OF THE

CONTRIBUTORS.

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

Page

Assott, Colonel.

Extract from his letter addressed to George O. Wray, Esq. 107

Apams, ArtTuur, F.L.S., &c.

Descriptions of some New Species of Limopsis from the

mrminiemin COMeehOn ): rece ck py aie ls whys o0,000 > aps 229

On the Species of Odeliscine found in Japan.......... 231

On the Species of Muricine found in Japan .......... 370

Barrp, Wiiuiam, M.D., F.L.S.

Description of Two New Species of Cestoid Worms, belong-

MEO LOOM P ADS EPRER . 25.50 oiasiic seyatn sew sefs \s)> Mateos 20

Descriptions of some New Species of Entozoa.......... 113

Description of several New Species of Phyllopodous Crus-

taceans, belonging to the Genera Estheria and Limnetis .. 147

Page

BartTuett, A. D.

Note on the Habits and Affinities of the Kagu (Rhinoche-

PRS PUOGEME)) ica oases oad als waskt aoe tee eee 218

Observations on the living Aye-aye in the Zoological Gar-

Cn ae Meer Oe ere pare re wire onet ek

Notes on the Beaver in the Zoological Gardens ........ 267

Description of a New Species of Lemur .............. 347

Bennett, Dr. Geores, F.Z.S.

Extract from a letter addressed by him to the Secretary.. 1

Extracts from a letter respecting the Kagus intended to be

sent by him to the Society, Ge. 2 s2.'...5-. 22. cwew clea pee

Extracts from a letter announcing the shipment of a living

Kann forthe Society;) Seni 3. aw 2a ees i 107

ixtractstrom letters trom wiz... 4 ss.es ee ce sien con oer 246, 249

BLANDFORD, HENRY.

Extract from a letter addressed by him to Dr. Gray .... 108

Briytu, Epwarp, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Exhibition of a tracing of the Outline of a Skull of the adult

male Rhinoceros sumatranus, transmitted by ...........- l

Buckwanp, Frank T., 2nd Life Guards, F.Z.S.

Exhibition of several specimens of the Smooth Snake (Co-

gonellg austriaca ys 2 oo ANE SOPRA GSS IM he ees eee 222

Cosson, T. Spencer, M.D., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative

Anatomy, Zoology, and Botany at the Middlesex Hospital.

Exhibition of a preparation of the remarkable Peyerian

Gland from the intestine of the young Giraffe............ 2

Exhibition and Remarks upon a specimen of a curiously

malformenebrant sis 68. RISSE POL Es eee 84

Page

On the Cranial Bones of Lepidosiren annectens ........ 129

Remarks on all the Human Entozoa .......... See be as 288

Exhibition of a series of Microscopic Preparations of rare

DUP TR olga yc ies ooale em Rainn stots a one sim neg 6 a Rain ae ee 326

Crisr, Epwarps, M.D., F.Z.S.

On the Situation, Form, and Capacity of the Gall-Bladder

in the Vertebrata; on its Absence in certain Animals; and

on the Colour of the Bile.......... bea cs BAR oS 132

Exhibition of a Head of a Partridge (Perdizx cinerea) with

deformed upper mandible ; the Czecal Appendages of the Im-

peyan Pheasant, and the Tail-glands of the Black Swan and

or tae ed -thraaked: Divers 0.5 324, Jy seasce fonsie > fence el

On some points relating to the Anatomy of the Humming-

Bird (Trochilus colubris) .......... Saas Slats crx c'e Heras 208

On the Capacity of the Gisophagus and other Parts of the

Intestinal Canal of Python reticulatus...............4-. 210

On the Probable Cause of Death of a Wart-Hog (Phaco-

RAE RMR ois iss, d 1G Re sgh aa taee in 2) 0nd Goat's te

Exhibition of the enlarged Tail-glands of two domestic Hens 219

Dourn, Dr. H.

Descriptions of New Operculated Land Shells.......... 181

Descriptions of New Shells ................ aera i 202

Dunxer, Dr. WILHELM.

Species nonnulle Bursarum vel Ranellarum collectionis

CHARI BBN eo ecg ee ees 5 SRR Ree tae 238

Fiower, W. H., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Conservator of the

Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Memoir on the Brain of the Javan Loris (Stenops javanicus) 103

Notes on the Anatomy of Pithecia monachus (Geoff.) .. 326

Page

Fraser, Lovis, Corr. Memb. Z.S.

Exhibition, for Lord Powerscourt, of an enormous pair of

Antlers with forty-four points ........ .ssseccreess ence 142

Govu.p, Joun, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., &e.

Exhibition of a specimen of a Lyre-bird (Menura) from

Port, PHM 2 nails Rie bene ment ais oes tee eee 23

Exhibition and Descriptions of two new species of Hum-

ming-Birds, from Ecuador, of a new Fregzlus from the Hima-

TSVHs, ANS PTI0M «, «.«:0in ie a,n 5 soerouaee oyelcls. cs le woe alsin in Aen

On a New Species of Chlamydera, or Bower-Bird .. .... 161

Descriptions of Sixteen New Species of Birds from the

Island of Formosa, collected by Robert Swinhoe, Esq., Her

Majesty’s Vice-Consul at Formosa ..............+.++-. 280

Gray, Joun Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.

On the Skull of the Japanese Pig (Sus pliciceps) ...... 13

Note on the Gigantic Earth-worm (Megascolex ceruleus)

from Ceylon, in a letter from Sir James Emerson Tennent.. 25

Description of some New Species of Spoggodes, and of a

New Allied Genus (Morchellana) in the Collection of the

iritigh Wrasenii, <(. .....68 os 2 cate m eel eins Steet Dine FS ee ee

Notes on some Specimens of Claviform Pennatulide (Ve-

retillee) in the Collection of the British Museum ........ 31

Description of Two New Genera of Zoophytes (Solenocaulon

and Bellonella), discovered on the North Coast of Australia

by Winn ayiier te. oa eee see A eee Seago hws aur ee eee

Extracts from a letter of Henry Blandford, Esq. ...... 108

Notice of a New Species of Lasiurus sent from the Sand-

wieh -Isiands thy WEEGWe ee Pease hats ache aie oh ov vb lore 143

Notice of a New Species of Dolphin (Delphinus catalania)

discovered in North Australia by Mr. John Macgillivray .. 143

Notice of a Wingless Bird, or Moho, and a Raven found

“in the Island of Hawaii by Mr. W. H. Pease............ 145

vil

List of Mammalia from the Camaroon Mountains, col- A

lected by Capt. Burton, H.M. Consul, Fernando Po...... 180

Note on the Size of a Seal (Callocephalus feetidus) at the

RR IMENE Ligier aan xia? weeds oiwiava sists jx OSs alelatees ol came 202

Descriptions of some New Species of Mammalia........ 261

Notice of two New Species of Batagur in the Collection

OF tie irememels WT URCUI Js ak 2s 35,0 waif spe ie. ae og wee 264

Notice of a New Species of Dogania from Asia ........ 265

Guuuiver, GroreGe, F.R.S, F.Z.S., Professor of Comparative

Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons.

On the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of Vertebrata, and on

the Zoological Import of the Nucleus, with Plans of their

Structure, Form, and Size (on a Uniform Scale) in many

OSH STEW TES) 5) WG Fy: re ee ee ae 91

Ginrner, Dr. ALBert, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.

Remarks on the Incubation of the female Python in the

Memiety 5 Gadems (774th) dS hiteee cae icne ted Shae Shields 1

Acisst en snakes from Wahine. psec. te os Gems x30. ae

Contribution to the Knowledge of the British Charrs.... 37

Descriptions of New Species of Reptiles and Fishes in the

Collection of the British Museum................--0+-. 188

Note on Nannoperca australis ........ 001. cee ennes 208

Gurney, Joun Henry, M.P., F.ZS.

Some Remarks on Aquila desmursii, J. Verr.........+. 145

Hamitron, Epwarp, M.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

On the Assumption of the Male Plumage by the Female of

the: Common Pheasant .-0. fac. S08 8 oS ee Soe 23

Exhibition of a female example of the Grey Hen (Tetrao

tetrix), which had partly assumed the male plumage...... 84

vill

Page

HANLEY, SYLVANUS.

Descriptions of New Solaria, chiefly in the Collection of

H. Cuming, Esq. .... 002... cece ce rerr eee ceetes eeee 204

Harriavs, Dr. G., For. Memb.

On a New Bird from the Isle of Madagascar ........ o. 152

On a New Bird from the Island of Madagascar ........ 224

Hewrrtson, W. C., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of Butterflies from the Collections of Messrs.

A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson .............+++-- 87

Houpsworty, E. W. H., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Corals belonging to the

genus Flabellum ...... 2. cere cere eee cece eeeees 198

On the Occurrence of Caryophyllia clavus on the Coasts

of Britain, with some Remarks on the circumstances affecting

the Distribution of Corals around the British Islands...... 199

Jounson, James Yate, Corr. Memb. Z. 8.

Remarks on a Specimen of Alepisaurus ferow recently ob-

tuned: at. Madeita::;.::20..2csee) sack cee ees fee ee

Descriptions of some New Genera and Species of Fishes

obtained at Madeira

Descriptions of some New Corals from Madeira........ 194

Descriptions of Two Corals from Madeira, belonging to the

Genera Primnoa and Mopsea ............ ane ok we eee 245

Krerrt, GerArp, Acting Curator Austr. Mus.

Noteion Purina stentilis. 522. sc.0c soe weeds ue we eae 149

Notes upon Australian Snakes, and their Geographical Dis-

PTO ULIGD: 5 wars a's bs. s neta oS FRE lame nee Smee nee ae «8 oO

ix en

LeapseaTer, B., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Exhibition of a Hybrid Duck between the Pintail and the

Teal, and of a Hybrid between the Common and Silver Phea-

Rene ese ate eft rer stay ciareret nis cde cio e terme etale ee eisie oS) 84

Exhibition of a stuffed specimen of a Lesser Bird of Para-

dise from the collection of Lord Braybrooke, which had been

formerly alive in England...........+-. +020 se eeeeeees 153

Morcu, Orro A. L.

Review of the Vermetide (Part III.) . eS ees be

On the Genera of Mollusca established by I H. F. Link in

the Catalogue of the Rostock Museum................-- 226

Murray, AnpREw, Ass. Sec. Royal Horticultural Society.

Description of Sphyrocephalus labrosus, a New Bat from

Old Calabar River, Western Africa ....... .... 525-505. 8

Remarks on a New Crocodile from the Old Calabar River,

Tis AAIETIC Ss Minh ee OCB Oca ar cio Chieu IO emer 139

Description of Crocodilus frontatus, a New Crocodile from

Old-Calabar River, West Africa ............ccscceee0.. 213

Newton, ALFrepD, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.8.

Exhibition of a Nest containing seventeen hatched-out eggs

PPE ai re OOP ITRONIET eS a nicola a clau: main pininie ve nis yee ays 2

Remarks on the Fringilla incerta of Risso ............ 128

Exhibition of some Birds collected in Madagascar by Mr.

E. Newton and Dr. Roch, Corresponding Members ...... 142

On the Breeding of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryoca-

Re RAS AeA wae aia oy Sin oh os oevdye +..0ems 206

Onrpg, Capt. J. W. P., F.Z.S.

Exhibition, through the Secretary, of a specimen of a black

variety of the Water-Vole (Arvicola amphibius ?), and a Red-

Crested Duck (Branta rufina)..........2222 050.8 ones S163

€ Page

Owen, Ricwarp, Professor.

On the Anatomy of the Aye-aye. Part I. (Abstract) .. 11

—_——__—_———. Part II. (Abstract) .. 13

Parker, W. K.

Abstract of a Memoir on the Osteology of the genera Pte-

rocles, Syrrhaptes, Hemipodius, and Tinamus............ 253

Pease, W. Harper.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Helicter ( Achatinella,

Swains.), from the Sandwich Islands, with a History of the

SOMUN faya0- cio ee x te ee daae ee, iota awiecatire ley eiace 2 coe eee 3

Description of a New Genus of Marine Shells from the

a WACH » LSA, 4 scence iam oye, alayaimr 45,0 sie ain le says © onakales eee

Descriptions of New Species of Marine Shells from the

Paciatiey VARANS oos S0y cay < cise apo napa, ae ce apes * Se a re 240

Descriptions of New Species of Shells from the Pacific

MAGS i. Sextury «is. 3)ahy< ela ee ¢ syerw soa +) ocala: SMa eee Toh ce

Description of New Species of Marine Shells from the Pa-

Bie MLAS TE aioe asia! c wt ow ala OMe Saget ts ee

Preirrer, Dr. L.

Descriptions of Eight New Species of Cyclostomacea, from

the Collection of Hi. Cuming, Wisq. -.s.< 2: fos seas anes 115

Description of a New Species of Helix (Nanina)........ 117

Descriptions of Thirty-six New Land Shells, from the Col-

lection of t4. "Cuming; Esq. Cec. /Gc.. os cess se 3 so once eee

Powerscourt, Viscount, F.Z.S.

Exhibition, through Mr. Fraser, of an enormous pair of

Antlers: with farhy-toar-omts, (6.66 /s <5 vies om ans pawns 142

Prime, Tempuxe, of New York.

Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells belonging to

the Family of Cyclades... jacneegtiks Vee eg ewig sete 2

Reeve, Lovett, F.L.S., F.Z.8.

On a New Form of Physa, of the Section Ameria, received

from George French Angas, Esq., of Angaston, South Au-

stralia, Corresponding Member of the Society............

Ropp, E. H.

Letter from, announcing the recent occurrence in Cornwall

of a female specimen of Scolopax sabini .......... er eee

ScHomeurk, Sir Rosert, H.M. Consul for Siam, Corr. Memb.

Z.8.

Letter from, respecting Diardigallus crawfurdi, with a

description of the female bird ...... eS IMO iter oer ae

SciaTerR, Puiuip Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &.,

Secretary to the Society.

Exhibition of a tracing of the Outline of a Skull of the adult

male Rhinoceros sumatranus, on behalf of Mr. E, Blyth,

PGR SS ee ne eA PPD See ec

Remarks on some specimens forwarded by Capt. Speke..

On some Birds recently collected by M. Boucard in

Bonthern Mexico. .ss....-0. ses HOR Kees

Additions to the Menagerie in November and December

Remarks on some Snakes received from Bahia

Extracts from Dr. G. Bennett’s Letter respecting the

Kagus intended to be sent by him to the Society, &c.

On a New Species of Malucoptila from Western Ecuador

Extracts from a letter from Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., an-

nouncing the shipment of a living Kagu for the Society, &c.

Characters of Nine New Species of Birds received in col-

erinene from Bopota's'; 922.065. 2g ee a

Page

250

107

109

xii

Page

On Two New Species of Tyrant-birds from Ecuador .... 113

Announcement of the arrival of two living Paradise-birds

(Paradisea papuana) purchased for the Society by Mr. A.

aL, Wallace: icc Gores fe) Oa SE. ee eee

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of January,

Mebrunry, and. Marchiy .%.0<. <2@esele sets ee yr 139

_ Report of the arrival of a living Kagu, presented to the

Society by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., of Sydney........ 141

Note on the Deer of Formosa <..2.c-006-. «002.0 walepinie 150

Exhibition on behalf of Capt. J. W. P. Orde, F.Z.S., of a

specimen of a black variety of the Water-Vole (Arvicola am-

phibius’?), and a Red-crested Duck (Branta rufina) ...... 163

Exhibition of Drawings representing the four known species

of WaldtAgues 2.00 2 tsb esdaa eat ste se eie be epee ee

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of April and

Myr ceeien sa > wi crcitnie > wale sd oe eee ste vince’ s meena 184

Remarks on some interesting additions to the Menagerie.. 186

Extracts from a letter from Dr. Lamprey, dated Shanghai,

$uly Ol, 1062.20) pict hsdeeetn ee ee 220

Notice of a living Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis) in

the Society's; Menaserie: <).).)< 2 2 veee.coee steutein «(ots BU 222

Extracts from letters from Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S... 246, 249

Letter from Sir Robert Schomburgk, H.M. Consul for

Siam, respecting a Diardigallus crawfurdi ...... 46.2044 230

Note on‘the Japanese Bear 22.0 asispcerelmrs wae eee ee 261

Additions to the Menagerie during the months of June,

July, August, September, and October ................ 321

Notes on the Incubation of Python sebe, as observed in

the Society’s Gardens ........ OT er 365

On some Birds to be added to the Avi-fauna of Mexico.. 368

Additions to the Menagerie during the month of November 376

xiii

Page

Suortrt, Dr. J., F.Z.S.

Letter from, giving some notes on Daboia elegans (Vipera

SLL SS ae ee See wld 505 Su sheraigh a oat 251

Speke, Capt. J. H.

List of specimens forwarded by............+. sesess-- 12

STAVELEY, Miss E. F.

Notes on the Form of the Comb (Pecten) in different An-

drenide and Apide, and on the alar hooks of the species of

maerroges ane LIGUCLUs (eo. os os ERT Ss Gees hae oe 118

Swinuog, Rosert, F.Z.S., H.M. Consul at Formosa, F.R.S.,

Corr. Mem. Z.S.

On a Bird supposed to be the Female of ee au-

ritum, Pall., from Northern China ............... . 286

On some Tientsin Birds, collected by Mr. Fleming, R.A.,

in the possession of Mr. Whiteley ............4..2.0-- 315

On the Mammals of the Island of Formosa............ 347

TENNENT, Sir JAMES Emerson, K.C.B., V.P.Z.S., &e.

Note on the Gigantic Earth-Worm (Megascolex ceruleus)

BUREN RR ic las Ola Oe eh 52 Eee Se ‘25

Wauace, ALFRED Russet, F.Z.S.

Narrative of Search after Birds of Paradise............ 153

On some New and Rare Birds from New Guinea ...... 164

Descriptions of Three New Species of Pitta from the Mo-

NCURSES Se yee a ee tra es ern ae eS ees gee 187

List of Birds from the Sula Islands (east of Celebes), with

Descriptions of the New Species .................04... 333

XIV

Page

Witurams, Wittram (of Tregullow), F.Z.S.

On the Breeding of a West-Indian Tortoise in this Country 266

Woop, T. W., F.Z.S.

Remarks on the habits of the Pinnated Grouse (Tetrao

cupido) now living in the Society’s Gardens ............ 153

Wray, Grorce O.

Extract from a letter of Col. Abbott to .............. 107

Wucuerer, Df. Orno, Corr. Mem. Z.S.

A Taistvot Snakes! trom bahia) ys) o-e. 2-1 cer nee 25

XXVIII.

XXIX.

LIST OF PLATES.

Page

Sphyrocephalus FADO RUS so us tedin wars aishanltdress is wc aes 8

Tenia ammonitiformis and T. semiteres ....+++.+++5 20

Harporhynchus ocellatus 1... 0.0 c eee eee eee 18

Spoggodes florida and S. spinosa .... +1 +++ eee ee ees 27

Salmo willoughbii ...... cece cece cece eee e ee eees

CUUTLAPLEUS cae ale Disetne oeee tar (ore oe oe ca eiie) airs eirelrel/etle } 37

OTD «oc tieis sae soe et ole Mees oc sleinie a selec

Malacoptila poliopis ........00e sees reece eens 86

Mi pee CURE on soon doin oi ve oe aladm is on meen: \ 37

Terinos tethys and T. tawiles........+eeeeeveeeee

Urochroma stictopterd 1... cece eee ce ene en neta 109

New species of Cyclostomacea and of Heliz...... 115, 117

Lepidosiren annectenS ....+seeeeeerernerncnecees 129

Cacatua Mucorpstt .... cece ence reer cece ereeenes 14]

New Phyllopodous Crustaceans ......-.+.+seeeeee 147

Cervus tavanus 1.6.0.0 e cc cccr seen ercccceneees

aia } 150

TACT Rca 6 eid CInIEee UOIDO CG DD OO UID OOS On

Tylas edtuardi ...cccvesevecvcscecneccccccnensens 152

Halcyon migrocyaned .... 60s ceneen cece ce ereaee

Gracula pectoralis ......cccer cee ce cece eneees } 164

Ptilonopus humeralis .. 6... cece ee eee eee eens

Nesiarchus nasutus......00ceeeeecevncceeeevnes

Setarches giimtheri .....ceccvcccccccnrncececens } 167

Sciurus isabella 6... 00.2 c sen cnenecnececerececens 180

Chloroscartes fasciatus 6.1... cece ee cence eeeees

Catopra siamensis and C. tetracanthus ........+. 188

Amblyopus sagitta, Centropogon marmoratus, and

Pseudochromis perspicillatus......+.+++0s0eres

Flabellum campanulatum and F. nobile ....eeeeeees 198

Crocodilus frontatus ......+0++000% SHaWrouio cod CO Os 213

* The generic name on the plate is written erroneously Zygeno-cephalus.

Plate

XXX,

XXXI.

XXXII.

XXXIII.

XXXIV.

XXXV.

XXXVI.

XXXVII.

XXXVIII.

XXXIX.

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLIV.

XLV.

XLVI.

xvi

Page

Rhimochetus juOGEUS . ..0 0 0s aos weiss s ne ov vce oo aie 218

Primnoa imbricata and Mopsea arbusculum........+. 245

UOMSUS YG APONICUS 010 4.0 ss eielela = nie (Fieis/ataboletey« eepsiiieyale

Leopardus japonensis.......+.++++4++ mean eoulT ke 261

Cepnalophus Orcolor. sine +c.e oet)s nie statis assis denials

COGN TOOT RO RAR Goll Seton dino gh Soc

New Land-shells described by Dr. “Peiffer Sogadeo ms 268

Pithecia MONGCHUS «ale ore) -cuataie pcoie/esveet loi eae eee 326

TTOTLCUIUSRSCLOLCRUM wreielel ete\pial -t-¥ottal sei ellie lens = os es

Trichoglossus flavo-viridis.......00+eeeereceeees | 333

OvtOWUS TOTALS sar atoloneletels (alesis cle aretay sierra

Demmrsleucomiy stag ay...) ww os <ie's «'s'0le ine oleieiniote -

MIG COCUSICY CLOPIS 1s) aieiavertis oielais!s vous rel \et-)=)istehelstelele

A CLOPIS Prot atetavrenie elt 01 Ves cen =) saehstoke tate |

Sieopardus/Orachyurus 26 we visc cen cc solve os ale oe r 347

IAG AIS UGTA GIIEUD Cero OniGe on GOntoo OO Gone

PHCRONIYS! GROMGUS ‘tp tore sists soit aieisye ted sole fole sTelemt ane

Vanco POC Y SUS s\o)e el e-lefuie) Norio) tare ec 1- anes 368

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 14, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V-P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater exhibited, on behalf of Mr. E. Blyth, Corr.

Memb., a tracing of the outline of a skull of the adult male Rhino-

ceros sumatranus, from a specimen in the possession of Lieut.-Col.

Fytch, Commander of the Martaban and Tenasserim provinces,

Maulmein. The animal had been killed in the province of Tavoy,

near the Siamese frontier. The outline of the skull was reduced in the

drawing to one-fourth of the original. Mr. Blyth stated that another

example, sent to England by Col. Fytch, had the anterior horn more

curved and about 3 inches longer, and that this was the horn he was

inclined to believe Rhinoceros crossii of Dr. Gray (P. Z. 8. 1854,

p- 250) had been founded upon.

Extracts were read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney, Nov. 20th, 1861, refer-

ring to the proposed establishment of a Society of Acclimatisation at

Sydney, and regretting the failure of his attempt to keep living in

captivity specimens of the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) destined for

the Society. Dr. Bennett also stated that the Aviary in the Botanic

Gardens at Sydney then contained a pair of the Mooruk (Caswarius

bennettii), Albatrosses of two species (Diomedea exulans and D. me-

lanophrys), and a Regent-bird (Sericulus aureus) in full plumage.

Dr. A. Giinther called the attention of the Society to the fact that a

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. I.

2 MR. T. PRIME ON NEW CYCLADES. (Jan. 14,

female Python, in the Reptile-house in the Society’s Gardens (Py-

thon sebe), had on the previous day deposited a large number of

eggs, and had commenced to sit upon them, guarding them with

great care. A sketch by Mr. Wolf was exhibited, illustrative of the

Python as she appeared in this position.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited a preparation of the remarkable pouched

Peyerian gland from the intestine of the young Giraffe which had

recently died in the Society’s Gardens.

Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited a nest containing seventeen hatched-

out eggs of Ortyx virginianus, which had been sent to him from New

York by Mr. George N. Lawrence, C.M.Z.S., and read from a letter

of that gentleman’s the following extract :—

“Of course eggs of this species are abundant enough ; but this is

the only nest that ever came under my own observation. It was ob-

tained in the garden of a place occupied by me during the summer,

near the sea-shore at Rockaway, Long Island.

“The eggs, as you will notice, are chipped round at the largest

diameter, with almost mathematical exactness, leaving a part of the

shell adhering to one side. The fact of this being left to act as a

hinge strikes me as peculiar, but it may not be unusual in birds of

this family.”

Mr. Newton stated that the very curious and regular mode in

which the shells of these specimens had been almost entirely, yet not

quite, severed was a circumstance he had never before observed in

the eggs of any other species. In the European wild Galline, espe-

cially in Perdix cinerea, the fracture of the shell, caused by the

-escape of the young birds, generally takes place nearer the middle

of the axis major, and, so far as he knew, was always complete ;

that is, there was no “ hinge” left joining the two parts. Indeed,

in partridges’ eggs which have been hatched out, the two portions

of the shell were most frequently found lying the one encased in the

other. He forbore offering any suggestions as to the manner in

which the very curious appearance in the eggs exhibited had been

produced, but considered it quite worthy the attention of naturalists.

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions or THREE New SPECIES OF SHELLS BELONG-

ING TO THE Famity or Cyctapes. By Tempie Prime, oF

New York.

1. BaTISsSA SPHHRICULA, Prime.

Cyrena violacea, Lam., var. Javanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 88,

pl. 15. f. 1, 1849.

B. testa subrotunda, equilaterali, depressiuscula, epidermide

atro-virescente vestita, antice sulcis transversis remotis ornata,

intus albo-violacea; latere antico dilatato, postico obtuso; lamina

cardinali angusta ; dentibus primariis inequalibus, subcanali-

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 3

culatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, equalibus ; umbonibus

inclinatis, erosis.

Long. 22, lat. 2, diam. 1+ poll.

Hab. In flumine Palembang prope Pardana, in insula Java (Coll.

Prime).

2. BaTISsSA SOLIDULA, Prime.

B. testa ovato-orbiculari, equilaterali, crassa, solida, latere an-

tico dilatato, postico latiore, epidermide polita atro-fusces-

cente vel olivacea vestita ; valvis intus albis, ad margines in-

Serne posticeque violaceis ; cardine incrassato ; dentibus cardi-

nalibus subequalibus ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, serrula-

tis ; umbonibus prominentibus, integris, antice inclinatis.

Long. 24, lat. 23, diam. 14 poll.

Hab. ? (Coll. Cuming et Prime).

3. PistpIUM NOV ZELANDIA, Prime.

P. testa minuta, ovali, valde obliqua, tenui, fragili, postice sub-

truncata, umbonibus obtusiusculis, approximatis, epidermide

corneo-flavescente vestita.

Long. }, lat. +, diam. 545 poll. ,

Hab. In Nova Zelandia (Coll. Cuming et Prime).

2. Descriptions or Two New Sprecirs or Hetricrer (Acua-

TINELLA, SWAINS.), FROM THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, WITH A

History oF THE Genus. By W. Harper PEASE.

We venture to add two species to the above genus, and to adopt the

generic name given to this group by Férussac, as having priority

over that of Achatinella of Swainson. The history of the genus will,

we think, justify us in so doing. Not having met with any account

of it in a connected form, we offer the following to be filled out

hereafter by those abroad who have within their reach materials we

cannot command in this corner of the world.

It is not probable that any specimens of this genus were collected

by Capt. Cook, or those attached to the expedition under his com-

mand, as they anchored on their first visit at the most leeward island

of the group, Kauai, and, on their return from the north-west coast

of America, at the most windward, Hawaii, having but little or no

. communication with the intermediate islands. With the exception

of one species, rarely met with on the mountains in the interior of

Hawaii, none but small ground species inhabit either of the above

islands, the true Helicteres being confined to the central islands

of the group.

The earliest notice we find of any species of this genus is in the

narrative of the first commercial expedition that visited the islands

after their discovery by Capt. Cook. It consisted of two vessels, the

one under command of Capt. Portlock, the other under Capt. Dixon :

4 MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. [Jan. 14,

each of these officers published a narrative of his voyage, in London,

1789, in a separate volume.

The latter purchased from the natives at Oahu a necklace made of

the H. lugubris. In an appendix to his narrative he gives de-

scriptions of several objects of natural history collected in the Pa-

cific, including the above species, under the name of “ Helix apez-

JSulva,” illustrated by a good figure. In the year 1795 Chemnitz

closed his great work with descriptions of a number of new species

of shells from the Pacific, many of which had been lately purchased

by Spengler (whose collection was considered the largest in Europe,

and afforded Chemnitz many rare species) from a dealer in London.

They included the shell described by Capt. Dixon; and, without much

doubt, the specimens were from the necklace brought home by him.

Chemnitz named it “ Turbo lugubris.” It is the oldest recognized

species of the genus. In 1801 Lamarck described the same species

in his ‘ Animaux sans Vertébres’ as ‘‘Monodonta seminigra,” having

also purchased specimens from a dealer in London. He was misin-

formed as to the locality (Tahiti), and adds that ‘“ La reine de cette

ile en fait des boucles doreille.”” The dealer might have supposed

that he would enhance their value by representing them as having

ornamented a queen ; he received two guineas for them. Delessert

figures the specimen from Lamarck’s collection on plate 37. fig. 2,

and, quoting the locality from Lamarck, adds “Il a été rapporté par

le capitaine Cook,” also an error. Up to this date but one species

was known. The several specimens described and figured can all

be traced without much doubt to Capt. Dixon’s necklace, which,

having been purchased for a nail at Oahu, was sold (at the rate of

those purchased by Spengler and the Paris Museum) for several

hundred dollars in Europe.

Twenty years passed by before any other specimens found their

way to Europe, although in the meantime the islands became the

winter resort of the fur-traders from the north-west coast of America,

and were visited by the French Expedition under La Pérouse, and

that of the English under Vancouver. In 1820 the expedition under

De Freycinet returned from the Pacific. Férussac having com-

menced that year the publication of his great work on land-shells,

all the species collected by Quoy and Gaimard during their voyage

were passed over into his hands for examination and description.

Eight species appeared in a ‘ Prodrome’ published by Férussac in

1821, their generic character being well and accurately defined, under

the name of Helicter, and were placed by him in his system under

a subdivision (Cochlogena) of the Helices, it having been reported to

him that the animal was similar to those of that family. The genus

must therefore date 1821, not 1819, as noted by Drs. Gray and

Herrmannsen. The copy of the ‘ Prodrome’ in our library has no

date on its title-page ; but we find at the commencement of the ‘Ta-

bieau Systématique’ the date 1821, June, which we adopt, and which

is probably correct, as the expedition from which his specimens were

obtained did not reach Europe until 1820. Three years later, 1824,

the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of De Freycinet’ was published, in which

1862. ] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 5

Férussac gives a monograph of the genus also under the name of

Helicter, correcting the synonomy of the original species by Chem-

nitz, and adding two more from the collection of Quoy and Gaimard.

In the year 1827 two of the above species were redescribed by Dr.

Green in the ‘ Collection of the Maclurian Lyceum,’ Phil. U.S.

In the ‘ Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, and Art of the

Royal Institution of Great Britain’ for the year 1828, Mr. Swainson

published descriptions of seven species, one of which was a synonym

of the original species by Chemnitz, and one of a species by Férussac.

He also defines their generic character, and establishes the genus

Achatinella. No reference is made to previously described species,

excepting that by Dixon and the “ seminigra »? of Lamarck, which

he adopts as the type of his genus. His descriptions are introduced

by a few remarks on the difficulty of determining generic characters

from shells alone, and he reflects on continental authors for not adopt-

ing a more artificial system. He refers to the genus Helix as an

example. We quote his words:—‘“The truth of these remarks will ap-

pear very obvious on looking to the genus Heliz, as it was left by

Linnzus, and as it was considered only a few years back, when the

French writers still considered it only in the light of a genus, con-

taining many hundreds of species. * * * The peculiar views of

M. Férussac led him, in the first instance, to return to the old ar-

rangement, so far as to consider these shells merely as a genus

divided into subgenera, sections, &e. This view, however, he seems

at length to have gradually abandoned, and virtually to admit, what

indeed is quite obvious, that they constitute a family, and a very

extensive one, comprising numerous minor groups or genera, many of

which rest on striking dissimilarities in their animals, and all on

certain and obvious characters in the shell.” * * * * ‘To charac-

terize a new form, and to give it a name, is no longer looked upon

as a dangerous innovation.” Mr. Swainson appears to have carried

out this idea in his latest systematic work on shells (‘Treatise on

Malacology’ ), as he there arranges the Testaceous Gasteropods under

360 genera and subgenera, 161 of which are his own.

H. and A. Adams (who cannot be accused of restricting the num-

ber of genera) reduce about seventy-two of them to the rank of

synonyms.

In his latest work Mr. Swainson does not refer to the genus He-

licter, but merely remarks that “we adopt M. Férussac’s names

whenever they have a right to priority, and are classical.”

In the January number of the ‘ Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles,’

of the following year (1829), M. Férussac published a rejoinder to

the above article by Mr. Swainson, and claimed priority for his

genus Helicter. We quote his words:—‘‘ Nous croyons devoir

rappeler & M. Swainson que la gloire ne s’acquiert pas en donnant

des noms nouveaux que personne ne respecte quand ils sont donnés

sans motifs, mais en établissant des coupes fondées sur des caractéres

bien observés et réellement distinctifs, en saisissant les véritables rap-

ports naturels des étres, et en respectant ces rapports dans l’établis-

sement des coupes de tous les degrés; nous ajouterons que, pour

6 MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES, ([Jan. 14,

Vhonneur de la science et des savans anglais, nous sommes trés-

éloignés de penser que les naturalistes de cette nation aient abjuré les

principes qui prévaudront toujours chez tous les bons esprits—ceux

de ne reconnaitre commes coupes méthodiques du systéme que celles

qui sont fondées sur des caractéres organiques, bien tranchés et de

méme valeur dans chaque ordre ou chaque famille naturelle. M.

Swainson, s’il ne craint pas d’établir de mauvais genres, devrait au

moins craindre que l’on ne accuse, ou d’ignorer ce que les autres

ont fait, ou de passer leurs travaux sciemment sous silence, en éta-

blissant des divisions méthodiques et des espéces déja instituées avant

lui. Son genre Achatinella n’est que la copie, sous un autre nom,

de notre groupe des Helicteres, établi d’abord dans notre ‘ Prodrome’

et ensuite dans ‘Le Voyage de M. de Freycinet.’ Il eut été convenable

de nous citer et de proposer alors franchement I’établissement de

genre distincte de notre groupe des Helicteres, en discutant les rai-

sons qui nous ont porté a le laisser parmi les Helices, notamment

Videntité de leurs animaux.”

This genus, so clearly established and justly contended for by

Férussac, passed out of sight. The only authors, so far as we are

aware, who have adopted it are Drs. Gray, Beck, and Herrmannsen.

M. Deshayes has refused to acknowledge it, as well as Partula and

other genera now universally adopted; but that should not lessen

M. Férussac’s claim, more particularly as the reason he alleges (a

want of a knowledge of the animal) has been set aside by Eydoux

and Souleyet in the ‘ Voyage de Bonite.’ The name is classical and

appropriate (‘a drawn-out or extended coil’’), and does not of ne-

cessity connect the genus with the family of Helices.

The next monograph following that by Férussacis from Dr. Pfeiffer

in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ 1845, in

which the Doctor not only adopts the generic name of Swainson, but

also his specific names for those species which are synonymous with

the earlier species described by Férussac. In subsequent monographs,

however, by the same author, in his great work ‘ Monographia

Heliceorum Viventium,’ priority is assigned to the specific names

given by Férussac.

In 1850 Mr. Reeve published a monograph in his ‘ Conchologia

Tconica,’ under the name Achatinella. All future describers follow

Dr. Pfeiffer and Mr. Reeve’s example. A full monograph and his-

tory of the species would require several years’ laborious study and

research. The most perfect list of synonyms that has appeared, more

particularly of the earlier-described species, is that by Dr. Newcomb

in the ‘ Annals of the New York Lyceum,’ 1858.

The number described is about 325, of which (according to Dr.

Newcomb) more than three-eighths are synonyms. We follow the

rule laid down by Mr. Swainson, and adopt the name Helicter

for this genus, bemg convinced that it is classical and has priority,

and proceed to add two species as follows :—

HELICTER PROXIMUS.

H. testa sinistrorsa, imperforata, oblongo-ovata, ventricosa ;

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON TWO NEW HELICTERES. 7

subtiliter transversim striata, striis subflexuosis, interruptis,

juxta suturas conspicuis; anfractibus sex, convexis, superne

marginatis, ultimo plano-convezo, oblique producto ; apertura

obliqua, oblongo-ovata, plica columellari valida: colore cas-

taneo, albido et fusco irregulariter strigato, columella et aper-

ture margine intus purpureo-rubentibus.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblongo-ovate, ventricose, rather solid,

finely striated transversely ; strize somewhat flexuous, granulose, and

interrupted, more regular and conspicuous beneath the sutures.

Whorls six, convex, marginated, the last being somewhat produced

obliquely and flattened on the middle, so as to give in some specimens

a subangulated appearance at the base. Aperture somewhat oblique,

of an oblong-ovate form ; columellar fold strong. Colour chestnut-

brown, striped and mottled irregularly with darker brown and white ;

columella and inner edge of aperture purplish red.

Hab. Island of Molokai.

The above species from the island of Molokai appears to represent

the H. marmoratus and its varieties of the island of Maui. It is, how-

ever, larger and heavier ; the last whorl has also a peculiar shape, in

common with that of several of the larger species found on Molokai.

All the specimens I have seen are sinistral, and the columella and

edge of the aperture of a deep red.

¢ HELICTER HUTCHINSONII.

HH. testa acuminato-turrita, sinistrorsa, imperforata ; anfracti-

bus septem, plano-convexis, longitudinaliter rugosis et irregu-

lariter striatis, non marginatis ; sutura bene impressa, subrudi;

apertura ovata; columella subplicata tortuosa; epidermide

fictili-brunnea induta, apice fusco ; apertura et columella per-

albidis.

Hab. Maui, Sandwich Islands.

Shell acuminately turreted, sinistral, imperforate. Whorls seven,

flatly convex, coarsely and irregularly striated longitudinally, not

marginated ; sutures somewhat rude, well impressed. Aperture

ovate, about two-fifths the length of the shell ; columellar fold slight,

oblique, and tortuous. Shell covered with an earthy-brown epi-

dermis ; apex of a darker colour; aperture and columella white,

shining.

This shell appears to be the analogue of H. obscurus (Newc.) from

the island of Lanai. The latter differs in many respects, more par-

ticularly in the colour of its aperture, which is of a purplish red, and

also in the shape of its columella, which has a character in common

with other species found on Lanai. The above species is sinistral ;

H., obscurus is dextral. We have attached to this species the name

of the Honourable F. W. Hutchinson, Judge of the Circuit Court,

to whom we are indebted for several rare shells.

8 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. [Jan. 14,

3. DescRIPTION OF SPHYROCEPHALUS LABROSUS*, A New Bat

From Oxtp CanLABarR River, WESTERN Arrica. By An-

prew Murray, Ass. Sec. R. Horricutrurau Society.

(Plate I.)

PTEROPINI,

SPHYROCEPHALUS, nov. gen.

Dental formulary :—

Molars.

+ on

Incisors. Canines. Premolars? True molars?

4 1 1 2

4 l 2 3)

Head very large and oblong; the lips largely developed and ex-

panded. Ears rather large, without tragus. Thumb and index-

finger of band unguiculate, the other fingers without claws. Tail

wanting.

SPHYROCEPHALUS LABROSUS, Sp. Noy.

Brown, with a few whitish hairs at the base of the ears. The

head very large, massive, half as long as the whole body, oblong,

and as broad at the muzzle as at the top of the head, with some re-

semblance to a hammer, whence the name hammer-headed (Sphyro-

cephalus), rather more than twice as long as deep ; ears rather large,

destitute of tragus; eyes rather large; eyelids provided with eye-

lashes ; nostrils large and tubular; lips extraordinarily developed ;

both upper and lower lips of a very smooth semi-muco-membranous

texture, corrugated and tuberculated at the margins ; the upper lip

with a tuberculated prominence in the line of the two outer incisors,

and a more elongated tuberculated ridge further up, in the line of

the two inner incisors; the external lateral margin expanded into a

sort of stiff semi-cupshaped flap with a tuberculated edge, rising to

meet the nostril and then descending, following its lower edge, and

terminating in a curved scroll-like coil in the nostril.

The same semi-muco-membranous lip is spread over the front

of the lower jaw, forming a sort of chin. The skin in the neigh-

bourhood of the lips, and extending upwards and backwards along

the nasal bones, is covered with the same sort of fine velvety down

which surrounds a horse’s nostrils ; the hair on the rest of the head

is flocky ; on the downy portion there are on the sides of the upper

* Since this paper was in print, the last number of the ‘ Proceedings of the

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia’ has heen received in this country

(the first copies arrived on 19th February, 1862) ; and in it I find a description of

a new Bat, which probably belongs to this species, by Dr. Harrison Allen (Proc.

Acad. Nat. Se. Phil. July 1861, p. 156). Itis said to be taken from a specimen

collected by M. Du Chaillu, and is named by Dr. Allen Hypsignathus monstrosus.

If it is the same species, of course Dr. Allen’s name must take precedence. His

description does not quite correspond with mine, but, judging from the description

of the nose, may, perhaps, have been taken from a dried skin, whereas mine is

from a fine example in spirits. M. Du Chaillu has exhibited no specimen of this

Bat in England.

1862.] MR. A, MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. 9

lip three rows of papillee, each with a long whisker-hair springing from

it. In the specimen before us these papille are arranged four in

the two first rows and three in the last ; similar papillee and hairs

run up the downy space covering the long nasal bones, in three rows,

past the eyes and quite to the forehead, numbering each nine or

ten papillee, the middle row being shorter than the two others. The

gape of the mouth is large, extending back fully a third of the head ;

the lip does not encroach on the outside of the face along the gape ;

it is only directly in front that it is so much developed ; the upper

lip is connected with the gum by a broad thick ridge uniting them

together in the line of the symphysis of the intermaxillary bones.

The disposition of the teeth is as follows :—

- They are all well separated from each other, none touching each

other except, perhaps, the last molars ; the incisors of the upper jaw

are minute rounded points ; in the lower jaw they are equally minute,

but transversely oblong and bilobed. The canine teeth in both are

well developed and of the usual form; beyond the canine there is

a minute tooth (a mere point) in the lower jaw which is wanting in

the upper jaw; the next tooth beyond it is almost exactly of the form

of the canine, and is probably a pre-molar ; the remaining teeth, two

in the upper and three in the lower jaw (probably true molars), have

their crown divided longitudinally ; in the upper jaw each ridge slopes

backwards, in the under jaw the external ridge is bilobed. The

palate has strong, elevated, transverse ridges running across from

interspace to interspace between each tooth. The tongue is rather

large, and covered with a sort of tessellated pavement of large flat

papille ; it is free very far back. Under it and lying in the hollow of

the mouth, occupying the whole breadth for a short space in front

between the rami of the lower jaw, is a very curious membrane fringed

with slips or plaits—a sort of second tongue, calling to recollection

a somewhat similar organ or structure under the tongue of the Loris

and Lemur. In these it assumes the form of an aponeurotic lamina,

which is divided at its anterior thinner end into filaments or slips.

“This arrangement (a development of the frenum of the tongue),”

says Van der Hoeven, ‘‘ has been described incorrectly, in my judg-

ment, as though the tongue were double, or even as if a bird’s tongue

were under the mammalian tongue.” It may be a development

of the frenum, because two things connected together, although at

opposite ends, may always be said to be parts of the same thing

however distant they may be. But I would only observe that in the

present instance the frenum of the tongue is situated very far back,

and it seems to me that it may just as possibly be a development of

the floor of the mouth as of the frenum of the tongue. I do not

suppose that Dr. Van der Hoeven would think it necessary to look

elsewhere than to the walls of the cesophagus to find the structure

from which the elongated papille lining the cesophagus, in the

hawk-billed turtle for instance, had been developed. There is a

tendency to similar structure in other parts than the tongue in

many animals—on the palate and back of the mouth, for example ;

and I should not be disposed to seek further than the place from

10 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW BAT. [Jan. 14,

which it springs for the source of this development. It does not

extend much further back than the lower canine teeth ; but there is

a slight plait or perceptible line running on each side all the way to

the back of the mouth, giving the appearance of a second thin flat

tongue lying in the hollow of the mouth, tied down like the tongue

of a crocodile; but the separation here is a mere trace, and it is only

the fringed margin in front which is free.

The neck is distinct, and the skin has the appearance of having

some cellular space between it and the muscles.

The body is oblong and compact; the ribs descend far, and the

lower ribs are very large ; the stomach is moderate in size, furnished

internally with several large transverse folds; the small intestines

are not very long; there is no cecum.

The arms have the thumb and index unguiculate, the rest of the

fingers are without claws ; the thumb has two phalanges, the rest have

three phalanges. The thumb is united to the wing by a membrane

stretching on both sides over the whole of the proximal and half of

the distal phalanx ; the proximal phalanx of the thumb is shorter

than the distal. The winged membrane is not extended across the

back, but is very ample; the winged space between the third and

fourth fingers, and between the fourth and the body, has in its middle

numerous longitudinal bundles of muscular fibre interwoven without

attachments, and one or two similar transverse bundles ; these are

probably for the purpose of assisting in the folding of the wing.

Along these bundles of muscular fibre the membraneous wing is

closely wrinkled; and there is little doubt that they will also strengthen

the membrane where they occur.

The hind feet are uniform and all unguiculate ; they are united to

the body by an interfemoral membrane, which has a single large

bundle of muscular fibres stretching obliquely across from the foot

to the coccyx.

The testicles are situated under the skin on each side of the male

organ, and are round.

There is no tail.

The length of the whole body, in the specimen from which the

above description is taken, is nearly 7 inches; the length of the

head 31 inches, its depth about 1} inch. The stretch of wings

is 28 inches across.

The most remarkable features in this animal are its large hammer-

shaped head, and the great external development of its lips. Its

whole structure is essentially that of a Pteropine Bat, with some

modifications showing a tendency towards the Rhinolophi. No

species having any of the nasal appendages peculiar to that section

of the Bats has yet been found among the Pteropine Bats. They are

strictly frugivorous, and have the nose like that of a fox or dog.

The present species, although it has not any nasal appendages, has

labral expansions which may possibly be analogous to them, and the

animal may possibly have peculiar habits to which the structure of

these organs is especially adapted.

Unfortunately, in the only specimen yet received, the stomach and

1862.] PROF. OWEN ON THE AYE-AYE. 11

intestines were wholly empty; so that we cannot speak of its food

with positive certainty, The teeth are Pteropine in character, but not

so absolutely so as to preclude the possibility of this creature being

at least partially insectivorous, the molars showing a tendency to

mammillation on the external side of the longitudinal ridges into which

they are separated. The large folds in the interior of the stomach

seem to point to a vegetable diet.

The sublingual fringed membrane is also an interesting peculiarity,

not only on account of its rarity, but because one of the few

other instances where it has been noticed is in an animal having no

one thing in common with the present, except that of living in the

same country. We sometimes see this happen; an abnormal struc-

ture or peculiarity occurring in an animal restricted to one country

will be found repeated in some other animal of that country no way

connected with or allied to it.

This Bat was sent to me by my excellent friend, the Rev. Wm. C.

Thomson, one of the missionaries of the United Presbyterian Church

of Scotland, stationed at Old Calabar—a true Christian, an excellent

naturalist, and one whose devotion to the cause he has undertaken,

viz. the amelioration of the African negro, has been proved by the

greatest sacrifices from his youth upwards.

Prof. Owen communicated the first part of his paper on the Aye-

aye (Chiromys madagascariensis, Cuv.), including an introductory

historical sketch of its discovery and the various opinions respecting

its nature and affinities set forth by naturalists from Buffon to the

present time. ‘After commenting on the chief of these, the author

proceeded to narrate the circumstances under which the subject of

his descriptions, a nearly full-grown male, had been obtained from

Madagascar, and prepared for dissection, by the Hon. H. Sandwith,

M.D., C.B., whilst Colonial Secretary at the Mauritius. The habits

of the Aye-aye during the period in which it lived a captive at the

Mauritius with Dr. Sandwith, and also the habits of other individuals

that for a time were kept alive in the island of Reunion, by MM.

Lienard and Vinsor, in 1855, were next noticed. The specimen sub-

mitted to Prof. Owen, having been transmitted well preserved in

spirit, afforded the means of a minute external description. The

extremities were described as follows :—‘‘The fore leg turns freely

in the prone and supine position; it is pentadactyle: the inner-

most digit stands out at an acute angle with the index, and is op-

posable to the other digits, making a prehensile hand, but in a

less perfect degeee than in the old-world or ‘catarrhine’ quadru-

mana. The second, fourth, and fifth digits have the ordinary thick-

ness,—the fourth being almost twice the length of the second. The

third or middle finger is singularly attenuated, is rather shorter than

the fourth digit, and is terminated by a slender curved claw. It is

this seemingly atrophied digit which the Aye-aye inserts into the

burrows of the wood-boring caterpillars, after it has gnawed down to

and exposed them by its strong fore teeth, in order to extract the

12. DR. SCLATER ON SPECIMENS FROM CAPT. SPEKE. ([Jan. 28,

grub. The hind limb is longer than the fore limb, and is terminated

by a more perfect hand—the ‘hallux’ or thumb being stronger,

and set at a more open angle with the other toes, and these being

more similar to each other in length and thickness: the thumb has

a flat, broad nail.’’ Prof. Owen observed that, from the external cha-

racters of the Aye-aye, it might be inferred that it was of arboreal

habits, the limbs being constructed chiefly for grasping, especially the

hinder pair, as in all good climbers. The circular open eye, large

iris, and wide pupil, reducible to a minute point when contracted,

indicated a climber of nocturnal habits. The large and perfect ears

bespoke the acuteness of their sense. The tail, long and bushy, but

not prehensile, might add to the protective non-conducting covering

of the well-clothed body during sleep. Prof. Owen then proceeded

to describe the skeleton of the Aye-aye.

The reading of the conclusion of this paper was adjourned until

the next meeting, to take place on the 28th instant.

January 28, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Dr. P. L. Sclater stated that he had received under his care a

second collection of specimens of natural history forwarded by Capt.

J. H. Speke, Commander of the East-African Expedition, from his

camp at Duthumi, October 22nd, 1860. The contents of the col-

lection were as follows :—

1. Heads of the following Antelopes:—The Pallah (Antilope me-

lampus); the Waterbuck (Antilope ellipsiprymna); the Brindled

Gnu (Catoblepas gorgon); and the Reed Antelope (Heleotragus

reduncus).

2. Head of a Wart-hog (Phacocherus eliani).

3. Portions of the skin of a Monkey (Cercopithecus, sp.) in a bad

state, not determinable.

4. Skins of birds :—

Ixos aurigaster, Vieill. Turtur delalandii.

Coracias caudata. Peristera chalcospilos.

Treron delalandit. Numida mitrata.

5. Two skins of fishes—a species of Clarias and a fish belonging

to the family Characini.

The following note was sent with them :—

“These were all shot in the countries of Uzaramo and Ukhutu,

near the junction of the Kurgen with the Mgeta rivers.

“* Note.-—Great numbers and varieties of animals are to be found

in these districts, as also to the northward and southward, where the

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 13

rivers escape from the hill-range facing the Sea of Zanzi. Birds and

reptiles, especially snakes, are interesting and numerous.

(Signed) pol fea) 8 AS ae

A letter was read from E. H. Rodd, Esq., dated Penzance,

January 7th, announcing the recent occurrence in Cornwall of a

female specimen of Scolopax sabini in very perfect plumage.

Professor Owen concluded the reading of his memoir on the Aye-

aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), which had been adjourned from

the last meeting of the Society. The portions of the structure of

this animal] successively examined were the dentition, the muscles,

the brain, the digestive organs, the organs of circulation and respira-

tion, and the renal and genital organs. The author then proceeded

to the comparison of its external characters, its osteology, and its in-

ternal structure with those of the Lemurs and Rodents, and showed

that in a variety of particulars its nearest approach was to members

of the lemurine group. In ordinary zoological or external characters

its nearest allies were certain Galagos of Africa (Otolicnus crassi-

caudatus and (). alleni). In conclusion, he entered into the evi-

dence afforded by the peculiarities of this animal on the question of

the origin of species, and, after showing the arguments in favour of

the derivative hypothesis and those against its mode of operation, as

propounded by Buffon, Lamarck, and Darwin, came to the conclu-

sion that, whilst the general evidence on this subject was in favour

of creation by law, he was compelled to acknowledge ignorance as

to the mode in which such secondary causes might have operated

in the origin of Chiromys. At the same time he fully admitted that

the attempts to dissipate the mystery which environed the origin of

species, whether successful or not, could not but be fraught with

great collateral advantages to zoological science*.

The following papers were read :—

1, On THE SKULL oF THE JAPANESE Pig (Sus PLICICEPs).

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.

I have lately had the opportunity of examining the skull of this

animal, and now lay before the Society the reasons which induce me

to believe that it is a distinct species—and a hitherto undescribed

species—of the genus Sus, which has as yet only been observed in

its domesticated state.

Some time ago, when Mr. Bartlett showed me the Japanese Pig

which he had purchased, I was convinced of its belonging to a di-

stinct species, and urged him to send an account of the animal,

illustrated with a portrait of its very curious and characteristic face,

to the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Society.

The skulls of the domestic varieties of the common Pig, which

are bred in Europe, differ but little from the skull of the European

Wild Boar.

* This Memoir will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Transactions,’ accom-

panied by appropriate illustrations.

14 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. [Jan. 28,

The skulls of the common domestic Pig, which we have in the

British Museum, for example, chiefly differ from the skull of a Wild

Boar from Germany in the same collection in being smaller and

considerably shorter, and in the angle of the forehead being much

more acute and sudden, caused by the back of the two skulls being

nearly of the same height, while that of the domestic one is generally

much the shortest in length. The position and size of the holes for

the blood-vessels and nerves are nearly the same in all these skulls.

The underside of these two skulls and the forms of the palates are also

Skull of Sus pliciceps.

1862.] DR, J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. 15

very similar. The lower jaws are equally similar. Cuvier, in his

‘Ossements Fossiles’ (vol. iii. Cochon, pl. 1. f. 1, 2, figure of the skull),

well represents the skull of our domestic Pig. Blainville, in his

‘Ostéographie des Mammiféres’ (Genus Sus, pl. 14), figures the

skulls of three male Wild Boars, and of a male and female domestic

Pig, and on pl. 5. two skulls of Sus indicus, one from Malabar and

the other from Siam, and one of the Sus vittatus from Java. These

skulls all have very much the same appearance, and bear no relation

to the skull of the Japanese Pig under consideration.

The skull of the Japanese Pig chiefly differs from the skull of the

Wild Pigs of Europe, India, and Java, above referred to, and from

Fig. 1. Skull of Sus scrofa ferus. Fig. 4. Palate of Sus pliciceps.

2. Palate of Sus scrofa ferus. 5. Lower jaw of Sus pliciceps.

3. Lower jaw of Sus scrofa ferus.

16 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. (Jan. 28,

that of the common domestic Pig, in being shorter, and much higher

in front, especially from the greater height of the front of the lower

jaw at the gonyx; in the forehead of the skull being rather concave

before the orbits, flattened, and furnished with a sharp-keeled edge

on each side, producing a deep concavity on each cheek in front of

the orbit ; in the palate being much broader for its length, and the

series of the teeth wider apart and rather arched.

In the height of the front of the skull, in the flatness of the

nose in front of the orbit, in the concavity of the cheek, and in the

broadness of the palate, the skull of the Japanese Pig bears some

relation to the skull of the Potamocherus penicillatus ; but the late-

ral ridges of the nose are not so dilated, while the skull is higher in

front, and the palate is wider in the Japanese Pig than in the same

parts of Potamocherus. ’

In the wild Pigs of Europe, India, and Java, and in the European

domestic varieties, the nose of the skull is always narrow and rounded

on the sides, and the palate is narrow.

Under these circumstances, I am induced to regard the Japanese

Pig as a distinct type, and propose to call it Sus pliciceps until we

receive further information respecting it.

We have in the Museum a very large and a moderate-sized skull

of the domestic Pig, slightly differmg from the others, and from

those figured by Cuvier and De Blainville, in the frontal bone being

rather depressed and concave in front of the eyes; but we do not

know the particular variety to which these skulls belong. Though

they agree with the Japanese Pig in these two circumstances, they

differ from it and resemble the skulls of the common Pigs and the

Wild Boars of Europe and Asia in all other particulars, and show no

other character in common with the Japanese Pig, which is also

characterized by its peculiarly wrinkled face, well represented in the

figures of these animals published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoolo-

gical Society ’ 1861, p. 263, and the ‘Illustrated News’ January 11,

1862, p. 49.

The species at present is only known in its domesticated state.

It may perhaps be the descendant of a species found wild in the

valleys of the islands.

In both these skulls of the domestic Pigs the lower jaws are rather

higher than usual, particularly at the gonyx; and this is especially

the case with the largest skull, which is said to be that of an old

Boar. Can the size of the lower jaw be a peculiarity of the male sex?

We have not sufficient materials to determine this question, either in

the Museum or in the plates that have been published of the skull

of the genus Sus.

I may further observe, there is considerable difference in the occi-

put between the European and the Japanese Pig; the processes of

the back of the palate are much more erect in the Japanese Pig

than in the European and Asiatic Pigs, wild and domesticated.

Though I have only described this animal as a species, it evidently

forms a section in the genus by itself. The restricted genus Sus

may be divided thus :—

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE JAPANESE PIG. MW

1. Face smooth, or nearly so; skull conical; the upper part of

the nose rounded; palate narrow. Svs.

Sus scrofa, Sus indicus, Sus vittatus.

2. Face deeply and symmetrically furrowed ; the skull flattened

on the forehead ; the upper part of the nose flattened, keeled on the

sides; palate broad. CrnrTuRiosus,

Sus pliciceps.

I regard the facts contained in this paper as very interesting—first,

as adding a new kind of domestic animal to our list (and I do not

think that any has been added since the introduction of the Turkey

from Mexico); and secondly, as showing, from a domestic animal, that

there must be a wild species which has not yet been brought into our

catalogues.

I may observe that, like many other very distinct species of cer-

tain genera of domesticated or semi-domesticated Mammalia, as the

Horse, Ass, and Zebra, the Ox, the Dog, &c., the fact of inter-

breeding is no proof that a kind is not a species; for no one would

argue that an Ass and a Horse are the same species, or a Zebra

and Quagga, or vice versa.

The Japanese Pig breeds with facility with the common domestic

Pig. We have not had time to observe whether the offspring is

prolific. The half-breed of the Japanese Boar with a common Sow

retains almost all the external characters of the male parent well de-

veloped. I have not yet had the opportunity of observing what

effect the crossing has on the osteological characters of the species.

I think that no one who will take the trouble to compare the

skulls of the different varieties of domestic Pigs which are usually

found in England, with the skull of the European Wild Boars and

the Wild Pigs of Asia and the Island, can doubt for a moment the

derivation of the domestic breeds from the wild type*. Indeed, the

change in form is so slight as to be scarcely perceptible, and the

gradation between the most abnormal form to the wild animal so gra-

dual as to be sufficient to show that even the most abnormal state is

due only to a gradual change of form.

Mr. Eyton, in a paper printed in the ‘ Proceedings,’ has shown that

a Chinese Pig which he examined had a different number of vertebrae

from another domestic Pig; but the skull of a Chinese Pig I have

examined shows no characters to separate it from the Common Pig.

Its head is a little shorter than usual, but not so short as that of a

Berkshire Pig.

* See Bartlett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, pp. 263, 264; Ann. and Mag. N. H,

1861, 501; 1862, 162.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. II.

18 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME BIRDS FROM MEXxIco. [Jan. 28,

2. On some Birps RECENTLY COLLECTED BY M. BoucarpD IN

SournerN Mexico. By Puinie Luriey Scuater, M.A.,

Pu.D., F.R.S., SecRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate III.)

I am again indebted to M. Auguste Sallé for his kindness in send-

ing me for examination a series of 110 skins of birds, belonging to

about 68 species, which he has selected, as likely to be of interest,

out of the extensive collections lately forwarded to him by his

correspondent, M. Adolphe Boucard, in Southern Mexico. The

ground having been already so ransacked by M. Sallé himself, M.

Boucard, Signor Botteri, and Sefior R. Montes de Oca (whose re-

spective labours in Mexican ornithology I have already had, on seve-

ral occasions, the pleasure of bringing before the notice of this

Society), it is not to be expected that many novelties remain unga-

thered. But there are, nevertheless, one striking new species and

a few others of great interest among the present results of M. Bou-

card’s recent explorations, concerning which I beg leave to offer the

following remarks.

1. HARPORHYNCHUS OCELLATUS, sp. nov. (PI. III.)

Brunnescenti-cinereus, alis et cauda nigricantioribus, hwus rectri-

cibus et illius tectricum apicibus albo terminatis: loris et regione

oculari sordide albis: subtus albus, abdomine nigro conspicue

ocellato, gutture puro immaculato, hypochondriis et capitis la-

teribus paulum rufescentibus: rostro nigro, pedibus fusco-nigris.

Long. tota 13:5, ale 4°1, caudee 5-6, rostri a rictu 1°5, tarsi 15

poll. Angl. et dee.

Hab. In Mex. merid., prov. Oaxaca.

This fine bird is one of the most distinctly marked of the group

to which it belongs. Whilst in colour it comes nearest to the

recently discovered H. cinereus* of Lower California, in the shape

of the bill it rather resembles H. curvirostris, and so serves to

link together the two sections of the genus, as they are arranged in

my ‘Synopsis of the Thrushes of the New World’+. The large

round black spots on the clear white under-surface render it easily

distinguishable from every known member of the group. The single

example sent me by M. Sallé, which I have retained for my own

collection, was procured at Oaxaca by M. Boucard in November 1860,

and is marked “ male.”

2. TROGLODYTES HYPAEDON, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 128.

M. Boucard has sent examples of this species, which I have lately

distinguished from the N. American 7. aédon, from Totontepec and

Capulalpam, as also of T. brunneicollis, mihi (P. Z. S. 1858, p. 297),

from La Parada.

3. PoLIopriLa MEXICANA (Bp.).

Males of this species have no appearance of the black frontlet, and

* Xantus in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1859, p. 298.

fi Pies: US59kp.. ao95

Be:

nese

1862 Plate Il.

del.et lith.

HARPORHYNCHUS

OCELLATUS.

M&N.Hanhart Imp

1862.] DR. P. L,SCLATER ON SOME BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 19

M. Sallé assures me that they are correctly marked. It is there-

fore still possible that this species may be distinct from P. cerulea.

4, DenpR@CA CHRYSOPARIA, Sclat. et Salv. P. Z.S.1860, p.298.

This beautiful Wood-warbler was originally discovered by Mr.

Salvin in Guatemala. See ‘Ibis,’ 1860, p. 273. M. Sallé now sends

me three examples from La Parada; and I have found a female already

in my own collection, which I had previously mistaken for the female

of D. townsendii. I have, however, no doubt of the species being

really distinct from both D. townsendii and D. maculata.

5. DenpRa@ca MACULOSA (Gm.).

A bird in winter plumage, obtained in February at Cosamaloapam.

6. OpororNIs FORMOSA (Wils.).

Playa Vicente.

7. HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA (Say).

Example of both sexes from La Parada.

8. Vireo HuTTONI, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1851, p. 150, et

1852, pl. 1. fig. 1; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 339.

Example of both sexes of this Vireo, which I have not previously

seen in Mexican collections from Cosamaloapam.

9. VIREOLANIUS MELITOPHRYS, Bp. Consp. p. 330.

One specimen of this beautiful but apparently scarce Mexican bird

is in the collection obtained at Capulalpam.

10. PyranGa LuDovICcIANA (Wils.).

One example from La Parada.

11. Emprponax oxnscurus, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 200.

La Parada. M. Boucard has obtained specimens of a bird of this

perplexing group, which I refer to Empidonax obscurus, as distin-

guished by. Prof. Baird, as also of another nearly allied but appa-

rently distinct species, to which at present I am unable to find any

reference.

12. TYRANNUS CRASSIROSTRIS, Sw.

Oaxaca. I believe this Tyrant is exclusively a western species ; at

least I have never seen it in any collections from the eastern parts of

Mexico.

13. HeTEROPELMA VER#-PACIS, Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1860,

p- 300.

Playa Vicente. A Guatemalan species, new to the Fauna of

Mexico.

20 DR. BAIRD ON TWO NEW CESTOID WORMS. [Jan. 28,

14, Caica HaMATOTIS.—Pionus hematotis, Sclat. et Salv.P.Z.S.

1860, p. 300; Ibis, 1860, p. 401, pl. 13.

Playa Vicente. These are the only examples of this Parrot I

have seen, except those obtained by Mr. Salvin, who discovered the

species in Vera Paz in 1860.

15, SparuLa cLypPeata (Linn.).

Cosamaloapam. Noticed by Mr. Salvin as far south as Duemas.

(See ‘ Ibis,’ 1859, p. 231.)

16. FuLiGuLA RUFITORQUES, Bp.

Examples in undress plumage, from Oaxaca. I believe that the

birds in Senor R. Montes de Oca’s collection, which I referred

(P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 369) to F. affinis, were really of this same species.

3. Description oF Two New Species or Crstoip Worms,

BELONGING TO THE GENUS Tanta. By W. Barrp, M.D.,

F.L.S.

(Plate II.)

1. Tania AMMONITIFoRMIS. (PI. II. figs. 1-7.)

Head small, somewhat quadrangular ; mouth circular, armed with

a single circlet of recurved hooklets ; neck nearly of the same size as

the head. Body increasing gradually in size as it descends from the

neck, with numerous indistinctly formed segments, and remaining of

nearly uniform size till it reaches the lower extremity, where it again

contracts in dimensions, the segments then becoming regularly tzenii-

form and flat.

At first sight this entozoon presents a singular and anomalous ap-

pearance. When first taken it was found rolled up in the form of a

double helix, with a peculiar hollow in the middle (fig. 1).. Each

of these helicoid portions, when examined by a low power, presented

the appearance of an ammonite (fig. 3). When partially unrolled,

it assumed the form of the shell of a species of Stliquarza (fig. 2).

The whole body of the animal is hard and rigid, and partially in-

curved at the edges, giving the under surface a hollow appearance.

The divisions or rings seen on the body are not distinctly formed

segments till near the lower extremity, when three or four regular

teeniiform segments show themselves, as in other species of the genus

Tenia. The structure of the centre portion of the body is exhibited

at fig. 4, but the segmented lower extremity has not been repre-

sented. No trace of genital organs was observed. The head (figs. 5

and 6) is somewhat tetragonal in shape, and beset on its edges with

sparsely scattered and small protuberances. The bothria or suck-

ers are of moderate size, and the mouth is terminal, and surrounded

with a single crown of amber-coloured recurved hooklets, presenting

the appearance of siliceous spicula (fig. 7).

At first sight it is difficult to imagine this anomalous-looking

entozoon to be a Tenia; but the four bothria or suckers, and the

P.Z.8.1864,Plate,I.

M.& N.Henbart Imp.

1 7. TENIA AMMONITIFORMIS |

8.12 ____. SEMITERES.

1862. ] DR. BAIRD ON TWO NEW CESTOID WORMS. 2]

circlet or corona of hooklets round the mouth, with the distinetly

formed segments of the lower extremity of the body (unfortunately

not represented in the plate), compel me to refer it, for the present

at least, to that genus. I am not aware of any Cestoid Worm having

been described which presents anything like the form of this curious

parasite : and I have been very much assisted by the intelligent aid

of the draughtsman, Mr. Jennens, who executed the accompanying

plate, in making out the anatomy of its head and mouth.

This parasitic Worm was taken from the rejectamenta either of

the stomach or intestines of a Puma which lately died in the Gardens

of the Society in Regent’s Park.

Hab. Stomach? or intestines? of the Puma (Felis concolor).

Mus. Brit.

2. Tania semiteres. (PI. II. figs. 8-12.)

Head rounded; neck and body continuous, the former differing

only slightly in circumference from the head. The whole body of

the Worm is very rigid, and the greater portion of it is cylindrical

in shape, only the last third of its length becoming flattened and

» slightly larger than the upper two-thirds. The first segments or

joints are very narrow, gradually becoming a little broader and losing

their rounded form. The last ten or eleven joints exhibit the genital

orifices irregularly alternate—at first two or three occurring on the

same side, then two or three on the opposite side, and the last three

or four regularly alternate. The lower edges of the upper articula-

tions are somewhat vandyked or scolloped (fig. 11). The neck is

not distinguishable from the body. The head (fig. 9) is rounded,

and the four bothria or suckers are circular in shape. The mouth is

also circular, and is beset with a crown or circlet of pretty strong

amber-coloured hooklets, curved inwardly (fig. 10).

This is ‘an anomalous-looking Ténia, the body being rigid and

hard, and for the greater portion of its length quite cylindrical.

Length about 42 inches, breadth of apper portion ia line, middle

of lower portion 1 line.

For this species we are indebted to Mr. Baker, of the British

Museum, who took it from a Persian Cat. It was alive when he

first found it.

Hab. Stomach of the Feiis catus, var. persica.

Mus. Brit.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Figs. 1-7. Tenia ammonitiformis. 1. Nat. size. 2. Ditto, partially unrolled.

3. Portion of body magnified. 4. Ditto, still more highly magnified.

5,6. Head. 7. Circlet of hooks round the mouth.

Figs. 8-12. Tenia semiteres. 8. Nat. size. 9. Head. 10. Mouth and circlet

of hooklets. 11,12. Portions of upper and lower part of body magnified.

22 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Jan. 28,

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the ©

months of November and December, 1861, were read to the Meet-

ing :—

NovEMBER.

eee ee ———————————————=Ee

| Presented by

dFlartebeesticc.<siss..cscueee Antilope CaamM@......+++.4:

1 Reh-bok ........seeesevees .«.| Antilope capreola ...+++...

1 Four-horned Sheep......... Ovis aries, Var. ..+++4+ .....| | His Excellency Sir |

PUR AGCL ie cascesvovnes aaketrenses Ratelus capensis .....+... George Grey, K.C.B.,

3 Ostriches........ S ROne veer Struthio camelus ......+0 F.Z.8.

3 Stanley Cranes ............|G@rus paradisea ...... soeece

2 Jackal Buzzards...... seveee|BUECO FOCAL see.sseersseees

2 Acouchys.....+... saeneswerene Dasyprocta acouchi ......|Aifred Akin, Esq.

1 American Grey Squirrel...|Sciurus cinereus ....+....|H.R.H. Prince of Wales.

1 Warning-Lizard ............ Monitor niloticus ......... G, H. Horsfall, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey ............|Macacus rhesus...........-Adm. Sir Geo. Sartorius.

2 Piping Crows ....... ..|Gymnorhina tibicen ......|Mrs. Hawker.

2 Rosehill Parakeets ......... Platycercus eximius.,....G. H. Parkinson, Esq. |

1 Common Macaque Monkey| Macacus cynomolgus.......— Marsh, Esq.

NPIRAUCL Wrevessassaecnceutoseare> Ratelus capensis ......-+- G. Wemyss, Esq.

1 Barbary Ape ......+ esceeess|LNUUS SYIVANUS ... 20000000 \J. B. W. Crewe, Esq.

6 Australian Waxbills ......|Estrelda temporalis ......| |

3 Booted Eagles .......+2...| Aquila pennata .......0+00.|

1 Yarra eee peeeaeens Pease Gulaaias SCTIDA seeresaee liptenc’ |

1 Little Wht.-fronted Goose|Anser erythropus, Linn.

DECEMBER.

