. ?

This species somewhat resembles armillata of Reeve, but the cor-

rugated nature of the plicz distinguishes it.

135

17. Mirra interrupt, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatdé ; apertura breviori; anfractibus planis, prope

suturas angulatis ; albidd, rufo-fusco variegatd ; cinguld trans-

versd fuscd moniliformi in medio anfractuum ; longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis equalibus, obliquis, obtusis, distantibus ; trans-

versim corrugato-liratd ; interstitiis punctatis ; anfractu ultimo

anticé recurvato ; columelld superne excavatd, plicis tribus in-

structd ; labro simplici.

Hab. North Australia.

The peculiar interrupted, dark, transverse band distinguishes this

elegant species.

18. Mirra extmia, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd; spird brevi, ob-

tusd ; nitidd, aurantiacd, maculis triangularibus albis, cingillis

levibus, latis, transversis ; interstitiis valdé longitudinaliter cla-

thratis ; aperturd lineari-oblongd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-

bro intus levi, margine crenulato.

Hab. ?

This pretty little species belongs to the same group as M. leta,

but the sculpture and markings are quite different, although the

colour is nearly similar.

19. Mrrra mutritirata, A. Adams. WM. fusiformis, spird acu-

minatd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturas

angulatis ; pallide rufo-fuscd, cingillis levibus transversis, equi-

distantibus, obtusis, ornatd; interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus,

elevatis, subconfertis, instructis ; anfractu ultimo anticé producto

et subreflexo ; columelld anticé truncatd, plicis quatuor instructd ;

labro intus sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species was obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

20. Mirra teta, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, crassiusculd, auran-

tiacd, punctis albis ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus

planiusculis, transversim nodoso-liratd ; interstitiis simplicibus ;

columelld plicis quinque instructd ; labro crenulato.

Hab. Ticao, under stones, low water.

An oblong-ovate, shining, orange species, with scattered round

white granules and regular nodulose lire; the spire is obtuse; the

whorls are flattened and longitudinally plicate.

21. Mirra ornata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu-

minatd; spird acutd; anfractibus novem, ad suturas angulatis ;

suturd subcanaliculatd ; albd, fasciis transversis rufo-fuscis or-

natd ; longitudinaliter costatd ; costis regularibus, obliquis, sub.

crenatis ; interstitiis transversim valde clathratis ; anfractu ultimo

antice subumbilicato et recurvo ; columella plicis quatuor ; labro

postice subangulato.

Hab. ?

This species is peculiar for its regular form and exactness of scul-

pture, as well as for its beauty of colouring.

136

22. Mirra nopiuirata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

pallidé fulud, fascid latd rufa transversd ornatd ; spird acumi-

natd, turritd ; anfractibus octo planis, infra suturas angulatis ;

nitidd, longitudinaliter plicatd; plicis distantibus, prominenti-

bus, obliquis, prope suturas valde nodulosis ; interstitiis lineis im-

pressis transversis ornatis ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto.

Hab. 2

An elegant form, with the pliciform ribs strongly nodulose at their

hind part.

23. Mirra pura, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird aper-

turd longiori; anfractibus subplanulatis ; albd; cingulis trans-

versis angustis, subelevatis, crenulatis, rufo subarticulatis ; liris

tribus intermediis ; interstitiis valde punctatis, ornatd ; aperturd

oblongd, antice dilatatd ; columella plicis quinque ; labro intus

sulcato, margine crenato.

Hab. 2

An elegantly formed species, with the last whorl somewhat recurved.

24. Mirra cincuxara, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acutd, aperturam equante ; anfractibus planulatis ; sordide

albd ; cingillis prominentibus subcrenulatis, acutis, transversis ;

interstitiis longitudinaliter valde clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ul-

timo antice producto et recurvato ; columelld plicis tribus.

Hab. 2

This species belongs to that group in which the whorls are encir-

cled with transverse ridges.

25. Mirra reticuuata, A, Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird aperturd breviori ; anfractibus subrotundis ; albd ; cingulis

transversis, equidistantibus, acutis, crenulatis, sulcis obliquis

longitudinalibus decussatis, ornatd ; columella plicis quatuor ; la-

bro intus sulcato.

Hab. Port Essington, 7 fathoms, sandy mud (Jukes).

Remarkable for the acute, crenated, transverse ridges which give

the surface a reticulated appearance.

26. Mirra asperutata, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

pallide rufo-fuscd, ad suturas albidd, longitudinaliter sulcatd,

transversim liratd, liris nodulis, subacutis, asperulatis ; spird pro-

ductd ; anfractibus sex, subrotundis ; aperturd spire dimidium

equante, antice abrupte truncatd ; columelld plicis tribus ; labro

acuto.

Hab. Australia.

The transverse ridges are set with subacute nodules, which give a

rough appearance to the surface.

27. Mirra mrrapitis. A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi; spird

acuminatd, aperturd longiori ; anfractibus novem, planulatis, su-

perne angulatis ; albd, maculis rufis triangularibus, et punctis trans-

verso-elongatis, rufescentibus, ornatd ; longitudinaliter plicatd,

137

plicis obtusis, regularibus, distantibus, nodosis ; nodis postice

prominentibus ; cingulis transversis nodulosis, obtusis, elevatis,

instructd ; anfractu ultimo in medio angustato ; antice productd

et subreflerd ; aperturd elongatd ; columelld plicis quatuor ; labro

posticé angulato, in medio inflexo, intus sulcato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Socotra.

28. Mirra aupina, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd;

spird conicd, longitudinaliter plicatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis,

liris transversis ornatis ; anfractu ultimo levi, postice subplicato,

antice sulcis transversis punctatis ornato ; columelld plicis quin-

que ; aperturd oblongo-lineari ; labio subcalloso ; labro acuto.

Hab. Batangas, Isle of Luzon, on the reefs.

This Mitra is, perfectly white, and of a very peculiar form; Mr.

Cuming possesses but a single specimen.

29. Mirra ama@na, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albd,

maculis rufis variegatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus octo, sub-

rotundis, carinulis transversis, levis, elevatis, rufo-fusco articu-

latis, lird intermedid crenulatd, interstitiis eleganter longitudina-

liter clathratis ; aperturd angustd; columella plicis quinque ;

labro tenui, acuto.

Hab. Red Sea.

This elegant species belongs to the annulated group.

30. Mirra ruTitA, A. Adams. M. testd oblongo-fusiformi, acu-

minatd, aurantiacd, maculis albis sparsis ornatd, fasciis pallidis

transversis prope suturas, suturis maculis aurantiacis maculatis ;

spird productd, acutd ; anfractibus septem, transversim liraté ;

anfractu ultimo liris anticé distinctioribus; aperturd dilatatd; colu-

melld plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, antice crenato.

Hab. 2

31. Mirra peicata, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

aperturd longiore ; anfractibus planis; suturd subcanaliculatd, sor-

didé albd, fasciis transversis duabus pallidis ; longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis angustis, acutis, crenulatis, interstitiis transversim

elathratis, anfractu ultimo anticé angustato et recurvato; colu-

melld plicis quatuor ; labro margine acuto, crenulato.

Hab. Cape York, 8 fathoms (Jukes).

A species of great delicacy, both of colour and sculpture.

32. Mirra rurescens, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd, sordidé albd, rufo variegatd, cingillis transversis,

acutis, subdistantibus, liris duabus intermediis, interstitiis longi-

tudinaliter valdé sulcatis, sulcis subdistantibus ; columella antice

tortuosd, plicis quatuor obliquis instructd ; labro intern? sulcato,

margine crenato.

Hab. China Seas.

This species, obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang,

partakes of the same kind of sculpture as M. annulata and others,

for which Swainson has formed a subgenus.

138

33. Mirra rormosa, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi, albo

rufoque eleganter variegatd ; spird acutd ; anfractibus 8, rotundis,

ad suturas subangulatis, cingillis transversis nodulosis ornatd,

nodulis subquadratis, in seriebus regularibus ; aperturd spird bre-

viore; columella plicis quatuor ; labro acuto, margine crenato.

Hab. Marquesas (Rohr).

A very handsome species, entirely covered with close-set granules

arranged in transverse rows. ,

34. Mirra sacervoratis, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusi-

formi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus novem, subplanulatis ; fulvd,

lineis fuscis transversis ornatd, prope suturas albidd, rufo macu-

losd ; levi, sulcis distantibus, transversis insculptd ; anfractu ulti-

mo basi recurvatd ; aperturd spire dimidium equante, recurvatd

et antic? truncatd ; columelld plicis quatuor, obliquis ; labro albo,

acuto, antice rotundato.

Hab. Australia.

A fine species of a peculiar character, both as regards form, colour

and sculpture.

35. Mirra mAcrospira, A. Adams. M. testd pyramidali-turritd ;

spird valde productd, albidd, maculis rufis irregularibus ornatd ;

anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter costellatd, costellis levibus sub-

confertis, interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; anfractu ultimo anticeé

angustato, basi subrecurvo ; columelld plicis quinque ; labro intus

lirato, margine acuto, antice producto subangulato.

Hab. 4

A whitish species with a produced acuminate spire, and the short

aperture with the base narrowed ; the outer lip dilated anteriorly.

36. Mirra pettus, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

albd, nitidd, maculis rufis moniliformibus ad suturas ornatd ;

transversim sulcatd; anfractibus planis, supremis cancellatis ;

aperturd angustd, antice productd, contortd, et recurvd ; columelld

plicis quatuor instructd.

Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs, low water.

A small, transversely grooved, polished species, with a necklace-

like row of reddish spots near the sutures.

37. Mirra ecuinaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;

spird acuminatd, albido-carneold, ad apicem rufescente, ad basin

fascid latd transversd rufescenti ornatd ; anfractibus planis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis prominentibus, prope suturas echinatio-

nodulosis, et inferne subnodosis, interstitiis sulcato-clathratis ;

labro intus lirato ; columelld plicis quatuor instructd.

Hab. ?

38. Mirra scrruta, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turrita ;

spird acuminatd, anfractibus planiusculis, carneold; punctis ru-

Fescentibus sparsim pictd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis undula-

tis, levibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde clathratis ; aperturd

139

antice angustatd, basi subrecurvd ; columelld plicis quatuor in-

structd.

Hab. China Seas.

A small, turreted, light-coloureds pecies, with undulating ribs and

clathrated interstices.

39. Mrrra marmorea, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd ;

spird acuminata ; anfractibus planiusculis ; olivaced, rufo-fuscd

marmoratd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis levibus, crassis, superne

subnodosis; interstitiis transversim exaratis ; columelld plicis

quingue ; basi subcontortd et recurvd.

Hab. Tambay, Isle of Negros, coarse sand, 10 fathoms.

Greenish, marbled with fuscous; ribs flat and broad; interstices

with transverse engraved lines.

40. Mirra TurrRicuLA, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi-turritd,

albd, carneo sparsim pictd, anfractibus superne angulatis ; longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, levibus, distantibus, supra nodosis,

interstitiis sulcato-clathratis; aperturd spiram equante; columella

plicis quatuor, supremis duabus duplicatis ; basi viv recurvd.

Hab. 2

A small, elegant, turreted species, with smooth, thick ribs, and the

interstices punctate-clathrate.

41. Mirra patiipa, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-fusiformi ;

spird productd, acuminata ; anfractibus convexiusculis ; albidd,

sparsim rufo-fusco pictd, longitudinaliter costatd, costis nodulosis,

interstitiis clathrato-punctatis ; aperturd brevi, antice angustatd,

basi productd, tortuosd et recurvd ; columelld quadriplicatd.

Hab. Marquesas.

A delicate, small, pale species, with scattered red-brown blotches,

and with the interstices between the ribs clathrate-punctate.

42. Mirra Jukes, A. Adams. WM. testa ovato-fusiformi ; spird

acutd, aperture dimidium equante ; anfractibus planis, prope su-

turas angulatis; albidd, fasciis castaneis transversis ornatd; trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis, prope suturas, profundioribus ; longitudina-

liter plicatd, plicis obtusis, distantibus, prope suturas nodulosis ;

columella plicis quatuor instructd ; labro intus levi.

Hab. North Australia (Jukes).

This species is intermediate between M. corrugata and M. vulpe-

cula, but is distinct from both.

43. Mirra crenipiicata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi;

spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planulatis ; brunned, longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis crenatis tenuibus ; transversim liratd, liris equali-

bus, confertis, nodulosis ad plicas; aperturd spiram equante ;

labio postice calloso, antice dilatato ; columella plicis quatuor in-

structd ; labro intus dentato-lirato, margine incrassato.

Hab. 2

This species belongs to the group named by Mr. Gray Zerliana.

140

44. Mirra crenivaseis, A. Adams. M. testd fusiformi; spird

aperturam equante; anfractibus planis ; fulvd, longitudinaliter

substriatd, transversim sulcatd ; aperturd oblongd, anticé dilatatd ;

columelld plicis quatuor, antice incurvatd ; labro, in medio, recto,

margine crenato et incrassato.

Hab. 2

This Mitra resembles in many particulars M. fulva, Reeve, but in

all the specimens I have seen the outer lip is thin and smooth in that

species.

45. Mirra castanea, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird productd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; castaned, nitidd, trans-

versim punctato-striatd; aperturd quam spira breviore, antice dila-

tatd ; columelld plicis quinque.

Hab. 2

This species most closely resembles M. badia, Reeve, but the

whorls are rounded, and it differs in other particulars.

46. Mirra picuroma, A.Adams. M.testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

acuminata; anfractibus planis ; suturd canaliculatd, anticé castaneo-

fused, postice albidd ; longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim sul-

catd, sulcis antice profundis , aperturd anticeé dilatatd ; columella

plicis quinque instructd, antice productd ; labro intus lirato, mar-

gine crenulato.

Hab. -—?

47. Mirra peatpata, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird apice cancellato ; anfractibus planulatis ; suturd profundd,

albd, transversim sulcatd, sulcis distantibus ; aperturd oblongd,

antice dilatatd ; columella posticé excavatd ; plicis sex ; labro an-

tice dilatato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

This species somewhat resembles M. crenilabris in form, but it is

much more slender, and the sculpture is different.

48. Mirra noputirera, A. Adams. M. testd turritd, fusiformi ;

spird quam apertura longiore ; anfractibus, prope suturas, angulatis ;

albidd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis, ad suturas, nodulosis, pro-

minentibus, distantibus ; transversim liratd, interstitiis longitudi-

naliter striatis ; aperturd intus fulvd, postice angulatd ; columella

plicis quatuor ; labro margine flexuoso.

Hab. ?

A small species, somewhat resembling M. cymelium, Reeve, but

without the transverse black lines.

49. Mrrra Maria, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conicd; spird

acuminata ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus, transversis, acutis,

elevatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter profundé sulcatis, instructis ;

postice albd, antic? hepaticd, reticulationibus albis punctisque rufo-

fuscis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo, sulcis transversis, interstitiis

141

simplicibus ; columelld plicis quinque instructd ; labro intus sul-

cato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

Somewhat like M. incisa, but of very different form and colour.

50. Mirra pusiixa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ; spird

turritd, elongatd ; anfractibus subrotundatis ; albidd, fascid latd

transversd, carneold, antice ornatd ; longitudinaliter costatd, costis

regularibus, equalibus, subconfertis, interstitiis transversim valdé

sulcatis ; aperturd brevi; columelld plicis quatuor.

Hab. :

A small species, with a single, transverse, faint pink band at the

fore part of the last whorl.

51. Mirra cotumMBELLINA, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusifor-

mi; spird brevi, acutd ; anfractibus subrotundatis, albo castaneoque

concinne pictd, transversim evanide sulcatd ; aperturd ovato-ob-

longd, antice dilatatd ; columelld piicis quatuor ; labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

This species is very prettily painted with white and dark chestnut-

brown, and in form somewhat resembles a Columbella.

52. Mirra Puitiprinarum, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusi-

formi ; spird brevi, acuminata ; anfractibus planulatis, cinered,

flammulis rufo-fuscis, longitudinalibus, variegatd; transversim

sulcatd, sulcis regularibus, subdistantibus, profundis ; aperturd

lineari-oblongd, intus fuscd ; columelld plicis sex ; labro margine

albo, crenato.

Hab. Philippines.

This species is figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph as M. flammea

of Quoy, the original type of which, however, Mr. Cuming possesses,

and it is entirely different.

May 27, 1851.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P.L.S., in the Chair.

The following communications were received and read :—

1. Notice or THE Birps or MADEIRA, IN A LETTER

ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY.

By Epwarp Vernon Harcourt, Esa.

Srr,—According to your request, I send you a short account of

the birds that breed in Madeira, together with a list of those that

visit the island.

The birds of Madeira are less numerous than might be expected in

so genial a climate, and most of them are merely varieties, where they

differ from European species.

142

The birds that breed in Madeira are these :—

Latin Name. English Name. Portuguese Name.

1. Faleo Tinnunculus, Linn. Kestrel. Francelho.

De - Buteo, Linn. Buzzard. Manta.

3. Strix flammea, Linn. Barn Owl. Coruja.

4, Turdus Merula, Linn. Blackbird. Mérlo-preto.

5. Sylvia Rubecula, Lath. Redbreast. Papinho.

6. atricapilla, Lath. Black-cap Warbler. Tinto-Negro.

(Curruca Heinekeni, Jard.) Variety of the former. Tinto-Negro de

Capello.

7. Curruca conspicillata,Gould. Spectacle Warbler. None.

8. Regulus 2 ? Abibe.

9. Motacilla boarula, Linn. Grey Wagtail. Lavandeira ama-

rella.

10. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Meadow Pipit. Corre de Caminho.

11. Fringilla butyracea, Linn. Green or Wild Canary. Canario.

12. Carduelis, Linn. Goldfinch. Pinta Silva.

13. Petronia, Linn. Ring Sparrow. Pardao.

14. Tintillon, Webb & — Buff-breasted Chaf- Tentilhao.

Berthelot. finch.

15 cannabina, Linn. Greater Redpole or Tinto roxo.

Linnet.

16. Cypselus unicolor, Jard. Lesser Swift. Andorinha daSerra.

17. murarius, Temm. Common Swift. do Mar.

18. Columba Trocaz, Hein. Long-toed Wood- Trocaz.

Pigeon.

19. Palumbus, Linn. Ring-dove. Pombo.

20 Livia, Briss. Rock-pigeon. Pombinho.

21. Perdix rubra, Briss. Red-legged Partridge. Perdix.

22 Coturnix, Lath. Quail. Cordonez.

23. Scolopax Rusticola, Linn. Woodcock. Gallinhola.

24. Sterna Hirundo, Linn. Tern. Garajao.

25. Larus argentatus, Brunn. Herring Gull. Gaio, Guivata (after

3rd aut. moult).

26. Procellaria Puffinus, Linn. Cinereous Shearwater. Cagarra.

27. Anglorum, Temm. Manks Shearwater. _Boeiro.

28. —— obscura, Gmel. Dusky Petrel. Pintainho.

oo s—— anginho, Hein. Angel Petrel. .

29.{_ Buiweri;, Jard. iar Petrel. } Anginho.

30, ——? —? Roque de Castro.

The Kestrels are very numerous and very tame, perching on the

roofs of houses, from whence they dart frequently at canary-birds

hanging in their reed cages outside the windows, and they generally

succeed in securing their prey ; they live principally on lizards, grass-

hoppers, and mice.

The Buzzard is seldom seen about the town, but confines his flights

to the highest mountains, feeding on small birds, insects, and reptiles.

The Barn Owl inhabits the ravines in small numbers ; it is a little

darker than the British Owl. It may be remarked that all the birds

of Madeira are darker than their European brethren.

The Redbreast is very common ; it is frequently caged, and seems

to flourish in captivity.

143

The Blackbird, which in some parts is very plentiful, does not differ

from the English bird.

The Black-cap Warbler, which is here the most domestic songster,

has been sometimes called the Madeira Nightingale ; there is a ful-

ness in its warble which in a degree justifies such praise. A Ma-

deiran variety of this bird has been described by Sir William Jardine *

as a new species, under the name of Curruca Heinekeni; Dr. Heine-

ken, however, in his paper on the subject in the ‘Zoological Journal,’

No. xvii. Art. xvii., disproves the supposition of its being a distinct

species, and I am able to confirm the view that Dr. Heineken takes

of it. The popular belief amongst the natives is, that where the nest

of a “Tinto Negro” contains five eggs, the fifth always turns out a

«Tinto Negro de Capello.” The variety is much prized ; for where

you could buy a common “Tinto Negro” for sixpence or a shilling,

you would be asked eight or ten shillings for a ‘‘ Tinto Negro de Ca-

pello.” The size of the two birds is precisely the same in all parti-

culars ; the chief difference consists in the black cap in the variety

being extended to the shoulders, and I have sometimes seen the black

extended over all the under parts: the under parts are generally much

the same as those of the common female Black-cap, and the upper

parts as those of the common male.

The Wren is one of the prettiest feathered inhabitants of Madeira ;

it lives amongst the laurel forests, in the less frequented parts of the

island. It seems intermediate between the Gold and Fire-crested

Wrens of Britain, and is a little larger and brighter than either.

The Spectacle Warbler is very locally distributed ; it is found in

brakes and bushes in some of the unfrequented parts.

The Grey Wagtail is very common, frequenting the cisterns attached

to houses, as well as the streams; where, from its familiar habits

amongst the washerwomen, it has been admitted in Madeiran phraseo-

logy into the ranks of the sisterhood, under the title of “Lavandeira.””

The Meadow Pipit is plentifully found on the cliffs and fields near

the sea, and on the serras.

The Green Canary is the original stock of the bird so well known

to us as the Yellow Canary ; it flies about in large flocks, with linnets

and other birds, and is easily distinguished by its song, which is the

same as that of the captive variety. The price of a good singing ca-

nary, either in Madeira or the Canary islands, varies from five to nine

shillings, so that in fact it may be bought much cheaper in London.

This bird has been admirably described by Dr. Heineken, in the

‘Zoological Journal,’ No. xvii. Art. xvii.

The Goldfinch is very common, and differs in no respect from our

own.

The Ring Sparrow here takes the place, in a way, of our House

Sparrow: it is universal; on the bleak serras, near houses, on the

rocks by the sea; there is no place that it does not frequent. It

differs thus in habits, though in nothing else, from the Ring Sparrow

of Europe.

* Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog. Science, Jan. 1830, vol. i. p. 243.

144.

The Chaffinch of Madeira is nearly identical with the bird figured,

under the name of ‘ Fringilla Tintillon,” in Webb and Berthelot’s

work on the Canary islands.

The Greater Redpole is very abundantly met with ; it differs from

the English Linnet in retaining its carmine colouring through the year.

The Lesser Swift is mentioned in Brewster’s ‘Journal,’ by Dr.

Heineken, under the title of ‘‘ Black-chinned Swift.’ This property

is however by no means general amongst the species: I have several

in my possession with the chin fully as white as that of the common

Swift. One of the chief differences is in size, the ‘ wnicolor’ being

much the smallest. The tail is forked about an inch and a half, and

the plumage is rather darker than that of the common Swift.

The common Swift is not quite so plentiful as the Lesser Swift.

Both species remain in the island throughout the year; their nests

are built in the cliffs; their habits vary from those of Swifts in En-

gland ; here they seem to take the place of the Swallow, hunting and

skimming along the ground in a manner that would appear very de-

grading to their northern brethren.

The Ring-dove appears to be rather larger than the English bird ;

in other respects it is similar. It lives in the forests on the north

side of the island.

The Long-toed Wood Pigeon has been described by Dr. Heineken,

in ‘ Brewster’s Journal,’ under the name of ‘‘ Columba Trocaz ;”’ it is

about an inch longer than the Madeiran Ring-dove ; one of its chief

peculiarities, and which seems to have escaped observation, is the great

length of its centre toe, being more than an inch longer than that of

the Ring-dove ; it has a silvery ring all round its neck ; it is darker in

its general plumage than the Ring-dove, and is excellent eating. It

inhabits the forests on the north side of the island, feeding upon

grasses and the acorns of the laurel-trees.

The Rock Pigeon inhabits the sea cliffs, and rocks in the ravines

all over the island. There is a variety here which is darker in its

plumage and in the colour of its feet than the common Rock Pigeon.

The Red-legged Partridge is shot on the serras.

The Quail is more plentiful than the Partridge, and approaches

nearer to the habitations of man; it pairs, laying about sixteen eggs,

and has three or four broods in the season,

The Woodcock is found chiefly in the west, and on the Paul da

Serra, sometimes plentifully. It is a large bird, but I think of in-

ferior flavour; it breeds in the island, and is met with throughout

the year.

The Tern appears chiefly at the Dezerta islands and at Point Sio

Lourenco.

The Herring Gull is common everywhere; Dr. Renton says it

is. rls by some months in obtaining its mature plumage than

with us.

The Cinereous Shearwater breeds plentifully on the Dezerta islands ;

its ery, whether on the wing or on shore, is very remarkable ; the

natives salt it and consider it eatable.

The Manks Shearwater is also very plentiful at the Dezertas ; it is

145

easily distinguished from the Dusky Petrel, which is another inha-

bitant of the Dezertas, by its superior size, and by the colour of its

feet. In the Dusky Petrel the feet are bluish ash-colour, and in the

Manks Shearwater flesh-colour ; in the Dusky Petrel all the secre-

tions are green, and in the Manks Shearwater yellow. The Dusky

Petrel is a very tame bird, and will live upon almost anything ; it

runs along the ground on its belly, and uses its curious-shaped bill

in climbing up the rocks.

The Angel Petrel of Heineken has the tail slightly forked, and

differs from the other smaller Petrels in having no white about the

rump or flanks; it is entirely uniform black ; it is very common on

the Dezerta islands; when approached it emits a highly offensive

matter.

The Bulwer’s Petrel, as described by Sir Wm. Jardine f, I never

saw at Madeira, nor have I ever met with any one that has seen it

there. Sir Wm. Jardine says, “‘it is easily distinguished from any

other, by having the two centre tail-feathers elongated, as in the genus

Lestris, and not even or forked, like the other Petrels.”’ It is pro-

bably identical with the Angel Petrel.

There is another Petrel, called by the natives ‘‘ Roque de Castro,”

pronounced ‘‘ Roque de Crasto,” which differs from any I have ever

seen described ; it approaches perhaps nearer to Leach’s Petrel than

any other, though the shape of the bill alone is sufficient to separate

it from that species. It is common on the Dezerta islands, where it

breeds, though it is by no means so abundant as the Angel Petrel.

The following is a list of the stragglers found in Madeira :—

Latin Name. English Name. Authority .

31. Cathartes perenopterus, Temm. Egyptian Vulture. % & &

32. Falco nisus, Linn. Sparrow Hawk. * * *

33. Corvus corax, Linn. Raven. % 1%

34 corone, Linn. Carrion Crow. Mr. Lowe.

35, Oriolus galbula, Linn. Golden Oriole. x * *

36. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn. Common Starling. * % %

37. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Redwing. Mr. Lowe.

38. musicus, Linn. Common Thrush. Mr. Penfold.

39. Sylvia hortensis, Lath. Greater Petty-chaps. Mr. Penfold.

40. Troglodytes europzeus, Selb. Common Wren. Mr. Lowe.

41. Motacilla alba, Linn. Pied Wagtail. % & %

42. Alauda arvensis, Linn. Skylark. Mr. Lowe.

43. Fringilla chloris, Linn. Green Grosbeak. * & *

44, —— domestica, Linn. Common Sparrow. Mr, Penfold.

45. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Cuckoo. x * *

46. Musophaga africana, Temm. African Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.

47. Upupa epops, Linn. Hoopoe. * * *

48. Merops apiaster, Linn. Bee-eater. Mr. Lowe.

49. Alcedo ispida, Linn. King-fisher. Mr. Lowe.

+ Sir W. Jardine on the Birds of Madeira, ‘Edinb. Journ. of Nat. and Geog.

Science,’ Jan, 1830, p. 245, and ‘Illustrations of Ornithology,’ by Jardine and

Selby.

+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.

No. CCXXVIII.—ProcerepDINGs Or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Latin Name.

. Hirundo urbica, Linn.

rustica, Linn.

riparia, Linn.

. Caprimulgus europzus, Linn.

. Columba cenas, Linn.

Turtur, Linn.

. Gdicnemus crepitans, Temm.

. Calidris arenaria, I7/.

. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer.

. Charadrius hiaticula, Linn.

. —— pluvialis.

. Strepsilas interpres, Leach.

. Ciconia nigra, Temm.

. 2 Ardea cinerea.

. Ardea russata, Wagler.

purpurea, Linn.

. —— minuta, Linn.

stellaris, Linn.

. —— nycticorax, Linn.

. Limosa melanura, Leisler.

. Numenius arquata, Lath.

. —— pheopus, Temm.

. Tringa pugnax, Linn.

subarquata, Temm.

variabilis. Meyer.

. —— cinerea, Temm.

. Totanus hypoleucos.

. —— glottis, Bechst.

. Scolopax gallinago, Linn.

major, Temm.

. Crex Baillonii, Temm.

. Gallinula chloropus, Lath.

. Ortygometra crex, Temm.

. Fulica atra, Linn.

. Anser segetum, Steph.

. Mareca penelope, Selb.

. Anas crecea, Linn.

. — boschas, Linn.

. Sterna nigra, Linn.

Dougall, Mont.

. Larus tridactylus, Lath.

. Lestris cataractes, Temm.

. Colymbus glacialis, Linn.

. Sula alba, Temm.

. Procellaria Leachii, Temm.

. —— pelagica, Linn.

I have the honour to remain, Sir,

146

English Name. Authority.

House Martin. 1

Chimney Swallow. x *

Bank Martin. Doubtful.

European Goatsucker. Mr. Hinton.

Stock-dove. Mr. Lowe.

Turtle-dove. x &. *

Thick-knee. Mr. Lowe.

Sanderling. Mr. Lowe.

Crested Lapwing. x * %

Ringed Plover. Mr. Lowe.

Golden Plover. Mr. Hewitt.

Turnstone. Mr. Lowe.

Black Stork. Mr. Lowe.

Common Heron. * * *

Buff-backed Heron. x *

Purple Heron. ee *

Little Bittern. * *

Common Bittern. Mr. Lowe.

Night Heron. x * %

Black-tailed Godwit. x x *

Common Curlew. Mr. Hinton.

Whimbrel. Mr. Lowe.

Ruff. x % *

Pigmy Curlew. Mr. Lowe.

Dunlin. * & *

Knot. Mr. Lowe.

Sandpiper. ee &

Greenshank. ee %

Common Snipe. Mr. Hinton.

Great Snipe. oe

Baillon’s Crake. Hh ge ae

Gallinule. ae eae

Land-rail. Mr. Lowe.

Coot. » & &

Bean Goose. ee hors

Wigeon. Mr. Penfold.

Teal. a

Mallard. Mr. Penfold.

Black Tern. Mr. Lowe.

Roseate Tern. Sir W. Jardine.

Kittiwake. a

Skua. x %

Northern Diver. ee

Gannet. Mr. Lowe.

Leach’s Petrel. Sir W. Jardine.

Stormy Petrel. Doubtful.

Yours, &e.,

Epwarp VERNON Harcourt.

+ Where there are stars it is on my own authority.

147

2. DescRIPTION OF NEW LAND SHELLS FROM THE COLLECTION

or H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1, Hexrx aupeparopt, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-

globosd, soliduld, nitidd, castaneo-fulvd, strigis saturatioribus

confertis ornatd ; spird conoided, apice obtusiusculd, albidd ; an-

fractibus 53 convexis, summis granulatis, ultimis irregulariter

rugoso-striatis, ultimo inflato, antice deflexo ; columelld perdeclivi,

subarcuatd, latd, pland, albd ; aperturd perobliqud, truncato-ovali,

intus ceruled, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, subreflexo, albo.

Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

2. Hexix AuBersIAna, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato-

depressd, tenui, acute et confertim costatd, diaphand, rufo-corned ;

spird subturbinatd, apice acutd ; anfractibus 44 convewis, celeriter

accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflevo, basi juxta umbilicum an-

guste constricto ; aperturd perobliqud, lunato-ovali ; peristomaie

tenui, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro breviter expanso, colu-

mellari dilatato, reflexo, intus plicd obliqud, dentiformi munito.

Diam. maj. 143, min. 12, alt. 85 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

3. Hevix pusescens, Pfr. H. testd angustissime umbilicatd,

depressd, tenut, pilis mollibus, brevibus, confertis pubescente, dia-

phand, lutescente ; spird vir converd, obtusd ; anfractibus 5, con-

veriusculis, ultimo subrotundato, altiore quam lato, non descen-

dente ; apertura vix obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari superne breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

4, Hrexrx teucormarue, Pfr. A. testd anguste umbilicatd,

depresso-turbinatd, subtilissimé striatuld, diaphand, luteo-corned,

fascid angustd, cretaced, ad suturam ornatd ; spird subturbinata,

apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 planiusculis, ultimo convexiore,

non descendente, basi. subplanato; aperturd vie obliqud, lunari ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sailié).

5. SuCCINEA DOMINICENSIS, Pfr. S. testd ovali, soliduld, sub-

striatd, corneo-albidd, punctis corneis irregulariter aspersd ; spird

conicd, acutd; anfractibus 3} convexis, summis corneis, ultimo

3 longitudinis equante ; columelld subcallosd, vie recedente ; aper-

turd pariim obliqud, ovali, subregulari, superne vie angulatd.

Long. 114, diam. 7, alt. fere 6 mill. Apert. 7} mill. longa, medio

43 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Saillé).

6. Buxtimus movussont, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-conicd,

sublevigatd (lineis impressis spiralibus obsoletis notatd), nitiduld,

148

albd, fasciis sub 5, roseis ornatd ; spird conicd, apice acutd, rubra;

anfractibus 6, subplanis, ultimo spird pauld breviore ; columella

arcuatd, superne subtortd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, intus concolore ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 26, diam. 12 mill. Apert. 12 mill. longa, 7 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

Next allied to B. Hondurasanus, Pfr.

7. ACHATINA DUNKERI, Pfr, A. testd turritd, tenuiusculd, levi-

gatd, pellucida, nitidd, fulvescente ; spird elongatd, apice obtusd ;

suturd impressd, marginatd, obsolete crenulatd ; anfractibus 9, vir

convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis non attingente ; columella

arcuatd, alte et subverticaliter truncata ; aperturd subtriangulari-

semiovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro antrorsum ar-

cuato,

Long. 28, diam. 73 mill. Apert. 9 mill. longa, medio 4 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

8. AcuatTina impress, Pfr. A. testdé oblongo-turritd, tenui,

levigatd, lineis impressis longitudinalibus irregulariter notatd,

fulvidd ; spird turritd, apice acutiuscula ; suturd impressd, sub-

marginata ; anfractibus 63 planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-

equante ; columelld arcuata, basi abrupte truncataé ; apertura

obliqud, sinuato-ovali; peristomate simplice, margine dextro basi

recedente.

Long. 83, diam. 22 mill. Apert. 3 mill. longa, medio 13 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

9. Batea pominicensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforatd, sinistrorsa,

turritd, sublevigatd, nitidd, olivaceo-corned ; spird regulariter

attenuata, apice acuta; anfractibus 12, convezis, ultimo infra me-

dium subangulato ; aperturd verticali, subovali ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine columellari verticali, breviter reflezo.

Long.114, diam.3 mill. Apert.24 mill.longa, 13 lata. (An adult.?)

Hab. St. Domingo (Sal/é).

10. CyLINDRELLA MONILIFERA, Pfr. C. testd subrimatd, ob-

longd, soliduld, truncatd, confertissime et arcuatim costulato-

striatd; opacd, sordidé albidd ; suturd impressd, nodulis albidis

subdistantibus notatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9, convexis, ultimo

non soluto, basi subacute carinato ; aperturd oblique subcirculari,

ad carinam canaliculaté ; peristomate albo, reflexiusculo-~expanso,

superne appresso.

Long. 19, diam. supra medium 6 mill. Apert. cum peristomate

oblique 5 mill. longa, 43 lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

11. CyninpRELLA ADAMSIANA, Pfr. C. testd viz rimatd, ob-

longo-pupiformi, truncatd, nitidd, conferte striato-punctatd, albidd,

cornea, irregulariter strigatd et variegatd ; suturd lineari, albo-

crenulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 8-9, planis, ultimo angustiore,

non soluto, basi cristd compressd, obtusd munito ; aperturd vir

149

obliqud, subcirculari, ad cristam subcanaliculatd ; peristomate

albo, breviter expanso-reflexo, superne interrupto.

Long. 14-153, diam. 5 mill. Apert. 41 mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

12. CyLINDRELLA SALLEANA, Pfr. C. testd non rimatd, cylin-

draced, gracili, truncatd, oblique confertissime costulato-striatd,

nitidd, pallide fuscescente, vel rufo-fuscd ; anfractibus (superst.)

17-18, vix conveviusculis, ultimo angustiore, basi carind com-

pressd, acutt munito, antrorsum breviter porrecto ; aperturd sub-

obliquad, rhombeo-rotundatd, ad carinam distincté canaliculatd ;

peristomate albo, nitido, undique reflexiusculo-expanso.

Long. %7, diam. (prope basin) 5 mill. Apert. cum peristomate 43

mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

13. CyLINDRELLA GOULDIANA, Pfr. C. testd vir subrimatd, tur-

ritd, truncatd, confertissime costulato-striatd, sericed, pallide cor -

ned; suturd impressd, subdenticulatd ; anfractibus (superst.) 9,

conveviusculis, ultimo soluto, antrorsum breviter descendente, basi

subcompresso ; apertura subobliqud, feré circulari, latere dextro

subangulatd ; peristomate albo, undique breviter expanso.

Long. 10, diam. 21 mill. Apert. 2 mill. longa et lata.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

14. CycLosroma orsiGnyt, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, elongato-

pupoided, solidd, confertim arcuato-striatd, rubello-fulvd ; spird

subcylindricd, sensim attenuatd, apice conicd; suturd profundd ;

anfractibus 8 vie convexis, penultimo lato, ultimo fascid latd vio-

laced, antrorsum evanescente, ornato, basi cristd compressd, ob-

tusd munito; aperturd circulari; peristomate incrassato, subre-

flewo, supern? appresso, infra cristam anfractibus penult. subex-

ciso. Operculum tenue, albidum, extus concavum, arctispirum.

Long. 27, diam. 9 mill.

{. Unicolor virenti-fulvum.

y. Minus, interdum omnino violaceum, anfractibus convexioribus.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

15. Hexicrna versicouor, Pfr. H. testd depressa, tenui, levi-

gatd, citrind, sepe viridi variegatd, suturd vel vertice purpureo ;

spird pariim elevatd, obsolet? papillatd ; anfractibus 43, planius-

culis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo lato, subdepresso, antice viz

descendente ; aperturd diagonali, subtriangulari-semiovali ; colu-

melld brevissimd, callum crassum, semicircularem, nitidum, album

emittente ; peristomate breviter expanso, margine basalt subreflexo,

immediate in columellam continuato. Operculum tenue, submem-

branaceum, castaneum, margine columellari et nucleo pallidis.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 62, alt, 53 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

16. Hexicrna pominicensis, Pfr. H. testd globoso-conicd, so-

liduld, concentricé confertim striatd, partm nitida, albidd, luteo-

150

vel fulvo-zonatd ; spird conicd, acuta ; anfractibus 6, planiusculis,

suturd profundd junctis, ultimo conveziore, vix descendente ; colu-

melld brevissimd, basi denticulatd, callum emittente tenuem, viz

circumscriptum ; aperturd pariim obliqud, semiovali ; peristomate

acuto, subrecto. Operculum tenue, testaceum, carneum, margine

columellari elevato.

Diam. maj. 64, min. 53, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. St. Domingo (Sallé).

3. CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A MonoGrAPH OF THE TRO-

CHIDS, A FAMILY OF Gastrroropous MoLuusca.

By Artruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus 1. Trocuus, Linn.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.

1. TRocuus ntLoticus, Linn.

Trochus niloticus, Linn.; Gmel. p. 3565. no. 1; Chemn. Conch. v.

t.167. £.1605, t.168. f.1614.—Trochus marmoratus, Lamk. (young).

Hab. North Australia (Dring).

2. Trocuus maximus, Koch.

Trochus maximus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 6. f. 3.

Hab. 2

3. Trocuus AcCUTANGULUS, Chemn.

Trochus acutangulus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 163.—Trochus conus,

Gmel.

Hab. Burias.

4. Trocuvus spinosus, Lamk.

Trochus spinosus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p.

Hab. 2

5. Trocuvus Asperutus, Lamk.

Trochus asperulus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 22.

Hab. 2

6. Trocuus Cumrinert, A. Adams. 1’. testd turrito-conied, vio-

laced, maculis viridibus pulcherrime pictd ; anfractibus planis,

cingulis, granorum moniliformibus ornatis, inferne nodoso-pli-

catis, anfractu ultimo angulato, peripherid radiatim nodo-spi-

nosd, basi concavd, cingulis granulosis, insculptd, centro pro-

fundé excavato umbilicum simulante ; columella superné tor-

tuosd, basi dente terminatd; aperturd tetragond ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones at low water (HZ. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

7. Trocuus rastietatus, A. Adams. 7". festd conicd, imper-

foratd, rubra, maculis albis longitudinalibus variegatd ; an-

151

fractibus planis, in medio concavis, superné cingulis tribus

nodulorum ornatis, ad suturam nodis subspinosis instructis,

basi pland, concentrice liratd ; liris crenulatis ; columelld pos-

ey canaliculatd, antice truncatd ; labro in medio angulato.

ab. 2

Genus 2. Carpinauia, Gray. Pyramidea, Swains.

1. CARDINALIA viRGATA, Gmel.

Trochus virgatus, Gmel. p. 3580. no. 83.

Hab. ?

Genus 3. Pyramis, Chemn.

Tectus, Montf.—Pyramidea, sp. Swains.

1. Pyramis pentatus, Forskal.

Trochus dentatus, Forsk. Egypt. Desc. Anim. p. 125. no. 67.—

Trochus foveolatus, Gmel.

Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).

2. PyRAMIS NODULIFERUS, Lamk.

Trochus noduliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18.

Hab. Mindanao and Madagascar.

3. PyRAMIS CHRULESCENS, Lamk.

Trochus cerulescens, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 18.

Hab. ?

4, Pyramis oBeLiscus, Gmel.

Trochus obeliscus, Gmel. p. 3579.—Trochus pyramis, Chemn.

Haé. Bolinao, island of Luzon, on the reefs (#7. C.).

5. Pyramis acutus, Lamk.

Trochus acutus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 23.

Hab. Ticao, on the reefs.

6. PyRAMIS TRISERIALIS, Lamk.

Trochus triserialis, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22.

Hab. Philippines.

7. Pyramis prasinus, Menke.

Trochus prasinus, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 16. no. 64.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

8. Pyramis MAuRITIANUS, Gmel.

Trochus mauritianus, Gmel. p. 3582. no. 99.

Hab. Capul, on the reefs.

9. PyRAMIS FENESTRATUS, Gmel.

Trochus fenestratus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. vy. t. 163. f. 1549-50.

Hab. 4

10. PyrAMIS CRENULATUS, Lamk.

Trochus crenulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 22.

Hab. Guimaras, under stones (ZH. C.).

11. Pyramis arcuitTectonicus, A. Adams. P. testd conied,

imperforatd, albidd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, longi-

tudinaliter costatis, costis crassis, rotundis, subnodosis, basi

pland, liris concentricis exaratd; columelld brevi, tortuosd,

antice truncatd ; labro margine fimbriato.

Had. Signet Bay, North Australia (Dring).

12. Pyramis LeucoGastrer, A. Adams. P. testd conicd, im-

perforatd ; spird acutd, in medio tumidd, albd, viridi variegatd ;

anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter corrugatis, transversim

cingulis nodulosis ornatis, ad suturam nodis sulcatis fimbriatis,

basi pland, albd, concentricé sulcatd ; columelld brevi, valde tor-

tuosd ; labro antice intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Genus 4. TeGuta, Lesson.

1. TEGULA PELLIS-SERPENTIS, Wood,

Trochus pellis-serpentis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 4.—Tvo-

chus strigillatus, Anton.

Hab. 2

Genus 5. Inrunp1BnuLUM, Montf.—Carinidea, Swains.

1. InFUNDIBULUM CoNCAvuM, Linn.

Trochus concavus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1620-21.

flab. tf

2. INFUNDIBULUM RADIATUM, Chemn.

Trochus radiatus, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1640-42.

Hab. Zanzibar.

3. INFUNDIBULUM CARINIFERUM, Beck.

Trochus cariniferus, Beck ; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 218. f. 8.

Hab. Signet Bay, North Australia.

4. InrunprBpuLUM Kocuiu, Phil.

Trochus Kochii, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, vi. t. 3. f. 8.—? Trochus

Listert, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 8.

Hab. 2

5. INFUNDIBULUM DELICATULUM, Phil.

Trochus delicatulus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105;

Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1669.

Hab. St. Elena.

6. InruNnDIBULUM Saga, Phil.

Trochus Saga, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. ?

153

7. INFUNDIBULUM DEPREssuM, Gmel.

Trochus depressus, Gmel. 3573; Chemn. Conch. v. pl.171. f. 1668.

Hab. 2

8. INFUNDIBULUM CHLOROMPHALUS, A. Adams. JI. testd de-

presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo punc-

tatd; anfractibus planis, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd,

basi concavd, cingulis inequalibus articulatis insculptd, regione

umbilicali infundibuliformi, intus viridi ; columelld superné

tortuosd, tuberculatd.

Hab. ig

9. INFUNDIBULUM CaLiFrorNiIcuM, A. Adams. J. testd de-

presso-conicd, pseudo-umbilicatd, albidd, viridi rufoque varie-

gatd ; anfractibus planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato,

cingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornatd ;

interstitis longitudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concavd, cin-

gulis confertis crenulatis insculptd, regione umbilicali infundi-

buliformi, viridi, lined albd elevatd cincto; columelld superne

tortuosd, tuberculatd.

Hab. California.

Genus 6. Potyponta, Schumacher.—Lamprostoma, Swains.

1. PotypontTa macuLaTA, Linn.

Trochus maculatus, Linn. ; Chemn. v. pl. 168. f. 1615-18.

Hab. Port Essington, adhering to rocks, deep water (Jukes).

2. PoLtyponTa INzQuALIS, Chemn.

Trochus inequalis, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1635-36.—Trochus gra-

nosus, Lamk.

Hab. Philippines.

3. PotypontTa REGIA, Chemn.

Trochus regius, Chemn. v. p. 170. f. 1637.

Hab. 2

4. Potyponta TentTorium, Chemn.

Trochus Tentorium, Chemn. v. p. 169. f. 1628.

Had. Philippines.

5. Potyponta sTELLATA, Chemn.

Trochus stellatus, Chemn. y. pl. 169. f. 1630.

Hab. 2

6. PoLtypoNnTA VERRUCOSA, Gmel.

Trochus verrucosus, Gmel.; Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1638.—Trochus

elatus, Lamk.

Hab. Zanzibar.

7. Potyponta costratTa, Chemn.

Trochus costatus, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.

Hab. ?

154

8. PotyponTA SPENGLERI, Chemn.

Trochus Spengleri, Chemn. y. pl. 169. f. 1631.

Hab. i

9. PoLYDONTA OCHROLEUCOS, Gmel.

Trochus ochroleucos, Gmel. ; Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1629.

Hab. ?

10. PoLypONTA VERNALIS, Chemn.

Trochus vernalis, Chemn. v. pl. 169. f. 1625-26.—Trochus ver-

mis, Gmel.—Trochus subviridis, Phil.

Hab. 2

11. PotypoNTA virIDESCENS, Chemn.

Trochus viridescens, Chemn. v. pl. 170. f. 1643-44.—Trochus vi-

ridis, Gmel.

Hab. Capul, Philippines.

12. PotyDONTA RETICULATA, Wood.

Trochus reticulatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 38.

Hab. Bencoonet, Sumatra, on the reefs (/7. C.).

13. PoLypOoNTA LINEATA, Lamk.

Trochus lineatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 23.

Hab. Swan Point (Dring).

14. Potyponta Hanueyana, Reeve.

Trochus Hanleyanus, Reeve, Conch. Syst. t. f. —Trochus en-

grainus, Philippi.

Hab. Swan Point (Dring).

15. PotypontTa TIARATA, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus tiaratus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. del Astr. t. 64. f. 8.—Poly-

donta elegans, Gray.

Hab. New Zealand (Earl).

16. PotyponTa rncRAssATA, Lamk.

Trochus incrassatus, Lamk. Hist. An, s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 20;

Chemn. Conch. v. p. 169, f. 1632.

Hab. ?

17. PotyDONTA ELEGANTULA, Wood.

Trochus elegantulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p. 5. f. 9.

Hab. f :

18. PoLyponTA AspeRA, Chemn.

Trochus asper, Chemn. Conch, v. pl. 169. f. 1633-34.

Hab. Banguey, province of North Iloco, island of Luzon, on the _

reefs at low water (/7. C.).

19. Potyponta concinna, Philippi.

Trochus concinnus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 105.

Hab. ?

155

20. Potyponta TuRRIS, Phil.

Trochus turris, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. 2

21. PotyponTA INCARNATA, Phil.

Trochus incarnatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. Suez, Red Sea. ;

22. PoLyDONTA IGNOBILIS, Phil.

Trochus ignobilis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. 2

23. PoLyDONTA PUSTULOSA, Phil.

Trochus pustulosus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 44. f. 6.

Hab. 2

24. PoLyDONTA GIBBERULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,

in medio gibbosd, anfractu ultimo angustato ; albidd, lineis roseis

flammulatis radiatim picta ; anfractibus subconveais, cingulis gra-

nosis transversis ornatd, ultimo obtuse angulato ; basi convexi-

usculd, albd, fasciis roseis radiatim picta ; centro excavato, umbi-

licum mentiente ; columella superné soluta, margine tuberculo-den-

ticulato ; labro intus lirato, inferneé denticulato.

Hab. Philippines.

25. PotyponTA PALLIDULA, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,

albidd, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuber-

culorum ornatd, tuberculis inferné in costas excurrentibus, basi

convexd, cingulis granosis ornatd, cavitate contortd umbilicum

simulante ; columelld superneé solutd, margine tuberculato-dentato ;

labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.

Hab. 2

26. Potyponta corruaatTa, A. Adams. P. testd elevato-conicd,

albida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus planiusculis, sulcis trans-

versis, sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis, inferneé oblique costa-

tis, costis nodosis ornatis ; basi planiusculd, in medio concavd, ex-

cavatd, umbilicum mentiente ; columella superné solutd, margine

tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulato.

Hab. 2

27. PotypoNTA squamiIcERA, A. Adams. PP. testa elato-

conicd, albidd, cinereo-viridi radiatim pictd ; anfractibus planius-

culis, cingulis granulorum tribus ornatis, inferne oblique costatis,

costis in spinis squamiformibus excurrentibus, basi plana striis

granosis, fasciisque rufo-viridibus ornatd, centro excavato umbili-

cum simulante, intus albo lineis elevatis cincto ; apertura lineis

acutis elevatis, transversis in faucibus instructd.

Hab. 2

156

Genus 7. Puorcus, Risso.—Omphalius, Philippi.

1. PHorcus MELALEUCOS, Jonas.

Trochus melaleucos, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, p. 169; Phil.

Abbild. Trochus, t. v. f. 7.

Hab. 2

2. PuHorcvus occuttus, Phil.

Trochus occultus, Phil. Abbild. p. 17. t. 5. f. 8.

Hab. 2

3. Puorcus mopestvs, Koch.

Trochus modestus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 30, t. 5. f.10.

Hab. 2

4, PHORCUS VARIEGATUS, Chemn.

Trochus variegatus, Chemn. v. pl. 171. f. 1677.—Trochus viridu-

lus, Gmel. ; Wood, Ind. Test. p. 28. f. 42.—Trochus Byronianus,

Wood.—Trochus Brazilianus, Menke.

Hab. 2

5. Puorcus CARNEvS, Gmel.

Trochus carneus, Gmel. 3574 ?—Trochus indusii, Chemn.

Hab. 2

6. PHorcus cruciatus, Chemn.

Trochus cruciatus, Chemn. pl. 171. f. 167.

Hab. if

7. PHORCUS QUADRICOSTATUS, Wood.

Trochus quadricostatus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. p.5. f.15.

—Trochus torulosus, Phil. Abbild. t. 2. f. 12.

Hab. 2

8. PHorcus DENTATUS, Gmel.

Turbo dentatus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. p._f.

Hab. 2

9. PHORCUS QUADRICARINATUS, Gmel.

Trochus quadricarinatus, Gmel. ; Chemn. ii. t. 196. f. 1892-93.—

Trochus rubro-flammulatus, Koch.

Hab. 2

10. PHorcus umBixicaris, Linn.

Trochus umbilicaris, Lim. ; Chemn. v. p. f. --Trochus exca-

vatus, Lamk.—Trochus cinereus, Da Costa.

Hab. 2

11. PHorcvus scauaris, Anton.

Trochus scalaris, Anton.; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 18. t. 2. f. 7.

Hab. ?

157

12. Puorcus Fruscescens, Phil.

Trochus fuscescens, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 3. f. 8.

Hab. 2

13. PHorcus nNopicinctus, A. Adams. P. testd conoided, um-

bilicatd, fuscd luteo variegatd, levi; anfractibus subplanulatis,

cingulis tribus nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, an-

Sractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd, lineis elevatis

concentricis sculptd, regione umbilicali albidd ; columella brevi,

arcuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro fusco marginato.

Hab. 2

14. PuHorcus Granirer, A. Adams. P. testé orbiculato-conicd,

Juscd, cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornatd, cingulis

remotiusculis, interstitiis transversim liratis ; anfractibus rotun-

datis, suturd canaliculata ; umbilico aperto, perspectivo ; columella

sinuatd, basi dentibus duobus terminatd ; labro intus crenulato.

Hab. 2

15. PHorcus tiratus, A. Adams. P. testé conoided, umbilicata,

Susca, lineis pallidis undulatis ornatd, cingulis distantioribus trans-

versis insculptd; columella sinuatd, basi dentibus tribus ter-

minata, umbilico aperto, perspectivo, peromphalo viridulo ; labro

intus levi.

Hab. 2

16. PHorcus sEmicRANosus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-

conoided, umbilicatd, purpureo alboque variegatd, transversim

tenuiter striata ; anfractibus planiusculis, cingulis confertis sub-

granosis ornatis, ultimo subangulato, basi planiusculd, cingulis

granosis insculpto ; margine umbilici lined alba elevatd cincto ;

labio supra calloso ; columellé supern? sinuatd, basi in tuberculis

duobus terminatd et infra tuberculos dentibus duobus instructé ;

labro intus levi, anticé callo marginato.

Hab. West Indies.

17. PHorcus cauirornicus, A. Adams. P. testd orbiculato-

conicd, profunde umbilicatd, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim ma-

culatd, liris transversis subnodulosis inequalibus ornatd; an-

JSractu ultimo subangulato ; basi conveviusculd ; umbilico perspec-

tivo ; labio in medio valde excavato, columella antice dentatd, intus

levi.

Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 8. Cuancuuus, Montfort.

Polydonta 6., Schum.—Fragella, Swainson.— Apiculum, sp.,

Humph.—Monodonta, sp., Lamk.—Otavia, Risso (not Cantraine).

1. CLancu.tus Poaraonts, Linn.

Trochus Pharaonis, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 584; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 171. f. 1672-73.

Hab. (

158

2. CLANCULUS CORALLINUS, Gmel.

Trochus corallinus, Gmel. no. 3576 ; Adans. Senegal, p. 183. t. 12.

f. 4. —Monodonta punicea, Phil.

Hab. ?

3. CLancuLus Smituu, Wood.

Trochus Smithii, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 20.

Hab. Japan.

4, Cuancutus Mavecert, Wood.

Trochus Maugeri, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 27.

Hab. Australia.

5. CLANCULUS FLORIDUS, Phil.

Trochus clangulus, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 31.

Hab. New Zealand (Jukes).

6. CLANCULUS MEDITERRANEUS, Wood.

Trochus mediterraneus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 32.—

Monodonta Vieilloti, Payr.—Mon. Araonis, Bast.

Hab. Naples; on rocky ground (Philippi).

7. CLANCULUS CLANGULOIDES, Wood.

Trochus clanguloides, Gray in Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 39.

Hab.

8. CLANCULUS LIMBATUS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Trochus se Sic Quoy et Gaim. Voy.de!’ Astrol. p.245. pl.63.£.16.

Hab.

9. CLancu.us Paraconicus, d’Orbigny.

Monodonta Patagonica, d’ Orb. Voy. dans l’ Am. Mérid. t. 55. f. 2

Hab.

10. Crancutus Coururit, Payr.

Monodonta Couturii, Payr. Cat. p. 134. t. 6. f.19, 20.

Hab. Malta.

11. CLANCULUS RINGENS, Menke.

Monodonta ringens, Menke, Moll. Noy. Holl. sp. p. 14.

Hab. New Holland.

12. CLancuLus AGRESTIS, Chemn.

Trochus (Globulus) agrestis, Chemn. Conch. p. 171. f. 1678.—

Monodonta villana, Phil.

Hab.

13. Cuancutus Guianicus, Chemn.

Trochus (Globulus) Guianicus, Chemn. Conch. pl. 171. f. 1680.—

Trochus Guineensis, Gmel.—Trochus (Globulus) Subucula, Chemn.

(var.).

Hab.

159

14. Crancuxvus Jussievt, Payr.

Monodonta Jussieui, Payr. Cat. pl. 6. f. 17.

Hab. Corsica; Languedoc ; France.

15. CLANCULUS TURGIDULUS, Brocchi.

Trochus turgidulus, Brocchi.

Hab. Corsica.

16. Cuancuuus LuPrinus, Menke.

Monodonta lupina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.

Hab.

17. CLrancutvus Kravstt, Phil.

Monodonta Krausii, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 101.

Hab. 2

18. CLANCULUS CORRUGATUS, Koch.

Trochus corrugatus, Koch; Phil. Abbild. p. 67. Troch. t. 2. f. 7.

Hab. 2

19. CLANCULUS OCHROLEUCUS, Phil.

Trochus ochroleucus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

20. CLANCULUS SPADICEUS, Phil.

Trochus spadiceus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. i846.

21. CLANCULUS ANUS, Phil.

Trochus anus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

22. CLANCULUS PERSONATUS, Phil.

Trochus personatus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac.

Hab. New Holland. Mus. Hanley.

23. CLANCULUS scABRoOsuUS, Phil.

Trochus scabrosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

24. Cuancutus Lupwia1, Krauss.

Trochus Ludwigi, Krauss, Sudafrik Moll. t. 5. f. 33.

25. CLANCULUS MARGARITARIUS, Phil.

Monodonta margaritaria, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 100.

26. CLancuLus ormorHorus, A. Adams. C. éestd depresso-

conicd, umbilicatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, cingulis granorum

equalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis

albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornatis ; anfractu penul-

timo gibboso, ultimo rotundato; umbilico crenulato; columelld

callosd, subreflexd, basi dente triplicato.

Hab. ?

160

27. CLANcULUS VARIEGATUS, A. Adams. C. testa depresso-

conicd, pallida, rufo-fusco variegata ; anfractibus supra tumidis,

cingulis granorum ornatis ; interstitis striis obliquis longitudinalt-

bus ; anfractu ultimo acute angulato, basi pluno ; umbilico crenu-

lato ; columella supra tortuosd, margine reflexa, crenulatd, basi

dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus dentibus lamellaribus, su-

periore magore.

Hab. Island of Siquijor, under stones (H. C.).

28. CLANCULUS CINGULIFER, A. Adams. (C. testdé elevato-conoi-

ded, carneold, cingulo albo rufoque articulato, ornata ; anfracti-

bus rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi con-

cava, peromphalo albo roseo radiato, margine plicato ; columella

crassa, supra nodosd, infra uniplicatd ; basi dente triplicato ter-

minatd ; labro intus lirato; tuberculo maximo, prope marginem

superiorem.

Hab. 2

29. CLaNncuLUS macuLosus, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoi-

ded, rufo-fusca, maculis albidis variegata ; anfractibus rotundatis,

cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine um-

bilici crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructd, basi

dente biplicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, lird supremd maxima.

Hab. ?

30. Crancuxus sutcarius, A. Adams. C. testd parva, albida,

fasciis fuscis radiatim ornatd, cingulis distantioribus granorum

instructd, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractibus

parum convexis ; margine umbilici crenulato; columella dente

pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (H. C.).

31. CLaNcULUS acuMINATUS, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato-

conicd ; spird acuminata, fusca, nigro-fusco punctatd, cingulis

transversis subdistantibus granorum ornata; interstitiis lineis

transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis ; margine umbilici sub-

noduloso ; columellé margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici

magno terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones (H. C.).

32. CLancuLus ALBiInus, A. Adams. C. testa conoided, albida,

cingulis granorum confertis ornatd, granis nonnullis fusco punc-

tatis ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici

plicato-dentato ; columella callosa, plicis duabus transversis, basi

dente triplicato terminatd; labro superné inflexo, intus lirato ;

tuberculo magno trisulcato prope marginem superiorem.

Hab. 2

33. CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES, A. Adams. C. testé turbinato-

conoidea, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; inter-

stittis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, su-

turd canaliculata ; basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructa ;

161

umbilico dentato ; columeild sulcatd, margine reflexd, tuberculis

quatuor ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

34. CLANCULUS STIGMATARIUS, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-

conicd, cingulis confertis granorum ornatd, lutescenti cingulo ter-

tio et septimo granis albis et roseis subdistantibus, basi granis

roseis ornaté; umbilict margine subnodoso; columella crassa,

transversim subplicatad, basi dente magno triplicato terminaté ;

labro supra inflexo, intus lirato, tuberculo magno bisulcato prope

marginem superiorem.

Ha Island of Corigidor, bay of Manila, coarse sand, 9 fathoms

(H. C.).

35. CLANCULUS TExTILOSUS, A. Adams. C. testd conoided ;

spird acuminata, cingulis granorum inequalibus ornatd, primo,

tertio et sexto coccined, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis

albis nigris alternantibus ornatd ; margine umbilici dentato ; colu-

mella biplicutd, margine acutd, basi dente triplicato terminaté ;

labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

36. CLancuLus minor, A. Adams. C. testa parva, conicd, al-

bida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornatd ; anfractibus planis, cin-

gulis transversis granosis sculptd, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi

planiusculd, margine umbilict crenulatd ; columella tuberculo de-

curvato terminata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (7. C.).

37. CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

Suscd, cingulis granorum subdistantibus ornatd ; interstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo

acute angulato, umbilicit margine pland; columella transversim

plicatd, margine fimbriata, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro

intus lirato, lird suprema majore.

Hab. ?

38. CLancuLUs uNnEDo, A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoideé ;

spird prominuld, apice roseo, cingulis granorum confertis (in anf.

ultim. quinque) ornatd, coccined, cingulo secundo, quarto et quinto

granis albis et nigris ornatis ; umbilict margine plicato-crenulata ;

columella obliqua, crassd, margine reflexd, basi dente magno tri-

plicato terminatd ; labro intus lirato, supra tuberculo magno.

Hab. 2

39. CLANcULWS zEBRIDES, A. Adams. C. testd conoided, fus-

cescenti, nigro-fusco radiatim pictd, cingulis granorum sculpid ;

interstitiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfractibus rotundatis ;

umbilict margine crenulatd ; columelld supra tuberculo, margine

callosd, basi tuberculo magno terminatd ; labro intus dentibus

linearibus instructo.

Hab. ig

No. CCXXIX.—ProcerrpineGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

162

40. CuancuLus EDENTULUS, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conoided, sordidé rufa, ulbo variegatd, cingulis transversis gra-

nosis sculpta ; anfractibus parum convexis ; umbilici margine sub-

crenulatd ; columella supra plicatd, infra edentuld, margine infra

tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato.

Hab. 2

41. Cuancutus niericans, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

umbilicatd, nigricante ; anfractibus planis cingulis quinque gra-

nulatis ornatd, ultimo angulatd, carinis planis duabus in parte

inferiore, cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculptd ;

umbilici margine crenulato ; columelld rectd, superné solutd, in

parte superiore tuberculatd, extus tuberculis tribus instructd ;

labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

42. CLANcuLus carinatus, A. Adams. (C. testé conicd, albidd,

flammulis rubris pictd, anfractibus planis, cingulis inequalibus

confertis granorum ornatd, supra suturam angulatd, anfractu ul-

timo margine carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd ; umbilici

margine plano; columelld rectd, supra subcallosd, basi dente

simplici acuto terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. 2

43. CLANcULUS micROopON, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conicd, fuscd, nigro-fusco maculatd, cingulis granorum ornatd ;

interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus rotundatis,

basi cingulis subnodosis, rufo- et nigro-fusco articulatd ; umbilici

margine dentato, dente superiore majore ; columella supra fleru-

osd, plicatd, margine reflexo, sulcato-crenulato, basi dente parvo

terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ?

44. CLancuLUS OMALoMPHALUS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

conicd, pallidd, fusco maculata, anfractibus paulum rotundatis,

cingulis granorum ornatd ; interstitiis striis longitudinalibus, an-

Sractu ultimo acute carinato, carind albo rufoque articulatd, basi

pland ; umbilict margine plano; columella transversim plicatd,

margine reflexo dentato, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus

lirato.

Hab. Sydney (Strange).

45. CLancuuus e1Bposus, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-conicd,

pallidé, fasciis fuscis radiatim dispositis ornatd, cingulis trans-

versis e@qualibus granosis sculptd ; anfractibus rotundatis, suturd

profundd, canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, infra subangu-

lato ; umbilici margine crenulato ; columelld plicatd, margine re-

flexo supra dentato, basi dente magno biplicato terminata ; labro

intus corrugato-crenulato, supra inflevo, tuberculo magno in-

structo.

Hab. New Ireland (Jukes).

163

46. CLancutus consrEersus, A. Adams. C. testd orbiculato-

conicd, rufescente, albo rubroque variegatd, cingulis moniliformi-

bus transversis ornatd, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu

ultimo angulato ; columellé postice subcanaliculatd vix tortuosd,

antice plicd magnd transversd terminatd ; labro intus valde den-

tato-liraio.

Hab. 2

47. CLANCULUS NODILIRATUS, A. Adams. C. testé depresso-

turbinatad, carneold, liris transversis nodulosis subdistantibus

ognatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; anfrac-

tibus subgquadratis, margine umbilici dentato; columella recta,

antice tuberculo parvo terminata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ?

Genus 9. ZizipHinus, Leach.

Calliostoma, Swains.—Labio, sp, Oken.—Trochilus, sp. Humph.

1. ZizipHinus vutearis, Gray; Mrs. Gray, Fig. of Moll. An.

p- 89.

Trochus ziziphinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1231.—Trochus

conulus, Penn.—Trochus zyziphinus, Born.—Trochus zezyphinus,

Chemn.—Trochus discrepans, Brown.—Trochus Lyonsii, Leach.—

Trochus albidus, Wood.—Trochus Sisyphinus, Macgill.—Trochus

Sedgwickii, Sow.—Trochus conuloides, Lamk.

Hab. British islands; Mediterranean; Norway, &c.

2. ZizipHINuS CoNULUs, Linn.

Trochus conulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus vio-

laceus, Risso.

Hab. British islands.

3. ZIZIPHINUS ALABASTRUM, Beck.

Margarita alabastrum, Beck ; Lovén, Ind. Moll. Scandin. p. 20.

—Trochus occidentalis, Mighels & Ad.—Trochus formosus, Forbes.

Hab. British islands.

4, ZizIPHINUS GRANULATUS, Born.

Trochus granulatus, Born, Test. Mus. Cees. Vind. p. 337. pl. 12.

f. 9, 10.—Trochus papillosus, Da Costa.—Trochus fragilis, Pultney.

—Trochus tenuis, Montague.

Hab. British islands.

5. ZIZIPHINUS SELECTUS, Chemn.

Trochus selectus, Chemn. Conch. xi. t. 196. f. 1896-97.—Ziz-

phinus tigris, Gray.

Hab. New Zealand.

6. ZizipHinus DOLIARIvUS, Chemn.

Trochus doliarius, Chemn. Conch. x. t. 165. f. 1579-80.—Zizi-

phinus canaliculatus, Gray.

Hab. Australia; New Zealand.

164

7. ZizipH1nus CUNNINGHAMI, Gray.

Ziziphinus Cunninghami, Gray, Brit. Mus.

Hab. 2

8. ZIzIPHINUS ANNULATUS, Martyn.

Trochus annulatus, Martyn, Conch. i. t. 33.—Trochus virgineus,

Gmel.

Hab. Monterey, California (Hartweg).

9. ZizIPHINUS GRANATUM, Gmel.

Trochus granatum, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1654-55.

Hab. Australia, Port Essington (Jukes).

10. ZizipHinus ORNATUS, Lamk.

Trochus ornatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 27.

Hab. 2

11. ZizipHINUS ARMILLATUS, Wood.

Trochus armillatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 5.

Hab. 2

12. ZiziIpHINUS INTERRUPTUS, Wood.

Trochus interruptus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 42.

Hab. ——?

13. ZizipHINUS TRANQUEBARICUS, Chemn.

Trochus Tranquebaricus, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 166. f. 1595-96.

Hab. ?

14. ZizipHINUS PYRAMIS, Gmel.

Trochus Pyramis, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 170. f. 1652-53.

—Trochus crenulatus, Broce.—Trochus Matonii, Payr.—Trochus

punctatus, Ren.—Trochus conulus, Donov.—Trochus tricolor, Risso.

Hab. 2

15. ZizipHINUS MONTAGUI, Gray.

Trochus Montagui, Gray ; Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 43.—

Trochus striatus, Forbes.

Hab. British islands.

16. ZizrIPHINUS INDISTINCTUS, Wood.

Trochus indistinctus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 41.

Hab. t

17. ZiziIPHINUS PYRAMIDATUS, Lamk.

Trochus pyramidatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 30.

Hab. 2

18. ZizipHInus LANGLERI, Payraud.

Trochus Langieri, Payraud. Cat.

Hab. 2

165

19. Z1z1IpHINUS JUJUBINUS, Gmel.

Trochus jujubinus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. pl. . f.

Hab. Java.

20. ZizipHINUS FILOSUS, Wood.

Trochus filosus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 23.—Trochus

castaneus, Nuttall ?’—Trochus ligatus, Gould.

Hab. Straits of Juan de Fuco, Upper California.

21. ZizipHinus puBtIvs, Philippi.

Trochus dubius, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 149. t. 25. f. 7.

Hav. Sicily.

22. ZizipHINUS GEMMosvUs, Reeve.

Trochus gemmosus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.

pl. 218. f. 9.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindanao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms.

23. ZIzIPHINUS EXIMIUS, Reeve.

Trochus eximius, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842; Conch. Syst.

pl. 218. f. 12.

Hab. 2

24, ZizipHINUS ANTONII, Koch.

Trochus Antonii, Koch; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 4.

Hab. 2

25. ZIZIPHINUS ExIGuUS, Pultney.

Trochus exiguus, Pultney Hutchins, Hist. Dorset, p. 44.—Tro-

chus erythroleucus, Gmel.; Lamk.—Trochus exasperatus, Penn.—

Trochus erythroleucus, Hanley.—Trochus conulus, Da Costa.—Tro-

chus minutus, Chemn.; Dillw.

Hab. Mediterranean; British islands.

26. ZizipHINUS STRIATUS, Linn.

Trochus striatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1230.—Trochus par-

vus, Da Costa.—Trochus conicus, Donov.—Trochus erythroleucus,

Maton & Rack.—Trochus depictus, Deshayes.—Trochus Sartorii,

Arad & Magg.—Trochus vittatus, Lamk.

Hab. British islands.

27. ZIZIPHINUS CILIARIS, Menke.

Trochus ciliaris, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p.17; Phil. Abbild. Tro-

chus, t. 7. f. 11.

Hab. 4

28. ZiziIPHINUS DECORATUS, Phil.

Trochus decoratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 102.

Hab. 2

29. ZizipHINUS L&ZVIGATUS, Phil.

Trochus levigatus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. t. 11. f. 2.

Hab. Naples, rocky shores.

166

30. ZizIPHINUS STRIGOSUS, Gmel.

Trochus strigosus, Gmel.; Chemn. Conch. v. t. 170. f. 1651.—

Trochus callichrous, Phil.

Hab. Morocco.

31. ZizipHinus LurRivpus, Nuttall.

Trochus luridus, Nuttall.

Hab. Fayal.

32. ZizIPHINUS BICINGULATUS, Lamk.

Trochus bicingulatus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 27.—

Trochus vinctus, Phil.

Hab. Rains Island (Ince).

33. ZiziIPHINUS MILLEGRANUS, Phil.

Trochus millegranus, Phil. En. Moll. Sicil. v. 1. p. 183. pl. 10. f. 25.

—? Trochus Clelandi, Wood.—Trochus Martini, Smith.—Trochus

miliaris, Seacc.

Hab. 2

34. ZiziPHINUS AGRESTIS, Phil.

Trochus agrestis, Phil. Abbild. p. 33, Trochus, t. 1. f. 6.

Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

35. ZizipHINUS CHLOROSTOMUS, Menke.

Trochus chlorostomus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 17; Phil.

Abbild. Trochus, t. 2. f. 8.

Hab. New Holland.

36. ZiziPHINUS PERSPECTIVUS, Koch.

Trochus perspectivus, Koch ; Phil. Abbild. Trochus, p. 2. t. 1. f. 5.

Hab. 2

37. ZizieHINuS MINIATUS, Anton.

Trochus miniatus, Anton, Verzeich. p. 58; Phil. Abbild. Trochus,

tin Les tach

Hab.

38. ZizipHiNus GiLvus, Phil.

Trochus gilvus, Phil.

Hab. ft

39. ZizipPHINUS METAFORMIS, Phil.

Trochus metaformis, Phil. ; Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43. f. 13.

Hab. 2

40. ZizipHinus zonamestus, A. Adams. Z. testd oblique pyra-

midali, umbilicatd, carned, cingulis transversis granosis permultis

ornatd ; interstitiis purpurascentibus, striis obliquis longitudinali-

bus ; anfractibus planis, supra suturas angulatis, ultimo acute

angulato, basi plano-concava, cingulis granulatis insculptd ; umbi-

167

lico magno, infundibuliformi, intus albo; aperturd rhomboided,

intus albd; columelld rectd, basi truncatd.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson).

41. ZizipHinus TIcAontcus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicda,

perforata, luted vel carned, liris transversis rufo articulatis prope

suturas ornatd ; anfractibus paulum rotundatis, longitudinaliter

striatis, apice atro-purpureo; anfractu ultimo subangulato, bast

conveviusculd, cingulis rufo-articulatis insculpta ; aperturd sub-

quadrata ; columella rectd, antic? subtruncatd ; aperturd intus

alba.

Hab. Island of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (HZ. C.).

42. ZizipHiInus saponicus, A. Adams. JZ. testd turrito-conicd,

levi, nitida, imperforata ; anfractibus planis, basi lineis duabus

impressis, ultimo angulato, rubra flammulis fuscis et albidis ornata,

basi convexd, cingulis articulatis insculptd ; aperturd subquadratd,

intus viride iridescenti.

Hab. Japan.

43. ZIZIPHINUS ELEGANTULUS, A. Adams. Z. testd conicd, im-

perforata, lutescenti ; anfractibus planis, lineis elevatis distantibus

granulatis moniliformibus violaceis alternis minoribus cinctd ;

interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; basi planiusculd, cingulis

quatuor violaceis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus alba ;

columella basi subtruncatd.

Hab. Malacca, coral sand, 10 fathoms (H. C.).

44. ZizipHinus pecussatus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-conicd,

subperforatd, albidd, maculis viridibus longitudinalibus ornatd ;

anfractibus planis, basi marginatis, prominulis ; cingulis trans-

versis granulatis lineisque elevatis longitudinalibus decussate in-

sculpta ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis

granulatis ornatd ; aperturd subquadratd ; columella recta, basi

truncata.

Hab. Calipan, Mindoro, coarse gravel, 12 fathoms (H. C.).

45. ZizipHinus RuBRopunctatus, A. Adams. Z. testd parva,

orbiculato-conicd, lutescenti; cingulis transversis spinulosis or-

nata (in anfractu ultimo quatuor), interstitiis clathratis pulcher-

rime rubro-punctulatis.

Hab. 2

46. ZizipHinus unicinctTus, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-conicd,

imperforatd, luteold ; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis, basi cin-

gulis prominulis rubro-articulatis lineisque transversis confertis

ornatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi productd, lineis concen-

tricis et cinguld elevatd articulatd sculptd ; aperturd subtrigond ;

columella rectd, basi subcanaliculatd.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms

(Hf. C.).

168

47. Zizipainus NeBuLosus, A. Adams. Z. testd conoided, im-

perforata, rufo-fuscaé albo variegataé ; anfractibus planiusculis,

cingulis inequalibus granorum ornatd, ultimo subangulato, basi

convexiusculd, cingulis subgranulosis rufo alboque articulatis or-

natd ; aperturd subtetragond ; columella alba, incurvatd, dasi sub-

truncatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Rains Island (Ince).

48. ZizipHiNus picruratus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd,

imperforatd, viridi aut violaced, fasciis undulatis lineisque ziczaci-

Sormibus ornatd ; anfractibus planis, basi marginatis crenulatis,

lineis impressis transversis sculpta; anfractu ultimo angulato,

basi convexiusculd ; aperturd subquadratd, intus albd ; columella

incurva, basi truncatd.

Hab. Delaguete, island of Negros, sandy mud, 7 fathoms

(H. C.).

49. ZizipHINUS aSpERULATUS, A. Adams. Z. testd conicd, im-

perforata, albidd, maculis purpureis radiatim ornatd ; anfracti-

bus planiusculis, in medio carinatis, cingulis inequalibus ornatd,

superioribus granulatis, inferioribus subplanis ; anfractu ultimo

subangulato, basi pland, cingulis planis insculpta ; regione umbili-

cali depressd, callo obtectd ; aperturd subrotundd ; columella rectd,

basi truncata ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. i

50. ZizipHinus epotycuHroma, A. Adams. Z. testd turrito-

conicd, perforata, viridi, fasciis albidis undulatis, lineis luteis

angulatis varie pictd; anfractibus planis, subimbricatis ; basi

marginatis articulatis prominulis, lineis transversis subdistanti-

bus impressis ornatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo

angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis luteo articulatis insculptd ;

aperturd subquadratd, intus viridi; columella recta, basi sub-

truncata.

Hab. Island of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fathoms (iH. C.).

51. ZizipHinus pupLicatus, A. Adams. Z. testa turrito-conicd,

imperforata ; anfractibus convexis cingulis granorum ornatd ;

basi cingulis duabus majoribus prominentibus instructis ; inter-

stitiis longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo subrotundato,

basi convexiusculd, cingulis granorum insculptd ; aperturd sub-

rotundatd ; labro intus lirato; columelld basi tuberculo termi-

nata.

Hab. 2

52. ZizipHinus caLirornicus, A. Adams. Z. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, rufescenti ; anfractibus subrotundatis, supra

excavatis, liris transversis granulosis, duabus, supra suturam,

majoribus ; anfractu ultimo subrotundato, bast convexiusculd ;

aperturd subquadratd ; columella recta, antice subtuberculata.

Hab. California. (Mus. Cuming. )

169

Genus 10. Canruiripus, Montfort.

Eleuchus, sp. Humph.; Swains.—Phasianella, c., Menke.—Trochus,

sp. Philippi.

1. Canruiripvus rripis, Chemn.

Trochus iridis, Chemn. Conch. v. t. 161. f. 1522-23.—Trochus

iris, Gmel.

Hab. 2

2. CANTHIRIDUS PURPURATUS, Martyn.

Trochus purpuratus, Martyn; Chemn. v. t.161. f.1524-25.—Tro-

chus notatus, Gmel.—? Trochus elegans, Gmel.—? Phasianella ru-

bella.

Hab.

3. CANTHIRIDUS NITIDULUS, Phil.

Trochus nitidulus, Phil.; Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 10.

Hab. 4

4. CANTHIRIDUS CINGULIGER, A. Adams. OC. testa elevato-

conicd, cinered, punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis dispositis,

transversim sulcatd ; anfractibus planis, cinguld prominenti

supra suturam, anfractu ultimo angulato, cingulo plano cincto ;

umbilico aniabtecto ; columelld rectd; labro intus albo, levi.

Hab. Q

5. CaNTHIRIDUS PUNCTULOSUS, A. Adams. (C. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, cinered, transversim sulcatd ;

cingulis transversis, luteo alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis

ornatd; anfractibus planis, ultimo acuté angulato; regione

umbilicali rosed ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelldé alba, rectd,

anticé subtruncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo punctulato.

Hab. Swan River, 4 fathoms (Jukes).

6. CanTHiIRIpUS zEaLANDICUS, A. Adams. C. testd obliqueé

conicd, subturritd, imperforatd, levi, nitidd ; atro-purpured,

lineis pallidis transversis, ubique cinctd; anfractibus paulum

convewis ; aperturd obliqud, subrotundatd ; labio albo, simplici,

arcuato ; labro intus sulcato, margaritaceo, vivide iridescenti.

Hab. New Zealand.

7. CanrHiripus mMoniLicer, A. Adams. OC. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, cinered, cingulis moniliformibus transversis

ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis ; anfractt-

bus planis, apice purpureo, suturd canaliculatd ; anfractu ulti-

mo angulato ; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticée subtrun-

catd; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Swan River, 8 fathoms (Jukes).

8. CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULARIS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-

conicd, levi, nitidd, cinered ; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque

170

articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfrac-

tibus planis, ultimo angulato, bast planiusculd, cingulis articu-

latis sculptd; aperturd subquadratd ; columelld anticé sub-

truncatd ; labro intus levi, limbo articulato.

Hab. (¢

9. CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA, A. Adams. C. testd elevaté conoi-

ded, pallida; cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis

ornatd ; interstitiis transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo an-

gulato; aperturd intus viridescenti; labro intus lirato, limbo

rufo articulato.

Hab. 2

10. Canruiripus rRuFozona, A. Adams. C. testd conoided,

pallida, cingulis rubris transversis interstitiis planis ornatd;

anfractu ultimo rotundato; labro intus albo, levi, limbo rufo-

articulato ; columella albd.

Hab. 2

11. CanTHirRiIpus TENEBROSUS, A. Adams. C. testd parvd,

elevato-conicd, imperforatd, subnigrd, transversim sulcatd, sul-

cis albicantibus planis; anfractibus paulum convexis, ultimo

subangulato, basi convexd ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus albd,

margaritaced ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. 2

12. CANTHIRIDUS NIGRICANS, A. Adams. C. testd depresso-

conicd, atro-purpured, cingulis elevatis transversis ornatd ; in-

terstitiis longitudinaliter obliqué striatis ; anfractu ultimo sub-

angulato ; labro intus albo, sublevi, limbo nigro.

Hab. 2

13. CaNTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUS, A. Adams. C. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, pallidd ; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo-

articulatis ornatd ; interstitiis concinné longitudinaliter stria-

tis; columelld subrectd, in medio tumidd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Australia.

Genus 11. ELEucuus, Swains.

Phasianella, d., Menke.—Canthiridus, sp. Gray.

1. ELEvucuus Bapivus, Wood.

Trochus badius, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. fig. 46.

Hab. 2

2. ELzucuus rosevs, Lamk.

Monodonta rosea, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vil. p. 37.

Hab. 2

3. ELeucuus LINEATUS, Lamk.

Monodonta lineata, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 38.

Hab. ?

171

4, ELEUCHUS IRISODONTES, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus irisodontes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de lAstr. ii. p. 246.

t. 63. f. 7-12.—Monodonta virgata, Menke.

Hab. ?

5. ELEucuus BELLULUS, Dunker.

Trochus bellulus, Dunker ; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 6.

Hab. —#

6. ELeucuus apicinus, Menke.

Monodonta apicina, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 15.

Hab. 2

7. Ev.evucuus Leucosticma, Menke.

Trochus leucostigma, Menke; Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 7.—Phasia-

nella leucostigma, Menke.—Canthiridus variegatus, Gray.

Hab. 4

8. ELEUCHUS AUSTRALIS, Quoy & Gaim.

Trochus australis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de I Astr. pl. 63. f. 13, 14.

Hab. 4

9. ELEUCHUS SPLENDIDULUS, Swains.

Eleuchus splendidulus, Swains. Treatise on Malacol. p.

Hab.

10. ELevcuus vuuiearis, A. Adams. JF. testd ovato-conoided,

subturritd, imperforatd, levigatd, virenti, transversim tenuis-

simé striatd ; lineis undulatis viridis pictd, basi convead ; aper-

turd ovatd ; columellé basi dente acuto terminatd ; labro posticé

subangulato.

Hab. Swan River.

11. Exevcuus rutiius, A. Adams. J. testd turrito-conicd,

imperforatd ; spird acuminatd, virido-fuscd, lineis longitudina-

libus rufescentibus ornatd, transversim striatd; anfractu ul-

timo vie angulato; aperturd intus vivide iridescente; labro

viridt marginato.

Hab. Australia.

Genus 12. Banxivia, Deshayes.

1. BANKIVIA PURPURASCENS, Beck.

Bankivia purpurascens, Beck ; Deshayes, Manuel de Conchylio-

logie.— Bankivia varians, Gray, MS. Mus. Brit.

Hab. Australia.

2. Banxryia masor, A. Adams. JB. testd ovato-turritd, nigro-

Suscd albo variegatd, levigatd, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ;

anfractu ultimo ventricoso, transversim sulcato ; columelld albd,

tortuosd.

Hab, Australia. Mus. Cuming.

172

3. Banxivia nitrpa, A. Adams. 8B. testd turritd, acuminatd,

carneold, suturis nigricantibus, levi, nitidd, transversim tenu-

issimé striata; columelld anticé tortuosd; labro ad marginem

nigricante.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 13. Tuatorttia, Gray.

Elenchus, sp. Humph.—Helenchus, Herman.

1. Tuatotia picta, Wood.

Trochus pictus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 28.—Thalotia

picta, Gray.—Monodonta turrita, Menke.

Hab. New Holland.

2. THALOTIA PULCHERRIMA, Wood.

Trochus pulcherrimus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 45.—T'o-

chus Preissii, Menke.—Trochus porcatus, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

3. THALOTIA AUSTRALIS, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus australis, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 63. f.13, 14.

Hab. Australia.

4. Tuatotia Lenmannt, Menke.

Trochus Lehmanni, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 18.—? Pha-

sianella elegans, Lamarck.

Hab. New Holland.

5. THALOTIA ELONGATA, Wood.

Trochus elongatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 19.—Trochus

attenuatus, Jonas.

Hab. 2

6. THaLoTIA opscuRA, Wood.

Trochus obscurus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 26.—Trochus

signatus, Jonas.

Hab. 2

7. THALoTIA PyRGOS, Phil.

Trochus pyrgos, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 43. f. 14.

Hab. 2

8. THALOTIA ZEBUENSIS, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-conoided,

perforatd, atro-fused, fasciis longitudinalibus ornatd, transver-

sim suleatd; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi

convead ; labio subrecto, anticé reflexo, dilatato ; aperturd sub-

circulari, intus albd; labro intus levi, atro-marginato.

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (#7.C.).

9. THatotia srricata, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicd, per-

Sforatd, albidd, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiata ; anfractibus in

173

medio angulatis porcis transversis subgranulosis, interstitiis lon-

gitudinaliter striatis ornatd, basi convead, concentrice porcatd ;

umbilico aperto ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columelld subflecuosd,

basi truncata ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato.

Hab. Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring).

\0. THALOTIA zeBRiIpES, A. Adams. Th. testd turrito-conicéd,

subperforatd, virescenti, lineis atro-purpureis longitudinalibus

ornatd, porcis transversis confertis sculptd, longitudinaliter

striatd, basi convexd ; umbilico subobtecto ; columella sinuatd,

callo terminatd; labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo

articulato.

Hab. ?

11. Tuatorra suturRALis, A. Adams. Th. testd conied, subper-

Soratd, virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis

ornatd, transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd ; anfractibus

planis, supra suturam elevatis ; suturd canaliculatd, basi plani-

usculé ; columella brevi, basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus

levi, viridi.

Hab. Cape Upstart, Torres Straits, Australia, under stones, low

water (Dring).

12. TuHatoria TRICINGULATA, A. Adams. Th. testd conicd, im-

perforatd, nigra, liners albis longitudinalibus ornatd ; anfrac-

tibus angulatis, ultimo cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus

instructo, basi convexd, cingulis concentricis nigro alboque ar-

ticulatis ornatd ; labio ad basin tuberculato; aperturd subro-

tundatd, intus albd; labro intus liris elevatis, atro-marginato.

Hab. ?

13. THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA, A. Adams. Th. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, rufescente, rubro maculosd ; spird acumi-

natd, apice rubro; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, cre-

nellatis, transversis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis ;

anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi convexiusculd ; aperturd sub-

quadratd, intus albd ; columelld alba, incurvatd, anticé truncatd.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

Genus 14. Monoponta, Lamarck.

Monodon, Schweiger.—Monodontes, Montfort.— Odontis, Sow.—

Trochidon, Swains.—Diloma, Phil.—Trochulus, sp. Humph.

1. Monoponta tasio, Linn.

Trochus Labio, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. no. 595. p. 1230; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 166. fig. 1579-81. v. p. 60.

Hab. 4

2. MonovonTa TURBINATA, Gmel.

Trochus turbinatus, Gmel. t. 63. f. D. E.

Hab. le

174

3. MonopontTa ASPERA, Chemn.

Trochus asper, Chemn. v. pl. 166. f. 3582.

Hab. 2

4. MonopontTA CANALIFERA, Lamck.

Monodonta canalifera, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35.

Hab. 2

5. MonoponTa AUSTRALIS, Lamck.

Monodonta australis, Lamck. Hist. An, s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35 ;

Chemn. Conch. ii. t. 196. f. 1890, 1891.

Hab. 2

6. MonopontTaA ATRATA, Gmel.

Turbo atratus, Gmel. 3601; Chemn. Conch. pl. 177. £.1754, 1755.

—Monodonta canaliculata, Lamck.—Monodonta Fermoni, Payr,

Hab. Island of Ticao, on stones on the reefs, low water (H. C.).

7. Monoponta viripts, Lamck.

Monodonta viridis, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 35.

Hab. Port Essington (Jukes).

8. MonopontTa TRICARINATA, Lamck.

Monodonta tricarinata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. vii. p. 36.

Hab. ?

9. Monoponta BAccaTaA, Menke.

Monodonta baccata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p. 14. no. 51.

Hab. New Holland.

10. Monoponta DunxeErt, Koch.

Monodonta Dunkeri, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 5.

Hab. 2

11. Monopvonta Putiurppi, Koch.

Monodonta Philippii, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, tab. 2. f. 6.

Hab. 2

12. MonoponTA CRENULATA, Menke.

Monodonta erenulata, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. sp. p.

Hab. 2

13. MonopontTa ASPERSA, Koch.

Trochus aspersus, Koch, Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 103.

Hab. 2

14. Monoponta InDEcoRA, Phil.

Trochus indecorus, Phil. Zeit. fur Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.

Hab. 2

15. Monoponta GemMatTA, Gould.

Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus, Gould, Exp. Shells, p.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

175

16. Monoponta 1nconspicuva, Phil.

Trochus (Monodonta) inconspicuus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. t. 43.

Habre

17. Monodonta RuGutosa, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-

ded, depressd, atro-fuscd, fasciis latis luteo-albis irregulariter

pictd, cingulis rotundatis interruptis ornatd ; columelld basi

bituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente magno acuto ter-

minatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

18. Monoponta crrcumcincra, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, crassd, cingulis rubris albo

viridi maculatis alternantibus pictd; anfractibus conveuis ;

columelld basi tuberculatd, dente magno acuto terminatd ; labro

duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Ticao, on the stones on reefs at low water (H. C.).

19. MonoponTaA TUBERCULATA, A. Adams. . M. testd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, crassd, viridescenti, cingulis tuberculo-

rum oblongorum violaceorum ornatd; anfractibus convexis; colu-

melld basi trituberculatd, canali parallelo instructd, dente pro-

minente acuto terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Subgenus Arapastra, Gray.

Operculum suborbicular, paucispiral.

Aradasia, Gray, in Mrs. Gray’s Figures of Molluscous Animals, p. 90.

—! Otavia, Cantr.

20. Monoponta suxcirerA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conicd, umbilicatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum distantium monili-

formibus, interstitiis profundé sulcatis, sulcis sublevibus longi-

tudinaliter striatis ornatd ; columella ad basin trisulcatd, dente

parvo acuto instructd ; labro tenui, intus sulcato.

Hab. Roebuck Bay, North Australia (Dring).

21. MonopontTa CLATHRATA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-

ded, albd, imperforatd, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornatd,

in anfractu ultimo septem, interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus

eleganter clathratis; columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro

intus sulcato.

Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms (#.C.).

22. Monoponta TRICINGULATA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, rubente, albo et fusco variegatd, cingulis

parvulis granorum ornaté; suturd canaliculatd; anfractibus

convexis, carinis tribus transversis prominentibus cinctis ; um-

bilico profundo ; columelld ad basin tuberculo parvo terminatd ;

labro expanso, tenui, intus levi.

Hab. Malacca ; Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

176

23. Monopvonta PHILIpPINA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conied, perforatd, fuscd nigro punctatd ; cingulis granulatis in-

aequalibus ornatd, interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ;

columelld tuberculo parvo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms ;

Bolinao, province of Zambales, island of Luzon, sandy mud, 10 fa-

thoms (H. C.).

24. MonopoNnTA EDENTULA, A, Adams. WM. testd ovato-conoi-

ded, umbilicatd, fuscd, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis

clathratis sculptd ; anfractibus valde rotundatis ; umbilico in-

fundibuliformi ; columella subrectd, basi tuberculo terminatd ;

labro margine crenulato.

Hab. Catbalonga, island of Samar, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (ZH. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

25. Monoponta FroveoutaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, subperforatd, crassa, albd, cingulis transversis nodulo-

sis subdistantibus (in anfractu ultimo septem), interstitiis cos-

tellis longitudinalibus foveolatis ornatd ; columella dente minuto

terminatd ; labro intus crasso et lirato.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (#. C.).

Mus. Cuming.

26. Monoponta Exiecua, A. Adams. M. testd parvd, conoidei,

umbilicatd, albidd fusco variegatd, cingulis transversis granulosis

interstitiis longitudinaliter liratis ornatd ; anfractibus parum

convexis, ultimo subangulato ; umbilico recto, dente valido acuto

terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Japan (Siebold).

27. Monoponta RuBRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-conoided,

umbilicatd, rubrd, cingulis transversis granorum moniliformibus

aequantibus interstitiis lineis longitudinalibus impressis ornatd ;

anfractibus rotundatis, suturd canaliculatd, umbilico magno ;

columelld rectd, dente prominente terminatd ; labro intus crasso,

sulcato.

Hab. 2

28. Monoponta atveouaTa, A. Adams. M. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, albidd, fasciis fuscis longitudinalibus

undulatis pictd, cingulis transversis granorum acutorum inter-

stitiis costis longitudinalibus alveolatis ornatd ; suturd canali-

culatd; umbilico angusto ; columelld rectd, dente valido termi-

natd; labro intus valde lirato.

Hab. Guidulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground, 60 fathoms ;

Baclayon, island of Bohol, under stones, low water ; island of Capul,

on the reefs at low water (7. C.). Mus. Cuming.

29. MonoponTa ANGULIFERA, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-

conoided, imperforatd ; anfractibus planiusculis, imbricatis, in-

Fferné angulatis, longitudinaliter nodoso-costatis, cingulis trans-

177

versis tuberculorum subdistantium interstitiis alveolatis ornatd ;

anfractu ultimo subangulato ; columelld rectd, brevi, dente parvo

terminaté ; labro subduplicato, intus sulcato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, sandy mud, 6 fathoms

(H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

30. Monoponta stTrRANGEI, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,

perforatd, fuscd, cingulis granorum equalibus confertis ornatd ;

anfractibus parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; columella cur-

vatd, dente obtuso terminatd ; labro intus suleato, tuberculo

prope basin columelle.

Hab. Sydney, under stones (Strange).

31. Monoponta punctTiceRA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, albd fusco punctatd, cingulis granulosis

inequalibus rufo-punctatis ornatd; suturd canaliculatd ; an-

Sractibus rotundatis ; umbilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; colu-

mellé rectd, brevi, basi bituberculatd, dente parvo acuto termi-

natd ; labro expanso, intus sulcato.

Hab. Singapore, fine sand, 6 fathoms (H.C.). Mus. Cuming.

32. Monoponta ExasPERATA, A. Adams. WM. testd globoso-

conoided, umbilicatd, subdepressd, albidd nigro-variegatd, cin-

gulis spino-granulatis exasperatd ; columelld sinuatd, dente

prominenti terminatd ; labro incrassato, duplicato, intus valde

lirato.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, at low water (1. C.); island of

Siquijor, under stones. Mus. Cuming.

33. Monoponta sptLora, A. Adams. WM. testd parvd, ovato-

depress, conoided, imperforatd, levi, nitidd, viridi, maculis pal-

lidis triangularibus ; columella pland, albd, canali parallelo

instructd, dente obtuso terminatd ; labro duplicato, intus lirato.

Hab. 2

34. Monoponta wirostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-

conicd, imperforatd, albidd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tribus

granulatis, interstitis valde clathratis ; suturd canaliculatd ;

anfractu ultimo angulato ; columellé tuberculatd ; labro intus

valde lirato,

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, on pearl oysters, 8 to 10 fathoms (#.C.).

Mus. Cuming.

Genus 15. Lasro, Oken.

Osilinus, Philippi.—Trochius, Leach.— Gibbium, Gray.—Monodonta,

sp. Lamck.—Melagraphia, Steutz.

1. Lasrio constricta, Lamck.

Monodonta constricta, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p. 36.—

Monodonta interrupta, Menke (olim).—L’ Oslin, Adanson.

Hab. Australia.

No. CCXXX.—Procrepinés or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOciETY.

178

2. LaBio TESSELLATA, Chemn.

Trochus tessellatus, Chemn. Conch. t. 166. f. 1583-87.—Trochus

tessellatus, Born.—Monodonta fragarioides, Lamck.—Monodonta

Olivieri, Payr. :

Hab. New Zealand.

3. Lasio ZEBRA, Wood.

Trochus zebra, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 18.—Trochus

atratus, Wood.

Hab. ke

4, Lasio RETICULARIS, Wood.

Trochus reticularis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 35.—Turbo

lunaris, &e., Chemn. Conch. pl. 185. f. 1849.—Tr. concameratus,

Wood.

Hab. New Zealand and Australia.

5. Lasio ARTICULATA, Lamck.

Monodonta articulata, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vii. p. 36.—

Monodonta Draparnaudii, Payr.

Hab. Malta.

6. Lasio sutcata, Wood.

Trochus sulcatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 40.

Hab. New Zealand (Zar/).

7. Lapio THN1ATA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus teniatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. del’ Astrol. p. 249. pl. 63.

f. 15-17.

Hab. New Zealand.

8. Lasio STRIOLATA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus striolatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astr. p. 253. pl. 63.

f. 18-22.

Hab. Australia.

9. LaBio ZEALANDICA, Quoy et Gaim.

Trochus Zealandicus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de ]’Astr. p. 237. pl. 64.

f. 12-15.

Hab. New Zealand.

10. Lasio crnGuLATA, Quoy et Gaimard.

Trochus cingulatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr. p. 259. pl. 64.

f. 16-20.—Trochus radula, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

11. Lasrio NIGERRIMA, Gmel.

Turbo nigerrimus, Gmel. Chemn. v. pl. 185. f. 1848.

Hab. New Zealand (Earl).

12. Lasio suBRosTRATA, Gray.

Monodonta subrostrata, Gray.

Hab. Australia.

179

13. LaBio MELANOLOMA, Menke.

Monodonta melanoloma, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. specim. p. 14.

no. 50.—Trochus melanonoma, Phil. Abbild. p. 22.

Hab. New Zealand.

14. Lasio Tamst1, Dunker.

Trochus Tamsii, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 3.

Hab. South Africa; Guinea; Cape of Good Hope.

15. Lasro scorpio, Gray.

Monodonta scorpio, Gray.

Hab. New. Zealand.

16. Lasio pica, Chemn.

Turbo pica, Chemn. Conch. v. pl. 175. f. 1850.—Trochus zebri-

nus, Philippi.

Hab. New Zealand.

17. Lasio LinEATA, Da Costa.

Turbo lineatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 100. pl. 6. f. 7.—Trochus

erassus, Pultney.—Monodonta lugubris, Lamk.—Trochus punctula-

tus, Blainv.—Monodonta crassa, MacGill.—Trochus lineatus, Forbes

& Hanley.

Hab. British Islands.

18. Lasro TURGESTINA, Phil.

Trochus turgestinus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

19. Lasio 1npEcorRA, Phil.

Trochus indecorus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

20. Lasro FruLGURATA, Phil.

Trochus fulguratus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

21. Lasio crinitus, Phil.

Trochus crinitus, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab.

22. Lasro porcata, A. Adams. LL. testd ovato-conoided, imper-

Soratd, fuscd albo reticulatd ; anfractibus convexis, transversim

carinatis, carinis numerosis, elevatis, distantibus ; labio albo,

inferne subcalloso ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Australia.

23. Lasrio porcireRA, A. Adams. J. testd orbiculato-conicd,

imperforatd, fulvescente, liris transversis equidistantibus nigro-

articulatis ornatd ; longitudinaliter oblique striata ; labio plano,

regione umbilicali impresso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, infe-

riore majore ; labro intus duplicato, margine luteo nigro-articu-

lato.

Hab.

24. Lasro rupis, A. Adams. L. testd orbiculato-conied, imper-

foratd ; spird obtusd, lutescente, lineis transversis nigris ornaté,

180

longitudinaliter oblique striatd, transversim subexaratd ; labio

complanato ; columelld antice subtuberculatd ; labro nigro luteo-

que intus marginato.

Hab. Australia.

25. Lasio FULIGINEA, A. Adams. JL. testd orbiculato-conicd,

imperforatd, nigrd, liris transversis equidistantibus luteo-ar-

ticulatis ornatd; regione umbilicali impressd ; columelld tu-

berculis duobus, antico maore ; labro duplicato, nigro-margi-

nato.

Hab.

26. Lasio corrosa, A. Adams. L. testd turbinatd, imperforatd,

spird elevatiusculd, anfractibus rotundatis, rugosa, cinereo-

lutescente; anfractu ultimo subangulato; labio complanato ;

columelld simplict ; labro luteo marginato.

Hab. New Zealand (Hart).

27. Lasio concotor, A. Adams. L. testd turbinato-conicd, im-

perforatd; spird acutd, brunned, longitudinaliter oblique stri-

atd, transversim subliratd ; labio complanato, regione umbili-

cali impresso ; columelld arcuatd, anticée tuberculo terminatd ;

labro nigro-fusco marginato.

Hab. New Zealand (Hart).

Genus 16. CuLtorostoma, Swainson.—Ozystele, Philippi.

1. CHLOROSTOMA ARGYROSTOMA, Chemn.

Trochus argyrostomus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1562, 1563.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

2. CHLOROSTOMA AGRESTE, Chemn.

Trochus agrestis, Chemn. v. pl. . f. 1645, 1646.—Trochus rusti-

cus, Gmel.

Hab. South Seas.

3. CHLOROSTOMA NIGERRIMUM, Gmel.

Trochus nigerrimus, Gmel.; Chemn. vy. pl. _ . f. 1647.

Hab. New Zealand.

4, CHLOROSTOMA ATRUM, Lesson.

Trochus ater, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Moll. pl. 16. f. 2.—

Trochus atropurpureus, Jonas.

Hab. Valparaiso, under stones (H. C.).

5. CHLOROSTOMA M@&STUM, Jonas.

Trochus mestus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 113.

Hab. Chili.

6. CHLOROSTOMA TIGRINUM, Chemn.

Trochus tigrinus, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f. 1566.

Hab. Algoa Bay.

181

7. CHLOROSTOMA CARINATUM, Koch.

Trochus carinatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 2. f. 3.

Hab. Valparaiso, 6 fathoms, coarse sand (H. C.).

8. CHLOROSTOMA EURYOMPHALUS, Jonas.

Trochus euryomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p.113.

Hab. West coast of America.

9. CHLOROSTOMA STENOMPHALUS, Jonas.

Trochus stenomphalus, Jonas, Zeit. f. Malac. 1844, August, p. 114.

—Trochus tridens, Jonas, olim.—Trochus microstomus, D’Orbigny.

Hab. Valparaiso.

10. CHLOROSTOMA MERULA, Chemn.

Trochus merula, Chemn. v. pl. 165. f.1564, 1565.—Trochus Sinen-

sis, Gmel.—Trochus lugubris, Lamk.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

11. CHLOROSTOMA MARGINATUM, Nuttall.

Trochus marginatus, Nuttall, MSS.

Hab. Upper California.

12. CHLtoRosTomMa cicER, Menke.

Trochus cicer, Menke, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 3. f. 5.

Hab. 2

13. CHLOROSTOMA SAGITTIFERUM, Lamk.

Trochus sagittiferus, Lamck. Hist. An. s. Vert. tom. vil. p.

Hab.

14. CHLOROSTOMA TABULARE, Krauss.

Trochus tabularis, Krauss, Sudafrik. Mollusk. p. 97. t. 5. f. 30.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

15. CHLOROSTOMA L&VE, Chemn.

Trochus levis, Chemn. Conch. v. p. 171. f. 1670.—Trochus levi-

gatus, Gmel.—Trochus Richardi, Payraud.

Hab.

16. CHLOROSTOMA SAUCIATUM, Koch.

Trochus sauciatus, Koch, Phil. Abbild. Trochus, t. 5. f. 7.

Hab. 2

17. CHLOROSTOMA BICANALICULATUM, Dunker.

Trochus bicanaliculatus, Dunker, Phil. Abbild. Troch. t. 5. f. 4.

Hab. 2

18. Catorostoma Preirrert, Philippi.

Trochus Pfeifferi, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846, July, p. 104.

Hab. ?

182

19. CHLOROSTOMA G ALLINA, Forbes.

Trochus gallina, Forbes, Moll. Kellett’s Voy.

Hab.

20. CHLOROSTOMA PULLIGO, Martyn.

Trochus ee go, Martyn.

Hab.

21. CHLOROSTOMA 1MPERVIUM, Menke.

Trochus impervius, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holland.—Trochus

suavis, Phil. Kust. Conch. Cab. pl. 42. f. 1.

Hab. New Holland.

22. CHLOROSTOMA ODONTIS, Wood.

Trochus odontis, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 6. f. 37.

Hab. Port Philip, on the rocks at low water (Jukes).

23. CHLoROsTomMa CAsTANEUM, A. Adams. C. testd obliqué

conicd, umbilicatd, castaned ; anfractibus planis, longitudinali-

ter obsolete nodoso-plicatis et oblique striatis, penultimo infra

marginato, ultimo acutangulo, basi concavo pallide fuscd, liners

viridi-fuscis radiatim pictd; umbilico infundibuliformi, per-

spectivo, intus albo, peromphalo albo lined elevatd cineto ; aper-

turd subrhomboided ; columelld supra sinuatd, basi dente ter-

minatd.

Hab.

24. CHLoROSTOMA uNDULOsUM, A. Adams. C. testd globoso-

conicd, imperforatd ; spird depressd, virescenti lineis undulatis

atro-purpureis longitudinalibus ornatd, longitudinaliter sub-

striatd ; labio complanato, margine columellari subtuberculato ;

labro intus sulcato, margine luteo, atro-purpureo articulato.

Hab. New Zealand (Kar/).

25. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. C. testd turbi-

natd, profunde umbilicatd, nigrd ; spird obtusd, longitudinaliter

subplicatd, transversim sulcosd ; anfractu ultimo rotundato, re-

gione umbilicali partim callo lutescente obtectd ; columelld

anticé bituberculatd ; labro nigro marginato.

Hab.

26. CHLorostoma ruGosuM, A. Adams. C. testd turbinato-

conoidali, profundeé umbilicatd, luteo-fuscd, nigro variegatd, lon-

gitudinaliter nodoso-plicatd, transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ul-

timo rotundato, infra suturam angustato ; columelld incurvatd,

antice bituberculatd, tuberculo supremo magno, prominente ; la-

bro fusco marginato.

Hab.

27. CHLoRosTtomMs corruGATUM, A. Adams. C. testd orbicu-

lato-conordali, profundé umbilicatd ; spird subacutd, longitudi-

183

naliter corrugato-plicatd et oblique striatd; anfractu ultimo

subrotundato, basi plano convexo, regione umbilicali albido sub-

calloso ; columelld tuberculis duobus, supremo magno.

Hab. 2

28. CHLOROSTOMA TROPIDOPHORUM, A. Adams. C. testd or-

biculato-depressd, profunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi, nigrd, trans-

versim sulcatd, cingulis transversis prominentibus ornatd ; an-

fractu ultimo carinato, basi concentricé exarato, regione wm-

bilicali albo sulco circulari circumdato; columelld tuberculis

duobus, supremo acuto, prominente.

Hab. Valparaiso.

29. CuHLoRosToMA MAcuLosum, A. Adams. C. testd conicd,

profundé umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis nigro-fuscis ornatd ;

anfractibus planulatis, longitudinaliter substriatis, transversim

striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi concavo ; columella

anticé tuberculo acuto terminatd.

Hab. ?

30. CutorostoMA semiNoposum, A. Adams. OC. testd de-

presso-conicd, profunde umbilicatd, fusca ; anfractibus planulatis,

supernée subnodosis, longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfractu

ultimo angulato, supra angulum cinguld transversd elevatd or-

nato, basi planiusculd ; columella tuberculis duobus, supremo

acuto, prominente.

Hab. e

31. CHLOROSTOMA ARTICULATUM, A. Adams. C. festd orbicu-

lato-conicd, umbilicatd, nigro-fuscd, cingulis transversis elevatis

albo-articulatis ornatd ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cin-

gulis albo-articulatis instructo, regione umbilical viridi ; colu-

melld tuberculo parvo terminatd.

Hab. 2

32. CHLOROSTOMA XANTHOSTIGMA, A. Adams. C. testd conoi-

ded, imperforatd, glabra, nigrd, longitudinaliter oblique sub-

striatd ; anfractibus parum rotundatis, basi concentricé l-

rato, luteo-carneolo; regione umbilicali callo luteo obtectd ;

columelld arcuatd, basi dente terminatd et infra tuberculo in-

structd.

Hab.

33. CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM, A. Adams. OC. testd ovato-

conoided, imperforatd, castaned, levi, longitudinaliter oblique

striatd, striis transversis indistinctis insculptd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, suturd angusté canaliculatd, regione umbilicali im-

pressd ; labio curvato, basi dente et tuberculo terminatd ; labro

intus sulcato.

Hab. it

184

Genus 17. Gispsuwa, Leach.

Trochus, sp. Linn.—Steromphala, Leach.—Monodonta, sp. Lam.

1. GresuLa macus, Linn.

Trochus magus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1228.—Trochus tuber-

culatus, Da Costa.

Hab. British Islands.

2. GiBBULA FanuLum, Gmel.

Trochus Fanulum, Gmel., Petiver, Gazoph. t. 156. f. 15.

Hab. Malta.

3. GIBBULA DECLIVvIs, Forskal.

Turbo declivis, Forsk. Deser. Anim. p.126; Chemn. Conch. pl.171.

f. 1663, 1664.—Trochus Agyptiacus, Gmel.

Hab. Suez.

4. GIBBULA CINERARIA, Linn.

Trochus cinerarius, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus

lineatus, Da Costa.—Trochus perforatus, Smith.—Trochus inflatus,

Blainv.—Trochus versicolor, Andrg.—Trochus lineolatus, Potiez and

Mich.—Trochus littoralis, Brown.—Trochus electissimus, Bean.

Hab. British Islands.

5. GIiBBULA SCABRA, Linn.

Trochus scaber, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. no. 510. p. 785; Chemn.

Conch. t. 171. f. 1667.

Hab. European Seas.

6. GIBBULA QuADRATA, Gmel.

Trochus quadratus, Gmel., Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 29. f. 45; Chemn.

Conch. pl. 171. f.1683.—Trochus Biasoletti, Philippi.—Trochus ma-

gulus, Deshayes.

Hab. Mediterranean.

7. GipBULA FuscaTa, Born.

Trochus fuscatus, Born, Test. Mus. Ceesar. t. 12. f. 1, 2.—Trochus

umbilicaris, Lamk. (not Linn.)

Hab. 2

8. GiBBULA CINEREA, Montague.

Trochus cinereus, Mout., Donov. Nat. Hist. Brit. Sh. v. t.155. f. 3.

Hab. Britain.

9. GrBBULA DivARICcATA, Linn.

Trochus divaricatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12. p. 1229.—Trochus

rarilineatus, Michaud.—? Turbo sanguineus, Gmel.

Hab. Mediterranean.

10. GispBuLA TumipA, Montague.

Trochus tumidus, Mont. Test. Brit. t. 10. f. 4.—Tvrochus Racketti,

185

Payr.—Trochus patholatus, Dillw.—? Trochus nassaviensis, Chemn.

—Trochus nitens, Woodward.—Margarita undulata, var. trochifor-

mis, Forbes.—Fry, Skenea serpuloides, Macgillivray.

Hab. British Islands, Mediterranean.

11. Grsputa Apansonu, Payraud.

Trochus Adansonii, Payr. Cat.—Trochus radiatus, Phil.—Trochus

turbinoides, Desh.—Trochus eusinicus, Andrg.

Hab. Corsica, France.

12. Gipsputa AGATHENSIS, Recluz.

Trochus Agathensis, Recluz.

Hab.

13. GippuLa vARIA, Gmel.

Trochus varius, Gmel.—Trochus varians, Desh.—Trochus Gabal-

dianus (quibusd.).—Trochus levigatus, Gmel.?

Hab.

14. GIBBULA MULTICOLOR, Krauss.

Trochus multicolor, Krauss, Sudafrik. Moll. t. 5. f. 31.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

15. Gisppuna Puitsertt, Recluz.

Trochus Philberti, Recl.

Hab.

16. GisBuLA sucuUNDA, Gould.

Trochus jucundus, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 56.

Hab. 2

17. GippuLa Carensis, Gmel.

Trochus Capensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. no. 40; Chemn. Conch. vy

t. 171. f. 1661, 1662.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope.

18. GipBULA VULNERATA, Philippi.

Trochus vulneratus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab.

19. GrseBuLaA FasciaTa, Born.

Trochus fasciatus, Born.—Trochus canaliculatus, Phil.—Mono-

donta ee Payr.

Hab.

20. GippuLa umBrLicata, Montague.

Trochus umbilicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 286.—Trochus umbili-

caris, Pennant.—Trochus umbilicalis, Da Costa.—Trochus oblique-

radiatus, Chemn.—Trochus cinerarius, Pultney.

Hab. British Islands.

186

21. GiBBULA ROTELLIFORMIS, Philippi.

Trochus rotelliformis, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. i

22. GipBuLA ADELAIDz, Philippi.

Trochus Adelaide, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

23. GIBBULA OBLIQUATA, Gmel.

Trochus obliquatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat.; Wood, Suppl.

Hab. 2

24. GrpBuLA Fumosa, Philippi.

Trochus fumosus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. 2

25. GipBuLA suLcosa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, umbili-

catd, maculis roseis flammulis albo-punctatis variegatd, an-

Sractibus paulum convexis, longitudinaliter substriatd, trans-

versim sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo subangu-

lato, basi convewxiusculd, lineis impressis concentricis sculptd ;

aperturd suborbiculart ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi sub-

truncatd.

Hab. Sir C. Hardy’s Island, North Australia, 8 fathoms, coarse

sand (Mr. Jukes).

26. GipBULA MINDORENSIS, A. Adams. G. testd elevato-conoi-

ded, perforata, viridi-fuscd, fasciis pallidis longitudinalibus

ornatd ; anfractibus rotundatis, liris transversis subgranulosis

cinctis, ultimo subangulato, basi convexd ; columelld subrectd,

basi tuberculo terminatd ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Puerto Galero, island of Mindoro, in coarse sand, 9 fathoms

(H. C.).

27. GipBuLA unposA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, virescenti, lineis fusco-viridibus undatis longitudina-

libus pictd ; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim tenué liratis,

ultimo subangulato, basi convead ; aperturd expansd, intus iri-

descenti ; columelld superné sinuatd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. fe

28. GIBBULA PORCELLANA, A. Adams. G. testd depresso-conicd,

late umbilicatd, glabrd, solidd, nitidd, lacted, lineis radiantibus

undulatis pulcherrimé pictd; anfractibus planis cingulis pro-

minentibus, duabus maculis albis et rufo-fuscis vivide pictis

ornatd ; interstitiis transversim sulcatis, basi convexiusculd,

cingulis concentricis lineis maculisque rufo-fuscis ornatd ; um-

bilico perspectivo, intus concentricé lirato, margine lined elevatd

cincto; columellé subrectd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. New Holland.

187

29. GipBULA PuLCHRA, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, rosed, ad suturam albo luteo fuscoque radiatim pul-

cherrimée pictd; anfractibus planis, biangulatis, transversim

sulcatis, sulcis rubro-articulatis, anfractu ultimo angulato, cin-

guld albo luteo nigro fuscoque eleganter pictd, basi convexd,

concentrice sulcatd ; umbilico intus albo, basi rotundatd.

Hab. Australia.

30. GrespuLa Kauinota, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, perforatd, virescenti, carneo cinereo variegatd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, lineis elevatis albo-articulatis, superne gibbosis; su-

turd profundd, anfractu ultimo rotundato, basi convexd, cin-

gulis articulatis concentricis ornatd, margine umbilici angulato,

lined elevatd cincto; columelld superné sinuatd, basi subtrun-

catd ; labro intus levi.

Hab. 2

31. GispuLa venusta, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, umbilicatd, viridi-fuscd, maculis albis prope suturas, cin-

gulis subdistantibus fusco rubroque articulatis, interstitiis l-

ratis, longitudinaliter oblique striatd ; anfractibus superne

gibbosis, rubro pictis; suturd canaliculatd, anfractu ultimo

rotundato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis fusco alboque articu-

latis, regione umbilicali roseo pictd; columelld sinuatd, basi

truncata.

Hab. Australia.

32. GispBpuLA puNctTo-costTaTa, A. Adams. G. testd turrito-

conicd, lutescenti, umbilicatd ; anfractibus superné cingulis tri-

bus nodulosis, rubro-articulatis nodulis punctatis, infernée liris

transversis nodulosis rubro-articulatis, infra, cinguld puncto-

nodosd basi pland, cingulis concentricis subnodosis rubro-arti-

culatis ornatd, margine umbilici lined elevatd cinctd ; columelld

subrectd, basi truncatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Island of Capul, on the reefs at low water (7. C.).

33. GipsuLA LEucosticTa, A. Adams. G. testd conoided, per-

Soratd, nigra, punctis lacteis pictd, anfractibus convexiusculis,

transversim liratd, longitudinaliter striatd, liris subdistantibus

albo-punctatis, interstitiis lineis elevatis transversis ornaté ;

anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexiusculd, cingulis nigro

alboque articulatd ; aperturd subrotundatd ; columelld superné

sinuatd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. Gindulman, island of Bohol, rocky ground (ZH. C.).

34. GipspuLa nivosa, A. Adams. G. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, cinered, maculis nivosis subrotundatis pictd, trans-

versim suleatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ; aperturd subrotun-

datd ; columelld flexuosd, basi rotundatd.

Hab. ?

188

Genus 18. Mon1vea, Swainson.—Talopia, Gray.

1. MonrILEA CALLIFERA, Lamk.

Trochus calliferus, Lamk. Hist. An. s. Vert. t. vii. p. 27.—Tro-

chus callosus, Wood.

Hab. Philippines.

2. MoniLeEA CALYyCuLUus, Wood.

Trochus calyculus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 2. f. 44.—Trochus

Belcheri, Philippi.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

3. MoniLeA BENZI, Krauss.

Trochus Benzi, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 99. t. 5. f. 32.

Hab. South Africa.

4, MoniLEea NucLEvs, Phil.

Trochus nucleus, Phil. Zeit. f. Malac. 1846.

Hab. ?

5. Moniuea LeNTIGINOSA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-

conicd, umbilicatd, albidd, luteo fuscoque variegatd ; anfractibus

rotundatis, cingulis subgranulosis confertis ornatis, ultimo rotun-

dato, basi convexiusculd, regione umbilicali excavatd ; columellé

superné callosd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. Mo Ilo, island of Panay, 7 fathoms (H. C.).

6. Monies KALIsoma, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conoi-

ded, umbilicatd, lutescenti, cingulis purpureo-articulatis ornatd,

cingulis subdistantibus, supremis granulatis, infimis planis ; an-

fractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato, basi paulum con-

vexd, cingulis purpureo-maculatis insculptd ; columella superné

sinuatd, basi dente terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ?

7. Montes pLtumBgEA, A. Adams. M. testd orbiculato-conoided,

umbilicatd, plumbed ; anfractibus rotundis, cingulis granorum

transversis in paribus dispositis ornatd, basi convexd; umbilico

mediocri, intus albo; columelld brevi, superne sinuatd, basi dente

terminatd ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

8. Monriuea trrata, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-conied,

umbilicatd, pallida ; anfractibus paulum convexis, liris trans-

versis elevatis distantibus, interstitiis decussaté striatis orna-

tis; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi convexd, margine umbilici

sulco cincto.

Hab. 2

9. Moninea pusitua, A. Adams. MM. testd orbiculato-conicd,

umbilicatd, rubescenti, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus planiuscu-

lis, cingulis granorum transversum distantibus (circa quatuor)

189

ornatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; columelld in medio

sinuatd.

Hab.

10. MoniLEea swarnsonu, A. Adams. M. testd conoided, umbi-

licatd, albidd, nigro variegatd ; anfractibus planis, cingulis sub-

granosis, albo nigroque articulatis ornatis, ultimo subangulato,

basi planiuseuld, cingulis rufo-articulatis ornatd ; columelld

basi tuberculaté ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. 2

Genus 19. Marearitra, Leach.—Trochus, sp. Auct.

1, MarGarira HELICINA, O. Fabricius.

Turbo helicinus, O. Fabr. Faun. Greenland. p. 393.—Trochus ne-

ritoides, Gmel.—Turbo margarita, Montag.— Helix margarita, Las-

key.—Phorcus margarita, Risso.—Trochus margaritus, Gray .—Mar-

garita vulgaris, Leach.—Margarita arctica, Gould.—Margarita

helicina, Méller.—Margarita margarita, Brown.—Margarita heli-

coides, Beck.—Turbo inflatus, Totten.—Paludina inflata, Menke.

Hab. British Islands.

2. MarGARITA GRENLANDICA, Beck.

Margarita Grenlandica, Beck ; Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 10.

Hab. Greenland.

3. MARGARITA UMBILICALIS, Brod. and Sow.

Margarita umbilicalis, Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journ. iv. ; Conch.

Tllustr. f. 5.

4. MarGarita striaTA, Leach.

Margarita striata, Leach, Append. Ross’s Voy. to North Pole;

Gray, Zool. Journ. vol. ii. p. 567.—Turbo carneus, Lowe.—Marga-

vita carnea, Sow.

Hab. 2

5. Marearita Guauca, Moller.

Margarita glauca, Moller, Ind. Moll. Greenland. p.

Hab. Greenland.

6. MARGARITA UNDULATA, Sowerby.

Margarita undulata, Sow. Conch. Ilustr. f. 4. —Turbo incarnatus,

Couthouy.

Hab. Casco Bay.

7. Marearita opscura, Couthouy.

Turbo obscurus, Couthovy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.ii. 100. pl. 3. f.2.

Hab. 2

8. MarGarita vAHLIt, Moller.

Margarita Vahlii, Moll. Ind. Moll. Greenland. p. 81.

Hab. Greenland.

190

9. MARGARITA ACUMINATA, Sowerby.

Margarita acuminata, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 7.

Hab. 2

10. MarGarITa COSTELLATA, Sowerby.

Margarita costellata, Sow. Conch. Mlustr. f. 15.

Hab. ?

11. MarGARITA ARGENTEA, Gould.

Margarita argentea, Gould, Invert. Massachuss. p. 256. f. 164.

Hab. Casco Bay. -

12. MARGARITA NITILIGINEUS, Menke.

Trochus nitiligineus, Menke, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p.

Hab. Misamis, island of Mindanao, sandy mud (#7. C.).

13. MarcGariva CINEREA, Couthouy.

Turbo cinereus, Couthouy, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. 99. pl. 3. f.9.

—Trochus costalis, Lovén.

Hass EST

14. MarGarirTa suLCATA, Sow.

Margarita suleata, Sowerby, Conch. Illustr. f. 1.

Hab. Greenland.

15. MARGARITA SOLARIIFORMIS, Sowerby.

Margarita solariiformis, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. -

Hab. San Nicholas, island of Zebu, sandy mud, 6 fathoms (H. C.).

16. MARGARITA BICARINATA, Adams and Reeve.

M. bicarinata, Adams and Reeve, Moll. Voy. Samarang, pl.11. f.11.

Hab. Eastern Seas.

17. MarGariTA CARINATA, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd,

perforata, fused, liris transversis ornatd, superioribus duabus

costellis longitudinalibus decussatis, inferioribus planis, inter-

stitiis longitudinaliter tenuissimé striatis; basi planiusculé,

cingulis concentricis, interstitiis radiatim striatis insculptd ;

margine umbilici crenulato.

Hab. Catbalonga, coarse sand, 8 fathoms (H. C.).

18. Marcarita aAnGuLATA, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculato-

conicd, late umbilicatd, albidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus

supra angulatis, transversim omnino striatis ; basi convexd, con-

centricé striata ; umbilico magno, perspectivo.

Hab. Sandwich Islands.

19. MarGarita caLostoma, A. Adams. WM. testd conoided,

crassa, perforatd, transversim valdé sulcatd, albidd; anfracti-

bus subrotundatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd rotunda, intus

vivide violascenti iridescenti ; umbilico callo, columellari subob-

tecto ; labri margine argenteo.

Hab. Juan de Fuco, Upper California.

191

20. Margarita cuminer, A. Adams. WM. testd elevato-conicd,

cinered, lineis fuscis undulatis pictd, late umbilicatd ; anfracti-

bus costellis transversis ornatis, ultimo tribus liris intermediis

cincto, longitudinaliter elevate striato ; umbilico magno, cinguld

erenulatd cinctd, intus lineis radiantibus et transversis elegan-

ter decussato.

Hab. Philippines.

21. Marearira vARiABILis, A. Adams. WM. testd orbiculdto-

conicd, subdepressd, late umbilicatd, pallidd, fusco griseo al-

boque varié pictd; anfractibus rotundatis, transversim valdé

suleatis ; umbilico perspectivo, margine crenulato ; basi plani-

usculd ; labio margine subcrenulato.

Hab. 2

22. Marearira BALTEATA, A. Adams. UM. testd orbiculato-

conicd, vix umbilicatd, grised, fusco tessellatd ; anfractibus gib-

bosis, transversim valde sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ;

basi planiusculd, concentricé sulcatd; columelld curvatd, vie

truncata.

Hab. 2

23. MarGariTa TESSELLATA, A. Adams. M. testd depresso-

conicd, late umbilicatd, levi, cinered, regulariter griseo tessel-

latd; anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo subangulato; basi convexd;

umbilico intus albido; aperturd rotundd, intus viridi-irides-

centi.

Ha6b.

Subgenus Puotina, H. and A. Adams.

Shell smooth, subconical; spire depressed; axis covered by a

smooth callus ; columella ending in a simple point.

This section includes all the species of Margarita that are not

umbilicated.

1. PHotina T2N1ATA, Wood.

Trochus teniatus, Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. pl. 5. f. 12.—Trochus

icolor, Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille.—Margarita teniata, Sow.

Hab. East Falkland (Don).

2. PHOTINA CZRULESCENS, King.

Margarita cerulescens, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v.

Hab. 2

3. PHOTINA EXPANSA, Sow.

Margarita expansa, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. :

Hab. 2

4. PHOTINA SIGARETINA, Sow.

Margarita sigaretina, Sow. Conch. Illustr. f. 14.

Hab. 2

192

5. Puotrna viouacea, King.

Margarita violacea, King, Zool. Journ. vol. v. p. 346.

Hab. 2

6. PHOTINA LINEATA, Sow.

Margarita lineata, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Hab. ?

7. PHotina nigra, A. Adams... P. testd depresso-conicd, im-

perforatd, solidd, nigrd, levi ; anfractibus subrotundatis, trans-

versim sulcatis ; longitudinaliter oblique substriatd ; anfractu

ultimo subangulato; regione umbilicali impressd ; callo albo

obtecto.

Hab,

8. Puotina Fusca, A. Adams. P. testd obliqud, subconicd, ni-

tidd, fusco variegatd ; anfractibus parum convewis, transversim

sulcatis, ultimo subangulato ; aperturd subrotundatd, intus

viridi iridescentt.

Hab. ?

9. PHotina Sanpwicuiana, A. Adams. PP. testd orbiculato-

conicd, imperforatd, levi, albidd, viridi fuscoque maculata ;

anfractibus rotundatis, ultimo subangulato, apice roseo; aper-

turd apertd, orbiculatd, intus viridi margaritaced ; labio albo ;

umbilico callo albo obtecto.

Hab. Mataineka, Sandwich Islands.

Mr. Oswald then communicated the following remarks by Mr. Mack,

on the fact of black eggs being laid by a white duck of the ordinary

domestic breed :—

“« The egg (observes Mr. Mack) which is herewith sent was laid

by a white duck, one of two belonging to Mr. Dickinson of Mitcham,

which stray during the day on the common, but are confined at night.

The drake was lost about a month since, and then one of the ducks

commenced laying black eggs, the other still continuing to lay white

ones,—she laid ten or twelve and then ceased for some days ; she has

again commenced laying black eggs. The ducks are fed once a day

with barley, at the time the other poultry are fed.

“‘ Mr. Dickinson, showing the egg this morning to one of the

guards on temporary duty on the Brighton rail at Croydon, he said

he had a duck which laid the same colour, or even blacker, and that

he had raised (at East Bourne) two broods of ducks from black

eggs.”

Haling Cottage, Croydon, May 24, 1851.

J.Wolf, lith.

TAS NIGPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA Sefater

M. &.N . Har

J Wolf) iith

ATICOLLIS.

[Dn

TRI

193

June 10, 1851.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF BirpDs OF THE GENUS THNIOPTERA.

By Paiuie Lutruey Scuater, B.A., F.Z.S8. etc.

(Aves, Pl. XLI. XLII.)

TANIOPTERA ERYTHROPYGIA, Sclater. T. nigrescens ; vertice

Fronte guldque canescente-griseis ; maculd secundariorum albd ;

uropygio, abdomine toto crissoque, cum tectricibus caude supe-

rioribus et alarum inferioribus levitér brunneo-rufis ; rectricibus

brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; ale, 5 unc. 7 lin. ; caudee, 4 une. 4 lin. ;

rostri 4 rictti, 1 une. ; a fronte, 6 lin.

Hab. in republic Equatoriana.

Wings and interscapulars black, growing lighter towards the crown,

and greyish white on front and throat; breast darkish grey ; outer

web of the last four or five secondaries broadly edged with white,

forming a white mark on the wing; lower back and tail-coverts and

whole body beneath below the breast, as also under wing-coverts, light

brownish rufous; tail-feathers the same, but broadly tipped with black.

For the loan of this and the following species I have to thank Mr.

Edward Wilson, who received them from M. Verreaux of Paris. I

was at first inclined to refer both species to the genus Agriornis of

Mr. Gould, but having had through Mr. G. Gray’s kindness an op-

portunity of examining the type of that form, Agriornis lividus* (Kit-

litz), I now consider them better placed in the present genus Teni-

optera, with which they agree in all their distinctive characters.

TZNIOPTERA STRIATICOLLIs, Sclater. 7. supra saturat2 fumoso-

brunnea ; uropygio paululim rufescente tincto; superciliis ru-

Fescente-albidis ; pennis cauddque nigris ; secundariis tertiartisque

levitér brunnescente marginatis ; infra leviter brunneo-rufa ; gut-

ture toto colloqgue albis nigro striatis ; rectricibus remigibusque

brunneo-rufis nigro terminatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc. 5 lin. ; ale, 5 unc. 3 lin. ; caude, 4 unc. ; rostri a

rictu, 1] unc. 3 lin.; a fronte, 7+ lin.

Hab. in republica Equatoriana.

Above dark smoke-brown ; an obscure whitish line from the bill to

the top of the eye; quill-feathers brown-rufous, outer margins and

ends black ; secondaries, tertials, and wing-coverts nearly black, mar-

gined with light brown; beneath brown-rufous ; chin, throat and

neck white, with longitudinal strie of black ; tail-feathers brown-

rufous, the two outer broadly tipped with black; the rest have also

the outer web black, except the two medial, which are wholly black.

* Tyrannus gutturalis, Voy. de la Favorite, Ois. t. 11.

No. CCXXXI.—ProceEEDINGS oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

194

This species is of the same form as the former, from which it may be

distinguished by its shorter and weaker beak, and the want of the

rufous colouring on the rump and upper tail-coverts, as also by the

conspicuous striz on the neck and throat.

2. NoTES ON AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF TAILOR-BiRD.

By Dr. NicHotson.

It may appear irregular to use what has been meant and applied

as a specific name, as a generic one, but then that name appears to

me to include, and to be indiscriminately applied to, two or three di-

stinct birds, as we may gather by looking at the accompanying

sketch, by the examination of the species described by Colonel Sykes

as inhabiting the Dukhun, and by reading the following description,

taken from Forbes, ‘Oriental Memoirs,’ p. 34. vol. i., under the

name of Motacilla sutoria :—‘ The Tailor-bird resembles some of the

humming-birds at the Brazils in shape and colour ; the hen is clothed

in brown, but the plumage of the cock displays the varied tints of

azure-purple, green and gold, so common in those American beauties.”

Often have I watched the progress of an industrious pair of Tailor-

birds, in my garden, from their first choice of a plant, until the com-

pletion of the nest, and the enlargement of their young.

Now, it is evident either that Mr. Forbes alludes to a distinct and

an uncommon species, which I have never met with, or else he must

have mistaken the common Cinnyris or Sun-bird representing the

Humming-birds, and both sexes of which he has generally described

above. But then the Cinnyris builds a common-shaped nest in the

fork of a branch, in fashion resembling that of the humming-birds.

This is a resident bird, not very conspicuous, as it keeps hopping

about among the brushwood and plants. It has a loud, short, and

not unmelodious song ; its general cry is ‘ wheet, wheet, wheet,’ often

repeated ; but its alarm-cry is like ‘ cheertah, cheertah, cheertah.’

I have found its singular sewn nest containing eggs or young at

all seasons of the year, in May and in November; and this may be

owing to the vegetation of gardens being always kept up by means

of artificial irrigation ; for cultivated spots seem its favourite, if not

exclusive resort at least in the north of India. Though no doubt

it haunts suitable jungles, I never observed it there, nor ever disco-

vered its nest so situated; but I have found many nests in my gar-

dens, both at Surat and at Raghote, as well as in Cutch. It seems

to prefer the leaf of the Bringal (Solanum esculentum), or that of the

Cucurbita octangularis, for the purposes of nidification ; and it lays

four small white eggs, marked with faint dark spots at the larger

end. After selecting a fitting leaf, it proceeds by means of its feet

and beak to draw the edges together, perforating holes therein, and

securing their proximity by threads of cotton, with bunches at the

end to prevent their giving way. Then the nest is constructed inside

the leaf, now forming a sort of corve, with cotton; the entrance is at

the top, and the nest seems small in proportion to the bird. If this

ts Sher

A alo,” '

J.Wolf, lith. M & N Hanhart. In

KQTAMITO PTTCTITT AMITC 7. Eels

EE \ yal A Ue een era U LLA J U ra) A LLOLS OIL

195

bird should prove a distinct species, I would suggest the name of

Sutoria agilis for it.

Weight of the male 23 drachms.

Length from bill to tail 54 inches. Alar extent 64 inches.

Head: bill long, slender and curved towards the point. Culmen

slightly divides the frontal feathers, and is nearly on a line with the

top of the head: there is an almost obsolete notch at the end of the

upper mandible. Tongue short, slightly extensible, and divided into

several filaments at the point. Gape wide, commissure under the

eye; a small denuded spot above the commissure. Nostrils basal,

pyriform, under a tegument; some small bristles and feathers re-

flexed from the canthus of the eye towards the bill and over the

nares. Eyes small. Iris greenish yellow. Eyelashes edged with

small feathers. Eyelids bare. Four remarkable (but inconspicuous)

bristles, like feathers, project from the back part of the occiput.

Wings short and perfectly rounded ; first quill only half as long as

the second; fourth and fifth quills are longest; the second, third

and fourth graduated ; the first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh

quills are emarginate on the outer web.

Tail of twelve graduated feathers, the two outer being the short-

est ; under-coverts are long.

Legs long, the tarsus iths of an inch; the outer toe longer than

the inner. Hallux very strong, and as long as the outer toe, with a

large pad beneath the base, its claw the largest; the tarsus is co-

vered with seven scales in front and one entire behind; two large

scales lie across the front of the foot; the claws are curved and

sharp.

Eoatents of stomach a mass of insect exuvize.

Colours : all above dull green, tinged with ash, light brown towards

the end of the tail and quills, which are lighter on the edges. Two-

thirds of the front breadth of the neck, round the eye, the breast,

belly and thighs (except a chestnut spot on the hallux) are silver-

white ; there is, besides, a remarkable spot on the neck, of a brown

colour, as if the white feathers had been deranged, showing the

roots of a different colour. Bill ash-brown or horn-colour, the

lower jaw lighter, and both lighter on the edges, as also are the

legs and claws of the same colour; forehead of a fine chestnut ;

crown of olive-brown.

3. NoTEs ON A NEW SPECIES OF ARTAMUS, FROM INDIA.

By Dr. NicHotson.

(Aves, Pl. XLIII.)

These birds are only found in very thick jungles among the brush-

wood, where they are always moving about, and are shot with great

difficulty, and even then, if not killed outright, they are so tenacious

of life, that they creep into the first hole or crevice they come to.

The only note J ever heard was like ‘chick, chick.’ I think they

196

are residents, but the few I have seen just appear and are lost again

in a moment, so that I know little of their habits; the one figured

here had one leg and both wings broken, and still crept into the hole

of a jerboa-rat, from which I dug it out dead.

Male: weight 63 oz.

Length from bill to tip of tail 72 inches. Alar extent 10 inches.

Head large. Bill strong, narrow and sharp, gently arched on the

culmen ; a distinct notch near the tip of upper mandible ; gape wide.

Tongue horny and divided at the pomt. Nostrils basal, small. Eye

rather small. Iris of a silvery colour, tinged with yellow.

Wings rounded; first quill very short; third longest; second,

third and fourth quills emarginate on outer web.

Tail short, and nearly even at the end, of twelve feathers, 2$ inches

long.

Tarsus strong. Hallux and claw stronger than the other toes, and

as long as the inner toe, and has a large pad at its base; the outer

toe is shortest ; the claws are much hooked.

Contents of stomach were a few grains of Holcus spicatus and the

exuvize of insects.

Plumage is soft and loose.

Colours: the whole top of the head is covered with a cap of black.

Bill lead-colour at base and black at the poimt. The chin, the breast,

and all underneath white; the body all above of a leaden colour.

Quills and tail of a light black, edged with light on both webs; the

outer web of the outer tail-feather is white, as well as the tips of the

first five on each side. Feet and legs black.

I propose for this species the name of Artamus cucullatus.

4. OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING OF THE NIGHTINGALE

In Captivity.

By H. Haney, Serceant-Masor Ist Lire Guarps.

Being of opinion that any bird which breeds in this country in a

wild state, might, by studying its habits, be brought to do so ina

state of captivity, I made preparations during the winter of 1844 for

trying the Nightingale, which I considered to be the most retired in

its habits of any of our summer visitants. I had a cage made, 4 feet

long by 3 feet high, the back, ends and top solid, with a wire front,

in which I placed a small Scotch fir-tree, planted in a flower-pot ; to

each end of the cage I attached a common-sized canary’s breeding-

cage, communicating with the large cage by a hole about 4 inches

square. I broke a new birch-broom, and filled up the cages at each

end, to make them resemble as near as possible the bottom of a thick

hedge, and then put in a plentiful supply of withered oak-leaves and

moss, of which the nightingale forms its nest, covering the fronts of

the two small cages with green glazed calico: I placed the cages high

up against a wall facing a landing-window. The following spring,

that is, about the latter end of April 1845, I directed a bird-catcher

(Blake, of John-street, Tottenham-court-road), who goes to Watford

197

every season to catch nightingales, to brmg me a cock and hen bird

which had paired naturally ; he did so, and, fortunately, they meated

off very readily. By “ meating off,” I mean that such birds as live

on insect food will not peck at dead food until taught to do so, which

is effected by enclosing meal-worms in a small glass tube, corked up

at each end, and then placing the tube in their food ; on pecking at

the worm the beak slips off the glass amidst the food, which they

swallow, and will afterwards go to it without the aid of a tube. On

finding my birds feed freely in the small cage, in which until then I

had confined them, I turned them into the place I had fitted up for

them, and was much gratified, about a week afterwards, to observe

the hen bird flying about with an oak-leaf in her beak. She made

her nest in one of the small cages at the end of the large one ; laid

four eggs, of which she hatched and brought up three young ones.

During the time she was sitting, the cock sang as well and as loud as [

ever heard one in a wild state: when the young were excluded he left

off singing, and was most assiduous in assisting to feed and rear them.

June 24, 1851.

J. E. Gray, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following communications were made :—

1. ON A NEW GENUS OF ANOMIAD&, IN THE COLLECTION

oF Mr. Cumine.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., P.B.S. erc.

TEDINIA.

Shell irregular, loosely lamellar ; upper or right valve with a broad

cardinal groove, and with three muscular scars, the upper small, ob-

long near the cartilage, the other two large, subcentral, upper sub-

trigonal, lower oblong, transverse, united by a nearly straight medial

cross line ; left or attached valve with an elongated, triangular, con-

vex cardinal ridge, with a deep groove on each side, having the car-

tilage on its inner edge, with two muscular scars, one small, half ob-

long near the cardinal ridge, the other large, subcentral, subcircular,

and with a roundish circular hole near the upper edge, with a slight

impression showing the grooves to the margin some distance from

the cardinal ridge; the plug shelly, fixed into and exactly fitting the

hole, with a triangular base sunk into the surface, commencing from

the apex of the shell on the outer surface, and formed of erect shelly

longitudinal plates within.

The shell has the plug and much the external appearance of the

subgenus Pododesmus, but differs from it and all the other Anomia-

198

de in the following particulars: 1. That the line which indicates the

junction of the two edges of the smmus which forms the perforation,

instead of being placed on the side of the ridge which supports the

cartilage, is placed at a considerable distance from it; 2. The sides

of the sinus are firmly soldered together, leaving only a circular hole ;

3. The support of the cartilage, instead of being merely a ridge or

process, here forms a large elongated subtriangular talus, like that

found in the genus Ostrea; 4. It differs greatly in the number and

form of the muscular scars ; the two large ones in the free valves are

placed as in the genus Placunanomia, and there is a third anterior

one in each valve not found in any genus of the family, and very un-

like the third scar of the genus dnomia. I know only of a single

specimen of the genus, which is in the collection of Mr. Cuming,

who believes that it came from California. It may be called Tedi-

nia pernoides ; subquadrangular, reddish, subsquamose, obscurely

radiated, internally reddish brown.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BULIMUS FROM

Austrauia. By Lovextu Reeve, F.L.S. erc.

(Mollusca, Pl. XII.)

Butimus Maconeuui. Bul. testd acuminato-oblongd, tenuiculd,

suboblique convolutd, spird brevi, suturis rudibus, anfractibus qua-

tuor ad quinque, minuté et creberrime spiraliter undulato-striatis,

ultimo valde inflato, columelld subcontortd, aperturd subampld,

labro simplici ; brunned, maculis parvis punctisque nigris undique

pictd et seriatim fasciatd, maculis infra suturas regularibus, aper-

ture fauce fuscescente.

Hab. Brisbane, Moreton Bay, Australia.

This fine species has been forwarded to me from the Manchester

Museum of Natural History, with the above name attached to it in

manuscript, by Captain Brown. It is chiefly remarkable on account

of its absolute similarity in texture, in colour, and in pattern, to Helix

Falconari of the same locality. It appears to differ in nothing but

in that difference of convolution which characterizes the respective

genera. Mr. Cuming possesses an exactly similar un-umbilicated

specimen ; and none of several examples of H. Falconari, with which

it has been compared and which are all largely umbilicated, present

any indication of an intermediate form. It is the first instance on

record of a strictly typical richly painted Bulimus and Helix agreeing

in colour, in pattern, and in all respects save that of form.

3. OBSERVATIONS ON THE DENTITION OF THE TIGER BEETLES.

By J. O. Westwoop, Pres. E.S., F.L.S. ere.

_ Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the meeting to the neces-

sity which existed of a more precise examination and description of

the diversity in the dentition of the mandibles of insects, especially

Proc. Z.8. Mollusca. Xd

Punted by Hullmandel & Walton.

BULIMUSs

MACONELLI, Reeve

199

Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, than had hitherto been bestowed

thereon. In the higher orders of animals so much importance had

been given to this character, that it was remarkable that, in general,

entomologists contented themselves with examining, describing, and

figuring a single mandible as affording a sufficient diagnosis of the

structure of both of the mandibles, overlooking the necessary result

which arose from the circumstance of the horizontal instead of per-

pendicular action of these organs in insects, and the variation in the

position of the teeth which such action must necessarily induce. In

general, indeed, the teeth of the mandibles were not greatly developed,

and there was a general similarity between the two jaws; but when

these organs are of an increased size, and especially when the extre-

mity of one jaw laps over that of the opposite one, a diversity in the

dentition will necessarily exist. It was likewise necessary to examine

the mandibles of both sexes of a species, as it occasionally happened

that there was considerable difference in their dentition. These ob-

servations were illustrated by the case of the Tiger Beetles (Cicinde-

lide), which offered a much greater range of diversity in their denti-

tion than had hitherto been supposed. It was chiefly to the genus

Megacephala that Mr. Westwood directed the attention of the

members. .

In the type of that genus (Megacephala senegalensis, Latr., Dej.,

Cic. megalocephala, Fabr.), an apterous species from Senegal, the

right mandible of the male has two large, nearly equal-sized, acute

teeth in the middle of the inner margin, the extremity being hooked

and very acute; there is also a small tooth at the base of the large,

broad, compound basal tooth. The left mandible is nearly similar, ex-

cept that the two teeth in the middle of the inner margin are unequal

in size, the upper one being the smaller of the two. The figure of the

jaws of this species, given in the Crochard edition of the Animal

Kingdom (Ins. pl. 16. f. 2 a), is very incorrect, being apparently

reversed. The dentition of the female is almost identical with that

of the male. In the allied bat-winged African species, Megacephala

4-signata, Dej., from Senegal, the toothing of the mandibles is simi-

- larly arranged, but the two teeth in the middle of the mner margin,

in both sexes, are broad and obliquely truncate. In the male of

M. euphratica (which has recently been observed to extend from

Spain to India), the teeth are nearly as in M. senegalensis, except

that the subapical tooth of the left mandible is considerably smaller.

But in the species lately received from the north-west of Australasia

(M. Australasie, Hope), we find a different arrangement as well as

number in the teeth, the right mandible having three teeth in the

middle of the inner margin (exclusive of the small tooth* at the hase

of the upper side of the large compound basal tooth), the upper one

small, the middle one very small, and lower one large, all being acute.

The left mandible has also three teeth in the same position,—the

* This small tooth exists in all the species, and in both sexes; and as it appears

to form part of the great basal tooth, I have omitted noticing it in the descriptions

given in this paper.

200

upper one very small, and the middle and lower one large and nearly

equal in size.

On turning to the New-World species of the genus, we find four

variations in the dentition of the mandibles; the group of pale spe-

cies typified by M. equinoctialis, De}. (bifasciata, Brullé), corre-

sponds almost identically in the dentition of both sexes with the old

type (M. senegalensis), as described above, the right mandible having

two equal-sized large acute teeth in the middle of the inner margin,

and the left one also two, the upper one being very small. For this

group I have proposed the subgeneric name of Ammosia, in allu-

sion to their habits, which differ materially from those of the other

species.

a black-coloured species from South America (M. sepulchralis,

Fabr., M. variolosa, Dej.) differs from the Ammosie in the left man-

dible, while the inner margin has only one tooth in the middle, of

considerable size, and exhibiting on its wader side a minute tooth,

being all that remains of the large middle tooth of the left mandible

of the Ammosie. This species is the type of Mr. Hope’s subgenus

Anaira.

Another very fine Brazilian species (M. testudinea, Klug) differs

in the dentition of the sexes in a more striking manner than any of

the preceding. The right mandible of the male is long and sickle-

shaped, with a small tooth obliquely truncated below the middle of

the inner margin, and between this and the tip of the jaw is a mi-

nute acute tooth. The left mandible has two teeth on the inner

margin above the middle, the lower one broad and acute, but rather

obliquely truncate, whilst the upper one is very small. The right

mandible of the female, on the contrary, has two very large equal-

sized teeth in the middle of the inner margin, whereas the left jaw in

this sex is quite similar to that of the male.

There still remains a numerous group of American species (the

type of which is Cie. Carolina, Linn.), which differ from the rest of

their continental brethren in possessing three teeth in the middle of

the inner margin of each jaw, thus resembling the Australian species

above noticed, and hence I proposed the name of Tetracha, or four-

toothed, for this group, counting the acute apical portion of the man-

dible as a fourth tooth. In general, in both sexes, the tooth next

below the apex of the jaw is equal in size to, or even larger than, the

apical part or tooth itself (thus differmg from the Australasian spe-

cies), and the middle of the three teeth is smaller than the rest ; but

in the left mandible in the males the tooth below the apical tooth is

even still larger, whilst the middle tooth is much smaller, and the lower

tooth is quite minute. In the female, on the contrary, the middle

one of the three teeth of the inner margin is rather larger than the

Mapper one (which is only of a moderate size), and the lower one is

small.

From these particulars (united with the peculiarities of colouring,

geographical range and habits of the species) we are enabled to pro-

pose well-founded subgenera, a task which has hitherto been con-

sidered hopeless in the genera of Cicindelide. The Old-World spe-

201

cies thus seem to form only one group, divisible however into still

smaller sections from the presence or absence of wings, and form and

colouring of the elytra; the Australian species stands alone; and the

New-World species constitute the four following subgenera :—

Ammosia, Westw. Type, M. bifasciata, Brullé.

————,, Westw. Type, M. testudinea, Klug.

Anatra, Hope. Type, M. sepulchralis, Fabr.

Terracua, Westw. Type, M. Carolina, Linn.

July 8, 1851.

In consequence of the death of the President, no meeting was held

on this day.

July 22, 1851.

John Edward Gray, Esq., F.R.S. &c., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE LARGEST KNOWN SPECIES OF PHALERIDINE Birp.

By Cuarues Lucien, Prince Bonaparte.

(Aves, Pl. XLIV.)

Among the new additions lately made to the British Museum I was

struck by one of the Alcide, which I had never seen before, and

which was very properly placed close by two beautiful specimens of

my singular Ceratorrhina, also lately added to the zoological treasures

of the English nation. The bird which is the subject of the present

note is evidently the Labrador Awk of Latham, so miscalled from

the erroneous impression that it came from those eastern shores of

America, but too well described not to be recognized. Gmelin com-

piled his lca labradora from the description of Latham, and all

those who did not follow him blindly, have referred that indication

to an immature state of the Razor-bill (Mormon arctica), a course in

which they were led by geographical consideration only. Although

our bird belongs to the family of the Alcide, it is not even an Alcine,

as the Razor-bill, but, as is shown by the nakedness of the cere, it

belongs to the other subfamily, or Phaleridine, of which it is at pre-

sent the largest known,

202

In its family it is certainly allied to Ceratorrhina, but well de-

serving to constitute a genus by itself. The bill still more com-

pressed, is in fact much more angulated beneath, and covered at the

base, not by a bony process or horn, but by a soft membrane or

saddle, which leaves a simple slit along the margins for the imper-

vious nostrils.

Genus novum PHALERIDINARUM.

SAGMATORRHINA, Bp. Saddle-Bill.

Rostrum duplo longius quam altum; maxilla ad basin recta cerd

maaximd induta, apice incurva ; mandibula ultra medium statim

adscendens, angulum obtusum constituens ; nares lineares, mar-

ginales.

As the bird has been so well described by Latham, Mr. G. R. Gray

very properly suggests that its specific name should be taken from

that author.

SAGMATORRHINA LatHami, Bp. Maaima; nigricans; subtus

albido-fuliginosa: rostro pedibusque rubris; cerd palmisque

nNugris.

Long. 16 poll.; rostr. 2 poll. long., 1 altum, $ latum ad basin, 3 ad

med. ; alee 7} poll.; cauda 3}; tars. 14; digitorum longissimus 23.

This species is the largest of the subfamily, which is well known

to contain the dwarfs of the Water birds; it is one-third larger than

Ceratorrhina monocerota, of which it has precisely the colouring,

wanting only (at least in the state we have it) the little white feathers

above the eye and at the corners of the mouth. The proportions of

wings, tail, feet and toes are the same: the bill and toes must have

been reddish ; the cere and membranes black. Like the Cerator-

rhina, it seems to be confined to the North-western Arctic regions of

America ; and we are led to believe it does not extend to the Siberian

shores, from the circumstance of its not having been noticed by

Russian naturalists.

The well-marked family of Alcide forms, with the Colymbide,

Podicipide and Spheniscide, the great section of the Urinatores,

which, with the Lamellirostres, constitutes alone the Order dnseres,

as it must be restricted to the web-footed Precoces of Prof. Owen.

The other two sections, Longipennes and. Totipalmi, constitute now

the Order Gavie of my Conspectus, being, in fact, web-footed Altri-

ces, which have no more right to remain in Anseres than the Pigeons

among the Galline,—than the Herodiones among the Gralla. The

passage between my Gavie or web-footed Altrices, and my Herodiones

or grallatorial Altrices, is beautifully exemplified by that most re-

markable bird the Baleniceps, whose affinity with Pelecanide has so

well been pointed out, and even exaggerated, by Mr. Gould. On the

other hand, it is no less obvious that the Longipennes, some of which,

with tumid bills, have been considered as Sea-Pigeons, connect them

(the Gavie) with the Columbe; whilst between the two subclasses

the connections and correspondence (affinity and analogy) take place

203

in different degrees and by different means and sides, chiefly as

exemplified in the following table :—

AVES.

1, ALTRICES (Insessores). 2. PRACOCES (Grallatores).

1. Psrrract.

2. ACCIPITRES.

3. PASSERES.

a. OSCINES.

&. VOLUCRES.

4. CoLuMBz&.

a. INEPTI. 8. STRUTHIONES.

b. GYRANTES. 9. GALLINZE.

Baa (icamanés 10. ANSERES.

a. TorTIpALMI. a. LAMELLIROSTRES.

b. LONGIPENNES. 4. URINATORES.

6. HERopIonEs. 7. GRALLZ&.

a. ALECTRIDEs.

6. CuRSORES.

2. On THE CHANGE oF CoLouR IN Aa CHAMaZLEON (CHAM#-

LEO VULGARIS). By H. N. Turner, Jun.

Notwithstanding that the peculiarity of the Chamzeleon in changing

its colour is so universally known, and that an illustrated work

on the subject was published by Van der Héven, I have thought that

a careful record of the varieties of tint, presented by the specimen

which has lived for some time in my possession, might prove ser-

viceable to the naturalist if compared with similar observations upon

other species and upon the same one under different circumstances,

and might also assist in the determination of the means by which it

is effected, the influences by which it is regulated, and the objects

which it serves in the ceconomy of the animal.

Its general tints vary between different shades of brown, olive, yel-

low, and light green, the last-named being the most rarely observed,

and the yellow being the tint usually assumed when the animal has

been hidden from the light. This is the colour it always presents if

taken for inspection at night, and when brought into the influence of

lamp-light it appears at first almost white, but may soon be seen to

darken and some of the markings to appear. The side that is next

the light will change rather sooner than the other, the changes being

always gradual. It has three distinct sets of markings, the first to

appear being two ranges of irregular distant elongated spots, which

may appear either as a dark tint upon the ground-colour when that

is light, or a light one if it be dark. These marks are never entirely

absent when either of the other sets is present, although sometimes

but faintly discernible.

204

The other two sets of markings consist of an irregular marbling,

and a number of full round spots; the latter never appear otherwise

than as dark upon the ground-colour, and the marbling, which is ge-

nerally also dark, only occasionally appears a little lighter than the

ground-colour, and then of a different tone; either may be visible

without the other, or both may be distinctly traceable. Sometimes

the marbling will be apparent together with such of the spots as are

placed within its intervals, those upon the surface occupied by the

marbling being amalgamated with it.

When the general colour is light yellow or pale greenish, which is

the case if the animal be suddenly brought into the light, the elon-

gated spots, which form two rows on each side, will begin to appear

of a very delicate purple tint. After that the marbling gradually

shows itself, and the general tint begins to darken; when some time

has elapsed a brown colour is assumed, and the elongate spots, at first

purple of a darker tint than the yellow ground-work, are seen to be

brown, of a lighter and rather richer tint than that which now per-

vades the whole. These distinctions may go on increasing, may then

decrease and again increase ; the spots may appear, may come and go

with different degrees of intensity, so that the variety of appearances

presented is almost indefinite. When visited in the day-time, the colour

is generally brown, sometimes without markings, generally with the

elongate spots of a lighter tint, and the marbling or the round spots,

or both, more or less apparent. Occasionally it presents a uniform

dull olive, and then has no markings. Sometimes it is of a light drab

colour, with the different marks faintly indicated. The ventral series

of prominent scales remains constantly white, as stated by Van der

Hoven, not participating in the changes of the surrounding parts.

This author does not in any of his plates represent the longitudi-

nal rows of markings as a decided dark upon the ground-colour, nor

is the marbling anywhere clearly shown as pervading the whole body ;

neither does he give the deep brown tint with the marbling as a dark,

and the longitudinal rows of spots definitively marked as a light.

I have never seen my specimen present anything like the appear-

ances delineated in his plates 4 and 5, probably because I have not

irritated it.

It has generally been imagined that the purpose of this singular

faculty accorded to the Chameeleon is to enable it to accommodate its

appearance to that of surrounding objects, but the observations of

Van der Héven seem to negative that idea, and the few experiments

I have made with that view have not led to any such results. The

box in which it is kept is of deal, with a glass at the top and a

piece of flannel laid at the bottom ; a small branching stick being

introduced by way of a perch. I have introduced at various times

pieces of coloured paper, covering the bottom of the box, of blue,

yellow and scarlet, but without the slightest effect upon the appear-

ance of the animal. Considering that these primary colours were

not such as it would be likely to be placed in contact with in a state

of nature, I next tried a piece of green calico, but equally without re-

sult. The animal went through all its usual changes, without their

205

being in any way modified by the colours placed underneath it. The

general tints approximate, as may readily be observed, to those of the

branches of trees, just as those of most animals do to the places in

which they dwell; but I have never seen the faculty of changing

called into play with any apparent object. It is only when the light

is removed that the animal assumes a colour which absorbs but little

of it.

Regretting that I have not been able to attain any more definite

conclusions, I offer these few remarks, hoping that to some naturalist,

who may undertake the investigation of these singular phenomena,

they may prove not to have been thrown away.

Pimlico, July 1851.

3. On THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE EpENTATE MAMMALIA.

By H. N. Turner, Jun.

In offering to the Society a summary of my observations on the

craniology of the Edentate order, I have not so great a number of

hitherto unrecorded facts to bring forward as in some of my former

communications. The very remarkable modifications which this order

is seen to present, not only in comparison with the rest of the Mam-

malian class, but also among its own members, and the wonderful

variety of extinct gigantic species which the New World has yielded

to research, have caused the osteology of the group to be more mi-

nutely investigated ; while the small number of species and the striking

external differences which they exhibit, have left but little room for

doubt in the minds of naturalists as to their true arrangement. I will

therefore simply point out such of the cranial peculiarities as seem to

be characteristic of the order and of its families and genera, dividing

it, as appears to me necessary, into five families, since the two forms

inhabiting the Old World differ so much from each other, and from

the three groups into which those of the New World naturally divide

themselves, that although each consists of a single genus, and one of

but a single species, it seems requisite that both should stand di-

stinct. It will also be necessary to remodel the genera of the Arma-

dilloes, and to define them anew by their external characters as well

as by those of the skull, since the presence of a tooth in each of the

intermaxillary bones of a single species of the family has prevented

the essential similarities and differences from being duly appre-

ciated.

Although some few naturalists may still associate this order with

the true Ungulata, for the sake of keeping the divisions of the class

within the predetermined number five, I think that most of those

who have given particular attention to the subject will agree, that

so natural and strongly-marked a group is well worthy of isolation,

which was the opinion of Linnzeus and Cuvier, although the former

wrongly associated with it a few genera belonging properly to other

groups.

The characters possessed in common by the members of so diver-

206

sified an order, must be expected to be comparatively few; those

which I have observed in the skull are as follows :—

The tuberosity of the maxillary bone is articulated by the whole

of its upper surface to the frontal and orbitosphenoid bones.

The zygoma is flat and straight, projecting at once outwards and

forwards, its articulating surface being more or less confluent with a

concavity at the inner side of it which forms a portion of a more or

less elongated cone, whose apex would point backwards. In such

forms as have the articulation longitudinal, the glenoid surface is

distinguishable from that of Rodents by its posterior termination,

which is zo¢ a thin free edge like the anterior.

The alisphenoid bone never extends high, so that the pterygoid

ridge forms its upper boundary, or even extends above it.

The absence of enamel in the teeth, when they exist, must also be

named among the cranial characters.

Fam. 1. BRADYPODID.

The intermaxillary bones confined to the lower part of the nasal

opening ; the maxillary bones provided with simple teeth, shortened,

their malar processes much pushed forwards upon them, and the

molar series converging behind; the posterior palatine foramina re-

placed by a series of minute openings extending the whole length of

the palate ; the malar bone having a descending masseteric process

transversely compressed, longitudinally extended, and with a di-

stinct superadded process arising between its frontal and zygomatic

processes ; the foramen rotundum distinct, and opening exteriorly at

the base of the pterygoid process some distance below the spheno-

orbital foramen and anterior to the foramen ovale; the zygoma

straight and trigonal, its origin thick and extensive, reaching back

quite to the posterior part of the squamous bone ; the mastoid bone

with a wide digastric fossa, and a strong thick styloid process, ter-

minating in a circular concavity for the reception of the stylohyal

bone; the lower jaw widened anteriorly with an extended symphysis.

It must be observed that the superadded process of the malar bone

is peculiarly characteristic of this family, and is quite distinct from

any of the processes of that bone to which special names have been

assigned. It is situated between the frontal or postorbital and zygo-

matic processes, both of which seem also to exist in a more or less

rudimental form in most of the known species ; and when the latter

is wanting as in the genus Cholepus, the fact that the new process

stands aloof, above the zygoma, is enough to prevent its being taken

for the zygomatic process, which in all mammalia possessing a com-

plete zygomatic arch either abuts simply against the extremity of the

zygoma, or more generally seems to support it from beneath.

The zygomatic process is well developed in the Megatherium, and

completes the arch, leaving the other, which might be called the

supratemporal process, projecting above it. In Mylodon robustus

the frontal process is reduced to a slight angle upon the base of the

supratemporal process. In the Scelidotherium the process existing

207

above the zygomatic process appears to be broken off, but the obli-

quity of its base renders it improbable that it would be the true

frontal process so largely developed.

The circular pit for the attachment of the stylohyal bone is pre-

cisely similar in the Sloths to that in the large fossil genera, and it

is somewhat remarkable that Prof. Owen, while describing the cha-

racter in these extinct forms, should have made no allusion to its

existence in the recent Sloths, even though Cuvier expressly points it

out. The tongue is largely developed in this family, and the living

sloth may be seen to make great use of it in takmg food into its

mouth, as was observed by Mr. Ball, in a short communication pub-

lished in the ‘ Proceedings’ some years back. On the other hand, it

is long and slender in the insect-feeding tribes, so that the maximum

degree to which it was developed in the Glossotherium is certainly

no indication that such was the food of that remarkable genus.

Cuotepvs, Illiger.

Intermaxillary bones small, produced anteriorly ; postorbital pro-

cess well-developed; malar bone with a well-marked frontal process,

but no zygomatic process, the supratemporal process projecting

backwards or bent a little upwards; pterygoid bones inflated ;

crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ;_ tym-

panic bone reduced to a simple ring; lower jaw produced ante-

riorly, straight below, its condyle depressed; teeth z=» simple,

rounded, the anterior ones in each jaw enlarged, trigonal.

C. didactylus.

Brapypus, Gray.

Intermaxillary bones reduced or wanting; postorbital process

slightly developed ; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic pro-

cesses slightly marked, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ;

pterygoid bones inflated ; crotaphite impression terminating at a con-

siderable distance from the occiput ; tympanic bone well-developed,

forming a bulla; lower jaw with a flattened square process in front,

deep posteriorly, the lower outline convex, the condyle elevated ;

teeth —, simple, rounded, the anterior ones similar, small in the

upper jaw.

B. crinitus.

In addition to the character of the pterygoids, which, in the absence

of actual knowledge, might possibly have belonged to age or sex, I

find this species to be clearly distinguishable from those of the next

genus by the great distance that intervenes between the posterior

termination of the temporal fossee and the occiput, which is much

greater in the old specimens even than in the young of the genus Are-

topithecus. The occiput also differs from them in being proportionally

smaller, of a rounder form; the digastric fossee converging a little

superiorly, instead of diverging as in the other genus. The lower

jaw also presents a character more decided than the anterior pro-

208

duction which Mr. Gray points out in his paper on the genus Bra-

dypus: it is much deepened behind, rendering the lower outline

very convex. And further, there are certain characters pointed out

by Cuvier in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ which appear to be constant, so

far as I have been able to observe, as it is only in young specimens

that the sutures are discernible. They are, first, that in this species,

the di a collier, the nasal bones are bevelled towards the middle pos-

teriorly, so that they form a point between the frontals, while in the

other species they are bevelled in the opposite direction, the frontals

descending between their extreme points. Secondly, that the pala-

tine bone forms but a narrow slip within the orbit, and the alisphenoid

bone occupies a much larger portion of the temporal fossa than in

the other species.

The skull spoken of by Mr. Gray as being taken from a skin, pre-

sents characters intermediate between the other one and that upon

which the B. afinis is founded, therefore I refrain from inserting the

latter as a species until further evidences are obtained.

ARCTOPITHECUS, Gray.

Intermaxillary bones short and small; postorbital process slightly

developed; malar bone with the frontal and zygomatic processes

slightly marked, or the former wanting, the supratemporal process

rising obliquely ; pterygoid bones compressed and simple; crota-

phite impression extending to very near the occipital ridge ; tympa-

nic bone well-developed, inflated ; lower jaw with its inferior outline

concave posteriorly, its condyle elevated ; teeth —, simple, rounded,

the anterior ones similar, small in the upper jaw.

A. GuLARIS. dia dos brulé.

A broad patch of soft yellow hair between the shoulders, and a

black line running through it down the back; the upper anterior

molars proportionally larger, and the second less, than in the fol-

lowing species; the occiput again affords us a very good distinction,

as it is much wider and not so deep as in the following species, and

the foramen magnum not so large. Two skulls in the British Museum

present these characters, and evidently belong to adult, probably

aged, individuals; that of the skeleton, also from Bolivia, seems

referable to the other species.

A. MARMORATUS.

Fur everywhere more or less lengthened, no yellow spots, dorsal

line grey brown; anterior upper molars very small, the next rather

larger than those which follow; occiput deeper and narrower than

in the preceding species, its foramen larger.

The A. Blainvillii is not distinguishable by external markings, and

the skulls bearing that name in the Museum collection all present a

general robustness, such as age and sex might very probably occasion.

One of them, which, from retaining some of the sutures, seems to be

younger than the others, has the frontal bones less swollen, and the

209

lower jaw with its angular process as much produced as in those

labelled marmoratus, though deeper, but not so deep as in the others.

The A. flaccidus may be only a local variety, the skulls not being

very clearly distinguishable, for there are not two between which

some individual peculiarities may not be traced.

The skull to which the name problematicus is given is evidently

young, having all its sutures well-marked, and in the absence of the

fur cannot be safely looked upon as the type of a species. It agrees

with the others in the character of the occiput, which distinguishes

them all from the a. gularis, as well as from the Bradypus crinitus.

The palzontologist is well aware of the uncertainty of establishing

species upon trivial details of form, although slight distinctions are

in some cases known to afford a true indication: the skulls of the

Three-toed Sloths vary greatly, and all present a coarse, rough-hewn

appearance which must detract from our confidence in little differ-

ences of detail. With regard to the lower jaw, they certainly do not

present differences so strikingly characteristic as those upon which

the species of Mylodon are established.

MercatTHeErivum, Cuvier.

Intermaxillary bones lengthened and prominent ; postorbital pro-

cess lengthened and drawn out, but not inflated; malar bone with its

frontal and zygomatic processes well-developed, the latter attached

firmly to the zygoma; the supratemporal process rising obliquely ;

pterygoid bones compressed, and not inflated ; crotaphite impression

approaching near to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone attached,

small, and not inflated; (immediately in front of the circular facet

for the stylohyal bone there descends a strong process, which may

probably belong to the tympanic bone and form a portion of a vaginal

process ;) lower jaw produced in front, deepened in the middle by the

extensive implantation of the molars, the condyle much elevated ;

teeth =", quadrate, grooved transversely on the crown when worn,

the caementum being thickened on the anterior and posterior surfaces ;

the posterior upper one small.

M. Cuvieri.

Dr. Lund figures a tooth having the characters of this well-known

_ genus, but of smaller size, under the name of Megatherium Laurillardi.

MeGatonyx, Jefferson.

General cranial characters unknown ; teeth ?—, subelliptical, with

4—4

a ridge on the inner side.

M. Jeffersonit.

Mytopon, Owen.

Intermaxillary bones small (lost in the skeleton) ; postorbital pro-

cess but little developed, thick ; malar bone with the frontal process

indicated by a slight angle, the zygomatic well-developed, touching

No. CCXXXII.—Proceepinés or tHE Zoo.oeica Society.

210

the zygoma, the supratemporal process rising obliquely ; pterygoid

bones thin and compressed ; crotaphite impression approaching near

to the occipital ridge; tympanic bone reduced and separate; (the

foregoing characters can of course apply only to the Mylodon robustus,

it being the only species of which the cranium is known ;) lower jaw

broad and more or less prolonged in front, the lower outline straight,

the condyle depressed ; teeth —, the anterior ones rounded or tri-

gonal, the posterior ones larger, trigonal in the upper jaw, gradually

becoming bilobed in the lower. The species can only be characterized

by the lower jaw, as it is the only part that is known in all of them.

The characters are taken chiefly from Prof. Owen’s works.

M. Darwinit.

Lower jaw much produced anteriorly, with a double mammelliform

tuberosity upon the symphysis below. The first tooth rounded or

subtrigonal, the second subelliptical, with a slight depression on the

inner side; the third subquadrate, grooved on the inner side; the

posterior internal angle produced ; the fourth bilobed, sharply grooved

on the inner side.

M. Haran.

Lower jaw with the symphysis short; the second tooth sub-

quadrate, grooved on the inner side, with the posterior internal angle

produced ; the third trapezoid, obliquely placed, with the inner side

rounded ; the fourth bilobed, the inner groove biangular, and a small

shallow one anterior to it.

M. rosustus.

Lower jaw produced and very broad anteriorly, the first tooth

round, the second subtrigonal, grooved internally, the third sub-

quadrate, oblique, the fourth bilobed, with a deep scallop on the

inner side and a smaller one anterior to it.

GLossoTHERIUM, Owen.

Crotaphite impression approaching near to the occipital ridge ;

tympanic bone reduced and separate. The general cranial characters

are unknown, but the fragment is recognizable by the great size of

the surface for the stylohyal bone, and of the precondyloid foramen.

ScELIDOTHERIUM, Owen.

Malar bone with a well-developed zygomatic process; the cha-

racter of its frontal process cannot be determined through mutilation

of the specimen ; crotaphite impression approaching near to the occi-

pital ridge ; tympanic bone reduced and separate ; lower jaw greatly

curved below, its condyle depressed ; teeth —. transversely extended,

the anterior ones fully as large as the others, the first in each jaw

elongate trigonal, the others gradually becoming bilobed, the last

upper one trigonal. “8

S. leptocephalum.

211

Piatyonyx, Lund.

This genus is proposed by Dr. Lund, to include a series of species

discovered by him, the first three of which he had previously referred

to the genus Megalonyz, and Prof. Owen, in the conspectus at the

end of his memoir on the Mylodon, has placed them in his genus

Scelidotherium; but I prefer to adopt, for the present, Dr. Lund’s

latest arrangement, since in the lower jaws figured, the last lower

molar has a deep groove on its posterior side, and the fourth species,

of which an entire skull is figured (tab. 38), agrees in this cha-

racter, and shows a marked distinction from the S. /eptocephalum in

the zygomatic arch being incomplete ; the malar bone has no frontal

process, and but a slight angular indication of the zygomatic process.

P. Cuvieri. P. minutus.

P. Bucklandi. P. Brongniartii.

In addition to these, Dr. Lund represents a metacarpal bone of a

species which he calls P. Owenii, and an os scaphoides of the foot of

another, which he names P. Agassizii.

The genera Celodon and Sphenodon of Dr. Lund seem open to

the objection suggested by Prof. Owen, namely that the teeth would

be first developed in the form of hollow obtuse cones, not assuming

the cylindrical form until worn down to the part which has acquired

in process of growth the normal thickness; but while I feel natu-

rally cautious of introducing into my category any genera or species,

the establishment of which is not made fully satisfactory to my mind,

I must not be considered as rejecting any of those of Dr. Lund,

when his illustrations and lists of names are the only evidences I can

attain ; since his original specimens are far beyond my reach, and my

ignorance of the Danish language prevents my comprehending his de-

scriptive memoirs.

Fam. 2. Dasypop1p.

The nasal bones long, of nearly uniform width, their extremities

projecting forwards beyond the intermaxillaries ; the intermaxillaries

are portions of cylinders, reaching further especially on their palatal

surface than in the other families; the maxillary bone swollen and

provided with simple teeth ; its zygoniatic process projecting boldly

outwards, and a ridge continued from it for the masseter, the molar

series diverging behind; the posterior palatine foramina are replaced,

by a row of minute openings extending the whole length of the

palate ; the malar bone, when there is a descending masseteric pro-

cess, or a rudiment of one, has it compressed longitudinally, extended

transversely ; the foramen rotundum is included in the foramen sphe-

no-orbitarium ; the zygoma is flat, gently twisted upwards towards

its extremity ; the mastoid bone with a deep narrow groove, con-

taining one or more mastoid foramina; the basi-occipital bone with

a transverse depression just anteriorly to the edge of the foramen

magnum, and (excepting in the genera T'olypeutes and Glyptodon)

with an articular surface upon the lower edge of that foramen

receiving the odontoid process of the axis when the head is deflexed ;

212

the occipital condyles are portions of cylinders, placed horizontally,

each in a line with the paroccipital process ; the precondyloid foramen

is placed close to the condyle ; the supra-occipital bone is broad above,

forming on each side a strong thickened ridge; the lower jaw is

narrowed and slenderly produced anteriorly.

The true affinities existing among the various Armadilloes have

been rightly perceived by the Baron Cuvier, and are well pointed out

in the ‘ Ossemens Fossiles’ ; but he did not designate the subgenera

by any particular names, and naturalists, for the most part, have

adopted the arrangement of Mons. F. Cuvier, which limits the genus

Dasypus to the single species that has teeth in the intermaxillary

bone, and unites all the rest, excepting the Giant Armadillo, under

the generic name Tatusia. Mr. Gray, in the ‘ List of Specimens of

Mammalia in the British Museum,’ has adopted in addition the

genus Xenurus of Wagler, and it will be further necessary to make

use of Illiger’s genus Tolypeutes for the Apara or Three-banded

Armadillo. The species v/osus and minutus must be associated, as

Baron Cuvier has done with the Encoubert in the genus Dasypus.

The groups recognized in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ being thus

restored and the names proposed by other authors applied to them,

I shall proceed to characterize them by their external armour, by

which they may very easily be distinguished, and to add the cha-

racters of the cranium, in which my observations have been assisted

by the immortal work alluded to.

TATUSIA.

Ears thrown backwards and approximated ; plates of the head of

irregular shape and smooth; those of the scapular and pelvic shields

much smaller than those of the bands, and surrounded with others

smaller still; fore-feet with four toes, the claws straight, the index

and medius nearly equal, the pollex and annularis small; maxillary

bone terminating in a pointed process behind; teeth rather small,

none of them being further back than the root of the malar process ;

this process concave anteriorly, projecting outwards and backwards ;

the infra-orbital canal entirely below it; malar bone simply a portion

of an inverted arch, hollowed on the outer side for nearly its whole

length by the masseteric impression, merely abutting against the

zygoma; palatine bone reduced in vertical extent, being encroached

on above by a large thickened portion of the ethmoid bone which

appears in the orbit, the sphenopalatine foramen being a narrow

fissure between them ; pterygoid bone simply bordering the termi-

nation of the palatine, without hamular process ; zygoma compressed

and elevated, its glenoid surface circular ; tympanic bone reduced to

a ring; mastoid narrowed ; lower jaw slender, its condyle but little

elevated, transverse and flat, coronoid process elevated.

T. SEPTEMCINCTA.

Ears about one-third of the length of the head ; plates smooth ;

tail as long as the body.

T. afinis of Dr. Lund may possibly be identical.

213

T. HYBRIDA.

Ears about one-fourth of the length of the head; plates of the

pelvic shield convex and elevated ; tail about two-thirds of the length

of the body. The characters of this species, which was named by

M. Desmarest, are carefully pointed out by Mr. Martin in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings ’ of the Society, January 1837.

Cuvier speaks of a third species brought from Brazil by M. de

Saint-Hilaire, under the name of Tatou verdadeiro, differmg from

the mule Armadillo in having the tail terminated by a horny sheath

of one piece, the bands broader, and the plates of the pelvic shield

larger.

Dr. Lund figures two ossicles of a Tatusia, indicating dimensions

much greater than those usually attained by specimens belonging to

the genus, and applies the name Dasypus punctatus. I find in the

Museum of the College of Surgeons a recent carapace, denuded of its

horny epidermal scutes, and wanting the scapular shield; it is as

large as Dr. Lund’s figures would imply, and has the same punctate

depressions in the grooves which mark the surfaces of the component

ossicles. It differs from a smaller one, still a large specimen, also

denuded of the epidermal scutes, in the latter having the central area

of each ossicle a little elevated at its posterior margin, and the punc-

tate depressions fewer and smaller behind this area than in front of

it ; while in the larger specimen they are all about equal in size.

It is difficult to compare these specimens with those which retain

their natural covering ; but the punctate character seems to belong

to the genus rather than to the species, it not being perceptible until

the horny scutes are removed: and whether the Tatusia punctata

be a species, or merely a large variety of one of the others, it would

appear not to be extinct.

CuiamyrpHorus, Harlan.

Plates of the head, the scapular shield and the body forming an

uninterrupted series, each a parallelogram, those of the neck smaller,

and those of the muzzle irregular ; pelvic shield small, flat, or slightly

convex, placed vertically, at right angles to the dorsal armour, and

composed of concentric semioval rows of trapezoid plates ; fore-feet

with five toes, the medius being the longest, the two inner claws the

smallest, and the three outer ones very deep and compressed ; frontal

bone with a large thickened process above the eye ; malar bone thin,

deep anteriorly, with a rudiment of a descending masseteric process

assuming a transverse position ; auditory process bending forwards

round the base of the zygoma; lower jaw with the ascending ramus

much elevated, the condyle higher than the coronoid process.

C. truncatus.

Dasyrvs.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, marked

like those of the body ; those of the scapular and pelvic shields ob-

long parallelograms, like those of the bands, but becoming penta-

gonal or hexagonal towards the neck and croup—all the plates

214

marked with an indented pattern ; bands about six or seven ; fore-

feet with five toes, the index nearly as thick as the medius, which is

the longest, the claws a little twisted outwards; maxillary bone ter-

minating behind in a strong vertical column formed by the alveolus

of the last tooth, and concealing the sphenopalatine and pterygo-

palatine foramina ; teeth rather large ; malar process compressed in

the antero-posterior direction, suddenly projecting, concave anteriorly ;

infra-orbital canal short, pierced through the base of the process ;

malar bone angular, with a rudiment of a descending process, com-

pressed in the antero-posterior direction ; its zygomatic process deep,

extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone ascending into the

orbit ; no appearance of the ethmoid within the orbit; pterygoid

bones with well-defined hamular processes, bent outwards; zygoma

well-developed, flat; its glenoid surface slightly convex, reniform ;

tympanic bone well-ossified, forming a bulla ; auditory process largely

developed ; mastoid bone very broad, placed entirely in the occipital

region ; lower jaw deep and thick, its ascending ramus high ; coronoid

process largely developed, condyle broad.

D. SEXCINCTUS.

Muzzle broad ; plates large, distinct, but slightly indented ; bands

six or seven, zo separate band on the anterior edge of the scapular

shield; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield small; hairs

few, white ; teeth Pate the first upper one on each side being in the

intermaxillary bone.

D. viLuLosus.

Muzzle broad; plates closely united, roughly tubercular, those of

the bands closely united and small; bands eight ; a separate band on

the anterior edge of the scapular shield, behind the row of nuchal

plates; terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and fal-

cate ; hairs profuse, brown.

D. MINUTUS.

Muzzle tapering, narrow at the end; plates of the head smooth,

those of the shield and bands closely united, and flatly tubercular ;

terminal plates of the bands and pelvic shield large and falcate ;

bands six or seven; a separate band on the anterior edge of the sca-

pular shield, behind the row of nuchal plates ; upper parts with black

hairs; sides of the head and limbs with brownish hairs; under parts

with whitish hairs ; teeth =, none in the intermaxillary bones, nasal

and intermaxillary bones lengthened.

Xenvurvus, Wagler.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart, its plates irregular, smooth ;

those of the scapular shield irregular in the middle, hexagonal towards

the sides ; bands twelve, composed of short and square plates ; pelvic

shield with square plates in the middle, becoming hexagonal towards

the sides; tail almost naked; fore-feet with five toes, the imdex

longest, but very slender, the three outer toes rapidly diminishing in

215

length, but furnished with large claws, twisted outwards ; maxillary

bones articulated posteriorly by suture to the palatine, its malar pro-

cess thick, rounded anteriorly ; malar bone but slightly angular, its

zygomatic process extending beneath the zygoma; palatine bone

ascending into the orbit, and pushing up the sphenopalatine foramen

into a fossa which contains the foramina of the orbit ; pterygoid

bones with their hamular processes styliform, projecting backwards ;

zygoma small, rounded above ; tympanic incompletely ossified ; mas-

toid bone broad, placed obliquely ; lower jaw slender, its condyle

elevated, reniform ; coronoid process feebly developed, lower than the

condyle.

X. UNICINCTUS.

Cuvier mentions a species with a shorter and more entirely naked

tail ; it is probably the same that has been called nudicaudis by Dr.

Lund. YX. antiquus of the same distinguished author may possibly

be identical.

Priopontes, Frederick Cuvier.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart; plates of the head and body

as in Xenurus ; tail closely covered with quadrangular scales, placed

in a quincuncial arrangement ; fore-feet as in Yenwrus, the outer toe

much reduced; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly by suture to

the palatine; teeth numerous and minute ; infra-orbital canal long,

commencing below the malar process, and terminating nearly on the

middle of the bone; malar bone forming simply a portion of an in-

verted arch, round, and devoid of processes ; palatine bone ascending

into the orbit; pterygoid bone strongly developed, with an angular

termination ; zygoma rather small, the glenoid surface lengthened,

the lower part of the squamous and the alisphenoid bone forming a

longitudinal swelling within it; tympanic bone small, and loose ;

mastoid bone broad, forming the sides of the occiput which are

rounded ; lower jaw thin and compressed, condyle longitudinal, but

little elevated ; coronoid process much reduced.

P. gigas.

TOLYPEUTES, Illiger.

Head broad behind, ears wide apart ; plates very closely articulated

to each other, their surface divided by impressed marks, and studded

with blunt tubercles, those of the scapular and pelvic shields varying

from a square to a pentagonal or hexagonal form ; bands three, com-

posed of oblong parallelograms, equally subcircular, and closely arti-

culated; fore-feet four-toed, the outer being absent; the medius

slightly longer than the index, with a much larger claw, both having

an outward twist; maxillary bone articulated posteriorly to the pala-

tine, its malar process standing suddenly outwards, compressed ; infra-

orbital canal commencing below and behind its root, rather lengthened,

rising a little in its course; teeth rather large ; malar bone slender,

and simply abutting by an oblique suture against the zygoma ; pala-

tine bone ascending into the orbit, pterygoids with blunt hamular

216

processes, a little bent outwards; zygoma rather narrowed, glenoid

surface flat, reniform ; tympanic bone reduced to an annular form ;

lower jaw slender, condyle moderately elevated, reniform, coronoid

process elevated.

T. TRICINCTUS.

Cuvier cites the Cheloniseus of Fabricius Columna as being this

species, but represented with four bands instead of three; the last

row of plates of the scapular shield is composed of oblong parallelo-

grams like those of the bands, which may have given rise to such

an error.

CuLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund.

Judging by the plates that accompany Dr. Lund’s Memoir, this

appears to be a genus of extinct gigantic Armadilloes, having the body

provided with moveable bands like the recent ones, and teeth of a

compressed form, and irregularly fluted; two species are distin-

guished.

C. Humboldtii. C. giganteum.

Heteropon, Lund.

Distinguished by the unequal sizes of the teeth: the fragment of

the lower jaw figured contains six teeth, of which two are much larger

than the others.

H. diversidens.

Euryopon, Lund.

Dr. Lund figures a tooth resembling those of the Armadilloes, but

apparently broader in proportion to its antero-posterior diameter.

E.. latidens.

GLyYPTODON, Owen.

Carapace ovoid, without distinction of shields or bands, composed

of small hexagonal pieces with sculptured surfaces ; teeth divided into

narrow transverse lobes ; malar bone with a lengthened descending

process, placed transversely ; zygoma flat, its glenoid surface elevated,

transversely elongate, looking a little backwards; mastoid propor-

tionally small, placed laterally.

G. CLAVIPES.

The central tubercle upon each ossicle large, round, or subhexagonal,

conspicuous above the surrounding ones, which are small, and more

cut up by reticulate depressions.

G. ORNATUS.

The central tubercle of each ossicle not conspicuously marked above

the rest ; all more finely granular.

This may possibly be the young of that to which the name reficu-

latus has been applied, and which, therefore, I will at present omit.

217

G. TUBERCULATUS.

Ossicles approaching to a square or rhomboidal form, their surface

divided into numerous irregular elevations.

The genus Hoplophorus of Dr. Lund appears to be identical with

Glyptodon ; he figures two teeth in which the characters of that

genus are clearly shown, and several detached ossicles and portions of

carapace bearing a general resemblance to the species of Glyptodon,

principally to the G. ornatus. He distinguishes two species, the H.

Luphractus and H. Selloi. Prof. Owen refers to the H. Euphractus a

portion of carapace brought home by Mr. Darwin, and figured in the

‘Voyage of the Beagle,’ which very closely resembles those afterwards

figured in the ‘Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia and Aves in the Museum

of the Royal College of Surgeons’ under the name G. ornatus.

I am not as yet acquainted with the Pachytherium magnum of

Dr. Lund’s catalogues.

Fam. 3. MyRMECOPHAGID.

The nasal bones simple, of uniform width, emarginated at the

ends ; the intermaxillary bones much reduced ; the maxillary bones

much lengthened, toothless, the malar process projecting backwards,

outwards and downwards ; the posterior palatine foramen single, or

wanting ; the malar bone reduced to a slender stylet free at the pos-

terior end; the foramen rotundum included in the foramen spheno-

orbitarium ; the zygoma very small, and pushed quite to the anterior

superior angle of the squamous portion ; the supra-occipital bone en-

croaches upon the upper surface of the skull, and has a median pro-

tuberance ; the lower jaw much lengthened and slender at the end,

without coronoid process.

Not having seen the skull of the little Two-toed Ant-eater, I have

used a little caution in characterizing this family. For example, I

have avoided alluding to the peculiar character of the pterygoids, as

Cuvier informs us that they do not enclose a long canal as in the

larger species. I therefore limit the diagnoses of the genera to the

few points, in which, in the absence of a skull of the small species,

they are known to differ*.

Myrmecornaaa, Linneus.

Fore-feet with four toes; hind-feet with five toes; palatine and

pterygoid bones united beneath the nasal canal for their whole length.

M. susara, Linn.

Varied with black and grey, the latter predominating on the head,

back, sides, fore-limbs and tail; throat, a mark running obliquely

from the shoulder upwards and backwards, and hind-limbs black ; fur

very coarse ; tail but little longer than the body, very bushy.

* T have since seen the cranial portion of the skull of the Little Ant-eater, and

find that although the pterygoid bones do not enclose the nasal canal below, they

resemble those of the larger species in their great extent backwards.

218

M. TamManpbva.

Head, shoulders, fore-limbs, outside of the hind-limbs, and middle

third of the tail white ; a stripe from each side of the neck over the

shoulder and remaining parts black ; tail but little longer than the

body, its terminal third scaly. Varies chiefly by the diminution of

the intensity of the black.

I have found that the Yellow Ant-eater, hitherto considered to be one

of the varieties of this species, differs remarkably in the length and size

of the tail; the ears also appear to be larger, but this latter character

is less decisive, owing to the different degrees to which they may

shrink when dry. A specimen in the British Museum, and one in

that of this Society, resemble each other exactly, while a young pale

specimen of M. Tamandua has a tail proportionally of the same length

as the larger and darker individuals. Under these circumstances I

have been induced to propose a name for the Yellow Ant-eater, deem-

ing it probable that the species may be distinct.

M. LONGICAUDATA.

General colour uniform light ochraceous, a paler line runs down

the middle of the back ; tail nearly double the length of the body,

its terminal half covered with small scales and a few scattered black

hairs; ears large, round, about one-third the length of the head.

Although the flanks show a slightly darker reflection in certain di-

rections of the light, there is no trace of the mark which runs across

the shoulder.

On referring to the figure, in Krusenstern’s Voyage (tab. 6 e),

on which M. Desmarest founded his Myrmecophaga annulata, I find

it to be a very excellent representation of a Coati-mondi, probably

the brown species. The head is bent downwards, the tongue pro-

truded, and curved beneath the left fore-foot ; from under the further

side of the foot there comes a small twig of a tree, which, if it were

not branched, would look like a continuation of the tongue. But

the figure published in Griffith’s translation of the ‘ Régne Animal’

is not so easy to interpret. The general form of the body is more

like that of an Ant-eater, though rather too long and slender ; the

tapering head and the dark stripe from the end of the muzzle to the

eye remind one of the Myrmecobius, which was not known until

several years afterwards ; the tail is just such as a Coati-mondi might

have supplied. The figure is said to have been drawn from a stuffed

specimen, but the authors do not state where the specimen existed,

and possibly may never have seen it.

Cuvier asserts, with much probability, that the animal from which

Buffon took his figure of the Tamandua was made up of the skin of a

Coati-mondi, to which striped markings had been artificially applied.

CycLoruurus, Gray.

Fore-feet with two toes, the outer one much the larger; “the pala-

tines only meet below for two-thirds of their length, and the bony

canal of the nares there terminates, the pterygoids not meeting, but

presenting only two long parallel and little prominent crests.”

219

C. DIDACTYLUS.

Dr. Lund inserts in his lists of fossil species one which he has

named Myrmecophaga gigantea, but I have seen no representation of

any portion of the animal among the figures published.

Fam. 4. Manip.

The intermaxillary bones small, having ascending processes run-

ning upwards and backwards; each encloses a separate incisive fora-

men ; the maxillary bones short, toothless, their malar processes pro-

jecting backwards, outwards and downwards; the palatine bones

much spread out in front, and with distinct posterior palatine fora-

mina; the malar and lacrymal bones wanting, but a large lacrymal

opening ; the alisphenoid bone much reduced ; the zygoma deep, thin,

concave exteriorly, and pushed downwards to the anterior and inferior

angle of the squamous portion; the occipital condyles prominent,

oblique, the precondyloid foramina at some distance anterior to them.

This family consists of but one genus, containing several well-

marked species.

Manis, Linneeus.

In characterizing the species of this genus, I give the number of

scales in each transverse row, instead of the number of longitudinal

rows, which has been the usual method adopted. The number in

each case will appear much less, but it will be recollected that this is

owing to the scales of one row being alternate with those of the next

one.

M. pentapactyta, Linn. (macroura, Desm.)

Each transverse row of scales composed of three on each side of

the median one; scales striated at the base, smooth at the end, the

striated part distinctly separated from the smooth portion; ends of

the scales simple; under parts naked; tail very broad at the base,

about equal to the body in length ; fore-feet five-toed, the claw of the

medius much the largest, that of the annularis next, that of the index

much less, the other two very small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws;

limbs scaled to the bases of the claws.

M. savanica, Desm.

Four scales on each side of the median one in each transverse row,

the lower ones on each side, and the lateral ones beneath the tail,

keeled and pointed at the ends ; tail broad at the base, equalling the

head and body in length; under parts with short white hairs ; imbs

scaled to the bases of the claws; fore-feet with the middle claw

largest, the index a little less than the annularis, the others very

small ; hind-feet with lengthened claws.

M. TemMMincx11, Smutz.

Body altogether very broad; scales broad, three on each side in

every transverse row, striated to the tips which are rounded, none of

them carinate ; under parts naked ; tail about the length of the body,

broad and rounded at the end ; limbs scaled to the bases of the claws;

220-

fore-feet with the middle claw largest, the two next less, the remain-

ing two much less ; those of the hind-feet vertical, truncated.

M. rerrapacty.a, Linn. (Africana, Desm.)

Scales large, three on each side in every transverse row, striated to

the tip, which is square, with a point projecting from the middle,

the lower ones at the sides and the lateral ones beneath the tail cari-

nate; tail double the length of the body, a little narrowed at the

base, soon becoming broad; limbs only scaled at the base, then

covered with black hairs like the under parts; fore-feet with the

middle claw very long and compressed, the index and annularis much

less and nearly equal, the minimus less still, the inner toe very small;

hind-feet with lengthened claws, nearly equal.

M. muttiscutata, Gray, Proc. Z. S. Feb. 1843.

Five scales on each side of the median one in every transverse row;

scales striated to the tip, which is square, with a median point;

those on the sides of the trunk and limbs, and the lateral ones be-

neath the tail, carinate ; tail nearly double the length of the body, of

moderate width ; under parts with short whitish brown hairs ; fore-

limbs scaled to the carpus ; toes all well-developed, except the thumb,

which is small, the medius longest; hind-feet scaled nearly to the

base of the claws, which are all lengthened and well-developed, ex-

cept the thumb, which is small; the annularis nearly as long as the

medius.

M. aurita, Hodgson.

Fam. 5. ORYCTEROPODIDZ.

The nasal bones long and much spread out behind, narrowed and

not projecting anteriorly ; the intermaxillaries well-developed, pro-

minent below, not enclosing foramina; the maxillary bones length-

ened and deep, provided with compound teeth; the palate termina-

ting soon with a strong transverse ridge, having a pair of large poste-

rior palatine foramina ; the lacrymal bone large, extending much upon

the face; the malar bone large, extending much upon the face, but

its zygomatic process small and slender; the frontal bone large and

swollen, with a small and contracted post-orbital process ; the parie-

tals extended downwards at their anterior inferior angles to articulate

with the alisphenoids; the zygoma slender, twisted as in the Arma-

dilloes ; a strong post-articular and a post-auditory process, and just

within the latter a short truncate styloid process, not enclosed by any

vaginal process, as the tympanic bone is much reduced and separate ;

the occipital condyles hemicylindrical, but with a portion of articular

surface continued from them upon the lower edge of the foramen

magnum ; the paroccipital processes in a line with them, but distinctly

separated.

As this family consists, so far as is yet satisfactorily known, of a

single species, its characters might be multiplied to almost any extent ;

should another form be discovered, they will of course need revision.

221

This communication having extended far beyond the length that I

at first contemplated, notwithstanding that I have limited myself in

most cases to the distinctive peculiarities of the skuil, it will readily

be seen that, had I entered upon the whole osteology of the order, or

even introduced in every instance the characters by which the genus

or species may be known externally, I should have swelled this little

monograph to such a degree as almost to preclude its imsertion in the

‘ Proceedings’ of the Society, and entailed upon myself an amount of

labour from which I would by no means shrink, but fear I shall be

compelled to defer until more favourable opportunities present them-

selves; but I trust that the little I have as yet accomplished may

afford the naturalist a clearer insight into the relations of the living

Edentata among themselves, and with those that formerly peopled

the portion of the world which was then, as now, the principal abode

of this remarkable group.

Pimlico, July 1851.

4. A Monocrapu oF Scutus, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

MOo.LuvscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

Genus Scutus, De Montfort.

Animal with the head proboscidiform ; tentacles thick and subu-

late, with the eyes on tubercles at their outer bases; mantle reflexed

over the sides of, and nearly covering, the shell; sides of foot with a

series of short cirrhi.

Shell oblong, scutiform, flattened ; apex dorsal, oblique, posteriorly

inclined ; margin of aperture sinuated in front; muscular impression

horse-shoe shaped, open anteriorly.

Parmophorus, Blainv.—Dascinus, Rafin.—Scutellites, Auct.—

Scutum, Sow. jun.—Parmophora, Desh.—Emarginula, sp. Sow.—

Patella, sp. Lamk.

1. Scurus uneuts, Linn.

Patella unguis, Linn. Mus. Ludovic. Ulric. Regin. p. 69. no. 419.

—Patella ambigua, Chemn.—Scutus antipodis, Montf.—Parmo-

phorus australis, Lamk.—Parm. elongatus, Blainv.

Hab. New Zealand. Mus. Cuming.

2. Scutus ELonGatus, Lamarck.

Patella elongata, Lamk. Ann. du Mus. i. p. 310.—Parmophorus

elongatus, Lamk. Hist.—Hmarginula elongata, Sow. Gen.

Hab. East Australia. Mus. Cuming. Also occurs fossil.

3. Scurus GRANULATUS, Blainv.

Parmophorus granulatus, Blainv. Bullet. des Scienc. 1817; Lamk.

Hist. An. s. Vert. vol. vii. pt. ii. p. 5; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 139. f. 4.

Hab. Port Essington, on the rocks, low water. Mus. Cuming.

222

4. Scurus corruGatus, Reeve.

Parmophorus corrugatus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842 ; Conch.

Syst. pl. 139. f. 1.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Scurus TUMIDUS, Quoy et Gaimard.

Parmophorus tumidus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69. f. 6.

—Parm. gibbosus, Anton.—? Parm. breviculus, Blainv. Bull. des Sci.

1817; Sowerby’s Gen. (Emarg.) fig. 2.

Hab. Madagascar. Mus. Cuming.

6. Scurus impricaTus, Quoy et Gaimard.

Parmophorus imbricatus, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de I’ Astrol. pl. 69.

f. 17, 18.

Hab. Island of Burias. Mus. Cuming.

7. Scutrus aneustatus, A. Adams. SS. testd elongatd, subqua-

drangulari, lateribus angustatis, coarctatis ; dorso plano, con-

centrice striato, vertice subcentrali, postice declinato ; eatremi-

tate anticd sinuatd, posticd excurvatd, subelevatd.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

5. A MonoGRAPH OF THE GENUS MonoptyGMa oF LEA.

By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus Monoptyema, J. Lea. (? Menestho, Mill.)

Animal unknown.

Shell subulately turreted, transversely striated, apex simple, acute ;

aperture oval, longer than wide, rounded and entire in front ; colu-

mella with a single oblique fold.

This genus differs from ct@on in being elongated, and in having

an oblique fold, instead of a transverse plait on the columella.

1. Monoptryema striata, Gray. WM. testa turrito-subulatd, so-

lidd, olivaced, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis

profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus albd.

This species, which is typical, is a very thick and strong shell, with

a somewhat convex lateral outline, and strongly transversely grooved

across the flattened whorls. Mus. Cuming.

2. Monoptryema Futva, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,

graciliori, solidd, fulvd, anfractibus planis, transversim sulcatis,

sulcis profundis, distantibus ; aperturd oblongd, intus fused.

This elegantly-formed shell is more slender than M. striata, and

of a different colour; the transverse grooves are also much closer

together, and their edges are rounded; the twist of the columella is

not so distinct, and the aperture is brown internally. Mus. Cuming.

3. Monopryema GRANULATA, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-tur-

ritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus planiusculis, gradatis, longitudi-

223

naliter corrugato-plicatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis profundis,

valde distantibus ; interstitiis levibus ; apertura oblongd, colu-

melld plicd subproductd.

This is a rather short and obtuse white and solid species, very

strongly grooved transversely, and with the whorls longitudinally

corrugately plicated. Mus. Cuming.

4. Monopryema tauta, A. Adams. WM. testd turrito-subulatd,

albidd, tenui, subpellucidd, anfractibus planiusculis, longitudi-

naliter eleganter striatis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis distanti-

bus, interstitiis crenulatis ; aperturd oblongd, columelld obliqud

et curvatd.

A very beautifnlly-sculptured species, dredged from 10 fathoms,

at Bolinao, by Mr. Cuming ; the outline is subulated, and the whorls

rather flattened and longitudinally striated. Mus. Cuming.

5. Monopryema ama@na, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-acuminatd,

tenui, subpellucidd, albidd, longitudinaliter substriatd, anfrac-

tibus convexiusculis, transversim sulcatis, sulcis valdé distanti-

bus, interstitiis eleganter punctatis ; aperturd oblongd, antice

dilatatd, columelld rectd.

This is a most exquisite species, both in form and sculpture ; the

whorls are rounded and punctate-striate, and the shell is nearly pel-

lucid; it is from Bolinao, 10 fathoms water. Mus. Cuming.

6. Monoptyema casta, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-turritd, albd,

tenui, semipellucidd, anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim sul-

catis, sulcis subconfertis, interstitiis pulcherrimé striatis ; aper-

turd oblonga, antice productd, columelld obliqud, subtortuosd.

This pure white ovate form is from the China Seas, being collected

by the writer during the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang. The whorls

are grooved, with the interstices striated. Mus. Cuming.

7. Monopryema spectosa, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, subu-

latd, albidd, tenut, semipellucidd, anfractibus octo, convexius-

culis, suturd profundd, cingillis transversis elevatis, interstitiis

concinné cancellatis, ornatd; aperturd oblongo-ovali, columelld

subrectd, superné plicd obliqud subobsoletd instructd.

Hab. Baclayon; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

An elegant semipellucid species, resembling an elongated Acton,

with the whorls encircled with elevated cingilli, and the interstices

cancellated.

8. Monortyema sprrata, A. Adams. WM. testd turritd, albd,

epidermide fusco tectd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis, gradatis,

suturd canaliculatd, plicis longitudinalibus, angustis, confertis,

et sulcis transversis decussatim ornatd ; apertura oblongd, labio

plicd unicd obliqud instructo.

Hab. Camaguin; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

A small turreted species, covered, in the living state, with a light

brown epidermis, and with the surface regularly and beautifully de-

cussated with raised lines.

224

9. MonorpryGMA TENELLA, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-turritd,

albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus quatuor, convexiusculis, trans-

versim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovali, labio subreflexo, plicd

obsoletd instructo; labro dilatato, margine flecuoso incrassato

et subreflexo.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

A small Rissoa-like shell, with only a faint indication of a plait on

the columellar lip ; the aperture dilated, and the outer lip expanded

and slightly thickened anteriorly.

10. MonopryGMa sty~ina, A. Adams. M. testd subulatd, in

medio incrassato, albd, subpellucidd, anfractibus 9-12, planius-

culis, transversim tenuiter sulcatd, longitudinaliter substriatd ;

aperturd oblongd, labio superne plicd obliqud instructo ; labro,

in medio, subrecto.

Hab. Catanuan; Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

A remarkable white subulate shell, with the middle whorls, espe-

cially those near the apex, enlarged.

1l. Monorryema suturauis, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-

turritd, subumbilicatd, albd, nitidd, subdiaphand, anfractibus

septem planis, suturd canaliculatd, transversim suleatd, an-

fractu ultimo subsoluto, fasciis angustis, albo articulatis, or-

nato; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio plicd evanidd instructo.

Hab. Philippine Islands. Mus. Cuming.

A small white species, with the last whorl nearly free, and having

the suture deeply channeled.

6. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SHELLS, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COL-

LECTION; witH A NoTE ON THE GENUS NEMATURA.

By Arruur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. erc.

PyRAMIDELLA METULA, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd, turritd,

apice obtusiusculo, albidd anfractibus decem planulatis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis confertis equantibus, interstitis

lineis transversis elevatis ornatd ; apertura ovali, labio incras-

sato, in medio plicd unicd instructo; labro margine subin-

crassato.

Hab. Mizamis, Cagayan. Mus. Cuming.

A small elongated species, somewhat resesembling a Rissoina, with

the intervals between the ribs finely cancellated, and the whorls very

numerous.

PyraMIpELLA Acuis, A. Adams. P. testd subulatd albd nitidé,

anfractibus octo planiusculis longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

equalibus subconfertis, interstitiis levibus; aperturd semiovatd,

labio subincrassato plicd unicd munito ; labro subdilatato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

This is a slender subulate species, likewise resembling in appear-

ance a Rissoina.

225

Lacuna CaRiniFrerRA, A. Adams. L. testd ovatd, spird acuminatd,

anfractibus quatuor, late umbilicatd, fulvd, anfractu ultimo

angulato, carind transversd elevatd, rufo-fusco articulatd, or-

nato; apertura semiovatd ; labro acuto, angulato, labio recto,

Jissuré umbilicali elongatd.

Hab. Borneo. Mus. Cuming.

The single prominent keel round the periphery of the last whorl

is the principal feature of this species. '

Veutina Sirkensis, A. Adams. VJ. testd nigro-fused, epider-

mide liris elevatis transversis confertis obtectd, longitudinali-

- ter valde sulcatd, sulcis subdistantibus ; aperturd ovali, intus

sulcatd; labro margine reflexo, nigro, incrassato ; postice non-

producto supra anfractum ultimum.

Hab. Sitka. Mus. Cuming.

The dark brown colour and oval form distinguish this species from

V. levigata, which also has the outer lip arched and expanded poste-

riorly.

Orina rusca, A. Adams. 0. testd magnd, solidd, semiopacd,

Jused, sine epidermide, dorso convexd, longitudinaliter subpli-

catd, transversim tenuiter striatd, labio lato, plano, et exca-

vato ; labro recto, non refleco aut expanso.

Hab. Benguela. Mus. Cuming.

The large size of this species, and its convex form, distinguish it

from O. otis, and its absence of bands, and the outer lip not being ex-

panded, from O. zonata, Gould, the only two species at present known

to me.

7. Nore on Nematura, sy A. ApAms.

The genus Nematura, established by Mr. Benson, appears to have

the closest affinity with Bithynia of Leach, but the horny opercu-

lum, with grooved margins, and the contraction of the aperture, will

distinguish them. There appear to have been found at present but

six species, three of them known, and three here indicated for the

first time ; in the rivers and streams of the East are doubtless many

more; they are usually found adhering to the under surface of dead

floating leaves.

1. Nematura Dexra, Benson. WN. testd magnd, pallide fulvd,

globosd, levi; apertura orbiculari, peritremate simplici.

Mus. Cuming.

2. NematuraA MINIMA, Benson. WN. testd parvd, corned, semi-

pellucidd, ovali, spird subproductd ; politd, fasciis rufis sub-

obsoletis ornatd ; aperturd orbiculuri, peritremate simplici.

Mus. Cuming.

No. CCXXXIII.—Procerpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

226

3. Nematura pouiTa, Sowerby. WN. testd magnd, castaneo-

fused, compressd, subvaricosd ; aperturd ovali, peritremate an-

tice striato ; regione umbilicali lird callosd cireumdato ; punc-

tato-striatd.

Mus. Cuming.

4. Nematura oxivacna, A. Adams. JN. festd ovatd, opacd,

olivaced, viridi-fusco reticulatd ; aperturd ovali, spird elevatd,

apice decollato, peritremate simplici.

Mus. Cuming.

5. NEMATURA GLABRATA, A. Adams. JN. festd magnd, ovatd,

non compressd aut varicosd, subviridi-corned ; spird acuta,

apice acuminato, levi, politd; aperturd orbiculari, angustatd,

peritremate nigro.

Hab. Penang. Mus. Cuming.

6. Nematrura puncticuutata, A. Adams. J. testd mediocri,

pallidé fulvd, compressd, anfractu ultimo gibboso, et subangu-

lato ad latera, lineolis punctatis transversis ornatd, peritre-

mate simplici.

Hab. Eastern Islands. Mus. Cuming.

8. A MonoGRAPH OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF RIMULA, A GENUS

or MoLuvuscA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID&.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

The genus Rimula of Defrance has been usually confounded with

Puncturella of Lowe, or the Cemoria of Leach, but it is at once

distinguished by the absence of the arcuated plate in the interior of

the vertex. The species already known are fossil, to which we now

add a few recent examples.

Genus Rimuta, Defrance.

Shell conical, with an elevated, recurved, entire vertex, turned

towards the posterior end; surface cancellated, with radiating ribs ;

a linear perforation in the upper part of the shell, half-way between

the vertex and anterior margin; margin of aperture crenulated ; in-

terior simple, with no shelly plate; muscular impression crescentic,

interrupted in front.

1. Rrmuta exaurisita, A. Adams. R. testd magnd, ovali, semi-

pellucidd, albd, costis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque

elevatis, transversis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli subqua-

drati; costis crenulatis, inequalibus, prominentibus, anterio-

ribus duabus divergentibus, interstitits costellis duabus in-

structis ; supra perforationem concavd ; perforatione elongatd

subquadratd.

Had. Catanuan, island of Luzon and island of Burias, found on

dead shells, 7 and 10 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

227

2. Rimuta Cuminen, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, ovatd, opacd,

costellis longitudinalibus, radiantibus, lineisque transversis, cras-

sis, concentricis, cancellatd ; cancelli transversi, elongati ; costis

nodulosis, subequalibus, prominentibus, distantibus, anteriori-

bus duabus antice divergentibus, interstitiis costellis duabus in-

structis, perforatione elongatd, subquadratd.

Hab. Kastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

3. RiMULA CARINATA, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, ovali, costel-

lis simplicibus, permultis, confertis, longitudinalibus, radianti-

bus, ornatd ; interstitiis cancellatis ; cancelli punctiformes ; cos-

tellis duabus anterioribus, antice convergentibus, et apud aper-

ture marginem junctis ; interstitiis, supra perforationem, con-

vexis, supra verticem extendentibus, quasi carind ; perforatione

ovali, angustd, antice angustatd.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, on dead

shells, 25 fathoms, sandy mud (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

4, Rimuxa proprnqua, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, elongato-

ovali ; costellis prominentibus, asperis, longitudinalibus, ra-

diantibus, subdistantibus ; interstitiis valde cancellatis ; can-

celli transversi, subquadrati; costellis duabus anterioribus,

antice convergentibus, ad aperture marginem junctis ; perfo-

ratione angustato-ovali, antice acuminata.

Hab. Catapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

9. A MonoGrapu or PUNCTURELLA, A GENUS OF GASTEROPODOUS

MOoLLUSCA, BELONGING TO THE FAMILY FIsSURELLID2.

By Artuur Apams, R.N., F.L.S. etc.

Genus Puncrure.ua, Lowe.

Head proboscidiform, tentacles subulate, with the eyes on swell-

ings at their outer base; sides with a range of cirrhi, interrupted be-

hind on each side; mantle-margin simple; branchial plumes two ;

anal siphon prominent, forming a truncated membranous canal pro-

jecting from the subapical perforation.

Shell conical, with an elevated, slightly recurved, obliquely spiral

entire vertex, turned towards the posterior end; aperture expanded,

oval; surface with radiating ribs; margin entire; a linear perfora-

tion in the upper part of the shell, between the vertex and front

margin, in the line of an elevated rib. Interior with a linear groove,

vaulted over with a shelly plate corresponding to the perforation ;

muscular impression crescentic, interrupted in front.

Cemoria, Leach, MSS.—Sipho, Brown.—Rimula, Lovén ; Gould ;

Couthouy.—? Diadora, Gray.

1. Puncturetia Noacuina, Linneus.

Patella noachina, Linn. Mantissa, p. 551; Chemn. Conch. Cab.

vol. xi. p. 186. pl. 197. f. 1927, 1928.—Patella fissurella, Miiller.—

228

Fissurella Noachina, Schum.—Puncturella Noachina, Lowe.—Ce-

moria Flemingti, Leach, MSS.—Cemoria Noachina, Lowe.—Rimula

Flemingii, Macgill.—Rimula Noachina, Couthouy.—Sipho Noachina,

Brown.

Hab. British Islands. Mus. Cuming.

2. PUNCTURELLA CUCULLATA, Gould.

Rimula cucullata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Puget Sound.

3. PUNCTURELLA GALEATA, Gould.

Rimula galeata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Puget Sound. Mus. Cuming.

4. PUNCTURELLA COGNATA, Gould.

Rimula cognata, Gould, Expedition, Shells, p. 14.

Hab. Orange Harbour.

5. Puncrurexua conica, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mer.

6. Puncrure.ua FAsTIGIATA, A. Adams. P. testd albidd ele-

vato-conicd, nitidd, vertice acuminato involuto, costellis longitu-

dinalibus equalibus equidistantibus, interstitiis planis lineis

incrementi concentricis ; fissurd lanceolatd; apertura ovali,

margine crenulato, fornice costd, costd valde arcuatd, transver-

sali, simplict.

Hab. Eastern Seas. Mus. Cuming.

7. PUNCTURELLA PRINCEPS, Mighels and Adams.

Cemoria princeps, Mighels and Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.

vol. iv. p. 43.

10. ON SOME GENERA OF SHELLS, ESTABLISHED IN 1807 By THE

LATE H. F. Link. -By Dr. Herrmannsen, or Kiet.

In several programs, hitherto not at all taken notice of by any

Conchologist, the renowned Botanist Link of Berlin, then Professor

of Natural History, Chemistry and Botany at Rostock, in the

course of the years 1806 to 1808, has published an account of the

Collections of the Rostock University. These little treatises seem to

be very rare, nor do I remember ever to have found them mentioned,

before my ‘Index Generum Malacozoorum’ recorded them. Yet

they may claim priority in many instances, which I hope will be re-

deemed by simply noticmg their contents. The German titles of

these octavo pamphlets are as follows :—

Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Ros-

fe von Dr. H. F. Link. Rostock. Gedruckt bei Adlers

rben.

229

Erste Abtheilung; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1806 (p. 1-48).

Zweite Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 29 Marz 1807 (p. 49-98).

Dritte Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 17 Mai 1807 (p. 99-165).

Vierte Abth.; zum Weihnachtsfest, d. 25 Dec. 1807 (p. 1-30).

Fiinfte Abth.; zum Osterfest, d. 7 April 1808 (p. 1-38).

Sechste Abth.; zum Pfingstfest, d. 5 Juni 1808 (p. 1-38).

Passing over those genera which are either superfluous because

formerly rightly published under other names, or unhappily con-

trived, I will hint at those that may deserve to be attended to.

Mouuusca. GastTEROPODA. SIPHONOBRANCHEA.

Lamaipivum, Link, 1807, J. ¢. iii. p. 112.

Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; inner lip

callous, with raised points; outer lip marginated ; base truncated ;

shell destitute of varices or spines.

Lambidium oniscus (Strombus), Linn.

This genus having been indicated in 1798, by Dr. Bolten, as Mo-

rum, but without definition, the botanical signification of that name

may have induced Link to select another, which, being correctly

founded, must be preferred to Oniscia of Mr. Sowerby ; or at least,

if we should dissect the genus with Dr. Gray, into Onzscia, Sconsia,

and Morum, to the last.

Puativum, Link, 1807, l. ¢. ii. p. 112.

Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal, wide ;

inner lip callous and smooth, or extended into a folded or granulated

lamina; outer lip marginated; shell often varicose; base strongly

recurved, notched ; inner columella not folded.

A. Lamina of the inner lip folded: Phaliwm glaucum (Buccinum),

Linn. &c.—B. Lamina of the inner lip granulated : Phalium erinaceum

(Bucc.), Linn. &e.

This is Bezoardica, Schum., or Cassidea, Swains.

Cassipga, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 111.

Spire little prominent ; aperture longitudinal, narrow; outer lip

marginated, like the inner one, with many folds ; shell spineless, often

varicose ; base strongly reflected, notched ; inner columella folded.

Cassidea rufa, tuberosa, cornuta, testiculus, flammea, pennata,

This has been proposed by Mr. Stutchbury as Cyprecassis, but

must at all events retain the name of Cassis, Browne, 1756.

GateopgEA, Link, 1807, /. c. i. p. 113.

Spire much shorter than the last tumid whorl ; inner lip extended

in shape of a smooth lamina; outer one slightly marginated ; base

rather elongated, reflected, not emarginate.

Galeodea echinophora (Bucc.), Linn.

Synonyms are Morio, Montf., and Cassidaria, Lamck., both of a

more recent date.

230

Tuas, Link, 1807, U. ¢. iii. p. 114.

[Thais of Bolten Mus. includes some Ricinule and Monoceros of

Lamarck, from which Link has depurated it. |

Spire shorter than the last, ventricose whorl; aperture semicircular;

inner lip plane, obliquely cut off, callous, smooth ; outer lip scarcely

marginated ; shell without varices ; base short.

Thais Persica (Bucc.), Linn.—patula, Linn. sp.—hemastoma

(Chemn. fig. 964, 965).—fucus, Gmel. sp.—minuta, Link.

This genus, which is synonymous with Microtoma, Swainson, i

should think advisable to be retained at least as a section of the

hitherto confused genus Purpura.

Mancrne ta, Link, 1807, J. ¢. ii. p. 115.

Spire much shorter than the last whorl; aperture longitudinal,

rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer one little or not at all

marginated ; shell without varices, but provided with spines and im-

bricate scales; base short, or scarcely elongated, twisted outwards,

slightly notched.

Mancinella aculeata (Chemn. 967, 968).—hAystriz, Linn. sp.—

eastanea, Link (Chemn. 956-958).—armigera, Chemn. sp.—muta-

bilis, Chemn. 951—953.—Bezoar, Chemn. 754, 755.

This genus, combining some Purpure with some Pyrule of La-

marck, comes near to Rapana a, Schum., and perhaps may be adopted.

Vouema, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 115. (Volema, Bolt. emend.)

Spire much shorter than the last whorl, often distorted ; aperture

oblong, rounded ; inner lip smooth and callous, outer lip simple ; shell

without varices ; if grown old, with spines or imbricated scales ; base

elongated, rather turned aside.

The species are to be found in my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ vol. ii.

. 699.

“ This genus unites Busycum, Bolt. (=Fulgur, Montf.) with Cassi-

dulus, Humphr., Gray.

Xancus, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (edit. 1819, p. 94) ; Link, 1807, J. c.

il. p. 116.

Spire shorter than the last whorl; aperture above rounded, wide,

below narrow; inner lip callous, with three folds ; outer lip simple ;

shell heavy, without varices or spines ; base elongated.

Xancus pyrum, Linn. sp.,and maculatus, Link (Chemn. f. 917,918).

This genus, by Humphrey called Rapwm, by Fabricius Pyrum, by

Dr. Gray Turbinellus, and by M. Deshayes Scolymus, is here cha-

racterized for the first time, and sufficiently.

Cymatium, Link, 1807, /. c. ili. p. 119.

Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, with

three folds; outer one marginated ; a great number of crowded and

ridged varices run down the shell, to which they are firmly grown ;

base little elongated.

Cymatium polygonum, &e.

This is quite identical with Latirus, Montf., or Polygona, Schum.

231

Vasum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 119. (Vasum, Bolt. emend.)

Spire rather long; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip callous, with

alternately larger folds; outer lip simple; shell without distinct va-

rices ; base elongated.

Vasum Ceramicum, Linn. sp., &e.

This is Cynodonta, Schum., Scolymus, Sw.

Tunica, Link, 1807, 7. c. ii. p. 120. (Tudicla, Bolt. emend.)

Spire very short, depressed ; aperture above semicircular ; inner

lip callous, with a single fold ; outer one simple ; no varices or spines ;

canal straight, thin.

Tudicla “spirillus, Linn. sp.

Subsequently established as Haustellum a,Schum. \ Pyretla Swains.,

Spirillus, Schlut., Spirilla, Sow. jun.

Tritonium, Link, 1807, /. c. i. p. 121.

Spire rather long ; aperture above rounded ; inner lip callous, ge-

nerally with small folds ; ; outer lip marginated ; ; Shell with varices

that are commonly discontinuous ; base rather elongated.

With respect to this genus I may refer to my ‘ Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’

vol. il. p. 609.

Distrortrix, Link, 1807, /. ce. ii. p. 122.

Spire rather long; whorls distorted; inner lip callous, folded ;

outer lip marginated ; varices indistinct ; base short-tailed.

Distortriz anus, Linn. sp., and reticulata (Chemn. f. 405, 406).

This name then is to be substituted in the place of Persona, Montf.

Gyrinevum, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 123.

Spire nearly equal to the last whorl; aperture rounded ; inner

lip callous, often slightly folded or granulated ; outer lip marginated ;

shell compressed, with two opposite varices; base short or a little

elongated.

Gyrineum echinatum (Chemn. f. 1274, 1275), rana (f. 1269, 1270),

bufonium (£.1240, 1241), natator (f.1229, 1230), verrucoswm (f. 1233,

1234), caudatum (f. 1045-1047), scrobiculator, = Ranella, Lamck.

Canrena, Link, 1807, J. c. iii. p. 126.

Spire short ; aperture longitudinal ; inner lip folded; outer lip in-

teriorly strongly dentated ; shell crowded with spines, but without

distinct varices ; base short.

Canrena neritoidea (Mart. f. 972, 973, 976-979) = Ricinula,

Lamcek. &e.

ADELOBRANCHEA.

AstRALIvuM, Link, 1807, /. c. iii. p. 135.

Spire depressed ; aperture broad, rounded, bending downwards.

Astralium deplanatum (Chemn. f. 1718-1720).— Astralium cal-

car, Gm., sp.

This genus will no doubt be acknowledged, being congruous with

Calcar, Montf., Phil. It had been indicated before by G. Humphrey,

232

under the name of Sol, and by Bolten as Astrea. But I think it

should be extended farther, so as to receive Imperator and Her-

coles, Montf., Stellaria, Schmidt, Cyclocantha, Canthorbis, subg.,

and Tubicanthus, Swains., Bolma, Risso, Cookia, Less., and Astra-

lium, Phil.

Umpontivum, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 136.

Spire much depressed ; aperture directed downwards, or to the

side, simple ; base showing a convex callus in the place of the um-

bilicus.

Umbonium vestiarium, Linn. sp., and excisum (Chemn. f. 1602).

That Link’s name is to be adopted instead of Globulus, Schum.,

or Rotella, Lamck., can hardly be controverted ; although his second

species belongs to another tribe.

Pyrura, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 74); Link, 1807, /. e. iti.

p- 139.

Whorls, each of them composed of two pieces ; aperture longitu-

dinal, toothed on both sides.

Pythia scarabea, Linn. sp.

This name is preferable to that of Fischer, Polydonta, which,

although contemporary, is badly made, and wants correction.

ACEPHALA.

Sunerra, Link, 1807, /. ¢. iii. p. 148.

Equivalve, in front rather obtuse, closed ; hinge with two cardinal

teeth, lateral ones indistinct ; anterior slope shorter than the furrow-

shaped posterior slope; ligament external.

Sunetta scripta (Chemn. f. 261-265) = Cuneus, Muhlf. 1811 =

Meroé, Schum. 1817.

Tivexa, Link, 1807, l. c. iii. p. 152.

Equivalve, longitudinal, without epiderm, closed; hinge with two

cardinal and one elongated lateral tooth ; anterior and posterior slopes

equally elongated ; ligament external.