Presented by

1 Common Macaque Monkey|Macacus cynomolgus......|Mrs. S. C. Hall.

5 Box. TOrxtOisSeS ...cecccncoeee Cistudo clausd s.ecceseaees G. N. Lawrence, Esq.,

Corr. Mem.

. Malcoclemmysconcentrica

6 Terrapins ............ rexes Emys gutta o reg eee i } G.c.Taylor,Esq.F.Z.S.

2 Rock Pigeons ............+«-|Columba livia...........+++- J.W. P. Orde, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Musk Deer .....0.......<. ...|Moschus stanleyanus...... T. L. Mears, Esq.

1 Formosan Deer ...........- Cervus taévanus......... ...|R. Swinhoe, Esq., Corr.

Mem.

1 Kangaroo............6+ eeeeaer Halmaturus Ye ceetes

1 Vulpine Phalanger ......... Phalangista vulpina ...... } James Seigte

1 Vulpine Phalanger ......... Phalangista vulpina ......|Mrs. Cockburn.

1 Black Kite ...........000. coe | Miluus Ater ...cccs.seceaes Hon. Mrs. Stuart.

4 American Ruffed Grouse...|Tetrao umbellus......+++... Andrew Downs, Esq.

1 Tawny Eagle, from Suez...| Aquila nevioides ......... Thomas Newall, Esq.

1 Vervet Monkey ....... .+...|Cercopithecus lalandii ...\Mr. Douglas.

1 Hog Deer (male)............ Cervus POrCiNUS.......0000 B

1 Female Eland ............+.- OPeS CANNA .0+...e..e0eeee ae

1862.] DR. E. HAMILTON ON THE PLUMAGE OF THE PHEASANT. 23

February 11, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Gould exhibited a specimen of a Lyre-bird (Menura) from

Port Philip, and pointed out the characters in which it differed from

the closely allied Menura superba of New South Wales. Mr. Gould

proposed the name Menura victorie for this new species.

The Secretary called the attention of the Society to the fine series

of Snakes recently received from their Corresponding Member, Dr.

Wucherer, of Bahia. It embraced specimens of the following spe-

cies, as determined by Dr. Giinther :—

Epicrates cenchris. Seytale coronatum.

Xenodon typhlus. Philodryas reinhardtii.

Xenodon rhabdocephalus.

The following papers were read :—

1. ON THE AssUMPTION oF THE Mate PLUMAGE BY THE FE-

MALE OF THE COMMON PHEASANT. By Epwarp Hamitron,

M.D., F.Z.S., F.L.S., erc.

The late Mr. Yarrell, in a communication read before the Royal

Society in 1827, ‘On the Assumption of the Male Plumage in Female

Pheasants,” drew attention to the fact that this anomaly was not ne-

cessarily the accompaniment of age—z.e., in old hen-birds which

had done laying; but states that it may occur sometimes from an

original internal defect, sometimes from subsequent disease, and

sometimes from old age. Dr. Butter, who had written previously

on this subject, had stated that this peculiarity only occurred in old

birds; and John Hunter, in “An Account of an Extraordinary

Pheasant,’’ had the same opinion. He considers that in such cases

the female puts on the secondary properties of the male, and observes

that some classes are more liable than others to this change. He

goes on to state “that in animals just born, or very young, there

are no peculiarities to distinguish one sex from the other, exclusive

of what relates to the organs of generation, which can only be in

those who have external parts; and that towards the age of maturity

the discriminating changes before mentioned begin to appear, the

male then losing that resemblance he had to the female in various

secondary properties: this particularly applies to birds. It is evi-

dently the male which at this time recedes from the female, every

female being at the age of maturity more like the young of the

same species than the male is observed to be; and if the male is de-

prived of the testes when growing, he retains more of the original

youthful form, and therefore more resembles the female. From

hence it might be supposed that the female character contains more

truly the specific properties of the animal than the male; but the

24 DR. HAMILTON ON THE PLUMAGE OF THE PHEASANT. [Feb. 11,

character of every animal is that which is marked by the properties

common to both sexes, which are found in a natural hermaphrodite,

as in the snail, or in animals of neither sex, as the castrated male or

spayed female. They are curious facts in the natural history of

animals, that by depriving either sex of the true parts of generation

they shall seem to approach each other in appearances.”

In some species of animals, that have the secondary properties we

have mentioned, there is a deviation from the general rules by the per-

fect female, with respect to the parts of generation, assuming more or

less the secondary character of the male. John Hunter, like Butter,

considers that this does not arise from any action produced at the

first formation of the animal, nor grows up with it, but seems one

of those changes which happen at particular periods. He goes on

to describe some hen-pheasants having the plumage in part of the

male, and says, “I found the parts of generation to be truly female,

they being as perfect as any hen-pheasant that is not in the least

prepared for laying eggs, and having both the ovary and oviduct.”

He says, “‘ From what has been related of these birds we may con-

clude that this change is one of the effects of age, and obtains to a

certain degree in every class of animals. We find something similar

taking place even in the human species; for that increase of hair

observable on the faces of many women advanced in life is an ap-

proach towards the beard, which is one of the most distinguishing

properties of man. Thus we see sexes, which at an early period had

little to distinguish them from each other, acquiring about the time

of puberty secondary properties which clearly characterize the male

and female,—the male at this time receding from the female, and

assuming the secondary properties of the sex. The female at a much

later time of life, when the powers of propagation cease, loses many

of her peculiar properties, and may be said, except from mere struc-

ture of parts, to be of no sex, even receding from the original cha-

racter of the animal, and approaching in appearance towards the

male.”

In the years 1858, 1859, and 1860 this peculiar alteration of

structure in the female organs of generation in the Pheasants was

particularly prevalent in some parts of England. I had the oppor-

tunity of examining many specimens, and was able completely to

confirm Mr. Yarrell’s views on this subject. Indeed, the majority

of the birds were young females, many of them being birds of the

year, some being in their first moult. I found also that the plumage

varied and approached that of the male, not in accordance with the

age of the bird, but with the amount of disease of the generative

organs. The greater the destruction of the ovarium and oviduct,

the nearer the plumage assimilated that of the male.

For example, in birds with the hen-plumage predominating, the

ovarium and oviduct exist as in the fecundating hen, the small ova

lying in considerable numbers in the ovarium, the ovarium and ovi-

duct showing dark lead-coloured masses of disease.

In birds with the plumage of the male in a measure exceeding that

of the female, the ovarium is considerably diminished in size, dark-

1862.] sik J. E. TENNENT ON MEGASCOLEX CHRULEUS. 25

coloured, and containing only a few blackened ova; the oviduct is

spotted with dark patches, and considerably coutracted.

And thirdly, in birds with the male plumage predominating over

that of the female, the ovarium is reduced to a small dark amorphous

mass, resembling coagulated blood, the presence of ova cannot be

detected, and the oviduct is almost entirely obliterated at its junction

with the ovarium. Thus it seems that there are three distinct phases

in this peculiar abnormal state of the generative functions.

I have also noticed that, in most cases where the male plumage is

in excess of the female, the tail-feathers are particularly long, some

being as much as 19 inches in length.

Although Mr. Yarrell states that this condition of the female

generative organs is not confined to the Phasianide, and that it has

occurred in the gold and silver pheasants, partridges, pea-fowl, com-

mon fowl, common pigeon, king-fisher, and common duck, and that

other classes of animals are liable to an influence similar in kind,

particularly among insects and Crustacea, yet this disorganization is

rarely observed except among the Phasianide, and particularly when

these birds are produced in a domestic state, 7. e. on the present

system of breeding pheasants in preserves. Very few dattues take

place in which some of these birds (generally designated mules) are

not killed and mixed indiscriminately with the heaps of the slain.

As to the cause of this disorganization, if it occurred only in the

old female, or if it were a common occurrence among birds either of

different genera or of the same genus, it could be easily accounted for ;

but when it is generally found existing among a class of birds which

are bred in vast numbers in a particularly artificial manner, it leads

one to suppose that the cause must be connected with this condition.

Whether the eggs laid by a number of females—to whom perhaps,

from circumstances, too few males have been admitted—have been

imperfectly fecundated, and therefore the chick improperly formed,

remains a subject for future consideration.

2. Nore on THE GIGANTIC EARTH-worM (MEGASCOLEX CERU-

LEUS) FROM CeyLon. By Str James Emerson TENNENT,

K.C.B., V.P.Z.8., ETC.

{In 1853 the British Museum received, through Mr. Hugh Cuming,

two specimens of a large Earth-worm from Ceylon, which is evi-

dently the Megascolexr ceruleus described by Dr. Templeton in the

‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society ’ for 1844, p. 89.

A few days ago Sir James Emerson Tennent kindly procured from

Ceylon, and sent to the British Museum, a specimen of the same

worm, and, in reply to my inquiries respecting the habits and verna-

cular name of the animal, sent to me the following letter, which,

with his permission, I lay before the Society—Joun Epwarp

Gray. British Museum, Feb. 11, 1862.]

26 SIR J. E. TENNENT ON MEGASCOLEX C&RULEUS. [Feb. 11,

“Board of Trade, Feb. 10th, 1862.

“ My pear Sir,—The large Annelid which I sent to the Mu-

seum a few days ago was recently forwarded to me by the Principal

Civil Officer in charge of the North-eastern Province of Ceylon ; it

was obtained by him from the vicinity of Trincomalie.

“‘My attention had frequently been attracted, during my rides

through the forests in the north of Ceylon, by the heaps of earth in

the shape of “ castings’ thrown up and piled on the surface, often

to the height of 12 or 18 inches. These occurred in low and moist

ground, and chiefly in the beds of dried-up tanks shortly after they

had been deserted by the subsidence of the waters. The natives

assured me they were the products of huge earth-worms, which I

was told often grew to the length of 2 or 3 feet, with a proportionate

thickness.

*T made some efforts to obtain specimens, but, owing to the apathy

of the Singhalese and their indifference to anything illustrative of

animated nature, I could not succeed. One reason why I was my-

self less likely to come on these creatures during my rides was that

the traces I saw were fresh only at the early dawn, showing that the

worm worked chiefly during the night.

“‘Some months ago I wrote to Mr. Morris, the gentleman I allude

to, at Trincomalie, and by him I have been supplied with the speci-

men which I have sent to the Museum. It is cut into two parts,

together about 22 inches long.

“The vernacular name for them I do not know, nor is it probable

that the Singhalese have given them any specific designation, other

than the general term equivalent to vermin, which they apply to the

whole tribe of minor reptiles and Annelids.

«The existence of these very large earth-worms appears to have

been known to some of the French naturalists; for in D’Orbigny’s

‘ Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle’ I find he has noticed the Ceylon

species in the following terms, under the designation of Mega-

scolex :—‘ On sait qu’il en existe d’assez grandes, et l’on en a rap- ©

porté des parties chaudes de l’Amérique qui n’ont pas mois d’un

métre de longueur*. Il en existe de semblables dans I’ Inde; et il a

été trouvé dans Vile de Ceylan une grande espéce de Ver de terre

dont on a proposé de faire un genre sous le nom de Megascolex.’—

D Orbigny, Dict. Univ. d Hist. Nat. vol. vii. p. 431.

** Faithfully yours,

“J. EMERSON TENNENT.

“ Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., Se.

“TI expect another and, I hope, a larger specimen from another

district of Ceylon, which I shall be happy to submit to you on its

arrival.”

* A metre is 39,33, inches.

P.Z.8.1862, Plates

E (W.H.H.del et hth

Figs . 1.4. SPOGGODES FLORIDA.

2 oe SPINOSA.

1862.] DR. J. E.GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF SPOGGODES. 27

3. DescriIrpTION or somME New SPECIES OF SPOGGODES AND OF

A New Autump Genus (MorcHELLANA) IN THE COLLECTION

or THE British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., ere.

(Plate IV.)

The genus Spoggodes was established by Lesson on a coral that

was described by Esper under the name of dleyonium floridum. it

is characterized by the whole of its substance being membranous,

very loosely cellular within, and covered externally with a layer of

fusiform spicula which are most abundant round the cells.

M. Milne-Edwards, in his ‘Coralliaires,’ only describes a single

species.

The species of the genus in the British Museum may be divided

into two groups or subgenera.

I. The polypes crowded together at the end of the branchlet, and

the groups more or less surrounded by larger spicula of the

branchlet. Spoggodes.

1. SpoccopEs FLoripA. (PI. IV. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4.)

The coral pale purplish-red (in spirits); stem thick, much

branched, strengthened with very slender elongate purple spicules ;

the branchlets short, clustered at the end of the branches, and form-

ing convex heads or cells; cells fringed with the very slender elon-

gated spicules, and furnished with white, only partially contracted,

polypes.

Aleyonium floridum, Esper, Pflanz. iii. 49, Adley. t. 16, dry.

Xinia purpurea, Lamk. Hist. A. s. V. ii. 401, from Esper.

Neptea florida, Blainv. Man. Act. 523, from Esper.

Spoggodes celosia, Lesson, Ill. Zool. t. 21; M.-Edwards, Coral-

liaires, 1. 129, t. Bl. f. 1.

Spoggodea celosia, Dana, Zoophytes, 626, t. 59. f. 4.

Hab. Australia; Sharks’ Bay (Mr. Rayner) ; Philippine Islands

(H. Cuming, Esq.).

2. SpoccopEs spinosa. (PI. IV. figs. 5, 6, 7.)

The coral whitish, forming roundish spinose masses; the stem

thick, slightly branched, with very numerous short branchlets ; the

spicules white, very unequal, some large and thick ; the terminal

branchlet furnished, on the inner upper edge, with curved (in spirits)

partly retracted purple polypes, which are surmounted and protected

by the large opake-white spicules of the branchlets.

Hab. New Guinea.

This species is easily distinguished by the large size and opake-

white colour of the spicula and the purple colour of the polypes.

28 DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW SPECIES OF spoccopEs, [Feb. 11,

1362.] AND A NEW ALLIED GENUS (MORCHELLANA). 29

Il. The polypes isolated in the prominent isolated spiculose sub-

cylindrical cells, scattered on the sides, or forming tips of the

branchlets. Spoggodia.

3. SpoGGopEs uNICOLOR. (Woodcut, figs. 1, 2.)

The coral uniform, pale yellowish (in spirits) ; the spicules very

slender, whitish yellow; stem erect; branches scattered in all di-

rections, spreading, tapering, with few short tapering branchlets ;

cells distinct, distant, spreading, subcylindrical, sometimes very

slightly contracted at the base; mouth surrounded by five or six

unequal prominent spicules, the one on the outer side of the cell

being generally the longest ; polypes retractile.

Hab, Bellona Reefs, in 17 fathoms (Rayner).

4. Spoccopes pivaricaTa. (Woodcut, figs. 3, 4.)

Coral pale whitish (in spirits); stem thick, slightly branched, with

very numerous crowded ramuli forming roundish lobes ; the ramuli

divided at the top into three or five diverging cylindrical cells; the

cells of the several branchlets forming a sort of roundish-topped

eyme ; polypes contracted (in spirits), rose-coloured.

Hab. New Guinea (Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., C.B.).

5. SPoGGODES RAMULOSA. (Woodcut, figs. 5, 6.)

The coral dark brown-red (in spirits); stem thick, much branched,

strengthened by slender, elongated, fusiform, dark-brown-red spicules ;

the branchlets numerous, elongate, slender, much branched, with the

cells scattered on their sides; cells distant, subcylindrical, and

fringed on the edge with unequally prominent spicules, the outer

spicules being generally the longest and most prominent ; the polypes

pale yellowish, being generally nearly contracted into the cells, rarely

prominent.

Hab. Bellona Reefs, at 17 fathoms.

Some of the polypes on the lower part of the branchlets seem to

be somewhat crowded. This species is easily known from S. florida

and S. unicolor by the general colour of the coral and by the slender-

ness and length of the branchlets. It agrees with the former in the

coral and spicules being red, and the polypes being more or less pro-

minent and of a different colour from the coral, and with the latter

in form of the cell; but the cells are very differently disposed, and

of a slender, attenuated form.

We have in the British Museum a new form of the “ Aleyoniens

armés” of M. Milne-Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i. p. 127), which, in

my idea, form a family that may be called Nepthyade.

This coral differs from the three genera of this family mentioned

by Milne-Edwards, in the lower part or stem being coriaceous and

destitute of any spicules, and in the upper part being spiculose, and

furnished with short clusters of polype-cells, giving it much the ap-

pearance of the Fungi called Morchella and Helvella.

30 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW GENUs oF PoLyPr. [Feb. 11,

MorcuHEeLLANA.

The coral subclavate, coriaceous, subealcareous, and loosely cellular

within; the stem subcylindrical, elongate, hard, coriaceous, and mi-

nutely granular on the surface.

The head formed of numerous, irregularly dispersed, short-lobed

prominences, which are covered at the end with diverging conical

prominent polype-cells,—the lobes and cells being strengthened with

superficial fusiform spicules, slightly covered with the skin of the

coral; the polypes entirely retractile.

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. 31

The whole substance of the coral is loosely cellular, and the lobes

of the head are brittle and easily broken off when in spirits. The

base of the stem is furnished with some large tubular fibres, which

seem to act as roots to attach it to rocks.

The spicules on the edge of the polype-cells are rugulose or spi-

nulose.

MorcHELLANA SPINULOSA. (Woodcut, p. 30.)

Hab, Indian Ocean.

4, NoTes ON SOME SPECIMENS OF CLAVIFORM PENNATULID

(VERETILLEX) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BritisH

Museum. By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,

F.L.S., &e.

Since my paper, entitled “‘ Revision of the Family Pennatulide,

with description of some New Species in the British Museum,”

was printed in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ’

for January 1860, we have received several specimens of club-shaped

Sea-Pens (Veretillee) which further illustrate the species of this

roup. Bien

c Prateaior Milne-Edwards, in the first volume of his ‘ Coralliaires,’

published in 1857, divides the Claviform Pennatule into three genera,

thus—

1, Lirvarta, with a distinct, well-developed, quadrangular central

stony axis.

2, VERETILLUM, with a rudimentary hard central axis.

3. CAVERNULARIA, without any hard central axis, but with four

large longitudinal central cells.

Dr. Herklots, in his “‘ Monograph of the Pennatulide,” in the

‘Bijdragen tot die Dierkunde’ for 1858, divides them into four

genera, adding the genus Sarcobelemnon to the above list. The

species of Lituaria and Sarcobelemnon are found in the Indian and

Australian Oceans, and those of Veretillum and Cavernularia are con-

fined to the Mediterranean. eres

The Veretillee in the British Museum appear to belong to only

two genera, viz.—

1. VerRETILLUM. The club with a short thick base, with four

more or less large longitudinal cells in the centre.

2. Lirvaria. The club with an elongated base, and with a strong,

subquadrangular, central, more or less stony axis.

The former group seems to be synonymous with the genera Vere-

tillum and Cavernularia of Milne-Edwards and Sarcobelemnon of Her-

klots. I call the first genus by the name Veretillum, because I find

that the specimen of Pennatula cynomorium which we have in the

British Museum does not appear to have any rudiment of an axis,

and has the four large longitudinal cavities in the centre of the coral

32 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. [Feb, 11,

which are described as characteristic of Cavernularia and Sarcobe-

lemnon. Can the septa between these cells have been considered as

the rudimentary axis?

VERETILLUM.

The pen club-shaped, with a short, thick, fleshy base ; the upper

part of the club short and thick, or more or less tapering, covered

with close longitudinal rows of polypes ; the interspaces between the

polypes marked with very close, opake; imbedded granules; the

opening of the polype-cells, when contracted, transverse ; the middle

of the coral furnished with four quadrangular tubes, and without any

hard central axis.

1, VERETILLUM CYNOMORIUM.

Veretillum cynomorium, Pallas, Spic. Zool. t. 13. f. 1-4.

We have a single specimen of this species in the British Museum,

which I believe is the specimen described by Ellis, on the Sea-Pens,

as Cynomorium (Phil. Trans. 1765, vol. lil. 434, t. 13. f. 3); for

it has the label on it, written by my late uncle who died in 1806,

like the label on the specimen of Siren which was presented by

Ellis. It certainly has no appearance of any hard central axis, un-

less the rather hard septa between the central cells may be considered

as an axis; if they are, then the same kind of axis is found in each

of the other species which I have referred to this genus,

2. VERETILLUM AUSTRALASIZ.

Sarcobelemnon australasia, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. v. 1860,

24, t. 4. f. 1.

The polypes far apart.

Hab. Australia; Port Essington (J. B. Jukes, Esq.).

This specimen chiefly differs from the V’. cantori@ in the substance

of the coral being harder, and in the cells of the polypes being fur-

ther apart and more scattered, not appearing to be placed in such

regular and close longitudinal rows. The specimen seems to have

been placed in very strong spirits when first collected, as almost all

the polypes are retracted, and the base of the club is wrinkled, as

if strongly contracted, and the cavities in the axis are smaller; but

all this may have been produced by the sudden and great contraction

of the animal at the time it was preserved.

3. VERETILLUM CANTORIA.

Cells of polypes close together, in regular longitudinal series.

Hab, Penang (Dr. Cantor).

We have a large series of specimens of this species from Penang,

where, I am told, they are collected for food. They differ exceed-

ingly from each other; and if they are all of the same species, as I

suspect is the case, it shows how difficult it is to give a character

that shall define the species of the genus. Some are short, thick,

oblong, rounded at each end, varying from 2} to 3 inches long, with

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CLAVIFORM SEA-PENS. 33

a short thick base to the club of about half an inch long. In most

of the specimens of this form, the polypes are retracted ; but in one,

some of them are expanded.

In the second group the club is much larger, varying from 3 to

7 or 8 inches long, and is attenuated upwards. The base of the

elub is short and thick, as in the former group of specimens. The

polypes are generally expanded; they are much more slender and

more elongate than the polypes of Lituaria australis.

Probably the Jength and tapering form of these specimens may be

dependent on their haying been placed originally in weaker spirits.

The size of the cavities or tubes in the specimens also differ ; they

are largest in the short broad specimens, but very distinct in all.

I am therefore inclined to believe that there are only two distinct

genera of the Claviform Sea-Pens.

LITUARIA.

The pen elongate, the upper part slender, tapering, with close

longitudinal rows of polypes; the interspace between the polypes

covered with close longitudinal rows of distinct circular pores; the

opening of the polype-cells, when contracted, longitudinal ; the lower

part elongate, subcylindrical, smooth ; the axis hard, stony, distinct,

well developed, quadrangular.

The lower part of the coral, which is destitute of polypes, is elon-

gate, often one-third and rarely nearly half as long as the upper

polype-bearing portion of the club; but the length of the stem, as

compared with the club, appears to differ, within certain limits, in

the different specimens of the same species from the same locality,

but they are always larger and more slender than the same part in

the genus Veretillum.

The specimens of this genus in the British Museum appear to

separate themselves into two very distinct groups, which may repre-

sent so many species, or may only depend on the manner in which

the specimens have been preserved, or even on the strength of the

spirit into which they were at first immersed.

In four specimens from Penang, collected by Dr. Cantor, which

are slender and white, all the polypes are entirely contracted, leaving

a compressed slit over the cell, except in one of the small specimens,

where a few of the polypes are partly exserted ; they are pale brown.

Tn one of the specimens the fleshy part of the base is thickened, and

has contracted so much that the hard axis is exserted nearly an

inch beyond the base. In this specimen the base of the club is much

shorter and thicker than in the others. From this specimen I am

led to believe that the length and slenderness of the club in the

genus, when in spirit, is preserved by the rigidity of the internal axis.

These specimens are probably the Lituaria phalloides of Milne-

Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i. 217), founded on the Pennatula phal-

loides of Pallas (Mise. Zool. t. 13. f. 5, 6, 7, 8).

The second group of specimens were collected by Mr. Rayner in

Sharks’ Bay, Australia. They are three in number; they are softer

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. III.

34 DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW ZOOPHYTES. ([Feb. 11,

and less contracted than the preceding ; the pores on the surface are

more distinct, and are furnished with more or less dark polypes,

which are all expanded. The polypes in one specimen (which

is in the most perfect condition) are all entirely of a uniform black-

brown colour. In one of the other specimens (also in a good con-

dition) the polypes are pale brown, with a broad black lower ring

at the upper part of the tubular body, near the base of the arms.

In the other specimen (which is imperfect) the polypes are all pale

brown, like the coral.

In all the three specimens the polypes at the lower half of the

club are further apart than they are at the tip; this is especially the

case in the specimen which has the dark ring on the polypes,

where the polypes in the lower part of the club are very far apart

and few in number, and appear as if placed in longitudinal lines.

I should propose to call this species provisionally Litwaria australis.

5. Description or Two New Genera or Zoopuytes (SOuE-

NOCAULON AND BELLONELLA) DISCOVERED ON THE NORTH

Coast oF AusTratia BY Mr. Rayner. By Dr. JoHn

Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., erc.

Among the numerous interesting animals collected by Mr. Rayner

during the voyage of H. M.S. ‘ Herald’ is a new form of coral, nearly

allied to Gorgonia, and especially to the coral called Calogorgia by

M. Milne-Edwards, but very distinct from it. I therefore send a

description of it to the Society for publication in the ‘ Proceedings.’

SOLENOCAULON.

The coral coriaceous, tubular, circular, aud simple below, com-

pressed, subquadrangular, tortuous, and more or less branched above,

the branches being similar in size and form to the main

stem. The main stem and branches furnished with

more or less elongate, subsolid, slender branchlets,

which are placed on the edge of the large holes in the

main stem and branches which communicate with the

main tube. These branchlets (and sometimes the

branches at the base of them) are furnished with large

cells for the polypes, which are placed in one (more fre-

quently in two) series on each side of the branchlets,

and sometimes the series are continued on the main stem

or branches at the bottom of the branchlets. The polype-cells are

rather large, circular, nearly superficial, and furnished with a cup

divided into eight conical, connivent lobes, each lobe being formed of

some transverse spicules at the base and some obliquely-placed spi-

cules diverging from each lateral edge towards the top above.

1. SOLENOCAULON TORTUOSUM.

Hab. North Australia.

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW ZOOPHYTES. 35

This genus seems to form a particular group of the Aleyonaires,

which may be called after this genus Solenocaulonide, characterized

by the tubular form of the axis, the tubes being formed of a thin

coriaceous substance. The smaller branches are subsolid and cel-

lular within, but they soon become hollow. It has been said that

the tubular form arises from the abortion of the epithelic tissue of

the centre of the axis. This may be true if we can regard the large

lax cells in the interior of the young branchlet as epithelic tissue ;

but the imner surface of the tube of the axis is quite smooth and

simple, and the branchlets never become large like the main stem.

This coral cannot be considered as a solid stem becoming hollow,

as the last-formed (younger) parts at the end of the branches are in

the form of a foliaceous expansion, which gradually folds up toge-

ther on itself, coalesces, and forms a tube nearly of the same dia-

meter as the main stem. The large apertures which occur in the

stem and base of the branches, and communicate with the central

cavity, are the parts of the expanded lamina which have not been

closed in when the other portions of the tube were formed.

The specimen described evidently grew in a nearly horizontal po-

sition ; for one side of the main stem and branches is entirely without

any cells, and the branchlets on the same side are fewer than on the

other, showing that this part was beneath, and not exposed to the

light. Ido not give this as the generic or specific character, as it

may be only incidental to the specimen—a fact that can only be

determined by the examination of a larger number of examples.

Mr. Holdsworth has suggested that it may be the same as or allied to

Gorgonia trichostemma of Dana (Zoophytes, 665, t. 59. f. 3); but

Dana does not describe the main stem as tubular. But the coral is,

like many others in his work, so badly figured and described that it

is impossible to determine with any certainty what it is intended to

represent.. Milne-Edwards seems to have been equally doubtful (see

Coralliaires, i. 154) as to its affinities.

The genus Celogorgia of Milne-Edwards (Coralliaires, vol. i.

p- 191) should be placed in the same family. It is described as

arborescent, very branching, and with slender cylindrical branches

with scattered, subcylindrical, elongate polype-cells. Only one spe-

cies is known, viz. G. palmosa, from Zanzibar.

Among the specimens preserved in spirits in the same collection

there is also a new form of dleyon, which seems to me to be a type

of a new genus allied to Xenia, but quite distinct from it both in the

form of the cells and in the polypes being completely retractile. It

has some characters in common with my genus Nidalia, described

in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ 1835, p. 6, and

figured, Radiata, Pl. III. fig. 2, but differs from it in the surface of

the coral being minutely granular, and not spiculose.

BELLONELLA.

Coral cylindrical, formed of a number of subcylindrical tubes ag-

glutinated together and forming at the top a hemispherical head of

subcylindrical prominent cells, which are angular at the tip. The

36 DR. J. E. GRAY ON SOME NEW zoopHyTes. [Feb. 11,

TTAHO NO TIM. ONTTVS

chirt 188 AA

JLAYV Ge)

OAL LVS

~ 1862.) DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 37

outer surface of the coral is minutely granular. The polypes are

completely retractile; the base of their tubes is strengthened with

very minute spicula, placed in a longitudinal series parallel to each

other.

ky.

1. BELLONELLA GRANULATA. (Woodcut, p. 36=) 2

Hab. Bellona Reefs, 17 fathoms (T. M. Rayner, Esq.).

6. ConTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE Britisu CHARRS.

By Dr. ALBERT GUNTHER.

(Plates V., VI., VII.)

The production of the following paper has been induced by two

specimens of the so-called Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin in

Ireland, which were procured by Joshua Walker, Esq., and sub-

mitted to my examination. The differences from the allied Conti-

nental species were so striking, that from the first moment I could

scarcely doubt that I had a species before me which I had never seen

before. In the first place it appeared necessary to compare it with

specimens from other localities of Great Britain—with the true British

Charr ; but, although the period of the year (November and Decem-

ber) appeared to be the most favourable for the capture of those

fishes, as they approach the shores to spawn, afterwards returning

to the deepest parts of the lakes, I have been only partly successful

in obtaining more specimens, and I particularly regret not having

been able to examine specimens from Scotland, either ina fresh state

or preserved in spirits*. I have obtained, however, materials suffi-

cient for the determination of the Charrs of three localities, by the

kind assistance of the gentlemen who will be mentioned hereafter.

Our knowledge of the representatives of the Charr on the Continent

is chiefly due to Heckel, Nilsson, and Rapp, in whose descriptions

due attention has been paid to those characters by which the species

may be distinguished ; and for a comparison of the British Charrs

with those of the Continent I have had to rely chiefly on them.

"My materials were the following :—

a. Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin.

Two fresh specimens, mature males ; by the kindness of J. Walker,

Esq.

One specimen (dried skin) in the British Museum.

b. Welsh Charr, or Torgoch.

Nearly twenty specimens from Llanberris, all mature males; re-

ceived by the kindness of S. P. W. Ellis, Esq., Chief Constable of

Carnarvonshire, and G. Ellis, Esq.

Four young specimens from the lake Coss-y-gedawl, transferred

* Dried and stuffed specimens of Charr are of little or no use.

38 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. ([Feb. 11,

with Mr. Yarrell’s collection to the British Museum (S. salvelinus,

Jenyns).

c. Charr of the Lake of Windermere.

Two mature males, procured by the kindness of Sir J. Richardson.

For further comparison I had the “ Rothel” of the Lake of Con-

stance, the “Ombre chevalier’ of the Lake of Geneva, four speci-

mens of a Charr from Iceland, and twelve without known locality.

Before we enter into a historical account of our knowledge of the

British Charrs, we must consider the question, what fishes have been

originally intended by the Linnean denominations of Salmo umbla,

Salmo salvelinus, and Salmo alpinus—names with which the British

Charrs have been designated by the various authors.

The original descriptions themselves are too short and too general

to give anything like specific distinctions; but fortunately we see

that question settled, once and for ever, by the very names of the

fishes and by the localities from which the typical specimens had

been procured. J. Heckel has made inquiries into this subject with

regard to the Salmo salvelinus of South Germany*, and the follow-

ing is the result :—

a. Salmo salvelinus, L. Linneus has founded this species on the

tenth species of Salmo in Artedi’s ‘Genera,’ or on the eleventh in his

‘Synonymy’ ; and Artedi had derived the whole of his knowledge of

this fish from Willoughby, who (p. 195) gives a description of the

“Salvelin’ from a specimen captured near the Austrian town of

Linz. Therefore there cannot be the slightest doubt that the Lin-

nean denomination is intended for the South-German fish, which, up

to the present day, is called Sa/bling at various localities.

The best account of the Silbling has been given by Heckel, who

says that they are found in several lakes of South Germany, Tyrol,

and Switzerland. First (/. c.) he distinguished three species accord-

ing to the different arrangement of the small teeth on the vomer ;

afterwards+, having convinced himself that this character is subject

to some variation, he reunited those three forms, stating at the same

time that those fishes from different localities of Central Europe

considerably differ in their forms. And it is not at all improbable

that there are really several species confounded by him, but differing

and distinguishable by other, more constant, characters than by that

of the arrangement of the vomerine teeth. Be this as it may, it suf-

fices for our purpose that Heckel distinguishes those fishes of Central

Europe by the considerable breadth of the interorbital space, which

is twice the diameter of the eye. Also the figuret (which is rather

indifferent) represents a remarkably small eye ; the pectoral fin oc-

cupies only one-half of the distance of its root from that of the ven-

trals; and when we compare the British specimens, we find that their

head is much narrower, their eye much larger, and their pectoral

* Reisebericht, p. 89, in Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1851, July.

tT Susswasserf, Oestr. p. 280. .

t Susswasserf. fig. 155.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 39

fins much longer than in the fishes described by Heckel, and conse-

quently that none of them can be identical with the South-German

Salbling or with the Salmo salvelinus of Linnzeus.

b. Salmo umbla, L. Linneus has founded this species on the

ninth species of Sa/mo in Artedi’s ‘Genera,’ or on the seventh in his

‘Synonymy,’ the latter ichthyologist following Rondelet, who de-

scribed the “‘Salmo Lemani lacus, seu Umbla*,” or the “Ombre

(chevalier)”’ of the Lakes of Geneva and Neuchatel. Jurinet and

Agassiz{ have given figures of this fish. Far superior to them is that

published by Rapp§, who has identified the ‘‘ Rothel” of the Lake

of Constance with the Salmo umbla, L.

This species never assumes the red colours of the S. salvelinus, or

of the Charrs of Windermere and of Wales. It could be compared

in this respect only with the “‘Freshwater Herring” of Lough Melvin,

from which it is readily distinguished by its much larger teeth, by

its wide mouth, the maxillary extending to behind the orbit, by its

much more elongate body, and by the proportions of its fins. Salmo

umbla of Linné differs from the British Charrs (as far as we treat

of them in this paper) in nearly every one of the external characters,

and agrees with the Irish species only in its plainer coloration and

in the size of its scales.

ce. Salmo alpinus, L. Linneeus, on his tour through Lapland,

discovered in the mountain-lakes of that country a species of Charr,

which he described in the ‘ Fauna Suecica,’ p. 117, no. 310, and

which he named S. alpinus in the ‘Systema Nature.’ He adopts

the opinion of Artedi in referring the British Charr (which he knew

from Willoughby’s description) as a synonym to this S. alpinus.

Even the few details which are given in his and Nilsson’s descriptions

do not admit of an identification of those species. Linné says that

the length of the head of the typical specimen was 13 inch, and the

distance from (the front margin of) the dorsal to the adipous fin

3 inches: in the British Charrs the head is much longer. He found

the length of the head equal to that of the base of the dorsal fin: in

British Charrs the base of that fin is much shorter. Nilsson de-

scribes the S. alpinus, L., as a distinct variety of S. salvelinus, di-

stinguished by short fins; but S. salvelinus, Nilss., has shorter fins

than any of the British Charrs.

We are, therefore, not justified in admitting one of those Linnean

denominations for the British species which will be described in this

paper. This view being in contradiction with that of all former

writers, I think it necessary to- give a historical review of what has

been done on the subject. Not a love of starting novel views, much

less an ill feeling towards any of the previous inquirers, but the plain

necessity of supporting the truth of my opinion forces me to show

where observations have been imperfect, or where they de not agree

with nature. Conscious of the imperfectness of my own labour, I

* Rondel. ii. p. 160.

+ Poiss. du lac Léman, pl. 5.

t Poiss. d’eau douce, pls. 10 & 11 (but not pl. 9).

§ Bodensee-Fische, p. 32. taf. 5.

40 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. ([Feb. 11,

should not be wise to provoke just retribution by unfair severity

towards others.

1685. WitLoveusy is the first who with the practised eye of an

ichthyologist examined the Charrs of England and Wales, devoting

a separate article to their description*. He recognizes their affinity

to the Salbling (S. salvelinus), and lets the descriptions of the Ger-

man and British fishes follow one another; but the “‘ Torgoch”’ of

Wales and the “Red Charre of Winander-mere’’ appear to him to

be the same species, with which he unites even the “ Reutele”’ or

Rothel of South Germany—a fish which, however, appears to have

been known to him rather by name or by recollection than by actual

examination and by comparison with the British fish.

At a time when naturalists were only beginning to advance be-

yond the individual specimen to the conception of classification, and

to form the ideas of species and genera, it was creditable enough to

note the British Charrs on the whole as different from the Salbling,

and, at the same time, to indicate their affinity.

Willoughby mentions the Gilt Charr beside the Red Charr, also

from the lakes of Westmoreland, considering it identical with Sal-

viani’s Carpione from the Lago di Gardat. In the description of

the latter he says (p.197), “In palato quinque dentium areole,” whilst

he expressly and correctly mentions that the middle of the palate is

toothless in the Salbling as well as in the Red Charr. Therefore

the Gilt Charr, as it is understood by Willoughby, cannot be a true

Charr without teeth along the middle of the vomer (Salmo, sensu

stricto) ; but it isa species of Salar or Fario, with five series of teeth

along the roof of the mouth, viz. two along the maxillaries, two along

the palatines, and one along the vomer.

We shall see that Pennant and Yarrell mention the Gilt Charr (of

which I have not seen an example) as a variety of the common

Charr; but what Pennant says about its habits and propagation

tends to show that Willoughby was perfectly right in referring it to

(or near to) a very different species.

1738. The confusion commences with ArtEepr and Linnavus,

who, without knowing the British fish, refer Willoughby’s Red Charre

to the Salmo alpinus from Lapland.

1755. FARRINGTON, in a letter printed in the ‘Philosophical Trans-

actions’ of that year, gives some notes about the general appearance

and the habits of the Torgoch. He very truly remarks that the fish

is “slimy, nearly allied to the eel and the tench.” From the speci-

mens which I have examined I cannot confirm his observation that

“‘the male is not adorned with the beautiful red hue of the female ;”

“yet,” he continues, “ he is finely shaded and marbled upon the back

and sides with black streaks.’ ‘‘ The Turgoch makes its appearance

at the shores of the Llanberris lakes about the winter solstice; the

whole number annually taken in the two pools of Llanberris does not

amount to a hundred dozen.”

* Will. Hist. Pisc. p. 196.

+ See Heckel, Reisebericht, p. 98 (Salmo carpio, L.; Fario carpio, Heck.).

1862. } DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 41

1776. Pennant knows that the Charr occurs not only in England

and Wales, but also in Scotland, whilst he had not received any evi-

dence of its existence in Ireland. He first mentions the fact, which is

repeated i in all other works, that the Charrs of the Lake of Llanber-

ris were entirely destroyed by noxious waters flowing from copper-

mines in the neighbourhood*. He has examined the Red or Case-

Charr and the Gilt Charr, but considers both as the same species,

although the former spawns about Michaelmas, ascending the River

Brathay, whilst the spawning-season of the latter extends from the

month of January to that of March, the fishes remaining in the

sandy parts of the lake. If this Gilt Charr (Pennant’s) is identical

with that of Willoughby, and if the observations of both these natu-

ralists really refer to the Gilt Charr of the present day, it is clear

that it is not a variety of the common Charr, but a species widely

different from it.

1802. The knowledge of those fishes is considerably advanced by

Donovan, who well perceives the differences between the Torgoch

and Charr, but is unable to fix the distinctive characters in specific

terms, resorting for the purpose of diagnosis to the differences in

colour, which in his figures are much exaggerated and untrue. In

his description, he is quite right in directing particular attention to

the slender form of the Torgoch, and he might have added another

important character which is indicated in the figures, namely, that

whilst in the Charr the root of the pectoral is quite free, and not

overlapped by a prolonged suboperculum, the latter is produced

backwards and downwards in the Torgoch. The physiognomy of

the fishes has lost much by representing the eye too small; whilst

the differences in the structure of the nostrils apparently have been

noticed by him. He employs for the Charr the Linnean name of S.

alpinus (pl. 61), and for the Torgoch that of S. salvelinus (pl. 112).

1807. Turton follows Donovan, and evidently has examined the

Torgoch, as he gives the correct number of the dorsal rays, viz.

thirteen. The statements of the different authors, especially of the

earlier, with regard to the fin-rays, can be used only with great cau-

tion,—first, because they had only partly recognized the value of that

character ; and secondly, because they counted them in different

ways, frequently omitting the small rays in front of the fins.

1812. The first definite notice of the occurrence of a Charr-like fish

in Ireland appears to be due to DuBourniEv, who, in his ‘ History

* This fact is doubted by Mr. 8. P. W. Ellis, who writes, in answer to my inquiry

on this subject, ‘‘ Llanberris Lake is three and a quarter or four miles long; the

width varies, the greatest width being about three-fourths of a mile; the greatest

depth is said to be 40 fathoms, The quantity of water coming from copper-works

is not more than one-tenth part of the whole volume, and this portion flows about

five miles before falling into the lake, and, besides, passes through a mountain

lake after having left the mine. Below this mountain-pool the water is not poi-

sonous to fish. The quantity of water from copper-mines has decreased in this

valley, owing to the stoppage of works. I cannot think there ever were mines

worked to any such extent as seriously to injure fishes. The chief works are

slate-quarries.” J. Petherick, Esq., who has a thorough knowledge of these

mines, a part of which are worked by himself, also is of the same opinion.

42 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

of the County of Antrim’ (vol. i. p. 119), ina list of the fishes of

Lough Neagh, enumerates the Whiting, which by a friend of the

author, Mr. Templeton, is declared to be the 8. alpinus. A rough

drawing is added. As the description does not give any specific

characters, we are left in doubt about the correctness of the determi-

nation. It is probable that the Whiting of Lough Neagh is now

extinct.

Thompson* says that, when visiting Lough Neagh in 1834, he

was assured by the fishermen that they had not known of any of those

Whitings being taken in that lake for at least ten years previously.

This is confirmed by R. Patterson, Esq., of Belfast, in a letter ad-

dressed to me, in which he states that the Charr “has been believed

to be extinct in that lake for more than thirty years.” Therefore,

the question whether the Whiting of Lough Neagh was identical with

one of the other species, or whether it was a distinct species, will re-

main unsolved. Surely, if any group of fishes requires particular care

in collecting and preserving its representatives at different localities,

it is that of the Charrs, which, confined to very limited localities, and

extremely susceptible to the changes of their element, are exposed to

the danger of easy destruction: the Torgoch of Llanberris disappears

for a series of years, (as it is said) in consequence of the poisonous

fluids carried down from the copper-mines of the neighbourhood ;

the Charr of Lough Neagh becomes extinct, from reasons unknown.

We are afraid there are other similar instances, but unrecorded in

natural history.

1834. AGassiz, engaged in the examination of some of the conti-

nental Salmonide, and having compared them with those in Great

Britain, declared, at the meeting of the British Association of that

year, that the Charrs of England and Ireland, the Ombre chevalier

of the Lake of Geneva, and all the different Charr-like fishes of

Sweden, Switzerland, and all the southern parts of Germany were

one and the same species—or that S. umbda, L., S. salvelinus, L., S.

alpinus, L., and S. salmarinus, L., were merely synonymous.

Heckel already has shown, with regard to the Swiss representatives

of Agassiz’s S. umblat, that two very different species are comprised

in it, different in the size of the scales, in the shape of the body, in

the coloration, and, according to Rapp’s researches, in the number of

the vertebree—or that the S. wmdla, figured by Agassiz, ‘ Poiss. d’eau

douce,’ pls. 10 & 11, is the true S. wmbla of Linné, from the Lake of

Neuchatel, but that the S. wmbla, Agassiz, pl. 9, is identical with

S. salvelinus, L., from the Lake of Zurich.

Nor can I arrive at the same conclusion as M. Agassiz with

regard to the British Charrs known to me. It is much to be re-

gretted that in that paper neither the localities are mentioned whence

the specimens examined were obtained, nor that the opinion started

was supported by a comparative description ; and we cannot assume

that M. Agassiz’s opinion referred to Scotch specimens only (which

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 448.

+ Report of the Fourth Meeting of the British Association, at Edinburgh, p. 622.

t Reisebericht, p. 91.

1862. | DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 43

I had no opportunity of examining), as he speaks of the Charr of

England and Ireland. M. Agassiz opposes those naturalists who,

for distinction of the species, have especially attached themselves to

the form of the head and to the arrangement of the colours, and says

that the characters ought to be found in the structure of the head,

in the opercular bones, in the surface of the cranium, and in its pro-

portions relative to the whole body, and that the shape of the body

also is important for the distinction of the species. When we add

the size of the teeth and of the scales, characters as constant and

excellent as any of those named, every one who peruses the descrip-

tions terminating this paper will satisfy himself that our three Bri-

tish species have been distinguished from one another and from those

of the Continent by those very characters which have been recom-

mended by M. Agassiz. Ichthyology has been so much advanced

within the last thirty years that it would be hardly fair to take the

same view of a paper written in 1834 as if it were of a recent date ;

and I make these lengthened remarks only because there may still

be some who, having adopted M. Agassiz’s former views, will be in-

clined to adhere to them.

When M. Agassiz denounces the form of the head and the arrange-

ment of the colours as too variable to supply precise characters, I

ean only partly agree with him. With regard to the former, it is

only the snout which varies in its form according to age, sex, and

season; but, according to my experience, this variation is subject to

certain laws: if a male of a certain age hasa hooked prominent lower

jaw at a certain time of the year, all the males of that species, of the

same age and at the same season, are provided with a hooked man-

dible ; and this character may be well used as a specific distinction

from another species without such a hook. Differences in the shade

of colours are of no value for distinction of species. Sharply defined

markings, as cross-bands, large spots, may be dependent on age, and

peculiar to the young state of all the species of a whole group (dark

cross-bands in the genus Salmo equivalent to the white streaks in

the genus Sus, to the white spots in the genus Cervus, to the dark

spots in the young Lion, to the light dots in Muscicapa, Rubecula,

&c.) ; yet two species may differ, and really differ, in the develop-

ment of those colours, and then they become a precise and valuable

character, which is nearly always joined with another. By the co-

lours alone, fresh specimens of S. salvelinus and S. umbla, of 8. grayt

and §. willoughbii, may be always distinguished.

Agassiz’s view was adopted by Sir W. Jarpine*, who, however,

prefers to adopt another Linnean name, S. alpinus. He ascertained

oe occurrence in most of the lochs of the north-west of Sutherland-

shire.

1835. Jenynst adopts only a part of the view advocated by Agassiz,

distinguishing a S. wnbla and aS. salvelinus. With regard to the

former it is not stated whence the specimens had been obtained which

served as types for the description. ‘The elongated form, the gill-

* Report of the Fourth Meeting of the British Association, at Edinburgh, p. 614.

+ Man. Hist. Vertebr. pp. 427, 428.

44 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 1],

cover produced behind into a rounded lobe, the axillary scale nearly

half as long as the ventrals, the fourteen dorsal rays,”’ are characters

which tend to show that a species was examined different from that

of the Lake of Windermere, and closely approaching the Llanberris

Torgoch, although I should not venture to identify it with the latter.

Mr. Jenyns describes his second species as the Torgoch, and calls

it S.salvelinus. If unfortunately the specimens from which this se-

cond description was taken had been lost, everybody, like Parnell,

would have been at a loss to reconcile it with any of the Charrs known.

“‘The dorsal fin is exactly in the middle of the entire length; the

body is not so much elongated in proportion to its depth ; posterior

portion of the dorsal very little less elevated than the anterior,” &c.

Such are the characters attributed to the Torgoch ; but they are not

in accordance with the typical specimens, which are still preserved

and now in the British Museum. They, indeed, are identical with

the Llanberris species, the proper characters of which may be found

in the detailed description subjoined to this paper.

1838. If PaRNELL’s description* has been taken from a Scotch

specimen, it is the only one which has been drawn up of the so-

called Northern Charr ; but much is detracted from its value when

we consider that the author preserved his specimens as flat skins ;

therefore his statement, that the height of the body of a specimen

15} inches long was equal to the length of the head, and one-sirth

of the total, does not express a peculiarity of the Northern Charr :

but this elongate form of the body was probably caused by the way

of preservation. Parnell’s other observations on the Charr are bor-

rowed from other authors, who had made their observations chiefly

on English and Welsh specimens.

1840. The view of Agassiz was essentially supported by the late

W.Tuompson of Belfast, who, having had opportunity of examining

the Charrs of Windermere, Loch Grannoch, Lough Melvin, and of

nive other lakes in Scotland and Ireland, came to the conclusion

that they are but one species—one, however, that is subject to extra-

ordinary variety}.

But Mr. Thompson has not brought forward any other proof for

this assertion, than the other assertion that the differences presented

by the Charr from various localities are very manifold. The following

appeared to him the most striking differences :—

1. In specimens from Loch Grannoch the male fish has the colours

of S. salvelinus, Donov.; the female those of S. alpinus, Donoy.

The male has a much larger head and larger fins than the female.

Number of ova, 500.

2. In specimens from Lough Melvin both sexes are coloured

alike ; nor can they be distinguished from each other by the size of

the fins. Number of ova, 959.

The differences observed in the Charrs from the other localities

are not pointed out. Certainly, if Mr. Thompson had really seen

those in the size of the scales and of the teeth, he would have men-

* Fishes of the Firth of Forth, p. 148 (S. umdila).

ft Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, vi. p. 439.

1862. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 45

tioned them, and probably arrived at a different conclusion ; but

having found that some authors before him distinguished the species

by the coloration as the chief character, and having satisfied him-

self that there is a great difference in this respect between the two

sexes in the Loch-Grannoch fish, he did not make any further di-

stinction between the other differences he was aware of, between ac-

cidental differences of individuals, between those of the two sexes,

and, finally, between those of the fishes from various localities, but,

considering all of them as equivalent, he was lost in a maze, out of

which there was no other escape than to cut the Gordian knot by

declaring those fishes as varieties of one and the same species.

We will not enter into a fruitless investigation as to the possibility

of the differences which we observe in those fishes being induced

by those physical peculiarities of the localities indicated by Mr.

Thompson, We will take and examine them as they are, and as

they will be, as long as zoologists of the present species of man exist,

provided that human interference does not put a premature termi-

nation to the whole tribe. We find, then, that there are other con-

stant differences in the Charrs from various localities, besides those

of individuals, age, or sex—which, derived from different parts, form

an assemblage of characters affording easy specific distinctions*.

If the difference were confined to a single character, to a slight mo-

dification of one organ only, I should not consider it sufficient to

establish a separate species on it ; if the difference consisted merely

in the presence or absence of white margins of some of the fins, or

if the fishes of one locality had only one fin-ray more, or one of the

fins rather more elongate, than their representatives in another locality,

one might call this a local variety. But if such a character is found

always combined with a second, or with more, so that from the one

an inference may be drawn as to the presence of the other, we are

certainly obliged to make a specific distinction.

Thus, although we cannot agree with Mr. Thompson that the

Windermere, the Welsh, and the Lough-Melvin Charrs are identical,

we nevertheless consider his paper as highly important to our

knowledge of the geographical distribution of the Charrs in Great

Britain.

1. A Charr is found in Loch Grannoch, Kirkeudbrightshire,

which makes its appearance only during ten days, never before

about the 13th of October}. The sexes are distinct from each other

* Haller, in ‘ Correspondence of Linnezus;’ ed. by Sir J. E. Smith, ii. p. 267.

t Objections have been made to my occasionally calling the Charr “in season

during some of the winter months.” The different species of Charrs appear to

be “in season” at very different parts of the year—the freshwater Herring in

November, the Torgoch towards the end of the year, the Charr of Windermere

in May and August. Considering that those fishes are nearly secure from the per-

secutions of man during the rest of the year, they ought to be allowed to be taken

when, once a year, they approach the shores in large shoals to spawn, at least in

those localities where such a control might be kept over their capture that all

danger of their becoming scarce would be avoided. Carnivorous fishes inhabit-

ing a certain confined locality, like the Charrs, increase in number only to a cer-

' tain degree; when their food becomes scarcer, they feed on their own progeny.

46 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

in colour, and in the size of the. head and of the fins (in the number

of the vertebrae, the male having 60, the female 62-63 ?) ; number of

ova, 482. Beside a detailed description of the colours, the account

does not contain anything from which we could determine the species.

2. Of other localities in Scotland, Loch Inch and Loch Corr are

mentioned. They appear to be inhabited by a species identical with,

or similar to, S. willoughbii; at all events by one very different

from the ‘“‘ Haddy”’ of Loch Killin in Invernesshire. The latter is

very interesting, inasmuch it appears to be closely allied to the

Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin. They are only caught when

spawning, about the 26th of September.

3. The freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin appears to be con-

fined to that locality.

4. Lough Dan (county Wicklow, Ireland) is inhabited by a Charr

“ presenting some of the characters both of the northern and Welsh

Charr.” Specimens were caught in summer with the fly.

5. Other localities in Ireland are—L. Kindun, L. Gartan, L. Derg,

Lake of Luggela, Loughnabrak, and L. Corrib. The Charrs from

those localities have a deep-red belly, and appear to approach S.

willoughbii or S. cambricus.

6. The following localities in Ireland are named on the authority

of other writers:—L. Esk (co. Donegal); Cummeloughs, in the

mountains of Cummeragh; Lake of Inchigeelagh (co. Cork), and

one or two other small lakes in this neighbourhood; L. Neagh* ;

a lake near Dunfanaghy (co. Donegal); L. Eaghish (co. Monaghan).

1841. YaRReELL, in the first edition of his work, distinguished,

according to the view of Donovan, a S. umbla and a S. salvelinus,

adopting afterwards the opinion of Agassiz and Thompson. His

account is composed of the observations of the differeut writers men-

tioned. As new localities, are mentioned Keswick, Crummock

Water, Coniston Water, Loch of Moy, Loch Inch, &c. The Gilt

Charr is mentioned as a variety of the Red Charr.

I conclude this paper with the descriptions of three species, which

certainly are not the only ones by which Great Britain and Ireland

are inhabited. I look forward with great hopes for the assistance

kindly promised by various friends of natural history, trusting that

with their help I shall finally be enabled to make up a complete

series of specimens from all the localities which are inhabited by

this obscure and therefore so interesting group of Salmonide, and to

give a more satisfactory account of them after having compared them

with their congeners of the Continent.

SaALmMo wiLLovcusu. (Pl. V.)

(The Charr of Windermere.)

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-

fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal

rays; the length of the head is a little more than one-half of the

distance of the snout and of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

* See pp. 41, 42.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 47

Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its width being less than

twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal length

anteriorly ; teeth of moderate strength, four in each intermaxillary,

twenty in the maxillary. Length of the pectoral less than that of

the head, much more than one-half of the distance between its root

and that of the ventral. Dorsal rays twelve. 165 transverse series

of scales above the lateral line. Sides with red dots; belly red;

pectoral, ventral, and anal with white margins.

Description of a male specimen, length 11 inches 2 lines. —Head

and body compressed, slightly elevated; its greatest depth is below

the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained four times in the

total length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth

of the tail equals the length of the base of the dorsal fin. The

height of the head above the mandibulary joint equals the distance

between the posterior margin of the orbit and the end of the oper-

culum. The upper profile of the head is somewhat elevated above

the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is nearly one-fifth of

the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and more than one-

half of the width of the interorbital space; the latter is very di-

stinctly convex, with a rather prominent ridge along the middle, and

with a pair of series of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subconical,

with the jaws equal anteriorly. The nostrils are situated imme-

diately before the eye ; the posterior is the wider, and the cutaneous

bridge between both is not developed in a flap. The mazillary ex-

tends scarcely beyond the vertical from the posterior margin of the

eye, and is armed with 20-21 teeth of moderate size; four teeth in

the intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible, two pairs on the

vomer, fifteen on each palatine bone, and four pairs on the tongue.

The suboperculum forms the hindmost part of the gill-cover, and

does not cover the exposed portion of the humerus above the root of

the pectoral; its vertical width is rather less than one-half of that of

the operculum, therefore it is comparatively narrow. Nearly all the

branchiostegals are situated at the side of the head, and exposed in

a lateral view of the fish. The lower branch of the outer branchial

arch is provided with eleven lanceolate, slightly curved gill-rakers ;

the longest is less than two lines long in the specimen described.

D.12. A.12. P. 13-14. V. 9-10.

The origin of the dorsal fin is exactly in the middle between the

snout and the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is equal to the

length of the last ray, and contained once and three-fourths in that

of the fourth. The fourth and fifth rays form an acute point, and

the upper margin of the fin is straight. The first ray is rudimentary,

the second half as long as the third, the third three-fifths of the

fourth, the fourth simple, the fifth branched, fourth and fifth longest,

the last split to the base. The distance of the adipous fin from the

dorsal is equal to twice and a third the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the

root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray ; the length of

its base equals that of the dorsal, and is contained once and two-

48 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

thirds in the length of the fifth ray. The five anterior rays are en-

veloped in a common membrane, so that their length can be ascer-

tained only by dissection ; the fourth and fifth rays are the longest,

and form an acute point; the lower margin of the fin is nearly

straight. The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as

the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth, the fourth simple,

the fifth branched; the last split to the base, its length being two-

fifths of that of the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays being half as long as the

outer ones, the length of which is contained five times and a half in

the total. Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by

the gill-cover apparatus. It does not extend to the vertical from the

origin of the dorsal, is rather shorter than the head, and at least

two-thirds of the distance between its root and that of the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the two last dorsal rays; its length

being two-thirds of that of the pectoral, or of the distance between

the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small; one taken from between the

dorsal and the lateral line is ovate, two-thirds as high as long. In

order to ascertain the number of transverse series of scales, it is ne-

cessary to count those above the lateral line, and not the perforated

scales of the lateral line, which are larger than the others, and do

not correspond to the transverse series. The scales on the back are

minute, rudimentary, hidden in the skin.

The colour on the sides of the back is a dark sea-green, passing

into blackish on the back, on the greater part of the dorsal and

caudal. Sides with a slight silvery shade, passing into a beautiful

deep red on the belly. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish pos-

teriorly, the upper margin being. white; ventral red, with white

outer margin, and with a blackish shade within the margin; anal

reddish, with a blackish shade over the whole of the middle, and

with white anterior margin; sides of the head silvery, lower parts

minutely dotted with black.

The typical specimens were caught in the middle of November,

during the time of spawning.

Through the kindness of F. T. Buckland, Esq., I have received

four specimens of a closely allied species from Iceland. They are

from 19 to 15 inches long, and were imported in large quantity by

Mr. Hogarth : having been prepared like smoked Salmon, they are not

in a state fit for an accurate examination, although im their external

characters (even in the colours) they are pretty well preserved.

The vertebral column, gills, and intestines had been removed from

the fishes before they were smoked. Now those fishes agree exter-

nally very well with the Charr of Windermere; and I should not

hesitate to consider them as one species, but for a statement made

by Valenciennes, according to which the vertebral column of that

northern species is composed of sixty-seven vertebree*. Having

laid bare the spine on one side of the Windermere specimen, which

* Cuy. et Val. xxi. p. 250.

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. 49

I have described and figured, I have found only fifty-nine vertebrze

—a number stated also by Yarrell. A difference of eight vertebre

will not be found within the limits of one species of Salmo; but it

is a question whether the skeleton in the Paris Museum really is

that of an Iceland Charr*, Valenciennes having comprised under

the name of Salmo alpinus “‘ plusieurs Truites rapportées de Norvége

par Noél de la Moriniére, ou de Suéde et d’Islande par M. Gaimard,”

without adding whether the skeleton referred to belongs to a Scan-

dinavian or Iceland specimen.

Faber (‘ Fische Islands,’ p. 168) also mentions the Iceland Charr

under the name of Salmo alpinus, a name which cannot be applied

to the specimens brought by Mr. Hogarth, for the same reasons as

stated above. The description given by him is valueless with regard

to specific distinction; and as he unites a true (freshwater) Charr

with another fish regularly entering the sea, it is probable that he

has confounded two species.

Satmo campsricus (PI. VI.).

(The Torgoch of Llanberris.)

Body slightly compressed and elongate, its greatest depth being

one-fifth, or two-ninths, of the distance of the snout from the root

of the caudal fin; the length of the head is considerably more than

one-half of the distance of the snout and of the vertical from the

origin of the dorsal. Head rather depressed, interorbital space flat,

its width being less than twice the diameter of the eye. Male with

the lower jaw longest; teeth of moderate strength,—six in each in-

termaxillary, twenty in each maxillary. Length of the pectoral less

than that of the head, much more than one-half of the distance

between its root and that of the ventral. Dorsal rays thirteen

(fourteen). 170 transverse series of scales above the lateral line.

Sides with numerous red dots, belly red; pectoral, ventral, and

anal with white margins.

The numerous specimens examined of this species agree in every

respect with one another. We take for the following description a

male specimen 9 inches long, the usual size of the Torgoch, which

scarcely ever exceeds the length of 12 inches.

Body rather compressed and elongate ; its greatest depth is below

the origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained five times or four

times and a third in the total length (without caudal). The least

depth of the tail is three-fifths or two-thirds of the length of the

base of the dorsal fin. The height of the head above the mandi-

bulary joint equals the distance between the posterior margin of the

orbit and the end of the operculum. The upper profile of the head

is not elevated above the margin of the orbit, and is slightly concave.

The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, two-

thirds of the extent of the snout, and more than one-half of the

width of the interorbital space; the latter is flat, with the median

* Salmo umbla (Lake of Constance) has sixty-five vertebrae (Rapp, Bodensee-

Fische, p. 33).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. IV.

50 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

ridge and the lateral series of pores scarcely visible. Snout rather

depressed, conical, with the lower jaw slightly curved upwards and

overreaching the upper. The zos¢rils are situated midway between

eyeball and end of the snout ; the anterior is round, open, surrounded

by a membrane, which posteriorly is developed into a small flap,

nearly entirely covering the smaller, oblong, posterior nostril. By

this character alone the Torgoch may be distinguished from the

Charr and Freshwater Herring. The maxillary extends to (or scarcely

beyond) the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is

armed with 19-21 teeth of moderate size ; six or seven teeth in each

intermaxillary, seventeen in each mandible; seven teeth on the vomer

form two sides of a triangle, the point of which is directed back-

wards ; fifteen teeth on each palatine, five pairs on the tongue. The

suboperculum is produced backwards, covering the triangular por-

tion of the humerus above the root of the pectoral, and being in

immediate contact with the latter; the vertical width of the sub-

operculum is one-half, or rather less than one-half, of that of the

operculum. Only three Jranchiostegals are exposed in a lateral

view of the fish, the others being situated at the lower side of the

head. The lower branch of the outer branchial arch is provided

with thirteen lanceolate straight gill-rakers ; the longest is somewhat

less than two lines long in the specimen described.

D.13(14). A.12(11). P.12 (13). V.9.

The origin of the dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the snout than

to the root of the caudal; the length of its base is not much less

than its height. The fifth and sixth rays form the rounded top of

the fin. The first ray is rudimentary, the second half as long as the

third, the third half as long as the fourth, the fourth simple, five-

sixths of the fifth, which is branched, the sixth the longest, the last

split to the base. The length of the base of the dorsal is contained

once and a third in its distance from the adipous fin.

The origin of the anal fin is exactly in the middle between the

root of the caudal and that of the outer ventral ray; the length of

its base is less than that of the dorsal, and not much less than its

height.. The four anterior rays are enveloped in a common mem-

brane ; the fourth and fifth rays form a rounded point ; and the lower

edge of the fin is slightly emarginate. The first ray is short, the

second half as long as the third, the third three-fourths of the fourth,

the fourth simple, a little shorter than the fifth, which is the longest

and branched ; the last split to the base, its length being nearly one-

half of that of the fifth. ;

Caudal fin emarginate, the length of a middle ray being a little

more than one-half of that of the outer ones, the length of which is

contained six times and a half in the total. Lobes slightly rounded.

The base of the pectoral is overlapped by the gill-cover apparatus.

It extends nearly to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, is

considerably shorter than the head, and three-fourths of the distance

between its root and that of the ventral.

~The ventral is inserted in the vertical from the eighth to eleventh

1862,] ~ DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS, §1

dorsal rays, its length being two-thirds of that of the pectoral, or of

the distance between the root of its outer ray and the vent.

The scales are very thin and small, deeply imbedded in the skin;

one taken from between the dorsal and the lateral line is ovate, two-

thirds as high as long. The perforated scales of the lateral line do

not correspond to the transverse series. Scales on the back minute.

The back is dark sea-green, which colour becomes lighter on the

sides, assuming a yellowish shade and gradually passing into the

bright red of the lower parts; sides with numerous reddish orange-

coloured dots. Pectoral greenish, passing into reddish posteriorly,

the upper margin being white; ventral and anal red, with white

anterior margins; dorsal and caudal blackish, with broad lighter

margins. Cheeks and suboperculum with numerous black dots.

Vertebree : sixty-one.

Young specimens, from 5 to 6 inches long, scarcely differ from

the adult specimens described. They are from Mr. Yarrell’s col-

lection, who obtained them from a lake near Barmouth in Merioneth-

shire, called Coss-y-gedawl. In consequence of the young age the

eye is much larger, longer than the snout, two-sevenths of the length

of the head, the maxillary not extending to the posterior margifi of

the orbit. The pectorals are comparatively a little shorter, the ven-

trals a little longer, than in the adult. Dorsal fin with fourteen rays

—that is, two rays more than in the Charr. The dark colour of the

back emits eight cross-bars on the sides, and the red dots are larger

and less in number—differences such as are usually observed between

old and young Salmonide. The specific characters (the flat head,

elongate body, rounded fins, peculiar nostrils, increased number of

dorsal rays, &c.) are very conspicuous. Yarrell has given a figure

of one of the specimens, in which the head is incorrect in nearly

every respect.

The typical specimens were caught on the 26th and 29th of No-

vember; the time of spawning appeared to have been then begin-

ning.

Satmo Grav (PI. VIL.).

_ (The Freshwater Herring of Lough Melvin.)

Body compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being one-

fourth of the distance of the snout from the end of the middle caudal

rays; the length of the head is scarcely more than one-half of the

distance of the snout and of the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

Head compressed ; interorbital space convex, its width being less

than twice the diameter of the eye. Jaws of the male of equal

length anteriorly; teeth very small, four in each intermaxillary,

sixteen in the maxillary. Length of the pectoral equal to, or rather

more than, that of the head, terminating at no great distance from

the ventral. Dorsal rays thirteen or fourteen. 125 transverse series

of scales above the lateral line. Sides with scattered light orange-

coloured dots ; belly uniform silvery whitish, or with a light-reddish

shade; fins blackish.

52 DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS. [Feb. 11,

Description of a male specimen, length 103 inches.—Head and body

compressed, slightly elevated, its greatest depth being below the

origin of the dorsal fin, where it is contained four times in the total

length (to the end of the middle caudal rays). The least depth of

the tail is considerably less than the length of the base of the dorsal

fin. ‘The height of the head above the mandibulary joint is more

than the distance between the posterior margin of the orbit and the

end of the operculum. The upper profile of the head is elevated

above the margin of the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth of

the length of the head, shorter than the snout, and a little more than

one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The latter is convex,

with a prominent ridge along the middle, and with a pair of series

of pores. Snout slightly compressed, subconical, with the jaws equal

anteriorly. The nostrils are situated midway between the end of the

snout and the anterior margin of the eyeball; the posterior is the

wider and round, the anterior being a very narrow vertical slit ; both

are separated by a narrow cutaneous bridge. The mawillary extends

to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye, and is armed

with sixteen very small teeth, the posterior ones being quite rudi-

mentary. All the other teeth small—four in the intermaxillary, twelve

in each mandible, two to four on the vomer, fifteen on each palatine,

and four pairs on the tongue. The suboperculum forms the hind-

most part of the gill-cover, and does not cover the exposed portion

of the humerus above the root of the pectoral; it is narrow, its ver-

tical width being one-third of that of the operculum. Only the two or

three outer branchiostegals are exposed in a lateral view of the fish,

the others being situated at the lower side of the head. The lower

branch of the outer branchial arch is provided with nine lanceolate

straight gill-rakers; the longest is two lines long in the specimen

described.

BS iS Rae Pa a

The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer to the end of the snout than

to the root of the caudal ; the length of its base is considerably more

than that of the last ray, and contained once and two-fifths in that

of the fourth ray. The fourth and fifth rays form an acute point,

and the upper margin of the fin is nearly straight. The first ray is

nearly half as long as the second, the second half as long as the

third, the third not much shorter than the fourth; the fourth and

fifth are longest, the former simple and the latter branched ; the last

is split to the base, and nearly half as long as the fifth. The dis-

tance of the adipous fin from the dorsal is less than twice the length

of the base of the latter.

The origin of the anal fin is in the middle between the root of the

caudal and that of the outer ventral ray; the length of its base is

less than that of the dorsal, and two-thirds of the length of the fifth

ray. The fourth, fifth, and sixth rays are the longest, and form an

acute point ; the lower margin of the fin is slightly emarginate. The

first ray is short, half as long as the second; the second half as long

as the third; the third two-thirds as long as the fourth, which s

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON THE BRITISH CHARRS, 53

simple; the fifth branched; the last is split to the base, two-fifths

as long as the fourth.

Caudal fin forked, one of the middle rays not being quite half as

long as the outer ones, the length of which is one-fifth of the total.

Lobes pointed.

The base of the pectoral is entirely free, and not overlapped by the

gill-cover apparatus. It is as long as, or even longer than, the head,

and extends to, or slightly beyond, the vertical from the origin of

the dorsal, terminating at a short distance from the ventral.

The ventral is inserted below the ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal

rays, its length being three-quarters of that of the pectoral; it ter-

minates at no great distance from the vent. In smaller specimens than

the one described the two outer rays are somewhat less lengthened.

The scales are very conspicuous, comparatively much larger than

in the other British species. Those between the dorsal fin and lateral

line are nearly square, with the hind margin rounded. Those of the

lateral line are not larger than the others; and their number, there-

fore, nearly coincides with the number of the transverse series. The

scales on the back are the smallest, yet very distinct.

Sides and belly silvery ; the scales on the side of the back have a

silvery centre and a blackish margin; the back itself bluish black ;

belly with a reddish shade; sides with scattered light orange-coloured

dots; fins blackish; the dorsal lighter superiorly, and with a few

light dots at the base; ventral with a narrow whitish margin. Head

silvery,. black above.

This account of the “ Freshwater Herring”’ is very incomplete, and

can be considered only as the first step towards a satisfactory know-

ledge of this species. We are not yet acquainted with the immature

state, or with variations which may occur, and with the female fish

only by a short notice of Mr. W. Thompson. I have before me two

other male specimens of nearly the same size as the one described,

but without any indication of the locality, and preserved in spirits for

a long time ; and six other specimens given to Prof. W. Thomson, of

Belfast, as being perhaps from Lough Melvin, and kindly lent to me

for examination. Those eight specimens agree with the Freshwater

Herring in the small size of their teeth, by which character these

Irish fishes may be at once distinguished from the other allied Eu-

ropean species—in the shortness of their head, in the length of their

pectoral, and in the shape of the fins; but they differ from the

typical specimens in several not unimportant points, which I shall

point out when a further supply of specimens shall enable me to form

a definite opinion about the value of those differences. I may, how-

ever, mention ee the females of one of those Irish fishes have fully

developed eggs ofthe size of a pea, when only 5 inches long! With-

out full material, and with the uncertainty as to locality, it would be

as dangerous to establish new species on differences which may, after

all, turn out to be dependent on age, as unwise to refer them to the

“Freshwater Herring” of Lough Melvin, thereby destroying a defi-

nition of its specific characters.

The typical specimens were taken in the beginning of November,

54 M.0O.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. [Feb. II,

evidently with a net; the state of their sexual organs shows that

the spawning commences at that time of the year. It must be very

difficult to catch the fishes after the middle of November, partly be-

cause they retire into the deeper parts of the lake, and partly because

the attempts to set nets are frustrated by the stormy weather of the

season. Repeated endeavours to obtain more specimens, made by the

Earl of Enniskillen, proved to be unsuccessful. In a letter from

Mr. J. Walker, this gentleman mentions that he saw one taken with

a fly in the month of August.

The Earl of Enniskillen mentions, in a letter directed to Mr.

Thompson, that the ‘‘ Freshwater Herring”’ is plentiful in the middle

of November. ‘The people are now taking them in cartloads.

The flesh of such as I send is white and soft, and different from

what that of Charr is in any other lough.” Mr. Thompson* saw

the female ; and, according to him, it is externally not different from

the male. The ovaria contained 959 ova in a specimen 11 inches in

length, each being two lines in diameter.

Number of vertebree sixty, as ascertained by Thompson in a male

and female fish, and by myself in two males,

7. REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. By Orto A. L. Morcu

(or CopENHAGEN). (Part III.)

[Concluded from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 365.]

Bryonta, Gray, 1850.

The Bivine, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1842, p. 62.

Bivonia, Gray, ibid. p. 90; Gray, 1850, in Mrs. Gray’s Fig. iv.

p- 82.no, 3; Adams, Genera, i. p. 358.

T. affiza, plerumque spiralis, apertura contracta circulari, sepe liris

spiralibus interupto-nodulosis et lira mediana elevata ; columella

levissima, nitida.

Animal tentaculis cylindricis, filamentis pedalibus subulatis vel seta-

ceis. Operculum parvum, rudimentare (Phil.).

Dr. Gray gives (in the Brit. Mus. Cat. 1842, p. 62) the following

character :—‘ The Livine have an orbicular spiral operculum, with

an oblong lateral scar like the Trochi.” I suppose this description

was made from a broken specimen, giving the muscular impression the

appearance of being lateral. In the Brit. Mus. Cat. for 1840, quoted

in Proce. Zool. Soc. no. 258, by Dr. Gray, I cannot find anything

about this genus. The edition 1844, quoted in the same place, is,

according to the indication of the pages 62 & 90, no doubt a typo-

graphical error. In the Systematic Index of Mrs. Gray’s Fig. of

Mollusca, p. 82, the diagnosis is altered thus :—‘ Operculum rudi-

mentary, small (spiral?),” which is evidently taken from Philippi’s

description of Vermetus triqueter, Biv.,—‘ Operculum parvum, rudi-

mentare,” which must thus be regarded as the type. Of the other

P * Ann, and Mag. Nat, Hist, 1841, vi. p. 443.

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 55

species referred to this genus, V. glomeratus, Biv., having a large

convex operculum, is a Spiroglyphus; and V. subcancellatus, Biv., is a

true Vermetus. The V. semisurrectus, Biv., with an “ operculum fere

completum,”’ seems not, according to the figure of Philippi, to differ

in the size of the operculum from the typical species.

1. Brvontra TRIQUETRA, Bivona, 1832.

T. solitaria aut gregaria, extus apicem versus saltem triquetra et

depressiuscula, orbiculatim vel turbinatim contorta, rugis trans-

versim flexuosis ; antice sepe elongata, cylindrica.

T. ejusdem structure atque V. gigantis, sed multo minor ; diameter

_tubi enim nunquam 25 mill. excedit. Apex et interdum tota testa,

si solitaria, exquisite triquetra, basi adnata depressa; pars teste

libera autem semper cylindricam formam induit. Rarius preter

carinam dorsalem, coste 2-3 adsunt ; plice transverse valide,

rugose, irregulares, in parte cylindrica multo minus conspicue.

Color albidus aut fuscescens.

Animal operculo parvo, rudimentari, tentaculis superioribus cylin-

dricis, paululum retractilibus, inferioribus setaceis longissimis ;

nigrum, pallio flavescente ; aut albidum, luteo, violaceo vel badio

maculatum (Phil.).

Massa quedam formata ab aliis tubulis, &c., Bonanni, ii. 20 E.

Vermetus triqueter, Bivona, Nuov. Gen. 1832, p. 11 (Phil.); Phi-

lippi, Enum. i. p. 170. t. ix. f. 21, ii. p. 143; Siebold, Wirbellose

Thiere, p. 344. 2.

Bivonia triquetra, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 82, t. 58. f. 4.

Vermetus (Aletes?) triqueter, Morch, Journ. Conch. viii. 36.

Var. a. PINNICOLA (Mus. reg.).

T. irregulariter spiralis, lineis tribus longitudinalibus crenulatis

(Gravenhorst).

Vermicularia granulata, Gravenh. Tergestina, 1831, p. 65. no. 5

(non Fabr.).

On the large Pinna, Seba, Thes. iii. tab. 91. no. 1.

Vermetus granulatus, Forbes, Hgzean Report, p. 138, verisim.

? Serpula rupestris, Risso, Eur. Mér. p. 204. no. 25?

Var. 3. SPIRORBIS.

T. solitaria, alba, cretacea, spirorbiformis, apertura soluta; carina

- dorsali crenulata, varicibus arcuatis 1 vel 2 in anfr. penultimo ;

latere externo subperpendiculari, liris confertis obsoletissimis ;

stri@ incrementi irregulares, sigmoidee, sepe membranacee, peri-

pheriam versus incrassate, in locis occultis pulcherrime undulato-

_ squamulose ; anfr. primi carnei.

_ Diam. teste 19 m.; diam. aperture 32 m,

Hab. In littore Dalmatiz (coll. Dunkeri in lapide).

Var. y. ALETES.

T. lateraliter affixa, anfr. obliquis decumbentibus planis ; carina

dorsalis compressa, crenulata, umbilicum approximans ; strie in-.

56 M.O.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. [Feb. 11],

crementi membranacee, obsolete undulate in regione umbilicali

(Philippi, t. 9. f. 21).

Hab. In littore Dalmatize cum precedente (coll. Dunkeri).

T. juvenilis leviuscula, fusco-rosea vel carnea, spirorbiformis, leviter

corrodens.

Diam. testee 2} m.; diam. aperturee } m.

On the old specimens in the group belonging to Prof. Dunker.

Var. 6. SERPULINA.

T. glomerata, lira dorsali funiculari prominula ; lire longitudinales

remote, interrupte ; ruge incrementi conferte, sepe submembra-

nacee, undulate; varice erecto juxta aperturam; anfr. primi

planorbiformes ; testa infantilis bullata, nitidula, castanea,

A detached crust in the coll, of Prof. Dunker.

Var. «. EXPANSA.

T’. solitaria, corrodens, spirorbiformis ; anfr. ultimus carina dorsali

compressa, punctis ferrugineis remotis ; latere externo basi dila-

tato crenulato ; liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis ; ruge et strie

incrementi leviter sigmoidee ; aperiura circularis, soluta, con-

tracta.

Diam. aperture 4 m.; diam. anfr. ult. 6 m.; diam. teste circ.

22 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Madeira (Mus. Cuming). On Patella longula,

Meusch., whereon it has formed a bed nearly going through the shell.

Var. 2. AMPLIATA.

T. repens, spiraliter torta; anfr. primi obliqui, decumbentes ; varice

dorsali juata aperturam ampliatam subquadrangularem.

Diam. aperture fere 7 m.

Hab. In mare Mediterraneo (Mus. Cuming). A few specimens of

this variety are to be seen on the under edge of the large crust of

Spiroglyphus glomeratus, described above.

Var. 7. FASCICULARIS.

Testis aggregatis, basi spiratis, antice porrectis, teretibus, sub-

fastigiatis (Phil.).

Vermetus triqueter, var., Biv. Nuov. Gen. t. 2. f. 4 (Phil.).

Vermetus triqueter, var. 3, Phil. Enum. i. p. 170, t. 11. f. 22.

Bivonia triquetra, Gray, Figs. i. pl. 58. f. 4 (copy).

Hab. In Sicilia, frequens (Pizl.).

“Var. (3, quam libenter speciem peculiarem esse crederes, ad in-

star Madreporarum cespitosa rupes vestit, et ipsa massas non sper-

nendee molis constituit ; partem tantummodo attuli ultra 1’ longam,

6-7" latam.”—Philippi.

Philippi never observed varices in this species. The specimens I

have compared showed generally one or two varices in the last and

penultimate whorls. . The variety 1 is a good transition to the fol-

lowing species, from which perhaps it does not differ.

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&, 57

2. BIvonIA SEMISURRECTA, Bivona, 1832.

I’. solitaria, cylindrica, apice contorto, rugosa, adnata, antice

longe porrecta, varicosa, sepe striis longitudinalibus subgra-

nosis asperula.

T. minus vitrea, tenuior, facilius quam relique cum Serpule testa

confundi potest, presertim cium sculptura plerumque, obsoleta,

aut propter crustam calcaream non conspicua sit.

Diam. tubi variata 2-4!’

Plerumque apex tantum adnatus ; et pars antica, sepe usque ad

4" longa, libera est, sepe levissima. Varices maniceformes

hee species frequentius ostendit quam relique ; colorem semper

album vidi (Phil.).

Animal operculo fere completo, tentaculis omnibus retractilibus,

superioribus cylindricis, inferioribus longioribus subulatis ;

caput et pedem fulva punctis ceruleo-fuscis marmorata, collare

Sulvim ceruleo-fusco articulatum ostendit, semel ego anteriorem

animalis partem pulchre cinnabarinam punctis albis adspersam,

et punctis nigris circa operculum ornatam, collare autem cin-

nabarinum nigro articulatum vidi. Tentacula inferiora subver-

rucosa, intus longitudinaliter subsuleata (Philippi).

Vermetus semisurrectus, Bivona, Nuov. Gen. p. 10, t. 2. f. 3;

Philippi, Enum. p. 171, t. 9. f. 1911, p. 144; vix Lacaze Duth.

Bivonia semisurrecta, Gray, Figs. p. 28, t. 58. f. 1; Adams,

Genera, p. 358.

Vermetus ( Aletes?) semisurrectus, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 39.

Hab. In mari Mediterraneo (Sicilia) frequens plerumque testaceis,

rarius scopulis adnata (Philippz).

Dr. Hornbeck has received a specimen of this species attached to

Murex branderis, L., from M. Bivona, jun., which agrees perfectly

with the above description ; but the median lira on the penultimate

whorl is a little more prominent than in the others. In the Museum

of Breslau is a specimen of nearly twice the diameter of Philippi’s,

represented pl. 9. f. 19, and which yet appears to be the same species.

I believe this species is only the adult state of the preceding. The

chief differences are afforded by the animal; in the present species

all the tentacula are stated to be retractile, whilst in the preceding

species only the superior are a little retractile ; but these observations

are probably not founded on very exact investigations. The brim

of the mantle is simple, not reflected as in B. triquetra; but this

character is very likely only momentary. The colours are very dif-

ferent, but seem not to be constant, and are subject to great variations.

In the first volume of ‘ Enumeratio,’ Philippi describes the lid thus

—‘‘Operculum fere completum;” but in the second volume—

*Operculum completum, tenue, planum.” Philippi’s representa-

tions of the two species seem to me to show the opercula of the same

size in proportion to the lumen of the tubes. The animal represented

by Lacaze Duthiers as V. semisurrectus seems not to have any lid;

I suppose, therefore, it is V. gigas, Biv.

58 M.O.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. {Feb. 1],

3. BrvontIA SUBTRIQUETRA, Morch.

T. valida, lateraliter affixa, irregulariter torta ; anfr. primi litui-

formes vel planorbiformes ; carina mediana elevata, compres-

siuscula; latere externo planiusculo, subperpendiculari, basi ex-

panso, liris plerumque destituto; latere interno convexiuseulo

(in junioribus plano), liris 10-12 e@quidistantibus ; strie incre-

menti leviter sigmoidee ; dissepimenta interna tenuia, convexa,

Diam. aperturee circ. 12m.

Var. a. SQUAMIFERA.

_ 1. carina dorsali parum prominente, squamis paucis remotis com-

~ pressis acutis ; latere interno liris 4—5 validis angustis sub-

squamosis, interstitiis lirulis 1-2 inequalibus ; latere externo

superne lirulis 2-3.

Diam. aperture cire. 7 m.

? Favanne, La Conchyl. pl. 66. f. B 2, fem. juvenile?

Fossilis in form, tertiaria ad Asti (coll. T. O. Semper).

This species has the same relation to B. triquetra as Thylacodes

melitensis, Gm., to T. intiotiosa, Salis.

4. Brvonta suTitis, Morch.

T. affixa irregulariter lituiformis, fere libera; anfr. graciles, primi

irregulariter planorboidet, carnei, liris expressis longitudinali-

bus alternatim minoribus, submoniliferis, interstitiis granulis

validis, remotis, sepe cum lateralibus confluentibus, inde serobt-

culis elongato-quadratis reticulata ; sculptura aperturam versus

levior vel fere evanescens ; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus, albe-

scens, varicibus duabus majoribus et duabus minoribus.

Diam. aperture et anfr. ult. cire. 3 m.

Hab. In littore occidentali Americze centralis, in valva solitaria

Veneris subimbricate Sow. affixa (Mus. Cuming).

This species is exceedingly like to Bivonia semisurrecta, Biv., but

differs chiefly in the catenulated granulations of the furrows and

moniliferous appearance of the lirz.

Var. a, ? MAsOR, Liris 3-4 validioribus, ubique impresso-punctata,

Diam. aperturee 7 m. (coll, Dunkeri, 222).

This specimen, on a fragment of a Pinna, probably from Central

America, is very like a large variety of B. semisurrecta in the Mu-

seum of Breslau.

Var, 8. TRIQUETRA.

T. corrodens, irregulariter planorbiformis, triquetra, lira dorsali

distincta; ruge et strie incrementi utrinque siymoidee ; lire

longitudinales obsoletissim@ vel evanescentes.

Diam. aperture 5 m.

Hab. Mazatlan, on a valve of a Placunanomia (Semper’s collection

at Altona).

I cannot see any notable difference between var. § and Bivonia

1862.] M..0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. 59)

triquetra, var. typica ; but I believe it has the same relation to B.

sutilis as B, triquetra to B. semisurrecta.

5. Brvonta quoyt, H. & A. Adams.

T’. solitaria, laxe contorta, tenuiuscula, livido albo fuscoque varie-

gata, arena agglutinata presertim in anfr. primis; anfr. ulti-

mus longus, porrectus, flexus, liris longitudinalibus obsoletis,

interstitiis lirulis parvis obsoletissimis ; striae incrementi sub-

membranacee, expresse.

Apertura circularis diam. cire. 4 m.

Cladopoda quoyi, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359, t. 39. f. 3a.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

The description is from the specimen represented by Messrs.

Adams. I do not know if the authors have placed this species in

the genus Cladopoda from a knowledge of the animal ; but the shell

seems to me so like that of Bivonia semisurrecta, that I have re-

ferred it to the present genus until the animal proves the contrary.

_ War. a, LILACINA.

T. vie agglutinans, crassiuscula,.aperturam versus lilacina, liris

longitudinalibus granulosis ; in anfr. primis rugis obliquis cor-

rugata.

Diam. aperture fere 43 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

One specimen a little larger and thicker than the preceding; the

first whorls are lost.

Var. 8. PLANORBOIDES.

T. lilacino et albo variegata, arenulis sparsis agglutinatis, primum

wregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. ultimus longiusculus, por-

rectus, reflecus ; anfr.graciles, teretes, subequales, lirulis remotis

longitudinalibus, granulis sepe pulcherrimis, sat approximatis ;

interstitiis lirula parva mediana granifera; anfr. penultimus

striga longitudinali ferruginea abrupta; varicibus tribus, ultimo

erecto valido.

Diam. anfr. ult. cire. 34m.

? Tubulus vermicularis, Buonanni, Rec. p. 92. f. 20 A (sed duplo

major); Mus. Kirch. pl. 6. f. 20 A (copy).

? Le cor de chasse, Favan. i. p. 669, t. 6. f. 3 (copy, but reversed

and enlarged).

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

I do not know any shell better resembling the figure of Buonanni.

Var. y. LAQUEARIS,

T. repens, sordide carnea; anfr. primi lividi, laqueatim torti; lire

validiuscule, sat approximate, granifere, hic illie squamulis

minutis ; ruge incrementi arcuate, irregulares ; apertura af-

fixa, latere affizo plano obscuro.

60 M..0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Feb. 1],

Diam. aperture 3 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin., lapillo affixo (Mus. Cuming).

Very similar to the typical specimen in colour, but creeping and

shorter.

Var. 6. RUGOSO-SQUAMOSA.

T. alba, crassiuscula, laquearis, irregulariter spiralis; lire latius-

cule ; lamine incrementi conferte, undulata, intersectionibus

squamis latis brevibus; anfr. ultimus solutus, longus, leviusculus,

squamulis incrementi tenuibus parvis.

Diam. aperture 3 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ? (Mus. Cuming).

One specimen, with a few agglutinated pebbles.

Var. ¢. STRIGATA.

T. crassiuscula, soluta, irregulariter torta, alba, postice lineis

longitudinalibus duabus ferrugineis ; latere affixo plano, fascia

longitudinali badia, utrinque ferrugineo terminata ; lire lon-

gitudinales valide, regulares, hic illic squamulose ; ruge incre-

menti subequales, equidistantes, inde interstitiis scrobiculatis ;

lapillis sparsis agglutinatis.

Diam. aperture cire. 33 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

Description taken from a small detached specimen.

Var. 2. PAPILLOSA.

T. lateraliter affiva, carnea; anfr. primi 3-4 fere regulariter pla-

norbiformes; anfr. sequentes laqueati, obliqut, incumbentes ;

lire longitudinales remote, papillis conicis compressis acutis

sat remotis; interstitiis lirulis 1-2 minutis graniferis.

Apertura subsoluta, diam. 35 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. ; in valva solitaria Balant tintinnabuli?

affixa (Mus. Cuming).

This variety unites the preceding small and narrow forms with the

following larger and broader.

Forma 1. ADSPERSA.

T. anfractibus ampliatis, lateribus dilatatis.

Var. 7. CORALLIOPHILA.

T. tenuiuscula, irregulariter planorbiformis, in corallio fere semi-

immersa, albescens, fasciis longitudinalibus duabus ferruginets ;

latere afixo fascia badia; anfr. aperturam versus dilatati,

planiusculi, latere externo margine depresso dilatato, Tugis in-

crementi validis ; latere interno et dorsali liris longitudinalibus

confertis confuse granulosis ; anfr. ultimus contractus, tubo

aperturali porrecto, tenui, angusto, leviusculo malleato, rugis

annulatis obsoletis, liris evanescentibus ; intus alba, columella

nitida, sulco infra mediano obsoleto ; anfr. primi cineret.

Diam. aperturee 3 m.; diam. anfr. penult. 55 m.; longitudo tubi

10m.

1862.] M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 61

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. t. 10. f. 7 (non absimilis).

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (coll. Cuming). (Specimen descriptum

extat in collectione Hornbeckiana. )

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen without apertural tube,

attached or slightly burrowing in the very same kind of coral as Dr.

Hornbeck’s specimen. A detached tube, bent like a fishing-hook,

about 60 m. long, and agreeing in sculpture and calibre with the

apertural tube above described, is also found in Mr. Cuming’s col-

lection.

Var. 0. TRIQUETRA.

T. affixa, scaphitotdea, albescens, tenuiuscula, latere affixo plano

candido ; anfr. ultimus triqueter, carinula plana mediana can-

dida, utrinque linea castanea marginata; marginibus, presertim

externo, dilatatis ; latere interno liris 2 vel 3 albis et lineis

Serrugineis 2 vel 3 confluentibus ; strie et ruge incrementi sepe

Serruginee, varie flece, in intersectionibus lirarum et carine

precipue incrassate ; anfr. ultimus rectus, pone aperturam in-

Jflexus, contractus, cylindricus ; apertura circularis, intus can-

dida; anfr. primi intus castanei.

Diam. aperture 54m. ; diam. anfr. ult. fere 10 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippi. Specimen in fragmento Tetraclite af-

fixum extat in Mus. Caming.

Var. «. GRANIFERA.

T. crassiuscula, alba vel flavescens ; anfr. incumbentes, obliqui, de-

pressiusculi, aperturam versus ampliati, marginibus dilatatis ;

anfr. primi angusti, inferne lividi; lire longitudinales conferte,

alternatim minores, sepe interrupte vel confuse ; ruge incre-

menti valide, sigmoidee, sepe undulata, versus marginem incras-

sate et sepe furcate, granulis validis ornate ; faucibus macula

badia oblonga, margine gastaneo ; columella candida, nitida ;

parietes interne flavescentes (ut videtur in specimine fracto).

Dian. aperture 6 m.; anfr. ult. inferne 12 m. latus.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.? (Mus. Cuming).

This shell looks very different from the preceding variety ; but the

first whorls are exactly of the same shape and bluish colour (with

agglutinated minute pebbles) as in the type, but chiefly in var. y.

Var. k. FULGURATA.

T.. spirorbiformis, latissime umbilicata ; anfr. ultimus ampliatus,

convexus, peripheria dilatata ; lire spirales confertissime, regu-

lares, subgranose ; lira quarta vel quinta queque expressior,

leviuscula ; rug@ incrementi sigmoidee, sat approximate, utrin-

que incrassate ; anfr. ultimus juxta aperturam contractus ;

apertura soluta, circularis ; anfr. primi varicibus parvis 2 vel 3

* fornicatis erectis ; color pallide flavescens, presertim periphe-

riam versus, fascia mediana obsoleta lactescente ; lineis trans-

versis fulguratis, aurantiacis vel fuscis, approximatis.

62 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb. 11,

Diam. aperture 94 m.; anfr. vel 12 m. in latere affixo; diam.

max. teste 45 m.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin.; specimen cum fragmento Pinne in-

curve ? extat in Museo Cumingiano.

_ The whorls in the centre remind one of those of var. 8. It looks

at first glance entirely different ; but it is evidently the same form

as var. «, only larger and more regularly grown.

Var. X\. PUNCTATA.

T. lituiformis, crassa, inferne planissima, affixa, superne convexa,

latere externo precipitanter declivi; lire longitudinales re-

mote, expresse, nodulis obsoletis irregularibus, interstitus sepe

lirula intercalante ; ruge incrementi expresse, leviter arcuate ;

inde confuse reticulato-scrobiculata ; color albescens vel fusce-

scens, punctis ferrugineis et lapillis agglutinatis adspersa ;

apertura circularis, contracta, soluta.

Diam. teste 35-55 m.; diam. aperture 74 m.; anfr. ult. 11] m.

Serpula costalis, Chenu, Ill. pl. 10. f. 6, simillima.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

The specimen shows on the underside the cast of the denudated

layers of a pearl-oyster. It differs chiefly from the figure quoted in

having all the whorls in one plane, and consequently | having a very

large umbilicus, which is open in the middle, the first few whorls

being lost. This variety approaches in many respects to var. 0. é77-

quetra.

Var. p. VARIEGATA.

T. crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr. obliqui, incumbentes ; latere

externo dilatato ; lire longitudinales obsolete, rugis incrementi

sepe incrassatis et continuis decussate ; inde fere ubique con-

Suse reticulato-scrobiculata vel malleata; anfr. ultimus solutus,

longus, tortus, erectus ; color albescens, presertim in lateribus,

fascia mediana lata castanea e lineis longitudinalibus confluen-

tibus composita, lacteo variegata, lineis ferrugineis aperturam

versus remotis.

Diam. aperture 6 m.

Rumph. Amboina, t. 41. f. H, non absimilis.

Hab. Ad ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming) ; specimen in lapide af.

fixum.

This variety approaches in colour the var. x. fulgurata.

_ Var. v. FLOS-LACTIS.

T. crassiuscula, irregulariter torta; anfr.contigui vel incumbentes ;

lire longitudinales obsolete vel nodulis acutiusculis ornate ;

ruge inerementi crassiuscule, irregulares, sepe confluentes ;

latere externo fascia lata fusca vel castanea variegata, latere

superiore fascia lata lactea vel pallide cyanea ; anfr. primi i fia-

vescentes, leviusculi.

Diam. aperture 7 m., speciminis minoris 3 m.

Hab. Adins. Philippin. (H. Cuming), in Cerithio noduloso affixa.

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. 63

This variety differs chiefly from the preceding in the colours being

stronger, the exterior side being of a deep chestnut-brown colour, and

the upper side of a bluish white, like the preceding forms, but much

more developed. A smaller specimen, attached to the same shell,

with agglutinated pebbles, differs chiefly from the type in being

thicker in the shell.

? Var. . (ALETEs).

T. solida, spiraliter torta, lateraliter affiva; anfr. contigui, pla-

niusculi, incumbentes, obliqui, suturis dilatatis ; anfr. ultimus

longus, solutus, fere semiteres, aperturam versus reflexus, liris

longitudinalibus confertis, sepe connatis et leviusculis, leviter

undulatis; ruge incrementi parve, approximate, suturam versus

incrassate, leviter sigmoidee et sepe furcate ; interstitia lira-

rum reticulato-scrobiculata, fasciis longitudinalibus angustis

approximatis 4-5 aurantiacis ; sutura alba; anfr. ultimus

sordide livescens ; columella candida, nitida, intus aperturam

versus fuscescens.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.; anfr. ult. 73 m.; anfr. penult. cire.

10m.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

This variety is not unlike Vermetus cercus, Carp., chiefly so in

shape; but the sculpture and colour remind one of var. 7. corallio-

phila. The affixed side is thinner, white, and shows marks of a pearl-

oyster.

6. Bivonia constrictor, Morch.

T. crassa, repens, laqueatim contorta, sordide lactea, primum

roseola; anfr. convewxiusculi; latere externo dilatato; lire late,

parum prominentes, subapproximate, versus marginem eaternum

omnino evanescentes ; ruge incrementi prominentes, irregulares,

leviter sigmoidee, in intersectionibus interdum obsoletissime

nodulose ; anfr. ultimus pone aperturam contractus, breviter

cylindricus, varicibus duabus equidistantibus crassis brevissimis

arcuatis ; intus fere ubique castanea ; apertura soluta, cireu-

laris, peripheria interna alba.

Diam. apert. 7 m.; diam. anfr. ult. circ. 10-12 m.

Serpula arenaria, Bowd. Elements, ii. f. 130, non absimilis.

Hab. Australia (Mus. Cuming).

’ One specimen, nearly half sunk in the surface of a calcareous con-

‘glomerate, with an imbedded spine of an Echinus: it seems to be some-

what corroding. The last whorl shows two varices, the first at the

same distance from the second as that is from the aperture. The

figure quoted is not unlike the principal specimen in the group, but

the apertural tube is rather long.

7. Bivonta GOREENSIS, Gm.

T. teres, cancellata, flava, intus cornea, 8-9 pollices longa, striis

elevatis, longitudinalibus confertis (Gm).

64 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. [Feb. 11,

La longueur de sa coquille est de 8 & 9 pouces, et sa largeur de

3.44 lignes. Elle est contournée plus irrégulitrement que le Vermet

et fait un peu moins de spires, qui vont aussi de droite 4 gauche. Sa

surface est relevée de 50 petits filets longitudinaux, fort serrés, et

traversés par d’autres filets semblables, qui forment un treillis extré-

mement fin. Son ouverture ne s’éléve pas d’un demi pouce au-dessus

des spires. Elle s’incline toujours un peu sur le cété. Elle est

jaune au dehors, et de couleur de corne au dedans.

Animal.—l.es cornes ont deux fois plus de longueur que de largeur.

Son pied parait comme plié en deux 4 son extrémité. C’est dans ce

pli quest placé Vopercule qui est si petit qu’on a de la peine 4 le

distinguer sans le secours du verre lenticulaire. Il n’a guére plus

d’un huitiéme de ligne de diamétre. Le manteau est bordé tout

autour de 12 petits tubercules jaunes. La téte, les cornes, le pied et

le manteau sont bruns pointillés de jaune et de rouge: le reste du

corps est blanc-de-corne dans sa moitié supérieure et blanc-de-lait

taché de brun dans l’autre moitié.

Le Dofan, Adans. Sénégal, p. 164, t. 11. f. 3.

Les Boyaux de mer @ Afrique, Fav. i. p. 651, t. 6. f. E 2.

Serpula, no. 27, Schroter, Einl. ii. p. 566.

Serpula goreensis, Gm. 3745.

Vermetus goreensis, Daudin, Rec. 1800, p. 35.

Serpula goreensis, Dill. ii. p. 1077. no. 20; Wood, Index, t. 38.

f. 19 (copy).

Vermetus goreensis, Bly. Dict. lvii. p. 325.

Vermetus (Dofania) goreensis, Mérch, Journ. Conch. viii. p. 26.

Hab. ‘Cette espéce s’attache par monceaux ronds d’environ un

pied de diamétre, sur les coquillages et sur les morceaux de bois que

le hazard a fixés au fond sablonneux et coquillier de la rade de Vile

de Gorée.”’—Adans.

If the description of the lid is correct, and not erroneous like the

observations of Bivona on Thylacodes polyphragma, it must be re-

ferred to this genus. In the Royal Museum is a large flat crust agree-

ing with the description of Adanson, but which looks more like a

true Vermetus.

Gen. Tuyxacopes, Guettard, 1774.

T. plerumque solitaria, repens, quandoque spirata, sepe liris 3-5

longitudinalibus nodulosis; apertura circularis, nunquam con-

tracta. Testa nuper nata bulimoidea, apertura antice subeffusa.

Animal tentaculis breviusculis, nodulo oculifero juxta basin ea-

terno ; filamenta pedalia subulata, longa [Phil.], contractilia,

suleo profundo longitudinal interno, mammilla basali intermedia

perforata; propodium planum, parvum, antice recte truncatum,

angulis utrinque productis; mesopodium spatulatum, medio

concavum, antice mammilla valida subcompressa ; metapodium

magnum, cylindricum, postice truncatum, rugis transversis subti-

lissimis (secundum el. Gray radiatim sulcatum), utrinque sub-

alatum, membrana brevi elongata recurrente utrinque cum capite

Srenis conjunctum; operculo nullo (Mérch).

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’s REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 65

Serpula, pp., L. S. N. ed. x. pp.*

Tulaxodes, Guettard, Mém. 1774, vol. iii. pp. 143, 152.

Thylacodes, Agass. Nomencl. p- 370, et Herm. Index, ii.

Serpulus, Montf. 1810, Conch. Syst. pl. 22, sed non deser.

Serpule concamerate, Schmidt, 1818, Beste Einricht, p. 215.

? Lemintina, Risso, 1826, Hist. iv. p. 114.

Serpulorbis, Sassi, Journ. Ligust. di Se. Sept. 1827, v. p. 482 ;

Sassi, Fér. Bull. 5. xix. 1829, p.' 123:

Cellularia, Schmidt, MOll. Cat. Mus. Gotha, 1833, p. 70 (non

Pallas).

? Hatina, Gray, Synops. Brit. Mus. 1842, pp. 62, 90; 1844,

. 62.

= Serpuloides, Gray, Figures, 1850, iv. p. 83; Guide, 1857, p. 127.

Guettard established this genus chiefly on account of the internal

septa, the presence of which in his genus Campulotus (Vermetus,

Adans.) was unknown to him. The latter genus was distinguished

by regular spiral whorls, and included not only Vermiculus, but even

Scala scalaris, L. Guettard states (J. ¢., p. 152) that he chiefly

founded his genus on the genus Certium of Gualtieri, which con-

tains principally the large Mediterranean species.

Lemintina (Risso) is generally regarded as a badly observed spe-

cies of this genus, from which it differs in the want of the pedal

filaments. The curious feather-like bodies represented by Risso are

described thus :—“ La bouche est fendu en long, placé sur un trompe

ou mamelon conique au sommet de la téte, laquelle est surmontée

d’un petit panache blanc, qui sont les branchies.”” I believe this

supposed gill is the lingual membrane, which seems to me very pro-

bable upon comparing the description with the description of the

tongue of Vermetus by Lacaze Duthiers, in ‘ Annales des Sciences,”

1859, xi. p. 208.

The genus Hatina, Gray (olim), founded on Vermetus inopertus,

Riippel, has no pedal filaments ; but it is possible that the male organ

is in reality one of the filaments, the other either being overlooked or

forgotten by the artist. But it must be observed that the filament

represented is situated in the place which the male organ usually oc-

cupies in allied families. V. Siebold denies entirely the existence

of an exterior male organ; and no author has described it since.

The radiating lines on the tip of the metapodium, represented by

Philippi, but not described,-and regarded as a generic character by

Dr. Gray, are not to be seen on specimens in spirits ; they are pro-

bably nothing more than coloured lines. The lid is wanting, but

Bivona mentions that it has an “ operculum minimum punctiforme.”

A similar minute operculum, concealed in a fold of the foot of the

Dofan, is described by Adanson. The animal appears, like the other

Vermetidée, to be viviparous. The egg-cases and larvze are described

by Philippi (Wiegman’s Archiv f. Naturg. 1839, p. 128), and illu-

strated by a figure from Scacchi, but more extensively by Schmarda

* “ Szepe isthmis integris passim intercepta.” But the animal is described as

an Annelid.

Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1862, No. V.

66 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. [Feb. 11,

(Wiener Denkschriften, 2. Abth. 4. Band. 1852, p. 135, pl. 10). The

latter author has mistaken the ear-capsules for the eyes (Troschel,

Jahresbericht, 1852). The spermatozoa (or perhaps the sperma-

thecze) are described by Siebold (Wirbellose Thiere, p. 344); in the

same work (pp. 341, 345) are given some observations on the renal

and mucous organs. Troschel has represented the teeth of 7. poly-

phragma (Sassi) and T. decussatus (Gm.), which chiefly differ from

the teeth of Siphonium nebulosum (Dill.) in having a little tooth more

on each side of the rachial plait. The structure of the maxilla is

represented by the same author (Gebiss, p. 155, pl. 13. f, 3).

1. THYLACODES POLYPHRAGMA, Sassi.

T. solitaria, irregulariter spiralis; anfr. sepe contigui teretiusculi,

sutura dilatata, liris parvis longitudinalibus confertis sepe al-

ternatim minoribus, confuse ruguloso-granosis, sepe liris validis

3-4, nodulis remotis et punctis ferrugineis interpositis ; anfr.

ultimus longus, leviter tortus, gracilis ; color sordidus e fulvo et

flavido albescens.

Diam. aperture 14 m.

Animal capite, pede et limbo pallit purpureis aut purpureo-atris,

puncetis albis maculisque sulphureis pictum; reliquum corpus pal-

lidum albescens ; tentacula superiora brevia, crassa, conica, non

retractilia, inferiora cylindrica, filiformia, acuminata, pallide

annulata (Phil.).

Serpula arcuaria, L. Knorr, Vergn. iv. p. 23, vol. i. t. 29. f. 5,

1769.

Serpula intestina, Salis-Marschlius, Reise, p. 358, 1793.

Serpula arenaria, Lam. v. p. :

Serpulorbis polyphragma, Sassi, 1. c., 1827; Fér. Bull. 1829;

Poli, t. 1. f. 17 (Philippi) ; Delle Chiaje, t. 57. f. 1-9.

Vermetus gigas, Gray, Figs. t. 58. f. 6 (copy).

Serpuloides arenaria, Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83.

Vermetus gigas, Phil. Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 5.

Dentalium intestiniforme, Lin. 1859; Hanl. MS. of Mus. Ulr.

p- 49.

Serpulorbis gigas, Adams, Gen. t. 39. f. 2 (optime).

Var. a. ALETES.

T. lateraliter affixa, fere regulariter spiralis; anfr. obliqui, con-

tigui incumbentes ; anfr. ultimus interdum solutus, longus.

Pe iiibi- lineolata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 57. no. 3 (ex spm.

orig.).

Vermetus gigas, Biv. Nuoy. Gen. p. 9, t. 2. f. 1, 2 (Phil.); Phil.

Enum. i. p. 170, t. ix. f. 18, and ii. p. 143.

Serpuloides arenaria, Gray, Figs. iv. p. 83, t. 57. f. 2 (copy).

Serpulorbis gigas, Biv. Ad. Gen. i. t. 39. f. 2 (copy) -

Hab. In mare Mediterraneo; Tarento (Salis); Sicilia (PAil.);

Genoa (Sass?).

1862.] M.0.A,L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID2. 67

Var. 3. AMPLA.

T. laxe contorta, tenuiuscula; anfr. viv contigui, teretes, ampli,

primum depressiusculi, angulo acuto aperturam versus evane-

scente ; anfr. ultimus solutus, erectus, breviusculus ; lire longi-

tudinales parve, approximate, rugis incrementi subcequalibus

decussate, inde interstitiis subtiliter punctato-scrobiculatis ;

anfr. ultimus superne liris duabus tribusve interruptus, nodulis

compressis elongatis. Color albus, presertim intus, superne

Jlavescens in anfr. primis pallidissime lilaeinus.

Diam. apert. 27 m.; long. tubi aperturalis 30 m.; diam. anfr.

penult. cire. 15 m.

? Vermetus sipho, Lam., Chenu, Ill. t. 7. f. 3, minor.

? Serpulorbis sipho, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2306 (copy).

Hab. In ins. Melitens. (Coll, nostra). Specimen in lapide molli

flavo affixum.

2. THYLACODES MELITENSIS, Gm. 1791.

T. teretiuscula, contorta, umbilicata, decussatim striata, costis

longitudinalibus nodulosis, intus levi polythalamia (Gm.).

Die vielkammerige gewundene Seeschlange, Schroter, Finl. ii.

p- 576, t. 6. f. 19, 1789 ; Schréter, Neue Litteratur, 1785, ii. p. 216.

Hab. Fossilis in Melita inventa, gyris 2 primis recta sibi impositis

(Gm.). Formatio tertiaria.

Var. 8. REPENS,

1716. Evuvia serpentis in lapides conversa, Besler, Rariora, t. 36.

f. 102.

1817. Serpula grandis, Link, Verz. Rostock, p. 23 (Lang, Lapid.

t. 50. f. 3).

This species is chiefly distinguished from the preceding by its

great thickness ; the granules of the lirz are of a vesiculous nature.

Var. y. ITALICA.

Vipera petrificata, Worm, Mus. 1655, p. 90.

Wurmférmige Meerrhire, Knorr, Petrif. 2.Th. 2. Bd. p.288. t. 1.7;

(Tubus aperturalis), Knorr, ib. p. 298, t. 1a. f. 13.

Serpula polythalamia, Brocchi, Subapp. 268.

Serpula dentifera, var. c., Lam. v. p. 367. no. 24.

Serpula arenaria, Bronn, Hal. Tertiarg. 1831, p. 65.

Serpula decussata, Defr. Dict. t. xlviii. p.571 (Piémont, Bordeaux);

Vermetus arenarius, Hornes, Geol. Reichsanst. p- 200, t. 20.

f. 5,6; Griffith, A. Kingd.

Hab, Fossilis in form. tert. Italize borealis.

3. THYLACODES DENTIFERUS, Lam.

T. teres, contorta, costellis longitudinalibus duabus tribusve den-

tiferis.

“Cette espéce devient assez grand,” —Lam.

Var. ¢, testis majoribus subsolitariis (Mus, no.), Lam.

68 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID®. [Feb. 11,

Serpula dentifera, Lam. vy. p. 367. no. 24.

Magilus dentiferus, M.-Edw., Lam. v. p. 625.

Vermetus dentiferus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 4. f. 1 (med. et sup.).

Vermetus dentiferus, Bly. Dict. Se. t. lvii. p. 325.

Hab. Les mers de !’ Asie australe (Lam.).

“ Tube assez grand, & coupe circulaire, contournée irréguliérement,

a stries d’accroissement grossitres, rugueuses, et d’autres fois pourvu

de deux 4 trois petites cétes ou carénes longitudinales, dentiféres, ou

mieux tuberculeuses. Couleur d’un rouge brun, mais quelquefois

blanche. Cette espéce, qui offre une premiére variété, dont les tubes

sont subsolitaires, et une autre ov ils sont subanguleux et agglomérés,

vient des mers de l’Asie australe. Elle n’est peut-¢tre pas distincte

de la 8. arenaria, qui, comme elle, n’est qu’un Vermet. Un individu

de la collection de M. Lamarck m’a méme offert son opercule corné.””

—Blainv. Dict. Se. t. xlviii. 1827, p. 558.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection are several specimens from Australia

which seem to me to agree pretty well with the above description, but

which differ from the uppez figure of Chenu in having less prominent

nodules. The lid mentioned by Blainville is very likely found in the

var. 0. of Lamarck, which I suppose is Siphonium nebulosum, Dillw.

Var. a. REPENS.

T.. repens, affixa, tenuiuscula, flavescens; lire longitudinales parve,

expresse, subremote, liris incrementi minoribus subundulatis

approximatis decussate ; inde subtiliter reticulata; lire tres

prominentiores, inequales, nodulis linearibus remotis, maculis

linearibus fuscis interpositis ; ruge transverse valida, irregu-

_ lares; varices breves, irregulares, sepe 3-4.

Diam. aperturee cire. 9 m.

Hab, Australia; Swan River, creeping on a Cardium; Cape Up-

start (Mus. Cuming).

The Vermetus dentiferus (Q. & G.) approaches this variety in

shape, but looks very different in colour and in the form of the

aperture. The following species is very likely only a narrow form

of the type, depending on its being agglomerated.

4, THYLACODEs suLcatus, Lam.

I’. teres, inferne contorta, subglomerata, antice porrecta; cos-

tellis longitudinalibus numerosis, subdentatis (Lam.).

Serpula suleata, Lam. v. 1818, p. 367. no, 22, ed. 2. v. p. 625;

Blainv. Dict. t. xlviii. p. 558.

Vermetus nove hollandie, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 1. f. 4a, vix 5.

Hab, Les mers de la Nouvelle Hollande (Lam.); Kangaroo

Island (Mus. Cuming).

The description and locality of Lamarck seem to me to agree

perfectly with the shell represented by Chenu, which has also the

same calibre as the Dofan (Adanson), quoted, with a query, by La-

marck. ‘This shell differs only from the preceding species in its

smaller caljbre, very likely dependent on its being agglomerated

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. 69

detached specimen shows a transition state. Fig. 5 of Chenu looks

entirely different, and more allied to V. annulatus, Rouss.

5, THYLACODES TURONIUS, Rouss.

Vermetus turonius, Rouss., Chenu, Il. pl. 4. f, 44.

Hab. 2

According to the specific name, it would be from Touraine; but,

from the colours in the aperture, it would seem to be a living shell,

6. THYLACODES ANNULUS, Rouss.

T. repens, laquearis, longitudinaliter subtiliter striata ; anfr., am-

pliati : postice carina brevi crenulata (ex icone).

Vermetus annulus, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 8.

Hab. 2

I do not know of any shell like the figure; but it seems to be a

good species.

7. THYLACODES RIISEI, Morch.

T. solitaria, repens, laqueatim torta, tenuiuscula, albescens, carneo

vel pallidissime lilacino variegata; anf. ampli, presertim aper-

turam versus, liris longitudinalibus parvis planis approximatis

alternatim minoribus, superne liris tribus remotis, tuberculis

compresstusculis elongatis, sepe acutis, interdum muticis, con-

Jluentibus, punctis ferrugineis interpositis ; strie incrementi mi-

nute in intersectionibus lirarum minutissime imbricate ; latere

affixo irregular, sepe fascia castanea lata longitudinali,

Diam. aperture circ. 15 m.

Desh. Traité de Conch. t. 79. f. 16, non absimilis.

Hab. Ins. 8. Thome, Antillarum, Riise, Hornbeck (Mus. reg. et

Univ.).

Var. a, LIMACELLA.

T. repens, solidula, candida, hic illie pallide earnea; anfr. sub-

equales, lirulis longitudinalibus latiusculis planis confertis, liris

latis 7-8 remotis undulatis vel obsoletissime nodulosis ; ruge

inerementi juxta margines valide, inde lateribus fluctuatis ;

strie incrementi obsoletissime ; apertura subovalis, affixa.

Diam. aperture 64 lat., 8 m. alt.

Hab. Ins. Antill., in Ostrea limacella, Lam., affixa (Mus. Cuming).

This variety corresponds very well with the first whorls of the type.

It differs chiefly by greater solidity and more regular liree, but other-

wise looks very different.

Var. @. MUHLENPFORDTII,

T. albescens, solidula, agglomerata, primum repens vel irregulariter

spiralis ; anfr. ultimus porrectus, teres, longus, leviter tortus,

leviusculus, rugis et strits incrementi inequalibus ; lire longi-

tudinales expresse, approximate ; superne seriebus tribus nodu-

lorum compressorum ; lire incrementi undulata, approximate ;

interstitiis lirarum irregulariter scrobiculatis,

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

70 M.0,A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb.11,

V. nove hollandia, Chenu, Ill. t. 1. f. 4, quoad staturam.

Hab. Mexico (Dr. Mihlenpfordt) (Coll. Dunkeri).

Described from a dead group composed of about six or seven spe-

cimens. The first whorls are so like those of the former variety,

that I do not think it can be specifically different. In shape it looks

not unlike Bivonia semisurrecta. In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a

specimen labelled “ Philippines,” which does not seem to differ from

it materially.

8. THyLACoDES ERUCIFORMIS, Morch.

T.. tenuiuscula, repens, laqueatim contorta, pallide violacea, albo et

flavescente variegata, maculis adspersis paucis castaneis, liris

longitudinalibus parvis obsoletissimis, superne liris tribus ex-

pressis remotis inequalibus nodulis asperis parvis ; strie incre-

menti obsolete ; anfr. ultimus varice brevi ; apertura reniformi-

ovali, latere interno affixa.

Diam. apert, 7-8 m.

Hab. California, on Crucibulum? umbrella, Desh., var. (Mus.

Cuming).

The small sharp nodules of the three dorsal rows are strongest in

the exterior row, reminding one of those of Cardium echinatum. This

species is the analogue to the preceding from the east coast.

Var. a. LUMBRICELLA.

T. repens, recta, primum laxe contorta, arenulis agglutinatis et-

nereo et violaceo variegata, fasciis abruptis longitudinalibus vel

strigis latis transversis castaneis ; lire longitudinales sat re-

mote, sepe alternatim minores, interstitiis sepe scrobiculato-

reticulatis ; liris medianis tribus interdum expressis vel crassis,

granulis regularibus equidistantibus; ruge incrementi expresse,

superne arcuate, lateraliter incrassate, valide, conferte,retuse.

Diam. apert. circ. 63 m.

Voy. de Venus, pl. 11. f. 2. fig. min. (Chenu, F. W. f. 2, copy)

quoad staturam.

Hab. California; 10-12 specimens crowded on a Margaritifera

(Mus, Cuming).

Var. 8. ERYTHOSCLERA,

T. ut precedentis sed crassa, alba; linee incrementi ferruginee,

conferte ; interstitus fenestratis.

Hab. California; on a young Margaritifera (Mus. Cuming).

This shell is very like to Bivonia quoyi, var. variegata, in respect

of colour and the agglutinated sand ; all the specimens are creeping,

with affixed apertures.

9. THYLACODES NATALENSIsS, Morch.

T. solitaria, crassa, irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. plerumque

contigui, teretiusculi, complanati, latiuseuli, lateribus rotunda-

tis, lapillis, presertim inferne, sparsis agglutinatis ; lire longi-

tudinales subremote, interstitiis obsoletissime decussatis, ruge

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 71

incrementi sepe valida, irregulares ; color albus, pallidissime

violaceo et flavo variegatus ; anfr. primi intus fusci.

Alt. aperturee 64, lat. 8 m.

Hab. Natal; specimen detritum communicavit T. Collins. The

section of the whorls is transversely oval.

10. THyLAcopEs MASIER, Desh.

“Sa coquille est fort épaisse, longue d’un pied, large de 8 4 9 lignes,

marquée de 20 cannelures longitudinales extrémement fines et ter-

minée par elle-méme en trois spires assez irrégulitres, dont celles du

sommet se trouvent au-dessous des autres. Son ouverture ne s’¢léve

pas au-dessus des spires. Elle est grise, fauve, ou couleur de chair

au dehors, et couleur de corne au dedans.’”’—Adans.

~ Le Masier, Adans. Sén. 1757, p. 105. no. 5, tab. 11.

Vermetus arenarius, Daudin, 1800, p. 35.

Tuyauzx solitaire, Favanne, i. p. 600.

Serpula sipho, Lam. Pp., v. p. 25.

- Vermetus sipho, Blainy. Dict. Sc. 1828, t. xlvii. p. 325.

Vermetus masier, Desh. ix. p. 65, 1843.

Hab. Cap de Verd, extremely rare (Adanson).

I have never seen this species.

11. TayLAcoDES BRASILIENSIS, Rouss.

T. magna, solitaria, primum spiralis, liris remotis nodulosis ; anfr.

ultimus solutus, longus, erectus, leviter arcuatus.

Diam. aperturee 30 m. (ex icone).

Vermetus brasiliensis, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 5.

Hab. Brazil, according to the specific name.

From the shape of the aperture, it will probably prove to be a

Siphonium.

12. THyLACODES COLUBRINUS, Bolten.

T. plerumque solitaria, crassa, picea, spiraliter torta ; anfr. ulti-

mus solutus, teres; anfr. primi teretiusculi, latere affixo acu-

tangulo, liris longitudinalibus parvis remotis, interstitiis lirulis

minoribus inequalibus ; apertura intus nigra.

Diam. aperture circ. 20 m.

Tubuli vermium perpulchri, Seba, iii. t. 93. £. 4, 5, 6, 7 (reversed).

Dinotus, Guettard, Mém. iii. p. 135. no. 10.

Le Cor de Chasse, Favanne, i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 6, 7).

Le minime, Fav. i. p. 600 (Seba, f. 4, 5).

Dicke schwartze Wurmkocher, Knorr, 1771, v. p. 33, t. 22. f. 1

(typus).

Le grand solitaire, Favanne, i. p. 600.

Serpula colubrina, Bolt. Verz. 1798, p. 50. no. 884.

_ Hab. India orientalis ?

In the Museum of the University of Copenhagen are several speci-

mens of this shell, one of which may be that figured by Seba, fig. 5.

72 M.O.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID. [Feb. 11,

Var. a. VIOLACEO-FUSCA.

“‘7', irregulariter contorta, lineis elevatis interruptis, obsole-

tiusculis, colore violaceo-fusco.”’—Sow.

More than an inch wide in some parts (Sow.), 1 inch (Wood).

Serpula fuscata, Geo. Humphr. Coll. (Sow.); Sow. Tank. Cat.

1825, no. 22. p. 93; Brit. Mus. Wood, Supp. t. 8. f. 3. 1828.

Var. B. ATRA.

T. solitaria, crassa, extus et intus picea, spirorbiformis ; anfr.

primi peripheria acuta, latere affixo plano; anfr. ultimus so-

lutus, teres, declivis ; lire longitudinales parve, remote, juxta

umbilicum lira compressa leviter undulata validiuscula ; inter-

stitia lirulis 5-6 inequalibus, lira mediana majore ; ruge in-

crementi irregulares, leviter flere, marginem versus incrassate.

Diam. aperturee 154m.

Solen, Rumph, Amb. t. 41. f. L.

Solen clibaniformis, Petiv. Gazophyl. i. t. 20. f. 13 (copy).

S. corallorum levis clibaniformis, Klein, Tub. Mar. t. vii. 1. (3. p. 5.

Tubulus vermicularis clibaniformis, Mart. i. pp. 24, 44. f. 10.

Vermetus ater, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 5. f. 3.

Siphonium ater, Chenu, Man. p. 320. f. 2294 (copy).

? Serpula ochrea, Gm. 8. N. 3744. no. 19.

Hab. Ins. Philippin.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen growing on a large

Vermetus cereus, nearly of the size of that figured in Born’s ‘Museum,’

p- 435. All the figures are taken from specimens without apertural

tube.

Var. y. ALBINA.

T. precedenti simillima, sed differt anfr. ultimo prelongo torto,

albo-cinereo et nigricante variegato; anfr. primi badit, strigis

et fasciis transversis albis; apertura intus alba; faucibus

castaneis.

Diam. aperture 173m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin (Mus. Cuming).

Very like the preceding variety in sculpture and shape, but more

slender; the brown and blackish colour become mixed with white

towards the aperture, which outside and inside is surrounded by a

broad, pure white band.

Testa semiadulta?

? Siphonium giganteum, Adams, Gen. t. 38. f. 7 a.

? Stphonium carinatum, Q. & G., ibid. p. 371, lin. 17.

The figure quoted is perhaps from a young specimen of this spe-

cies. The var. a. of Siphonium margaritarum looks, also, very like

it, and will perhaps have to be removed to this genus.

Var. 0. AGGLOMERATA.

T. contorta, picea, agglomerata, aperturam versus tenuiuscula ;

apertura subsoluta.

Diam. specim. maximi 12 m.; diam. specim. minimi 8 m.

1862.] | M.0.A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 73

Hab. Ins. Philippin (Mus. Cuming). A rolled group, composed

of about fifteen specimens, in some of which the aperture forms a

very short tube.

Var. €. LEVIUSCULA.

T. solitaria, crassa, spiraliter torta; anfr. duobus contiguis, latere

externo angulato ; anfr. ultimus angustus, longus, teres, leviter

flecus ; lamine incrementi appresse, irregulares, localiter valde

arcuatim reducte ; color badius vel castaneus, variegatus : lire

longitudinales desunt, si excipias vestigium obsoletum in anfr.

primo.

Diam. aperture cire. 10 m.

Tubuli vermium perpulchri, Pp. Seba, t. 93. f. 9 (optime).

Le Tuyau trompette, Favanne, i. p. 596.

Hab. In India orientali (Mus. Spengler).

This specimen has narrower whorls than any of the preceding

varieties. It has evidently grown in the cleft of some Astrea, show-

ing just the same impressions as represented by Seba, and which

Guettard (Mém. p. 153) has mentioned as “le réseau.” The strize

of growth are very strongly bent backwards in the places where the

shell has been pressed by the coral.

13. THytacopes? rmsricatus, Dkr.

T.. solidiuscula, antice subrecta et libera, vel toto ventris latere

incumbens, pallide fusca, striis costisque longitudinalibus sub-

imbricatis instincta (Dkr.).

Vermetus imbricatus, Dkr. Mal. Blatt. Jan. 1860, p- 240. no. 59;

Dkr. Moll. Japon. 1861, p. 17. no. 80, t. 11. f. 18,

Hab. Japonia, Dr. Nuhn (Mus. Heidelb.).

Duo specimina extant ad basaniten paullo porosum affixa. Testa

eorum solidiuscula, turbinata, altera antice suberecta et libera, altera

toto ventris latere incumbens et lapidi adnata. Utrumque specimen

maximam partem decoloratum est et erosum, sed alterum eorum

aperturam versus omnino illzsum, colore fusco costisque longitudi-

nalibus imbricatis instructum, qua nota a V. gigante, Biv., differre

videtur, quem nunquam imbricatum invenimus, quamvis mirum in

modum variare soleat ut omnes ejus generis species. Tubus plane

teres, intus leevigatus et czeruleo-lacteus. Pars testze in lapide insi-

dens irregularis et subtrigona est ut Vermetus gigas.

This species is perhaps a Siphonium.

14, THyLAcoDEs scaBER, Gravenh., 1831.

T. irregulariter spirali, tuberculis parvis in lineas longitudinales

dispositis, scabra (Gravenh.).

Diam. aperture 4 lin. (Gravenh.).

T. irregulariter planorbiformis ; anfr. primi repentes, laqueatin

contorti ; anfr. teretes, liris longitudinalibus expressis planius-

eulis nodulis elongatis postice contractis unde leviter undulatis;

interstitiis angustis lirula intercalante ; lire incrementi parvi,

ruge transverse sepe valida, irregulares; latere affixo inequali

74. M.O.A.L, MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#, [Feb. 11,

noduloso liris destituto; apertura circularis, subsoluta ; color

albus, punctis ferrugineis paucis obsoletissimis ; faucibus juxta

aperturam macula castanea; hic illic lapillis agglutinatis.

(Descriptio ex specimine originali Musei Wratislaviensis. )

Vermicularia scabra, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 55. no. 2.

Hab. Ignot.; Lusitania?

The locality is very doubtful, as most of the species described in

the work quoted, according to the original specimens, for the loan

of which I am indebted to Professor Grube, are from the West Indies.

The brown spot in the aperture and the size of the shell remind one

of Siphonium nebulosum ; but the sculpture is quite different, and in

this respect it approaches to the next species. In the collection of

Charles VIII. is a specimen with a long apertural tube, probably

from Portugal, which is very like it. |

15. THyLAcovEs pEcussATus, Gm., 1791.

T. teres, decussatim striata, subrugosa, flecuosa, sanguinea, intus

levis alba.—Gm.

Vermiculus rufescens leviter striatus sive cancellatus, Lister,

t. 547. f. 4.

Vermiculus barbadensis tortilis fuscus, Mem. for the Curious,

1708, p. 126. no. 32; Petiver, Gazophyl. i. t. 153. f. 9 (copy).

Tubulus vermicularis testaceus, Mart. i. f. 17 (copy).

Le Bois de Charme, Favan. i. pp. 597, 652, t. 6. f. L (copy), ©

Serpula no. 8, Schrot. Einl. ii. p. 558.

Serpula decussata, Gm. S. N. p. 3745. no. 21; Dillw. p. 1082;

Wood, Index, t. 38. f. 30.

2? Tubulus marinus, Gualt. t. 10. f. 10.

Serpula, Humphr. Conch. t. 10. f. 15, 15 a.

Vermiculus, Da Costa, Elem. p. 284, t. 2. f. 7 (copy).

Vermicularia glomerata, var. 2a, d, Gravh.Tergest. pp. 60, 61, pp.

Vermetus (Dofania) decussatus, Mérch, J. de Conch. vii. p. 34.

Serpulorbis, sp., St. Jan., Troschel, Gebiss, p. 155, t. 13. f. 2, 3

(maxilla et lingua).

Hab, 1. Barbadoes (Lister); St. Thomas (Krebs, Riise, Hornbeck).

T. crassiuscula varie torta, solitaria; anfr. teretes, soluti vel in-

terdum contigui et tum inferne plani; lire longitudinales re-

gulares, expresse, latiuscule, alternatim minores, interstitis

sepe lirula parva; strie incrementi sepe submembranacee, in

intersectionibus arcuate vel squamulose, remote, inde interstitis

fenestratis ; ruge transverse validiuscule, irregulares, inde la-

teribus fluctuatis ; color valde variabilis, latere affizo plerumque

castaneo, latere superiore albo, maculis punctisve sepe trans-

versim confluentibus castaneis vel flavis, sepe unicolor casta-

neus, intus infumatus.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

Animal filamentis pedalibus contractilibus breviusculis basi dila-

tatis ; mesopodium sulco profundo longitudinali divisum ; meta-

podium truncatum, subcirculare, transversim subtiliter rugosum,

centro impresso, utrinque freno cum capite conjunctum. Color

1862.] M.0. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 75

saturate rufus, presertim superne, margine pallii linea flava

notato (ex icone Oérstedii). -

Var. B. TENUIS.

T. tenuiuscula, albescens, liris longitudinalibus validioribus re-

motis, interstitiis liris tribus inequalibus; strie incrementi

flava, leviter undulate.

Diam. aperture circ. 6 m.

Vermicularia glomerata, Gravenh. Tergest. p. 60.

Jun.? Vermicularia scabra, Graveuh. Tergest. p. 56 (two frag-

ments).

. Hab, I. 8. Thomee (Coll. nostra).

Var. y. INTERMEDIA.

T. tenuis, alba, liris longitudinalibus obsoletissimis, striis incre-

menti pallide flavis ; fasciis pallidissimis longitudinalibus juxta

aperturam.

Diam. aperture 5 m,

Hab. Ins. Jamaica (Mus. Cuming).

This shell is a good transition between the type and

Var. 6. LAVIGATA.

T. solitaria, crassa, solida, levigata, liris destituta, candida, in-

terdum aperturam versus castanea vel badia; strie et ruge

incrementi obsoletissine ; anfr. ultimus plerumque porrectus,

intus flavescens vel castaneus.

Le Villebrequin, Favan. i. p. 598, t. 5. f. G.

Serpula proboscidea (ochracea et alba), Gravh. Tergest. p. 78.

*Vermetus porites, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 3, d, e.

Hab. 1. S. Thomee, in coralliis (Heteroporis) sepe una cum

Stphonio nebuloso (Mus. Cuming et nostro).

This shell looks so different from the type, that I should not ven-

ture to put them together if I had not compared numerous specimens,

in some of which the difference of sculpture and colour were present

in one and the same individual. The tubes show frequently a deep

channel at the affixed side, being the cast of a branch of a coral.

Var. ¢. PHILIPPINENSIS.

T. crassiuscula, laqueatim contorta; anfr. inferne plani, lateri-

bus dilatatis, badii vel castanei, superne albescentes punctis

flavis transversaliter confluentibus ; lire longitudinales nodulis

minutissimis, aperturam versus evanescentes ; interstitia lirulis

1 vel 2 inequalibus ; strie@ incrementi regulares, leviter undu-

late, pulcherrime.

Diam. aperture 74 m.

Hab. Ins. Philippin. (Mus. Cuming).

This shell seems only to differ from the type in its larger calibre

and in the beauty of the striz of growth.

76 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. [Feb. 11,

Var. @. BADIA.

Differt a precedente T. angustiore crassiore et colore badio.

Diam. aperture 4 m.

Hab. I, Philippin. (Mus. Cuming, specimen detritum),

16. THyLACODES SQUAMIGERUS, Carp.

T. majore, flavido-albida, solute spirali, plerumque glomerata ;

superficie costis spiralibus, squamis instructis, costulis pluribus

intercalantibus ; squamulis minoribus; squamis et squamulis

imbricatis; interdum aperturam versus sculptura obsoleta

(Carp.).

Aletes squamigerus, Carp. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 226; Carp.

Report, p. 324.

Hab. St. Barbara (sp. magn. glomer. in Mus. Nuttall); St. Diego

(Mus. Gould).

A fine group of this shell is in Mr. Nuttall’s collection. It agrees

in the main with the Mazatlan species, but differs in colour and

sculpture. Mr. Nuttall believes that he found another species with-

out scales. ( Carpenter.)

I refer this shell to the present genus, because I believe it is spe-

cifically identical with the following variety.

Var. a. PENNATA.

T. solitaria, tenuis, laqueatim torta, aperturam versus ampliata ;

anfr. inferne inequales, planiusculi ; lire longitudinales com-

pressiuscule, noduloso-serrate, alternatim minores, mterstitiis

interdum lirula parva intercalante ; lire incrementi sepe casta-

nei vel badit, conferte anguloso-undate, pulcherrime, presertim

si versus lucem teneas, in intersectionibus lirarum incrassate,

unguiculate, squamifere ; apertura orbicularis. Color inferne

albus, fascia violaceo-fuscu, superne flavescens ; linee hic illic

badie vel nigre strigisque transversis flexis; anfr. primi cas-

tanei ; faucibus albis, macula badia inferne juxta aperturam.

Diam. aperture 10 m.

Vermetus margaritarum, Voy. de la Vénus, pl. 11. f. 2 (fig. mi-

nor); Chenu, Ill. pl. 4. f. 2 (copy).

Hab. California (Mus. Cuming).

This shell differs chiefly from 7. decussatus, Gm., which is its

West Indian analogue, in the larger calibre of the whorls. The

strie of growth are bent in a beautiful manner, giving the lire a

pennate appearance, which is best seen when the shell is held against

the light. Although Carpenter does not mention the transverse

black lines, yet I suppose that this shell is the young of Aletes

squamigerus, because Carpenter (Cat. p. 303) states that the Aletes

centiquadrus, var. imbricatus, has some characters in common with

the young of the great Californian Vermetid Aletes squamigerus.

The figures quoted are exceedingly like the variety, but the whorls

are somewhat too narrow.

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDE. 77

17. THYLACODES MICHAUDII, Rousseau.

Vermetus michaudii, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 5.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming).

Diam. cire. 6 m.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a specimen labelled ‘ Philippines,”

which seems to correspond pretty well with the figure quoted ; it has

the same annular ribs and longitudinal striz, but is nearly covered

over with a chestnut-brown colour, showing some darker longitu-

dinal bands. The specimen is singular from possessing a long varix

maniciformis, with about 12-13 false septa (analogous to those of

the water-clam), proving that the animal has changed the direction

of its tube at least as often as indicated by the septa.

18. TuyLAcopEs Porites, Rousseau.

T. tenuis, repens, teres, longitudinaliter subtilissime striata ; strie

incrementi obsoletissime, confertissime ; sulci incrementi regu-

lariter remoti, interstitiis convexiusculis; faucibus sepe fla-

vescentibus.

Diam. 34—4 m.

Vermetus porites, Rouss., Chenu, Ill. pl. 2. f. 3.

Hab. ? Ona Porites, according to the specific name; but

I believe the coral represented is a Palmipora, Blainv., as in my

specimen.

This species is exceedingly like 7. decussatus, var. intermedia, if

it really be different. It is chiefly distinguished by the annular,

equidistant, rather remote annular sulci, the interstices of which are

very slightly convex and decussate. This shell is the only one I

know which seems to approach to Gualtieri’s tab. 10. f. L, L.

19. TuHyLacoDEs PROTENSUS, Gm.

T.nitida, leviuscula, annulatim plicata, finem versus parum atte-

nuata, lactea, exalbida aut cerulescens, calami anserini crassitie

aut tenuiore, tota porrecta, aut partim flexuosa (Gm.).

; Tubulus cylindricus, subflecuosus, anguinus, Matt. i. pp. 24, 46,

712A.

Serpula protensa, Gm. S. N. p. 3744. no. 20.

Hab. In mari Indico et Americam alluente (Gm.).

Gmelin has taken his description from Martius, but the locality

from Rumphius and Davila. This shell is perhaps identical with

the preceding and following species. It is chiefly from the ex-

pressions “'T. nitida’”’ et “caerulescens,” that I refer this species

to the Vermetide.

20. THyLACODES RUMPHII, Blainy., 1828.

* Coq. tubulaire, irrégulitrement contournée, si ce n’est & sa base

qui s’avance presque 4 droite ligne, élégamment treillisce dans tout

son étendu sans caréne; de couleur roussdtre. Je distingue cette

espéce d’aprés un individu de ma collection, dont j’ignore la patrie,

et qui certainement ne peut étre réuniau S. protensa, Lam.” —Blainv.

78 M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID#. (Feb. 11,

Een entgestrekte Hornschlange, Rumph, t. xli. p. 126. no. 3,

Tubulus vermium, Petiv. Gazophyl. Amb. t. 21. f. 18 (copy)=

Le tuyaux cordé, Favaune, i. p. 676, t. 5. f. F (copy).

Serpula protensa, Dill. ii. p. 1085. no. 38 (non Gm., nec Wood,

f/-37)>

Hab. 2

As the shell of Rumphius is marked with a number, it need not

be from Amboina. The description of Favanne has much in common

with Blainville’s, chiefly in respect of the colours and septa; it is

perhaps even from the same specimen. It is possible that this spe-

cies is identical with the two preceding.

The annular rings in Rumphius’ figure, and the reddish colour

mentioned by Favanne and Blainville, remind one of T. michaudit,

var. from the Philippines.

21. THyLacopes? oryzata, Moérch.

T. libera, agglutinans, repens, alba vel pallide isabellina, hie illic

lineis interruptis et punctis obsoletis rufis ; anfr. primi parvi,

angusti, candidi, oblique spiraliter torti, contigui, liris longitu-

dinalibus et transversis equidistantibus et subequalibus decus-

satis, inde interstitiis foveis quadratis ; anfr. ceteri continui,

sigmoidei, aperturam versus rapide crescentes, liris obsoletis

longitudinalibus leviter spiraliter tortis, tuberculis acutiusculis

subremotis ornatis ; interstitia lirulis planis confertis inequa-

libus 5-6; strie et ruge incrementi parve, flere, in intersec-

tionibus minutissime granuloso-squamosis ; apertura circularis,

faucibus regulariter scrobiculatis (ex tuberculis externis).

Diam. aperture 12 m.; long. testee 300m.

Hab. Litt. occid. Am. centralis verisimiliter; China (Mus. Cuming).

The first spiral whorls are attached to a valve of a Balanus; to-

wards the aperture is agglutinated a worn portion of a Venus, which

looks to be V. eubimbricatus (Sow.), and a little bit of a Cardium,

which perhaps is C. senticosum (Sow.), both species from Panama,

which probably is the true locality, as it is of the variety. The sculp-

ture of this remarkable shell is very like that of Argonauta oryzata,

Meusch. ; like the latter shell, the tubercles outside form excava-

tions inside. This sculpture is, too, very like that of the young of

Stephopoma. The longitudinal liree become feebler towards the

aperture, in proportion to the size of the shell. The nodules are

often united in pairs by small transverse ridges, but never form

rings, as in the

Var. a. ANNULATUS.

Tubus crassus, ponderosus, teres, equalis, liris longitudinalibus

parum expressis tuberculiferis, interstitus liris circiter tribus,

mediana lira validior ; strie incrementi minutissime undulate ;

tubercula annulatim digesta; annuli subvaricosi, utrinque ar-

cuati, sepe interrupti vel furcati.

Long. tubi circ. 170 m.; diam. aperture 13 m.; diam. teste

17 m.; diam. aperture fractee 10 m.; testee postice 13 m.

Hab. Ad Panamam (Mus. Cuming).

1862.] M.0. A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDZ. 79

_ This shell seems to be a very old specimen; it has just the same

sculpture, only differing in a few points; the longitudinal lire are

straight and not slightly spiral; the nodules are arranged in rings,

separated from each other by constrictions. Both ends are fractured,

so that it might have been possibly still larger. The walls have a

thickness of 2 or 3 m., whilst the type is very thin, nearly pellucid.

If this tube really is the same as the type, it must grow to a length

of about 60dm. I refer this species to the present genus, merely

on account of the sculpture of the first whorls.

It is, in respect of thickness, most allied to 7. melitensis, Gm.

Subg. Terranemia, Morch, 1859, Journ. f. Conch. viii. p. 353.

Filamenta pedalia longissima, subulata, non contractilia, mammilla

valida intermedia ; mesopodium parvum, elongatum, postice fila-

mentis brevissimis obtusis duobus basi remotis (ex icone).

22. TuyLacopeEs (TETRANEMIA) LONGIFILis, Morch.

T. repens, laqueatim contorta, fusco et flavo variegata, longitudi-

naliter lirulata, liris 3-4 validis remotis ; apertura transversim

subovalis, intus cyanea (ex icone).

Vermetus dentiferus, “Lam.” Q. & G. lAstr. p. 291, t. 67.

27, 28.

Vermetus dentiferus, Desh. ix. p. 65, non Lam.

Serpuloides dentifera, Gray, Fig. t. 56. f. 8, iv. p. 83; Gray,

Guide, p. 127.

Serpulorbis dentifera, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359.

Serpulorbis dentiferus, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2307 ; Pictorial

Museum, f. 2821; Ill. Ntg. f. 3745.

Hab. Bai des Chiens Marins 4 la terre d’Endracht, sur une Av-

cula (Q. § G.).

Subg. Hatina, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 156.

Animal rostro conico, tentaculis crassis flexis postice in figuram

cordiformem desinentibus ; metapodium magnum, cylindricum,

truncatum ; filamenta pedalia desunt ; penis subulatus (ex

icone).

Hatina, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. 1842, p. 62, no operculum,

23. TuyLacopes (Hatina) tnorertus, Mus. Francof. 1828.

T. satis crassa, postice spiris nonnullis majoribus finiente; colore

e@ruginoso.

Mensura: usque ad 2"; animal 13! (Leuck.).