Tivela vulgaris (Chemn. f. 362).—T. tripla (Venus), Linn.= Tri-

gona, Muhlf. 1811.

Muscuxium, Link, 1807, /.c. iii. p. 152.

Equivalve, closed ; hinge with two small cardial teeth, no lateral

ones ; anterior and posterior slope nearly equal.

Musculium lacustre (Tellina), Linn.

The genus established here, fourteen years afterwards was pub-

lished as Pisidium.

Tentracutata. See ‘Ind. Gen. Malacoz.’ ii. 541.

Verpa, Bolten, 1798, Mus. (ed. 1819, p. 49) ; Link, 1807, Z. ¢. iii.

p. 159.

Shell tubular, partly straight, partly winding, at one extremity

open, at the other closed by a convex perforated blade.

Verpa penis (Serpula), Linn.

233

The oldest denomination of this genus that can be admitted ; Peni-

cillus (Da Costa, p.p.), Brug., being a term since the times of Ron-

delet consecrated to the Annulate class : all the other names, Aquaria, *

Arytena, Clepsydra, Aspergillum, are of younger date, and will give

way to Verpa, Bolt., defined by Link.

The following descriptions of new Natice were communicated by

Dr. Philippi :—

11. Descripriones NATICARUM QUARUNDAM NOVARUM EX

COLLECTIONE CUMINGIANA, AUCTORE R. A. PuHiLippt.

1. Narica caTENATA, Phil. WN. testd subglobosd, tenui, lividd,

zonis quatuor albis, maculas fuscas semilunatas exhibentibus

pictd; anfractibus rotundatis; spird breviusculd, nigricante ;

sulcis radiantibus profundis superiorem anfractuum partem oc-

cupantibus ; aperturd semiorbiculari, intus purpured ; umbilico

amplo, margine acuto cincto; callo spirali satis valido medium

umbilict occupante.

Alt. 83, diam. 82 lin.

Hab. 2

Differt a N. teniatd, Menke, anfractibus superius non horizon-

talibus sed declivibus, zonis longitudinaliter maculatis, callo labiali et

callo umbilicali longe latioribus, ete. ; a N. depressd forma globosa,

umbilico amplo, callo umbilicari mediano, ete.; a V. maroccand forma

globosa, umbilico longe ampliore, callo ejus mediano, etc.

2. Natica Ince1, Phil. WN. testd depressd, suborbiculari, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, luteo-albidd ; anfractibus superius planatis ;

spird late conicd, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari, valde obliqud;

angulo basali columelle incrassato; suturd duplicatd; callo

maximo albo umbilicum magnum omnind implente.

Alt. ab apice ad basin aperture 94, a dorso ad ventrem 6 lin. ;

diam. 12 lin.

Hab. ad insulam Raines, in freto Torres, ubi legit Capt. Ince, R.N.

Cave ne hane speciem cum N. Josephinid, Risso (NV. Olld, M. de

Serr.), confundas, cui simillima est, et a qua unice differt: ambitu

paullo magis orbiculari; anfractibus minus rapide crescentibus ; an-

gulo umbilicum cingente paullo magis distincto ; columella basi valde

merassata ; callo umbilicari albo ; colore fere albo in luteum vergente,

preesertim versus basin, denique suturaé duplici. Linea superior su-

turee a callo labiali, inferior a margine superiore anfractis formatur,

pariter ut in Bulliis d. Gray.—Operculum corneum.

3. NaticA INTEMERATA, Phil. WN. testd globoso-ovatd, solidé,

striatuld, nitidd, lacted, ad suturam versus umbilicum et in parte

ultima anfractis ultimi flavd; anfractibus superius planiusculis ;

spird conicd, circa + altitudinis equante ; aperturd semiorbicu-

lari; columella rectd, incrassatd; umbilico magno, pervio, lacteo,

sulco profundo lato exarato ; funiculo semicylindrico ejus a callo

labialt distincto.

234

Alt. 183, diam. 174 lin.

Hab. in sinu Californie ; legit Rever. Steel.

Simillima videtur NV. porcellanee d’Orb., sed umbilico multo am-

pliore et colore flavescente differt ; a N. castd, Phil., testa solidiore

minus depressi, umbilico albo angustiore, funiculo umbilicali longe

magis elevato, etc. distinguitur; a NV. pede elephantis testa haud de-

pressd, funiculo umbilicali minus elevato satis superque discrepat.

4, NaTIcA CARIBHA, Phil. J. testd ovatd, sordideé albd, ad su-

turam zond lacted munitd; anfractibus superius viv convexis ;

spird brevi, acutd; aperturd semiorbiculari ; umbilico parvo ;

callo lato cum labio confluente illum maximd ex parte opplente.

Alt. 8, diam. 7 lin.

Hab. in mari Caribzeo ad insulam St. John.

Forma omnino accedit ad NV. mammillam vel N. lacteam et umbi-

lico pervio cum N. lacted conyenit. Differt tamen umbilico longe

angustiore, et callo ejus longe majore ; an nihilominus mera varietas ?

N. uberind, dOrb., testa longe angustiore magis differre videtur.—

Operculum tenue, corneum.

5. Natica vesTauis, Phil. WV. testd ovato-oblongd, acutd, lacted,

substriatd, nitidissimd; spird acutd, conicd, sextam vel septimam

totius altitudinis partem occupante ; apertura semiorbiculari ;

callo convexo, crassissimo, cum callo labiali confluente, et sulco

longitudinali ante marginem columellarem instructo, umbilicum-

Sere omnino claudente.

Long. 163, diam. 16 lin.

Hab. ad oram Mozambique dictam ; legit Rev. Steel.

Forte nihil nisi varietas N. mammille, a qua unice differt callo

umbilicali crassiore convexiore, sulco longitudinali ante medium mar-

ginis columellaris, parte libera umbilicum cingente.

Obs.—Queestio valde difficilis, utrum sub NV. mammilld, L. plures

species lateant, an merze varietates, vix examine singulorum specimi-

num in Museeis asservatorum decidi poterit, sed unice investigatione

numerosee gregis in ipso loco natali.

6. Natica? pomum, Phil. WN.? testd ovatd, inflatd, tenuiusculd,

striatd, glauco-fulvd, basi albd ; anfractibus convexis, superiori-

bus superné subangulatis; spird quartam altitudinis partem

equante, subcontabulatd; aperturd ovato-oblongd, propter an-

Sractum penultimum prominentem fere lunatd ; umbilico angus-

tissimo, perforato; labio parum calloso, basi supra umbilicum

reflexo.

Alt. 19, diam. 182 lin.

Hab. 2

Hee species a reliquis Naticis valde aliena et forte ad genus 4m-

phibolam, Schum. ( Ampullacera, Quoy et Gaimard) mandanda est,

etenim sinus latus satis profundus in parte supremé labri hujus teste

in nulla alia specie generis Naticee observatur.

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235

12. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW FORM OF LAMPREY FROM AUSTRA-

LIA, WITH A SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY.

By J. E. Gray, Esa., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. erc.

(Pisces, Pl. IV. V.)

The Lamprey which I have now to present to the attention of the

Society differs in so remarkable a degree from any other known spe-

cies, that, premising that I propose for it the name of Geotria Austra-

lis (Pisces, Pl. V.), I think it best to connect with the description a

revision of the whole Family to which it belongs.

PETROMYZONID.

Nasal aperture closed, and the palate entirely covered with skin.

Lampredia, Rafin. Anal. Nat. 94, 1818.—Petromyzonide (Petro-

myzonini), Bonap. Syst. Ichth. 1838; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New

York,379.—(L'am.) Hyperoartia, Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1836,

77; Mag. Zool. & Bot. 1.406.—Petromyzide, Gray, Syn. B.M. 1842,

148, 150.

Miller (Abhandl. Akad. Berlin) divided the genera thus :—

1. Petromyzon, with visible teeth.

2. Ammoceetes, without visible teeth.

Synopsis of Genera.

A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct ; eyes visible.

1. Perromyzon. Upper inner teeth two, conical, close together ;

lower single, crescent-shaped ; labial teeth numerous, conical ; lin-

gual teeth two, pinnate (Pl. IV. f. 1).

2. Lamprerra. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-

shaped; labial teeth in two submarginal rows; inner lateral teeth

larger, two- or three-lobed, lingual teeth pectinate (Pl. IV. f. 2).

3. Georria. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ;

upper lobed ; labial teeth numerous, distant, acute, nermost largest ;

lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (Pl. IV. f. 3).

4. Vexasia. Upper and lower teeth transverse, crescent-shaped ;

upper two-lobed ; labial teeth numerous, crowded, truncate ; imner-

most largest ; lingual teeth elongate, arched.

5. Caracoxa. Upper internal teeth two, far apart, three-lobed ;

lower crescent-shaped, nine-lobed ; labial teeth transverse, band-like,

four tubercles ; lingual teeth flattened (Pl. IV. f. 5).

6. Morpvacra. Upper inner teeth two ; lateral three-lobed ; lower

nine, conical, in an arched series ; labial teeth conical, in a single sub-

marginal series ; lingual teeth elongate, conical, arched (PI. IV. f. 6).

Bs. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes hidden.

7. AMMOCGTES.

236

A. Petromyzonina. Teeth distinct.

1. PETROMYZON. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 1.)

Upper inner teeth two, triangular, close together. Lower inner

tooth single, large, crescent-shaped, many-toothed. Labial teeth

conical, acute, numerous, in diverging, arched series ; the inner one

largest, and gradually becoming smaller near the edge. Tongue with

two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and a broad, lunate, dentated

tooth beneath, which is strongly bent up between the upper teeth in

the centre.

Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 603; De Kay, Zool. New York, t. 56, 216

(bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn. Syst. Nat.; Rafin. Anal. Nat.; Miil.

Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 77 (1836).—Petromyzon, Gray, Proc.

Zool. Soe. 1851.

1. Perromyzon Marinus. The Lamprey.

Petromyzon marinus, Linn. Bloch, iii. pl. 77; Linn. (édit. de Gme-

lin) Faun. Suec. 292; Artedi, Ichth. gen. 64. syn. 90; Neue Schrift.

der Berl. Naturf. 7. 466; Schneid. Bloch, i. 530, 1801; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iii. 102. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. 251. pt. 2. pl. 133,

1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 81, 1820-21; Flem. Brit. An. 163. sp. 1,

1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mill. Mém. de I’ Acad. Berlin,

1834, 78. t.4.f.1,5,; Osteol. t. 9, 65, 67,68. f.9,; Yarr. Brit. Fish.

2 ed. il. 598, 1841.—Lamproie marbrée, Daub. Encycl. Mcth.; Bonn.

Planches d’Hist. Nat. de Enc. Méth.—Petromyzon maculosus, Ar-

tedi, Ichth. gen.64. syn. 90.—Petromyzon lamproie, Bloch, Hist. Nat.

Poiss. 31, 77. pt. 13.—Petromyzon maximus, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118,

1817.—Petromyzon, Klein, Misc. Pisce. iii. f. 30. n. 3.— Mustela sive

Lampetra, Belon, Aquat. 76; Saly. Aquat. f. 62 6.—Lampetra major,

Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. f.451; Charlet, Onom. f.153.n.3 ; Aldrov.

539. liv. 4. c. 13; Jonston, liv. 2. tit. 2. ¢. 3. pl. 24. f. 5.—Lamproie,

Coms. Hist. Nat. v. 284; Fermin, Surin. 85; Rond. 310. pt. 1. liv.13;

Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—Lampetra Rondeletii, Lam-

prey or Lamprey-Eel, Will. Ichth. 105. pl. 2. f. 2, 1685; Ray, Syn.

f. 35. n. 3.—Ioatzma unagi, Keempfer, Voy. au Japan, i. pl. 12. f. 2.

—Il mustilla, Forsk. Desc. Anim. f. 18.—Plota fluta, Authors.—

Lampetra, Lampreda kentmanni, lampreda, marina, mustela, Gesn.

(germ.) 180 4. et paralip. 22.—Le Pétromyzon Lamproie, Lacépéde,

Hist. Nat. Poiss. 1. 2, 3. pl. 1, 1798.—La Grande Lamproye, Cuv.

Rég. An. ii. 404, 1819.

Hab. European Seas.

2. Perromyzon Jur®. MacCuttocn’s Lamprey.

Petromyzon Jure, MacCull. West. Isles, ii. 186, 187. t. 29. f. 1;

Jen. B.V. A. 522.—Petromyzon fluviatilis, var., Flem. Brit. An. 162.

Hab. Coast of Scotland, east shore ; island of Jura.

Probably a variety of P. marinus: the drawing of the teeth shows

it has no relation to P. fluviatilis.

237

3. ?PETROMYZON AMERICANUS. AMERICAN SEA LAMPREY.

Petromyzon marinus, Schepff. Beobachtungen, &e. viii. 184 ;

Mitch. Trans. Lit. & Phil. Soc. i. 461.—Petromyzon americanus, Le-

sueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N.S.) i. 382; Hist. N. A. Fish. ined. plate ;

Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of

New York, 379. pl. 66. f. 216. pt.1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America.

4. PeTRoMYZON NIGRICANS. BuiursH Sea LAMPREY.

Petromyzon nigricans, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 385;

Storer, Rep. on the Fishes of Massachusetts; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of

New York, 381. pl. 79. f. 247 (teeth indistinct), pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America.

5. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SILVERY LAMPREY.

Petromyzon argenteus, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 342. pl. 4. f.3;

De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 382. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, river Ohio.

2. LAMPETRA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 2.)

Upper inner tooth single, transverse, lunate, entire, with a conical

prominence at each end. Lower inner tooth single, transverse, lu-

nate, many-toothed, outer lobe largest. Labial teeth unequal, the

outer numerous, small, subequal, conical, in a single, submarginal

series, the inner larger, unequal ; of the upper part small, in series ;

of the sides in a single series, larger, with two or three conical tu-

-bercles. Tongue with two compressed, pectinated teeth above, and

a large, crescent-shaped, transverse tooth below, crenated on the edge,

and with a larger, conical projection in the centre.

Yarr. Brit. Fish. fig. p. 604; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York,

t. 79, 249 (bad).—Petromyzon, sp., Linn., Cuv., Mill.—Lampetra,

sp., Ray.—Lampetra, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.

* Dorsal fins separate.

1. LAMPETRA FLUVIATILIS. LAMPERN or River LAMPREY.

Petromyzon fluviatilis, Linn. Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1; Linn. (edit.

- de Gmel.); Mull. Prod. 37. n. 307; Aldrov. 587; Penn. Brit. Zool.

v. pt. 106. pl. 10, 1776-78; Schneid. Bloch, 530, 2, 1801; Shaw,

Gen. Zool. 257. pt. 2, 1804; Don. Brit. Fish. pl. 80, 1820-28 ; Flem.

Brit. An. 404, 1827; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829; Mém. de Acad.

Berlin, 78, 1834; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 521. sp. 210,'1835; Yarr.

Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 598, 1841; Parnell; Rich. Faun. Bor. 294, 1836.

—Petromyzon fluviatilis, Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817.—Lamproie

prycka, Daub. Encycl. Méth.—New-oga natting, Faun. Suec. 106.

—Petromyzon, §c., Artedi, gen. 64. syn. 89. sp. 99.—La petite Lam-

proie, Bloch, 34. pt. 3. pl. 78. f. 1—La Lamproie branchiale, Bonn.

Planches de l’Encycl. Méth.—Petromyzon, Prick (negen-oog), Gro-

238

nov. Mus. i. 64. n. 114; Zooph. 38.—Mustela, Pliny, liv. 9. c. 17.

—Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, Aquat. 75.—Lampetra subcinerea, ma-

eulis carens, Salv. Aquat. 62.—Lampetra, alterum genus, Gesn.

Aquat. 597.—Lampreda, Icon. Anim. 326.—Lampetra, medium ge-

nus, Will. Ichth. 106. tab. g. 2, 3. f.1,2; Ray, Syn. Pisce. 25. n. 1.

—Lampetra fluviatilis, Aldrov. 587; Jonston, 104. pl. 28. f. 11;

Schone, 41 ; Charlet, 159. n.7; Marseli, Dan. Pann. iv. 2. t. 1, 1726.

—Lampetra fluviatilis, media, Schwenck. Theriotr. Siles. 532.—

Jaatz me unagi, Keempfer, Voy. dans le Japan, i. 156. pl. 12. f. 2.—

Minog, Razzynski, 134.—Lamproie, Fermin, Hist. Nat. de Surinam,

85.—Petromyzon, Kramer, Elenchus, 38. n. 1; Klein, Misc. Pisce.

ii. 29.n.1.t. 1. f. 3.—Le Petromyzon pricka, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.

des Poiss. i. 18, 1798.

Hab. Europe.

2. LAMPETRA PLANERI. FRINGED-LIPPED LAMPERN.

Petromyzon planert, Linn. Bloch, vii. pl. 78. f. 3; Linn. (édit. de

Gmelin) ; Schneid. Bloch, 531, 532, 4, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.

pt. 2. p. 259, 1804; Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 211, 1835; Miil.

Mém. de I’ Acad. Berlin, 78, 1834; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 404, 1829;

Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii. 607, 1841.—Lamproiea planer, Boun.

Planches de lEncycl. Méth—Le Pétromyzon planer, Lacépéde,

Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 30. pl. 3, 1798.

Hab. Europe.

** Dorsal fin in contact with the second.

3. LAMPETRA SANGUISUGA. LrrcH LAMPERN.

Petromyzon Sanguisuga, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. ii. 99.

pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.

—Petromyzon planeri, var., Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

A very doubtful species ; Cuvier says it is the same as the former.

4, Lampretra LAMoTTEentt. AMERICAN LAMPERN.

Petromyzon Lamottenii, Lesueur, Hist. N. A.; De Kay, Nat. Hist.

of New York, 382. pl. 79. f. 249 (mouth), pt.1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, New York.

3. GEOTRIA, n.g. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 3.)

Upper internal tooth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into

four lobes ; the two inner lobes small, acute; outer truncated. The

lower internal’ tooth transverse, narrow, slightly sinuous. The labial

teeth numerous, far apart, conical, acute, in arched series, diverging

from the throat; the imnermost one larger, rest small; the inner-

most one of the lower part on each side small, elongate, transverse,

with two small, rudimentary tubercles. Tongue with two elongate,

conical, arched teeth, with a triangular plate on the lower side of the

base. Throat with a very large dilatable pouch. Dorsal fins two,

239

far apart. Mouth yery large, surrounded with rather large, trans-

verse, torn leaves.

This genus chiefly differs from Velasia in the rudimentary state

of the lower internal tooth, in the form of the labial teeth, in the

large size of the oral disk, and the extraordinary development of the

throat-pouch, which is found in a rudimentary state in the Petro-

myzon marinus. This development of the pouch is perhaps to adapt

the animal to the long drought of the Australian rivers.

1. Grorria AUSTRALIS. PovucHEpD Lamprey. (Pisces, Pl. V.)

Hab. South Australia. Fresh water.

4. VELASIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 4.)

Upper internal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, divided into

four flat, elongated lobes; the outer lobes largest. The lower inter-

nal teeth large, transverse, crescent-like, convex, denticulated on the

edge. The labial teeth very numerous, truncated, in crowded, arched

series, diverging from the throat; the inner ones large, and gra-

dually diminishing in size to the edge. Tongue with two very large,

long, curved teeth, with a triangular plate beneath at their base.

Dorsal fins two, far apart. Mouth moderate, edged with transverse

foliations.

1. VELASIA CHILENSIS. CuHILIAN LAMPERN.

Hab. Chili. In fresh water.

5. CARAGOLA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 5.)

Upper inner teeth two, large, separate, lateral, submarginal, each

with three acute tubercles. Lower inner teeth large, crescent-shaped,

nine-lobed; the central and two lateral lobes on each side larger.

The labial teeth in a subcircular, submarginal series, large, trans-

verse, band-like, with three or four tubercles. Tongue with two flat-

tened teeth, and a triangular, transverse plate below, with an acute

process between the teeth on the upper edge. Dorsal fins two, far

apart.

1. CARAGOLA LAPICIDA. CARAGOL.

Hab. West Coast of America.

6. MORDACIA. (Pisces, Pl. IV. fig. 6.)

Upper imer teeth two, separate, lateral, subtrigonal, each with

three tubercles. The lower nine conical, acute, in an arched series ;

the five central smaller. Labial teeth small, conical, in a single, cir-

cular, submarginal series, with a single, additional, odd tooth in the

centre above. Tongue with two conical, arched teeth. (Rich. Voy.

Erebus & Terror, t. 38.)

Petromyzon, sp., Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.

240

1. Morpacta MoRDAX. AUSTRALIAN LAMPERN.

Petromyzon mordaz, Rich. Voy. Erebus & Terror, t. 38, 1845.—

Mordacia mordax, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.

Hab. Tasmania.

Species of Doubtful Situation in the Family.

1. PeETROMYZON APPENDIX. SmaAuut LAmprey.

Petromyzon appendix, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pl. 64.

f. 211. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Hudson River.

“A ring of irregular-shaped corneous processes within the oral

orifice, and a large isolated double tooth of the same texture on the

inferior portion of the mouth.”—De Kay.

2. PETROMYZON TRIDENTATUS. TRIDENTATE LAMPREY.

Petromyzon tridentatus, Gairdener, Rich. Faun. Bor. Amer. 293,

1836; De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 381. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Falls of the Walamet.

3. PETROMYZON ARGENTEUS. SiLveRY LAMPREY.

Petromyzon argenteus, Bloch, t. 415. f. 2; Schneid. Bloch, 532.

t. 102. f. 1, 1801; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 262, 1841.

Hab. Indian Seas.

4, PETROMYZON BICOLOR. Britiianr LAMPREY.

Petromyzon bicolor, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.—

Petromyzon niger, Lacépéde, iv. 667.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

5. PETROMYZON PLUMBEUS. LEADEN LAMPREY.

Petromyzon plumbeus, Shaw, Gen. Zool. v. pt. 2. p. 263, 1804.

—Petromyzon Septeil, Lacéptde, iv. 667.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

B. Ammoceetina. Teeth none; eyes none.

7. AMMOCCTES.

Teeth none.

Ammocetes, Dum. Zool. Anal.; Cuv. Rég. An. ii. 118, 1817;

Mill. Abhandl. Akad. Berlin, 1834, 78 (1836).—? Lampreda, Rafin.

Anal. Nat. 94, 1815.

1. AMMOC@TES BRANCHIALIS. PripeE or SANDPIPER.

Ammoceetes branchialis, Dum.; Flem. Brit. An. 164. sp. 3, 1828;

Cuv. Reg. An. 406, 1829; Miill. Mém. de Acad. Berlin, 1834;

Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. 522. sp. 212, 1835; Yarr. Brit. Fish. 2 ed. ii.

241

609, 1841.—Petromyzon branchialis, Linn. (édit. de Gmelin) 1815 ;

Bloch, pt. 3. pl. 78? f.2; Linn. Faun. Suec. 292; Wulff. Ichth.

Borus. 15. n. 20; Mill. Prod. Zool. Dan. 37. n. 3076; Kramer,

Elench. 483; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. 107. pl. 10, 1776-78; Shaw,

Gen. Zool. 260, 1804.—Petromyzon corpore annuloso, §c., Artedi,

gen.42. syn.90.—Lamproie branchiale, Bonn. Planches de I’ Encyel. ;

Daub. Encycl. Méth.—Petromyzon, Gronov. Zooph. 38. n. 160;

Klein, Misc. Pisce. ii. 30.'n. 4.—Petromyzon cecus, Couch, Mag.

Nat. Hist. v. 23. f. 60.—Mustela fluviatilis, Gesner, Aquat. 589 ;

Icon. Anim. 286; Thierb. 159 6.—Lampetra minima, Aldrov. 539.

—Lampern, or Pride of the Isis, Will. Ichth. 104.—Pride, Plot,

Hist. of Oxford, 182. t. 10.—Lampetra ceca, Will. Ichth. tab. g. 3.

f.1; Ray, Syn. Pise. 35. n. 2,4; Couch, Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist.

v. 23. f. 9,10.—Lampreta neunange, Jouston, t. 28. f. 10.—Lam-

proyon et Lamprillon, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 202.—Querder, Schlam-

querder, Schwenckf. Theriotr. Siles. 423.—Der Kieferwurn, Miill.

1. ec. iti. 234.—Lampreyon, Valmont de Bomare, Dict. Hist. Nat.—

Le Petromyzon lampreyon, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Poiss. i. 26.

pl. 2. f. 1, 1798.

Hab. Europe, rivers.

2. AMMOC@TES RUBER. Rep LAMPREY.

Ammocetes ruber, Cuv. Rég. An. 406, 1829; Mull. Mém. de

PAcad. Berl. 78, 1834.—Petromyzon ruber, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat.

des Poiss. ii. 99. pl. 1; Supp. to Petromyzon; Shaw, Gen. Zool. v.

pt. 2. p. 261, 1804.— Ammoceetes branchialis, var., Cuv. Reg. An.

u. 118, 1817.

Hab. Europe, Seine.

3. AmmoceteEs concotor. Muvp Eert or Buinp EEL.

Ammoceetes concolor, Kirtland, Boston Journ. iii. 473. pl. 27.

f. la, 6, 1841.

Hab. N. America, Mahoning and Scioto rivers.

4. AMMocarTEs BICOLOR. CoLouRED Mup LAMPREY.

Ammocetes bicolor, Lesueur, Amer. Phil. Soc. (N. 8.) i. 386.—

Ammoceetes bicolor, Storer, Fishes of Massachusetts, 198; De Kay,

Nat. Hist. of New York, 383, 679. f. 248. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Connecticut river.

5. AMMoca@TEs uNICOLOR. Pxrain Mup Lamprey.

Ammoceetes unicolor, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, 383. pl. 79.

f. 250. pt. 1; Zool. 1842.

Hab. N. America, Lake Champlain.

No. CCXXXIV.—ProceEepInGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

‘

242

13. Descriptions or Forty-THREE New Srecies or CycLosto-

MACEA, FROM THE COLLECTION OF HuGH CuMmING, Esa.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. CycLtostoma Himatayanvum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, glo-

boso-turbinatd, soliduld, costis spiralibus obtusis, 10-12, lineisque

interjacentibus obsoletis sculptd, sub epidermide decidud, .... al-

bidd ; spird turbinatd, superné rufd, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5,

convexiusculis, ultimo ventroso, circa umbilicum angustum, infun-

dibuliformem vix compresso; aperturd subverticali, circulari ;

peristomate simplice, continuo, breviter adnato, fusco-igneo, sub-

incrassato, breviter expanso, superne subangulato.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 48, min. 39, alt. 35 mill.

Hab. in Himalaya.

2. CycLosToMA EUCHILUM, Pfr. C. testé umbilicatd, turbinato-

subglobosd, soliduld, oblique confertim striatd, lineis impressis

distantioribus obsoleté clathratuld, albidd, violaceo-fusco et fulvo

variegatd, parum nitidd; spird turbinato-elevatd, apice acuti-

usculd ; anfractibus 54, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad suturam

subdepresso, medio albo-fasciato, basi confertim et valide spirali-

ter sulcato; umbilico mediocri, infundibuliformi; aperturd vix

obliqud, subangulato-circulari, intus purpurascenti-carneo-micante ;

peristomate subcontinuo, albo, marginibus superne dilatatis, callo

subemarginato junctis, dextro et basali latissimis, fornicatim revo-

lutis, sinistro angustato, vir reflero.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 43, min. 32, alt. 28 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

3. CycLostoma crassum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-

globosd, crassd, striata et minute malleatd, rubello-fulvd, fasciis

et lineis interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird turbinatd, obtusius-

culd ; anfractibus 5, convezxis, ultimo superné turgido, infra medium

carind funiformi et fascid latiore nigricante circumdato, basi sub-

planulato, circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem subcom-

presso; aperturd obliqud, subangulato-rotundd, intus rubelld ;

peristomate duplice: interno continuo, externo crasso, expanso,

ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. Liew Kiew, et var. minor in insula Ibyat (Bashee group).

4. CyCLOSTOMA EXPANSuUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-

subglobosd, solidiusculd, spiraliter confertim striatd, opacd, superneé

castaneo et albido variegatd; spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dilatato, peripherid

subcarinato, basi fasciis angustis castaneis ornatd ; umbilico an-

gusto, pervio; aperturd subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate

subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, pallide aurantiaco, undique

equaliter angulatim plano-expanso, margine subrevoluto.— Oper-

culum?

Diam. maj. 30, min. 22, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. 4

243

5. CycLosroma unrcoxor, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, globoso-

conicd, solidd, longitudinaliter confertissime et regulariter striatd,

spiraliter confertim sulcatd, opacd, fulvido-stramined; spird conicd,

subtruncatd; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimo superne et medio

acute carinato: carind tertid, validissimd, circa umbilicum angus-

tum, infundibuliformem, intus profundé spiraliter sulcatum ; aper-

turd parum obliqud, angulato-circulari; peristomate simplice,

marginibus callo lunatim eaciso junctis, dextro expansiusculo,

sinistro medio dilatato, patente.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 16 mill.

B. Majus, striis longitudinalibus obsoletioribus, albidum.

Diam. maj. 28, min. 22, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. ‘4

6. CycLostomMa PonDEROSUM, Pfr. C. testd late. umbilicatd,

conoideo-depressd, crassd, ponderosa, subtiliter et oblique mal-

leato-rugulosd, olivaceo-fusculd ; spird breviter conoided, obtusd ;

anfractibus 5, parum convewis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo lato,

subdepresso, ad peripheriam obtuse funiculato-carinato ; apertura

obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus albd, nitidd ; peristomate crasso,

recto, subcontinuo, superne angulato-ditatato, margine columellari

perarcuato.—Operculum membranaceum, pellucidum, fusculum,

arctispirum.

Diam. maj. 36, min. 30, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. Guatemala.

7, Cyctostoma Dyson1, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, conoideo-

orbiculatd, solidd, pliculis confertis undulatis, subconfluentibus

sculptd, fusco-olivaced, pallidius strigatd et obsolet? fasciatd ;

spird conoided, obtusuld ; anfractibus 41, conveviusculis, celeriter

accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; umbilico mediocri, conico; aper-

turd feré verticali, angulato-subcirculari, intus c@rulescente, ni-

tidd ; peristomate simplice, recto, superne angulato, breviter ad-

nato, margine dextro declivi, columellari subdilatato-patente.—

Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 27, min. 22, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

8. CycLostoma piscutus, Pfr. C. testdé umbilicatd, depressd,

discoided, solidiusculd, nitidd, alabastrind ; spird planissimd ; an-

fractibus vie 4, converiusculis, ad suturam impressam striatis,

ultimo teretiusculo, subdepresso, in umbilico lato distinctius striato,

antic? brevissim? soluto ; aperturd subverticali, circulari; peri-

stomate continuo, simplice, recto.— Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. \

9. CycLOsToMA DESCISCENS, Pfr. C. testd late umbilicatd, de-

presso-semiglobosd, superne confertim sulculatd, albidd; spird

convexd ; anfractibus 44, conveviusculis, ultimo terete, anticé

subito deflevo, basi levigato ; apertura fere horizontali, lunato-

244

rotundatd, intus albd ; peristomate incrassato, marginibus remotis,

callo junctis, basali reflexo, columellari subito arcuatim ascendente.

—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 10, mim. 83, alt. 53 mill.

Hab. Socotra.

10. CycLosroma MarGaRiITA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso-

conicd, soliduld, levigatd, nitiduld, rubello-succined ; spird conicd,

apice acutiusculd, sanguined ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo

subrotundato ; aperturd parum obliqud, ovali ; peristomate inter-

rupto, simplice, recto, margine columellari perarcuato, subincras-

sato.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. in insula Rapa Oceani pacifici.

11. CycLtostoma (LEPToroMA) LATELIMBATUM, Pfr. C. testd

perforatd, globoso-conicd, tenui, minute spiraliter striatd et lineis

obtusis elevatis, subequidistantibus cinctd, diaphand, parum nitidd,

albd, maculis et fasciis pallide fulvis variegatd ; spird turbinatd,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviusculis, ultimo rotundato, medio

lined acute elevatd subcarinato; umbilico angusto, viv pervio ;

aperturd obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice, albo : interno

interrupto, breviter porrecto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, ex-

terno undique equaliter dilatato, angulatim patente, supra perfo-

rationem exciso.—-Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 17, min. 13, alt. 11 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

12. CycLostoma (LEPTOPOMA) REGULARE, Pfr. C. testd an-

gustissime perforatd, conicd, globosd, tenui, lineis approximatis

superneé equalibus sculptd, interstitiis spiraliter confertim striatd,

diaphand, albidd, maculis fulvidis regulariter tessellatd; spird

turbinatd, apice acutd, pallide corned, anfractibus 5}, convexius-

culis, ultimo convexiore, infra liram periphericam inflato, obso-

letius lirato ; aperturd obliqud, lunato-circulari ; peristomate inter-

rupto, tenui, albo, breviter patente, margine columellari basi sub-

angulatim dilatato.. Operculum?

Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.

13. CycLtostoma (LErropoma) sERIcATUM, Pfr. C. testd per-

Foratd, globoso-conicd, tenui, pellucidd, sericed, lineis obliquis,

subdistuntibus sculptd, superné lineis 4-5 elevatis, spiralibus

munitd, hyalino-albidd, liris corneis (vel undique violacescenti-

Ffulvd, basi pallidiore); spird turbinatd, acutd, apice nigricante ;

anfractibus 5, superis parum conveais, ultimo inflato, subcarinato,

infra carinam fascia unicd castaned ornato, basi liris spiralibus non-

nullis obsoletioribus sculpto ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ;

aperturd parum obliqud, subemarginato-circulari; peristomate

simplice, interrupto, tenui, horizontaliter patente, margine colu-

mellari medio sublingulatim dilatato.—Operculum?

Diam. maj. 12, min. vix 10, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insulé Borneo (Taylor).

245

14. CycLosroma PLEUROPHORUM, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd,

gioboso-turbinatd, tenui, longitudinaliter conferte striatd et costulis

filaribus, prominentioribus sculptd, diaphand, parum nitidd, albido-

Fulvescente ; spird turbinatd, apice acutiusculd, corned; suturd

costis denticulatd ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo subterete, antice

breviter soluto ; umbilico mediocri, profundo, angulo cariniformi

cincto ; aperturd subverticali, ovato-subcirculari ; peristomate con-

tinuo, simplice, recto, margine columellari expansiusculo.—Oper-

culum duplex, lamind externd testaced, 5-spiratd, marginibus

anfractuum liberis, internd pland, cartilagined.

Diam: maj. 11, min. 92, alt. 92 mill.

Hab. Honduras.

15. CycLosTtoMa FASCICULARE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, acumi-

nato-ovatd, soliduld, confertissimé costulato-striatd, vix sericed,

griseo-corned ; spird conicd, acutiusculd ; suturd costularum fasci-

culis crenatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, basi

spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, acuto.—Operculum terminale, testaceum, planum,

paucispirum, anfractibus oblique striatis.

Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. 2

16. CycLtostroma GuATEMALENSE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ob-

longd, soliduld, subtruncatd, striatuld, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird con-

vexiusculo-turritd ; anfractibus 6, parum convezis, ultimo angus-

tiore, antice descendente, breviter soluto, basi, circa perforationem

apertam, compresso, nec carinato ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari;

peristomate libero, albo, duplice: interno continuo, vix porrecto,

externo dilatato, horizontaliter expanso, supra perforationem

eaciso.—Operculum ?

Long. 24, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Vera Paz in Guatemala.

17. CycLosroMa CANESCENS, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, oblongo-

turritd, truncatuld, solidd, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus

elevatis regulariter clathratd, parum nitidd, griseo-albidd ; spird

elongatd ; suiurd tuberculis confertis, albis crenata ; anfractibus

superstomate 7, vie convexiusculis, ultimo basi attenuato, circa

perforationem obsoletam distinctius spiraliter sulcato; aperturd

verticali, angulato-ovali, intus fusco-carned ; peristomate duplice:

interno viv porrecto, externo undique breviter expanso, superné

angulato, anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.— Operculum ?

Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. 2

18. CycLostoma vioLaceum, Pfr. C. testd subobtect? perforatd,

ovato-turritd, truncatd, soliduld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et con-

Fertioribus longitudinalibus oblongo-granulatd, haud scabrd, non

nitente, saturate violaced; spird turritd, truncatd; anfractibus

superstomate 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd subverticali,

246

ovali; peristomate simplice, albo, continuo, margine dextro sub-

incrassato, anguste angulatim patente, columellart in laminam

sinuosam, perforationem occultantem, nec claudentem, dilatato.—

Operculum immersum, testaceum, planum, cinereum, paucispirum.

Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. 2

19. CycLostoma SHUTTLEWORTHI, Pfr. C. testd claus umbili-

catd, oblongd, truncata, spiraliter confertim plicatd, lineis longi-

tudinalibus obsolete decussatd, sericed, pallidissime fulvidd, fasciis

valde interruptis castaneis ornatd; spird oblongd; anfractibus

superstomate 3, conveaiusculis, ultimo basi rotundato; aperturd

verticali, angulato-ovali; peristomate duplice: interno brevi, ex-

pansiusculo, eaterno late patente, concentrice striato, radiatim

plicato et castaneo-radiato, ad columellam exciso, lamind alba

fornicatd umbilicum prorsus claudente-—Operculum terminale,

cartilagineum, paucispirum, nucleo basali.

Long. 22, diam. 11} mill.

Had. in insula Cuba.

20. CycLosToMA RADULA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-oblonga,

truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et costis acutis longitudi-

nalibus subtiliter asperato-decussatd, pallidé corned, fasciis an-

gustis, rufis, interruptis ornatd, non nitente ; spird sursum atte-

nuatd, late truncatd ; suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus

superstomate 4, convexis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd

verticali, circulari; peristomate duplice: interno continuo, vie

porrecto, eterno dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentrice

striato, ad anfractum penullimum subexciso, margine sinistro fim-

briato-inciso.—Operculum planum, e duabus laminis compositum,

externd subtestaced, anfractibus 3}, nucleo subcentrali.

Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Almendares prope Havana.

21. CycLostoma ovaTuM, Pfr. C. testd obtecte perforatd, oblongo-

ovatd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, sericed,

fusco-corned, vel pallidissimé corned, maculis rufis seriatim dispo-

sitis ornatd ; spird ovato-conicd, truncatd ; suturd levi, irregula-

riter tuberculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, convexius-

culis, ultimo paulo angustiore, basi obsolete spiraliter sulcato ;

aperturd verticali, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate fusculo, duplice :

interno breviter porrecto, externo undique dilatato, campanulato-

eapanso, radiato-costato, superne angulatim reflexo, anfractui

penultimo longe adnato, perforationem claudente, margine sinistro

subauriculato, libero —Operculum ?

Long. 173, diam. 8 mill.

Had. in insula Cuba.

22. CycLtostoma GrateLour!, Pfr. C. testd perforata, oblonga,

pupiformi, truncatd, tenuiusculd, spiraliter confertim sulcatd et

costis longitudinalibus, confertis, non interruptis sculpta, diaphand,

247

parum nitidd, corneo-albidd, fasciis strigatim interruptis castaneis

ornatd ; spird sursum parum attenuatd, late truncatd; suturd

levi, crenata: crenis superne minutis, confertis, in anfractibus

ultimis fasciculatim dilatatis, obtusis ; anfractibus superstomate 4,

vie convexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, basi rotundato ;

aperturd verticali, ovali; peristomate duplice: interno breviter

expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-patente, rufo radiato, superne

cucullatim elevato, tum emarginato et anfractui penultimo adnato.—

Operculum testaceum, planum, anfractibus 3, marginibus lamelloso-

liberis.

Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.

2B. T. minor, crenulis suture confertis, acutis.

Hab. Yucatan, var. 3. in India occidental.

23. CycLostoma HistTrRi0, Pfr. C. testd profundé rimatd, ovato-

conicd, solidiusculd, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, parum ni-

tidd, albidd, strigis latis obliquis, angulosis, fuscis pictd; spird

elato-conicd, vix truncatuld; suturd superné minute denticulatd,

anfractuum inferiorum subsimplice ; anfractibus 43, conveais, ul-

timo rotundato, basi ultra axin subproducto ; aperturd subobliqud,

subcirculari, intus nitidd, fulvidd, nebuiosd ; peristomate lateritio,

duplice: interno continuo, late expanso, appresso, externo latiore,

horizontaliter patente, superné sinuato-angulato, ad anfractum

penultimum breviter interrupto.—Operculum ?

Long. 20, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in insula Jamaica.

24. CycLosTroMA INTEGRUM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turritd,

tenuiusculd, integrd, lineis obsoleté elevatis spiralibus et costulis

confertis longitudinalibus (tertid vel quartd qudvis validiore) sub-

decussatd, fulvidd, fasciis interruptis rufis cingulatd ; spird regu-

lariter turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd subconferte denticulatd ;

anfractibus 7, convexis, 2 primis levigatis, ultimo rotundato,

antrorsum breviter soluto, vix descendente, basi rotundato, fasciis

2-3 continuis rufis ornato; aperturd vix obliqud, ovali; peri-

stomate subduplicaio: interno continuo, adnato, externo patente,

superne subangulato-dilatato, tum emarginato, latere columellari

undulato.—Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.

Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. in India occidentali.

25. CycLtostoma HARPA, Pfr. C. testd breviter rimatd, oblongo-

turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis longitudinalibus chordiformibus sub-

distantibus munitd, cinnamomeo-carned, haud nitente, lineis rufis

strigatim interruptis ornatd; spird turritd, integrd, sursum nigro-

violaced, apice obtusd ; suturd profundd, plicis prominentibus sub-

crenatd ; anfractibus 6, convevis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd ver-

ticali, ovali-subcirculari ; peristomate rubello, duplice: interno

expansiusculo, appresso, externo undique viz dilatato-patente,

anfractui penultimo breviter adnato.—Operculum ?

Long. 12, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. Almendares prope Havana.

248

26. CycLosroma PINGUE, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatdé, oblongo-

turritd, truncatd, solidd, liris spiralibus obtusis undulatd, striis

longitudinalibus confertissimis sculptd, oleoso-micante, cinnamo-

meo-fuscd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate

4, convewis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd

subverticali, fere circulari; peristomate albo, duplice: interno

expansiusculo, adnato, eaterno continuo, horizontaliter expanso,

anfraciui penultimo brevissimé adnato, superne angulato.—Oper-

culum ?

Long. 123, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. 2

27. CycLosroma PALLipuM, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-

turritd, truncatd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus et confertissimis

longitudinalibus (hic illic irregularibus, subconfluentibus) minute

decussatd, pallideé corned, lineolis rufis interruptis obsolete pictd ;

suturd profundd, subsimplice ; anfractibus superstomate 4, con-

vexis, ultimo rotundato ; aperturd verticali, ovali-circulari ; peri-

stomate duplice, interno albo, porrecto, expansiusculo, externo

dilatato, horizontaliter patente, concentrice siriato, anfractui pen-

ultimo breviter adnato, margine sinistro angustiore.—Operculum

terminale, testaceum, anfractibus 33, oblique striatis, marginibus

subliberis.

Long. 174, diam. 8} mill.

Hab. Almendares prope Havana.

28. CycLosroma CumAneEnss, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-

oblongd, truncatd, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim plicatd, sericed,

pellucida, corneo-lutescente, maculis castaneis fasciatim dispositis

ornatd ; suturd plicis excurrentibus confertim subcrenatd ; an-

Fractibus superstomate 5, subconvevis, ultimo basi rotundato, antice

breviter soluto, dorso carinato ; aperturd subverticali, ovali, superné

subangulatd ; peristomate libero, simplice, undique vir expanso.—

Operculum cartilagineum, planum, paucispirum.

Long. 15, diam. 7} mill.

29. CycLosroMa TURRITUM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, turritd,

truncatuld, lineis elevatis spiralibus et longitudinalibus regulariter

clathratd, albidd, lineolis rufis interruptis cinctd; suturd subpro-

Sunda, confertim denticulatd; anfractibus superstomate 6, conveai-

usculis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato; aperturd verti-

cali, ovali, intus fulvidd; peristomate subduplice: interno continuo,

expansiusculo, externo superne angulatim dilatato, margine deztro

vix patente, columellari et sinistro exciso.—Operculum?

Long. 16, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

30. CycLosroma p1aPpHANuM, Pfr. C. testd subperforatd, ob-

longo-turritd, truncatd, tenuiusculd, lineis elevatis spiralibus con-

fertis, costulisque illas transgredientibus filaribus confertioribus

decussatd, diaphand, unicolore albidd; spird elongata; suturd

irregulariter crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 44, convevis, sub-

249

aqualibus, ultimo anticé soluto, dorso carinato, basi rotundato,

distinctius spiraliter sulcato ; aperturd verticali, angulato-ovali ;

peristomate subsimplice, continuo, undique breviter eapanso.—

Operculum ?

Long. 12, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. 2

31. CycLostomMA LUGUBRE, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, turrito-

oblonga, solidd ; truncata, liris obtusis spiralibus, costulisque sub-

membranaceis illas transgredientibus sculptd, fusculd, violaceo-

Fusco late unifasciatd ; spird parum attenuata ; suturd confertim

et subacute fasciculato-crenatd ; anfractibus superstomate 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, subdescendente, dorso

compresso, basi distinctivs spiraliter lirato; aperturd verticali,

oblique ovali; peristomate subsimplice, continuo, margine sinistro

breviter, reliquis pauld latius expansis, subundulatis.— Operculum?

Long. 16, diam. feré 7 mill.

Had. in insula Jamaica.

32. CycLtosroma Kusrert, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, ovato-turritd,

truncatd, tenui, sulcis spiralibus et costulis longitudinalibus con-

Serlis regulariter granulato-reticulatd, vix nitente, diaphand, fusco-

corned, lineis obsoletis rufis interruptis pictd; spird conve.xo-

turritd, late truncatd; suturd profundd, simplice; anfractibus

superstomate 4, convexis, ultimo angustiore, rotundato ; aperturd

subverticali, subcirculari; peristomate duplice: interno breviter

expanso, adnato, externo campanulato-expanso, concentrice striato,

anticé concavo, rufo-radiato, superne angulato, ad anfractum pen-

ultimum angustato.— Operculum ?

Long. 14, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Honduras (Mr. Dyson).

33. CycLostoMa TROCHLEA, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, oblongo-

turritd, truncatd, costis filaribus spiralibus et longitudinalibus

subregulariter clathratd, haud nitente, pallid? fusculd, punctis

rufis subseriatis variegatd ; spird elongatd, trochleari, late trun-

catd ; suturd profundd, simplice ; anfractibus superstomate 5, per-

convexis ; aperturd verticali, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice :

interno vir porrecto, externo horizontaliter expanso, superneé in

rostrum recurvatum dilatato, ad anfractum penultimum breviter

iaterrupto, latere sinistro inciso-crenulato.—Operculum ?

Long. 14, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. 2

34. CycLOSTOMA ALTERNANS, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-

catd, conoideo-depressd, tenuiusculd, acute multiliratd, liris al-

ternis minoribus, haud nitente, subepidermide pallidé lutescente

fugace albd ; spird breviter conoideo-elevatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd

subcanaliculatd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato ;

aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, recto,

Ffusco-limbato, subcontinuo, marginibus ad anfractum penultimum

250

callo nitido junctis—Operculum membranaceum, planum, cereum,

arctispirum.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 16, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. Madagascar.

35. CycLosroma RusTIcuM, Pfr. C. testa late umbilicatd, de-

pressd, subdiscoided, solidd, spiraliter confertim liratd, non nitente,

sordide albidd, pallide fusculo irregulariter variegatd ; spird parum

elevatd, vertice submucronato ; anfractibus 44, convewiusculis, ag

suturam subdepressis, ultimo terete, antice descendente ; aperturd

diagonali, subcirculari, intus carned ; peristomate simplice, breviter

expanso, marginibus callo brevi junctis, supero repando.—Oper-

culum?

Long. maj. 174, min. 133, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. 2

36. CycLostoMaA PsILomMITUM, Pfr. C. testd mediocriter umbili-

catd, depresso-conoided, soliduld, virenti-luted, via nitiduld, lineis

spiralibus subtilissimis, piloso-elevatis crebris obscurioribus cinctd ;

spird breviter conoided, obtusd ; suturd subcanaliculatd ; anfrac-

tibus 4, convexis, ultimo terete, non descendente ; aperturd fere

verticali, subcirculari, intus albidd ; peristomate simplice, acuto,

marginibus fere contiguis, callo brevi junctis.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Venezuela.

37. CycLostoma ALAatum, Pfr. C. testd laté umbilicatd, conoideo-

depressd, soliduld, oblique confertim et inequaliter costulatd, vix

diaphand, albidd, fasciis angustis pallidissime corneis variegata ;

spird brevissime conoided, acutiusculd ; suturd simplice ; anfrac-

tibus 4, modice convevis, ultimo subterete, antice vix descendente,

lilaceo-nebuloso ; aperturd diagonali, subcirculari, intus lilaceo-

fusculd ; peristomate subduplice, latere dextro et basali connato,

expanso, externo superne alatim dilatato, latere sinistro subreflexo.

—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 16, min. 13, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. 8. Yago de Cuba.

38. CyCLOSTOMA SCALARE, Pfr. C. testd angusté umbilicatd, co-

noided, soliduld, oblique striatuld, nitiduld, corneo-luted; spird

elatd, scalari, apice acutd ; suturd profundd ; anfractibus 43, per-

convexis, ultimo terete, antice subsoluto; aperturd obliqud, cir-

culari, intus margaritaced; peristomate simplice, continuo, undique

viz expansiusculo.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 63 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

39. CycLostoma (CycLopHorvus) LuTESCcENS, Pfr. C. testd

umbilicatd, depresso-conoided, solidd, oblique filoso-striatd, sericed,

fusco-lutescente; spird breviter conoided, apice acutiusculd; suturd

profundd, simplice; anfractibus 44, convevis, rapide accrescentibus,

251

ultimo non descendente; umbilico mediocri, profundo; aperturd via

obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, con-

tinuo, breviter adnato, superne vie angulato.—Operculum mem-

branaceum, paliide corneum, rectispirum, extus profundé concavum.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 153, alt. 12 mill.

Had. in Brasilia.

40. CycLostoma euTtTatum, Pfr. C. testd umbilicatd, depressd,

solidd, glabra, nitidd, lete castaned, maculis albis subtriangulari-

bus guttatd ; spird vix elevatd, apice fuscd, submucronatd ; an-

fractibus 4%, convexiusculis, celeriter crescentibus, ad suturam im-

pressam striatulis ; umbilico latiusculo, pervio; aperturd parum

obliqud, circulari, intus albidd ; peristomate subduplice: interno

vix distinguendo, externo expanso, superne in linguam brevem,

anfractui penultimo adnatam, dilatato —Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.

Hab.

41. CycLosroMa IGNESCENS, Pfr. C. testd perforatd, globoso-

conicd, tenui, lineis spiralibus subtilissimis confertim sculptd, dia-

phand, nitidd, ignescente; spird turbinatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd

profundd ; anfractibus 43, convexis, ultimo basi distinctius sulcato ;

aperturd obliqud, subcirculari; peristomate simplice, expanso, mar-

ginibus approximatis, non junctis.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 114 mill.

Hab. in Nova Hibernia.

42. CycLostoma FuscuLum, Pfr. C. testd angustissime umbili-

catd, globoso-conicd, tenui, lineis elevatis spiralibus subconfertis,

lirdque periphericd validiore cariniformi sculptd, via nitiduld,

unicolore fusculd, fascid unicd angustd rufd infra carinam pallidam

ornatd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo

interdum carind, secundo superne notato, basi minute spiraliter

sulcato ; aperturd parum obliqud, rotundato-ovali ; peristomate

simplice, tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approvimatis,

non junctis.—Operculum testaceum, planum, cinereum, 4-spirum,

nucleo subcentrali.

Diam. maj. 114, min. 93, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. 2

43. CyCLOSTOMA CASTANEUM, Pfr. C. testd anguste umbilicatd,

globoso-conicd, tenui, oblique striatuld et liris subacutis multis

sculptd, nitidd, saturate castaned ; spird elevato-conicd, apice ob-

tusiusculd ; anfractibus 43, angulato-convevis, ultimo liris 6 sub-

equalibus, pluribusque minoribus, confertioribus in umbilico mu-

nito; aperturd parum obliqud, subcirculari ; peristomate simplice,

tenui, undique expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, non junctis.

—Operculum testaceum, planum, paucispirum, nucleo subcentrali.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Madagascar.

To this was added the following description of various species of

Helicea.

14, Description or Firry-rour New Species or Heticea,

FROM THE CoLLecTION or Hueu Cuming, Esa.

By Dr. L. Pretrrer.

. STREPTAXIS Discus, Pfr. JS. testd lat? umbilicatd, discoided,

subregulari, levigatd, albido-hyalind ; spird pland, vertice promi-

nulo ; anfractibus 64, vix convexiusculis, irregulariter varicosis,

ultimo depresso, subtus deviante, pone aperturam rotundato, de-

flexo ; aperturd subhorizontali, transverse sinuato-auriformi, plicd

obliqud parietali et dentibus peristomatis coarctatd ; peristomate

candido, reflexo, margine supero impresso, obsolete dentato, dextro

dente distinctiore munito, basi intus transverse calloso.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 42 mill.

Hab. ‘

2, Hextrx Ricumonpiana, Pfr. 4H. testd imperforatd, trochi-

Sormi, solidd, striatd et irregulariter granulatd, nitidd, castaned;

spird castaned, sursum pallidiore, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus

3» planis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo compresse carinato, antice

via defleviusculo; basi plano; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombed,

ad carinam rostrata; intus livido-opalind; peristomate nigro-

Susco, subincrassato, marginibus callo tenui junctis, supero expanso,

basali dilatuto, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 54, min. 47, alt. 30 mill.

Hab. ad Richmond River, Australia.

3. Hexrx semipecussata, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoided,

solidd, superné minute decussatd, opacd, unicolore rufo-fuscd ; spird

conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo cari-

nato, non descendente, basi convexo; aperturd diagonali, angulato-

lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, obtuso, margine columellari

superne brevissimé reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 33, min. 30, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. in insula Mauritii.

4. Hetix Souteyeriana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-

depressd, soliduld, rugoso-striatd, superné inter strias sub lente

confertissime undulato-lineatd, pallidé fulvd; spird breviter co-

noided, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 6 subplanis, lente accrescentibus,

ultimo acute carinato, infra carinam castaneo-fasciato, convexo,

medio profundé excavato; aperturd perobliqud, angulato-lunari ;

peristomate simplice, marginibus subparallelis, dextro antrorsum

subarcuato, columellari subincrassato, superne brevissim? reflezo.

Diam. maj. 52, min. 36, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. 2

5. Hexrx rapians, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, depressd, tenui,

levigatd, nitidissimd, pellucidd, corned, strigis albidis irregulariter

radiatd ; spird brevissimd, convead ; suturd impressd, submargi-

natd ; anfractibus 43, planiusculis, ultimo non descendente, superne

253 |

angulato, basi convexo, medio subimpresso ; aperturd subverticali,

angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplicissimo, recto.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4 mill.

Hab. in insula Tahiti.

6. Hexix Garrnertiana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, coniformi,

solidd, irregulariter elevato-striatd, opacd, nitiduld, lutescenti-

carned ; spird conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfrac-

tibus 7, convexis, ultimo peripherid subangulato, lined rubra cincto,

antice non descendente, subtus planiusculo ; umbilico angustissimo,

pervio; aperturd parum obliqud, subtetragond ; peristomate albo,

margine supero fere angulatim arcuato, expanso, basali substricto,

columellari lilaceo, brevi, verticali, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 22 mill.

Hab. ?

7. Heurx virurata, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, turbiaato-semi-

globosd, striatd, minute rugoso-malleatd, nitiduld, roseo-carned,

Jasciis punctatim vel lituratim interruptis rufis ornatd ; spird

depresso-turbinatd, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, conveviuscu-

lis, ultimo vie descendente, peripherid rotundato, fascid castaned,

subtessellatd circumdato, basi convexiusculo ; aperturd diagonali,

rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro vir ex-

pansiusculo, columellari subcalloso.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. ?

8. Hexix Brarpiana, Pfr. HA. testd umbilicatd, subturbinato-

depressd, tenui, striatd, fulvd, pellucidd, maculis luteis opacis

irregulariter variegatd ; spird subturbinatd, apice acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 5, vix convewxiusculis, ultimo non descendente, peri-

pherid angulato, basi conveviore ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aper-

turd parum obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenui,

undique expanso, margine columellari subdilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 84 mill.

fab. in insula Bourbon.

9. Hexix Srurmiana, Pfr. H. testd mediocriter umbilicatd, de:

presso-semiglobosd, solidd, supern? confertim plicatd, parum nitidd,

unicolore fusco-lutescente ; spird brevi, convexd, obtusd ; anfrac-

tibus 4, planiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo antice descen-

dente, subdepresso, peripherid roiundato, basi convexo, levigato ;

aperturd parum obliqud, lunato-ovali, intus margaritaced ; peri-

stomate simplice, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui juncetis, su-

pero recto, basali subreflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 181, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. ?

10. Hexix Layarony, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, turbinatd, tenui-

usculd, ruguloso-striatd, parum nitente, pellucidd, pallid? corned ;

spird conoided, apice acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53, conveviusculis,

ultimo carinato, non descendente, basi convexo ; aperturd parum

254

obliqud, rotundato-lunari, vie angulatd ; peristomate recto, tenui,

acuto, margine columellari superne brevissime reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. feré 12, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).

11. Hextix Woopiana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, tenui,

levigatd, nitidissimd, corneo-fuscd ; spird parum elevatd, vertice

subtili; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5, vie convewiusculis, lente

accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, obsolete angulato, non descendente,

basi planiusculo ; umbilico angusto, pervio ; aperturd subverticali,

lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, acuto, margine columellari vir

reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 45 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon (Mr. Layard).

12. Hetrx Forsterrana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, globoso-

depressd, tenuiusculd, undique minute granulatd, diaphand, corneo-

isabellind, fasciis 2 angustis rufis superné ornatd; spird parum

elevatd, convexo-conoided, vertice acutiusculo ; anfractibus 6, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo anticé vix descendente, basi subplanulato ; um-

bilico mediocri, pervio ; aperturd obliqud, rotundato-lunari ; peri-

stomate simplice, marginibus remotis, dextro recto, basali reflexo,

columellari in laminam triangularem, violaceo-fuscam, fornicatim

dilatato.

Diam. maj. 203, min. 18, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. im Australia boreali.

13. Heuix prycuompuata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicatd, depresso-

globosd, tenui, superne confertim costulatd, lineis concentricis

paucis obsolete decussatd, nitidd, castaneo-corned; spird vie con-

verd; anfractibus 4, vir convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente,

obsoletissime angulato, basi convexo, levigato, corneo-virente,

circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium confertim plicato ; apertura

parum obliqud, irregulariter truncato-ovali, multo altiore quam

latd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine columellari elongato,

substricte descendente, superne fornicatim reflexo.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 20, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. ad Portum Essington.

14. Hexix Porreriana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conicd, solidd,

striatuld, nitidd, carneo-albidd, strigis pallidé fusculis irregulari-

ter pictd; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; suturd impressd, subtilis-

sime crenulatd; anfractibus 7, vix convexiusculis, ultimo subro-

tundato, fascid und fusca signato, antice breviter descendente ;

apertura diagonali, lunato-rotundatd ; peristomate acuto, margine

dextro repando, basali subincrassato, columellari fornicatim re-

flexo, perforationem fere tegente.

Diam. maj. 193, min. 183, alt. 23 mill.

Hab. ad Portum Essington.

15. Hevrx Dituwyniana, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd,

solidd, irregulariter rugosd et subtilissime malleatd, nitidd, cre-

255

taced ; spird subpland, vertice papillatim prominulo, castaneo ;

anfractibus 43, planiusculis, ultimo rotundato, antice breviter de-

flexo, basi inflato ; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd per-

obliqud, late lunari, intus albd ; peristomate acuto, intus incras-

sato, margine supero subhorizontali et dextro arcuato expansis,

basali substricto, reflexo, columellari brevissimo, angusto, patente.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 25, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. 2

16. Butimus GLavcoruTHALmus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd,

ovato-oblongd, solidd, striatuld, nigro-castaned, epidermide hy-

drophand fusco-cinered strigatd ; spird convewxo-conicd, apice

saturate ceruled, obtusd; suturd impressd; anfractibus 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spird breviore, basi obsolete angulato ; colu-

melld subdeclivi, dilatatd, pland, albd, basi subdentatd ; apertura

obliqud, truncato-ovali, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, bre-

vissime expanso, margine dextro repando.

Long. 36, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

17. Buitimus suturatis, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, oblongo-

conicd, tenui, striatuld, nitiduld, alabastrizo-albidd ; spird conicd,

apice obtusd ; suturd parum impressd, candidd, confertissim® no-

duloso-crenatd ; anfractibus 7, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis

subequante, infra medium obtuse angulato et fasciis 2 nigricanti-

castaneis ornato ; columelld superne fusco-callosd, subtortd ; aper-

turd obliqud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate simplice, vix expan-

siusculo.

Long. 43, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

18. Butimus Ltuctuosvus, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acu-

minatd, soliduld, obsolete decussatd, vix nitiduld, atro-castaned ;

spird elongatd, apice obtusd; suturd impressd, submarginatd ;

anfractibus 7, conveviusculis, ultimo 1 longitudinis paulo supe-

rante, basi circa perforationem angustam subcarinato ; columella

verticali, levissimé arcuatd; aperturd parum obliqué, subsemiovali,

ad columellam angulatd, intus lividd ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari fornicato, breviter reflexo.

Long. 39, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

19. Butimus inrunpiBuLUM, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-

conicd, subfusiformi, confertim striatd, opacd, albd ; spird convexo-

conicd, apice attenuatd, rosed, acutiusculd ; suturd lineari ; anfrac-

tibus 9, fere planis, ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi atte-

nuato, circa umbilicum latum, pervium, infundibuliformem com-

presso ; aperturd subverticali, angustd, oblongd ; peristomate sim-

plice, marginibus superne approvimatis, devtro breviter expanso,

columellari subdilatato, patente.

Long. 18, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. m Andibus Peruvianis.

Nearly allied to Bul. umbilicaris, Souleyet.

256

20. BuLrmus suBINTERRUPTUS, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, subfu-

siformi-oblongd, tenuiusculd, levigatd, sub lente spiraliter striatd,

nitiduld, albidd, fascits 5 latis, subinterruptis, spadiceis ornatd ;

spird elongato-conicd, acutd ; suturd parum impressd ; anfractibus

6, planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato ;

columelld substrictd, recedente ; aperturd obliqud, angustd, acu-

minato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, tenui, lutescente, margine

dextro late expanso, columellari triangulatim e basi dilatato, su-

perne late reflexo.

Long. 37, diam. 133 mill.

Hab.in Andibus Bolivie.

21. Buximus varicosvs, Pfr. B. testd perforatd, oblongo-acumi-

natd, tenui, striatd, sub lente obsoleté decussatuld, parum nitente,

albidd, strigis castaneis sparsis irregulariter variegatd ; suturd ir-

regulariter crenulatd ; spird elongato-conicd, acutiusculd ; anfrac-

tibus 6, convexiusculis, varicosis (varicibus prioribus obtusis, ultimo

acute prominente), ultimo spird vix breviore, basi subcompresso ;

columelld superne subtortd; aperturd parum obliqud, oblongo-

ovali; peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro late expanso,

columellari dilatato, applanato, patente.

Long. 35, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in republica Mexicana.

22. Burimus atrenvatus, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, fusiformi-

oblongd, solidiusculd, sublevigatd, nitidd, albd, strigis latis, ma-

culatim subinterruptis, spadiceis, ornatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd ;

anfractibus fere 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante,

antice striato, basi attenuato ; columelld intrante, tortd, funali ;

aperturd vix obliqud, ovali-oblongd; peristomate simplice, tenui,

margine dextro breviter expanso, columellari breviter reflexo, su-

perne adnato.

Long. 34, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. Vera Cruz.

23. Buximus eLxopgs, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovatd, tenui-

_usculd, rugoso-striatd, transverse submalleatd, diaphand, nitidd,

castaneo-olivaced ; spird conoided, apice obtusd; anfractibus 4,

convexiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis subequante, antice descen-

dente, basi subrotundato; columella intrante, subtortd, rosed ;

aperturd subverticali, ovali, intus margaritaced ; peristomate roseo,

subincrassato, breviter reflexo, marginibus callo supra regionem

umbilici dilatato junctis.

Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

24. Butimus scytropss, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, remote striatd, undique minute granulatd (granulis non se-

riatis), haud nitente, fuscd, maculis rufis majoribusque nigrican-

tibus irregulariter adspersd, lineis longitudinalibus flexuosis, an-

gulatis, luteis, sepe geminatis vel anastomosantibus pictd ; spird

brevi, convexo-conicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 4, convexiusculis,

257

ultimo magno, 4 longitudinis equante, antice deflexo, basi rotun-

dato; columelld filari, intrante, leviter arcuatd ; aperturd parum

obligud, ovali, intus concolore, nitidd ; peristomate simplice, tenut,

rubello, undique breviter expanso.

Long. 35, diam. 17} mill.

Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.

25. Butimus MELEAGRIS, Pfr. B. testa imperforatd, acuminato-

ovatd, tenuiusculd, striis incrementi confertis et lineis spiralibus

granulatd, parum nitente, fulvd, fusco-strigatd et irregulariter

guttatd ; spird conicd, acutd ; suturd subcrenulatd ; anfractibus 53,

planiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, convexiore, antice

descendente, basi rotundato; columelld filari, leviter arcuatd ;

apertura obliqud, oblongo-ovali, intus submargaritaced ; peristo-

mate simplice, recto.

Long. 31, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.

26. BuLimus NIGROLIMBATUS, Pfr. B. iestd imperforatd, ovatd,

tenui, rugosd, striis confertis spiralibus subgranulatd, parum ni-

tidd, olivaceo-fulvd, strigis angustis castaneis variegatd ; spird

conicd, apice obtusd ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram

paulo superante, convexiore, basi rotundato ; columelld tenui, sub-

callosd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud, angulato-ovali, intus pli-

catd, margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recio, obtuso, nigro-

limbato.

Long. 28, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Novee Granade.

27. Buuimus pusivus, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, oblongo-fusi-

formi, tenui, striatd, nitiduld, albo-lutescente, strigis spadiceis

subundulatis ornatd ; spird gracili, elongato-conicd, apice obtu-

suld ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6, vir conveviusculis,

ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi attenuato, subcompresso ; colu-

* melld subverticali, fere ad basin aperture elongatd ; aperturd vir

obliqud, oblongd, utrinque angustatd, intus concolore ; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine deatro levissime arcuato, columellari bre-

viter fornicatim refleco, subappresso.

Long. 28, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

28. Butimus NusBEcuLatus, Pfr. B. testd umbilicatd, ovato-

oblongd, soliduld, sublevigatd, nitidd, pallide corned, saturatius

nubeculatd ; spird conicd, apice obtusuld ; suturd profundd ; an-

fractibus 54, convevis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante, basi rotun-

dato ; columellé verticali, ad basin aperture porrigente ; aperturd

parum obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd, intus albidd ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro perarcuato, columellari

dilatato, fornicatim reflexo, libero.

Long. 16, diam. 83 mill.

Hab. in America centrali (Morelet.)

No. CCXXXV.—ProceEeDINGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

258

29. Butimus Eeanvs, Pfr. B. testd perforata, conico-ovatd,

tenut, lineis longitudinalibus et spiralibus sub lente obsolete decus-

satd, vix nitiduld, quasi pruinosd, fusco-corned; spird conicd,

apice obtusd; suturd mediocri ; anfractibus 5, modice convezis,

ultimo spiram paulo superante, medio obsoleté angulato, basi vix

compressiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subellipticd, basi subangulatd ;

peristomate simplice, tenui, margine dextro repando, columellari

sursum dilatato, reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 13, diam. 63 mill.

Hab. Ega Brasilice.

30. Butimus acatuss, Pfr. B. testd subperforatd, ovato-conicd,

tenui, longitudinaliter confertim striatd et distantius plicatd, haud

nitente, fulvo-grised ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd, fulvescente ; an-

Sractibus 43, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spiram superante, basi ro-

tundato ; columella vix arcuatd, subrecedente ; aperturd obliqud,

ovali, intus fulvo-carned ; peristomate simplice, recto, margine

dextro arcuato, columellari superne reflexo, subadnato.

Long. 10, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Peruvianis.

31. Buxrmus Dititwynianus, Pfr. B. testd perforata, ovato-

oblongd, solidd, ruditer striatd et irregulariter malleatd, viz niti-

duld, carned, fusculo punctatd et variegatd ; spird convexo-conicd,

apice obtusuld ; suturd impressd, marginatd ; anfractibus 5, con-

veviusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, basi attenuato, subcom-

presso ; columelld valide torto-plicutd ; aperturd via obliqud, sinu-

oso-oblongd ; peristomate albo, expanso-reflexo, margine dextro

leviter arcuato, columellari superne dilatato, perforationem fere

claudente.

Long. 39, diam. 162 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

32. ACHATINA FULGURATA, Pfr. A. testd conico-ovatd, tenui,

striis longitudinalibus superné confertis, in anfractu ultimo obso-

letis, lineisque spiralibus granulatd, corneo-luted, strigis latis it

guratis nigricantibus ornatd ; spird conied, obtusd ; anfractibus 65,

superis parum convexis, ultimo ventricoso, lineis paucis spiralibus

infra suturam granulato, infra medium sublevigato ; columella

cerulescente, vix arcuatd, supra basin aperture elliptico-semi-

ovali abrupte truncatd ; peristomate simplice, recto.

Long. 67, diam. 36 mill.

fab. in Africa occidentali.

33. ACHATINA PLICATULA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-fusiformi, tenut,

longitudinaliter confertim plicatuld, lineis spiralibus obsolete de-

cussatd, diaphand, parum nitente, fusco-carned ; spird elongato-

conicd, apice obtusd ; suturd marginatd, minute crenulatd ; anfrac-

tibus7 , vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, paulo convexiore,

basi attenuato ; columelld callosd, viv arcuatd, ad basin apertura

259

semiovali, intus nitidissime, abrupt? truncatd; peristomate sim-

plice, tenui.

Long. 60, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

34. ACHATINA ALBICANS, Pfr. A. testd ovato-conicd, tenui, lon-

gitudinaliter striatd, lineis spiralibus infra medium anfractu ul-

timi obsoletis decussatuld, diaphand, vix nitidd, albicante ; spird

pyramidatd, obtusiusculd ; suturd submarginatd ; anfractibus 6},

viz convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo longiore, basi vie attenuato ;

columelld verticali, substrictd, supra basin aperture rhombeo-

semiovalis horizontaliter et breviter truncata ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, margine basali leviter arcuato.

Long. 46, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

35. ACHATINA 1noRNaTA, Pfr. A. testd turrito-oblongd, solidd,

confertim striatd, pallide fulvd, strigis saturatioribus variegatd ;

spird turritd, apice obtusiusculd ; suturd levi, confertissime cre-

nulatd ; anfractibus 7}, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis sub-

e@quante, basi vix compresso, leviore ; columelld perarcuatd, albo-

callosd, oblique abrupte truncatd; aperturd sinuoso-semiovali,

intus albd ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, margine dextro repando.

Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

36. AcHATINA vioLacEA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-conicd, solidd,

striatd, parum nitente, violaced ; spird elongato-conicd, sursum ru-

bella, apice obtusd; suturd levi, marginatd; anfractibus 7, con-

veaxiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, infra medium angu-

lato; columelld subarcuatd, tenuiter callosd, supra basin aperture

oblique, angulato-ovalis breviter truncatd ; peristomate simplice,

recto.

Long. 38, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. in Africa occidentali.

37. AcHATINA (GLANDINA) ATTENUATA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-

fusiformi, gracili, tenui, levigatd, nitidissimd, fulvd, strigis

arcuatis saturatioribus pictd ; spird elongato-conicd ; apice obtu-

siusculd ; suturd levi, subsimplice; anfractibus 7, planiusculis,

ultimo 3 longitudinis subequante, basi attenuato ; columelld sub-

callosd, leviter arcuatd, subtortd, basi oblique truncata ; aperturd

angustissimd, oblongd, superne acutd, prope basin sinistrorsum

dilatatd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro repando.

Long. 31, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in America centrali.

38. Hexrx suprucGata, Pfr. H. testd subperforatd, depresso-

turbinatd, distanter subrugatd, pellucidd, pallide corned; spird

breviter conoided, acutiusculd ; anfractibus 53-6, planiusculis,

ultimo carinato, basi convexiusculo, levigato ; aperturd diagonali,

260

subangulato-lunari ; peristomate recto, acuto, margine columellari

superne vir refleriusculo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 114, alt. 65 mill.

Had. ad Clarence River, New South Wales.

39. Hexrx orosroma, Pfr. H. testd angusté umbilicatd, sublen-

tiformi, solidd, acute carinatd, striatd et subtiliter granulatd,

olivaceo-nigricante vel castaned ; spird subconoideo-convexd, ob-

tusd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo utrinque convexo, anticeé

subito deflexo, supra et infra carinam ascendentem profundeé scro-

biculato; aperturd perobliqud, subrhombeo-ensiformi, ringente ;

peristomate continuo, ad anfractum penultimum sinuoso, medio

laminam longe intrantem emittente, margine supero dente conico

obtusulo munito, basali medio subangulatim descendente, parte

sinistrd dentem validum, compressum, parte dextrd dentem leviter

et irregulariter bifurcatum gerente.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

40. He.ix ANNULIFERA, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, len-

tiformi, carinatd, solidd, striatd et minuté granulatd, saturate cas-

taned, ad carinam acutam late albo-fasciatd ; spird breviter co-

noided, obtusa; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo antice breviter

deflexo, basi convexo, antic strangulato et scrobiculato ; umbilico

mediocri; aperturd subhorizontali, irregulari, ringente ; peristo-

mate subincrassato, albo, continuo, margine parietali perarcuato,

laminam elongatam intrantem emittente, in umbilicum descendente

et cum basali parallelo juncto ; margine basali usque ad medium

substricto, acute dentato, tum angulatim descendente, late reflexo,

lamind lingueformi latd munito, ad carinam ascendente, a dextro

expanso canali angusto, superne in annulum apertum desinente

separato.

Diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. Panama.

This is the shell figured by Prof. E. Forbes in Trans. Zool. Soc.

1850, p. 53. Moll. t. 9. f. 4, under the name of H. labyrinthus var.

sipunculata.

41. Heurx Gasxorni, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, turbinato-de-

pressd, solidd, oblique rugato-plicatd, nitidd, albd ; spird conoideo-

converd, obtusd ; anfractibus 53, convexis, ultimo anticé deflexo,

medio carinato, basi convewxiusculo, sublevigato ; aperturd perob-

ligud, lanceolato-ovali; peristomate subincrassato, marginibus

callo umbilicum mediocrem, pervium semioccultante junctis, supero

breviter expanso, basali reflexo.

Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.

Haé. in insula Haiti (Salle).

42. Butimvus Tasmanicus, Pfr. B.testd imperforatd, ovato-conicd,

soliduld, rugoso-striatd, vix nitidd, albidd ; spird conicd, acutius-

culd, apice suberubescente; anfractibus 5, vir conveviusculis, ultimo

261

spiram paulo superante, basi rotundato ; columella filari, subrece-

dente ; aperturd obliqud, ovali, intus pallide fulvescente ; peri-

stomate simplice, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari

viz refleciusculo, adnato.

Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land.

43. Buxtimus Betcuert, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, ovato-oblongd,

solidd, glabriusculd, fulvido-albidd, castaneo-fasciatd ; spird con-

vexo-conicd, obtusa; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spird

viz breviore, ad suturam et basin late, medio angusté fasciato ;

columelld pland, substrictd, supra basin recedente ; aperturd obli-

qud, truncato-oblongd ; peristomate subincrassato, nigricante, re-

flexiusculo.

Long. 40, diam. 233 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

44, Butimus Newcomsianus, Pfr. B. testd sinistrorsd vir sub-

perforatd, ovato-turritd, tenuiusculd, plicis validis longitudinalibus

sulcisque spiralibus sculptd, olivaceo-fuscd ; spird turritd, gracili,

obtusuld ; anfractibus 55, summis planis, sequentibus convevius-

culis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, medio inflato ; columelld

callosd, substricté recedente; peristomate recto, acuto, margine ex-

terno leviter arcuato, subrepando, columellari reflexo, subappresso.

Long. 143, diam. 5} mill.

Had. in insulis Sandwich.

This species is nearly allied to Achatinella plicata, Gould, which

must be rather referred to the genus Bulimus, in which there being

already a Bulimus plicatus, 1 have marked it in Mr. Cuming’s Mu-

seum with the name of Bulimus liratus.

45. Butimus porpHyrostomus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd,

ovato-conicd, solidd, rugoso-plicatd, pallide carned, epidermide

decidua fusco-olivaced indutd ; spird conicd, obtusiusculd ; an-

Sractibus 6, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, basi sub-

attenuato ; columelld oblongé plicata, albd; aperturd verticali,

angustd, oblongd, oblique recedente, intus saturate purpureo-

castaned, nitidd ; peristomate incrassato, recto, albo, margini-

bus callo crasso, albo, medio tuberculifero junctis.

Long. 62, diam. 28 mill.

Locality unknown.

46. Butimus micropon, Pfr. B. testd breviter rimatd, sub-

Susiformi-turritd, oblique costulato-striatd, albidd, strigis spar-

sis corneis, lacteo-marginatis ornatd; spird elongatd, apice

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 12, vie conveaiusculis, ultimo 2 longi-

tudinis subequante, infra medium filoso-unicarinato ; columelldé

superne plicd dentiformi munitd ; aperturd vix obliqud, trun-

cato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro breviter ex-

panso, columellari dilatato, angulatim reflexo,

Long. 15, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. in insula Jamaica.

262

47. AcHatina Newcomasi, Pfr. A. testd turritd, solidd, lon-

gitudinaliter rugoso-striatd, cingulis obtuse elevatis sculptd,

castaned ; spird elongatd, sursum in conum convexiusculum,

acuminatum attenuatd ; anfractibus 9, planiusculis, ultimo 2

longitudinis subequante, infra medium angulato, fascid pallide

cincto, basi nigro; columelld lamella angustd, tortd, albd mu-

nitd, basi subtruncatd; aperturd obliqud, subrhombed ; peri-

-stomate simplice, recto.

Long. 71, diam. 19 mill.

Hab. in insulis Sandwich (Newcomé).

48. ACHATINELLA MELAMPOIDES, Pfr. A. testd oblongd, solidd,

ruguloso-striatd, vix nitiduld, saturate fused ; spird convexo-

conicd, acutiusculd; suturd impressd, submarginatd ; anfrac-

tibus 6, viv convexiusculis, ultimo spird paulo breviore, basi

rotundato ; columelld medio acuté tuberculatd ; aperturd ver-

ticali, sinuato-ovali ; peristomate recto, acuto, intus labiato,

margine columellari calloso, albo, appresse reflexo.

Long. 13, diam. 52 mill.

Hab. in insulis Sandwich.

49. Parruta noposa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,

soliduld, obsolete decussatuld, castaned, ad suturam fascid latd

albd et interdum nonnullis pallidis ornatd ; spird conicd, acutd ;

anfractibus 53, planiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante ; colu-

melld superné profundeé plicatd, tum subnodosd ; apertura sub-

verticali, oblonga, angustd ; peristomate extus vix expanso, in-

tus callo acute prominente munito, marginibus subparallelis,

dextro strictiusculo.

Long. 16, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. in insulis Tahiti et Navigatorum.

50. Parruta ritosa, Pfr. P. testd perforatd, conico-ovatd,

solidd, lineis impressis spiralibus, confertis sculptd, haud

nitente, castaned, strigis filaribus cinereis ornatd; spird co-

nicd, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 5, planiusculis, ultimo spiram

a@quante, convexiore ; columelld superné vie plicatd; aperturd

parum obliqua, subtriangulari-semiovali ; peristomate expan-

siusculo, intus callo crasso prominente munito.

Long. 16, diam. 83 mill.

Hab. in insulis Navigatorum.

51. Herrx Guasriuscuta, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-

semiglobosd, tenui, levigatd, pellucidd, nitente, lutescente,

rufo angulato-lineaté ; spird convexo-conoided, acutiusculd ;

anfractibus 54, convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, basi

planiusculo ; aperturd obliqud, subdepressd, lunari; peristo-

mate simplice, recto, margine columellari declivi, superné vix

reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 33, min. 3, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia (Strange).

263

52. Heix souipa, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, conoideo-semi-

globosd, crassd, striatd, fulvescente, epidermide tenui, fuscd,

non nitente obductd ; spird convexd, obtusd, apice rubelld ; an-

fractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo convexiore, dimidium altitu-

dinis formante, medio obsolete angulato, anticée vix descendente ;

columella strictd, declivi, latd, albidd; aperturd obliqud, sub-

tetragono-lunari, intus albd; peristomate subincrassato, vir

expansiusculo, fusco-limbato.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 33, alt. 27 mill.

Hab. prope Nanjan, insule Mindoro.

53. Hetrx opxita, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, sublenticulari,

tenuissimd, superné confertim arcuato-plicatd, pellucide, pal-

lide corned; spird depresso-turbinatd, acutiusculd ; anfracti-

bus 6, vir convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, medio obtuse

denticulato-carinato, basi convexiore, radiatim striato; aper-

turd parum obliqud, lunari ; peristomate simplice, tenut, recto,

margine basali leviter arcuato, ad perforationem breviter re-

flexo.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 114 mill.

Hab. in India.

54. Heuix vinis, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depresso-globosd,

tenuiusculd, granulato-striatd, corned ; spird breviter conoided,

acutiusculd ; anfractibus 5, vix convexiusculis, celeriter accres-

centibus, ultimo anticé deflexo, peripherid obsolete subangu-

lato, basi convexo; umbilico angusto, non pervio; aperturd

diagonali, fere circulari; peristomate intus valide labiato,

marginibus approximatis, columellari superné dilatato, pa-

tente.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.

Hab, ——?

September 9, 1851.

Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, G.C. St.S., F.R.S. &e.,

in the Chair.

Professor OWEN read an elaborate paper “On the Skeleton of Tro-

glodytes Gorilla,’ which will be published in the Transactions of the

Society.

264

November 11, 1851.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Professor Owen read a paper “On the Capacity of the Cranium

in the Negro, the Orang, and the Gorilla,” which will be published

in the Transactions of the Society for the present year.

The following papers were also read :—

1. DEscRIPTIONS OF SIXTEEN NEW SPECIES OF RISSOINA, A

GENUS OF MARINE GAsTEROPODOUS MOLLUSKS, FROM THE

Cumine1an Couuection. By ArtHur ApAms, SURGEON

R.N., F.L.S. erc.

Rissorna, D’Orbigny.

About eighteen species of this genus, as restricted by M. d’Or-

bigny, have been already described, inhabiting various countries.

Those here named are a portion of the discoveries made by Mr. Cu-

ming among the islands of the Philippine Archipelago, and are many

of them of considerable size ; and it is in these that the peculiarity

of operculum is best seen.

The process of the semiovate, horny, subspiral operculum, first

pointed out by D’Orbigny, is sometimes very long and slender, and

very much resembles in appearance the analogous appendage of the

operculum of Nerita and Neritina. The genus Jeffreysia of Alder,

or Rissoella of Gray, has a similar appendage, but the position of

the eyes, and the peculiar structure of the fore part of the head,

place the latter genus in a different family, viz. Pyramidellide. The

Rissoine may also readily be known from the neighbouring genus

Rissoa, by the aperture being somewhat channeled anteriorly, whereas

in Rissoa it is continuous and entire. The nature of the animal re-

sembles Rissoa, according to D’Orbigny, who places the genus

among the Melaniade.

1. Rissorina puicata, A. Adams. R&R. testd turrito-subulatd,

subpyramidali, albd, sordidd, anfractibus octo, planis, longi-

tudinaliter valdé plicatd, transversim striatd, plicis elevatis,

posticé subangulatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ; aperturd

semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro anticée subdilatato,

margine incrassato.

Hab. Isle of Masbate. Mus. Cuming.

2. Rissorna rascraTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

solidd, sordideé albd, rufo-fusco fasciatd, anfractibus octo, con-

vexiusculis, transversim tenuissimé (sub lente) striatd, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, equalibus, subdistantibus ;

aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.

Cuming.

265

3. RissorinA SCALARIANA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-

turritd, albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, trans-

versim tenuissime striata, longitudinaliter costatd, costis ele-

vatis, equalibus, subdistantibus, anfractu ultimo anticé callo

circumdato ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio

anticé callo desinente ; labro flexuoso, anticé subproducto.

Hab. Isle of Burias, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

4. Rissorna pyrRamipALis, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-pyra-

midali, sordidé albd, solidd, anfractibus octo, planiusculis,

transversim tenuiter striatd, longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis

obliquis, confertis, subelevatis, interstitiis transversim striatis ;

aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé callo

desinente ; labro subdilatato, incrassato.

Hab. {Isle of Baclayon. Mus. Cuming.

5. Rissorna p’Orsieny1, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur-

ritd, albidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, convexiusculis,

supremis costellatis, lineolis elevatis, transversis, et longitudi-

nalibus, decussatd ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ;

labio anticé subcalloso; labro dilatato, subreflexo, margine

flexuoso, subacuto.

Hab. Isle of Luzon. Mus. Cuming.

6. Rissoina cuatHraTaA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, solidd, anfractibus conveviusculis, lineis elevatis, longi-

tudinalibus et transversis decussatis, valde clathratd, anfractu

ultimo anticé sulco transverso instructo; aperturd semiovatd,

anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro flecuoso, anticé producto, margine

extus varicoso.

Hab. Isle of Bohol. Mus. Cuming.

7. Rissomna micans, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

albd, solidéd, nitidd, anfractibus convexis, novem, longitudi-

naliter plicatd, plicis elevatis, subdistantibus, equalibus, in-

terstitiis transversim striatis, anfractu ultimo anticé valde

sulcato ; aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labro

flexuoso, anticée subproducto, extus varicoso.

Hab. Island of Mindanao. Mus. Cuming.

8. Rissorna nivea, A. Adams. R. testd parvd, subulato-tur-

ritd, subpellucidd, nived, subnitidd, anfractibus conveviusculis,

longitudinaliter plicatd, plicis obliquis, anticé subobsoletis ;

aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labro subdilatato,

extus incrassato.

Hab. Port Lincoln, Australia. Mus. Cuming.

9. Rissorna moniuis, A. Adams. &. testd turrito-subulatd,

solidd, fulvd, anfractibus septem, planis, granulis monilifor-

mibus ad suturas, longitudinaliter plicata, plicis confertis, an-

gustis, equalibus, interstitiis punctato-clathratis ; aperturd

266

semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio subincrassato ; labro

extus valde varicoso, margine transversim striato.

Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.

10. Rissorna BELLULA, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, semipellucidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, cingillis

transversis, elevatis, granulosis, interstitiis longitudinaliter

concinneé clathratis, ornatd ; anfractu ultimo sulco profundo

instructo; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio

anticé callo terminato; labro flecuoso, margine extus valde

varicoso.

Hab. Isle of Calapan. Mus. Cuming.

11. Rissorna srrrouaTa, A. Adams. R. festd subulato-turritd,

albd, tenui, pellucida; anfractibus undecim, supremis longi-

tudinaliter plicatis, planulatis, prope suturas subangulatis ;

transversim striatd, striolis confertis concentricis ; aperturd

semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio postice incrassato, an-

tice callo desinente; labro dilatato, margine incrassato, sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Baclayon island, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

12. Rissorna costaTa, A. Adams. R. festd subulato-turritd,

albd, opacd, solidd, anfractibus septem, convexiusculis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, costis crassis, elevatis, postice subangula-

tis, anfractu ultimo antice sulco transverso valido instructo ;

aperturd semiovatd, antice subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé tuber-

culo terminato ; labro subdilatato, margine varicoso, flexuoso.

Hab. Cobiga, Peru. Mus. Cuming.

13. Rissorna nitrpa, A. Adams. R. testd turrito-subulatd,

albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus novem, convexiusculis, longi-

tudinaliter costatd, transversim liratd, liris ad costas nodu-

losis ; aperturd semiovatd, anticé subcanaliculatd ; labio anticé

callo desinente ; labro extus incrassato, margine subacuto, anticé

diaphano producto.

Hab. Isle of Camaguing. Mus. Cuming.

14. Rissorna concinnaA, A. Adams. JR. testd subulato-turritd,

albd, solidd, nitidd, anfractibus septem, planiusculis, longitu-

dinaliter plicatd, plicis antice evanidis, transversim striatd,

striis ereberrimis, confertis ; apertura semiovatd, antice sub-

canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro margine valde incrassato et

rotundato.

Hab. Cagayan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

15. Rissorina NopicincTa, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-tur-

ritd, alba, solidd, anfractibus 10-12, convewis, longitudinaliter

plicatd, plicis angustis, distantibus, transversim tenuissimé stri-

atd, in medio anfractuum cinguld elevatd ad plicas nodosa, or-

natd, suturd nodulis moniliformibus cinctd; aperturd semiovatd,

267

antice subcanaliculatd; labio anticé callo terminato; labro dila-

tato, extus incrassato, margine flecuoso.

Hab. Isle of Capul, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

16. Rissorna caxata, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd,

albidd, solidd ; anfractibus octo, convexiusculis, supremis cla-

thratis, ultimo cingulis elevatis, equalibus, subdistantibus,

transversis, interstitiis lineis elevatis, longitudinalibus et trans-

versis, decussatim ornato ; aperturd semiellipticd, anticée sub-

canaliculatd ; labio calloso ; labro anticé dilatato, margine in-

crassato, subreflexo.

Hab. Siquijor. Mus. Cuming.

The two following species are true Rissoe, characterized by the

simple aperture, which is not channeled in front, and by the absence

ef the calcareous appendage to the operculum. Many species of

small shells have been inaccurately referred to Rissoa, some of which

belong, however, to entirely different families.

Rissoa BeLua, A. Adams. RR. testd turrito-subulatd, albd,

solidd; anfractibus quinque, planiusculis ; spird apice obtuso,

lineis transversis, elevatis, concentricis, confertis, ornatd ;

apertura ovali, antice integra; labio subcalloso; labro sub-

dilatato, extus marginato, margine flecuoso.

Hab. Philippine islands. Mus. Cuming.

Rissoa eL.ecans, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-turritd, albd,

semipellucidd ; anfractibus 7, convexiusculis ; suturd canalicu-

lata, lineis elevatis transversis concentricis et longitudinalibus

concinné decussatd; aperturd ovali, subproductd, anticé inte-

grad; labio calloso; labro anticé dilatato, extus varicoso, mar-

gine acuto, subrefiexo.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

' 2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES OF Murex, Ris-

SOINA, PLANAXxIS, AND EuLima, FROM THE CUMINGIAN

CoutuectTion. By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Murex tostomus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminata; anfractibus planulatis, squamulosis, spinis

acutis, in serie elevato disposito ornatis, cinered ; anfractu ul-

timo spinis elevatis, bifidis, in seriebus quatuor dispositis in-

structo, varicibus sex, longitudinalibus ; aperturd ovato-oblongd,

intus violaced ; labio subtuberculari ; labro fimbriato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

2. Murex soripus, A. Adams. M. testd solidd, profunde um-

bilicatd, alba ; spird brevi, obtusd ; anfractibus planulatis, lon-

gitudinaliter plicato-varicosis (varicibus in anfractu ultimo 7),

transversim liratis ; liris, ad plicas, incrassatis, interstitiis lon-

268

gitudinaliter cancellatis ; aperturd subrotundatd ; canali recto,

aperturam equante ; labro simplici, intus levi.

Hab. Ichiboe, West Africa. Mus. Cuming.

3. Murex ruracantuus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus planis, serie tuber-

culorum spiniformium in medio dorsi, alba, spinis et parte an-

ticd rubro tinctis ; anfractu ultimo liris squamulosis, et spinis

tubulosis, longis, in seriebus duobus dispositis, ornato ; aper-

turd ovatd, oblongd ; labio anticé producto et tuberculato ; ca-

nali brevi, subrecurvd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

Figured by Mr. Reeve as M. noduliferus, which is very different

from the present species.

4, Murex exasperatus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi,

umbilicatd, albd, nitidd; spird acuminatd; anfractibus angu-

latis, in medio longitudinaliter plicato-varicosd, transversim

liratd ; liris subspinulosis ad plicas; aperturd ovatd; canali

mediocri, subincurvato ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

5. Murex tienarius, A. Adams. M. testdé ovato-fusiformi,

subumbilicatd ; spird acuminatd, rufo-fused; anfractibus su-

perné excavatis, in medio liris duabus, elevatis, nodulosis ; trans-

versim liratd, liris elevatis rugulosis, inequalibus, longitudi-

naliter trivaricosd, varicibus, in medio, spinis duabus, elevatis,

fimbriatis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd, intus albd ; canali aper-

turam equante, subrecurvato.

Hab. West Africa. Mus. Cuming.

6. Murex rusirormis, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, cinered,

fulvo variegatd; spird productd ; anfractibus rotundis ; vari-

cibus longitudinalibus, subelevatis, nodospinosis, et lineis ele-

vatis, transversis, laté clathratd ; aperturd oblongo-ovatd ; ca-

nali aperturam equante, recto ; labro extus varicoso, intus sul-

cato.

Hab. Africa. Mus. Cuming.

7. Murex spinosus, A. Adams. M. testd ovatd, umbilicatd,

alba, lineis rufo-fuscis transversis ornatd ; anfractibus rotundis,

transversim liratd; varicibus longitudinalibus regularibus (6 in

anfractu ultimo), spinis longis, rectis, acutis, armatis ; canali

subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

8. Murex srrotinus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird peracutd, serotind, longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim

liratd ; liris, ad plicas, nodulosis; aperturd ovatd, oblongé ;

labio anticé bituberculato ; labro extus incrassato, margine den-

tato, intus lirato ; canali mediocri, subrecurvato.

Hab. ——? Mus. Cuming.

269

9. Murex sirasciratus, A. Adams. WM. testd ventricosd, pro-

Sunde umbilicatd ; spird brevi; anfractibus rotundatis ; albd ;

anfractu ultimo fasctis duabus, latis, rufo-fuscis ornato, trans-

versim elevate liratd, liris rugosis; longitudinaliter varicibus

equalibus (in anfractu ultimo 9) subelevatis, rotundatis, fimbria-

tis ; aperturd ovato-rotundatd ; labio subproducto, fulvo ; canali

aperturd breviore, valde recurvato.

Hab. Senegal. Mus. Cuming.

10. Murex crassus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi, umbi-

licatd, solidd, fulvd; spird mediocri; anfractibus rotundatis,

superne angulatis, obsolete transversim liratd, varicibus crassis,

distantibus, irregularibus (4 in ultimo anfractu), ornatd ; aper-

turd ovatd, intus violaced; labro extus incrassato, intus den-

tato.

Hab. China. Mus. Cuming.

11. Murex Paconus, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminatd, levi, albd, anticé maculis fuscis sparsim pictd ;

anfractibus septem, concavis, seriebus spinarum ornatis, spinis

regularibus, tubulosis, recurvatis, marginibus fimbriatis ; aper-

turd subrotundatd; columelld levi; canali recurvato, ad dextram

inclinato, aperturam equante.

Hab. —-? Mus. Cuming.

12. Murex excavatus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

subumbilicatd, albd, solidd; spird acuminata ; anfractibus con-

cavis (quasi excavatis) ad partem anticam ; in medio angulatis,

longitudinaliter plicatd, transversim liratd, liris ad plicas no-

dulosis ; anfractu ultimo liris duabus elevatis ornato ; aperturd

semiovali ; canali mediocri, vix recto ; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

13. Murex tnornatus, A. Adams. WM. testd fusiformi, valde

umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundis, albidd, liris

transversis, elevatis, squamulosis, et varicibus longitudinalibus,

rotundatis (in anfractu ultimo 7), ornatd; aperturd ovali ;

canali subrecurvato, aperturam equante ; labro extus fimbriato,

intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

14. Murex opexiscus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-pyramidali,

subtrigonali ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus planis, apice obtuso,

albd, seriebus transversis macularum rufo-fuscarum ornatd,

transversim liratd, liris subgranosis, varicibus tribus, longitu-

dinalibus, varice intermedio, brevi, triangulari, ad partem po-

sticam instructd ; aperturd ovatd ; canali valde recurvato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

15. Murex tyratus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi, sub-

umbilicatd ; spird acuminatd; anfractibus planiusculis, albd,

varicibus rufo-fuscis ornatd, transversim lratd; liris trans-

270

versis, angustis, asperulatis, varicibus longitudinalibus, rotun-

datis, subfimbriatis (7 in ultimo anfractu); aperturd subrotun-

datd, intus albd ; columelld posticé callosd ; canali brevi, recto,

viz clauso; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

16. Murex putcuer, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

subtrigonali ; spird acuminata ; anfractibus rotundatis, nodu-

losis, varicibus tribus subspinosis; liris transversis, elevatis,

anfractu ultimo varicibus prominentibus, subspinosis, ornato ;

varicibus antice fimbriatis et spinosis ; aperturd ovato-rotundd ;

labio tuberculato ; labro intus crenato-lirato, canali perlongo,

subrecurvo, vix clauso.

Hab. St. Croix, 60 fathoms; M. Sueuson. Mus. Cuming.

17. Murex Sinearorensis, A. Adams. M. testd ovato-fusi-

Sormi; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; fulvd, longi-

tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, transversim liratd, lis

asperulatis, squamulis aculeatis obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd,

intus lividd ; canali aperturam equante, subreflexo ; labro intus

dentato.

Hab. Singapore. Mus. Cuming.

18. Murex niveus, A. Adams. WM. testd ovatd, umbilicaté,

nived; spird brevi, acuminatd ; anfractibus rotundatis ; longi-

tudinaliter plicatd, plicis rotundis, prominentibus, crassis

(8-10 in anfractu ultimo), transversim liratd, liris squamulis,

confertis, longitudinalibus, obsitis; aperturd ovatd, oblongd ;

canali brevi, subrectd; labro intus lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

19. Murex Cuminen, A. Adams. WM. testd oblongo-fusiformi,

trivaricosd; spird subproductd, anfractibus rotundatis, pallide

rufo-fuscd, fasciis tribus, transversis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd ; vari-

cibus longitudinalibus, tribus, continuis, obtusis, liris intermediis

nodosis, liris transversis inequalibus, rufo-fusco articulatis, in-

structd ; aperturd ovalt, labro intus crenato-lirato extus fimbriato,

Jimbriis non squamulosis, canali clauso, antice recurvato.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

Somewhat closely allied to M. triquetra of Born.

20. Mirra Marauesana, A. Adams. WM. testd ovato-fusiformi,

anfractibus planis, spird acutd, carneold, maculis albis et lineis un-

dulatis, longitudinalibus rufo-fuscis, eleganter pictd, longitudinalt-

ter substriatd, transversim liratd, interstitiis valde punctatis ;

aperturd spiram majorem equante, columelld plicis quinque in-

structd, labro margine crenato.

Hab. Marquesas. Mus. Cuming.

Markings very similar to those of M. serpentina, Lamk. The

Mitra figured in Mr. Reeve’s Monograph, as M. nebulosa of Swain-

son, is quite different from that species, and requires therefore a

change of name ; I have called it M. propingua.

271

21. AncriLaria LingroLaTA, A. Adams. A. testd ovato-fusi-

Sormi; spird brevi, subacutd, suturis albis, pallide fulvd, lineis

longitudinalibus, confertis, fuscis, ornatd; anfractu ultimo cinguld

elevatd transversd, ad marginem labri, in dente acuto desinente ;

aperturd oblongd ; columella tortuosd, albd, anticé plicis obliquis

instructd.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

f A very pretty species, distinguished by the fine longitudinal brown

ines.

22. PLANAxis opscuRA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, epi-

dermide fusco obtectd; fusco-rufescente ; anfractibus planis, suturd

distinctd, transversim valde sulcatd, interstitiis longitudinaliter

striatis ; aperturd ovato-oblongd, columelld longitudinaliter sul-

catd; labro subdilatato, margine acuto, intus valde lirato.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

23. Puanaxis FutvA, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, fulvd ;

spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus planis, ultimo angulato,

transversim tenuiter striatd; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld

incurvatd, antice callosd; labro margine subdilatato, extus in-

crassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Swan River. Mus. Cuming.

Allied to P. mollis, Sowerby, but the last whorl is angulated.

24. Puanaxis zonaTa, A. Adams. P. testd ovato-conicd, rimatd,

glabrd, nitidd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus convexiusculis, pal-

lide lutescente, zonula transversd rufo-fuscd cinctd ad suturas, et,

in anfractu ultimo, fasciis duabus transversis ornatd, transversim

tenuissimé striatd ; aperturd ovata; columelld incurvatd; labro

subdilatato, intus lirato.

iTab. Calapan, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

25. PLANAXIS CINGULATA, A. Adams. FP. testé ovato-conicd,

solidd, rimatd; spird acutd; anfractibus conveviusculis, fulvd,

zonulis rufo-fuscis transversis, prope suturas, duplicatis, ornatd,

longitudinaliter tenuissime striatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aper-

turd ovato-oblongd, coarctatd ; columella incurvatd ; labro extus

incrassato, intus dentato-lirato.

Hab. China Seas. Mus. Cuming.

Species collected by me during the voyage of H.M.S. Samarang.

26. PuaANnaxis succincta, A. Adams. FP. testd ovato-conicd,

spird acuminatd, apice acuto, anfractibus convewiusculis, pallidé

Suscd, fasciis linearibus, transversis, multis, rufo-fuscis, ornatd,

longitudinaliter substriatd ; anfractu ultimo transversim sul-

cato; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld fused ; labro intus sul-

cato.

Hab. Peru, and the West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

Allied to P. lineata of Montagu, but of larger growth and different

form.

272

27. Puanaxis BuccInEA, A. Adams. FP. testd ovaté; spird

brevi, acutd, apice obtuso, rubro ; anfractibus planis, plicato-gra-

nulosis ; nigro-fuscd, cingillis articulatis, transversis, ornatd ;

longitudinaliter substriatd, transversim valde sulcatd ; aperturd

ovato-oblongd ; columelld excavatd; labro intus creno-plicato,

extus incrassato, varicoso.

Hab. West Indies. Mus. Cuming.

28. Puanaxis LABIosa, A. Adams. FP. testd ovato-conicd,.

spird acutd, anfractibus convewiusculis, atro-purpured, fasciis

pallidis (5-6) transversis, in anfractu ultimo ; transversim striatd;

apertura ovato-oblongd; columella incurvatd et dilutatd; labro

dilatato, margine reflexo et incrassato, intus lirato.

Hab. Sandwich Islands. Mus. Cuming.

29. Lacena Cauirornica, A. Adams. UL. testd solidd, ovato-

fusiformi ; spird, in medio, tumidd, anfractibus planiusculis, in-

Serné nodospinosis, albd, cingulis transversis, elevatis, rufo-fuscis

articulatis ornatd, interstitits obscurts, fuscis ; anfractu ultimo

longitudinaliter plicato, seriebus duobus tuberculorum subspinoso-

rum instructo ; aperturd ovato-oblongd ; columelld carneold, plicis

quatuor, albis, obliquis ; labro intus lirato.

Hab. California. Mus. Cuming.

Allied to L. picta, Lamk., but of different form and markings.

30. Nassa Austrratis, A. Adams. N. testd ovato-fusiformi ;

spird acuminata, pallide olivaced, fasciis tribus, transversis, fuscis,

ornatd, longitudinaliter valde plicatd, interstitiis valde transversim

sulcatis ; anfractu ultimo antic? liris transversis subgranosis,

postice, prope suturam, tuberculis moniliformibus ornato ; aper-

turd ovato-rotundatd, intus fused, et dentato-liratd ; labro margine

albo, posticé valde inflexo et dentato.

Hab. Australia. Mus. Cuming.

November 25, 1851.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON A SPECIES OF AQUOREA INHABITING THE BritisH SEs.

By Pror. Epwarp Forses, F.R.S.

(Radiata, Pl. IV.)

In the first volume of the ‘ Wernerian Memoirs’ a “‘ Medusa equo-

vea”’ is mentioned by Prof. Jameson as an inhabitant of the seas of the

north of Scotland, and in the ‘History of British Animals’ by Dr.

Fleming, the name “Geryonia equorea”’ is used to designate it. Asno

Proc.Z.8. Radiata IV.

” Printed by Hallnamdel& Walton,

aaly, hth:

Eforbe: del WHB

AQUOREA FORSKALEA Peron.

273

description or figure was ever published of this creature, and as the

diagnosis of the ““Medusa’’ to which Linnzeus applied the name of

** equorea”’ was too brief for identification, it is possible that some

one of several Acalephe inhabiting our seas might have been in-

tended.

It is also possible, however, that a true Aquorea had been seen,

for there is a most beautiful species of this genus an inhabitant of the

Scottish seas. I met with it for the first time in August 1850, when

exploring the Minch (the channel between the outer Hebrides and

Skye) in company with Mr. MacAndrew and Prof. Goodsir, with the

advantages of the appliances for natural-history research with which

Mr. MacAndrew has furnished his yacht, the Naiad. As there is

neither figure nor description of any British Aquorea to be found,

and as considerable obscurity hangs around the Atlantic species of

the genus, I have drawn up the following notice.

A number of individuals were observed: they were swimming near

the surface of the sea on a very calm and hot day: they varied in

size, from three inches in diameter to as much as half a foot or more :

they resembled broad shield-shaped dises of glass, slightly prominent

above, incurved at their sides and concave beneath: through the

discs were seen shining the pendent brown-tinged stomach, and around

it, like so many equal stripes or rays proceeding to the margin, the

linear violet genital glands: from the margin depended highly-con-

tractile violet tentacles.

The umbrella is broad, shallow, and disc-shaped, its outline de-

scribing a gentle curve. It is hyaline, not very thick, and quite

smooth. The central portion of its interior, occupying about one-

fourth of its diameter, has dependent from it the membranous veil-

like walls of the stomach ; these hang not quite so low as on a line with

the margins of the umbrella. The stomach, although equal in width

throughout, may be divided into two regions, an upper and a lower.

The latter has a furbelowed and somewhat scalloped, but not cirrated

margin, and may be regarded as the mouth. The former is marked

internally by eight bands of transverse fibres, separated by as many

longitudina: ones ; these appear to be muscular. The whole of the

membrane of the stomach and lips is tinged with pale foxy brown,

partly disposed in streaks. Around the upper and inner margin of

the cavity are the orifices of the gastro-vascular canals ; these run,

without dividing or anastomosing, to the circular marginal canal of

the umbrella. In a specimen five inches across, they were 136 in

number. From the lower side of each canal depend two narrow,

rather wavy membranes of a violet colour, causing the ray-like streaks

that shine so conspicuously through the disc; each of these arises

gradually near the superior extremity of a gastro-vascular canal, and

ceases abruptly at about one-eighth of the entire length of the canal

from the margin: they are the genital glands. At the junction of

each alternate gastro-vascular canal with the circular marginal one is

the bulb-like base of a marginal tentacle: these tentacles arise from

ovate bulbs and gradually taper toa fine point. The bulbs are pale,

No. CCXXXVI.—PRocEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

274

but the tentacle is tinged with violet. Opposite the intermediate

canal there is a smaller bulb with a tentacle, hollow and containing

corpuscles in its centre, and on each side, between it and the neigh-

bouring tentacle, is a still smaller lobe-like body. Along the upper

margin of the circular canal are very minute pedunculated organs

that move to and fro. On the bulb at the base of the tentacula is a

minute tongue-shaped process at the base of a depression ; at its own

base the ocellus or rudimentary eye is lodged. When seen laterally,

the peculiar tissue of the base of the tentacles is observed to be set

obliquely. Within the umbrella, from a line just opposite the ten-

tacular circle, a short but rather broad veil with a simple edge is seen

to depend; this veil is tinged with pale brown. A band of motor

tissue, forming a sphincter to the umbrella, accompanies the circular

vessel.

According to the size of the example, the number of genital glands

and of tentacula varied: they increase with age. The smallest num-

ber of tentacula seen was sixteen, and there is reason to believe that

they are never fewer.

To ascertain whether this beautiful animal be the Medusa equo-

rea of Linnzeus and the naturalists who wrote during his time, it is

necessary to inquire into the history of that species. The name just

mentioned occurs first in the ‘Iter Hispanicum’ of Peter Loefling,

published in 1758. In his journal of observations on the 18th of

April, at Cumana, he notices, along with Medusa (i. e. Aurelia)

aurita, Medusa pelagica (Pelagia cyanella?), and Velella, another

Medusa, which he styles guorea, and describes as “ orbicularis,

planiuscula, tentaculis plurimis ex margine inflexo, branchiis nullis.”

This notice, which occurs at page 105 of the Swedish edition of his

‘ Travels,’ is the entire original foundation for numerous references in

after-authors. Linnzeus, in the first instance, adopted Loefling’s name

and brief record, which, when read with our present knowledge of

Acalephe, barely indicates the genus to which the animal observed

probably belonged. In 1775, the descriptions and figures of animals

observed during his journey to the East by the lamented Forskal were

published under the superintendence of Carsten Niebuhr. Among

them was a representation and description of a Medusa, referred to

the equorea of Linneus, both excellent, as indeed may be said of all

that Forskal did. In 1776 a Medusa equorea was noticed, scarcely

more than by name, in the ‘ Zoologiee Danicee Prodromus’ of Otho

Frederic Miller. In 1780, Otho Fabricius, in his excellent ‘ Fauna

Groenlandica,’ gives a shorter account than usual with him of a Me-

dusa, which he refers to the equorea of Limneus. He speaks of it

as a very simple animal, smaller and softer than Medusa aurita, con-

vex above, concave beneath, with very much inflected margins and

white marginal cilia. The two last-mentioned characters are opposed

to the notion of Medusa equorea, as represented and described by

Forskal, and the first of them to the slight idea of its shape that we

gather from Loefling. In 1791 Adolph Modeer commenced the work

of hair-splitting by separating the animal of Forskal, under the name

of Medusa patina, from that of Loefling, for which he reserved the

275

name Medusa equorea. In 1809 Peron and Lesueur published in the

‘ Annales du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle,’ vol. xiv., their important

classification and synopsis of all known Medusz. In that paper, ex-

cellent though it be, they increase the confusion, by giving the name

of Hquorea atlantica to Loefling’s animal, Aq. danica to Miller’s,

Aq. grenlandica to that of Fabricius, Hy. Forskalea to that of For-

skal, and Ay. stauroglypha to a new species of their own, probably

identical with all the others. In 1829 Eschscholtz, in his ‘System

der Acalephen,’ attempted to rectify this confusion, by rejecting all

these names excepting 4g. Forskalina, that alone having been sufti-

ciently described. In 1843 Lesson published his History of Acale-

phe in the ‘Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon,’ and, to make confusion worse

confounded, rejected all rectifications and restored all the names and

imperfectly noticed individuals to full specific rank.

After attentively considering the notices more or less perfect that

the various older observers have given, of what they call Medusa

@quorea, I am led to the belief that in most instances one species,

not several, was met with, and that the creature I now describe and

figure as British is identical with the Medusa equorea of Loefling,

Forskal and Miller. Since Forskal alone described and figured it in

a comprehensible manner, the name Aiquorea Forskalea, proposed by

Peron, is peculiarly appropriate, the more so since that of Medusa

patina of Modeer was proposed under a mistake. Forskal expressly

states that his species is common to the North Atlantic and the Medi-

terranean, and that it inhabits the Danish seas, where it is called

“ Vandmand,” that is, Waterman.

It remains to be seen whether our species is related to the Hquo-

rea violacea of Milne-Edwards, well described and beautifully figured

in the 16th volume of the 2nd series of the ‘Annales des Sciences

Naturelles,’ and observed by that eminent naturalist in the Mediter-

ranean. From an examination of its anatomy he first showed the

serious error committed by Eschscholtz in considering the Hquoride

as cryptocarpous. I am inclined to agree with Milne-Edwards in

considering his species distinct from that of Forskal. The genital

glands are not prolonged nearly so close to the margin; the lips of

the stomach are not furbelowed ; the bases of the tentacles are not

bulbous, and originate regularly between the gastro-vascular canals.