- Vermetus inopertus, Riippel & Leuckart, Neue wirbellose Thiere,

p. 38, t. 11. f. 3 (Gray, Fig. i. t. 57. f. 1, copy).

Serpulorbis operculatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1847, p. 156. .

80 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDS. [Feb. 11,

Serpuloides inoperculata, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83; Gray, Guide,

. Serpulorbis inoperculata, Adams, Genera, i. p. 359.

Hab. In mari Rubro, socialiter vivens prope vicum Tor lapidibus

affixus, reperitur (Riippel).

If this species can be generically distinguished, it would chiefly be

on account of the heart-shaped shield over the head, like that of

Siphonium maximum, represented by Quoy and Gaimard. It wants

the pedal filaments, in common with Cladopoda and Limintina ;

from the former it is distinguished by the circular tip of the

metapodium, and from the latter by wanting the radiation of the

foot.

Subg. Lemintina, Risso, 1826.

Lementina, Risso, Hist. iv. p. 433; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847,

p. 156, et Fig. iv. p. 83, 1850.

Dr. Gray (Guide, p. 127) regards this genus as “ probably only a

badly described and figured Serpuloides arenarius ;”’ but the shape

of the metapodium seems so remarkable to me that I cannot believe

that it is invented. The Vermetide have been so neglected that it

is not impossible that a similar form may exist.

24. TuyLacopes (LEMINTINA) CUVIERI, Risso.

T. cylindrica, subspiralis, unilocularis, ad extremitatem posterio-

rem clausa ; apertura rotunda (Risso).

Animal limaciforme, postice vermiforme ; tentaculis subulatis ;

oculi subsessiles, nigri; branchie albe super capite locate ;

pes cylindricus, truncatus, superficie levi rubra, flavescente

radiata, pallio fimbriato ruberrimo (Risso).

Lemintina cuvieri, Risso, Hist. iv. p. 114, t. 2. f. 16-18; Gray,

Fig. t. 57. f. 3, p. 83.

Hab. Sur les rochers peu profonds (Risso).

The figure of the shell does not show any longitudinal striz ; the

description seems more natural than the figure, which is chiefly re-

markable from the radiated metapodium dentated at the edge.

Subg. Craporopa, Gray, 1850.

Operculum none ; foot elongate, front end simple, hinder extre-

mity oblong, clavate or subtruncate (Gray).

Cladopoda, Gray, Fig. 1850, p. 83 ; Guide, p. 127,

This genus is chiefly founded on the elongated shape of the hinder

part of “the foot,” which, in the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe,’ is repre-

sented as fiddle-shaped (pes panduriformis), like the foot of Lacuna ;

but, from analogy with the other Vermetide, it must be the tip of

the metapodium unusually enlarged. In specimens in spirits of 7.

polyphragma the metapodium is sometimes of an expanded shape ; I

suppose therefore that this character is not of generic value. The

1862.] M.O. A. L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. 81

pedal filaments seem to be rudimentary, as I suppose they are de-

scribed by Quoy and Gaimard thus :—‘ En avant de la bouche, sont

deux petits tubercules assez courts.”” The eyesin thé typical species

are represented, differently from those of all other Vermetida, at the

middle of the tentacula. The annular figure is also peculiar,

25. TuyLacopgs (CLADOPODA) GRANDIS, Gray, 1842.

** Notre individu, de seize lignes de diamétre, bien discoide, ce qui

n’existe pas toujours, est aplati en dessous, arrondi en dessus, ru-

gueux, strié dans la longueur, avec deux ou trois cétes tuberculeuses.

Sa couleur est jaunatre sale. Son overture, parfaitement ronde, est

lisse et violacée en dedans.”’—Q. § G.

* T’animal a un écusson céphalique, long et ovalaire, les tentacules

courts, portant les yeux 4 une certaine distance de leur base. En

avant de la bouche, sont deux petits tubercules assez courts. Le

pied, qui manque d’opercule, présentait la particularité suivante: il

se relevait au devant de la téte en forme de crosse. Le pied a des

taches blanches en avant. Le manteau, qui est blanc, a son bord

brun. Plusieurs individus avaient la téte blanchatre, quelques uns

avaient le manteau jaune. Un seul avait la téte entitrement noire,

et un autre rougeatre.”—Q. § G.

V. (a grand tube) arenarius, Lam., Q. & G. l’ Astrolabe, 1833, ii.

p- 289, t. 67. f. 18-20.

Vermetus grandis, Gray, Fig. i. p. 29.

Cladopoda grandis, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 9.

Cladopoda arenaria, Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359, t. 39. f. 3.

Cladopoda grandis, Q. & G., Adams, Genera, p. 359.

T. juv.? Cladopoda arenaria, Chenu, Man. p. 320, f. 2302 (shell).

Hab. Le port du Roi-Georges, par d’assez grandes profondeurs,

sur d’autres coquilles (Q. § G.).

The shell figured by Dr. Chenu is very different, chiefly in size,

from that represented in ‘]’Astrolabe ;’ but is very like to a shell

creeping on Cookia inequalis, Martyn, from New Zealand, in the

Royal Museum, probably obtained by Humphrey.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection is a rather larger specimen of a shell,

without locality, marked 1/6, probably from some old collection,

which I provisionally refer to this species on account of the colour

and its resemblance to V. arenarius, Q. & G. It reminds one too of

7. ane, but it is twice as large as any of the specimens repre-

sented,

Var. a. OXYGONA.

T. primum laqueatim deinde annulatim torta, dura; anfr. am-

pliati, rapide crescentes, superne flavo et cinereo variegati, liris

remotis circiter 6-8 umbilicum versus (2-3) fortioribus, nodulis

obsoletis subasperis remotis ; interstitia lirulis planis confertis-

simis 5-8 ; striae incrementi conferte, minute, in intersectioni-

bus arcuate, interstitiis scrobiculato-punctatis ; latere affixo.

tenui, levigato, cinereo striato, externo destituto planiusculo ;

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1862, No. VI.

82 M.0.A.L.MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETID&. [Feb. 11,

peripheria acutissima, leviter expansa; apertura affiva, in anfr.

penultimo reniformi-ovalis, intus albescens, margine interno in-

crassato ; anfr. primi intus castanei, desepimentis tenuibus con-

vers.

Latitudo aperture 16-18 m.; altitudo aperturee circ. 14 m. ;

lat. anfr. lateris affixi circ. 20 m.

The specimen shows traces of a soft yellowish stone, on which it

has been affixed. On some places are traces of small reddish spots.

It is very like 7. colubrinus in size and sculpture.

26. TuyLacopes (CLADOPODA) ELEGANS, Q. & G. 1833.

Animal corpore cinereo; tentaculis, capite et pede rubro maculatis.

Testa ignota (Q. & G.).

L’animal a la téte courte, jaune, ponctuée de rouge vif ; deux lignes

de cette couleur, en chevron brisé, occupent V’intervalle des yeux.

La partie antérieure de la téte et le pied sont d’un joli gris clair; ce

dernitre est bordé et ponctué de rouge ; les tentacules ont une ligne

en long de cette couleur. Le bord du manteau et de la bouche sont

également rouges.

Vermetus elegans, Q. & G. l Ast. ii. p. 293, t. 67. f. 11, 12.

Cladopoda elegans, Gray, Fig. iv. p. 83, t. 56. f. 4; Adams,

Genera, i. p. 359. :

Hab. ? The locality is not indicated.

This species differs chiefly from the preceding in the regular posi-

tion of the eyes.

27. TuyitacopEs (CLADOPODA) ZELANDICUS, Q, & G.

Animal capite nigricante, rubro punctulato ; limbo pallit auran-

tiaco; pede rubro punctato.

‘La téte est jaunatre en arriére, brune et ponctuée de rouge en

avant. Le pied est seulement jaunatre, avec des taches rouges ; le

manteau est largement bordé d’un orange vif.

«Le tube, contourné sur lui-méme, ne nous a point offert de carac-

ttres appréciables sur le moment.’’—Q. § G.

Vermetus zelandicus, Q. & G. Y Astr. p. 293, t. 67. f. 16, 17.

Vermetus nove zelandie, Gray, Fig. i. p. 28, t. 56. f. 6.

Cladopoda nove zelandi@, Gray, Fig. iv. ; Guide, p. 127.

Cladopoda nove zelandia, Q. & G., Adams, Gen. i. p. 360.

Hab. Uajbaie des Iles, 4 la Nouvelle Zélande (Q. & G.). ~

It is only with doubt that the authors of this species have distin-

guished it from the preceding.

Additions and Corrections.

BurtTINELLA TURBINATA (SERPULA), Phil. (P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 148.)

According to specimens in Mr. Semper’s collection, this species is

entirely different from B. nystii, Galeotti, and nearly allied to Hy-

1862.] M.0.A.L. MORCH’S REVIEW OF THE VERMETIDBE. 83

droides norvegica, Giinth.,—the variety described by Montagu as

Serpula reversa, Mont.=S. contorta, Brown, Ill. t. 2. f. 4.= Hete-

rodisca reversa, Flem. It is a true Serpulidous shell.

3a. SterHoroma, n.sp. (See P. Z.S8. 1861, p. 148.)

In the collection of Charles VIII. is preserved a lid distinctly

spiral, of a brown colour, convex inside, and provided outside with

long bristles, very like those of Stephopoma senticosum, Morch (Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1861, pl. 25. f. 2), but having all the lateral spines simple,

without any accessorial spines. It is mounted on mica, and labelled

by the late Rev. Mr. Lyngby as the lid of a Serpula found on the

ege-case of Raia batis (in Danish “'Tzrbe”’). That it really was

found in the Kattegat, near Gilleleie, which was his parish, is probable

from the circumstance that he has added the Danish specific name

to a fish of which several congeneric species are described in his MS.

*Rariora Codana” with Danish specific names. Unfortunately I can-

not find his diary, in which it is more particularly described according

to the ticket. The study of the Worm-tubes is so neglected that I

do not regard it impossible that a Vermetid may be found in the

Northern Seas. Perhaps it may prove to be the Spirorbis striatulus,

Brown (Ill. pl. 1. f. 59), which is from Dunbar, in Gen. Bingham’s

collection.

3 6, SrEPHOPOMA ARCHIMEDIS, Konig. 1842-44,

T. subcompressa, spirata; anfractibus quinque, ultimo remoto ;

superficie plicato-rugosa ; orificio ovali.

Serpula archimedis, Konig, Carb. p. 57, t. 9. f. 6.

Serp. spinosa, Kon. Carb. p. 58, t. 9. f. 8 (T. juvenilis).

T. depressa, planorbiformi, anfractibus quatuor, contiguis, sensim

incrassatis, spinis in quincunces dispositis, obductis (De Konig).

Zab. Fossil in the Mountain Limestone, at Vise (Kinig).

The supposed young shell is from the clay of Tournay. The

form of the aperture and the flexure of the striee of growth are quite

that of Stephopoma. The sculpture of the supposed young shell can

only be compared with the embryonic shell of Stephopoma senti-

cosum, Morch (Proc. 1861, pl. 25. f. 14), which circumstance has

guided me in giving it the present place.

It is probable, from the appearance of a group of Vermeti ona

Chama (in the Museum Regium), that Siphonium textum, M., S.

scaphitella, M., and S. pictum, M., are different ages of S. subcre-

natum, Lam., corresponding to the different forms of Siph. nebu-

losum, Dillw.

Erratum, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 180, line 6 from bottom, for squamas

confertas fornicatas amplectentibus, read squamis confertis forni-

catis amplectentibus,

84 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [Feb. 25,

February 25, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a Hybrid Duck between the Pintail and

the Teal (Anas acuta and Querquedula crecca), and a hybrid between

the Common and Silver Pheasants.

Dr. Hamilton exhibited a female example of the Grey Hen (Tetrao

tetriv), which had partially assumed male plumage.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited and made some remarks upon a specimen

of a curiously malformed Trout.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed

to him by Dr. George Bennett, F.Z.8., dated Sydney, December 20th,

1861 :—

“Two ‘Kagus’ (Rhinochetus jubatus) arrived from New Cale-

donia, December 11th, in H. I. M. schooner ‘ Gazelle.’ One of them

is for myself (from my friend D. N. Joubert, Esq.), the other has

been presented by the commander of the schooner, Capt. Hardy, to

the aviary in the Botanic Gardens. I intend sending my specimen

home by an early vessel, of which I will inform you by the next mail.

I intend requesting Mr. Moore, the director of the gardens, to send

you also the other specimen; but if he accedes to my request you

will have to send some bird in exchange, as, being Government pro-

perty, that is the only way in which he can dispose of it. Mine, of

course, I present to the Society. The birds differ a little in size,

which may probably be a sexual distinction. They appear to be young,

and run about in a very lively and active manner, elevating their

wings alternately, and at the same time raising their crests to their

utmost expansion. This more particularly occurs when making

an attack upon any of the birds mm the same compartment of the

aviary. A young Nankin Heron in speckled plumage, and the

““Weka,” or New Zealand Rail, are the more immediate objects of

attack. At the latter bird the Kagu rushes and pecks, driving it to

the further corner of the aviary. ‘The Dacelo, or Laughing Jackass,

and the Corcorax leucoptera also come under its enmity, but not so

frequently as the two former birds, as these can readily fly on to the

perches out of its reach, for I have not as yet seen the Kagu use

its wings for flight.

“The Kagu sleeps with its head under the wing, and also occa-

sionally reposes with the head sunk between the shoulders. It feeds

on meat cut small, intestines of fowls, snails, worms, &c. Mr. Jou-

bert fed his bird at New Caledonia on worms collected by the natives

for the purpose, and says that it ate nearly a quart in one day. It

seems to be an active bird, and although it is said to be very shy in

a wild state, becomes very tame soon after it is captured, and ap-

pears easily reconciled to captivity.

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 85

“We get plenty of Koalas, or Native Monkeys (Phascolarctos

cinereus). These animals are very tame, and have been fed some

time on gum-leaves (their natural food), some on bread and milk,

&e., but still they do not survive longer than six weeks at the

furthest. They die plump and in excellent condition; so it cannot

be starvation that kills them. Not a week passes but I could pur-

chase them of all ages for from 10s. to 15s. each, as they are brought

by the coasting vessels from the Patterson and other parts of this

colony. I propose, as soon as we have a piece of ground allotted for

our Acclimatization Society, to enclose some trees with zine wire and

give them liberty within its range, and see if by such a method we

shall be enabled to domesticate them, and find some method of

feeding them, so as to send them to Europe.

“We have not yet procured any male Brush-Turkeys, but have

sent orders to various parts of the colony, more especially the Cla-

rence River district. We intend to domesticate them, so as to keep

up a supply for exchanges. These birds are everywhere becoming

scarcer, from the wholesale destruction of them and their eggs by

the aborigines, and we find the only sure means of procuring either

eggs or birds is by the aid of the blacks.

‘Two fine young and healthy specimens of a Hornbill (probably

Buceros ruficollis) were brought from the Island of Guadalcamar,

one of the Solomon group, in the schooner ‘ Coquette,’ as also an

elegant Pigeon from the same island, and a species of Gallinule from

Tanna (New Hebrides group), called ‘'Tarbach’ by the natives of

Sandwich Island (another of the same group), and ‘ Bush-fowl’ by

the missionaries at Tanna. They are all alive, and were brought by

two Belgian gentlemen (Captain Mechel and M. R. Alain), who have

placed them in my charge to be transmitted to you for the Duc de

Brabant. Ihave accepted the offer, as, if they arrive alive, you and

Mr. Gould will be able to inspect and, if new, describe them. I

intend sending them with the Kagus.

‘These birds have been fed principally on yams, potatoes, bread,

and bananas, and occasionally a very minute portion of meat. The

plumage of the head, neck, and breast is of a light auburn-brown

colour, and the rest of the plumage of a beautiful black, except the

tail, which is white. The naked portion round the eye is of a light

blue colour. The naked portion of the throat and cheeks is white,

with a delicate shade of light blue. The eyelids are of a reddish

tinge, and eyelashes long. Inides of a light grey colour. The man-

dibles are horny, of a dirty white colour, but near the base a tinge

of dark red colour prevails. The feet and legs are black.

**T intend sending Mr. Gould, by the ‘ La Hogue,’ an egg of a

species of Megapodius. It measures 3 inches in length and 1? inch

in breadth, and is of a light brownish or ‘ café-au-lait’ colour. The

eges are found over all the islands of tle New Hebrides group, and

are eaten by the natives, as the eggs of the Leipoa and Megapodius

by the aborigines of Australia. The egg in my possession was

given to me by Captain McLeod, of the ‘ Eliza K. Bateson,’ who

procured it at the Island of Nua Fou, where it is named ‘ Mallow’

86 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON A NEW MALACOPTILA. [Feb. 25,

by the natives. The eggs are deposited by the birds in the sand

about the borders of a large lake of brackish water situated in the

middle of the island (evidently an extinct crater, as the soil in which

the eggs are deposited consists of sulphureous sand), and are hatched

by the heat generated in the mound, as in all the Megapodide. In

Nua Fou Island the birds and eggs are, I am informed, under the .

protection of the king, and can only be procured by his permission.

T have seen the same kind of eggs from the New Hebrides group.

Captain McLeod has promised, on his return to the island in a few

weeks, to procure me some of the birds alive or eae when I shall

be able to send you more accurate accounts.”

The following papers were read :—

1. On a New Species or MaAtacorrinA FROM WESTERN

Ecuapor. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pui.D., F.RB.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate VIII.)

A re-examination of my specimens of birds of the family Bucconide

mduces me to believe that I have confounded under the name Mala-

coptila panamensis (Lafr.), which I assigned to a series of examples

of this genus collected at Esmeraldas by Mr. Fraser, two species.

One of them may probably be the true M. panamensis of Lafresnaye,

though this must remain rather uncertain until the original of La-

fresnaye’s description shall have been accurately compared with it ;

the other I propose to call

MALAcoptTiLa POLiopPis, sp. nov. (Pl. VIII.)

Cinerascenti-fusca, dorso toto et alarum tectricibus maculis tri-

angularibus albidis distincte notatis; pileo et facie cinereis;

Sronte loris et plumis mystacalibus pure albis, his cinereo partim

mixtis; laterum cervicis plumarum scapis elongate albido lineo-

latis: subtus alba, pectore toto pallide fulvo; ventre summo et

lateribus cinerascenti-brunneo variegatis: rectricibus et remi-

gibus clare nigricanti-brunneis ; caude, ipsa immaculata, apice

pallidiore, fulvescente: rostro plumbeo, mand. inf. in uno spe-

cimine ad basin flavida: pedibus fusco-nigris: tectr. subalaribus

pallide fulvis.

Long. tota 7°0; alee 3°5 ; caudee 28; rostri a rictu 1°4 poll. Angl.

et dec.

Hab. in reg. litt. reipublicee Hquatorialis, Esmeraldas (Fraser).

Mr. Fraser procured two examples of this species when at Esme-

raldas ; and, as they are both marked females, I was induced to be-

lieve they might be referable to that sex of M. panamensis of which

(or of a species which I have referred to this name) he procured

several examples. I am now convinced that these two examples

cannot be referred to M. panamensis, that species being wholly of a

rich reddish brown above, and having a deep ferruginous chest and

a much larger amount of white on the frontal plumes. This bird is,

_ *

jlEdel et lith M & N.Hanhart, Imp’

MALACOPTILA POLIOPIS. \

Too

= Y)

1862.] MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 87

in fact, more like Mal. inornata of the Vera Paz, from which, how-

ever, it appears likewise distinguishable on comparison, the latter

having a rufescent tail, the breast of a less decided fulvous, and the

fulvous colour more equably distributed over the lower surface.

2. Descriprions or BuTTERFLIES FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF

A. R.Watuace ano W.C. Hewitson. By W.C. Hewitson.

(Plates IX., X.)

NYMPHALID.

Mynes tevcis, Boisduval. (Pl. IX.)

This species was first described by Dr. Boisduval, in the ‘ Voyage

of the Astrolabe,’ under the name it bears above. It was also de-

scribed by Guérin Méneville, in the ‘ Voyage of the Coquille,’ under

the same name, but is figured in the plates which accompany the

work as Nymphalis australis. The figure there given is a very good

one ; but as it only represents the upper side, I have thought that a

figure of its remarkable under side, together with some of the strange

varieties into which it runs, from the rich collection of Mr. Wallace,

' may be of interest to those who make the Lepidoptera their study.

Greatly as the varieties of this insect differ above, they bear a

much closer resemblance to each other on the under side, and do not

wander very far from the accompanying figure.

The examples figured in the plate are all females. A male in my

own collection, from Mysol, is entirely black, with the exception of

the central spot of the posterior wing. I have described below all

the varieties which I have with me, for the whole of which we are

indebted to Mr. Wallace. They were all collected in the New

Guinea group of islands. I have indicated each variety by a sepa-

rate letter, following the good example of Dr. Boisduval in his

‘Spécies Général,’ not being myself able to see that any good what-

ever can arise from the modern custom of giving names to varieties

and thus elevating them to the same importance as the typical species,

from which they are sometimes scarcely to be known. On the con-

trary, I believe that it will produce great and endless confusion.

Var. A. ¢. Anterior wing black, spotless. Posterior wing black,

with a large central bifid white spot, and two smaller spots between

it and the inner margin bordered with grey.

Hab. Mysol.

Var. B. 2 (Pl. IX. fig. 1). Anterior wing black, with a spot

near the middle of the costal margin, two spots beyond the middle

of the wing, and a submarginal band of eight spots all white. Poste-

rior wing with the central spot quinquefid.

Hab. Dorey.

Var. C (Voyage Coquille, pl. 14 is). Anterior wing black, with a

small spot near the middle of the costal margin, followed by two

88 MR. W. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb, 25,

bands of rather large spots, all pale yellow; the first band irregular,

of six spots; the second band submarginal, of eight spots.

Hab, Offack.

Var. D. 2. Anterior wing black, with the white spot near the

middle of the costal margin, a large bifid spot at the centre of the

wing, a small spot below it and the submarginal band of white spots,

two of which (the sixth and seventh) are obliterated. Posterior

wing with the central white spot distinctly quinquepartite.

Hab. Batchian.

Var. E. 2 (PI. IX. figs. 2, 3). Anterior wing black, irrorated

with grey, with the costal spot larger, the large central white spot

tripartite ; a band of four white spots between it and the costal mar-

gin, and the submarginal band of eight spots. Posterior wing with

the central spot as in the last; the base and inner margin of the

wing grey.

Hab. Batchian.

There is a further variety of this with all the spots the same, but

yellow.

Var. F. 2. Anterior wing dark brown; the base grey, with two

white spots on the costal margin, the large central spot quinque-

partite, extending nearly to the outer margin, and absorbing two of

the white spots of the submarginal band.

Hab, Aru.

Var. G. 2 (Pl. IX. fig. 4). Anterior wing black, with a broad, trans-

verse, irregular, emarginate band of white extending from the costal

margin nearly to the inner margin, connected on its outer side before

the middle with one of two small white spots, and again near its anal

angle with one of two white spots, the only spots of the submarginal

band which are distinct, the other six being scarcely visible.

Hab. Dorey.

TERINOS TETHYS, 0.8. (Pl. X. figs. 1, 2.)

Upper side: male, brown. Anterior wing dark brown, rufous at the

base ; the apex white, with its outer margin brown. Posterior wing

rufous brown, paler towards the inner margin; the outer margin,

from its middle to the anal angle, rufous white, traversed by two

bands of lunular brown spots.

Under side rufous brown; both wings crossed by numerous undu-

lating pale lines. Anterior wing with a line of brown within the cell,

and one on each side of the discocellular nervules ; the apex rufous

white. Posterior wing with, below the middle, a transverse irregular

band of oblong dark-brown spots, followed (between the middle of

the wing and the inner margin) by three lunular orange-yellow spots;

the outer margin beyond these rufous white, traversed by a pale-

rufous band.

Exp. 3,5 inches.

Hab. Mysol.

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

1862.] MR. Ww. C. HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. 89

TERINOS TAXILES, n.8. (PI. X. figs. 3, 4.)

Upper side: male, dark rufous brown. Anterior wing with a ru-

fous spot near the apex. Posterior wing with the outer margin, from

its middle to the anal angle, broadly rufous, marked by three dark-

brown conical spots and an undulating dark-brown band.

Under side rufous brown ; both wings crossed by several pale un-

dulating lines. Anterior wing with three lines across the cell—one

on each side of the disco-cellular nervules, followed by a band of

spots, all rufous brown. Posterior wing with some indistinct spots

near the base, followed by two broken bands of rufous brown ; crossed

beyond the middle by a band of five dark-brown spots, followed by

a deeply indented band of rufous orange.

Female, dark rufous brown ; the outer margin of the anterior wing

more emarginate than in the male. Anterior wing crossed beyond

the middle by two undulating rufous bands, and a submarginal band

of spots of the same colour ; the first of these bands commences near

the costal margin with two sagittate spots. Posterior wing with the

outer margin broadly rufous, clouded near the apex, traversed by six

lunular spots and an undulating band of dark brown. On the under

side it does not differ from the male, except in having a small white

spot on the costal margin near the apex, and the outer margin of

both wings much paler.

Exp. 34 inches.

Hab. Celebes,

In the collections of A. R. Wallace and W. C. Hewitson.

TERINOS TEUTHRAS, Nn. 8.

Alis fuscis : harum anticis versus marginem costalem purpureo

micantibus ; posticis purpureis, macula magna rosea quadri-

partita prope medium marginis costalis lunulis nigris notata.

Upper side: male, brown ; the portion composed of the plush-like

scales dark brown; the remainder of the anterior wing tinted with

purple. Posterior wing tailed, purple, with a spot of rufous white

near the middle of the outer margin divided into four by the median

nervules, and marked by two or three brown lunules.

Under side light rufous brown, paler towards the margins. Both

wings crossed beyond the middle by a continuous undulating band of

white. Anterior wing with three rufous zigzag transverse lines across

the cell, and a fourth oblique line marking the disco-cellular nervures

and forming a triangle with one of the three bands just mentioned ;

beyond the cell there is another rufous band, and below it two indi-

stinct rufous spots ; a white spot, black in the middle, near the apex,

and below it a submarginal band of white having its outer border

tufous. Posterior wing crossed by two zigzag rufous bands before

the middle, and, beyond the middle and the continuous band, by five

rufous spots (the middle spot scarcely seen), followed by a zigzag

band of orange, bordered on both sides with white.

Exp. 353, inches.

Hab. Kast India.

In the collection of W, C. Hewitson.

90 MR. W. C, HEWITSON ON NEW BUTTERFLIES. [Feb. 25,

This species differs from 7. clarissa, in the anterior wing, by

having a larger portion of it covered with the plush-like scales. In

T. clarissa they extend upwards very little beyond the lower discoidal

nervure. In 7’. teuthras they go beyond the upper discoidal nervure.

The two species are, however, so closely allied that I should have

hesitated to describe this as a distinct species if I had not discovered

that the third disco-cellular nervure meets the median nervure dif-

ferently. In T. clarissa the lower disco-cellular meets the median at

some distance before the base of its second branch ; in 7’. feuthras

exactly at the base of the said branch.

TERINOS TERPANDER, 0. 8S.

Alis fuscis: harum anticis versus marginem costalem purpureo

micantibus ; posticis magna parte dimidii posterioris fulva,

fascia anali nigra.

Upper side: male, brown. Anterior wing slightly tinted with purple

near the costal margin. Posterior wing, without a tail, with most of

its outer half pale orange, traversed near the margin and the anal

angle by a curved brown band.

Under side rufous brown. Both wings crossed at the middle by a

broad rufous band bordered on both sides with lilac-white. Ante-

rior wing with some indistinct rufous bands near the base, bordered

with lilac white, followed towards the anal angle by two other indi-

stinct bands; a white spot near the apex. Posterior wing with two

spots, a broad band, and a narrow zigzag band, all rufous and bordered

on both sides with lilac white ; crossed beyond the middle by a band

of five brown spots, followed by a narrow zigzag rufous band bor-

dered on both sides with brown, by a zigzag broad band of white, and

by a narrow submarginal line of lilac-white.

Exp. 2,3; inches.

Hab. Borneo.

In the collection of W. C. Hewitson.

This species, which is much smaller than the others, is closely

allied to 7. clarissa. The plush-like scales extend above the higher

discoidal nervure, as in 7’, teuthras ; the lower disco-cellular nervure

meets the median, nearly as in 7. clarissa.

In this genus the nervures, which are generally closely examined

as affording materials for generic distinction, give most valuable aid

in determining closely allied species. I have in this paper described

four new species of a genus which before contained but one, and find

that they all differ in the position of the disco-cellular nervules. It

would almost seem as if the variations of these nervures were only

specific, as I have before found them a valuable aid in separating

two very closely allied species of Callithea.

In Terinos clarissa, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-

dian nervure considerably before the base of its second branch.

In Terinos terpander, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the

median nearly at the same point as in 7’. clarissa, but somewhat nearer

the base of its second branch.

1862.] PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CORPUSCLES, ETC. 91

In Terinos taxiles, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-

dian nervure a little before the base of its second branch.

In Terinos teuthras, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the

median nervure at the dase of its second branch.

In Terinos tethys, the lower disco-cellular nervure meets the me-

dian nervure @ little beyond the base of its second branch.

3. On THE Rep CorpuscLes oF THE BLoop or VERTEBRATA,

AND ON THE ZooxoGicaL Import oF THE NUCLEUS, WITH

PLANS OF THEIR STRUCTURE, ForM, AND S1zE (on A UNtI-

FORM SCALE), IN MANY OF THE DIFFERENT ORDERS. By

GrorGe GuLutver, F.R.S., Proressor or COMPARATIVE

ANATOMY AND PuysioLoGy TO THE RoyaAt COLLEGE OF

SURGEONS.

The object of this communication is to give a summary of the

value and import of the red corpuscles of the blood as regards sy-

stematic zoology, deduced from my observations published, piecemeal,

during the last twenty-three years, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this

Society and elsewhere. Such notices will be given of the labours of

others in this interesting field, up to the year 1845, as the present

confused state of physiological history may seem most to require.

The drawings now exhibited to the Society are selected from a

much larger number in my possession, and are all on the same scale,

exhibiting plainly to the eye the relative form and size of the cor-

puscles in 171 species of the different classes and orders of the Ver-

tebrate subkingdom, and the difference of structure in the corpuscles

of the two great divisions of this subkingdom—i. e., 1, Vertebrata

apyrenemata, or Mammalia; 2, Vertebrata pyrenemata, or Ovi-

parous Vertebrata.

Structure of the Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

In Man and other Mammalia there are two sets of red corpuscles.

The first or temporary set disappears at an early period of intra-

uterine life, and is replaced by the second or permanent set.

The corpuscle of the temporary set is composed of a vesicle in-

cluding a nucleus, is larger than the corpuscle of the second set, and

is, in short, a cell containing a nucleus. This cell is, both in struc-

ture and size, the true analogue of the red corpuscle of oviparous

Vertebrata. (See Phil. Mag. for Aug., 1842, p. 107; and my

Note to Wagner’s Physiology, Lond., 1844, p. 242, fig. 148.)

The corpuscles of the second set are those which replace the first

set, and, subject to waste and supply, are the red corpuscles of the

blood from birth, and during the greater part of the period of utero-

gestation, until death; and to these corpuscles the following ob-

servations will always be applied, unless otherwise expressed.

This corpuscle is not homogeneous, but is composed of a colour-

less membranous part, with a semifluid or viscid matter in which

92 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

the colour resides; and this matter, which forms the chief bulk of

the corpuscle, is very soluble in water, while the membranous part

is insoluble in water. ‘The corpuscle is slippery, soft, elastic, and

viscid ; it will assume a variety of forms, and quickly return to its

regular shape; and the corpuscles will stick together, not only in

the well-known piles, but also by their edges. Dr. Hodgkin and

Mr. Lister noticed the viscidity of the part of the corpuscles which

had been ruptured by pressure; but Dr. Davy first clearly described

the general viscidity of the entire corpuscles, which has been con-

firmed by the recent observations of Dr. Charles Robin, who appears

to have been unacquainted with the observations just mentioned, so

long before made in this country. I have observed that this viscidity

of the corpuscles is much increased in buffy blood.

The regular corpuscle has no nucleus—nothing at all like that so

plain in the corpuscle of oviparous Vertebrata. Even the oval cor-

puscle of Camelidee has the true Mammalian type, both in size and

structure, being of the small size usual to Ruminantia, and alike de-

stitute of a nucleus; so that it is in shape only that these corpuscles

resemble those of the inferior classes, as proved by me long since in the

papers cited below. And as the history of what, in 1845, Mr. Whar-

ton Jones appropriately called ‘this vexed question of a nucleus”? is

interesting and important in physiological literature, and seems never

to have been clearly known, we may dwell a little on the subject.

The mistake of describing a nucleus in the red corpuscle of Mam-

malia arose from its central spot, and from the observers having seen

the nucleus so plainly in the larger corpuscles of fishes and reptiles.

Thus Hewson, using the corpuscles of the Skate to ascertain their

structure, never entertained a doubt that the nucleus he saw so plainly

—‘ ‘like a pea in a bladder”—in the red corpuscle of that fish was

a true representative of a nucleus in the human blood-corpuscle, and,

indeed, that what was true of the structure of the one was equally so

of the other.

And this error, in one shape or other, prevailed up to our time,

and was quite general about the year 1839, when I was always en-

deavouring to correct it (see Med. Ch. Trans. vol. xxiii.; Lancet,

1840-41, p. 101; and my App. to Gerber’s Anatomy, p. 13); while

Miiller, Krause, Gerber, and others, following Prevost and Dumas and

Prof. Milne-Edwards on the Continent, had satisfied themselves of

the existence of a nucleus in the human blood-corpuscle ; and the late

Dr. Martin Barry was publishing engravings in the ‘ Philosophical

Transactions,’ in London, of what he regarded as positive proofs of

this so-called nucleus. But it must be recollected that in 1827

Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister made the following statement :—‘ Our

observations are at variance with the opinion long since formed by

Hewson, that these particles consisted of a central globule inclosed in

a vesicle composed of the coloured part; and which, though refuted by

Dr. Young, has since in a modified form been revived by Sir Everard

Home and Bauer in this country, and by Prevost and Dumas on the

Continent.”? This conclusion of Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister refers

to their examination of the human blood-corpuscles; and most in-

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 93

teresting it is, among the first anatomical fruits of Mr. Lister’s very

important labours in the improvement of the microscope, and withal

so accurate that it ought at once and for ever to have dispelled any

further belief in this imaginary nucleus of the blood-dise of Man.

Yet, after all, it does not appear that their observations were pushed

far enough to verify the remarkable exactness of Hewson’s descrip-

tion regarding the oviparous Vertebrata, but ouly to show its inac-

curacy when applied to Mammalia. And so here we were left to the

distraction of half-truths, that fruitful source of error, very pre-

cise and conscientious in themselves, but still so confounding two

things fundamentally different as to obscure the whole truth. ‘This,

indeed, as in so many other cases, lay between both parties; for the

descriptions of Hewson and of Hodgkin and Lister are quite accurate

and real, when confined, as they ought always to be, to the class of

animal on the blood of which those excellent observers were severally

engaged.

Lastly, in 1842 and 1845 Mr. Wharton Jones in England, and

M. Donné on the Continent, fully coincided with me as to the dif-

ference in question between the Mammalia and the lower Vertebrata ;

and this essential fact as to the “‘ vexed question of a nucleus”? was

then established evermore, though in 1841 Dr. Rees and Mr. Lane

were still maintaining that there really is a nucleus in the blood-dise

of Man. But their supposed nucleus seems to be identical with

what I have always depicted and described as the membranous base

or frame of the corpuscle, and similar to the part figured by Home

and Bauer, but a very different thing from a nucleus.

Now, if we wash the red corpuscles of Mammalia in water, using

a tall narrow jar or even a test-tube, allowing them to subside, de-

canting the supernatant liquid, and adding fresh portions of it until

all the colouring-matter and viscid part be removed, there will be a

whitish precipitate, consisting mostly of pale, thin, nearly trans-

parent, flattened circular discs. These are the membranous bases

or frames of the corpuscles-—corresponding to the globuline of some

authors—quite insoluble in water, and so faint as not to be easily

seen until their opacity has been increased by some such reagent as

corrosive sublimate, which makes them very distinct. In short, this

washed corpuscle is its colourless tegumentary frame, which, thus

treated, is finer and smaller than (that is to say, about two-thirds

the diameter of) the fresh unwashed corpuscle, thinner and of larger

comparative diameter than the nucleus of the blood-dise of oviparous

Vertebrata, and approaching in size to, but wanting the globular form

of, the objects represented in the beautiful drawings by Bauer :—

Fig. 1. Outlines of the human corpuscle, the first and second as

seen flat and on edge ; and the third showing the thin, delicate, faint

and colourless membranous frame or base of the same, and entirely

devoid of a nucleus, after three days washing in water. At fig. 12

is seen, first, a sketch of a regular corpuscle of a bird, and next, the

same corpuscle made round, and clearly showing its nucleus after

similar washing in water. This washed corpuscle is represented

rather larger than it should be.

94 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CoRPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

Shape of the Red Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

The red corpuscle is a circular, flattened, biconcave disc, rounded

at the margin. The flatness of the corpuscle was first clearly proved

by Hewson,—though the old error of its spherical or spheroidal figure

prevailed for years afterwards, and was particularly supported by

Mr. Hunter. The biconcave form was inferred by Dr. Young, and

proved by Dr. Hodgkin and Mr. Lister. This concavity causes the

central spot so long mistaken for a nucleus.

There are certain exceptions, regular and irregular, to the circular

and biconcave shape. The Camelide, as will be more particularly

explained in the proper place, have oval corpuscles. And when we

consider how pliant and elastic the Mammalian corpuscle is, and

what a delicate endosmometer it may be, how it will be taking in

and giving out fluid according to the relative density of the liquor

sanguinis and contents of the corpuscle, we might expect rapid

variations in its shape within certain limits; and such is the fact.

Accordingly, the corpuscles may be either swollen, puckered, or

shrunk into a variety of figures, flat, tumid, like a shallow circular or

oval cup, stellate, notched, granulated, mulberry-shaped, crescentic,

angular, lanceolate, fusiform, comma-shaped, and other figures, defy-

ing definition. In certain Cervide, to be noticed presently, the

angular, crescentic, and lanceolate corpuscles are in unusual abun-

dance. Dr. Richardson has well depicted a number of forms pre-

sented by the corpuscles in connexion with disease.

Relative Sizes of the Red Corpuscles of Apyrenematous Vertebrates.

The knowledge of this subject was very vague before my observa-

tions. It was the prevailing statement, after Hewson, that the size

of the corpuscle is not at all connected with that of the animal, since

he found them alike in the ox, cat, ass, mouse, and bat. But,

while confirming the accuracy of his statement as to animals of such

different orders, I soon found that, in a really natural family, other

things equal, the largest corpuscles will be generally found among the

large species, and the smallest corpuscles among the small species, of

that family. See, for examples, the drawings of the corpuscles of

Rodentia and Edentata, orders characterized by large corpuscles ; and

those of Ruminantia, an order, on the other hand, characterized by

small corpuscles. There are many exceptions to an exact relation

between the sizes of the species and corpuscles ; but these will pro-

bably fall into order as our knowledge extends. In the Ass, for

instance, the corpuscles are slightly larger than in the Horse, as

might be expected from the comparative muscular and respiratory

activity of these two animals; in the Mouse and the gigantic Rat

the corpuscles scarcely differ in size; in the Noctule they are just

appreciably smaller than in some of the more diminutive Bats. To

enumerate the exceptions, which are commonly but slight, would be

tedious and unnecessary, as some of them may be seen in the wood-

cuts, and numerous others, as well as those just mentioned, in my

‘Tables of Measurements,’ published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 95

Society, October 14, 1845, and in subsequent numbers; in the Ap-

pendix to the English version of Gerber’s ‘Anatomy ;’ and in my

‘Notes to the Edition of Hewson’s Works,’ printed for the Sydenham

Society. The exceptions among the Fere were long since especially

noticed by me; and exceptions among aberrant species of any family

may be generally expected. But no example has hitherto been dis-

covered (ceteris paribus) of any one natural family, subject to the

exceptions implied, in which the largest corpuscles do not prevail

among the large species, and the smallest corpuscles among the small

species of that family. And this is the way in which I have put or

intended the rule as to the relation between the size of the corpuscles

and that of the species in the higher Vertebrata. But I never ex-

tended it to the two lowest classes, as may be seen from my measure-

ments of their corpuscles, and in the papers just cited. On the

contrary, some of the great Ophidia, as Python, are there shown to

have smaller corpuscles than such little species as Coluber and Anguis.

And this seems to be sufficient notice of the so-called exceptions of

certain reptiles and fishes erroneously adduced, in a former Part of

the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society, against my observations.

As to the comparative smallness and abundance of the corpuscles

of the Tunny, if, as there is reason to suppose, this be a warm-blooded

fish, the fact would be interesting as a probable indication of a special

adaptation. Dr. Davy, the highest authority on this question, has

long since proved experimentally that its ally (the Bonito) has warm

blood, and that the blood of the Tunny is so very rich in red cor-

puscles as to afford a remarkable contrast in this respect to some of

the cold fishes with which he made the comparisons. I long since per-

ceived that there must be some sort of connexion between the size of

the red corpuscles and the respiratory function ; and Dr. Davy in 1844

held, as the result of precise observations, that these corpuscles are

important in relation to animal heat. They have long been consi-

dered as carriers of oxygen. More recently, Professor Milne-Edwards,

in his excellent ‘Legons sur la Physiologie,’ has made this subject

his own as far as concerns the tendency of the red corpuscles to be

of smaller size in proportion to the general activity and respiratory

demands of the animal, and vice versd. His observations are numerous

and interesting on this point ; and the many exceptions as to regular

gradation of size, such as may be seen in the present woodcut, and,

further, in the ‘Tables of Measurements’ already referred to, are

fairly recognized by him. But our knowledge is not at present suf-

ficiently advanced to admit of a calculation of the disturbing cir-

cumstances, of which hybernation and peculiarities of structure and

habits, and differences in the relative proportion of the red corpuscles

to the other proximate constituents of the blood, may be among the

number.

Tn Mammalia and Birds I have long since observed some tendency

to a relation of size between the red corpuscles and pulmonary air-

cells and capillary vessels. And when the beautiful observations of

the late Professor Quekett showed the value and import of the bone-

cells, it was immediately seen that there is a like disposition to a re-

96 PROF, GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

lation between these and the red corpuscles. In short, ceteris pari-

bus, the higher the organization of the animal, the greater is the

quantity and surface of the red corpuscles, and vice versd. The

sum of this surface of a given quantity will be increased in proportion

to their minuteness, and diminished in proportion to their largeness,

just as the surface of a pound of lead would be much greater in small

than in large shot.

Man.—But few Mammalia have larger corpuscles than Man ;

among these may be noted the elephant, the whale, the great ant-

eater.

Quadrumana.—The corpuscles differ but little from those of Man,

being only just appreciably, or sometimes not at all, smaller, both in

the monkeys of the old and new continents. In the lemurs the cor-

puscles are slightly smaller generally.

Cheiroptera and Insectivorous Fere.—The corpuscles are slightly

smaller than in the monkeys.

Fere.—There is considerable diversity in the size of the corpuscles,

but such a marked disposition to uniformity in those of certain sub-

divisions of the order, that some of them might be distinguished from

others by a comparison simply of the corpuscles. Some of the small

Felide have rather larger corpuscles than the lion or tiger. If set

down in the order of the size of the corpuscles, from large to small,

the families would stand thus:—seals, dogs, bears, weasels, cats,

viverras. A Viverra may be instantly known, by the smallness of the

red corpuscles, from a dog. In the seals, otters, and dogs the cor-

puscles are about as large as in Man, and those of the viverras as

small as in some little species of Ruminantia. Bassaris has been

alternately associated with the bears and viverras; as far as re-

gards its corpuscles it agrees best with the bears. The Kinkajou in

the same respect approaches more to the viverras than to the bears

and weasels with which it has at different times been arranged.

Pachydermata.—As discovered by Mandl, the elephant has cor-

puscles larger than those of Man; in the rhinoceros they are rather

smaller than in Man, and still smaller in the tapirs, pigs, and horse.

In Hyraz the corpuscles are enlarged again; so that in this respect

this animal is more like a rodent than a pachyderm. Indeed, it may

be expected that, whenever a marked difference exists in the cor-

puscles of any species as compared with the corpuscles of its nearest

allies, that species will prove to be an aberrant one—Cercoleptes,

Bassaris, Hyrax, for example.

Cetacea.—In Balena the corpuscles are slightly larger than in

Man, and rather smaller in the porpoise, with an intermediate size

in the ca’ing whale.

Ruminantia.—An order characterized by the smallness of the cor-

puscles. In the Napu musk deer, meminna, and Stanley musk

deer I discovered* that the red corpuscles are the smallest known

in the animal kingdom, and that those of the brocket deer and the

Ibex are next in minuteness. Then follows a further enlargement

* See Med. Chir. Trans. vol. xxiii. ; Dublin Medical Press, Nov. 27, 1839; and

the Lancet, vol. ii. p. 101, 1840-41. j

1862. | OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 97

in the corpuscles of the common goat, which had always been pre-

viously described as the smallest known. In the sheep they are

somewhat larger still; while in the large species of the order, as the

Buffalo and Aurochs, the Sambur, Wapiti and Moose-deer, the cor-

puscles are as large as in many Carnivora, and larger than in most of

the Viverride.

In certain Cervide, as the Mexican, Reeve’s, and the Hog Deer,

the crescentic, lanceolate, and fusiform shapes may occur in great

abundance, as shown in the woodcut.

The Camelide have oval blood-corpuscles. But, as I proved in

1839 (see foot-note, page 97) and often since, it is in shape only

that these red corpuscles resemble those of oviparous Vertebrata.

The corpuscles generally of the Camelide have no nucleus, and so

agree in structure, as they do also in size, with those of their mam-

malian allies. The oval shape of the corpuscles was discovered by

Mandl in the Dromedary and Paco, quickly afterwards confirmed

and found by me to exist also in the Bactrian Camel, the Llama,

and the Vicugna.

Rodentia.—These have large corpuscles, like those of the Qua-

drumana. Even in that tiny creature the Harvest-mouse they are

quite as large as in the Horse and Peccary, while in the Capybara

they are as large as or larger than in Man. In some of the small

active Sciuride, besides the large corpuscles, there was an unusual

proportion of smaller ones, which might be curiously considered in

connexion with the habits of this family.

Edentata.—The corpuscles are large; in the Armadillo hardly

smaller than in Man, while they are larger in the Two-toed Sloth and

in the Great Ant-eater. The corpuscles of these two last-named ani-

mals are the largest known among Mammalia, excepting the Elephant;

and it may be supposed, according to the rule already explained, that

the red corpuscles of the gigantic Glyptodon and Megatherium were

larger than any yet seen in the class.

Marsupiata.—The corpuscles agree in structure with those of the

corresponding placental series of animals, and generally approach in

size to those of the Rodentia.

Monotremata.—The corpuscles of the Ornithorynchus are very

like those of Man in all respects, according to the observations of

Drs. Davy, Hobson, and Bedford ; and my examination of the blood

of the Echidna was to the same effect.

Red Corpuscles of Pyrenematous Vertebrates.

Hewson’s description, when confined exclusively to these, is so

remarkably accurate as to require little addition as regards structure.

The regular red corpuscle of oviparous Vertebrata is a cell or vesicle

containing a nucleus, while the regular red corpuscle of Mammalia

has no nucleus. This is the leading or central difference, as result-

ing entirely from my own observations, between these two great sub-

divisions of the Vertebrata ; and thus we long since disposed of “ this

vexed question of a nucleus.” Compare figs. 1 and 12, and the

description of them at page 102.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. VII.

98 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CORPUSCLES [Feb. 25,

Birds.—The vesicle, when treated with water, so far from retaining

its shape or becoming narrower, as erroneously represented by Pro-

fessor KGlliker, becomes generally more or less round in this and the

lower classes ; and so do the oval corpuscles of the camels.

No hird has yet been found with the majority of the corpuscles

otherwise than oval. In any drop of blood a few of them may be

more or less circular; but their most common figure is with the

short diameter as 1 to the long diameter between 14 and 2. Still

they vary in different species, so as to present the form of a broader

or narrower ellipse. The broad short shape is frequent in some

little granivorous and insectivorous birds, as the Rice-bird; and

the narrow long shape in several birds of different orders, as the

Snowy Owl, Passenger Pigeon, and Butcher-bird. The thickness

of the corpuscle is between a third and a fourth of its short dia-

meter.

As might be expected from their comparative uniformity of organi-

zation, in birds the size of the corpuscle is much less variable than

in Mammalia, and has throughout the class so far more relation to

the size of the species, whether of one or different orders, that Hew-

son would scarcely have said of this class that the corpuscles are not

disposed to be larger in the large than in the small species. In

short, no instance is yet known, ceteris paribus, of a prevalence of

the largest corpuscles in the small and the smallest corpuscles in the

large birds, taking a great number of the different-sized species to

compensate for aberrations ; so that the whole class resembles in this

respect a single order of Mammalia, and is alike without an exact or

regular gradation in the size of the corpuscles, the rule applying

only with many exceptions, as before noticed or implied. The Horn-

bill, for example, has larger corpuscles than some much larger birds,

as the Pelican.

A very remarkable relation exists between the short diameter of

the oval corpuscles of birds and the diameter of the circular cor-

puscles of Mammalia. Indeed, so constant is this coincidence that

it may be accepted as arule. I have not met with an example in

which the breadth of a bird’s corpuscle does not closely correspond

to the diameter of the corpuscle of some of the Mammalia.

Reptiles.—In structure and shape the corpuscles of reptiles are

the same as in birds; but in size the reptilian corpuscles vary so

greatly as to afford a remarkable contrast in this respect with birds.

The largest occur in the naked amphibia, especially in the perenni-

branchiate subdivision, as discovered by Professor Wagner; and

the smallest in the lizards, tortoises, and serpents. Such is their

magnitude in the Proteus, that they may be seen with a common

hand-lens; and the observation of Dr. Crisp, which accords with

my subsequent examinations of them in the fresh blood, shows that

they are nearly as large in the great Japanese Salamander. In that

paradoxical creature Lepidosiren, I found that the corpuscles have the

true reptilian character, being larger than those yet known of any

fish, and having also a stronger and more durable vesicle than that

of the blood-corpuscle generally of fishes; and Dr. Gray (a very

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES, 99

high authority on a question of zoological affinity) has recently

arranged this animal among the reptiles.

Fishes.—The structure of the corpuscle is the same as in the two

preceding classes. The vesicle in fishes is usually more tender and

evanescent. There are great variations in the size and shape of the

corpuscles, as discovered by Professor Wagner, especially in the car-

tilaginous group. They are largest and oval in the Sharks and

Skates, and circular in certain Cyclostomes, as Ammoceetes and Pe-

tromyzon, in which the corpuscles are among the smallest—the dis-

covery also of Wagner. Their large size in the Common Skate was

discovered by Hewson. In the Pike I found them generally more or

less pointed at the ends, though in many other osseous fishes the

corpuscles are more or less regularly oval, and similar in size to those

of birds, yet with the disc commonly broader in comparison with its

length. It may be nearly or quite circular ; and often at least half of

the corpuscles are thus round, especially a few hours after death, so

that the short ellipse is almost displaced by the circular form, as

may be seen in the blood of the Tench.

The most aberrant corpuscles in the class, as might be expected,

occur in Mr. Yarrell’s Lancelot (Amphioxus lanceolatus), in which,

according to the observations of Retzius, Quatrefages, and Miiller,

they are colourless, like lymph-globules and the blood-corpuscles of

numerous Invertebrata. But it must be recollected that this creature

is ranked as the lowest fish by Yarrell, and was in fact described by

Pallas as a Limax. Professor Kdélliker assures us that there are no

blood-corpuscles whatever in this fish! It has been found on our

shores ; and whoever may take up a systematic investigation of the

blood-corpuscles of the Invertebrata must either begin or end with

Amphioxus, as their connecting link with the Vertebrata. In the

Glutinous Hag, Miiller found the corpuscles oval, and even fusiform.

Zoological Import of the Nucleus.

In Mammalia we have shown that, during an early period of intra-

uterine life, the temporary red blood-cell with its nucleus is the ana-

logue of the permanent or common red corpuscle of oviparous Verte-

brata, while the permanent or common red corpuscle of Mammalia

is devoid of any such nucleus.

To the cursory observer it might seem of little consequence

whether the red corpuscles of the blood of Man and Mammalia have,

or have not, a nucleus; and accordingly, up to this moment, the

question seems to have been commonly regarded as a mere microsco-

pical curiosity. But when, in 1839 and again two or three years

afterwards, I fully saw the essential difference in question between

these corpuscles and those of oviparous Vertebrata (having proved

the fact by careful examinations of the blood of numberless animals,

and that in opposition to the then prevailing erroneous statements

and doctrines), it at once appeared to me as a very essential truth ;

and subsequent experience has only confirmed this view. In short,

the fact of this structure of the corpuscles of the two great divisions

100 PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CoRPUSCLES ([Feb. 25,

of Vertebrata, comprehending such a wide extent of subordinate facts

as to rise to all the dignity of a central one, small as it may appear,

is really a great addition to zoological science. Thus is plainly un-

folded the most universal and essential difference ever before dis-

covered between the Mammalia and oviparous Vertebrata ; for this

one minute point is in truth so large and extensive as to clearly cha-

racterize the divisions in question in any sex or at any age, which

not one of the old diagnoses can effect. Yet not even a glimpse of

this important truth, so readily reconciling the discrepancies of former

observers, was ever caught, during the contentions as to the presence

or absence of the nucleus, in this zoological point of view.

And the present conclusion is alike extended and supported by the

discoveries of development for which we are indebted to Mr. Wharton

Jones, who has clearly shown that there is a similar difference in

this respect. But although his important researches ought to have

been well known in this country since 1845, they have been strangely

neglected, while the far less accurate and comprehensive observations

of Professor K6lliker have been imported and translated, and much

too generally adopted in England. In connexion with Mr. Wharton

Jones’s conclusion, I may mention that one, two, three, or four mam-

malian red corpuscles may certainly form a nucleus of a cell, as

depicted by me in the ‘ Philosophical Magazine,’ Sept. 1842, p. 170.

This observation has often since been imported from abroad, but

never with the least perception of its significance.

And so “this vexed question of.a nucleus” is at length not only

settled, but also placed at the service of systematic zoology. Ac-

cordingly, the two great divisions of the Vertebrate subkingdom are

here characterized as Vertebrata pyrenemata and Vertebrata apy-

renemata—the former corresponding to the oviparous, and the latter

to the Mammalian section.

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOOD ENGRAVING (p. 101).

All the corpuscles are drawn to a scale of ;;4>5th of an English inch, and are

magnified about 920 times linear admeasurement. The scale is marked at the

bottom of the engraving. :

Corpuscles only of average size are.given ; and but one corpuscle from each

species of animal, with the few exceptions presently to be noticed.

The corpuscles of Apyrenzematous Vertebrates occupy the upper part of the

engraving, above the double line ; and the different orders of these are separated

by the short upright lines. The corpuscles of Pyrenzematous Vertebrates occupy

all the larger part of the engraving below the double line. At 12 is a row of

birds’ corpuscles; 13-17, corpuscles of reptiles ; and 18, a row of the corpuscles

of fishes. The figures at 1 and 12, referring to structure, are fully explained at

page 93. Of the Pyrenzmatous Vertebrates, the nuclei are shown much more

plainly than they appear in the pure corpuscles; but the action of acetic acid ex-

poses the nuclei as distinctly as they are here represented.

The names of the animals are set down in the following table, according to the

order in which the sketches of the corpuscles stand in the engraving. The fol-

lowing measurements of the corpuscles are all in vulgar fractions of an English

inch; but as the numerator is invariably 1, it is omitted throughout, and the de-

nominators only are printed. T. denotes the thickness, L. D. the long diameter,

and §S. D. the short diameter of the corpuscles.

1862.] OF THE BLOOD OF VERTEBRATES. 101

OPO |,OOO0 |:000 |

pe OOO EKO O00]

POO MOO COO:

20000 OOQCOUQVQo)ionz|

PROF. GULLIVER ON THE RED CorPUSCLES. [Feb. 25,

VERTEBRATA APYRENAEMATA.

102

Figs. 1. Homo.

Corpuscle flat .........- sebencaes en 3,200

The same on edge, T.........-+++ 12,400

The same, long macerated in

WALED ss0s<ss cae dea haus sao ,800

Figs. 2. Quadrumana.

Simia troglodytes ............0.- 3,412

fA AER) C1) Rae ear adnede edbecnodan 3,602

Lemur anjuanensis...........-... 4,003

Figs. 3. Cheiroptera.

Vespertilio murinus .........-.- 4,175

MOCTHIAeeeraeceesess Saseebee 4,404

—— pipistrellus.............0.0es 4,324

Figs. 4. Fere.

Sorex tetragonurus .......... 4,571

Ursus labiatus.......cccsesssesseoe 3,728

Bassaris astuta ...scccssereeeeeee 4,033

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus ...... 4,573

Phoca vitulina ...........+6 Sedeer sO Leo

Canis dingo............cesssses cues 3,099

Mustela zorilla ........-.seeeeeee 4,270

Felis tigvis ........:.+sseeseees eee 4,206

Paradoxurus pallasii ...........+ 5,485

bondar ....... seivaeseaies ss 5,693

Figs. 5. Cetacea.

Balzena boops ....... Se, deisastesos 3,099

Delphinus globiceps ............ 3,200

—— phoceena............ weseesese 3029

Figs. 6. Pachydermata.

Elephas indicus .............0.... 2,745

Rhinoceros indicus............ eee 8,765

Tapirus indicus ...............006 4,000

Equus caballus ................ -- 4,600

: Ge lpasosd choses 13,422

Dicotyles torquatus ..... share 4,490

Hyrax capensis ............6. eee 3,008

Figs. 7. Ruminantia.

Moschus javanicus ......+++..e.6. 12,325

mMeminna .......6- seecdeden Baee

stanleyanus ..... Weights .... 10,825

Cervus nemorivagus ...... seseee 7,060

Capra caucasica ....sec00..-s2e00 7,045

hircus......... veers 6,366

BOS SULUS Seacsi ccs cden teveveacees once yO:

Camelopardalis giraffa ......... 4,571

Auchenia vicugna {§ Disses

as S.D. 6,444

L.D. 3,361

—— PCO vereeersereeees { SD. 6,294

L.D. 3,361

—— glama.............+- { S.D. 6294

L.D. 3,254

Camelus dromedarius...< 8.D. 5,921

T. 15,337

L.D. 3,123

—— bacirianus ......... | S.D. 5,876

T. 15,210

Cervus mexicanus: the seven last cor-

puscles—round, crescentic, sigmoid,

lanceolate, comma-shaped, notched,

and quadrangular forms.

Figs. 8. Rodentia.

VERTEBRATA PYRENZMATA.

Figs. 12. Aves.

L.D. S.D.

Struthio camelus ...... 1,649 3,000

Ts osha 9,166

Nucleus ...... 3,200 9,166

(With a corpuscle after maceration

in water.)

Vanga destructor ...... 2,019 3,892

Lanius excubitor ...... 1,989 5,325

Bubo virginianus ...... 1,837 4,000

Surnia nyctea......... «. 1,555 4,042

Nucleus ...... 3,200 10,666

Hydrochcerus capybara ......... 3,190

Castor fiber..c..tescce ncseeees one 3,325

Sciurus CinereuS ........-..s..00+ . 4,000

Mus messorius ............. secee 45268

Figs. 9. Edentata.

Myrmecophaga jubata ........- 2,769

Bradypus didactylus ............ 2,865

Dasypus villosus........ see hwodens 3,315

Figs. 10. Marsupiata. |

Phascolomys wombat.........+«. 3,456

Hypsiprymnus setosus ......... 4,000

Fig. 11. Monotremata.

Echidna hystrix ..............++ « 3,300

L.D. S.D.

Columba rufina ......... 2,314 3,429

—— migratoria......... 1,909 4,626

Dolychonyx oryzivorus 2,400 4,167

Buceros rhinoceros ... 1,690 | 3,230

Psittacus augustus...... 2,085 3,600

Phasianus superbus ... 2,128 3,587

Nucleus ...... 4,500 8,000

Pelecanus onocrotalus.. 1,777 3,369

Nucleus ...... 3,200 9,600

Trochilus ceseeeeee 2,666 4,000

(Species unknown.)

1862.] MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE JAVAN LORIS. 103

Figs. 13-17. Reptilia. LD. §.D.

L.D. S.D. | Fig. 16. Proteus anguinus 400 727

Gymnopodus egyptia- Fig. 17. Lepidosiren an-

Lihat Soa pe a ae 1,143 2,000 TICCLCNING ..ccccccecccoos 570 941

Crocodilus acutus ...... 1,231 2,286 Nucleus ...... 1,455 2,900

Dive.see 8,000

Lacerta viridis ......... 1,555 2,743 Fi F

Anguis fragilis ......... 1,178 2,666 igs. 18. Pisces.

Coluber berus ......... 1,274 1,800 | Perca cernua ............ 2,461 3,000

Nucleus ...... 3,227 4,986 | The same on edge, T. 8830

Python tigris............ 1,440 2,400 Nucleus ...... 6,000 8,000

Nucleus ...... 3,555 7,468 | Cyprinus tinca ......... 2,286 2,722

Bufo vulgaris............ 1,043 2,000 Dees’ ee 8,830

Spee ae 5,625 Nucleus ...... 8,500 9,600

Nucleus ...... 2,802 5,261 | Esoxlucius ............ 2,000 3,555

Lissotriton punctatus.. 814 1,246 Nucleus ...... 5,333 8,000

Nucleus ...... 1,778 2,667 | Thymallns vulgaris ... 1,684 2,900

Fig. 14. Sieboldia maxima 450 800 | Gymnotus electricus... 1,745 2,599

Fig. 15. Siren lacertina. 420 760 | Squalus acanthias ...... 1,143 1,684

Nucleus ...... 1,142 2,007 | Ammoccetes branchialis 2,460

March 11, 1862.

Dr. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. W. H. Flower, F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Conservator of the Museum

of the Royal College of Surgeons, read a memoir on the Brain of

the Javan Loris (Stenops javanicus).

The subject of this communication was an adult female, which died

in the Zoological Society’s Gardens in January, 1862. In the exa-

mination of the brain every care had been taken to preserve the natural

configuration of the different portions of the organ; the drawing of

the upper surface had been made before its removal from the cranial

cavity, and the other drawings, descriptions, and measurements were

checked by comparison with a cast of the interior of the skull. The

value of the descriptions and figures of the brain of Stenops already

published had been much diminished by inattention to such precau-

tions ; and they had also had the disadvantage of being made before

the researches of Gratiolet had thrown light upon the arrangement

of the convolutions on the cerebral hemispheres of the higher Qua-

drumana. A new description, which may serve as a standard of

comparison in studying the cerebral anatomy of allied forms, seemed

therefore to be called for.

The following is an abstract of Mr. Flower’s remarks :—

“‘ When seen iz situ, the two hemispheres present together an oval

figure, 1°3 inch in length, and 1°05 inch across the broadest part,

which is situated at the junction of the middle and posterior third of

the long axis. From this point the oval gradually narrows to rather

a sharp apex in front. There is no appearance of that want of

symmetry, both of size and form in the two hemispheres, described

and figured by Vrolik. Projecting anteriorly to the extent of } inch

beyond the cerebral hemispheres are the olfactory lobes, of consider-

104 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE JAVAN Loris. [Mar. 1],

able vertical depth, but compressed laterally, and pointed in front.

Projecting posteriorly is a very narrow edge of the cerebellum, most

visible in the middle line, both on account of its own greater promi-

nence at this part, and because the widening out of the termination

of the great longitudinal fissure of the cerebrum allows more of its

upper surface to be seen. When seen from one side, the upper con-

tour of the brain forms a low, flattened arch, the greatest point of

elevation being a little way behind the centre. The anterior or

frontal lobe is much depressed, and excavated below to make room

for the orbital plates of the frontal bone. The temporal lobes, dis-

tinctly marked off from the last by the Sylvian fissure, are full and

make a considerable projection downwards and forwards. The occi-

pital lobes are short and of little vertical depth, being hollowed

below for the cerebellum, the greater part of which body they cover.

The sulci of the cerebral hemispheres, though few, are well marked

and tolerably symmetrical. A particular description of their arrange-

ment is given in the paper. The principal sulci correspond with

those which in the higher Quadrumana have been named Sylvian,

antero-temporal, calloso-marginal, calcarine, and dentate.

‘On the inferior surface of the brain, the olfactory lobes in their

anterior half are seen to be compressed, and of equal width almost

to their termination ; posteriorly they become flat, and widen out to

their attachment to the under surface of the anterior lobe. The

fissure of Sylvius divides them from the temporal lobe. The orbital

surface of the hemisphere, as seen on each side of the olfactory lobes,

is hollowed out, and presents a simple longitudinal sulcus. The

optic nerves are small for the size of the brain; behind them is a

prominent, round, whitish mass filling up the greater part of the

interpeduncular space, in which the corpora albicantia are not clearly

distinguished from the tuber cinereum. The crura cerebri are of

moderate size. The pons Varoliiis not much elevated ; it is distinctly

marked off in front, but very indefinitely separated from the medulla

behind. ‘The last-named body is broad and flat anteriorly, the

median groove distinct, its other divisions but faintly indicated.

The nerves appear all to rise in the situations usual in this group of

animals.

*« The corpus callosum is 0°65 inch long, and covers half of the

anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina. Of these bodies the an-

terior are the largest, they are flat and rounded in outline; the pos-

terior are small, but very prominent. The posterior part of the

fornix is very broad, covering the optic thalami, and forming a wide

lamina (corpus fimbriatum) descending into the middle corner of the

ventricle. The hippocampus major is of moderate size. With all

the care taken, it was not possible to ascertain satisfactorily the extent

to which the ventricular cavity passed into the posterior lobe; but

this is a circumstance of very little importance, and varies greatly

even in the same species of Quadrumana. On the other hand, it is

of considerable anatomical and physiological consequence that the

portion of grey matter homologous to that forming the so-termed

‘hippocampus minor’ of the human subject, only of proportions

1862. ] MR. LOVELL REEVE ON A NEW PHYSA. 105

corresponding to the greater relative depth of the calcarine sulcus,

exists in this brain, as in that of Lemur and Galago and all the true

Apes.

Me The brain of Stenops conforms closely with that of Lemur, both

in its general form and the disposition of its surface-markings. The

principal differences that were observed between them are described

in the paper; and then follows a comparison of the brains of these

two animals with those of the higher Quadrumana. As has been so

well shown by M. Gratiolet, in his beautifully illustrated memoir

upon this subject, a certain type both of general configuration and

of surface-markings pervades the brain of all the Primates, from

Man to the Marmoset. From this type M. Gratiolet excludes the

Strepsirrhine Quadrumana, placing them, with the Insectivora, in a

-group of Mammalia whose cerebral organization he considers to be

quite distinct from that of the two first families of Quadrumana.

The author of the present paper finds reason to dissent from this

proposition, and upon cerebral characters alone would retain the

Lemurs in the position assigned to them by the majority of systematic

zoologists—admitting, however, that, while possessing certain very

important points of structure peculiar to the Primates, they are in

many respects, especially in the shortness of the posterior lobes, an

aberrant group, forming a transition towards the Cheiroptera, Car-

nivora, and other inferior Mammalia.”

This paper will be published at full length in the Socicty’s

‘ Transactions,’ and appropriately illustrated.

The following paper was read :—

ON A NEW FORM OF PuHYSA, OF THE SECTION AMERIA, RE-

CEIVED FROM GrorGE FrencH ANnaGas, Esa., or ANGASTON,

Sours AvustTrALis, CoRRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE So-

ciety. By Loveuu Reeve, F.LS.

The genus Physa occurs abundantly in the ponds and ditches of

Europe and North America, and throughout the intertropical main-

land and islands of the Eastern hemisphere. But in all the nume-

rous species belonging to this wide range of geographical distribution

the shell is regularly convex and smooth. In Australia and New

Zealand a new type appears, in which the shoulder of the whorl is

broadly angled. Eight species, in the collection of Mr. Cuming,

characterized by this angular growth, some of them with the spire

flatly immersed—two from New Zealand, the rest from North

Australia, Port Essington, and the Boyne, Calliope, and Fitzroy

Rivers—have been lately described by Mr. Henry Adams under the

new generic title of Ameria, all being uniformly smooth. They differ

from the rest of the Physe in being formed on the angular type;

they resemble them in being still destitute of sculpture. The form

of Physa now introduced from South Australia is of the angular

type, but it differs from all others in being sculptured transversely

with thread-like ridges. The shells of the allied genus Limnea are

106 MR. LOVELL REEVE ON A NEW PHYSA. [Mar. 11,

convex and typically smooth ; but there are two (L. ovata and emar-

ginata, Say) which incline to develop obscure, irregularly formed

ridges. The ridges of these Limnee are not, however, analogous to

the ridges of our new form of Physa. They are not of the same

symmetrical, persistent growth, and have more the appearance of

arising from a casual malleation of the surface of the shell.

Puysa (Ameria) ALic1£. Ph. testa anguste obtecte umbili-

cata, suboblongo-ovata, tenui, inflata, flavescenti-cornea, spira

parviuscula plus minus acute exserta; anfractibus tribus ad

quatuor, superne subabrupte declivi-angulatis, deinde conveais,

transversim undique filoso-liratis, liris inequalibus inequidi-

stantibus, interstitiis strits fibrosis incrementi, super liras et ad

suturas plicato-scabrosis, ereberrime longitudinaliter decussa-

tis; apertura suboblongo-ovata, labro tenuissime membranaceo

reflexo.

Long. 3, lat. 3 poll.

Hab. Lower Murray River, below Moorandi, and River Gawler,

South Australia: in small ponds under stones, and attached to aquatic

plants brought up by the dredge (dagas).

‘This interesting form of Physa,” writes Mr. Angas, “I should

like to be dedicated to my eldest daughter Alicia, who found the

first specimen, and called my attention to it; and I have great

pleasure in complying with a request so highly deserving of a lasting

and honourable acknowledgment. ‘The shell is of a slightly mflated

oblong structure, with a rather small spire, sharply exserted, but

more so in the specimens from the Gawler than in those from the

Lower Murray River. Round the upper shoulder, so to speak, the

whorls are rather narrowly sharply angled, forming a subconcave

slope from the suture, below which the shell is encircled with thread-

like ridges. The ridges are parallel throughout, but unequal in

substance and in distance from each other, being especially finer and

more crowded towards the base. The outer surface of the shell is

composed of a yellowish, horny, membranaceous cuticle, of which

the strize of growth cross the interstices between the ridges in very

close and strongly marked succession, and in the sutures and on

1862. | LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 107

crossing the ridges they rise in minute scabrous plications. The

aperture is enamelled with a tinge of ruddy colour.

The upper figure represents the shell of the natural size. In the

lower figures it is enlarged to show the scabrous plications.

March 25, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary announced that Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., had shipped

a living Kagu (Rhinochetus jubatus) for the Society from Sydney

on the 16th of January previous, and read the following extracts from

a letter just received from that gentleman relating to the habits of

this remarkable bird :—

‘Of the two Kagus brought from New Caledonia alive, one died

on the 4th of January, 1862, and on dissection proved to be a female.

It was larger than the one now sent to England alive ; and when that

one dies (as the plumage and crest are similar, and both appeared

to be fully grown, the only distinction being size) it would be inter-

esting to ascertain the sex. The Kagu is a very interesting bird,

readily domesticated. It is amusing to see them politely bowing

their heads one to the other, elevating their crests at the same time,

and then finish by coquetting about. They climb up the wires in

front of their place of confinement just as the Red-billed Porphyrios.

They often leap, aided by the wings, upon the stumps or low branches

of trees; but they invariably roost on the ground, in an erect posi-

tion, with the head buried between the shoulders or under the wing,

and in confinement never seek any elevated position for roosting.