There were no eyes observed by the distinguished zoologist just

quoted in the species he examined. In ours the eyes are evident,

and a determination of their position and appearance is of conse-

quence, since they confirm the affinity of Hquorea with the Naked-

eyed Medusee, whilst at the same time, in the little appendage or

rudimentary lid projecting above them, they indicate an approach to

the Steganophthalmatous type, such as is consistent with the general

high organization and aspect of the Aquorea when compared with

other Gymnophthalmatous forms.

It is interesting to remark that the Zquorea ciliata of Eschscholtz

is a North Pacific species, beautifully representing, yet quite distinct

from, Aquorea Forskalea.

276

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF EuLIMA, TRIPHORIS, ETC.,

FROM THE COLLECTION oF HuGu Cuming, Esa.

By Arruur Apams, F.L.S. etc.

1. Evtima mopicexa, A. Adams. 4. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, subpellucidd, flecuosd ; anfractibus 11, planulatis, varicibus

lateralibus continuis impressis, instructis; anfractu ultimo, in

medio, vie angulato; aperturd ovali; columella anticé subrectd ;

labro antice producto.

Hab. Island of Zebu, sandy mud, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

2. Evtima eGranpis, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, solidd, flecuosd, opacd ; anfractibus 15, planulatis, varicibus

lateribus continuis instructis ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; aperturd

obliqud, oblongo-ovali, labio anticé calloso; labro margine flexuoso,

anticé subreflexo.

Hadb. Island of Burias, coral sand, 7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

3. EuLima porcetuana, A. Adams. LE. testd subulatd, albd,

solidd, opacd, apice subflexuoso; anfractibus 13-14, planulatis,

varicibus impressis irregularibus lateralibus ; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, labio anticé calloso, vir reflexo; labro margine, in medio,

dilatato.

Hab.

4. Euuima acuta, A. Adams. LE. testd aciculato-turritd, albidd,

rectd, subopacd ; anfractibus duodecim, planiusculis, ultimo rotun-

dato ; aperturd oblongd, anticé subreflerd, labio subincrassato ;

labro margine recto.

Hab. Sual, province of Cangisanan, island of Luzon, sandy mud,

7 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

? Mus. Cuming.

5. Eutrma cusprpata, A, Adams. J. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albidd, solidd, rectd ; anfractibus 12, convewviusculis, anfractu ul-

timo rotundato ; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, sub-

recto; labro acuto.

Hab. Sibonga, island of Zebu, in loose coral under stones, low

water. Mus. Cuming.

6. Eviima opesuta, A. Adams. J. testd pyramidali-ovatd, albd,

solidd, nitidd, opacd ; anfractibus sex, convexis, ultimo rotundato;

aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine incrassato, nec limbato vel

reflexo.

Hab. Gindulman, isle of Bohol, in soft mud, 8 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

7. Eviima TEernostoma, A. Adams. J. testd subulato-turritd,

rectd, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidéd; anfractibus 12, planulatis,

lined impressd infra suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd

oblongo-ovali, antice producto, labio subrecto, antic? reflexo; labro

margine, in medio, dilatato.

Hab. Feejee Islands, on coral reefs, in sand, low water. Mus.

Cuming.

277

8. Evia ruexvosa, A. Adams. Z. testd subulato-turritd, albd,

flecuosd, solidd, subopacd; anfractibus 15, planulatis, lined im-

pressd subpellucidd ad suturas ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; aper-

turd oblongd ; labro margine flexuoso, in medio producto.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

9. Euuima acuis, A. Adams. . testd subulato-turritd, albidd,

solidd, subopacd; anfractibus 11, planulatis, ultimo rotundato,

antice subproducto ; aperturd oblongd, labio antice subreflexo.

Hab. Singapore, coarse gravel and sand, 12 fathoms. Mus.

Cuming.

10. Evirma pyramipatis, A. Adams. . testd subulato-pyra-

midali, albd, nitidd, subpellucidd ; anfractibus decem, planulatis,

lined impressd prope suturas, anfractu ultimo subangulato ;

aperturd oblongo-ovali ; labro margine, in medio, subproducto.

Hab. Isle of Capul, on the reefs in sand, low water. Mus. Cuming.

11. Evia potyeyra, A. Adams. EE. testd subulato-pyramidali,

albd, subopacd, apice tortuoso ; anfractibus permultis, planulatis,

ultimo angulato; aperturd obliqud, subtetragonali, labio antice

reflexo ; labro, in medio, valde dilatato.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, isle of Mindanao, sandy mud,

50 fathoms. Mus. Cuming.

12. Evurma virrea, A. Adams. Z£. testd subulatd, acutd, rectd,

albidd, vitred, pellucidd; anfractibus planulatis, lined impressd

prope suturas; anfractu ultimo rotundato; aperturd oblongo-

ovali, labio antice recto, in medio subtortuoso ; labro anticé sub-

reflexo.

Hab. Feejee Islands ; from the stomach of a Holothuria (Captain

Swain). Mus. Cuming.

13. Evitrma Guinpinen, A. Adams. LZ. testd subulatd, rectd,

nitidissimd, albd, pellucidd ; anfractibus planulatis, ultimo sub-

rotunduto, elongato; aperturd oblongo-ovali, labio via tortuoso ;

labro margine flexuoso.

Hab. St. Vincents, West Indies, sandy mud, deep water. (Rev.

L. Guilding.) Mus. Cuming.

14. Evurma Cuminen, A. Adams. . testd subulato-turritd,

albd, rectd, solidd, opacd ; anfractibus 13, convexiusculis, varici-

bus irregularibus impressis instructis ; anfractu ultimo rotundato ;

apertura oblongo-ovali, labio antice calloso, incrassato; labro

margine recto.

Hab. Lord Hood’s Island, South Seas, on the Avicula margariti-

fera. Mus. Cuming.

15. Trreworis variecatus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, in medio tumidd, albd, maculis triangularibus rufo-fuscis

variegatd ; anfractibus planulatis, triseriatim granulatis, granis

equalibus, interstitiis punctatis, suturis impressis ; canali brevi,

apertd,

278

Hab. St. John’s. Mus. Cuming.

A large variegated species, somewhat resembling in general appear-

ance 7'. ornatus, Desh.

16. TrrpHORIS PULCHELLUs, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, in medio tumidd, fuscd, serie moniliformi albo ornatd ; an-

fractibus convexiusculis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, granorum

serie inferiore prominuld, superiore multo minore; apertura

rotundatd, constrictd ; canali brevi, recurvo.

Hab. ? Mus. Cuming.

A handsome brown species, with a white series of bead-like granules

at the lower part of each whorl.

17. TripHoris n1GRo-Fuscus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali,

nigro-fuscd ; anfractibus planis, triseriatim granulatis, granulis

equalibus, confertis, anfractuum suturis impressis, basi con-

vera.

Hab. Sydney, low water, under stones (Mr. Strange).

A black-brown species, with three rows of regular, equal-sized

granules on each whorl. Mus. Cuming.

18. TripHoris restivus, A. Adams. T. testd pyramidali, basi

pland fuscd, albidd, fasciis fuscis interruptis, transversis, ornatd ;

anfractibus planis, cingulis duabus granorum instructis ; interstitis

valde punctatis.

Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.

A small prettily-marked species, with two rows of granules on each

whorl, and the interstices deeply punctured.

19. TrrpHoris scirutus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, albidd, nitidd, subpellucidd, suturis rufo-tinctis ; anfractibus

convexiusculis, cingulis tribus nodorum ornatis, cinguld mediand

majore moniliformi, nodorum interstitiis fuscis, anfractu ultimo

basi fusco ; canali brevi, aperto.

Hab. Port Lincoln. Mus. Cuming.

A semipellucid, white and brown species, with the middle row of

nodules very prominent.

20. TripHoris atBipus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, albidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planulatis, subimbricatis, granoso-

clathratis, granis oblongis, serie granorum inferiore prominuld,

anfractu ultimo basi fulvo ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.

Hab. Honduras (Dyson). Mus. Cuming.

A solid, white, shining, pyramidal species, with oblong granules

disposed in three series on each whorl.

21. TripHoris vesTAis, A. Adams. T. testd turrito-subulatd,

dextrorsd, albd, subnitidd ; anfractibus 13, convexis, suturis im-

pressis, triseriatim granulatis, interstitiis alveolatis.

Hab. Honduras. Mus. Cuming.

A delicate and chaste right-handed species, with convex whorls, and

pits between the granules.

279

22. TripHoris cineuLaAtus, A. Adams. T, testd elongato-pyra-

midali, cinered ; anfractibus sexdecim ad octodecim, spiraliter tri-

cingulatis, cinguld mediand minore, interstitiis carinarum longitu-

. dinaliter valde striatis.

Hab. Red Sea (Riippell). Mus. Cuming.

An ashy-grey species, with three smooth keels on each whorl, and

the interstices strongly striated: somewhat similar to the 7. corru-

gatus of Hinds.

23. TripHoris LABiaTus, A. Adams. T. testd subulato-pyrami-

dali, nigro-fuscd, in medio tumidd, spird apice obtuso ; anfractibus

10, planulatis, triseriatim granuloso-carinatis, suturis concavo-

impressis ; labro reflexo, dilatato, albido ; canali brevi, subrecurvo.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange). Mus.

Cuming.

A small, nearly black shell, with the outer lip dirty white or pale

fuscous.

24. Mesauia striata, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turrita,

Sulvd ; anfractibus 10-12, planulatis, superioribus longitudinaliter

plicatis, inferioribus levibus, transversim striatis, striis impres-

sis, subdistantibus ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; aperturd ovali,

labio subplanulato, antice subreflexo ; labro acuto, integro.

Hab. Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

25. Mesauia pecussaTa, A. Adams. WM. testd subulato-turritd,

in medio subcylindraced, pallid? rubro-fuscd ; anfractibus novem,

convexiusculis, plicis longitudinalibus confertis, et sulcis impressis,

transversis, decussatim ornatis ; aperturd semiovali, labio subcal-

loso, antic? subreflero, integro ; labro incrassato, margine integro.

Hab. Masbate, Philippines. Mus. Cuming.

26. RissoInA SEMIGLABRATA, A. Adams. QR. testd subulato-

pyramidali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus conveviusculis, supre-

mis transversim striatis, inferioribus glabratis; aperturd semiovali,

antice subcanaliculatd, labio incrassato; labro dilatato, crasso,

intus tuberculis parvis instructo, margine subreflezo.

Hab. Deleguete, isle of Zebu, found under stones, low water.

Mus. Cuming.

A species having very much the aspect of a Hulima. In this spe-

cies there are two tubercles on the inner surface of the outer lip.

27. Rissorna Evuimorpes, A. Adams. R. testd subulato-pyra-

midali, albd, solidd, nitidd ; anfractibus planiusculis, suturis im-

pressis ; aperturd semiovali, anticé subcanaliculatd, labio levigato,

subincrassato ; labro margine crasso, in medio dilatato, intus

tuberculo minuto instructo.

Hab. Island of Capul, on coral reefs in sand, at low water. Mus.

Cuming.

A small polished Eulima-like species, with a single small tubercle

on the inner surface of the outer lip.

280

December 9, 1851.

W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. On some Bonzs or Dipus. By A. D. Bartuerr.

(Aves, Pl. XLV.)

The history of the Dodo having been recently the subject of so

much inquiry, and the exertions made by Mr. Strickland, Dr. Mel-

ville and others, having succeeded in bringing together so many

important facts, it might appear that there was little more to be said

upon the subject ; this, however, I believe is far from being the case.

A few facts established upon a subject which was before obscured in

doubt and error will, I trust, always act as a charm, and induce us at

every opportunity to investigate that subject still further, in the hope

of learning the truth. On the present occasion I am desirous of call-

ing attention to a few bones upon the table. In so doing I beg to

say, that in the year 1830 a collection of bones arrived in Paris, which

attracted the attention of the scientific world. These bones came

from the island of Rodriguez, but on account of their being incrusted

with stalagmite, little has been done with them ; they were, however,

the cause of search being made for more in the same locality, and two

collections were made in the year 1831 by the late Mr. Telfair. One

of these collections was forwarded to the Andersonian Museum in

Glasgow, the other to the collection of this Society, and at the even-

ing meeting, March 12, 1833, the bones sent by Mr. Telfair were

laid upon the table.

I will here read an extract from the Society’s Proceedings :—“ Dr.

Grant pointed out that they were the bones of the hinder extremity

of a large bird, and the head of a humerus. With reference to the

metatarsal bone, which was long and strong, Dr. Grant pointed out

that it possessed the articulating surfaces for four toes, three directed

forwards and one backwards, as in the foot of the Dodo preserved in

the British Museum. to which it was also proportioned in magnitude

and form.”

I beg now to read a paragraph from Mr. Strickland’s book. At

page 52 we find: “The bones sent by Mr. Telfair in 1833 to the

Zoological Society have met with some unfortunate fate. Three or

four years ago, Mr. Fraser, the late Curator of that Society, made, at

my request, a diligent search for these specimens, but all his endea-

vours to find them were fruitless: he found the identical box sent

by Mr. Telfair, but, alas! the bones of the Solitaire, apterous as it

was, had flown away, and the only bones that remained belonged to

tortoises.”

In the month of July last an opportunity was afforded me by the

Secretary of renewing this search, and I had the good fortune to

———— rl ele

Metatarsal bone of Didus Nazarenus. 2 of Didus sohtarms. 3. of Didus meptus

G HFord Lith.

Ford & West Imp

‘

281

find what I believe to be all the specimens sent to the Society by

Mr. Telfair.

Upon my informing Mr. Mitchell of my success, that gentleman,

knowing the trouble and interest I had taken to recover them,

granted me permission to examine, compare, and describe them, and

to bring the subject before the Society.

In the first place, we are led to believe (and I think without the

slightest doubt) that these bones came originally from the island of

Rodriguez. There cannot be any doubt, also, that Rodriguez and

the neighbouring islands were at one period inhabited by several spe-

cies of large birds. Whether any of the same species of these birds

inhabited different islands, or whether each island was inhabited by

distinct species, is a question to which I beg most particularly to call

your‘attention: the most recent publication by Mr. Strickland and

Dr. Melville would lead us to believe that the true Dodo (Didus in-

eptus) was solely confined to the island of Mauritius, and another

species, known as the Solitaire, was said to be its representative on the

island of Rodriguez. If this be true, I should have the pleasure of

introducing to your notice the bones of at least two new species of

birds from that island: I do not however myself feel justified im so

doing, but believe some of the bones sent here by Mr. Telfair belong

to the true Dodo (Didus ineptus). There are also in the collection

(I think without doubt) bones of two other species, one of these

of much larger size than the Dodo, the other considerably smaller.

The bones in question having all the usual and well-known charac-

teristics of those of adult birds, we cannot therefore suppose the dif-

ferences which they present to be such as might arise from age; and

on the other hand, you will perceive that the proportions are too dis-

similar to allow of our regarding them as having belonged to different

sexes of the same species. There often exists great difference of size

in the bones of the opposite sex, but I have never noticed any very

evident difference of proportion. These are to me satisfactory reasons

for considering them specifically distinct. But to return to the ques-

tion,— Was the Dodo found on the island of Rodriguez? Sir Thomas

Herbert says i¢ was; and his evidence appears to me of much im-

portance, considering the number of years he spent travelling about,

visiting these islands, and collecting rare and curious things ; having

also repeatedly described the Dodo, and very probably brought one

to England. Iam therefore inclined to regard the assertions made

by Sir Thomas Herbert with more respect than they have elsewhere

received. It may appear at first sight impossible that the same spe-

cies of birds which were destitute of the power of swimming or flying

could inhabit islands so far from each other ; but, were these islands

always in the state in which we find them? may they not at some

distant period have been united and formed part of the same land ?

In endeavouring in this manner to account for the existence of the

Dodo upon the island of Rodriguez as well as at Mauritius, it has

been remarked that this argument would not hold good, as the islands

in question were of volcanic origin: if this be the case, to account for

its existence at either place appears to me equally difficult. I am

282

fully aware it has been the practice of late to consider the animals

obtained from localities remote from each other specifically distinct ;

they may be so; but unless we have some certain means of distin-

guishing them, I do not think we ought to regard them as such.

I now venture to introduce to your notice what I believe to be the

tibia of the Dodo (Didus ineptus): its agreement with the foot in

the British Museum struck me as being exceedingly remarkable and

conclusive: its size and proportions, as compared with the metatarsal

in question, are exactly what I should have expected upon the sup-

position of their belonging to the same species: they fit each other

so perfectly, that one might think they belonged to the same indi-

vidual. With this evidence before me, I cannot for one moment

hesitate in considering the Dodo of the Mauritius to be identical with

the Dodo of Rodriguez. There are also in this collection two other

bones, which, from their size and form, I believe to belong to this

species: the most remarkable is the head of the humerus, which would

indicate by its magnitude and broad attachments that it belonged to

a bird of large bulk, while the sudden reduction in the size of its shaft

clearly indicates a bird with small wings. The great thickness and

consequent weight is sufficient to cause us to suppose that this bird

had not the power of flight.

The next bone to which I will call your attention is a right meta-

tarsal, which appears to me to have belonged to a bird known to

Leguat as the Solitaire, and described by him during his residence

on the island of Rodriguez. I beg to read Leguat’s description, in

order to point out to you its near agreement in point of size and form

with the Turkey, with which bird Leguat compared the bird he called

the Solitaire :—

“Of all the birds in the island, the most remarkable is that which

goes by the name of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in

company, though there are abundance of them. The feathers of the

male are of a brown-grey colour: the feet and beak are like a Tur-

key’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any tail, but

their hind part covered with feathers is roundish, like the crupper of

a Horse; they are taller than Turkeys. Their neck is straight, and

a little longer in proportion than a Turkey’s when it lifts up its head.

Its eye is black and lively, and its head without comb or cop. They

never fly, their wings are too little to support the weight of their

bodies ; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they

call one another. They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times

together on the same side, during the space of four or five minutes.

The motion of their wings makes then a noise very like that of a

rattle, and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The bone of

their wing grows greater towards the extremity, and forms a little

round mass under the feathers, as big as a musket-ball. That and

its beak are the chief defence of this bird. ’Tis very hard to catch

it in the woods, but easie in open places, because we run faster than

they, and sometimes we approach them without much trouble. From

March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably well,

283

Saami while they are young; some of the males weigh forty-five

ounds.

‘The females are wonderfully beautiful, some fair, some brown ; I

call them fair, because they are of the colour of fair hair. They have

a sort of peak, like a widow’s, upon their breasts (/ege beaks), which

is of adun colour. No one feather is straggling from the other all

over their bodies, they being very careful to adjust themselves, and

make them all even with their beaks. The feathers on their thighs

are round like shells at the end, and being there very thick have an

agreeable effect. They have two risings on their craws, and the

feathers are whiter there than the rest, which livelily represents the

fine neck of a beautiful woman. They walk with so much stateli-

ness and good grace, that one cannot help admiring and loving them ;

by which means their fine mien often saves their lives.” —Leguat’s

Voyage to the East Indies, 1708, p. 71.

You will perceive this bird was said to be larger and taller than a

Turkey. A comparison of this metatarsal bone with the metatarsal

bone of the Turkey I think will satisfactorily show the accuracy of

Leguat’s description, and at the same time justify our conclusion

that this metatarsal bone belonged to the Solitaire of Rodriguez, to

which the name of Didus solitarius has been applied. I trust I shall

be pardoned for avoiding the use of the new generic term adopted by

the authors of ‘The Dodo and its kindred,’ for in a group so little

known, and at present so limited in species, it seems to me so much

to increase the trouble and difficulty of those who endeavour to study

such subjects, that I cannot help expressing my belief that many of

the new names so often introduced serve only to impede and embarrass

us, and I therefore regard them as much worse than useless.

I have now remaining the bone of a bird which when alive was

much larger, heavier, and more powerful than the Dodo. For further

examples of this bird’s bones, I must refer to the plates in the work

before alluded to, by Mr. Strickland and Dr. Melville: plate xv. fig. 2,

the metatarsal bone of the large species in the Andersonian Museum,

Glasgow; fig. 3, a metatarsal bone in the Parisian collection. A glance

at these specimens will, I imagine, convince any one that this bird

was of gigantic size, and probably double the weight of the Dodo. I

am sure it cannot be supposed (after what has been said) that Leguat

was describing this great bird when he wrote his beautiful description

of the Solitaire. Another important fact will, I think, set this question

at rest. Leguat states, that some of the males of the Solitaire weigh

forty-five pounds. Now we know the weight of the largest Turkeys

to be considerably less, rarely reaching thirty pounds, while the weight

of the Dodo is stated to have been at least fifty pounds. It cannot,

therefore, be supposed, had Leguat seen birds nearly double the size

of the Dodo, he could have made the statements or comparison he

has made between the Solitaire and Turkey.

I have before expressed my great dislike to an unnecessary increase

of names: I feel, however, the necessity of finding an appropriate

284

name for this large bird, and therefore propose one somewhat familiar

to all who have paid any attention to the subject, and apply the name

of Didus Nazarenus to this the largest species of the genus. In doing

this, I may remark that Mr. Strickland, in his work before alluded

to, has considered the Didus Nazarenus to be a phantom species,

which he says has haunted our systems of ornithology from the days

of Gmelin downwards.

The conclusions which I have arrived at from the examination of

the bones to which I have just called your attention are these :—That

there existed formerly three distinct species of Apterous birds in the

island of Rodriguez ; namely, one which is apparently identical with

the Dodo (Didus ineptus) of the Mauritius; a second, which was

well described under the name of Solitaire; and a third, which was

much larger than either of the above.

12 College Street, Camden Town.

2. DEscRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF MAMMALIA OF THE

Genus Antecuinus. By Joun Gouxp, F.R.S. etc.

One of these species is remarkable for being spotted on the under

instead of on the upper surface, and the other for its very diminutive

size: both rank among the smallest members of the genus. For the

former I propose the specific appellation of maculatus ; it may be

thus described :—

ANTECHINUS MACULATUS.

Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin ; general tint of

the upper surface dark blackish brown, minutely grizzled with yellow-

ish brown ; lower part of the flanks and under surface of the body

dark brownish slate-grey, ornamented with oblong spots of greyish

white arranged in irregular rows in the direction of the body ; down

the centre of the throat a streak of white.

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 33

GRECIAN (els sibs ste Ed Sedeeren btie «ddd bys aim bee

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear 4

oftheteae| oben db sta dep ny eee

obi the tars aiid: £008. pccopeh cable sit: serras %5

1 .

Hab. Brushes of the river Clarence, on the east coast of Australia.

The other species I propose to name

ANTECHINUS MINUTISSIMUS.

Fur short, dense, and closely applied to the skin; upper surface and

flanks brown, slightly grizzled with black ; under surface pale buff,

approaching to white on the throat; tail brown above, lighter be-

neath ; feet buffy brown, toes covered with hairs of a somewhat lighter

hue.

285

inches.

Length from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail 22

ofthe ‘tal 5.05 3 raul, 254 es eee

from the tip of the nose to the base of the ear

of the Car £04 hice. ce a eee

onthe tarsi and! toes). ....22 > ce ees

Hab. Brushes of the east coasts of Australia.

chanieehe gm

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW SPECIES OF PrILOTIS AND A NEW

SPECIES OF EépsattriA. By Joun Gov p, F.R.S.

Mr. Gould also exhibited two new species of birds of the genera

Ptilotis and Eépsaltria, which he characterized as follows :—

PriLoTIS FASCIOGULARIS.

All the upper surface, wings and tail olive-brown, the feathers of

the head and back with darker centres, and the primaries and tail-

feathers narrowly margimed externally with greenish wax-yellow ;

lores and a streak down the side of the head from the posterior

angle of the eye blackish brown; ear-coverts pale yellow; on each

side of the neck a patch of yellowish white; feathers of the throat

brownish black, each bordered with pale yellow, presenting a fasciated

appearance; breast blackish brown; under surface striated with brown

and buffy, becoming paler towards the vent ; irides lead-colour ; bill

and feet black.

Total length, 73 inches ; bill, $; wing, 32; tail, 33; tarsi, 12.

Hab. Mangrove Island, Moreton Bay.

Female.—Similar in colour, but of smaller size.

EGpsautTria Capito.

Upper surface olive-green, inclining to brown on the head ; wings

and tail slaty brown, faintly margined with olive-green ; ear-coverts

grey ; lores and a line descending in front of the eye and the throat

greyish white; under surface yellow; irides hazel; bill black; feet

brownish flesh-colour.

Total length, 5 inches; bill, 3; wing, 32; tail, 23; tarsi, 2.

Hab. Brushes of the River Brisbane, New South Wales.

Remarks.—Shorter and less elegantly formed than FL. Australis,

with a stout broad bill and a proportionately large and heavy head.

wis.)

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INDEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel

information is given, in Italics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in CaPiTaLs.

Accipiter chicquera, 42

Achatina albicans, Pfr., n. sp., 259

— attenuata, Pfr., n. sp., 259

Dunkeri, Pfr., n. sp., 148

fulgurata, Pfr., n. sp., 258

— impressa, Pfr., n. sp., 148

inornata, Pfr., n. sp., 259

Newcombi, Pfr., n. sp., 262

—— plicatula, Pfr., n. sp., 258

violacea, Pfr., n. sp., 259

Achatinella melampoides, Pfr., n.sp., 262

plicata, Gould, 261

Aciculina, 4. ddams, n. g., 114

Aciculina costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 114

— glabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

labiata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 114

— maculata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

—- striata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 114

vittata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 114

“Equorea atlantica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

ciliata, Eschscholtz, 275

danica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

Forskalea, Peron & Lesueur, 275

—— Forskalina, Eschscholtz, 275

grenlandica, Peron & Lesueur, 275

stauroglypha, Peron & Lesueur, 275

violacea, Milne-Edw., 275

Alauda arvensis, Linn., 145

Alcedo ispida, Linn., 145

Alectrion, Montf., 103

Alectrion complanata, Powis, 104

crenulata, Brug., 103

hirta, Kien., 103

monilis, Kien., 103

Jacksoniana, Kien., 103

nassoides, Reeve, 103

—— nodifera, Powis, 103

papillosa, Linn., 103

—— seminodosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 104

variabilis, Phil., 103

Ammocecetes, Dum., 235, 240

Ammoceetes dicolor, Lesueur, 241

branchialis, Dum., 240

concolor, Kirtl., 241

Ammocecetes ruber, Cuy., 241

unicolor, De Kay, 241

Ammocetina, 235-240

Ammosia, Westw., 201

Ampullaria celebensis, Quoy, 74

Anaira, Hope, 201

Anas, 192

Anas boschas, Linn., 146

erecca, Linn., 146

Ancillaria lineolata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 271

Anser segetum, Steph., 146

Antechinus maculatus, Gould, n. sp., 284

—— minutissimus, Gould, n. sp., 284

Anthus pratensis, Bechst., 142

Apiculum, Humph., 157

Aquaria, 233

Arachnoides antipodarum, Gray, n. sp.,

126

Aradasia, Gray, 175

ARCTOPITHECUS, Gray, 208

ARCTOPITHECUS BLAINVILLII, 208

GULARIS, 208

MARMORATUS, 208

Ardea cinerea, 146

minuta, Linn., 146

—— nycticoraz, Linn., 146

—— purpurea, Linn., 146

—— russata, Wagl., 146

stellaris, Linn., 146

Artamus cucullatus, Nicholson. n.sp., 196

Arytena, 233

Aspergillum, 233

Astrea, Bolten, 232

Astralium, Link, 231

Astralium calear, Gmel., 231

deplanatum, Chemn., 231

Auricula felis, Lam., 72

mustelina, Desh., 72

— polita, Metcalf, n. sp., 72

-—— subnodosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 72

Baleniceps, Gould, 1

Baleniceps Rex, Gould, n. sp., 2

Balenodon, 34

Balea Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 148

288 INDEX.

Bankivia major, 4. Adams, n. sp., 171

nitida, 4. ddams, n, sp., 172

purpurascens, Beck, 171

varians, Gray, 171

Bathmidurus, Cab., 47

Bathmidurus major, Cab., 48

—— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48

tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48

Bezoardica, Schum., 229

Blue Hawk of the Cataracts, The, 55

Bolma, Risso, 232

Brapypopips, 206

Brapypus crinitus, 207

Buceinum abbreviatum, Wood, 113.

albescens, Dunk., 96

ambiguum, Mont., 101

angulatum, Broce., 104

antillarum, Phil., 95

— arcularia, Linn., 94

—— ascanias, Brug., 111

— asperulum, Broce., 111

Bronnii, Phil., 104

canaliculatum, Lam., 106:

— caperatum, Phil., 96

— clathratum, Kien., 101

— coccinella, Lam., 111

coronatum, Brug., 94

corrugatum, Brocc., 104

costulatum, Broce., 104

crassum, Koch, 96

erenulatum, Brug., 103

— Cuvieri, Payr., 104

decussatum, Kien., 111

— echinophora, Linn., 229

elegans, Kien., 104

, Reeve, 109

— erinaceum, Linn., 229

Jasciatum, Lam., 111

Ferussacii, Payr., 104

— gemma, Phil., 96

gemmulatum, Hinds, 95

— gibbosulum, Linn., 101

glans, Linn., 104

glaucum, Linn., 229

graniferum, Kien., 101

Gruneri, Dunk., 96

— hirtum, Kien., 103

horridum, Dunk., 101

Jonasi, Dunk., 96

— incrassatum, Mill., 11}

Isabellei, D’Orb., 95

—-— Jacksonianum, Kien., 103.

—— Lacepedii, Payr., 111

— letum, Phil., 104

livescens, Phil., 95

luteostoma, Kien., 95

macula, Mont., 111

margaritiferum, Dunk., 96:

marginulatum, Lam., 94

—— miga, Adanson, 109

Buecinum minutum, Penn, 111

monile, Kien., 103

multigranum, Dunk., 112

muricatum, Quoy, 101

— mautabile, Linn., 94

nassoides, Reeve, 103

—— nodiferum, Phil., 95

noduliferum, Phil., 109

— nucleolus, Phil., 109

— obliqueplicatum, Dunk., 112

—— olivaceum, Brug., 106

ornatum, Kien., 106

papillosum, Linn., 103

pauperatum, Kien., 95

— pictum, Dunk., 104

' —— polygonatum, Lam., 94

pullus, Linn., 94

Reevianum, Dunk., 105

retusum, Lam., 113

Roissyi, Belang., 109

rudis, Gualt., 111

rufulum, Kien., 104

scalariforme, Val., 109

semigranosum, Dunk., 96

signatum, Dunk., 112

— splendidulum, Dunk., 96

stoiatum, Gmel., 103

—— Sturmii, Phil., 95

subdiaphanum, Biv., 103:

subspinosum, Lam., 101

suturale, Lam., 104

— Thersites, Brug., 102

tiarula, Kien., 94

tritoniformis, Kien., 11}

— unicolor, Kien., 106

variabile, Phil., 103

—— venustum, Dunk., 95

—— vibex, Say, 101

—— zonale, Brug., 103

Bulimus acalles, Pfr., n. sp., 258

attenuatus, Pfr., n.sp., 256

— Belcheri, Pfr., n. sp., 261

—— chloris, Reeve, 71

citrinus, Brug., 71

— Denickei, Gray, n. sp., 92, 9%

—— Dillwynianus, Pfr., n. sp., 258

— dubius, Pfr., n. sp., 257

—— Eganus, Pfr., n. sp., 258:

— elexodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256

—— glaucophthalmus, Pfr., n. sp., 255

infundibulum, P/r., n. sp., 255

liratus, Pfr., 261

luctuosus, Pfr., n. sp., 255:

Maconelli, Reeve, n. sp., 198

—— meleagris, Pfr., n. sp., 257

microdon, Pfr., n. sp., 261

— Moussoni, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Newcombianus, Pfr., n. sp., 261

—— nigrolimbatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257

nubeculatus, Pfr., n. sp., 257

— plicatus, Gould, 261

INDEX.

Bulimus porphyrostomus, Pfr., n.sp., 261

scytodes, Pfr., n. sp., 256

subinterruptus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

suturalis, Pfr., n. sp., 255

—— Tasmanicus, Pfr., n. sp., 260

—— varicosus, Pfr., n. sp., 256

Busycum, Bolt., 230

Buzzard, The long and slender-legged, 58

, The Parrot-beaked, 59

Calcar, Montf., 231

Calidris arenaria, Ill., 146

Calliostoma, Swains., 163

Canrena, Link, 231

Canrena neritoidea, Mart., 231

Canthiridus, Montf., 169

ine articularis, 4. ddams, n. sp.,

169

—— artizona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170

cinguliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

iridis, Chemn., 169

— moniliger, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

—— nigricans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170

nitidulus, Phil., 169

—— pallidulus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 170

—— punctulosus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

—— purpuratus, Martyn, 169

rufozona, 4. Adams, n. sp., 170

— tenebrosus, 4. Adams, un. sp., 170

variegatus, Gray, 171

Zealandicus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 169

Canthorbis, Swains., 232

Caprimulgus europeus, Linn., 146

Caragola, 235, 239

Caragola lapicida, 239

Cardinalia, Gray, 151

Cardinalia virgata, Gmel., 151

Carinidea, Swains., 152

Carracarra Hawk, 55

, The Red-headed, 56

, The Yellow-headed, 56

Carrion Crow, The Common, 53

—-, The Yellow-necked, 54

Cassidaria, Lam., 229

Cassidea, Link, 229

Cassidea cornuta, 229

Jlammea, 229

— pennata, 229

rufa, 229

testicula, 229

Cassidulus, Humph., 230

Cassis, Browne, 229

Cathartes iota, Cuv., 53

percnopterus, Temm., 145

Cemoria, Leach, 227

Cemoria Flemingii, Leach, 228

noachina, Lowe, 228

princeps, Migh. et Ad., 228

Cerithium obtusum, Lam., 73

unicarinatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 73

Chameleo vulgaris, 203

Chameleon, 203

289

Charadrius hiaticula, Linn., 146

pluvialis, 146

CuHLAMYDOTHERIUM, Lund, 216

Chlamydotherium giganteum, 216

Humboldtii, 216

Cutamypuorus, Harlan, 213

Chlamyphorus truncatus, 213

Chloropsaris, Kaup, 45

Chloropsaris atricapillus, Gmel., 45

Cuvierii, Swains., 45

versicolor, Hartl., 45

Chlorostoma, Swains., 180

Chlorostoma agreste, Chemn., 180

argyrostoma, Chemn., 180

—— articulatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183

— atrum, Less., 180

—— bicanaliculatum, Dunk., 181

carinatum, Koch, 181

—— castaneum, 4. Addams, n. sp., 182

— cicer, Menke, 181

—— corrugatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182

euryomphalus, Jonas, 181

gailina, Forbes, 182

—— impervium, Menke, 182

— leve, Chemn., 181

— maculosum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 183

marginatum, Nutt., 181

merula, Chemn., 181

—— mestum, Jonas, 180

—— nigerrimum, Chemn., 180

— odontis, Wood, 182

—— Pfeifferi, Phil., 181

pulligo, Martyn, 182

rugosum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182

—— sagittiferum, Lam., 181

— sauciatum, Koch, 181

——- seminodosum, 4. Addams, n.sp., 183

stenomphalus, Jonas, 181

tabulare, Krauss, 181

—— tigrinum, Chemn., 180

—— tropidophorum, 4. ddams,n.sp., 183

turbinatum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 182,

183

—— undulosum, 4. Adams, n. sp., 182

—— xanthostigma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 183

CHotepus, Jil., 207

Cholepus didactylus, 207

Cicindela megalocephata, Fabr., 199

Ciconia nigra, Temm., 146

CIMOLIORNIS DIOMEDZUS, Owen, 28

Clanculus, Montf., 157

Clanculus acuminatus, 4. Addams, n. sp.,

160

agrestis, Chemn., 158

— albinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

—— anus, Phil., 159

—— brunneus, A. Addams, un. sp., 161

— carinatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 162

— cingulifer, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

— conspersus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163

— corallinus, Gmel., 158

No. CCXXXVII.—ProceEEDINGS or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

290

Clanculus corrugatus, Koch, 159

Couturii, Payr., 158

— edentulus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 162

clanguloides, Wood, 158

— floridus, Phil., 158

—— gibbosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162

Guianicus, Chemn., 158

—— Jussieui, Payr., 159

Krausii, Phil., 159

— limbatus, Quoy, 158

— Ludwigi, Krauss, 159

lupinus, Menke, 159

—— maculosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

margaritarius, Phil., 159

Maugeri, Wood, 158

mediterraneus, Wood, 158

— microdon, 4. Adams, n. sp., 162

— winor, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 161

nigricans, 4. 4dams, n. sp., 162

— nodiliratus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 163

-— ochroleucus, Phil., 159

—— omalomphalus, 4. Adams, n.sp., 162

ormophorus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 159

— Patagonicus, d’Orb., 158

personatus, Phil., 159

—— Pharaonis, Linn., 157

ringens, Menke, 158

scabrosus, Phil., 159

—— Smithii, Wood, 158

spadiceus, Phil., 159

—— stigmatarius, 4. Addams, n. sp., 161

—— sulearius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

-—— textilosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161

—— turbinoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

turgidulus, Broce., 159

unedo, 4. ddams, un. sp., 161

variegatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 160

zebrides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 161

Clepsydra, 233

Clypidina, Gray, 87

Clypidina acuminata, A. Adams, n.sp., 88

annulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88

aspera, Gould, 87

—— candida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 88

Sungina, Gould, 87

notata, Linn., 87

—— rudis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

—— rugosa, Quoy, 87

— scabricula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 88

stellata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 87

sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

Ceelodon, Lund, 211

Columba enas, Linn., 146

livia, Briss., 142

palumbus, Linn., 142

Trocaz, Hein., 142

Turtur, Linn., 146

Columbella albinodulosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3

Australis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5

—— Austrina, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9

—— baccata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 9

INDEX.

Columbella Californiana, Gaskoin, u.sp., 12

cancellata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6

conspersa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11

contaminata, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7

formosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 11

—— hirundo, Gaskoin, n. sp., 12

interrupta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 3

—— intexta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 7

—— iodostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13

leucostoma, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4

Marquesa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 8

—— Pacifica, Gaskoin, n. sp., 4

pulla, Gaskoin, n. sp., 6

sagitta, Gaskoin, n. sp., 10

tenuis, Gaskoin, n. sp., 2

—— varicosa, Gaskoin, n. sp., 5

Colymbus glacialis, Linn., 146

Cookia, Less., 322

Corvus corax, Linn., 145

corone, Linn., 145

Crab-eater, The, 59

Crex Baillonii, Temm., 146

Cuculus canorus, Linn., 145

Curruca conspicillata, Gould, 142

Heinekenii, Jard., 142

Cyclocantha, 232

Cyclostoma alatum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

alternans, Pfr., n. sp., 249

biciliatum, Mousson, 72

Borneensis, Metcalf, n. sp., 71

canescens, Pfr., n. sp., 245

—— castaneum, Pfr., n. sp., 251

—— crassum, P/r., n. sp., 242

Cumanense, Pfr., n. sp., 248

—— desciscens, Pfr., n. sp., 243

—— diaphanum, P/r., n. sp., 248

disculus, Pfr., n. sp., 243

—— Dysoni, Pfr., n. sp., 243

euchilum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

—— expansum, Pfr., n. sp., 242

—— fasciculare, Pfr., n. sp., 245

— fusculum, Pfr., n. sp., 251

—— Grateloupi, P/r., n. sp., 246

Guatemalense, Pfr., n. sp., 235

guttatum, P/r., n. sp., 251

harpa, P/r., n. sp., 247

—— Himalayanun, P/r., n. sp., 242

—— histrio, Pfr., n. sp., 247

—— ignescens, Pfr., n. sp., 251

integrum, P/r., n. sp., 247

Kusteri, Pfr., n. sp., 249

—— lugubre, Pfr., n. sp., 249

lutescens, Pfr., n. sp., 250

—— margarita, Pfr., n. sp., 244

Orbignyi, Pfr., n. sp., 149

ovatum, Pfr., n. sp., 246

—— pallidum, Pfr., n. sp., 248

pingue, Pfr., n. sp., 248

—— pleurophorum, Pfr., n. sp., 245

—— ponderosum, Pfr., n. sp., 243

—— psilomitum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

INDEX. 291

Cyclostoma radula, Pfr., n. sp., 246

—— regulare, Pfr., n. sp., 244

rusticum, Pfr., n. sp., 250

scalare, Pfr., n. sp., 250

sericatum, Pfr., n. sp., 244

—— Shuttleworthi, Pfr, n. sp., 246

tenuilabiatum, Mef¢calf, n. sp., 71

trochlea, Pfr., n. sp., 249

turritum, Pfr., n. sp., 248

—— undatum, Metcalf, n. sp., 71

— unicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 243

— violaceum, Pfr., n. sp., 245

Cyc.Loruurus, Gray, 219

Cyclothurus didactylus, Gray, 219

Cylindrella Adamsiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148

Gouldiana, Pfr., n. sp., 149

—— monilifera, Pfr., n. sp., 148

— Salleana, Pfr., n. sp., 149

Cymatium, Link, 230

Cymatium polygonum, 230

Cynodonta, Schum., 231

Cynictis Maccarthie, Gray, n. sp., 131

Cyprza Clara, Gaskoin, n. sp., 13

Cyprecassis, Stutch., 229

Cypselus murarius, Temm., 142

unicolor, Jard., 142

Cyrena triangularis, Metcaif, n. sp., 74

Dascinus, Rafin., 221

Dasypopip&, 211

Dasypus, 213

Dasypus MINvuTUus, 214

punctatus, Lund., 213

—— SEXcINCTUS, 214

—— VILLosus, 214 .

Desmoulea, Gray, 113

Desmoulea abbreviata, Wood, 113

— crassa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113

Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 113

pinguis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

—— pyramidalis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 113

—— retusa, Lam., 113

Diadora, Gray, 227

Didus, 280

tneptus, 281

— solitarius, 283

Nazarenus, 284

Diloma, Philippi, 173

Diprotopon, 30

Distichocera, MacLeay, 75

Distichocera ferruginea, Guer., 76

-~— fulvipennis, Newm., 76

— Kirbyi, Newm., n. sp., 79

— MacLeayii, Newm., n. sp., 81

—— maculicollis, Kirby, 75

—— par, Newm., n. sp., 78

rufipennis, MacLeay, 76

Distortrix, Link, 231

Distortrix anus, Linn., 231

reticulata, Chemn., 231

Eagle, The Crested and Booted, 59

Echinanthus, 34

Echinanthus Australasie, Gray, n. sp., 34

Cole, Gray, n. sp., 35

explanatus, Gray, n. sp., 35

oblongus, Gray, n. sp., 35

—— productus, Gray, n. sp., 35

—— testudinarius, Gray, n. sp., 35

Echinocyamus australis, Agassiz, 38

Echinodiscus, 35

Echinoglyphus, Van Phelsum, 37

Echinoglyphus frondosus, Van Phelsum, 37

Echinolampas depressus, Gray, n. sp., 38

oviformis, 37

Eione, Risso, 101

Eleuchus, Swains., 170

Eleuchus apicinus, Menke, 171

australis, Quoy, 171

badius, Wood, 170

dellulus, Dunk., 171

trisodontes, Quoy, 171

—— leucostigma, Menke, 171

lineatus, Lam., 170

—— roscus, Lam., 170

rutilus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 171

— snlendidulus, Swains., 171

—— vulgaris, 4. Addams, n. sp., 171

Emarginula, Zam., 82

Emarginula aculeata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

aspera, Gould, 87

australis, Quoy, 90

—— bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86

—— cancellata, Phil., 82

—— candida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 85

—— capuliformis, Phil., 82

cinerea, Gould, 88

— clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90

—— clypeus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 83

—— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

— conica, Blainy., 82

— conoida, Reeve, 87

—— crassa, Sowerby, 82

— cucullata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 86

—— curvirostris, Desh., 82

— —, Macg., 82

Cuvieri, Sav., 83

—— depressa, Blainv., 90

—— dilecta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

élargie, Quoy, 90

— elongata, Phil., 83

elongata, Sow., 221

—— emarginata, Blainv., 89

—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

excurvata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

—— fissura, Linn., 82

—— fissurata, Chemn., 82

fuliginea, 4. Addams, n. sp., 84

—— fungina, Gould, 87

—— galericulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84

— Huzardii, Payr., 83

—— incisura, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84

—— levicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 87

— levis, Recl., 82

292

Emarginula micans, A. Addams, n. sp., 84

—— obovata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83

—— ossea, Gould, 88

Panihensis, Quoy, 90

parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89

—— pileolus, Mich., 82

—— planulata, 4. Adams, un. sp., 86

pulchra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

—— punctata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 84

puncticulata, 4, ddams, n. sp., 84

~-— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 86

reticulata, Chemn., 82

rosea, Bell, 82

—— rubra, Lam., 82

—— rugosa, Quoy, 87

scabricostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 85

—— scabriuscula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 83

— solidula, Costa, 83

—— striatula, Quoy, 83

—— Vanicorensis, Quoy, 83

—— variegata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 84

viminea, 4. Addams. n. sp., 85

Encope Michelini, 37

—— oblonga, 37

—— subclausa, 37

Valenciennesii, 37

Eépsaltria capito, Gould, n. sp., 285

Erator, Kaup, n. g., 47

Erator Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47

inquisitor, Orb., 47

Eulima aclis, A. ddams, un. sp., 277

—— acuta, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 276

—— Cumingii, 4. Addams, un. sp., 277

—— cuspidata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276

—— flexuosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— grandis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 276

—— Guildingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— modicella, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276

—— obesula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276

—— polygyra, .4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— porcellana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 276

—— pyramidalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 277

—— teinostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 276

—— vitrea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 277

EuRYODON LATIDENS, Lund, 216

Falco Buteo, Linn., 142

—— nisus, Linn., 145

tinnunculus, Linn., 142

Falcon, The Chestnut-bellied, 60

Fibularia australis, Desm., 38

—— oblonga, Gray, n. sp., 37

Fish-Hawk, The Large Awl-beaked, 56

—_, The Small Awl-beaked, 57

Fishing-Hawk, The, 55

Fissurella noachina, Schum., 228

Fragella, Swains., 157

Francolinus Yemensis, Nich., n. sp., 128

Fringilla butyracea, Linn., 142

cannabina, Linn., 142

—— carduelis, Linn., 142

-— chloris, Linn., 145

INDEX.

Fringilla domestica, Linn., 145

petronia, Linn., 142

Tintillon, Webb, 142

Fulica atra, Linn., 146

Fulgur, Montf., 230

Galeodea, Link, 229

Galeodea echinophora, Linn., 229

Gallinula chloropus, Lath., 146

Geotria, Gray, n. g., 237-8

Geotria australis, Gray, n. sp., 239

Geryonia equorea, Fleming, 272

Gibbium, Gray, 177

Gibbula, Leach, 184

Gibbula Adansonii, Payr., 185

—— Adelaide, Phil., 186

—— Agathensis, Recl., 185

Capensis, Gmel., 185

cineraria, Linn., 184

—— cinerea, Mont., 184

declivis, Forsk., 184

—— divaricaia, Linn., 184

Sanulum, Gmel., 184

—— fasciata, Born, 185

Jumosa, Phil., 186

—— fuscata, Born, 184

—— jucunda, Gould, 185

—— Kalinota, 4. Addams, n. sp., 187

—— leucosticta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 187

— magus, Linn., 184

—— Mindorensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186

—— multicolor, Krauss, 185

—— nivosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187

obliquata, Gmel., 186

—— Philberti, Recl., 185

porcellana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 186

—— pulchra, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187

—— puncto-costata, 4. d4dams,n.sp., 187

quadrata, Gmel., 184

— rotelliformis, Phil., 186

—— scabra, Linn., 184

—— suleosa, 4. Adams. n. sp., 186

—— tumida, Mont., 184

—— umbilicata, Mont., 185

—— undosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 186

— varia, Gmel., 185

—— venusta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 187

— vulnerata, Phil., 185

Globulus, Schum., 232

GLossoTHERIUM, Owen, 210

GuiyptTopon, Owen, 216

GLYPTODON CLAVIPES, 216

—— ornatus, 216

reticulatus, 216

TUBERCULATUS, 217

Gonigoria, Gray, n. g., 124

Gonigoria clavata, Gray, n. sp., 125

Gymnogaster arcticus, Brun., 117

Gyrineum, Link, 231

Gyrineum Jufonium, Chemn., 231

—— caudatum, Chemn., 231

—— echinatum, Chemn., 231

INDEX. 293

Gyrineum natator, Chemn., 231

rana, Chemn., 231

—— scrobiculator, 231

—— verrucosum, Chemn., 231

Hapalotis albipes, Licht., 126

—— apicalis, Gould, n. sp., 126

cervinus, Gould, n. sp., 127

conditor, Gould, 127

— Gouldii, Gray, 127

— hirsutus, Gould, n. sp., 127

longicaudatus, Gould, 127

macrotis, Gray, 127

—— Mitcheilii, Gould, 127

murinus, Gould, 127

Hapalotis Richardsonii, Gray, 127

Harpagus, 42

Harpagus circumcinctus, Kaup, n. sp., 43

Harpya destructor, 61

Harrier, The Brown-backed, 58

, The Chestnut, 58

Haustellum, Schum., 231

Hawk, Carracarra, 55

, The Bird, 58

——., The Brown-backed Short-winged, 60

—— of the Cataracts, The Blue, 55

—_, The Fishing, 55

——,, The Large Awl-beaked Fish-, 56

—., The Large Sea-fishing, 58

——, The Laughing, 56

—., The Plaid-chested Short-winged, 60

— _, The Red-headed Carracarra, 56

—._, The Small Awl-beaked Fish-, 57

—, The Two-toothed Baridi, 60

—, The Yellow-cered Short-winged, 60

— , The Yellow-headed Carracarra, 56

Helenchus, Herman, 172

Helicina Dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 149

versicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 149

Helix albersiana, Pfr., n. sp., 147

annulifera, P/r., n. sp., 260

-— Audebardi, Pfr., n. sp., 147

— Brardiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253

Brookei, Adams & Reeve, 70

—- conicoides, Metcalf, un. sp., 71

— Dillwyniana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

— Forsteriana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

— Gartneriana, P/r., n. sp., 253

— Gaskoini, Pfr., n. sp., 260

—— glabriuscula, Pfr., n. sp., 262

—— glutinosa, Metcalf, n. sp., 70

leucorhaphe, Pfr., n. sp., 147

—— Layardi, Pfr., n. sp., 253

—— liturata, Pfr., n. sp., 253

margarita, Laskey, 189

nasuta, Metcalf, n. sp., 70

— oblita, Pfr., n. sp., 263

— otostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 260

— Poiretiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

—— ptychomphala, Pfr., n. sp., 254

pubescens, Pfr., n. sp., 147

—— radians, Pfr., n. sp., 252

Helix reglis, Benson, 70

resplendens, Phil., 70

— Richmondiana, P/r., n. sp., 252

Schumacheriana, Pfr., 70

semidecussata, P/r., n. sp., 252

solida, Pfr., n. sp., 263

Souleyetiana, P/r., n. sp., 252

Sturmiana, Pfr., n. sp., 253

—— subrugata, P/r., n. sp., 259

vilis, Pfr., n. sp., 263

—— vittata, Adams & Reeve, 70

Woodiana, Pfr., n. sp., 254

Hemitoma, Swains., 89

Hercales, Montf., 232

Herpestes Smithii, Gray, 131

HETERODON DIVERSIDENS, Lund, 216

Hirundo riparia, Linn., 146

rustica, Linn., 146

urbica, Linn., 146

Hoplophorus, Lund, 217

Hoplophorus Euphractus, Lund, 217

Selloi, Lund, 217

Hybrid Pheasants, 92

Hyperoartia, Miull., 235

Ibycter, 55

Imperator, Montf., 232

Infundibulum, Montf., 152

Infundibulum californicum, A. Adams,

n, sp., 153

cariniferum, Beck, 152

chloromphalus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 153

concavum, Linn., 152

delicatulum, Phil., 152

depressum, Gmel., 153

Kochii, Phil., 152

radiatum, Chemn., 152

saga, Phil., 152

Insect-eater, The, 59

Iphisa, Gray, n. g., 39

Iphisa elegans, Gray, n. sp., 39

Iphisade, Gray, 39

Jeffreysia, Alder, 264

King Vulture, 53

Kite, The Seissors-tailed, 57

Labio, Oken, 163, 177

Labio articulata, Lam., 178

cingulata, Quoy, 178

— concolor, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 180

constricta, Lam., 177

corrosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 180

— crinitus, Phil., 179

—— fulgurata, Phil., 179

fuliginea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 180

— indecora, Phil., 179

lineata, Da Costa, 179

melanoloma, Menke, 179

—— nigerrima, Gmel., 178

pica, Chemn., 179

—— porcata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 179

—— porcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 179

reticularis, Wood, 178

294

Labio rudis, A. Adams, n. sp., 179

scorpio, Gray, 179

-—— striolata, Quoy, 178

—— subrostrata, Gray, 178

— suleata, Wood, 178

— teniata, Quoy, 178

— Tamsii, Dunker, 179

—— tessellata, Chemn., 178

tergestina, Phil., 179

zealandica, Quoy, 178

zebra, Wood, 178

Lacuna carinifera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225

Lagena californica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272

Lambidium, Link, 229

Lambidium oniscus, Linn., 229

Lampetra, 235, 237.

Lampetra ceca, Will., 241

JStuviatilis, Linn., 237

Lamottenii, Lesueur, 238

— major, Schw., 236

—— minima, Ald., 241

— neunauge, Jonston, 241

— planeri, Linn., 238

— Rondeletii, Will., 236

Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238

—— subcinerea, Salv., 238

Lampredia, Rafin., 235

Lamprostoma, Swains., 153

Lanius lictor, Licht., 44

Larus argentatus, Brunn., 142

tridactylus, Lath., 146

Latirus, Montf., 230

Laughing Hawk, The, 56

Leodia, Gray, n. g., 36

Leodia Richardsonii, Gray, n. sp., 36

Lestris cataractes, Temm., 146

Iimosa melanura, Leisler, 146

Littorina albicans, Metcalf, n. sp., 73

melanostoma, Gray, 73

—- scabra, Linn., 73

Lobophora aurita, 35

— bifissa, 35

Mancinella, Link, 230

Mancinella aculeata, Chemn., 230

armigera, Chemn., 230

Bezoar, Chemn., 230

— castanea, Link, 230

— hystrix, Linn., 230

mutabilis, Chemn., 230

Manip, 219

Manis, Linn., 219

Manis Africana, Desm., 220

—— aurita, Hodgs., 220

javanica, Desm., 218

macroura, Desm., 219

—— multiscutata, Gray, 220

—— pentadactyla, Linn., 219

—— Temminckii, Smutz, 219

—— tetradactyla, Linn., 220

Mareca penelope, Selby, 146

Margarita, Leach, 189

INDEX.

Margarita acuminata, Sow., 190

angulata, A. Adams, n. sp. 190

arctica, Gould, 189

argentea, Gould, 190

—— balteata, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 191

bicarinata, Adams & Reeve, 190

—— cerulescens, King, 191

—— calostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 190

carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 190

—— carnea, Sow., 189

cinerea, Couth., 190

costellata, Sow., 190

Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

Margarita expansa, Sow., 191

glauca, Moller, 189

—— Grenlandica, Beck, 189

helicina, O. Fab., 189

helicoides, Beck, 189

—— lineata, Sow., 192

margarita, Brown, 189

—— nitiligineus, Menke, 190

—— obscura, Couthouy, 189

sigaretina, Sow., 191

—— solariformis, Sow., 190

—— striata, Leach, 189

sulcata, Sow., 190

—— teniata, Sow., 191

—— tessellata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

undulata, Forbes, 185

, Sow., 189

—— umbilicalis, Brod. & Sow., 189

Vahlii, Moller, 189

variabilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 191

—— violacea, King, 192

—— vulgaris, Leach, 189

Medusa equorea, Linn., 272

—— aurita, Linn., 274

—— patina, Modeer, 274

—— pelagica, Linn., 274

MEGACEPHALA ZQUINOCTIALIS, Dej.,200

AUSTRALASI&®, Hope, 199

EUPHRATICA, 199

—— auanprisienaTA, Dej., 199

SENEGALENSIS, Latr., 199

—— SEPULCHRALIS, Fadr., 200

—— TESTUDINEA, Klug, 200

Mrecaronyx JEFFERSONII, 209

Megapodius Cumingii, Gould, n. sp., 119

MrcarTHerium, Cuvier, 206, 209

MEGATHERIUM CUvIERI, 209

—— Laurillardi, Lund, 209

Melagraphia, Steutz., 177

Melania circumstriata, Metcalf, n.sp., 73

—— subsuturalis, Metcalf, n. sp., 73

Mellita, 36

Mellita erythrea, Gray, n. sp., 36

—— hexapora, 36

lobata, Agassiz, 36

—— quinquefora, 36

—— similis, 36

testudinaria, 36

INDEX. 295

Merops apiaster, Linn., 145

Mesalia decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

—— striata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

Microtoma, Swains., 250

Mitra albina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 137

ameoena, 4, Adams, n. sp., 137

—— asperulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136

—— bellula, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 138

—— castanea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136

— columbellina, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 141

—— compta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134

cratitia, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132

crenilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

creniplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 139

dealbata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

—— delicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 137

—— dichroma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

—— echinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 138

exarata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 133

—— eximia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135

Jlammea, Quoy, 141

formosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 138

insculpta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133

insignis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 132

— interrupta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 135

Jukesii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139

— leta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 135

levis, 4. Addams, n. sp., 132

—— ligata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 134

— luctuosa, 4, ddams, n. sp., 133

—— macrospira, 4. ddams, un. sp., 138

Marie, 4. Adams, n. sp., 140

— marmorea, 4. ddams, un. sp., 139

—— marquesana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

—— mirabilis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 136

— multilirata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 135

nebulosa, Swains., 270

—— nitida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 134

nodilirata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 136

nodulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 140

ornata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 135

—— pallida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 139

—— Philippinarum, A. Adams, n.sp., 141

— pigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 133

propinqua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270

pura, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136

pusilla, 4. ddams, un. sp., 141

reticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 136

— rufescens, 4. ddams, n. sp., 137

— rufocincta, 4. Addams, n. sp., 134

rutila, 4. Addams, n. sp., 137

sacerdotalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 138

serotina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132

serpentina, Lamk., 270

— scitula, 4. Adams, un. sp., 138

—— straminea, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 132

— tiarella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 133

—— tigrina, 4. Adams, n. sp., 132

turricula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 139

virex, 4. Addams, n. sp., 134

Mots, 130

Monilea, Swains., 188

Monilea Benzi, Krauss, 188

callifera, Lamk., 188

calyculus, Wood, 188

kalisoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188

lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188

—— lirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188

nucleus, Phii., 188

plumbea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188

pusilla, 4. ddams, n. sp., 188

Swainsonii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 189

Monodon, Schweig., 173

Monodonta, Lamk., 157, 173

Monodonta alveolata, 4. 4ddams, n.sp., 176

angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

apicina, Menke, 171

Araonis, Bast., 158

articulata, Lamk., 178

—— aspera, Chemn., 174

aspersa, Koch., 174

— atrata, Gmel., 174

— australis, Lamk., 174

— 4accata, Menke, 174

— canalifera, Lamk., 174

— circumcincta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 175

— clathrata, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 175

— constricta, Lamk., 177

— crassa, MacGill, 179

—— Couturii, Payr., 158

— crenulata, Menke, 174

Draparnaudii, Payr., 178

— Dunkeri, Koch. 174

— edentula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 176

—— exasperata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 177

—— exigua, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

— foveolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

Fermonii, Payr., 185

Sragarioides, Lamk., 178

— gemmata, Gould, 174

inconspicua, Phil., 175

—— indecora, Phil., 174

— interrupta, Menke, 177

— Jussieu, Payr., 159

— Krausii, Phil., 159

labio, Linn., 173

— librostoma, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

— lineata, Lamk., 170

lugubris, Lamk., 179

—— lupina, Menke, 159

margaritaria, Phil., 159

melanoloma, Menke, 179

— Olivieri, Payr., 178

Patagonica, d’Orb., 158

— Philippii, Koch, 174

— Philippina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 176

punctigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

punicea, Phil., 158

—— regulosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175

ringens, Menke, 158

—— rosea, Lamk., 170

296

Monodonta rubra, A. Adams, n. sp., 176

scorpio, Gray, 179

—— spilota, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

Strangei, 4. ddams, n. sp., 177

subrostrata, Gray, 178

sulcifera, 4. ddams, n.sp., 175

— tricarinata, Lamk., 174

tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 175

tuberculata, 4. ddams, un. sp., 175

turbinata, Gmel., 173

turrita, Menke, 172

—— Vieilloti, Payr., 158

—— virgata, Menke, 171

viridis, Lamk., 176

Monodontes, Montfort, 173

Monoptygma, Lea, 222

Monoptygma ameena, 4. ddams,n.sp., 223

casta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223

fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222

granulata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 222

lauta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 223

speciosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 223

—— spirata, 4. Adams, nv. sp., 223

—— Striata, Gray, 222

—— stylina, 4. ddams, un. sp., 224

suturalis, .4. ddams, n. sp., 224

tenella, 4. Addams, n. sp., 224

Monitifringilla hematopygia, Gould, n.sp.,

115

Mordacia, Gray, 235, 239

Mordacia mordaz, Rich., 240

Morio, Montf., 229

Mortonia, Gray, n. g., 38

Mortonia australis, dgassiz, 38

Morum, Bolten, 229

Motaciila alba, Linn., 145

boarula, Linn., 142

sutoria, 194

Murex bifasciatus, A. Adams, n. sp., 269

crassus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 270

euracanthus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268

exasperatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 268

excavatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

— fusiformis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

—— inornatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269

—— iostomus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 267

lignarius, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

lyratus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

obeliscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 269

niveus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

noduliferus, Reeve, 268

pagodus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 269

pulcher, .4. ddams, un. sp., 270

—— serotinus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 268

Singaporensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 270

solidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 267

spinosus, 4. ddams, n, sp., 268

Muscicapa crinita, Linn., 51

—— Cooperi, Nuttall, 51

—— irritabilis, Viedll,, 51

INDEX.

Musculium, Link, 232

Musculium dacustre, Linn., 232

Musophaga africana, Temm., 145

Rosse, Gould, n. sp., 93

Mustela fluviatilis, Belon, 238

Myuopon, Owen, 209

My topon Darwintr, 210

Haran, 210

RoBustus, 206, 210

Myobius stolida, Gosse, 51

Myrmecobius, 218

Myroecopnaca, Linn., 217

Myrmecophaga annulata, Desm., 218

Jjubata, Linn., 217

longicaudata, 218

—— Tamandua, 218

MyrMeEcopHaGip#, 217

Nassa, 94

abbreviata, Wood, 113

—— abyssicola, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100

albescens, Dunker, 96

ambigua, Montf., 101

—— angulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 109

—— anomala, Reeve, 111

antillarum, Phil., 95

arcularia, Linn., 94

ascanias, Brug., 111

australis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 272

—— badia, 4. Adams, un. sp., 107

—— bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102

— bimaculosa, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 102

Bronnit, Phil., 104

— callosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

— callospira, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 102

— canaliculata, Lamk., 106

— cancellata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

— candens, Hinds, 95

caperata, Phil., 96

cinctella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

— cinnamomea, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 107

circumcineta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 102

clathrata, Kien, 101

— clathratula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

— celata, 4. Adams, un. sp., 97

complanata, Powis, 104

— compta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 107

concinna, Powis, 112

coronata, Brug., 94

— coronula, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 96

— corrugata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

corticata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98

costata, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 98

— costellifera, 4. ddams, nu. sp., 112

crassa, Koch, 96

cremata, Hinds, 95

crenellifera, 4. ddams, un. sp., 98

crenolirata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100

crenulata, Brug., 103

— Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

— dealbata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 112

—— decussata, Kien., 111

INDEX. 297

Nassa delicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 110

dentifera, Powis, 111

dispar, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96

distorta, 4. ddams, un. sp., 105

— dorsuosa, 4. Adams, un. sp., 102

echinata, 4. Addams, u. sp., 101

elegans, Kien., 104

exilis, Powis, 106

Jfasciata, Lam., 111

JSestiva, Powis, 111

—— filosa, Gray, 105

—— fissilabris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99

fuscata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 112

—- gaudiosa, Hinds, 104

Gayii, Kien., 112

gemma, Phil., 96

gemmulata, Lam , 95

—— gemmulifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 99

geniculata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

— gibbosula, Linn., 101

glans, Linn., 104

granifera, Kien, 101

— Gruneri, Dunker, 96

hirta, Kien., 103

—— hispida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 101

— horrida, Dunker, 101

Jonasi, Dunker, 96

Isabellei, d’Orb., 95

Jacksoniana, Kien., 103

—— Japonica, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

— labecula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 98

—_ leta, Phil., 104

—- lentiginosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

— leptospira, 4..ddams, n. sp., 103

— livescens, Phil., 95

— luctuosa, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 105

luteostoma, Kien., 95

— Lyrilla, Beck, 95

margaritifera, Dunker, 96

marginulata, Lam., 94

marmorea, 4, Adams, un. sp., 106

— micans, 4. Adams, un. sp., 106

—— miga, Adanson, 109

—— witralis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

— mesta, Hinds, 95

— monilis, Kien., 103

mucronata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105

muricata, Quoy, 101

mutabilis, Linn., 94

multicostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98

multigrana, Dunk., 112

myristicata, Hinds, 109

nana, 4. Adams, n. sp., 102

nassoides, Reeve, 103

nivea, 4. Addams, n. sp., 110

—— nodata, Hinds, 109

— nodicincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 110

— nodicostata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 99

nodifera, Phil., 95

, Powis, 103

Nassa nodulifera, Phil., 109

nucleolus, Phil., 109

obliquata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112

—— obtusata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100

—— olivacea, Brug., 106

orbiculata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 102

—— ornata, Kien., 106

— pallida, Powis, 109

pallidula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106

papillosa, Linn., 103

—— pauperata, Lam., 95

—— perpinguis, Hinds, 109

—— picta, Dunker, 104

—— planocostata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

— plicatella, 4. Adams, n. sp., 111

—— polygonata, Lam., 94

pulchella, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

pullus, Linn., 94

—— punctata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 105

—— pusio, 4. ddams, n. sp., 100

ranida, 4. Addams, n. sp., 97

—— Reevei, A. Adams, 109

Reeviana, Dunker, 104

—— retecosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97

reticulata, Linn., 112

— retusa, Lam., 113

— Roissyi, Desh., 109

rufocincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106

— rufula, Kien., 104

—— Sanctz Helene, 4. Adams, vn. sp.,

110

scabriuscula, Powis, 111

scalariformis, Val., 109

scalaris, 4. Adams, n. sp., 108

— semigranosa, Dunker, 96

— seminodosa, 4. Addams, n, sp., 104

semiplicata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

—— serotina, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

sertula, 4. Addams, n. sp., 107

signata, Dunk., 112

sinusigera, 4. Adams, n. sp., 100

—— Siquijorensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97

sordida, 4. Adams, n. sp., 97

—— speciosa, d. Addams, n. sp., 100

—— spirata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 106

—— splendidula, Dunker, 96

—— stigmaria, 4. ddams, n. sp., 96

—— stolida, 4. ddams, n. sp., 105

Sturmit, Phil., 95

—— subspinosa, Lam., 101

— succincta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

sulcata, Kien., 112

sulcifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 98

—— suturalis, Lam., 104

teretiuscula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

—— Thersites, Brug., 102

—- fiarula, Kien., 94

— trifasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112

tritoniformis, Kien., 111

—— trivittata, Say, 112

No. CCXXXVII*.—ProceepInGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

298

Nassa turrita, 4. Adams, n. sp., 110

unicolor, Kien., 106

variabilis, Phil., 103

varicifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 108

variegata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 97

venusta, Dunker, 95

verrncosa, A. ddams, n. sp., 97

vibex, Say, 101

zonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 107

Natica caribea, Phil., n. sp., 234

catenata, Phil., n. sp., 233

— Incei, Phil., n. sp., 233

—— intemerata, PAil., n. sp., 233

—— maculosa, Lam., 74

pomum, Phil., n. sp., 234

vestalis, Phil., n. sp., 234

Nauclerus furcatus, 57

Nematura, Benson, 225

Nematura Delt, Benson, 225

glabrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226

—— minima, Benson, 225

olivacea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226

polita, Sow., 226

puncticulata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 226

Nerita, 264

Neritina, 264

Neritina Beckii, Reclus., 72

crepidularia, Lam., 72

dubia, Chemn., 73

piperina, Chemn., 72

Nidalia occidentalis, Gray, 125

Nightingale, 196

Nisus chionogaster, Kaup, n. sp., 41

Novaculina olivacea, Metcalfe, n. sp., 74

Numenius arguata, Lath., 146

pheopus, Temm., 146

Nyieuan, 116

Odontis, Sow., 173 :

Edicnemus crepitans, Temm., 146

Omphatius, Phil., 156

Oniscia, Sow., 229

Oriolus galbula, Linn., 145

Ortygometra crex, Temm., 146

OrycTrRopopipm, 220

Osilinus, Phil., 177

Otavia, Risso, 157

Otina fusca, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225

Owl, The Large Long-legged, or Jumbi

Bird, 61

» The Little Long-legged, 61

——, The Smail-booted Brown, 61

Oxystele, Phil., 180

Pachyrhamphus, Gray, 45

Pachyrhamphus Aglaia, Lafr., 46

nigrescens, Cab., 46

—— pectoralis, Swains., 46

—— semifasciatus, Spiv, 46

validus, Licht., 46

Paludina Hamiltoni, Metcalfe, n. sp., 73

inflata, Menke, 189

Pandion, 55

INDEX.

Parmophora, Desh., 221

Parmophorus, Blainv., 221

Parmophorus australis, Lam., 221

breviculus, Blainv., 222

corrugatus, Reeve, 222

elongatus, Blainv., 221

—— gibbosus, Anton., 222

granulatus, Blainv., 221

— imbricatus, Quoy, 222

—— intermedius, Reeve, 88

tumidus, Quoy, 222

Partula filosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262

-—— nodosa, Pfr., n. sp., 262

Patella ambigua, Chemn., 221

erystallina, Wood, 82

elongata, Lam., 22]

—— fissura, Linn., 82

—— fissurata, Chemn., 82

Jissurella, Miller, 227

noachina, Linn., 227

— notata, Linn., 87

— octoradiata, Gmel., 90

—— tricostata, Chemn., 90

unguis, Linn., 221

Pelagia cyanella, 274

Penicillus, Da Costa, 233

Persona, Montf., 231

Perdix coturnix, Lath., 142

rubra, Briss., 142

Petromyzide, Gray, 235

Petromyzon, 235, 236

Petromyzon Americanus, Lesueur, 237

—— appendix, De Kay, 240

argenteus, Bloch, 240

—— —-—, Kirtl., 237

bicolor, Shaw, 240

branchialis, Linn., 241

—- cecus, Couch, 241

Jluviatilis, Linn., 236, 237.

Jure, M‘Cull., 236

lamproie, Bloch, 236

maculosus, Artedi, 236

marinus, Linn,, 236, 237

maximus, Cuv., 236

—— mordax, Rich, 240

—— niger, Lacép., 240

—— nigricans, Lesueur, 237

plumbeus, Shaw, 240

— Sanguisuga, Lacép., 238

— Septeil, Lacép., 240

tridentatus, Gaird., 240

Petromyzonide, 235

Petromyzonina, 235, 236

Phaéthornis griseogularis, Gould, n. sp.,

115

PuacocHe@rus Paruasit, 63

Phalium, Link, 229

Phalium erinaceum, Linn., 229

glaucum, Linn., 229

Phasianella leucostigma, Menke, 171

Pheasants, Hybrid, 62

INDEX.

Phorcus, Risso, 156

PhorcusCalifornicus, 4.4dams,n.sp., 157

carneus, Gmel., 156

cruciatus, Chemn., 156

—— dentatus, Gmel., 155

Juscescens, Phil., 157

granifer, 4. ddams, n. sp., 157

liratus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157

margarita, Risso, 189

melaleucos, Jonas, 156

modestus, Koch, 156

— nodicinctus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 157

occultus, Phil., 156

—— quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156

—— quadricostatus, Wood, 156

sealaris, Anton., 156

semigranosus, 4. ddams, n.sp., 157

—— umbilicaris, Linn., 156

—— variegatus, Chemn., 156

Photina, H. & 4. Adams, 191

Photina cerulescens, King, 191

expansa, Sow., 191

fusca, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192

lineata, Sow., 192

—— nigra, 4. ddams, n. sp., 192

Sandwichiana, 4. Adams, u.sp., 192

sigaretina, Sow., 191

— teniata, Wood, 191

violacea, King, 192

Phrynoramphus, Kaup, 52

Phrynoramphus capensis, Smith, 52

Pisidium, 232

Planaxis buccinea, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272

cingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

fulva, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

—-— |labiosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 272

— obscura, 4d. Addams, nu. sp., 271

— succincta, 4. Adams, un. sp., 271

zonata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 271

Piatyonyx, Lund, 211

PiLaryonyx Agassizii, Lund, 211

Brongniartii, 211

Bucklandi, 211

—— Cuvieri, 211

—— minutus, 21]

— Owenii, Lund, 211

Platyrhynchus capensis, Smith, 52

Polydonta, Fisch., 232

Polydonia, Schum., 153

Polydonta aspera, Chemn., 154

concinna, Phil., 154

corrugata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155

costata, Chemn., 153

-—— elegantula, Wood, 154

—— gibberula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155

Hanleyana, Reeve, 154

—— ignobdilis, Phil., 155

inequalis, Chemn., 153

incarnata, Phil. 155

inerassata, Lam., 154

— lineata, Lam., 154

299

Polydonta maculata, Linn., 153

ochroleucos, Gmel., 154

—— pallidula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 155

—— pustulosa, Phil., 155

regia, Chemn., 153

reticulata, Wood, 154

-—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154

squamigera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 155 °

Tentorium, Chemn., 153

--— tiarata, Quoy, 154

—— turris, Phil., 155

— vernalis, Chemn., 154

verrucosa, Gmel., 153

viridescens, Chemn., 154

Polygona, Schum., 230

Portax, 116

PRIODONTES GIGAS, 215

Procellaria anginho, Hein., 142

Anglorum, Temm., 142

Bulwerii, Jard., 142

Leachii, Temm., 146

obscura, Gmel., 142

—— pelayica, Linn., 146

pufinus, Linn., 142

Psaris, Cuv., 45, 46

— Aglaia, 46

— atricapillus, Gmel., 45

— brasiliensis, Swains., 46

—— cyanus, Cuv., 46

— Cuvieri, Swains., 45

erythrogenys, 47

Fraserii, Kaup, n. sp., 47

— inguisitor, d’Ord., 47

Jardinii, 47

—— major, Cab., 48

—— marginatus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

maximus, Kaup, n. sp., 46

—— minor, Kaup, n. sp., 48

Nattereri, 47

—— nigrescens, 46

—— parinus, Kaup, n. sp., 48

pectoralis, 46

— Selbyi, 47

—— semifasciatus, Spirv, 46

Surinamus, Gmel., 49

tristis, Kaup, n. sp., 48

validus, 46

versicolor, Hartl., 45

Pterocyclos biciliatum, Mousson, 72

PreRODACTYLUS BREVIROSTRIS, 15

Cuvier, Bowerbank, n.sp., 15, 29

— COMPRESSIROSTRIS, Owen, n. sp.,

21, 32

— crassrrostTris, 15, 29

—— DIOMEDEUS, Owen, 28

— GiGaNnTEvS, 14, 21, 28

—— LonerrostrRis, 15, 29

Macronyx (BucKLAnp1), 17

Ptilotis fasciogularis, Gould, n. sp., 285

Puncturella, Lowe, 227

Puncturella cognata, Gould, 228

300

Puncturella conica, D’Orb., 228

cucullata, Gould, 228

fastigiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 228

-— galeata, Gould, 228

noachina, Linn., 227

princeps, Migh. & Ad., 228

Pyramidea, Swains., 151

‘Pyramidella aclis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224

metula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 224

Pyramidellide, 264

Pyramis, Chemn., 151

Pyramis acutus, Lam., 151

architectonicus, 4. Adams. n. sp.,

152

cerulescens, Lam., 151

crenulatus, Lam., 152

dentatus, Forsk., 151

—— fenestratus, Gmel., 151

—— leucogaster, 4. Adams, n. sp., 152

—— mauritianus, Gmel., 151

— noduliferus, Lam., 151

— obeliscus, Gmel., 151

prasinus, Menke, 151

triserialis, Lam., 151

Pyreila, Swains., 231

Pyrum, Fab., 230

Pythia, Bolten, 232

Pythia scarabea, Linn., 232

Rapum, Humph., 230

Regulus, 142

Rimula, Defr., 226

Rimula carinata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 227

cognata, Gould, 228

— cucullata, Gould, 228

Cumingii, 4. ddams, n. sp., 227

exquisita, 4. ddams, n. sp., 226

—— Flemingii, Macg., 228

galeata, Gould, 228

noachina, Couth., 228

—— propinqua, 4. Adams, n. sp., 227

Rissoa, 264

Rissoa bella, A. Adams, n. sp., 267

—— elegans, 4. Addams, n. sp., 267

Rissoella, Gray, 264

Rissoine, 264

Rissoina, D’Orb., 264

Rissoina bellula, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

clathrata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

celata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 267

— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 266

—— costata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

—— d’Orbignyi, A. Adams, n. sp., 265

—— Eulimoides, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

fasciata, A. Addams, n. sp., 264

—— micans, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

—— monilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

—— nitida, A. Adams, n. sp., 266

nivea, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

—— nodicincta, 4. Adams, n. sp., 266

—— plicata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 264

—— pyramidalis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 265

INDEX.

Rissoina scalariana, 4. ddams, n. sp., 265

semiglabrata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

striolata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 266

Rotella, Lamk., 232

Rotula digitata, Agassiz, 35

Ramphii, 35

Sagmatorrhina, Bonap., 202

Sagmatorrhina Lathami, Bp., n. sp., 202

Sarcorhamphus papa, Dum., 53

Saurophagus Derbianus, Kaup, n. sp.,

43, 44

JSlavus, Gray, 44

—— lictor, Gray, 44

— pusillus, Swains., 44

sulphuratus, 44

Swainsonii, Gould, 44

Scaphorhynchus atriceps, 44

audax, 44

chrysocephalus, 44, 45

Slaviceps, 44

pitangua, 44, 45

Scarabus plicatus, Fer., 72

ScELIDOTHERIUM, 206, 210

ScELIDOTHERIUM LEPTOCEPHALUM, 210

Scolopax rusticola, Linn., 142

Scolymus, Desh., 230

Sconsia, 229

Seutella emarginata, 37

quingueloba, Esch., 37

Scutellites, Auct., 221

Scutum, Sow., 221

Scutus, De Montf., 221

Seutus angustatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 222

antipodis, Montf., 221

corrugatus, Reeve, 222

elongatus, Lam., 221

granulatus, Blainv., 221

— imbricatus, Quoy, 222

—— tumidus, Quoy, 222

unguis, Linn., 221

Setophaga, Swains., 49

Setophaga flammea, Kaup, n. sp., 50

flaveola, Lafr., 50

—— lencomphomma, Kaup, n. sp., 49

— melanocephala, 7’schudi, 50

—— wulticolor, Bonap., 50

ornata, Boss., 50

—- picta, Swains., 50

ruficapilla, Caé., 49

ruficoronata, Kaup, n. sp., 49

ruticilla, 49

tricolor, Licht., 50

—— verticalis, Lafr., 50

vulnerata, Wagl., 50

Sipho, Brown, 227

Sipho noachina, Brown, 228

Skenea serpuloides, Macgill., 185

Smithornis, Bonap., 52

Snake-eater, The Long-legged, 59

Sol, Humphrey, 232

Sphenodon, Lund, 211

INDEX.

Spirilla, Sow., 231

Spirillus, Schlut., 231

Spiziapteryx, Kaup, n. g., 42, 43

Stellaria, Schmidt, 232

Sterna Dougallii, Mont., 146

hirundo, Linn., 142

nigra, Linn., 146

Steromphala, Leach, 184

Strepsilas interpres, Leach, 146

Streptawis discus, Pfr., n. sp., 252

Strix flammea, Linn., 142

Strombus oniscus, Linn., 229

Sturnus vulgaris, Linn., 145

Subemarginula, Blainv., 89

Subemarginula alveolata, 4.4dams,n.sp.,

Arabica, 4. ddams, n. sp., 90

Australis, Quoy, 90

— catillus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

clathrata, Adams & Reeve, 90

crassilabrum, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

cratitia, 4. Adams, n. sp., 92

— denticulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

depressa, Blainv., 90

elargie, Quoy, 90

emarginata, Blainv., 89

—— galeata, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90

—— imbricata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 91

nodulosa, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

octoradiata, Gmel., 90

Panihensis, Quoy, 90

—— polygonalis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 91

—— pumila, 4. Adams, n. sp., 91

—— sculptilis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 92

tricostata, Chemn., 90

Succinea dominicensis, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Sula alba, Temm., 146

Sunetta, Link, 232

Sunetta seripta, Chemn., 232

Sutoria agilis, Nicholson, n. sp., 195

Sylvia atricapilla, Lath., 142

hortensis, Lath., 145

rubecula, Linn., 142

Talopia, Gray, 188

Tatra, 130

Tapirnus AMERICANUS, 121

Tatusia, 212

Tatusia afinis, Lund, 212

HYBRIDA, 213

SEPTEMCINCTA, 212

Tedinia, Gray, n. g., 197

Tedinia pernoides, Gray, n. sp., 198

Tegula, Less., 152

Tegula pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152

Terracua, Westw., 200, 201

Thais, Link, 230

Thais fuscus, Gmel., 230

hemastoma, Chemn., 230

— minuta, Link, 230

patula, Linn., 230

—— persica, Linn., 230

301

Thalotia, Gray, 172

Thalotia Australis, Quoy, 172

crenellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173

— elongata, Wood, 172

Lehmanni, Menke, 172

—— obscura, Wood, 172

picta, Wood, 172

pulcherrima, Wood, 172

—— pyrgos, Phil., 172

strigata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172

—— suturalis, 4. ddams, un. sp., 173

tricingulata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 173

zebrides, 4. Adams, nu. sp., 173

zebuensis, 4. ddams, n. sp., 172

Tivela, Link, 232

Tivela ¢ripla, Linn., 232

vulgaris, Chemn., 232

Todirhamphus pectoralis, Kaup, n. sp., 52

ruficeps, Kaup, n. sp., 52

Tenioptera erythropygia, Selater, n. sp.,

193

striaticollis, Sclafer, n. sp., 193

TOLYPEUTES TRICINCTUS, 216

Totanus glottis, Bechst., 146

-— hypoleucos, 146

Trachypterus vogmarus, Reinh., 117

Tringa cinerea, Temm., 146

pugnax, Linn., 146

subarquata, Temm., 146

variabilis, Meyer, 146

Triphoris albidus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278

— cingulatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 279

—— festivus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278

— labiatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 279

nigro-fuscus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278

pulchellus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 278

— scitulus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 278

variegatus, 4d. ddams, n. sp., 277

vestalis, d. ddams. n. sp., 278

Tritia concinna, Powis, 112

costellifera, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

— dealbata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112

Gayii, Kien., 112

reticulata, Linn., 112

suleata, Kien., 112

— trifasciata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 113

trivittata, Say, 112

Triton anomalus, Hinds, 111

Tritonia, Flem., 111

Tritonia varicosa, Flem., 111

Tritonium, Link, 231

Tritonella, ddams, 111

Tritonella anomala, Reeve, 111

ascanius, Brug., 111

— decussata, Kien., 111

— dentifera, Powis, 111

fasciata, Lam., 111

— festiva, Powis, 11]

fuscata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 112

mulligrana, Dunker, 112

—— obliqueplicata, Dunker, 112

302 INDEX.

Tritonella scabriuscula, Powis, 111 Trochus conuloides, Lam., 163

signata, Dunker, 112 conulus, Da Costa, 165

tritoniformis, Kien., 111 —— ——,, Donov., 164

Trochius, Leach, 177 — » Penn., 163

Trochidon, Swains., 173 conus, Gmel., 150

Trochilus amabilis, Gould, n. sp., 115 — corallinus, Gmel., 158

Trochus acutangulus, Chemn., 150 corrugatus, Koch, 159

acutus, Lam., 151 — costalis, Lovén, 190

—— Adansonii, Payr., 185 — costatus, Chemn., 153

—— Adelaide, Phil., 186 — crassus, Pult., 179

—— Agyptiacus, Gmel., 184 erenulatus, Broce., 164

—— 4Agathensis, Recl., 185 , Gmel., 152

agrestis, Chemn., 158, 180 crinitus, Phil., 179

— » Phil., 166 — cruciatus, Chemn., 156

~—— albidus, Wood, 163 —— Cumingii, 4. Addams, n. sp., 150

— annulatus, Martyn, 164 —— decoratus, Phil., 165

— Antonit, Koch, 165 —— delicatulus, Phil., 152

anus, Phil., 159 depictus, Desh., 165

argyrostomus, Chemn., 180 —— depressus, Gmel., 153

—— armiilatus, Wood, 164 — dentatus, Forsk., 151

—— asper, Chemn., 154 —- , Gmel., 156

—— asperulus, Lam., 150 — discrepans, Brown, 163

— ater, Less., 180 divaricatus, Linn., 184

— atratus, Wood, 178 —— doliarius, Chemn., 163

atropurpureus, Jonas, 180 dubius, Phil., 165

attenuatus, Jonas, 172 —— electissimus, Bean, 184

—— 4ustralis, Quoy, 171, 172 —— elegantulus, Gray, 154

badius, Wood, 170 —— elongatus, Wood, 172

bellulus, Dunker, 171 erythroleucus, Gmel., 165

Benzi, Krauss, 188 —— euryomphalus, Jonas, 181

— Biasoletti, Phil., 184 euxinicus, Andrg., 185

bicanaliculatus, Dunker, 181 exasperatus, Penn., 165

bicingulatus, Lam., 166 excavatus, Lam., 156

bicolor, Less., 191 — exiguus, Pult., 165

Brazilianus, Menke, 156 —— eximius, Reeve, 165

— Byronianus, Wood, 156 —— Fanulum, Gmel., 184

callichrous, Phil., 166 fasciatus, Born., 185+

calliferus, Lamk., 188 fastigiatus. 4. ddams, n. sp., 150

— calyculus, Wood, 188 Jenestratus, Gmel., 151

— canaliculatus, Phil., 185 —— filosus, Wood, 165

Capensis, Gmel., 185 Jormosus, Forbes, 163

—— carinatus, Koch, 181 JSoveolatus, Gmel., 151

cariniferus, Beck., 152 Sragilis, Pult., 163

—— carneus, Gmel., 156 Sulguratus, Phil., 179

—— castaneus, Nutt., 165 Jumosus, Phil., 186

—— chlorostomus, Menke, 166 Juscatus, Born., 184

cicer, Menke, 181 JSuscescens, Phil., 157

ciliaris, Menke, 165 —— Gabaldianus, 185

cinerarius, Linn., 184 gallina, Forbes, 182

, Pult., 185 —— gemmosus, Reeve, 165

cinereus, Da Costa, 156 —— gilvus, Phil., 166

, Mont., 184 granatum, Gmel., 164

cingulatus, Quoy, 178 granulatus, Born., 163

clanguloides, Gray, 158 — Guianicus, Chemn., 158

clangulus, Gray, 158 Guineensis, Gmel., 158

—— Clelandi, Wood, 166 —— Hanleyanus, Reeve, 154

— cerulescens, Lam., 151 ignobilis, Phil., 155

concameratus, Wood, 178 —— impervius, Menke, 182

concavus, Linn., 152 —— inequalis, Chemn., 153

—— concinnus, Phil., 154 —— incarnaius, Phil., 155

conicus, Donoy., 165 —— incrassatus, Lam., 154

Trochus indecorus, Phil., 179

indistinctus, Wood, 164

inflatus, Blainv., 184

—— interruptus, Wood, 164

iridis, Chemn., 169

—— iris, Gmel., 169

—— irisodontes, Quoy, 171

Jucundus, Gould, 185

Jjujubinus, Gmel., 165

Kochii, Phil., 152

— levigatus, Gmel., 181, 185

» Phil., 165

— levis, Chemn., 181

Langieri, Payr., 164

Lehmanni, Menke, 172

leucostigma, Menke, 171

—— ligatus, Gould, 165

—— limbatus, Quoy, 158

lineatus, Da Costa, 184

, Forbes, 179

, Lam., 154

lineolatus, Potiez, 184

Listeri, Wood, 152

—— littoralis, Brown, 184

— Ludwigi, Krauss, 159

—- lugubris, Lam., 181

luridus, Nutt., 166

—— Lyonsii, Leach, 163

maculatus, Linn., 153

magulus, Desh., 184

magus, Linn., 184

. margaritus, Gray, 189

marginatus, Nutt., 181

—— Martini, Smith, 166

marmoratus, Lam., 150

—— Matonii, Payr., 164

—— Maugeri, Wood, 158

mauritianus, Gmel., 151

maximus, Koch, 150

mediterraneus, Wood, 158

—— melaleucos, Jonas, 156

melanoloma, Phil., 179

merula, Chemn., 181

metaformis, Phil., 166

— microstomus, D’Orb., 181

—— miliaris, Scacc., 166

—— millegranius, Phil., 166

— miniatus, Anton., 166

— minutus, Chemn., 165

— modestus, Koch, 156

— mestus, Jonas, 180

Montagui, Gray, 164

multicolor, Krauss, 185

nassaviensis, Chemn., 185

neritoides, Gmel., 189

nigerrimus, Gmel., 180

— niloticus, Linn., 150

nitens, Woodw., 185

— nitiduius, Phil., 169

nitiligineus, Menke, 190

noduliferus, Lam., 151

INDEX.

Trochus notatus, Gmel., 169

—w

nucleus, Phil., 188

obeliscus, Gmel., 151

obliquatus, Gmel., 186

obliqueradiatus, Chemn., 185

obscurus, Wood, 172

occidentalis, Migh., 163

occultus, Phil., 156

ochroleucos, Gmel., 154

ochroleucus, Phil., 159

odontis, Wood, 182

ornatus, Lamk., 164

papillosus, Da Costa, 163

parvus, Da Costa, 165

patholatus, Dillw., 185

pellis-serpentis, Wood, 152

perforatus, Smith, 184

personatus, Phil., 159

perspectivus, Koch, 166

Pfeifferi, Phil., 181

Pharaonis, Linn., 157

Philherti, Recl., 185

pictus, Wood, 172

porcatus, Phil., 172

prasinus, Menke, 151

Preissii, Menke, 172

pulcherrimus, Wood, 172

pulligo, Martyn, 182

punctatus, Ren., 164

punctulatus, Blainy., 179

purpuratus, Martyn, 169

pustulosus, Phil., 155

pyramidatus, Lam., 164

Pyramis, Gmel., 164

pyrgos, Phil., 172

quadratus, Gmel., 184

quadricarinatus, Gmel., 156

quadricostatus, Gray, 156

Rackettii, Payr., 184

radiatus, Chemn., 152

, Phil., 185

radula, Phil., 178

rarilineatus, Mich., 184

regius, Chemn., 153

reticularis, Wood, 178

reticulatus, Gray, 154

Richardi, Payr., 181

rotelliformis, Phil., 186

rubro-flammulatus, Koch, 156

rusticus, Gmel., 180

saga, Phil., 152

sagittiferus, Lam., 181

Sartorii, Arad., 165

sauciatus, Koch, 181

scaber, Linn., 184

scabrosus, Phil., 159

scalaris, Anton., 156

Sedgwickii, Sow., 163

selectus, Chemn., 163

signatus, Jonas, 172

sinensis, Gmel., 181

304

Trochus Sisyphinus, Macg., 163

Smithii, Gray, 158

spadiceus, Phil., 159

—— Spengleri, Chemn., 154

—— spinosus, Lam., 150

stellatus, Chemn., 153

stenomphalus, Jonas, 181

striatus, Forbes, 164

, Linn., 165

—— strigillatus, Anton., 152

strigosus, Gmel., 166

striolatus, Quoy, 178

—— suavis, Phi]., 182

— subucula, Chemn., 158

—— subviridis, Phil., 154

— sulcatus, Wood, 178

tabularis, Krauss, 181

—— teniatus, Quoy, 178

, Wood, 191

Tamsii, Dunker, 179

—— Tentorium, Chemn., 153

—— tenuis, Mont., 163

tergestinus, Phil., 179

— tessellatus, Chemn., 178

—— tiaratus, Quoy, 154

— tigrinus, Chemn., 180

torulosus, Phil., 156

Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164

tricolor, Risso, 164

—— tridens, Jonas, 18]

triserialis, Lam., 151

tuberculatus, Da Costa, 184

tumidus, Mont., 184

turbinoides, Desh., 185

turgidulus, Broce., 159

turris, Phil., 155

— umbilicalis, Da Costa, 185

—— umbilicaris, Lamk., 184

—— — , Linn., 156

—— ——,, Penn., 185

-— umbilicatus, Mont., 185

varians, Desh., 185

variegatus, Chemn., 156

varius, Gmel., 185

—— vermis, Gmel., 154

vernalis, Chemn., 154

verrucosus, Gmel., 153

—— versicolor, Andrg., 184

vinctus, Phil., 166

violaceus, Risso, 163

virgatus, Gmel., 151

viridescens, Chemn., 154

viridis, Gmel., 154

—— viridulus, Gmel., 156

—— vittatus, Lam., 165

vulneratus, Phil., 185

Zealandicus, Quoy, 178

zebra, Wood, 178

zebrinus, Phil., 179

ziziphinus, Linn., 163

Troglodytes Gorilla, 263

INDEX,

Troglodytes europeus, Selby, 145

Tubicanthus, Swains., 232

Tudicla spirillus, Link, 231

Tugali, Gray, 88

Tugali carinata, 4, Adams, n. sp., 89

cicatricosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

cinerea, Gould, 88

—— decussata, 4. Adams, n. sp., 89

—— elegans, Gray, 88

—— intermedia, Reeve, 88

—- ossea, Gould, 88

parmophoroidea, Quoy, 89

—— radiata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89

scutellaris, 4. ddams, n. sp., 89

Turbinellus, Gray, 230

Turbo carneus, Lowe, 190

cinereus, Couth., 190

declivis, Forsk., 184

helicinus, O. Fab., 189

incarnatus, Couth., 190

— inflatus, Totten., 189

lineatus, Da Costa, 179

—— lunaris, Chemn., 178

—— margarita, Mont., 189

—— nigerrimus, Gmel., 178

obscurus, Couth., 190

pica, Chemn., 179

—— sanguineus, Gmel., 184

Turdus iliacus, Linn., 145

merula, Linn., 142

—— musicus, Linn., 145

Tyrannula, Swains., 51

Tyrannula Cooperi, Nutt., 51

crinita, Linn., 51

Gossii, Bonap., 51

—— Mexicana, Kaup, n, sp., 51

stolida, Gosse, 51

Umbonium, Link, 232

Umbonium eaxcisum, Chemn., 232

vestiarium, Linn., 232

Upupa epops, Linn., 145

Vanellus cristatus, Meyer, 146

Vanganella, Gray, n. g., 125

Vanganella Taylorii, Gray, n. sp., 125

Vasum, Link, 123

Vasum ceramicum, Linn., 231

Velasia, 235, 239

Velasia Chilensis, 239

Velutina Sitkensis, 4. Adams, n. sp., 225

Verpa, Bolten, 232

Verpa penis, Linn., 232

Volema, Link, 230

Vultur iota, 53

papa, Linn., 53

Vulture, The King, 53

Xancus, Bolten, 230

Xancus maculatus, Link, 230

pyrum, Linn., 230

Xenurus, Wagler, 214

Xenorvs antiquus, Lund, 215

nudicaudis, Lund, 215

INDEX.

“XENURUS UNICINCTUS, 215

Ziziphinus, Leach, 163

Ziziphinus agrestis, Phil., 166

alabastrum, Beck, 163

annulatus, Martyn, 164

— Antonii, Koch, 165

armillatus, Wood, 164

—— asperulatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168

—— bicingulatus, Lamk., 166

—— Californicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168

canaliculatus, Gray, 163

—— chlorostomus, Menke, 166

—— ciliaris, Menke, 165

conulus, Linn., 163

—— Cunninghami, Gray, 164

—— decoratus, Phil., 165

—— decussatus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167

—— doliarius, Chemn., 163

—— dubius, Phil., 165

— — duplicatus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 168

—— elegantulus, 4. Addams, n. sp., 167

exiguus, Pult., 165

—— eximius, Reeve, 165

—— filosus, Wood, 165

gemmosus, Reeve, 165

—— gilvus, Phil., 166

—— granatum, Gmel., 164

granulatus, Born., 163

indistinctus, Wood, 164

305

Ziziphinus interruptus, Wood, 164

Japonicus, 4. d4dams,~n. sp., 167

—— jujubinus, Gmel., 165

—— levigatus, Phil., 165

Langieri, Payr., 164

luridus, Nutt., 166

—— metaformis, Phil., 166

—— millegranus, Phil., 166

—— miniatus,. Anton., 166

—— Montagui, Gray, 164

—— nebulosus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 168

—— ornatus, Lam., 164

—— perspectivus, Koch, 166

picturatus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 168

polychroma, 4. Addams, n. sp., 168

—— pyramidatus, Lamk., 164

—— pyramis, Gmel., 164

—— rubropunctatus, 4. Adams, n. sp.,

167

—— selectus, Chemn., 163

—— striatus, Linn., 165

—— strigosus, Gmel., 166

—— Ticaonicus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 167

—— tigris, Gray, 163

Tranquebaricus, Chemn., 164

unicinctus, 4. ddams, n. sp., 167

—— vulgaris, Gray, 163

zonamestus, 4. Adams, n. sp., 166

ERRATA.

Page 125, Art. 3, for VANGANELLA read Resania.

” ”

for VANGANELLA Tay.orit read Resanta TAYLORII.

Page 183, line 38, for CHLOROSTOMA TURBINATUM read C. FUSCUM.

Printed by Taytor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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REPTILIA, PLATE V.

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PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART XX.

1852.

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY ;

SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,

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LIST

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Apvams, ArTuurR, Esq., R.N., F.L.S. &c. page

Descriptions of New Shells, from the Cumingian Collection.

Descriptions of a New Genus, and of several New Species,

of Mollusca, from the Cumingian Collection..............

Barrp, WixiiAM, M.D., F.L.S. &e.

Monograph of the Family Apodide, a Family of Crusta-

ceans belonging to the Division Entomostraca; with a De-

scription of a New Species of Apus, and Two Species of

Ostracoda belonging to the Genus Cypris...............-.

Monograph of the Family Branchipodide, a Family of

Crustaceans belonging to the Division Entomostraca ; with a

Description of a New Genus and Species of the Family, and

Two New Species belonging to the Family Limnadiadee ....

Bropveripr, WitviaM Jouy, Esq., B.A., F.R.S., V.P.Z.8, &e.

Exhibition of a Picture containing a figure of the Dodo ..

Bureess, Lieutenant.

Note on the Indian Weaver-bird (Ploceus Philippensis) . .

Davipson, Tuomas, Esq., F.G.S. &e.

Descriptions of a few New recent Species of Brachiopoda. .

Desuayes, M. G. P. page

Descriptions of Twenty New Species of the Genus Cardita,

from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. .............. 100

Fiower, W. H., Esq.

Notes on the Dissection of a Species of Galago.......... 73

Fraser, Louis, Esq.

Description of a New Species of dnomalurus, from Fer-

NANA SOMOS, BASES Hoey a) Gl eaten), OEE OG

Description of a New Species of Hyraz, from Fernando Po. 99

Goutp, Joun, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

Onthe Genus taping oS th A er eee eens

Gray, Georce Roser, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S. &e.

On a New Species of Suthora, from China ............ 70

On the Species of the Genus Sericinus ................ 70

Gray, Joun Epwarp, Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. Xe.

On the Painted Pig of the Camaroons (Potamocherus peni-

EARN A ook ODEN alo’ < o3guiey pee vais 9 ea ge eee 129

On the Horns of the Sanga, or Galla Oxen, of Gibba .... 132

Description of a New Genus and some New Species of Tor-

tolsess eitide tS -citt So -Wlauwos Lae ven 4-8 he mitenemeetboo

Huxtey, Tuomas, Esq., F.R.S.

On the Anatomy and Development of Echinococcus veteri-

NOPUMs bol. SLewGA- & Wea pes sete? -e id veda 110

Kavp, Dr.

On the Classification of the Strigide.................. 88

Lyaut, Davin, M.D., R.N.

On the Habits of Strigops habroptilus, or Kakapo ...... 31

Owen, Ricuarp, Esq., F.R.S. &e.

Notes on the Eggs and Young of the Aptery«, and on the

Casts of the Eggs and certain Bones of Apyornis (Isid.

Geoffroy), recently transmitted to the acePege eeeeE of

London 3 i vies sole auntie eee ete

Notes on the Soatomy of the Tree- ake (Dendrola-

gus inustus, Gould). . A ee es | i tN

Prcus, Lieutenant.

On the Habits of the Mungoos (Herpestes griseus) ......

Preirrer, Dr. Lupwie.

Descriptions of Sixty-six New Land Shells, from the Col-

lection of H. Cuming, Esq. opie a eee

Descriptions of Eighteen New Species of Land Shells, £ from

the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. 0 oj8 Siena

Descriptions of Fourteen New Species of Land Shells, from

the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. ;

Descriptions of Twenty-four New Species of Land Shells,

collected by M. Sallé on the Island of St. Domingo, from

Mr. Cuming’s Collection atone ane

Descriptions of Fourteen New a of - Operer culated Land

Shells, from Mr. Cuming’s Collection Prete bine | ha

Descriptions of Twelve ee of Land Shells, f from New

Zealand se Aaa oo sie: Soe

Descriptions of Eight aoa of Land 1 Shells, | from the

Petia, Wamridas, |... ee one ae ns os ne eee

Descriptions of Nineteen New Species of Land Shells, col-

lected by M. Bourcier, Consul-General, Quito ..........

Descriptions of Eighteen New Species of Land Shells, from

the Collection of H. Cuming, Esq. ihe TEE ee

Reeve, Lovett, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Description of a New Species of Helix, from Van Diemen’s

Land

Descriptions of New Species of Paludomus, a Genus of

Freshwater Mollusks

page

. 103

. 126

Scrater, Puruie Lutyey, Esq., F.Z.S. page

On Two New Species of South American Birds ........ 34

Scott, A. W., Esq., M.A.

On Oystesama Sawnterstin 03m cesta ie ee ed + ee 14

StrickLanp, Hues Epwin, Esq.

On some Bones of Birds allied to the Dodo ............ 75

Tuompson, Captain J. WycLirre.

Note on the Gouwa (Bos frontalis) of Western India,

called “the Bison” by English residents ................ 96

Wauuace, Atrrep R., Esq.

Qn the Monkeys of the Amazon... seen eee eae 107

Watrottz, the Hon. F., Lieut. R.N.

Notes on the Didunculus, a Species of Pigeon, supposed to

be peculiar to the Navigator’s Islands .................. 87

Westwoop, J. O., Esq., F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. &e.

Descriptions of New Species of Clerid@, from Asia, Africa,

ANC PATISCEAILA Vey ee Res cigs. cache neki cck oosareenee 34

Yarrewz, Wii, Esq., F.L.S., F.Z.S. &e.

Exhibition of Echiodon Drummondii...........-...... 14

LIST OF PLATES.

1852.

MAMMALIA.

Plate Page

XXXII. Anomalurus Beecrofti, Fraser........000 00. 0c cece eens 16

XXXIII. Hyrax dorsalis, Fraser .......... sc cece eceeeeteeee 99

XXXIV. Potamocherus penicillatus, Gray ......-...--0. 0. enue 129

AVES.

XLVI. Eggs of Apteryx Mantelli, &c. &e. 0.0... 0. cece eee ee 9

XLVII. Culicivora Boliviana, Sclater.......... 000.0 cece ees 34

XLVIII. Pipra flavo-tincta, Sclater .......... 0.60 c eee e ee 34

XLIX. Suthora Webbiana, G. R. Gray ........ 006 c cece eee 70

MOLLUSCA.

XIII. Helix Launcestonensis, &ec. &e. &e. «1... ee eee 31; 144

XIV. Mr. Davidson’s New Species of Brachiopoda .......... 75

Esk } tr. Adams’s New Species of Shells............00000- 90

XVII. M. Deshayes’s New Species of Cardita ............4. 100

ANNULOSA.

MXIT. “Cystosoma Saundersty... 0. 000% 660 ccccs ovine selec ¢ vies 14

XXII. | Dr. Baird’s New Species of Apodide and wibeisen 1&18

XXIII. PION “ie SOONER b c+. 0. TODO OREO D Oe et Cle cc

XXIV.

Koa Mr. Westwood’s New Species of [email protected]. 34

XXVII. J

ae } Mr. Huxley on Echinococcus ........ 0c cece cece eevee 110

ao 7 oe". ee a J 73 is.

phen vee fe a re he, A a 2 ae i a

. ™ ,

ia ea Rao ar, 4 <<.

eo Le a Th .

«J vad

* Fy e

~wi i

i ene. Pare e Liresale none HR, Faxs?

7 ee he

- Lae

Bee Feo PB © =

+ sala Sm

eee “SAT, Fleas, Since

Bs PC eb Vena ut Parapet

> o) end Fea ery) ee

ue Cage Wie ee.

y eee. eee r 2,4: Be.

See one aor

Pai

oy 4 x on, «eee ay tse Pameas ip

& 2 ia, Ree

Proc. Z.S.Amulosa. XXII.

lApus domingensis. 2 Lepidurus glacialis. 3.4 Streptocephalus similis

W. Ving ith Ford & West Imp

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 13, 1852.

W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. MonoGraru or THE Famity Apopip#, A Faminy or Crus-

TACEANS BELONGING TO THE Drvist1on ENTOMOSTRACA ;

WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF APUS, AND TWO

SPECIES OF OsTRACODA BELONGING TO THE GENUS CypRIs.

By W. Barro, M.D., F.L.S. etc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XXII. XXIII.)

In drawing up this communication, one of the objects I had in view

was to call the attention of the members of this Society to a group

of animals which must be very numerous, especially in warm climates,

but which nevertheless have been but little attended to. The ani-

mals to which I propose directing your attention belong to that very

interesting division of the great class Crustacea, called Entomos-

TrAcA. The chief interest attached to these creatures, most of

which are very small, is derived from watching their gambols in

their native element, and examining by the aid of the microscope the

wonderful beauty of their various organs, especially their organs of

motion and breathing. Unfortunately few naturalists, comparatively

speaking, have paid much attention to them, and collectors of objects

of Natural History have generally, perhaps from their minuteness,

overlooked them almost entirely. Those however who have watched

these little creatures, whether sporting in the freshwater ponds and

lakes of the interior, or illuming the bosom of the ocean with their

brilliant phosphorescent light, have not failed to be struck with the

beauty and elegance of their forms,—a beauty and elegance which it

is difficult to describe, and the attempt to do which has caused the

grave naturalist Otho Fredericus Miiller involuntarily to rise into the

language of poetry.

No. CCXXXVIII.—Procegpines or THE ZOOLOGICAL Society.

The largest species of Entomostraca belong to the order Phyllo-

poda, and the beauty of their movements through the water and the

symmetry of their various organs of motion are truly exquisite.

The family Apodide contains the largest individuals, though as yet

the number of species described is not great. One species of the

family was known to Linnzeus, who mentions, in the first edition of

his ‘ Fauna Suecica’ (1746), having seen a specimen in 1728 at the

house of a naturalist in London, who told him he had received it

from Prussia. Jacob Frisch * had, previously to the publication of

the ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ made known and figured a species, specimens of

which he had received from Klein, then at Dantzic, who had found it

in East Prussia. Specimens of this species were sent soon afterwards

by Klein to London to Sir Hans Sloane, and at the very same time

(1738) this species was found also in England in a pond on Bexley

Heath by the Rev.Lyttleton Brown. Klein’s notice, previously sent to

Sir Hans Sloane, and Mr. Brown’s description, were published simul-

taneously in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ of that year. Several

species have since then been discovered, natives of various parts of

the globe and having a wide geographical range. They have been

found in different parts of Europe, in North Africa, in North Ame-

rica, even as high as the borders of the Arctic Ocean, in the West

Indies, and in Australia.

The Family Apodide (belonging to the Order Phyllopodd) may be

thus characterized :-—

Pedes branchiales, paribus sexaginta. Antenne breves, styli-

Sormes, pari singulo. Oculi duo, sessiles. Corpus numerose

articulatum, parte majore clypeo magno obtectum.

The feet, consisting of 60 pairs, are all formed for the purpose of

breathing with, and not for locomotion, the first pair alone being pro-

vided, in addition to the branchial plates, with organs adapted for

assisting the animal in swimming. The first pair are the largest,

and after the second pair they become gradually smaller as they de-

scend, until the last few pairs become almost obsolete. The animals

generally swim on their back, and these branchial feet are in constant

motion even when the animal is at rest. The body is cylindrical,

elongated, consisting of numerous segments, and the upper half, or

more in some species, is covered by a large shield-shaped carapace or

buckler. This carapace protects the vital parts, and is furnished with

a peculiar structure in its substance for increasing the extent of its

branchial apparatus. The antennz are smallorgans and in number only

one pair, short and styliform. The eyes are two in number, compound,

lunate-shaped, and are sessile, being placed on the upper and central

portion of the carapace. The young have only one eye, which gra-

dually disappears as moulting goes on, until the mark merely remains.

This is generally described as a third eye, but according to Zaddach

the two compound eyes ouly are provided with optic nerve, pigment

and cornea. ‘The caudal segment of the body gives off two long and

very numerously articulated cylindrical setze or filaments which are

more or less provided with short hairs from each side.

* Insecten in Deutschland, 1732.

Only one genus of this family is recognized by M. Milne-Edwards

in his work on the Crustacea, though Dr. Leach had many years

ago established a second ; the character upon which that genus was

founded by Leach is not considered by M. Edwards as of generic

importance ; but having observed another character equally remark-

able, which occurs in all the known species of the group which that

genus represents, I consider Leach’s genus ought to be adopted, and

I now propose giving the characters of the two genera at greater

length than they have yet been done.

Genus Apus, Scopoli.

Clypeus corneo-coriaceus. Corpus molle, cylindricum. — Seg-

mentum caudale lamina producta non instructum. Pedum

primi paris appendices, aut rami, longissimi, flewibiles.

In the genus Apus, the tail-segment of the body is rounded, and

has no plate or prolongated appendage between the two long setz

or filaments. The first pair of feet are very long, dividing into three

cylindrical branches, the external one of which is very long, in some

species equalling in length the whole body with the tail filaments in-

cluded : they are very flexible, possess much motion, and are very

conspicuous. These organs at once distinguish the genus, and they

possess the same general character in all the species hitherto known.

Four species have only as yet been described, and I now propose to

add to that number a fifth.

1. Apus cancrirormis, Scheeffer. Clypeo corporis plusquam

dimidiam partem tegente, ovato, olivaceo, corneo ; ramo externo

pedum primi paris longitudine elypeum equante.

Long. toti corporis 24 poll. ; lat. clypei 14 poll.

Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos-

traca, Ray Society’s Publications, 1850.”

Hab. In Europa; detecta in Anglia, Gallia, Borussa, &c. In Africa

Septentrionali ; detecta in Tunisia, collegit Dominus L. Frazer; in

Algeria, collegit M. Lucas. Museum Britannicum.

The colour of this species is brownish yellow or olive clouded with

marks of a deeper hue. The carapace is oval and extends over nearly

two-thirds of the body of the animal. The keel which runs down the

centre of the carapace is pretty strong, and the deep notch at the po-

sterior extremity is lunated in shape and has its edges finely toothed.

The external branch of the first pair of feet is about the length of the

carapace, while the caudal setz are nearly as long as the whole body,

and are covered with numerous short hairs. The abdominal portion

of the body not covered by the carapace is studded all over with cir-

cular rows of stout hooked spines of a dark brown colour.

2. Apus Guitpineu, Thompson. Clypeo corporis vix dimi-

diam partem tegente, quadrato, membranaceo, nigrescente ;

ramo eaterno pedum primi paris longissimo, totum corpus, fila-

mentis caudalibus inclusis, excedente.

Apus Guildingi, Thompson, Zoological Researches, Fase. y. 108.

t. 6. f. 3; M. Edwards’s Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 561.

Hab. In Insula “St. Vincent’s,”’ India Occidentali ; Rev. Lans-

downe Guilding.

Mr. Thompson in his ‘ Zoological Researches’ remarks: “I re-

ceived this species of Apus together with the Artemis Guildingt

from the West Indies, and having as yet no details, must leave its

history in the hands of its distinguished discoverer. It is of a light

blackish colour, the clypeus translucent, almost membranous, and

shorter in proportion than in any of the known species, with the

extreme branch of the anterior member extremely long.’ Unfor-

tunately we have no further history of this species from its discoverer

the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding, but the short square-shaped cara-

pace and the extreme length of the external branch of the first pair

of feet sufficiently distinguish it.

3. Arus tonercaupatTus, Le Conte. Clypeo corporis tertiam

partem non multo magis tegente, rotundato, subfusco ; ramo

externo pedum primi paris longitudine clypeum excedente ;

corporis postica parte longissima, cylindrica.

Long. toti corporis 1°5 poll., clypei °65 poll. ; lat. clypei ‘7 poll.

Apus longicaudatus, Le Conte, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. iv. 155. t. 9.

Hab. In America boreali. ‘“ In a shallow lake on the high plateau

between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek, N.E. of Long’s Peak”

(Le Conte).

This species is readily distinguished by the extraordinary length

of the abdominal portion of the body. The carapace is rounded,

somewhat truncated at the anterior extremity, and having the two

extremities of the fork terminating in a very sharp point. It does

not cover much more than one-third of the body, and is thin in

substance. The external branch of the first pair of feet is long, ex-

ceeding considerably the length of the carapace. The caudal fila-

ments are about the length of the abdomen. Mr. Le Conte says

that the species was found in immense numbers in a small shallow

lake on the high plateau between Lodgepole Creek and Crow Creek,

N.E. of Long’s Peak, near the Rocky Mountains. ‘They were

swimming about with great activity, plunging to the bottom and

rising to the surface.”

4, Apus ostusus, James. Species hec reperta a Domino James

in “ Major Long’s Expedition to the Rocky Mountains,” non

satis bene descripta necnon delineata est.

Long. clypei °3 poll. ; lat. clypei 4? poll.

Apus obtusus, James, Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, ii. 336.

Hab. In America boreali. “ Rain-water puddles on the Platte

river, near the Rocky Mountains” (James).

This species is very briefly described by Mr. James. “ In rain-

water puddles,” he says, “we remarked a new species of Branchio-

pode belonging to the genus Apus; small crustaceous animals, which

exhibit a miniature resemblance to the King or Horse-shoe Crab

(Limulus polyphemus) of our own sea-coast, but which are furnished

with about 60 pairs of feet, and swim upon their back. The basins

of water which contained them had been very much diminished by

evaporation and infiltration, and were now crowded to excess, prin-

cipally with the Apus, great numbers of which were dying upon the

surrounding mud, whence the water had receded. This species is

distinguished from the productus of Bose and Montagui of Leach,

by not having the dorsal carina prolonged in a point behind; and

from cancriformis by the greater proportional width of the thorax,

and more obtuse emargination behind. The length of the thorax along

the middle is three-tenths of an inch and its greatest breadth some-

what more. It may be named Apus obtusus.”—Note 7. p. 336.

5. Apus Domineensis, Baird, sp. nov. (Tab. XXII. fig. 1). Cly-

peo corporis dimidiam partem tegente, rotundo, tenui, corneo ;

ramo externo pedum primi paris corpus equante.

Long. toti corporis 1 poll. ; lat. clypei # poll.

Hab. In Insula St. Domingo, India Occidentali. Collegit M. Salle.

Museum Britannicum.

Though a native of the West Indies, this species may be easily

distinguished from 4. Guildingit by its round-shaped carapace of a

horny colour covering half the body of the animal, and its external

branch of the first pair of feet only the length of the body, while in

A, Guildingii it exceeds the whole body and caudal filaments in-

cluded. The carina down the centre of the carapace, and the fork

which it takes at the anterior extremity where the division into ce-

phalic and thoracic portions takes place, are marked throughout

their length with a deep brown colour, as are also the short stout

spines on the abdominal portion of the body. These are straight,

not hooked as in some of the other species. The caudal filaments

are nearly the length of the body, and are covered with very nume-

rous, extremely short setee. The oviferous feet are present in all the

specimens I have examined, but none contain any ova.

Genus Leripurus, Leach.

Clypeus corneo-coriaceus. Corpus molle, cylindricum. Segmentum

caudale lamina producta instructum. Pedum primi paris ap-

pendices, aut rami, brevissimi.

In the genus Lepidurus the tail-segment of the body, which in

Apus is rounded, is furnished with a flap or plate of considerable

size extending to some distance between the long setze or filaments.

The first pair of feet, compared with those of Apus, are extremely

short and comparatively inconspicuous. These two characters at once

distinguish the genus, of which only three species have as yet been de-

scribed. In other respects it resembles perfectly the genus dpus.

Scheeffer is the first author who has distinctly described any spe-

cies belonging to the genus Lepidurus. Linnzeus’s description of

the ‘ Monoculus cauda biseta”’ in the first edition of the ‘ Fauna

Suecica,’ will apply to either the Apus or Lepidurus. He quotes

Frisch’s figure, and states, as I have mentioned above, that he had

seen a specimen in London. We might conclude from this that it

was the Apus cancriformis he had in view ; but in the second edition

of the ‘Fauna’ (1761), he distinctly mentions, in his brief descrip-

tion, that the tail was furnished with two long sete, with a flap inter-

posed between them. As in this edition he continues to refer to

Frisch’s figure, and adds that of Klein, in the ‘ Philosophical Trans-

actions,’ it is evident he confounded two species together ; and as the

Lepidurus productus (the Apus productus of authors) is perhaps the

more common species of the two on the Continent, it is most proba-

ble that he had it in view when he wrote, but erroneously referred

to the species figured by Frisch and Klein as identical with it.

The three species which have been described are—

1, Leptpurvs propuctus, Bose. Clypeo corporis magis quam

tres partes tegente, ovato, elongato, olivaceo-viridi ; setis caude

pennatis ; lamina caudali elongato-ovata, carinata, setis brevi-

bus numerosis obsita.

Long. toti corporis 2} poll. ; lat. clypei 1 poll.

Pro Synonymis vide M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 560.

Hab. In Europa; detecta in Gallia, Suecia, Borussa, &e. Museum

Britannicum.

This species is of an olive-green hue, and is smaller than the dpus

cancriformis. 'The carapace is of an oval form and covers more

than two-thirds of the body. The notch at its posterior part is less

deeply lunated than in Apus cancriformis, and the keel which runs

down its centre is well-marked. The flap of the caudal segment is

of an elongated oval shape and has a keel running down its centre,

which, as well as its edges, are finely serrated, or beset with nume-

rous short setae. The tail-setze are also furnished on each side with

numerous short hairs, which, when magnified, present a fine plu-

mose appearance. The first pair of feet or rami are very small, and

when the animal lies prone are indistinctly visible.

2. Lepipurus GuLactiALis, Kroyer (Tab. XXII. fig. 2). Clypeo

corporis tres partes tegente, rotundato, viridi ; setis caude plu-

mosis ; lamina caudali abbreviata, subquadrata, denticulata.

Long. toti corporis | poll. ; lat. clypei *5 poll.

Apus glacialis, Kroyer, Voy. en Scandinavie, Lapponie, &c. t. 40.

]

Hab. In America boreali; detecta ad ‘Cape Krusenstern”’ mense

Augusti 1849. Collegit Dominus J. Rae. Museum Britannicum.

This species is smaller than the preceding, and of a green colour,

having the carapace of a rounded form with a sharp keel running

down the centre. It covers rather more than two-thirds of the body,

and has the notch at its posterior extremity small and finely toothed

on its edges. The spines on the body are small and of the same

colour as the body itself. The first pair of feet or rami are very

short, scarcely visible when the animal is in a prone position beyond

the edge of the carapace. The tail-setze are finely plumose, and the

flap between them is of a somewhat square shape, short and toothed

on its edges.

3. Lepipurvus viripts, Baird. Clypeo corporis magis quam di-

midiam partem tegente, rotundato-ovali, viridi, valide carinata ;

setis caude brevi-pilosis ; lamina caudali ovali-lunceolata, cart-

nata, denticulata.

Long. toti corporis 2 poll. ; lat. clypei 1 poll.

Lepidurus viridis, Baird, Proceedings of Zool. Soc. 1850, t. 17. f.1.

Hab. “Van Diemen’s Land.” Museum Britannicum.

This species resembles considerably the Lepidurus productus. It

is two inches long, and has the tail-setze nearly as long as the body.

The carapace and whole body are of a fine green colour; the cara-

pace of a rounded oval form and covering about two-thirds of the

body. The edges of the notch in the posterior part of the carapace

are strongly toothed, and those of the inferior half of the carapace

are very finely serrated. The keel running down the centre is well

marked and projects a short way beyond the edge of the notch. The

tail-setee are beset with very numerous short hairs, and the flap be-

tween them is of an oval lanceolate form, and has the keel beset

with short sharp spines and the edges finely serrated. The first pair

of feet or rami only slightly extend beyond the edge of the carapace.

Spurious Species.

Apus caudatus, De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, Part 6, Crustacea,

p- 61.

In the Journal of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia for

1818, vol. i, Mr. Say describes a parasitic Crustacean living on the

Calianassa major (a malacostracous Crustacean), found on the coasts

of the Southern States of N. America and of East Florida. He

names it the Binoculus caudatus ; andin the Nat. Hist. of New York,

Mr. De Kay refers this species to the order Phyllopoda and to the

genus Apus, though he says, “I place it here with some hesitation.”

This animal being parasitic is no doubt referred by Say to the genus

Binoculus of Geoffroy, (equivalent to the genus Argulus, and which

must be placed in the order Pecilopoda,) and not to the genus Bino-

culus of Leach, as De Kay supposes, which is the dpus of authors.

Order OsTracopa.

Family Cypripip#.

Genus Cypris.

1. Cypris Bevcuenrt, Baird (Tab. XXIII. fig. 4). Testa lucente,

albida, elongata, stricta, supra arcuata, infra sinuata ; extre-

mitate anteriore latiore, margine compressa, rugata; extre-

mitate posteriore mucronata.

Long. #, poll.; lat. 1 lin.

Hab. ? «From Sir E. Belcher’s Collection, along with some

freshwater shells from the islands of the Eastern seas.” Museum

Britannicum.

The carapace valves or shell is of an elongate and narrow form,

having the anterior extremity considerably broader than the posterior,

and flattened on the margin, which is marked with a good many raised-

looking strize, which give it a puckered appearance. The posterior ex-

tremity is pointed and acute. The upper margin of the carapace is

arched, while the under margin is sinuated. The valves of the cara-

pace are convex in the centre and are of a shining white colour.

In form this species resembles considerably the C. elavata, Baird,

Brit. Entomostraca, but is less club-shaped and more sharply pointed

at posterior extremity.

2. Cypris ScoompurGkii*, Baird. Testa subviridi, hirsuta,

puncturata, ovali; extremitate anteriore rotundata, mar-

gine subcompressa ; extremitate inferiore oblique-truncata et

mucronata, antennis pedibusque brevibus, setis plumosis.

(Tab. XXIII. fig. 3.)

Long. % poll. ; lat. 5 poll.

Hab, In insula St. Domingo, India Occidentali. Collegit M. Sallé.

Museum Britannicum.

The carapace valves or shell is of an oval form, with the anterior

extremity rounded in front and having its margin rather flattened or

compressed, the posterior extremity being obliquely truncated above

and terminating in a sharp point. The carapace is of a whitish green

colour and covered all round the edges with rough coarse hairs. The

valves are convex on the centre and have their surface dotted all over

with small dots or punctures. The antenne and legs are apparently

very short, and the setze of both are shortly plumose.

This is the largest species of the genus I have yet met with, being

about 3th of an inch in length. Mr. James, in his account of the

Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, mentions his finding a Cypris

along with the Apus obtusus rather more than one-fifth of an inch

in length.

2. On THE Genus THaALuraniA. By Joun Govutp, F.R.S.

It is now some years since I proposed the generic name of Thalu-

rania for the Trochilus furcatus and its near allies. This generic

term having been adopted by the Prince of Canino and others, tends

to show that the division is a good one, and hence a list of the spe-

cies known up to the present time, with their native habitats, may

not be uninteresting to the members at the present meeting. I would

also take the present opportunity of laying before the Society a new

and very beautiful species, which, as far as I am aware, is only to be

seen in my own collection.

The species of this well-defined genus are—

THALURANIA FURCATA.

Hab. Cayenne, Demerara, and Brazil.

THAL. NIGROFASCIATA.

Hab. Woods on the banks of the Upper Amazon.

Tuax. CoLuMBIANA.

Hab. Temperate region in the neighbourhood of Bogota in Co-

lumbia.

* Named after Sir R. Schomburgk, British Consul in St. Domingo.

NIVLGV Ee paW aes

0% SOMLOMGFE sanoTurg e° 3 VNUELS /2 ITTELNV YANELEY'T

SLL” ITU NRW TUL FOM'S

UND GRE a: arabe rote uag ;

THAL. VENUSTA.

Inhabits Costa Rica and the southern portion of Mexico. The

only species of the genus yet discovered to the north of Panama.

THAL. VIRIDIPECTUS.

A beautiful species lately sent to Europe from the Caraccas near

to the Andes.

THAL. VERTICEPS.

A species found only in my own collection. It frequents the

wooded regions on the west side of Pichincha in Ecuador. Sent to

me by Mr. Jameson.

THAL. GLAUCOPIS.

Hab. South Brazil.

TuHAL. WATERTONI.

This is the largest species of the genus and a very beautiful bird.

Hab. Demerara.

TuHau. WAGLERI.

Hab. The hilly regions of Brazil, particularly Minas Geraes.

THAL. ERIPHILE.

This species also inhabits Brazil, and is generally sent in collec-

tions from Rio.

THAL. REFULGENS, 0. sp.

A species very like furcatus in colour, but nearly as large as

Waterton. The under tail-coverts are steel-black; crown of the

head velvety black ; breast and shoulders beautiful purplish blue ;

tail black and considerably forked ; wings purplish brown; throat

rich metallic green.

Hab.

January 27, 1852.

Professor Bell, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on THE EGes aND YOUNG OF THE APTERYX, AND ON

THE CASTS OF THE EGGS AND CERTAIN BONES oF AJPYORNIS

(Istp. GEOFFROY), RECENTLY TRANSMITTED TO THE ZOOLO-

GICAL Society oF Lonpon. By Proressor Owen, F.R.S.,

F.G.S., F.Z.S.

(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)

The Secretary placed upon the table casts of two eggs and of por-

tions of the leg-bones of a gigantic bird of the Island of Madagascar,

which had been presented by the Administration of the Garden of

Plants in Paris to the Zoological Society of London, and on these

Professor Owen made the following observations.

The casts were beautifully made and coloured, and were exact

representations of the originals, which the Professor had examined

during a visit to Paris in July last. These were received at the

Garden of Plants in January last, and were described this day twelve-

month (January 27th) in a communication made by M. Isidore

Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire to the Academy of Sciences *. They had been

obtained by the master of a merchantman at the Island of Madagascar

in 1850, from the natives, who stated that one of the eggs had been

found, entire, in the bed of a torrent, amongst the debris of a

land-slip: a second egg, with some fragments of bone, was subse-

quently found in a formation which is stated to be alluvial: a third

egg, which the natives had perforated at one end, and used as a

vessel, was also obtained. This ege was fractured in the carriage ;

the other two eggs arrived entire.

They are nearly of the same size, but differ in shape, one being

shorter but a little thicker, and with more equal ends than the other.

The following are admeasurements of these eggs and of an Ostrich’s

eggs :—

Aipyornis. Ostrich.

Ovoid egg. Ellipsoid egg.

Greatest circumference : ft. in. lin. ft.in. lin. ft. in. lin.

Lengthwise.............. 2109 29 6 16 0

Breadthwise: ..35 sis. = 2 43 2. 576 14 6

Extreme length in a straight

litte.*. . S-o.3)s ene eemels 08 L Oxo 056 4

M. Isidore Geoffroy estimates the larger of the two eggs to con-

tain 104 quarts, or the contents of nearly 6 eggs of the Ostrich, or

16 of the Cassowary, or 148 of the Hen, or 50,000 of the Humming

Bird. The portions of bones of which casts were exhibited consist

of the lower end of the right and left metatarsal bones and the upper

end of the right fibula. These are nearly equal in size to the cor-

responding parts of the skeleton of the Dinornis, as the following di-

mensions demonstrate :—

4ipyornis. Dinornis giganteus. Casuarius.

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.

Extreme breadth across the

trochlear condyles.. ... 5 0 yet Page 8s:

Transverse diameter of shaft

6 in. above lower end+ . 2 9 2 3 0 11f

Antero-posterior diameter of

shaft 6 inches above lower

end". stu. set ace eee Hee} ifthe One

In neither Dinornis nor Apyornis is the metatarsus perforated, as

in Caswarius and many other birds, above the interspace between the

two outer condyles: that interspace is simply deeper, or curved

higher in both. The outer trochlea, which is entire in both portions

of the metatarsi in Apyornis, is, in a marked degree, smaller than

* Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Jan. 27, 1851.

t One-third the length of the entire bone in Dinornis giganteus.

in Dinornis, as is also the inner trochlea, as far as one may judge

from the posterior part which is preserved. The interspaces of the

trochlese are wider posteriorly in Apyornis, and the outer one is

more angular at its upper end. The middle portion of the posterior

surface of the lower third of the shaft of the metatarse in Apyornis

is more produced than in Dinornis, and a ridge is continued from it

to each lateral trochlea, dividing the back part of the shaft above

them into three surfaces ; whereas the corresponding surface in

Dinornis is simply flat from side to side. Above this part in AHpyornis

the posterior surface on each side of the middle prominence is con-

cave and meets the anterior surface at a ridge, which is narrowest at

the outer border of the bone. In Dinornis both borders of the lower

third of the shaft are thick and rounded.

The Apyornis does not show any trace of the rough tract for

attachment of a back toe, as in the Palapteryx robustus ; in this re-

spect it resembles the Dinornis.

At 6 inches from the lower end, the shaft begins to be concave

along the middle of the fore part, the concavity deepening as it

ascends; whereas in Dinornis the anterior median concavity of the

shaft does not begin to appear until above the upper half of the bone.

In this character the pyornis resembles the Cassowary ; but it

differs from the Cassowary in the much narrower or sharper lateral

margins of the shaft of the metatarsus. Like the Cassowary, how-

ever, the breadth of the shaft is greater in proportion to that of the

trochlez than in the Dinornis or Palapteryx.

It would be hazardous to conclude as to the length of the entire

métatarse from the breadth of the distal end; for this is equal in

Dinornis giganteus and Palapteryx robustus, whilst the length of

the metatarse is 1 foot 6 in. in the one and | foot 4 in. in the other.

I think it more probable, however, that Apyornis had a shorter than

that it had a longer metatarse than the Dinornis giganteus.

That its leg-bones were smaller is significantly indicated by the

difference of size in the fibulze.

Dinornis. Alpyornis.

in. lin. in. lin.

The longest diameter of the upper end.. 2 11 2 9

The shortest diameter of the upper end.. 1 4 hi

This bone in A/pyornis shows a flat, full, oval articular facet on its

tibial side, of which there is no trace in Dinornis.

Upon the whole, therefore, Prof. Owen concluded that the Zpy-

ornis maaimus did not surpass in height or size the Dinornis gigan-

teus, and that it was more probably a somewhat smaller bird.

From the obvious differences which M. Geoffroy found on com-

paring these fragments with the casts of the metatarsus of the

Dinornis giganteus, he has inferred with much probability not only

its specific but generic distribution, and has proposed for it the name

of Mpyornis maximus*. This distinction is illustrated not only by

the metatarsal bones, but by the eggs themselves. Mr. Walter

* From aimds alta, dps avis. The trivial epithet is hazardous, to say the

least, with the results of the comparison with the above recorded.

Mantell, of Wellington, New Zealand, has recorded his observation

of an egg of a Dinornis found in the volcanic sand, of the magnitude

of which he endeavours to give an idea by stating that his hat would

have been but large enough to have served as an egg-cup for it.

The fragments of the egg of Dinornis or Palapteryx—of what

species, of course, cannot be determined—show, after arriving ap-

proximatively at their size by the curve of the fragments, that the

shell was not only absolutely thinner, but relatively much thinner

than in the Ostrich, and 4 fortiori than in the Apyornis. The air-

pores, also, have a different form, being linear, not rounded; and the

external surface is smoother.

In the smoothness and thinness of the shell, the ege of the Dinor-

nis resembles that of the Apteryx: in the thickness of the shell and

the comparative roughness of its exterior, the egg of the Hpyornis

more resembles that of the Ostrich and Cassowary.

Such colour—a dull greyish yellow, as the originals of the eggs of

the Apyornis now at Paris show—may well have been derived from

the recent alluvial soil in which it is stated that they were discovered :

the darker stain on one part of the circumference of the larger egg

seems to have been due to some accidental circumstance. Most pro-

bably they were originally white, like the eggs of the Ostrich, and like

the fragments of the eggs of the Dinornis: whether an original green

tint, like that of the egg of the Emu’and Cassowary, would be wholly

discharged by long continuance in the soil, may be a question.

It is most probable that the entire eggs of the Hpyornis were ex-

cluded in the usual fertile state, but had suffered such want or inter-

ruption of the heat requisite for their incubation as to have become

addled.

How hazardous it is to judge of the size of a bird by that of its

egg would appear, Prof. Owen observed, by the remarks which he

should next proceed to offer on the eggs of the Apteryx. Of these

the Professor exhibited one entire specimen, and a nearly fully incu-

bated chick from a second egg, both of which had been most liberally

transmitted to him by the Rev. Wm. Cotton, M.A., from the North

Island of New Zealand.

Had it not been for the demonstration afforded by the chick itself,

it might well have been doubted whether so small a bird could have

excluded so large an egg. The following are the dimensions of the

egg (Aves, Pl. XLVI.) :—

Egg of Apterya.

ft. in. lin.

Greatest longitudinal cireumference ........ 1 0 9

Greatest transverse circumference .......... 010 O

Teng thie, Cat Sree he aot 0 410

Breadtiy’ *[20), 912. 20. Beis Se ATH Bos (1 OMFS? 2

The egg presents the usual long oval form, the colour a dull dirty

greyish white; but this is partly due to grease stains from the de-

composition of an incompletely hatched chick, with its yolk, within.

Viewed under a moderately magnifying power the surface presents

a very fine fibrous, or spicular character ; the raised lines, like spiculze,

crossing in opposite directions, with air-pores scattered here and there

and barely perceptible to the naked eye. The shell is not more than

ith of a line in thickness. Supposing, as is most probable, from the

size of the bones of the pyornis, that it did not exceed the Dinor-

nis giganteus in size, the egg of the Apyornis is smaller in propor-

tion to the bird itself than the egg of the Apteryz is in proportion to

that bird.

The embryo Apteryx, which had been removed from its shell, had

nearly reached the term of its incubation, the yolk-bag being reduced

to a hernia-like appendage of an inch in length and half an inch in

breadth, protruding about two lines in advance of the cloma, and

covered by a continuation of the ordinary integument of the abdomen :

the free end of the hernia was open, and exposed the ruptured ends

of the allantoic vessels.

The whole body was clothed by down-fascicles, presenting the ap-

pearance of moderately thick cylindrical hairs, 13 inch in length,

with a smooth, unbroken exterior, gradually tapering to a fine point.

This smooth surface is due to an extremely delicate capsule, which

when torn open exposes the down-tuft, consisting of a central stem

with slender smooth barbs from 3 to 5 lines in length, diverging

loosely from each side of the stem.

in. lin.

Length of the body from the base of the beak to

eM aUre teins 'o5i00) $05) od ngiel oe epefant Beeb 4 0

Dene isob the; begs, 2. sjsS oye staid) Hewenanarp 2 dno 7

Length of the leg from the knee-jomt .......... 4 3

Length of the freely projecting part of the fore-

limb from the elbow-jomnt........... 0... .00 0 6

From these dimensions it will be seen that, with the characteristic

large size of the unhatched young, in the genus Apteryz, the chief

peculiarities of the remarkable external form of the bird had been

acquired. The feet were very completely formed with well-developed

claws, the small back claw presenting its characteristic proportions,

and the integument of the naked part of the foot its well-marked

dentations. The little wing-rudiments had their terminal hook.

The tail presented the form of a short bifid prominence. The beak

being comparatively soft, had become distorted and bent in the bottle

of spirits in which the specimen was transmitted to the Professor,

but it showed its characteristic shape, the terminal nostrils, and the

slight terminal expansion, which forms the end of the crutch in the

mature bird. The eyelids, with their cilia, and the orifice of the ear

opening obliquely upwards, were rather larger in proportion than in

the adult, according to the usual law of the precocious development

of those organs of sense; and the same remark applies to the entire

cranium. The neck is relatively shorter and thicker.

The young bird must be excluded unusually well developed, with

a complete clothing very like that of the parent, and capable of using

its limbs and beak for its own safety and support.

February 10, 1852.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The Chairman exhibited a specimen of the Echiodon Drummondii

of Mr. Thompson of Belfast, a very rare species of fish, of which

only one example has been previously known. Dr. Drummond ob-

tained the first specimen on the beach at Carnclough, near Glenarm

in the county of Antrim, in June 1836, cast ashore probably by the

tide of the preceding night, after a strong easterly wind. The spe-

cies was considered new to ichthyology, and was first described and

figured in the Transactions of this Society by Mr. Thompson, vol. ii.

p- 207. pl. 38. Nothing that has transpired since the publication

of Mr. Thompson’s paper has induced a belief that this species had

been previously known.

The specimen now exhibited was most liberally sent to Mr. Yarrell

by Mrs. Blackburn of Valencia, in the county of Kerry, who was per-

fectly aware of the characters, the rarity, and the value of the fish.

It was found by her daughter Helen on the shore of the harbour of

Valencia, after a violent storm from the west, which occurred there

on the 23rd of January last.

This example is smaller than the one noticed by Mr. Thompson,

measuring only 8 inches in length, but quite perfect. Mr. Thomp-

son’s example measured 12 inches (Brit. Fishes, vol. ii. p. 417).

The following papers were then read :—

1. On Cystosoma SaunpeERsII, oF CurTIS AND WeEstTwoop.

By A. W. Scort, M.A.

(Annulosa, Pl. XXI.)

Head small; sides of the thorax running in a straight line from

the head to an acute angle behind ; abdomen of the male deeply con-

stricted immediately behind first segment; second joint of the an-

tennee distinct from the third, and not forming with it the tapering

setee which terminates them; upper wings destitute of a nervure

running parallel to their inner margin.

The male (figs. 1 and 2) measures, in expanse of wings, nearly

47 inches ; the female (fig. 3) 3% inches.

The antenne (fig. 4, magnified) in both sexes are very short,

7-jointed, the two basal joints strong and thick, the remainder much

finer and gradually terminating in a point.

The legs, anterior pair (fig. 5), with two minute spurs at the apex

of tibia; the femora are robust, with their lower edges serrated ; the

second (fig. 6) and posterior (fig. 7) pairs longer than the anterior,

with minute spurs on the ends of the tibize and setz, placed in pairs

and eveniy distributed along the inner edge ; the femora of these are

slender and not serrated. The tarsi of all the legs 3-jomted, and

terminated by two strongish claws, and fringed underneath by sete.

| Proc. ZS. Annulosa.XXI.

Ford & Weet imp.

Cystosoma. Saundersti

Seott del GH Ford lith

From the base of each coxa of the second and posterior pairs there

proceeds a large flexible spine.

The upper wings (fig. 8) are coriaceous, lanceolate and sharply

pointed, with the cells of inner side open, and not shut in by a long

marginal nervure as in the true Cicade. The under wings (fig. 9)

are small, and furnished with very weak nervures.

The colour of the whole upper surface of both sexes is of a pale

delicate green, with the exception of the posterior wings, which are

transparent, possessing, however, a slight greenish tinge. The costz

of the fore-wings are white, with a pinkish hue running along the

centre. The under portion of the base of the upper wing inclines to

yellow, which colour extends round the thorax. The antenne are

black, and the eyes a bright, light reddish colour. In the preserved

specimens, the beautiful delicate green, which constitutes the general

colour, becomes duller and darker, and frequently assumes a hue of

sickly yellow.

The drums of the male (fig. 10) are rounded, and marked by

seven transverse furrows, slightly tinged with brown, in the middle,

and different from those of the true Cicade in being more con-

spicuous on a dorsal view of the insect. Besides, the abdomen is

deeply constricted immediately behind them, so that the first segment

appears as it were to form part of the metathorax, and the abdomen

seems merely composed of the seven last segments, which are here

exceedingly inflated, as in the orthopterous genus Pneumora.

The abdomen of the female is of a size and form more correspond-

ing to that of the female Cicada, but it is of a more cylindrical form

and less angular at the sides. The dilated sides of the metasternum,

which form the two plates covering the under sides of the drums in

the male, are here comparatively small.

These insects are extremely numerous on Ash Island, principally

inhabiting an orange grove of about 1200 trees, and we scarcely ever

remember seeing one beyond a few rods of the limits of this garden,

nor have we ever heard of or discovered a single specimen elsewhere,

with the exception of the few brought by Sir Thomas Mitchell from

the interior.

During the short twilight of this country, the male commences and

ends his song, which resembles a loud deep guttural, R, continued

incessautly, and with vibrations. So loud indeed is this sound, that

when near to several insects it becomes even painful to the ear. It

is, moreover, very unlike the shriller and harsher notes uttered by the

common Cicada.

In this brief period after sunset the males and females occasionally

fly from tree to tree, their flight being slow and steady, particularly

that of the former. The only other time in which these insects are

heard is immediately, in hot and sultry weather, before a thunder-

storm, and then only at broken intervals. This habit was particularly

noticed on our placing the males on a bunch of flowers in the draw-

ing-room, where every evening they regaled us with their short-lived

song, and at other periods occasionally predicted the coming storm.

The larvee live underground upon the roots of plants, and in their

habits and transformations closely approximate to those of the com-

mon Cicada.

The perfect insects appear early in September, and are to be found

until about February. They are extremely easily captured, the females

being taken when in flight by a common butterfly net, and the males

by going to the spot from where their voices proceed, and suddenly

shaking the bough, which causes them to drop to the ground, when

they may be picked up. :

The male has been indifferently figured under the name of Cysto-

soma Saundersii, in the ‘ Arcana Entomologica,’ in which Mr. West-

wood mentions its affinity to Hemidictya, and gives good dissections.

His description, however, is not correct, when he characterizes the

insect as “ pallide lutea,”’ whereas the species is “lzete viridis.” The

female, we believe, is not known in England.

Ash Island, Hunter River, New South Wales,

Nov. 6, 1851.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF ANOMALURUS, FROM

Fernanpo Po. By Louis Fraser, H.B.M. Vicre-Consut

FOR THE KINGDOM oF Danomey, NATURALIST TO THE NI-

GER ExpEpDITION IN 184]—42, Late CuraToR TO THE Zoo-

LOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON, AND LATE TEMPORARY Con-

SERVATOR OF THE KNowsLEY COLLECTION, ETC.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.)

The Proceedings of this Society contain the description of a very

interesting new form of Rodents, discovered by myself at Fernando

Po, and to which the name Anomalurus Fraseri was given by Mr.

Waterhouse. A second species of the genus has subsequently been

found in Ashantee, by an enterprising collector sent out by the Direct-

ors of the Leyden Museum, and has been named after its discoverer,

by M. Temminck, Anomalurus Pelii. I have now to submit to your

notice a third species of the genus, which I propose to name after

my friend and coadjutor, John Beecroft, Esq., H.M. Consul for the

Bights of Benin and Biafra, also Spanish Governor of the island of

Fernando Po, as a just tribute to one who has devoted upwards of

twenty-three years to the cause of Western Africa and its inhabitants,

and whose knowledge of both is unequalled. This extraordinary

gentleman has entered all (or nearly all) the rivers on this coast, so

fatal to Europeans, and after six weeks’ search amongst the swamps |

and creeks, has discovered the junction of the Benin and Niger: this

latter river he has navigated three or four times as high up as Rabba.

He also ascended Clarence Peak.

The principal peculiarities of the three species of Anomalurus are

as follows :—

ANOMALURUS FRASERI, Waterh.

General hue of the upper parts brown ; the flank-membranes dusky

or black ; under parts dirty white, slightly washed with buff-yellow ;

a considerable area around the base of the ears black, as well as the

J Wolf lith

ANOMALU

SROFTI. Fraser

ong hairs on the basal part of those organs; cheeks deep brown ;

throat grey ; feet and tail dusky.

Hab. Fernando Po.

ANoMALURUS Beecrort1, Fraser (Mammalia, Pl. XXXII.).

Upper parts, including the greater portion of the flank-membranes,

yellowish grey, slightly inclining to rufous on the mesial line of the

back, especially on the fore part ; under parts of a bright rust colour ;

cheeks and throat grey, excepting that the latter has a narrow rust-

coloured mark in the middle ; a white spot on the crown of the head

(probably not constant), and a short white band on either side of the

neck running on the shoulders; a dusky patch on the flank-mem-

brane above, commencing on the margin of the membrane near the

anterior part, and extending backwards and inwards rather less than

half way along the flanks; tail dusky brown.

Hab. Fernando Po.

This species is rather larger than the dn. Fraseri, and differs,

moreover, in the upper parts of the body being yellow-grey, instead

of brown; in having the greater portion of the flank-membranes as

well as the feet grey, instead of dusky ; in wanting the conspicuous

black area around the base of the ears—the part in question bemg of

the same general grey colour in Az. Beecrofti as other parts ; in having

the cheeks hoary grey, intead of deep brown; and in having the

under parts of a bright rusty red. There are diiferences likewise to

be observed in the scales on the under side of the tail; they cover

less space in the longitudinal direction, are broader, and have the pro-

jecting angles less prominent.

from nose to ear...... rotene

DIREHT Ree oe: a ato aN a ay cla

of fore foot and claws............-....-

of hind foot and claws .............-.--

Anomaxvurus Petit, Temminck.

Larger than either of the foregoing. Black above; dirty white

below ; throat dusky ; chin, upper surface of the nose, the region of

the muffle (or naked portion of the nose), the long and soft hairs on

the outer surface of the ears at the base, and the tail, white; the

flank-membrane is broadly margined with white, and the hairs on

the feet are for the most part white, but with an admixture of black

or dusky ; the long hairs springing from Dy b4 of the nails of the

hinder feet are black.

Hab. Ashantee.

No. CCX XXIX.—ProceepinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

February 10, 1852.

W. Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. MonocrarH oF THE Famrity BRANCHIPODIDH, A FAMILY

oF CRUSTACEANS BELONGING TO THE Division EnTomos-

TRACA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES

OF THE FAMILY, AND TWO NEW SPECIES BELONGING TO THE

Famity Limnapiap&. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. &e.

(Annulosa, Pl. XXII. XXIII.)

Next to the Apodide, the largest species of Entomostraca belong

to the family Branchipodide. This family contains perhaps the most

beautiful animals of the division, elegant in form and graceful in

movement. The species are, geographically, widely extended, but

those as yet described are few in number.

The Family may be thus characterized.

Order PoyLLopopa.

Family BrRancHIPODID#.

Pedes branchiales, paribus undecim ad novemdecim. Antenne dis-

similes, paribus duobus; par inferior in mare prehensilis. Oculi

duo, pedunculati. Corpus cylindricum, nudum, clypeo nullo

obtectum.

The feet are all branchial, being formed entirely for breathing

with, and consist of 11 pairs, each pair-gradually enlarging in size as

they descend. They are in constant motion, and when so, present a

very beautiful wavy appearance. Like the Apodide the animals of

this family swim upon their backs. The body consists of a considerable

number of segments, and is quite naked, having neither a shield-

shaped carapace like the Apodide, nor a bivalve-shell-shaped cara-

pace like the other families of the Order Phyllopoda. The antennze

are dissimilar in appearance in the male and female. The superior

pair in both sexes are slender and filiform, but the inferior pair are

much larger in the male than in the female, and serve the purpose

of prehensile organs. The eyes are two in number, compound, oval-

shaped, and are placed upon considerable-sized peduncles. Like the

Apodide, the young Branchipodide have only one eye, which dis-

appears in the process of moulting, but leaves a mark behind which

remains visible in the adult.

The species included in this family are referable to five genera.

Genus Brancuripus, Scheeffer.

Corpus molle, cylindricum, segmentum caudale pinnis duabus ci-

liatis instructum. Pedes undecim. Antenne inferiores maris

magne, bi-articulate, cornibus similes, appendicibus duabus

jiliformibus, antenniformibus, armate.

Proc, Z.S. Annulosa ZXIlI

i Limnadia antillarum. 2.Cypris cuneata?) 3.Uypris Schomburgkn

4.Cypris Belcheri 5Fstheria Dallasi.

WWiog ith Tord & West’ imp

The body is soft, cylindrical in shape, and is composed of twenty-

two segments. The head consists of two and the thorax of eleven,

each of which gives attachment to a pair of branchial feet. The ab-

domen consists of nine, the caudal segment dividing into two broad

flat appendages of some length, and plumose on their edges. The

inferior antennee, or “ cephalic horns,” in the male are large organs ;

they are composed of two articulations, which being cylindrical and

curved at the apex give an appearance of a pair of horns, and they

have springing from near their base a filiform appendage closely re-

sembling in appearance the superior antennze. The structure of these

inferior antennee, or cephalic horns as they are generally termed, and

the filiform appendage at their base, which are frequently described

as an additional pair of antennee, sufficiently distinguish the genus.

Only two species of Branchipus have as yet been described.

1. Brancuipus pisctrormMis, Scheffer. Antennis inferioribus

maris magnis, compressis, apice bifurcatis; appendicibus anten-

niformibus filiformibus prelongis ; fronte prolongato, bisulco.

Long. } poll.

Syn. .Apus pisciformis, Scheffer, Der Fisch-form. Kiefenfuss, etc.

t. 5. f. 1-11 (1752).

Cancer stagnalis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. edit. 10. 634 (1758) ; Faun.

Suec. ed. 2. 497. No. 2043 (1761); Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. 518.

No. 11; Mantiss. i. 335. No. 10; Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodrom.

2351; O. Fabricius, Faun. Groenland. 247. No. 224.

Branchipus pisciformis, Scheffer, Element. Entomol. t. 29. f. 6, 7

(1766).

Gammarus stagnalis, Fabricius, Syst. Entom. 419. No. 5.

Cancer (Gammarellus) stagnalis, Herbst, Krabben und Krebse,

ii. 121. No. 66. t. 35. f. 8-10 (1796).

Branchiopoda stagnalis, Lamarck, Syst. An. s, Vert. 161; Latreille,

Hist. Nat. Crust. iv. 319. t. 36, 37; Gen. Crust. i. 22; Bose, Man.

d Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. 234.

Branchipus stagnalis, Latreille, Enc. Méth. t. 336. f. 14-16;

Régne Anim. iv. 174; Leach, Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. 542 ; Edin. Encye.

vii. 384 ; Desmarest, Cons. gen. Crust. 389; Lamarck, Hist. An. s.

Vert. v. 133; M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 367; Régn. An.

ed. Crochart, t. 74. f. 2.

Branchipus Schefferi, Fischer de Waldheim, Bull. Soc. Imp.

Moscou, vii. (1834) ; Thompson, Zool. Research. fase. v. t. 3. f. 1-3

1834).

Branchipus melanurus’? Koch, Deutsch. Crust. H. 35. t. 2.

Ino stagnalis’ Oken, Lehrb. der Naturg. iii. 399.

Larva aquatica, Linn. Faun. Suec. ed. 1. 358. No. 1357.

Hab. Tn vicinitate urbis Ratisbone ; Scheffer.- In vicinitate urbis

Paris ; M. Edwards.

This species according to Scheeffer’s description is half an inch

long, about the thickness of a straw, and semipellucid. The male is

generally of a pale red or flesh colour, though sometimes varying be-

tween vermilion and orange. The female is of a dull green, with the

ovaries generally of a bright blue. The inferior antennee of the male

are large organs,, somewhat flattened in shape, broad at the base,

toothed at about two-thirds of their length on the external edge, and

becoming narrower near the extremity, which presents an appearance

as if somewhat bifurcated. Those of the female are much shorter,

cylindrical, and pointed at the extremity. The two antenniform

appendages arising from near the base of these organs in the male

are of considerable length, longer than the antenne themselves, and

filiform. The front of the head is prolonged into a prominence

which is cleft down the centre and forked. The feet are long, com-

posed. of three joints, all of which are nearly of equal size, and have

their edges beset with numerous short hairs or setee, which when

magnified are finely plumose. The caudal fins are of considerable

size, flat and plumose. The male organs are slender and rather long.

2. Brancuipus spinosus, M. Edwards. <Antennis inferioribus

maris magnis, cylindricis, apice acuminatis ; appendicibus an-

tenniformibus curtis, crassis ; abdominis segmentis infra spini-

feris.

Long. 1 poll. 2 lin.

Branchipus spinosus, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 367.

Hab. In lacu salino “ Hadjibé,” in vicinitate urbis Odesse ; M.

Nordmann.

This species, which was discovered by Professor Nordmann in a

salt lake near Odessa, is upwards of an inch in length. The inferior

antennze of the male are large, cylindrical, the terminal articulation

being sharp at the point. They possess no tooth or process, and the

antenniform appendages are very short compared with those of the

preceding species, and of a considerable degree of thickness. The

front of the head has no prolongation. The feet are short. The seg-

ments of the abdomen are armed underneath with sharp spines, and

the caudal fins are short and plumose. The male organs are short

and obtuse.

Genus STREPTOCEPHALUS.

Corpus cylindricum, segmentum caudale pinnis duabus ciliatis in-

structum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris triarticu-

lata, valde tortuose, ad apicem in ramos graciles divise, ap-

pendicibus antenniformibus armate.

In the structure of the body, abdomen, and feet, this genus re-

sembles entirely the preceding. The inferior antennz, or cephalic

horns, in the male, however, are very different in structure ; they

are longer in proportion than the corresponding organs in the Bran-

chipus, consist of three articulations, and are singularly twisted, and

bent as it were into elbows. The terminal joint divides at the apex

into two branches. They are inhabitants of fresh water. Only two

species have as yet been described, and I now add a third to the

number.

1. STREPTOCEPHALUS TORVICORNIS, Waga. Antennis inferiori-

bus maris validis, ramis terminalibus elongatis, serratis, interno

longiore, processu triangulari brevi armato, appendicibus an-

tenniformibus elongatis filiformibus ; fronte prolongato, acumi-

nato ; ovario externo conico.

Long. maris | poll., foemine circa 14 lin.

Branchipus torvicornis, Waga, Aun. Soc. Ent. de France, xi. 261.

t. 11. f. 1-4. .

Hab. In vicinitate urbis “ Warsaw ;”’ Krynicki.

This species, which was discovered by M. Krynicki in a muddy

stagnant piece of water near the town of Warsaw, is upwards of an

inch in length, the female being longer than the male. The inferior

antennee or cephalic horns of the male are very large, when extended

equalling in length the whole body. The basal joint is strong, and

broad at its junction with the head ; the second is short, and the third

is divided at the apex into two branches, which are long, slender and

serrated on their inner edges, the internal one being the longer, bent

into the form of a hook, and having on its external edge a process of

a triangular form and acuminated at the point. The first and second

joints are armed with several minute teeth, and the antenniform ap-

pendages are straight, slender, but somewhat stouter than the supe-

rior antennee. The front of the head is prolonged into a prominence

which is pointed. The inferior antennz in the female are flat, and

obtusely rounded at the extremity. The ovarian bag is conical in

shape and of a blue colour. The caudal fins are of considerable size

and plumose on their edges. —

2. STREPTOCEPHALUS CAFER, Lovén. Antennis inferioribus

maris longis, articulo basali intus appendice lacinulata brevi

predito, ramo terminali interno longo, flexuoso, inermi ; fronte

prolongato, in rostrum lunatum producto ; ovario externo cali-

geform.

Long. 15 millim.

Branchipus cafer, Lovén, Kong]. Wet. Akad. Handl. 1845, 433.

t. 5. f. 1-20.

Hab. In paludibus terree Cafrorum Natalensium ; Wahlberg.

This species was discovered by M. Wahlberg in some pools of

fresh water in Port Natal, and is about 15 millimetres in length. The

inferior antennze or cephalic horns in the male are long stout organs

and flexuose in shape. The basal joint is rather short, rounded, and

is furnished at its base on the internal edge with a short appendage

of a lanceolate form and toothed on its edge externally. The third

joint divides at the apex into two branches, the internal one being

long, slender and flexuose, the external being club-shaped and forked

at the extremity, dividing into two other slender branches of unequal

length. The antenniform appendages are filiform and flexuose. The

front of the head is prolonged into a narrow deflected beak, which is

forked at its extremity. The male organs are long and slender ; they

are composed of four articulations, the last of which is much the

longest, is curved, and armed on each side with a numerous row of

teeth and spines.

In the female the cephalic horns are broad, thick, and furnished

with a sharp hooked point at the extremities. The caudal fins are

of considerable size and finely plumose. The oviferous sac is long

and narrow, and resembles very much in shape a long stocking or

boot. The ova are of a rosy colour.

3. STREPTOCEPHALUS §IMILIs, Baird (Tab. XXII. fig.3, 4). An-

tennis inferioribus maris longis, cylindricis, appendice lunulata

destitutis, ramis terminalibus precedenti similibus, appendicibus

antenniformibus filiformibus elongatis ; fronte prolongato, in

rostrum bilobatum producto ; ovario externo conico.

Long. maris 8 lin., foem. 6 lin.

Hab. In insula “St. Domingo,’

M. Sallé. Mus. Brit.

This species, which was found by M. Sallé in the island of St.

Domingo in the West Indies, is of a slender and cylindrical form.

The male is about 5ths of an inch in length, and the female half an

inch. The inferior antenne or cephalic horns in the male are large

and tortuous ; they are composed of three joints; the first or

basal joint is the largest, is cylindrical, and extends for some distance

straight forwards ; the second, smaller than the basal, is also cylin-

drical, curves slightly at first, then bends suddenly backwards upon

itself ; the third or terminal joint bends as suddenly forwards and

terminates in a club-shaped extremity, which divides into two

branches, one longer than the other, terminating in a long filiform

process ; the other flatter, shorter, and dividing into two shorter fili-

form processes of unequal length. The antenniform appendage is

long and cylindrical, rather stout, and springs from close to the ex-

tremity of basal joint. The basal joint is destitute of the lanceolate,

toothed appendage on internal edge, which we see in the preceding

species. The superior antennz are long and slender, and consist

of two joints, the basal one much shorter than the second. The

male organs are rather long, cylindrical, and of a horny texture.

The front of the head is prolonged into a beak, which is flat, rather

broad and slightly lobed at the extremity. Feet short. Abdomen

slender. Caudal appendages of moderate length, and beset on each

side with numerous short and plumose setz.

The cephalic horns in the female are short, thick, and terminate in

a short spine at the extremity. The ovarian bag is conical, acute,

and the ova are of an ochreous colour.

The chief differences between this species and S. cafer consist, in

the male, in the shape of the front of the head, the organs of gene-

ration, and in the inferior antennee having no lamina with teeth on

the basal jomt ; in the female, in the shape of the external ovary.

in India Occidentali. Collegit

Genus CHr1ROCEPHALUS, Prevost.

Corpus molle, cylindricum ; segmentum caudale pinnis duabus

ciliatis instructum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris

valida, biarticulate, appendicibus digitiformibus flabelliformi-

busque armate.

This genus closely resembles the two preceding in the shape and

form of the body, having the same number of articulations, possess-

ing the same number of feet, and having similar caudal fins. It is

in the structure of the inferior antenne or cephalic horns in the

male, that the important difference between the two genera exists.

These antennz are very large, and are composed of two joints. At

the base of the first jomt a complicated apparatus arises, which when

unfolded presents a very curious appearance. This consists of a long,

flat, curved, very flexible body, somewhat tapering and toothed on

its edges, and composed of numerous short articulations, which the

animal can fold up upon itself like a ribbon. Springing from its ex-

ternal edge near the base are four rather long and flexible appendages

strongly toothed on their internal edge, somewhat resembling long

fingers, and in addition to these a large membranous triangular-

shaped body, toothed on its edges all round, which when extended

nearly covers the finger-like bodies, and can be folded and unfolded

like a fan. When the animal is at rest these organs are folded up

underneath the head in the same manner as a butterfly folds its pro-

boscis, but when in pursuit of the female they become extended at

full length and present a very beautiful appearance.

Five species of this genus have now heen described.

1. CHIROCEPHALUS DIAPHANUS, Prevost. Antennis inferturibus

maris validis, cylindricis, apice acuminatis, processu dentato

ad basin articuli secundi armatis ; fronte rotundato.

Long. maris 14 lin., foeminze 1 poll.

Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s Nat. Hist. of the British Entomos-

traca, Ray Society, 1850.”

Hab. In Anglia, Gallia, prope Genevam, &e. &e.

This species, which occurs in many places in England, as well as in

France, Switzerland, &c., is very elegant in form, and (the male more

especially) very beautiful in colour. It is upwards of an inch in length,

slender, of a cylindrical form, and nearly transparent. In the male

the inferior antennze or cephalic horns are of a beautiful translucent

bluish green colour, tipped at the extremity with a fine red hue.

The caudal fins are of a bright red. The female has a strip of blue

along the whole length of the back, and the ovarian bag when full

of ova is conical in shape and of a reddish brown. The inferior an-

tennze of the male are very strong organs, divided into two joints ;

the basal joint is thick and fleshy, and the terminal joint is cylindri-

cal and curved in the form of a horn, having at the base where it

joins the first joint a flat plate attached to it, beset with several stout

teeth. The apparatus which we find at the base of the first joint,

consisting of the long, flat, somewhat tapering body with its digiti-

form and fan-shaped appendages, is of a very delicate transparent

bluish green colour. The antennze of the female are short, stout,

pointed at the extremity, flexible, and slightly curved downwards.

2. CHTROCEPHALUS LACUN&, Guérin. Antennis inferioribus

maris validis, valde arcuatis, articulo basali magno, dentato,

terminali cylindrico, ad apicem sinuato.

Long. maris et foeminz 12-15 millim.

Branchipus lacune, Guérin, Iconog. Régn. Anim. Crustacés, 39.

t. 33. f. 4, 4a.

fab. In stagnis prope “ Fontainebleau ;”? M. Guérin.

This species, which is briefly described by M. Guérin in the ‘ Icono-

graphie du Régne Animal,’ is found in little pools of water near Fon-

tainebleau. It is transparent, but is smaller than the preceding spe-

cies, and is‘distinguished from it by the shape of the inferior antennee

or cephalic horns in the male. These organs are of two joints; the

basal one large, and armed on its internal edge with several stout

teeth or lobes; the second much smaller, cylindrical, bent suddenly

back upon the first, and sinuated, or as it were slightly toothed at

the apex. The long ribbon-like appendage which springs from the

base of the first jot appears to have only two very short processes

attached to it, instead of the four long finger-like bodies, and the

fan-shaped body is not represented at all; but this part of the head

is not sufficiently described by M. Guérin to enable me to satisfac-

torily ascertain its exact structure.

3. CHIROCEPHALUS CLAVIGER, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus

maris validis, articuio basali magno, terminali parvo, ad basin

dentato, ad apicem clavato; antennis superioribus quadri-artt-

culatis ; fronte rotundato.

Long. 8-10 lin.

Branchipus claviger, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise,

ii. Wirbellose, 149. t. 7. f. 1-11 (1851).

Hab. In fluvio Taimyr, in Siberia ; Middendorff.

This species, which is about 8 or 10 lines long, was discovered by

M. Middendorff in a pool of water by the river Taimyr in Siberia.

The inferior antennze of the male are strong organs ; the basal joint

being stout and fleshy and the terminal narrow, provided with about

a dozen small teeth at its base, and ending in a club-shaped extre-

mity. The digitiform appendages are more numerous apparently

than in C. diaphanus. They arise from the extremity of the long

riband-like appendage, instead of from its base, and each of them

has several teeth on the sides and apex. In the female these an-

tennee are small, narrow and sharp-pointed. The superior antennz

are divided into four articulations.

4. CHIROCEPHALUS BIROSTRATUS, Fischer. <Antennis inferio-

ribus maris validis, articulo basali magno, terminali mediocri,

prope basin processu elongato armato, ad apicem uncinato.

Long. 10-12 lin.

Branchipus birostratus, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische

Reise, ii. t. 7. f. 12-16 (1851).

Hab. Prope urbem “ Charkow”’ in Russia; Fischer.

This species is about 10 or 12 lines long, and was found by

Fischer in the neighbourhood of the town of Charkow, in Russia.

The inferior antennze of the male are strong organs, the basal joint

stout and fleshy, the terminal of moderate size, having, springing

from near its base, a somewhat elongated process armed with sharp

teeth at its extremity, and ending in a sort of hooked point. The

riband-like process appears similar to that of C. diaphanus.

5. CurrocerHALus MippEnporFFIANuS, Fischer. Antennis

inferioribus maris validis, articulo basali magno, longissimo,

numerose dentato, terminali cylindrico, acuto; antennis supe-

rioribus quadri-articulatis ; fronte quadrangulari.

Long. 7-9 lin.

Branchipus Middendorffianus, Seb. Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibi-

rische Reise, ii. 153. t. 7. f£.17-23 (1851).

Hab. In fluviis “ Taimyr et Boganida”’ in Siberia; prope “ Tri-

Ostrowa” in Lapponia ; Middendorff’.

This species, which is only from 7 to 9 lines in length, was found

by Middendorff in pools on the banks of the rivers Taimyr and Bo-

ganida in Siberia, and in Lapland near Tri-Ostrowa. The inferior

antennze in the male are stout organs, the basal joint being very long

and fleshy and armed along the inner edge with a long row of many

teeth, the terminal being cylindrical in shape and pointed at the ex-

tremity. The superior antennz are four-jointed, and the front of

the head is of a quadrangular shape.~ The ovarian sac in the fe-

male is long and rather slender, and appears to be notched at the

base.

Genus Artemia, Leach.

Corpus molle, gracile ; segmentum caudale pinnis nullis instruc-

tum ; pedes undecim ; antenne inferiores maris magne, biarticu-

late, compresse, appendicibus nullis armate.

Syn. Cancer, Linneeus.—Gammarus, Fabricius.—LHulimene, La-

treille et auctorum.—Artemia, Leach et auctorum.—Branchipus,

Latreille, Fischer, &e.—Artemisus, Lamarck.— Artemis, Thompson.

The body in this genus consists of the same number of segments

as in the three preceding, is soft and without covering, but is more

slender in shape, and has the caudal segment simply bilobed at the

extremity, instead of being armed with two large plumose fins. The

inferior antennz in the male are large, flat-shaped, broad, and di-

vided into two articulations. The basal joint has neither the antenni-

form appendage of Branchipus and Streptocephalus, nor the compli-

cated digitiform and fan-shaped apparatus of Chirocephalus. They

inhabit salt water, frequently even in water which is very highly

charged with salt. They swim upon their backs.

The genus Eulimene was founded by Latreille in 1817, in Cuy.

Réen. An. Ist edit. iii. 68; that of Artemia by Leach in 1819, in

the Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. The term Lulimene, however, had been pre-

viously used by Peron for a genus of Acalepha, and though the name

Artemia is liable to objections from its construction (Artemia for

Artemis), I prefer adopting it to burdening the nomenclature with

another synonym.

Five species have been described.

1. ARTEMIA SALINA, Leach. Antennis inferioribus maris validis,

compressis, articulo secundo lato apice acuminato, basali uni-

dentato ; segmento caudali setigero ; ovario quadrilaterali.

Long. 6 lin.

Pro Synonymis vide “ Baird’s British Entomostraca,”’ et adde :—

Eulimene albida, Latreille, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. x. 535; Cuv.

Régn. An. 2nd edit. iv. 178; Desmarest, Cons. gen. Crust. 394;

Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. v. 165; Lamarck, Hist. Nat. An. s.

Vert. 2nd edit. v. 199 (note); M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii.

371; White, Catalogue of Crustacea, Brit. Mus.

Artemia Eulimene, Leach, Dict. Sc. Nat. xiv. 543.

Hab. In salinis ad “‘ Lymington,”’ in Anglia; prope “ Montpellier,”’

in Gallia; in Mediterraneo, prope “Nice,” &c.

This species, which seems to have been first observed by M.

Schlosser, in the salt-pans at Lymington, is nearly white, slender,

and about half an inch in length. The abdomen is long, fully as

long as the body, and the caudal segment is simply divided into two

small lobes, which give origin to several short setee. The inferior

antennz in the male are divided into two articulations, the basal one

of which has on its inner edge at about half of its length, a short,

stout, conical tooth. The terminal joint is broad, bends nearly at a

right angle about the middle of its length, and terminates in a sharp

point. In the female these organs resemble closely those of the pre-

ceding genus. The ovarian bag is large, of a quadrilateral shape,

somewhat pointed at the two sides, and opens at both sides to allow

the ova to escape.

The genus Lulimene was founded by Latreille to receive a small

crustacean which was found by M. Cuvier amongst some marine

animals which he had received from Nice. The chief character by

which he distinguished the genus was the extreme shortness of the

abdomen, which he considered terminated almost immediately after

the last pair of feet in a swollen, semiglobular lobe filled with a

blackish matter, and having springing from it a long thread-like body,

of a dark colour also, and which he conjectured might be an oviduct.

In the British Museum are many specimens of this little animal,

received by Dr. Leach from M. Cuvier, and labelled by Dr. Leach

himself, “‘ Artemia Eulimene, from Nice, given by M. Cuvier.” From

a careful examination of this species I consider it specifically identical

with the Cancer salinus of Linneeus, the Artemia salina of Leach.

The specimens in the Museum are all females, and upon comparing

them with specimens of Artemia salina from Lymington, no differ-

ence is perceptible, except that the specimens from Nice are rather

whiter in colour and have the ovarian bag and abdomen of a darker

hue. It is undoubtedly this dark-coloured ovarian bag that was

mistaken by Latreille for the termination of the body, and the “long

filament like an oviduct” which springs from it, is in reality the

abdomen. The difference in colour evidently depends upon the food

of the animal, the alimentary canal of the specimens from Nice being

filled with a dark-coloured matter, thus giving the abdomen a blackish

hue, while those from Lymington have the canal filled with matter

of a brownish tint. In the second edition of the ‘Régne Animal,’

in his notice of the Artemia salina, Latreille says, it is a species, “sur

lequel nous n’avons encore que des renseignements trés imparfaits.”’

From this it would appear that he had never seen that species, and

as most probably the specimens he had received from Cuvier were

a little injured from having been preserved in spirits, it is not at all

surprising that he did not observe the identity of the two.

2. Artemia Mitwausentt, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus maris

gracilibus, articulo secundo angusto ; segmentis duobus cepha-

licis longis, segmento caudali bilobato, non setigero.

Long. 5 lin.

Branchipus Milhausenii, Fischer, Bull. de la Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos-

cou, vii. 1834.

Artemia Mulhausenti, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 370.

Artemia salina, Rathke, Faun. der Krym. 395. t. 6. f. 14-21.

Hab. In lacu salino “ Loak”’ in Crimea; M. Milhausen.

This species, which was found by M. Milhausen in the salt-

water lake of Loak in the Crimea, is about 5 lines in length and of a

brown colour. The inferior antennz of the male are much more

slender than in the preceding species. The basal joint has no tooth

and the terminal joint is cylindrical and pointed. The superior an-

tenne, according to Fischer, have the first joint very short and of an

obconical form, and the two cephalic segments are considerably elon-

gated. The abdomen is slender, shorter than the body, and is termi-

nated by a simple bilobed process not furnished with setee. The feet

are rather long, and the terminal joint is armed with long filaments.

In the month of July these animals abound in great numbers ;

they fill the lake and give the water a brick-red colour.

3. Artemia Guitpinen, Thompson. Species hec, reperta in

India Occidentali, delineata est a Domino Thompson in ‘ Zoo-

logical Researches,’ sed non descripta, necnon satis accurate

delineata est.

Artemis Guildingi, Thompson, Zool. Research. Fase. v. t. 1. f. 11.

Hab. In insula “St. Vincent’s,” in India Occidentali; Rev. L.

Guilding.

This species is figured by Mr. Thompson, but not sufficiently de-

scribed to enable me to give a good diagnosis of it. It was found at

St. Vincent’s in the West Indies by the Rev. Lansdowne Guilding,

by whom its natural history was intended to have been more fully

detailed. The body seems to be thick and the abdomen shorter than

the body and stout. The caudal segment does not appear to be

lobed nor setigerous. The cephalic segment is conical in shape, and

the superior antenne, according to Mr. Thompson’s figure, consist

each of four jomts. The ovarian sac consists, according ‘to the same

authority, of two articulations.

4. ARTEMIA ARIETINA, Fischer. Antennis inferioribus maris

validis, articulo secundo latissimo, basali unidentato ; antennis

superioribus apice furcatis, setigeris ; segmento caudali bilo-

bato, lobis setigeris.

Long. 4-6 lin,

Artemia arietina, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii. 156.

t. 7. f. 31-35 (1851).

Hab. In vicinitate urbis Odesse ; Middendorff.

This species, which was found by Middendorff in the neighbour-

hood of the town of Odessa, is about from 4 to 6 lines in length. It

approaches very near to the Artemia salina. The inferior antennee

in the male have the second joint very broad and flat and sharp-

pointed. The superior antennze are forked at the extremity, the

forks unequal, each having two terminal setee. The eye is very large

and the caudal segment is bilobed, each lobe terminating in three

pretty long sete.

5. Artemia KoppentAna, Fischer. <Antennis duabus ut in pre-

cedente ; segmento caudali non lobato nec setigero.

Long. 23-3 lin.

Artemia Koppeniana, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii.

157. t. 7. f. 36-37 (1851).

Hab. In Russia Australi; Koppen.

This species was found in Southern Russia by M. Koppen, and is

only from 24 to 3 lines in length. Its principal difference consists

in the form of the caudal segment, which is not lobed at the ex-

tremity, but is simply squared off and has no setz springing from it.

Genus Potyartemta, Fischer.

Corpus molle, gracile; segmentum caudale pinnis nullis instructum ;

pedes branchiales, paribus novemdecim. Antenne inferiores

maris bi-articulate, articuli terminales in ramos duos divisi et

dentibus numerosis instructi; articuli basales appendicibus

tenuibus armati.

Polyartemia, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise, ii. 154

(1851).

This genus was founded by Sebastian Fischer to receive a species of

the family Branchipodide, which differs in some respects from any

of the genera of the family. It is furnished with. appendages to the

male inferior antennze, which are two-joited, approaching in this

respect to the genus Chirocephalus—and it is destitute of caudal fins,

resembling in this structure the genus Artemia—but the number of

feet is nineteen pairs, and the male inferior antennz have each of the

terminal joints divided into two broad, flat branches, the one over-

lying the other like the branches of a pair of scissors. These branches

are furnished on their edges with three or four rows of sharp teeth.

The basal joint has a rounded process at about half its length armed

with short setee. The appendages attached to these organs are coni-

cal in form, thin, and apparently not provided with digitiform or fla-

belliform appendages. The abdominal portion of the body is shorter

in proportion than in any of the other genera, and the ovarian sac of

the female is moderately large and lies close upon the abdomen,

seeming when viewed from above to be amalgamated with it. The

male organ is cylindrical, four-jointed, and is contained in a sheath

which is serrated on one side.

Polyartemia forcipata, Fischer, Middendorff’s Sibirische Reise,

ii. 154. t. 7. f. 24-28.

As this is the only species yet known, the generic characters given

above will suffice.

Hab. In fluviis “Trundra, Taimyr et Boganida’”’ in Siberia; et

prope ‘‘ Tri-Ostrowa”’ in Lapponia; Middendorff.

Species hujus familie, incerte sedis aut que dubia sunt—

Genus Brancuirus ?

1. Branchipus ferox, M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. 369.

This species, according to M. Milne-Edwards, has neither the an-

tenniform appendage attached to the inferior antennz of the male

of Branchipus, nor the complicated apparatus of Chirocephalus.

They are pointed at the extremity, and thus differ also from these

organs in Streptocephalus. The description given of this species by

M. Edwards is so short, that it is difficult to say to what genus it

may belong. His description is as follows :—‘ Cornes céphaliques

sans appendice prés du cété interne de leur base, pointues au bout et

sans dent sur le bord externe. Abdomen lisse, nageoires caudales

longues et étroites. Longueur environ 15 lignes. Habite les eaux

douces aux environs d’Odessa.”’

2. Cancer paludosus, Miller, Zool. Dan. ii. 10. t. 48. f. 1-8;

Herbst, Krabben, ii. 118. t. 35. f. 3-5.

Most authors have assumed this species to be the same as the

Chirocephalus diaphanus. As M. Milne-Edwards very properly

observes, however, the figure of this species given by Muller shows

no appearance of the complicated apparatus belonging to the male

antennze of Chirocephalus. There does not appear either to be any

antenniform appendage belonging to them, as in the genus Branchi-

pus, and the structure of the antenne themselves removes it also

from the genus Streptocephalus.

3. Some fragments of a species of Branchipode were brought by

Sir John Richardson from Cape Krusenstern in N. America, col-

lected there by Mr. J. Rae in August 1849, along with the Apus

glacialis. They consist of portions of two males and two females.

The male antennze are two-joited ; the basal joint is thick, and has

at its lower part near its junction with the second a row of small

teeth ; the second joint is cylindrical and pointed. The female horns

or antennee are flat apparently, and have a short hooked spine at the

extremity. The caudal fins are rather long and fringed with long

cilia. In some respects this species resembles the figure of the Cancer

paludosus of Miller, but the fragments are too much decayed in the

spirits to enable me further to describe it. It does not appear to

have either antenniform appendages or any apparatus attached to the

antennze of the male.

Should these three species prove to be distinct, they may form

another genus of this family, characterized by the want of these ap-

pendages and the toothed or serrated basal joint of the male cephalic

horns.

Genus STREPTOCEPHALUS ?

4. A figure of a species of Branchipode was exhibited at a meeting

of the Zoological Society by Dr. Nicholson in February 1851. The

figure was not sufficiently accurately made to enable the species or

genus to be made out. In all probability, however, it may prove to

be a species of Streptocephalus. It is a native of India and inhabits

freshwater ponds.

Genus ARTEMIA?

M. Audouin, in the Ann. de la Soc. Ent. de la France, v. Bull.

61, 1836, mentions a species of Artemia closely allied to Art. salina,

as inhabiting the salt lakes of Egypt. In the Amn. des Se. Nat.

2nd ser. vi. 230, he again mentions the fact, that numbers of Artemia

have been found in the “lacs de natron”’ in Egypt; but no further

description has ever been given of them.

Family LimnapiabD2.

Genus Limnaptia.

Sp. LimnapiA ANTILLARUM, nov. sp. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 1).

Carapace valves of a rounded oval shape, and of a transparent

whitish colour; prominent on dorsal margin where the muscular

attachment of the body takes place, sloping from thence rather sud-

denly towards anterior extremity where it forms a somewhat blunt

point, and more gradually to posterior extremity, which, as well as

ventral margin, is rounded. Antennules bluntly serrated or crenu-

lated on their upper edge, rather shorter than the peduncles of large

antennze, which are stout and not half the length of the body. They

consist of nine articulations, each having one or two long plumose

setee springing from the under edge, and one short stout spine at each

joint on the upper edge. Caudal lamellz of considerable length, and

beset on upper edge with long plumose sete to within a short di-

stance of the tip, which is somewhat curved, sharp-pointed and

slightly serrated on upper edge. Feet 18 pairs.

The structure of the carapace is the same as in Limnadia Her-

manni, the surface being covered with minute dots or puncturations.

This species differs from the two others in the shape of the cara-

pace and in having the setz of antennz and tail plumose.

Hab. St. Domingo, West Indies; M. Sal/é. Mus. Brit.

Genus EstHEeriA.

Sp. Estaerra Dauvastt, nov. sp. (Tab. XXIII. fig. 5).

Carapace valves shortly obovate and flat, upper margin from the

beaks to two-thirds of its length almost straight ; anterior extremity

rather broader than posterior. Beaks prominent and situated near an-

terior extremity. The shell is ofa light horny colour and very thin and

translucent. Ribs elevated, smooth and numerous, about 20 in num-

ber. The intermediate spaces are concave and are covered all over with

rough-looking spots of an irregular size and appearance, approaching

Proc. Z.S. Mollusca. XIE

WH Baily.

Fis,

ros

Printed by Hullmandel& Walton.

Gray.

Cyclostoma Bairdii. Pr Ksé.6. Cataulus Layardi

nohile. z Pe Menkeana. Pir

flammulata. ,,

Cc.

ataulas pyramndatas. Pfr.

maénificum. Salle.

trema 10. Achatina Richard.

eury

Wig; 1. Hele Lamncestonensis. Reeve.

3 Gyclo stoma bicolor. 2

”

somewhat in structure to that of brasiliensis. It differs from that

species however in size and in being of a more rounded oval shape.

Hab. Brazil? I am indebted for this species to Mr. Dallas, who

found it in a collection of insects chiefly from Brazil. Mus. Brit.

February 24, 1852.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HELIX FROM VAN DtE-

MEN’s Lanp. By Lovey Reeve, F.L.S. ere.

(Mollusca, Pl. XIII.)

Hewix Launcestronensis. Hel. testd umbilicatd, abbreviato-

conoided, trochiformi, superne rugosd et ferrugined, quasi epi-

dermide indutd, infra levigatd, nitente, intense nigrd; fascia di-

stinctd luted cingulatd; spird obtusd; anfractibus sez, superne

convexis, medio concavis, carinis lineisque gemmulatis undique

cingulatis, peripherid acute carinatd, basi convexd ; umbilico me-

diocri, pervio, subprofundo; aperturd oblique lunari, peristomate

tenui, vix reflexo, margine columellari breviter dilatato.

Hab. Launceston, Van Diemen’s Land.

This very characteristic new species of Helix has just been received

from Van Diemen’s Land, where it was collected last summer by

Mr. Ronald Gunn in a dense beech forest, north-east of Launceston.

It differs materially from any of vast numbers of Helices now known

to conchologists, especially in the different character of the upper

and lower parts of the shell. The upper portion of the whorls has

a rough rusty surface encircled by numerous finely beaded lines and

keels ; the lower surface is smooth and shining, jet-black, encircled

by a distinct yellow band.

2. On tHE Hasitrs or Srricors HABROPTILUS OR KAKApo.

By Davin Lyaut, M.D., R.N., Late Surcreon to H.M.S.

ACHERON.

(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)

Although the Kakapo is said to be still found occasionally on some

parts of the high mountains in the interior of the north island of

New Zealand, the only place where we met with it, during our cir-

cumnavigation and exploration of the coasts of the islands n H.M.S.

Acheron, was at the S.W. end of the middle island. There, in

the deep sounds which intersect that part of the island, it is still

found in considerable numbers, inhabiting the dry spurs of hills or

flats near the banks of rivers, where the trees are high, and the

forest comparatively free from fern or underwood.

The first place where it was obtained was on a hill nearly 4000

feet above the level of the sea. It was also found living in commu-

nities on flats near the mouths of rivers close to the sea. In these

places its tracks were to be seen resembling footpaths made by man,

and leading us at first to imagine that there must be natives in the

neighbourhood. The tracks are about a foot wide, regularly pressed

down to the edges, which are two or three inches deep amongst the

moss, and cross each other usually at right-angles.

The Kakapo lives in holes under the roots of trees, and is also oc-

casionally found under shelving rocks. The roots of many New

Zealand trees growing partly above ground, holes are common under

them; but where the Kakapo is found many of the holes appeared

to have been enlarged, although no earth was ever found thrown out

near them. There were frequently two openings to these holes, and

occasionally, though rarely, the trees over them were hollow for some

distance up.

The only occasion on which the Kakapo was seen to fly was when

it got up one of these hollow trees and was driven to an exit higher

up. The flight was very short, the wings being scarcely moved ; and

the bird alighted on a tree at a lower level than the place from whence

it had come, but soon got higher up by climbing, using its tail to

assist it.

Except when driven from its holes, the Kakapo is never seen du-

ring the day, and it was only by the assistance of dogs that we were

enabled to find it.

Before dogs became common, and when the bird was plentiful in

inhabited parts of the islands, the natives were in the habit of catch-

ing it at night, using torches to confuse it. It offers a formidable

resistance to a dog, and sometimes inflicts severe wounds with its

powerful claws and beak. At a very recent period it was common

all over the west coast of the Middle Island, but there is now a race

of wild dogs said to have overrun all the northern part of this shore,

and to have almost extirpated the Kakapos wherever they have

reached. Their range is said to be at present confined by a river or

some such physical obstruction, and it is to be feared that if they

once succeed in gaining the stronghold of the Kakapo (the 8.W. end

of the island) the bird may soon become extinct.

During the latter half of February and the first half of March,

whilst we were amongst the haunts of these birds, we found young

ones in many of the holes, frequently only one, never more than two,

in the same hole. In one case where there were two young ones I

found also an addled egg. There was usually, but not always, an old

bird in the same hole with the young ones.

They build no nest, but simply scrape a slight hollow amongst

the dry dust formed of decayed wood. The young were of dif-

ferent ages, some being nearly fully fledged, and others covered only

with down. The egg is white and about the size of a pigeon’s.

(Aves, Pl. XLVI.)

The ery of the Kakapo is a hoarse croak, varied occasionally by a

discordant shriek when irritated or hungry. The Maories say that

during winter they assemble together in large numbers in caves, and

at the times of meeting, and, again before dispersing to their summer

haunts, that the noise they make is perfectly deafening.

A good many young ones were brought on board the ship alive.

Most of them died a few days afterwards, probably from want of

sufficient care ; some died after being kept a month or two, and the

legs of others became deformed after they had been a few weeks in

captivity. The cause of the deformity was supposed to be the want

of proper food, and too close confinement. They were fed chiefly on

soaked bread, oatmeal and water, and boiled potatoes. When let

loose in a garden they would eat lettuces, cabbages and grass, and

would taste almost every green leaf that they came across. One,

which I brought within six hundred miles of England (when it was

accidentally killed), whilst at Sydney, ate eagerly of the leaves of a

Banksia and several species of Hucalyptus, as well as grass, appearing

to prefer them all to its usual diet of bread and water. It was also

very fond of nuts and almonds, and during the latter part of the

homeward voyage lived almost entirely on Brazilian ground-nuts.

On several occasions the bird took sullen fits, during which it

would eat nothing for two or three days at a time, screaming and

defending itself with its beak when any one attempted to touch it.

It was at all times of an uncertain temper, sometimes biting severely

when such a thing was least expected. It appeared to be always in

the best humour when first taken out of its box in the morning,

hooking on eagerly with its upper mandible to the finger held down

to lift it out. As soon as it was placed on the deck it would attack

the first object which attracted its attention—sometimes the leg of

my trowsers, sometimes a slipper or a boot. Of the latter it was

particularly fond: it would nestle down upon it, flapping its wings

and showing every symptom of pleasure. It would then get up, rub

against it with its sides, and roll upon it on its back, striking out

with its feet whilst in this position.

One of these birds, sent on shore by Capt. Stokes to the care of

Major Murray of the 65th Regiment at Wellington, was allowed to

run about his garden, where it was fond of the society of the chil-

dren, following them like a dog wherever they went.

Nearly all the adult Kakapos which I skinned were exceedingly

fat, having a thick layer of oily fat or blubber on the breast which it

was very difficult to separate from the skin. Their stomachs con-

tained a pale green, sometimes almost white, homogeneous mass,

without any trace of fibre in it.

There can be little doubt but that their food consists partly of

roots (their beaks are usually more or less covered with indurated

mud), and partly of the leaves and tender shoots of various plants.

At one place where the birds were numerous we observed that the

young shoots of a leguminous shrub growing by the banks of a river

were all nipped off, and this was said by our pilot, who had fre-

quented these places for many years in a whaling vessel, to be the

work of the Kakapo.

Their flesh is white, and is generally esteemed good eating.

No. CCXL.—Proceeprines or tur ZooLocicaL Society.

3. ON TWO NEW SPECIES OF SouTH AMERICAN Birps.

By Purine Luruey ScuatTer.

(Aves, Pl. XLVII. XLVIIT.)

1. CuLictvora BoLtviANA, Sclater. C. supra plumbea; infra

alba plumbeo paululum tincta; ventre niveo; fronte regione

oculari et genis nigris; alis nigricantibus, tectricibus et se-

cundariis late, primariis strictissime albo limbatis ; caudd nigrd

lateralibus rectricibus albo terminatis 4; extimis fere omnind

albis—rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 43 ; ale 24; caudee 21.

Hab. Bolivia (Bridges), D’Orbigny.

The present bird is the fifth of this interesting genus, of which

the best known are the C. c@rulea (Linn.) of the United States, and

the C. dumicola (Vieill.) of Brazil and Paraguay. The Prince of

Canino notices two other previously unrecognized species in his ‘ Con-

spectus Avium,’ p. 316. These I have never seen; but his fifth

species, the C. budytoides, De la Fresnaye, of which I have examined

the type, belongs, I believe, more properly to another genus. There

are specimens of the present species in the British and Paris Mu-

seums, and in the fine collection of the Baron de la Fresnaye at La

Fresnaye near Falaise.

2. Prpra FLAvo-tTincTA, Sclater. P. alba, flavo pallide tincta ;

pileo alis cauddque cum dorso inferiore nigris ; uropygio cum

ventre viridescente-cinereis ; rostro nigro ; pedibus flavis.

Long. tota 33; ale 12; caude 14.

Hab. 8“ Fe de Bogota.

This species is very like the common Pipra manacus, but is smaller,

and has the white parts of its plumage tinged with yellow and much

less black on the back. There are examples in the Museum of the

Jardin des Plantes at Paris and of the Baron de la Fresnaye.

March 9, 1852.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DeEscripTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF CLERID&, FROM ASIA,

AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA.

By J. O. Wesrwoop, F.L.S., Pres. Ent. Soc. Erc.

(Annulosa, Pl. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIII.)

The fine illustrated memoirs on the family Cleride lately published

by Dr. Klug and the Marquis Spinola, and the Catalogue of the same

family still more recently issued by the British Museum, from the

Proc. 2.0 Aves, XOVI.

Walt lith. M..& NW. Hanhart Iinpt

CULICIVORA BOMVIANA Sclazer

Writ ke+rh

7. Wolf iD

Proc.Z..S Annulosa, XXIV.

Frinted byP Jerrard ILFleesaaay

AW) \

roc. £ie ANTUIOSA, AA

/4 NS

20 B

Printed by PJerrard Ill Fleet St. ‘

pen of Mr. Adam White, have made us acquainted with a great num-

ber of exotic species belonging to this interesting family ; but, as

might be supposed to be the case, the two former works contain but

few species from Australia, India and Western Africa, in which our

private and public collections are very rich ; whilst, on the contrary,

they abound in American species, in which, as a whole, our col-

lections have been hitherto comparatively poor, our collectors in

South America having for the most part confined their attention to

the Lepidoptera, in which order we now I believe rival any of the

continental museums. I have therefore thought it would be service-

able, by way of Supplement to the works above-mentioned, to give

descriptions of fifty-two additional species, which I have selected

from the collections of the Rev. F. W. Hope, Captain Parry and my

own; offering to those two gentlemen my best thanks for the use of

their collections so unrestrictedly permitted to me. The major part

of these species are represented in the four accompanying plates, the

majority being illustrated by details representing the 4-jointed maxil-

lary and the 3-jointed labial palpi, and the tarsi or tarsal ungues.

Short characters of fifteen of the species were published from my

notes by Mr. A. White in his List of the Cleride. I have added a

figure of his brilliantly coloured Necrobia eximia, as well as the de-

scription aud figure of a remarkable insect, under the name of Hno-

plium pustuliferum, from New Zealand, recently obtained for the

British Museum Cabinet, which is especially interesting on account

of its geographical position, the species of the group to which it ap-

pears to belong being only hitherto known as natives of Europe and

America.

A. Arrican Spectres *.

1. EryManTHUS HOoRRIDUS, Hope MS. (PI. XXIV. fig. 12.)

Totus niger nitidus, sparsim setosus, thorace et elytris vario-

losis, his postice dilatatis tuberculisque variis rufo-piceis rufo-

setulosis instructis ; femoribus anticis clavatis.—Long. corp.

Tins 11;

Hab. Cape Palmas (D. Savage).

Corpus elongatum subdepressum, totum nigrum nitidum. Caput

ante oculos utrinque oblique impressum, vertice tuberculo parum ele-

vato, rotundato, impressione parva antica notato. Antenne nigree arti-

culis intermediis piceis. Mandibulz nigree. Os piceum; palpi maxil-

lares articulo ultimo mediocriter, palpi labiales articulo ultimo valde

securiformi. Pronotum valde irregulare, utrinque tuberculis duo-

bus latis transversis, fossula media longitudinali, separatis, leeve, vix

punctulatum, et paulo ante apicem constrictum. Scutellum par-

vum, in medio impressione rotunda notatum. Elytra postice rotun-

dato-dilatata, dorso irregularia, singulo inter humeros et medium

carina obliqua elevata, tuberculis numerosis, parvis, elevatis, singulo-

que puncto profundo impresso, tuberculis pone medium elytrorum sim-

* Captain Boheman has published the descriptions of thirty-one new species

from South Africa in his ‘ Insecta Caffrariz,’ part 2, 1851.

plicibus, nonnullis vero majoribus, piceo-rufis quorum duo pone me-

dium elytrorum majora et rufo-setulosa. Pedes nigri, tarsis piceis

quasi 4-articulatis, articulis intermediis subtus profunde bilobatis,

unguibus simplicibus ; femoribus anticis magnis clavatis tibiisque

curvatis, intus linea setarum brevium instructis. Corpus subtus

nigrum nitidum parce setosum.

2. CLERUS SANGUINALIS, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 7.) Elonga-

tus, subcylindricus, fulvus, elytris sanguineis immaculatis, an-

tennarum articulis intermediis, femoribus 4 anticis apice, tibiis

tarsisque, pedibusque posticis nigris.—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. in Natalia. In Mus. Hope.

Caput mediocre, convexum, lave, impressionibus duabus parvis

rotundatis inter oculos. Antennz graciles dimidio pronoti parum

longiores, nigree articulis quatuor basalibus ultimoque lutescentibus,

tribus ultimis sensim majoribus, ultimo apice conico. Mandibule

parvee nigree. Os fulvum; palpi maxillares, breves, graciles, labiales

majores, articulo ultimo valde securiformi. Prothorax capite paulo

latior, convexus, levis, nitidus, parce punctatus et setosus, prope

marginem anticum et posticum transversim impressus, lateribus in

medio sensim rotundatis. Elytra elongata, angusta, subcylindrica,

undique punctatissima punctis minutis, sanguinea, immaculata. Cor-

pus infra fulvam abdomine magis sanguineo nitido; pedes graciles

cum trochanteribus omnibus femoribusque quatuor anticis fulvis,

his apice nigris ; tibiis tarsisque 4-anticis, pedibusque posticis nigris,

tarsis 5-articulatis, articulo 1mo infero, intermediis profunde bilobatis,

unguibus simplicibus.

3. CLeRus (STIGMATIUS) NEBULIFER, Westw. (Pl. XXVI.

fig. 4.) Piceus, irregulariter cinereo-sericans, macula magna

communi pone medium elytrorum, apiceque suture pallide seri-

ceis, elytris elongatis subdepressis dimidiatim striato-punctatis,

pone medium sensim angustatis.—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. in Natalia. In Mus. Westw.

Caput nigro-piceum tenuissime punctatum, setis cinereo-griseis

sericeis obsitum. Antenne graciles rufo-picez articulis basalibus

elongatis, terminalibus mutilis. Mandibule nigree. Os cum palpis

rufo-testaceum ; palpi maxillares parvee articulo ultimo brevi atte-

nuato. Palpi labiales articulo ultimo magno securiformi. Pro-

notum piceum antice magis rufescens, antice et postice linea trans-

versa impressa, lateribus in medio rotundatis, postice parum angus-

tius, subconvexum, tenuissime punctatum et setosum. Elytra elon-

gata, subdepressa, sub lente punctis mimimis undique impressa, picea ;

basi, sutura et medio magis rufescentibus, dimidio basali irregulariter

cinereo-setoso et punctato striato; striis preesertim internis prope

medium evanescentibus ; dimidio apicali plaga magna seu fascia

pone medrum cum sutura et apice setosa; linea punctorum majo-

rum distantium prope suturam. Pedes longi, rufo-picei, femoribus

anticis obscurioribus. ‘Tarsi 5-articulati articulo basali parvo, sub-

tus producto. Ungues simplices basi latiores. Corpus infra casta-

neum.

4. Cirrus (StiGMaTIus) DorsIGER, Westw. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 8.)

Rufo-piceus griseo-setosus, elytris subelongatis subconvexis e

medio ad apicem sensim attenuatis, striato-punctatis supra

disco nigricante plaga magna communi media grisea, lateribus

et apice griseis.—Long. corp. lin. 34.

Hab. apud Sierram Leonum (D. Afzelius, Schinherr). In Mus.

Hope.

Preecedenti brevior, latior et magis convexus. Caput et pro-

thorax ut in precedente, at magis castanea ; palpis flavescentibus

labialibus longis. Antenne modice elongatze, graciles, castaneze, ar-

ticulis 5-11 sensim latioribus compressis subovalibus. Elytra sub

lente tenuissime punctata, e basi ad apicem striato-punctata punctis

striarum versus basin elytrorum majoribus, piceo-rufa, disco nigri-

canti, setis cinereis irregulariter, preesertim ad latera, obtecta; plaga

magna communi media grisea, gutta parva subapicali, apicibusque

cinereo-setosis. Pedes castanei griseo-setosi. Corpus infra pallide

castaneum.

5. Tittus (Macroretivus, Klug; Monoruyuya, Spin.) unt1-

rormis, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 9.) Castaneus, angustus, sub-

cylindricus, antennis tibiis tarsisque nigricantibus, elytrorum

lateribus in medio macula parva triangulari apiceque obseuris.

—Long. corp. lin. 4.

Hab, apud ripas fluvii Gambize. In Mus. Hope.

Corpus elongatum subcylindricum tenuissime et rugose puncta-

tum. Caput pronoto latius, oculis magnis nigris. Antenne arti-

culis 1-9 brevibus, Imo castaneo, reliquis nigricantibus, 6-9 paullo

latioribus, ultimo (10mo) pronoto parum longiori, compresso, ensi-

formi. Palpi flavescentes, maxillares parvi tenues, labiales lon-

giores articulo ultimo valde securiformi. Prothorax angustus, cylin-

dricus, medio parum latior, lateribus paullo rotundatis, valde setosis,

disco transverse tenue ruguloso, striola tenui transversa impressa

prope basin. Elytra elongata, nitida, subcylindrica, capitis latitudine,

e basi ad medium striato-punctata ; dimidio apicali tenuissime rugu-

loso-punctato, macula parva triangulari in medio lateris apiceque

piceis. Pedes pallide castanei, femoribus apice tibiisque obscuriori-

bus. Tarsorum unguibus bifidis basique angulato-dilatatis.

Obs. Tillus compressicornis, Kl. Mon. pl. 2. fig. 3. foemina spe-

ciei huic proxima videtur.

6. Tirtus (Macrorexus?) susnoratus, Westw. Elongatus,

subcylindricus ; totus castaneo-rufus, elytris punctato-striatis,

dimidio apicali fere levi, fasciaque pallida fere obsoleta me-

diana ad suturam interrupta, antennis nigris articulis 5-10

sensim serrato-dilatatis, pedibus rufo-castaneis.—Long. corp.

In. 3.

Hab. apud Promont. Bonz Spei. In Mus. Westwood.

Till. compressicorni, K1., affinis et forsan foeemina Macroteli, sta-

tura 7. wniformis, at brevior. Caput et pronotum sub lente punc-.

tata, punctis transverse confluentibus. Mandibule castanez apice

nigree. Palpi pallide fulvi, hujus generis. Antenne picez articulis

4 basalibus tenuibus, 5-10 sensim majoribus compressis intus dila-

tatis, serratis, 1l1mo tribus preecedentibus fere eequali, oblongo-ovali.

Prothorax subcylindricus, lateribus in medio parum rotundatis dorso

transverse rugosus. Elytra elongata versus apicem paullo latiora,

dimidio basali striato, punctato, apicali fere levi, tenuissime punctato,

lateribus in medio macula conica pallida vix distincta, ad suturam

haud extensa, notata. Pedes pallide rufo-castanei. Ungues subtus

dente acuto basique dilatato armati.

7. Titius Arze.i, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 7.) Lete cyaneus,

nitidus, punctatus, longe setosus, antennis luteo-piceis articulis

apicalibus multo latioribus, pedibus apiceque elytrorum fulvo-

luteis.—Long. corp. lin. 2.

Hab. apud Sierram Leonum (D. Afzelius, Schinherr). In Mus.

Hope.

Caput convexum, tenue punctatum, cyaneum, oculi magni. An-

tennze longitudine pronoti 1||-articulate articulis 1-4 gracilibus,

5-10 sensim dilatatis, compressis, apice interno acuto, 11mo longitu-

dine trium przecedentium, oblongo-ovato compresso. Labrum lu-

teum. Mandibulz castanez apice nigree. Palpi lutei hujus gene-

ris. Prothorax elongatus, longe setosus, vage punctatus, lateribus in

medio rotundato-dilatatis. Elytra prothorace latiora, subparallela,

leete cyanea, apicibus late luteis ; striato-punctatis, punctis magnis

at paullo pone medium obliteratis. Pedes fulvi tibiis tarsisque ob-

scurioribus, unguibus ut in 7’. uniformi formatis. Caput et thorax

subtus nitida, cyaneo-viridia. Abdomen lete fulvum.

8. THanasimus Capicota, Westw. Miger, subnitidus, rude

punctatus, antennis fulvis gracilibus, elytris nigris basi rufis,

fascia media, alteraque subapicali albidis.—Long. corp. fere

lin. 2.

Hab. apud Promont. Bonz Spei. In Mus. Hope.

Depressus, niger, capite et pronoto rude punctatis, labro palpis et

antennis fulvis, his gracilibus, brevibus, articulis tribus apicalibus di-

latatis, compressis. Palpi maxillares filiformes minuti, labiales ma-

jores securiformes. LElytra punctato-striata albido-setosa, punctis in

parte rufa majoribus, pone medium magis irregularibus et minus

determinatis, tertia parte basali rufa, parte colorata in utroque elytro

oblique truncata; parte relicta elytrorum nigra, purpureo parum

tincta, fascia media communi alteraque subapicali (in medio inter-

rupta) albidis. Pedes nigricantes albido-setosi, tarsis piceis.

9. THANASIMUS IRREGULARIS, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 4.)

Piceus, elytris luteis fusco irregulariter tessellatis, punctatis ;

antennis pallide castaneis, femoribus fulvis apice nigris, tibiis

apicibus, tarsisque fulvis.—Long. corp. lin. 43.

Hab. apud Promont. Bonz Spei. In Mus. Parry.

Oblongus, subdepressus, parum nitidus, mediocriter setosus. Caput

piceum tenuissime punctatissimum, labrum luteum, mandibule piceee;

antennee castaneze, graciles, articulis tribus ultimis sensim at paullo

majoribus, ultimo apice acuminato. Palpi Jutei, maxillares filiformes

minuti, labiales valde securiformes. Prothorax brevis fere truncato-

cordatus punctis minutis undique impressus, disco in lobos vel areas

subrotundas divisus. Elytra mediocriter elongata, subdepressa, sub-

parallela, lutea, fusco irregulariter maculatis maculis ad suturam et

latera confluentibus, grosse punctata punctis in lineas longitudinales

subregulares dispositis. Pedes fulvi, femorum apice extremo et tibi-

arum basi nigris, ungues tarsorum simplices. Caput et thorax subtus

castanei, abdomen luteum.

B. Inpian SPECIEs.

10. Cuapiscus LONGIPENNIS, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.)

(White, App. Cat. Cleridee, p. 52.) Hlongatus, cylindricus, niger,

nitidus, nigro-setosus, capite et pronoto sanguineis, antennarum

nigrarum articulis 3-10 latis serratis; prothorace postice at-

tenuato et constricto; elytris fulvis longissimis, profunde striato-

punctatis.—Long. corp. lin. 64.

Hab. in Himalaya. In Mus. Westwood.

Caput valde convexum, fere glabrum, sanguineum, clypeo carina

longa recta transversa marginato. Oculi parvi subreniformes, mandi-

bul, antenne et palpi nigri. Antenne late, profunde serratee com-

pressee. Palpi maxillares breves, filiformes; labiales longi, securi-

formes. Prothorax obconicus vel postice attenuatus, et prope basin

profunde constrictus, lobis duobus elevatis in medio marginis basalis.

Elytra cylindrica, angusta, profunde striato-punctata, striis 10 in sin-

gulo elytro. Pedes nigri, graciles, longe setosi, tarsis 5-articulatis,

articulo basali pedum posticorum 2ndo parum longiore, 3tio et 4to

subtus magis dilatatis ; ungues valde curvati, acuti, intus basi late et

acute producto.

11. Cuapiscus Parrianus, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 2.) An-

gustus, cylindricus, rufus, pallide setosus, mandibulis, antennis,

pedibus, apiceque lato elytrorum nigris, his striato-punctatis

punctis versus apicem obsoletis.—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. in India orientali. In Mus. Parry.

Omnino statura precedentis, differt colore corporis, elytrorum apice

nigro subleevi, palpisque fulvis. Caput sanguineum fere leeve, niti-

dum. Mandibulz et antenne nigre, he subbreves, articulis 3-10

dilatato-serratis fere triangularibus, 11mo brevi ovali. Os cum palpis

pallide fulvum. Prothorax subleevis, obconicus, prope basin valde

constrictus. Elytra elongata, cylindrica, striato-punctata; punctis

ante apicem obsoletis, apice ipso paullo rugoso et transversim trun-

cato ; rufo-fulva, tertia parte apicali nigra. Pedes nigri coxis fulvis,

ungues lati, basi interne in dentem latum acutum producto. Corpus

subtus fulvum, nitidum, metasterno sanguineo. Cl. gracili similis ;

forsan foemina.

12. Cxiapiscus BipecTinatus, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 3.)

Angustus, cylindricus, fulvo-rufus, punctatus; antennis, oculis,

pedibus, apiceque elytrorum late nigris, antennarum articulis

4-10 longe bipectinatis, prothorace ante et pone medium con.

stricto; postice vix angustiori; elytris striato-punctatis et

costatis.—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. in Malabaria. In Mus. Melly.

E precedentibus differt antennis bipectinatis elytrisque costatis.

Caput prothorace latius, rufo-fulvum, antenne nigree, articulo 3tio

intus producto, 4to ad 10um ramos duos longos emittentibus, 11mo

elongato. Prothorax elongatus, subleevis, rufo-fulvus, ante et pone

medium mediocriter constrictus, lateribus in medio rotundatis. Elytra

elongata, subcylindrica, fulva, apice lato nigro, singulo costis tribus

elevatis longitudinalibus, inter costas striis duabus punctorum ; pedes

nigri longe setosi; tarsis articulis 4 basalibus subtus lobatis.

13. CLerus (XyLopius’) aLBo-varius, Westw. (Pl. XXIV.

fig. 4.) Elongatus, gracilis subdepressus, niger, punctatissimus,

capite inter oculos, fascia antica transversa et punctis duobus

lateralibus posticis pronoti, lunulis duabus humeralibus ma-

culisque septem (3tia majori communi) elytrorum albo-squamosis ;

horum apicibus truncatis; antennis brevissimis pedibusque pal-

lide fulvis.—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. in Himalaya. In Mus. Westwood.

Caput latum, oculis magnis, punctatissimum antice albo-sericans.

Labrum et mandibule ad basin fulvescentes. Antenne capite vix

longiores, gracillimee, articulis tribus ultimis evidenter latioribus.

Palpi pallide fulvescentes, maxillares minuti filiformes, labiales elon-

gati, articulo ultimo longe securiformi. Prothorax oblongus, puncta-

tissimus, eeneo-niger, versus marginem anticum et basin paullo con-

strictus, fascia antica maculis duabus lateralibus conicis posticis albo

sericantibus. Elytra elongata, undique punctatissima, apice extremo

truncato lateribus subparallelis, dorso purpureo parum tincto, lunulis

duabus basalibus (scutellum includentibus) punctis duobus parvis

ante medium, macula magna rotundata communi; duabus obliquis

pone medium alterisque duabus ad apicem albo squamosis. Pedes

graciles, fulvi, femoribus posticis supra, tibiisque extus piceis, his

prope apicem in angulum productis; tarsi 5 articulati, articulis 3tio

et 4to infra magis lobatis. Ungues acuti, basi in dentem latum pro-

ducti. Corpus infra nigrum, lateribus thoracis et segmentorum ab-

dominalium albo notatis.

14. CLerus (XyLosius?) puxcis, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 6.)

Angustus, cyaneus, punctatissimus, labro albido, antennis, palpis,

pedibusque pallide fulvis, capite inter oculos, pronoti maculis 4,

scutello, elytrisque maculis 14 albo squamosis.—Long. corp.

lin. 4.

Hab. in insula Java. In Mus. Parry.

Caput pronoto latius, oculis magnis ; vertice inter oculos albo squa-

moso ; labrum luteum parvum. Mandibule nigre. Antenne bre-

vissimee, fulvescentes, articulis 4to, 5to, 6to obscurioribus ; tribus

ultimis sensim latioribus : palpi pallide fulvescentes. Prothorax ante

et pone medium constrictus, lateribus in medio valde rotundatis, ma-

culis duabus ante medium, alterisque duabus prope angulos posticos

albo squamosis ; scutellum album ; elytra maculis 14 albo squamosis,

magnitudine fere zequalibus. Pedes longi, graciles, fulvescentes, longe

setosi. Corpus infra chalybeum lateribus albo notatis.

15. Trtuus (TILLICERUS) CHALYBEUs, Westw. (Pl. XXIV.

fig. 5.) (White, App. Cat. Cleride, p. 51.) Valde convecus,

elytris postice latioribus, cyaneus, nitidus, nigro-setosus, pronoto

subgloboso pone medium valde constricto, elytris dimidio basali

striato-punctatis, singulo pone medium gutta obliqua elevata

purpurea (vel coccinea) glabra, apicibus levibus griseo-setosis.

—Long. corp. lin. 5.

Hab. Tenasserm. In Mus. Brit. et Westwood.

Caput parvum glabrum, mandibulz parvee, antenne, et palpi nigri;

palpi maxillares minuti, cylindrici, labiales mediocres, articulo ultimo

elongato-triangulari. Antenne fere prothoracis longitudine, articulis

1-10 intus serrato-dilatatis, subeequalibus, 1lmo majori ovali. Pro-

thorax subglobosus, leevis, nitidus, canali curvato transverso ante me-

dium; postice valde constrictus. Elytra convexa, pone medium

paullo latiora, cyanea, nitida ; e basi fere ad medium striato-punctata

punctis ad basin majoribus, dimidio apicali fere levi, nigro-setoso ;

singulo gutta obliqua laterali mediana, elevata, glabra, purpurea vel

coccinea, apiceque late griseo, setoso. Pedes breves, nigri; ungues

bifidi, basique dilatato.

16. CLrerus Beneara, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 11.) <Angustus,

subdepressus, longe griseo-setosus, punctatissimus, rufo-testa-

ceus ; capite, mandibulis, femoribus, tibiis, et maculis 4 elytro-

rum nigris.-—Long. corp. lin. 44.

Hab. in Bengalia. In Mus. Ent. Soc. Lond. ; (Kirby), Hope.

Caput nigrum prothoracis latitudine, convexum, punctatum ; cly-

peus cum labro bilobo et palpis testaceus: antenne graciles, longitu-

dine mediocres, castanez, articulis tribus ultimis sensim majoribus :

palpi maxillares minuti filiformes ; labiales valde securiformes. Pro-

thorax subovalis, subdepressus, prope marginem anticum et posticum

constrictum ; rufus tenuissime punctatus. Elytra rufo-testacea, punc-

tatissima, et e basi paullo pone medium punctato-striata maculis dua-

bus magnis semicircularibus, lateralibus, ante medium alterisque dua-

bus magnis subquadratis pone medium. Pedes sat longi, nigri, tarsis

pallide piceis 5-articulatis, articulo basali infero, unguibus simplici-

bus ; corpus infra rufo-testaceum, metasterno castaneo.

17. CLerus suBrasciaTus, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 10.) (White,

Suppl. Cat. Cleride, p. 56.) | Subdepressus, punctatissimus,

piceus, elytris fulvis, nitidis, striato-punctatis ; maculis duabus

semicircularibus lateralibus ante medium, fasciaque lata pone

medium (ad suturam interrupta), nigro-piceis; pedibus castaneo-

Sulvis, femoribus obscurioribus.—Long. corp. lin. 4.

Hab. in India orientali. In Mus. Brit. et Westw.

Preecedenti proximus, at major, robustior et aliter coloratus. Caput

piceum, fere leeve, supra clypeum bi-impressum. Labrum subalbidum,

mandibule picez apice nigra; antenne graciles, pallide castanez, arti-

culis tribus apicalibus paullo crassioribus; palpi lutei labiales valde

securiformes ; prothorax piceus, impressione curvata transversa prope

marginem anticum, alteraque fere ad basin, lateribus in medio ro-

tundatis ; scutellum piceum. Elytra oblonga, nitida, punctatissima,

fulva, e basi ad apicem striato-punctatis punctis ad basin elytrorum

majoribus, 4 maculatis, maculis fere ut in specie preecedente dispositis.

Pedes castaneo-fulvi, femoribus (nisi ad basin) piceis, unguibus sim-

plicibus. Corpus infra piceum.

18. THANASIMUS SELLATUS, Westw. (PI. XXV.fig.8.) Latior sub-

depressus, nigro-piceus nitidus, luteo-setosus, punctatissimus,

elytris vie striato-punctatis, macula magna lutea irregulari

transversa ante medium, alteraque parva communi subapicali,

JSulvis.—Long. corp. lin. 53.

Hab. in India orientali. In Mus. Ent. Soc. Lond. (Kirby) et

Hope. (Schénherr, Schneider.)

Caput piceo-nigrum, punctatissimum. Labrum luteum, mandi-

bulz nigrze, palpi castanei, maxillares parvi filiformes, labiales valde

securiformes. Antennze piceze, articulis tribus apicalibus sensim ma-

joribus, ultimo ovali, apice curvato acuto. Prothorax brevis, latus,

lateribus rotundatis crebre punctatus, impressione transversa curvata

ante medium, alteraque recta basali. Elytra picea crebre punctata,

punctis in discum strias nonnullas indeterminatas formantibus, fascia

lata irregulari dentata ante medium, maculaque transversa ovali sub-

apicali, fulvis. Pedes robusti, picei, tarsorum unguibus simplicibus.

Corpus infra piceo-castaneum, abdomine fulvo.

19. CreRus posticatis, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 12.) Totus

Sulvus, elytris fascia lata postica (ad suturam interrupta) nigra.

—Long. corp. lin. 43.

Hab. in India orientali. In Mus. Parry.

Crebre punctatus, luteo-setosus. Caput prothoracis latitudine

rufo-fulvum, mandibule nigre. Palpi fulvi, maxillares minuti fili-

formes, labiales valde securiformes. Antenne graciles fulvo-casta-

nez, articulis tribus apicalibus sensim majoribus. Prothorax late-

ribus rotundatis, ante medium et ad basin transversim impressus,

fulvo-rufus, punctatissimus. Elytra fulva, fascia lata nigra ad sutu-

ram interrupta, pone medium punctatissima; e basi pone medium

punctato-striata, punctis versus basin majoribus. Pedes fulvi, femo-

ribus posticis pone medium tibiisque castaneis, tarsis 5-articulatis,

articulo basali infero; unguibus simplicibus. Corpus subtus ful-

vum, margine postico segmentorum abdominalium luteo.

20. Opiius sorpipus, Westw. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 9.) Elongatus,

depressus, piceus, elytris luteo-albidis, strigis duabus obliquis

postice convergentibus ante medium, maculaque magna irregu-

lari communi pone medium, piceis ; pedibus luteo-albidis, apice

JSemorum piceo.—Long. corp. lin. 44-7.

Hab. in India Orientali. In Mus. Parry.

Caput piceo-castaneum, punctatissimum, oculis magnis. Mandi-

bulee castaneze apice pice. Antenne pallide castanez, graciles,

articulis tribus apicalibus sensim majoribus ; palpi lutescentes, omnes

articulo apicali securiformi. Prothorax elongatus, subcylindricus,

ante et pone medium subconstrictus, castaneo-piceus, antice magis

rufescens, punctatissimus, luteo-setosus. Elytra elongata, depressa,

pone medium paullo latiora, pallide albido-lutea, nitida, impresso-

striata, striis e basi longe pone medium rude punctatis, strigis dua-

bus gracilibus ante medium disci postice convergentibus, suturaque

fere ad apicem castaneis, plagaque magna subovali communi pone

medium, macula parva discoidali utrinque connexa. Corpus infra

castaneum, lateribus metasterni nigris. Pedes lutei, luteo-setosi ;

apice femorum nigro.

21. Cierus zeEBRATUS, Westw. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 11.) Elongatus,

depressus, piceus, breviter setosus, elytris rufescenti-albidis

maculis duabus parvis basalibus, fascia angusta dentata ante

medium, altera latiori submediana, antice tridentata, tertiaque

angusta, acuta, denticulata, subapicali, fuscis ; pedibus fusco

albidoque annulatis.—Long. corp. lin. 7.

Hab. in India Orientali. In Mus. Parry.

Caput parvum, punctatissimum, piceum, oculis magnis, orbita in-

terna pallida. Labrum pallidum. Mandibule nigre, palpi pallidi,

articulo ultimo obscuro, maxillares parvee filiformes, labiales elon-

gato-securiformes ; antennze tenues picez basi rufescente, articulo

ultimo magno compresso-ovali, apice acuto paullo curvato. Pro-

thorax elongatus, subcylindricus, piceus, ante medium et prope basin

parum constrictus, carina dorsali in parte postica. Elytra elongata,

depressa, opaca, fulvo-albida, basi rufo-tincta, breviter sericeo-setosa,

singula costis duabus parum elevatis, e basi vix ad medium extensis,

utrinque serie punctorum marginalium, maculis duabus rotundatis

prope scutellum, fascia tenui dentata ante medium, altera lata sub-

mediana, antice tridentata, tertiaque tenui acute dentata ante api-

cem fuscis, opacis. Pedes alternatim fusco albidoque annulati,

unguibus simplicibus. Corpus infra piceo-castaneum, abdomine

pallidiori.

22. Tuanasimus AntTuicorpEs, Westw. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 8.)

(White, Suppl. Cat. Cleridee, p. 59.) Niger, nitidus, elytris

purpureo-piceis, maculis 4 magnis, subrotundatis, duabus ante

medium, alterisque duabus subapicalibus albidis, antennis pallide

castaneis, articulis 4 apicalibus nigris.—Long. corp. lin. 13.

Hab. in insula Ceylon. In Mus. Templeton.

Parvus, brevis, latus, subdepressus, nitidus, capite et prothorace

leviter punctatis ; elytris vix striato-punctatis. Caput latum con-

vexum. Antenne elongate, articulis 4 apicalibus sensim incras-

satis, ultimo ovali apice acuto, articulis basalibus flavescentibus, in-

termediis castaneis, apicalibus nigris. Palpi lutescentes, maxillares

breves, filiformes, labiales elongato-securiformes. Prothorax brevis,

cyaneo-niger, latus, lateribus rotundatis, ante medium impressione

curvata, alteraque prope basin. Elytra lata, subdepressa, lateribus

in medio parum latioribus, nitida, ad humeros subangulata, sutura

parum elevata, punctata punctis vix strias regulares formantibus et

ante apicem desinentibus, maculis duabus subrotundatis, transversis,

ante medium, alterisque duabus subovalibus, subapicalibus, albidis.

Pedes clongati, satis robusti, picei, tibiis posticis longe setosis, geni-

culis tarsisque castaneis, tarsis posticis articulo 2do longo compresso,

unguibus simplicibus.

23. CLerus (OMapius) MEDIorascratus, Westw. (Pl. XXVI.

fig. 1.) Niger, luteo-sericans, elytris fulvo-cinereis, fascia

lata submedia, punctis 4 ante medium, alterisque duabus parvis

subapicalibus nigris.—Long. corp. lin. 54.

Haé. in India Orientali, Khasyah Hills. In Mus. Hope.

Elongatus, subeylindricus, haud nitidus. Caput parvum, oculis

magnis antice fere conjunctis, setis luteis sericans. Antenne breves

pice, articulis 5-10 sensim majoribus, intus angulato-serratis seto-

sis, ultimo magno ovali compresso apice acuto. Palpi maxillares

picei, filiformes ; labiales longi, articulo ultimo mediocriter securi-

formi, lutescentes, apice picei. Prothorax elongatus lateribus fere

rectis ; postice sensim paullo angustior, antice transversim rugulosus,

in medio rugosus, carina media angusta longitudinali polita, ante me-

dium, et fere ad basin transversim impressus. Elytra obscure cer-

vina, setis auratis brevibus dense obsita, dimidio basali vix distincte

punctato-striato, macula parva humerali, alterisque duabus ante me-

dium, lateribusque singuli nigricantibus, fascia lata submedia punctis-

que duobus subapicalibus nigris. Pedes nigri femoribus posticis

basi fulvescentibus ; ungues longi acuti, basi in dentem obtusum

dilatato. Corpus subtus fulvo-castanenm, prosterno nigro.

24, CLerus (Omaprvus) oLivaceus, Westw. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 3.)

Gracilis, pallide fuscus, setis aureo-olivaceis sericans, oculis mag-

nis nigris, elytris maculis duabus indeterminatis ante medium,

fascia dentata pone medium, alteraque subapicali, fuscis ; pedi-

bus lutescentibus fusco variis.—Long. corp. lin. 33.

Hab. Prince of Wales Island (D. Cantor). In Mus. Hope.

Parvus, elongatus, preecedentis forma; punctis minutis distanti-

bus impressus. Caput convexum sericans, antennee pallide castaneze,

basi flavescentes, articulis apicalibus latis fuscis. Palpi fulvescentes,

labiales elongato-securiformes. Prothorax subcylindricus, postice

parum angustatus, sericans, ante medium constrictus et transverse

impressus, basique linea impressa. Elytra sericantia dimidiatim

punctato-striata, macula indeterminata ante medium singuli; fascia

pone medium dentata, alteraque, subapicali, fuscis. Pedes pallide

lutescentes, femoribus in medio, tibiisque basi et in medio tarsisque

fuscis. Corpus infra castaneum.

25. 'THANASIMUS SUBSCUTELLARIS, Westw. (PI. XXV. fig. 6.)

Niger, opacus, setosus, elytris macula parva transversa scutel-

lum includente lete fulva, striga transversa ante medium fere

obsoleta, fascia recta pone medium, apiceque griseis.—Long.

corp. lin. 3}.

Hab. in India Orientali. In Mus. Parry.

Depressus, niger opacus, setosus. Caput vix prothoracis latitu-

dine, convexum, transversum. Mandibule, palpi et antenne nigra,

palpi maxillares filiformes breves, labiales securiformes. Antenne

graciles articulis 6-11 sensim crassioribus. Prothorax brevis late-

ribus rotundatis, ante medium et ad basin transverse impressus.

Elytra oblonga in medio vix latiora, opaca, nigro-setosa, e basi ultra

medium punctato-striata, macula parva transversa (scutellum in-

cludente) fulva; setis nonnullis griseis strigam simulantibus ante

medium, fascia transversa recta pone medium, apiceque ipso griseis.

Pedes longi, nigri, coxis posticis pallidis, unguibus acutis longis, basi

in dentem obtusum dilatato. Corpus infra nigrum, metasterno rufo-

castaneo abdomineque fulvo.