In New Caledonia they are usually seen about the sea-coast, by the

side of rivers; and although in some parts of the island they are

very numerous, yet about the settlement of Port du France they are

seldom seen more than from two to four together at the same time.

When disturbed they only fly to the height of a few feet, and escape

into the thick brushwood. They are eaten by the natives. A lady

just returned from New Caledonia informs me that a pair have been

kept tame at Port du France for nearly three years, and are well-

known roamers of the streets of that settlement. When a dog ap-

proaches them, they elevate their crests and flap their wings to drive

it away. They are usually to be seen about those places where the men

are digging, approaching them fearlessly for the sake of procuring

worms or grubs that are turned up from the ground by the hoe or

spade. The same lady describes a noise they make in their wild

state, when concealed among the reeds or bushes, as resembling that

of a young puppy crying for its mother.”

The following extract was read from a letter addressed by Colonel

Abbott to George O. Wray, Esq., and communicated by the latter

gentleman to the Secretary :—

108 EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS. [Mar. 25,

“In March, 1858, as-near as I can recollect, near the village of

Pur-Buddah, distant 14 mile from the town of Akyab in Arracan,

two Sepoys of the Arracan Local Battalion captured under a rock a

large female Boa, some 12 feet in length, and abstracted with her a

nest of eggs forty-eight in number. Both Snake and eggs were pre-

sented to me by a friend, who knew that I was interested in such

things. My object now was to secure this prize, and see what would

result from the detention. Unfortunately I was taken seriously ill, and

neglected to keep notes on the subject, and all I now state is from

recollection. The Python was in my possession for upwards of two

months and a half, and was constantly coiled around her eggs, re-

fusing food in various forms, living and dead, viz., fowls, rats, and

frogs. I then quitted Arracan on sick-leave and came to Calcutta,

bringing the Snake and eggs with me, and made them over to Dr.

Pearson (since dead) and Dr. Evans. The Snake was in my posses-

sion, as I said before, about ten weeks in the province and ten days

(more or less) in Calcutta, and nearly a week on the voyage up to

Calcutta, as we went to Chittagong: this will bring the eggs and

Snake to be known to me three months ; and the eggs were still not

hatched.

“ On visiting the Museum and finding the eggs in the condition

I sent them in, curiosity led us to detach an egg from the mass ; and

looking at it carefully it was supposed to be bad, as it exhibited

marks of green mildew and soil, and there was no motion in it. We

then determined to open it with a knife, and to our surprise we ex-

tracted a fully formed live young one, active and strong, which would,

I have no doubt, have lived had it been allowed. I left Caleutta

shortly after this, and do not know what became of the Boa and re-

maining eggs; but, should further information be required, I would

suggest that application be made to Mr. Blyth, if still in Calcutta,

or to the Curator of the Asiatic Museum of Calcutta.”

The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to Dr.

Gray by Mr. Henry Blandford, respecting some Mollusks observed

in Ceylon :—

“T have nothing particular to communicate respecting the Aulo-

poma, beyond what you have yourself noticed—viz., that the oper-

culum is frequently drawn well into the whorl, the aperture of which

is perfectly closed by the flexible edges of the former.

“There is but one species of Aulopoma in Ceylon, varying con-

siderably in the size and in the height of the spire, and also, to some

extent, in colouring. But these are mere variations, and there are

not even any sharply defined varieties. I enclose you a sketch of

the animal.

“The Aulopomata are found under damp leaves at the roots of

trees, especially some of the Figs, such as Ficus elastica. In this

selection of damp shady places they resemble most of the Cyclopho-

roid genera.

“The Paludomus chilinoides, of which you have two specimens,

is very common in the plains of Ceylon and up to about 2000 feet.

N. Hanhart of

f &

hth

W.Wolf.del.et

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. 109

It affects sluggish streams, tanks, aud paddy-fields ; in this respect it

differs from the Tanuli and Philopotami, which greatly prefer swiftly

running water. P. spiralis (from the north province of Ceylon)

and P. acutus (from Madras, Trichinopoly, &c.) have similar habits

to P. chilinoides, and are probably merely well-marked varieties of

the latter.

* Helix (Nanina) ceylanica is a local variety of H. bistrialis.

The former inhabits the hiils up to about 3000 feet; the latter the

plains of the north provinces of Ceylon, and a great part of Southern

India. I send youa sketch of the animal of H. (Nanina) bistrialis.”’

The following papers were read :—

i. Cuaracters or Nine New Species or Birps RECEIVED IN

COLLECTIONS FROM Bogota. By P. lL. Scuater, M.A.,

Pu.D., F.R.S., SEcRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XI.)

I have lately had an opportunity of examining several large col-

lections of bird-skins from Bogota, containing altogether some three

or four thousand individuals. The greater number of the species to

which these belong are now well known in Europe, from their re-

peated importation in Bogotan collections ; but I have found a few,

principally among the more little-known groups, which appear to

have been altogether overlooked or hitherto not collected. I beg

leave to submit to the Society the following descriptions of these

species.

Fam. TurDIDz&.

1. TuRDUS EPHIPPIALIS.

Supra cinereus, alis eatus, nisi in primariorum parte terminali, et

interscapulio rufescente indutis: subtus pallide cinereus: gut-

ture albo, maculis triangularibus fuscis striato: ventre imo et

crisso albis: tectricibus subalaribus et remigum parte interna

pallide eastaneis : rostro plumbeo: tomiis pallescentibus : pedi-

bus fuscis.

Long. tota 8°5, alee 4:7, caude 4°2 poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

Obs. Affinis Turdo albiventri ex Cayenva, et ptilosi fere simili,

sed interscapulio et alis extus rufescentibus, et subalaribus castaneis

facile dignoscendus.

I may remark that I have now received from the Berlin Museum

a Thrush marked Turdus amaurochalinus,—a species with which I

was not acquainted when I prepared my Synopsis of the American

Thrushes, already printed in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’* This

bird is certainly undistinguishable from what I consider to be Turdus

albiventris of Spix, of which I have examples from Cayenne, Brazil,

Bolivia, and Ecuador. My Turdus ignobilis of the highlands of New

* See P. Z. S. 1859, p. 321.

110 DR. P, L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. [Mar. 25,

Granada is barely separable from the same species. On the other

hand, there can be no question about the distinctness of the present

Bogotan species, looking to its rufous interscapulium and wing-

edgings, and dark, almost chestnut-brown under wing-coverts.

Fam. VIREONIDZ.

2, HyLOPHILUS FERRUGINEIFRONS.

Olivaceus: alis nigricanti-fuscis, extus olivaceis: cauda oliva-

cescenti-fusca : pileo brunnescente tincto, fronte ferruginolento :

subtus dilutior, gutture et ventre medio albicantioribus : rostro

plumbeo, tomiis pallescentibus, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 4:0, alee 2:1, caude 1°5.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

Obs. Affinis Hylophilo ochraceicipiti, mihi, ex Mexico, sed colore

supero olivaceo rostroque robustiore differt. Remex primus, prout

semper in hoc genere, spurius, dimidio brevior quam secundus:

quartus, quintus et sextus fere eequales et longissimi.

I have tried in vain to reconcile this bird with Lafresnaye’s H.

flavipes (Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 342). It is certainly not his Hylo-

philus semibrunneus (J. c. p. 341), as I have seen specimens of the

latter in the British Museum.

Fam. TANAGRID&.

3. CHLOROSPINGUS OLEAGINEUS.

Olivaceus fere unicolor, fronte et regione oculari et corpore subtus

flavicanti-olivaceis : alis nigricanti-fuscis, extus brunnescentt-

olivaceo limbatis : cauda brunnea unicolore: rostro nigricanti-

brunneo : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5°5, alee 3°25, caudee 3°5.

Hab. In Novy. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. 8S.

Obs. Aftinis C. superciliari et C. rubrirostri et eadem forma sed

colore fere unicolore notabilis.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTID.

4. PHILYDOR PANERYTHRUS.

Murino-rufescens : alis extus et cauda tota rufis, illarum pogoniis

interne nigricantibus: subtus lete fulvo-rufus: rostro albi-

cante, hujus basi cum pedibus plumbeo.

Long. tota 7°5, alee 3°9, caudze 3°6.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. 8.

This bird is allied in form to Philydor rufus (Vieill.) of Brazil

(P. ruficollis, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 74, pl. 75), though the rectrices

are not quite so sharply pointed. It may be distinguished by its

more uniformly rufous coloration, and the complete absence of the

cinereous head. I have a single Bogotan specimen, the only indivi-

dual I have met with of this species.

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA, 111

Fam. TyRANNID.

5. LePpTrOPOGON ERYTHROBPS.

Olivaceus, pileo cinereo, loris, oculorum ambitu et corpore subtus

ad medium pectus fulvide rufis : ventre flavicante: alis nigri-

‘ canti-fuscis, tectricum apicibus fulvo terminatis ; remigibus om-

nibus extus olivacescenti-fulvo marginatis: campterio alari,

subalaribus et remigum marginibus inferis clare ochracescenti-

rufis: cauda ochracescenti-cinerea, marginibus angustis externe

olivacescentibus : rostro obscure fusco ; pedibus corylinis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°7, caudze 2°4,

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

This is a well-marked species, easily recognizable by its bright-

rufous face and breast. In structure it agrees well with Leptopogon

superciliaris, the type of the section, the bill being rather shorter,

but precisely of the same form. The fourth quill is longest, slightly

exceeding the third and fifth, which are equal. The first is rather

shorter than the eighth, ninth, and tenth.

6. LEPTOPOGON P@CILOTIS.

Supra olivaceus, pileo plumbescente, loris albescentibus ; plumis

auricularibus ad basin flavicantibus, inde distincte nigris :

subtus flavo-virens ; alis nigricanti-fuscis, tectricibus omnibus

macula terminali ochracea preditis, remigibus olivaceo margi-

natis: cauda fuscescente, extus olivaceo anguste marginata :

rostro superiore nigro, inferiore omnino flavo : pedibus pallide

corylinis.

Long. tota 4°5, alze 2°3, caudee 2°0.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. 1. S.

This species is closely allied to Leptopogon superciliaris (or at

least to the Ecuadorian species which I identify with Tschudi’s

wretched figure), but is smaller in size, of a brighter and uniform

greenish-yellow below, and has the lower mandible wholly yellow,

and feet pale. In L. superciliaris the lower mandible is black like

the upper. I have two similar specimens of Bogotan origin, and a

third (imperfect) from Venezuela, which may also belong to the same

species, though it wants the conspicuous ochraceous tippings of the

wing-coverts.

7. My1osius BELLUS.

Obscure olivaceus, pilei subcristati plumis interne rubro-igneis,

alis nigris late ochraceo bifasciatis, harum remigibus eodem

colore limbatis : cauda fuscescenti-cinerea : subtus flavus ; pec-

tore fulvo tincto : rostro superiore nigro, inferiore flavo : pedt-

bus plumbeis.

Long. tota 4°2, ale 2°3, candze 2:0.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

112 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW BIRDS FROM BOGOTA. [Mar. 25,

This species of Myiobius is closely allied to the M. puleher of

Ecuador (P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 464), and must be placed next to that

species in the order in which I have arranged the genus (/. c.). It

is, however, easily distinguishable by its larger size and larger wings,

though nearly alike in coloration.

8. EMPIDOCHANES P@CILURUS.

Fuscescenti-griseus, pileo obscurivre ; loris fuscescentibus ; alis et

cauda nigricanti-fuscis, illarum tectricum apicibus et secunda-

riorum marginibus externis albescentibus : subtus pallide ochra-

ceus, lateraliter cinerascens ; subalaribus, remigum et rectricum

(nisi duarum mediarum) marginibus internis latis et crisso rufis,

fere rubiginosis : rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 5:5, alee 2°5, caudee 2°3.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Mus. P. L. S.

This Tyrant-bird, of which I have a single specimen, is readily

distinguishable by its parti-coloured tail. The imner webs of all,

except the medial pair, are broadly margined with clear rufous. This

colour increases towards the base, and gradually occupies the whole

of the vane. The outer tail-feather is also narrowly margined with

the same colour. The under wing-coverts and inner margins of the

quills are likewise similarly coloured. ‘The fourth primary is rather

longer than the third, which slightly exceeds the fifth, and longest ;

the second is slightly shorter than the third, the first being of about

the same length as the eighth and ninth.

This bird has much the general appearance of an Lmpidonaz,

thengh abnormal in colouring. I place it for the present as a second

species of the allied southern genus Zmpidochanes, of which the type

is Muscicapa oliva, Bodd. (Pl. Enl. 574. fig. 2). This generic term

I propose to use in the place of Myiophobus of Cabanis and Heine,

as the latter name was previously given by Reichenbach to Myzobius

nevius*, for which and its allies I venture to employ it.

Fam. PsiTTacip.

9. UrocHRomMa stTicTorTEeRA. (Pl. XI.)

Psittaceo-viridis: alis extus nigris, macula in mediis tectricibus

roseo-rubra ; remigum marginibus externis et secundariis dorso

proximis viridibus: caude rectricibus intus paululum aure-

scentibus : rostro pallido : pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 6:0, alee 5:0, caudze 2°5.

Hab. In Nov. Granada int.

Obs. This parrot appears to belong to the group called Urochroma

by Prince Bonaparte, but is quite different from any known member

of that section. The tail is nearly square at its termination, the

two medial rectrices being slightly acuminated, the others rounded,

but presenting the appearance of bemg rather worn.

* See P. Z. S. 1860, p. 466.

1862. | DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ENTOZOA. 113

2. On Two New Species or TyRANT-BIRDS FROM ECUADOR.

By P. L. Sciarer, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary to

THE SOCIETY.

I am indebted to Mr. Gould’s kindness for two specimens of 'Ty-

raut-birds from a collection recently received by him from the high-

lands of Ecuador. They are of nearly allied species, but stand best

in the two neighbouring sections of Ochthoéca and Mecocerculus.

By the latter name I propose to replace Myiarchus (Bp., nee Cab.),

using it as a generic title for F/wvicola leucophrys, Lafr. et D’Orb.,

and its allies.

1. OcHTHOECA CITRINIFRONS.

Obscure cinerea, dorso postico rufescente: fronte distincte citrino-

flava: superciliis elongatis, albescentibus ; alis caudaque nigri-

cantibus, wllarum marginibus externis rufescentibus : subtus om-

nino pallide cinereus: rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tota 4°75, alee 2°5, caudee 2°25 poll. Angl. et dec.

Hab. In rep. Mquator,

Mus. P. L.S.

Obs. Affinis Ochthoéce albidiemati, Lafr., sed fronte citrina facile

dignoscenda.

2. MrecocERCULUS GRATIOSUS.

Rufescenti-olivaceus, pileo fusco: fronte distincta et superciliis

“ elongatis aureis; alis fusco-nigris, tectricum utrinque et se-

cundariorum marginibus externis rufescentibus : cauda fusco-

nigra: subtus olivaceus, ventre medio flavo: rostro et pedibus

nigris.

Long. tota 4°5, alee 2-5, caudze 2°2.

Hab. In rep. Aiquator.

Mus. P.L.S.

Obs. Attinis Mecocerculo diadematzi, sed rostro breviore, alis paulo

brevioribus, et harum tectricibus rufescente bifasciatis distinctus.

3. DrescrIPTION OF SOME New Species oF ENnrozoa.

By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S., etc.

1. ASCARIS UNDULOSO-STRIATA, Baird.

Head naked, with well-marked, roundish labial lobes. Body of a

white colour, with a well-defined line running longitudinally through

its whole length ; smooth, but finely wavedly striated longitudinally,

instead of transversely. The greatest diameter is at the anterior extre-

mity, the body tapermg gradually towards the tail, and terminating

in a finely subulate point. In the female this point is long, and

gradually becomes very fine; in the male the body, posteriorly to

the opening from which issue the male organs or spicula, suddenly

contracts and tapers quickly to a very sharp subulate point, The

Proc. Zoou. Soc-—1862, No, VIII.

114 DR. W. BAIRD ON NEW ENTOZOA. [ Mar. 25,

body shows no transverse striae, the only visible ones being longitu-

dinal and finely waved.

Length of female 5} lines, male 45 lines.

Hab. Intestines of the King-Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa). (Mus.

Brit.)

2. ScLEROSTOMA MUCRONATUM, Baird.

Body semicylindrical, of a brownish colour ; thickest in the mid-

dle, attenuating towards each extremity, but more so at the anterior

extremity. Integument strongly striated, or almost plicated. Head

continuous with body. Male ——? Female with the vulva situated

about one-third from the posterior extremity, and marked with a

strong tubercle. The tail is armed at its extremity with a strong,

sharp spine, which is slightly incurved.

Length of female 4 lines; greatest breadth about 3 line.

Males of this species have not been observed.

Hab. Intestines of the Palluma (Phrymaturus palluma) from

Chili. (Mus. Brit.)

3. PENTASTOMA TERETIUSCULUM, Baird. ;

Head rounded and truncated. Body cylindrical, of a red colour,

considerably more attenuated posteriorly. Tail shortly bilobed.

Greatest width of body about 4 or 5 lines below the head; it then

gradually attenuates till it reaches the posterior extremity. Integu-

ment annulosely ringed; rings about one-third of a line in width.

Length 2 inches 5 lines ; breadth 3 lines.

The only specimen taken is a female.

Hab. Taken from the mouth of an Australian Snake (Hoploce-

phalus superbus) which died lately in the Zoological Society’s Gar-

dens, Regent’s Park. (Mus. Brit.) _

For the three above-described species I am indebted to Mr. Edward

Gerrard, of the British Museum.

4, TETRARHYNCHUS MINUTO-STRIATUS, Baird.

Head of a white colour, solid and smooth. Neck much narrower

than head, nearly of the same dimensions throughout its whole

length, and minutely and finely striated. Bothria ear-shaped, rather

broader at upper than lower part ; open above, adnate below, with

callous, raised edges. Proboscides short and club-shaped. Body a

minute papilla.

Length of head 2 lines; breadth 1} line. Length of neck from

1 inch to 13 lines; breadth 1 line.

Hab. Taken from a species of Brama, off Madeira. (Mus. Brit.)

5. TrrTRARHYNCHUS BREVIS, Baird.

The animal is of a white colour, and is very short and thick.

The head is large and broad, and the bothria are ear-shaped, rounded,

and very much thickened on the edges. The neck is very short.

The proboscides cylindrical and of considerable length. :

Length of whole animal 3 lines; head nearly 2 lines; neck 1 line.

Hab. Taken from a species of marine Eel at Madeira. (Mus. Brit.)

1862. | DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW CYCLOSTOMACEA. 115

6. TETRARHYNCHUS QUADRIPAPILLOSUS, Baird.

Head of considerable size ; bothria large, rotundate-oval. Neck

long, slender, terminating in an enlarged body enclosed in a sheath,

which gives off at its lower part four papille disposed in such a

manner as to interlock with each other and form a terminating coni-

cal point.

Length of whole animal about 34 lines,

Hab. Taken from the liver of Alepocephalus, sp., at Madeira.

(Mus. Brit.)

For these three species of Tetrarhynchus I am indebted to J. Yate

Johnson, Esq., C. M. Z. 8.

7. BoTHRIOCEPHALUS (TETRABOTHRIUM) JUNCEUS, Baird.

Bothria four, attached to the head by their face, large and some-

what auriculiform. Head elliptical. Neck slender ; first segments

very fine, gradually becoming broader, but in no part exceeding half

a line in breadth. Apertures of genital organs unilateral.

Length upwards of 44 inches; breadth of neck {th of a line;

broadest segments about + a line.

Hab. Intestines of the King-Vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa).

(Mus. Brit.).

For this species I am indebted to Mr. E. Gerrard.

4. Descriptions or Eriant New Species oF CYCLOSTOMACEA,

FROM THE COLLECTION OF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L.

PFEIFFER.

(Plate XII.)

1. Rutostoma HAINEsI, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 8). 7". late umbili-

cata, depressa, solida, distincte et conferte striata, sub epider-

mide obscura fuscula, fammulis angustis castaneis variegata ;

spira parum elevata, vertice minuto, corneo; anfr. 5, depresso-

rotundati, ultimus infra peripheriam castaneo unifasciatus, an-

tice lunge solutus et deflexus, a sutura ad tubulum longe recur-

vatum carinatus, ante tubulum introrsum apertus, extus leviter

incisus ; apertura obliqua, circularis ; perist. subduplicatum,

album, margine sinistro incrassato, dextro expanso, plano, pa-

tente. Operce. cyathiforme, extus planum, anguste spiratum,

marginibus anfractuum elevatis, membranosis.

Diam. maj. 35, min. 25, alt. 12-14 mill. Ap. diam. 11-12 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

2. RutostoMa simPLiciLaBRE, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 7). T. late

umbilicata, depressa, solidula, leviter et confertissime striatula,

sub epidermide nitida lutescens, elegantissime et subtiliter cas-

taneo flammulata ; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, ob-

tusiusculo ; anfr. 5, depresso-rotundati, ultimus infra periphe-

riam castaneo unifasciatus, antice longe solutus et deflerus, a

sutura usque ad tubulum recurvatum carinatus ; apertura

diagonalis, subcircularis, intus cerulescenti-margaritacea ;

, 7 t

116 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW CYCLOSTOMACEA. [ Mar. 25,

perist. simplex, tenue, ante tubulum leviter incisum, undique vie

expansiusculum. Operc. precedentis, angustius spiratum.

Diam. maj. 274, min. 193, alt. 10 mill. Ap. diam. 82 mill.

Hab. Camboja (M. Mouhot).

«3. CycLorus TRAILLI, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 4). 7. sublate umbi-

licata, depresso-turbinata, solidula, Nerie confertis, subtus mi-

noribus sculpta, carneo-albida, fusculo variegata et fascia | rufa

infraperipherica notata ; spira breviter turbinata, acutiuscula ;

anfr. 42, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, juxta suturam levigati,

ultimus teres, antice vix descendens; apertura obliqua, sub-

angulato-circularis ; perist. tenue, vix exnpansiusculum, ad anfr.

contiguum subinterruptum. Operc. Cycloti subdiscoidei.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, alt. 104 mill.

Hab. Russel-Canda, Madras (Dr. Trail).

4, CycLopHorus saTuRNvws, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 6). 7. late um-

bilicata, depresso-turbinata, solida, oblique striata et sub lente

minutissime granulata, albida, fasciis et tenis variis rufo-fuscis

ornata; spira breviter turbinata, vertice minuto, acutiusculo ;

anfr. 54, rapide accrescentes, convexi, ultimus rotundatus, juxta

umbilicum albus ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis, intus flaves-

centi-albida; perist. albidum, latissimum, breviter adnatum,

latere dextro fortiter revoluto, sinistro leviter retrorsum for-

nicato, patente. Operc. sub-6-spiratum, saturate rufum.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 51, alt. 32 mill. Apert. alt. 26, cum. perist.

38 mill.

Hab, Camboja (M. Mouhot).

5. Lerropoma portet, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 5). T. perforata,

globoso-conica, tenuis, spiraliter conferte striata et liris sub

6 distantibus subacutis cincta, albida, haud nitens, strigis

Sulguratis fuscis picta; spira turbinata, acuta; anfr. 6, conveai,

ultimus inflatus, infra medium fascia alba et altera fuscula

signatus, circa umbilicum albus ; apertura parum obliqua, sub-

eircularis, intus albida fusco marmorata; perist. duplex, ad

anfractum contiguum haud interruptum, internum expansius-

culum vix prominens, externum latere dextro late expansum et

patens, sinistro angustissimum.

Diam. maj. 184, min. 15, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Polillo Islands (Mr. Porte).

6. CaATAULUS RECURVATUS, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 2). 7. breviter et

profunde rimata, ovato-turrita, solida, distincte subarcuato-

striata, virenti-fulva; spira regulariter attenuata; sutura

profunda, simplex; anfr. 7, summi rubescentes, 3 ultimi con-

veri, ultimus antice subascendens, basi carina compressa antice

dilatata munitus ; periomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ;

apertura subcircularis, ad basin interrupta et canali perlato

GB. Sowerby hith ; W West imp

Calha wallacei 4. Cyclouis trail. 7. Rhiostoma simplicilabre.

Catanins recurvatus. 5. Leptopama porte! Do. Ahammesr

Helix. utanica 6.Gyclophorus saturnus. 9. D° house!

1862.) DR. L. PFEIFFER ON A NEW HELIX. 117

aucta; perist. duplex, internum porrectum, basi fissum, ea-

ternum patens et reflecum, parte canalem formante recurvata.

Long. 23, diam. 10 mill.

Hab. In sylva “Annamallay,” ad radicem montium Nilgiricorum.

7. Cauu1a wauuacet, Pfr. (Pl. XII. fig. 1). 7. irregulariter

pupeformis, solidula, levigatissima, callo nitido obducta, fulvo-

earnea vel albida ; spira irréegularis, apice brevissime conoidea ;

sutura indistincta ; anfr. sub 43, summi vix conspicui, 2 ultimi

antrorsum deviantes; apertura subcircularis, integra; perist.

rectum, leviter incrassatum, ad parietem aperturalem adnatum,

parte columellari subinflata.

Long. 5, lat. 3 mill. Ap. diam. } mill.

Hab. In insula Ceram (Mr. Wa allace).

8. Hyprocena (OMPHALOTROPIS) CERAMENSIS, Pfr. 7’. sub-

perforata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, levigata, nitida, unicolor

Sulvida vel cingulo albido ornata ; spira conica, acuta ; sutura

marginata ; anfr. 7, vix eonvexiusculi, ultimus peripheria leviter

filocarinatus, crista basali forti munitus ; apertura parum ob-

liqua, angulato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, expansiusculum, mar-

ginibus distantibus, interdum callo tenuissimo junctis, sinistro

flexuoso, medio subdilatato.

Long. 8, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. In insula Ceram (Mr. Wallace).

5. Description oF A New Species or Hetrx (NANINA).

By Dr. L. Preirrer.

(Plate XII.)

Hetrx titanica, Pfr, (Pl. XII. fig. 3). 7. angustissime umbi-

licata, conotdeo-depressa, solidula, lineis impressis spiralibus

et irregularibus obliquis sculpta, sub epidermide pallide viridi-

lutescente albida ; spira conoideo-convexa, vertice minuto, ob-

tuso ; anfr. 54, viv convexiusculi, priores subcarnei, ultimus non

descendens, ad suturam crenulatus, medio obtuse carinatus et

Jascia latiuscula spadicea deorsum diluta notatus, subtus in-

Jlatus ; apertura obliqua, ovali-lunaris ; perist. rectum, mar-

ginibus distantibus, columellari vix incrassato, ad insertionem

in laminam brevem triangularem revoluto.

Diam. maj. 68, min. 57, alt. 38 mill.

Hab. Anamallay Forest, at the foot of the Neilgherries (Mus.

Cuming).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. Callia wallacei, p. 117. Fig. 7. Rhiostoma simplicilabre, p. 115.

2. Cataulus recurvatus, p. 116. 8. Rhiostoma hainesi, p. 115.

3. Helix titanica, p. 117. 9. Rhiostoma houset, Haines, Ann.

4. Cyclotus trailli, p. 116. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 157 (for

5. Leptopoma porte, p. 116. comparison with R. hainesi).

6. Cyclophorus saturnus, p. 116.

118 MISS STAVELEY ON THE FORM OF THE [Mar. 25,

6. Nores on THE Form oF THE Coms (PECTEN) IN DIFFERENT

ANDRENID& AND APID&, AND ON THE ALAR HOOKS OF THE

Sprecies or SpHecopEes AND Hatnicrus. By Miss E. F.

STAVELEY *.

T have made a few notes in the hope of saving your time and eyes;

but I fear they are of very little value; and, as you are aware, I know

so little of what has been already written on the subject, that my

notes, even if correct, may not be new. JBesides this, my examina-

tion of the parts of the mouth has as yet been confined to about

twenty-six Bees of various species and the three sexes.

There are some peculiarities in the maxillee of the Bees which I

think might serve as generic or specific characters, and which I

believe have not yet been used for that purpose.

One is the presence of a row of strong, flat hairs or teeth, forming

a sort of comb, varying much in form and situation.

In all the Andrenide where I have found it, it forms a wavy line,

commencing near the base of the upper joint of the maxilla about

midway between the two margins, as in Andrena cingulata, 2

(figs:.1,.2).

* Communicated by Dr. J. E. Gray with the following letter :—

“I beg of you to lay the following observations, which Miss Staveley has

sent to me, before the Society. They indicate some characters which appear to

have hitherto been overlooked.

“ Dr, Sclater, F.R.S., &e.” “J. E. Gray.”

1862. ] PECTEN IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BEES. 119

In some, as Andrena nitida, Q (figs. 3, 4), the direction of the

teeth is reversed in the course of the row. The row of hairs is

figured by Kirby in his work on ‘ British Bees,’ at t. 1. f. 4 e, and

called by him, in the explanation of the plates at page 226, “ sete

rigidiuscule ;”’ but I do not find any mention of them in any other

part of the work.

In the Apide it is invariably at the upper part of the lower joint

120 MISS STAVELEY ON THE FORM OF THE (Mar. 25,

of the maxilla (fig. 5), and, with one exception, is marginal. In

Panurgus (fig. 6, P. banksianus, 2), the first genus of the Apide

(and of which Mr. Smith remarks that in habit it is precisely similar

to Andrena), the comb resembles that of the Andrenide in not

being marginal, while it agrees with that of the other Apide in

being near the top of the second jomt. This series of spines is also

figured in Kirby, at t. 10. f. le, t. 11. f. 2, t. 12. f. 6 ¢, and t. 13.

f. 3a; and in the chapter headed ‘Termini,’ at p. 94, is called the

“pecten ;”’ but, though several forms of it are figured as above, I do

not find it mentioned in the description of the species.

I subjoin a list of the insects in which I have looked for it :—

1862.] PECTEN IN CERTAIN SPECIES OF BEES. 121

ANDRENID.

Colletes daviesana, g (teeth much the longest at the lower end).

Andrena cingulata, dp figs. 1, 2. = Comb not

nitida, 9, figs. 3, 4 (comb reversed near the top).

—— clarkella, 2 (comb reversed near the base). >

, 6 (comb reversed).

Cilissa leporina, 2? (comb of four teeth).

—— —-, ¢ (comb of three teeth).

Sphecodes subquadratus, 2.”

Halictus leucozonius, 3. |

morio, 2.

Dasypoda hirtipes.

marginal,

commencing

near the base

of upper joint

of maxilla.

Comb not present.

ApID2.

Panurgus banksianus, 9 , fig. 6. Comb not marginal.

Eucera longicornis, ? (fig. 5). \

Sin

Bombus terrestris, 2.

lucorum, @.

a 8 é-

| Comb on upper part of

> Comb marginal. second joint of maxilla.

— latreilliellus, $.

Apathus campestris, ? .

Apis mellifica, ¢.

Euglossa cordata. )

Nomada furva, 2 x.

Epeolus variegatus, ¢ +. |

Ccelioxys vectis, 2 x. {Comb not present.

Osmia rufa, 9.

Chelostoma florisomne, 3.

There is also an appendage to most of the maxille (and when ab-

sent it may possibly have been torn off in dissection), which seems

too delicate to assist in the mechanical work for which the combs are

probably used. It isa small membranous lobe, covered more or less

thickly with long hairs, and situated on the lower joint of the maxilla,

on the opposite side to that of the palpus (see figs. 1, 3, 6).

In many of the maxille there are several projections or small

tubes (as 1 shall for convenience call them, having little doubt of

their tubular construction) generally tipped by a hair, and in ap-

pearance strongly resembling the small tubes which exude the mate-

rial of the web from the spinneret of a spider. They are in various

Situations: sometimes at the apex of the maxilla; forming some-

times an irregular line nearly the whole length of the upper joint ;

Sometimes in a cluster close above or below the maxillary palpus;

sometimes in two clusters, one above and one below the palpus. I

would call your attention particularly to the straight tubes near the

apex of the maxilla of Epeolus variegatus 3 (fig. 7), and the flask-

shaped tubes near the palpus in Osmia rufa 9 (fig. 8).

* Parasites. I have as yet found no parasitic Bee with the comb.

+ After writing the above paragraph, it occurred to me that Dr. J. Braxton

Hicks, in a paper read before the Linnean Society (and printed in their Trans.

vol. xxiii. part 1, p. 139), had preceded me in the observation of these organs,

and I hesitated to send the notes for printing ; but, on examination of his paper,

I am inclined to think that the tubes which | have described in the maxillz of the

Bees are not necessarily of the same nature as the organs observed by him in

122 FORM OF THE PECTEN IN CERTAIN BEES. [Mar. 25,

Is it possible that these tubes, which, as I have observed, are re-

markably similar in appearance to those in the spider’s spinneret,

may be of the nature of salivary glands? It is easy to imagine the

use of such a provision in the management of the materials of the

nests and the storing of food, even if not also in the assistance of

digestion; while it appears to me that there is analogy in favour of

such a supposition, the House-fly exuding from its mouth a drop of

moisture while feeding on sugar or other hard substance, while the

Gnat, with still another form of mouth, is supposed to inject a

poison into the wound inflicted by its proboscis.

I believe that somewhat similar tubes exist in the mandibles of

some of the Bees and Wasps.

The mandibles of some of the Apide have a transverse ridge of

strong hooked hairs (besides other hairs in various parts). In the

mandible of Apis mellifica 3, they are very visible.

With the above objects I send specimens of the hind wings of

various Hymenopterous Insects, the observation of which has con-

firmed me in my former opinion as to their usefulness as distinctions ;

but as I have arrived at no new results, not having had the means

as yet of representing more than a very limited number of genera, I

will only remark on one variation from the usual arrangement of the

distal hooks, which occurs in the genera Sphecodes and Halictus.

The distal hooks of the Bees are usually at regular or at regularly

diminishing intervals; but in these two genera, one or two of those

various parts of insects, with the exception of those which he figures Tab. 18. R. a,

and which I have mentioned above as tubes “ in a cluster close above the maxil-

lary palpus.”’

1862. | ACQUISITION OF A PAIR OF PARADISE BIRDS. 123

in the middle of the row are separated from the rest by a space

double the size of that which is between the other hooks (figs. 9,

SSeS od

er Seeiahis 4

10, 11) ; and if this is found to be in all the species, it is a distinction

easy to observe.

April 8, 1862.

Dr. J. E. Gray, V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary announced the acquisition by the Society for their

Menagerie of a pair of living Paradise-birds (Paradisea papuana).

Mr. A. R. Wallace (the well-known traveller and naturalist, who

had been engaged these last eight years in exploring the more little-

known islands of the Indian Archipelago) had for some time held a

commission to obtain living Birds of Paradise for the Society.

But though Mr. Wallace had visited in person the islands inhabited

by several species of this magnificent group of birds, he had failed

in his efforts to preserve the birds alive when captured, and had

given up all hopes of being successful in his object. A short

time before Christmas 1861, when in the interior of Sumatra, Mr.

Wallace had received information of two specimens of the Lesser

Birds of Paradise (Paradisea papuana) being alive in captivity at

Singapore. Mr. Wallace immediately proceeded to that place, pur-

chased the birds, which were then in the hands of a European mer-

chant, and left by the following mail for England, arriving in safety

in London with his valuable burden on the Ist of the month.

The two Paradise-birds had been lodged in the upper part of the

Zoological Society’s old museum, a room having been fitted up for

their reception with a large cage of galvanized wire, 20 feet long by

llin width. As they were both males, it had been found necessary

to keep them apart, the sight of one another, or even of a Paradise-

bird’s plume waved near them in the air, producing in them great

excitement. The cage had been, therefore, divided by a screen

which excluded the light, and the two birds placed in the separate

compartments. The remarkable side-plumes which ornament the

males of the true Paradisee when in full dress were as yet but par-

tially developed in these specimens, but in a few weeks, if the birds

continue to thrive, would probably attain their full dimensions.

124 MR. GOULD ON SOME NEW BIRDS. [April 8,

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting and described two new spe-

cies of Humming-Birds, which he had recently received from Ecuador ;

a new Fregilus from the Himalayas, which had hitherto been re-

garded as identical with the European bird of that form ; and a spe-

cies of Prion, which appears to constitute an additional member of

that peculiar genus of oceanic birds.

The Humming-Birds were named, respectively, Heliothrix longi-

rostris and Aphantochroa hyposticta ; the Fregilus, F. himalayanus ;

and the Prion, P. magnirostris ; and were thus described :—

HELIOTHRIX LONGIROSTRIS, Gould.

Male: upper surface and wing-coverts brilliant green; wings

dark purplish brown ; four middle tail-feathers bluish black, the re-

mainder pure white ; lores, line under the eye, and ear-coverts velvety

black, terminating in a small tuft of violet-blue feathers ; below the

black line a stripe or moustache of glittering green; chin, throat,

and under surface snow-white; bill black; legs and feet fleshy

brown. ;

Total length 5} inches; bill 1,4,; wing 22; tail 2}.

Hab. Ecuador.

Remark.—I have been for years receiving from Ecuador examples

of what I believed to be females of a new species of Heliothrix ; but

now in 1862 I have received an adult male, which convinces me that

my opinion was correct, and I have therefore described it under the

above appellation. In comparison with the other species of the genus,

I find it to be most nearly allied to H. auritus, being similarly co-

loured to that bird; it is, however, of larger size, has a considerably

longer bill, and in my specimen, which is doubtless adult, the crown

is devoid of the glittering hue seen in H. auritus; at the same time,

it is somewhat brighter than the back.

APHANTOCHROA HYPOSTICTA, Gould.

All the upper surface, wing-, and tail-coverts deep green; wings

purplish brown ; tail dull purplish green, deepening into blackish

brown at the tip, the two outer feathers on each side very slightly

fringed with white at the tip; feathers of the throat, breast, and

centre of the abdomen dull white at the base, with a spot of dull

green near the tip, giving those parts a spotted appearance; re-

mainder of the under surface dull green ; under tail-coverts dull green

at the base, deepening into black near the end, and fringed with

grey; tarsi and thighs rather thickly clothed with white feathers ;

bill black, except at the base of the under mandible, which appears

to have been flesh-colour.

Total length 43 inches ; bill 1,3,; wing 23; tail 12.

Hab. Ecuador.

Kemark.—I have several specimens of this bird all similarly co-

loured ; and I believe the specimen from which the above description

was taken to be fully adult. It differs from A. cirrhochloris in its

spotted breast, in its shorter tail, and its rather more lengthened and

1862.] MR. GOULD ON SOME NEW BIRDS. 125

curved bill. I received the examples I possess from Quito, but I

believe they were collected near the waters of the Upper Napo.

FREGILUS HIMALAYANUsS, Gould.

Plumage of the head and the whole of the body, both above and

beneath, deep glossy black ; wings and tail black, glossed with purple

and green; bill and feet coral-red ; nails black.

Hab. The Himalayas.

Remark.—This fine Chough differs so greatly in point of size from

the species killed in this country that I have no hesitation in de-

scribing it as distinct; and that ornithologists may more clearly

perceive the great difference alluded to, I annex an accurate admea-

* surement of male examples from India and Europe.

Fregilus himalayanus. | Fregilus graculus.

Inches. Inches.

Total length ...... 153 Total length ...... 14

OT Saas subse Sinks rata We Ee nsenriaee tb ne >, Dede

Wing 123 MET RE ret 102

ESS Re Snes 62 Tail 53

Tarsi 21 dict ar oe een: Piped 13

I may add that specimens from Italy and from Wales are precisely

alike in all their admeasurements.

PRION MAGNIROSTRIS, Gould.

Head, all the upper surface and sides of the chest blue-grey ;

lesser wing-coverts and the edge of the shoulder brown ; the remainder

of the wing blue-grey, deepening into slate-grey at the tips of the

inner primaries ; the outer primaries slaty black, fading into white

on the inner edge; scapularies deepening into slate-grey near the

end, and tipped with pale grey ; tail very light grey, the centre fea-

thers tipped with blackish-brown ; chin, throat, centre of the breast,

abdomen, and under surface of the wing creamy white; a faint wash

of blue on the lower part of the flanks and the under tail-coverts ;

bill blue, deepening into black on the sides of the nostrils, at the tip

and along the side of the lower mandible; irides brown, legs beau-

tiful light blue.

Total length 11 inches; bill, base to tip 2, breadth at base 44;

wing 8; tail 43; tarsi 14.

Hab, Unknown.

Remark.—As the name I have assigned to it implies, this species

differs from every other member of the genus in the extraordinary

size of its bill. In form and colouring it is precisely similar to the

other Priones, all of which are remarkably alike in these respects—

not so, however, in their bills, which consequently present the best

specific characters.

The following papers were read :—

126 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON ALEPISAURUS FEROX. [April 8,

1. REMARKS ON A SPECIMEN OF ALEPISAURUS FEROX RECENTLY

OBTAINED AT Maperra. By JAmes YATE JOHNSON, Corr.

Mem. Z.S.

Having lately procured a specimen of this rare and interesting fish

(which I have had the pleasure of presenting to the British Museum),

I beg leave to lay before the Society the result of my observations

upon it when in a fresh state. The remarks I shal] make will be

for the most part supplementary to Mr. E. T. Bennett’s long de-

scription of another specimen from this locality, printed in the first

volume of the ‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society *;’ but I hope

they will be found to have some bearing upon the question of the

ichthyological position of the genus, which has been placed in no

fewer than four families by different naturalists. Mr. Lowe, who

founded the genus on the present species, placed it in Cuvier’s family

of Tenioides. M. Valenciennes referred the genus to the Salmonide.

Sir John Richardson, in his article on Ichthyology in the ‘ Encyclo-

peedia Britannica,’ assigned it, on page 213, to the Sphyrenide, and

on page 248 to the Scopelide. Lastly, that able ichthyclogist, Dr.

Giinther, asserts that its natural affinity is decidedly Siluroid (Cat.

Acanth. Fishes in Brit. Mus. ii. p. 353). A consideration of Mr. Ben-

nett’s description and of the additional points about to be mentioned,

some of which appear to have been hitherto overlooked, will lead, I

think, to the conclusion that the position assigned to this fish by

Dr. Giinther is the true one.

The specimen lately obtained is 53} inches long, the head mea-

suring 73 inches. The height of the body in front of the pectoral

fin is 4¢ inches. The branchiostegal membrane is supported by

seven rays, which number may probably be taken as the normal one,

as it agrees with one of Mr. Lowe’s specimens, the other of which

had six rays in that membrane. The fish has no barbels, in which

negative character it resembles the genus Batrachocephalus, a mem-

ber of the Siluride. The large eye (1} inch in diameter) is sur-

rounded by an adipose skin, which, on the posterior side, intrudes as

a transparent veil upon the eye, covering it to the extent of one-

third.

The subopercle of which Mr. Bennett spoke appears to be the

interopercle, which has been extraordinarily developed at the ex-

pense of the subopercle, the latter being wanting. Both this and

the operele (which measures 2 inches across) are remarkable for their

paper-like tenuity and the high radiating striatures on their surfaces.

The hinder portion of the preopercle forms a strong bony ridge, also

striated. The coracoid is very broad at its middle, where it is seulp-

tured with radiating strie like the clavicle. The suprascapular and

the narrow scapular are longitudinally striated. The strize on all the

bones are strong.

The remarkably high first dorsal fin has forty-one rays, and the

deeply-forked caudal fin nineteen rays, whilst the second dorsal is

adipose—in these respects agreeing with Mr. Bennett’s description ;

* See Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 395.

1862. | MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON ALEPISAURUS FEROX. 127

but the pectoral fin has fourteen in place of fifteen rays, the ventral

fin ten in place of nine rays, and the anal fin sixteen in place of

seventeen rays. The first ray of the pectoral fin in the fish examined

by Mr. Bennett was the longest. In this specimen the fifth and

sixth rays are the longest (being 74 inches long), and they are rather

more than twice the length of the strongly-serrated first ray, which

is superior in length only to the three last. The first dorsal fin

(the base of which is 32 inches long) arises out of a groove, each

margin of which consists of a loose fold of adipose skin. The first

ray is jointed above, and is strongly serrate along its free edge, like

the first rays of the pectorals and ventrals. The first fifteen or six-

teen rays appear to be simple, the others sparingly branched ; but

the only perfect ray in my specimen is the fourth, and that is

12 inches long. The first ray of the ventral fin, though simple and

strong below, is jointed above and ends in a weak point. The first

two rays of the anal fin are short, the succeeding four long, and the

remaining rays short. The anterior part of this fin is fleshy, and at

the base of this part there is a groove on each side. The length of

the base of the whole fin, compared with the total length of the fish,

is as 1 to 114, instead of as 1 to 10 in Mr. Bennett’s example. The

caudal fin measures 7} inches in length, and the tips of the lobes

are 9 inches asunder.

Along the middle of each side on the posterior half of the body

there is a low adipose keel of a black colour; and this marks the

course, at this part, of the lateral line, which is unarmed throughout.

The fish is covered with a thin smooth skin, and is entirely destitute

of scales.

As to the dentition, there are at each side of the mandible, be-

ginning at the posterior end, ten teeth of moderate size, directed

backwards, and flattened, triangular, and pointed. Then come three

long-pointed teeth, which decrease in length forwards; then five

subulate teeth, having before them two long teeth on one side of the

mandible, on the other only one; lastly, at the tip, one acicular tooth.

The weak slender premaxillary is set with a single row of small sharp

triangular teeth, about eighty-five on each side. The palatine bones

are set posteriorly with a row of larger teeth, which, being flat, sharp,

and triangular, resemble the teeth of asaw. They are directed back-

wards, and correspond in size and shape with the opposite teeth of

the mandible. At the anterior part of each palatine bone is a row

of seven or eight long formidable teeth, the hinder ones being larger;

they are flattened, dagger-like, and are directed backwards. Behind

these on one side are two long teeth, but only one such tooth on the

other. The vomer is toothless.

With reference to the figure accompanying Mr. Beunett’s descrip-

tion, it may be remarked that the nostrils are wrongly indicated,

being much posterior to the place at which they are represented to

be. They are really situated a little nearer the eyes than the snout.

The two orifices of each pair, being small and close together, may have

been overlooked; and a couple of slight depressions with a bony

tubercle, in advance of their true position, have been apparently mis-

128 MR. A. NEWTON ON FRINGILLA INCERTA. [April 8,

taken for them. Neither does the colouring of the figure well agree

with my specimen, which, when fresh from the water, had a dark- ~

bluish-grey back, with sides and belly of a silvery grey, reflecting a

brassy lustre in certain directions of the light. The dorsal, pectoral,

and caudal fins were a deep black ; the ventral and anal fins a silvery

grey. The indigo-blue spots in pairs near the lateral line in the

figure seem to occupy the places of colourless mucous pores, which

were observed in my specimen at irregular intervals near that line.

From this fish were obtained two species of Entozoa, viz. some

large specimens of a Distoma, and several examples of a Tzenioid

worm, measuring altogether some feet in length.

2. REMARKS ON THE FRINGILLA INCERTA OF Risso.

By Aurrep Newron, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S.

Mr. George Dawson Rowley has entrusted to me, for exhibition to

the Society, a little bird which was brought to him alive at Brighton

on the 13th of March last, having been caught in a net in that

neighbourhood. It was ascertained by dissection to be a female;

and, after examining it, I cannot but suspect that it may have been

from specimens similar to it that the descriptions of the female of

the so-called Fringilla incerta of Risso and other Continental writers

have been drawn up. I have never before seen a specimen which

agrees with these accounts, nor have I had access to the original

authorities; but the compilation from them published by Dr. Degland

(Ornith. Europ. i. p. 202) so accurately describes the present ex-

ample that I do not hesitate to quote it.

“‘ Femelle: Dessus de la téte, derriére du cou, scapulaires, dos et

sus-caudales d’un brun olivatre, plus clair a la téte, nuancé de gris

sur les cétés du cou et sur le haut du dos; poitrine et flancs d’un

gris olivatre, avec des taches longitudinales plus foncées ; abdomen

et sous-caudales d’un blane sale; rectrices et rémiges, d’un noir oli-

vAtre, avec le bord externe liséré de vert grisAtre, les premiéres ter-

minées de gris sale, ce qui forme deux bandes sur les ailes ; rectrices

de la couleur des rémiges; pieds d’un brun fauve.”

At the time of his writing the above passage, Dr. Degland states

that the Chlorospiza incerta was unknown to him; but he subse-

quently says (op. cit. ii. p. 540) that he had obtained a male,

taken in a net near Lille, in September, 1849, and adds that he was

previously wrong in calling the species a Chlorospiza, for it was

evidently a true Pyrrhula. This last assertion awakened the ire or

the ridicule of Prince Bonaparte, who persists (Revue Critique,

pp. 31, 32) in his former assignment of the bird to Chlorospiza*

(Comp. List of Birds, 1838, p. 30), as he also does later (Consp.

* There is apparently a misprint of 1852 for 1832, as the date of the establish-

ment of this genus, in Mr. G. R. Gray’s most useful ‘Catalogue of the Genera

and Subgenera of Birds,’ p. 77. In the ‘List of the Specimens of British Ani-

mals,’ &c., part iii, Birds, p. 100, the latter date is given, with the reference

‘Pr. Bonap. Sagg. Distr. Met. Anim. Vert.’ ; but I have been unable to consult the

original work.

J dennens, hit

ey F

13ty

Fig. 1.

DIT

tii

JOSTREN ANNECTENS .

M & N. Hanbart, &

1862.] CRANIAL BONES OF LEPIDOSIREN ANNECTENS. 129

Avium, 1850, i. p. 513), though subsequently (Cat. des Ois. d’Eur.

1856, p. 4) he refers to it as the young of Carpodacus erythrinus.

Mr. Rowley’s specimen, which I now offer for your inspection,

seems to me without doubt to be a female of the common Green-

finch (Chlorospiza chloris), but is distinguished from the ordinary

type by an entire absence of yellow colouring, which is replaced by

nearly pure white, and the whole bird is generally of a paler hue.

One or two friends to whom I have shown it are inclined to suppose

it a hybrid between the Greenfinch and the Common Linnet (Linota

cannabina) ; but of such an origin I perceive no indication either in

the plumage or structure.

Now Dr. Jaubert, who is without doubt a naturalist peculiarly

fitted to form an opinion on the subject, has stated—I may almost

say, proved—that at least the male of the so-called Fringilla incerta

is a curious variety, probably caused by confinement, of Carpodacus

erythrinus (Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 109; 1856, p- 66); and his view

of the case has been endorsed by Dr. Gloger (Journ. f. Orn. 1856,

p. 313). It is certainly not for me, who know very little about the

matter, to question his solution; but Prince Bonaparte is also no

mean authority, and his so long referring the Fringilla incerta to

the group Chlorospiza, rather than to Carpodacus, must not be for-

gotten. It appears, then, to me that the only way of reconciling

these conflicting opinions is by the supposition that this Fringilla

incerta, which has caused so much perplexity to ornithologists, has

been made up of the abnormal plumages of two species,—the male

being founded, as Dr. Jaubert says, on flavescent (if I may coin a

word wanted to express a variation not uncommon in many classes

of animals) examples of Carpodacus erythrinus, and the female, as

I have here suggested, on under-coloured specimens of Chlorospiza

chloris.

P.S. 5th May, 1862.—If uncertainty of opinion be ever allowed

to a naturalist, perhaps it is pardonable in the case of Fringilla in-

eerta. Since I communicated the foregoing conjecture to the So-

ciety, I have had an opportunity of examining Prince Bonaparte’s

great work the ‘Fauna Italica.’’ I must honestly confess that the

bills of 40th the birds represented in plate 38 have the convex

character peculiar to the genus Carpodacus. Under these circum-

stances, I can only say that my supposition must go for what it is

worth, which I fear may be very little; and I trust to the ornitho-

logists of the south of Europe to clear up the matter more fully, by

examining any specimens that may be contained in Prince Bonaparte’s

collection.

3. On THE Crantat Bones or LeptpostREN ANNECTENS,

By T. SpENcEeR Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S., erc.

(Plate XIII.)

_ The conformation of the skull of Lepidosiren is exceedingly pecu-

liar, not only as regards its general outline and construction, but also

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1862, No, IX.

130 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON THE CRANIAL BONES [April 8,

in respect of the individual elements of which it is composed. Three,

or at most four, bones enclose the cranial cavity ; whilst four others

form the face, two being concerned in the formation of the jaws.

Besides these there are several osseous appendages, including the

hyoid apparatus.

Conynencing from behind forwards we find two lateral occipital

bones (A, fig. 1), forming the posterior part of the cranial vault.

From the side they exhibit a triangular outline ; but their bases con-

verge internally so as to form part of the floor of the cerebral cavity.

At the middle line below, they unite, leaving, however, a small central

interspace, through which may be seen the posterior part of the

sphenoid bone; on this latter the occipitals rest. Intimately con-

nected with the posterior border of these occipitals are two vertebral

laminze (B) supporting a single neural spine (C) ; and immediately

behind these there are two other laminz (D), surmounted by a double

neural spine (EH, E). All these elements rest upon the posterior

part of the sphenoid bone, which may be looked upon as an ossified

prolongation of the chorda dorsalis. '

Opposite the point of union between the lateral occipitals and the

sphenoid we find two remarkable appendages (F, F). These rib-

like elements project obliquely backwards on either side, and form

cylindrical rods, having a tolerably uniform thickness throughout.

Notwithstanding the objections which may be raised, I am inclined

to regard these bones as cranial ribs. They are placed above and

behind the clavicular arch ; and, as Bischoff remarks in Lepidosiren

paradowa, it is clear from their articular connexions that they cannot

be regarded as styloid processes.

The sphenoid bone (G), seen from below (fig. 3), is spathulate.

With the exception above mentioned, it forms the entire floor of the

cranial cavity. It is concave at the anterior half, both above and

beneath, and, consequently, also channeled out on either side. The

posterior narrow end is convex inferiorly, where it likewise displays

a T-shaped groove for the partial lodgement of the aorta. The

sphenoid is relatively longer, and terminates more abruptly in front,

than the corresponding bone in Lepidosiren paradoxa.

The vault of the cranium is also for the most part covered in by a

single bone (H). This I believe to consist simply of the two con-

joined parietals; but Bischoff thinks the frontals are likewise in-

cluded in the mass. The appearance of the bone very strongly mi-

litates against this latter view, inasmuch as two ossific centres are

clearly discernible at the anterior third on either side, and from these

two points the osseous spiculze radiate in all directions. Deserip-

tively it may be regarded as consisting of three laminze united in the

central line, the two lower forming the cranial roof, and the upper

and somewhat thicker plate constituting a longitudinal vertical ridge,

analogous to the parieto-occipital crest in Carnivora. “

If the above view be correct, I think it will be admitted that the

singular pair of bones overlapping the parietals can be none other than

the frontals (I, I, figs. 1, 2); but Bischoff conjecturally assumes

them to be the cheek-bones. That the malar bones should be found

1862.] ’ OF LEPIDOSIREN ANNECTENS. 131

extending as far back as the occiput is certainly not much more

astonishing than that the frontals should do so, Anyhow, this sin-

gular disposition of parts is altogether unique; but in determining

these elements to be frontals I am again guided by the centres of

ossification, and especially also by the relative position of the bases

of the bones. In this situation it will be noticed that they are con-

joined in the middle line, whilst their lateral margins in front are

directed at first outwards so as to form the upper part of the incom-

plete orbital ring. Viewed as a whole, these bones have been justly

compared to a pair of horns ; and their presence, more than any other

of the osseous elements, imparts to the skull its unique character.

It should be mentioned that the under surface of each bone presents

near the inner border a well-defined longitudinal ridge, evidently for

the firm attachment of the masseto-temporal muscles.

Immediately in front of the foregoing, there occurs a solitary bone

having the form of an isosceles triangle, whose base is connected by

ligaments with the anterior margin of the combined frontals. This

bone (K, figs. 1, 3) is regarded by Natterer and Bischoff as the repre-

sentative of the intermaxillary—their opinion being grounded on the

circumstance of its supporting a pair of incisive teeth (L) at its ante-

rior inferior surface. It is impossible, perhaps, to speak confidently

on this point ; but I may observe that the teeth in question are not

actually implanted in this bone, but are moveably connected with it

by ligamentous substance. I regard this fibrous matrix as homolo-

gous with the absent incisive elements (or intermaxillaries); whilst

the triangular bone from which the teeth depend is the conjoined

nasals. I find no trace of the transverse suture described by Bischoff

as occurring in Lepidosiren paradora ; but the tip of the bone in

front and above is marked by a well-defined oval surface, roughened

for the attachment of the thick cranial fascia.

Below the above we find a remarkable bone, which, at first sight,

appears to be the upper jaw (M). Functionally, indeed, as acting

in antagonism with the lower jaw, it may be so regarded ; but mor-

phologically and homologically it is clearly referable to the associated

palatine bones, which are here of enormous size, intimately blended

in front, and widely separated behind. Either division is extended

in front so as to form three tooth-like projections, each of which is

protected by a thick coating of enamel, the whole constituting a

dental apparatus of the most formidable character. In the closed

condition of the mouth these teeth become dove-tailed with the

interspaces resulting from the similarly formed dentition of the jaw

properly so called, the anterior palatine tooth-processes being then

placed anterior to the corresponding dentations of the lower jaw.

This arrangement is very peculiar ; and its singularity is not lessened

by the circumstance that the incisive teeth, above alluded to, have

no antagonists. The true maxillary bones have no existence—a defect

which, as Miiller and Bischoff observe, also obtains in Proteus. The

lip-cartilages, described by the latter author as occurring in L. para-

dowa, I have not found to be present in this species.

The jaw proper (N) consists of several elements, as in reptiles

132 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8,

generally, three at least of these portions being recognizable, namely,

the dental, angular, and articular. The anterior and posterior

mental spines are conspicuously developed, the line of suture of the

two halves of the jaw being entirely obliterated. As in the similar

palatine dentition, the enamelled coverings of the teeth are not struc-

turally connected in the middle line.

The zygomatic or jugal bone (QO), to which the lower jaw appears

to be exclusively articulated, is here very fully developed. This is

the os quadratum of birds. The anterior inferior end is hollowed

out for the reception of the articular process of the jaw, the upper

portion being flat and directed inwards so as partly to overlap the

border of the sphenoid.

Immediately below the above are two small osseous appendages,

which Bischoff regards as opercular bones. The superior one (P) is

styliform, and, from its position, seems to me to represent the sym-

plectic bone, hitherto supposed to be peculiar to fishes. The infe-

rior bone (Q) is comparatively broad, and by its position appears to

correspond with the pre-opercular bone of the same class. Behind,

below, and in ligamentous union with these bones, the hyoid appa-

ratus (R) is connected. It here consists simply of two large, con-

verging, curved cylinders, slightly flattened at either end, and which,

stretching forwards and downwards, unite tegether anteriorly in the

middle line. Bischoff calls them, taken together, the tongue-bone ;

but it appears to me that the two divisions are homologous with the

apohyals, or anterior cornua of the hyoid.

4, On tue Situation, Form, anp CAPACITY OF THE GALL-

BLADDER IN THE VERTEBRATA; ON ITS ABSENCE IN CERTAIN

ANIMALS; AND ON THE COLOUR OF THE Bite. By Ep-

warps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., ere.

In 1853 I read a paper at the London Physiological Society upon

the Bile and Gall-bladder, but at that period my experience was

comparatively limited. A very short abstract only of this commu-

nication was published in the ‘ Lancet’ and ‘ Medical Times,’ 1853.

As mentioned in the charter of this Society, one of the objects of

its founders was the cultivation of anatomy and physiology—de-

partments of zoology of much greater importance, as I believe, to

the good of mankind than the external characters of animals, or of

their too often fanciful division into genera and species. I therefore

make no apology for the introduction of the present communication,

which is partly physiological.

Every circumstance connected with the secretion, quality, and

quantity of the bile—a fluid of such vast importance in the animal

economy—must interest the zoologist; and, as I have stated in my

papers ‘‘ On the Causes of Death of the Animals dying in the Society’s

Collection”’ (‘ Proceedings,’ 1860, pp. 175, 190) that diseases of the

liver, and consequently derangements of the biliary secretion, are very

frequent, the investigation, 1 think, must be profitable to the Fellows

1862.] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 133

of the Society—especially as the subject is one that may be divested

of all scientific technicality, and may readily be understood by those

unacquainted with anatomy.

The first part of my communication (on the Situation, Form,

and Capacity of the Gall-bladder in the Vertebrata; on its Absence

in certain Animals ; and on the Colour of the Bile) I make this even-

ing; the second part (on the Structure of the Gall-bladder; the

place of Entrance of the Biliary Ducts into the Alimentary Tube;

the Composition of the Bile, and its Morbid Conditions) I reserve

for a future occasion.

As some of my hearers are to a great extent ignorant of anatomy,

I may premise that the bile, secreted by the largest gland of the

body, the liver, is poured into the alimentary tube, with that of the

pancreatic juice, a short distance from the pyloric end of the stomach ;

that it is conveyed from the liver by small tubes or ducts, which

vary in number in different animals; that the gall-bladder, a mem-

branous bag, is a reservoir for the bile, so that a due supply of this

important fluid is insured when perhaps the secretory action of the

liver, from causes with which we are unacquainted, is impaired,

Why certain animals should be supplied with this reservoir, and

why others whose structure is nearly similar, and whose food is of

the same kind, should be deprived of it, are questions to be consi-

dered hereafter.

In this communication I purpose giving the result chiefly of my

own dissections, and I shall not allude much to the works of others ;

for it is only the combination of the deductions of labourers in the

same field of investigation that will enable us hereafter to draw po-

sitive inferences. This method is especially necessary in investigating

the anatomy and physiology of the gall-bladder, as there is probably

no organ in which so many deviations occur.

For the purpose of showing the form and size of the gall-bladder,

I place before the Society a diagram, in which I have sketched this

viscus in 306 species (so-called) of animals, including 132 mammals,

99 birds, 43 reptiles, and 32 fishes; and I also place on the table

the dried and distended gall-bladders of 49 different animals. I may

likewise state that I have generally taken a sketch of the gall-bladder

of all the animals I have dissected, and emptied the bile upon white

paper or into a bottle ; so that by this means I am enabled to exhibit

the bile of nearly 600 species of animals. Some of this bile has

been preserved for more than twelve years. I trust that I may be

pardoned for these allusions, which to some may appear to be too

egotistical ; but I introduce them for the purpose of showing that I

have paid much attention to the subject *.

Situation of the Gall-bladder.—In the vast majority of the Ver-

tebrata, as in the human species, this organ is placed upon the right

side of the liver, and, in Mammals, more or less imbedded in its sub-

* In the present International Exhibition (Class 2, No. 503) is a frame con-

taining the bile of nearly 600 animals, which I have cut with a gun-punch from

the papers which I now exhibit, for the purpose of showing the varieties of colour

of this fluid, and its utility as a pigment when properly prepared,

134 DR. E, CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [April 8,

stance, so that often on removing the gall-bladder a portion of the

liver adheres to it. In birds there is seldom a depression in the liver

for its reception ; but in the Chelonian reptiles it is for the most part

deeply imbedded in the hepatic substance; and the same remark

will apply to many of the Saurians, although I have not found it so

deeply placed as in the Chelonians. In the Ophidians it is mostly far

removed from the liver, and in contact with the spleen and pancreas.

Thus, in a Python (P. molurus), 10 feet long, I found it 18 inches

from the liver; and this will be about the proportionate distance,

taking the length of the reptile into account, in most of the true

serpents. In the family of Orvets (Anguwis), only three species of

which I have examined, the gall-bladder was close to the liver; and

the same description will apply to the Batrachians, many foreign

species of which, besides the British, I have inspected. In the

British bony fishes which I have dissected, the gall-bladder has been

in contact with the liver; but my list includes only about forty spe-

cies. In the Tunny (Zhynnus vulgaris) 1 found the body of this

viscus united to the liver by a long, narrow, spiral neck; it was

14 inches in length, and about 3 of an inch in diameter.

The Form and Capacity of the Gall-bladder.—In Man it is of a

pyramidal form, and holds from one ounce to two ounces of bile. In

many of the Quadrumana its form has not so great a resemblance to

that of the human species as in some of the lower Mammals; thus,

in six Anthropoid Apes that I have examined (three Ourangs and

three Chimpanzees) the gall-bladder was of a twisted irregular shape,

—a fact of importance now that some zoologists are giving these

brutes, as I believe, an undue. elevation in the vertebrate scale.

Among the Monkeys even of the same species I have found much

deviation of form in the gall-bladder: thus, in a Capuchin it was

triangular, with three mamillary projections at the base, and in

others nearly cylindrical. The capacity of this organ in the Qua-

drumana varies from one to six drachms, according to the size of

the animal; probably in the old Anthropoid Apes it would be propor-

tionately more capacious than in Man, as is the case with the smaller

Monkeys, all of which consume relatively a larger quantity of food.

In the Lemurs (Lemuride), five species of which I have inspected,

the gall-bladder was of a pyramidal shape, and its capacity rather

_ large. a!

In the Bats (Cheiroptera), my notes afford no information upon

the subject worthy of record. =~

The Insectivora, as far as I have examined them, have a large

gall-bladder. j

In the Bears (six species of which I have inspected) it is generally

large and pear-shaped. -In‘the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) I found

it more irregular in form. “In the Racoon (U. lotor), Coatimondi (U.

nasua), Kinkajou (U.caudivolvulus), Wolverine (U. gulo), Badger(U.

meles\, Ratel (U. mellivorus), and Tayra (Mustela barbara), it is

large and pyramidal ; and the same remark will apply to the Weasels,

Otters, Dogs, Hyenas, and Civets. In the Cats it is often of a

somewhat irregular spiral form; this is the case in the Lion and in

1862.] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 135

some of the smaller Felidee. In a new species of Lynx (F.. macro-

celis) the gall-bladder was of a triangular shape, with a long narrow

twisted neck ; and I have seen nearly the same form in a young Lion at

birth. In the Ocelot (F. pardalis) the neck is coiled once round ; and

I have found a like shape in some of the smaller Cats. In the Otter

F. lutra) it makes a half turn. I may remark that the form of the

gall-bladder can only be properly seen when it is distended with air.

In the Seals (Phocide) (three species examined) it is of a pyri-

form shape, and very capacious. In the Walrus (Trichechus) 1 also

found it large.

I will mention the capacity of this organ in a few of the Carnivora,

in which I measured the bladder by filling it with water. The gall-

bladder of the Lioness which recently died at the Society’s Gardens

contained five fluid ounces of bile; that of a Polar Bear (Ursus mari-

timus), four ounces ; Cape Hunting Dog (Lycaon pictus), one ounce ;

Clouded Tiger (F'. macrocelides), seven drachms; Ocelot (/’. parda-

lis), seven drachms. In other animals of this order its capacity, in

relation to the size of the body, is about the same

In the Marsupiata the gall-bladder is generally of a more rounded

form than in the last-named division, and of moderate capacity. In

the Tasmanian Wolf (Thylacinus), it held about seven drachms; in

the Great Kangaroo (Macropus major), ive drachms; in the Red

Kangaroo (M. ruber), about the same ; in the Tree Kangaroo (Den-

drolagus inustus), about three drachms ; in the Halmaturus wantho-

pus, five drachms. In the Opossums, Dasyures, and Phalangers,

such as I have examined, the form and capacity, in relation to the

bulk of the quadruped, is nearly the same as in the above.

In such of the Rodents as possess a gall-bladder I have generally

found it of a rounded or oval form, as in the Marmot (Aretomys al-

pinus), Hare (Lepus timidus), Rabbit (L. euniculus), Beaver (Castor

fiber), Agouti (Dasyprocta), Common Mouse (Mus musculus), Com-

mon Squirrel (Seiurus vulgaris), Grey Squirrel (S. carolinensis), West

Indian Squirrel ( 2), Flying Squirrel (8. volucella). The capacity

is moderate and tolerably uniform in the above. In the Beaver, chiefly

a ligneous feeder, the capacity is about two and one-half drachms.

It was absent in the Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara), in the

Sciurus maximus, Jerboa (Dipus), and Musquash (Castor zibethicus).

In other species of Rodents my attention was not directed to this

subject. Cuvier states that in the genus Mus the gall-bladder is ab-

sent: but I think many exceptions will be found to this.

Edentata. In the Great Anteater (Myrmecophaga jubata) 1

found the gall-bladder capacious and of a somewhat pyramidal

shape; in two species of Armadillo (six-banded and nine-banded) it

was more cylindrical ; in one of the Monotremata, the Ornitho-

rhyncus, it was very large, and its form pyramidal.

The Absence of the Gall-bladder.—As far as I have gone, with the

exception of the Cheiroptera, about which I am unable to speak from

my own observations, as I omitted to look for this viscus in the Bri-

tish Bats and in many foreign species that I have dissected, all the

animals I have spoken of, excepting the Rodents already mentioned

136 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER [ April 8,

are furnished with a gall-bladder ; but we now come to a division

(the Pachydermata) in which this organ is generally absent. I have

found it in the Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus), in Ailian’s Wart-

Hog (P. @liani), in the Red River-Hog (Potamocherus africanus),

in the Javan Wild Hog (Sus vittatus) ; but in the Wild Boar of Europe

(S. scrofa), and in the Indian Hog (S. indicus) I omitted to note its

presence. In the above-named animals it is long and rather capacious,

containing from one and a half to two and a half ounces of bile.

It was absent in two Tapirs (Tapirus americanus), in the White-

lipped Peccary (Dicotyles labiatus), and in the Collared Peccary

(D. torquatus), in two Asiatic Elephants (Hlephas indicus), in the

Hyrax (Hyrax capensis) (two specimens), in the Horse (Equus ca-

ballus), in the Ass (Z. asinus), and in the Zebra (2. zebra). I have

not examined the Hippopotamus or the Rhinoceros ; but it is said to

be absent in both; so that, with the exception of the Pigs (Suwide),

none of the Pachyderms have a gall-bladder.

Ruminantia. This is one of the most interesting divisions as re-

gards the physiology of the gall-bladder. It has been always stated

that the solid-horned Ruminants have no gall-bladder, and that in the

hollow-horned it is present—an assertion that, like too many others

in zoology, has been made without sufficient evidence.

In one of the most recent articles on the Ruminantia that I am

acquainted with, by Dr. Cobbold (Todd’s ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy

and Physiology,’ 1859), this author, in reference to the gall-bladder

says, “This family (the Camelide), in common with the Cervide

proper, is further distinguished by the absence of a gall-bladder,

whereas the hollow-horned Ruminants invariably possess this struc-

ture.” In speaking of the double gall-bladder of the Giraffe, described

by Professor Owen, Dr. Cobbold thinks it a circumstance serving to

illustrate a feeble alliance with the Antilopide on the one hand, and

a nearer approach to the Cervide and Camelide on the other.

In my dissections of the Ruminants I have sometimes omitted to

sketch the gall-bladder, or to name it in my notes; but the sub-

joined list of animals, I think, is sufficiently extensive to show that this

supposed law is not always to be depended upon.

I found that it was absent in the Alpaca (Lama pacos), Lamas 2

(L. glama), Guanacos 2 (L. huanaca), Virginian Deer 2 (Cervus vir-

ginianus), Reindeer 4 (C. tarandus), Sambur Deer 2 (C. hippela-

phus), Malacca Deer (C. malaccensis), Rocky-Mountain Deer (C.

?), Hog Deer 3 (C. porcinus), Brocket (C. auritus), Indian

Deer 3 (C. indicus), Mexican Deer (C. meaicanus), and Elk (C. alces).

In the Wapiti Deer (C. canadensis), Persian Deer (C. wallichit),

Barbary Deer (C. barbarus), and Barasinga Deer (C. duvaucellit), I

did not look for it.

I found it in the Musk Deer (M. moschiferus), Axis Deer 3 (C.

avis), Brocket (C. superciliaris) (but absent in one specimen), Leu-

coryx 3 (Antilope leucoryx), Eland (A. oreas), Harte Beeste (4.

caama), Isabelline Antelope (A. isabellina), Striped Antelope (4.

scripta), Dorcas Gazelle (A. dorcas), Indian Gazelle (A. bezoarctica),

Bennett's Gazelle (A. bennettii), Gazella vera, Spring Boc (Antilope

1862. ] AND BILE OF THE VERTEBRATA. 137

euchore), Nylgau (Portaz pictus) 2, also in the Mufflon (Ovis musi-

mon) and Cape Sheep (O. capensis).

It was absent in three Giraffes (Camelopardalis giraffa) that I

have examined, as well as in the following :—Duiker Boc (Antilope

mergens), Bonte-boe (4. pygarga), Addax (A. addax), Bubaline

Antelope (A. bubalis), Philantomba Antelope (4. maxwellii), Grys-

boc (A. melanotis), Reh-boc (4. capreola), and Angora Goat (Capra

angorensis); but, speaking from memory, I believe I have seen it in

other specimens of the Goat.

[The figures after the names indicate the number dissected. ]

The form of the gall-bladder of the Ruminants is generally some-

what pear-shaped ; but the circumference of the neck is nearly equal

to that of the fundus. It is generally of large proportionate size :

that (of the Ox) on the table holds eleven ounces. In an old Leucoryx

Antelope I found it nearly as capacious ; but in two younger speci-

mens the gall-bladders were much less. The capacity in the smaller

Ruminants varies from six drachms to three ounces. The Ox, I be-

lieve, has the largest gall-bladder of any terrestrial animal—a fact of

considerable interest when it is remembered that a vast number of

Ruminants the food and digestive apparatus of which are of a very

similar description are unprovided with this reservoir.

Birds. In the great majority of birds that I have dissected, the

form is very similar: it is mostly ovoid; in some oblong; and ina

few, as in the Cassowary (Caswarius galeatus), Cormorant (Pelecanus

carbo), and Guan (Penelope pileata), nearly cylindrical. In the

Double-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus) it resembles

more the gall-bladder of a mammal than that of any bird I have seen.

The capacity is very uniform, and generally bears a near relation to

that of the bird. As with quadrupeds, there appears to be no import-

ant difference between the animal and vegetable feeders, or in those

that take a mixed diet. Its capacity is from three to four drachms

in the Cranes and Storks, in the Cassowary about six drachms, in the

Vultures and Eagles from two to three drachms, in the Great Bustard

( Otis tarda) four drachms, in the Brush Turkey (Talegalla lathami)

three drachus.

As is well known, the Pigeons, Parrots, Mackaws, Parrakeets, Lories,

Toucans, Toracos, and some other birds are said to be without a gall-

bladder. I have dissected many of the above-named ; but, as I took

it for granted that this organ did not exist, I was not so careful in

the inspections as I should have been. Cuvier says it does not exist

in the Cuckoos (Cuculide); but I have found it both in the Spotted

Cuckoo of Europe (Cuculus glandarius) and in the Java Cuckoo

(C. orientalis). In the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) and in the Rhea

(Rhea americana) I examined, it was absent, but present (as I have

stated) in both species of Cassowary. The Emu I have not dissected,

Reptiles. In the Chelonian Reptiles the gall-bladder is very large,

In some of the large Turtles it will contain from two to three ounces

of fluid. In the Saurians it is likewise capacious. Ina large Alli-

gator, weighing about two hundredweight, its capacity was about

four ounces; but in many Alligators and Crocodiles that I have in-

138 DR. E. CRISP ON THE GALL-BLADDER, ETC. [April 8,

spected it was proportionately smaller. In the Ophidians it is of

moderate size. Ina Python (Python molurus), weighing thirty-three

pounds, its capacity was about two ounces. In the Batrachians its

form is more globular, and its size (relatively) larger. I have not

found the gall-bladder absent in any Reptile.

Fishes. In the British Fishes (forty-two species of which I have

only examined for this purpose) I found a gall-bladder, the shape

globular in all, with the exception of that of the Tunny before named:

it is rather capacious in this division. In a Pike (Hsoxv lucius)

weighing twenty-eight pounds, the capacity was about one ounce. In

a Wolf-fish (Anarrhichas) weighing twelve pounds, about the same.

In the Lophius piscatorius, a very ravenous fish, it was much smaller.

In the Shark (Lamna cornubica), Dog Fishes (Scyllia), and Rays

(Raiade) its proportionate capacity is about the same as in the os-

seous fishes.

Before I finish this part of my subject, I will add a few remarks

about the supposed absence of a gallbladder in many fishes.

Cuvier did not depend always upon his own observations. I believe

that this organ has escaped notice in many instances, especially in

the Fishes. The Giraffe was supposed not to possess a gall-bladder ;

but in two examined by Professor Owen, one was without a gall-

bladder, the other had a double gall-bladder, as may be seen in the

preparation in the Hunterian Museum.

As I have stated before, in three Giraffes that I have inspected,

this viscus was wanting in all. I have met with one specimen of a

double gall-bladder in the Sheep ; and in the Hunterian Museum

there is the liver of a small animal (unknown) with three distinct

gall-bladders; so that I think it will be well for future observers

not to assume that this reservoir is absent, but to look for it in all

the Vertebrata. It is well to remember, too, that the gall-bladder

in some reptiles and fishes is not always close to the liver—a circum-

stance, as stated by Cuvier, that may have led to its having been

often undiscovered. Sir E. Home, as mentioned in the ‘ Museum

Catalogue of the College of Surgeons,’ described, in the ‘ Philoso-

phical Transactions’ for 1809, the Basking Shark (Selache mavima)

as being without a gall-bladder. M. de Blainville (in the ‘ Annales

du Muséum,’ 1811) found a gall-bladder in this fish, 4 or 5 inches

in diameter ; but it was seated 6 feet from the liver. As I am speak-

ing of the Hunterian Museum, I may add, for the purpose of showing

how little this subject has been attended to, that only ten gall-

bladders are to be seen in this collection—one of a Fish, three of

Reptiles, three of Birds, and three of Quadrupeds.

I have only time for a passing remark on the quantity of bile

secreted by various animals. The estimate must to a great extent be

conjectural ; but in the human subject, where fistulous communica-

tions have been accidentally established, and in Dogs and other

animals where the ducts have been exposed, some indications of the

average daily quantity of this secretion may be formed. Thus, in

Man it is probably from six to ten ounces daily. In the domesti-

cated Ox—a quadruped (as before stated) that has, I believe, a larger.

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 139°

gall-bladder than any land animal—from thirty to sixty ounces ; by

some physiologists a much larger quantity is given. The daily

amount of bile secreted depends probably upon the quantity and

quality of the food. Thus, animals that eat frequently have most

likely a larger secretion ; whilst those that fast for a long period (as

some of the reptiles), although they possess large gall-bladders, have

comparatively a small secretion of bile. There appears to be no im-

portant difference between the animal and vegetable feeders ; nor does

the absence of a gall-bladder, as far as we can ascertain, influence

the quantity of the secretion.

The Colour of the Bile.—The specimens before the Society, from

all divisions of the Vertebrata, show the great variety of colours

exhibited by this fluid: all shades of brown, green, and yellow are

present, and many of them very vivid and intense. It must be ob-

served that animals in confinement often have the bile in an abnormal

condition ; and probably the colour is influenced to a great extent by

the diseased or healthy condition of the liver—a matter to be spoken

of hereafter.

In fishes the colour is generally of a light yellow, in some ineli-

ning to brown. Inu reptiles some of the most vivid browns, yellows,

and greens are seen: the last-named colour is not unfrequent in the

web-footed birds and in some of the Rapaces; but the prevailing

colours in the birds are browns and yellows. In mammals the intense

greens are rarely seen; but the colours vary from light green to

shades of yellow or brown of every hue. The applicability of this

fluid as a pigment cannot be properly touched upon here.

In this paper I have spoken entirely from my own observations, and

I have handled the matter in a different manner to that of any pre-

vious inquirer ; so that zoologists who may hereafter investigate this

interesting subject may, by combining my labours with those of others

in the same field of research, profit, I hope, by this investigation.

Mr. A. Murray pointed out the characters of a new Crocodile from

the Old Calabar River, West Africa, for which he proposed the name

Crocodilus frontatus, as indicative of the large size of the forehead

in this species.

The following lists of the additions to the Menagerie during the

months of January, February, and March were laid before the meet-

ing :—

JANUARY.

Presented by

1 Common Tench............ Tinca vulgaris ......++ ae oa ane cates Willaume,

sq.

1 Red and Yellow Maccaw.| Ara araraund ......s0006 ‘Mr. Atcheler.

1 Bonnet Monkey............ |\Macacus radiatus .....+... R. Ridgley, Esq.

1 Chamelion .............+00.. Chameleo vulgaris ...... Dr. Babington.

1 Pig-tailed Monkey.........| Macacus nemestrinus ...\E. Walden, Esq.

1 Maltese Pig .......... voeee| SUS. SCTOLD, VAN. ..+4.0000e+ J. Cunningham, Esq.

1 Crested Curassow .........,Crax alector ....0+..0 .+..»|Dr. Kelaart of Trinidad.

2 Common Rayens sesssesel COPUUS COPA sseseteeveeeee EV. W. Willimott.

140 ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, [April 8,

JANUARY (continued). ,

1 Rosy-crested Cockatoo ...|Caca/ua roseicapilla ......|L. Blaize, Esq.

2 Albino Rats ...ccceececeees Mus raltus sesssseeeseseee/Rev. J. G. Hills.

1 Polecat .......... sesecsevees/LUtOrius felidus ...s000.- |

1 Spotted Cary ........... veve|COLOGENYS PACA seeecsreroes

1 Podargus ....e.seseeveeeee|/POMATGUS CUVIETE wesesees.

1 Blue-streaked Lory ......|Hos riciniata......s00...06.

2 Buff-breasted Partridges .|Pitilopachys fuscus ...... |

2 Lesser Razor-billed Cu-/Pauxi tomentosa ......... > Purchased.

Tassows.

1 Coquetoon ..........++s000+| Cephalophus rufilatus .

SOLDUAS we tencanswavencaed voe|Dipus @GYptius .....s.0-0e.!

1 Douroucouli Monkey...,..|Nyctipithecus trivirgatus?|

1 Sooty Monkey ............|Cercocebus fuliginosus ...| J

FEBRUARY.

Presented by

1 Capuchin Monkey......... Cebus capucinus ,........|Dr. Battershell Gill, F.Z,S.

1 Purple Heron...............| drdea purpurea .....+... Capt. Richardson.

1 Jerboa .........+ seseseveees| Dipus @gyptius...... +++se-/B. Cochrane Willis, Esq.

1 young Sea Eagle .........| Haliaétus leucocephalus.. Dr. E. J. Longton.

1 Marmozet ......ssseeeseeeee |Hapale iacchus ....++. wo C. H. Smith, Esq., F.Z.S.

3 Chinese Sand-Grouse ... Syrrhaptes paradoxus ...|A. O’Brien, Esq.

13 Undulated Parrakeets...| Melopsittacus undulatus.

1 Flying FOX ....sccosseessseee|/ PLErOPUS MEMiUS ,.. 00000

1 Zenaida Dove ....+....000| ZENATA QUTILA ...s0ceeree | p Purchased.

1 Lun Fish......... e++--...| Cyclopterus lumpus .....-

1 African Buzzard .........| Buteo tachardus ....0+05

Marcu.

Presented by

1 Vulpine Opossum .,..,.....|Phalangista vulpina .......The Earl of Kilmorey,

| F.Z.S.

1 Rosy-crested Cockatoo ...!Cacatua roseicapilla ....... Mrs. Clegg.

1 Cockateal ...... sesseeeeees-| Calopsitta nove hollandie T.W. Nunn, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey.......... . Macacus rhesus, var....... G. Estridge, Esq.

3 Laughing Kingfishers ,..|Dacelo gigas .........«++...|Dr. Miiller.

1 Crested Curassow ......... Crax alector ........,+++.../H. E. Crum-Ewing, Jun.,

Esq.

2 Rough-legged Buzzards...|drchibuteo lagopus ......,Sir T. F. Buxton, Bart.,

F.Z.S.

1 Golden Eye ,..+0+,..0++04./Clangula glaucion .........| )

1 Scaup Duck ,...........40. |Fuligula marila....evssss

ZIPAONS \saseenensavscescaccesens| LEMS (CO occseascovdstascere

1 Red Kangaroo ............, Macropus rufus.......se0es

2 Pademeleon Wallabies ...!Halmaturus thetidis ......

1 Small Wallaby ,.........../Halmaturus Besioba-

| Purchased.

1 Palzornis ,.,..,000........., Paleornis malaccensis ...

4 Flamingos 4....s+0s00s000... PAEnicoplerus antiguo-

rum.

6 Wheatears .......se0eee000.. Saxicola cnanthe .......+.

4 Oyster-Catchers.............Haematopus ostralegus ...

2 Birds of Paradise ,........|Paradisea papuana ......

Of these, Hos riciniata, Ptilopachys fuscus, and Paradisea pa-

puana were stated to have been exhibited for the first time,

—a — -—_— =

/N Hanhart,

1862.) THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 141

May 13, 1862.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary reported that the ‘La Hogue,’ which had sailed

from Sydney on the 16th of January, with the living Kagu (Rhino-

chetus jubatus) on board, shipped for the Society by Dr. Bennett,

had arrived on the 22nd of April last, with this curious bird in per-

fect health. The Kagu had been transferred without delay to the

New Aviary in the Society’s Gardens. Dr. Bennett had also for-

warded by the same vessel two Hornbills and a Pigeon from the

Salomon Islands, and a Porphyrio from the island of Tanna, of the

New Hebrides group, to be deposited in the Society’s Gardens, and

taken care of for H.R.H. the Duc de Brabant.

One of the Hornbills had died shortly before the arrival of the

vessel, but, having been placed in spirits, had made a good skeleton.

This and the skin had enabled the species to be determined. It ap-

peared to be Buceros ruficollis, agreeing with Temminck’s figure

(Pl. Col. 557) of that bird. The male, still living, had the head

and neck rufous white, darker posteriorly ; in the female, which had

died, these parts were black. Dr. Sclater had remarked a similar di-

stinction of the sexes in the specimens of this bird in the Museum

at Leyden.

The Pigeon appeared referable to Carpophaga rubricera, G. R.

Gray, MS. (Globicera rubricera, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 31). The Por-

phyrio was much like Porphyrio melanotus (Gould’s B. Austr. vi.

pl. 69), already in the Menagerie, but smaller in dimensions, and

apparently distinct.

The same vessel had also brought a large consignment of Parrots

for sale, out of which the Secretary had secured for the Society’s

ere examples of the following rare species, all new to the col-

ection :— ;

1. Calyptorhynchus banksii, Vig. & Horsf., from New South

Wales.

2. Cacatua ducorpsii, Hombron & Jacquinot, from the Salomon

Islands—a very distinct species, allied to C. moluccensis and C. ecri-

stata, but readily distinguishable by the blue skin round the eye and

the yellow-tinged crest, as shown in Mr. Wolf’s drawing (Pl. XIV.).

3. Pyrrhulopsis personata (G. R. Gray), from the Fiji Islands,

agreeing with the bird figured, P. Z. 8S. 1848, Aves, Pl. III. p. 20.

Dr. Crisp exhibited the following specimens : —

1. The head of a Partridge (Perdix cinerea), shot in September

last ; the upper mandible much thickened and curved upwards, so that

its point was three-fourths of an inch from the tip of the lower man-

dible. The bird was in tolerable condition, and had probably lived

chiefly on green food, as turnip-tops were found in the crop and

gizzard, Three birds were shot in the same locality with a similar

142 - MR. A, NEWTON ON BIRDS FROM MADAGASCAR. [May 13,

malformation, and it is believed that they belonged to the same

covey. : 3

2. The ceecal appendages of the Impeyan Pheasant (Phasianus

impeyanus), for the purpose of showing their large size. The two

when distended measured 18 inches in length, and held seven ounces

of water. Dr. Crisp said that, with the exception of the larger size

of these czeca and a larger number of tracheal rings, the visceral

anatomy of this bird differed in no important points from that of

our common Pheasant (P. colchicus).

3. The tail-glands of the Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) and of

the Red-throated Diver (Colymbus septentrionalis). In both these

birds the elevatores coccygis were seen to be firmly inserted into the

posterior part of the glands, so as to aid materially in the expulsion

of their contents.

Mr. Fraser exhibited for Lord Powerscourt an enormous pair of

antlers with forty-four points, supposed to be those of the Red Deer,

from the Carpathian Mountains. Their weight was stated to be

seventy-four pounds ; the length of each antler 5 feet 8 mches, fol-

lowing the curve, the distance direct from the base to the tip of

each antler being 4 feet 33 inches, the greatest width of the antlers

5 feet 5 inches. The following was Lord Powerscourt’s memoran-

dum respecting this remarkable specimen :—

“This pair of horns was bought for me by the Hon. Julian Fane,

at Vienna, about six weeks ago. The history he got with them was

that they had belonged to a person who lived near Kronstadt in Tran-

sylvania; that they were sold out of his Schloss, on his death lately,

and bought by a travelling merchant, who again sold them to a burgher

of Vienna, from whom Julian Fane bought them for me for £50.”

Mr. Alfred Newton exhibited some birds, collected in Madagascar

by his brother Mr. Edward Newton and Dr. Roch (both Corre-

sponding Members of the Society), who had formed part of the

Mission lately sent to that island by the Government of Mauritius.

He remarked that last autumn, when news of the despatch of the

envoys reached England, regrets had been expressed in some of the

public prints that no professional naturalist had been attached to the

Mission, and that the Society’s Secretary had then pointed out, in a

letter to The Times, that the fears so manifested were groundless. |

The Secretary’s opinion had been fully verified, as regarded Orni-

thology, by the collections transmitted home by those gentlemen.

Though small, they consisted chiefly of specimens of great interest

and rarity, few of the species being contained in any museum in this

country. Dr. Hartlaub’s description of one bird, entirely new to

science, the Society would shortly hear read; and there could be

little doubt that the notes and observations which Dr. Roch and Mr,

Edward Newton were about to publish in ‘ The Ibis’ would well de-

serve the notice of naturalists interested in the Fauna of Madagascar.

Mr. Newton added that he understood that a collection of Reptiles

1862.] DR.J,E.GRAY ON A BAT FROM THE SANDWICH ISLANDS, 143

and Fishes had also been made by those gentlemen, but that it was

unfortunately spoiled, after its arrival at Mauritius, by the disho-

nesty of a native servant, who had abstracted the spirit in which

the specimens had been preserved.

The following papers were read :—

1. Noricr or A Species or LASIURUS SENT FROM THE SAND-

wicH Istanps By Mr. W. H. Pease. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

F.R.S.

I have just received from Mr. W. H. Pease a specimen of Lasiurus

or Hairy-tailed Bat, with the following observation, dated Honolulu,

Nov, 20, 1861 :—‘‘I have the pleasure of sending you a specimen

of the Bat found on our islands, also a skull separate. It is the only

mammal indigenous to our group (of islands). It is quite a curio-

sity to our natives, very few of them having ever seen one.”

I have carefully compared the specimen sent by Mr. Pease with

the Lasiuri in the British Museum, which have been named by Mr.

Robert Tomes in conformity with his paper on the species of the

genus, printed in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for

1857.

~ I cannot find any distinction between it and the specimen named

Lasiurus grayii, described in his paper. (See P. Z. 8S. 1857, p. 40.)

The Museum specimen was received from Mr. Bridges, who ob-

tained it in Chili.

There is a second specimen in the Museum Collection named by

Mr. R. Tomes L. grayi, which was collected by Mr. John E. Goodsir

at Nasqually, Juan de Fuca. I may observe that the Sandwich

Islands specimen is of the same size as the specimen from Chili, and

considerably smaller than the one from Juan de Fuca, which has the

arm-bone nearly a line and a half longer than the Chilian and Sand-

wich Islands specimens.

This Bat being found in the Sandwich Islands is curious, as show-

ing the similarity of the fauna in some particulars with that of the

Western Coast of America,

2. Norice or a New Species or Dotpuin (DeLpHINus caTa-

LANIA), DISCOVERED IN Nortru Avustrauia By Mr, JoHNn

Macerituivray. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., ere.

Mr. John Macgillivray has sent to Mr. Cuming, who has trans-

ferred them to the British Museum Collection, two skulls of a species

of Dolphin or Bottlenose, which he regards as probably new.

These skulls were accompanied by the following notes :—

“ DELPHINUS, 0.8.

“ The larger of the two skulls belonged to an individual killed off

Cape Melville (within the Great Barrier Reefs), north-east coast of

Australia, Sept. 5, 1860. It was a female, 7} feet in length; and

144 DR. J, E. GRAY ON A NEW DOLPHIN. [May 13,

from it were taken two foetuses, each 10 inches in length. The adult

was of a very light lead-colour above and on the sides, gradually

passing into the dirty leaden white of the lower parts, which were

covered (as also the flippers) with longitudinally elongated blotches

of dark lead-colour.

“ The smaller of the two skulls represents another Porpoise of the

same species, harpooned off Cape Flattery, on the north-east coast

of Australia, Oct. 9, 1860. It was considerably smaller than the

first one, being only 6? feet in length. It was a female. The colour

was exactly lead-colour, fading into whitish on the lower parts be-

tween the anus and the snout. The sides were marked with small

oblong spots of the same colour as the back. Measurements when

recent :—

“Total length, snout to centre of tail, 6 feet 9 inches. ;

* Snout to base of dorsal, 3 feet ; length of anterior border of dorsal

13 inches; height of dorsal 8 inches; width of dorsal 12 inches ;

from posterior border of dorsal to tip of tail, 2 feet 8 inches.

«*Swimming-paws (midway between snout and dorsal) 13 inches

long, and 53 inches broad ; from their base to end of snout, 13 inches.

“Tail 22 inches across from tip to tip.

‘* Anus 2 feet 2 inches in front of tail (centre of tip).

** Kye 3ths of an inch in diameter, situated 1} inch behind angle of

mouth, and 12 inches from tip of upper jaw.

** Lower jaw projecting 1 inch beyond the upper.

** This Porpoise was occasionally seen, in small droves of from three

to six, along the north-east coast of Australia, within the reefs. Two

other species also were seen, but we could not fasten.”

The two skulls slightly differ in shape and size.

No. 1 is 17 inches long ; the beak to the notch is 10 inches, and

the upper teeth-bone 83 inches long; the front lower teeth are worn

away and truncated, like the teeth of the common Delphinus tursio,

which was described as D. drunatus by Montague. ‘There are

twenty-seven teeth on each side in the upper, and twenty-five teeth

on each side in the lower jaw.

No. 2 is 17 inches long ; the beak 93, and the upper tooth-bone

8 inches long. The teeth, twenty-four above (perhaps one on each

side is deficient, as the end of the jaw is very tender), twenty-three

or twenty-four below. The front lower teeth are slightly truncated ;

but this skull chiefly differs from No. 1 in being rather more convex

and rather narrower, especially in the hinder part, from the middle

of its length.

I have compared these skulls with those of the different species of

Bottlenoses (Z'usio) in the British Museum ; and they are perfectly

distinct from any of them. The species may be called Delphinus

catalania. It is smaller in size, and has a much smaller brain-

cavity than D. eymodice (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 19) and D.

metis (Gray, Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 18); and the beak is not so

tapering as in these species, and the teeth are rather more numerous.

It is equally distinct from Delphinus eurynome (Gray, Zool. Erebus

& Terror, t, 17), believed to be from the North Sea.

1862.] MR. J. H. GURNEY ON AQUILA DESMURSII. 145

It is not easy to point out the distinction of these species in words;

but there cannot be a doubt about them when they are compared

together.

{ may here observe that Delphinus eutropia (Gray, Proc. Zool.

Soc. 1849, 1; Zool. Erebus & Terror, t. 34 ined.), which, in the

‘ Catalogue of Cetacea’ in the British Museum, I have placed in the

first section of Tursia, with D. tursio and the species above named,

should be formed into a section of itself, characterized by having a

very broad muzzle shelving on the sides, and the skull shelving down

over the orbits, and thirty-four or thirty-five slender teeth on each

side of each jaw. This section may be called Evrropia.

3. Notice or A WinGuEss Brirp, or Mono, anv A Raven FOUND

IN THE IsLtAnD oF Hawai By Mr. W. H. Pease. By Dr.

J. KE, Gray, F.R.S., erc.

In a note lately received from Mr. W. H. Pease, dated Honolulu,

Noy. 20, 1861, he observes, ‘I noticed in a late number of the

‘Annals of Natural History’ a description of a species of bird living

im our islands (which was figured many years since in Dixon’s

‘ Voyage’), by Mr. Gould; he refers it to the genus ‘ Moho.’

** Please inform him that there is a wingless bird of small size

living in the island of Hawaii, which the natives call ‘Moho,’ which

is now nearly extinct, having been killed off by the wild cats and

dogs within late years; I have seen but a single specimen. ‘There

is also living there a species of Raven,”

4, Some Remarks on Aquita DesmursiI (J. VERREAUX).

By J. H. Gurney, M.P., F.Z.S.*

M. Jules Verreaux, who first recognized this Eagle as a distinct

species, communicated his description of it to Dr. Hartlaub, by whom

the species was made known to ornithologists in his admirable work

on the Ornithology of West Africa.

My present object is to put on record some information as to this

interesting bird, with which M. Jules Verreaux has been so good as

to supply me, and also to give some indications of the changes of

plumage to which this species appears liable, and which I have had

the opportunity of examining in several examples which now form

part of the collection of the Norwich Museum.

It may, however, be well to premise a few general remarks with

reference to the geographical distribution of this Eagle, and to some

of the peculiarities by which it is distinguished.

Aquila desmursii has hitherto only been found in Tropieal Africa,

north of the Equator,—specimens having been obtained at Bissao

* This paper will also be published in the Socicty’s ‘Transactions,’ accompa-

nied by a plate. :

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. X.

146 MR. J. H. GURNEY ON AQUILA DESMURSII. [May 13,

on the western coast, and also in Nubia and Abyssinia, and on the

banks of the White Nile.

It is a small species, intermediate in size between Aquila pennata

and Aguila nevia. From the former it is readily distinguishable by

the greater length of all its measurements ; from the latter (as also

from Aquila nevioides) it may, on the contrary, be distinguished by

its less size and, as Dr. Hartlaub well remarks, “‘by the more deli-

cately shaped bill, and by the greater length of the tail” as com-

pared with that of the wings.

Another well-marked distinction to which Dr. Hartlaub does not

allude is to be found in the presence in Aquila desmursii of a well-

defined, though small, occipital crest, consisting of from eight te

nine pointed feathers, the longest of which are fully an inch and a

half in length.

The colouring of this Eagle, described in Dr. Hartlaub’s work, is

that which characterizes what I believe to be the adult bird after it

has newly moulted and has acquired its fresh plumage. In this dress

the general colouring of Aquila desmursii closely resembles that of

the adult of Aguila nevioides under similar conditions, being of a

rufous brown, varying in intensity in different portions of the same

feather.

Other specimens of Aquila desmursii exhibit a plumage of an ex-

tremely dark and almost uniform chocolate-colour. These indivi-

duals I believe to be immature birds, in which the feathers have

been also newly acquired. In this stage they bear a considerable

general resemblance in point of colouring to the immature specimens

of Aquila pennata, though I have never met with an immature

Aquila pennata quite so dark as some specimens I have seen of

Aquila desmursii. In Aquila desmursii, as also in Aquila nevioides,

both adult and immature ‘birds appear liable to have their plumage

exceedingly bleached by the action of the tropical sun; but it is

remarkable that the feathers composing the occipital crest in Aquila

desmursit appear to retain their original tint, notwithstanding the

partial loss of colour from the above cause in the portions of the

plumage immediately adjacent. It should also be remarked that, in

some immature specimens, nearly the whole under surface is of a

very pale whitish brown—a variation from the ordinary darker co-

louring which cannot be accounted for by the effect of sun and

weather only.

In conclusion, I will add the remarks on this species communi-

cated to me by M. Jules Verreaux, which are as follows :—* Ac-

cording to the notes of the collectors, the irides of the adult birds

are of a chestnut-brown tinged with yellow; whilst in the young

birds the yellow tint is absent, and the brown is deeper, with but

little tinge of chestnut. The natives (at Bissao) give the name of

‘Socolas’ to this species only, it being well known to them as a very

courageous bird, attacking even the small Gazelles (Cephalophorus

maxwelli) which inhabit the same localities, and also preying on

various birds, and especially the Francolinus bicalcaratus,”

P.2Z.5.1862. Plate XV.

psd 2984

Geo. West lith W. West. imp

New Phyllopodous Crustaceans

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),

Cromwett Roap,

7, ee - CAM OL VEL Peni

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23 4 24 (8G 6 Ct

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Geo. West lith.

W.West imp.

New Phyllopodous Crustaceans.

1862.] DR. BAIRD ON NEW PHYLLOPODOUS CRUSTACEANS. 147

5. DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL NEw SPECIES OF PHYLLOPODOUS

CRUSTACEANS, BELONGING TO THE GENERA ESTHERIA AND

Limnetis. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S.

(Plate XV.)

1. Ester sonest, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 1, 1a, 18, 1e, 1d.)

Carapace of a comparatively hard, horny structure, and of a dark-

brown colour. Valves ventricose, rounded, ovate. Umbones pro-

minent, nearly central, but a little nearer anterior extremity ; invo-

lute and representing exactly those of a bivalve shell. Dorsal margin

short; ventral rounded. Anterior extremity swollen, rounded,

shorter than posterior extremity, which is somewhat compressed and

rounded. Ribs numerous and narrow. ‘Those of the upper half of

carapace, from the umbo downwards, strongly developed, the edges

being raised and strongly beaded; the interstices hollow, and more

sparsely dotted with rather small irregular-sized punctations. Ribs

of lower half of carapace, as far as the ventral margin, much smaller

than those of upper half, narrower, and much more numerous ; they

are punctate also; but the interstices are so very narrow that no

sculpture can be seen. Internally the surface is quite smooth, and

of a dark-purple colour.

Length of carapace, 6 lines; breadth at umbo, nearly 5 lines.

Hab. Brackish water, Island of Cuba (Dr. Dunker), Commu-

nicated by T. R. Jones, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

2. EsTHERIA DUNKERI, Baird. (PI. XV. figs. 6, 6a, 66.)

Carapace-valves broadly ovate and somewhat elongate. Umbones

prominent, and placed at some distance (rather more than a third)

from anterior extremity. Dorsal margin short, rather sloping.

Ventral margin nearly straight, or only slightly rounded. Anterior

extremity swollen, very convex, and rounded. Posterior extremity

elongate, more compressed, and not so rounded. The carapace is of

a uniform yellow horn-colour, thin, and translucent. Ribs numerous,

elevated, rather narrow, about twenty-seven in number, with the in-

terstices marked with shallow pits and extremely fine punctations.

This species approaches somewhat to LZ. brasiliensis, but differs

in the position of the umbones, those of H#. dunkeri being further

from the anterior extremity. The relative size of anterior and poste-

rior extremities differs also, the former in ZL. brasiliensis being much

broader than in the present species. It is a larger species also than

E. brasiliensis.

Length of carapace, 7 lines; breadth at umbo, 4 lines.

Hab. Zimapan, Mexico; in fresh water (Dr. Dunker). Com.

municated by T. R. Jones, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

3. EstHerta torTt, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 2, 2a, 2.)

Carapace of a very light amber-colour, oval, rather swollen. Um-

bones very prominent, elongate, placed near the anterior extremity.

Dorsal margin slightly sloping. Ventral margin rounded. Anterior

148 DR. BAIRD GN NEW PHYLLOPODOUS CRUSTACEANS, [May 13,

extvemity swollen, rounded, and broader than the posterior, which

is rather narrow, and somewhat compressed. Ribs of carapace few,

broad ; interstices marked with coarse-looking, raised, flexuous lines.

This species resembles in form the L. tetracera as represented by

Krynicki, and found by him near Moscow and at Charkow, Russia.

Length of carapace, rather more than 4 lines; breadth at umbo,

3 lines. 3

Hab. Stagnant water on the banks of the Tigris, near Bagdad.

Collected, along with Z. dahalacensis, by the late W. R. Loftus,

Esq., in May, 1855. (Mus. Brit.)

4, EsTHEertA RuBIDGE!, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 3, 3a, 30.)

Carapace-valves ovate. Dorsal margin long, straight. Umbones

small, placed near the anterior extremity. Ventral margin slightly

rounded. Anterior extremity rounded. Posterior extremity emar-

ginate at upper part, giving it somewhat the appearance of the shell

of an Avicula. Anterior extremity rather the larger. Ribs of cara-

pace not numerous, and wide apart, the surface in the interspaces

marked with coarse and flexuously disposed raised lines.

This species partakes of the characters of straight-dorsal-margined

species, 2, dahalacensis and 7. maegillivrayi. From the last spe-

cies it differs in size, form of posterior extremity, and markings of

interspaces between the ribs, as well as their comparative size and

number, those of the present species being fewer and wider apart.

Length of carapace, about 34 lines; breadth at umbo, 2 lines.

Hab. A dried-up “vley” near Port Elizabeth, Cape Colony.

Collected by Dr. Rubidge, and communicated to Henry Woodward,

Esq., by W. S. M. D’Urban, Esq. (Mus. Brit.)

5. EsTHERIA MACGILLIVRAYI, Baird. (Pl. XV. figs. 5, 5a, 56.)

Carapace-valves ovate. Dorsal margin long, straight. Umbones

small, placed about 1 line from the anterior extremity. Ventral

margin rounded. Anterior extremity rounded, as well as posterior,

both being of nearly equal size. Ribs of carapace numerous, narrow,

and finely punctate in the interstices.

In general outline this species resembles very much /. dahala-

censis ; but the ribs are narrower, more numerous, and the surface of

the interstices is much more finely punctate.

Length of carapace, about 5 lines; breadth at umbo, 3 lines.

Hab. Brackish lake, Green Point, Cape of Good Hope (J.

Macgillivray). (Mus. Brit.)

6. EsTHERIA CALDWELLI, Baird. (PI. XV. figs. 4, 4a, 45.)

~ Carapace-valves swollen, ovate, of a pale horn-colour. Umbones

large, prominent, and ferruginous-coloured, placed at about one-third

distance from the anterior extremity. Dorsal margin short, and nearly

straight. Anterior extremity rounded, short, a little broader than

posterior extremity, which is long and rounded. Ventral margin

rounded. Ribs of carapace numerous, rather narrow. Interstices

roughly and strongly punctate.

Ma .-

1862.] MR. G. KREFFT ON FURINA TEXTILIS, 149

Length of carapace, nearly 4 lines; breadth at umbo, rather more

than 2 lines.

» Hab, Lake Winnipeg, N. America (IW. Caldwell, Esq.). (Mus.

Brit.)

7. LiMNETIS GouLDII, Baird. (Plate XV. figs. 7, 7 a, 7 6, 7 ¢.)

Carapace nearly quite globular, ventricose, and of a light horn-

colour. Surface of valves smooth, not ribbed, ard covered entirely

with numerous very small hollow punctations exactly resembling

those on the top of a thimble. The point to which the adductor

muscles are attached is yery marked, being slightly prominent, and

very smooth and shining; and the branchial canals on the surface

of the valves are strongly exhibited.

This species resembles very much L. wahlbergii of Lovén, from

Port Natal. In addition, however, to the total difference of habitat,

this species differs from the one described by Lovén in size, being

double the dimensions of it. The animal, too, differs in some par-

ticulars; but as all the specimens I have examined are males, and

the one figured by Loven is a female, I do not know how far these

differences may be merely sexual.

Diameter of carapace, about 14 line.

Hab. Fresh water at St. Ann’s, twenty miles from Montreal,

Canada. Collected by Charles Gould, Esq., June, 1857. (Mus,

Brit.)

6. Nore on Furina textinis. By Gerarp Krerrr, ACTING

Curator Austr. Mus.

During my rambles in the neighbourhood of Sydney I have found

a number of small Snakes, varying in length from 8 to 12", and an-

swering to the description given by Duméril and Bibron of Furina

textilis. None of the specimens obtained have exceeded 16! in length ;

and I have been naturally anxious to procure the young of this spe-

cies. During two years I was unsuccessful, and I began to think

at last that this Snake was only the immature form of some other

species, which supposition became a belief when some months ago

I found an egg containing as large a specimen of Furina tevtilis

as I had ever met with before. On further investigation I found

that the distinct bands and black spots of this Snake faded with the

growth of the individual, and apparently vanished altogether in old

specimens. As the egg and young in my possession are of a size

generally produced by Snakes from 3 to 4 feet in length, and as I

have a series of specimens in which the disappearance of the bands

and markings may be clearly traced, I do not hesitate to assert that

Pseudonaia textilis is only a young Snake. Inviting the serutiny of

more able naturalists than myself to this fact, I beg to refer at the

same time to my collection forwarded to the International Exhi-

bition, specimens Nos. 66 and 40, which I believe to be identical.

I have since forwarded a full-grown adult Snake of this species to

150 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE DEER OF FoRMOSA. [May 13,

Dr. Giinther, which I have stuffed, as in the dry specimens the re-

mains of the rings on the body may be better observed than when

preserved in spirits. Ihave been unable to find any description ins

Duméril and Bibron of the large Furina of which I suppose the F.

textilis to be the young; and, not being in possession of the British

Museum Catalogue, I do not know whether this Snake has been de-

scribed at all.

7, Note on THE Deer oF Formosa. By P. L. Scuater, M.A.,

Pu.D., F.R.S., SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plates XVI., XVII.)

In some remarks on the Japanese Deer received by the Society in

1860, which I made before the meeting of this Society in the month

of November of that year*, I gave some reasons for considering Cer-

vus sika of the ‘Fauna Japonica,’ Cervus pseudaxis of the French

naturalists, and Dr. Gray’s Rusa japonica as probably synonyms of

the same species. In a communication made to the Society in the

following year, Dr. Gray ultimately admits that his Rusa japonica is

probably the same as Cervus sika, “ though it differs so much from the

figure and description of that animal in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’+;” and

I believe there is now little doubt upon this point. Mr. Westerman,

the Director of the Gardens of the Zoological Society of Amsterdam,

to whom we parted with a pair of these Japanese Deer in 1861, has

informed me that he was previously well acquainted with the species,

and that it is certainly identical with the type of Cervus sika in the

Leyden Museum. Since the arrival of the first example of this Deer

(the pair presented to the Society by Mr. Wilks, July 21, 1860), we

have. received several others. In September, 1861, a female arrived

from our Corresponding Member, Mr. Blyth of Calcutta, being one

of the examples he has commented upon in the ‘Journal of the

Asiatic Society of Bengal’ (xxx. p. 90); and in June of the same

year we purchased a pair of these animals, the male of which was

subsequently parted with to Mr. Westerman. On the 31st of August,

1861, the female presented by Mr. Wilks produced a male calf; and

there seems every probability of this Deer doing well in this country.

With regard, however, to the Formosan Deer (Cervus taévanus or

taiouanus), 1 was certainly wrong in supposing it to be the same as

the Japanese Cervus sika. Knowing nothing about it, except from

Mr. Blyth’s description, I supposed that he who created the species

was to be trusted when he destroyed it. I therefore put faith in

what Mr. Blyth wrote in a letter to me (dated July 4th, 1860), that

he was then “ satisfied’”’ that the Formosan and Japanese Deer were

of “one and the same species.” It appears, however, from what Mr.

Swinhoe says (see P. Z. S. 1860, p. 235), that all the living Deer

#* See P. Z. S. 1860, p. 375.

+ P.Z.S. 1861, p. 238.

1862.] DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE DEER OF FORMOSA. 151

sent to Mr. Blyth were of the Japanese species, and that Mr. Blyth

never had the Formosan species alive*. Mr. Blyth’s comparison,

therefore, was made between animals of the same species.

All doubt, however, as to the perfect distinctness of the Formosan

Deer from the Japanese Cervus sika is removed since we have re-

ceived the fine male of the Cervus taévanus, presented to us by our

Corresponding Member, Mr. Swinhoe, in December last. It will be

evident to any one who inspects this animal and compares it with

the adjoining specimen of Cervus sika, that, though probably nearly

allied to the latter and belonging to the same group of Deer, it is

quite distinct specifically. Its larger size and the deep-red colouring

of the posterior part of the neck are quite sufficient to distinguish

it. With the true form of the horns in Cervus taévanus we are not

yet acquainted, owing to our specimen having broken and worn down

his horns while in confinement.

But we have to thank Mr. Swinhoe (who is now Vice-Consul in

Formosa) for another and most valuable addition to our series of

Deer. On April 28th, a specimen of what I suppose Mr. Swinhoe

to mean by the “ Roe-Deer”’ + of Formosa arrived, and is now doing

well in our Menagerie. It turns out to be a species of the Rusine

group of Deer, quite distinct from any of the four species of this

sectiont we at present possess, and in all probability of a species

hitherto unknown, and for which I propose the temporary designa-

tion Cervus swinhoii. It would appear, therefore, that there are

four distinct species of Deer inhabiting the coasts of China and Japan,

concerning which we require much more information :—

1. Cervus sika, Temm. & Sieb, (Rusa japonica, Gray), from

Japan.

2. Cervus pseudacis, Eyd. & Soul. (Gray, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 236,

pl. xxvii.), from Northern China.

* Mr. Blyth says, “ Mr. Sclater is wrong in identifying the Japanese and For-

mosan species” (Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1861, p. 192, note); but he neglects to

add that my mistake arose from the incorrect information with which he himself

had furnished me.

+ Mr. Swinhoe writes to me, “Four if not five Deer are on their way to you.

The buck (C. taévanus) left me in high condition; and a lovely animal he was.

The doe of the same species sent was with young; and I have some apprehensions

about her. The two buck Roe-Deer will, I think, delight the Society, as they

must surely be new species. 1 did not know of their existence till my visit to

Taiwanfoo. They are known to the Chinese here as Cheeangs, and are procured

by them from the aborigines of the inner hills. The C. taévanus, which is pro-

cured from the same savages, is distinguished as the Lok or Stag; and the Cer-

ulus as the Kiung. I have seen nothing as yet of the Bear or the Mountain

Sheep, said to be found in Formosa ; but since my arrival here I have sent a fine

pair of Monkeys to my friend in Hong Kong for transmission to the Gardens.

They may turn out novelties, and I have no doubt you would like more; so I will

try and procure a few more. The Tortoises from Southern Formosa I take to be

peculiar, and I have accordingly forwarded you a few ; I have also preserved some

in spirits.” [Those Tortoises have arrived, and turn out to be Emys bennettii,

Gray.—P. L. S.] wah

t Cervus duvaucelii et -C. aristotelis, ex Ind. cont.; C. rusa, ex Malacca; C.

moluccensis, ex ins. Moluce.

152 _ DR. G, HARTLAUB ON TYLAS EDUARDI. [May 13,

3. Cervus taévanus, Blyth (Journ. A. S. B. xxix. p. 90), from

Formosa (Pl. XVI.).

4. Cervus swinhoii, sp. nov., from Formosa (Pl. XVII.).

Our single male specimen of Swinhoe’s Deer stands about

2 feet 8 inches in height, and presents the general appearance of a

small Deer of the Sambur group (Rusa). The head, neck, and fore

legs are greyish black, growing more rufescent on the back, and

passing on the rump and hind-quarters into a deep chestnut. The

tail is rather long and very bushy, and composed of grizzly blackish

hairs. ‘The inside of the thighs and belly beneath are fawn-colour,

passing on the inside of the legs into pale ochraceous. The animal

appears to be in about its second year. The present horns have

been injured whilst growing, and are much broken.

8. On aA New Brrp FROM THE IsLE OF MADAGASCAR.

By Dr. G. Hartiavus, For. Memes.

(Plate XVIII.)

Tyxas*, n. g. (Pycnonotine).

Char. Gen.—Rostrum satis robustum et elongatum, rectiusculum,

emarginatum, dimidio apicali compressum, basin versus dilata-

tum; culmine carinato, subarcuato ; naribus apertis, ovalibus ;

vibrissis rictalibus nonnullis conspicuis, mollibus. Ale longi-

uscule, caude dimidium superantes ; remige prima subspuria,

quarta et quinta longissimis, subequalibus, tertia breviore, se-

cunda multo breviore. Cauda longa, equalis. Tarsi brevius-

euli ; pedibus parvis ; digitis gracilibus, debilibus, interno vie

breviore ; unguibus debilibus.

TYLAS EDUARDI, sp. noy. Supra subolivascenti-plumbea ; capite

toto nigro, nitore chalybeo; cauda dorso concolore ; scapis rec-

tricum supra nitide niyris, subtus albis; corpore subtus cum

subalaribus et subcaudalibus ochraceo ; capitis nigredine cir-

cumscripte albido circumdata ; rostro nigro ; pedibus fuscis.

Long. tot. circa 8’; rostr. a fr. 9!, a rict. 113'"; al. 4" 5"; caud.

a bas. 3" 4"; tars. 93'"; dig. med. c. ung. 9!”

We have named this interesting new form after its discoverer,

Mr. Edward Newton, a gentleman who has recently visited Mada-

gascar, and whose zealous efforts have very materially forwarded our

knowledge of the ornithology of the East-African Archipelago.

The genus Ty/as is nearly allied to Hypsipetes, but differs in the

beak being decidedly stronger, broader, and more inflated; in the

-longer wings, which in Hypsipetes do not reach to the middle of the

tail; in the tail being proportionally shorter; and in the rictal

bristles being much more developed. The under tail-coverts are very

long. The iris is yellow—a colour not found hitherto in the genus

* rudads, “avis quedam ignota turdina.”

Wolf, del et lith. M & N.Hanhart, Imp*

m77T AQ TWTNTA7 >)

a OREN EU NNER LT

1862.]} MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS OF PARADISE. 153

Hypsipetes. The whole system of coloration is different from that

of the latter genus.

Mr. Leadbeater exhibited a stuffed specimen of a Lesser Bird of

Paradise from the collection of Lord Braybrooke, and stated that this

individual had been formerly alive in England, at Windsor Castle,

in the possession of the late Princess Augusta.

May 27, 1862.

Professor Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. T. W. Wood made some remarks on the peculiarities of the

habits of the Pinnated Grouse (Tetrao cupido), as displayed by the

individuals of this species now living in the Society’s Gardens, and

exhibited some drawings of the male bird in the attitude assumed

whilst setting his feathers.

The following papers were read :—

1. NARRATIVE OF SEARCH AFTER Birps oF PARADISE.

By Aurrep R. Wauuace, F.Z.S.

Having visited most of the islands inhabited by the Paradisee,

in the hope of obtaining good specimens of those extraordinary

birds, and some knowledge of their habits and distribution, I have

thought that an outline of my several voyages, with the causes that

have led to their only partial success, might not prove uninteresting.

At the close of the year 1856, being then at Macassar in the island

of Celebes, I was introduced to the master of a prau trading to the

Aru Islands, who assured me that two sorts of Birds of Paradise were

abundant there, the large yellow and the small red kinds—the Para-

disee apoda and regia of naturalists.

He seemed to think there was no doubt but I could obtain them

either by purchase from the natives or by shooting them myself.

Thus encouraged, I agreed with him for a passage there and back

(his stay being six months), and made all my preparations to start

by the middle of December.

Our vessel was a Malay prau of about 100 tons burthen, but dif-

fering widely from anything to be seen in European waters. The

deck sloped downwards towards the bows, the two rudders were hung

by rattans and ropes on the quarters, the masts were triangles stand-

ing on the decks, and the huge mat sail, considerably longer than the

vessel, with its yard of bamboos, rose upwards at a great angle, so as

to make up for the lowness of the mast. In this strange vessel,

which, under very favourable circumstances, plunged along at nearly

154 MR. A. R. WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

five miles an hour, and with a Buginese crew, all of whom seemed

to have a voice in cases of difficulty or danger, we made the voyage

of about a thousand miles in perfect safety and very agreeably ; in

fact, of all the sea voyages I have made, this was one of the plea-

santest.

On reaching the Bugis trading settlement of Dobbo, I found that

the small island on which it is situated does not contain any Para-

dise-Birds. Just as I was trying to arrange a trip to the larger

island, a fleet of Magindano pirates made their appearance, commit-

ting great devastations, and putting the whole place in an uproar ;

and it was only after they had been some time gone that confidence

began to be restored, and the natives could be persuaded to take the

smallest voyage. This delayed me two months in Dobbo without

seeing a Paradise-Bird.

When, however, I at length reached the main island and ascended

a small stream to a native village, [soon obtained a specimen of the

lovely P. regia, which, when first brought me, excited greater ad-

miration and delight than I have experienced on any similar occasion.

The larger species was still not to be seen; and the natives assured

me that it would be some months before their plumage arrived at

perfection, when they were accustomed to congregate together and

could be more easily obtained. This proved to be correct ; for it was

about four months after my arrival at Dobbo that I obtained my first

full-plumaged specimen of P. apoda. This was near the centre of

the large island of Aru; and I there, with the assistance of the

natives, procured the fine series which first arrived in England.

While at Dobbo I had frequent conversations with the Bugis tra-

ders and with the Rajah of Goram, who all assured me that in the

northern parts of New Guinea I could travel with safety, and that at

Mysol, Waigiou, Salwatty, and Dorey I could get all the different

sorts of Paradisee. ‘Their accounts excited me so much that I

could think of nothing else; and after another excursion in Celebes

I made my way to Ternate, as the best head-quarters for the Mo-

luccas and New Guinea. Finding a schooner about to sail on its

annual trading voyage to the north coast of New Guinea, I agreed for

a passage to Dorey, and to be called for on the return of the vessel

after an interval of three or four months. We arrived there, after a

tedious voyage, in April 1858, and I began my second search after

the Birds of Paradise.

I went to Dorey in full confidence of success, and thought myself

extremely fortunate in being able to visit that particular locality ; for

it was there that Lesson, in the French discovery-ship ‘ Coquille,’

purchased from the natives skins of at least eight species, viz. Para-

disee papuana, regia, magnifica, superba, sexsetacea, Astrapia

nigra, Epimachus magnus, and Sericulus aureus. Here was a pro-

spect for me! The very anticipation of it made me thrill with ex-

pectation.

My disappointment therefore may be imagined when, shortly after

my arrival, I found all these bright hopes fade away. In vain I in-

quired for the native bird-hunters ; none were to be found there ; and

.1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE, 155

the inhabitants assured me that not a single Bird of Paradise of any

kind was ever prepared by the Dorey people, and that only the com-

mon yellow one (P. papuana) was found in the district. This turned

out to be the case; for I could get nothing but P. papuana sparingly, a

few females of P. regia, and one young male of Seleucides alba, a spe-

cies Lesson does not mention. Nevertheless Lesson did undoubtedly

obtain all the birds he mentions at Dorey ; but the natives are great

traders in a petty way, and are constantly making voyages along the

coast and to the neighbouring islands, where they purchase Birds of

Paradise and sell them again to the Bugis praus, Molucca traders,

and whale-ships which annually visit Dorey harbour. Lesson must

have been there at a good time, when there happened to be an accu-

mulation of birds ; I at a bad one, for I could not buy a single rare

bird all the time I was there. I also suffered much by the visit of

a Dutch surveying-steamer, which, for want of coals, lay in Dorey

harbour a month; and during that time I got nothing from the

natives, every specimen being taken on board the steamer, where the

commonest birds and insects were bought at high prices. During

this time two skins of Astrapia nigra were brought by a Bugis

trader and sold to an amateur ornithologist on board; and I never

had another chance of getting a skin of this rare and beautiful bird.

The Dorey people all agreed that Amberbaki, about 100 miles

west, was the place for Birds of Paradise, and that almost all the

different sorts were to be found there. Determined to make an effort

to secure them, I sent my two best men with ten natives and a large

stock of goods to stay there a fortnight, with instructions to shoot

and buy all they could. They returned, however, with absolutely

nothing. They could not buy any skins but those of the common

P. papuana, and could not find any birds but a single specimen of

P. regia. They were assured that the birds all came from two or

three days’ journey in the interior, over several ridges of mountains,

and were never seen near the coast. The coast people never go there

themselves, nor do the mountaineers who kill and preserve them ever

come to the coast, but sell them to the inhabitants of intermediate

villages, where the coast people go to buy them. These sell them to

the Dorey people or any other native traders; so that the specimens

Lesson purchased had already passed through three or four hands.

These disappointments, with a scarcity of food sometimes ap-

proaching starvation, and almost constant sickness both of myself

and men, one of whom died of dysentery, made me heartily glad when

the schooner returned and took me away from Dorey. I had gone

there with the most brilliant hopes, which I think were fully justi-

fied by the facts known before my visit ; and yet, as far as my special

object (the Birds of Paradise) was concerned, I had accomplished

next to nothing.

My ardour for New Guinea voyages being now somewhat abated,

for the next year and a half I occupied myself in the Moluccas; but

in January 1860, being joined (when at Amboyna) by my assistant

Mr. Allen, I arranged a plan for the further exploration of the

country of the Paradisee, by sending Mr. Allen to Mysol, while I

156 : MR. A. R. WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

myself, after making the circuit of the island of Ceram, was to visit

him with stores and provisions and proceed to Waigiou, both return-

ing independently to meet at Ternate in the autumn.

I had been assured by the Goram and Bugis traders that Mysol

was the very best country for the Birds of Paradise, and that they

were finer and more abundant there than anywhere else. For Wai-

giou I had, besides the authority of the native traders, that of Les-

son also, who visited the north coast for a few days, and mentions

seven species of Paradise Birds purchased there by him.

These two promising expeditions turned out unfortunately in every

respect. On reaching Goram, after much difficulty and delay, I

found it impossible to make the voyage I had projected without a

vessel of my own. I therefore purchased a small native prau of about

8 tons, and after spending a month in strengthening and fitting it

up, and having with great difficulty secured a native crew, paid them

half their wages in advance, and overcome all the difficulties and ob-

jections which every one of them made to starting when all was ready,

we at length got away, and I congratulated myself on my favourable

prospects. Touching at Ceramlaut, the rendezvous of the New

Guinea traders, I invested all my spare cash in goods for barter with

the natives, and then proceeded towards Mysol.

The very next day, however, being obliged to anchor on the east

coast of Ceram on account of bad weather, my crew all ran away

during the night, leaving myself and my two Amboyna hunters to

get on as we could. With great difficulty 1 procured other men to

take us as far as Wahai, on the north coast of Ceram, opposite to

Mysol, and there by a great chance succeeded in picking up a make-

shift crew of four men willing to go with me to Mysol, Waigiou, and

Ternate. I here found a letter from Mr. Allen, telling me he was

much in want of rice and other necessaries, and was waiting my

arrival to go to the north coast of Mysol, where alone the Paradi-

see could be obtained.

On attempting to cross the strait, seventy miles wide, between

Ceram and Mysol, a strong east wind blew us out of our course ; so

that we passed to the westward of that island without any possibility

of getting back to it. Mr. Allen, finding it impossible to live with-

out rice, had to return to Wahai, much against his will, and there

was kept two months waiting a supply from Amboyna. When at

length he was able to return to Mysol, he had only a fortnight at

the best place on the north coast, when the last boat of the season

left, and he was obliged to take his only chance of getting back to

Ternate.

Through this unfortunate series of accidents he was only able to

get a single specimen of P. papuana, which is there finer than in most

other places, a few of the Cicinnurus regius, and of P. magnifica only

a native skin, though this beautiful little species is not rare in the

island, and during a longer stay might easily have been obtained.

My own voyage was beset with misfortunes. After passing Mysol,

I lost two of my scanty crew on a little desert island, our anchor

breaking while they were on shore, and a powerful current carrying

1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE. 157

us rapidly away. One of them was our pilot ; and, without a chart or

any knowledge of the coasts, we had to blunder our way short-handed

among the rocks and reefs and innumerable islands which surround

the rocky coasts of Waigiou. Our little vessel was five times on the

rocks in the space of twenty-four hours, and a little more wind or

sea would in several cases have caused our destruction. Onat length

reaching our resting-place on the south coast of Waigiou, I imme-

diately sent a native boat after my lost sailors, which, however, re-

turned in a week without them, owing to bad weather, Again they

were induced to make the attempt, and this time returned with them

in a very weak and emaciated condition, as they had lived a month

on a mere sand-bank, about a mile in diameter, subsisting on shell-

fish and the succulent shoots of a wild Bromelia.

I now devoted myself to an investigation of the natural history of

Waigiou, having great expectations raised by Lesson’s account, who

says that he purchased the three true Paradisee, as well as P. magni-

fica and P. sewsetacea, with Lpimachus magnus and Sericulus aureus,

in the island, and also mentions several rare Psittaci as probably

found there. I soon ascertained, however, from the universal testi-

mony of the inhabitants, afterwards confirmed by my own observa-

tion, that none of these species exist on the island, except P. rubra,

which is the sole representative of the Paradiseide and Epimachide,

and is strictly limited to this one spot.

With more than the usual amount of difficulties, privations, and

hunger, I succeeded in obtaining a good series of this beautiful and

extraordinary bird ; and three months’ assiduous collecting produced

no other species at all worthy of attention. The parrots and pigeons

were all of known species ; and there was really nothing in the island

to render it worth visiting by a naturalist, except the P. rubra, which

can be obtained nowhere else.

Our two expeditions to two almost unknown Papuan islands have

thus added but one species to the Paradisee I had before obtained

from Aru and Dorey. ‘These voyages occupied us nearly a year ; for

we parted company i: Amboyna in February, and met again at Ter-

nate in November, and it was not till the following January that we

were either of us able to start again on a fresh voyage.

At Waigiou I learned that the Birds of Paradise all came from three

places on the north coast, between Salwatty and Dorey—Sorong,

Maas, and Amberbaki. The latter I had tried unsuccessfully from

Dorey ; at Maas, the natives who procured the birds were said to

live three days’ journey in the interior, and to be cannibals ; but at

Sorong, which was near Salwatty, they were only about a day from

the coast, and were less dangerous to visit. At Mysol, Mr. Allen

had received somewhat similar information ; and we therefore resolved

he should make another attempt at Sorong, where we were assured

all the sorts could be obtained. The whole of that country being

under the jurisdiction of the Sultan of Tidore, I obtained, through

the Dutch resident at Ternate, a Tidore lieutenant and two soldiers

to accompany Mr. Allen as a protection, and to facilitate his opera-

tions in getting men_and visiting the interior,

158 MR. A. R, WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

Notwithstanding these precautions, Mr. Allen met with difficulties

in this voyage which we had not encountered before. To understand

these, it is necessary to consider that the Birds of Paradise are an

article of commerce, and are the monopoly of the chiefs of the coast

villages, who obtain them at a low rate from the mountaineers, and

sell them to the Bugis traders. A portion is also paid every year as

tribute to the Sultan of Tidore. The natives are therefore very jea-

lous of a stranger, especially a European, interfering in their trade,

and above all of going into the interior to deal with the mountaineers

themselves. They of course think he will raise the prices in the in-

terior, and lessen the demand on the coast, greatly to their disadvan-

tage; they also think their tribute will be raised if a European takes

back a quantity of the rare sorts; and they have besides a vague and

very natural dread of some ulterior object in a white man’s coming

at so much trouble and expense to their country only to get Birds of

Paradise, of which they know he can buy plenty at Ternate, Macas-

sar, or Singapore. ;

It thus happened that when Mr. Allen arrived at Sorong and ex-

plained his intentions of going to seek Birds of Paradise in the

interior, innumerable objections were raised. He was told it was

three or four days’ journey over swamps and mountains; that the

mountaineers were savages and cannibals, who would certainly kill

him ; and, lastly, that not a man in the village could be found who

dare go with him. After some days spent in these discussions, as

he still persisted in making the attempt, and showed them his au-

thority from the Sultan of Tidore to go where he pleased and receive

every assistance, they at length provided him with a boat to go the

first part of the journey up a river; at the same time, however, they

sent private orders to the interior villages to refuse to sell any pro-

visions, so as to compel him to return. On arriving at the village

where they were to leave the river and strike inland, the coast people

returned, leaving Mr. Allen to get on as he could. Here he called

on the Tidore lieutenant to assist him and procure men as guides

and to carry his baggage to the villages of the mountaineers. This,

however, was not so easily done; a quarrel took place, and the na-

tives, refusing to obey the somewhat harsh orders of the lieutenant,

got out their knives and spears to attack him and his soldiers, and

Mr. Allen himself was obliged to interfere to protect those who had

come to guard him. The respect due to a white man and the timely

distribution of a few presents prevailed; and on showing the knives,

hatchets, and beads he was willing to give to those who accompanied

him, peace was restored, and the next day, travelling over a fright-

fully rugged country, they reached the villages of the mountaineers,

Here Mr. Allen remained a month, without any interpreter through

whom he could understand a word or communicate a want. How-

ever, by signs and presents and a pretty liberal barter he got on

very well, some of them accompanying him every day in the forest

to shoot, and receiving a small present when he was successful.

In the grand matter of the Paradise-Birds, however, little was

done. Only one additional species was found, the Selewcides alba,

1862.] OF HIS SEARCH AFTER BIRDS OF PARADISE. 159

of which he had already obtained a specimen on the island of Sal-

watty on his way to Sorong; so that at this much-vaunted place in

the mountains, and among the bird-catching natives, nothing fresh

was obtained. The P. magnifica, they said, was found there, but was

rare; the Sericulus aureus also rare; Epimachus magnus, Astrapia

nigra, Parotia sexsetacea, and Lophorina superba not found there,

but only much further in the interior, as well as the lovely little

Lory, Charmosyna papuana. Moreover, neither at Sorong nor at

Salwatty could he obtain a single native skin of the rarer species.

Thus ended my search after these beautiful birds. Five voyages

to different parts of the district they inhabit, each occupying in its

preparation and execution the larger part of a year, have produced

me only five species out of the thirteen known to exist in New Guinea.

The kinds obtained are those that inhabit the districts near the coasts

of New Guinea and its islands, the remainder seeming to be strictly

confined to the central mountain-ranges of the northern peninsula ;

and our researches at Dorey and Amberbaki, near one end of this

peninsula, and at Salwatty and Sorong, near the other, enable me

to decide with some certainty on the native country of these rare

and lovely birds, good specimens of which have never yet been seen

in Europe. It must be considered as somewhat extraordinary that

during five years’ residence and travel in Celebes, the Moluccas, and

New Guinea I should never have been able to purchase skins of half

the species which Lesson, forty years ago, obtained during a few

weeks in the same countries. I believe that all, except the common

species of commerce, are now much more difficult to obtain than

they were even twenty years ago; and I impute it principally to

their having been sought after by the Dutch officials through the

Sultan of Tidore. The chiefs of the annual expeditions to collect

tribute, have had orders to get all the rare sorts of Paradise-

Birds; and as they pay little or nothing for them (it being suffi-

ecient to say they are for the Sultan), the head men of the coast

villages would for the future refuse to purchase them from the

mountaineers, and confine themselves instead to the commoner spe-

cies, which are less sought after by amateurs, but are to them a

profitable merchandise. The same causes frequently lead the inha-

bitants of uncivilized countries to conceal any minerals or other na-

tural products with which they may become acquainted, from the

fear of being obliged to pay increased tribute, or of bringing upon

themselves a new and oppressive labour.

I have given this short sketch of my search after the Birds of

Paradise, barely touching on the many difficulties and dangers I

experienced, because I fear that the somewhat scanty results of my

exertions may have led to the opinion that they failed for want of

judgment or perseverance. I trust, however, that the mere enume-

ration of my voyages will show that patience and perseverance were

not altogether wanting; but I must plead guilty to having been

misled, first by Lesson and then by all the native traders, it never

having occurred to me (and I think it could not have occurred to an

one), that in scarcely a single instance would the birds be found to

160 MR. A. R, WALLACE’S NARRATIVE [May 27,

inhabit the districts in which they are most frequently to be pur-

chased. Yet such is the case ; for neither at Dorey, nor at Salwatty,

nor Waigiou, nor Mysol are any of the rarer species to be found

alive. Not only this, but even at Sorong, where the Waigiou chiefs

go every year and purchase all kinds of Birds of Paradise, it has

turned out that most of the specimens are brought from the central

mountain-ranges by the natives of those places, and reach the shore

in places where it is not safe for trading praus to go, owing to the

want of anchorage on an exposed rocky coast.

Nature seems to have taken every precaution that these, her

choicest treasures, may not lose value by being too easily obtained.

First we find an open, harbourless, inhospitable coast, exposed to the

full swell of the Pacific Ocean; next, a rugged and mountainous

country, covered with dense forests, offering im its swamps and pre-

cipices and serrated ridges an almost impassable barrier to the cen-

tral regions; and lastly, a race of the most savage and ruthless

character, in the very lowest stage of civilization. In such a country

and among such a people are found these wonderful productions of

nature. In those trackless wilds do they display that exquisite

beauty and that marvellous development of plumage, calculated to

excite admiration and astonishment among the most civilized and

most intellectual races of man. A feather is itself a wonderful and

a beautiful thing. A bird clothed with feathers is almost necessarily

a beautiful creature. How much, then, must we wonder at and

admire the modification of simple feathers into the rigid, polished,

wavy ribbons which adorn P. rubra, the mass of airy plumes on

P. apoda, the tufts and wires of Seleucides alba, or the golden buds

borne upon airy stems that spring from the tail of Cicinnurus regius ;

while gems and polished metals can alone compare with the tints

that adorn the breast of Parotia sexsetacea and Astrapia nigra, and

the immensely developed shoulder-plumes of Epimachus magnus.

I will now point out the distribution of the species of Birds of

Paradise, as far as I have been able to ascertain it. The Aru Islands

contain P. apoda and P. regia; and we have no positive knowledge

of P. apoda being found anywhere else. Mysol has P. papuana, P.

regia, and P. magnifica; Waigiou P. rubra only. Salwatty, though

so close to New Guinea, has no restricted Paradisee, but possesses

P. regia, P. magnifica, Ep. albus, and Sericulus aureus. The island

of Jobie, and the Mysory Islands beyond it, certainly contain true

Paradisee ; but what species beyond P. papuana, is unknown. The

coast districts of the northern part of New Guinea contain P. papuana

and P. regia pretty generally distributed, while P. magnifica, P. alba,

and Sericulus aureus are scarce and local. Lastly, the central moun-

tains of the northern peninsula are alone inhabited by Lophorina

superba, Parotia sexsetacea, Astrapia nigra, Epimachus magnus,

and Craspedophora magnifica; and here also probably exist the

unique Diphyllodes wilsoni and Paradigalla carunculata.

The most widely distributed of the Paradisee is therefore the

little P. regia, which is found in every island except Waigiou. Next,

and probably most abundant in individuals, comes the P. papuana,

1862.] MR. GOULD ON A NEW CHLAMYDERA. 161

wanting only in Aru, Salwatty, and Waigiou. The next most widely

spread species is P. magnifica, occurring in two islands (Salwatty and

Mysol) as well as on the mainland. The other species are all found

on the mainland only—with the exception of P. apoda (probably re-

stricted to Aru), and P. rubra, which, being certainly confined to the

small island of Waigiou, offers the most restricted range of the whole

family.

It is interesting to remark that all the islands on which true Pa-

radisee are found are connected by banks of soundings to the main-

land of New Guinea. The hundred-fathom line includes the islands

of Aru, Mysol, Waigiou, and Jobie, which have probably been, at no

distant geological period, connected with New Guinea; while Ké,

Ceram, &c., are separated from it by deep sea, and on them no Pa-

radisee exist.

The island of Gilolo, on which the genus Semioptera occurs, ex-

tends towards Waigiou, and has the island of Guebe exactly between

the two, suggesting the probability of a connexion there; but the

depth of the intervening sea is unknown.

It may be considered as certain that every species of Paradise Bird

yet obtained from the natives has come from the north peninsula of

New Guinea, that being the part most frequented by the Malay

traders. The vast extent of country east of long. 136° is quite un-

known; but there can be little doubt that it contains other and

perhaps yet more wonderful forms of this beautiful group of birds.

If we look round the whole circumference of the globe, we shall be

unable to find a region at once so promising to the naturalist and so

absolutely a ‘ terra incognita”’ as this great tropical land ; and it is to

be hoped that our explorers and naturalists may soon be induced to

direct their attention to this hitherto neglected country.

2. On a New Species or CHLAMYDERA, OR BoweER-Birp.

By Joun Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc.

I am indebted to the researches of F. T. Gregory, Esq., the West

Australian explorer, for a knowledge of a new species of this group

of birds, which are rendered remarkable by their habit of construct-

ing bowers or playing-places. It was collected by Mr. Gregory in

North-western Australia, and is doubtless the species which con-

structs the bowers described by Captain (now Sir George) Grey in the

first volume of his ‘ Travels,’ pp. 196 and 245, where he states that

on gaining the summit of one of the sandstone ranges forming the

watershed of the streams flowing into the Glenelg and Prince Re-

gent’s Rivers, “we fell in with a very remarkable nest, or what

appeared to me to be such. We had previously seen several of them,

and they had always afforded us food for conjecture as to the agent

and purpose of such singular structures.”’ This “ very curious sort

of nest, which was frequently found by myself and other individuals

of the party, not only along the sea-shore, but in some instances at

a distance of six or seven miles from it, I once conceived must have

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XI.

162 MR. GOULD ON A NEW CHLAMYDERA. {May 27,

belonged to a Kangaroo-rat, until Mr. Gould informed me that it is

the run or playing-ground of the bird he has named Chlamydera

nuchalis. These nests were formed of dead grass and parts of bushes,

sunk a slight depth into two parallel furrows in sandy soil, and then

nicely arched above. But the most remarkable fact connected with

them was, that they were always full of broken shells, large heaps

of which protruded from each extremity of the nest; these were in-

variably sea-shells. In one instance, in the nest the most remote

from the sea that we discovered, one of the men of the party found,

and brought to me, the stone of some fruit which had evidently been

rolled in the sea. These stones he found lying in a heap in the nest ;

and they are now in my possession.”

The specimen sent to me by Mr. Gregory bears a very general

resemblance to the Chlamydera maculata, being spotted all over like

that species; but it differs in the guttations of the upper surface

being of a larger size and much more distinct, in the abdomen being

buff, and in the shafts of the primaries being straw-yellow. In all

probability, the specimen is a female, since there is no trace of the

beautiful lilaceous nuchal mark seen in the males only of Chlamy-

dera maculata and C. nuchalis. Of this well-defined group there

are now known three very distinct species, viz., the C. maculata,

of the east coast; the C. nuchalis, which frequents the northern parts ;

and the C. guttata, of the north-western provinces of Australia.

CHLAMYDERA GUTTATA, Gould.

General tint of the upper surface and wings deep-brownish black,

with a spot of rich buff at the tip of each feather, those of the head

and nape being very small, while those on the body and wings are of

large size, accordant, in fact, with the increased size of the feathers ;

the spots on the tips of the greater wing-coverts are not so round as

those on the back; the primaries are very pale brown, fading into

white on the basal portion of their inner webs, which is yellow on the

under surface; their shafts straw-yellow; tail-feathers pale brown,

with buff shafts and white tips; throat-feathers brown at the base,

with an arrow-head-shaped mark of pale buff at the tip of each, the

buff tips becoming much larger on the chest ; centre of the abdomen

pale buff; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts buff, barred with

light brown ; bill black ; gape rich yellow ; feet apparently very dark

olive.

Total length 114 inches; bill 13; wing 6; tail 47; tarsi 13.

Hab. North-western Australia.

Remark.—The primaries of the specimen described are much worn ;

they are doubtless tipped with white in fresh-moulted specimens.

1862.] DR. SCLATER ON WILD ASSES. 163

June 10, 1862.

Professor Busk, F.R.S., in the Chair.

Dr. Sclater exhibited, on behalf of Capt. J. W. P. Orde, F.Z.S., a

specimen of a black variety of the Water-Vole (drvicola amphibius’),

also remarkable for its posteriorly elongated hairs and rather long

tail, obtained in Argyllshire; and a Red-crested Duck (Branta ru-

fina), shot January 1862 on a freshwater lake in the same county,

where it was observed in company with Golden-eye (Clangula

glaucion).

Dr. Sclater also exhibited some drawings representing the four

generally recognized species of Wild Asses, and made some remarks

on the geographical distribution and distinctive peculiarities of these

animals, and on the specimens of them exhibited in the Society’s

Menagerie. The species, as commented upon, were as follows :—

1, AsInus HEMIONUS, ex Asia boreali.