26. Cuerus (Stiemartius) RUFIVeNTRIS, Westw. (White, App.

Cat. Cleridz, p.52.) (Pl. XXVI. fig.5.) Brevis, niger, valde

setosus, capite et pronoto sub lente punctatissimis, elytris ad

basin scabrosis, punctato-striatis, fascia irregulari ante, altera

pone medium, apiceque ipso albido-setosis ; antennis gracilibus ;

metasterno abdomineque testaceis.—Long. corp. lin. 4.

Hab. Assam (D. Jenkins). In Mus. Westwood.

Caput et pronotum sub lente punctatissima. Caput breve latum,

oculis magnis, antice cinereo-setosum. Mandibule nigre; palpi

picei, maxillares subfiliformes, labiales elongato-securiformes. An-

tenn elongate articulis apicalibus vix incrassatis. Prothorax niger,

lateribus rotundatis ante medium impressione curvata alteraque basi

proxima. Elytra brevia depressa nigra, basi ad costam purpureo-

castanea, valde rugosa seu granulosa et punctato-striata, punctis

longe ante apicem obsoletis, fascia angusta irregulari ante medium,

altera dentata pone medium, apiceque albido-setosis. Pedes piceo-

nigri valde setosi, unguibus tarsorum longis acutis, basi intus in den-

tem obtusum dilatatis. Metasternum et abdomen testacea.

27. Cirrus (Stiematius) ELarnrorpes, Westw. (White, App.

Cat. Cleride, p. 54.) (Pl. XXVI. fig. 6.) Fuscus, aureo-

sericans, nigro setosus; antennis gracillimis, pronoto postice

bimaculato, elytris e basi ad medium punctato-striatis ; pone

medium fasciis duabus valde irregularibus piceis.—Long. corp.

lin. 3. ;

Hab. in insula Ceylon. In Mus. D. Templeton.

Brevis, capite et prothorace fere eequalibus, elytris medio latiori-

bus, postice sensim attenuatis, supra totus setulis aureis sericans,

setisque nigris e punctis distinctis emissis. Caput breve convexum.

Palpi albidi, labiales elongati securiformes. Antennze longe gracil-

imee, longe setosee, articulis longitudine fere equalibus apicalibus

vix crassioribus, basi subtus flavescentes, reliquis articulis fuscis

apice pallidis. | Prothorax brevis latus lateribus rotundatis, ante

medium et ad basin transversim impressus, disco postico maculis

duabus oblongis fuscis. Elytra elongata, in medio latiora, postice

sensim attenuata, aureo-sericantia, e basi longe ultra medium striato-

punctata, nigroque setosa; fasciis duabus fuscis valde irregularibus

inter medium et apicem. Pedes albido-fulvescentes longe setosi,

femoribus basi late albidis, et ante apicem fascia fusca, tibiis basi

obscurioribus. Corpus infra castaneum nitidum lateribus nigrum.

28. OPETIOPALPUS OBESUS, Westw. (Pl. XXVII.fig. 11.) (White,

App. Cat. Cleridz, p. 63.) Parvus, crassus, convexus, subniti-

dus, punctatus, nigro-setosus ; capite et pronoto obscure san-

guineis, elytris nigris immaculatis, antennis pedibusque fulvis,

illarum clava picea.—Long. corp. lin. 14.

Hab. in India Orientali (D. Hearsey). In Mus. Westwood.

Caput obscure sanguineum, punctatum, medio faciei inter anten-

nas leeve. Antennze fulve fere pronoti longitudine, articulis tribus

ultimis crassis piceis. Palpi fulvi; maxillares articulo ultimo longo

acutissimo fusco, labiales articulo ultimo ovali, apice truncato. Pro-

thorax integer, punctatus, convexus lateribus rotundatis, capite la-

tior. Elytra brevia, convexa, subovalia, nigra, profunde punctata,.

punctis versus basin strias vix regulares formantibus, apicibus leevio-

ribus. Pedes breves fulvi, unguibus simplicibus. Corpus infra _pi-

ceum, griseo-setosum.

C. AusTRALIAN SPECIES.

29. Crerus (XyLoTRETuS) ExcAvaTus, Westw. (Pl. XXIV.

fig. 10.) Niger, punctatissimus, subopacus, guttis duabus ante

oculos, maculis lateralibus pronoti scutelloque albo-setosis, ely-

trorum disco excavato-punctato, antennarum articulo apicali

profunde emarginato.—Long. corp. lin. 7.

Haé. in Australia Occidentali. In Mus. Hope.

Caput nigrum, convexum, punctatum, postice subcupreum, emar-

ginatura antica oculorum albo setosa, facie antice elongata, griseo-

setosa. Mandibulee, palpi et antenne nigre, palpi maxillares medio-

criter elongato-filiformes, labiales articulo ultimo triangulari. An-

tennz articulis 6 ultimis sensim latioribus, ultimo interne producto,

apice emarginato. Prothorax capite latior, punctatissimus, versus

basin paullo constrictus, utrinque necnon ad angulos laterales

posticos, setis albis ornatus. Scutellum rotundatum, album. Ely-

tra e humeris ad apicem sensim angustata, nigra opaca punctatis-

sima, punctis medii disci magnis, profundis et valde contiguis, apex

minus punctatus, subnitidus, podex niger stria media alba. Pedes

purpureo-nigri, femoribus versus basin tibiisque albo setosis: corpus

infra nigrum, metasterni lateribus, abdominis basi et lateribus, albo:

maculatis.

30. Tittus Dux, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 11.) Magnus, elon-

gatus, cylindricus, fusco-nigricans, setosus, pubescentia aurea

obsitus, antennarum articulis 6 ultimis sensim latioribus ser-

ratis, unguibus tarsorum bifidis.—Long. corp. lin. 133.

ome in Nova Hollandia apud Fluvium Cygnorum. In Mus.

elly.

Caput prothorace paullo latius, breve. Antenne mediocres, arti-

culis 5-10 sensim latioribus, intus angulatis, serratis, ultimo ovali

apice subacuto et curvato. Palpi maxillares parum, labiales valde

securiformes. Prothorax elongatus, subcylindricus, elytris multo

angustior, antice parum latior, ante et pone medium paullo con-

strictus. Elytra elongata, subcylindrica, punctata, nubila seu fascia

indistincta ante medium obscura. Pedes mediocres, concolores, un-

guibus tarsorum bifidis.

Obs. Generi Tillo congruit antennarum articulis 6 apicalibus di-

latatis, unguibusque tarsorum denticulatis ; Opilo vero palpis maxil-

laribus, subsecuriformibus.

31. Crerus (Lemiptvs) restrvus, Hope MS. (Pl. XXV. fig. 3.)

Nigro-cyaneus, nitidus, rugose punctatus, pronoto, striola tenui

humerali fasciaque transversa media elytrorum lete rubris.—

Long. corp. lin. 23.

Hab. in Australia Occidentali. In Mus. Hope.

Caput breve, transversum, facie concava (clypei margine elevato),

subrugosa, linea media parum elevata; vertice in medio levi. An-

tennz breves, tenues, brunnez, articulis tribus apicalibus dilatatis.

Palpi maxillares parvi, filiformes, brunnei, labiales elongato-securi-

formes, obscure lutei. Prothorax lateribus convexus, prope mar-

ginem anticum et posticum transversim impressus, dorso fere levi

nitido, utrinque impressione parva ovali. Scutellum triangulare, ni-

grum. Elytra elongata, pone medium latiora, nigro-setosa, rugoso-

punctata ; stria tenui transversa, humerali, fasciaque lata media

transversa, leete rufis. Pedes nigri, femoribus 4 anticis subtus, geni-

culis tarsisque piceis. Corpus infra nigrum, nitidum, abdomine rufo,

apice cyaneo-nigro.

32. Cierus (Lemipivs) CORALLIPENNIS, Westw. (Clerus? hila-

ris, Newm. Zool. p. cxix, nec Westw. in White, App. Cat. Cle-

ride, p. 48.) (Pl. XXV. fig. 2.) Cyaneo-niger, nitidus, pa-

rum punctatus, depressus, elytris corallinis, fascia latissima,

purpurea, apiceque tenuissime nigro, metasterno abdomineque

testacets.—Long. corp. lin. 23.

Hab. Hunter’s River, Australia?, New Zealand? In Mus. Parry.

Niger, nitidus, parce punctatus, longe nigro-setosus, pronoto cya-

neo parum tincto. Caput prothorace parum latius, oculis magnis,

facie inter oculos impressionibus duabus rotundatis punctatis. An-

tennee breves, articulis tribus apicalibus majoribus. Palpi nigri,

maxillares breves, subfiliformes, labiales late securiformes. Pro-

thorax elytris angustior, lateribus in medio valde rotundatis, parte

antica et postica angustis. Scutellum parvum, nigrum. Elytra lata,

pone medium paullo dilatata, leevia, nitida, corallina, fascia latissima

marginibus rectis, purpurea, apiceque nigro marginato. Pedes nigri,

longe setosi, unguibus tarsorum simplicibus, metasternum et abdo-

men infra rufo-testacea, nitida.

33. Cuerus (HypNnocervus) BeLius, Westw. (Pl. XXVII.

fig. 2.) Hlongatus, niger nitidus, capite et pronoto levibus,

illo nigro facie flavida, hoc fulvo, elytris rude punctato-striatis,

striola transversa humerali, cum macula magna, communi, ro-

tunda, connexa, fasciaque submedia, albido-carnea, pedibus an-

ticis flavescentibus, posticis nigris.—Long. corp. lin. 3.

Hab. apud Adelaidam, Australasize (D. Fortnum). In Mus. Hope.

Elongatus, elytris parallelis, griseo-setosus. Caput leve nigrum,

facie cum ore et antennis flavidis. Antenne breves, articulis tribus

apicalibus incrassatis. Mandibule apice piceze. Palpi maxillares

minuti, filiformes, labiales longe securiformes. Prothorax longior

quam latus, levis, fulvus, ante et pone medium constrictus, lateribus

in medio rotundatis, nigris. Scutellum rotundatum, nigrum. Elytra

longa, capite vix latiora, subdepressa, nitida, rude punctato-striata,

striis ad apicem fasciee submediz extensis, singula striola trans-

versa humerali, macula magna, rotundata, communi basali connexa,

fasciaque submediana, albido-carnea, tertia parte apicali subrugosa,

apicibus rotundatis. Pedes antici pallide flavescentes, intermedii

femoribus in medio tibiisque, linea supera fuscis, postici nigri coxis

geniculisque flavescentibus.

34, CLerus (Hypnocervs) exits, Westw. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 4.)

Subelongatus, niger nitidus, facie antennisque flavis, pronoto

(margine antico excepto) fulvo, strigaque transversa humerali

elytrorum flava, pedibus anticis flavis, posticis piceis.—Long.

corp. lin. 2.

Hab. apud Adelaidam Nove Hollandiz. In Mus. Hope.

Preecedenti brevior, elytrisque pone medium paullo latioribus. Caput

breve, nigrum, leeve nitidum, facie, ore et antennis flavis; antennz

breves articulis tribus ultimis latioribus. Palpi maxillares parvi, cylin-

drici, labiales longe securiformes. Caput infra flavum jugulo nigro.

Prothorax levis, nitidus, fulvus, margine antico nigro, lateribus in

medio rotundatis ; ante medium et ad basin subconstrictus. Elytra

nitida irregulariter punctata, nigra, striola humerali transversa flava.

Corpus infra nigrum nitidum. Pedes 4 antici, femoribusque posticis

basi flavis, pedibus posticis piceis.

35. CLerus (HypNnocervws) V-reversus, Westw. (Pl. XXVII.

fig. 5.) Subelongatus, niger nitidus, antennis pedibusque piceis,

elytrorum singulo striola humerali transversa, striaque obliqua

submedia, albis.—Long. corp. lin. 132.

Hab. apud Adelaidam Novee Hollandiz (D. Fortnum). In Mus.

Hope.

Preecedenti proximus, niger nitidus, parce griseo-setosus. Caput

prothorace paullo latius, facie punctata, os cum palpis et antennis

piceis. Pronotum nigrum nitidum, lateribus subrotundatis parum ru-

gosis, prope marginem anticum, et ante basin striola transversa im-

pressum. Elytra pone medium parum latiora, nigra, rude punctata,

singulo striola basali transversa, ad scutellum parum dilatata, fascio-

laque obliqua e medio lateris versus basin suture extensa, alba.

Corpus infra nigrum, pedibus 4 anticis piceis, femoribus pedibusque

posticis nigricantibus.

36. Cirrus (HypNocERvs?) FLAVO-LINEATUS, Westw. (White,

App. Cat. Cleride, p. 62.) (Pl. XXVII. fig. 1.) Chalybeo-

niger, dense griseo-setosus, facie labroque flavidis ; antennis

subfiliformibus luteis ; elytris valde elongatis, punctatis, disco

singuli striga longitudinali pallide flava notato, pedibus sub-

fSulvis, femoribus supra nigris.—Long. corp. lin. 2.

Hab. in Australia meridionali. In Mus. Westwood.

Caput prothorace paullo latius, sparsim punctatum, facie, labro, ore

et basi antennarum pallide flavis. Antenne brevissime, serrate,

articulis apicalibus vix preecedentibus latioribus, fulvescentibus. Palpi

flavescentes ; maxillares breves filiformes; labiales latissime securi-

formes. Pronotum subdepressum, sparsim punctatum, lateribus parum

rotundatis, striola transversa impressa prope marginem anticum, im-

pressione nulla postica. Elytra valde elongata, punctata, subparallela,

singuli disco toto humerisque flavidis. Corpus infra nigrum, lateribus

abdominis margineque postico segmentorum abdominalium flavidis.

Pedes 4 antici subfulvi, femoribus supra nigris, femoribus posticis

nigris, tibiarum apice, tarsisque piceis, unguibus acutis, basi subtus

in dentem latum producto.

37. Crerus (HypNocerRvs?) FLAvo-vARius, Westw. (White,

App. Cat. Cleride, p. 62.) (Pl. XXVII. fig. 3.) Piceo-niger,

facie, antennis subfiliformibus, ore palpisque flavis, pronoto

flavo, ferreo-equino piceo dorsali notato ; elytris nigris, maculis

8 flavis notatis.—Long. corp. lin. 23.

Hab. King George’s Sound. In Mus. Westwood.

Preecedenti proximus, et antennis et prothorace similiter formatis ;

longe griseo-setosus. Caput vertice nigro sparsim punctato, facie, ore,

palpis et antennis pallide flavis; mandibulz apice piceee. Pronotum

flavum, latitudine capitis, lateribus ante medium subrotundatis, pos-

tice fere rectis, disco macula ferreum equinum simulante picea no-

tato. Elytra valde elongata, rugose punctata, singula striola hume-

rali transversa cum macula oblonga basali connexa, macula rotundata

fere media, alteraque inter medium et apicem, apiceque ipso flavo.

Corpus infra nigrum. Pedes flavi, femoribus et tibiis posticis apice,

tarsisque nigris.

38. Cierus (HypNocERUusS) PECTORALIS, Westw. (White, App.

Cat. Cleride, p. 61.) (Pl. XXVII. fig. 6.) Totus pallide ful-

vus, nitidus, thorace subtus oculisque nigris, elytris grosse

punctatis, antennisque clavatis.—Long. corp. lin. 25.

Hab. in Australia meridionali. In Mus. Westwood.

Przecedentibus duobus affinis, at brevior, latior et minus parallelus ;

caput longius, fere leeve, facie inter oculos impressionibus binis ovali-

bus. Palpi maxillares subfiliformes, labiales late securiformes. An-

tennze breves articulis tribus apicalibus incrassatis. Prothorax fere

levis, nitidus, lateribus rotundatis prope marginem anticum constric-

tus, et transversim impressus. Elytra pone medium parum latiora,

grosse punctato-striata, punctis versus apicem paullo majoribus.

Pedes toti fulvescentes, tarsorum articulis latis, unguibus brevibus

basi intus dilatatis.

39. CLERUS NoveM-GuTTATuUS, Westw. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 9.)

Purpureus, punctatissimus, dense nigro-setosus, antennis nigris

basi rufescentibus, prothorace postice latiore, scutello macu-

lisque parvis rotundatis 8 elytrorum albo-hirtis.—Long. corp.

lin. 2.

Hab. Nova Hollandia prope Hunter’s River. In Mus. Westwood.

No. CCXLI.—ProcrEepincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Parvus, elegans, convexus, caput convexum, punctatissimum, an-

tennze breves, clavate articulis 4 apicalibus sensim incrassatis, arti-

culis basalibus rufescentibus. Palpi maxillares cylindrici, breves,

labiales articulo ultimo triangulari. Prothorax brevis, punctatissimus,

pone medium lateribus rotundatis et capite latioribus, prope margi-

nem posticum transversim impressus. Elytra convexa, pone medium

parum latiora, rude punctata, singula macula parva rotundata ante

medium disci, 2nda laterali submedia, 3tia pone medium, 4taque sub-

apicali albo-hirtis. Pedes breves, cyanei, unguibus simplicibus.

40. Oprius HiILARIS, Westw. (White, App. Cat. Cleride, p. 48,

Tillus h. nec Tillus h. Newm.) (Pl. XXVI. fig. 12.) Hlon-

gatus, subcylindricus, nitidus, castaneo-rufus, punctatissimus ;

antennis palpisque rufo-fulvis ; elytris tertia parte basali testa-

cea, reliqua parte nigra, fascia angusta submedia, recta, alba,

punctato-striatis apicibus sublevibus.—Long. corp. lin. 2.

Hab. in Terra Van Diemenii (D. Ewing). In Mus. Westwood.

O. caro, Newm., affinis. Caput punctatissimum, castaneo-rufum ;

antennze vix prothoracis longitudine fulvee, articulis 9 et 10 elongatis,

crassioribus, 11mo longiori ovato. Palpi fulvi. Prothorax castaneo-

rufus rude punctatus, antice nigricans, subcylindricus, ante marginem

posticum angustatus. Elytra cylindrica, rude punctato-striata, striis

longe ante apicem obliteratis, apice leevi nitido, tertia parte basali

fulvo colore utrinque oblique terminato, parte relicta nigra, fascia

recta angusta transversa, media alba. Corpus subtus cum pedibus

rufum ; abdomine nigro.

41. Orprtus M@rens, Westw. (White, App. Cat. Cleride, p. 57,

Notoxus m.) (Pl. XXVI. fig. 10.) Niger, punctatissimus, sub-

cylindricus, cinereo-setosus, pedibus antennisque piceis, his bast

rufescentibus ; elytris punctato-striatis, apicibus levibus, fascia

transversa medio albida.—Long. corp. lin. 23.

Hab. apud Adelaidam Novee Hollandiz. In Mus. Westwood.

Op. picipenni, Westw. (White, op. cit. p. 48) proximus. Caput

antice valde convexum, presertim postice punctatissimum. Palpi

picei omnes mediocriter securiformes. Antenne pices, basi rufes-

centes, articulis tribus ultimis dilatatis. Prothorax cylindricus capitis

latitudine, postice parum angustatus, punctatus, in medio disci im-

pressione oblonga parum notatus, marginibus impressionis irregulari-

bus leevibus. Elytra elongata, subcylindrica, e basi paullo pone me-

dium rude punctato-striata, apicibus fere levibus, fascia transversa

recta media alba, sutura tenui nigricante. Corpus infra nigrum, tenue

punctatum, nitidum. Pedes nigri, coxis castaneis; tibiis tarsisque

piceis.

42. CLerus (XYLOTRETUS) CHRySIDEUS, Westw. longatus,

angustus, punctatissimus, nitidus, depressus, facie linea tenuis-

sima media elevata ; antennis articulo ultimo apice emarginato ;

prothorace subcylindrico dorso transversim striolato, scutello

albo hirto; elytris rude punctatis; corpore subtus albo setoso.

—Long. corp. lin. 34.

Hab. King George’s Sound, Novee Hollandize. In Mus. Westwood.

Var. a. Totus supra leete igneo-cupreus, capite et pronoto aureo

tinctis. Antenne et palpi fulvescentes ; illee articulis 4 apicalibus

sensim latioribus, ultimo apice emarginato. Palpi maxillares cylin-

drici; labiales mediocriter securiformes. Prothorax elongatus, sub-

cylindricus, capite paullo angustior, ante et pone medium paullo con-

strictus, scutellum parvum albo setosum. Elytra elongata, depressa,

rude punctata. Corpus infra aureo-viride, femora purpurea, tibie

rufo-castanez, tarsi picei.

Var. 6. (Cl. atricornis, Westw.) Supra totus cupreo-purpuras-

cens, nigro setosus, antennis, palpis, pedibusque nigris, purpurascente

tinctis ; corpore infra nigro metallice paullo tincto.

Var. y. (Cl. eruginosus, Westw.) Supra totus leete viridis, an-

tennis palpisque fulvis, illorum articulis tribus apicalibus nigris ;

corpore infra viridi, nitido ; pedibus, ut in var. a. coloratis.

43. CLERUS VENTRALIS, Westw. Niger nitidus, capite opaco,

facie plana, labro, antennis, palpis, tibiis tarsisque 4 anticis ful-

vescentibus, elytris dimidio basali valde rugoso, apicali levis-

simo, tuberculis duobus prope scutellum, fascia tenui media

transversa, apiceque albo hirtis.—Long. corp. lin. 4.

Hab. Hunter’s River, Nova Hollandia. In Mus. Parry, Westwood.

Caput nigrum, opacum, punctis minutis omnino obtectum. La-

brum et antennz rufescentes, he articulis tribus ultimis majoribus,

ultimo ovali. Palpi fulvescentes ; maxillares filiformes, labiales arti-

culo ultimo triangulari. Prothorax brevis, capite paullo latior, late-

ribus rotundatis, postice angustior, rugose punctatus, impressione

transversa curvata ante medium, alteraque transversa basali. Elytra

lata, depressa, angulis humeralibus prominulis, tuberculis duobus

basalibus prope scutellum, nigra nitida, dimidio basali valde rugoso,

apicali leevissimo nitido, fascia transversa angusta media, apiceque

late griseo-albo hirtis. Pedes nigri, tibize et tarsi 4 antici castanei.

Corpus infra nigro-cyaneum, abdomine purpureo nitidissimo, meta-

thorace utrinque albo hirto.

44, Oritus 6-NoTaTus, Westw. (White, App. Cat. Cleride,

p- 57.) (Pl. XXVI. fig. 7.) Hlongatus, angustus, pedibus

valde elongatis, supra cyaneus, elytris rude punctatis, dimidio

apicali levi, maculis duabus ovalibus ante medium, fascia trans-

versa submedia, maculisque duabus subobliquis apicalibus fla-

vidis.—Long. corp. lin. 31-63.

Hab. in Terra Van Diemenii (D. Ewing). In Mus. Brit. et Westw.

Var. Notoxus pulcher, White, op. cit. p. 58.

Caput cyaneum, punctis minutis subrugosum, latitudine protho-

racis. Antenne elongate, fulvee, articulis tribus ultimis majoribus.

Palpi fulvi, omnes securiformes. Labrum fulvum. Prothorax cyaneus

lateribus rotundatis, postice angustatus, ante medium impressione

angulata, lineaque media longitudinali abbreviata dorsali, alteraque

transversa basali impressus. LElytra cyanea, apice magis purpureo,

dimidio basali striato-punctato ; apicali levi, maculis duabus parvis

ovalibus ante medium, fascia interrupta mediana, maculisque duabus

subobliquis apicalibus flavidis. Corpus infracyaneum. Pedes nigri,

trochanteribus femoribusque basi apiceque tibiarum, tarsisque fulvis.

45. Cierus seputcrais, Westw. (Pl. XXV. fig. 9.) Niger

nitidus, griseo-setosus, elytris fascia communi paullo curvata,

media alba.—Long. corp. lin. 42.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia. In Mus. Parry.

Niger nitidus, capite et pronoto fere levibus, elytris punctatissimis,

punctis vix in lineas longitudinales dispositis, apicibus late levibus.

Caput convexum, nigrum. Labrum pallide fuseum. Antenne nigree,

articulis tribus ultimis sensim et paullo latioribus. Palpi picei, max-

illares breves filiformes, labiales longe securiformes. Prothorax

postice angustior, lateribus rotundatis, ante medium impressione cur-

vata alteraque recta prope basin. LElytra elongata, depressa, nigra,

nitida, fascia media communi curvata alba. Pedes nigri, griseo-setosi,

tarsi picei, unguibus simplicibus. Corpus infra nigrum, abdomine

piceo.

46. Necropia prncuis, Westw. (White, App. Cat. Cleride,

p- 63.) (Pl. XXVII. fig. 10.) Brevis, crassa, rufo-castanea,

punctatissima, subopaca, capite, antennarum apice, elytrisque

nigris; his fascia tenui transversa media, alteraque subapicali

albis.—Long. corp. lin. 34.

Hab. in Terra Van Diemenii (D. Hooker). In Mus. Westwood.

Brevis, crassa, subopaca, punctatissima. Caput parvum, nigrum,

punctatissimum. Antenne nigra, articulis basalibus rufis, tribus

apicalibus dilatatis. Labrum et palpi fulvo-castanei. Prothorax

capite multo latior, lateribus in medio utrinque in tuberculum rotun-

datum dilatatis, punctatissimus ; scutellum castaneo-rufum. Elytra

nigra, subopaca, grosse punctata, fascia tenui fere recta media, altera-

que subapicali albidis. Corpus subtus cum pedibus rufo-testaceum.

47. Crerus (Hoptociervs) BiacuLeatus, Westw. (White,

App. Cat. Cleride, p. 61.) (Pl. XXV. fig.1.) Lete testaceus,

oculis nigris, elytris nitide cyaneis, humeris apicibusque testa-

ceis, his in. spinis duabus suturalibus productis, corpore infra

testaceo, meso- et metasterno cyaneis.—Long. corp. lin. 3.

Hab. in Australia meridionali. In Mus. Westwood.

Subdepressus, leevis, nitidus, elytris irregulariter punctatis, postice

latioribus. Capmnt thoracis latitudine, fere leve. Antennse breves,

fulvee, articulis tribus ultimis crassioribus. Palpi fulvi, maxillares fili-

formes minuti, labiales valde securiformes. Prothorax fulvus, late-

ribus in medio rctundatis, prope marginem anticum transverse im-

pressus, postice angustatus. Elytra lata, postice latiora, cyanea, punc-

tatissima, humeris angustis apicibusque fulvis, his ad suturam in

spinas duas productis. Corpus infra testaceum, meso- et metasterno

cyaneis, nitidissimis. Pedes testacei, tarsis 4 posticis, obscuris, un-

guibus simplicibus.

48. Enopiium pustuLirerum, Westw. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 8.)

Piceum, setosum, subnitidum, parce punctatum; antennis et

pronoto luteis, elytrorum disco tuberculis minutis instructo, sin-

guloque pone medium plaga irregulari obscure albida notato.

—Long. corp. lin. 3.

Hab. in Nova Zealandia. In Mus. Brit.

Elongatum, piceum, subtus nitidum, supra vix nitidum. Caput

minutissime punctatum, faciei disco semiovali, nigro, carina tenui mar-

ginato. Mandibule breves, luteze, apice nigree. Palpi subfulvi, om-

nes articulo ultimo parvo securiforini. Oculi interne incisi. An-

tennze dimidio corporis paullo longiores, graciles, luteo-fulvze, articulis

tribus apicalibus valde elongatis. Pronotum fulvum, nitidum, vix

punctatum, dorso valde irregulari, tuberculis duobus ante, alterisque

duobus pone medium minoribus, glabris, lateribus antice fere rectis,

medio rotundato-dilatatis, basique constricto. Elytra obscure picea,

dorso valde irregulari punctata et pustulosa, tuberculis duobus ele-

vatis prope basin, alterisque duobus ante medium, e preecedentibus

canali obliqua separatis, disco singuli pone medium plaga irregulari

lutea, tuberculisque duobus magnis ante apicem. Pedes luteo piceo-

que alternatim variegati.

49. Cierus (Omanptvs) prasinus, Westw. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2.)

Elongatus, parum depressus, obscure prasinus, aureo-sericans,

elytris nigro maculatis, maculis aures sericanti marginatis,

pedibus fulvis, femoribus tibiisque in medio fusco-annulatis.—

Long. corp. lin. 6.

Hab. Moreton Bay, Nove Hollandiz. In Mus. Brit. et West-

wood.

Caput thoracis latitudine, oculi magni, nigri, in medio faciei ap-

proximati, subtus pro receptione antennarum, profunde emarginati.

Clypeus setosus, labrum bilobum luteum, palpi maxillares graciles

breves apice fusci, labiales elongati articulo ultimo longe securiformi,

lutei. Antennze graciles fuscze, articulis duobus basalibus strami-

neis, articulis 8, 9, 10 obconicis sensim majoribus, 1] magno sub-

ovali compresso apice intus subacuto, vertex et pronotum sub lente

tenuissime granulata, sericantia, hoc antice et postice constricto,

lineaque media longitudinali elevata in parte postica. Elytra elon-

gata, prothorace latiora subparallela, pone medium parum attenuata,

longitudinaliter sulcata, sulcis punctatis, basique profundius punc-

tato; maculis irregularibus nigris (singula margine tenui aureo-seri-

canti) fascias tres formantibus, l1ma ante, 2nda paullo pone (valde

undulata), Stia subapicali. Pedes luteo-fulvi, femoribus et tibiis in

medio fusco fasciatis, tibiis et tarsis basi etiam fuscis, unguibus ad

basin profunde incisis. Corpus infra pallide lutescens.

50. THANAsIMUsS CuRSORIUS, Westw. (PI. XXV. fig. 5.) Niger

cupreo-fusco parum tinctus, elytris bast nigris plaga magna

sanguinea, fascia submedia, dentata pallidius rufa; macula

magna ovali nigra in singulo, apiceque aureo sericanti; pedibus

castaneis, tarsis fuscis.—Long. corp. lin. 34.

Hab. Adelaidam Nove Hollandize (D. Fortnum), sole radianti

volans et supra arbores sedens et velocissime cursitans. In Mus.

Hope.

Caput nigrum subcupreum, tenuissime punctatum. Clypeus cas-

taneus ; mandibule et palpi maxillares nigri, labiales castanei, elon-

gati, articulo ultimo obconico. Antenne mediocres articulis 5-11

fere zequalibus nigris; przecedentibus castaneis. Prothorax latitu-

dine capitis convexus antice et prope basin constrictus, disco tenuissime

punctato longe setoso. Elytra modice elongata, prothorace latiora,

parum convexa, scabra et profunde punctato-striata, striis versus

apicem minus distinctis; basi nigra macula magna humerali in

singulo castanea; fascia submedia antice dentata, postice ad suturam

elongata castaneo-rufa, macula magna subovali pone fasciam nigra

in singulo apicibusque fusco-luteis aureo-sericantibus. Pedes cas-

tanei, tarsis fuscis, unguibus ad basin profunde incisis.

51. Corynetes compactus, Westw. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 7.)

Castaneus panctatissimus ; antennis pedibus et elytris fulvis,

his nitidis rude punctatis nigro-bifasciatis.—Long. corp. lin, 2.

Hab. in Nova Hollandia? India Orientali? In Mus. Hope.

Species parva, setosa. Caput vix latitudine prothoracis, casta-

neum punctatissimum. Oculi minuti, laterales. Antenne fulvee,

breves, articulis tribus ultimis majoribus, 11mo multo majori, breve

ovali. Palpi breves, fulvi, omnes articulo ultimo securiformi. Pro-

thorax castaneus haud nitidus punctatissimus, lateribus in medio

paullo rotundato-dilatatis, ante basin vix constrictus, disco utrinque

prope marginem anticum tuberculo parum elevato glabro. Elytra

prothorace multo latiora, apice rotundata, disco subconvexo, glabra,

rude punctato-striata, punctis paullo pone medium obliteratis, fulva

setosa, fascia recta nigra ante medium, alteraque latiori pone me-

dium, nigris. Pedes breves, fulvi, tarsis anticis articulo basali (pree-

sertim in anticis) minuto, infero; 2ndo et 3tio subtus lobatis, 4to

minuto, unguibus integris.

52. Necropia Exim1A, White, in Append. Cat. Cleride, p. 63.

(Pl. XXVII. fig. 12.) Metallicus, capite et pronoto ngro-

viridibus nitidissimis e@neo parum tinctis ; antennis palpisque

pices, elytris igneo flavo viridique nitidis fasciaque media pur-

purea.—Long. corp. lin. 23.

Hab. Hunter’s River, Australia Occidentali. In Mus. Brit., Parry,

et Westwood.

Caput parvum. Antennz rufo-picez, articulis tribus ultimis

magnis nigris, 1lmo rotundato, apice acuto. Palpi maxillares arti-

culo ultimo paullo crassiori apice oblique truncato, labiales ultimo

articulo distincte securiformi. Prothorax ovalis, antice et postice

truncatus, lateribus rotundatis, impressione curvata parum impressa

ante medium. Elytra latissima, tenuissime punctata. Pedes nigro-

cyanei, nigro-setosi, tarsis articulo basali 2ndo paullo minori, hoc cum

3tio et 4to zequalibus subtus lobatis. Corpus infra flavo-viride.

Varietatem possideo corpore supra omnino lete aureo-viridi niti-

dissimo.

Differt heee species e Necrobiis genuinis magnitudine articuli 4ti

tarsorum. An potius Cleris adsociandus ?

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Obs. The lines at the sides of the different insects indicate their respective

lengths, and the adjoining outlines represent the 4-jointed maxillary and 3-jointed

labial palpi and the tarsi or tarsal ungues.

epee se oS", er es ste) fas 2 8 ee Se sees

OOO or wD

Pl. XXIV.

. 1. Cladiscus longipennis, Westw. No. 10. Himalaya.

. Cladiscus Parrianus, Westw. No. 11. India Orientali.

. 3. Cladiscus bipectinatus, Westw. No.12. Malabar.

. Clerus (Xylobius) albo-varius, Westw. No. 13. Himalaya.

- Clerus (Xylobius ?) dulcis, Westw. No. 14. Java.

. Tillus Afzelii, Westw. No.7. Sierra Leone.

- Enoplium pustuliferum, Westw. No. 48. New Zealand.

Tillus (Macrotelus) uniformis, Westw. No.5. Gambia.

. 5. Tillus (Tillicerus) chalybeeus, Westw. No. 15. Tenasserim.

. 10. Clerus (Xylotretus) excavatus, Westw. No. 29. West Australia.

. 11. Tillus Dux, Westw. No. 30. Swan River.

. 12. Erymanthus horridus, Hope, MS. No.1. Cape Palmas.

Pl. XXV.

. Clerus (Hoploclerus) biaculeatus, Westw. No. 47. South Australia.

. Clerus (Lemidius) corallipennis, Westw. No. 32. Hunter's River.

Clerus (Lemidius) festivus, Hope, MS. No. 31. West Australia.

. Thanasimus irregularis, Westw. No.9. Cape of Good Hope.

. Thanasimus cursorius, Westw. No. 50. Adelaide.

. Thanasimus subscutellaris, Westw. No. 25. India orientali.

. Clerus sanguinalis, Westw. No.2. Natal.

. Thanasimus sellatus, Westw. No. 18. India Orientali.

. Clerus sepulchralis, Westw. No. 45. New Holland.

10. Clerus subfasciatus, Westw. No.17. India Orientali.

. 11. Clerus Bengala, Westw. No. 16. Bengal.

. 12. Clerus posticalis, Westw. No.19. India Orientali.

Pl. XXVI.

. Clerus (Omadius) medio-fasciatus, Westw. No. 23. Khasyah Hills.

. Clerus (Omadius) prasinus, Westw. No. 49. Moreton Bay, New Holland.

. Clerus (Omadius) olivaceus, Westw. No. 24. Prince of Wales Island.

. Clerus (Stigmatius) nebulifer, Westw. No.3. Natal.

. Clerus (Stigmatius) rufiventris, Westw. No. 26. Assam,

. Clerus (Stigmatius) Elaphroides, Westw. No. 27. Ceylon.

Opilus 6-notatus, Westw. No. 44. Van Diemen’s Land.

. Clerus (Stigmatius) dorsiger, Westw. No.4. Sierra Leone.

. Opilus sordidus, Westw. No. 20. India Orientali.

10. Opilus meerens, Westw. No. 41. Adelaide.

. 11. Clerus zebratus, Westw. No. 21. India Orientali.

. 12. Opilus hilaris, Westw. No. 40. Van Diemen’s Land.

Pl. XXVII.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus ?) flavo-lineatus, Westw. No. 36. South Australia.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus) bellus, Westw. No. 33. Adelaide.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus ?) flavo-varius, Westw. No. 37. K.George’s Sound.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus) exilis, Westw. No. 34. Adelaide.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus) V-reversus, Westw. No. 35. Adelaide.

. Clerus (Hydnocerus) pectoralis, Westw. No. 38. South Australia.

. Corynetes compactus, Westw. No. 51. India? or New Holland?

. Thanasimus Anthicoides, Westw. No. 22. Ceylon.

- Clerus 9-guttatus, Westw. No. 39. Hunter’s River.

10. Necrobia pinguis, Westw. No. 46. Van Diemen’s Land.

. 11. Opetiopalpus obesus, Westw. No. 28. India Orientali.

. 12. Necrobia eximia, White. No. 52. Hunter’s River.

Obs. The species numbered 6, 8, 42 and 43 are not figured.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF SIXTY-SIX NEW LAND SHELLS, FROM

THE CoLLEecTION oF H. Cumine, Esa.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

Virrina Minuieant, Pfr. V. testa imperforata, depresse

ovata, solidula, levigata, nitidissima, olivaceo-nigricante ; spira

convexa ; anfractibus 3 rapide crescentibus, penultimo convexo,

ultimo depresso-rotundato, subtus latiusculo ; apertura per-

obliqua, lunato-ovali, intus concolore ; peristomate simplice,

subinflexo, margine dextro antrorsum dilatato, columellari levi-

ter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 223, min. 16, alt. 103 mill.

Hab, in insula parvula in Macquarie Harbour, Van Diemen’s Land

(Milligan).

2. Virrtna CAsTANEA, Pfr. V. testa depressa, ambitu ovali,

striatula, nitidissima, castanea; spira plana; anfractibus 3

viv convextusculis, ultimo magno, basi late membranaceo-mar-

ginato ; apertura parum obliqua, lunari-ovali ; peristomate

luteo-limbato, margine membranaceo.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 5 mill.

Hab. in Australia.

3. Virrina pimipiaTa, Pfr. V. testa depressissima, ambitu

ovalt, tenuissima, subtiliter arcuato-striata, sericina, pallide

cornea; spira subplana; anfractibus 24 subtus apertis, vix

membranaceo-marginatis ; apertura horizontal, totam testam

occupante ; peristomate simplice, marginibus regulariter ar-

cuatis.

Diam. maj. 53, min. 4, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia:

4. Hexrx omeca, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, depressa, sub-

levigata, epidermide fulvo-cornea induta; spira via elevatius-

cula, vertice rubella; anfractibus 4 planiusculis, celeriter ac-

erescentibus, ultimo depresso, basi vie convexiore, medio im-

presso; apertura obliqua, lunato-ovali; peristomate simplice,

recto, margine basali levissime arcuato, superne reflexo, in re-

gione umbilicali adnato.

Diam. maj. 93, min. 7, alt. 4 mill.

Hab: in Nova Seelandia.

5. Henrx auxica, Pfr. H. testa perforata, tenui, radiatim

striatula et plerumque superne spiraliter hine inde leviter sul-

cata, diaphana, nitida, coloribus varia; spira brevissime ele-

vata, obtuse conoidea; anfractibus 4} convexiusculis, rapide

accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, peripheria obsoletissime angu-

lato, basi econvexiore ; apertura permagna, obliqua, multo la-

tiore quam alta, truncato-ovali ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine supero lente descendente, columellari arcuato, superne

breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 48, min. 41, alt. 23 mill.

Hab. in insulis Moluccis.

This species has been generally confounded with H. vitrina, L.

6. Hexrx tora, Pfr. H. testa perforata, subdepressa, tenut,

confertim costata, haud nitente, corneo-lutescente, rufo-macu-

lata et reticulata; spira breviter conoidea, acutiuscula; an-

Sractibus 5 convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo non

descendente, rotundato; apertura parum obliqua, rotundato-

lunari ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus distantibus,

columellari arcuatim ascendente, superne subdilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 4, min. 32, alt. 24 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

7. Hetix tamepa, Pfr. HA. testa umbilicata, subconoideo-de-

pressa, tenui, sublevigata, striis spiralibus interdum sculpta,

parum nitida, diaphana, fulva, castaneo maculata; spira sub-

conoidea, obtusula ; anfractibus 5 convewxiusculis, ultimo non

descendente, peripheria obsolete angulato, basi convexo; um-

bilico mediocri, conico; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata,

intus nitida ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus conniven-

tibus, columellari superne subdilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

8. Hexix epstton, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenut,

superne oblique et confertim plicata, pallide cornea; spira con-

vexiuscula; anfractibus 34 convexiusculis, ultimo non descen-

dente, basi sublevigato; umbilico angusto, pervio; apertura

parum obliqua, rotundato-lunari; peristomate simplice, recto,

marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 14, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

9. Hextrx Gamma, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenuius-

cula, confertissime costulato-striata, diaphana, pallide cornea,

rufulo-nebulata ; spira vix convexiuscula; sutura impressa ;

anfractibus 5 convewxiusculis, lente crescentibus, ultimo non

descendente, subtus convexo ; umbilico latiusculo, conico ; aper-

tura subverticali, rotundato-lunari ; peristomate simplice,

recto, marginibus subconniventibus, regulariter arcuatis.

Diam. 3, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

10. Heurx era, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, subtiliter

costulato-striata, sericea, cerea; spira planiuscula; sutura

impressa ; anfractibus 4 vix convexiusculis, ultimo latiore, non

descendente, depresso ; umbilico latiusculo, perspectivo; aper-

tura parum obliqua, lunato-subcirculari ; peristomate simplice,

recto, marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. 3, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

11. Heurx zeta, Pfr. H. testa latissime umbilicata, depressa,

subdiscoidea, solidiuscula, subconfertim valide plicata, non ni-

tente, pallide flavescente, maculis magnis castaneis tessellata ;

spira plana, medio subimmersa; sutura profunda; anfractibus

og angustissimis, convexis, turgidulis, ultimo descendente, tere-

tiusculo, subtus plicis subtilioribus munito; apertura parum

obliqua, parvula, lunato-circulari ; peristomate simplice, recto,

marginibus conniventibus.

Diam. 33, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

12. Hexrx aupna, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, conica, carinata,

oblique striatula et distanter lamellato-costata, strigis brun-

neis et luteis variegata; spira convexiusculo-conica, apice ob-

tusula ; anfractibus 54 vix convexiusculis, ultimo non descen-

dente, acute dentato-carinato, basi plano, ad umbilicum medio-

crem pervium subangulato ; apertura diagonali, subsecuri-

Sormi; peristomate simplice, recto, margine supero brevi, basali

arcuato, ad columellam subverticaliter ascendente.

Diam. maj. 42, min. 4, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

13. Hewix seta, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, trochiformi, cari-

nata, tenui, arcuatim valide plicata, fulva, castaneo late macu-

lata; spira elevata, convexo-conica, acutiuscula; sutura mar-

ginata ; anfractibus 7 angustis, planiusculis, ultimo subrece-

dente, non descendente, ad carinam ciliato, basi vix convexius-

culo; umbilico angusto; apertura obliqua, angulato-lunari ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine basali regulariter arcuato.

Diam. et alt. 33 mill.

Hab. 2

14. Hexix kappa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, confer-

tim capillaceo-costata, non nitida, cornea, rufo obsolete varie-

gata; spira brevissima, convexiuscula; sutura impressa ; an-

Sractibus 5 convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo non

descendente, rotundato; umbilico angusto, pervio; apertura

verticali, depressa, lunari; peristomate subsimplice, margini-

bus remotis, dextro recto, basali breviter refleco, columellari

oblique ascedente.

Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. in Nova Seelandia.

15. Butimus carpinatis, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ovata,

solida, preter strias incrementi lineis impressis confertissimis

longitudinalibus, spiralibus et obliquis seulpta, olivaceo-casta-

nea, nitida, lineis undulatis rufis superne, maculisque nigrican-

tibus sparsis ornata; spira inflato-conica, obtusula; anfracti-

bus 4 conveais, ultimo 4 longitudinis equante, inflato, basi

subcompresso ; columella fere verticali, superne subplicata ;

apertura parum obliqua, ovali; peristomate lilaceo, margini-

bus callo crassiusculo junctis, dextro expanso-reflexo, columel-

lari dilatato-patente.

Long. 50, diam. 28 mill.

Hab. Quito.

16. Buximus Avuxacostyuus, Pfr. B. testa umbilicata, acumi-

nato-ovata, tenuiuscula, subtiliter striata et submalleata, vir

nitente, quasi pruinosa, diaphana, rufa vel fulva, maculis cas-

taneis irregulariter aspersa; spira brevi, convexo-conica, acu-

tiuscula ; anfractibus 5 parum convexis, ultimo % longitudinis

subequante, basi rotundato ; columella compresso-plicata, sulco

profundo, arcuatim ascendente ab anfractu penultimo se-

juncta; apertura parum obliqua, oblongo-ovali, intus margari-

tacea ; peristomate fusco-purpureo, undique breviter expanso,

refleciusculo, margine dextro levissime arcuato, columellart

dilatato, patente.

Long. 37, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. in insula St. Lucia Indie occidentalis (Hartwig).

17. BuLIMUS PERVARIABILIS, Pfr. B. testa umbilicata, ovato-

conica, tenuiuscula, subtilissime decussatula, lutescenti-albida,

plerumque fasciis 5 subinterruptis ornata ; spira conica, acuta ;

anfractibus 63 viv convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante,

basi subinflato ; columella leviter arcuata ; apertura via obliqua,

ovali-oblonga ; peristomate simplice, albo vel lutescente, expanso,

margine columellari fornicatim dilatato, patente.

Long. 33, diam. 14} mill.

6. Gracilior, rubellus, fusco-substrigatus, B. roseato Reeve similis,

sed late umbilicatus.

Hab. in Columbia.

18. Butimus Mercurivs, Pfr. B. testa perforata, ovato-

conica, solida, nitida (sub lente minutissime decussatula), ful-

vido-alba, fasciis latis castaneis ornata; spira turrito-conica,

acutiuscula ; anfractibus 63 viv convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longi-

tudinis subequante, basi rotundato; columella substricta ;

apertura parum obliqua, truncato-ovali ; peristomate simplice,

breviter expanso, margine columellari fornicato-reflexo.

Long. 36, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. 2

19. Butrmus Ltoxostomus, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, oblonga,

solida, irregulariter striata et confertim malleata, sub epider-

mide virenti-castanea fulva, rufo undulatim strigata et macu-

lata; spira convexo-conica, obtusiuscula ; sutura submarginata ;

anfractibus 53 convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo breviore ;

columella arcuata, superne subplicata, pallide aurantiaca ;

apertura obliqua, ovali ; peristomate recto, incrassato.

Long. 71, diam. 34 mill.

Had. in Andibus Nove Granade.

20. Buximus acus, Pfr. B. testa minima, subimperforata, aci-

culari, sub lente plicato-striata, hyalina; spira subulata,

apice obtusiuscula ; anfractibus 7-8 convezis, ultimo + longi-

tudinis non equante, basi rotundato ; columella subplicata ;

apertura parum obliqua, oblonga; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari brevissime reflexo.

Long. 33, diam. 3 mill.

Hab. prope Sevilla Hispaniee.

21. Butmus pLanospirus, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, turrita,

solida, confertim ruguloso-striata, lineis impressis obsolete de-

cussatula, sub epidermide decidua, fulvescente, alabastrino-

albida ; spira elongata, apice in conum obtusulum terminata ;

sutura impressa ; anfractibus 13 subplanis, ultimo 1 longitu-

dinis subequante, infra medium obsolete angulato; columella

strictiuscula, callosa ; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga ;

peristomate simplice, recto.

Long. 84, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. 2

22. Butimus suprascratus, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ob-

longo-ovata, solidula, longitudinaliter rugoso-striata et irregu-

lariter decussato-granulata, fulvida, fasciis 2-3 fuscis obsolete

cincta ; spira convexo-conica, apice obtusa; anfractibus 6 con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, basi rotundato ; columella

verticali ; apertura subverticali, oblonga, intus alba, nitida ;

peristomate recto, subincrassato, margine dextro superne re-

pando, columellari superne dilatato, albo, reflexo, fere adnato.

Long. 32, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. in monte Anthisana reipublicee Hquatoris (Bourcier).

23. Butimus nucuta, Pfr. B. testa anguste umbilicata, ovato-

conica, solidiuscula, subtilissime ruguloso-striata, Jusco-cornea,

plerumque pallide uni-cingulata ; spira convexo-conica, acuta ;

anfractibus 65 vir convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo breviore,

basi compressiusculo; columella stricta, basi oblique subtrun-

cata; apertura parum obliqua, subsemiovali, basi angulata ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine dextro superne perarcuato,

columellari reflexo, patente.

Long. 114, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. in insulis Gallapagos.

24. Butimus neBrRaicus, Pfr. 3B. testa rimato-perforata, ob-

longo-turrita, solida, nitidula, carnea, strigis saturatioribus

picta ; spira elongata, acutiuscula ; anfractibus 7 planiusculis,

supremis subtilissime pliculato-striatis, maculis corneis irregu-

laribus inscriptis, ultimo 3% longitudinis subequante, basi

rotundato ; columella vix plicata, parum recedente; apertura

parum obliqua, ovali ; peristomate recto, intus labiato, margine

columellari dilatato, plano, patente.

Long. 29, diam. 123 mill.

Hab. 2

25. Butimus Barsapensis, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ovato-

conica, solidiuscula, ruguloso-striata et obsolete granulata,

JSusco-cornea ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfractibus 6 viz con-

vexiusculis, ultimo ventrosiore, spiram subequante ; columella

viz arcuata ; apertura parum obliqua, oblonga; peristomate

simplice, recto, margine columellari sursum dilatato, reflexo,

subappresso.

Long. 21, diam. 10 mill.

Had. in insula Barbados.

26. CycLosroma pLicosum (OmpHALoTRopis), Pfr. C. testa

perforata, ovato-conica, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim pli-

cata, sericea, rubello-cornea ; spira conica, acuta; anfractibus

5 convexiusculis, ad suturam crenulatis, ultimo spiram sub-

equante, rotundato, circa perforationem angustam compresse

subcarinato ; apertura vix obliqua, ovali ; peristomate simplice,

recto, marginibus approximatis, columellari reflexiusculo.

Long. 6, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. 2

27. Cyctosroma? parerRA, Pfr. C. testa latissime umbilicata,

solidula, discoidea, liris latis granulatis, interpositis linearibus

sculpta, epidermide olivaceo-fusca obducta; spira plana; sutura

subcanaliculata ; anfractibus 43} planulatis, ultimo medio carina

filiformi munito, basi convexo, circa umbilicum patereformem sub-

angulato ; apertura verticali, subangulato-rotundata ; peristomate

simplice, recto, marginibus approximatis.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 25 mill.—Operculum ?

Hab. 2

Solarii quasi faciem offert; an revera Cyclostomaceis adnume-

randum ?

28. CycLostoma QuiTEeNse (Cyctortus), Pfr. C. testa umbi-

licata, depressa, solida, superne striatula, nitida, saturate castanea ;

spira brevi, conoideo-elevata; sutura profunda; anfractibus 44

convevis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo ad suturam depresso, ru-

gato, peripheria cingulo angusto lutescente et fascia lata nigricante

ornato, basi fusco-virente, circa umbilicum infundibuliformem con-

Sertim radiato-plicato; apertura parum obliqua, irregulariter ovali,

dextrorsum producta, intus lirescente ; peristomate recto, subin-

crassato, continuo, marginibus superne angulatim junctis, sinistro

ad anfractum penultimum breviter appresso.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.—Operculum Cycloti.

Hab. Quito.

29. CyCLOSTOMA APPENDICULATUM (CycLopHorwus), Pfr. C.

testa umbilicata, depressa, solida, lineis spiralibus elevatis, con-

fertis (4-5 paulo majoribus) sculpta, albida, fusculo-marmorata,

prope suturam canaliculatam maculis magnis, subquadrangularibus,

castaneis et supra peripheriam subcarinatam, castaneo-articulatam

Sascia pallida signata ; spira brevissime conoidea, apice cornea,

obiusula ; anfractibus 4% rapide accrescentibus, ultimo ad suturam

late depresso; umbilico magno, perspectivo; apertura obliqua,

circulari; peristomate continuo, breviter adnato, albo, undique

equaliter expanso, margine sinistro in appendicem lingueformem,

patentem dilatato.

Diam. maj. 34, min. 27, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

30. Cyctosroma IsyaTensr (CycLtopHorus), Pfr. (C. testa

umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, levigata, subtiliter

striatula, nitida, castanea, albido maculata et fasciata; spira

turbinata, vertice acutiusculo, corneo; anfractibus 5 modice

convexis, ultimo ad suturam subdepresso, maculis magnis sub-

quadratis vel triangularibus albis picto, peripheria obsoletis-

sime angulato, circa umbilicum mediocrem, infundibuliformem

albo; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari ; peristomate sub-

incrassato, expansiusculo, marginibus approximatis, callo con-

tinuo junctis.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 18, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. in insula Ibyat ‘“ Bashee group.”

31. CycLostroma ama@num (CycLopHorus), Pfr. OC. testa

umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, levigata, alba, lineis

castaneo-fulvis crebris, maculis sagittiformibus interruptis ame

nissime picta; spira conoidea, obtusa; anfractibus 44 modice

convexis, ultimo superne turgido, peripheria carina subcom-

pressa et infra eam fascia saturatiore signato, basi convexo,

circa umbilicum angustum, infundibuliformem albo; apertura

parum obliqua, subcirculari ; peristomate duplice, interno con-

tinuo, stricte, porrecto, externo crasso, patente, ad anfractum

penultimum vix exciso.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 18 mill.

Hab.

32. CycLosromMa PICTURATUM (CycLopHoRws), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, sublevigata, albida,

strigis et flammis reticulatis castaneis picta; spira breviter

conoidea, obtusa; anfractibus 43 modice convewis, ultimo su-

perne costis nonnullis obtusis spiraliter munito, infra periphe-

riam rotundatam fascia serrata ornato, circa umbilicum medio-

crem, profundum albo; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari ;

peristomate subsimplice, crasso, longe protracto, continuo, bre-

viter adnato, margine sinistro dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 29, min. 23, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. 2

33. CyCLOSTOMA DENSELINEATUM (CycLopHorus), Pfr. C.

testa umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, lineis spiralibus im-

pressis et obliquis minutissime decussata, vix nitidula, pallide

Sulva, maculis et fasciis interruptis fuscis picta; spira turbi-

nata, sursum nigricante, apice acuta; anfractibus 5, parum

convexis, ultimo superne convexiore, infra medium obtuse cari-

nato, basi planiusculo, circa umbilicum angustum, pervium pal-

lido; apertura parum obliqua, subcirculart, transverse dila-

tata; peristomate incrassato, viv expanso, marginibus approxi-

matis, callo junctis, columellari refleaiusculo.

Diam. maj. 233, min. 20, alt. 16 mill.

Hab. 2

34. CycLosroMA LurIDUM (CycLopHorus), Pfr. C. testa um-

bilicata, depresso-turbinata, tenuiuscula, confertim spiraliter

striata et costis sub-5 obtusis superne munita, nitida, fusco-

fulvida ; spira turbinata, apice livida, acutiuscula ; anfractibus

5, modice convexis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtuse angulato et

albofasciato, basi pallidiore, obsolete fasciato ; umbilico an-

gusto, pervio ; apertura magna, parum obliqua, subangulato-cir-

culari ; peristomate simplice, tenui, marginibus disyunctis, dex-

tro breviter expanso, sinistro subdilatato, fornicato-patente.

Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. g

35. CycLosTtoMA FULGURATUM (CycLoPpHoRUs), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique striatula, sub

lente confertissime decussata, alba, strigis fulguratis, castaneis

superne elegantissime picta; spira turbinata, apice obtusula,

cornea; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo rotundato, ad periphe-

riam fascia alba et infra eam, nigricanti-castanea ornato, circa

umbilicum angustum, vix pervium albo; apertura parum obli-

qua, subcirculari, intus livescente, nitida ; perisiomate simplice,

fulvido, interrupto, marginibus callo tenui junctis, dextro et

basali equaliter expansis, columellari supra umbilicum dilatato,

patente.

Diam. maj. 29, min. 23, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. ?

36. Cyctostoma Bornt (Licrna?), Pfr. C. testa umbilicata,

oblongo-turrita, solida, spiraliter confertim striata, lineis lon-

gitudinalibus distantioribus granulato-decussata, nitida, luteo-

albida, strigis angustis, fulguratis, rufis ornata ; spira convexo-

turrita, breviter truncata; sutura subcanaliculata, crenulata ;

anfractibus 44, perconvexis, ultimo terete ; umbilico infundibuli-

formi, subpervio; apertura parum obliqua, oblongo-rotundata,

parvula, intus alba; peristomate duplicato interno expanso,

continuo, incumbente, externo anfractui penultimo breviter ad-

nato, lateribus perdilatato, concentrice striato.

Long. 36, diam. 19 mill.

Hab. 2

37. CycLostoMA MITE (CHoANopoma), Pfr. C. testa umbili-

cata, turbinato-globosa, breviter truncata, liris obtusis spirali-

bus munita, costulis membranaceis confertissimis decussata, uni-

colore corneo-albida; spira convexa, brevi ; anfractibus 34, con-

vevis, ultimo terete, circa umbilicum mediocrem, pervium, distinc-

tius spiraliter lirato ; apertura verticali, circulari ; peristomate

duplice, interno vix porrecto, externo undique equaliter dilatato,

patente, obsolete undulato, concentrice striato, superne suban-

gulato, ad anfractum penultimum subemarginato.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 10, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insula Jamaica.

38. CycLosTOMA VITELLINUM (Ororoma?), Pfr. C. testa um-

bilicata, globoso-conica, solida, striis incrementi confertis et

liris confertissimis scabre decussata, flavido-rubella, pallidius

irregulariter strigata; spira elevato-conica, apice nigrescente,

obtusula ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo rotundato, infra me-

dium sublevigato, in umbilico angusto, pervio, spiraliter sulcato,

apertura vix obliqua, ovali-rotundata; peristomate simplice,

marginibus approximatis, callo junctis, deatro subrepando, recto,

sinistro medio dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 17, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. in insula Madagascar.

39. CycLosroma LiraTtumM (TroprpopHora), Pfr. OC. testa

late et perspective umbilicata, solidula, radiatim striata, superne

et basi confertim et acute lirata, non nitida, livido-carnea ;

spira vix elevata, vertice papillari ; sutura profunda ; anfrac-

tibus 4 via convexis, ultimo ad suturam depresso, ad peripheriam

carinis 5-6, distantioribus, majoribus munito, antice descendente ;

apertura perobliqua, oblongo-circulari ; peristomate duplice, in-

terno continuo, obtuse prominente, externo dilatato, expanso-

inflexo, latere sinistro angustissimo.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 143, alt. 7-8 mill.

Hab. 2

40. CycLtosroma Kravusstanum (TRoprpopHora), Pfr. C.

testa umbilicata, globoso-conica, solidula, striatula, liris carini-

Sormibus permultis, alternis minoribus sculpta, opaca, livido-

cinerea, obsolete subfasciata; spira turbinata, acutiuscula ;

anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo peripheria distinctius carinato,

basi parum convexo ; umbilico mediocri, pervio ; apertura parum

obliqua, intus fulvo-cinerea ; peristomate albo, tenui, undique

expanso, ad anfractum penultimum breviter interrupto.

Diam. maj. 143, min. 12, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Cape Natal.

41. CycLostoMA INSULARE (CycLostomus’?), Pfr. C. testa per-

Sorata, globoso-conica, solidiuscula. spiraliter et obtuse crebri-

lirata, lineis confertissimis longitudinalibus subscabra, non ni-

tente, sordide albida, fasciis nonnullis pallide violaceis picta ;

spira breviter turbinata, obtusula; anfractibus 5, convexis, ad

suturam minutissime crenulatis, ultimo basi liris elevatioribus

sculpto ; apertura vix obliqua, subangulato-circulari ; peristo-

mate tenui, undique expanso, reflexiusculo, marginibus approwi-

matis, callo subemarginato junctis, supero repando, sinistro

angustiori.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 134, alt. 132 mill.

Hab, Isle de France.

42. Cyctostoma Carouinense (Cyciostomus’), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, turrito-conica, tenuiuscula, superne leviter et confer-

tim spiraliter lirata, nitidula, alba; spira elongata, apice ob-

tusula; anfractibus 6, convewis, ultimo rotundato, infra medium

levigato ; umbilico angusto, non pervio; apertura vix obliqua,

subcirculari ; peristomate simplice, acuto, marginibus approxi-

matis, dextro recto, columellari medio dilatato, subreflexo.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. in insulis Carolinis.

43. CycLostoma suBLIRATUM (CycLostomvus?), Pfr. C. testa

angustissime umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenui, spiraliter lirata,

haud nitente, pallide rubello-cornea; spira elevato-turbinata,

apice obtusula ; anfractibus 5, convexis, ultimo rotundato, obso-

letius lirato ; apertura parum obliqua, oblongato-rotunda ; pe-

ristomate simplice, tenui, vix expansiusculo, marginibus fere

contiguis, callo junctis.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. 2

44. CycLostoMa LINEATUM (CycLostomus?), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuiuscula, levigata, diaphana, ni-

tidula, fulva, lineis castaneis, alternis subtilioribus, subinter-

ruptis, picta; spira turbinata, acutiuscula; anfractibus 53, con-

veais, ultimo rotundato, infra peripheriam fascia latiore ornato,

in umbilico angusto, vir pervio spiraliter confertim sulcato ;

apertura vix obliqua, subangulato-circulari ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, albo, marginibus approximatis, callo subemarginato

Junetis.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 13 mill.

Hab. 2

45. CycLostoma saccatum (Cyctostomus?), Pfr. C. testa

profunde rimata, vix perforata, ovato-oblonga, breviter trun-

cata, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim filoso-costata, diaphana,

pallide cornea, maculis castaneis seriatis ornata; sutura pro-

Sunda, sub lente spinulosa ; anfractibus 35, convexis, ultimo an-

tice subascendente, breviter soluto, basi saccato ; apertura sub-

circulari, basi axin excedente ; peristomate simplice, continuo,

via expansiusculo.— Operc. ?

Long. 12, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. ?

46. CycLostoma FALLAx (Cistuxa?), Pfr. OC. testa rimata,

oblongo-turrita, truncata, tenui, spiraliter obtuse lirata, lineis

longitudinalibus confertioribus (octava vel decima quavis sub

lente validioribus) decussata, non scabra, vir nitidula, albida,

lineis flexuosis, interruptis, fulvis picta; spira subconvexo-tur-

rita; anfractibus 4-43, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, infra

medium fascia fulva ornato, antice longe soluto, circa rimam

umbilicalem viz spiraliter sulcato ; apertura subverticali, ovali ;

No. CCXLII.—Procerrpineés or THE ZOOLOGICAL Sociery.

peristomate albo, duplice: interno expansiusculo, incumbente,

externo brevi,undique subequaliter patente, superne angulato.—

Operc.? ’

Long. 24, diam. 63 mill.

Hab. 2

47. CycLostoMa sucUNDUM (CHoNDROPOMA?), Pfr. C. testa

rimata, oblongo-turrita, tenut, lineis spiralibus et longitudina-

libus chordeformibus anguste reticulata, subscabra, vix niti-

dula, aurantio-rubicunda; spira turrita, viv truncatula; sutura

confertim denticulata ; anfractibus 6-7, modice convexis, sensim

accrescentibus, ultimo circa perforationem liris nonnullis vali-

dioribus munito; apertura parum obliqua, irregulariter ovali,

intus concolore, nitida ; peristomate duplice : interno expansi-

usculo, incumbente, latere sinistro levissime arcuato ; externo

continuo, horizontaliter patente, anfractui penultimo breviter

adnato, infra perforationem angustato.—Operc.?

Long. 18, diam. 8} mill.

Hab, ——?

48. CycLostoMA ROSTRATUM, Pfr. C. testa perforata, ovato-

turrita, truncata, tenui, longitudinaliter confertim filoso-pli-

cata ( phiecis singulis irregulariter positis validioribus, interstitiis

subtiliter decussatis), corneo-albida, lineolis longitudinalibus

undulatis fuscis picta; sutura levi, denticulata; anfractibus

superstitibus 44, parum conveais, ultimo antice breviter soluto ;

apertura verticali, angulato-ovali ; peristomate duplice: interno

continuo, expansiusculo, externo dilatato, juata anfractum penul-

timum subexciso, superne in auriculam recurvatam producto,

ceterum rectangule patente.—Operc. ?

Long. 18, diam. 82 mill.

Hab. 4

49. AcHATINAGRANULATA, Pfr. A. testa fusiformi-ovata, tenui,

longitudinaliter confertim rugulosa, lineis impressis spiralibus

distincte granulata, fulva, strigis castaneis undatis et angulatis

picta; spira conica, obtusa; sutura levi, ruditer crenulata ;

anfractibus 7%, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paullo superante,

infra medium remotius spiraliter sulcato; columella perarcuata,

tenui, bast abrupte truncata; apertura parum obliqua, ovali,

intus ceerulescente ; peristomate simplice, recto, fusco-limbato.

Long. 105, diam. 49 mill.

Hab. Natal Africee meridionalis.

50. ACHATINA FULIGINEA, Pfr. 4. testa ovato-turrita, solida,

ruditer striata, nitida, nigricanti-fuliginea; spira turrita, apice

acuta ; anfractibus 65, convexis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante,

infra medium obsoletissime angulato ; columella arcuata, ad basin

verticaliter truncata; apertura parum obliqua, subrhombeo-ovali ;

peristomate simplice, acuto.

Long. 36, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. fs

51. AcHATINA cConsPERSA, Pfr. A. testa subfusiformi-oblonga,

tenuiuscula, longitudinaliter striata, striis transversis basin versus

obsoletioribus decussata, nitida, fusca, maculis albidis conspersa ;

spira elongato-conica, apice obtusula; sutura dentibus validis,

albidis crenata; anfractibus 6, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spira paulo

breviore, basi subattenuato; columella substriata, supra basin

aperture fere verticali, sinuato-semiovali late et abrupte trun-

cata; peristomate simplice, acuto.

Long. 60, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. 2

52. Acuatina Fusca, Pfr. A. testa oblongo-turrita, tenui, con-

fertissime capillaceo-striata (striis singulis validioribus, varici-

Formibus), sericina, fusca; spira vix curvilineari, apice obtusa ;

sutura marginata, subtilissime denticulata ; anfractibus 7, convexis,

ultimo 2 longitudinis equante, basi rotundato; columella albo-

callosa, leviter arcuata, abrupte breviter truncata ; apertura verti-

cali, sinuato-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, recto.

Long. 22, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. 2

53. Butimus marcipvus, Pfr. 8B. testa subperforata, ovato-ob-

longa, tenuissima, striatula, lineis impressis concentricis decussata,

vie nitida, pellucida, sordide cornea; spira oblongo-conica, obtu-

siuscula ; anfractibus 6, vin convexis, ultimo spiram equante, basi

subattenuato; columella superne recedente, tum verticali; apertura

obliqua, ovali; peristomate simplice, vix expansiusculo, margine

columellari reflexiusculo, subappresso.

Long. 20, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. in Brasilia.

54. BuLimvus DENTICULATUS, Pfr. B. testa sinistrorsa, rimata,

cylindraceo-turrita, solidula, oblique striatula, oleoso-micante,

cornea ; spira elongata, sursum attenuata, acutiuscula; anfracti-

bus 10, angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante,

basi subcristato ; apertura obliqua, semiovali, denticulis 4 munita :

1 juxta insertionem marginis sinistri, 1 profundo parietali, 1 ad

basin columelle arcuato-callose, quarto in margine externo ; peri-

stomate albo-calloso reflexiusculo.

Long. 7, diam. 24 mill.

Hab. Harmanjiz.

55. Batra Newcomesi, Pfr. 8B. testa sinistrorsa, brevissime

rimata, turrita, tenui, striatula, nitida, pellucida, pallide cornea,

fascia | rufa ornata ; spira elongata, acuta ; anfractibus 7, plani-

usculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis subequante, ad parietem aperturalem

lamella obliqua munito, basi rotundato; columella subtorto-plicata ;

apertura obliqua, semiovali; peristomate tenui, expansiusculo,

margine columellari superne dilatato, reflexo.

Long. 7, diam. 3 mill.

Hab, in insulis Sandwich (Newcomé).

56. TORNATELLINA ACHATINOIDES, Pfr. T. oblonga, subcylin-

dracea, solidula, levigata, pallide cornea; spira elongata, sursum

attenuata, acutiuscula ; sutura submarginata ; anfractibus 7, plani-

usculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante ; lamella parietali parvula,

profunda; columella bituberculata, subtruncata; apertura sub-

verticalt, rhombeo-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, obtuso.

Long. 12, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. in insulis Gambier.

57. CYLINDRELLA CARINATA, Pfr. C. testa vir rimata, subcy-

lindracea, sursum attenuata, truncata, oblique striata, sericina,

carneo-fulvida ; anfractibus superstitibus 12, planiusculis, ultimo

breviter soluto, basi compresse carinato ; apertura obliqua, ovali,

basi angulata ; peristomate undique breviter expanso.

Long. 22, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. 2

58. CYLINDRELLA ZEBRINA, Pfr. C. testa subrimata, fusiformi-

oblonga, truncata, solida, striatula, nitida, albida, strigis spadiceis

irregulariter picta ; anfractibus superstitibus 8, vie conveviusculis,

ultimo distincte costulato-striato, basi compresso-carinato, pone

aperturam nigro-cingulato ; apertura vix obliqua, ovali, basi cana-

liculata ; peristomate expanso, tenui, albo, marginibus non con-

tiguis, dextro subrepando.

Long. 21, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. in insula Jamaica.

59. CyLINDRELLA BLANpbIANA, Pfr. C. testa brevissime rimata,

oblongo-turrita, truncata, solida, undique oblique costulato-striata,

nitida, saturate castanea, apice nigricante ; anfractibus superstitibus

8, convexiusculis, ultimo nigricante, late albo-fasciato, basi leviter

carinato ; apertura vie obliqua, lunari-rotundata; peristomate

crasso, expanso, margine dextro superne repando, columellari

superne noduloso.

Long. 19, diam. 7 mill.

{. Robustior, virenti-albida, peristomate albo.

Hab. in Jamaica.

60. Pura Cuminet1ana, Pfr. P. testa profunde rimata, ovato-

oblonga, solidula, irregulariter filoso-striata, alba, maculis fusco-

corneis superne subtessellata; spira convera, sursum sensim

attenuata, apice corneo acutiuscula ; sutura lineari; anfractibus

9, subplanis, ultimo 4 longitudinis paulo superante, antice ascen-

dente, basi juxta rimam subcompressa; columella profunde den-

tato-plicata; pariete aperturali plica mediocri intrante munito ;

apertura verticali, truncato-ovali; peristomate calloso, undique

breviter expanso, marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis,

dextro arcuato, columellari subdilatato.

Long. 17, diam. 7} mill.

Hab. 2

61. Pupa Kisrert, Pfr. P. testa profunde et breviter rimata,

ovato-conica, solida, plicis subconfertis longitudinalibus, ad sutu-

ram incrassatis, regulariter munita, albida, pallide corneo-strigaia

et marmorata ; spira medio turgida, tum in conum obtusulum regu-

lariter attenuata ; anfractibus 85, planiusculis, ultimo 2 longitu-

dinis subequante antice subascendente, basi vix compressiusculo ;

apertura vix obliqua, semiovali, plica parietali et columellari pro-

Sunde coarctata; peristomate incrassato, breviter expanso, mar-

ginibus callo tenui junctis.

Long. 12, diam. supra medium 6 mill.

Hab. f

62. Pura Newcomat, Pfr. P. testa subperforata, ovata, tenui,

longitudinaliter costata, haud nitente, diaphana, saturate fusca ;

spira inflata, apice acutiuscula; anfractibus 4, convexis, ultimo 2

longitudinis subequante, basi rotundato ; apertura obliqua, semi-

circulari ; peristomate tenui, vix expansiusculo, margine columel-

lari subreflexo.

Long. 2, diam. 1 mill.

Had. in insulis Sandwich (Newcomb).

63. Pupa ostonea, Pfr. P. testa subperforata, oblonga, tenui,

sublevigata, parum nitida, pellucida, corneo-lutescente ; spira con-

vera, sursum sensim attenuata, apice obtusula; anfractibus 5%,

conveuis, ultimo 4 longitudinis vix equante, basi rotundato ; colu-

mella obsolete plicata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali ; pariete

aperturali plica unica dentiformi munito ; peristomate tenui, mar-

gine dextro superne valde curvato, expansiusculo, columellari

subdilatato, patente.

Long. 22, diam. 13 mill.

Hab. 2

64. Pura Barpapvensis, Pfr. P. testa subperforata, ovato-ob-

longa, tenui, sublevigata, pellucida, lutescenti-hyalina ; spira con-

veaiuscula, sensim attenuata, apice obtusula; anfractibus 5},

rotundatis, ultimo 4 longitudinis viz equante ; pariete aperturali

plica valida, subangulari munito ; columella profunde dentato-

plicata ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; peristomate simplice,

eapansiusculo, margine basali intus denticulo unico armato.

Long. 23, diam. $ mill.

Hab. in insula Barbadoes.

65. Pura Srrancel, Pfr. P. testa sinistrorsa, rimata, oblongo-

conica, striatula, nitida, hyalina; spira convexo-turrita, apice

acutiuscula ; anfractibus 5, convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis

subequante, antice costato, basi subgibboso-compresso ; apertura

subverticali, magna, truncato-ovali, sub-7-dentata; plicis 2, ap-

provimatis, in pariete aperturali, 2 in columella, dentibus 3, pro-

fundis, in margine externo et basali; peristomate albo-calloso,

undique expanso.

Long. 3, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. Gordon Island, Port Jackson (Strange).

66. Pupa conorpEA, Newcomb MSS. P. testa perforata, glo-

boso-conica, tenut, striatula, diaphana, parum nitida, fusca ; spira

conordea, apice obtusa; anfractibus 43, convewis, ultimo 1 longitu-

dinis equante, basi rotundato ; apertura parum obliqua, semicircu-

lari, edentula ; peristomate simplice, expansiusculo, margine colu-

mellari subdilatato, patente.

Long. 13, diam. 1 mill.

Hab. in Demerara (Newcomé).

3. ON A NEW SPECIES OF SUTHORA FROM CHINA.

By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. ere.

SurHora Wepsriana. (Aves, Pl. XLIX.)

Crown of the head and back of the neck sandy red, passing into

the olive tint of the back and upper surface generally ; tail of the

same colour, but of a shade darker than the back ; primaries strongly

edged with bright rufous; throat and breast light buff, washed with

a rosy tint; abdomen inclined to olive; bill light brown, washed

with rosy pink ; legs either yellow or fleshy white.

Hab. China (Shang Hai).

A single specimen, collected by Mr. Webb, was presented by that

gentleman to the British Museum. It is much larger than S. nipa-

lensis and fulvifrons, and is figured of the natural size in the plate.

March 23, 1852.

Professor Owen, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Broderip communicated an account of a picture in his posses-

sion, which he exhibited, containing an original study of the Dodo

from life, by Rolandt Savery *.

The following papers were read :—

1. On THE SpeciEs oF THE GENUS SERICINUS.

By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S. evrc.

In the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for

1851 (p. 173), Mr. Westwood established a Lepidopterous genus

under the name of Sericinus, which he founded on bad specimens of

an insect sent from Shanghai by Mr. R. Fortune, and then supposed

to comprise “both sexes” of the insect figured by Donovan in his

‘Insects of China,’ pl. 27. f. 1, under the appellation of Papilio

Telamon, no specimen of which, as Mr. Westwood justly observed,

was then known to exist “in any continental or British collections.”

* A portion of this Picture will be engraved in the Transactions.

Proc. Z.5. Aves. XLIX

SUTHORA WEBBIANA. GR Gray

J Wolf ith Panted by Ford & West

Lately Mr. Fortune has returned to this country, bringing with

him many specimens of the same insect in a more perfect state, which

enables me to take up the genus and endeavour to define the species

and give characters for each. I should state, however, that I think

I shall be able to point out that these “two sexes”’ are, in fact,

distinct species of the genus.

I think it best, first, to give a description of the species figured by

Donovan under the name of Papilio Telamon, but which will now

stand under that of

Sericinus TELAMON, Westw.

The fore wings yellowish white, with the anterior and most of the

exterior margins rather broadly edged with black; an abbreviated

line in the middle, another at the anterior part of the costal area,

and then a curved line of irregular spots, which ends towards the

posterior angle, and with two small spots at the anterior angle near

the outer margin, also one spot on the inner margin, black. The

hind wings yellowish white, with the anal angle black, which appa-

rently extends towards the anterior margin by two oblong spots of

the same colour; the anal angle is ornamented by a crimson line

that reaches to the third nervure from the inner margin; there are

also three pale blue lunes. The under surface of the fore wings is

very similar to the upper side, except that the black which surrounds

the anterior and part of the exterior margins is not apparent. The

under surface of the hind wings is also similar to the upper side,

except that the spot of the anterior margin is ornamented by a crim-

son centre.

Donovan informs us that the only specimen brought to Europe

was taken near Pekin, by a gentleman in the suite of Earl Macart-

ney, and was at that time, when Donovan figured it, in the possession

of Mr. Francillon.

Having thus recorded the peculiarities of the species which must

be considered the type of this genus, I shall now point out how one

series of specimens brought by Mr. Fortune differ from it, though

in general they are very similar to the one just described. Yet the

uniformity of all the specimens of the series, which comes nearest to

Donovan’s figure, induces me, provisionally at least, to form it into

a separate species, under the name of

Srricinus Montera*. (Cat. of Lepid. B. M. i. 78. pl. 13.

fig. 1, 2.)

Like the preceding ; but the fore wings have a large subtriangular

black spot very near the base, which is divided into three spots by

the nervures. The anterior margin is slightly edged, and the ex-

terior margin is, for most part, broadly margined with black. The

hind wings have a broad band obliquely across the costal area, and

the crimson band at the anal angle appears broader in this species.

* Sericinus Telamon, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 530 suppl. pl. 1.

fig. 1.

The species is always, as Mr. Fortune has kindly informed me,

found in the valleys among the hills.

Sericinus Forruner*. (Cat. Lep. B. M. i. pl. 13. fig. 5.)

The fore wings are yellowish white, with many irregular black

spots which vary in size, some of them so placed that they apparently

form five bands across the wing; the external margin is also black.

The hind wings also yellowish white, with a basal band and three

irregular curved bands of black spots ; the second band from the base

is broadest at the anterior angle, and marked with a small crimson

spot ; while that portion towards the anal angle is margined exteriorly

by an irregular crimson band, which extends from the angle to the

fifth nervure; the third or marginal band is ornamented on the deep

black below the crimson by a series of pale blue lunes. The under

surfaces of all the wings are less prominently marked, otherwise they

are similar to the upper side, except that on the fore wings there are

two crimson spots, one on the band near the costal area and the other

on the posterior margin.

This species is found, according to Mr. Fortune, on the sides of

the hills.

Mr. Wilson Saunders has obliged me by the loan of a specimen

for examination, which presents several differences from those pre-

viously noticed. It is rather smaller and the caudal appendages are

shorter than in the other three species ; the latter being only about

half an inch in length. These with other characters induce me to

form it into a species under the name of

Sericinus TeLmonat. (Cat. Lep. B. M. i. pl. 13. fig. 3.)

The fore wings ochraceous, with the base black, and the other

black markings placed as in S. Montela, though not quite so

prominent, but the short band which crosses the wing just beyond

the costal area and the spot on the posterior margin are both orna-

mented with a small crimson spot. The hind wings have the inner

margin black, and are without the basal spot in the costal area; the

crimson band at the anal angle extends, as in S. Fortune, to the

fifth nervure, and like it also the spot on the anterior margin is orna-

mented by a crimson mark, which is more equally placed with the

commencement of the crimson band that advances to the anal angle,

than in the other species ; the black space at the anal angle is less

in size, but is furnished with blue lunes. The under surface of the

fore wings is marked like the upper side. That of the hind wings is

also similar to the upper side, but the black spots on the anterior

margin are both ornamented with crimson ; the lengthened crimson

band is marked between the second and third nervures from the anal

* Sericinus fasciatus, Brem. & Grey, Beitr. Schm. des Nord. China, p.5. Since

this paper was read, Mr. Fortune has sent a series of specimens which show that

this is the female of the preceding.

+ The female of this species is described as Sericinus Greyi, Brem. & Grey,

Beitr. Schm. des Nord. China, p. 6.

angle with a white lune, and there is also a less quantity of black at

the anal angle.

This species (male) was also brought to this country with the others

by Mr. Fortune, through whose exertions we are thus enabled to de-

scribe three additional species of a division which had been hitherto

only known by the one figured by Donovan.

2. Nores oN THE DISSECTION OF A SPECIES OF GALAGO. By

W. H. Frower, Curator to tHe Mippiesex Hospitan

Museum.

Having recently had an opportunity of examining the body of a

Galago which died in the Society’s Gardens, and which I believe to

be an undescribed species, I proceed, at the request of the Secretary,

to lay before the Society some notes on its anatomy made during the

dissection.

The animal was a male. When I received it the skin was removed,

and its dimensions were as follows :—

Length of the head and body .............. nS

of the tall payne jaye saat Lise ee 133

ohtheshead suse Nei aeew tech: cela anes 2

Breadth of the head (at the widest part, viz. the

Giglar hones). Scie: angst Heel eck eayoakd ck 1

Lienoth-of the humerus .322 .< 62... 6 sees 2

Ofathertore-anin ways <.c1teh ees. eka 2

tithe and 9 stot 2 6c08 “acts: earl 1

ot the femuairt. stars craked: “ates: Sn 3

of the tibia MEMES Py ees Se Ye

Of the f00t.... ... Gasiee adie ao aA.

Dentition:—ine. * i=}

So COs Sao oe.

3) Cabs a= mol. -—=34.

The upper incisors very small, placed vertically, a considerable space

existing between the two middle ones. The lower incisors long, very

narrow, projecting horizontally, and closely approximated.

The stomach was simple, almost globular in form ; the cesophagus

entered far to the right, the cardiac orifice very nearly approaching

the pyloric, so that while the greater curvature measured 63 inches,

the lesser was but 3 of an inch. The small intestines were wide,

46 inches in length. The caecum was nearly 5 inches long, wider

near its commencement than any part of the intestine, and slightly

sacculated, but tapering and becoming smooth towards the extremity.

The ileum entered the colon at avery obtuseangle, and there wasscarcely

any difference in the calibre of these two parts of the intestine. The

colon was without sacculations and peculiar in form, being widest at

the upper end, then gradually contracting till it became narrower

than any part of the intestine, and dilating again into the rectum;

and this appeared not to be the result of muscular contraction, as it

retained this form after macerating in water several days and then

inflating. The length of this part of the intestine, from the ileo-czecal

valve to the anus, was 18 inches.

The liver presented three very distinct lobes: the left one was en-

tire ; the middle cleft into three by two fissures on its under surface,

in one of which (that most to the right) the gall-bladder was placed ;

the right lobe was entire, but on its under surface was placed the

lobulus Spigelii.

The gall-bladder was pyriform ; the duct, 3 lines in length, join-

ing the hepatic duct, formed the common gall-duct, which was half

an inch long and entered the duodenum one inch from the pylorus.

The spleen was long, narrow and flattened, half an inch wide at the

broadest part, and 24 inches in length.

The kidneys, simple, large and oval, were 1 inch long and 8 lines

broad; the right one situated nearly the whole length of the kidney

higher than the left.

The penis was 3 inches in length, containing a bone 11 lines long.

The skin of the glans covered with minute spines or tubercles, which,

when examined microscopically, were found to be tooth-like bodies,

most having two points, some one, others three or more, all directed

backwards.

The testes were oval, 8 lines long, 5 broad.

The vesiculze seminales consisted of two large simple culs-de-sac,

7 lines in length.

On opening the thorax the left lung was found to have two lobes,

the right four.

The heart presented nothing unusual. From the arch of the aorta

two large vessels arose, the first giving rise to the innominate and left

carotid ; the second being the left subclavian.

On examining the brachial and femoral arteries, no division into

smaller trunks, forming a rete mirabile, as is observed in several

animals belonging to this family, was discovered. The brachial artery

perforated the humerus near its lower extremity.

The tongue was long and narrow, 23 inches long from the root of

the epiglottis to the tip, and 5 lines broad. Its dorsal surface was

covered with small papillee, and at the posterior part were three large

or circumvallated papille, arranged as the points of the letter V. On

the under surface is a curious body, 7 lines long and 3 wide, the tip

of which is free, flat and pectinated, the rest free at the sides and at-

tached in the middle. From the form, position and size of this singular

organ, one cannot help conjecturing that the pectinated end may act

as a brush to free the inferior incisor teeth from adherent particles of

the insect food on which the animal subsists.

The submaxillary and parotid glands were very large, particularly

the former.

The masseter and temporal muscles were largely developed, and

the whole muscles of the upper extremity very powerful.

The cerebral hemispheres were large, and extending some way

back over the cerebellum, but their surface was remarkably smooth

8 Daviddeen, del er lth. Ford & West, Lithographers, 54), Hatton Garden

-O, THE REBRATULA GRAY] 4.6 TEREBRATELLA BOUCHARDIL. 7.9 TEVANSIL

oo UMINGIL 17. 1 UF EBRADO INA ( ONE 20.21 KRAUSSIA DESHAYS!

AL, \] B ARGIOPE NEAPOLITANA 2 c UNBATA

Ac “ISTE L Ue 29 MORRIS 1A ANOMI OIDES 30.31) 1

Ng ot LA EVANSTI

and almost free from conyolutions, resembling in this respect the

brain of Cheiroptera, to which order the Lemurs present several

points of affinity.

April 27, 1852.

W. J. Broderip, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Mr. Strickland read a paper “On some Bones of Birds allied to

the Dodo, in the collection of the Society ;” which will appear in the

Society’s Transactions.

May 25, 1852.

J. Gould, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DESCRIPTIONS OF A FEW NEW RECENT SPECIES OF BrRAcHIO-

popa. By Tu. Davipson, F.G.S., MEMBER OF THE GEOL.

Soc. or FRANCE, ETC.

(Mollusca, Pl. XIV.)

In the valuable collection of recent Brachiopoda assembled by Mr.

Cuming, some species seem new, and undescribed in Mr. Sowerby’s

Monograph ; and it is at that gentleman’s request that I have pre-

pared the following descriptions and illustrations, which will com-

plete, with one exception, the Ter. septigera of Loven (still unfigured),

all the new recent forms which have hitherto come under my obser-

vation.

In a paper lately published in the ‘ Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’

for May 1852, I endeavoured to class all the recent species according

to their internal organization, into four families and thirteen genera,

or sections, as it is evident that these, as well as the fossil forms, must

be comprised in the proposed subdivisions introduced within the last

few years with more or less success into the nomenclature ; and sin-

gular enough, notwithstanding the greater facilities of examining both

the internal arrangements as well as the animal in recent forms, these

important characters have not yet been made use of by malacologists,

who still place nearly all these Terebratuliform shells in one genus,

Terebratula ; while paleontologists, working under much greater

difficulties, have by dint of perseverance and trouble discovered the

organization of a multitude of extinct forms, filled by the hardest

matrix: and I have no doubt but that before very many years the

internal details of all the fossil species will be as well known as if they

were in the recent state.

Much, however, remains to be done before the proposed classifi- —

cations can be decidedly and definitely adopted, and many modifica-

tions will be considered requisite, as it is evident, from our present

knowledge, that some genera or sections are more or less closely re-

lated, and that certain species possess characters common to more

than one genus, but these examples are few and exceptional in com-

parison to those presenting a similar organization: thus all forms

with a free, simply attached loop, as in Ter. Australis, Ter. Califor-

niana, &c., must be placed in the same section; all those with the

loop affixed to the hinge plate and to a central more or less elevated

septum, such as Ter. dorsata, Ter. rubicunda, &c., into another group;

those also in which the calcareous appendages consist of only two cen-

tral diverging lamelle, such as Ter. rubra, Ter. pisum, and others,

must necessarily be placed close to each other, &c. The arrange-

ment of the species is, therefore, not a matter of indifference, but

ought to partake of those rules, followed for the other classes of Mol-

lusea, wherein genera are often admitted on far less important differ-

ences.

A complete monograph of the recent species thus framed, with

figures, synonyms, dates, &c., is still a desideratum, and I hope ere

long that the science of Conchology will be enriched by such a valu-

able and necessary contribution.

The only object of this short paper is to describe some unfigured

forms, to which I have added some remarks on a few species not

hitherto completely understood.

1. TEREBRATULA Grayu, Dav. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1-3.)

Diagnosis.—Shell irregularly pentagonal, rather broader than long;

valves unequally convex (the perforated being gibbous and the smaller

valve rather flattened) ; beak not much produced, truncated by a very

large emarginate foramen—the deltidial plates are disunited, a small

portion of the aperture being completed by the umbo; hinge-line

straight; beak-ridges sharply defined, leaving between them and the

hinge-margin a wide, almost flat area; surface ornamented by a great

number of irregular and unequal radiating coste, augmenting rapidly

from numerous bifurcations and intercalations of smaller plaits be-

tween the larger costz ; colour partly yellow and red, this last be-

coming more vivid as it approaches the concentric lines of growth ;

structure punctate ; internal appendages consisting of a simply

attached loop, the riband-shaped lamella extending to about four-

fifths of the length of the shell before bending back on itself. Di-

mensions variable: length 14, width 15, depth 9 lines.

Hab. Coast of Korea. Coll. Cuming.

Obs.—This fine species has been known to me for several years, but

unobserved by other collectors, who erroneously supposed it to be

the Ter. rubra of Pallas, to which it bears some external resemblance,

but is essentially different in its internal arrangements; the loop of

our new form being similar to that of Ter. australis or Ter. lenticu-

laris, &c., while the appendages of Ter. rubra, which is the type of

my lately proposed genus Kraussia, consist only of two central diver-

ging branches, somewhat spread out at their extremities. Ter. Grayit

is also distinct from Terebratella Zelandica, the loop of this last being

doubly attached, as in all the species of that section.

2. TEREBRATELLA Boucnarpil, Dav. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig.4-6.)

Diagnosis.—Shell of a suborbicular or trapezoidal form, longer

than wide, or broader than long; perforated valve most convex, late-

rally compressed and keeled, the imperforated valve presenting a lon-

gitudinal depression extending from about the middle of the valve to

the front ; beak produced, recurved and truncated by a large circular

and entire foramen ; deltidium in two pieces, meeting at the umbo;

beak-ridges defined, leaving hetween them and the hinge-margin a

slight concave false area; surface smooth, interrupted only by a few

concentric lines of growth; colour light yellow ; internal calcareous

lamellze fixed first to the crural base, and again to the longitudinal

mesial septum, before attaining their greatest length and bending back

on themselves to form the loop; structure punctate. Length 14,

width 13, depth 8 lines.

Hab, Unknown. Coll. of Mr. Cuming.

Obs.—This species seems to differ from Terebratella Coreanica of

Adams and Reeves principally in the form of its beak and in its

coloration ; the Corean form is beautifully strigated with vivid red,

while Ter. Bouchardii is of a uniform light yellow colour ; the details

of the loop seem likewise to differ a little.

3. TEREBRATELLA Evans, Dav. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 7-9.)

Diagnosis.—Shell subovate, longer than wide; perforated valve

most convex, smaller one rather compressed ; beak tapering, not much

recurved, and obliquely truncated by an emarginate foramen ; del-

tidia small; beak-ridges well defined, leaving between them and the

hinge-margin a false area; surface ornamented by a few unequal bi-

furcated and intercalated costz; colour pale red; structure punc-

tate; apophysary system composed of a central longitudinal sep-

tum, not exceeding half the length of the valve, arising rapidly in the

form of a narrow elevated plate, almost reaching the centre of the

perforated valve, to the middle of which, and to the crural base, are

doubly attached the calcareous riband-shaped lamelle forming the

loop. Length 4, width 33, depth 14 lines.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

Obs.—On first inspection, I thought this shell, of which Mr.Cuming

has two examples, might be the young of T'erebratella Zelandica ; but

on examining the calcareous appendages, I found great dissimilarity in

their respective details. In Ter. Zelandica the loop is first fixed to the

hinge plate, and again, by a transverse shelly horizontal process, to

the extremity of a slightly elevated mesial septum ; the lamella pro-

ceeding again before bending back, as in all Terebratelle: but in the

interesting little form under notice the mesial septum forms a narrow

elevated plate, extending as far and further than the greatest length

of the lamelle, which last are fixed to the middle portion of the sep-

tum. The remarkable deviation from the general details of the

arrangements in this Terebratella has prompted me to examine with

care a multitude of specimens of different species belonging to the

genus, and I was not a little surprised to find that some few other

forms presented a similar arrangement, such as Ter. crenulata,

Ter. Cumingii, &c., thus forming a passage into Magas, which last,

although generically distinct, can no longer constitute a separate

family from the Terebratulide.

4, TEREBRATELLA! Cumineut, Day. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 10,16.)

Diagnosis.—Shell very thick, ovato-oblong ; larger valve most con-

vex, slightly keeled; imperforated one rather depressed ; beak pro-

duced, tapering, not much recurved, and truncated by a small oval

foramen, beginning at the summit of the beak, and directing itself on

the opposite side to the area; no visible deltidium ; a concave trian-

gular area; surface smooth, strongly marked by concentric lines of

growth ; colour white, or slightly tinged with red; shell articulating

by means of two strong teeth in the larger and corresponding

sockets in the smaller valve; apophysary system very complicated,

composed of a mesial longitudinal elevated triangular septum extend-

ing to about two-thirds of the length of the smaller valve, and which

arising from under the cardinal process and crural base, by a gentle

curve reaches and touches the larger valve near to its anterior portion,

from whence it descends by an almost perpendicular line to the bottom

of the valve ; the calcareous riband-shaped lamellee first proceed from

the socket walls, directing themselves by a gentle curve to the ante-

rior portion of the septum, to which they become attached before

bending on themselves to form a loop; the arms are of a brilliant

red colour. Length 5, width 4, depth 23 lines.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

Obs.—Two specimens of this remarkable shell have been obtained

by Mr. Cuming, and it is one of the most interesting among the re-

cent forms, presenting great difficulties from an assemblage of cha-

racters peculiar to more than one of the proposed sections. In out-

ward shape, character of its foramen, and interior of perforated valve,

it much resembles Bouchardia rosea; its foramen is likewise very

similar in position to that presented by several species of Trigonose-

mus; the shape and position of its central elevated septum, which

touches a portion of the centre of the larger valve, relates it to Magas,

and the disposition of the lamelle to Terebratella. I therefore do

not feel certam in what genus this curious shell should be placed: it

is not a true Terebratella, but there I have placed it for the present,

on account of the form of the loop.

5, TEREBRATELLA SPITZBERGENSIS, Day. 1852.

Diagnosis.—Shell ovate, slightly pentagonal, longer than wide ;

valves almost equally convex ; beak produced, recurved, and truncated

by a middle-sized foramen ; deltidium in two pieces, partly surround-

ing the aperture ; beak-ridges not very sharply defined ; smaller valve

slightly depressed near the front ; surface smooth, strongly punctate,

and marked by a few concentric lines of growth ; colour light yellow ;

apophysary system composed of a central longitudinal septum, ex-

tending to a little beyond half the length of the shell, in the form of

a narrow plate somewhat elevated at its extremity, to which and to

the hinge plate are attached the calcified riband-shaped lamellze form-

ing the loop. Length 4, width 3, depth 2 lines.

Hab. Spitzbergen.

Obs.—This small Terebratella seems distinguishable from all the

other recent forms of the genus, by its dimensions, regular ovate

shape, thinness of shell, and comparatively short, doubly-attached

loop, which does not exceed half the length of the valve. I have

hitherto been able to examine but one specimen, from the collection

of Robert M‘Andrew, Esq., and Mr. Cuming.

6. Teresratutina Cuminen, Day. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 17-19.)

Diagnosis.—Shell ovate, somewhat pentagonal, nearly as wide as

long ; valves almost equally convex ; beak small, obliquely truncated

by a circular emarginate foramen ; deltidial plates disunited, a small

portion of the aperture being completed by the umbo ; auricular ex-

pansions on either side of the umbo very small ; surface ornamented

by a great number of minute radiating elevated strize, augmenting

rapidly by the intercalation of smaller costze at variable distances be-

tween the larger ones; the front margin of the larger valve indents

the smaller one; colour white, tinged with yellow; structure punc-

tate; internal apophysary supports short and annelliform. Length

34, width 3, depth 2 lines.

Hab. Chinese Seas. Coll. Cuming.

Obs.—This little Terebratulina may be easily distinguished from

all the other recent species of the genus by its size and relative width

and length, being much more convex and globular.

7. MorristaA ANOoMIorDES, Scacchi, sp. 1843. (Pl. XIV.

fig. 29.)

Orthis anomioides, Scacchi in Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii.

Terebratula appressa, Forbes, Report on the Mollusca and Radiata

of the Augean Sea, 1843.

Diagnosis.—Shell minute, circular, depressed ; foramen large,

round, encroaching equally on both valves; larger valve with a

straight hinge-area ; deltidial plates minute, widely separated ;

smaller valve deeply notched at the umbo ; apophysary system con-

sisting of two branches originating at the base of the dental sockets,

and united to a small elevated process arising from the centre of the

valve.

Animal furnished with two subspiral or sigmoid arms fringed with

comparatively large cilia; the shell is of a green colour, with bright

orange ovaries contrasting with the brilliant white of the ciliated arms ;

structure punctate. Length 1, width 14, depth } line.

Hab. Mediterranean ; depth 95 fathoms (Forbes).

Obs.—Some of Philippi’s figures of Ter. seminulum are so like

specimens of 7. appressa (Forbes), that I at first imagined they

might belong to the same type; and in my paper published in the

‘Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ for May 1852, I placed Ter. appressa

of Forbes as a synonym of Philippi’s species : but since that period

I have had reasons to believe this to be an error, and that in reality

the Italian author’s type does not belong to the same species nor even

genus, but would be a synonym of Argiope (Ter.) Neapolitana of

Scacchi. I have also ascertained that the shell and animal of this

species are figured by Philippi, in the second volume of his ‘ Sicilian

Mollusca.’

8. Kraussta Lamarcxiana, Day. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 22, 23.)

Diagnosis.—Shell of a somewhat tetragonal form, flattish, with a

moderately deep longitudinal depression in the smaller valve and a

corresponding keel in the larger one ; hinge-line nearly straight ; beak

truncated by a large emarginate foramen, completed by two small

deltidial plates, and by a portion of the umbo of the smaller valve ;

hinge-area flat, well defined; surface ornamented by a number of

small costee, augmenting here and there by bifurcation and intercala-

tion at various intervals ; apophysary system consisting of two short,

central, diverging branches, bifurcated at their extremities ; structure

punctate ; colour light yellow. Length 3, width 3, depth 13 lme.

Hab. Sydney and New Zealand.

Obs.—This species is found near Sydney, living in company with

Ter. Australis, as may be seen by the specimen in the British Mu-

seum ; it is distinct from K. piswm and K. Deshayesii, by its some-

what tetragonal shape, stronger and fewer costz, as well as by the

details of its loop, relating it more than any of the other species of

Kraussia to the section Megerlia ; its colour is likewise of a uniform

yellowish tint, while the above-mentioned species are differently

tinged with red.

9. Kraussta Desuayesit, Dav. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 20, 21.)

Terebratula Capensis, Adams and Reeve, Voyage of the Samarang,

p- 70. pl. 21. f. 4, 1850 (non 7’. Capensis, Gmel.).

Diagnosis.—Shell subovate, generally rather longer than wide ;

valves nearly equally convex, a deep longitudinal depression extending

from near the umbo to the front in the smaller valve, with a corre-

sponding keel in the perforated one ; beak produced, and truncated

by a large emarginate foramen; deltidia small, nearly triangular, a

portion of the circumference being completed by the umbo ; surface

ornamented by a great number of small raised coste, augmenting

rapidly by bifurcation and intercalation of smaller plaits at variable

distances from the beak and umbo; structure punctate ; colour light

yellow, with stripes of red ; apophysary system consisting of two

short, central, diverging lamellae expanded at their extremities.

Length 6, width 4, depth 2 lines.

Hab. Korea. Coll. Cuming.

10. Arciope Neapouitana, Scacchi, sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 24, 25.)

Terebratula Neapolitana, Scacchi, Oss. Zool. ii. p. 18.

Terebratula seminulum, Philippi, En. Moll. Siciliz, 1836 ; Sow.

Th. Conch. pl. 71. f. 85, 88.

Argiope Forbesii, Dav. Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. May 1852.

Diagnosis.—Shell small, suborbicular, nearly as long as wide, com-

pressed, emarginated in front ; valves unequal, slightly convex, almost

smooth or ornamented by a few rounded and nearly obsolete radiating

cost ; a longitudinal depression extending along the centre of the

smaller valve ; beak produced; foramen large, with a small, lateral,

deltidial plate, and an area on either side; hinge-line straight ;

apophysary system consisting of a small longitudinal mesial septum,

with a complete two-lobed loop; colour light yellow; structure

largely punctate. Length 13, width 13, depth line.

Hab. Naples, and different parts of the Mediterranean, in from

60 to 105 fathoms (Forbes).

Obs.—Since the publication of my paper in the ‘Annals,’ May

1852, I have, through the kindness of Mr. Haaley, been enabled to

examine two specimens, said to be the types of Scacchi’s Ter. Nea-

politana, and, according to Kiister, the Ter. seminulum of Philippi

would be a synonym; although the last-named author’s species,

from his illustration presenting a deep notch in the umbo (a character

never seen in any Argiope), had led me erroneously to believe 7’. se-

minulum the same as Prof. Forbes’s T. appressa. The figures of

Ter. Neapolitana given both by Scacchi, Philippi, and Kuster, do

not represent the characters of the species under notice,—so much

so that I believed it new, and gave to it the name of Argiope Forbesii,

which must now be considered only a synonym: and Sowerby’s

figure correctly illustrates the species. In my plate I have also added

a figure of the apophysary system of A. decollata, Chem. (fig. 26),

and that of 7’. Neapolitana (fig. 25), to show the difference in the

lobes of the loop in these two species; the arms in the first bemg

four-lobed, whilst in the other recent forms, such as Argiope Neapo-

litana (fig. 25), A. cistellula (fig. 28), and A. cuneata (fig. 27), there

exist only two lobes to the arms.

11. RayNCHONELLA NiIGRICANS, Sow. sp. 1846. (Pl. XIV.

fig. 30, 31.)

Diagnosis.—Shell inequivalve, irregularly tetrahedral, wider than

long; beak acute, and slightly recurved; foramen not entirely sur-

rounded by the deltidial plates, a portion being completed by the

umbo ; beak-ridges well defined, leaving between them and the hinge-

line a false area, not indenting much the smaller valve ; surface orna-

mented by a variable number of sharp plaits, about twenty-five’ on

each valve, a few of which are due to intercalation; mesial fold not

prominent, but defined, with a corresponding shallow sinus in the

larger valve ; apophysary system consisting of two short curved

lamellee ; colour bluish black; structure impunctate. Length 8,

width 9, depth 4 lines.

No. CCXLIII. ProceErpincs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hab. Five miles east of Ruapuke Island, New Zealand; dredged

by Mr. Evans, R.N., in 19 fathoms off coral and rock. Coll. Cu-

ming.

Dre when Sowerby described this interesting shell, only one

small young specimen, without locality, was known; since then Mr.

Evans has dredged several, some of which exceeded the dimensions

above given. I therefore thought it advisable to redescribe and figure

the species; more especially, as it is scarcely distinguishable from

half-grown specimens of R. concinna, Sow.

12. Orsicuta Evanst, Dav. 1852. (Pl. XIV. fig. 32-34.)

Diagnosis.—Shell irregularly circular, nearly as wide as long, very

thick ; both valves almost equally orbicular or suborbicular ; apex

subcentral ; the unattached valve is ornamented by numerous strong,

radiating, elevated strize, which augment rapidly by the intercalation

of numerous smaller costze at variable distances from the apex ; these

are intersected by numerous concentric lamine of growth; attached

valve very deep; disk of adhesion small, almost central ; fissure mi-

nute, elongated; surface covered by concentric raised laminze, with

longitudinal striz all round and near the edge ; colour yellow ; texture

horny. Length 54, width 6, depth 4 lines.

Hab. Bodegas. Coll. Cuming.

Obs.—Mr. Cuming has three specimens of this Ordieu/a, all similar

in appearance, and distinguishable from O. Cumingii and O. strigata

by the great convexity of the attached valve, which is flat in the two

above-mentioned species; the disk of adhesion is likewise much

smaller in O. Evansii, and the striation stronger.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE.

Fig. 1,2. Terebratula Grayii, Dav.; natural size.

Fig. 3. Terebratula Grayit, Dav. ; interior of smaller valve.

Fig. 4,5. Terebratella Bouchardii, Dav. ; natural size.

Fig. 6. Terebratella Bouchardii, Dav. ; interior of smaller valve.

Fig. 7. Terebratella Evansii, Dav.; enlarged.

Fig. 8,9. Terebratella Evansii, Dav.; interior of smaller valve.

Fig. 10-12. Terebratella ? Cumingii, Day.; enlarged.

Fig. 13. Terebratella Cumingii, Dav.; back of the beak, showing the foramen.

Fig. 14. Terebratella Cumingii, Dav. ; interior of smaller valve.

Fig. 15. Terebratella Cumingii, Dav.; section of the interior of both valves, showing

the position of the septum.

Fig. 16. Terebratella Cumingii, Dav. ; interior of smaller valve, much enlarged,

showing the fringed arms: A, A, the cardinal muscles ; B, the adductor

ones ; C, the pedicle muscles.

Fig. 17-19. Terebratulina Cumingii, Dav. ; enlarged.

Fig. 20, 21. Kraussia Deshayesii, Dav.; enlarged.

Fig. 22, 23. Kraussia Lamarckiana, Dav.; enlarged.

Fig. 24. Argiope Neapolitana, Scacchi; enlarged.

Fig. 25. Argiope Neapolitana, Scacchi; showing the two-lobed loop.

Fig. 26. Argiope decollata, Chem.; interior of smaller valve, enlarged to show

the four-lobed disposition of the loop.

Fig. 27. Argiope cuneata, Risso ; greatly enlarged, showing the interior as seen

in the dried specimens: D, the mouth, fringed arms and two-lobed

loop; C, the pedicle muscles; B, the adductor ones; A, the cardinal

muscles.

Fig. 28. Argiope cistellula, Wood; interior of both valves as seen in dried speci-

mens (much enlarged) ; A, the retractor and pedicle muscles. The posi-

tion of the arms and mouth is the same as in 4. cuneata, &c.

Fig. 29. Morrisia anomoides (Scacchi, sp.) ; enlarged : 0, the ovaries seen through

the transparency of the shell.

Fig. 30, 31. Rhynchonella nigricans, Sow. sp.; natural size.

Fig. 32-34. Orbicula Evansii, Dav. ; enlarged.

2. DESCRIPTIONS OF EIGHTEEN NEW SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS,

FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cumine, Esa.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. Hewrx avus, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, depressd, solidd, ob-

lique striatuld, nitiduld, pallide fulvd; spird convexd, brevi ;

suturd levi; anfractibus 4 vix convexiusculis, sensim accres-

centibus, ultimo carinato, utrinque convexiore, fascia fusca ad

suturam, pallidaque ad carinam ornato, basi pallido, circa um-

bilicum mediocrem, pervium subcompresso ; aperturd via obliqud,

subtriangulari-lunari ; peristomate crasso, albo, expanso et re-

flexo, marginibus remotis, callo crasso junctis.

Diam. maj. 37, min. 31, alt. 18 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

2. Heurx Emiuiana, Pfr. H. testd perforatd, conoideo-lenti-

culari, soliduld, superné confertim costulatd, lineis impressis

spiralibus subregulariter granulatd, opacd, lutescenti-fuscd ;

spird conoided, vertice elevato, obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 6 con-

veaiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, com-

presse carinato, basi convexo, radiatim striatulo, nitidulo ;

aperturd obliqud, angulato-lunart ; peristomate simplice, recto,

margine columellari ad perforationem reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 16, min. 15, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

3. Hexuix Reprrexvot, Pfr. A. testd umbilicatd, conoideo-glo-

bosd, tenui, irregulariter striatd et obsoletissime decussatd,

diaphand, nitidd, fulvo-corned ; spird conoided, obtusuld ; an-

fractibus 53 convexis, regulariter accrescentibus, ultimo in-

flato, non descendente ; aperturd parum obliqud, lunato-rotun-

datd, altiore quam latd, intus margaritaced ; peristomate sim-

plice, recto, acuto, marginibus remotis, columellart subverticali,

sursum dilatato, umbilicum angustum semitegente.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Shang Hai, Chine (Mr. Fortune).

4, Heuix nupa, Pfr. H. testd viv perforatd, conoideo-depressd,

tenui, radiatim striatuld, pellucidd, pallide fulvo-corned ; spird

conoided, acutiusculd ; suturd impressd, albo-submarginatd ; an-

Sractibus 6 convexiusculis, ultimo mapore, inflato, non descen-

dente ; aperturd feré diagonali, rotundato lunari, latiore quam

altd ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus subconniventibus,

dextro arcuatim antrorsum dilatato, columellari subrecedente,

arcuato, superné dilatato, reflexo.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 92, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. in Himalayah (Mr. Fortune).

5. Hexix Minerva, Pfr. H. testd umbilicatd, sublenticulari,

solidd, subtiliter et confertim striata, carinatd, nitiduld, luted,

fasctis 2 nigro-castaneis supra et infra carinam ornatd ; spird

brevi, convexd, obtusd; suturd lineari; anfractibus 4 sensim

accrescentibus, vix convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, basi,

presertim antice, convexo, circa umbilicum angustum, conicum,

subcompresso ; aperturd diagonali, rotundato-lunart, intus sub-

margaritaced ; peristomate simplice, recto, marginibus remotis,

supero antrorsum subarcuato, columellari subverticali, sursum

dilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 223, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. in insula Celebes ?

6. Hevrx Resseint, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, globosd, solidd,

minutissime striatuld, sub epidermide non nitente, virenti-luted

albd, plerumque fasciis saturate castaneis pluribus latis cinctd ;

spird conoideo-semiglobosd, obtusuld; anfractibus 43 modicé

convexis, rapide crescentibus, ultimo rotundato, antice breviter

descendente, circa columellam vix declivem, latam, albam, sub-

excavatam nigricante ; aperturd diagonali, lunato-rotundatd,

intus albidd ; peristomate albo, expanso-reflexiusculo, intus sub-

incrassato.

Diam. maj. 27, min. 23, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. in insulis Philippinis.

7. Hewrx Eva, Pfr. H. testd imperforatd, trochiformi, solid,

subtiliter et confertim striatd, vix nitiduld, carned, sursum

fascia fusco-violaced ornatd vel omnino fusculd ; spird conica,

acutiusculd ; suturd impressd ; anfractibus 5 vix convexis, ul-

timo non descendente, acuté carinato, basi convexiusculo, medio

impresso; apertura perobliqud, lunato-rhombed; peristomate

fusco-limbato, marginibus subparallelis, supero expansiusculo,

basali arcuato, medio angulum obsoletum formante, incrassato,

breviter reflexo.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. in insulis Novis Hebridibus.

8. Hexrx tsopon, Pfr. H. testd angustée umbilicatd, conoideo-

lenticular, solidd, undique minute granulatd, castaneo-fuscd ;

spird late conoided, obtusuld; anfractibus 5 vix convexius-

culis, lenté accrescentibus, ultimo carinato, anticée perdeflexo,

strangulato et scrobiculato, basi convexo; apertura feré hori-

zontali, auriformi; peristomate fusculo, subincrassato, reflexo,

margintbus callo alte elevato flecuoso, medio laminam lingue-

formem emittente junctis, dextro valdé curvato, bidentato, ba-

sali declivi, unidentato, dentibus subequalibus, validis.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 173, alt. 102 mill.

Hab. in Columbia occidentali.