The Kiang or Tibetan Wild Ass, of which the Society had a fine

female specimen in the Menagerie, presented by Major Hay in 1859*,

seemed to be without doubt the true Eguus hemionus of Pallas, and

as such entitled to bear that name, as proposed to be restored to it

by Dr. Gray in his ‘ List of Ungulata,’ published in 1852.

2. ASINUS INDICUS, ex deserto Indico.

The Wild Ass of Cutch, of which the Society had in their Mena-

gerie a single example, presented by Sir T. Erskine Perry in 1849,

had been commonly called Hguus hemionus. It was, however, ob-

viously distinct from the Tibetan animal, but apparently hardly sepa-

rable from the next species.

3. AsINUS HEMIPPUS, ex Persia et Syria,

Of this Ass, lately named Asinus hemippus by M. I. G. St.-Hilairet,

but which was probably the H. onager of Pallas, and seemed hardly

different from the Indian animal, the Society possessed two speci-

mens, both females. One of these was from Persia, having been

presented by the Hon. Charles Murray in 1859{, and represented

* See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 353.

+ Compt. Rend. xli. p. 1214.

{ Mr. Murray has kindly furnished me with the following note concerning this

animal :—‘‘ The Ghour or Kherdecht of the Persians is doubtless the Onager of

the ancients. Your specimen was caught, when a foal, on the range of mountains

which stretch from Kermanshah on the west in a S.E. direction to Shiraz. These

are inhabited by several wild and half-independent tribes, the most powerful of

which are the Buchtzari. The Ghour is a remarkably fleet animal, and moreover

so shy and enduring that he can rarely be overtaken by the best-mounted horse-

men in Persia. For this reason they chase them now, as they did in the time of

Xenophon, by placing relays of horsemen at intervals of eight or ten miles. These

relays take up the chase successively, and tire down the Ghour. The flesh of the

Ghour is esteemed a great delicacy, not being held unclean by the Moslem, as it

was in the Mosaic code. I do not know whether this species is ever known to

164 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. [June 10,

the “‘Ghour” or “ Khur” of travellers in that country. The second

was from Syria, having been presented by the late W. Burkhardt

Barker, Esq., in 1854, and was of much interest as being, doubtless,

of the same race as the ‘‘ Wild Ass” of the Holy Scriptures.

4, Asinus TxNropus, ex Abyssinia.

The only Wild Ass not represented in the Society’s collection was

that of Eastern Africa. It was curious that the only species of this

section of the Asini which occurred in the African continent was

that which approached most nearly to the Zebras in possessing a di-

stinct dorsal cross, and in having the strongest indications of Zebra-

stripes. Dr. Sclater had examined the animal in the Jardin des

Plantes, which is mentioned in the ‘Comptes Rendus’* by M. I. G.

St.-Hilaire as the Onagre d’ Abyssinie, and had obtained, by the per- —

mission of the authorities of that institution, an accurate drawing of

it. The example in question had been transmitted to the Jardin des

Plantes by M. Delaporte, French Consul at Cairo, and M. Degoutin,

French consular agent at Massouah. The fact of Wild Asses being

found in Eastern Abyssinia had long been well known. To the au-

thorities mentioned by Mr. Blyth in his article on Wild Asses, in

the twenty-eighth volume of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal (p. 229), might be added Leipsius+, as quoted by Dr.

Wagner, and Mr. John Petherick, H. B. M. Consul at Khartoum,

who noticed these animals in herds of from five to eight on the elevated

sandy plains of Taka. But the animal now in the Jardin des Plantes

was believed to be the first of this species brought to Europe.

This Wild Ass had also been obtained by Dr. Th. vy. Heuglin during

his last expedition to Eastern Africa, and had been described and

figured in the twenty-eighth volume of the ‘Acta Acad. Leopoldino-

Caroline,’ under the name Asinus teniopus. There seemed every

reason to believe that our domestic Asses were descended from this

Abyssinian species. :

The following papers were read :-—

1. On somE New AND Rare Birps FrRoM New GuINEA.

By ALFRED RussEL WALLACE.

(Plates XIX., XX., XXI.)

The birds now brought before the Society were collected by my

assistant, Mr. Allen, on his last voyage. They comprise several in-

bray like the ordinary domestic Ass. Your animal, while under my care, used to

emit short squeaks and sometimes snorts, not unlike those of a Deer; but she

was so young at that time that her voice may not have acquired its mature into-

nation. Ido not remember to have heard or read of this species braying, though

the animal is frequently spoken of by Taverner, Porter, and all our travellers in

Persia.” —P. L. 8.

* Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 1221.

+ Briefen aus Aegypten, p. 154.

P.Z.6.1862, Plate XX

is 8 tr Og ATO +7 t

del et lith M.&N Hanhart Imp’

GRACULA PECTORALIS.

PTILOD

TITTAF UD

HUMER,

N. Hanhart Imp

f due ‘tiie 4

ey iad oot a

f a ge Vig

O ‘

’

‘

a” '

eee

}

nit

1862.] MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. 165

teresting species, hitherto only known by specimens in the French

or Dutch collections, and now, I believe, for the first time exhibited

in England, viz. :—

Nasiterna pygmea, Q. & G. Remarkable as being the smallest

of the Psitéaci, and for its curious, rigid, spined tail.

Tanysiptera nympha, G. R. Gray. This specimen decides the

locality of this interesting and beautiful bird to be the N. W. penin-

sula of New Guinea, in the interior.

Peltops blainvillii, Garn. This rare bird also inhabits the island

of Mysol, where a single specimen was obtained by Herr Rosenberg.

Mine came from the N.W. of New Guinea.

Eupetes cerulescens, Temm. This bird and the last seem quite

out of place in New Guinea, as we must pass over all the Moluccas

and Celebes to find their nearest allies in Borneo, Java, and Su-

matra.

Ptilorhynchus buccoides, Mill.

Hierococcyx leucolophus, Mill.

Campephaga melas, Mill.

Besides these, adult specimens of the fine Talegalla cuvieri were

also obtained, and Mr. Allen’s collection also comprises five new

species of great interest—a Pigeon, a Kingfisher, a Parrot, and two

Passeres, of which the descriptions follow.

1. CorIPHILUS RUBRONOTATUS.

Above dark green; beneath yellow green; a large spot on the

forehead, sides of the breast, and under wing-coverts bright red; a

spot on the upper tail-coverts dull red ; ear-coverts deep blue ; wings

and tail as in C. placentis. Bill and cere carmine-red ; feet pale red.

Total length 94 in.; wings 3,3; in.

Allied to C. placentis, but smaller, and wants the red face and

blue rump which distinguish that species, as well as the yellow-

tinged crown, which is replaced by a red spot.

Hab. Salwatty, and the N.W. extremity of New Guinea.

2. HaLcyon niGrocyAngEA. (Pl. XIX.)

Back, and sides of the head and neck, deep black ; throat, lower

part of the breast, and belly white; forehead and crown deep blue,

margined from the eyes round the nape with lighter blue; a band

across the breast, the shoulders, and wing-coverts deep blue; quills .

dusky black, margined with blue to near the tips; middle of the

back narrowly white, shading into blue, which becomes dark on the

tail-coverts; tail deep blue, inner margins of the feathers and be-

neath black ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with blue; sides of the

breast and flanks black ; under wing-coverts black, with a white

central band. Bill Le pale in the centre beneath ; feet black.

Total length 9 in.; wing 32 in.

The young bird has slightly tufous lores, and the pectoral band

rufous mingled with black and blue.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea.

166 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON BIRDS FROM NEW GUINEA. [June 10,

3. Topopsis GRAYI.

Beneath bluish white, almost white on the throat; head light-

greenish blue, the centre of the crown dusky ; a black spot on the

ear-coverts extending towards the nape; back dusky, the feathers

margined with greenish blue; wings dusky, the quills margined

with rufous olive, shoulder-coverts margined with greenish blue ; tail

dusky olive, with a minute whitish spot at the tips of the feathers ;

thighs rufous-tipped. Bill black; feet dusky.

Total length 53 in.; wing 23 in.; bill from gape ;§, in.

The bill in this species is nearly as broad as in Macherirhynchus.

I have named this interesting bird after Mr. George Robert Gray,

who has described the other species of this genus sent home by me.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea: Mountains of Sorong.

4. GRACULA PECTORALIS. (Pl. XX.)

Black, the feathers broadly margined with metallic green and

purple; plumes of the neck and breast decomposed, and of a rich

orange-buff colour, as are also the vent, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;

on the nape a collar of whitish buff reaching round to the orange of

the throat ; under tail-coverts cream-white, tinged with orange at

the base; a white band across the wings towards the tips. Iris

yellow ; bill and feet Bale, yellow.

Total length 10 in. ; wing 53 in.

The young bird has the breast and belly black, eee mar-

gined with light orange.

This species differs from the rest of the genus in having neither

wattles nor naked skin on the face, but in general structure and co-

loration closely resembles the other species.

Hab. N.W. peninsula of New Guinea: Sorong.

5. PrrLonopus HUMERALIS. (Pl. XXI.)

Very near P. iozonus, G. R. Gray, but a little larger, and at once

distinguished by the violet-grey patch on the shoulder haying its

lower half deep purple; the tail also wants the grey apical band of

that species, which is replaced by a subapical narrow one, only visi-

ble on the lateral feathers and beneath. The wing-coverts are all of

a rich violet grey, margined with green. Chin ashy; the rest as in

P.iozonus. Bill greenish, tipped with bright yellow, base above red

and swollen; feet purple red.

Total length 8? in.; wing 47 in.

Hab. Salwatty, and the adjacent coast of New Guinea.

a Pa ee ye

sayore1ed

“paces

THKXX 21d ‘C98L'S Z'd

1862.] MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW FISHES. 167

; .

2. Descriptions or somMeE New GENERA AND SPECIES OF

FisHEes OBTAINED AT Maperra. By James YATE JOHN-

son, Corr. Mem. Z. S.

(Plates XXII., XXIII.)

Order MALACOPTERYGII APODES, Cuy.

Sect. PHANEROMYCTERES, Kaup.

Fam. MurR2NID&.

PsEUDOMURENA, gen. nov.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united; no pectoral fins; gill-open-

ings lateral; no teeth on the mesial line of the palate ; in the jaws

uniserial serrate teeth, having a tubercle at the posterior base.

This genus differs from Murena in having no teeth on the mesial

line, and in the forr.: of the jaw-teeth.

PsEUDOMURENA MADERENSIS, Sp. nl.

Body anguilliform, attenuating backwards from the nape, which is

deep and thick. Skin soft, thick, scaleless. Colour a yellowish

brown, darker on the head; the anterior fourth of the body marked

with undulating lines, or narrow bands, of deeper brown, which are

arranged longitudinally before the gill-openings, and transversely

behind them, the change of direction being gradual.

The head is gibbous behind the small eyes, which are oval, covered

with skin, and placed over the middle of the upper jaw. The snout

is obtuse and rounded; the throat swollen. The posterior nostrils

are small, with slightly raised borders, and are placed a little in front

of the vertical through the middle of the eye. The anterior nostrils

issue in free tubes, which do not quite reach to the tip of the snout.

The jaws are of moderate length and subequal; the lips moderately

thick ; the inside of the mouth fuscous. The teeth are uniserial,

rather stout, pointed, conico-compressed, with serrate edges, and a

tubercle at the posterior base. They are slightly curved backwards,

and are longer in front than behind. In the upper jaw there are

about 16; in the lower jaw from 24 to 34. No teeth on the mesial

line or on the vomer. Rictus moderate. No barbel. Gill-openings

small, round, placed at the sides of the body about the middle of

the height. No pectorals or visible lateral line. The dorsal fin

commences at the nape, in front of the gill-openings, and is conti-

nuous with the caudal and the anal fins; it is higher behind than in

168 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

“front. The vent is in the hinder half of the body, and about zath

of the total length behind the middle. The anal fin commences

within a short distance of the vent ; it is very low in front, where it

is cloaked by thick skin, and where there is a furrow at each side of

and parallel with its base; further behind there are two parallel

furrows. The tail is compressed, the fin narrow and rounded. All

the fins are covered with a thick skin.

Although several specimens of this Eel have been obtained (some

of which have been sent to the British Museum), it must still be con-

sidered as a rare fish. In colouring it resembles Thyrsoidea unicolor,

Kaup, from which it differs generically in the uniserial dentition.

The following measurements were taken from a specimen having

a total length of 40} inches, with a depth, near the gill-openings, of

34 inches :—

Inches

Rietas: ear cite hahaa altos eee 254

Gill-openings, distance from snout..........

Vent, distance from snout ................ 222

Dorsal fin, distance from snout ............ 4

In another specimen, 363 inches long, the longer axis of the eye

measured 5%, inch, and the longest teeth were less than +th of an

inch in length. The rictus was 15%; inch in depth.

THYRSOIDEA ATLANTICA, Sp. n.

Anguilliform, compressed; attenuate both ways from middle of

body. Skin smooth, scaleless, white, with one dusky oval blotch on

one side of body, and two or three such blotches on the other side,

unsymmetrically placed. The longer axis of these blotches is from

one-third to one-half an inch across. On the fins near the posterior

extremity of the body are several similar blotches.

A single specimen of this Eel has occurred, the dimensions of

which are embodied in this description.

Total length 23 inches; depth 1,4, inch, taken about an inch in

advance of the vent.

Head compressed, rising behind the eyes; depth through head

and swollen throat, 1,4, inch. Eyes covered with skin, placed a little

in advance of the middle of the upper jaw, rather less than one-fifth

of an inch in diameter. Hinder nostril-tubes shorter than anterior,

placed a little in front of the vertical from the anterior orbit of eye.

Front nostril-tubes reaching a little beyond lip. Mouth cleft rather

more than an inch deep. Jaws rather slender, somewhat curved,

and not capable of shutting closely on account of the length of the

front teeth and the curvature of the jaws. Lower jaw a little longer

than the upper, without a barbel. Teeth in both jaws slender,

pointed, somewhat compressed, curving backwards. In the upper

jaw there are two rows at each side, those of the inner row being

longer. A row of seven teeth along the middle of the palate. The

longest teeth in the jaw are rather more than one-fifth of an inch in

length. In the lower jaw there is a single row at each side ; in front

1862.] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 169

there appear to be two rows. Gill-clefts 4; inch long, narrow,

placed about the middle of the sides, a little posterior to commence-

ment of dorsal fin, and 23 inches from snout. The dorsal fin com-

mences at the nape, 2,4; inches from snout, is lower in front than

behind, and unites with the caudal fin, like the anal fin, without a

break. Vent about 9 inches from tip of mandible, in anterior half

of body. Anal fin commences near vent, and is very low at first.

All the fins are covered with skin like that of the body.

The specimen was taken in the sea near Madeira, in the month of

June 1859, and has been deposited in the British Museum.

Fam. SyNAPHOBRANCHID&.

SyNAPHOBRANCHUS, gen. nov.

Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united. Pectoral fins present. Gill-

openings in close proximity on the under side of the body, having a

single external aperture, with an internal dividing membrane.

Branchiz four. A row of acute teeth in each jaw, with an external

band of minute teeth. Teeth on the vomer and on the mesial line

of the palate. Scales on the skin.

This genus forms the type of a new family of Malacopterygian

Apodals, which differs from all previously established families, except

the Symbranchide, in having the gill-openings close together on the

ventral aspect ; and from the Symbranchide it is distinguished by

the presence of fins. Moreover, from the Murenide it is separated

by the possession of pectoral fins, and from the Congride by the

possession of scales and by the vent being before the commencement

of the dorsal fin.

SyNAPHOBRANCHUS KAUPII, sp. 0.

Anguilliform, compressed, attenuate in both directions from the

neighbourhood of the vent ; of a dull-brown colour, darker on the

belly. The skin contains small oval scales, set obliquely and at right

angles to each other.

The head is subcompressed, depressed, and flat above ; it exhibits

no gibbosity, nor is the throat swollen. The eye is covered with skin;

it is of moderate size, and placed at the side of the head, over the

middle of the oral cleft, three diameters distant from the tip of the

snout. The posterior nostril is in front of the eye and has a raised

border. The anterior nostril has a short tube, which does not quite

reach to the lip, and is attached in front to the snout, the orifice being

directed forwards. Rictus deep. The jaws are narrow, pointed, sub-

equal, and without barbels. The lips are cartilaginous, especially the

upper lip, which forms a conical snout, projecting much beyond the

jaw. There are teeth in both jaws, consisting of an inner row of short,

slender, conical, pointed, closely-set teeth, with an exterior band of

scobinate teeth, which become reduced to a single row in front. On

the vomer is a group of from nine to fifteen conical teeth, the first two

or three of which are short, the others rather longer than those in

the jaw. On the mesial line of the palate there is a row of minute,

170 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

sharp teeth curving backwards ; and the pharyngeals are armed with

scobinate bands of teeth. The inside of the mouth is black, as well

as the tongue, which is small, toothless, and free at the tip. The

gill-openings are side by side on the ventral aspect of the body, in

advance of the pectoral fins; they are separated by a membrane

placed inside a single external aperture. The dorsal fin commences

behind the vent, a little posterior to the commencement of the second

third of the total length, and joins the caudal, like the anal fin,

without a break. It is higher behind, but is throughout much lower

than the anal; the greater part of it is covered with a scaly skin, as

is also the greater part of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are well

developed, pointed, and situate a little behind the gill-openings,

below the middle of the height. The ventral fins are wanting. The

vent is in the first third of the total length. The anal fin commences

just behind the vent ; it is considerably higher about the middle and

behind than in front. The caudal is rounded. The lateral line is

distinctly marked; it falls gently from the shoulder, but for the

greater part of its length is straight along the middle of the body.

The air-bladder is long, being more than one-third of the length of

the body. The food found in the stomachs of dissected specimens

consisted of the remains of fishes and crustaceans. The peritoneal

lining is of a dark-blue colour.

Dedicated to Dr. Kaup of Darmstadt, who has well studied this

order of fishes. Specimens have been sent to the British Museum.

The following figures give the dimensions in inches of one of the

larger examples :—

Totallencth, ofa sats cap. Aemoneint: dateniae silat 2 Same 32

Depth in the neighbourhood of the vent ................ 3

BEICIHENSE 208 obs Bt Soe = Edchte Susiertalotiraeges haat atine 13;

Distance from)snont to, pectoral: «2:0! n«ads. «batgrniaw ok 4h

from snout to vertical of vent ............50...-- 93

— from snout to vertical of commencement of dorsal.. 11+}

Kye, ‘diametensnearly... 3. 45.fs ion? 7:2 hasta der sited «igh days ah

Rictus, Me pen scence ine, ebiskorsi is yenels eased vanes euskel 21

5: WIC, Mi HACK. Treinen aati be a ctoctemet seep eee 3

Length, of, bonecef upper Jaw ).0 i ijescin’> aeinlirs: vine sie nae eS

Of CULL OPENMIBES .:iichin acs wmed.ceost es ahd aah Ria nin

of pecteralls. 4)<5.,c796 5 asi wars wren Gaines. eens ls

Width of:base of pectoral, nearly. 5.5.5 :<cs6 <feiid steaeisetoms =

Length of rays at middle of anal ofa fo hatte Aue aia ARE

OF Faye Of Caudal. ox. aside Sei jh seein sini ME ae clays i

1862. ] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 171

Order ANACANTHINI, Miill.

Fam. GAapIp&.

’ Lzmonema, Ginther, MS.

The genus Lemonema, established by Dr. A. Giinther on a Me-

diterranean fish hitherto assigned to Phycis, is distinguished from

the latter genus by the shortness of the base of the first dorsal fin,

and by the rounded outline of the patch of vomerine teeth. A full

diagnosis of the genus will appear in the forthcoming fourth volume

of the ‘Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum.’ A second

species of the genus having occurred, I proceed to describe it.

LZMONEMA ROBUSTUM, §p. n.

fetes 5.) 2nd: D. 50, SL. ALAS oS Violins BL 285 Ce 6;

M. B. 7. Scales of lateral line about 126.

Body Phycis-like, thick before, much compressed behind, of a

dull-brown colour; the rays of the dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins

being of a dull-purplish red. The scales are very small; between

the base of the first dorsal fin and the lateral line fifteen rows of

scales may be counted. The length of the head is equal to the height

of the body under the first dorsal fin, and, compared with the total

length of the fish, is as 1 to4. It is depressed, unarmed, flat between

the eyes, with a longitudinal depression at the nape; the snout short

and rounded ; the cheeks convex and scaly. The round eye is placed

high up, so as to take part in the profile; it is contained four times

on the head, and is distant one and one-third of its diameter from

the tip of the snout; the space between the eyes is equal to one

diameter. The nostrils are rather small; at the posterior edge of

the anterior one there is a strap-shaped skinny appendage. The

mouth is wide, and when open the jaws form a broad oval ; its ante- ©

rior, as well as the tongue, is of a pale-grey colour. The upper

border of the mouth is formed by the premaxillary ; the maxillary

is broad below, and reaches back to the vertical from the middle of

the eye; the skin covering it is colourless, for when the mouth is

closed it slides underneath the skin covering the posterivr bones.

The under jaw closes inside the upper one. There are scobinate

bands of conical teeth in both jaws, those of the outer rows being

rather larger. The band of the upper jaw is broader in front than

the band of the lower jaw, but it narrows behind. There is a small

round patch of similar teeth on the vomer, and also patches on the

pharyngeals ; but the palatines and the tongue are unarmed. The

tongue is thick, broad, and pointed.

The gill-openings are large. The edges of the opercle and pre-

opercle are rounded ; and the edge of the latter is distinctly visible,

not concealed by the skin. The chin carries a barbel. The first dorsal

fin is short, having only five rays, of which the first is elongate, its

upper part being setaceous; the length of this ray to the total

length of the body is as 1 to 53. The interval between the two

dorsal fins is short. The second dorsal fin has its base about 16 times

longer than the base of the first, and its highest portion is less than

172 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

half the length of the first ray of the first dorsal; it falls about the

middle, and then rises again, its termination being prolonged and

pointed. The specimen has been wounded in the back during its

life, and, though the wound has healed, a few (but probably not

more than two or three) of the rays have been carried away. The

remaining rays are forty-eight in number. None of the dorsal or

anal fins are fleshy, neither are there any scales upon them. The

pectoral fins are inserted a little in front of the first dorsal, and

rather above the middle of the height ; their apices are pointed, and

they are of moderate length, reaching back beyond the commence-

ment of the anal fin. The jugular ventral fins are forked, the longer

division becoming filiform and reaching back considerably beyond

the commencement of the anal fin, and a little beyond the tips of

the pectoral fins. These fins are longer than the head, and, compared

with the total length of the fish, they are as 1 to 35. The difference

between the lengths of the two divisions of the ray is to the length

of the longer as 1 to 43. The vent is surrounded by a black ring,

and is placed under the fourth ray of the second dorsal fin. The

anal fin commences under the seventh or eighth ray of the second

dorsal fin. It is highest in front; at the middle it falls in, and then

ends a short distance in front of the second dorsal with an acute

prolongation. The caudal fin is truncate, and rather more than a

ninth of the total length. The tail is much compressed and atte-

nuate. The lateral line is a groove that forks above the opercle.

After the junction of the divisions it rises a little, and then falls gra-

dually ; but under the anterior portion of the second dorsal fin there

is a rapid descent, after which it is straight along the tail.

The single example on which this species has been founded was

taken near Madeira, in the month of March, and is now in the

British Museum. Its dimensions, expressed in inches, are given in

the following table :—

Total lenptht Saco i esse ce derece eens « .ee 142

Height under first dorsal...............--..0-5 33

Thickness near base of pectorals.......... 02.00 2

Head .... oe 2 : 3h

Bye, diameter .. 2... -. 0. eee eee e eee teens Yo

Mouth, width from side to side ................ 12

Barbel, tenets. fn eel eens te ve gee cmos dh

First dorsal fin, distance from snout ............ 34%)

= == McHrein Of Lilet Tay). . free see rene 25

pea, length of second fay"... egos fore 135

DOT ea Se Tenet htor last ray", ee eee eine = pn wo

Be ASE ORS” one eee. Cle ater ee

Second dorsal, distance from first dorsal ........ 5

Be , length of base ...... Sop SSoriainee + 8+

- ~, height in front ...... ode . 14

Pectorals, distance from snout ..............., 4

EMO teeta ts gia te eS 8 ere ee 2y5

| VALINE DASEN a dates 2 sans See ese iy

Ventrals, distance from tip of mandible, mouth open 2,5;

MAC P eet = Se ee ON wee mice at nase

1862. | OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 173

Anal, distance from tip of mandible, mouth open.. 63

» height in front ......... 1i

Caudal lengthy). 2S PRE PM es oN ly

Tail, height behind second dorsal .............. wh

Order ACANTHOPTERYGII, Cuv.

Fam. TRICHIURIDS.

NESIARCHUS, gen. nov.

Body elougate, covered with small scales. Cleft of mouth deep.

Several strong teeth in the jaws; none on the palatine bones or the

vomer. First dorsal not extending to the second. No finlets behind

either the dorsal or anal fin. Perfect thoracic ventral fins present.

Caudal fin well developed. A dagger-shaped spine behind the vent.

No keel on the tail. One lateral line. Seven branchiostegal rays.

An air-bladder. Pyloric czeca in moderate number.

This genus may be entered in the Synopsis of Trichiuroid genera,

given in the Cat. of the Brit. Mus. Collection, thus :—

“Ventrals present : a dagger-shaped spine behind the vent.”

NESIARCHUS NASUTUS, sp. n, (PI. XXII.)

i, O20, 2nd D2. 21, A, 22; P.13, Vo1.A. C: vit. 8+7.

vu, M..B: 7.

This fish has much of the external aspect of Thyrsites prometheus.

The body is very elongate, compressed, covered with small, deciduous,

cycloid scales, which are elegantly marked with concentric striz ;

the height of the hody, compared with the total length, is as 1 to

13. The head is scaly in every part, but unarmed ; it is compressed,

and the cheeks are flat. There is a broad groove between the eyes

and on the snout, as in Aphanopus. The length of the head, com-

pared with the total length, is as 1 to 43. The round eye is placed

at the side of the head, and does not quite reach to the outline; it

is contained 94 times in the head, is rather more than a diameter

distant from the other eye, and each is distant about 43 diameters

from the tip of the snout. The members of each pair of nostrils are

distant from each other, and the hinder one is a small oblique slit.

The bones of the scaly opercle and subopercle are thin and radiato-

striate; the border of the former has an angular projection. The

gill-openings are wide. The snout is long, and is terminated by a

large conical cartilaginous process, which projects much beyond the

jaw. The mandible has a similar but longer cartilaginous process.

These processes (some rudiments of which may be seen in Aphano-

pus) bestow on the head somewhat of the appearance of Sphyrena

vulgaris. The rictus is large. The upper border of the mouth is

formed entirely of the premaxillary, which is broad above and narrow

below. The scaly maxillary, which lies exposed behind, and is broad

below and narrow above, does not quite reach back to the vertical

from the middle of the eye. The mandibular bones project a little

beyond those of the upper jaw.

174 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

The dentition bears much resemblance to that of Aphanopus. In

each jaw there is a single series of moderately strong teeth, which

are pointed, compressed, and subtriangular ; those of the lower jaw

are about thirteen in number on each side, and are rather larger than

those of the upper jaw, where there are also thirteen on each side,

in addition to three pairs of considerably larger teeth, which stand a

little within the line of the others, near the fore end of the jaw.

These teeth increase in size backwards, the last pair being about

four-tenths of an inch long.

All these are pointed and compressed, and have a slight double

curvature. The three pairs stand opposite the second, third, and

fourth pairs of teeth on the lower jaw. There are no teeth on the

palatine bones or on the vomer. The tongue is smooth, narrow,

and black like the pharynx and the inside of the gill-covers.

The first dorsal fin commences at the nape in front of the root of

the pectoral fins. It rises from a groove, is moderately high, and

its spines are weak, distant, and grooved, but not tuberculated. It

is rather higher behind than in front, and there is an interval equal

to about one-fifth of the length of the head between it and the second

dorsal, which is high in front, where it is subtriangular. The fourth

and fifth rays are the longest. The last four or five rays are short

and much branched, the last ray being elongated*. The anal fin is

preceded by a stout broad two-edged spine, similar to that possessed

by Aphanopus. This fin is opposite and similar in shape to the

second dorsal. The first ray is weak, but appears to be a simple

spine ; and the last ray is somewhat prolonged. The pectoral fins

are pointed, and inserted below the middle of the height. The ven-

tral fins are thoracic, being placed close together a little behind the

pectoral fins ; they are small, being only equal to one-eleventh of the

head, but consist of a spime, which is stout below and slender above,

and four soft rays connected by membrane. The ray next to the

spine is the longest. The caudal fin is well developed and deeply

cleft ; its rays are very broad below.

The unarmed lateral line falls gently from the shoulder to the

middle of the body, whence it is horizontal to the caudal fin. The

tail has no keel, and is not depressed behind the second dorsal.

There is no barbel nor any prominent papilla near the vent.

The body of the fish is uniformly lead-coloured, with black fins ;

its skin, when the scales have been removed, is black.

The peritoneum is black ; the stomach long and simple ; the in-

testinal tube straight. There are about eight pyloric ceca, and a

long narrow air-bladder with thin walls.

Only a single specimen has occurred, and this was taken in the

month of April last. It had a length of 363 inches, a height at the

ventral fins of 258; inches, and a thickness at the same place of

1,3,inch. Decidedly Trichiuroid as it is, it differs from all the genera

* The membrane connecting the last four or five rays of the second dorsal and

the last five or six rays of the anal fin is much torn in the specimen. In an older

fish they might possibly form detached finlets, the structure of the rays bearing

much resemblance to those of the finlets possessed by some Trichiuroid genera.

1862. ] OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 175

of that family hitherto known, and a new genus must be established

for its reception. From Aphanopus, with which it agrees in having

a dagger-shaped spine behind the vent, it differs in being possessed

of scales and ventral fins; from Lepidopus it is distinguished by

having two dorsals and scales, and by the absence of teeth from the

palatine bones; from Trichiurus by having two dorsal fins, a well-

developed caudal fin, and many-rayed ventral fins ; from Hpinnula

by having a single lateral line, and by the separation of the dorsal

fins ; from Thyrsites by having no teeth on the palatine bones, and

by the separation of the dorsal fins ; from Dicrotus in having scales

and many-rayed yentrals; and from Gempylus by the presence of

scales and the absence of finlets. Moreover in the two known species

of the last-named genus each ventral fin is represented by a spine.

From the Sphyrenide, it may be mentioned in passing, it differs by

the ventral fins being thoracic, and by the proximity of the dorsal

fins.

The following are the dimensions in inches of the principal parts

of the specimen, which has been added to the collection of fishes at

the British Museum :—

Mower GF Mead 0) PLS Ce Seen clare os 7x5

Ge HURIMMCLEE: clasts ac ots oie alee ete ace 2 aia to

ig STE OS gl Ry en eine) eae iy

, distance from tip of snout......... 41

Upper jaw bones, length.................. 37%

First dorsal, distance from tip of snout...... 63

—— plemeth Of base Fla... aed a. os 163

———— =, highest spines ......-.eseseess 13

, interval between first and second

REN en Sec ates te eitete wait aa a asste late 1d 14

Second dorsal, length of base .......... at hn

, length of fourth and fifth rays .. 23

EI ROTI in ina ns ang o 0 sila sip aie, nue sig 3

Be WaACth OL UASEss | crea sees tele sete 4

, distance from snout .............. 1%

Nentrtewlenet ht) on. one saree ce weet

Vent, distance of its vertical from tip of man-

LEU nets BS ee ati Rl i dee IPR PO SA aa it a 24

=~ distance trom allals.... b.casc cee see ss 1

Spine before anal, length.................. 7

Caudal, length of external rays ...,........ 54

Fam. ScoMBRIDZ,

SCHEDOPHILUS ELONGATUS, sp. n.

D.39. A.2. P.2l. V.z. C. iii. 947. iv. M.B. 7.

Uniformly purplish black, somewhat paler on the belly. The

body is elliptico-oblong and much compressed, the height, compared

~ with the total length, being as 1 to 43, and the length of the head

to the total length as 1 to 5.

176 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

The head is scaleless above, gelatinous, punctate, and arched.

The snout is abbreviate and abrupt, but does not form a quadrant

with the head, as is the case in S. berthelotii. ‘The opercle and sub-

opercle are scaly and striate, the strize ending at the margin in mi-

nute teeth. The preopercle is scaleless, the border being striate,

and the striz projecting as blunt teeth*. The eye is round, its

centre is placed about the middle of the height, and it is surrounded

by radiating grooves; it is contained five times in the lead; the

space between it and the tip of the snout is equal to a diameter and

ahalf. The mouth is of moderate size, and the jaws are equal ;

each is set with a single series of small sharp teeth. There are no

teeth on the palatines or the vomer. The tongue is broad, smooth,

and white. ’

The long scaly dorsal fin commences behind the root of the pec-

toral fin ; it is lowin front, highest at the middle, and has an angular

termination. The spinous rays are not to be distinguished from the

others. The pectoral fins are pointed, and have broad roots ; they

are inserted below the middle of the height, and their fourth and

fifth rays are the longest; they scarcely reach more than halfway

to the vent. The pointed ventral fins are inserted near together,

just under the posterior angle of the root of the pectoral fins. The

second soft ray is the longest ; this fin does not reach halfway to

the vent. The scaly anal fin is high in front and pointed behind ;

it terminates opposite, or perhaps a little behind, the termination of

the dorsal; its base is about half as long as that of the dorsal fin.

The caudal fin is deeply emarginate ; its membrane has scales upon

it between the rays.

The lateral line rises slightly on the shoulder, then descends

gently to the middle of the height, and from a little behind the

middle of the total length it is horizontal. The scales are very small,

cycloid, and concentrically striate ; those of the lateral line are about

160 in number.

The single individual from which these characters have been drawn

up, though bearing considerable resemblance to S. berthelotii (which

occasionally occurs at Madeira), is sufficiently distinct from that and

other known members of the genus to warrant the definition of a

new species. From S. derthelotii it is easily distinguished by the

smaller scales, the longer body (height to length as 1 to 43, instead

of 1 to 3), the shorter head (head to length as 1 to 5, instead of 1 to 4),

the longer snout (equal to 13 diam. of the eye, whereas in S. berthe-

lotii it is less than one diameter of the eye), by the shorter pectoral

and ventral fins only reaching about halfway to the vent (whereas in

S. berthelotii they extend backwards as far as the vent), and by the

commencement of the dorsal fin being placed behind the root of the

pectorals, whereas in S. dertheloti that fin commences considerably

in front of that point. A thick purple fluid exuded from the vent of

the dead fish ; and the same thing has occurred in the case of all the

* In describing S. berthelotii (Ichth. Canarienne, p. 45), M. Valenciennes says

that the opercle, subopercle, and interopercle are not scaly, whereas all the oper-

cular pieces are most certainly scaly.

1862.] OF FISHES FROM MADERIA. 177

specimens of 8, berthelotii that have occurred. The fishermen give

to both these species the name of “ Praga.”

The total length of the specimen (which was taken in the month

of April last) is 147"5 inches ; the height between the ventrals and

the vent is 3,5 inches, and its thickness thereabouts is 411 inch.

The dimensions of the principal parts are expressed in inches in the

following table :—

inches.

ently of hidnd 2.04 aatale Var RE ABI ee

Diameter of eye, rather more than .......... §

Dorsal, length of base ..............-6- oe OR

height -atmiddle. 2:3 2ANaS Ae. ee SZ

» distance from snout............e000+- 32

Pectorals, length .......... e Ae Ciena gan ee

, breadth of base ......... fA ES

, distance from snout. . AN oe 375

Ventrals, Neneh) sia) reacts See ee eae 1

Vent, distance of its vertical from snout eed Pe Gz

, distance from anal .......... DEE Spee: 4

Anal, Benet OF DASE) els oe was ca oe SRO 3335

, height i in front. . Fe, Le eS fy

Caudal, length of longest rays BAD ee eee ae 25

Fam. TrigLip2.

SETARCHES, gen. noy. (Pl. XXIII.)

Head and body compressed ; no transverse groove at the occiput ;

vertex without spines; preoperculum armed; body covered with

cycloid scales; without skinny appendages. One dorsal fin divided

by a notch into a spinous and a soft portion. No pectoral appen-

dages. Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on the pala-

tine bones. Lateral line a broad scaleless groove. Six or seven

branchiostegal rays. Pyloric appendages in small number. No air-

bladder.

It will be observed that this new genus is closely related to Sebastes

and Scorpena, but more nearly to the former than to the latter.

From both it is distinguished by the cycloid scales, the scaleless

lateral line, and the absence of spines from the vertex. The single

individual on which it has been founded was taken in the month of

December 1861, and is now in the British Museum. It was at first

assigned to the genus Sebastes, but was at once discriminated from

all the species of that genus previously taken at Madeira. With

these species I shall compare it throughout my description, with the

view of aiding other observers in identitying specimens, if they should

occur.

SETARCHES GUNTHERI, Sp. n.

ee Sh Plog Vee Oliv 7. Z.ay.

The height, compared with the total length, is as 1 to4. The

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XII,

178 MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON NEW GENERA AND SPECIES [June 10,

head is large, being contained in the length only 23 times. It is

scaleless, and without prominent spines on the vertex; the bones are

cavernous ; the space between the eyes is flat and marked by several

low ridges. At the back of the head are two broad flat spines point-

ing backwards. °

The eye is contained 51 times in the head, and is distant from the

tip of the scaleless snout about a diameter and a half. The space be-

tween the eyes is considerably more than equal to the diameter, and is

to the length of the head as 1 to43. There are no spines above the

postero-superior part of the orbit. The snout is rounded and trun-

cate; its length is equal to one-third of the length of the head.

There is a skinny appendage at the posterior margin of the anterior

nostril. The opercle is scaly, and is crossed by two strong crests

terminating in long spines, which reach up to its edge; the higher

of these spines is to the length of the head as tol to 73. At the

border of the scaly preopercle there are five spines, pointing back-

wards, of which the three highest are long, narrow, and parallel, the

middle one of the three being equal in length to the larger of the

opercular spines: these five spines occupy the position of those of

Sebastes dactylopterus.

The mouth is moderately large. The maxillary is broad below, is

vertically truncate, and reaches back to the posterior margin of the

eye. The under jaw isa trifle longer than the upper, which is notched

in front. Both jaws, the palatines, and the vomer are set with bands

of villiform teeth. The tongue is free near the apex, is very thick,

and has a thin spatuliform projection in front similar to that seen in

front of the tongue of S. Auhlit, which, however, does not reach so

far forward as in the case of the present species. The tongue and

pharynx are black. The branchiostegal membrane, when the mouth

is closed, is almost concealed by the opercular pieces and the very

broad mandibular bones.

The dorsal fin is long, commencing before the root of the pectoral ;

its spines are stout, and the soft portion rounded. The anal fin is

short, and terminates opposite the termination of the dorsal fin; its

third spine is the longest, and is to the length of the head as 1 to 33,

but it is shorter than the first three soft rays. The pectoral fin is

broad and long, reaching back to the commencement of the anal fin,

its length being to the total length as 1 to 33. The first two and

the last five rays are simple, the others branched. The tenth,

eleventh, and twelfth rays are the longest, and the last rays are the

shortest. None of them project beyond the membrane. The ventral

fins are placed together under the roots of the pectoral fins ; they are

pointed, and extend over rather more than half the distance between

their roots and the commencement of the anal fin. The spine is stout ;

the two first soft rays longer than the others. The caudal fin is

truncate, and is scaly only at the base. The vent is far back, being

under the base of the twelfth dorsal spine.

The scales are very small, and cycloid, offering no roughness to the

finger when drawn from tail to head. The broad and scaleless lateral

line descends gently from the shoulder to the tail, where it is straight ;

1862. } OF FISHES FROM MADEIRA. 179

its membrane has thirty divisions, but the rows of scales that abut

upon it are about eighty-six in number.

The czecal stomach was found to be of moderate length, and there

were only two pyloric ceca. The intestine was long, having one

convolution. No air-bladder was observed. Its colour was a uniform

pinky red, minutely dotted with black.

In consequence of the anterior part of the dorsal fin having been

injured, the comparative length of the spines could not be ascertained.

The number of the branchiostegal rays on one side is six, on the

other seven.

From Sebastes dactylopterus, S. kuhlii, and S. maderensis, the

only three Madeiran species of that genus hitherto known, it is well»

distinguished by the flatness of the head between the eyes, by the

absence of prominent spines from the vertex, by the third (not the

second) anal spine being the longest, by the broad membranous lateral

line, and by the cycloid scales. From the first-named species it is

further distinguished by the soft rays of the dorsal fin being nine in

number, in place of twelve ; and from the two latter species by the

black pharynx. With Sebastes filifer, Val. (Ich. Can. p. 21, pl. 2.

fig. 2), this fish agrees in having scales with simple borders; but it

differs (in addition to the characters by which the genus Setarches

is separated from the genus Sebastes) in the number of the rays of

the pectoral fin (22 in place of 16), in having, not all, but only the

two first and the last five rays of that fin simple, in possessing five

in place of four preopercular spines, and in the smaller scales (86

in place of 62 along the lateral line).

Dedicated to my friend Dr. A. Giinther, the well-known ichthyo-

logist, to whom I am indebted for much valuable instruction.

The following are the dimensions in inches of the principal parts

of the specimen, which is now in the British Museum :—

Pat GDB ocho. aie asane'e-citgenie'oes Abrpaaemieg” 9

CP et ee a ks Gat, tie dese + os 23

MEME OH OP READ 5. otc o's 2s taps wa sins: oss) THO

of second preopercular spine.......... io

Diameter Of Cyewcresi< any <> scans dae ie pate se it

dstrip thy: Of MAA MUUBEY, © cic ie es ctigiaie® wa sins ve, ol Toy

of base of dorsal fin ............-.-- 3

of pectoral fin ...... A at {eater 24

of base of pectoral fin ...... ph eas 4

of ventral fin.........- iain ner ed

— of base of anal fin. .......eee.-eee: a

Gh tind: RNME APMC, . css aelec ee sas +=: 20

otcaudalifini cna cteeemns cece s Le

Distance of vertical of vent from gsnout........ 5

Fam. Percip2.

PRIACANTHUS INSULARUM, Sp. 0.

D. 10.15. A.3.15. Scales of lateral line, about 76.

This species has a close resemblance to P. macrophthalmus, from

180 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CAMAROON MAMMALS. [June 10,

which, however, the following differences distinguish it:—1. The

height of the body to the total length is as 1 to 3%, not as 1 to 25.

2. The diameter of the eye is to the length of the head as 1 to 35,

not as 1 to 23. 3. The number of soft rays in the dorsal fin is 15,

not 13 or 14. 4. The length of the second dorsal spine is to the

last as 1 to 2, not as 1 to 13. 5. The edge of the opercle has one

flat spine, and above this there is a rounded plate ; whereas the edge

of the opercle of P. macrophthalmus has two flat spines. 6. In P.

macrophthalmus the two borders of the preopercle form a right angle,

and the margins are strongly denticulated. In the present species

the angle formed by the free borders of the preopercle is obtuse, and

the margins are very finely serrate. 7. The caudal is slightly emar-

ginate. 8. The fins have not black edges, as is the case with P.

macrophthalmus.

This species is established on a single specimen, taken last May,

which had a length of 143 inches, and a height of 33, the head bemg

34 inches long. The eye had a diameter of 1+ inch. The example

was coloured a uniform red, and it is now in the British Museum.

3. List or MAMMALIA FROM THE CAMAROON MOUNTAINS, COL-

LECTED By Capt. Burton, H.M. Consut, Fernanpo Po.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

(Plate XXIV.)

CROCIDURA MORIO, Sp. nov.

Uniform rather brownish black, rather paler and browner beneath.

Teeth white. Feet very slender, weak. Tail nearly as long as the

body and head, very slender, annulated, covered with very short

closely adpressed hair.

Length of body and head, dry, 22 inches ; tail, dry, 2 inches.

** Mole from Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of

the sea, January 1862.”

SCIURUS ISABELLA, Sp. nov, (Pl. XXIV.)

Yellowish brown, minutely grizzled, with four broad dorsal streaks

-—the two central from the crown of the head to the base of the tail,

the side ones from the shoulder only ; the underside whitish grey.

Tail slightly annulated.

Length of body and head 7 inches ; tail 5 inches.

‘Squirrel from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the

level of the sea, January 1862.”

I have great pleasure in naming this beautiful new species after

Mrs. Isabel Burton,—her husband, the discoverer of it, having re-

clases that any novelty that might be in the list should be so

named.

ANOMALURUS BEECROFTH, Fraser.

«A Flying Squirrel, shot in the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet

Sen 5

orl:

1862.]} DR. DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. ~ 181

above the level of the sea. Colour of the eyes dark grey. January

18, 1862.”

Mus MAURA, §p. nov.

Fur very soft and silky ; above black, slightly marked with brown

from the minute brown tips of the hairs ; beneath whitish—the hair of

the underside black, white-tipped. Teeth very narrow, orange.

Ears rounded, moderate. Sides of the nose and edge of the orbits

black. Eyes covered with very short close-pressed hairs. Tail very

long, slender, closely annulated with very slender, very short ad-

pressed hair.

Length of body and head 4} inches; tail 5 inches; hind fcot

very nearly 1 inch.

* Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level of the sea.”

Evuryoris IRRORATA, Sp. Nov.

“Rat from the Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet above the level

of the sea. January 1862.”

I am not certain about this species until I can compare the skull

with those of the other species of the genus from Africa, as they are

all very similar externally.

With these animals was sent the skin of a Chimpanzee without

its skull, but with the bones of the hand and feet enclosed in the

skin. This skin differs from all the other specimens of this species

which I have seen, in being covered with much more abundant and

softer fur, and in the fur of the back being of a brown colour from

the large brown tips to the blackish hair. It would seem to indicate

a distinct variety or species, which may be designated, until we re-

ceive better specimens and more particulars, Troglodytes vellerosus.

4, DescrIPTIONS OF New OrERCcULATED LAND SHELLS.

By Dr. H. Dourn.

1. LEPTOPOMA PAPUANUM.

Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, concentrice sub-

tilissime et confertissime striata, hyalina, varie fusco maculata,

fasciis albis hydrophanis cingulata ; spira turbinata, acuta ;

anfr. 5, modice convexi, ultimus subcompressus ; apertura vie

obliqua, circularis, alba; peristomium album, late expansum,

marginibus disjunctis, columellari angulatim refleco. Operc.

normale.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 11, alt. 11 mill.; ap. 11 mill. longa.

Hab. In Nova Guinea (Wallace in Mus. Cuming.).

Exstant varietates 1, unicolor hyalina albicincta; 2, medio et ad

suturam fusco cingulata ; 3, varie fusco maculata et fulgurata.

Differt a L. pellucido anfr. planioribus, apertura minus obliqua,

umbilico minus obtecto, &c.

2 “ DR, DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [June 10

2, LePpTOPOMA MATHILD&.

Testa anguste umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, sericata, spira-

liter confertim tenuistriata, lineis subelevatis 6—7 distantibus

cincta, albido-hyalina vel cornea, intus interdum late fusco

fasciata, pone aperturam late transverse fusco zonata, pellu-

cida ; spira conica, apice nigro vel corneo ; anfr. 5, convexi,

ultimus magnus, infra medium plerumque albido fasciatus, ob-

soletius sculptus; apertura obliqua, circularis ; peristomium

undique equaliter angulatim reflecum et expansum, marginibus

callo angusto crassiusculo junctis.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, alt. 94; ap. diam. 6 mill.

Hab. In Zamboanga insulze Mindanao, unde misit Dr. C. Semper.

3. LEPTOPOMA PFEIFFERI.

Testa perforata, turbinato-conica, tenuiuscula, subtiliter et con-

Sertim spiraliter striata, alba, strigis irregularibus cerulescenti-

corneis ornata ; spira conica, acutiuscula ; anfr. 6, convewius-

culi, ultimus inflatior, medio obtuse angulatus ; apertura ovalis

rotundata ; peristomium undique expansum, marginibus callo

tenut junctis, columellari arcuato, basin versus angulum for-

mante. Operc. normale.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 14, alt. 134; ap. long. 10, lat. 7} mill.

Hab. In insula Camiguin (Coll. Semper.).

4. LerpTOPOMA TROCHUS.

Testa angustissime perforata, trochiformis, tenuis, pellucida, spi-

raliter confertissime tenuistriata, obsolete 5-sulcata, hyalina,

pallide virente maculata, fasctis albidis cincta ; spira turbinata,

apice acuto; anfr. 54, subplani, ultimus medio acutissime et

compresse carinatus, bast vie convexior ; apertura obliqua, sub-

rhombea ; peristomium duplex, externum breviter reflecum, in-

crassatum, umbilici 2 tegens, marginibus callo tenui junctis,

internum continuum, rectum; faux late piceo transverse fasciata.

Opere. ?

Diam. maj. 15, min. 13, alt. 14; ap. intus long. 6, lat. 7 mill.

Hab. In Maligi insule Mindanao (Coll. Semper.).

5, LEPTOPOMA CAROLI.

Testa perforata, turrito-conica, tenuiuscula, oblique striatula,

spiraliter confertim capillaceo striata, nitida, albida; spira

elongata, apice obtusiusculo ; anfr. 6-61, vix convexiusculi, ulti-

mus infra medium angulatus, subtus paullo convexior, apertura

perobliqua, bast protracta, subeffusa, oblonga; peristomium

expansum, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari superne

dilatato, reflexo, perforationem fere tegente, basi subangulato.

Opere. normale.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 17; ap. long. 8 mill.

Hab. In provincia Nueva Ecija insule Luzon, ubi legit Dr. Caro-

lus Semper.

1862. | DR. DOHRN ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 183

6. CALLIA SPLENDENS.

Testa ovato-conica, tenuis, nitida, pellucida, pallide rufo-cornea,

sutura impressa, marginata, callo obducta ; anfr. 5, convevius-

cult, ultimus dimidium longitudinis equans, convexus, axin non

excedens ; apertura verticalis, subcircularis ; peristomium ex-

pansiusculum, incrassatum, circa columellam callum formans.

Operc. normale.

Long. 7, diam. 4; ap. diam. 2} mill.

Hab. In “Lizard Islands” Australie (Macgillivray in Mus.

Cuming.).

7. PUPINA OTTONIS.

T. ovato-conica, tenuis, glaberrima, pellucida, aurantiaca ; spira

obtusiuscula ; sutura impressa, submarginata, vix callosa;

anfr. 6, convextusculi, ultimus antice breviter ascendens, spiram

subequans ; apertura circularis, subverticalis ; lamella parie-

talis arcuata, cum latere dextro peristomatis canalem latum

Sormans ; columella oblique dissecta; peristomium subreflecum,

margine dextro arcuato, columellari incrassato, flavidum,

Operc. normale.

Long. 11, diam. 6 mill.

Hab. In Mariveles insule Luzon, unde misit Dr. C. Semper.

8. PupINA VENTROSA.

Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, nitida, rufo-cornea ; spira sursum

attenuata; sutura vix impressa; anfr. 5, supremi convexi,

penultimus planulatus, ultimus 4 longitudinis subequans ; aper-

tura subverticalis, circularis ; lamella parietalis valida, trian-

gularis ; peristomium inerassatum, subexpansum, margine colu-

mellarit plano, dilatato. Onperc. normale.

Long. 74, diam. 4 mill.

Hab. In Cape York Australize (Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Nonne potius varietatibus P. d¢linguis, Pfr., adnumeranda, que

species quoad staturam pervariabilis esse videtur ?

9. PUPINA PFEIFFERI.

Testa pupeformis, tenuis, nitidissima, pellucida, cornea; spira

ovato-conoidea ; sutura callosa, submarginata ; anfr. 5}, con-

vexiusculi, ultimus 4 longitudinis subequans, basin versus at-

tenuatus, basi axin vis excedens ; apertura basi valde protracta,

obliqua, circularis ; lamella parietalis acuta, intrans, cum peri-

stomio canalem angustum formans ; columelia transverse dis-

secta ; peristomium incrassatum, expansiusculum. Operc.

normale.

Long. 53, diam. 25 mill.

Hab. Ad Cape Flattery Australize (Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Differt a P. strangei, Pfr., cui proxime affinis, lamella parietali,

apertura obliqua, sutura callosa, etc.

184

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

10. ARINIA SCALATELLA.

Testa subobtecte perforata, ovato-oblonga, tenuis, costis distanti-

bus transversis regulariter sculpta, pellucida, flavido-cornea ;

spira ovata, apice acuto ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 53, tur-

gidi, ultimus attenuatus ; apertura parum obliqua, circularis ;

peristomium late expansum, marginibus ad anfractum ultimum

viv disjunctis.

spirum, corneum.

Long. 43, diam. 27 mill.

Unicum specimen in monte Arayat insule Luzon repertum in col-

lectione Semperiana exstat.

Genus verisimiliter cum Pupinaceis collocandum ; statura proxime

affine Streptaulo Bens., a quo deficiente tuba differt; operculum

valde a Diplommatine operculo discrepat.

[June 10,

Operculum extus concavum, lamelloso-arcti-

The following lists of the additions made to the Menagerie during

the months of April and May were read :—

APRIL.

3 American Crows

1 American Raven .........

4 Australian Shieldrakes ...

eeeeseees

1 Rosy Cockatoo ..cssecaees.

1 Stump-tail Lizard .........

1 Vervet Monkey...

1 Barbary Dove

A collection of Tritons... {

2 Necklaced Doves .........

4 Badgers .:....coccssennsnves

1 Bonnet Monkey............

1 Tigress

Pee eee e eet et eeseeeees

SAPO eet e er eereerereees

1 Swinhoe’s Deer.........+-

2 Bennett’s Water Tortoises

1 Bonnet Monkey..........

2 Birds of Paradise .........

7 Indian Grey Francolins...

1 Mona Monkey ............

1 Capuchin Monkey.........

1 Indian Civet .......csscese

eee eeteeeeey

Corvus americanus vise

——_ CATNIWVOTUS ..reeeeee

Casarca tadornoides......

Cacatua roseicapilla......

Trachydosaurus rugosus .

.| Cercopithecus lalandii ...

Turtur risorius.....ccseee-

Triton cristatus .........

PUNCLATUS wreessveeees

Columba speciosa ....0+00.

Meles taxus ......scseevee-

Macacus radiatus .....+0..

Felis Cigris......cerceacess Ar

Penelope superciliaris ...

Rhinochetus jubatus

-|Capra hircus, var.......++-

«s.|Ratelus indicus .....0000e as

Hystrix leucura essere.

Cervus SWInhOti....eessaee.

Emys bennettii .......0060-

Macacus radiatus.........

Paradisea papuand .w.....

francolinus ponticerianus| |

Cercopithecus mona ......

Cebus capucinus .seeceeee

Viverricula indica

eeeeer

.|Madame van Dervin.

Presented by

Andrew Downs, Esq.,

Corr. Mem. Z.S.

Hon.J.C. Hawker, Speaker

of the House of Assem-

bly of S. Australia.

T. Scrutton, Esq.

Rev. W. H. Hawker, F.Z.S.

B. B. Sapwell, Esq.

Mrs. Bruce.

\ T. C. Eyton, Esq.,F.Z.S.

Capt. Taylor.

Duke of Richmond.

— Mayhew, Esq.

M. H. Scott, Esq.

Duke of Richmond.

Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S.

Colonel Tapp, C.B.

A. Grote, Esq.

R. Swinhoe, Esgq., Corr.

Mem. Z.S., H. B.M.

Vice-Consul in For-

mosa.

Dr. Travers Twiss, F.Z.S.

| Purchased.

1862.]

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

APRIL (continued).

1 Blossom-headed Parakeet

1 Indian Mynah ......+.+...

1 Indian Rock-Snake ......

1 Lapland Bunting ......+0.

Paleornis bengalensis ...

Acridotheres ginginianus

Python molurus ....s000

2 Yellow Conures............|Conurus luteus .....eeever

1 Prehensile-tailed Porcu-|Cercolabes prehensilis ...

pine.

2 Blue-eyed Cockatoos......| Cacatua ducorpSii ....0+4.,

4 Modest Finches ..........-.|dmadina modesta .........

1 Black Cockatoo............ Calyptorhynchus banksii

4 Blue Bonnet Parakeets...

4 Many-coloured Parakeets

1 Masked Parrot

2 Mealy Rosella Parakeets

1 American Crocodile ......

2 Little Green Pigeons......

1 Male Emeu ceecsecccceeese

2 Cockateels ......

1 Aoudad we.

PEED eesecoccececcncaseada cos

1 Sambur Deer, fem. ......

1 Magellanic Goose «......+.

see eeeeeseee

Psephotus hematogaster

multicolor

we eeeeeee

Platycercus pallidus ......

Crocodilus americanus «+.

Chalcophaps 2

Plectrophanes lapponicus

Pyrrhulopsis personata ..

Dromeus nove-hollandie

Calopsittanove-hollandie

»| Ovis CYCIOCETOS seeseseesees

185

CPurchased.

} In exchange.

Bos indicus? ......+++.0+..-| p Born.

Cervus hippelaphus ......

Chloéphaga magellanica ..| Hatched.

Of these, Corvus americanus, Corvus carnivorus, Casarca tador-

noides, Rhinochetus jubatus, Ratelus indicus, Cervus swinhott, Emys

bennettit, Paradisea papuana, Cacatua ducorpsii, dmadina modesta,

and Pyrrhulopsis personata were stated to have been exhibited for

the first time.

1 Golden Agouti.........0..

1 Common Partridge ......

2 Green Lizards .......+6...

1 Macaque Monkey ......

2 Horned Owls ....+-..008.

1 pair of Brahmin Cattle..

1 Aoudad, fem. .......00+6.

2 Marmosets from Bahia..

May.

Presented by

Dasyprocta aguti ...,...+.|G. Palmer, Esq.

Perdix cinerea ..seoreseeee

Lacerta viridis ....ecsere0s

Macacus cynomolgus......

Bubo virginianus ......00+

Bos indicus, var. .sssssvee

Ovis tragelaphus ......++-

Hapale iacchus ...6+0...0++

Mr. Neil.

Rey. E. C. Taylor, F.Z.S.

Mrs. Boteler.

Martin Ware, Esq., F.Z.S.

} Her Majesty the Queen.

G. Eveniss, Esq.

1 Diamond Snake .........| Morelia variegata.........

2 Ocellated Skink .........| Tropidolepisma majus ...| | G. Mac Leay, Esq., Corr.

3 Australian Tree-Frogs...|Pelodryas cerulea ...... Mem. Z.S.

2 Sugar-Squirrels .........

2 Black-and-white Geese.

1 Bennett’s Kangaroo ...

8 young common Trout...

1 pair of Wild Boars ......

1 Prehensile-tailed Porcu-

pine.

3 White-masked Whistling

Ducks.

1 Black-fronted Lemur .,.

SGUGR ss acccnectncessasseucas

B Godwits cseccscecersvvcees

Belideus sciureus ......00-

Anseranas melanoleuca...

Halmaturus benneltii ...

Salmo Farin ceosssssseveese

SUS SCTOFA versscerseverseese

Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

Mrs. Dualey F. Cater.

S. Gurney, Esq., M.P.,

F.Z.S.

A. Shoolbred, Esq.

Cercolabes prehensilis .,.|R. Cockerton, Esq.

Dendrocygna viduata .,.|W. D. Christie, Esq.,F.Z.S.

Lemur nigrifrons vs...

Machetes pugnax .....0++.

Limosa melanura vrevveve

Purchased.

186 DR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 24,

May (continued).

1 Diana Monkey........+++- Cercopithecus diana ......

1 Yellow Wagtail ......... Motacilla rayi

12 Tree-Frogs ......seeserees Ayla viridis ...cccccescecee

1 Capromys........sscecesees Capromys brachyurus ...

ZL Turkey <...00..-c00s.seccees Meleagris gallopavo ......

1 Indian Rock-Snake ...... Python regius ..rcccceeees

1 Spectacle Cobra ......... Naia tripudians ......046

2 Guillemots ...-+e..ceeeeee ria. trotlle vi csvessisacs ee

2 Razor-bills ...cccceseceees Alca torda........... Seee ase

2 Pufiins ..... aacanenss ..|Fratercula arctica ...... sins =

4 Kingfishers ...... was cress Alcedo ispida,.......s00e++

1 Blood-rumped Parrakeet,| Psephotus hematonotus ..

male.

4 African Waxbills.......,. Estrelda cinerea ...s.0+0s

2 Black-headed Finches...|4madina cucullata ......

1 Echidna’ .....0....secosese Echidna hystrix ...e.000-

5 Indian Pastors........+++- Pastor malabaricus ......

2 Punjaub Wild Sheep ...|Ovis cycloceros ..........+-

3 Silver Foxes...........000- Canis argentatus ......... Born.

SD WOLVES s<-cccs--vecssvespens Tupi: eee thek. tees.

6 Pintail Ducks ............ Dafila acuta .........:0000 Ae |

13 Sonnerat’s Jungle-Fowls| Gallus sonneratit .....00+

(hybrids). Hatched.

3 Ashy-headed Geese...... Chloéphaga poliocephala .

Of these, Tropidolepisma majus and Pastor malabaricus were stated

to have been exhibited for the first time.

June 24, 1862.

E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.L.S., in the Chair.

Dr. Sclater called the attention of the Meeting to some interesting

additions lately made to the Society’s Menagerie. These were—

1. Two Spider Monkeys, purchased of Mr. Edward Greey, of the

Royal Mail Company’s Service. These Monkeys had been obtained

by Mr. Greey on the Rana River, Gorgon Bay, near San Juan del

Norte, in Nicaragua. They appeared referable to two different spe-

cies: —Ateles frontatus, Gray | Brachyteles (Hriodes) frontatus, Gray,

Zool. Voy. Sulphur], smaller and parti-coloured; and Ateles hy-

bridus, I. G. St.-Hil., larger and of the same form, greyish brown.

The former species had been already noticed as occurring in Central

America*; the latter was generally considered to be a New-Grana-

dian species.

2. Two young Bears brought from Japan and deposited in the

Gardens by Captain Ward. The only Bear hitherto recorded as

* See the article “On the Northern Limit of the Quadrumana in the New

World,” in Nat. Hist. Review, 1861, p. 507.

1862.] MR. A, R. WALLACE ON NEW SPECIES OF PITTA. 187

being found in Japan was the Indian Ursus torquatus (sive tibeta-

nus)*. These young Bears appeared to be distinct from the Indian

species, resembling in some respects rather the American Ursus

americanus. There were slight indications of a white mark on the

throat, but this seemed likely to be wholly obliterated as the animal

increased. Dr. Sclater considered these animals, in all probability,

referable to a distinct species, for which he suggested the name Ursus

japonicus,

The following papers were read :—

l. Descriptions or THrer New Species or PITTA FROM THE

Mouvccas. By Atrrep Russet WALLACE.

These birds are brought before the Society, detached from the

collections of which they form a part, because a Monograph of the

Pittide, by Mr. Elliot, is now in course of publication, and it is de-

sirable that they should be described in England before appearing

in a foreign work.

They are interesting as showing the permanent modifications in

form of these semiterrestrial birds, in islands within sight of each

other. I may mention as a curious fact, that the great island of

Ceram appears to contain no Pitta, although one or two species -

occur in almost all the other islands of the Moluccan group. I have

myself collected for several months in various parts of Ceram and

Amboyna, without seeing or hearing of the genus; and the natives

were positive no such bird was to be found in their country. The

naturalists collecting for the Leyden Museum were not more suc-

cessful; and recently a German ornithologist, Mr. Rosenberg, has

resided some years in the island, and up to the time of my departure

had seen no Pitta. This is the more remarkable, as in the little

island of Banda, within sight of Ceram, a species exists which, with

two others, I now proceed to describe.

PITTA RUBRINUCHA.

Head reddish brown, darker behind, where there is a subquadran-

gular spot of bright red, and above it an obscure blue vertical stripe ;

back dull olive-green, shading into slaty blue on the wings and tail ;

quills blackish, with a white spot on the third and fourth; a small

white spot on the shoulder; underside with the slaty-blue breast

and crimson belly, exactly as in P. celebensis, but the black line

separating the two colours is narrower. Bill blackish horn-colour ;

feet light dull blue; iris pale olive-brown.

Total length 7 inches ; wing 3$ inches ; bill, from the gape, 1 inch.

Hab. Island of Bouru (Moluccas).

Remark.—This species is at once distinguished from its near

ally, P. celebensis, by the red nuchal spot, and by having much less

blue on the wing- and tail-coverts. It is also considerably smaller.

* See Temminck and Siebold’s ‘ Fauna Japonica,’

188 DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

PITTA VIGORSI.

Pitta vigorsi, Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. iv. pl. 2.

I had proposed a name for this species, supposing it to be new, and

misled by Bonaparte’s ‘Conspectus,’ which gives “gula nigra” asa

character of vigorsi. Having since, at Mr. Gould’s suggestion, com-

pared my bird with the type in the Museum of the Linnean Society,

I find it to be the same. My specimen is a fine adult male, and

differs from Gould’s figure and description in having the bill en-

tirely black, and in the red of the under parts being much mixed

with black on the breast.

Total length 7 inches; wing 42 inches; bill, from gape, 1 inch.

Hab. Banda Island (Moluccas).

Remark.—The habitat “Australia” is probably a mistake, as the

birds of this genus are very local, and no well-authenticated speci-

men has ever been received from that country.

PITTA CRASSIROSTRIS.

Similar in colour to P. vigorsi; but the superciliary stripes are

altogether pale rufous, the colour beneath is lighter (agreeing with

P. concinna), and the chin is black, which colour extends in a tri-

angle on to the throat, without being produced into a stripe, as in

P. concinna. Bill black, with the hase of the lower mandible horny ;

feet very pale flesh-colour ; iris black.

Total length 71 inches ; wing 42 inches; bill, from gape, 1} inch.

Hab. Sula Island (Xulla of the English maps), E. of Celebes.

Remark.—This species differs from its nearest allies by its very

strong bill, as well as by the peculiarities of colouring above de-

scribed. It is very like Temminck’s figure of P. irena from Timor ;

but that species appears to have much more blue on the back, and

the bill entirely black, and not so strong. It is also highly impro-

bable that the same bird should be found in such distant localities,

when so many of the neighbouring islands have each their peculiar

species.

2. Descriptions oF New Specizs or Reprites AND FisHxEs

IN THE COLLECTION OF THE British Museum. By

ALBERT GintHerR, M.A., M.D., Pa.D., F.Z.8.

(Plates XXV., XXVI., XXVII.)

CHLOROSCARTES.

(Fam. AGAMID&.)

Head short, body and base of tail compressed, tail exceedingly

long. Head covered with numerous smooth, small shields; all the

scales keeled, small, those of the belly and tail being the larger;

scales on the throat conical. Femoral pores very prominent, in a

longish series ; preeanal pores none. A low crest of triangular scales

on the neck ; a series of enlarged, sharp scales along the median line

W-West, imp

latus.

fas¢

Chloroscartes

P.Z.5.1862. Plate XXVI.

Sea

GA. bord. W.West imp

A. Catopra siamensis. # Catopra tetracaniius.

wey eres". bee eee

A '

~ P.

‘

. =\

pees

’ Li £

L y

- ee 2 -

“en

tae - >

=f *

es! - 7

—

“ ; .

’ y

- : by

f 4 :

y ‘

N ;

™~

‘suqeyoidsted stwompopnesg -4

‘snyesouseut uosodonue) g ~entges sndoxtiq Uy

TIAXX 827g ‘Z9RT

_1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 189

of the back and tail. Fingers five, and toes five, all elongate, and

armed with sharp claws; the middle toe fringed along the basal

joints. Throat with a small pouch and cross fold. No prominent

scales at the ear.

Cutoroscartes Fascratus. (Pl. XXV.)

Grass-green, with three very broad dark-green cross-bands.

Feejee Islands.

Description.—Head rather elevated and obtuse ; pouch below the

throat and transverse fold in front of the shoulder well developed ;

body and basal portion of the tail compressed, the latter rounded in

the middle and posteriorly, tapering, three or four times as long as

the body. The fore limbs extend backwards to the loin; the third

and fourth fingers are equal in length. The hind limbs are as long

as the trunk; the third toe has a series of enlarged triangular scales

along its inner margin, forming a serrated edge.

Shields on the upper and lateral parts of the head very numerous

and smooth. Nostril in a single somewhat elevated shield, situated

above the second and third upper labials. Rostral shield much

broader than high, subtriangular; nine upper labials, the posterior

being considerably lower than the anterior ; there are three or four

series of small shields between the labials and the eyelid; eyelids

entirely scaly. Seven lower labials; scales on the throat conically

elevated. Scales of the upper parts of the body very small, of equal

size, each with a short keel or conical protuberance. A low crest,

formed by compressed triangular scales, runs from the occiput to-

wards the middle of the tail, where it is gradually lost. Scales,on

the belly in transverse, slightly oblique series, small, but much larger

than those on the sides, strongly keeled. Limbs with keeled scales

of moderate size. The scales of the middle and posterior parts of

the tail are much larger than those on its basal portion; all are

keeled, the keels forming continuous longitudinal ridges. Each

femur with a series of twelve to fourteen large pores filled with a

greasy substance; prceanal pores none.

Tytnpanum larger than the eye.

Each jaw with eighteen to twenty teeth on each side; teeth tri-

cuspid, the lateral points being small; palatines with small teeth

posteriorly.

Bright grass-green ; head and nape of the neck, three broad cross

bands on the trunk, and about fourteen broad rings round the tail

dark green. Nasal shield white.

inches. lines.

Petal leith; 5, Uae cin tte once ooh oo Pele aan bree

Length of head (to tympanum) .......... bs tee

‘5 trunk (from tympanum to vent). 4 5

a RAUL dh, de aay Baek dunn ae ehtis Sixty 6,

a fore limh 5... «5. av:. ea tapsasterounmtem 2.11

4 CHAN OEE SSR Care gucusle a 'e(eiagh Mestee

5 hind limb ..... ahetel<suctohavaha sare 4 0

% Uy dr A ee ey eee! a ie 1G 40

fe PORT LOR? Neos va aoa sled Gee o 1 aes

190 DR. A, GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

PHRYNOBATRACHUS.

(Fam. RANIDz.)

Skin with large flat warts. Fingers quite free ; toes half-webbed ;

head pointed; tongue elongate, deeply notched behind; vomerine

teeth none; eustachian tubes small, tympanum entirely hidden.

Port Natal.

PHRYNOBATRACHUS NATALENSIS.

A fold of the skin between the fore limbs; greyish olive, marbled

with darker. Metatarsus with two tubercles, tarsus with a third on

the middle of its inner edge.

Description.—Forehead flattish, without canthus rostralis ; sides

of the head subvertical ; snout somewhat pointed and rather longer

than the eye ; eyes of moderate size, with round pupil, rather distant ;

a fold in front and behind the orbit. Inner nostrils and eustachian

openings small; lower jaw without prominences; tongue longish,

deeply nicked behind. Body and limbs rather stout ; back and sides

with numerous large, smooth glands; belly smooth; an indistinct

cross fold between the fore legs. The fore leg, if laid backwards,

does not extend to the vent; fingers and toes tapering ; the first and

third fingers are equal in length, and longer than the second and

fourth. Hind legs much longer than the body ; toes two-thirds

webbed, the third a little longer than the fifth. Dark-greyish olive,

marbled with darker ; an indistinct light streak between the eyes.

Lower parts dirty whitish ; throat with some obscure dark spots.

lines.

Length of the body ...... Mey Scar aia Coie PIA Biot i

PA RESTS, ISU T wnaee) o astcta cen: riots. bm sain an eS

i iG, 160 cos oes amie ace hee bees ae

a tarsus with fourth toe.......... 74

A single specimen was in a collection sent by Mr. T. Ayres from

Port Natal.

CENTROPOGON MARMORATUS. (PI. XXVII. fig. B.)

DY. Az. V.1/5. LL, lat. 68.

The third to sixth dorsal spines are the longest, half as long as

the head ; the second anal spine longer and stronger than the third.

Yellowish, marbled with brown.

Moreton Bay.