9. Buximus Janus, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, dextrorsd vel

sinistrorsd, subfusiformi-oblongd, solidd, vix nitiduld, luted-

fasciis 3 extus opace viridibus, intus nitide atro-castaneis, /peri-

stoma non attingentibus, basali latissimd, varicibusque casta-

neis sparsis ornatd; spird conicd, acutiusculd; anfractibus 6

-7 convexiusculis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi atte-

nuato ; columelld verticali, strictd; aperturd obliquad, semi-

ovali, basi subangulatd ; peristomate subincrassato, breviter

reflexo, albo, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo junctis.

Long. 47, diam. 20 mill.

Hab. in Novis Hebridibus.

10. Butimus ruticinevs, Pfr. B. testd imperforatd, oblongd,

solidd, longitudinaliter striatd et concentricé irregulariter sub-

sulcatd, fuligined ; spird convexo-conicd, obtusuld ; suturd pro-

Sunda, pallida ; anfractibus 5.modicé convexis, rapide accrescen-

tibus, ultimo = longitudinis equante, basi attenuato ; columella

carned, subtortd, basi subtruncatd; aperturd vix obliqud,

elongato-auriformi, intus lividd ; peristomate undique expan-

siusculo, margine dextro medio impresso, intus subdentato.

Long. 38, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. in Novis Hebridibus.

11. Butirmus Buanni, Pfr. B. testd pervie et angusté umbili-

catd, turritd, tenuiusculd, oblique confertim filoso-striatd, opacd,

calcared; spird elongatd, infra apicem latum, obtusum attenuatd ;

suturd viv impressd ; anfractibus 17 planis, ultimo subangulato,

4 longitudinis subequante ; aperturd vix obliqud, subtetragond ;

peristomate simplice, recto, margine columellari superné re-

flexiusculo.

Long. 22, diam. 7 mill.

Hab. Baranguilla in Andibus Columbianis (Bland).

12. PartuLa GLutTiInosa, Pfr. P. testd subumbilicatd, sub-

pyramidatd, solidd, levigatd (sub lente vix decussatuld), epi-

dermide fulvd, nitidd, quasi glutinosd obductd; spird elevato-

conicd, apice acutd ; suturd levi ; anfractibus 5, superis planis,

ultimo spiram subequante, convexiore, basi quasi saccato ; colu-

melld leviter arcuatd, superne vix plicatd; aperturd fere verti-

cali, oblongd, obliqué protractd ; peristomate lato, intus calloso,

violaceo-fusco limbato, marginibus subparallelis.

Long. 19, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. ?

13. PartuLa DENTIFERA, Pfr. P. testd subumbilicatd, ovato-

conicd, solidd, sublevigatd, parum nitidd, pallide stramined ;

spird conicd, apice acutiusculd ; suturd marginatd ; anfractibus

1, summis planis, penultimo convexiore, ultimo spird viz bre-

viore, convexo, antice medio impresso ; columelld subverticali,

vix plicatd ; aperturd vix obliqud, angustd, obverse auriformi ;

peristomate valdé incrassato, albo, patente, marginibus sub-

parallelis, dextro superné valdé curvato, medio tuberculum

acutum, dentiforme gerente.

Long. 214, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. 2

14. Acwatina tostoma, Pfr. A. testd fusiformi-ovatd, tenui,

undique equaliter granulatd, parum nitidd, fulvd, strigis ob-

scuris, latis, subangulatis, castaneis ornatd ; spird conicd, su-

perné attenuatd, pallidd, apice obtusd; suturd subcrenatd ;

anfractibus 75 vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram pauld superante,

basi subattenuato ; columelld leviter tortd, basi oblique et bre-

viter truncatd; aperturd verticali, angusté semiovali, intus

pallide lilacind, nitidd ; peristomate simplice, margine dextro

regulariter arcuato.

Long. 128, diam. 56 mill.

Hab. Fernando Po (Fraser).

15. AcHATINA GLUTINOSA, Pfr. A. testd ovato-conicd, tenuius-

culd, longitudinaliter striatd, subunicolore fulvd ; spird conicd,

sursum attenuata, apice obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 71, mediis

lineis spiralibus subdecussatis, ad suturam submarginatam pro-

fundeé striatis, ultimo spiram pauld superante, sublevigato,

glutinoso-nitente ; columelld plicato-tortd, basi abrupte trun-

catd ; aperturd obliqud, feré ovali, intus lilaced, margaritaced ;

peristomate simplice, fusco-limbato, margine basali arcuato.

Long. 98, diam. 45 mill.

Had. in Africa occidentali (Fraser).

16. Acuatina Dresuavest, Pfr. A. testd turrito-ovatd, tenuius-

culd, sublevigatd, nitidd, corneo-fuscd ; spird elongatd, convexd,

apice obtusuld ; suturd simplice, subprofundd ; anfractibus 7

convexis, ultimo 2 longitudinis subequante, basi rotundato ;

columelld subtortd, laté eé oblique truncatd; aperturd viz

obliqud, rhombeo-semiovali ; peristomate simplice, obtuso, mar-

gine dextro subrepando.

Long. 11, diam. 5 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

17. ACHATINA CEREA, Pfr. A. testd oblongo-turritd, tenui, sub-

tiliter et regulariter striatd, nitidd, pellucidd, pallide cered ;

spird rectilineart, apice obtusd ; suturd mediocri, minute crenu-

latd ; anfractibus 8 vix convexis, ultimo } longitudinis vix su-

perante, infra medium subangulato ; columella curvatd, abrupte

truncatd; aperturd obliqud, oblongd; peristomate simplice,

recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato.

Long. 14, diam. 42 mill.

Hab. Fernando Po (Fraser).

18. Hexicina susitazvieata, Pfr. H. testd conoideo-depressd,

soliduld, sublevigatd, nitiduld, unicolore rubelld vel albidd,

subtus violaceo zonatd; spird breviter conoided, vertice obtusulo ;

anfractibus 5 vix convexiusculis, ultimo latiore, peripherid ob-

soleté angulato; aperturd diagonali, subsemiovali; columelld

brevi, simplice, callum crassiusculum, circumscriptum retrorsum

emittente; peristomate simplice, breviter expanso, margine

basali fere rectilineari, ad columellam subdentato. Operculum

tenue, corneum.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 64 alt. 5 mill.

Hab. in Novis Hebridibus.

3. NotEs on THE DIDUNCULUS, A SPECIES OF PIGEON SUPPOSED

TO BE PECULIAR TO THE NaviGaTor’s Istanps. By Lieut.

THE Hon. F. Watroxte, R.N. Communicatep sy J. H.

Gurney, Esa., F.Z.S8.

May 25.

Lieut. Walpole always saw this bird (when in its natural state)

either perching on trees or flying about them,—feeding by day and

roosting by night among the branches. He never saw them on the

ground, though he has seen places where they appeared to have been

scratching, either for roots or for other food. The crops of the spe-

cimens which he examined were, however, generally filled with green

berries, which grew in clusters on a species of ash. The number of

specimens so examined was considerable, as the birds formed Lieut.

Walpole’s principal food while on these islands. He found the flesh

most excellent, though in colour darker even that of the English

wood-pigeon. The flight of the Didunculus is mostly limited to a

transit from wood to wood, as they rarely attempt to pass from one

island to another,—the distance between the islands varying from ten

to eighty nautical miles.

Though their flight appears to be inferior to that of most pigeons,

it is of the same swooping and continuous character.

They retire late to roost, but are not nocturnal.

They are generally seen either in pairs or in small flocks. The

largest flock seen by Lieut. Walpole consisted of nine.

In the breeding season they pair and retire to the interior of the

islands, where they nest amongst the rocks.

Lieut. Walpole does not know the colour or number of the eggs,

but states that the young are naked and helpless.

The male bird is superior to the female in size, colour, and carriage,

but does not attain his full plumage until the second year.

The natives of the Samoon Islands are fond of keeping the Didun-

culi tame as pets, either taking them from the nest, or, when older,

with bird-lime.

They attach the bird by a long string fastened round one leg to a

stick about two feet in length, with a fork at the end, which is stuck

generally in the wall inside the hut, but sometimes in the ground

outside.

The natives, when they walk, often carry with them these sticks

with the birds attached, and train the birds to leave the stick occa-

sionally and hover above it till it is again presented for the bird to

perch on,—the line by which it is attached being long enough to ad-

mit of this operation.

June 8, 1852.

G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. in the Chair.

The following paper was read :—

ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE STRIGID&. By Dr. Kavup.

This paper will appear in the Transactions of the Society.

July 27, 1852.

G. R. Waterhouse, Esq., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on THE INDIAN WEAVER-BIRD (PLOCEUS PHILIPPENSIS).

By Lizur. Burgess.

The dimensions of the male are as follows :—Length 63 inches ;

from the carpal joint to the end of the longest quill-feather, 2 inches.

Trides dark brown; beak bluish black; base of the lower mandible

dull yellow on the underside ; legs, feet and claws pale flesh-coloured

brown.

Length 64 inches; from the carpal joint to the end of the longest

quill-feather, 26 inches. Beak yellowish horn colour; base of both

mandibles, especially that of the lower, dull brownish orange ; legs,

feet and claws as in the male.

These pretty little birds are sociable in their habits, building seve-

ral nests on the same tree. The nests are of beautiful construction,

shaped like a ball, with a long pendent tube. They are generally

formed of a species of strong wiry grass, but in places where the

date-palm grows, they are made with fine fibres, split by these little

architects out of the small spiked side-leaflets of the branches. Both

male and female work, though the male appears to prefer looking on

and squabbling with his neighbours to building. When a blade of

grass or fibre has been brought to the nest, considerable time is re-

quired to work it into the growing fabric, the builder weaving both

on the outside and inside. The entrance tube is a most beautiful

piece of workmanship, and in many nests is nearly a foot long. When

these birds commence building, they almost invariably fix upon a

thorny tree, or one growing over a stream or old well. In places

where date trees are growing on the banks of a stream they appear

to prefer them, but I do not recollect having seen nests away from

water. Having selected their situation, they begin by weaving a

stem of grass or fibre of date leaf, attaching to it a ring of the same

materials ; on one side of this ring is worked the body of the nest, on

the other the entrance tube. A very slender drooping bough is gene-

rally selected ; the upper portion of the ball of the nest, as it is bemg

worked, is strengthened with lumps of mud.

In one or two instances I have seen an upper room over the nest,

between it and the bough. This appears to be the abode of the

male. On one occasion, when watching a colony of these birds build-

ing, I observed a nest with an upper story, in which the male was

lazily sitting whilst the female was working at the room below; and

the natives who assisted me in getting some of the nests assured me

that the upper is the male’s abode. The upper room is made by

widening the stem of the nest, and adding a penthouse to it. When

the nest is finished, which takes place about the middle of August

(the heighth of the monsoon), the eggs, six or eight in number and

of a pure white, ate laid. During the breeding season the male em-

ploys himself alternately in helpmg his mate and fighting with all

others of his kind that approach his nest. His song, often repeated,

is simple and very sweet.

It is a very curious fact, that out of some fifty nests not more than

one or two have the upper room attached. If this penthouse is put

up to, keep off the monsoon rains, why should so few males have

them ?

The claws of these birds are remarkably long, enabling them to

hang securely to their nests when building them. Their food con-

sists of seeds. In the month of April I shot two or three in the

hedge round a stackyard. They were males, in the same plumage

as the adult female. The adult male loses, I believe, his bright

golden plumage after the breeding season.

2. On THe Hasits or THE MunGoos (HERPESTES GRISEUS).

By Lieut. Peeus.

In this communication the author gives an account of a combat

which he witnessed at Pondicherry, between a Mungoos and a Cobra

(Naia tripudians). The snake was brought in a trap to the Tra-

vellers’ Bungalow, which is enclosed by stone walls, and on being

liberated and seeing the Mungoos it endeavoured to make its escape.

The latter, however, attacked it immediately with much fury, and a

battle ensued, which lasted about five minutes, when the snake was

observed to dart upon its assailant and wound it with its fangs.

The Mungoos on this rolled over and lay for some little time as if

dead, with a black foam at its mouth; it then suddenly started up

and darted off into the bush. In about twenty minutes it returned,

when the mouth was observed to be marked with green from some

herb it had been eating. It appeared quite recovered, and imme-

diately attacked the snake with even more fury than before. This

combat lasted about six minutes, when the Mungoos got the snake

by the neck, killed it, and severed its head from its body. The snake

was upwards of five feet long.

3. Descriptions or New SHELLS, FROM THE CUMINGIAN

Cout.tection. By ArrHuur Apams, F.L.S. Etc.

(Mollusca, Pl. XV. XVI.)

1. Myocuama StutcusBuryt, A. Adams (PI. XV. fig.4). M. testa

mnequivalvi, subequilaterali, rosea ; valva dexira affixa, sinistra

convexiuscula, apice acuto, antice recurvo, longitudinaliter

costata, transverse oblique plicata ; costis squammulato-nodo-

sis; latere antico rotundato, postico oblique truncato. ¥

Hab. Australia.

This species, named in honour of the founder of the genus, differs

from the type M. anomioides in being longitudinally ribbed radiately

from the apex, and in the apex of the umbones being sharp, pro-

duced, and flattened.

2. Myocuama Keppriiuiana, A. Adams (Pl. XV. fig. 1).

M. testa inequivalvi, equilaterali, carnea ; valva dextra affixa,

sinistra convexa, apice producto, acuto, inflexo, longitudinaliter

radiatim costata ; costis nonnullis dichotomis, squammulis ro-

tundatis, arcuatis, confertis, ornatis; latere postico oblique

truncato, antico rotundato.

Hab. Bass’s Straits, deep water.

This species, found by the Hon. Captain Keppell, differs from the

type in the ribs radiating regularly from the apex and not being

nodosely wrinkled, but furnished with regular rounded arcuated

scaly tubercles.

3. CrassaTELLA opesa, A. Adams (PI. XVI. fig.2). C. testa

equivalvi, inequilaterali, crassa, gibbosa, epidermide rufo-fusca

sericea obtecta, transverse valde plicata, plicis prominentibus,

ad marginem ventralem evanidis ; lunula impressa lanceolata ;

latere postico subproducto, angulato, margine truncato; latere

antico gibboso, margine rotundato.

Hab. New Zealand, deep water (Mr. Strange).

This species somewhat resembles C. lapidea, Reeve, but it is not

rayed, nor beaked so strongly posteriorly, and the valves are much

more gibbous and very strongly transversely plicate.

4. CrassateLta Cumineu, A. Adams (Pl. XVI. fig. 1). €.

testa equivalvi, inequilaterali, subtrigonali, epidermide fusca

radiatim striata obtecta, transverse concentrice valde plicata,

ne v4 : ml - a Y¥\

Troe. 4.9 Mollusca XV

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plicis crassis, elevatis, ad marginem ventralem evanidis; latere

antico rotundato, postico subrostrato, margine oblique truncato.

Hab. Moreton Bay, East Australia, deep water (Mr. Strange).

This large species is near C. pulchra, Reeve, but differs in being

more gibbose, less beaked posteriorly, in the plicze being stronger,

and in wanting the coloured rays.

5. Aspercittum Srrancei, A. Adams (Pl. XV. fig. 5). 4.

testa equivalvi, subequilaterali, alba, transversim sulcosa,

umbonibus prominulis. Tubo inferne clauso, disco terminali

basi adherente, adlatera expansiusculo, margine tubulis minimis

ornato, postice subcarinato, producto, tubulis curtis instructo ;

superne elongato, tortuoso, carinis obtusis quatuor longitudina-

libus, ornato, margine simplice recto.

Hab. Seas of Australia (Mr. Strange).

Two specimens of this curious form were collected, one attached to

a stone, and the other to the valve of a Mytilus. They were found

at Sydney, in shoal water. The fact of the tube bemg nothing more

than the valves greatly expanded and modified, is well shown in one

of the specimens.

6. Triconta Srrancet, A. Adams (Pl. XVI. fig. 3). 7. testa

equivalvi, inequilaterali, subtrigona, fusca, longitudinaliter

valde costata ; costis antice confertis, postice nagis distantibus,

squamis nodiformibus, transversis, imbricatis, confertis, ornatis ;

interstitiis transverse crebre striatis ; latere antico rotundato,

postico oblique subtruncato.

Hab. Syduey, deep water (Mr. Strange).

This species is larger than 7’. margaritacea, and somewhat re-

sembles in the style of sculpture 7. wniophora, Gray. The form of

the scales on the ribs at once distinguishes it, however; the shape

of the shell, especially the outline of the hind slope, is also very dif-

ferent.

7. Curron inscutptus, A. Adams (Pl. XVI. fig. 4). C. testa

oblonga, valde elevata, valvis terminalibus ceterarumque areis

lateralibus radiatim costatis, costis granatis, granis trans-

versis, subconfertis, ad marginem obsoletis ; umbonibus cari-

natis; valva terminali antice umbonata; areis centralibus

longitudinaliter valde liratis ; liris obsolete rugoso-granulatis.

Coccineus areis centralibus lineis nigro-fuscis duabus ornatis ;

ligamento luteo-fusco fuscoque articulato squammulato, sqguam-

mulis levis, nitidis, convewis.

Hab. New Zealand, on dead shells, deep water (Mr. Strange).

A beautifully sculptured species of a red colour, with two dark

parallel lines down the centre of the valves.

8..Curron muricatus, A. Adams (Pl. XVI. fig. 6). C. testa

oblonga, in medio valde elevata, nigro-fusco alboque varie-

gata, valvis terminalibus ceterarumque areis lateralibus radia-

tim costatis ; costis granis elevatis acutis ornatis ; valva ter-

minali in medio umbonata; areis centralibus longitudinaliter

valde liratis, umbonibus levibus, elevatis, subproductis ; liga-

mento squammulato ; squammulis mucronatis, imbricatis, apici-

bus suberectis.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange).

This species is remarkable for the somewhat triangular imbricate

scales of the ligament ending in sharp pointed mucrones ; the liga-

ment is tesselated with pale fuscous and dark brown; the ribs on the

lateral areas are four, muricated with sharp granules.

9. Cu1ton versicotor, A. Adams (Pl. XVI. fig. 5). C. testa

oblongo-ovali, elevatiuscula, rufo, albo, Suscoque varie picta ;

valvis obtusis, in medio longitudinaliter sulcosis, umbonibus acutis

subrostratis, apicibus deflexis ; valva terminali in medio umbo-

nata ; ligamento tenuiter granoso-coriaceo rufo-fusco, maculis

albis quinque ornato.

Hab. Sydney, under stones, low water (Mr. Strange).

A prettily variegated species, with the scales on the ligament mi-

nute, imbedded and not imbricate, and the entire upper surface of

the valves delicately shagreened.

November 9, 1852.

J. S. Bowerbank, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS, AND OF SEVERAL NEW SPE-

CIES, oF MoLuusca, FROM THE CUMINGIAN COLLECTION.

By Artuur Apams, F.L.S. rere.

Family SoLENELLID.

Animal oblong. Mantle open in the entire length; margin

double, outer edge fimbriated ; hind outer edge ending in two cal-

lous conical processes immediately below the respiratory orifice.

Respiratory orifice continuous with the opening of the mantle, the

margin fringed ; anal siphon simple-edged, tubular, elongate, muscu-

lar, produced beyond the fringed mantle-margin which surrounds its

base. Gill single on each side, attached the whole length. Labial

palps elongate, fringed at their margins, and surrounded at their base

by a thin dilated membrane. Foot large, compressed, geniculate,

ending anteriorly in a folded ovate dise with crenate margins.

Shell thin, not pearly within. Hinge-margin with comb-like

teeth. Ligament external.

Genus Nerio, A. Adams.

Testa transversa cequivalvis, inequilateralis, epidermide fusco

tenui induta, latere postico hians. Dentibus cardinalibus,

nullis, lateribus anticis et posticis plurimis in serie rectiuscula

dispositis ; dentibus parvis acutis ; impressionibus musculari-

bus subdistantibus, impressione pallit sinu magno; ligamento

externo elongato.

This genus differs from Solenella, not only in its Leda-like form,

but in the hinge-margin having as many teeth anteriorly as poste-

riorly. In Solenella the series of teeth is confined to the fulcrum to

which the external ligament is attached ;—in this genus the teeth ex-

tend along the entire hinge-margin.

Nrrto Cuminen, A. Adams. WN. testa transversa, equivalvi

tnequilaterali, epidermide tenut viridi-fusco obtecta, trans-

verse concentrice sulcata; latere antica clauso, rotundato,

postico, longiore, subangulato, hiante, margine truncato flexuoso,

superne auriculato.

From the circumstance of the hind margin gaping considerably

and being divided as if for two siphons, the anal and branchial tubes

in this animal are probably distinct and elongated, as in Leda. The

genus Nei/o, in fact, will represent Leda, of the family Nuculide, in

a distinct family, Solenellide, characterized by the external ligament

of the hinge. It is from the shores of New Zealand.

ConcHoLepas (CoRALLIOBIA) FIMBRIATA, A. Adams. C. testa

ovata alba, longitudinaliter radiatim costata, transverse la-

mellosa, lamellis pulcherrime fimbriatis ; spira minuta, an-

fractu ultimo amplo; apertura ovali antice attenuata, sub-

canaliculata ; labio excavato incurvato, margine externo dila-

tato et valde reflexo; labro acuto, margine late dilatato et

eleganter fimbriato.

Hab. Cagayan, province of Misamis, island of Mindanao, Philip-

pines. On the coral reefs at low water (H. C.). Mus. Cuming.

Externally this curious shell resembles Concholepas, but the ab-

sence of the two teeth on the fore part of the outer lip prevents it

being strictly referred to that genus. In the character of the inner

lip, and in its place of habitation on coral reefs, it approaches Lepto-

conchus, and perhaps it has affinities also with Pedicularia. I have

thought it best, until the animal is known, to regard it as a sub-

genus of Concholepas, under the name of Coralliobia.

PaxitLus minor, A. Adams. P. testa deatrorsa, ovali, tenui,

epidermide fusca obtecta; anfractibus septem convewis, longi-

tudinaliter confertim costellatis vel valde striatis ; apertura

suborbiculari, ascendente, antice subproducta ; peristomate

duplici, externo reflexo, dilatato ; labio plica dentiformi valida

instructo.

Hab. g

I believe the little shell described above to be a dextral species of

the genus Pavzillus, described by my brother and myself in the

‘Annals’ a few months ago. We there considered the genus to be-

long, possibly to Auriculide; but an examination of this species,

and a better knowledge of the locality where the shells have been

found, lead us to place them amongst the Helicide.

DretommMatina Bensoni, A. Adams. JD. testa minima vix ri-

mata sinstrorsa, cylindrico-ovata, costellata, costulis distan-

tibus obliquis regularibus ; anfractibus sex, convexis, apice

subobtuso ; apertura rotundata; peristomate duplicato, ex-

terno expanso reflexo, interno recto, margine flexuoso.

Hab, On the banks of a river, Moreton Bay, E. Australia (Mr.

Strange).

This very pretty little shell agrees in all its characters with the

genus Diplommatina of Mr. Benson, after whom I have named it.

There is some difficulty in the location of this genus. Mr. Benson

says distinctly that the eyes are “on the posterior part of the teuta-

cula, at their base,” but he says there is no operculum. Mr. Gray,

on the other hand, has described the operculum. The true position

is probably in Truncatellide.

CRASSATELLA speciosa, A. Adams. C. testa transverse ovata

subaquilaterali, pallida, epidermide tenui fusca induta, con-

centrice plicata ; plicis confertis regularibus; latere postico

rotundato, antico acuminato subrostrato, angulato, margine

ventrali convexo, antice sinuato.

Hab. Bay of Campeachy. Mus. Cuming.

The beaks in this species are acute and close together, and rather

more deeply plicate than the rest of the surface of the valves; there

is an obtuse oblique and angular ridge extending from the umbones

to the ventral margin.

CRASSATELLA La&vis, A. Adams. OC. testa ovato-transversa

crassa, tumida, subequilaterali, castanea, levigata, concentrice

striata, natibus subsulcatis ; latere postico rotundato, antico

producto subrostrato, margine oblique truncato, carina obtusa a

natibus ad basin decurrente instructo, posteriori sulcato, mar-

gine ventrali convexo antice sinuato.

Hab. La Guayra (M. Le Marie, French Navy). Mus. Cuming.

A large smooth pale chestnut shell beaked anteriorly and with a

prominent obtuse keel extending from the beaks to the fore part of

the ventral margin, and a broad shallow groove behind it ; the lmnule

is ovate lanceolate, and the beaks are transversely sulcate.

CRASSATELLA oBscuRA, A. Adams. C. testa ovato-trigonali,

transversa, subequilaterali, compressa, nigro-fusca, apicibus

transverse corrugata, ad umbonem plicata; latere antico

rotundato, postico subtruncato; margine valvarum intus cre-

nulato.

Hab. China Seas, deep water. Mus. Cuming.

A small brown-black species, with the valves only plicate near the

beaks and their inner margins finely crenulated.

CRASSATELLA BELLULA, A. Adams. C. testa ovato-trigonali,

subequilaterali, carneo-fulva, immaculata, transverse con-

centrice plicata ; plicis obtusis subconfertis regularibus, antice

undulatis, subevanidis (sub lente rugulosis); latere postico

rotundato, antico vie truncato; umbonibus acutis parvis ap-

proxinatis.

Hab. New Zealand (Mr. Hart). Mus. Cuming.

A beautiful pinkish yellow species, without any spots or markings,

with the plicee on the fore part undulated and rugulose under the

lens.

CRASSATELLA TRUNCATA, A. Adams. OC. testa ovata, com-

pressa, carnea, pallidiori ad partem anticam, radiis angustis

inconspicuis ornata, inequilaterali, latere antico breviori et

rotundato, postico dilatato et truncato, linea elevata e umbo-

nibus ad marginem ventralem; transversim valde costata,

costis acutis subimbricatis.

Hab. China Sea, deep water (4. Adams).

This is a small pale pink or flesh-coloured species, strongly rib-

bed, the ribs being sharp, prominent and imbricated ; the posterior

side is dilated and truncate, and the surface of the valves is marked

w th faint linear radiating lines.

CRASsSATELLA compta, A. Adams. C. festa ovato-trigonali,

subequilaterali, apicibus antrorsum curvatis, rufescenti, trans-

verse concentrice plicata; plicis validis, regularibus subdi-

stantibus ; latere antico angustiori, postico latiori rotundato,

interne purpurascente.

Hab. China Sea, deep water (4. Adams).

This is a small red species, with prominent curved beaks, strongly

plicate transversely, and of a purplish pink colour in the interior of

the valves.

CRASSATELLA CONCINNA, A. Adams. C. testa ovato-transversa

subequilaterali, epidermide tenui fusca obtecta, utrinque ro-

tundata, concentrice plicata, plicis validis regularibus rufo-

fSusco articulatis ; interstitiis creberrime longitudinaliter stria-

tis; umbonibus acutis confertis.

Hab. China Sea, deep water (4. Adams).

A small fuscous species, of an ovate form, rounded at both ends,

with the transverse plice strongly produced and prettily articulated

with brownish red.

November 23, 1852.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on tHE Gouwa (Bos FrontaLis) oF WESTERN InpIA,

CALLED “THE Bison” By ENGLISH RESIDENTS.

By Carr. J. WycLirre THompson.

Eliot Vale, Blackheath, Kent,

20th Nov. 1852.

Tue size of the beast I cannot state with any exactness, having had

no means of judging beyond forming an estimate by the eye of the

carcase as it lay on the ground before me. The common report

amongst Indian sportsmen is, that the old bull stands 19 hands

(6 feet 4 inches) at the shoulder. Upon what grounds this estimate

rests I cannot say, but it is in some degree confirmed by my own

impression, that an old bull was pretty nearly equal in height and

bulk to one of the very largest of the London Dray-horses. The

colour is chocolate-brown, deepening in shade on the belly ; the

lower part of the leg is of a dirty yellow-brownish white from the

foot upwards to a little above the knee in the fore and the hock in

the hind leg, the line of demarcation between the white and the

chocolate being abrupt, as in a ‘ white-stockinged’ horse. The pro-

file of the face is decidedly curved, the part of the forehead between

the horns is excessively raised in a kind of ridge, of which traces are

to be seen in the skulls, though in these it is much less strongly

marked than in the live animal. The shoulder is raised, not na

hump like that of the Brahminee bull or common Indian ox, but in

a kind of ridge, giving the idea that the spine, beginning at the

shoulder, had been unnaturally raised, and carried at that elevation

some way to the rear, and then allowed suddenly to drop into the

ordinary level of the back. The forehead, including the high ridge

between the horns, inclines to ash-colour ; the tail is small and short.

The only part of the country in which I have met with these

animals is on the “‘ Suhyadri”’ mountains or “ Western Ghauts,” a

narrow belt of wild, broken, and thickly-wooded country dividing the

high lands of the Deccan or Maratha country from the low land of

the Concan or country bordering the margin of the sea. This Ghaut

country is of most peculiar appearance: anything that can be called

a plain does not exist in it; it is a succession of the most rugged

hills and of the most wild, deep ravines ; the whole, with the excep-

tion of here and there a bare ridge of hill, covered with a dense mass

of bushes, brushwood, tall ferns and flowering plants, so thick that

it is frequently necessary to clear a road with bill-hooks ; imbedded

in this mass of vegetation lie broken crags of brown rock ; above all

this rise clumps of forest trees, and above these again rises some

rugged hill-side crowned by a bare perpendicular scarp of black rock.

This line of country, which in every part that I have visited forms

a line of demarcation between the Concan and the Deccan, and con-

sequently stretches in point of length over a wide extent, is in point

of breadth inconsiderable, occupying no larger space than must ne-

cessarily be covered by a mountain range with broken and irregular

spurs. As you will perceive from my description, it is a country

which one would scarcely think adapted to huge cattle like the Bison,

but they do inhabit it, and hold to it most rigorously, as I never saw

or heard of one either in the Concan or the Deccan. Occasionally they

make their appearance on the borders of this country, and do great

damage to the small fields of corn which the natives cultivate on the

very verge of the forest ; choosing, as I gather from the natives, the

night for their operations ; but their usual abode is in the depths

of the Ghaut country, as not only are they invariably, when sought

for by sportsmen, found in the very depth of the thick forest, but

constant traces of them may there be met with; as for instance,

crossing a little open glade in the forest, covered, as is sometimes the

case, with nothing but a long thin dry grass, it is not unusual to see

half a dozen patches where the squashed and flattened grass shows

where the Bison has been sleeping ; and the natives frequently point

out a bed of a greener and more delicate kind of grass, and show

where it has been cropped by the grazing Bison.

The usual method of hunting these beasts is to take up a post

commanding some narrow pass, and throwing from fifty to a hundred

beaters into the forest, to form them into a cordon, which driving

the Bison before it, contracts as it approaches the pass and forces

them through it under the fire of the hunters. The Bison, when

stirred but not as yet much alarmed by the distant line of beaters,

are usually seen plodding along with a slow heavy gait, and with

their heads carried low. When under these circumstances I have

been able to obtain a clear view of them, they have struck me by a

resemblance in general figure to the North American Bison, of which

I have seen specimens in England: they have a heavy, compact,

short-necked, thick-headed look, which distinguishes them most

strongly from the long-faced dolorous-visaged tame buffalo cf India.

When disturbed by the closer approach of the beaters, they break

into a heavy lumbering trot, which under circumstances of violent

alarm, they exchange for a furious rush, in which they go straight

through the jungle as a horse might burst through standing corn,

making the forest ring again with the sound of crashing boughs ;

and, as they cleave their way through the dense masses of bush,

making their progress visible by a long track of waving branches

tossing above them, like the wake of a ship at sea. I have been

posted on the ridge of a hill so far away from the Bison that they

looked, when I caught occasional glimpses of them, no bigger than

terrier dogs, and yet have heard the incessant crashing of the jungle

quite loud as the game moved to and fro.

They have a great reputation for ferocity amongst both the English

sportsmen and the native hunters; and this reputation is in some

degree borne out by the fact, that within no very great number of

No. CCXLIV.—ProceeEpincGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

years, and within a limited extent of country, two English officers

have been killed by them. Nevertheless, although I do not at all

doubt that they can be on occasion savage and dangerous, I can say

from experience that their ferocity is much exaggerated. I have

seen a good many Bison, but never yet saw one that did not show a

strong desire to avoid me if it possibly could. That when wounded

or finding their line of retreat blocked up, they will charge, there is no

kind of doubt ; but excepting these extreme cases, they will usually,

on catching sight of a man, give a start with a little back-jump, much

as an antelope does when catching sight of a startling object, and

then plunging into the thickest forest, hold their course in the direc-

tion which will carry them the farthest and soonest out of the neigh-

bourhood of human beings.

They usually go in small herds of four or five, though I have I

think seen as many as seven or eight together. Though, from its

great size, the Bison is not a difficult animal to hit, it is by no means

an easy animal to bring down. One shot, accurately placed behind

the shoulder, will bring him down never to rise again ; but you might

as well fire into a hay-stack as hit him anywhere else. And even

when brought down and brought to the last gasp by a well-directed

shot, the tenacity with which he holds on to the small remains of

life is wonderful. I have fired at a fallen Bison with the muzzle of

the gun within a foot of his head, and yet he kicked, and before

dying rolled himself quite over; I remember once putting my gun

so close to the back of the head, just behind the horns, that the hair

smoked from the flash of the powder, and still the animal breathed

for some time.

The natives, though they hold the ferocity of the Bison in con-

siderable respect, yet do not seem to consider him an animal of very

acute perception. I remember a “shikarry”’ or native huntsman

pointing out to me a patch of long thin grass lying close by the side

of asmall path across a hill top, and affording nothing that I should

have considered very good concealment, and telling me that I might

safely on emergency lie down in it and let the Bison pass along the

path. I forget whether it was at this very spot, or at one precisely

like it, that one of my beaters put this stratagem into practice and

allowed the animal to pass close beside him.

The flesh is I think the finest beef I ever tasted. The natives of

** Caste,”’ holding the Bison in reverence as a species of Cow, refuse

to eat him, and even in some cases refuse to show him to the hunter,

though their reluctance to this last may generally be overcome by

money. The out-caste tribes, those whom people in England call

“ Pariahs,” have no such scruples, and the instant that a Bison is

killed light a fire by the carcass and sit down and gorge themselves.

When I was in India I tried to get one or more Bison Calves for

the Zoological Society, and offered the natives what to them were

large sums of money if they would bring me one. They never suc-

ceeded ; partly from the real difficulty of the undertaking, still more

I fancy from the unwillingness of the Hindoo to do anything unusual

or contrary to “custom ;” they reflected, I do not doubt, that their

Proc. 4 .S. Mammalia XXX],

J.Wolf lith

Mk N-Hanbart, Imp'

HYRAX DORSALIS, Fraser.

fathers had never been requested to catch a Bison calf, and could not

comprehend why ¢hey should. I myself twice surrounded a calf with

a circle of beaters, but in both instances it broke the line and escaped.

Calves sometimes fall into the hands of the natives by accident, and

I have seen a young one so caught, which unfortunately died in the

possession of an English officer, who had bought it from its captors.

All the natives with whom I have spoken on the subject are firmly

persuaded that there are two distinct species of Bison. To these two

species they give the name of “ Gouwa”’ in common, but distinguish

them as the “ Myse Gouwa” and the “Gaee Gouwa.” ‘ Myse”

signifies the common domestic buffalo; “‘Gaee”’ the domestic cow.

I never succeeded in getting any man to give me a clear explanation

of what he imagined to be the difference, but I have found the belief

so universally spread amongst those natives who have the best oppor-

tunities of knowing, that I do not think it altogether to be dis-

credited. '

J.Wycuirr Toomeson,

Capt. 10th Royal Hussars.

D.W. Mitchell, Esq., Sec. Zool. Soc.

2. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF HyrRAx FROM FERNANDO

Po. By Louis Fraser, H.M. Consut at Wurpan.

(Mammalia, Pl. XX XIII.)

Hyrax porsa.is, Fraser.

Adult male. General colour grizzled brown, becoming darker

towards the back, where the hairs are annulated with black ; a line

of yellowish white, about four inches long, commencing over the

short ribs and running hindways; muzzle naked and of a brown

colour ; eyes light hazel.

Length of head 4Zin.; neck and body about 18 in. ; hind feet,

from heel to toe, 3 in.

Hab. Island of Fernando Po.

Its native name is ’Nayéar ; it is nocturnal in its habits, and is no

doubt common, as its loud ery of ccurr-ccurr-ccurr may be heard

every evening after dark, during the commencement of the rains.

The Boobies say, it sleeps in the trees all day, and feeds upon

leaves at night, but is very difficult to find.

Mr. Waterhouse, in a letter to Mr. Cuming, writes as follows re-

specting this Hyrax :—

“The Hyraz is certainly distinct from the two species which I am

acquainted with, viz. H. Capensis and H. Syriacus, and upon com-

paring the skin with the description of H. arboreus, the only other

described species, I find several discrepancies which lead me to believe

it will prove distinct. I allude more especially to the texture of the

fur. In Mr. Fraser’s Fernando Po animal the fur is coarse, whilst

in H. arboreus it is said to be soft. This-latter animal moreover

has a transverse black stripe about the middle of the lower jaw which.

does not exist in Mr. Fraser’s species.”

100

3. DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY NEW SPECIES OF THE GreNuS CarR-

DITA, FROM THE COLLECTION oF HuGuH Cumine, Esa.

By G. P. DesHayes.

(Mollusca, Pl. XVII.)

1. CarpiTa puRPURATA, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 12, 13.) C. testa

ovato-transversa, subtrigona, inequilaterali, antice breviore, ob-

tusa, depressiuscula, radiatim sulcata, albo-flavescente postice ru-

Sescente ; umbonibus obliquis prominentibus ; lunula minima, pro-

Sunda, plana, levigata ; costis transverse breviter squamosis, sex

et viginti, posticalibus angustis, scabriusculis, una inter alias pro-

minentiore ; valvis intus pallide purpureis, ad margines vivide

purpureo-radiatis.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

2. Carpita Essincronensis, Desh. C. testa elongato-angusta,

transversa, maxime inequilaterali, antice angusta, truncata, inferne

sinuosa, postice latiore subspathulata, alba, ad apices fusco-punc-

tata, radiatim inequaliter costata, in interstitiis costula minore

interjecta ; costis in latere antico angustis, alteris sensim latioribus

et crassioribus, medianis et posterioribus squamosis ; umbonibus

minimis fulvo-tinctis ; lunula parva, profunda, subcirculari, fusca ;

valvis intus postice superneque fusco-tinctis.

Hab. Port Essington, Australia. Coll. Cuming.

3. Carpita Cauirornica, Desh. C. testa elongato-transversa,

lateraliter compressa, inequilaterali, anterius pallide fusca, poste-

rius castanea, radiatim costata, costis inequalibus quatuordecim

ad sexdecim, transverse irregulariter striatis, striis antice ap-

pressis ; costis in latere antico planis, depressis, latis, in medio

quatuor vel quinque angulatis, squamis obliquis numerosis imbri-

catis, posticis inequalibus, ultima majore squamis majoribus sepius

albidis exasperata; latere antico brevi, obtuso, postico dilatato,

oblique truncato ; valvis intus atrofuscis, antice pallidioribus.

Hab. Gulf of California. Coll. Cuming.

4, Carpita excavata, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1, 2, 3.) C. testa

elongato-transversa, maxime inequilaterali, antice brevissima,

subtruncata, postice dilatata, inferne sinuosa et hiante, longitudi-

naliter et radiatim costata, alba, costis posticis roseo-flavis vel squa-

lide fuscis ; umbonibus minimis, compressis, approximatis, perobli-

quis ; lunula angusta, profundissima ; costis inequalibus, primis in

latere antico angustioribus, alteris sensim latioribus et crassioribus

squamis prelongis armatis.

Hab. Sydney. Coll. Cuming.

5. Carpira umprLicatTa, Desh. C. testa elongato-transversa,

maxime inequilaterali, lateraliter compressa, radiatim costata ;

latere antico brevissimo, angusto, truncato, postico latiore, dila-

tato, obtuso ; umbonibus minimis, obliquis ; lunula angusta, pro-

funda, umbiliciformi; costis octodecim, primis in latere antico

angustis, crenulato-squamosis, sequentibus medianis sensim latiori-

ie a

Proc. Z.5 Molhrsca XYIL

Rereriyy

Leg

er PTET TEN

Pfr

WHBaily Printad by Hullmandel & Walton

Fig i.2.3. CARDITA EXCAVATA. Desh Fig 11 CAR DITA. CASTANEA Desh

4.5 BIMACULATA , 12.138 ; PURPURATA.

MNGIY, ‘ ELEGANTULA. , , 14 ‘ JUKE SI

, 89 : AMABILI!S : 15 ; CUMING

10 VE.STITA 16,17 DIF FICILIS

101

bus, longitudinaliter striatis, apice squamosis, alteris convezis,

squamis majoribus armatis ; valvis albis, atro-fusco irregulariter

maculatis precipue in latere postico.

Var. 3. Testa majore, compressiuscula, costis in medio et postice

castaneo-fuscis, linea albicante separatis.

Hab, Port Cunningham and Syduey, Australia. Coll. Cuming.

6. Carpira Gunnu, Desh. C. testa cordata, inflata, minima,

alba, suborbiculari, longitudinaliter costata, costis sexdecim, in-

aqualibus, posticis angustis, nodose squamosis ; umbonibus promi-

nentibus, acutis, recurvis ; lunula depressa, cordiformi.

Hab. Van Diemen’s Land. Coll. Cuming.

7. CaRDITA ELEGANTULA, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 6,7.) C. testa

orbiculato-globosa, cordiformi, alba, fusco pallido maculata, lon-

gitudinaliter tenue costata, costis 20, elevatis, angustis, squamulis

erectis, dilatatis, regularibus exasperatis ; in latere postico costis

angustioribus ; lunula magna, cordata, levigata, explanata; um-

bonibus tumidis, suboppositis.

Hab. Chinese Seas. Coll. Cuming.

8. Carpita Betcuert, Desh. CC. testa ovato-transversa, alba,

inequilaterali, turgida, obliqua ; latere antico brevi, postico sub-

dilatato ; costis longitudinalibus 18 angustis prominentibus, regu-

lariter squamoso-asperatis ; lunula parva, vie fossa plana.

Hab. Philippines (Cubras). Coll. Cuming.

9. Carpita ZeLannvica, Desh. C. testa minima, orbiculato-sub-

trigona, depressiuscula, longitudinaliter quatuordecim-costata, sub-

@quilaterali, pallide fusca ; costis regularibus, aliquantisper sub-

squamosis, interstitiis equantibus ; umbonibus minimis, acutis,

suboppositis ; lunula parum profuada, fusca, lanceolata.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

10. Carpira Coreensis, Desh. C. testa ovato-transversa, in-

@quilaterali, compressiuscula, albo-grisea, longitudinaliter multi-

costata ; costis depressis, lineis angustis separatis, 20-21, liris

transversis, regularibus, approximatis ornatis, posticis quatuor

angustioribus ; lunula elongato-lanceolata, levigata, in medio ex-

cavata ; cardine brevi; valvule dextre dente cardinali trigono,

pyramidali.

Hab. Corea. Coll. Cuming

11. Carpira Jukest, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 14.) C. testa ovato-

transversa, inequilaterali, tumida, oblique cordiformi, castanea, ali-

quantisper ad apices albo variegata, radiatim costata ; latere antico

brevi, obtuso, postico angustiore, oblique truncato ; costis in pleris-

que simplicibus, planulatis, latis, posticis tribus quatuorve angustio-

ribus ; lunula perparva, angustissima, transversa, profundissima,

Var. a. Testa costis angustioribus in medio crenulatis.

Var. (3. Testa subtrigona, costis antice posticeque crenulatis.

Hab. Australia. Coll. Cuming.

102

12. Carpira srmacunATa, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 4,5.) C.

testa ovato-subtrigona, inequilaterali, depressiuscula, utroque la-

tere obtusa, sub epidermide squalide fusca albo-grisea, radiatim

costata; costis 17-19 angustis, equalibus, interstitia non superan-

tibus, squamulis regularibus erectis, exasperatis, postice angustio-

ribus ; apicibus acutis ; lunula profunda, ovato-lanceolata ; valvis

intus albis, utroque latere fusco maculatis.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

13. CaRDITA CRENULATA, Desh. C. testa ovato-transversa, ob-

lique cordiformi, turgida, inequilaterali, radiatim costata, albo-

lutescente, fusco maculata vel marmorata; latere antico brevi,

angusto, postico latiore oblique subtruncato ; costis crassis, equa-

libus,nodoso-squamosis ; nodulis transversis, obtusis, approximatis ;

lunula depressa, levigata, cordata, fuscescente.

Hab. Borneo. Coll. Cuming.

14. Carpita vestiTa, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig.10.) C. testa ovato-

transversa, inequilaterali, compressa, radiatim costata, epidermide

Susca spissa vestita ; costis 20 planis ad margines evanescentibus,

in latere postico quinque angustioribus ; lunula minima, profunda,

lanceolata,

Hab. Greenland. Coll. Cuming.

15. Carpira aMABILIS, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 8, 9.) C. testa

suborbiculari, lateraliter compressa, subequilaterali, radiatim

tenue costata, albo-flavicante pallide fusco irregulariter maculata ;

umbonibus parvis oppositis ; lunula plana, vie excavata, levigata,

ovata ; costis octo et viginti regularibus, interstitia parum superan-

tibus, eleganter et regulariter crenato-nodosis ; cardine incrassato,

in valvula dextra unidentato, in sinistra bidentato, dente valve

dextre triangulart magno ; valvis intus albis.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

16. Carpita castanea, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig.11.) C. testa ovato-

globosa, subtransversa, inequilaterali, fusco-castanea, radiatim

costata ; costis latis, depressis, 22~24, septem in latere postico

angustioribus, crenulatis, interstitiis sepius albis, angustioribus ;

umbonibus tumidis, obliquis ; lunula parva, transversa, profundis-

sima ; valvis intus pallide rufescentibus.

Hab. Australia. Coll. Cuming.

17. Carpira Cuminen, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig.15.) C. testa ovato-

transversa, subtrapeziformi,. crassa, solida, tumida, antice cordi-

formi, radiatim costata, sub epidermide fuscescente tenue striata,

albo-flavicante, fusco eleganter maculata et variegata, aliquantisper

transverse zonata; costis crassis, planis, ad upices anticeque crenu-

latis, posticis angustioribus squamis crassis, paucis, irregulariter

sparsis, exasperatis ; umbonibus magnis, oblique spiralibus ; lunula

profundissima, angusta.

Hab. Borneo. Coll. Cuming.

103

18. Carprra Sowrrsyt, Desh. C. testa ovato-transversa, valde

inequilaterali, crassa, solida, tumida, subcuneiformi, alba vel fla-

vicante, rufo aliquantisper maculata, intus candida ; latere antico

brevissimo, postico obtuso ; sexdecim costata ; costis latis, con-

vexis, inequalibus, medianis latioribus, tuberculis irregularibus

exasperatis, in latere superiore tribus quatuorve angustioribus ;

lunula lata, cordiformi, profundissima.

Var. 3. Testa minore, roseo-flavicante tincta, lunula paulo minore.

Hab. Swan River, W. Australia. Coll. Cuming.

19. Carpita Quoyt1, Desh. C. testa ovato-transversa, subequi-

laterali, turgida, utroque latere obtusa, rotundata, longitudinaliter

costata; costis quatuor et viginti, latis, convewiusculis, postice an-

gustioribus, multo latioribus quam interstitiis, squamis brevissimis,

obtusis, numerosis, asperatis, posticis eminentioribus ; umbonibus

minimis, oppositis ; lunula minima, profunda, cordata; valvis

intus albo-roseis ; impressione musculari postica fuscescente.

Cardita Australis, Quoy § Gaim. Voy. de l Astr. pl. 80. f.4 (mon

Lamk.).

Hab. New Holland. Coll. Cuming.

20. Carpita pirriciuis, Desh. (Pl. XVII. fig. 16, 17.) C. testa

ovato-transversa, inequilaterali, tumida, solida, ad margines con-

veviuscula, alba, sub epidermide squalide fuscescente immaculata,

radiatim costata ; umbonibus obliquis, oppositis ; lunula parvissima

profunda, levigata, plana ; costis subangulatis, squamoso-crenatis,

asperis, precipue ad umbones et in latere postico ; interstitiis cos-

tulas subequantibus ; valvis intus candidissimis ; cardine angusto.

Hab. New Zealand. Coll. Cuming.

December 14, 1852.

Dr. Gray, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Norres on THE ANATOMY OF THE TREE-KANGAROO

(DENDROLAGUS INUSTUS, GOULD).

By Proressor Owen, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., etc.

The specimen of the above rare species, the first that had been

exhibited alive in Europe, was a full-grown and somewhat aged

female, having lived in the Society’s Menagerie since the 8th of Oc-

tober, 1848. It had suffered from a disease in the tail, for which

more than half of that organ had been amputated, and the stump

was well-healed. I am not aware what symptoms preceded the ani-

mal’s death, which took place on the 13th of October, 1852; the

104

dissection did not bring to light any well-marked morbid appear-

ances.

The external characters of the animal have been so well described

and illustrated by the learned Dutch naturalists, MM. Muller and

Schlegel, that further remarks on them may be here dispensed with :

the chief modifications of the Kangaroo-form which adapt the herbi-

vorous marsupials of the present subgenus to their singular sphere of

existence, are a reduction of the length of the hind-limbs to a more

near equality with the fore-limbs, which are proportionally longer

and stronger than in the land-Kangaroos : the claws of the principal

toes in both limbs are longer, stronger, and more curved than in

other Macropodide ; they are, in fact, the chief instruments enabling

the Tree-Kangaroos to maintain a firm hold on the branches of the

trees in which they habitually reside.

As the bones of the animal dissected are still in maceration, any

remarks that the osteology of the Dendrolagus may require, will be

communicated at a future meeting.

Before commencing the dissection the weight of the animal was

taken, which was 16 lbs. avoirdupois.

The length of the animal, from the muzzle to the end of the tail,

was 2 feet 1 inch; the length of the head was 4 inches 9 lines; the

length of the fore-limb, from the head of the humerus, was 12 inches ;

that of the hind-limb, from the ag of the femur, 1 foot 6 inches.

The dental formula was :—7 —, c —, p —, m * = —=30. The

canines, confined as above audiented, to the upper jaw, were much

smaller than in the Potoroos, indicative of a closer affinity to the

Kangaroo family, which affinity was further manifested by the form

and structure of the stomach. The premolars presented the great

antero-posterior extent characteristic of the subgenus Dendrolagus :

they are trenchant, with many minute vertical grooves; they play

upon each other like the blades of scissors, and must perform an im-

portant part in cutting off the leaves or fruit, or dividing after they

are detached, the natural objects of food of the Tree- Kangaroos : the

true molars are double-ridged transversely, as in the Macropodide

generally.

The tongue is long, narrow, depressed, with a smooth and even

dorsum, showing three fossulate papille at its base, arranged in a

triangle with the base turned forwards: the Macropus major has a

single fossulate papilla near the base of the tongue. The epiglottis

is broad and large, slightly emarginate at its middle part.

_ The cesophagus is suspended to the bodies of the dorsal vertebree

by a broad fold of the pleural membranes: it is continued into the

abdomen for about 3 inches before terminating in the stomach. The

diameter of the tube in a state of contraction is only 3 lines, until

within an inch of its termination, when it begins gradually to expand.

A series of well-marked fasciculi of muscular fibres come off from

an oblique tract of the external surface of the termination of the ceso-

phagus and diverge in oblique curves which partly surround that

termination before the fasciculi spread upon the stomach itself. The

105

cesophagus terminates 4 inches from the cardiac end of this bag,

which is formed by one of the pouches of the sacculated part of the

stomach, the sacculated structure being continued through five-sixths

of the extent of the organ.

The length of the stomach, measured along the greater curvature

when fully distended, is 3 feet 58 inches; the circumference at the

middle of the sacculated part is 11 inches. The sacculi are formed

chiefly by two longitudinal bands, one along the front, the other along

the back part of the stomach, and by a third of narrower extent

along the greater curvature, from which the epiploon is continued.

The principal sacculi are about fifteen in number ; the terminal part

of the organ, which has the form of a simple digestive stomach, mea-

sures about 6 inches along the greater curvature. The circumference

of the pylorus is 2 inches 9 lines. The duodenum expands at its

commencement. The epithelium is continued from the cesophagus

for a breadth of 2 inches down the posterior surface of the stomach,

and of 14 inch down the anterior surface, and thence is continued

slightly diminishing in breadth 3 inches towards the pyloric end of

the stomach, and 22 inches towards the cardiac end. The rest of the

cavity is lined with the usual gastric vascular membrane, the surface

of which is diversified by patches of follicular apertures along the

upper curvature of the stomach, which patches increase in breadth

as they approach the true digestive portion. At the cardiac orifice

two parallel longitudinal ridges extend along the lesser curvature to

the pyloric end of the stomach, 23 lines in breadth and 7 lines apart,

forming a channel of that width leading from the cardiac towards the

pyloric orifice ; both the muscular and the mucous coats of the sto-

mach increase in thickness towards the pylorus, which is defended by

an oblique ridge.

In the great Kangaroo the cardiac end of the sacculated stomach is

bifid, and the epithelium lines one of the culs-de-sac : in the rock Kan-

garoo (Maer. penicillatus) the cardiac end terminates, as in the Tree-

Kangaroo, in a single cul-de-sac. In the Hypsiprymni the whole of

the sacculated structure of the stomach is on the left side of the ter-

mination of the cesophagus, whereas in the Dendrolagus, as in the

true Kangaroos, the major part of that structure is to the right of

the cardiac orifice.

The intestines were 9 feet in length, the small intestines being

6 feet, the large 3 feet.

The circumference of the czecum is 5 inches, the length the same.

It is simple, and terminates obtusely without diminishing in diameter.

The ileo-ceecal aperture is in the form of a narrow transverse slit,

4 lines in extent, with a tumid margin opening upon a fold, which

partially denotes the boundary between the cecum and colon. There

is a patch of agminated glands at the beginning of the colon, and

smaller patches in other parts of that intestine.

The parotid gland is of large size, and extends far down upon the

neck.

The liver is relatively small, and was situated in the right hypo-

chondrium : it consists of a right and left lobe, the former subdivided

106

and the latter giving off the Spigelian lobe. The large gall-bladder

was loosely suspended in a deep cleft of the right lobe. The coats

of the ductus choledochus are thickened before the termination of the

duct, in common with that of the pancreas, in the duodenum. The

spleen, as in the Great Kangaroo, is T-shaped.

The heart showed the usual marsupial structure in the presence of

the two distinct superior venze cavee, and the absence of the ‘ fossa’

and ‘annulus ovalis.’ Both right and left lungs were cleft at their

anterior margin, and a large azygos lobe was developed from the

former, and occupied the part of the posterior mediastinum between

the pericardium and diaphragm.

The larynx agreed in structure with that of the Great Kangaroo:

the glottis being widely open, and the chorde vocales very short and

rudimentary at the fore part of the ‘ rima.’

The kidneys presented the usual simple conglobate structure. The

ureters passing through the vaginal loops terminate close together

14 lines from the communication of the urethra, or neck of the blad-

der, with the uro-genital canal.

The ovaria, about 8 lines by 4 lines in size, presented a wrinkled

cerebriform surface. A cyst of near an inch in diameter was deve-

loped from the left ovary. The oviducts, about 14 inch in length,

terminate each in a subcompressed elongated uterus 1 inch by

3 lines. Each uterus opens by a distinct os tince into the fundus

of a vagina, with a median cul-de-sac, extending 1 inch 3 lines be-

yond the commencement of the lateral bent vaginal canals. These

canals are about 3 inches in length: they presented a finely longitu-

dinally plicated inner surface, with a semilunar valvular fold 5 lines

before their termination in the uro-genital canal: the length of this

canal is 2 inches: it then opens, with the rectum, into a short and

wide common cloacal vestibule, closed by a strong sphincter muscle.

The lateral bent vaginal canals are shorter in proportion than in the

Macropus major: but the median vaginal cul-de-sac was closed, as

in that species.

Tn a specimen of the Macropus Bennettii which I dissected in 1845,

I detected a natural aperture of communication between the median

cul-de-sac and the urogenital canal. I had the pleasure of showing the

specimen to Dr. Poelman, during a recent visit of that eminent Com-

parative Anatomist to the Hunterian Museum, and of thus confirming

the observation which he had, independently, made of a similar mo-

dification of the female generative organs in a specimen of the Ma-

cropus Bennettii dissected by him at the University of Gand *.

The brain of the Dendrolagus inustus weighed 6 drachms.

The cerebral lobes were smooth, and showed only a short linear

indentation above the anterior part of each. There was no trace of

supra-ventricular commissure (corpus callosum), and in all particu-

lars save the more simple external surface the structure of the brain

corresponded with that of the Great Kangaroo as described in the

‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1837. The proportion of the

weight of the brain to that of the body is as 1 to 230; in the Ma-

* Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Belgique, tom. xviii. p. 599.

107

cropus major it is as 1 to. 800, the comparison being made on the

body of a large old male. The difference between the large and

small species of Kangaroo depends on the brain not increasing in

proportion to the increase in the bulk of the entire animal. The

smaller species in any natural family of Mammalia, resemble the

foetus of the larger species in the greater proportional size of both

the brain and the eyes.

2. On THE Monkeys oF THE AMAZON.

By Aurrep R. WALLACE.

The great valley of the Amazon is rich in species of Monkeys, and

during my residence there I had many opportunities of becoming

acquainted with their habits and distribution. The few observations

I have to make will apply principally to the latter particular. I have

myself seen twenty-one species ; seven with prehensile and fourteen

with non-prehensile tails, as shown in the following list :—

3 Howlers, viz.—Mycetes ursinus, M. caraya? and M. Beelzebub ;

1 Spider Monkey,—A¢eles paniscus ;

1 Big-bellied Monkey (Barrigudo of the Brazilians),—Lagothria Hum-

boldtit ;

2 Sapajou,—Cebus gracilis (Spix) and C. apella? ;

4 Short-tailed Monkeys,—Brachyurus couwiu, B. ouakari (Spix),

B. rubicundus (? Calvus, B. M.), and a new species ;

2 Sloth Monkeys,—Pithecia irrorata and an undescribed species;

3 Squirrel Monkeys,—Callithrix sciureus, C. personatus and C. tor-

quatus ;

2 Nocturnal Monkeys,—Nyctipithecus trivirgatus and N. felinus ;

and

3 Marmoset Monkeys,—Jacchus bicolor, J. tamarin and a new spe-

cies.

The Howling Monkeys are generally abundant ; the different spe-

cies, however, are found in separate localities; Mycetes Beelzebub

being apparently confined to the Lower Amazon, in the vicinity of

Para; a black species, M. caraya?, to the Upper Amazon; andared

species, M. wrsinus, to the Rio Negro and Upper Amazon. Much

confusion seems to exist with regard to the species of Howlers, owing

to the difference of colour in the sexes of some species. The red and

the black species of the Amazon, however, are of the same colour in

both sexes. The species of this genus are seminocturnal in their

habits, uttering their cries late in the evening and before sunrise, and

also on the approach of rain. Humboldt observes, that the tremen-

dous noise they make can only be accounted for by the great num-

bers of individuals that unite in its production. My own observa-

tions, and the unanimous testimony of the Indians, prove this not to

be the case. One individual only makes the howling, which is cer-

tainly of a remarkable depth and volume and curiously modulated ;

but on closely remarking the suddenness with which it ceases and

108

again commences, it is evident that it is produced by one animal,

which is generally a full-grown male. On dissecting the throat, much

of our wonder at the noise ceases ; for besides the bony vessel formed

by the expanded “os hyoides,” there is a strong muscular apparatus

which seems to act as a bellows in forcing a body of air through the

reverberating bony cavity.

Of the genus d¢e/es, the four-fingered Spider Monkeys, one species

is found only in the Guiana district, north of the Amazon and Rio

Negro. Another, probably Ateles ater, inhabits the West Brazil

district on the river Purus. These monkeys are slow in their mo-

tions, but make great use of their prehensile tail, by which they

swing themselves from bough to bough; and I have been informed

that two have been seen to join together by their hands and prehen-

sile tails, to form a bridge for their young ones to pass over. The

Indians also say, that this animal generally moves suspended beneath

the boughs, not walking on them.

The next genus, Lagothriz, is a very interesting one, being quite

unknown in Guiana and Eastern Brazil. The species I am acquainted

with (Z. Humboldtii) is found in the district south-west of the Rio

Negro, towards the Andes, which I eall the Ecuador district of the

Amazon. They are remarkable for their thick woolly grey fur, their

long prehensile tails, and very mild disposition. In the upper Ama-

zon they are the species most frequently seen tame, and are great

favourites, from their grave countenances, more resembling the human

face than those of any other Monkeys, their quiet manners, and the

great affection and docility they exhibit. I had three of them for

several months before leaving Brazil, and they were on board with

me at the time the ship was burnt, when, with their companions, they

all perished. J

The Sapajou Monkeys, forming the genus Cebus, appear to be

more generally distributed, and the species have a wider range.

They are also frequently domesticated, but offer a remarkable con-

trast to the species of the last genus, in their constant activity and

restlessness, and they have the character of being the most mis-

chievous monkeys in the country.

Each species of the genus Brachyurus appears to be confined to a

particular district. The B. couviu is a native of Guiana, and does

not pass the Rio Negro on the west, or the Amazon on the south.

The B. owakari is found on the Upper Rio Negro; the B. rubi-

cundus on the Upper Amazon, called the Solimoes; and another

species, apparently undescribed, is found on the lower part of the

same river.

The Sloth Monkeys, forming the genus Pithecia, have an exten-

sive range as regards the genus, but the separate species seem each

confined in a limited space. Of the two species inhabiting the

Amazon district, one, the P. irrorata, is found on the south bank of

the Upper Amazon; and another, apparently undescribed and ren-

dered remarkable by a bright red beard round the face and under

the chin, occurs only to the south-west of the Rio Negro.

Of the little Squirrel Monkeys, one, the Callithrix sciureus, a spe-

109

cimen of which is now in the Society’s Gardens, has an extensive

range, being found on both banks of the Amazon and Rio Negro.

The C. torquatus, a white-collared species, is found only on the

Upper Rio Negro, and the C. personatus on the Upper Amazon.

Of the curious Nocturnal Monkeys forming the genus Nyctipithe-

cus there are two species in this district ; one, which appears to be

the NV. trivirgatus of Humboldt, is found in the district of Ecuador,

west of the Upper Rio Negro; the other, closely allied, probably the

N. felinus, on the Upper Amazon. Their large eyes, cat-like faces,

soft woolly hair and nocturnal habits render them a very interesting

group. ‘They are called “devil monkeys” by the Indians, and are

said to sleep during the day and to roam about only at night. I

have had specimens of them alive, but they are very delicate and

soon die.

Of the Marmozet Monkeys there are three species, though none

of them have the characteristic tufts of hair on the head. Each

species seems to be confined to a very limited tract of country. The

Jacchus tamarin is found only in the district of Para, where it is

abundant. The J. dicolor, a pretty grey and white species, I have

only seen on the Guiana side of the Rio Negro near the city of Barra.

Another species entirely black, with the face of bare white skin,

inhabits the district of the Upper Rio Negro. It appears to be

quite new.

The last three genera appear to be to a great extent insectivorous,

and I am inclined to think they also devour small birds and mam-

malia. At least those I have had alive would attempt to pull into

their cages any of my small birds which passed near. The little

black Jacchus last mentioned was particularly savage. He once

seized a large parrot by the neck, pulled him into his cage, and bit

out a large piece from his bill, and would probably have destroyed

it, had I not opportunely come to the rescue. ‘Two other small

birds which approached too near his cage he seized and completely

devoured.

I will now make a few remarks on the geographical distribution of

these animals.

In the various works on natural history and in our museums, we

have generally but the vaguest statements of locality. S. America,

Brazil, Guiana, Peru, are among the most common; and if we have

“River Amazon”’ or “ Quito”’ attached to a specimen, we may

think ourselves fortunate to get anything so definite: though both

are on the boundary of two distinct zoological districts, and we have

nothing to tell us whether the one came from the north or south of

the Amazon, or the other from the east or the west of the Andes.

Owing to this uncertainty of locality, and the additional confusion

created by mistaking allied species from distant countries, there is

scarcely an animal whose exact geographical limits we can mark out

on the map.

On this accurate determination of an animal’s range many interest-

ing questions depend. Are very closely allied species ever separated

by a wide interval of country? What physical features determine

110

the boundaries of species and of genera? Do the isothermal lines

ever accurately bound the range of species, or are they altogether

independent of them? What are the circumstances which render

certain rivers and certain mountain ranges the limits of numerous

species, while others are not? None of these questions can be satis-

factorily answered till we have the range of numerous species accu-

rately determined.

During my residence in the Amazon district I took every oppor-

tunity of determining the limits of species, and I soon found that

the Amazon, the Rio Negro and the Madeira formed the limits be-

yond which certain species never passed. The native hunters are

perfectly acquainted with this fact, and always cross over the river

when they want to procure particular animals, which are found even

on the river’s bank on one side, but never by any chance on the

other. On approaching the sources of the rivers they cease to be a

boundary, and most of the species are found on both sides of them.

Thus several Guiana species come up to the Rio Negro and Amazon,

but do not pass them ; Brazilian species on the contrary reach but

do not pass the Amazon to the north. Several Ecuador species

from the east of the Andes reach down into the tongue of land be-

tween the Rio Negro and Upper Amazon, but pass neither of those

rivers, and others from Peru are bounded on the north by the Upper

Amazon, and on the east by the Madeira. Thus there are four

districts, the Guiana, the Ecuador, the Peru and the Brazil districts,

whose boundaries on one side are determined by the rivers I have

mentioned.

In going up the Rio Negro the difference in the two sides of the

river is very remarkable.

In the lower part of the river you will find on the north the Jac-

chus bicolor and the Brachyurus Couxiu, and on the south the red-

whiskered Pithecia. Higher up you will find on the north the

Ateles paniscus, and on the south the new black Jacchus and the

Lagotiriz Humboldtii.

Spix, in his work on the monkeys of Brazil, frequently gives,

“banks of the river Amazon”? as a locality, not beimg aware appa-

rently that the species found on one side very often do not occur on

the other, though the fact is generally known to the natives. In

these observations I have only referred to the monkeys, but the same

phzenomena occur both with birds and insects, as I have observed

in many instances.

3. On THE ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENT OF EcHINOCOCCUS

VETERINORUM. By Tuomas Huxtey, F.R.S.

(Annulosa, Pl. XXVIII. XXIX.)

On the 25th of November, 1852, a fine female Zebra, whilst at play

within its paddock, accidentally broke its neck. The animal had

always appeared to be quite healthy, and it was in perfectly good

condition—but, upon examination, its liver was found to be one mass

Proc. ZS. Anmulosa. Pl

oc, 2.5 Annulosa, PK:

ede Merinp Darve Garkn,

11]

of cysts, varying in size from a child’s head downwards. The liver

was taken out of the body on the day succeeding the animal’s death*

—and on the 27th I proceeded to examine the contents of one of the

largest cysts (with a portion of its wall) and one of the smaller cysts.

It was at once obvious that the cysts contained the Hehinococcus

veterinorum, and I may here mention that the Eehinococct were in

full life, and remained so for three days, until, in fact, the fluid in

which they were contained had become slightly offensive.

It will conduce to clearness perhaps, if I state in successive order

I, What I saw myself. II. The theory of the formation of the

Echinococcus-cysts, and of their relation to other forms of Entozoa,

which I have to offer. ILI. What has been done hitherto.

I. The cysts are nearly spherical vesicles having a very elastic

proper wall; so elastic, in fact, as to exercise a continual tension

upon the contained fluid, which, if the cyst be pierced, spurts out in

a jet, for some time.

The outermost layer of the cyst is an adventitious membrane,

formed by the infested animal around the Echinococcus-cyst, as it

would be developed round any other foreign body ; with this I have

nothing to do. Within this, and in nowise adherent to it, follows

the proper wall of the Echinococcus-cyst, which must be carefully

distinguished into two portions. The outer is thick, yellowish and

constituted by a great number of delicate, structureless laminze com-

posed of a substance closely resembling Chitin. It is to this laminated

membrane that the elasticity of the cysts is due—and it must be

regarded as precisely analogous to those structureless cysts which

surround the pupa forms of Distomata imbedded in the body of

snails, or to those similarly structureless cysts which enclose the

encysted Tetrarhynchi, and which Van Beneden saw in course of

formation by a process of exudation, around the Scolex form of those

worms. The innermost layer of this, which, for distinction’s sake, I

will call the Zetocyst, is whiter and softer than the others, and appears

to be in course of formation.

The inner portion of the wall of the Hchinococcus-cyst is closely

adherent to the last described layer of the ectocyst, but may, with

great care, be separated from it, when it is at once evident that

there is no organic connexion between the two; this layer may be

yery conveniently termed the exdocyst—it is the only active living

part of the whole wall of the cyst, and represents the proper body-

wall of the animal. It is very pale and delicate, and not more than

=i. of an inch thick (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5). It is composed of very

delicate cells soau7~sass of an inch in diameter, without obvious

nuclei, but often containing clear, strongly refracting corpuscles, gene-

rally a single one only, inacell. These corpuscles appear to be solid,

but by the action of dilute acetic acid, the interior generally clears up

very rapidly, and a hollow vesicle is left of the same size as the original

* I beg here to express my obligations to the Secretary of the Zoological

Society, without whose kind recollection of a wish to examine fresh Entozoa,

which I had expressed, I should not have had the opportunity of making the ob-

servations contained in the present paper.

112

corpuscle. No gas is developed during this process, and sometimes

the corpuscles are not acted upon at all by the acid, appearing then

to be of a fatty nature. A strong solution of caustic ammonia pro-

duces a concentrically laminated or fissured appearance in them.

Under pressure, and with commencing putrefaction, a number of

them sometimes flow together into an irregular or rounded mass.

The inner surface of the endocyst is sometimes irregularly papil-

lated like a glandular epithelium in consequence of the prominence

of separate cells (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5), or its surface presents an even

contour, from the presence of a structureless membrane, which varies

in thickness, and seems to represent the inner portion of the bla-

stema, elsewhere slightly granular, in which the cells are imbedded

(Pl. XXVIII. fig. 2).

Solitary hooks are scattered over the inner surface of the endocyst.

I thought at first that they had fallen from the Eehinococci; but it

is with some difficulty that, even by the aid of pressure, the hooks

can be so detached from them; and furthermore the hooks in question

had generally the appearance of those forms found in the younger Echi-

nococct, from which there is still greater difficulty in detaching them.

I conclude then that these hooks are developed where they are found,

and that they represent a sort of attempt to develope an Echinococcus

which has gone no further. Within the substance of the endocyst

one may see here and there traces of clear delicate vessels, such as

those which will be described in the secondary cysts ; but probably

in consequence of the granular nature of the membrane, they are

rarely visible.

In describing the development of the Echinococci, it will be neces-

sary to return to this endocyst—at present I pass to the contents of

the cyst. This is a clear, colourless, serous liquid, in which two

kinds of bodies are found floating, a. Hchinococct, and 6. secondary

cysts.

ie Echinococct (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1). To avoid cireumlocution, I

restrict this term in the present place to what are commonly called

the Lehinococcus-heads.

The Echinococci are minute, oval bodies, varying, according to the

state of contraction in which they are found, from ,4,—,4th of an

inch in their long diameter.

When fully extended, the Echinococci are divided by a constriction

into two portions ; an anterior somewhat conical part, and a posterior

oval portion, notched at the extremity; attached to the posterior sec-

tion, and, as it were, sunk in the notch, there is a small appendage

of variable form, which usually appears to be clear and somewhat oval

or pyriform, with an irregular ragged extremity.

The body of the Echinococcus consists of a very clear transparent

substance, slightly granular or dotted internally, and limited exter-

nally by a well-marked structureless layer. Forming a circle round

the conical anterior extremity there are from twenty to thirty strong

hooks, which sometimes appeared to be in a single, sometimes in a

double row. In the latter case the hooks of the upper row alternated

with those of the lower. A delicate longitudinal striation, as if pro-

113

duced by muscular fibres, extends from the circlet of hooks through

the anterior portion, becoming spread out and lost in the posterior.

The hooks (fig. 3) were about ~1,th of an inch in diameter. Their

outer half was formed by a strong, curved, conical claw, the inner half

by a somewhat crooked process with a blunt end. From the posterior

surface of the junction of these two portions a strong rounded spur

passed backwards and gave the hook additional firmness in its place.

The hook contained a cavity, a process of which passed into each of

its portions. Altogether it was not unlike the thickened liber-cell of

of a plant.

Behind the circlet of hooks, the shape of a transverse section of the

body is quadrilateral, and at each of the four corners a large rounded

disc with a more or less flat surface is to be seen,—the sucker. In

structure, when unaltered, the suckers appear to be homogeneous,

with granules and two or three of the peculiar corpuscles to be de-

scribed immediately, imbedded in their substance. Under the action

of acetic acid, however, a radiated fibrillation frequently became

visible.

Scattered through the substance of the Echinococcus, and giving

it a very peculiar dotted appearance under a low power, a number of

oval, strongly refracting corpuscles may be observed. They are very

uniform in size, and have a long diameter of about 5,,th of an

inch. They are what have been called the calcareous corpuscles of

the Echinococcus ;—inasmuch, as in the Cysticerc? and other cystic

worms they have been observed to be converted into carbonate of

lime; but I believe that this is entirely a result of that peculiar de-

generation to which the cystic Entozoa are so liable, and that, in the

young and normal adult state, these peculiar corpuscles (which are

found in all the Cestoidea and Cystica) are never calcareous, but are

composed of an albuminous substance.

The mistake has arisen, I think, from two causes. In the first

place, in old cystic worms these corpuscles are frequently converted into

a calcareous substance, although they retain their transparency and

strongly refracting powers ; and secondly, because when acid is added

toa number of Echinococci, gas is very commonly developed from

calcareous substances contained either in them or in the fluid in which

they swim ; at the same time the action of the acid rapidly causes

the corpuscles to become clear vesicles, so that nothing seems more

natural than to connect the one circumstance with the other.

Having paid great attention to the process, however, I can

decidedly attirm—

1. That acetic acid dissolves out the contents of the corpuscles in

young and fresh Hehinococci, without the least evolution of gas from

them; and that the same assertion holds good of the corresponding

corpuscles contained in the spirit specimens of Tenia and Bothrio-

cephalus which I have examined.

2. That caustic ammonia produces little cavities and sometimes a

concentric lamination in these bodies.

And, 3rdly, that in a spirit specimen of an Echinococcus from the

No. CCXLV.—ProcrepinGs oF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

114

Panther (which Dr. Hyde Salter kindly lent me), the corpuscles ap-

peared vesicular without the action of any reagent.

It may be said then, that the peculiar strgngly refracting cor-

puscles of the cestoid and cystic Entozoa usually contain an albumi-

nous substance, and sometimes a fatty matter, but that this is very

liable to become replaced by a calcareous substance.

Homologically, I think they are identical with the peculiar, elon-

gated, strongly refracting, solid bodies, contained in the skin of both

the Dendrocele and Rhabdocele Turbellaria, which in some marine

Planaria-larve, according to Prof. Johannes Miller, are developed

into true thread cells, similar to those of the hydroid Polypes. The

thread cell of the latter is equally developed as a secondary deposit

within a vesicle (nucleus?) contaimed in the cells of the body; the

only difference would be, that whereas in the Polype the succeeding

internal deposit takes place in the form of a spiral thread, in the

cestoid or cystic Entozoon it takes place as a succession of simple

layers, until the vesicle is full.

Aware of the discoveries that have been lately made by Siebold,

Van Beneden and Guido Wagner, as to the extent to which the water

vascular system is developed in the Cestoid Entozoa; and unac-

quainted with what had been observed by Dr. Lebert* (vide infra),

I particularly endeavoured to detect, in the quite fresh Hehinococci,

some evidence of its existence, and I was so far successful, that I

could very readily observe in several specimens (examined on the

first day) a number of the peculiar flickering cilia so characteristic of

this system of vessels wherever it exists. In spite of all my endea-

vours, however, I could trace nothing of the vessels themselves, in

which, by analogy, one has every reason to believe the cilia are con-

tained+. In one Echinococcus I observed six of these long flicker-

ing cilia in the positions indicated by the short wavy lines in fig. 1

(Pl. XXVIII.). They were so distinct as to be perfectly measurable,

their length being about ;,,th of an inch. They were excessively

delicate, but broader at the fixed than at the free end, and they com-

pletely resembled the corresponding organs in the Rotiferat,

Naide, &e.

Professor Owen has stated (article Entozoa, Todd’s Cyclopeedia,

1839) that the Echinococci (from the Pig) which he examined,

moved “freely by means of superficial vibratile cilia,” p. 118. There

were certainly no such cilia upon the Hchinococci of the Zebra.

The movements of the Hchinococci, so far as I witnessed them,

were confined to slow, undulatory, peristaltic contractions. I found

numbers in every stage of contraction, but I could not observe any

actually performing the process. The head with the hooks, is drawn

* Prof. Virchow, and the colleagues before whom he laid his observations upon

the occurrence of cilia in the pedicle of Echinococeus (vide infra), appear equally

to have overlooked Dr. Lebert’s excellent paper, although it is contained in Mil-

ler’s Archiv for 1843.

+ In the Planaria torva 1 have similarly observed the cilia but not the vessels.

$ See the essay by the author on “ Lacinularia socialis, &c. &c.” in the Micro-

scopical Journal, No. 1, 1852,

115

in first, as one meets with many forms in which the suckers onl

protrude at the extremity, like four knobs. The suckers then follow

and are turned completely in, so that their proper outer surfaces look

towards one another, the coronet of hooks lying beneath them. In

this state, which has been so often described, the animal has not

more than half its previous length, and takes on a great variety of

forms, oval, rounded, heart-shaped, &c. Instances of these varieties

are figured in both plates.

b. The secondary cysts.—When the fluid contained within one of

the large Echinococcus-cysts is emptied into a glass vessel, it is at first

turbid with minute white bodies, but these rapidly subside and form a

white sediment at the bottom of the vessel. These white bodies vary

in size from th of an inch in diameter downwards to zizth. They

are the secondary cysts.

Under the microscope these bodies are seen to be delicate sphe-

roidal sacs, containing Echinococci. The largest examined (Pl. XXIX.

fig. 9) had at least thirty of these in its interior. It consisted of a

very transparent structureless membrane, apparently lined by a deli-

cate granular film, which was most distinct near the pedicles of the

contained Echinococci. These Echinococci in fact were not free like

those contained in the primary cyst, which I have previously de-

scribed, but each was attached by a delicate cord, more or less resem-

bling the “ appendage” of the free Echinococcus, to the inner wall of

the secondary cyst (Pl. XXIX. fig. 8), and radiated thence inwards.

These Eehinococci resembled in all respects those previously described,

except that I could observe no ciliary motion in them*; they were in

all conditions of protraction or retraction, and exhibited the ordinary

movements. None were ever found free in a secondary cyst, and the

members of each cyst, as well as those in different cysts, were as

nearly as may be of the same size and degree of perfection.

The space left between them in the interior of the secondary cysts

was sometimes filled with a clear fluid, and at others more or less

obscured by granules. In none of those observed by me was there

any trace of the peculiar mode of development of the contained Echi-

nococci from the granular contents of the secondary cysts described

by Von Siebold (vide infra).

The membrane of these cysts was traversed by a meshwork of fine

clear delicate vessels, with distinct walls and about noth to ;+,th

of an inch in diameter. These were not folds, as their lumen could be

clearly seen at the edge of a cyst (fig. 8). They terminated in a some-

what wide space at the base of the pedicle of each contained Echino-

coccus, and in one instance I traced a vessel for some distance into

this pedicle. There were no cilia nor granules contained in these ves-

sels, but they precisely resemble those canals of which traces were

seen in the Endocyst, and their development will, I think, show that

they are identical with them.

* This may well arise from my not having examined them till the 28th.

Lebert appears to have found the observation of the cilia to be favoured by the

interposed membrane of the secondary cyst (vide infra).

116

I may anticipate so far as to say that I believe that these vessels

represent the water vascular system of the parent-cyst.

A dark spot may be observed upon the surface of fig. 9. This

was a blunt yellowish wrinkled process, like that represented in the

lower portion of fig 7. It was the only projection of the kind in this

specimen.

When such a sac as this is burst the Lchinococci become everted,

and the secondary cyst turns itself inside out, so that the Eehinococct

appear to be seated like Polypes upon a central stem. This curious

peculiarity has led to much misconception as to the mode of their

attachment within the cyst. Von Siebold, however, pointed out the

true nature of this process as far back as 1837* (vide infra).

The smallest free secondary cysts varied in size, as I have said,

down to ~4,th of an inch, when they contained only four Echinococei

(Pl. XXIX. fig.6). These, however, were quite as large as those in

the largest secondary cysts.

The structure of the middle-sized and small vesicles was in most

respects the same as that of the large ones, but there was this differ-

ence, that they possessed, attached to their outer surface, by pedicles,

a variable number of oval bodies of the same average size as the

Echinococci or less, but presenting a yellow wrinkled appearance,

containing very few corpuscles, often none, and either exhibiting no

trace of the circlet of hooks (fig. 6) or offering only a few, dark irre-

gular and withered looking ones (fig. 7). It was impossible to con-

found these external bodies with accidentally everted internal heads,

three of which are represented at the upper part of fig. 7 ; the appear-

ance of the two bemg more markedly different than even the figure

represents it.

I cannot help thinking that these withered Eechinococci, for that,

as will be seen presently, is what they really are, are what Mr. Eras-

mus Wilson has figured as developing forms (Joe. cit.).

Development.—We have found free Echinococci and free secondary

eysts contained in the fluid of the primary cyst: how do they come

there? To answer this question we must return to the endocyst. I

found adherent to, and growing from it, a. fixed Echinococci, and

6. fixed secondary cysts.

a. Fixed Echinococci.—These, in various stages of development,

are scattered all over the inner surface of the endocyst, as in the

diagrams E. and F. (Pl. XXIX.)

Elongated elevations of the endocyst (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5) are first

seen: within these the circlet of hooks and then the corpuscles make

their appearance: the elevation becomes a papilla, and the papilla,

gradually constricting itself at the base, becomes the oval Echinococ-

cus, attached by a narrow pedicle. In this state the slightest touch .

is sufficient to separate the pedicle from the endocyst, and then the

Echinococcus is set free. The pedicle contracts upon itself so as to

* The Echinococci are figured in this everted state by Chemnitz (quoted by

Siebold, art. Parasiten, Wagner's Encyclopedia, &c.), by Erasmus Wilson (Medico-

Chir. Transactions, 1845), and by Busk (Microscopical Transactions, 1846).

117

have a rounded form, but it very often betrays its previous adherence

by the ragged fragments of the endocyst, which it carries with it.

Whether this is properly a normal process in the Hehinococcus it

is difficult to say, but as Dr. Guido Wagner and Van Beneden have

shown, it occurs normally in the T'etrarhynchide, and it exactly re-

sembles that detachment of the “tail” frum the Cerearia, which

takes place in the Distomata.

As little is it known whether the Echinococci undergo any further

development. The suggestion first made by Delle Chiaje, that they

may dilate into cysts and develope young Lehinococci within them-

selves, appears to me highly improbable; and it is an hypothesis

which is not needed to account for the secondary cysts.

b. Fixed Secondary Cysts.—The development of these indeed,

takes place in such a manner as to preserve the homological rela-

tions of the Echinococci to the exterior of the parent. The secondary

cysts, in fact, are thus formed: Eehinococci are developed not only

from the inner surface of the endocyst, but from its outer surface

(Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4). Their growth is probably accompanied by that

of the endocyst itself, which thus becomes raised up from the ecto-

eyst and projects into the general cavity (fig. 5). Of course any in-

ternal Echinococci which happen to be attached to this part of the

endocyst are raised up with it (figs. 4, 5): they may be fewer or

more according to circumstances. The neck of attachment of the

secondary cysts gradually narrows (fig. 4), and at last the secondary

cyst, whose size depends entirely upon the number of Eehinococci

developed under the endocyst at one spot, is detached and falls into

the cavity. So long as the secondary cyst remains attached, its

external Echinococci have the normal clear appearance, and are in

full health ; but when once it is separated, they appear rapidly to

wither away and become yellow, losing their hooks and their cor-

puscles, and eventually disappearing. The original point of attach-

ment of the sac remains as an obtuse cicatrice.

Von Siebold, who has beautifully described the development of the

secondary cysts, has, I think (vide infra), mistaken the one mode of

development of the Lchinococci outside the endocyst for the only

mode. . He appears to have seen the endocyst, when he describes

the “delicate membrane in which the young Echinococcus-heads are

enclosed,”’ and to assume merely, that this membrane bursts and sets

the Echinococcus free upon the inner surface of the parent cyst. Un-

derstanding the mode of development to be as stated above, it is easy

to comprehend how it is, that the Hchinococci are so nearly at the

same stage of development in all the secondary cysts; and that this

stage has no relation to the size of the cysts. The existence of the

external Hehinococci wpon the secondary vesicles in this way also,

becomes not only intelligible, but almost necessary.

Il. The theory which I have to offer of the nature of the Lehino-

coccus, is based upon three facts which are now well established.

1st. That young Cestoid Worms, which, from some cause or other,

have passed into any other part of the organism of the animal upon

which they are parasitic, than the intestine, become abnormally

118

dilated, at their posterior extremity; and the anterior end may be

retracted into the sac thus formed, which then invests it like a double

serous sac—a structureless investment may be excreted round this

encysted worm or it may not. Such an altered Cestoid Worm as this

is called a Cysticercus.

2ndly. A dilated Cestoid worm, such as has been just described,

may develope new “‘ heads”’ with suckers and hooks all over its outer

surface, never developing any upon its inner surface. Such a Cestoid

worm is the Cenurus cerebralis.

3rdly. The Cestoid worms all possess the power of gemmation (or

it may be called fission) in their unaltered state: and Bendz (Isis,

1844) has distinctly shown that the vesicular extremity of the Cys¢i-

cercus gemmates. Processes are formed and thrown off, and these

develope appropriate heads and hooks, becoming complete Cysticerci.

Bearing these facts in mind, it is I think very easy to account for

the Hehinococeus-vesicles. 'The surfaces which produce the Echino-

cocct must be both external; the Echinococcus-cyst therefore does

not answer to the simple cyst of the Cenurus, or of the protruded

Cysticercus ; but to the double cyst of the retracted Cysticercus, the

upper half of whose proper outer surface forms the inner wall of the

cyst in the retracted state (see Diag. D. Pl. XXIX.).

Suppose the cyst, thus formed, to dilate and to develope a multi-

tude of heads upon this upper half of the outer surface, after the

analogy of Cenurus: then the two walls being pressed together into

one, it will appear like a simple cyst covered with heads internally

(Diag. E.).

If, however, at the same time, in complete correspondence with

Caenurus, heads have been developed over the whole outer surface,

we have the primary Hehinococcus endocyst (Diag. F.).

Now the cyst may grow out at a particular point, and so form a

bud, which is cast off externally. This takes place in the Hehino-

coccus of Oxen. But if it have surrounded itself with a dense cyst,

analogous to that of the encysted Tetrarhynchide, such external

budding cannot take place ; and if the local growth takes place at all,

it will produce a projection internally, and the internal fixed second-

ary cyst will be produced. These, narrowing at the neck and de-

taching themselves, become the free secondary cysts as was shown

above.

The Echinococcus then is a species of Tenia which has become

dilated and encysted; which has subsequently produced heads all

over its external surface, and finally, budding, casts off its vesicular

processes internally, because it has no exit for them externally.

Echinococcus is thus the most complex form of that change which

young Cestoid Worms are liable to undergo if they wander from

their proper nidus; the combination of hooks with suckers refers it

to the genus Tenia, to which Cenurus and Cysticercus may by similar

reasoning be shown to belong ; and, therefore, like these two latter

genera, it must, as a genus, be abolished. It is probable however

that Cysticercus, Caenurus and Echinococcus are modifications of

distinct species, or groups of species, of the genus Tenia; and are

119

not mere varieties of one species produced by difference of locality.

They are all three found in the brain, for instance.

As to the genus Acephalocystis, there is good reason for believing,

that all genuine specimens of it are Echinococcus-cysts which have

either not developed heads, or in which they have been overlooked.

The converse of the anatomical evidence as to the identity of

Echinococcus with a modified Tenia, has just been supplied by some

very beautiful researches of Von Siebold’s, published in the Annales

des Sciences for 1852 (or Annals of Natural History, December 1852).

Von Siebold gave to young puppies spoonfuls of Lchinococcus-cysts

in milk. Upon opening them after a short time, he found ianume-

rable Tenia attached all over the surface of the intestine. The cysts

had been digested, but the living Zchinococci had resisted the action

of the stomach, and, freed from their imprisonment, had begun to

develope joints. Growth had not gone on sufficiently to enable the

learned Professor of Breslau to determine the species. He promises,

however, a continuation of his researches ; and it is to be hoped that

we may soon have a complete clearing up of the difficulties with which

helminthologists have so long been puzzled, from his able pen*.

III. The literature of Echinococcus exhibits a singular instance

of the manner in which naturalists delay their own progress, by not

attending to what has been done by their predecessors. Goeze wrote

in 1782, and effectually demonstrated the cestoid relations of the Zchi-

nococci, as may be seen by the following extracts from his beautiful

work (Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Eingeweidewiirmer) ; nay,

before his time, Pallas had on very good grounds conjectured the

same thing, and yet half a century afterwards we find this all for-

gotten, and speculation rife as to the nature of the Echinocoeci.

Goeze thus describes the Echinococcus-vesicles (op.c. p.258 et seq.):

“C. The small social granular Bladder tape-worm (Blasen-band-

wurm) ; Tenia visceralis socialis granulosa.

*« This is as it were an intermediate form between the great globular

Bladder tape-worm (Cysticercus), and the many-headed worm found

in the brain of staggering Sheep.

**T had already read what Pallas supposes on this subject in the

‘Neue Nordische Beytriige,’ i. p. 85, when, by a lucky discovery, I

made the whole matter out.

“Upon the Ist of Nov. 1781, I met with an excessively distorted

Sheep’s liver, which was so beset and penetrated by large and small

watery vesicles,—the former as large as hens’-eggs, the latter as

hazel-nuts,—that, externally, one could discern hardly anything of

the substance of the liver.

“The animal itself was almost perfectly healthy. In its total size,

this monstrous liver was about equal in breadth to the two hands ;

and its length was about half an ell: the weight however was four

pounds. I was obliged to divide it into two portions in order to be

able to get it into a large jar (3 inches, glass) with spirit. When I

* A full account of Siebold’s investigations has, in fact, appeared in Siebold

and Kolliker’s ‘ Zeitschrift’ for 1853, under the title, ‘‘ Ueber die Verwandlung

der Echinococcus-brut in Tenien.”—T. H. April 1854.

120

pricked one of the vesicles with a needle, the water spirted out, as out

of a fountain. I observed, however, that the distended vesicles con-

tained nothing beyond a mere lymph and possessed no special internal

vesicle. In separating the one portion of the liver I could not avoid

damaging some of the vesicles contained in its interior. Out of these

tolerably hard leathery external vesicles, fell bluish, callous (kallése),

internal vesicles, which were still closed. In their substance indeed

they were somewhat softer than the outer vesicle ; but still far more

cartilaginous than the vesicles of the globular, many-headed bladder-

worms. On opening these there was found internally in different

places a greyish granular matter like the smallest fish roe, which was

united to a very delicate mucous membrane, [which] in water however

immediately disappeared, so that the granules swam about by them-

selves. Ina vesicle as large as a dove’s egg there were thousands,

so small that they could hardly be distinguished by the naked eye.

Under No. 4. Tub. A of my microscope I could already perceive the

organization of these corpuscles. Their form varied greatly ; some-

times heart-shaped with an indent above and a dark line ; sometimes

pitcher-shaped, with two round knobs above, at each side one ; some-

times like a horse-shoe with a short dark middle line ; sometimes like

a rounded handle, with an indent above and with two knobs laterally,

and anteriorly rounded off with a dark circlet. When I used No. 1.

Tub. A, I saw clearly that they were true tape-worms. The body flat

with dark dots ; anteriorly four suckers, and on the obtusely rounded

proboscis, the double circlet of excessively small hooks ; behind, how-

ever, in each there was a small excavated indentation like an anus. The

others were contracted in quite peculiar forms, and the dark median

streak was the hook circlet. Under the compressor, the four suckers,

the circlet of hooks and the points become much clearer. In these

worms I have observed a circumstance which I have perceived in no

other kind of bladder-worm; namely that on pressure the delicate

hooks are detached and float about freely.

‘* This kind of bladder-worm is distinguished then from that inhabit-

ing the brain of staggering sheep by the following circumstances :—

“1, That the vesicles with the granular matter or with many thou-

sand infinitely small worms, are covered by a strong leathery external

vesicle in which they lie free.

«2. That their roe-like material swims about in the inner vesicle

in a clear lymph, and the single worms are only united together by

a delicate mucous membrane, but are not as in those, essentially

adherent to the bladder, and not even to their [own] membrane.

“3. That each of these granules or worms is several hundred times

smaller than one of the white corpuscles or worms in the central

bladder of the staggering sheep.

“This is then the same, but now explained pheenomenon, which the

acute Pallas has already observed ; but has left without elucidation.

“In the ‘Stralsund Magazine,’ 1. St. p. 81, he has already directed

the attention of observers to these points :

** *Whoso will consider the above description of the true bladder-

worm, will not perhaps with M. de Haen deny to worms all partici-

121

pation in the origin of watery tumours and of Hydatids, at least it

seems to me very probable that the unattached (unangewachsene)

watery bladders seen by many observers in the human body—most

frequently in abnormal cavities in the liver—are caused by a worm

similar to, if not identical with, our bladder-worm, I say from a worm

probably resembling our bladder-worm ; for we find in the liver and

lungs of Oxen and Sheep another wonderful kind of watery bladder,

which seems to arise from nothing but some kind of animal germ ;

but however is widely different from our bladder-worm, and cannot

have arisen from it.’ ”

Pallas, after describing some of the Hydatids, goes on to say:

“The water-bladder itself consists of a white, hardish, quite ho-

mogeneous membrane, which becomes thinner towards the caudal

extremity ; wherever it is lacerated it folds back, and may be best

compared with a section (as thin as paper) of a boiled cartilage of a

young animal. Within, this external strong membrane is lined by a

delicate structure or membrane, which is very easily separated from

it, and is beset with a great number of small, white, commonly round,

or oval, corpuscles. The corpuscles consist, as the microscope shows,

of longish globules united together, whose substance appears to be

dotted.”

Subsequently (p.261) Goeze quotes from the ‘Nordische Beytrage,’

1. St. p. 83, thus:

“It is probable that the unattached hydatids which are at times

observed in the human body (are), either of the same kind as the proper

bladder-tape worm, or are the same as those singular watery bladders,

which I have observed and described in the liver and lungs of diseased

Calves and Sheep, and which are most certainly also to be ascribed

to a living creature, and are not indistinctly organized (at least if we

consider the inner membrane strewed over with granular globules).

‘On reading through Leake’s treatise upon the ‘ Staggers in the

Sheep,’ p. 85, it seems very probable to me that the bladders in the

brain are more similar to those which I have described in the lung

and liver in Sheep and Calves, than to the bladder-worm which Ty-

son and Hartman have described before me (our globular one) ; nay

perhaps, that they even constitute one genus with the former. The

small worm provided with a circlet of hooks and four suckers, in these

vesicles—might be a development of the globules observed by me.

‘«‘T have at present no opportunity of examining these vesicles in

the fresh state. Perhaps on applying a stronger magnifying power

the granules might exhibit more organization.”

Consequently, Pallas did not at that time know what to make out

of the granules of these vesicles. The peculiar organization of these

he did not himself see, as I have now discovered, described and

figured it. To whom then belongs the first and true discovery of

the nature of the granules in the internal membranes of the singular

Hydatids of the livers and lungs of Calves and Sheep ?

But I wish that 1 could throw more light upon and explain the

mode of origin of these vesicles, and upon the ceconomy of the many

thousand single worms socially united in a single bladder. Do they

122

grow? do they disperse themselves? does each build its own dwell-

ing? or where do they remain? shall our successors learn nothing

on these matters ?

Goeze’s figures are very good.

The commonly received view of the relation between the cysts and

their Echinococc: appears to have been first advanced by Delle Chiaje

in his Eimintografia Umana, p. 30*.

«The said worms, oval, narrowed at the two extremities and en-

larged in the middle, are scattered irregularly over the interior of the

vesicle. The extremity of the head is garnished with a crown of hooks

deprived of suckers. In proportion as they enlarge, these little micro-

scopical bodies take on, little by little, a spherical form, the hooks

become detached, and new Echinococci are produced in such little

bodies, which have transformed themselves into Hydatids. The new

worms are the children (figliuolini) of the primitive Hydatid, which

was a similar microscopic body. They have a proper vitality, different

from that of the vesicle which contains them.”

Miller, ‘Jahresbericht,’ 1836, describes the Echinococcus-cysts

and their contents found in the urine of a young man labouring under

renal disease.

The cysts had a laminated outer coat ; some contained Lechinococei

and some none, but in other respects they were completely alike. The

Echinococci exactly resembled the ordinary figures.

“In a few of the free ones, a trace of a membranous cord, looking

as if it had been torn off, appeared at the posterior end of the body ;

as if the worms had at an earlier period been fixed.”

Miller could not make out whether the Echinococci were fixed to

the interior of the secondary vesicle or not.

Tschudi, ‘Die Blasenwiirmer, 1837,’ observed the retrograding

yellow Echinococci, which he assumes to be returning to the vesicular

form. He considers that the “ corpuscles”’ are ova, and that by their

development in the interior of one of these retrograded Echinococct,

the secondary cysts are formed.

Gluge, ‘Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1837,’ describes the

corpuscles of the Hehinococei very carefully and minutely. He was

the first to notice the peculiar structure of the endocyst. He says,

“J have constantly seen in it a kind of arborization very similar to the

formation in fibrinous exudatiors during the first stage of inflamma-

tion. We see these transparent bodies with slightly irregular contours

resembling empty blood vessels and ramifying like them. I do not

know whether these are true vessels, I merely draw attention to

the fact.”

In the same year (1837) the second edition of Burdach’s ‘Physio-

logie’ appeared. It contains an admirable chapter by Von Siebold,

upon the development of the Entozoa. Burdach’s work is so little

known, and so inaccessible in this country—that I think it worth

while to subjoin the whole of what Von Siebold says upon this sub-

Ject :—

* Compendio di Elmintografia Umana. Napoli 1825. Compilato da Stephano

Delle Chiaje.

123

“In the development of the Hehinococci also, much has remained

obscure. We must in them always distinguish two things; the pa-

rent vesicle, and the proper Echinococci enclosed within this. The

maternal vesicle is covered internally by an excessively delicate epi-

thelium, in which are contained corpuscles similar, though here

generally elongated, to those which we have found in the neck of

Cenurus. In the fluid which the maternal vesicle encloses, we meet

with a few Echinococci, which when they have everted their coronet

of hooks and their suckers, allow nothing to be perceived in their in-

terior but a few scattered glassy corpuscles. These Echinococci evi-

dently arise from the inner surface of the parent vesicle. My own

observations hereupon have been made upon LF. hominis, FE. veteri-

norum, and a new species which, since the number of its suckers

varies very much, I will call #. variabilis. On examining the inner

surface of the parent vesicle we see little vesicles attached here and

there, which contain a finely granular substance; out of this mass

the Echinococci proceed (hervorkeimen), sometimes only one, some-

times two, six, seven or more. A portion of the granular mass be-

comes, in fact, sharply marked off, forms a small roundish body,

which, however, by one of its ends, still clearly passes into the rest

of the substance ; the rounded body gradually takes on a pea shape,

the constricted portion elongates, and the body, which has now

assumed a more oval form, is connected only by a delicate viscid

thread with the mass from which it sprang; we soon now observe in

the interior of the body the circlet of hooks and the glassy corpuscles.

The Echinococcus-head thus far developed now begins to move—

everting and retracting its suckers and hooks; the whole body being

at the same time sometimes elongated, sometimes contracted. The

development of the Echinococci having proceeded to this stage, the

delicate membrane in which they are enclosed bursts. The young

Echinococci do not immediately fall out, for they are all connected

to the inner surface of the membrane, which until now has enclosed

them, by means of a delicate cord or process of the latter, which

penetrates at the posterior extremity of the Echinococcus, through a

pit, into the interior of the body of the Echinococcus. The pit looks

almost like a sphincter, holding just that cord of the membrane ;

only after an interval do the cords and the bodies of the Eehinococet

become separated. The mode of connection of these cords with the

bodies of the Echinococci, and their separation from them, reminds

one completely of the relation which the bodies and tails of the Cer-

cari have to one another. The membranous covering of the young

Echinococci wrinkles up immediately when it is torn. The Echino-

cocci become everted, and so form a rounded heap, in the middle of

which the collapsed investment lies hidden, the Echinococe: being

attached to it like the polypes upon a polypidom.

‘Such masses of Hchinococci either remain for a long time hang-

ing to the inner surface of the parent vesicle, or they become de-

tached from it before the single Echinococci have separated from the

wrinkled membrane. The granular mass contained in the vesicles is

probably comparable with nothing else than with a yelk mass, which

124

supplies the heads with the substance necessary for their develop-

ment through those fine cords. For the rest, I will not undertake

to decide whether all those larger and smaller vesicles, which con-

tain Echinococcus-heads and float about free among fully-developed

Echinococcus-heads in the cavity of the parent vesicle, are de-

tached from the wall of the latter, or whether some few of them

do not arise from the free Hcehinococcus-heads themselves, which

have developed Echinococcus-germs in their interior, and afterwards

become distended into vesicles by them; I was often surprised, in

fact, to find upon free vesicles containing Echinococcus-heads, hooks

attached, perhaps remnants of the destroyed circlet of hooks. In

such vesicles of #. variabilis, in fact, I believe I could trace re-

mains of the suckers. With greater difficulty can we understand

the mode of origin and propagation of the maternal vesicle of the

Echinococci. Since in Echinococcus hominis we often find smaller

hydatids enclosed within larger ones, we must believe that the ex-

ternal hydatid is the parent in which the others have been sub-

sequently produced. In what manner, however, this enclosure has

taken place, I must leave as much unsolved as the origin of the

parent vesicle itself.”’

The next step waz made by Dr. Lebert, in his excellent paper

(unfortunately without figures), ‘‘ Einige Bemerkungen iiber Blasen-

wurmer,” in Miiller’s Archiv for 1843. From this I make the fol-

lowing extracts :—

“In the most, even freshly examined hydatids, the animals no

longer move. Yet not unfrequently, if many vesicles be examined,

living groups may be met with. The movement of the animal, while

still in the maternal vesicle, consists partly in turning upon its axis,

partly in a wavy contraction, comparable to a peristaltic movement.

In the interior of these yet living and moving animals I have per-

ceived ciliary notion very clearly. It appeared in the whole interior

of the animal, and I could observe it for hours together. At first I

could with difficulty distinguish the single vibrating cilia; yet, partly

after partial evaporation of the fluid in which the animals were con-

tained, partly by modifying the light with a very fine perpendicular

diaphragm, I could succeed in seeing the cilia themselves, which are

slightly curved and somewhat hook-like, and hardly more than

siz mm. in breadth. I have seen the single cilia with especial

distinctness towards the margin of the animal; commonly, however,

they are indistinct, on account of the contemporaneous vibration of

a certain number of cilia, which resemble in their motion a field of

corn agitated by the wind. The observation of this ciliary motion

was perhaps rendered more easy by the circumstance, that I observed

the animals still adherent to the finely granular membrane which

forms the parent vesicle, and which, in all probability, favourably

modified the light.”

** As to what concerns the development of the vesicles themselves,

it seems to go on in the following mauner :—upon the inner wall of

a cyst which contains Zehinococcus-cysts, secondary cysts are formed,

which, after they have attained a certain grade of development, be-

125 ‘3

come detached from the inner wall of the larger cyst, and fall freely

into their cavities, but still show the remains of their attachment in

a slightly pointed place: on the inner surface of these secondary

vesicles tertiary ones are now formed in the same manner, and so on.

The hydatid sacs then arise by a kind of endogenous formation simi-

lar to that which Prof. Miller has already so beautifully described

in the development of a peculiar kind of hydatid tumours (Balg-

geschwiilste).”’

In his Article “‘ Parasiten”? (Wagner’s Handworterbuch d. Phy-

siologie, bd. 2, 1844), Von Siebold, after recapitulating his view of

the development of the Echinococci contained in Burdach’s Physio-

logie, makes the following highly suggestive remarks :—

“Clearly as we can trace the development of the young of the

Echinococcus, we understand very little of the mode in which the

pill-box (eingeschichtelt) aggregations are produced. The multipli-

cation of the vesicles certainly does not take place by division, nor by

the formation of buds upon the outer surface of the parent cyst, as

some have supposed. The hypothesis remains, that the young Hehi-

nococci cast off their circlet of hooks, become distended, lose their

suckers, and so change into little Hehinococcus-vesicles, in which

a new brood then becomes developed. I must indeed confess that I

have not directly observed this process. In any case, the young

Echinococcus must be in a fit state to wander; and if it should be

made out that new Echinococcus-vesicles proceed from them in the

interior of the parent vesicles, we might also justly assume that the

young Echinococei, wandering into other organs, or even into other

persons, may thus lay the foundation for new colonies. Whether,

again, there exists a special cestoid worm provided with sexual organs,

with which the Zehinococcus-vesicles stand in the same relation as

the Cercaria-sacs do with certain Trematoda, time will show. If it

be so, the young Echinococci must change, having become separated

from their pedicle, not into Echinococcus-vesicles, but by the elonga-

tion of the body into Tenia.”

Finally, in the ‘Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medicinischen

Gesellschaft zu Wurzburg’ for 1850, (to which my attention was

drawn by my friend Mr. Busk,) I find the following notice :—

«Herr Virchow described the ciliary movement which he had ob-

served in the stem by which the young Echinococet hominis of Man

are attached to the maternal vesicle,—a new observation for this

genus.”

I have here endeavoured to notice all those Memoirs which, at the -

time of their publication, made a definite addition to what was already

known upon the structure of Echinococcus. The literature of the

subject is somewhat voluminous, and hence the necessity of this

limitation, and the consequent absence of any account of the valuable

memoirs of Goodsir, Curling, Busk, and Erasmus Wilson, all of whom

had been anticipated by the continental observers.

126

DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.

Pu. XXVIII.

Fig. 1. A single detached Echinococcus-head, with the hooks and suckers pro-

truded. The position of the six observed cilia is indicated by the wavy

lines.

Fig. 2. A fragment of the Endocyst, with one of the abortive hooks.

Fig. 3. Fully formed hooks from an Echinococcus-head, seen in profile and in

front.

Fig. 4. Secondary cyst still attached to the wall of the primary. The external

Echinococci are seen in various stages of extension and contraction ; the

internal Echinococci shine through the walls of the cyst.

Fig. 5. A similar cyst, with only one external Echinococcus. The relation of the

Endocyst to the laminated Ectocyst is well seen, and the budding Echi-

nococci on the inner surface of the former, which will eventually become

external heads of secondary cysts.

Pu, XXIX,

Fig. 6. A very small secondary cyst, with the remains of its pedicle above, and of

an external Echinococcus below.

Fig. 7. Secondary cyst burst at the upper part and allowing three of the internal

Echinococci to escape. The contrast of their appearance with the two

dark and withered external Echinococci is well-marked.

Fig. 8. Portion of the wall of a secondary cyst, showing the ramified vessels, and

the attachment of the internal Echinococci to its interior surface.

Fig. 9. A large secondary cyst with no external head, but with the remains of its

pedicle appearing as a brownish spot.

Diagrams :—Hypothetical representations of—A. a young Tenia; B. a Cenurus;

C. a Cysticercus; D. the same, encysted; E. a Cysticercus, encysted,

enlarged, and developing many heads (like Cenurus) from the upper

portion of its outer (now inner) surface; E. a similar form, which de-

velopes heads from the lower portion of its outer (now wholly outer)

surface, and so becomes an Echinococcus-cyst.

4. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES OF PALUDOMUS, A GENUS OF

FresuwaTer Mouuusscs. By Lovett Reeve, F.L.S.

1. Patupomus rupis. Pal. testa oblongo-ovata, solidiuscula,

spira breviuscula; anfractibus superne leviter depressis, undique

obsolete costellato-striatis ; apertura subampla, intus callosa ;

Susco-olivacea, immaculata, intus alba.

Hab. 2

A rather solid species, encircled with faint rib-like striz, and of a

uniform olive-brown colour.

2. Patupomus Trirasciatus. Pal. testa oblonga, spira sub-

elevata; anfractibus plano-conveuis, undique costellato-striatis ;

apertura parviuscula, intus vie callosa ; olivacea, fasciis tribus

nigricanti-fuscis subirregulariter cingulata.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges (Westermann).

It will be understood that the colour described in these species is

that of the epidermis; the substance of the shell in all is of a bluish

white, faintly stained with the bands, which are more strongly marked

in the interior.

127

3. Patupomus Paxuptnoipes. Pal. testa oblonga, spira sub-

elevata ; anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter lirato-striatis,

superne leviter depressis et marginatis ; apertura mediocri ;

virescenti-olivacea, rufo-nigricante irregulariter fasciata.

Hab. Sikkim branch of the Ganges (Capt. Bacon).

Characterized by a fine sculpture of close-set longitudinal lines.

4. PaLtupomus appreviatus. Pal. testa abbreviato-ovata,

solida, Neritineformi, spira brevissima; anfractibus superne

plano-declivibus, deinde convexis, levibus; apertura subampla;

olivacea, lineis duabus fuscis interdum obsolete cingulata,

aperture fauce fasciata.

Hab. Ceylon.

Of a solid Neritina-like form.

5. PALUDOMUS PHASIANINUS. Pal. testa ovato-turbinata, Litto-

rineformi, spira acuta; anfractibus convexis, levibus ; aper-

tura parviuscula ; alba, rufo-fusco undique longitudinaliter un-

dato-strigata.

Hab. Seychelles.

This has the form, and more of the general aspect of a Littorina

than of a Paludomus, but the aperture is characteristic of the latter

genus.

6. Patupomus maAurRus. Pal. testa subacuminato-turbinata,

spira prominente; anfractibus rotundatis, superne subexcavatis

et obsolete lineatis ; apertura parva ; castaneo-fusca, immacu-

lata.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges (Westermann).

A dark chestnut species of narrower, more acuminated growth.

7. Patupomus acurtus. Pal. testa acuminato-turbinata, spira

acuta; anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam excavatis et lineatis,

medio lineis incisis cingulatis ; apertura parva; virescenti-

olivacea.

Hab. near Pondicherry.

The apex of the shell, which in most species is eroded, is here

sharply developed. The whorls are characterized by being encircled

round the middle with conspicuous engraved lines.

8. Patupomus punctatus. Pal. testa acuminato-turbinata,

spira acuta; anfractibus convexis, lineis incisis, utrinque pecu-

liariter punctatis, cingulatis ; apertura parva ; olivacea, nigri-

cante hie illic maculata.

Hab. Mauritius (Sir David Barclay).

Curiously punctured on either side of the engraved lines, with which

the shell is encircled throughout.

9. Patupomus pecussatus. Pal. testa acuminato-oblonga,

tenuiuscula, spira subacuta; anfractibus convexis, striis minutis

longitudinalibus et transversis undique subtilissime decussatis ;

128

apertura parviuscula, oblonga ; virescenti-olivacea, fasctis tri-

bus rufo-nigricantibus cingulata.

Hab. Ceylon (Layard).

Chiefly characterized by its finely decussated surface.

10. Patupomus BaccuLa. Pal. testa oblongo-turbinata, spira

prominente, anfractibus plano-conveais, levigatis, vel, sub lente,

subtilissime striatis; apertura parva; olivacea, brunneo-nigro

tincta.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges (Westermann).

A small dark olive turbinated species, besmeared with shining

brown black.

11. Patupomus ERINACEUS. Pal. testa obovata, tenuiuscula,

anfractibus convexis, liris muricato-squamatis spiraliter cingu-

latis ; apertura subampla; atra, intus cerulescente, columella

et aperture limbo castaneo-nigris.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

This species is closely allied to P. loricatus, but proves to be di-

stinct in all stages of its growth. The shell represented in my mono-

graph of this genus (Conch. Icon. Paludomus, Pl.1. fg. 1a) as the

young of P. loricatus, is the young of this species. In P. erinaceus

the scales are always open, erect, and prickly. In P. loricatus they

are closed and nodular, and the shell is of a lighter olive brown.

Mr. Cuming possesses characteristic specimens of each species, from

the young to the adult.

12. Patupomus Layarpt. Pal. testa suboblongo-ovata, solida,

anfractibus convexis, superne declivibus, costis angustis levi-

bus, lira intermedia, spiraliter cingulatis ; castaneo-fusca ; aper-

tura subampla, intus alba, columella et aperture limbo fusco-

nigris.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

A fine solid species of large bold growth, encircled throughout

with narrow smooth ribs, having a fine linear ridge between them.

13. Patupomus «revs. Pal. testa ovata, solidiuscula ; anfrac-

tibus convexis, costis angustis annularibus subdistantibus cin-

gulatis; olivacea, strigis nigris undatis oblique picta; aper-

tura subampla, cerulescenti-nigro limbata.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

The ribs are more ring-like and distant than in the preceding spe-

cies, and the shell is of a lighter olive colour variegated with obliquely

waved black streaks.

14. Patrupomus pizatatus. Pal. testa suboblongo-ovata, spira

exsertiuscula; anfractibus rotundatis, superne vix depressis,

spiraliter obscure superficialiter liratis; intense nigricanti-

Susca, mmaculata ; apertura oblonga, inferne dilatata, intus

cerulescenti-alba, bi- vel tri-fasciata, nigro-limbata.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

Ik Teh

=) 1

ils

‘G

+?)

Te IA

IN.

129

Allied to P. Neritoides, but of a more oblong form, with a more

dilated aperture.

15. Panupomus constrictus. Pal. testa subpyramidali-ob-

longa, solida, spira exserta; anfractibus levibus vel obscuris-

sime sulcatis, superne concavo-constrictis; olivacea, fascia nigro-

punctata, moniliformi, versus apicem picta; apertura ovata,

callosa, alba.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

This differs from P. conicus, to which it is most nearly allied, chiefly

by its more oblong and constricted form.

16. Patupomus cuavatus. Pal. testa oblongo-ovata, utrinque

attenuata, crassa, ponderosa, spira breviuscula, conica; anfrac-

tibus levibus conico-declivibus ; nigricanti-olivacea; apertura

subdilatata, callosa, alba.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

Distinguished from P. ovatus in being more gradually attenuated

towards the apex.

17. Patupomus sicinctus. Pal. testa globosa vel oblongo-

globosa, longitudinaliter subobscure sulcato-striata, spira brevi ;

anfractibus convexis superne subdepressis, et minute spiraliter

sulcatis ; olivaceo-fusca, nigricante obscure bifasciata ; apertura

albida.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon (Layard).

Allied to P. decussatus, but of more acuminated growth.

5. On THE PatnTED Pic or THE Camaroons (PoTAMOCHERUS

PENICILLATUS).

By Joun Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. ere.

(Mammalia, Pl. XXXIV.)

This Pig was imported into Liverpool, where it remained some time,

being regarded as the common Cape “ Bosch Vark.’’ It was at length

purchased by the Society, and is one of the most interesting additions

made during the course of the present year to the very numerous

series of animals now in the Gardens.

It differs in colour and proportions from the Cape “ Bosch Vark,”

but like it belongs to a very distinct group of Pigs from those

found in Europe and Asia, and from the Badyrussa of the Malay

Islands.

In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for October

1852, I gave a short account of this animal, and formed a genus for

this group of African Pigs, to which I gave the name of Choiropota-

mus, describing the present species by the name of C. pictus, and it

is figured under this name in the ‘ Illustrated London News.’ Since

these notices were published, I have found that it will be necessary

to change both these names; the first because there is a genus of

No. CCXLVI.—ProcereEpinGs or THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

130

fossil animals described by Cuvier, which has been called Cheiropo-

tamus. I therefore propose to reverse the words and call the genus

Potamocherus. The specific name is changed because the pig appears

to have been described in 1848 from a specimen in the Museum of

the town of Basle in Switzerland, in a work which has not yet reached

this country, but a short abstract of the description has been copied

into a French Journal.

The group of Pigs (Sus, Cuvier) may be divided into three very

well-marked genera, distinguished by their external appearance, pecu-

harities in the skull, and by their geographical distribution, thus :—

Genus 1. Sus.

The ears rounded ; tail slender ; face conical, simple, or with a

small wart on each cheek ; the hinder upper part of the intermaxillary

bones simple; the upper canines coming out on the lower edge of

the maxilla and then recurved. Found wild in Europe and Asia, but

domesticated in all parts of the world.

This genus contains several species, and almost the whole of them

are found wild in the forest, whilst some of their descendants are

generally to be met with in a domesticated or semi-domesticated state.

This is the case with the Pigs found in the islands of the Indian Archi-

pelago, which have been regarded as distinct species.

I may state that it is exceedingly difficult to distinguish the species

of this genus, especially from the examination and comparison of the

skull. I have examined with care ten skulls of what I believe to be

the European Wild Boar and its offspring, grown in this country, at

the Cape of Good Hope, and at the Gambia, and twelve skulls of the

Wild Boar from Continental India, and though they offer considerable

variation, I cannot discover any constant easily-described character

by which I can distinguish the European and the Indian kinds from

each other, and this is the case with many other genera allied to the

Pigs. We have in the Zoological Gardens the Wild Boar of Europe

and a Wild Boar and Sow from Madras living side by side, and they

have all the appearance of being most distinct species, which may be

thus characterized :—

Sus APER.

Covered with crowded bristles, forming a crest on the withers ;

black speckled, with grey tips to the bristles; the legs hairy, black ;

hoofs black.

Hab. Europe, Germany.

Sus Inpicus.

Covered with scattered, more rigid bristles, more abundant on the

front part of the body ; pale grey, blackish on the outside of the

shoulders ; legs slender, covered with a few bristles ; hoofs white.

Female (perhaps half-bred).—Body rather more hairy ; the outer

front hoof of each hind foot black.

Sus Indicus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M.

Hab. India, Madras.

13]

The skulls of the Wild Hogs from Madras and the Himalaya in

the British Museum all appear larger, and have the hinder part of

the forehead not so high and dilated as in the common Domestic

Boar, much resembling the skull of the sows of that species. They

can scarcely be all from female animals of the Indian kind.

I may observe that the nasal bones of this genus appear to elongate

and occupy a greater part of the length of the face in the adult than

in the young animal. In the young they seldom extend beyond a line

even with the large foramen on the side of the face, but in the adult

they are generally produced much behind it.

Genus 2. Basyrussa.

The ears rounded ; tail and limbs slender ; face conical, simple ;

the hinder upper part of the intermaxillary bone smooth ; the upper

canines (in both sexes) coming out from the side of the jaw and bent

upwards from the base, and then arched backwards, sometimes even

spirally recurved. Hab. The Indian islands.

1. BaBYRUSSA ALFURUS.

Genus 3. PoTrAMOCH@RUS.

The ears elongate, suddenly tapering and ending in a pencil of hairs;

face elongate, with a long protuberance on each side halfway between

the nose and the eye; the tail thick, high up the rump; the upper

part of the intermaxillary bone swollen, rugose; the upper canines

arising from a prominent bony case on the side of the jaws, coming

out on the lower edge of the jaw and then recurved. Hab. Africa.

Koiropotamus, Gray, Cat. Mam. B.M. xxvii.

Choiropotamus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852 (not Cheiropota-

mus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss.).

1. Poramocua@rvus AFRICANUS.

Black ; cheeks whitish, with a large central black spot.

African Wild Boar, Daniel, African Scenery, t. 223.

Sus africanus, Schreb. Saugth. t. 327, head.

Sus larvatus, F. Cuvier, Mém. Mus. viii. 447. t. 22. Blainy. Os-

teog. xxi. t. OAL t. 8 f.

Choiropotamus africanus, Gray, List Mam. B.M. 185.

Choiropotamus larvatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852.

Sus koiropotamus, Des Moul. Dict. Class. H. N. Atlas, t. 72.

All the specimens which have come under my notice are coloured

as above described. But Dr. Andrew Smith (Zool. South Africa)

observes, scarcely any two specimens are of the same colour; some

are brownish black, variegated with white, and others almost entirely

uniform light reddish brown.

2. PorAMOCH@RUS PENICILLATUS (Mammalia, Pl. XXXIV).

Bright red bay ; face, forehead, ears and a large spot on the front

of the legs black ; edge of the ears, whiskers, streaks over and under

the eye, and a continued sub-crested streak along the middle of the

132

back white; hair of the back short (black at the base), of the sides

and whiskers elongate ; tail very long, thick.

Sus penicillatus, Schinz, Monog. Saugth. 1848, fide Rev. Zool.

1848, 152.*

Choiropotamus pictus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1852.

Painted Pig of the Camaroons, Mlustrated News, 1852.

Hab. W. Africa. River Camaroon. ‘Gold Coast, Mus. Basle,”’

fide Schinz.

A fine male of this species has been living in the Gardens of the

Zoological Society since September 1852.

6. On THE Horns or THE SaNnGA, OR GALLA Oxen, or GIBBA.

By J. E. Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

Dr. Gray brought before the Society a pair of horns of these

oxen, which the British Museum had lately purchased at the sale of

the property of the late Earl of Mountnorris, at Arley Hall.

They are the pair mentioned by Mr. Salt in his ‘ Voyage to Abys-

sinia,’ at p. 258, 4to edit. 1844, where he observes :

“‘There (Gibba) for the first time I was gratified by the sight of

the Galla Oxen, or Sanga, celebrated throughout Abyssinia for the

remarkable size of their horns. Three of these animals were grazing

among the other cattle in perfect health, which circumstance, to-

gether with the testimony of the natives, ‘that the size of the horn

is In no instance occasioned by disease,’ completely refutes the fan-

ciful theory given by Mr. Bruce respecting this creature.

“The Ras having subsequently made me a present of three of

these animals alive, I found them not only in excellent health, but

so exceedingly wild, that I was obliged to have them shot.

‘The horns of one of these are now deposited in the Museum of

the College of Surgeons, and a still larger pair are placed in the

Collection of Lord Valentia, at Arley Hall. The length of the

largest horn of this description which I met with was nearly four

feet, and its circumference at the base twenty-five inches.

“‘T shall only further observe that its colour appears to vary as

much as in the other species of its genus; and that the peculiarity in

the size of the horns was not confined to the male, the female being

very amply provided with this ornamental appendage on her fore-

Rie pp- 258, 259. See also Bruce’s ‘ Voyage,’ App. 1. Letters

9 & 10.”

Dr. Gray observes that the horns are shorter, and more curved

and lyrated than the figure engraved in t. 19, at p. 259 of Salt’s

‘ Travels in Abyssinia,’ which also appears to make them bear a larger

proportion to the size of the animal than the specimen suggests ; and

they are quite as remarkable for their erect position on the forehead

as for their size.

* I have seen the specimen in the Basle Museum, and it is certainly the spe-

cies here described, only differing a little in the depth of the colouring.—J. E. G.

133

They and the core which supports them are very light, compared

to their size, and not half the weight of the smaller wide- spreading

horns of the long-horned Cape Waggon Oxen. The horns are thin,

pale coloured, and of a loose texture, being worn and fibrous on the

surface in several parts.

In the lightness and very cellular structure of the core, the thin-

ness of the horny coat, and the large size, they agree with the pair

of horns in the British Museum brought from Central Africa by Cap-

tain Clapperton, R.N., and Major Denham, R.E., which are figured

in Griffiths’ ‘Animal Kingdom,’ vol. iv. t. 201. f. 4; but these horns

are shorter and much larger in diameter, and are spread out on the

sides of the head like those of the Gitta Domestic Oxen, and they

are very much lighter for their size than those of the Galla Oxen or

Sanga.

Sir Richard Vivian has kindly informed me that he has seen a breed

of cattle in Italy, with the horns rather erect, somewhat resembling

those of the Sanga in position.

7. Description or A New GENvs AND SOME New SPECIES

oF TORTOISES.

By Joun Epwarp Gray, Pu.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. erc.

Fam. 1. Emypip.

1. Manovuria, 2. g.

Animal unknown. Shell rather depressed ; caudal plates double,

separate ; sternum solid, broad, produced and slightly nicked in

front, notched behind, with only five pairs of broad shields ; pectoral

shields short, subtriangular, only occupying the angle between the

outer edge of the humeral and abdominal shields; axillary shields

small, inguinal larger; the areola of the discal shields central.

The depressed form and divided caudal plates induce me to place

this genus in Lmydide. In external appearance it much resembles

the North American Land Tortoise, Testudo gopher, but it is at once

known from that species, and all the other genera of Testudinide,

Emydide and Chelydide, by the peculiar form of the pectoral shields,

which at first sight might be mistaken for a very large-sized inguinal

shield, if that plate were not also present.

In this respect it somewhat resembles the genus Kinosternon, but

there the shield is only narrower at the inner end, and rather nearer

to the centre of the sternum.

Various genera of Testudinide have the pectoral plate much

smaller than the others; and perhaps the small size of the pectoral

shield in this genus shows its affinity among the Hmydide to that

famil

If 1 were not for the irregular division of the caudal plates, and the

form of the pectoral plate, it might be regarded as nearly allied to

the very variable Testudo Indica.

134

1. MANoURIA FUSCA.

Pale brown, nearly uniform ; discal shields concentrically grooved,

with a central areola ; the anterior and posterior lateral margins acute,

slightly sinuated and rather bent up; the humeral and abdominal

plates longer than broad, the abdominal very large; the gular pro-

duced, narrowed in front.

Hab. Singapore.

Unfortunately we only possess a single very imperfect specimen of

this very interesting Tortoise, wanting several of the discal shields.

2. EMYS LATICEPS.

Shell pale olive, yellowish beneath ; sides rounded, hinder lateral

margin rather expanded and recurved, hinder end rather compressed

above; shields thin, transparent, inferior plates with a narrow black

edge; head large, short, broad, covered with a smooth skin; neck

with very narrow yellow lines.

Hab. West Africa, River Gambia (M. Castang).

This is the only Emys yet found in West Africa, and is easily

known by its short broad head.

Fam. 2. CHELYDID.

3. HyDROMEDUSA SUBDEPRESSA.

Shell oblong, depressed, dark brown, entire, rounded in front,

rather angular behind; nuchal plate short, broader than the post-

vertebral ; .post-vertebral square, as long as broad, with the front

angles produced; sternum pale brown; gular plates short, unequal ;

head grey ; lips and beneath white; neck with small conical warts.

Hab. Brazils.

There is in the British Museum collection a single adult specimen

of this species, which has some of the plates of the back and ster-

num divided into a number of small roundish shields.

The specimen was sent from Brazil to Mr. Brandt of Hamburg,

who transmitted it to the Museum. It may be only a variety of _

H. flavilabris, but the nuchal and post-vertebral shields are very

differently shaped.

4. Hypraspis Spixu, Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 30.

Shell oblong, depressed ; middle of the back flat ; marginal shields

very broad in front, narrow and bent up on the sides, broader and

arched over the hind legs; the post-vertebral shield large, as wide as

long; third and fourth narrow, longer than broad; the fourth and

fifth with an acute keel on the hinder edge; sternum rather broad ;

head very large, crown and temples covered with small shields ; ears

prominent ; neck smooth; lower part of the outer edge of the hind

leg with four larger plates, the last compressed and largest.

Hab. Brazils, Para.

There is an adult stuffed specimen, and a skeleton of nearly the

same size, of this species in the British Museum collection.

This species is very like H. gibéa, but the back is more depressed,

135

the margin much wider, the head nearly double the size, compared

with the size of the body, and the scales on the head are small, more

numerous and more equal in size, and those on the edge of the hinder

legs are larger and more equal in size.

Fam. 3. Trionycip&.

CycLanorsis PETERSII.

Shell broad, rownded before and behind ; sternal callosities five.

Hab. West Africa, River Gambia.

This genus was proposed by Dr. Peters, on his return from Mo-

zambique, for a soft Tortoise which he discovered in that country,

which has flaps to the sides of the sternum, covering the legs like the

Amyde of Asia, but differs from these in having no bones on the mar-

gin of the dorsal disk, which is soft and flexible as in the Trionyces

with exposed legs.

This species from the Gambia appears to be distinct from the one

noticed by Dr. Peters in Mozambique; I have therefore named it

after that excellent naturalist, who has made such sacrifices for the

ae a of our knowledge of natural history, and of zoology in par-

ticular.

8. Descriptions or FourtEEN New Species or LAND SHELLS,

FROM THE COLLECTION OF HuGu Cuming, Esa.

By Dr. L. PFeirrer.

1. Hexuix sisutcata, Pfr. H. testa late umbilicata, convexo-

depressa, solidula, spiraliter et minutissime oblique striata, nitida,

fulvo-castanea ; spira breviter conoideo-convexa, apice obtusula ;

sutura impressa; anfr. 64 convexiusculis, ultimo multo latiore,

peripheria obsolete angulato, antice non descendente, basi plano,

circa umbilicum subcompresso, utringue medio impresso-sulcato ;

apertura parva, parum obliqua, subtriangulato-lunari ; perist.

subsimplice, marginibus vix conniventibus, dextro recto, declivi,

basali leviter arcuato, subincrassato.

Diam. maj. 29, min. 25, alt. 13 mil.

Hab. in Tasmania.

2. Hevrx Merziana, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, conoidea, tenui-

uscula, superne subtiliter ruguloso-striata, fusca, strigis et maculis

lutescentibus marmorata ; spira convexo-conoidea, obtusula ; su-

tura impressa, marginata; anfr. 5% conveviusculis, ultimo acute

carinato, antice non descendente, basi subplano, minute striato,

flavido, juxta carinam compressam castaneo-unifasciato ; umbilico

latiusculo, extus subinfundibuliformi ; apertura perobliqua, secu-

riformi, intus iridescente ; perist. subconnivente, margine dextro

tenui, antrorsum curvato, subdepresso, columellari et basali per-

arcuatis, subincrassatis.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, alt. 94 mill.

Hab. §. Cristoval ins. Salomonis.

136

3. Hexrx cosruxosa, Pfr. A. testa umbilicata, solidiuscula,

conoidea, carinata, oblique subtiliter costulosa, alba, epidermide

lutescente induta; spira regulariter conoidea, obtusula; sutura

impressa ; anfr. 65, vix convexis, ultimo non descendente, remote

subvaricoso, basi paulo convexiore ; umbilico subangusto, pervio;

apertura obliqua, sublunata ; perist. obtuso, marginibus remotis,

supero recto, basali substricto, breviter refleco, ad columellam

subito ascendente, dilatato.

Diam. maj. 173, min. 153, alt. 10 mill.

Hab. in insulis Salomonis.

4. Burtimus Iris, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, ovato-conica, soli-

dula, rugoso-striata, sub epidermide decidua, fulvida, cerulescente,

strigis albidis et angustis spadiceis ornata ; spira conica, apice

pallida, obtusula; anfract. 5, supremis planis, ultimo 2% longitu-

dinis equante, ventroso, basi late carinuto, carina utringque linea

impressa marginata ; columella substricta, alba, callosa ; apertura

viz obliqua, ovali, basi angulata, intus cerulescente ; peristom.

subincrassato, breviter expanso, marginibus callo albo junctis.

Long. 64, diam. 32 mill.

Hab. La Ceja, Rio Negro Nove Grenade (Bland).

5. Butimus FiEexvosvs, Pfr. B. testa compresse umbilicata,

oblongo-turrita, tenuiuscula, sublevigata, obsolete punctato-striata,

subopaca, albida, strigis spadiceis in ziczac flexis, albo-punctatis,

Sfasciisque nigricantibus, altera mediana, aitera basali ornata ;

spira elongato-conica, apice obtusula ; anfract.7, modice convezis,

ultimo spira breviore, basi rotundato, pone aperturam striga

lutescente cincto ; columella vix plicata, lilacea ; apertura parum

obliqua, oblongo-ovali, intus lilacina ; perist. albo, tenui, undique

dilatato, margine dextro expanso, columellari patente.

Long. 40, diam. 14 mill.

Hab. Marinato Novee Grenade.

6. Butimus Baraneuituanus, Pfr. B. testa compresse umbili-

cata, ovato-pyramidali, tenuiuscula, striatula, vix nitidula, lutes-

centi-albida, strigis subrectis, angustis, fulvis irregulariter signa-

ta; spira elongato-conica, acutiuscula ; sutura levi ; anfractibus 7,

planiusculis, ultimo spiram superante, convexo, antice subascen-

dente, basi subcompresso, pone aperturam striga extus cerulescente,

intus spadicea, cincto; columella leviter arcuata, superne subplicata;

apertura ampla, verticalt, elliptico-ovali ; peristomate tenui, dila-

tato, margine dextro expanso, columellari late reflexo, patente.

Long. 32, diam. 133 mill.

Hab. Baranguilla in Andibus Columbianis (Bland).

7. Butimus ascenpDENS, Pfr. 8B. testa imperforata, ovato-ob-

longa, solida, irregulariter striata et lineis impressis spiralibus

obsolete decussata, parum nitida, fulva, strigis sparsis castaneis

ornata ; spira elongata, convexa, obtusa ; sutura simplice, anfrac-

tuum superiorum levi,ultimorum profunda ; anfractibus 7-8, superis

137

planis, sequentibus convexiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis equante,

rotundato, antice subascendente ; columella alba, subverticali,

superne leviter plicata; apertura angusta, subelliptica, intus albida ;

peristomate leviter incrassato, recto.

Long. 95, diam. 34 mill.

Hab. in Brasilia.

8. Buiimus Acuitues, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, oblongo-ovata,

solida, longitudinaliter striatula, striis remotioribus spiralibus

subdecussata, vix nitidula, fusco-olivacea, strigis saturate rufis, ad

suturam dilatatis ornata; spira convexo-conica, superne rufula,

apice obtusula ; sutura levi, anfractus ultimi crenulata et margi-

nata ; anfract. 64, vix convexiusculis, ultimo spiram equante, an-

tice subascendente, basi attenuato ; columella alba, superne sub-

torta, basi vir recedente; apertura vix obliqua, semiovali, intus

cinerea, nitida; peristom. albo, vix incrassato, recto, margine

dextro repando.

Long. 57, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. in ripis fluvii Amazonum.

9. Butimus Reaurent, Pfr. B. testa oblongo-ovata, tenuiuscula,

longitudinaliter confertim striata, parum nitente, olivaceo-fusca,

ad suturam rufo-submaculata ; spira conica, apice obtuso, subim-

merso ; sutura submarginata ; anfract. 5, convexiusculis, celeriter

accrescentibus, ultimo spira vix breviore, obsoletius striato ; colu-

mella callosa, leviter arcuata, ad basin aperture oblique, ovalis,

obsolete truncatula ; peristom. simplice, recto, intus fusco-limbato.

Long. 62, diam. 26 mill.

ab. in Brasilia.

10. Butimus Fortune, Pfr. 3B. testa vir subperforata, turrita,

solidula, longitudinaliter confertim costulato-striata, vix nitidula,

subdiaphana, cerea; spira regulariter turrita, obtusa ; anfract.

74, convexiusculis, ullimo 4 longitudinis subequante, basi rotun-

dato ; columella leviter arcuata; apertura obliqua, ovali, bast

rotundata ; peristom. simplice, recto, margine dextro repando,

columellari anguste fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 11, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. Shang Hi, Chine (Fortune).

11. Parruxta Satomonts, Pfr. P. testa subumbilicata, ovato-co-

nica, solidula, longitudinaliter distincte et confertim striata, sub

epidermide decidua, fulva, alba; spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura

levissime crenulata; anfract. 5, convexis, ultimo 2 longitudinis

a@quante, basi rotundata ; columella leviter arcuata, medio subpli-

cata; apertura fere verticali, auriformi-oblonga ; peristom. auran-

tiaco, labiato, margine dextro substricto, breviter expanso, superne

curvato, columellari perdilatato, patente.

Long. 34, diam. 18 mill.

Hab. in insulis Salomonis.

138

12. Partuta REeeveana, Pfr. P.testa anguste umbilicata, ovato-

conica, solida, longitudinaliter striatula, carnea, epidermide fulva,

strigata ; spira elongato-conica, apice rubicunda, obtusula ; sutura

mediocri ; anfract. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spira breviore, turgido,

basi saccato ; pariete aperturali dente magis minusve distincto

munito ; columella vix plicata ; apertura verticali, oblonga, oblique

truncata ; peristom. calloso, roseo, expanso, margine dextro sub-

stricto, columellari dilatato, reflexo.

Long. 213, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in insulis Salomonis.

13. Parruxa micans, Pfr. P. testa profunde rimata, subperfo-

rata, ovato-conica, tenui, striis incrementi confertis et lineis spi-

ralibus distincte decussata, diaphana, nitidula, pallide cornea ;

spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura profunda ; anfract. fere 5, con-

vexis, ultimo spiram equante, basi rotundato; columella leviter

arcuata; apertura vix obliqua, oblongo-ovali ; peristom. albido,

expanso, acuto, marginibus conniventibus, columellari dilatato,

patente.

Long. 15, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. in insulis Salamonis.

14. Cuausizia SHaneurensis, Pfr. Cl. testa subrimata, fusi-

formi-turrita, solidula, oblique striatula, castaneo-fusca, nitidula ;

spira turrita, acutiuscula ; sutura levi, simplice ; anfract. 10, vix

convexiusculis, ultimo antice validius striato, basi tumido ; aper-

tura subrotundo-pyriformi ; lamellis mediocribus, intus perapprozi-

matis ; lunella brevi, arcuata ; plica palatali | supera, subelongata,

subcolumellari, inconspicua ; peristom. albo, continuo, superne

breviter soluto, undique anguste expanso.

Long. 17, diam. 43 mill.

Hab. Shang Hi, Chine (Fortune).

9. Descriptions OF TwENTy-FouR New Species or LAnp

SHELLS, COLLECTED By M. SALLt on THE ISLAND OF

St. Dominco, rrom Mr. Cumine’s Coutection. By Dr.

L. PreirreR.

(Mollusca, Pl. XIII.)

1. Hexrx Poapra, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, conoideo-

depressa, tenui, irregulariter striata, pellucida, nitidissima,

fulvo-cornea; spira brevi, obtusula; sutura impressa; anfr. 5,

convexiusculis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo antice deflexo,

basi planiusculo ; apertura perobliqua, truncato-ovali ; perist.

subsimplice, marginibus vix conniventibus, supero recto, ba-

sali incrassato, ad regionem umbilicalem sensim dilatato, ad-

nato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 83 mill.

139

2. Heurx prutinosa, Pfr. H. testa perforata, globoso-depressa,

tenui, oblique subconfertim filoso-plicata, diaphana, rufa, non

nitente, quasi pruinosa; spira breviter conoidea, acutiuscula ;

sutura profunda ; anfr. 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato, antice

viz descendente ; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ; perist.

tenui, marginibus subconniventibus, supero recto, basali leviter

arcuato, reflexiusculo, columellari paulo latius reflexo.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 82, alt. 63 mill.

3. Hetrx srrumosa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenui,

oblique costulata, diaphana, vix nitidula, carneo-rufa, fascia

pallida, utrinque rufo-marginata, ornata; spira vix elevata,

obtusula ; sutura profunda; anfr. 44, convexiusculis, sensim

accrescentibus, ultimo superne subangulato, antice deflexo, pone

aperturam strumoso et strangulato, basi convexo ; umbilico

mediocri, infundibuliformi ; apertura perobliqua, lunato-ovali,

intus nitida; perist. tenui, marginibus approximatis, supero

valde curvato, expansiusculo, basali breviter reflexo, intus plica

obliqua munito.

Diam. maj. 163, min. 132, alt. 7 mill.

4. Buximus Tenvurp.icatus, Pfr. B. testa subrimata, oblongo-

turrita, solidula, longitudinaliter subarcuatim tenuiplicata,

opaca, eretacea, strigis castaneis interruptis vel triserratis

ornata; spira elongata, subcurvilineari, apice acuta, nigra;

sutura subsimplice ; anfr. 12, convexiusculis, ultimo paulo an-

gustiore, rotundato, 4 longitudinis subequante, basi castaneo-

bifasciato ; columella obsolete plicata; apertura subverticali,

lunato-rotundata; perist. tenui, marginibus conniventibus,

dextro sinuoso, filoso-expansiusculo, columellari dilatato, pa-

tente.

Long. 18, diam. 64 mill.

5. Butrmus Lupovict, Pfr. B. testa breviter rimata, subfusi-

formi-turrita, solida, leviter striata, vix nitidula, cretacea,

maculis oblongis, fusco-corneis sparse variegata; spira vie curvi-

lineart, turrita, apice acutiuscula, lutescente ; sutura profunda,

simplice ; anfr. 12, convewis, ultimo angustiore, % longitudinis

equante, basi attenuato, juxta rimam subcompresso ; columella

superne subtorta; apertura subverticali, lunato-rotundata ;

perist. tenui, marginibus conniventibus, dextro subrepando, ex-

pansiusculo, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 17, diam. 5 mill.

6. Butimus cyrtropLeurvs, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, ob-

longo-turrita, solidula, valide arcuato-costata, nitidula, alba,

maculis rotundis, fusco-corneis, suboblique seriatis picta ; spira

subcurvilineari, turrita, apice acuta, pallide cornea; sutura

simplice ; anfr. 12, modice convexis, ultimo vix angustiore,

4 longitudinis via superante, subtiliter filo-carinato, fascia an-

140

gusta, basali, cornea signato; columella levissime plicata; aper-

tura subobliqua, lunato-subcirculari ; perist. tenui, marginibus

subconvergentibus, dextro perarcuato, vix expansiusculo, colu-

mellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 15, diam. 4# mill.

7. Butimus Hermannyt, Pfr. 3B. testa subperforata, cylindra-

ceo-turrita, tenut, oblique plicatula, nitidula, albida, strigis

obliquis et punctis corners, pellucidis variegata; spira elon-

gata, supra medium sensim in conum apice acutum, corneum

attenuata; sutura levi, regulariter crenata; anfr. 10, vix con-

vexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, + longitudinis vix superante ;

columella subplicata ; apertura parum obliqua, lunato-rotun-

data; perist. tenui, marginibus subconniventibus, dextro filoso-

expansiusculo, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 12, diam. 44 mill.

8. AcuatTina Ricuarop1, Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 10.) 4. testa

ventroso-subfusiformi, tenuiuscula, plicis confertis longitudina-

libus, infra medium anfr. ultimi obsoletis, lineisque spiralibus

confertis undique sculpta, diaphana, corneo-fulva, strigis latis,

angulosis et dentatis, saturate castaneis, maculisque minoribus

Suscis, picta ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura impressa, cre-

nato-marginata ; anfr. 7, superis planiusculis, sequentibus con-

vexiusculis, ultimo spiram subequante vel superante, basi sub-

attenuato; columella callosa, subverticali, leviter torta, basi

via truncata; apertura verticali, rhombeo-semiovali ; perist.

simplice, margine dextro antrorsum leviter arcuato.

Long. 28, diam. 11 mill.

9. CyninpreLia Menxkeana, Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 7.) C. testa

breviter rimata, oblongo-ovata, superne in conum acutiusculum,

plerumque subtruncatum producta, subtilissime arcuato-striata,

sublevigata, nitida, alba, strigis irregularibus corneis notata ;

sutura levi, pliculato-crenata ; anfr. (integris) 14, vix con-

vexiusculis, ultimo angustiore, basi compresse filo-carinato, an-

tice vie soluto; apertura subobliqua, subcirculari, plica levi

columella subcoarctata ; perist. continuo, undique breviter ex-

panso et reflexiusculo, superne via libero.

Long. 31, diam. 12 mill.

10. CyLINDRELLA MALLEATA, Pfr. O. testa breviter rimata,

subcylindracea, sursum attenuata, truncata, solidula, minute

malleato-punctata, alba; sutura levissime crenulata; anfr.

superst. 10, planiusculis, supremis pallide carneis, striatis,

sequentibus subequalibus, ultimo angustiore, basi carina com-

pressa, funiformi munito, antice vix soluto; apertura vie ob-

liqua, subrotunda, basi canaliculata; perist. continuo, albo,

undique eapansiusculo et reflexo.

Long. 31, diam. 8 mill.

14]

1]. CyLINDRELLA FLAMMULATA, Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 8.) C. testa

breviter rimata, subcylindracea, medio paulo ventrosiore, su-

perne truncata, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, flammis latis, cor-

neis et opacis, lacteis variegata; sutura levi, remote et obsolete

nodosa ; anfr. superst. 10, convexiusculis, ultimo paulo angus-

tiore, basi carina subcompressa, funiformi, denticulata munito,

antice striato, non soluto; apertura subobliqua, subcirculari,

basi vix canaliculata ; perist. vix continuo, albo, expanso et re-

flexiusculo, superne appresso, subinterrupto.

Long. 28, diam. 8 mill.

12. CyLINDRELLA PUNCTURATA, Pfr. C. testa breviter rimata,

pupeformi, subcylindracea, sursum attenuata, truncata, soli-

dula, griseo-albida, nitidula, punctis impressis corneis dense ob-

sita; sutura viz impressa, nodis transverse oblongis, candidis,

confertis ornata; anfr. superst. 9, planis, ultimo angustiore,

antice subascendente, non soluto, ruguloso-striato, basi carina

Suniformi munito; apertura obliqua, subcirculari, transverse

subdilatata ; perist. albo, expanso, reflexiusculo, superne inter-

rupto, marginibus approximatis.

Long. 18, diam. 63 mill.

13. Hexicina SALLEANA, Pfr. H. testa conoideo-subdepressa,

tenui, striatula et obsolete subgranulata, diaphana, nitida, pur-

purascenti-fusca; spira conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. fere 5,

convexiusculis, ultimo latiore, peripheria subangulato; aper-

tura parum obliqua, subtriangulari; columella substricta, bre-

viter recedente; perist. tenui, marginibus callo basali lato,

semiovali junctis, supero expansinsculo, basali in limbum latum,

membranaceum, nigro-rufum refleco, cum columella angulum

formante.—Operc. terminale, subtriangulare, albidum.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 74, alt. 53 mill.

14, Hexicina oxeosa, Pfr. H. testa depresso-turbinata, tenuius-

cula, striatula, diaphana, oleoso-micante, griseo-fulvida ; spira

conoidea, viv acutiuscula ; anfr.5, convexis, ultimo magno, bast

parum convexo, juxta columellam impresso ; columella brevi,

stricta, subrecedente, filari, callum emittente tenuissimum, sub-

granulosum ; apertura parum obliqua, subtriangulari-semiovali ;

perist. tenui, breviter refleco, margine basali cum columella an-

gulum formante.—Operc. solidiusculum, margaritaceum.

Diam. maj. 71, min. vix 6, alt. 5 mill.

15. Hexictna cincuuata, Pfr. H. testa conoideo-globosa, soli-

diuscula, subconfertim spiraliter striata, opaca, carneo-albida,

luteo-bicingulata ; spira lutea, convexo-conoidea, apice acutius-

cula; anfr. 54, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato ; columella

brevi, verticali, basi subdentata, callum emittente tenuem sub-

circumscriptum ; apertura vix obliqua, semiovali; perist. sim-

plice, recto, margine basali leviter areuato, cum columella an-

gulum formante.

Diam. maj. 73, min. 62, alt. 5 mill.

142

16. Cyctostoma Apotri (CHoaNnopoma), Pfr. C. testa wmbi-

licata, conoideo-semiglobosa, tenuiuscula, lineis elevatis radian-

tibus et spiralibus regulariter granulato-decussata, diaphana,

Sulvida, lineis interruptis rufis cincta ; spira convexo-conordea,

mucronulata; sutura irregulariter et remote nodoso-crenata ;

anfr. 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato, circa umbilicum medio-

erem carinis pluribus munito; apertura subobliqua, circulart ;

perist. duplice, interno continuo, breviter porrecto, externo

patente, concentrice striato, subundulato, rufo-radiato, superne

_in auriculam fornicatim dilatato.—Operc. testaceum, lamella

spirali libera.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 63, alt. 42 mill.

17. CycLtostoma NoBILe (Tupora), Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 2.)

C. testa perforata, ovato-turrita, solida, longitudinaliter con-

Sertim filoso-plicata, parum nitida, fusco-violacea ; sptra elon-

gato-conica, integra, obtusula; sutura confertissime albo-crenu-

‘lata; anfr. 7, modice convexis, ultimo antice breviter soluto,

basi concentrice striato ; apertura verticali, irregulariter ovali,

intus fusca; perist. albo, duplice, interno breviter porrecto,

expansiusculo, externo undique breviter patente ; marginibus

superne angulatim junctis, columellari levissime arcuato.—

Operc. Tudore.

Long. 32, diam. 15 mill.

18. CycLostoMaA cINcLIDODES (Cistuta), Pfr. C. testa sub-

imperforata, ovato-oblonga, truncata, solida, lineis spiralibus

elevatis et paulo confertioribus longitudinalibus nodoso-cla-

thrata, opaca, fulvido- vel griseo-albida, lineolis interruptis

rufis sparse notata; sutura fasciculatim crenata; anfr. su-

perst. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto, bast

distinctius spiraliter sulcato; apertura vix obliqua, angulato-

ovali ; perist. albo, duplice, interno porrecto, externo brevis-

sime patente, undulato, superne in angulum producto.—Operc.

Cistule.

Long. 11, diam. 5 mill.

19. CycLostoma MAGNIFICUM, Sallé MSS. (CHonpRopoma),

Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 3.) C. testa perforata, ovato-conica, tenui,

longitudinaliter plicato-striata, diaphana, parum nitente, al-

bida unicolore vel teniis varie interruptis castaneis, media

latissima, ex strigis angulatis formata, ornata; spira tumida,

apice subtruncata; sutura simplice; anfr. superst. 5, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo rotundato; apertura verticali, ovali ; pe-

rist. simplice, nitido, albo, castaneo-maculato, superne cuculla-

tim dilatato, ad anfr. penultimum breviter adnato, angustato,

ad perforationem sinuato, tum in linguam patentem dilatato,

margine dextro et basali fornicatim late reflexis.—Operc. pal-

lidum.

Long. 29, diam. 15 mill.

20. Cyctosroma Loweanum (CHonprRoroma), Pfr. C. testa

143

perforata, ovato-turrita, sepe truncata, tenuiuscula, lineis ele-

vatis spiralibus, confertioribusque longitudinalibus illas trans-

gredientibus (decima quavis vel undecima plerumque vali-

dioribus) sculpta, albida, fusco marmorata et irregulariter

strigata ; sutura dense crenulata; anfr. 7, convexiusculis, 2

ultimis turgidis, ultimo antice soluto, dorso acute carinato ;

apertura subobliqua, angulato-ovali ; perist. simplice, continuo,

undique expansiusculo, superne angulatim producto.—Operc.

Susco-luteum.

Long. 17, diam. 83 mill.

21. CycLosroma rusarcum (CHonpRopoma), Pfr. C. testa

subperforata, ovata, ventrosa, tenuiuscula, longitudinaliter

confertissime plicata, vie nitida, diaphana, pallide isabellina,

lineis interruptis rufis interdum cincta ; spira convexo-conica,

breviter truncata; .sutura subsimplice ; anfr. superst. 4, con-

vexis, ultimo penultimum vix superante, antice brevissime so-

luto, basi liris nonnullis spiralibus sculpto ; apertura via obli-

qua, angulato-ovali; perist. simplice, expansiusculo, margini-

bus superne in angulum acutum junctis, sinistro leviter arcuato.

—Operc. normale.

Long. 13, diam. 71 mill.

22. CycLosTtoMA stMPLEX (CHonprRopoma), Pfr. C. testa sub-

perforata, oblonga, truncata, solidula, lineis spiralibus eleva-

tis, longitudinalibusque confertissimis illas transgredientibus

sculpta, vix nitidula, pallide aurantiaca, lineis rufis strigatim

interruptis picta; sutura subsimplice ; anfr. superst. 43, con-

vexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo rotundato, basi distinctius

spiraliter sulcato, antice subsoluto; apertura vertical, angu-

lato-ovali; perist. simplice, continuo, vix expansiusculo, mar-

ginibus superne in angulum productum junctis.—Opere. fusco-

luteum.

Long. 113, diam. 5 mill.

23. CycLostomA HEMIoTUM (CHoNDROPOMA), Pfr. C. testa

perforata, oblongo-turrita, tenuiuscula, lineis spiralibus obso-

lete elevatis, longitudinalibusque confertissimis (10-12 in fasci-

culum junetis) levissime clathrata, non nitente, fusculo-albida,

plerumque lineis interruptis rufis et fascia | rufa, latiore, infra-

mediana ornata; spira subtruncata; sutura confertim denti-

culata; anfr. 5-7, convexiusculis, ultimo antice breviter soluto,

dorso carinato; apertura subverticali, ovali; perist. subdupli-

cato, interno continuo, expansiusculo, externo a medio marginis

dextri descendente, breviter patente, medio marginis sinistri in

auriculam subundulatam terminato.—Opere. normale.

Long. 16, diam. 72 mill.

24. CycLostoMA BLANDUM (CHONDROPOMA), Pfr. C. testa

subperforata, ovato-turrita, truncata, solidula, lineis elevatis

spiralibus, confertioribusque longitudinalibus illas transgredi-

144

entibus sculpta, diaphana, nitidula, fusco-violacea vel albida,

strigis et lineolis rufis wregulariter picta; sutura simplice ;

anfr. superst. 4, convexis, ultimo rotundato, basi fortius spira-

liter striato; apertura verticali, ovali; perist. albo, duplice,

interno breviter porrecto, externo undique horizontaliter et

breviter patente, minute undulato, superne angulato-dilatato,

ad anfr. penult. breviter exciso.— Operc. normale.

Long. 18, diam. 9} mill.

10. Descriptions OF FouRTEEN New SPECIES OF OPERCULATED

Lanp-SHELLS, rRom Mr, Cumrine’s CoLLEcTION.

By Dr. L. PFerrrer.

(Mollusca, Pl. XIII.)

1. CycLostoma LEUCosTomuM (CycLopHorvs), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique confertissime

striata et liris permultis obtusis spiralibus (nonnullis validi-

oribus) sculpta, castaneo-fulva, strigis albis angulatis irregu-

lariter flammulata ; spira turbinata, apice obtusula; anf. 44

convents, ultimo circa umbilicum angustum, pervium, albo ; aper-

tura parum obliqua, circulari, intus alba; perist. simplice,

subincrassato, albo, breviter adnato, marginibus superne suban-

gulatim junctis, columellari subdilatato, patente.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 16 mill.

Locality unknown.

2. CycLostoma AMBOINENSE (CycLopHorus), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, turbinato-depressa, solida, levigata, castaneo-fulva,

guttis albis ad peripheriam fasciam interruptam formantibus

aspersa ; spira convexo-conoidea, obtusula; anfr. 43 convexis,

ultimo rotundato, basi pallidiore ; umbilico angusto, pervio ;

apertura parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus pallida ; perist. sim-

plice, subincrassato, vie expansiusculo, marginibus superne sub-

angulatim junctis.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 10 mill.

B. minor. castanea, albida sparse strigata et subfasciata.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 114, alt. 83 mill.

From Amboyna.

3. Cyctostoma Barrpi (Cyctopnorvs), Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 1.)

C. testa late umbilicata, depressa, subdiscoidea, solida, spi-

raliter confertim striata, fulvo-lutea, strigis crebris angulatis

castaneis picta ; spira vie elevata, medio subprominula ; anfr.

43, convexiusculis, ultimo subdepresso, peripheria obsoletissime

angulato et fascia castanea ornato ; umbilico aperto, 3 diametri

paulo superante; apertura obliqua, subangulato-rotundata,

intus alba; perist. subsimplice, continuo, breviter adnato, ex-

pansiusculo, superne angulatim subproducto.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 20, alt. 9 mill.

From Ceylon.

145

4. Cyctostoma sicoLor (Lepropoma), Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 9.)

C. testa perforata, globoso-turbinata, tenui, sub lente confer-

tissime spiraliter striata, diaphana, albida, castaneo-bifasciata ;

spira turbinata, obtusula ; anfr. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo rotun-

dato, lineis 3—4 distantibus, vie filoso-elevatis munito; apertura

obliqua, subcirculari; perist. simplice, subequaliter angulatim

expanso, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, columellari leviter

sinuato.

Diam. maj. 133, min. 10, alt. 10 mill.

Locality unknown.

5. CaTauLus pyramipatus, Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 4.) C. testa

subperforata, ovato-pyramidata, solida, distincte subarcuatim

et confertim striata, sericea, saturate castanea ; spira turrita,

apice acutiuscula ; anfr. 7-74, modice convexis, ultimo non at-

tenuato, basi axin vix excedente ; carina basali compressa, an-

tice viz dilatata; periomphalo latiusculo, profundius striato,

medio turgido ; apertura subcirculari ; perist. albo, continuo,

breviter adnato, incrassato, horizontaliter patente et reflexius-

culo, basi vix producto, canali mediocri, perforato.

Long. 23-29, diam. 10-123 mill.

From Ceylon.

6. Carautus EuryTReMA, Pfr. (Pl. XIII. fig. 5.) C. testa

subperforata, subfusiformi-oblonga, solida, subarcuato-striata,

vix nitidula, castanea ; spira turrita, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr.

84, convexis, ultimo angustiore, basi oblique supra axin pro-

tracto; carina basali valida, compressa, antice sensim tube

instar dilatata ; apertura circulari; perist. carneo, continuo,

breviter adnato, incrassato et reflexo, parte sinistra marginis

basalis canali magno, subcirculari, retrorsum in rimam filifor-

mem abeunte, perforata.

Long. 26, diam. 10 mill.

From Ceylon.

7. Puptna Nicoparica (Reeistoma), Pfr. P. testa imper-

forata, ovato-conica, solidula, glaberrima, nitida, pallide isabel-

lina ; spira convexa, sursum conica, acutiuscula ; sutura lineari ;

anfr. 5, vie convexiusculis, ultimo oblique descendente, antice

breviter ascendente, basi rotundato; apertura subverticali, cir-

culari, nodulo calloso minuto juxta insertionem marginis dextri

coarctata ; perist. simplice, vix expansiusculo, margine colu-

mellari subincrassato, incisura brevi, subascendente a basali

separato.

Long. 6, diam. 3 mill.

From the Nicobar Islands.

8. Henicina BuLLA, Pfr. H. testa globoso-conica, tenui, sub

lente punctulato-striatula, vix nitidula, diaphana, hyalino-alba ;

spira mediocri, conoidea, acutiuscula; anfr. 5, planiusculis,

ultimo rotundato, antice subascendente ; columella brevi, ar-

cuata, extus subnodosa, callum tenuissimum hyalinum retrorsum

No. CCXLVII.—ProcreEpinGs of THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

146

emittente ; apertura obliqua, subtriangulari-semiovali ; perist.

dilatato, late eapanso, margine supero levissime sinuato.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 10, alt. 83 mill.

Locality unknown.

9. Hexictna Bicotor, Pfr. H. testa depresso-conoidea, acute

carinata, tenuiuscula, striatula et sub lente minutissime punc-

tato-granulata, albida, fasciis 2 fuscis supra et infra carinam

ornata ; spira brevi, conoidea, acuta; anfr. 5, convexiusculis,

rapide accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente, basi convexiore ;

columella fusca, brevi, subarcuata, dilatata, basi in angulum

subspiniformem terminata, callum emittente circumscriptum,

Suscum ; apertura diagonali, late subtriangulari ; perist. dila-

tato, plano, expanso, intus fusco; margine supero subrepando,

basali substricto.

Diam. maj. 113, min. 9, alt. 6 mill.

From Tahiti.

10. Cyctostoma Fortune: (Cyctotus), Pfr. C. testa umbi-

licata, turbinato-depressa, solidula, subtiliter striatula, fulva,

castaneo minute marmorata et infra medium unifasciata ; spira

brevissime turbinata, vertice subtili; sutura simplice; anfr. 43,

convexis, ultimo terete, non descendente ; umbilico conico, pro-

Sundo, % diametri subequante ; apertura fere verticali, subcir-

culari, superne leviter angulata ; perist. simplice, recto, an-

fractut penultimo breviter adnato. Opere. caleareum, arcti-

spirale.

Diam. maj. 123, min. 10, alt. 7 mill.

From Shanghi, China (Mr. Fortune).

11. CycLostoma Loxostomum (CyctorHorus), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, depressa, discoidea, solidula, confertim filoso-striata,

Susco-fulva, maculis pallidioribus conspersa ; spira plana, vertice

subtili haud prominente ; anfr. 5, convexiusculis, sensim aceres-

centibus, ultimo terete, antice dilatato, non descendente ; umbi-

lico patereformi, 4 diametri superante ; apertura diagonali,

subcireulari, intus margaritacea ; perist. continuo, breviter ad-

nato, recto, subduplicato, vix incrassato.

Diam. maj. 132, min. 11, alt. 4 mill.

From Ceylon (Mr. Lear).

12. CycLosroma rornicatum (CycLopHorus), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, sublenticulari, tenuiuscula, lineis elevatis concen-

tricis confertis sculpta, epidermide corneo-virente, vix nitidula

induta ; spira brevi, fornicata, vertice rubello, obtusulo ; anfr.

4, vie convexiusculis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo convexiore,

medio acute carinato ; umbilico profundo, 4 diametri sub-

equante ; apertura obliqua, ovato-circulari ; perist. simplice,

recto, subinterrupto, marginibus approximatis, columellari sub-

patente.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 7, alt. 32 mill.

From the New. Hebrides.

147

13. CycLostoMa stRIATULUM (CycLostomus?), Pfr. C. testa

umbilicata, globoso-turbinata, solida, oblique striatula et lineis

concentricis, elevatis, subconfertis sculpta, vix nitidula, flaves-

centi-albida; spira breviter turbinata, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr.

5, convexis, summis levigatis, ultimo turgido, peripheria obsolete

subangulato ; umbilico mediocri, profundo ; apertura parum

obliqua, subangulato-circulari ; perist. continuo, breviter adnato,

incrassato, expansiusculo, superne angulato. Operculum®

Diam. maj. 254, min. 21, alt. 15 mill.

Locality unknown.

14. Carautus Tuwariresi, Pfr. C. testa vir perforata, sub-

Susiformi-turrita, solida, longitudinaliter confertim costulata,

viz nitidula, violaceo-fusca ; spira ovato-turrita, apice acuti-

uscula ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 7-73, convexiusculis, ultimo vix

attenuato; carina basali validissima, compressa, angulatim

patente, alba; apertura verticali, circulari; perist. duplice,

albo : interno basi profunde inciso, externo ad anfr. penultimum

exciso, ceterum incrassato, refleco, basi canali mediocri per-

Sorato.

Long. 19, diam. 7 mill.

From Ceylon (Mr. Thwaites).

11. Descriptions oF TWELVE SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS, FROM

New ZEALAND.

By Dr. L. Preirrrer.

1. Hextrx ruamMicera, Pfr. WH. testa imperforata, depressa,

tenuissima, striatula, nitida, pellucida, lutescente, flammis ru-

bris angulatis regulariter picta; spira convexiuscula, vix ele-

vata; anfract. 3, parum convewis, celeriter accrescentibus, ul-

timo non descendente, basi planiusculo, medio impresso ; aper-

tura diagonali, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplice, recto, mar-

gine columellari arcuatim ascendente.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, alt. 35 mill.

2. Hexix umspracutum, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, sublen-

ticulari, tenuiuscula, striatula, oleoso-nitidula, virenti-cornea,

strigis angustis, antrorsum descendentibus, rufis obscure picta ;

spira convexo-conoidea, apice acuta; sutura marginata; anfr.

53, planiusculis, acute carinatis, ultimo non descendente, basi

convexiusculo, rufo obsolete tessellato ; apertura obliqua, de-

pressa, subtriangulari ; perist. simplice, acuto, recto, margine

basali levissime arcuato, ad columellam brevissime reflexo.

Diam. maj. 73, min. 7, alt. 32 mill.

3. Hextrx pacriocostata, Pfr. H. testa perforata, trochi-

Sormi, tenui, confertim plicata, fulva, rufo-maculata, diaphana;

spira convexo-conica, apice acutiuscula; sutura marginata ;

anfr. 54, angustis, convexiusculis, ultimo carinato, non descen-

dente, basi plano ; apertura parum obliqua, depressa, angulato-

148

lunari; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari ascendente,

cealloso-reflexo.

Diam. 4, alt. 34 mill.

4. Hevix Hetprana, Pfr. H. testa perforata, minuta, trochi-

formi, tenui, levigata, nitida, fulvo-cornea ; spira conica, apice

obtusa ; sutura impressa; anfract. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo

carinato, non descendente, basi vix convexiore; apertura vix

obliqua, depressa, angulato-lunari; perist. simplice, recto,

marginibus remotis, columellari brevissime reflexiusculo.

Diam. 2, alt. 12 mill.

5. Hetrx pimorpna, Pfr. H. testa perforata, depressa, tenut,

confertissime striata et subconfertim filoso-costata, parum ni-

tente, diaphana, pallide cornea, minute rufo-tessellata et ad

suturam maculis rufis ornata; spira vie elevata; anfract. 5,

convexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, rotundato, altiore quam

lato ; apertura subverticali, lunari; perist. simplice, recto, mar-

gine basali subrepando, columellari superne calloso-reflexo, per-

Sorationem fere claudente.

Diam. maj. 83, min. 73, alt. 5 mill.

6.. Hettx nypopouta, Pfr. H. testa angustissime umbilicata,

depressa, tenui, confertissime costulata, sericea, corneo-cinerea;

spira parum elevata, convexa; anfract. 5}, vix convexiusculis,

ultimo non descendente, basi convexiore; apertura parum ob-

liqua, late lunari ; perist. simplice, recto, margine columellart

arcuato, superne vix reflexo.

Diam. maj. 64, min. 6, alt. 33 mill.

7. Hexix cREBRIFLAMMIS, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa,

tenui, striatula, nitida, pellucida, lutea, flammis rufis creberri-

mis ornata ; spira vie elevata, convexiuscula ; anfract. 33, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, subdepresso, basi con-

vexiore ; umbilico latiusculo, pervio; apertura parum obliqua,

lunato-ovali ; perist. simplice, recto, margine dextro antrorsum

arcuato, columellari vix reflexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 53, alt. fere 3 mill.

8. Heurx varicosa, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenut-

uscula, striatula, costis distantibus varicoso-angulata, haud

nitida, fusca; spira vie elevata, obtusa; anfract. 43-5, pla-

niusculis, ultimo non descendente, depresso, basi planiusculo ;

umbilico medioeri, pervio; apertura parvula, obliqua, lunari ;

perist. simplice, recto, margine columellari superne vix re-

flexiusculo.

Diam. maj. 34, min. 33, alt. vix 2 mill.

9. Heurx Jerrreysiana, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa,

tenui, distincte striata, pellucida, lutea, strigis lete castaneis,

fasciatim interruptis ornata; spira plana; sutura impressa,

regulariter plicatula ; anfract. 4, convexiusculis, ultimo sub-

149

depresso-rotundato, non descendente ; umbilico lato, aperto;

apertura vie obliqua, lunato-ovali ; perist. simplice, recto, mar-

ginibus subconniventibus.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 53, alt. 3 mill.

10. Hewrx siconcava, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa, con-

fertim arcuato-costata, opaca, corneo-lutescente, rufo-strigata ;

spira concava; anfract. 43-5, angustis, penultimo convexo, ul-

timo rotundato, non descendente ; umbilico lato, perspectivo ;

apertura subverticali, altiore quam lata, lunari; perist. sim-

plice, recto, margine dextro antrorsum subarcuato.

Diam. maj. 5, min. 42, alt. 2 mill.

11. Pura Novosreiannica, Pfr. P. testa perforata, subcylin-

drica, tenui, oblique confertim costata, saturate fusca, maculis

stramineis precipue ad suturam impressam variegata; spira

sursum vie attenuata, apice subrotundata ; anfract. 73, con-

vewiusculis, ultimo 3 longitudinis non attingente, rotundato ;

apertura subverticali, semicirculari, edentula ; perist. simplice,

recto, marginibus remotis ; columellari superne viz dilatato.

Long. 43, diam. 2. mill.; apert. 14 mill. longa.

12. TorNATELLINA NovosEELannica, Pfr. T’. testa oblongo-

turrita, tenui, levigata, nitida, fulvo-cornea ; spira turrita,

acutiuscula; anfract. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo 4 longitudinis

subequante, basi rotundato; plica parietali profunda, me-

diocri; columella albo-callosa, alte torto-subtruncata ; aper-

tura viz obliqua, subauriformi ; perist. tenui, acuto.

Long. 33, lat. 14 mill.; apert. 14 mill. longa.

This seems to be the species mentioned by Mr. Gray (Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1849, p. 167), under the name of Elasmatina Reclusiana, Petit,

from the island Opara; but its characters are very different from

those ascribed by M. Petit to his species.

12. Descriptions or Ercut Species or LAnp SHELLS,

FROM THE ISLAND MAuvRITIUS.

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

1. Hetrx mucronata, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, turbinato-

depressa, tenuissima, membranacea, oblique rugosula, lineis

spiralibus confertissimis sub lente sculpta, pellucida, virenti-

cornea; spira parva, conoidea, mucronata ; sutura impressa ;

anfract. 4, rapide accrescentibus, planiusculis, ultimo non de-

scendente, acute carinato, basi convewiusculo ; apertura per-

obliqua, subrhombea ; perist. simplice, acuto, recto, margine

columellari usque ad carinam regulariter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, alt. 9 mill.

2, Hetrx Mauritiana, Pfr. H. testa subperforata, conoideo-

semiglobosa, solida, superne scabre arcuato-rugosa, opaca, uni-

colore saturate brunnea; spira convexo-conoidea, apice obtu-

150

siuscula ; sutura leviter impressa; anfract. 6, vix convexius-

culis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo acute carinato (carina filari,

pallida), basi convexiusculo, radiato-striato, lineis spiralibus

confertissimis decussato; apertura diagonali, subsecuriformi ;

perist. simplice, acuto, margine basali leviter arcuato, columel-

lari calloso-incrassato, subdentiformi.

Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, alt. 83 mill.

3. Hexix Licutrroortt, Pfr. H. testa subperforata, conoideo-

semiglobosa, tenuiuscula, striatula, corneo-albida ; spira conoi-

dea, acutiuscula ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato,

non descendente, medio excavato; apertura obliqua, lunari ;

perist. simplice, marginibus remotis, supero brevi, recto, basali

leviter arcuato, subrefiexo, ad columellam tuberculo valido den-

tiformi munito.

Diam. maj. 83, min. 73, alt. 5 mill.

4. Butimus Mavritianvs, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, sub-

cylindraceo-turrita, tenuiuscula, striata (lineis nonnullis eleva-

tioribus), diaphana, cerea; spira elongata, acutiuscula; an-

Sract. 7, convexiusculis, ultimo + longitudinis subequante, basi

via attenuato ; columella substricta; apertura verticali, ob-

longo-ovali; perist. stmplice, recto, margine dextro levissime

arcuato, columellari a basi angustissime reflexo.

Long. 9, diam. 3 mill. ; apert. 3 mill. longa, 13 lata.

5. TorNnaATELLINA MavuritiAna, Pfr. TT. testa ovato-conica,

tenui, levigata, pellucida, cornea; spira conica, obtusiuscula ;

anfract. 43, convexiusculis, ultimo inflato, spiram subequante ;

lamella parietis aperturalis mediana, compressa, intrante ; colu-

mella callosa, vitrea, alte dentato-truncata ; apertura subsemi-

ovali; perist. simplice, acuto, recto.

Long. 4, diam. 23 mill. ; apert. 2 mill. longa.

6. CycLosToMA EXPANSILABRE, Pfr. C. testa vix perforata,

ovato-conica, tenui, sublevigata, parum nitida, pallide lutea,

corneo minutissime variegata et fascia 1 rufa infra medium

(rarius 2) cincta; spira elevato-conica, apice acutiuscula; an-

Sract. 6, viz convexis, ultimo medio et basi filocarinato; aper-

tura obliqua, ovali; perist. undique subequaliter breviterque

expanso, albo, marginibus subdistantibus.

Long. 53, diam. 3 mill.; apert. 2 mill. longa.

7. CYCLOSTOMA MULTILIRATUM, Pfr. C. testa perforata, ovato-

conica, solidula, liris elevatis acutiusculis, subconfertis, mediana

et basali validioribus sculpta, opaca, rubello-carnea ; spira co-

nica, acutiuscula ; anfract. 53, superis subplanis, ultimo con-

vextore; apertura parum obliqua, angulato-ovali ; perist. sim-

plice, recto, marginibus approximatis, columellari superne emar-

ginato, deorsum dilatato, reflewiusculo.

Long. 83, diam. 5 mill. ; apert. 4 mill. longa.

15]

8. CycLostoma GLoBosuM, Benson MSS. C. testa umbilicata,

globoso-conica, tenui, subtilissime striatula, diaphana, non ni-

tente, cinnamomea, maculis opacis, albidis, subfasciatim dispo-

sitis ornata; spira conica, apice peracuta; anfract, 6, superis

via convexis, ultimo globoso, carina basali subtili, filari; aper-

tura parum obliqua, ovali; perist. simplice, marginibus fere

contiguis, deatro perarcuato, columellart medio dilatato, pa-

tente.—Operc. tenuissimum, corneo-lutescens, extus concavius-

culum.

Long. 8, diam. 5 mill.; apert. 4 mill. longa, 34 lata.

These three species belong to a generic type in the family Cyclo-

stomacea, for which I propose the name Omphalotropis, because all

known species have a keel-like ridge round the umbilicus. The

species belonging to it are the same which I referred previously to

the doubtful genus Hydrocena, except the typical species of that

genus, Cyclostoma Cattaroense, Pfr. (Hydrocena Sirkii, Parr.), which,

by its amphibious nature and by some differences in the structure of

the animal itself, seems to belong to another family. The genus may

be characterized by the following phrase: testa perforata vel anguste

umbilicata, globoso-turbinata vel turrita, circa perforationem cari-

nata. Apertura ovalis. Peristoma disjunctum, rectum, vel expan-

sum. Operculum tenue, corneum, paucispirale.

Its known species are the following:—1. O. awrantiaca, Desh.

(Cyclost. Belangeri, Pir.); 2. O. erosa, Quoy & Gaim.; 3. O. ru-

bens, Quoy & Gaim.; 4. O. multilirata, Pfr.; 5. O. globosa, Bens.;

6. O. dubia, Pfr.; 7. O. expansilabris, Pfr.; 8. O. hieroglyphica,

Fér.; 9. O. pupoides, Anton.; 10. O. rosea, Gould; J1. O. tere-

bralis, Gould; 12. O. vallata, Gould; 13.70. scitula, Gould.

13. Descriptions or NineteEN New Species or Lanp

SHELLS, COLLECTED BY M. Bourcier, ConsuL-GENERAL,

Quito. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

—_

. CycLtosroma (CycLtorHorvus) Bourciert, Pfr. C. testa

late umbilicata, orbiculata, conoidea, solida, subtiliter striata et

lineis elevatis spiralibus, plus minusve confertis sculpta, epider-

mide fusco-olivacea vestita ; spira breviter conoidea, vertice nudo,

subpapillato ; anfract. 415, conveais, lente accrescentibus, ul-

timo terete, antice subdescendente ; apertura obliqua, subangulato-

circulari, intus margaritacea ; perist..simplice, recto, anfractut

penultimo breviter adnato.— Operc. tenuissimum, corneum, arcti-

spirale, extus concavum, intus nitidum, medio umbonatum.

Diam. maj. 19, min. 15, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. prope Mindo, reipublicee Aquatoris.

2. CYCLOSTOMA HELICINIFORME, Pfr. C. testa obtecte umbili-

cata, conoideo-globosa, solidula, striatula, parum nitente, virenti-

cornea; spira parvula, conoidea, acutiuscula; anfract. 6, con-

vexiusculis, ultimo inflato, antice subascendente, pone columetlam

152

profunde excavato, calloso; apertura subverticali, angulato-ovali ;

columella subverticali, retrorsum in dentem acutum desinente ;

perist. incrassato, albo, undique late expanso, reflexiusculo.—

Operc. profunde immersum, rufo-corneum, paucispirale.

Diam. maj. 173, min. 13, alt. 11 mill.

Hab. in valle Yaraqui, reipublicee Aiquatoris.

This shell is very like a Helicina, but the spiral operculum ex-

cludes it from that genus, and a subgeneric section of Cyclostoma

must be formed for it.

3. CiausiuiA Bourctiert, Pfr. C. testa viv rimata, fusiformi,

solida, sublevigata, opaca, corneo-fusca; spira subturrita, apice

obtusa; anfract. 9, planis, ultimo basi rotundato ; apertura pyri-

formi-ovali, intus carnea; lamellis approximatis, supera valida,

marginali, infera arcuatim ascendente ; lunella nulla (vel imper-

fecta’?); plica palatali 1, elongata, subcolumellari inconspicua ;

perist. libero, soluto, continuo, carneo, expanso, superne sinuoso.

Long. 173, diam. 43 mill.

Hab. Tunguragua, reipublice Aiquatoris.

4, Herrx seLtenostoma, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa,

tenuissima, undique breviter pilosa, diaphana, fuscula, fasciis

pluribus rufis, maculatim interruptis cincta; spira plana, medio

subimmersa ; anfract. 43, convexis, ultimo rotundato, antice vir

descendente, circa umbilicum angustum, pervium subcompresso ;

apertura subverticali, rotundato-lunari, intus nitida ; perist. tenut,

sinuoso, marginibus convergentibus, supero late expanso, basali

reflexo, columellari oblique ascendente, superne dilatato.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Hab. prope Gualea, reipulicee Hquatoris.

Another new species from Mr. Cuming’s collection, nearly allied

to this, from the Andes of New Granada, may be described by the

following phrasis :

Hevix CATENIFERA, Pfr. A. testa umbilicata, depressa, tenui,

confertim granulata, diaphana, pallide fuscescente, fasciis variis

catenatim interruptis, rufis ornata; spira subplana; anfract. 5,

convexiusculis, ultimo ventricoso, antice vix descendente, basi con-

vexo ; umbilico infundibuliformi ; apertura subverticali, lunato-

rotundata; perist. tenut, marginibus convergentibus, supero et

basali viv expansis, columellari parum dilatato.

Diam. maj. 253, min. 21, alt. 12 mill.

5. Hextrx GuayaquiLensis, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, depressa,

discotdea, tenuiuscula, striatula, pallide lutescente, diaphana ; spira

plana ; anfract. 5, planiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo ro-

tundato, antice non descendente, basi fasciis nonnullis opacis,

albidis signato ; umbilico lato; apertura obliqua, lunato-rotundata ;

perist. simplice, acuto, recto, marginibus conniventibus, supero

subrepando.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, alt. 33 mill.

Hab. ad Babahoya, Guayaquil.

153

6. Hexrx Bourciert, Pfr. H. testa obtecte umbilicata, conoideo-

semiglobosa, tenuiuscula, opaca, nigro-rufescente, strigis fulguratis

epidermidis subhydrophane, ochracee elegantissime marmorata ;

spira subconoidea, apice obtusa; anfract. 5, parum convezis,

ultimo obtuse angulato, antice perdeflexo, basi subplano, medio

impresso; apertura horizontali, transverse oblonga, quadridentata:

dentibus 2 subequalibus superne, et in basi lateris dextri 2 minori-

bus, approximatis juxta columellam ; perist. albo, marginibus callo

Jjunctis, supero sinuoso, late expanso, basali late reflexo, supra

umbilicum dilatato, appresso. .

Diam. maj. 27, min. 24, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. Otoralo, reipublicee Hquatoris.

7. Hevix sirusercuxata, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, globoso-

depressa, solida, irregulariter striata et minutissime granulata,

nitidula, nigricanti-rufa ; spira breviter fornicata, apice obtusa ;

anfract. 4, parum convexis, ultimo angulato, antice rotundato,

breviter deflexo, basi inflato ; apertura perobliqua, truncato-ovali,

intus margaritacea ; perist. violaceo-carneo, marginibus subparal-

lelis, supero breviter expanso, basali reflexo, supra umbilicum

angustum dilatato, tuberculis 2, approximatis introrsum munito.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 183, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. prope Tunguragua, reipublicee Hquatoris.

8. Hexix arrata, Pfr. H. testa subobtecte umbilicata, sublenti-

Sormi, solida, striata et minute granulata, virescenti-atra ; spira

parum elevata, vertice obtuso; anfract. 5, planiusculis, sensim

accrescentibus, ultimo carinato, antrorsum superne turgido, deflexo,

basi versus aperturam saccato ; apertura perobliqua ; subtrigono-

lunari; perist. crasso, albo, undique refleco, marginibus callo

crasso junctis, dextro supra basin dente 1, obtuse conico munito.

Diam. maj. 44, min. 37, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Puntophaya, reipublicee Hquatoris.

9. Butimus Bovurcriert, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, subfusi-

Sormi-ovata, solidula, longitudinaliter striata et concentrice sub-

confertim sulcata, parum nitida, carneo-grisea, obscurius va-

riegata ; spira conica, apice acuta ; anfract. 6, planiusculis, ultimo

spiram paulo superante, basi late et circumscripte carinato ; aper-

tura subverticali, subrhombeo-ovali, basi angulata ; perist. subin-

crassato, breviter expanso, extus et intus roseo, marginibus callo

roseo junctis, dextro leviter arcuato, columellari superne subtorto,

tum fere rectangule ad angulum basalem procedente.

Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. Pichincha, reipublicee Aquatoris.

10. Buximus FALLAX, Pfr. B. testa perforata, oblique ventricoso-

conica, tenui, albida, obsoletissime lutescenti-variegata ; spira

conica, apice acutiuscula ; anfract. 53, conveviusculis, ultimo spi-

ram subequante, irregulariter tumescente, basi oblique producto,

compresso, angulato ; apertura verticali, subtriangulari ; perist.

simplice, tenui, expanso, intus albo- vel roseo-labiato, interdum

154

tuberculis callosis munito, margine columellari perdeclivi, reflexo,

supra perforationem adnato.

Long. 24, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. Tunguragua, reipublicee Aiquatoris.

1. Butrwus Nystianus, Pfr. B. testa vir perforata, ovato-

conica, solidula, scabre striata et punctata, parum nitida, albida,

strigis et maculis spadiceis dense variegata; spira conica, acutius-

cula ; anfract. 6, vir convexiusculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo

ventricoso, + longitudinis subequante, basi angulatim compresso ;

columella fusco-violacea, superne recedente, tum arcuatim ad an-

gulum aperture subrhombeo-ovalis progrediente ; perist. simplice,

breviter expanso, margine columellari superne breviter reflexo.

Long. 32, diam. 15 mill.

Hab. in valle Pomasqui, reipublicee Aquatoris.

12. Butrmus Tricotor, Pfr. 3B. testa.subperforata, ovata, tenui,

striata et minute granulata, olivaceo-fusca, strigis obliquis, in-

terruptis, saturate castaneis fulgurata; spira ventricoso-conica,

apice sanguinea, acutiuscula; sutura denticulato-marginata ; an-

Sract. 4, supremis 2 planiusculis, ultimis ventricosis, ultimo per-

oblique descendente, basi attenuato; columella simplice, vie arcuata;

apertura parva, spiram vix superante, oblongo-ovali ; perist. rufo-

carneo, subincrassato, vix expanso, margine columellari superne

dilatato, reflexo.

Long. 42, diam. 21 mill.

Hab. Gualea, reipublicee Mquatoris.

13. Butimus Gurruua, Pfr. B. testa perforata, ovato-conica,

tenuissima, striata, pellucida, cornea; spira conica, apice obtusa ;

anfract. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo spiram paulo superante, rotun-

dato ; columella leviter arcuata ; apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali ;

perist. simplice, tenui, breviter expanso, margine columellari for-

nicatim reflexiusculo.

Long. 16, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Gualea, reipublicee Mquatoris.

14. Bunimus Catiowia, Pfr. B. testa subaperte umbilicata,

ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, confertim striata, carnea, lineolis fulvi-

dis confertis picta, vel nigro-violacescente, albido-lineata ; spira

conica, apice acutiuscula, cornea; anfract. 7, convexiusculis,

ultimo spira breviore, basi vix compressulo; columella subrece-

dente ; apertura subverticali, ovali-oblonga; perist. simplice,

recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari dilatato, patente.

Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. prope Quito.

15. Butimus cungvs, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, clavato-turrita,

solida, levigata, arcuatim irregulariter substriata, fulva; spira

turrita, apice acutiuscula ; sutura minute crenulata, linea impressa

marginata ; anfract. 10, planis, ultimo 2 longitudinis equante,

basi rotundato ; columella leviter pees anguste callosa, plana ;

155

apertura subrhombeo-ovali ; perist. simplice, recto, margine

dextro levissime arcuato, basali cum columella angulum obtusum

Sormante.

Long. 63, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. in ripis fluvii Mira, reipublicae Aquatoris.

16. Butimus riparivs, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, turrita, solida,

striata, opaca, straminea; spira elongata, apice obtusiuscula ;

sutura lineari, confertissime crenulata, non marginata ; anfract. 11,

lente accrescentibus, planis, ultimo + longitudinis non equante,

basi rotundato ; columella superne vix torta, tum verticaliter de-

scendente; apertura parva, acuminato-ovali; perist. simplice,

recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari reflexiusculo.

Long. 53, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. cum precedente.

17. Butimus xquarorivs, Pfr. B. testa perforata, oblongo-

ovata, solidula, irregulariter striata, carneo-albida, fasciis 3-4,

latis, ceruleo-nigricantibus, subinterruptis ornata; spira convexo-

conica, apice acutiuscula ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo spira

breviore, basi rotundato ; columella substricta ; apertura sub-

verticali, oblongo-ovali; perist. simplice, recto, margine dextro

leviter arcuato, columellari brevi, angulatim late reflexo, patente.

Long. 34, diam. 17 mill.

{. minor, anfract. 6, fasciatus ut a.

Long. 26, diam. 13 mill.

y. Albidus, irregulariter castaneo-strigatus.

Long. 32, diam. 16 mill.

Hab. in republica Mquatoris, « in monte Schinchulagua, 6 et y

ad Chimborazo.

18. Butimus Anruisanensis, Pfr. B. testa imperforata, ovato-

conica, solidula, rugoso-striata et granulata, sericea, castanea,

fulvido et luteo marmorata; spira conica, apice acutiuscula; an-

fract. 65, subplanis, ultimo spiram equante, basi subattenuato ;

columella callosa, substricte recedente ; apertura subverticali, semi-

ovali, intus livida ; perist. simplice, recto, margine dextro leviter

arcuato, columellari superne calloso-dilatato, adnato, albo.

Long. 40, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. in monte Anthisana, reipubl. Aquatoris, 14,000’ supra

oceanum.

19. Burrus Coropaxtensis, Pfr. B. testa perforata, oblongo-

ovata, solidula, striata, lineis spiralibus (infra medium anfract.

ultimi evanescentibus) granulato-decussata, sub epidermide fulvo-

lutescente, fusco sepe strigata vel interrupte fasciata, alba; spira

convexo-conica, apice obtusiuscula; anfract. 6, parum convezis,

ultimo spiram equante, basi rotundato ; columella substricte re-

cedente ; apertura parum obliqua, ovali, intus alba, nitida ; perist.

simplice, obtuso, recto, margine dextro leviter arcuato, columellari

dilatato, albo, fornicatim reflexo.

Long. 24, diam. 16 mill.

156

{. spira elongata, crebrius fusco-marmorata, lineis spiralibus anfract.

ultimi usque ad basin conspicuis.

Long. 35, diam. 15 mill.

Had. Cotopaxi, reipubl. Aquatoris ; var. 6. in monte Cayembe.

14. Descriptions or E1GHTEEN New Species or LAND-SHELLS,

FROM THE COLLECTION oF H. Cuming, Esa.

By Dr. L. Prerrrer. i

(Mollusca, Pl. XIII.)

1. Virrina rrRADIANS, Pfr. V. testa depressa, ambitu subau-

riformi, tenui, lineis impressis confertim arcuato-radiata, lineis

irregularibus spiralibus obsolete decussata, diaphana, vix niti-

dula, superne cinnamomeo-cornea ; spira parvula, subpapillatim

elevata ; sutura impressa, marginata ; anfract. fere 4, plani-

usculis, rapide accrescentibus, ultimo depresso, basi convexiore ;

apertura perobliqua, lunato-subcirculari ; perist. simplice, tenut,

margine columellari regulariter arcuato.

Diam. 183, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

2. Virrtna Americana, Pfr. V. testa depresse semiglobosa,

tenuissima, levigatissima, nitidissima, virenti-hyalina ; spira

parvula, vie elata; sutura subcrenulata ; anfract. 25, convex-

iusculis, celeriter aecrescentibus, ultimo subrotundato, subtus

latiusculo, anguste membranaceo-marginato ; apertura fere dia-

gonali, lunato-rotundata ; perist. simplice, regulariter arcuato,

margine supero antrorsum subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 4, min. 3, alt. 2 mill.

Hab. in Rebuspublicis Foederatis Americze Borealis.

Forma persimilis 7. annulate, Stud., testa leevigatissima, apertura

obliqua, etc. diversa.

3. Hetix Barraxporensis, Pfr. H. testa subperforata, ele-

vato-trochiformi, tenui, striatula, nitida, pellucida, Susco-cornea;

spira conica, acutiuscula ; sutura profunda ; anfract. 6, con-

vexis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo carinato, non descendente,

basi convexiusculo ; apertura vie obliqua, depressa, subangulato-

lunari ; perist. simplice, tenui, recto, margine columellari brevi,

ad perforationem punctiformem reflexiusculo.

Diam. 34, alt. 33 mill.

Hab. ad Barrakpore, Indize (Bacon).

4, Hewix Miuirevptiana, Pfr. H. testa latissime umbilicata,

subdiscoidea, solida, rugoso-striata, lineis elevatis spiralibus

superne decussata, nigricanti-castanea ; spira vie elevata, apice

obtusissima ; anfract. 5, planiusculis, ultimo lato, depresso,

acute carinato, antice tumido, profunde deflexo, basi wrregu-

lariter compresso; apertura subhorizontali, transverse ovali,

intus ceerulescenti-alba ; perist. simplice, marginibus conniven-

tibus, supero recto, incumbente, basali incrassato, subreflexo.

Diam. maj. 47, min. 37, alt. 15 mill.

Hab. in Australia.

157

5. Hetrx Dunxert, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, perdepressa,

tenuiuscula, striata et subtilissime granulata, acute carinata,

diaphana, fulva, castaneo-fasciata ; spira vix elevata, apice ob-

tusa ; anfract. 44, planis, sensim accrescentibus, ultimo antice

angulatim deflexo, basi circa umbilicum mediocrem inflato, pone

aperturam profunde scrobiculato; apertura horizontali, ellip-

tico-pyriformi, dente lingueformi, libero in ventre anfr. pen-

ultimi coarctata; perist. continuo, tenui, margine supero expanso,

basali reflexo, 4-dentato, dente primo obsoletiore, transverso,

jucta umbilicum, secundo erecto, compresso, tertio obliquo cum

quarto profundiore basi subjuncto.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 19, alt. 7 mill.

Hab. in Andibus Nove Granade.

6. Butimus LARDEUvS, Pfr. B. testa subperforata, oblongo-ovata,

solidula, striata, lardeo-micante, rufo-cornea; spira convexo-

turrita, apice obtusa ; anfract. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo 4 lon-

gitudinis viv superante, basi subcompresso ; apertura subver-

ticali, truncato-ovali ; perist. intus labiato, subangulatim pa-

tente, marginibus remotis, callo tenui juxta insertionem dextri

obsolete plicifert junctis.

Long. 54, diam. 24 mill.

Hab. in India orientali.

7. Butimus rncrassatus, Pfr. B. testa profunde rimato-per-

forata, ovato-pyramidata, solida, irregulariter plicata et lineis

spiralibus sculpta, saturate castanea, strigis et maculis lutes-

centibus, incrassatis, prominentibus munita ; spira conica, acu-

tiuscula; anfract. 7, superis planiusculis, 2 ultimis inflatis,

ultimo & longitudinis equante, basi subcompresso ; apertura vie

obliqua, oblonga, ad columellam angulato-effusa ; perist. sim-

plice, recto, marginibus subparallelis, columellari stricto, dila-

tato, fornicatim patente.

Long. 173, diam. 83 mill.

Hab. in insulis Galapagos.

8. ACHATINA CARNEA, Pfr. A. testa ovato-oblonga, solidula, striis

spiralibus et longitudinalibus (infra medium anfractus ultimi ob-

soletis) subtiliter decussata, diaphana, sericea, carnea ; spira sensim

attenuata, apice obtusa ; sutura eleganter et confertim denticulata ;

anfract. 6 convexiusculis ; ultimo spira vix breviore, basi sub-

attenuata; columella leviter arcuata, abrupte truncata ; apertura

verticali, subrhombeo-semilunari ; perist. simplice, recto, obtuso.

Long. 25, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. in America centrali.

9. Dretommatina Hurttont, Pfr. D. testa sinistrorsa, subrimata,

ovato-conica, eleganter confertim et oblique costulata, diaphana,

albida ; spira conica, acuta; anfract. 6, perconvevis ; apertura

subcirculari ; perist. duplice, expanso.

Long. 23, diam. 1 mill.

This little shell belongs to the genus Diplommatina, founded by

158

Mr. Benson (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1849, Sept.) on sufficient cha-

racters of the shell and of the animal, for Carychium costatum, Hutt.,

which I had erroneously referred to Bulimus under the name B.

folliculus. The genus seems to belong to the duriculacea.

10. Prerocycios Cuminet, Pfr. Pt. testa latissime umbilicata,

solida, striatula, nitida, fulvo-lutea, strigis castaneis, fulguratis,

bifasciatim latioribus et saturatioribus picta; spira plana; anfract.

5, conveais, ultimo terete, antice juxta penultimum in prominentiam

elongatam, fornicatam, sulco circumscriptam tumefacto ; apertura

parum obliqua, subcirculari, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplice,

albo, incrassato, reflero, superne sulco triangulari subinterrupto,

in linguam inflecam tenuiusculam producto.—Operculum ?

Diam. maj. 32, min. 28, alt. 6 mill.

Haé. in insula Ceylon.

11. Purrna Tempiemanl, Pfr. P. testa subperforata, subfusi-

Sormi-oblonga, solidula, striata, parum nitida,non callosa, castanea;

spira oblongo-turrita, apice acutiuscula ; anfract. 8 planiusculis,

ultimo basi acute et prominenter carinato ; apertura verticali, basi

subproducta ; perist. continuo, aurantiaco, superne breviter adnato,

margine dextro sinistroque reflexo-patentibus, basali deorsum dila-

tato, canaliculato : canali extus lato, intus lineari.—Operculum ?

Long. 20, diam. 7 mill.

{. Pallide straminea, distinctius striata, perist. crassiore, albo.

Hab. im insula Ceylon (Capt. Templeman).

12. CxcLostoma curysaLis, Pfr. C. testa umbilicata, distorto-

ovata, solida, striatula et punctato-malleata, fusco-carnea ; spira

irregulariter ovata apice conoidea, acutiuscula; sutura levi ;

anfract. 6, convexiusculis, penultimo latere aperturali planulato,

ultimo angustiore; apertura verticali, circulari; perist. crasso,

dilatato, patente, reflero, margine supero linea horizontali adnato.

— Operculum ?

Long. 16, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Ava.

13. CycLtosroma (CycLorHorvus) Benson, Pfr. C. testa um-

bilicata, subgloboso-turbinata, solida, lineis obliquis et confertis

spiralibus subtiliter decussata, albido-fulva, castaneo-variegata ;

spira turbinata, obtusiuscula; anfract. 5, convexis, supremis uni-

coloribus luridis, sequentibus flammulato-pictis, ultimo magno,

obsolete angulato, ad carinam fascia nigricante et utrinque fasciis

inequalibus, castaneis ornato, circa umbilicum angustum, infundi-

buliformem pallido, subcompresso ; apertura parum obliqua, sub-

circulari, intus lactea ; perist. continuo, igneo-aurantiaco, breviter

adnato, breviter fornicato-refleco. Operc. ?

Diam. maj. 43, min. 34, alt. 26 mill.

Locality unknown.

14. CycLosroma Barciayanum, Pfr. C. testa obtecte perforata,

globoso-conica, solida, longitudinaliter confertim striatula et carinis

159

multis acute elevatis munita, violacescenti-fusca, strigis saturatio-

ribus et pallidioribus variegata; spira conica, apice obtusa; anfract.

5, parum convevis, ultimo carinis 3 validioribus, prominentioribus

munito: maxima mediana, secunda basali, tertia in parte supera ;

apertura fere verticali, subcirculari, intus livido-sanguinea ; perist.

sanguineo, subincrassato, expanso,ad anfractum penultimum lunatim

emarginato, margine dextro carinis crenulato, columellari forni-

cato-refleco, perforationem fere claudente.—Operc. tesiaceum,

5-spiratum, extus concavum, album.

Long. 29, diam. 23 mill.

Hab. Isle of France (Sir D. Barclay).

This shell is figured by Mr. Sowerby in the ‘ Thes.’ t. 26. f. 118,

under the name of C. carinatum, var.

15. Cyctostoma ELatum, Pfr. C. testa umbilicata, conica,

tenuiuscula, oblique striata, lineis spiralibus, distantibus, elevatis

sub lente munita, vie diaphana, albida ; spira conica, acutiuscula ;

anfract. 54, parum convevis, ultimo conveciore, subacute carinato,

basi confertius reticulato ; umbilico angustissimo, non pervio ;

apertura diagonali, truncato-ovali; perist. simplice, marginibus

distantibus, equilatis, angulatim patentibus, columellari subangus-

tato.—Operc. ?

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, alt. 103 mill.

Hab. in insula Ceylon.

16. Henix Zouuincert, Pfr. H. testa umbilicata, subconoideo-

depressa, tenui, striata, castanea, pallidius variegata, diaphana,

nitidula, spira breviter conoidea, obtusa ; anfract. 5, vir con-

vexiusculis, ultimo non descendente, acute carinato, subtus con-

vexiusculo ; umbilico mediocri, extus infundibuliformi ; apertura

perobliqua, rhomboidea ; perist. simplice, acuto, recto.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. vix 6 mill.

Hab. in insula Java?

17. Hetrx Durvuyana, Pfr. H. testa imperforata, trochiformi,

solidula, subcarinata, striis obliquis incrementi et lineis longitudi-

nalibus, confertissimis, impressis subdecussata, sericina, fulva,

fasciis 2 angustis, castaneis, altera ad suturam, altera supra cari-

nam obtusiusculam ornata ; spira conoidea, vertice obtuso ; anfract.

54, planulatis, ultimo antice breviter deflexo, basi convexiusculo,

antice tumido, supra carinam deflecam scrobiculato ; apertura per-

obliqua, subtriangulari, intus margaritacea ; perist. simplice,

nigro-labiato, marginibus callo nigro-castaneo, supra regionem

umbilicalem dilatato, junctis, dextro repando, breviter expanso,

basali strictiusculo, reflexo, medio introrsum transverse subdentato,

columellari brevi.

Diam. maj. 32, min. 28, alt. 20 mill.

Hab. in ora orientali Nove Hollandiz.

This beautiful shell from Mr. Cuming’s collection, already figured

in Chemn. ed. ii. t. 124. f. 15, 16, but not described till now, was

accidentally omitted in my paper of 1849.

160

18. Carautus Layaro1, Gray. (Pupina Templemani, B., Pfr.

in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.) (Pl. XIII. fig. 6.) C. testa sub-

perforata, subfusiformi-oblonga, solida, distincte arcuato-striata,

pallide straminea ; spira oblongo-turrita, apice acutiuscula ; anfr.

8, planiusculis, ultimo basi carina elevata, compressa munita, circa

umbilicum angustissimum costulato ; apertura verticali, subcircu-

lari, basi canali subaperto aucta; perist. continuo, albo, superne

breviter adnato, duplice: interno porrecto, externo incrassato-

refleco, basi subangulatim producto, canali extus lato, introrsum

angustiore, excavato.

Long. 173, diam. medio 7 mill.

Hab. Ceylon.

IN DEX.

The names of New Species, and of Species newly characterized, are printed in

Roman Characters: those of Species previously known, but respecting which novel

information is given, in Jéalics: those of Species respecting which Anatomical Ob-

servations are made, in CAPIrALs.

Achatina carnea, Pfr., n. sp., 157

cerea, Pfr., n. sp., 86

— conspersa, Pfr., n. sp., 67

Deshayesi, Pfr., n. sp., 86

fuliginea, Pfr., n. sp., 66

fusca, Pfr., nu. sp., 67

—— glutinosa, P/r., n. sp., 86

—— granulata, Pfr., n. sp., 66

isotoma, Pfr., n. sp., 86

Richardi, Pfr., n. sp., 140

Aipyornis, Js. Geoffr., 10

Anomalurus Beecrofti, /raser, n. sp., 17

Fraseri, Waterh., 16

Pelii, Temm., 17

Apodide, 1

Apus, Scop., 1, 3

cancriformis, Schef., 3

— Domingensis, Baird, n. sp., 5

— Guildingii, Thompson, 3

—— longicaudatus, Le Conte, 4

obtusus, James, 4

—— pisciformis, Scheff, 19

Apteryx, 9

Argiope cistellula, 81

cuneata, 81

— decollata, Chemn., 81

—— Forbesii, Davidson, 81

—— Neapolitana, Scacchi, 81

Artemia, Leach, 25

Artemia arietina, Fisch., 27

Eulimene, Leach, 26

—— Guildingii, Thompson, 27

—— Koppeniana, Fisch., 28

—— Milhausenii, Fisch., 27

salina, Leach, 25

Artemis, Thompson, 25

Artemis Guildingii, Thomps., 27

Artemisus, Lamk., 25

Aspergillum Strangei, Addams, u. sp., 91

Ateles paniscus, 107

Babyrussa, Gray, 131]

Babyrussa alfurus, Gray, 131

Balea Newcombi, Pfr., n. sp., 67

Binoculus caudatus, Say, 7

Bos frontalis, 96

Brachyurus couxiu, 107

—— ouakari, Spix, 107

rubicundus, 107

Branchiopoda stagnalis, Lamk., 19

Branchipodide, 18

Branchipus, Scheffer, 18

Branchipus Jirostratus, Fischer, 24

cafer, Lovén, 21

— ferox, M.-Ldw., 29

lacune, Guérin, 24

melanurus, Koch, 19

—— Middendorffianus, Fischer, 25

— Milhausenii, M.-Edw., 27

—— pisciformis, Scheff., 19

Schefferi, Fisch., 19

— spinosus, M.-Edw., 20

stagnalis, Latr., 19

— torvicornis, Waga, 21

Bulimus Achilles, Pfr., n. sp., 137

— acus, Pfr., n. sp., 60

— equatorius, Pfr., n. sp., 155

—— Anthisanensis, Pfr., n. sp., 155

— ascendens, P/r., n. sp., 136

— aulacostylus, Pfr., n. sp., 59

Baranguillanus, Pfr., n. sp., 136

— Barbadensis, Pfr., n. sp., 61

—— Blandi, Pfr., n. sp., 85

—— Bourcieri, Pfr., n. sp., 153

—— cardinalis, Pfr., n. sp., 58

— Catlowie, Pfr., n. sp., 154

— Cotopaxiensis, Pfr., n. sp., 155

cuneus, Pfr., n. sp., 154

—— cyrtopleurus, Pfr., n. sp., 139

—— denticulatus, Pfr., n. sp., 67

—— fallax, Pfr., u. sp., 153

—— flexuosus, Pfr., n. sp., 136

— Fortunei, P/r., n. sp., 137

— fuligineus, Pfr., n. sp., 85

—— guttula, Pfr., n. sp., 154

— hebraicus, Pfr., n. sp., 60

—— Hermanni, Pfr., n. sp., 140

—— incrassatus, Pfr., n. sp., 157

— Iris, P/r., n. sp., 136

No. CCXLVII*.—ProceEepDINnGs OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

162 INDEX.

Bulimus Janus, Pfr., n. sp., 85

lardeus, Pfr., n. sp., 157

— loxostomus, Pfr., n. sp., 59

— Ludovici, Pfr., n. sp., 139

— marcidus, Pfr., n. sp., 67

mauritianus, Pfr., n. sp., 150

—— Mercurius, Pfr., n. sp., 59

nucula, Pfr., n. sp., 60

— Nystianus, Pfr., n. sp., 154

pervariabilis, Pfr., n. sp., 59

— planospirus, Pfr., n. sp., 60

—— Requieni, Pfr., n. sp., 137

—— riparius, Pfr., n. sp., 155

— subfasciatus, P/r., n. sp., 60

—— tenuiplicatus, Pfr., n. sp., 139

tricolor, Pfr., n..sp., 154

Callithrix personatus, 107

torquatus, 107

— sciureus, 107

Cancer, Linn., 25

Cancer paludosus, Miller, 29

salinus, Linn., 26

— stagnalis, Linn., 19

Cardita amabilis, Desh., n. sp., 102

Belcheri, Desh., n. sp., 101

— bimaculata, Desh., n. sp., 102

— Californica, Desh., n. sp., 100

—— castanea, Desh., n. sp., 102

—— Coreensis, Desh., n. sp., 101

crenulata, Desh., n. sp., 102

Cumingii, Desh., n. sp., 102

—— difficilis, Desh., n. sp., 103

—— elegantula, Desh., n. sp., 101

—— Kssingtoniensis, Desh., n. sp., 100

—— excavata, Desh., n. sp., 100

—— Gunnii, Desh., n. sp., 101

Jukesii, Desh., n. sp., 101

purpurata, Desh., n. sp., 100

—- Quoyi, Desh., n. sp., 103

—— Sowerbyi, Desh., n. sp., 102

—— umbilicata, Desh., n. sp., 100

vestita, Desh., n. sp., 102

Zelandica, Desh., n. sp., 101

Casuarius, 10

Cataulus eurytrema, Pfr., n. sp., 145

Layardi, Gray, n. sp., 160

pyramidatus, Pfr., n. sp., 145

Thwaitesi, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Cebus apella, 107

gracilis, 107

Chelydide, 134

Chirocephalus, Prevost, 22

Chirocephalus birostratus, Fisch., 24

claviger, Fischer, 24

diaphanus, Prev., 23

—— lacune, Guérin, 23

—— Middendorffianus, Fisch., 25

Chiton insculptus, Addams, n. sp., 91

muricatus, Adams, n. sp., 91

versicolor, ddams, n. sp., 92

Choiropotamus africanus, Gray, 131

Choiropotamus larvatus, Gray, 131

pictus, Gray, 132

Cistula cinclidodes, Pfr., n. sp., 142

Cladiscus bipectinatus, Westw., n. sp., 39

—— longipennis, Westw., n. sp., 29

Parrianus, Westw., n. sp., 39

Clausilia Bourcieri, Pfr., n. sp., 152

—v— Shanghiensis, P/r., n. sp., 138

Cleride, 34

Clerus eruginosus, Westw., n. sp., 51

(Xylobius) albovarius, Westw., n.sp.,

atricornis, Westw., n. sp., 51

—— (Hydnocerus) bellus, Westw., n. sp.,

—— Bengala, Westw., n. sp., 41

(Hoploclerus) biaculeatus, Westw.,

n. sp., 52

(Xylotretus) chrysidens, Westw.,

n. sp., 50

(Lemidius) corallipennis, Westw.,

n. sp., 47

a (Stigmatius) dorsiger, Westw., n.sp.,

— (Xylobius) dulcis, Westw., n.sp., 40

(Stigmatius) elaphroides, Westw.,

n. sp., 45

(Xylotretus) excavatus, Westw.,

n. sp., 46

—— (Hydnocerus) exilis, Westw., n. sp.,

—— (Lemidius) festivus, Westw., n. sp.,

(Hydnocerus) flavolineatus, Westw.,

n. sp., 48

(Hydnocerus) flavovarius, Westw.,

n. sp., 49

hilaris, Newm., 47

— (Omadius) mediofasciatus, Westw.,

n. sp., 44

—— (Stigmatius) nebulifer, Westw.,n.sp.,

novemguttatus, Westw., n. sp., 49

— (Omadius) olivaceus, Westw., n.sp.,

(Hydnocerus) pectoralis, Westw.,

n. sp., 48

posticalis, Westw., n. sp., 42

—— (Omadius) prasinus, Westw., n. sp.,

—— (Stigmatius) rufiventris, Westw.,

n. sp., 45

sanguinalis, Westw., n. sp., 36

—— sepulchralis, Westw., n. sp., 52

—— subfasciatus, Westw., n. sp., 41

— ventralis, Westw., n. sp., 51

(Hydnocerus) V-reversus, Westw.,

n. sp., 48

zebratus, Westw., n. sp., 43 ;

Concholepas (Coralliobia) fimbriata,

A, Adams, n. sp., 93

INDEX. 163

Corynetes compactus, Westw., n. sp., 54

Crassatella bellula, 4. Adams, n. sp., 95

compta, 4. ddams, n. sp., 95

— concinna, 4. Adams, n. sp., 95

—— Cumingii, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90

— levis, A. Adams, n. sp., 94

obesa, 4. Addams, n. sp., 90

—— obscura, 4. Adams, n. sp., 94

—— speciosa, 4. Adams, n. sp., 94

truncata, 4. ddams, n. sp., 95

Culicivora Boliviana, Sclater, n. sp., 34

Cyclanorbis Petersii, Gray, n. sp., 135

Cyclostoma Adolfi, Pfr., n. sp., 142

—— Amboinense, Pfr., n. sp., 144

— ameenum, Pfr, n. sp., 62

—— appendiculatum, P/r., n. sp., 61

— Bairdi, Pfr., n. sp., 144

— Barclayanum, P/r., u. sp., 158

Bensoni, Pfr., n. sp., 158

— bicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 145

—— blandum, Pfr., n. sp., 143

— Borni, Pfr., n. sp., 63

—— Bourcieri, Pfr., n. sp., 151

— Carolinense, Pfr., n. sp., 65

— chrysalis, P/r., n. sp., 158

cinclidodes, Pfr., n. sp., 142

denselineatum, Pfr., n. sp., 62

— elatum, Pfr., n. sp., 159

— eusarcum, Pfr., n. sp., 143

expansilabre, Pfr., n. sp., 150

—— fallax, Pfr., n. sp., 65

fornicatum, Pfr., nu. sp., 146

Fortunei, Pfr., n. sp., 146

—— fulguratum, Pfr., n. sp., 63

globosum, Pfr., n. sp., 15]

—— heliciniforme, Pfr., n. sp., 151

—— hemiotum, P/r., u. sp., 143

—— Ibyatense, Pfr., n. sp., 62

—— insulare, Pfr., n. sp., 64

— jucundum, Pfr., n. sp., 66

— Kraussianum, Pfr., n. sp., 64

—— leucostomum, Pfr., n. sp., 144

— lineatum, P/r., n. sp., 65

liratum, Pfr., n. sp., 64

— Loweanum, Pfr., n. sp., 142

—— loxostomum, Pfr., n. sp., 146

luridum, Pfr.,n.sp., 63

—— magnificum, Sallé, n. sp., 143

—— mite, Pfr., n. sp., 63

—— multiliratum, Pfr., n. sp., 150

nobile, P/r., n. sp., 142

—— patera, Pfr., n. sp., 61

—— picturatum, Pfr., n. sp., 62

—— plicosum, P/r., n. sp., 61

Quitense, Pfr., n. sp., 61

rostratum, Pfr., n. sp., 66

saccatum, Pfr., n. sp., 65

simplex, P/r., n. sp., 143

striatulum, Pfr., n. sp., 147

subliratum, Pfr., n. sp., 65

vitellinum, Pfr.. n. sp., 64

MITT

Cylindrella Blandiana, Pfr., n. sp., 68

—— carinata, Pfr., n. sp., 68

— flammulata, Pfr., n. sp., 141

—— malleata, Pfr., n. sp., 140

— Menkeana, Pfr., n. sp., 140

—— puncturata, Pfr., n. sp., 141

—— zebrina, Pfr., n. sp., 68

Cypridide, 7

Cypris, 1, 7

Cypris Belcheri, Baird, n. sp., 7

— Schomburgkii, Baird, nu. sp, 8

Cystosoma Saundersii, 14

DENDROLAGUS INUSTUS, Gould, 103

Didunculus, 87

DinorRNIs GIGANTEUS, 10

Diplommatina Bensoni, Adams, n. sp., 94

Huttoni, Pfr., n. sp., 157

EcuHrInococcus VETERINORUM, 110

Echiodon Drummondii, Thompson, 14

Emydide, 133

Emys laticeps, Gray, n. sp., 134

Enoplium pustuliferum, Westw., n. sp., 52

Entomostraca, 1, 18

Erymanthus horridus, Hape, n. sp., 35

Estheria, 30

Estheria Dallasii, Baird, n. sp., 30

Eulimene, Latr., 25

Eulimene albida, Latr., 26

Gaago, 73

Galla, 132

Gammarus, Fabr., 25

Gammarus stagnalis, Fabr., 19

Helicina bicolor, Pfr., n. sp., 146

bulla, Pfr., n. sp., 145

cingulata, Pfr., n. sp., 141

oleosa, Pfr., n. sp., 141

—— Salleana, Pfr., n. sp., 141

sublevigata, Pfr., n.sp., 141

Helix alpha, Pfr., n. sp., 58

—— atrata, Pfr., n. sp., 153

—— avus, Pfr., n. sp., 83

aulica, Pfr., n. sp., 56

—— Barrakporensis, P/r., n. sp., 156

— beta, Pfr., n. sp., 58

—— biconcava, Pfr., n. sp., 149

—— bisulcata, Pfr., n. sp., 135

—— bituberculata, Pfr., n. sp., 153

Bourcieri, Pfr., n. sp., 153

-—— catenifera, Pfr., n. sp., 152

—— costulosa, Pfr., n. sp., 136

crebriflammis, Pfr., n. sp., 148

— dimorpha, Pfr., n. sp., 148

— Dunkeri, P/r., n. sp., 157

—— Dupuyana, Pfr., n. sp., 159

—— Emiliana, Pfr., n. sp., 83

epsilon, Pfr., n. sp., 57

—— eta, Pfr., n. sp., 57

—— Eva, Pfr., n. sp., 84

—— flammigera, Pfr., n. sp., 147

—— gamma, P/r., n. sp., 57

Guayaquilensis, Pf, n. sp., 152

164

Helix Veldiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148

hypopolia, Pfr., n. sp., 148

iota, Pfr., n. sp., 57

isodon, Pfr., n. sp., 84

—— Jeffreysiana, Pfr., n. sp., 148

kappa, Pfr., n. sp., 58

— lambda, Pfr., n. sp., 57

— Launcestonensis, Reeve, n. sp., 31

— Lightfooti, Pfr., n. sp., 158

Mauritiana, Pfr., n. sp., 149

— Merziana, Pfr., n. sp., 135

— Minerva, Pfr., n. sp., 84

—— mucronata, Pfr., n. sp., 149

—— Miihlfeldtiana, P/r., n. sp., 156

nuda, Pfr., n. sp., 83

—— omega, Pfr., n. sp., 56

—— Phedra, Pfr., n. sp., 138

—— peecilocostata, P/r., n. sp., 147

—— pruinosa, Pfr., n. sp., 139

—— Redfieldi, Pfr., n. sp., 83

Rehbeini, Pfr., n. sp., 84

—— selenostoma, Pfr., n. sp., 152

—— strumosa, P/r., n. sp., 139

—— varicosa, Pfr., n. sp., 148

—— umbraculum, Pfr., n. sp., 147

Zollingeri, Pfr., n. sp., 159

Herpestes griseus, 89

Hoploclerus biaculeatus, Westw., n. sp.,

Hydnocerus bellus, Westw., nu. sp., 47

—— exilis, Westw., n. sp., 48

flavolineatus, Westw., n. sp., 48

—— flavovarius, Westw., n. sp., 49

—— pectoralis, Westw., n. sp., 48

V-reversus, Westw., n. sp., 48

Hydraspis Spixii, Gray, n. sp., 134

Hydromedusa subdepressa, Gray, 1. sp.,

134

Hyrax dorsalis, Fraser, n. sp., 99

Ino stagnalis, Oken, 19

Lacchus bicolor, 107

tamarin, 107

Kakapo, 31

Koiropotamus, Gray, 131

Kraussia, Davidson, 77

Kraussia Deshayesii, Dav., n. sp., 80

Lamarckiana, Dav., n. sp., 80

pisum, 80

Lagothrix Humboldtii, 107

Larva aquatica, Linn., 19

Lemidius corallipennis, Westw., n.sp., 47

—— festivus, Hope, n. sp., 47

Lepidurus, Leach, 5

Lepidurus glacialis, Kroyer, 6

productus, Bose, 6

viridis, Baird, 6

Limnadia, 30

Limnadia antillarum, Baird, n. sp., 30

Macrorus Brennerrit, 106

— MAJor, 104

-—— PENICILLATUS, 105

INDEX.

Macrotelus subnotatus, Westw.,n. sp., 37

uniformis, Westw., n. sp., 37

Manouria, Gray, n. g., 133

Manouria fusca, Gray, n. sp., 134

Monophylla uniformis, Westw., n. sp., 37

Morrisia anomioides, Scacchi, 79

Mycetes Beelzebub, 107

caraya, 107

ursinus, 107

Myochama Keyppelliana, Adams, n. sp.,

Stutchburyi, 4dams, n. sp., 90

Necrobia eximia, White, 54

—-— pinguis, Westw., n. sp., 52

Neilo, 4. Adams, n. g., 93

Neilo Cumingii, 4. Adams, n. sp., 93

Notoxus pulcher, White, 51

Nyctipithecus felinus, 107

trivirgatus, 107

Omadius mediofasciatus, Westw., n. sp.,

olivaceus, Westw., n. sp., 44

prasinus, Westw., n. sp., 53

Omphalotropis, Pfr., n. g., 151

Omphalotropis aurantiaca, Desh., 151

dubia, Pfr., 151

erosa, Quoy & Gaim., 151

—— expansilabris, Pfr., n. sp., 150

—— globosa, Benson, 151

—— hieroglyphica, Fér., 151

—— multilirata, Pfr., n. sp., 150

—— pupoides, Anton, 151

rosea, Gould, 151

—— rubens, Quoy & Gaim., 151

— scitula, Gould, 151

— terebralis, Gould, 151

vallata, Gould, 151

Opetiopalpus obesus, Westw., n. sp., 46

Opilus hilaris, Westw., 50

— merens, Westw., 50

— sexnotatus, Westw., 51

—— sordidus, Westw., n: sp., 42

Orbicula Cumingii, 82

Evansii, Davidson, n. sp., 82

strigata, 82

Orthis anomioides, Scacchi, 79

Ostracoda, 1,7

PALAPTERYX ROBUSTUS, 11

Paludomus abbreviatus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

aeutus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

zereus, Reeve, n. sp., 128

—— baccula, Reeve, n. sp., 128

bicinctus, Reeve, n. sp., 129

—— clavatus, Reeve, n. sp., 129

— constrictus, Reeve, n. sp., 129

decussatus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

—— dilatatus, Reeve, n. sp., 128

—— erinaceus, Reeve, n. sp., 128

—— Layardi, Reeve, n. sp., 128

loricatus, 128

maurus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

INDEX. 165

Paludomus paludinoides, Reeve, n. ‘sp.,

127

phasianinus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

punctatus, Reeve, n. sp., 127

rudis, Reeve, n. sp., 126

trifasciatus, Reeve, n. sp., 126

Papilio Telamon, Donov., 71

Partula dentifera, Pfr., n. sp., 85

glutinosa, Pfr., n. sp., 85

— micans, Pfr., n. sp., 138

— Reeveana, Pfr., n. sp., 138

— Salomonis, Pfr., n. sp., 137

Paxillus minor, A. ddams, n. sp., 93

Pipra flavotincta, Sclater, n. sp., 34

Pithecia irrorata, 107

Ploceus Philippensis, 88

Polyartemia, Fischer, 28

Polyartemia forcipata, Fischer, 29

Potamocheerus, Gray, n. g., 131

Potamocheerus africanus, Gray, 131

—— penicillatus, Schinz, 131 6

Pterocyclos Cumingi, Pfr., n. sp., 158

Pupa Barbadensis, Pfr., n. sp., 69

conoidea, Pfr., n. sp., 70

Cumingiana, Pfr., n. sp., 68

Kiisteri, Pfr., n. sp., 69

— Newcombi, Pfr., n. sp., 69

— Novoseelandica, Pfr., n. sp., 149

oblonga, Pfr., n. sp., 69

Strangei, Pfr., n. sp., 69

Pupina Nicobarica, Pfr., n. sp., 145

— Templemani, P/r., n. sp., 158

Rhynchonella concinna, Sowerby, 82

nigricans, Sowerby, 81

Sanga, 132

Sericinus fasciatus, Brem. & Grey, 72

Greyi, Brem. & Grey, 72

Fortunei, G. &. Gray, n. sp., 72

— Montela, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 71

— Telamon, Donov., 71

—— Telmona, G. R. Gray, nu. sp., 72

SoLENELLID2, 92

Stigmatius dorsiger, Westw., n. sp., 37

— elaphroides, Westw., n. sp., 45

-— nebulifer, Westw., n. sp., 36

rufiventris, Westw., n. sp., 45

Streptocephalus, Baird, 20

Streptocephalus Cafer, Lovén, 21

similis, Baird, n. sp., 22

torvicornis, Waga, 20

Strigops habroptilus, 31

Sus, Cuvier, 130

Sus africanus, Schred., 131

aper, 130

Indicus, Gray, 130

koiropotamus, Des Moui,, 131

—w— larvatus, F. Cuv., 131

penicillatus, Schinz, 132

Suthora Webbiana, G. R. Gray, n. sp., 70

Terebratella Australis, 76

Bouchardii, Davidson, n. sp., 77

Californiana, 76

Cumingii, Dav., n. sp., 78

dorsata, 76

—— Evansii, Dav., n. sp., 77

—— Grayii, Dav., n. sp., 76

rubicunda, 76

—— Spitzbergensis, Dav., n. sp., 78

Zealandica, 77

Terebratula Capensis, Adams & Reeve, 80

depressa, Forbes, 79

—— Neapolitana, Scacchi, 81

seminulum, Philippi, 81

oh Mace Cumingii, Davidson, n. sp.,

Thalurania, Gould, 8

Columbiana, 8

— eriphile, 9

Surcata, 8

— glaucopis, 9

—— nigrofasciata, 8

—— refulgens, Gould, n. sp., 9

venusta, 9

verticeps, 9

viridipectus, 9

Wagleri, 9

Watertoni, 9

Thanasimus Anthicoides, Westw., n. sp.,

— capicola, Westw., n. sp., 38

cursorius, Westu., n. sp., 53

—— irregularis, Westw., n. sp., 38

sellatus, Westw., n. sp., 42

—— subscutellaris, Westw., n. sp., 44

Tillicerus chalybeus, Westw., n. sp., 41

Tillus Afzelii, Westw., n. sp., 38

(Tillicerus) chalybeus,

n. sp., 41

Dux, Westw., n. sp., 46

—— (Macrotelus) subnotatus, Westw.,

n. sp. 37

-— (Macrotelus) uniformis, Westw.,

n. sp., 37

Tornatellina Achatinoides, Pfr., n. sp., 68

-— Mauritiana, Pfr., n. sp., 150

— Novoseelandica, Pfr., n. sp., 149

Trigonia Strangei, ddams, n. sp., 91

Trionycide, 135

Trochilus furcatus, 8

Vitrina Americana, Pfr., n. sp., 156

castanea, P/r., n. sp., 56

—— dimidiata, Pfr., n. sp., 56

irradians, Pfr., n. sp., 156

—— Milligani, Pfr., n. sp., 56

Xylobius albovarius, Westw., n. sp., 40

dulcis, Westw., n. sp., 40

Xylotretus chrysidens, Westw., n. sp., 50

— excavatus, Westw., n. sp., 46

Westw.,

LONDON:

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LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS

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Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two

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A LIST OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS LIVING IN

THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON (Second Edition), 1863.

This List contains the scientific and common names of all the vertebrated

animals living in the Society’s Gardens at the present time, arranged in

order according to their natural affinities. The sex, native country, date of

arrival, and mode of acquisition of each individual specimen are likewise

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and 23 of Fishes; altogether 674 species of Vertebrates.

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