Description.—This species is similar to Centropogon australis,

from which it will be readily distinguished by the shorter third dorsal

spine, which in C. australis is two-thirds as long as the head. The

height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total length ;

the length of the head thrice and a quarter. Head slightly com-

pressed, with deep grooves along the interorbital space, which is

concave and much narrower than the orbit; there is a slight groove

behind the orbits, across the occiput. Snout shorter than the eye,

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 191

the diameter of which is scarcely more than one-third of the length

of the head. Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, of moderate width,

the maxillary extending beyond the front margin of the orbit ; jaws

equal in length anteriorly. Each turbinal bone with an obtuse spine

superiorly; preeorbital spine strong ; preeoperculum with five spines,

the upper of which is the longest; operculum with two ridges;

spines on the occiput small and obtuse. Head naked, without cu-

taneous appendages ; vomerine teeth in a narrow angular band.

The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the occiput, its

spines are of moderate length and strength; the third to the sixth

are the longest, half as long as the head; the following decrease in

length, the last, again, being a little longer than the penultimate ; the

soft dorsal rather more elevated than the spinous, short, the length

of its base being contained thrice and a fifth in that of the spinous

dorsal. Caudal fin scaleless, rounded, contained four times and two-

thirds in the total length. The anal commences opposite the four-

teenth dorsal spine; its second spine is the longest, contained twice

and two-thirds in the length of the head. The pectoral has the rays

branched, and extends nearly as far backwards as the ventral, which

is composed of a strong spine and five soft rays; the region round

the base of the pectoral and ventral fins is naked, covered with soft

skin.

The gill-membranes are scarcely united below the throat. There

is a distinct cleft behind the fourth gill*.

Length of the specimen, 3 inches.

CaTOPRA SIAMENSIS. (Pl. XXVI. fig. A.)

13 3 53

D. Te" A. 9° L. lat. 27. LL. transv. 73°

The height of the body is contained twice and a third in the total

length. Cheek with six series of scales, the lower of which covers

the preopercular limb. Body with eight dark cross bands; scales

on the nape with some minute whitish dots; the outer edge of the

ventral white.

Siam.

Description—tThe height of the body is contained twice and a

third in the total length, the length of the head thrice and a third ;

head as high as long. Snout rather shorter than the eye, the dia-

meter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to

the width of the interorbital space. The lower jaw is scarcely longer

than the upper, and the maxillary extends slightly beyond the ante-

rior margin of the orbit. Two nostrils remote from each other, both

very small. Przeorbital and angle of the praeoperculum slightly ser-

rated ; opercles, throat, and isthmus entirely scaly. The dorsal fin

commences above the end of the operculum, and terminates close by

the caudal; its spines are very strong, and can be received in a

* I have been induced by that circumstance to re-examine C. australis, and

have found a very small opening behind the fourth gill; so that the presence of

such a narrow cleft is to be introduced into the diagnosis of the genus Centro-

pogon (Catal. Fish. ii. p, 128).

192 DK. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. [June 24,

groove ; the fifth, sixth, and seventh are the longest, not quite half

as long as the head; the last spine is shorter than the penultimate ;

the soft dorsal is elevated and scaly at the base. The second anal

spine is exceedingly strong, rather stronger and longer than the third,

and not quite half as long as the head ; the soft anal is similar to the

soft dorsal. Caudal fin rounded, slightly produced, one-fourth of

the total length ; its basal half is scaly. Pectoral rather narrow, as

long as the head without snout. The ventral is inserted immediately

behind the base of the pectoral; it has a strong spine, and extends

to the vent.

Scales minutely ciliated ; the upper part of the lateral line termi-

nates below the last dorsal rays, the lower commences above the

third anal spine.

Gill-membranes united below the throat, not attached to the

isthmus, scaly. Four gills, a slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiz

none.

The jaws, vomer, palatines, and upper and lower pharyngeals are

armed with bands of small villiform teeth. Very remarkable are two

large, ovate, dentigerous plates, one at the roof, the other at the bot-

tom of the mouth, in front of the pharyngeals; these plates are

slightly concave in the middle, pavimentated with molar-like teeth,

and have evidently the same function as the pharyngeal .dentigerous

plates of the true Pharyngognathi.

Total length 52 lines.

When I composed the generic characters of the genus Catopra from

Bleeker’s accounts, I had not seen a specimen of these fishes, and I

described their peculiar dentition in very indistinct terms. The

teeth ought to be described thus :—Villiform teeth in the jaws and

on the vomer and palatine bones; a large patch of molar-like teeth

on the presphenoid and on the basi-hyal.

CATOPRA TETRACANTHUS. (Pl. XXVI. fig. B.)

D. mee A.=. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 3/9.

_The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length.

Cheek with four series of scales, the lower preeopercular limb being

naked. Coloration uniform ? :

East Indies. ,

Description.—The height of the body is nearly one-third of the

total length, the length of the head two-sevenths ; head a little longer

than high. The length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye,

which is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the head.

The width of the interorbital space is considerably less than that of

the orbit. The lower jaw is scarcely longer than the upper, and the

maxillary extends slightly beyond the anterior margin of the orbit.

Two nostrils remote from each other, the anterior minute. Pre-

orbital and angle of the preeoperculum slightly serrated; opercles,

throat, and isthmus entirely scaly. The dorsal fin commences above

the root of the pectoral, and terminates at a short distance from the

caudal ; its spines are of moderate strength, those in the middle being

1862.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES AND FISHES. 193

the longest, a little more than one-third of the length of. the head ;

the last spine is a little longer than the penultimate ; the soft dorsal

is somewhat elevated and not scaly. The three posterior anal spines

are nearly of equal length and strength, two-fifths of the length of

the head. Caudal rounded, scaly at the base, one-fourth of the total

length.

Scales minutely ciliated.

The jaws, vomer, palatines, and upper and lower pharyngeals are

armed with bands of small, villiform teeth, the jaws having a pair

of small canine-like teeth anteriorly. The roof and the bottom of

the cavity of the mouth have an elongate band of granular teeth,

the lower not being confluent into one plate.

The coloration appears to have been uniform.

Two specimens, 54 lines long, were transferred from the collection

of the East India Company to the British Museum.

PsEUDOCHROMIS PERSPICILLATUS. (Pl. XXVII. fig. C.)

D. =. A. =. L. lat. 45.

Reddish-olive (in spirits), with a chestnut-brown band running

from the extremity of the upper jaw through the middle of the eye

to the middle of the base of the dorsal fin; the band is very dark

and slender anteriorly, gradually becoming lighter and broader poste-

riorly.

China.

Deseription.—The height of the body equals the length of the

head, and is contained thrice and a third in the total (without caudal).

Head longer than high; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the jaws

subequal anteriorly, and with the maxillary extending to behind the

vertical from the front margin of the orbit. Snout a little longer

than the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of

the head. The width of the interorbital space, which is scaly, is less

than that of the orbit. The lower jaw with two, the upper with

three pairs of canine teeth. Scales on the cheek in six series.

Caudal fin subtruncated, with an upper and lower ray produced into

a filament.

Several specimens are in the collection of the British Museum ;

one of the largest is 42 lines long.

AMBLYOPUS saGiITTA. (Pl. XXVII. fig. A.)

6 1

D. 21° A. 20°

The height of the body is one-twelfth of the total length ; vertical

fins united ; caudal very long, arrow-shaped ; teeth small, in a single

series ; eyes rudimentary.

California.

Description.—Body elongate, compressed, covered with small, im-

bricate, cycloid scales, which become larger posteriorly. Head elon-

gate, subquadrangular, one-seventh of the total length (with the

caudal), and two-thirds of the distance between vent and base of the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIII.

194. MR.J.¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. [June 24,

ventral fin. Teeth very small, subhorizontal, in a single series.

Cleft of the mouth oblique, rather wide, the maxillary extending to

behind the eye; lower jaw prominent; eye very small. Ventral

fins confluent ; caudal arrow-shaped, nearly one-fifth of the total.

Pectoral as long as the ventral, and half as long as the head. Upper

parts grey, lateral and lower silvery ; an ovate grey spot before each

dorsal ray ; caudal grey.

Four specimens of this fish have been procured for the British

Museum. The largest of them is 93 inches long.

This is the most aberrant form of the genus Amblyopus ; although

closely allied to 4. broussonetii, it differs in its more feeble dentition

and in its larger scales. 4. broussonetii has 11/16 vertebree, A. sa-

gitta 11/20. If the genus Gobioides of Lacépéde be adopted, another

must be created for A. sagitta, and the sections may be arranged as

follows :—

Amstyopus, Gthr.

A. Teeth in a band, with an outer series of stronger ones.

* More than twenty-five soft dorsal rays: Amb/yopus, C. & V.

Fast Indies.

* Less than twenty soft dorsal rays: Gobioides, Lacép. Peru

and Guayaquil.

B. Teeth in a single series: Tyntlastes. California.

3. Descriptions oF somME New Corats rrom MApEIRa.

By James Yate Jouwnson, Cor. Mem. Z.8,

Fam. ACANTHOGORGIADA, J. E. Gray.

ACANTHOGORGIA ATLANTICA, Sp. Nn.

Since the occurrence of a specimen of Acanthogorgia grayi, of

which I laid a description before the Society last year (Proc. Z. 8.

1861, p. 296), another form of the genus has been discovered. This

was brought up from deep water at Madeira, having become entangled

in a fisherman’s line. As there are obvious distinctions from the

two other species of this genus, I shall venture to describe it as new.

It is of a dark-brown colour, and is very sparingly branched in

one plane. The base spreads out in thin branching sheets amongst

small shells and fragments of stone which adhere to it. The stem

and branches, with their closely packed cells, are cylindrical, the

former not much thicker than the latter. The branches are rounded

at their extremities. The cells are short, cylindrical, sessile, and so

crowded on all sides of the stem that they conceal it from view ;

whilst in the two other species of this genus the cells are widel

separated, and the bark is seen between them. When the polypi-

dom is dry, a brown, slender, horny axis, without spinulz, stands

distinct from the bark, as in the other species. This axis, when soft-

ened and submitted under pressure to the microscope, is seen to

1862.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. 195

196 MR.J.¥Y. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CoRALs. [June 24,

consist of fibres bearing a general similarity to those composing the

axis of Antipathes. Round the orifice of each cell project large

spicula, and smaller spicula strengthen the sides of the cells and the

bark. The spicula are intermediate in character between those of

A. hirsuta and A. grayi, being less slender than those of the first

species, and less stout than those of the second. The great spicula

round the mouth of the cell have their exposed portions spinulose or

tuberculated (not smooth as in A. hirsuta) ; their bases are branched

(as in A. grayi), and they are much less marked with the tubercules

which roughen the bases of the last-named species so remarkably.

This species is distinguishable from the other two by the greater

crowding of the cells, by the cells themselves being sessile and being

therefore less prominent, by the paucity of the ramifications, and by

the differences in the spicula already pointed out. In habit it is

very distinct.

The specimen (which is now in the British Museum) has a height

of 13 inches, and its branches have a spread of about 11 inches.

The stem, with its cells, has a diameter of 3,5; of an inch, and the

branches with their cells are only reduced to two-thirds of that dia-

meter. Near the base are the stumps of two branches which have

been broken off. Above, on one side, are two simple branches, and

on the other a single forking branch. These three branches are

placed not far apart near the middle of the main stem.

It ought to have been mentioned, with reference to the woodcuts

of A. grayi and A. hirsuta (Proc. Z. S. 1861, p. 297), that the

figures are considerably larger than the natural size.

Fam. STYLASTERIDZ.

ALLOPORA MADERENSIS, Sp. 0.

Opake white. Much and closely branching nearly in one plane,

the branches becoming gradually of less diameter, and sometimes

anastomosing. They zigzag from cell to cell; and the surface is

finely reticulato-striate, but is without any tubercles. The cells are

oblong, sessile, and always placed transversely to the branch, upon

one face of the plane. The terminating cells, with their pedicels, are

trumpet-shaped, but with oblong mouths, which are much wider than

the stalk below. The margin of each cell is elegantly notched with

from twelve to sixteen notches, with laminz between.

The dimensions of the single specimen that has occurred (now in

the British Museum) were 3} inches high and 21 inches across.

The base had been broken away, and the thickest part of the remain-

ing stem was 1th of an inch in diameter. The longer axis of the

terminal cells measured the twentieth of an inch.

The specimen was brought up by a long fishing-line on the coast

of Madeira. Two examples of that curious patelliform shell the

Pedicularia sicula were found seated on the branches. With re-

spect to this circumstance, I may mention that Mr. S. P. Woodward

has shown me a coral from the coast of Sicily, belonging to a totally

distinct genus, with Pedicularie upon it; and in the Coral Room

1862.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW MADEIRAN CORALS. 197

at the British Museum there is another coral with the same shell

still adhering to it.

The present form, though at the first glance it seems to have a

general resemblance to 4. flabelliformis, is quite distinct from that

species, having the cells much larger and transversely oblong, not

round. Moreover, the zigzag character of the branches is much

more marked. It may, however, be worth inquiry whether it may

not be the 4. infundibulifera of Lamarck.

A. maderensis appears to show that the genera Stylaster and d/.

lopora ought to be united ; for though there are no “ petites pointes ”

or “tubercules vésiculaires” upon this coral (M. Milne-Edwards

giving this as one of the characters of Stylaster), yet the gemma-

tion is alternate. and distichal—the same writer saying of d/lopora

that its gemmation is “ tout-d-fait irrégulitre.”

DESCRIPTION OF THE WOODCUTS, pp. 195 and 197.

Acanthogorgia atlantica.

Fig. 1. Outline of the entire specimen, on a reduced scale.

Fig. 2. Portion of a branch, enlarged.

Fig. 3. A cell more highly enlarged.

Fig. 4. A spiculum from the edge of a cell.

Fig. 5. A spiculum from the side of a cell.

Acanthogorgia gray?.

Fig. 6. Outline of a portion of the coral, on a reduced scale.

Fig. 7. A branch, enlarged, for comparison with fig. 2.

Figs. 8, 9. Spicula from the edge and side of a cell.

Acanthogorgia hirsuta.

Figs. 10,11. Spicula from the edge and side of a cell.

Allopora maderensis.

Fig. 1. A branch, with its ramuli, of the natural size.

Fig. 2. A ramulus magnified.

Fig. 3. A cell more highly magnified.

198 MR. HOLDSWORTH ON NEW SPECIES OF FLABELLUM. [June 24,

4, DescripTion or Two New Species or CoRALS BELONGING

To THE GENUS FLABELLUM. By E. W. H. Hoxipsworta,

.F.L.S., etc.

(Plate XXVIII.)

1. FuaseLLuUM CAMPANULATUM. (Pl. XXVIII. figs. 1-3.)

Compressed, campanulate; borders straight or slightly convex ;

without spines. Base usually terminating in a small pedicel, some-

times irregularly compressed. Superior margin slightly arched.

Cell deep and narrow. Border of lamelle entire, sloping inwards

from the apex for about one-third of their length, thence continuing

straight to the bottom of the cell. Columella indistinct. Five prin-

cipal lamellee in half an inch. Height 14 lines; breadth 16 lines ;

proportion of axes 7 : 16.

Specimens in the British Museum are rather longer in proportion

than those in my possession ; but the variation is not very great.

Hab. Philippines.

This coral is very neat and symmetrical, and can hardly be con-

founded with any other species.

2. FLABELLUM NOBILE. (PI. XXVIII. figs. 4, 5.)

Much compressed throughout, elongated. Borders rather con-

cave, with four or five root-like appendages more or less distant from

the base, but closely united throughout their length to the lower

half of the coral. These appendages spring from and are continuous

with the transverse epithecal ridges which mark the successive |

periods of increase in the coral, and, although now intimately united

to the main stem, are evidently of extraneous growth, corresponding

in origin and nature with the ordinary form of spines, but taking a

downward direction to increase the basal area. Upper margin of

the coral slightly arched. Cell very deep and narrow. Margin of

lamelle entire, and gradually curving from apex to base, at which

point opposite series of the larger plates almost unite. No colu-

mella perceptible. Four principal lamellz in half an inch.

The two specimens which have furnished the above description

are of different ages. The smaller and more perfect example is at-

tached to the upper margin of the flat side of the larger one, and has

grown in nearly the same vertical direction. It measures 2 inches

6 lines in height, and 1 inch 10 lines in greatest breadth. The older

example is 2 inches 6 lines in the long diameter, and 1 inch 3 lines

in the short. The base of this specimen is imperfect ; so that the

original length of the coral cannot be certainly ascertained.

This species is intermediate between the genera Flabellum and

Rhizotrochus, having the usual compressed shape of the former, with

a partial development of the radiciform appendages of the latter re-

markable genus. The peculiar situation of the smaller specimen is

perhaps worthy of notice, as being one in which the supplemental

props are especially useful in aiding the attenuated base to support

the long and heavy coral. A similar tendency to parasitic growth,

<) sell TTT

ae My .

Renner FEE

1862.] MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS. 199

or rather adhesion to another individual of its own species, may be

observed in Milne-Edwards’s figure of the type-specimen of Rhizo-

trochus*, The species now under consideration should, I think, be

placed in the genus Flabellum, although differing in some of its cha-

racters from most of the typical forms ; and as it is the largest mem-

ber of the genus, I propose to call it nodile.

The precise habitat of this coral is unknown. It was brought to

this country by the late Sir Everard Home ; and as that gentleman’s

collections were principally made in the neighbourhood of Australia

and New Zealand, these corals were probably obtained from the same

part of the world.

The specimens are now in the Museum of the Royal College of

Surgeons of England.

5. On THE OccURRENCE oF CARYOPHYLLIA CLAVUS ON THE

Coasts or BRITAIN, WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE C1RCUM-

STANCES AFFECTING THE DisTRIBUTION OF CORALS AROUND

THE Britisy Istanps. By E. W. H. Hotpsworrs, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., ETC.

By the kindness of the Rev. Thomas Hincks of Leeds, I have re-

cently been enabled to examine some specimens of coral which had

been forwarded to him from Shetland, and from Loch Fyne on the east

coast of Scotland. They prove to be new to Britain, and are iden-

tical with the Caryophyllia clavus of the Mediterranean, first described

as a fossil by Scacchi in 1833, and figured and described from recent

specimens under the name of Cyathina turbinata by Philippi in his

‘Catalogue of Sicilian Mollusca,’ published in 1836. Several ex-

amples of this coral have been obtained from deep water in the above-

mentioned localities ; and an examination of characteristic specimens

of different ages has enabled me also to identify with this species two

small and much-worn corals which, in June 1857, were dredged

from a depth of 60 fathoms, about forty miles west of Scilly, by

Mr. 8. P. Woodward of the British Museum, and kindly placed in

my hands a short time ago by that gentleman.

This species of Caryophyllia may be readily distinguished from its

near ally, our common C. smithii, by its conical form and finely

pointed base, as well as by the thinness of its walls and lamelle.

The general character of the polype, as described by Philippit, agrees

with that of C. smithii; the integuments, however, are said to be

excessively delicate and transparent, so that the borders of the

lamelle can be seen through them. The body is of an orange-colour,

and the capitate tentacles whitish with metallic-green reflections.

The coral is frequently attached to a tube of Ditrupa, or the shell of

some deep-water univalve, or, in some cases, is entirely free. In

* Milne-Edwards et J. {laime, Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3° sér. t. ix. p. 282, pl. 8. f. 16,

1848.

+ Philippi, Arch. fur Naturgesch. t. i. p. 42, 1842.

200 MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS.| June 24,

the British Museum are several specimens of this coral which were

brought from Sicily. These are all attached to a species of Turri-

tella. The occurrence of this second species of Caryophyllia in

three distinct localities on our coasts entitles it to a place among our

British corals; and further investigation will probably show it to be

generally distributed in the deep water along our western shores.

It may not be uninteresting to inquire here into the distribution

of corals around the British Islands, and to trace, as far as possible,

the cause of their frequenting only particular lines of coast.

The existence of the coral-polype in our seas is mainly dependent

on the warmth and purity of the water. A tolerably high tempera-

ture is undoubtedly one of the most necessary conditions for the well-

being of the delicate polypes whose calcareous lamellated skeletons

constitute the true stony corals. Only within the tropics do we meet

with those vast reefs and extensive accumulations of coral-growth

which form so characteristic a feature of the seas in those warm lati-

tudes. The surface-water there becomes heated by the direct influ-

ence of the sun, and, in those regions, few coral-polypes carry on

their ceaseless work at a greater depth than 30 fathoms, thence

building upward to the lowest tide-mark. As we come towards more

temperate regions, the species diminish both in size and number ;

simple forms become proportionately more numerous, and their ba-

thymetrical range is greatly increased.

The waters of north-western Europe might be expected generally

to be too much within the influence of Polar temperature to be fitted

for coral-life, even in its simplest form ; yet in our own seas, and

extending far into the Arctic Ocean, are found some few species

vying with the productions of the Tropics in brilliancy of colouring

and delicacy of structure. Here, however, we have a peculiar and

extraneous source of warmth in the Gulf Stream, whose waters, now

becoming widely diffused, but still retaining some portion of their

original excessive temperature and motion, exercise a sensible influ-

ence on the coast-productions of the western side of the British

islands. The course of the current in the neighbourhood of our

shores is marked sparingly, but distinctly, by the presence of eight or

ten species of living coral.

The long list of habitats recorded by Mr. Gosse in his valuable

‘ Actinologia Britannica’ has been of great use to me in tracing the

range of our native species; and although many parts of the coast

have been but little worked, enough has been done to furnish a

tolerably clear outline of the distribution of the coralligenous polypes.

From the writings of Maury and others, it appears that the Gulf

Stream is divided by the British Islands; one portion going south-

ward to the Bay of Biscay, the other and main body of the current

sweeping away to the north by the Orkneys and Shetland. The

entrance of the English Channel and the Irish Sea would thus be

under the most direct influence of the warm current ; and it is in these

waters we find corals most abundant. Devonshire and Cornwall are

extremely rich in these productions ; and, including Weymouth Bay

(the only recognized locality for Hoplangia durotrix), the south-

1862.] MR. HOLDSWORTH ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORALS. 201

western promontory of England can boast of five out of the eight

undoubted British species. They consist of two Caryophyllia, one

Sphenotrochus, Balanophyllia, and Hoplangia. Of these species,

Guernsey produces two. Caryophyllia smithii, the commonest species

in the West of England, where it is found close to low-tide mark,

ranges along the eastern and northern coasts of Ireland and the

West of Scotland as far as Shetland, gradually increasing its depth

of water as it proceeds north. It has also been met with on the

western coast of Ireland; but very little has been done as yet in

exploring the Atlantic sea-board of that island. Among the Hebrides

and Orkneys, the fine branching coral Oculina prolifera has on rare

occasions been met with, but only in deep water. Two species of Ca-

ryophyllia and the large scarlet Ulocyathus arcticus have been ob-

tained in 80 or 90 fathoms near Shetland ; the last-mentioned coral

has also been taken by Sars at a depth of nearly 200 fathoms near the

North Cape. Three other little corals have been dredged in the

Moray Frith, and placed by Mr. Gosse in the genus Paracyathus of

Milne-Edwards. The specimens, however, are so young and imper-

fect that it is difficult to determine their specific characters.

If we now turn to the eastern side of Great Britain, and inquire

whence come the waters of the German Ocean, we find them to be

mainly of Polar origin, brought from the far north by the great

surface-current which washes all the Norwegian and our own eastern

coasts. To this must be added the comparatively fresh water which

pours through the Sound, loaded with all the drainage of the Baltic.

How does this cold and impure water affect the production of corals?

Its influence is not less marked than that of the warmer western

current. Through the entire length of the North Sea, from the

north-eastern point of Scotland to near the Isle of Wight, I have

been unable to ascertain that a single specimen of coral has ever

been taken. That line of coast is also very deficient in Actinie ;

and of the few that are found there, most are of the commonest spe-

cies. This cold water from the north, however, also skirts the western

coast of Scotland and Ireland ; but it is only as a narrow superficial

current ; and when corals are found in its neighbourhood, they are

only in the deep water of the great Atlantic stream, which, still re-

taining some of its excess of saline matter, sinks deeper and deeper

as it meets the fresher and lighter, although colder, water from the

north. Thus, as has been observed, all the northern corals are found

in deep water, even the same species which on the Devonshire coast

is abundant at low-water mark. The late Edward Forbes, in his

‘ Natural History of the European Seas,’ remarks that the charac-

teristic fauna of the “ Arctic province” is only to be observed in the

littoral regions, and the animals from deep water are all of them

southern forms.

What has been pointed out as to the causes of the particular dis-

tribution of the British corals, namely, the effect of warm and cold

currents, equally applies to the formation of coral-reefs within the

Tropics. A comparison of Maury’s Chart of the “ Sea-drift”’ with

Darwin’s Map of the Distribution of Coral-reefs would lead one

202 DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SHELLS. [June 24,

to suppose they had been prepared by the same hand. I will men-

tion two remarkable cases as illustrations. A well-known barrier-

reef extends some hundreds of miles along the north-east coast of

Australia; its southern limit is near Moreton Bay ; and a reference to

Maury’s Chart shows this to be the precise point at which a cold cur-

rent from the South Pole meets the warm equatorial current from the

east. Again, it appears somewhat remarkable that along the whole

western coast of North and South America no vestige of coral has

been found. Mr. H. Cuming informs me that he has dredged iu

vain for specimens of these characteristic tropical productions in the

Bay of Panama and at the Galapagos; but the chart shows that

cold currents from the north and south sweep the whole western

coasts of America, meeting at the Equator, and then turning away

into the Pacific, where, under a vertical sun, the water soon becomes

warm enough for the growth of the various coral-reefs scattered

about in that ocean. Fresh water and sediment of any kind being

present act as fatal barriers to the growth of coral; and to these

causes may generally be traced gaps in reefs, and waste places of

limited extent in those seas which especially abound in corals. Dana

has recognized the effect of warm and cold currents in the general

distribution of corals throughout the warmer seas; and the fact of

the same influences being at work, and easily recognized, in the

waters surrounding the British Islands appears sufficiently interest-

ing to justify me in bringing the subject before this Society.

6. Norr ON THE SIZE OF A SEAL AT THE TIME OF BIRTH.

By Dr. J. E. Gray.

We have received from the Zoological Gardens the body of a

Ringed Seal (Callocephalus fetidus), that had died soon after its

birth. It was entirely covered with closely set, well-developed fur

of a silver-grey colour, being rather browner on the upper surface.

It is 2 feet 8 inches long, from the tip of the nose to the end of tail ;

the fore paws are 6, and the hinder 8 inches long, and the latter are

7 inches wide when expanded. The webs of the feet are covered

with hair, and the claws are well developed and black. The whiskers

are white, well developed, and slightly waved.

7. Descriptions oF New SuHetts. By Dr. H. Dourn.

1. CATAULUS BLANFORDI.

Testa subperforata, ovato-fusiformis, solida, confertim striata,

parum nitens, rufa; spira convexo-turrita, apice obtusiusculo ;

anfr. 9, convexiusculi, ultimus atéenuatus, antice subascendens ;

carina umbilicalis compressa, valida, antice viv dilatata; pe-

riomphalum angustum, costulato-striatum ; apertura subcireu-

laris ; peristomium aurantiaco-fuscum, incrassatum, valde ex-

pansum, reflecum, ad anfractum penullimum angustatum, mar-

1862. ] DR. H. DOHRN ON NEW SHELLS. 203

gine dextro protracto, basali recedente, canali angusto perfo-

rato. Operculum tenue, corneum.

Long. 20-214, diam. 6-7; ap. intus diam. 32, cum perist. long.

63-7 mill.

Hab. Ad Bollegalle in vicinitate Kandy, insulze Ceylon, ubi collegit

A. H. F. Blanford.

I have much pleasure in dedicating this species to my excellent

friend Mr. Henry Blanford, who is so well known for his remarkable

contributions to our knowledge of Indian conchology.

2. MITRA CITHAROIDEA.

Testa ovato-oblonga, solidula, confertim spiraliter costulata,

costulis incrementi strits interdum interruptis, alba; spira co-

nica, apice acutiusculo ; sutura subcanaliculata; anfr. 6, con-

vexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus 3 longitudinis equans,

basi attenuatus; apertura angusta, labro simplici ; columella

4-plicata, non recurva.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.).

Nulla mihi nota est species descripta, que forma huic accedat.

Adsunt in anfr. ultimo 35—40, in ceteris 8-10 coste satis regulariter

distantes.

3. Mirra LOWEI.

Testa ovato-turrita, solidula, levis, nitida, aurantiaco-fulva, in-

terdum maculis albis conspersa; spira conica, apice acuto ;

sutura simplex; anfr. 6-7, modice convex, lente accrescentes,

ultimus 3 longitudinis equans, paullo ventrosior, basi attenua-

tus; apertura rhombeo-ovata, labro simplici; columella 3-

plicata, vix recurva.

Long. 83, diam. 3 ; ap. long. 4, lat. 23 mill.

Had. Ad insulas Canarias (Mus. Hanley.).

Differt a Mitra savignyi anfractibus levibus, convexis, lentius

accrescentibus, statura graciliore, colore etc.

4. MuREX MACGILLIVRAYI.

Testa clavata, solida, trifariam varicosa, confertim spiraliter

lirata, alba, liris flavescentibus ; spira globoso-turbinata, apice

acuto, luteo ; sutura impressa ; anfr. 7-8, inflati, supra medium

angulati, inter varices biplicati vel tuberculati; varices validi,

compressi, in anfractibus superis spina unica curvata ascendente

ornati, in anfractu ultimo 4-spinosi, spina supera ascendente,

valida, mediis mediocribus, infima columellari recta transversa;

apertura subcircularis, peristomii margine superiore breviter

adnato, late calloso, columellari late patente, mutico, dextro

lobato, inter spinas 2%" 3°"que protracto ; cauda longa, recta.

Long. 60, medio lat. 20, ap. diam. 11-12, cauda 30 mill. longa.

Hab. Ad Lizard Islands Australize(Macgillivray in Mus. Cuming.).

Proxime accedit ad M. occam; differt spira depressa, anfractibus

convexioribus, varicum forma, spinarum situ et numero ete.

204 MR. S. HANLEY ON NEW SOLARIA. [June 24,

8. DescripTion or New SOLARIA, CHIEFLY IN THE COLLECTION

or H. Cumine, Ese. By Syitvanus Hanuey.

S. cumineu, Hanl. Testa subdepresso-conica, albida seu pallide

Sulva, infra suleum spiralem zona lata submaculosa picta : di-

midium inferius anfractuum majorum seriebus 3 macularum

linearium brunnearum ornatum. Anfractus sulcis (nisi labrum

versus) subconfertis radiati, et sulco unico spirali infra cingulum

album (margine superiore brunneo submaculoso (?) passim orna-

tum) superne instructi; pars inferior aree medie costellis

tenuibus obsolete cincta: cingulum marginale (seu inferius)

nullum. Carina parva, angusta, brunneoque maculata. Basis

albe area media tantum umbilicum versus modicum et crenis

rufis permultis munitum punctis picta : cingulum infraperiphe-

rale procul a carina, angustum, tantum obscure maculatum.

Lat. 14 poll. :

Hab. 2

Mus. Cuming.

The suture is rather fine, yet deep. *

S. puNKERI, Hanl. Testa conica, haud multum depressa, sepe

Trochiformis.: Discus superior sicut in 8S. perdice, sed magis

fulvus, et nonnunquam maculis linearibus parvis distantibus

subbrunneis, in seriebus spiralibus paucis, subobsolete ornatus ;

cingula etiam, latiora multoque confertius crenata, maculis

brunneis interruptis interdum cincta ; sulci radiantes conspicur.

Crene umbilici magne, plerumque brunnee.

Lat. 14 poll.

Hab. Insulas Indie orientalis.

Mus. Cuming, Hanley.

The keel is peculiarly broad below. The exterior spiral sulci of

the lower disk are almost cancellated in immature examples.

S. reEveE!, Hanl. Testa fulvo-carnea vel livido-carnea, in utro-

- que anfractu maculis parvis saturate fulvis in seriebus 5—6 or-

dinatis cincta, striis, denique obsoletis, contiguis tenuibus trans-

versim obliquis radiata ; sutura haud canaliculata. Anfractus

haud celeriter expansi, cingulo supra suturali (interdum duo-

bus), quod sepius est albidum et fulvo brunneo remote articula-

tum, infra suleum spiralem latum minime profundum ornati,

alibi inconspicue (sulco infra zonam primam excepto) spiraliter

sculpti. Basis et peripheria fere ut in 8. levigato, sed cingu-

lum procumbilicale (cum crenis parvis permultisque umbilici

coarctati) confertim maculosum.

Lat. ——-.

Hab. 2

Mus. Reeve.

The upper disk of this shell, whose apex is of a dark liver-colour,

reminds one a little of Trochus ziziphinus : upon the lower disk there

is an obsolete spiral sulcus beyond that which bounds the proxum-

1862. | MR. S. HANLEY ON NEW SOLARIA. 205

bilical belt. The only specimen known to me is an elevated abnormal

form; and I think both the conoidal shape and the lower supra-

sutural belt result from the coiling of the seven whorls upon the

carinal belt instead of, as usual, upon the groove above it. The

central rows of spots are somewhat linear. S. levigatum and S.

purpuratum are its nearest congeners.

S. recium, Hanl. Testa depresso-conica: sutura subcanalicu-

lata. Anfractus in cingula 4 planulata subequalia, in spira

in rhombos satis latos sulcis radiantibus diffracta, sulcis 3 spi-

ralibus divisi. Cingulum superius albidum, maculis (nisi apicem

versus brunneis) magnis ad cingulum secundum defluis subcon-

Sertim pictum ; peripheria maculis similibus ad zonam provi-

mam ascendentibus ornata; ita ut in anfractu ultimo pars

tantum aree medie macularum est expers. Filum tenue infra

quartum cingulum inter peripheria cingula 2 subequalia per-

magnum fit. Carinam albidam remote maculatam filum et

deinde cingulum validum et simile sequitur. Basis area media

vel mere pallida, vel marginem versus interiorem punctis linea-

ribus remotis aspersa. Cingula 2 alba, utrumque sulco lato

circumseriptum, umbilicum (cujus crene sunt late) satis am-

plum circumdant.

Lat. 14 poll.

Hab. .

Mus. Cuming.

Allied to S. maximum and S. quadriceps; but in the former the

third zone is much wider than the second, and in the latter the

threads, teeth, &c. differ greatly. The earlier turns are whitish

near the suture, elsewhere livid rufous. The unique example is

scarcely mature, but exhibits nearly seven volutions.

S. raytori. Testa depresso-conica, solida, fulva: sutura late

canaliculata. Anfractus in cingula 4 fusco-rufescente articu-

latim picta (tertio, quod 2 precedentia fere equat, excepto) et

suleis radiantibus (nisi in anfractu ultimo rudibus subremotis)

in rhombos multo latiores quam altos diffracta, sulcis latius-

ceulis (tertio presertim) eximie divisi. Peripherie cingula ge-

mina subequalia similiterque picta ; intervallum haud inseulp-

tum, eque latum, sulci precedentis latitudinem vix superans.

Aree basalis pars media maculis brunneis perparvis tantum

marginem juxta interiorem ornata, alibi magis minusve laevis.

Sulcus carine obtuse proximus, latiusculus, haud filosus. Cin-

gulum inter sulcos latos umbilico vicinos conspicue angustum.

Crene umbilict subangusti satis magne, carneo-rufescentes.

Lat. 1,3; poll.

ab ?

Mus. Hanley.

In the only example known to me, the articulation is not developed

upon the earlier turns ; the first belt, however, is paler than the rest.

It is allied to S. maximum and S. quadriceps, from both of which the

206 MR. A. NEWTON ON THE BREEDING [June 24,

articulation of the second zone, and its coarser sculpture, sufficiently

distinguish it.

I have named this species after T. Lombe Taylor, Esq., whose

fortunate purchase of the types of the Solaria described by the late

Mr. Hinds, from Sir E. Belcher’s collection, has materially assisted

me in my monograph of this genus.

S. soverBit, Hanl. Testa subdiscoidea, fulva et albido-fulvo un-

datim nebulosa seu variegata: sutura anguste canaliculata.

Anfractus (pauci ?) filis elevatis obliquis transversim clathrati,

in cingula 4 crenogranosa, quorum 3 superiora, cum sulcis suis,

equalia sunt, et ultimum, cum sulco precedente, aliquantum

est latius, divisi: infra secundum oritur denique cingulum

alium. Peripheria declivis, haud biangulata, sed cingulis non-

nullis similibus, minus autem vicinis, sulcisque clathratis in-

structa, ita ut cingula circiter 13-14 ultimum anfractum ornant.

Basis plane vel retuse cingula 4 intima (seu ultima) multo re-

motius clathrata, sulcis latioribus sejuncta ; crene permulte

cinguli ultimi (omnium latissimi) ultra parietem humilem um-

bilict modict conspicue eminentes.

Hab. Littora Tunetana.

Mus. Brit.

The sculpture is peculiar. Four whorls alone are developed in

the described examples.

9. On THE BreeDING or THE NuTcRACKER (NUCIFRAGA CARY-

ocaTacTes). By Atrrep Newron, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S.

About six months ago (P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 396-7), I expressed a

hope of being able before long to give the Society some more certain

information with respect to the breeding of the Nutcracker (Nuc7-

fraga caryocatactes). In that I hope I have not been altogether

disappointed.

The nest and young bird now exhibited (the latter still showing

traces of its original downy clothing) have been received by me

within the last few days from my excellent friend Herr Pastor P. W.

Theobald of Copenhagen, to whom I think the Society will join with

me in hearty congratulations on his success in obtaining these deci-

sive facts in regard to the nidification of this mysterious bird, and

whose zeal in the quest of zoological discovery fully deserves, in my

opinion, all the praise that can be accorded to it.

Believing, however, that the Pastor will himself publish fuller

details of this interesting capture, I will only briefly recount the in-

formation with which he has supplied me.

It appears that previously to the summer of 1860, a forester in

the island of Bornholm had satisfied himself that the Nutcracker

was in the habit of breeding there annually. He had seen it every

month in the year, from May to November inclusive ; and this intel-

ligence being communicated to Herr Theobald, that gentleman made

1862. | OF THE NUTCRACKER. 207

an expedition to the island, but without finding the special object of

his search—a nest of the bird. This present spring, however, the

Pastor, accompanied by two of his friends, HH. Erichsen and Fischer,

both keen oologists, visited Bornholm a second time; and one of

their achievements 1 have now the pleasure of making known to

you. Writing from that island, on the 30th of May last, Herr

Theobald says :—

** Returning to the result of our ornithological expedition, I can

tell you that, after many days’ inquiries, we succeeded in finding two

nests of Caryocatactes, the young birds flying near them. As we

presumed, we came too late for getting the eggs; but I think we

have advanced a good deal, and after this discovery we dare be almost

sure of receiving them next year. Our gentle and clever host, the

forester Rosen, who now knows the time and manner of nidification

of this bird, may be considered a guarantee for our hopes.

“We have thought it might be of interest to you to possess an

undoubtedly genuine nest of Caryocatactes, and also a young bird

in the first plumage; we therefore send you one nest and one skin.

Both the nests are of the same size and construction. They were in

fir-trees (Pinus rubra), not very private, but rather easy to find.

It is likely that the young birds had left the nest perhaps eight days.

None of them moved, except with difficulty, among the branches ; and

one of them fell on the ground. The old birds cried, but only some-

times, with an anxious voice that was not unlike a Magpie’s, and

then all was silent again. In the neighbourhood of the nest, where

the birds had been previously observed, we found on the rocky

ground a good number of freshly cracked hazel-nuts ; and as no nut-

trees grow there, the birds must fetch them from a distance of an

English mile at least. We are inclined to think that they collect

them in autumn and secure them in a private spot ; and perhaps it is

on this account also that the bird, whose economy is very hidden, is

seldom to be seen in the breeding-time.

** As I have already mentioned, the nest is not of the most diffi-

cult class to find. It is not built on the top [of the tree], but close

to the stem, about 25 or 30 feet high. The bird is an early breeder,

but can scarcely have eggs before the beginning of April.

«Now you have the nest wherein the young birds were lately

hatched, and a young bird in its first plumage. Next year we hope

to send you very well authenticated eggs.”

I have only to conclude by mentioning that the nest, as will be

seen on examination, is of large size, some five or six inches in thick-

ness, with an outside diameter of about a foot, and a shallow depres-

sion of six inches across; but the cup was probably a good deal

deeper before its brim was subjected to the weight of the young birds.

It is composed outwardly of sticks and twigs, among which I recog-

nize those of the larch, spruce, and birch. These latter show the

period at which it must have been built, as the buds, though enlarged,

had not burst. It has a thick lining of grass, which appears to have

been plucked while growing. The very small bits of moss and lichen

do not seem to have been intentionally added, but to have adhered

208 DR. £E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF TROCHILUS. [June 24,

to the other materials. The down with which the nestling has been

covered, and of which traces may be observed on a few of the back-

feathers, is of a dark-brownish grey, as is usual among the Corvide.

The first plumage much resembles that of the adult, being, however,

duller in colour and with the white tear-like spots less conspicuous ;

but the quill-feathers of the wings and tail are not so entirely desti-

tute of metallic reflexions as some authors lead one to imagine.

Whether the Nutcracker builds the whole structure for itself, or

only furnishes the forsaken nest of some other animal, I do not know.

This and other particulars we shall probably soon learn from Pastor

Theobald himself; and I need scarcely say I look forward with the

greatest interest to the clearing up of our doubts as to what its eggs

are really like.

10. Nore on NANNOPERCA AUSTRALIS. By Dr. A. GUNTHER.

This fish has been described in the preceding volume of the ‘ Pro-

ceedings’ of this Society, p. 116, where the absence of the lateral

line has been mentioned as one of the generic characters. By some

misunderstanding, the artist has added a strongly marked lateral

line (1861, Pl. XIX. fig. 2), an error which has been discovered too

late for correction. Therefore I take an early opportunity of con-

firming the statement made in the text.

11. ON SOME POINTS RELATING TO THE ANATOMY OF THE

Humm™ine-sirp (TrRocHILus coLtusrRis). By Epwarps

Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., erc.

The recent dissection of the above-named bird has induced me to

place an account of some parts of its anatomy before the Society,

believing that the communication will not be devoid of interest.

I am indebted to Mr. Gould for the Humming-bird, which he

captured in America, and brought alive to this country ; but it lived

only a few days after its arrival.

It had been preserved in spirits for some time before I examined

it, and therefore the weight may not have been exactly the same

when first captured, but I believe that the difference would be very

slight. I have, in the accompanying drawing, depicted the bird with

and without its skin. I have also represented the skeleton and all

the viscera by measurement.

The bird (a female) weighed 61 grains; its length from beak to

tail 4 inches, the bill being three-fourths of an inch, the tail | inch;

from the extremity of each wing, when extended, 4} inches. Tail-

feathers ten; wing-feathers in all sixteen, the first the longest.

On removing the skin, the bird, as represented in the drawing,

had a very plump, solid appearance, the pectoral muscles being of

very large size: they weighed 12 grains, being nearly one-fifth the

weight of the bird. The extremities of the os hyoides, as in the

1862.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY OF TROCHILUS. 209

Woodpeckers, reached the anterior part of the head. The thoracic

and abdominal viscera, when viewed in situ, presented nothing ab-

normal either in form or position. I failed to discover a gall-bladder.

The brain weighed 3 grains, forming a large proportional amount to

the body (,1;); the alimentary canal measured 3} inches.

The crop membranous and capacious; the gizzard moderately

thick, with a soft cuticular lining. A small elevated spot was ob-

served (under the microscope) on the surface of the rectum, which

probably was the rudimentary appendix.

The trachea consisted of about sixty rings, and the left bronchus

of forty—the latter being nearly the length of the trachea. The

ovary very small. The os hyoides long and very muscular, extend-

ing, as before stated, to the space between the orbits. The tongue

from the base of the os hyoides fourteen lines in length, the bifid

portion being eight lines. This latter part appeared to be composed

of two elastic cylinders having a membranous web on their inner

sides; these webs towards their extremities, as seen in the drawing,

present a shreddy, torn appearance, the torn portions being of a

triangular shape, their bases towards the cylinders. These cylinders

were not hollow, but composed of a solid cartilaginous material.

The eyes measured two lines in diameter, and weighed about one

grain.

Skeleton.—The enormous depth of the sternum in this little bird

at once excites attention. The sternum is of a triangular shape, its

anterior and deepest portion measuring four lines, its length 63 lines:

the cervical vertebree twelve, the coccygeal five, ribs seven ; flat, broad,

and thin. The depth of the sternum and the great proportional size

of the pectoral muscles probably exceed those of any other bird,

judging from the sterna of several hundred species of birds that I

have inspected. The humerus very short, one line; carpus two lines ;

metacarpus two lines ; phalanges 3 lines ; femur two lines ; tibia four

lines ; tarsus 13 line; longest toe three lines; the claws curved and

sharp. The bones of this bird did not contain air.

Remarks.—I have been somewhat minute in the description of

the measurements of the skeleton, because it is only by comparison

with the skeletons of other birds that any practical and useful results

can be arrived at. The shortness of the humerus is one remarkable

feature ; and in this respect there is a great resemblance to the same

bone in the Swifts(Cypseline). It is curious that this bone in our com-

mon Swift (Cypselus apus), although of very small size, contains air.

By some it will be thought singular that the very swift-flying bird

the Humming-bird should have no air in its bones; but when we

consider, as 1 have stated in my papers upon this subject in our

‘ Proceedings’ (1857, pp. 9 and 215), that the bones of two of our

swiftest-flying birds—the Swallow and Martin—contain no air, the

absence of it in the bones of this bird will appear less remarkable.

In the first paper alluded to (p. 12), I have stated that Professor

Owen, in his ‘ Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,’ vol. ii. p. 34,

temarks that the Swifts and Humming-birds are said “ ¢o have air

in every bone of the skeleton, down to the phalanges of the claws.”

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIV.

210 DR. E. CRISP ON THE ANATOMY [June 24,

I repeat this because several physiologists and lecturers on com-

parative anatomy still adhere to the old doctrine of the preseuce of

air in the bones of all birds; and on asking a celebrated physiolo-

gist whether he believed that the bones of birds contained air; his

reply was, ‘ Has a bird a brain?”

Professor Owen, in the Lectures on Birds that he is now deliver-

ing at the Government School of Mines, as reported in ‘ The Medical

Times and Gazette,’ May 24, 1862, p. 537, says,—‘* In the swift

Humming-birds and in other birds of flight, the air permeates the

interior of every bone of the skeleton.”’

Brisson and Lesson, as quoted by Sir W. Jardine, state that ‘“ the

tongue of the Humming-bird is composed of two muscular tubes,

joined together for the greater part of their length, towards the tip

broadened or swelling, and, according to Lesson, terminated in a

spoon-like point on the upper surface. They assist in retaining the

different substances, which are immediately conveyed to the opening

of the cesophagus by the contractility of the tubes.’ Sir W. Jardine

says ‘‘ that he has confirmed this statement, as far as the examina-

tion of the moistened parts would allow.” He adds, ‘‘ Our own exa-

mination of the tongue of the Tvrochilus moschatus, relaxed with

warm water, gave the appearance of a fimbriated opening at the tip,

having the exterior margin of each fork set with recurved, sharp-

pointed, pliable spines, as if to assist its viscidity in securing any

substance seized by them.”

It is possible that in the different species of Trochilide the

tongue, like the beak and tail-feathers, may differ somewhat; but I

believe it will be found that the cylinders are not hollow, and that

the recurved spines spoken of by Sir W. Jardine are shreds of the

membranous part of the tongue detached by maceration. The some-

what feather-like tongue of these birds is probably used chiefly for

dipping into the nectar, and for detaching the small insects upon the

flowers, the rapid motion of the organ enabling the bird to obtain a

large supply of nourishment in a short time.

The examination of recent specimens will be necessary to decide

the question as to the tubular character of the tongue; but there is

one thing tolerably certain, viz. that the food of these birds is chiefly

insects, and does not consist of the nectar of flowers only, as was

formerly supposed.

12. On THe Capacity or THE (ESOPHAGUS AND OTHER ParTS

OF THE INTESTINAL CANAL OF PYTHON RETICULATUS. By

Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S., ere.

The recent death of a specimen of Python reticulatus in the So-

ciety’s Gardens enables me to speak of some parts of its structure,

especially in relation to the question as to the habit of the Viper

(Vipera berus) of swallowing its young.

This, as is well known, is denied by many: the late Professor

Henslow believed that it was ‘‘ physically impossible ;’’ and a recent

1862. ] OF PYTHON RETICULATUS. 211

writer on the subject, Dr. Bree of Colchester, the author of the

‘Birds of Europe,’ thinks “ that the young Vipers would be killed

by the gastric juice of the stomach.”

In 1855 I read a communication to this Society (P. Z. 8. 1855,

p- 191) on the large size of the cesophagus of the Viper, as compared

with that of the stomach ; and I showed the alimentary tube of this

reptile distended with air, and stated at that time that I had positive

evidence that the Viper did swallow its young. The information

I have received since that period enables me now to speak even with

greater certainty upon this matter.

The physical obstacle spoken of I have been unable to discover ;

and the death and dissolution of the young by the gastric juice is an

impossibility, because they do not enter the stomach. This will be

shown by an account of the length and capacity of the alimentary

tube of the Ophidian in question, the Python reticulatus,—the in-

testinal canal of the Viper, I may remark, being of about the same

proportionate size.

This reptile, the exact cause of the death of which I was un-

able to determine, measured 15 feet in length; and I may add that

I had an opportunity of examining, about the same time, a Python

(P. molurus) that died on board a ship in the docks. The lat-

ter was nearly as long as the Python reticulatus. I could discover

no important difference in their visceral anatomy: they were both

females.

I will only allude briefly to a few points in the anatomy of the

Python reticulatus. The ovaries were 6 feet 2 inches in length, and

they each contained twenty-five ova, varying from the size of a pea

to that of a nut. The trachea measured 2 feet 10 inches in length :

the rings amounted to 437; they were nearly approximated at the

upper part, but widely separated in the centre and lower portion.

The gall-bladder contained 24 ounces of bile; two cystic ducts

proceeded from it, and these were united by cross ducts so as to form

a network of ducts between the gall-bladder and the intestine. I

know not whether this has been before described.

The cesophagus measured 6 feet in length, and contained 473 ounces

of water; the stomach was 18 inches long, and held 74 ounces of

water. The small intestines were 9 feet 6 inches in length, and con-

tained 204 ounces of water. The large intestines measured 2 feet

11 inches, and contained 142 ounces. Total length 20 feet 4 inches ;

capacity of the whole alimentary tube 744 ounces.

I have measured the capacity of the alimentary tube of many of

the serpents, and the length and size of the cesophagus are great in

all; so that in the poisonous Ophidians which swallow their young

there would be no possibility of the latter coming in contact with

the gastric juice, as they could readily be received into the upper part

of the cesophagus,

212 DR. E. CRISP ON THE WART-HOG. [June 24,

13. On tHe ProsasLie Cause oF DratH or A Wart-HoG

(Puacocua@rus zTHIoPICcus). By Epwarps Crisp, M.D.,

F.Z.S., ETC.

A male Wart-Hog, which had been twelve years in the Gardens,

appeared to be in tolerable health on Sunday, June 22nd, 1862,

but it was found dead on the following morning ; its death therefore

must have been sudden. It was in excellent condition, and weighed-

about two hundredweight. The stomach was greatly distended with

food, so that it had eaten a hearty meal a short time before its death.

The blood was fluid, and all the thoracic and abdominal viscera were ©

tolerably healthy. Upon the fundus of the bladder was a tumor the

size of a large orange, the remains of an Hehinococcus in a state of

chalky degeneration. The parietes of the cyst were covered with

chalky layers, and a white thick creamy cretaceous fluid occupied

the interior of the cyst.

It is curious that in the sow of this species which I examined, in

lian’s Wart-Hog (P. eliani), and in the Red River-Hog (Potamo-

cherus penicillatus), these Echinococci (so called) were alike pre-

sent; and I may add that in these and other Pigs in which I have

found these parasites (and the same may be said of the Deer and

Antelopes) I have never discovered tape-worms or any kind of en-

tozoa in the intestines.

On examining the teeth of this animal, I found a large cavity in

the place of the molar tooth of the lower jaw on the right side, into

which the upper molar (much elongated from want of pressure)

passed; this cavity was lined with false membrane, except in two

places, where the bone was denuded and of a dark colour. The en-

larged tooth pressed upon this part ; and it is not unlikely that this

irritation, combined with a very full stomach, produced cerebral

congestion or extravasation, of which the animal probably died ; but

as the skeleton was required, I was not permitted to examine the

brain ; so that the exact cause of death must remain doubtful,

As the animal died suddenly and in good condition, I had a small

cutlet for my dinner. As might have been supposed from the age

and sex of the animal, it was rather coarse and tough ; it had a porky

flavour ; but I believe that the flesh of a young animal would be ex-

ceedingly good. Mr. Bartlett informs me that Sir G. Grey has eaten

this hog in Africa, and has stated that “its flesh was of excellent

flavour.”? One of the peculiarities of this hog is the enormous thick-

ness of the muscles over the ribs. I found the same in the sow;

and I think that if a cross between this animal and our English Pig

could be effected, it might be of great value; but of this matter I

hope to speak in another communication, when comparing the ana-

tomy of the Wart Hog with that of the other Hogs.

I may mention one interesting fact respecting the renal veins of

this animal: they are supplied with two pairs of valves, so as to

prevent the blood from regurgitating from the renal capsules into

the kidneys. This fact I first poimted out before the Physiological

Society, in 1853, in the renal veins of other animals.

1862. | MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW CROCODILE. 213

14. Description or CrocopiLus FRONTATUS, a New Croco-

pDILE FRoM Oxtp Catasar River, West Arrica. By

AnpREw Murray, Assist. Secretary, Royat Horrticut-

TURAL SOCIETY.

(Plate XXIX.)

CROCODILUS FRONTATUS, NOV. sp.

Head broad and deep, much broader than in C. vulgaris, very flat

on the vertex, and with the margins of the flat portion slightly

raised ; the lateral margins very slightly curved ; the suture inside of

the lateral margin placed at rather more than a fourth of the breadth

of the vertex from its side. This suture is not throughout parallel

to the lateral margin; it is nearly so for about two-thirds of its

posterior length ; towards the front it bends a little outwards. Fig. 1

shows the form of the sutures in this species, while fig. 2 shows

their form in C. vulgaris, and fig. 3 in C. leptorhynchus. The ver-

Fig. 1.

tex in the two last, although flattened, is not so depressed, but is

slightly rounded, so as to be somewhat higher at the middle than at

214 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES {June 24,

the margin. The colour in C. frontatus is yellowish with blackish

spots, instead of brown with blackish spots, as in C. vulgaris and C.

leptorhynchus. The muzzle is shorter than in either of the others,

deeper, and the front rises higher above it; the nostrils are more

prominent and turned up. Both the head and the lower jaw are

Fig, 4.

eo 7

deeper than in C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. (See fig. 4, which

represents the head of C, frontatus seen in profile, and figs. 5 and 6,

1862.] OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. 215

which respectively represent the profiles of the head of C. vulgaris

and C. leptorhynchus.) The disposition of the scuta or plates along

the nose or muzzle is different in each species. Fig. 7 shows them

in C. frontatus ; fig. 8, in C. vulgaris; and fig. 9, in C, leptorhyn-

216 MR. A. MURRAY ON A NEW SPECIES [June 24,

chus. It will be seen that the arrangement in C. frontatus is much

nearer that in C. vulgaris than that in C. leptorhynchus, which is upon

a totally different plan, the middle space in it being free from scuta,

soft, and smooth, with transverse wrinkles or lines, while in the other

two the space is covered with scuta, those in the middle being trans-

verse. The commencement of these transverse scuta between the

eyes is also different.

The scuta on the nape of the neck are differently proportioned and

placed in all three; and here the arrangement in C. frontatus bears

most affinity to that of C. leptorhynchus, instead of to that of C.

vulgaris. Fig. 10 shows this arrangement in C. frontatus ; fig. 11,

Fig. 10.

in C. vulgaris; and fig. 12, in C. leptorhynchus. In C. frontatus

and C. leptorhynchus the four large scuta are of a subquadrate form ;

in C. vulgaris they are irregularly subhexagonal. In the latter, not

only these but also the scuta generally are flat, with a longitudinal

1862.] OF CROCODILE FROM WEST AFRICA. 217

raised line or carina. In C. leptorhynchus, those in the neighbour-

hood of the four larger scuta bear a projecting oblong umbo; and

C. frontatus has this developed in a manner still more marked.

The same character prevails in the rest of the scuta. In all three

species there are six rows of large scuta down the back, varying in

width, diminishing to four rows in the lumbar region. In C. vulgaris

these scuta are flat, with only a slightly raised longitudinal line or

earina. In C. leptorhynchus this carina is much more raised, so as to

form regular crests. In C. frontatus some of them have an oblong

umbo, others a crest, and others only a raised line: the affinity in

this respect is greater with C. leptorhynchus than C. vulgaris. It is

the same with regard to the crest down the tail. In all three the

rows of dorsal scuta down the back become only four in number

after passing the hind legs, forming four raised lines, two on each

side of the spine; the inner crests or lines on each side then gra-

dually approximate (in C. vulgaris forming a narrow channel) and

thin off and become obliterated. The outer crest on eachside, at

about the seventh or eighth joint behind the hind legs, becomes

broader and spreads out into a flat plate or leaf turned out horizon-

tally on each side. There are about seven joints in which this flat

table-shaped position of the scuta occurs, and about the same number

prevails in all three. As this disposition, however, does not com-

mence suddenly at any particular joint, but proceeds by gradations

out of the crest on the back, the number may be modified according

to the degree at which the observer reckons the horizontal leaf to

commence. The size of these scuta is proportionally larger in C.

frontatus and C. leptorhynchus than in C. vulgaris. These hori-

zontal thin scuta extend one on each side for a certain distance ; and

then all at once the double row ceases, and is replaced by a series of

single erect scuta running down the top of the tail. In my specimens

the number of joints before this single crest commences, reckoning

from immediately behind the hind legs, is as follows :—

(OTT SOG SRE GORGE a Smid tortan ds 18

C. leptorhynchus ........-. Sane Swine eae we

PARAS ats g 50212 244. wubsieh shal elatale sts < 13

And the number of erect terminal joints is—

CTOULG ESE co late oes je = mise aden

C. leptorhynchus .........- ets Vem satetey ote 19

CPPONTAEUS oe «ate ws Oe «tre tebe. «x LD

The colouring of C. frontatus is much nearer that of C. lepto-

rhynchus than C. vulgaris. The latter is coloured pale ashy brown,

blotched irregularly with dark brown. The other two have the dark

blotches distributed in transverse bands,—C. frontatus having every

alternate two rows of transverse scuta pale and dark—a disposition

followed in C. leptorhynchus, but not so regularly.

Total length of my specimen, 21 inches; total length of head,

from tip of snout to back of under jaw, 33 inches ; breadth of head,

12 inch; length of muzzle to front of eye, 14 inch; length of eye,

218 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE KAGU. [June 24,

nearly 1 inch; height of head, 2 inches ; length of body, from occi-

put to back of hind legs, 8 inches ; total length of tail, 12 inches ;

length of tail to commencement of single crest, 53 inches; length of

the part of it with single crest, 73 inches.

On the whole, this new species seems to combine many of the

characters both of C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus. In its head it

is nearest to C. vulgaris; in its colouring, scuta, and tail to C. lep-

torhynchus.

I owe this specimen to the kindness of the Rev. W. C. Thomson,

the accomplished missionary at Old Calabar. He wrote me word

long before I received it that there was another species of Crocodile

in the Old Calabar besides the two generally known, that it was ex-

tremely scarce, but that he would endeavour to procure a specimen

for me. He did so, and sent me the individual from which this de-

scription is taken, alive. It reached Liverpool in good health, but,

most unfortunately, was drowned on the railway on its passage to

Edinburgh. The gentleman who was kind enough to charge himself

with it thought it would not live unless brought in water, and he

put it in a foot-pail half full of water. The water was too deep to

allow the poor animal to rest on the bottom of the pail and stretch

up its head for breath; and when the jolting of the railway com-

menced, it was kept in a constant state of submersion. The con-

sequence which might have been anticipated ensued, and my Croco-

dile arrived dead. There is no doubt that it is a good species, half-

way between C. vulgaris and C. leptorhynchus.

15. Nore on THE Hasits AND AFFINITIES OF THE KaGu

(RurnocuHetus supatus). By A. D. Bartverr.

(Plate XXX.)

At the first sight of this bird, one is struck with its resemblance

to several different genera, and at once calls to mind Eurypyga, Gidi-

enemus, Cariama, Psophia, Nycticorax, and Scopus: one and all

appear more or less represented in its singular combination of cha-

racters.

The actions and movements of the Kagu are generally quick and

lively, so opposite to the slow and chameleon-like movements of the

true Herons that one can hardly suspect it to be an Ardeine bird.

This, however, it doubtless will prove to be, but so modified and

adapted to a different kind of diet and mode of life, that its real affi-

nities are difficult to recognize.

With its crest erect, and wings spread out, the Kagu runs or skips

about, sometimes pursuing and driving before him all the birds that

are confined with him in the same aviary [among these are several

Blue Waterhens (Porphyrio)], evidently enjoying the fun of seeing

them frightened ; at other times he will seize the end of his wing or

tail and run round, holding it in his bill: from a piece of paper or

dry leaf he derives amusement by tossing it about and running after

del et lith

RHINOCH

ean

Hyde

JUBATUS.

M.& N. Hanhart.

1862.] MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE KAGU. 219

it. During his frolic he will thrust his bill into the ground and

spread out his wings, kick his legs in the air, and then tumble about

as if ina fit. At other times he appears intent upon catching worms:

he steps slowly, his neck close to his body, his crest flat on his back,

all his feathers smooth and close ; he raises one foot, and with two or

three gentle strokes he paws the ground, swiftly he darts his bill into

the earth and draws forth a worm, a sudden shake and it is swallowed;

again he runs ; stopping suddenly, he makes another dart ; and thus

he continues to capture this kind of food. With respect to feeding,

this bird differs much from the Heron family, seeking out, in every

hole and corner, worms, snails, and other living things, whenever

they are not in motion: as soon as a snail is found, he breaks its

shell by repeated knocks upon the ground, and after shaking the

fragments of the broken shell off, the animal is swallowed. In no

instance, however, that I have observed, does this bird eat bread,

seed, or any kind of vegetable, but he strictly confines himself to in-

sects and other animal substances.

The skeleton and internal anatomy of the Kagu being entirely un-

known to me, I can only form an opinion of the affinities of this

bird by its external characters, habits, &c.; and I find that the re-

markable powder-down tufts, which are well developed in all the Ar-

deines, are carried to a greater extent in this bird; for above and

around the wings, on the breast beneath the wings, and on the back

and belly, this structure exists, and the enormous quantity of the white

powder given off is surprising. I have seen the bird enter the small

pond and attempt to wash; and upon dipping partly under water,

the whole surface of the water was covered with a white film, like

French chalk. The strong resemblance between this bird and Eury-

pyg4, even in the markings upon the wing- and tail-feathers, the mode

of spreading out the wings, and other resemblances, convince me

that I am right in considering the Kagu to be more closely allied to

Eurypyga than to any other bird that has come within my notice.

Dr. E. Crisp exhibited the enlarged tail-glands of two domestic

hens that had been kept in a confined situation in London. The en-

largement appeared to arise from closure and obstruction of the ducts

and the increase of the oily secretion. These glands in each of the

hens weighed about 350 grains, their normal weight being about 10

or 12 grains.

220 LETTER FROM DR. LAMPREY. [Nov. 11,

November 11, 1862.

Professor Huxley, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following extracts from a letter addressed

to him by Dr. Lamprey, dated Shanghai, July 31st, 1862 :—

“T have forwarded by H.M. Steam Transport ‘ Urgent,’ which

sailed from Shanghai on the 14th inst., three couples of the Pha-

sianus superbus ; at least, I suppose this to be the proper desig-

nation of these birds from their fulfilling the description of that bird

in the ‘ Naturalist’s Library.’ I procured six males last winter at

Tien Tsin, where they were sold in the market for the table, like

other game-birds. The beauty of the birds, then in good plumage,

and the remarkable length of their tail-feathers were very striking ;

and I hope their safe arrival in England will afford an opportunity

of seeing them recover their plumage and tails, which have been

sadly damaged by confinement. Subsequently I procured five females

of the same species by sending a man to the interior, north of Pekin,

where they are to be found—though I| have strong suspicions that all

my specimens came from the Tung Ling, or eastern burial-place of

the Emperors, situated some distance north-east of Pekin, in a

mountainous district. It is the custom to place all kinds of game

in the extensively enclosed grounds of the Imperial burial-places,

where they are carefully preserved; but no doubt the mandarins in

charge make a good perquisite by disposing of the superfluous stock

every winter.

“These birds are, however, to be found in the mountainous country

north of Pekin, in Shantung, also in Shansi : in the latter province,

I am informed, there is also a Pheasant of a beautiful scarlet colour,

though of very small size. I have seen a drawing of this bird in a

mandarin’s house in Tien Tsin, and would have supposed it to be a

sketch from fancy, were it not that I was previously informed of the

existence of a bird of which this might have been a good representa-

tion. With regard to the drawings of birds on Chinese fans, screens,

&c., I was hitherto, like others, under the impression that they were

altogether imaginary ; the brilliant colouring, attitudes, almost gro-

tesque, and strange outlines lead one to this conclusion; but from

seeing a great variety of birds in the country, and having had the

opportunity of comparing them with Chinese drawings, I find that

they are all more or less good representations of birds which exist in

reality. Unfortunately that which constitutes the chief merit of a

Chinese artist is his skill in sketching from memory ; otherwise, were

they to pay more attention to minute detail, their drawings would

give us a good idea of the ornithology of the country.

“Tt might be said that the foregoing remarks do not hold good

with regard to the Fung or Pheenix of the Chinese, which is evi-

dently one of the Pheasant tribe: it does not require any close ex-

amination of the Chinese drawing to see this, which corroborates in

a great measure the notions of the early western philosophers, who

held that the Phoenix was derived from a Pheasant, and not from an

-1862.] LETTER FROM DR. LAMPREY. 221

Eagle, which is the form generally given to the representation of it

in heraldry, &c., and current among westerns of the present day. It

may yet be discovered, by some explorer of the extensive mountain-

ranges adjacent on all sides to the north of China, that there is a

bird in plumage and general character resembling the Fung ; perhaps

it may be a hybrid between two of the Pheasant tribe.

**T have seen, in all, four distinct kinds of Pheasants in the markets

of Tien Tsin: the uninterrupted cold of winter allows of their being

brought in large quantities from remote places, and preserves them

fit for use till the spring. Of one of these Pheasants I sent a specimen

last year to Mr. Swinhoe, Consul of Formosa, and one of your corre-

sponding members, which he describes as being ‘a kind of Crosso-

ptilon, perhaps the female of the C. ¢ibetanum.’ The bird had all the

appearance of a male, in having spurs, though it was impossible to

ascertain its sex, as it had been previously gutted. No doubt this

bird will be brought to your notice by this zealous naturalist on his

arrival in England. During the last winter, I procured another fine

specimen of this bird; but after preparing the skin, a young dog un-

fortunately got at it and tore it up. Its plumage was the same as

that of the previous specimen. The meat of this kind of Pheasant

is exceedingly delicate, and the body is nearly as bulky as that of a

small-sized Turkey.

** Another kind of Pheasant found in the Tien Tsin market bears

out the description of the Euplocamus pucrasia of the ‘ Naturalist’s

Library,’ so common on the hills in India. Although the preserved

skins of this bird are in too bad a condition for mounting, they

may serve to identify the species. They remained too long in a

frozen state to admit of their being preserved properly.

“In the event of the P. superbus not reaching home alive, I have

by me good skins of the male and female, though the tail-feathers do

not show their full length. The fact is that the longest feathers are

removed before exposing the bird for sale, and appropriated for de-

corating the dress of warrior-chiefs in theatrical representations.

**The common Ring-necked Pheasant (P. torquatus) constitutes

the fourth and most abundant kind found in the markets. The num-

bers of these birds that are sold every winter is wonderful. It was

noticed that in birds apparently of the same age there was frequently

a great disparity of size, almost giving one the idea of two species,

though it is not improbable that this difference may be attributed to

the different circumstances of food and locality.

**'The Partridges found in the market at Tien Tsin are not unlike

the English (Perdix cinerea), except that the marking on the breast

of the Chinese bird is darker. They were abundant last winter. I

am also assured that the Red-legged Partridge was shot in the hills

north of Pekin, though this bird did not make its appearance in the

market at Tien Tsin.

** Quails are very common ; they are sold mostly alive, and trained

for fighting, as in India. There is a second kind, which might be

designated the Bush Quail,—a solitary bird smaller than the other,

and speckled.”

222 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE. [Nov. 1],

Mr. F. Buckland exhibited several specimens of the Smooth Snake

(Coronella austriaca), and gave particulars of the various instances

of its occurrence in several parts of England.

The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to the living

Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis) which had been added to the

Society’s Menagerie in the preceding August. This valuable animal

had been liberally presented to the Society by Edward Mellish, Esq.,

of the Mauritius (one of the members of the mission sent to Mada-

gascar on the accession of Radama II. in 1861), and had reached

England in safety by the overland mail on the 12th August.

The following papers were read :—

1. OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE IN THE ZOOLOGICAL

Garpens. By A. D. Barruetr.

The subject of the following remarks is a fine adult female of the

Aye-aye (Chiromys madagascariensis), which arrived in this country

on the 12th of August last. On the voyage, this animal produced

a young one, which lived about ten days. On arriving here she was

in poor condition and very feeble; she soon, however, began to feed

freely, and has now considerable strength, as is shown by the timber

destroyed in the cage in which she is kept.

This animal is much blacker, and appears larger, than the male of

this species now in the British Museum ; the long hairs on the back of

the neck, extending to the lower part of the body, have white points ;

these white points are thickest above, and become less numerous

towards the limbs and tail, which appear quite black ; the hairs of

the tail, however, are white or grey at the roots (this can only be

observed by separating them); the chin and throat are dirty white,

which colour extends over the chest; the short hairs on the face are

a mixture of dirty grey and white; the long hairs are black; the

eyes light brown, surrounded by dark-coloured hairs; the nose and

muzzle are of a dirty flesh-colour; the lips pink ; the ears, shining

black, and naked, but thickly studded with small protuberances ; the

feet and toes are sooty black, with the under surface and claws

lighter, inclining to flesh-colour. The situation of the mammee is

remarkable: they are two in number, and placed at the lowest part

of the abdomen (the animal differing in this respect entirely from the

Lemurs and Bats, the teats of which are on the breast).

The Aye-aye sleeps during the day; and the body is then gene-

rally curved round and lying on its side, the tail is spread out and

flattened over it, so that the head and body of the animal are almost

entirely covered by the tail.

It is only at night that the Aye-aye exhibits any activity. I hear

her crawling about and gnawing the timber when, to me, all is per-

fectly dark ; and I have been surprised to find that upon the intro-

duction of a light, directed to the face of the animal, she does not

exhibit any signs of uneasiness, but stretches out her arm and tries

to touch the lamp with her long fingers. She frequently hangs by

1862.) MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON THE LIVING AYE-AYE, 223

her hind legs, and in this position cleans and combs out her large

tail, using the slender hook-like third finger with great rapidity, re-

minding one strongly of the movements of the large Bats ( Pteropus).

This skeleton-like finger is used with great address in cleaning her

face and picking the corners of the eyes, nose, mouth, ears, and other

parts of her body; during these operations the other fingers are fre-

quently partially closed.

In feeding, the left hand only is used, although she has the full

use of her right one. The mode of taking her food requires careful

attention, in consequence of the very rapid movement of the hand

during the process. The fourth finger (which is the longest and

largest) is thrust forward into the food, the slender third. finger is

raised upwards and backwards above the rest, while the first finger

or thumb is lowered so as to be seen below and behind the chin; in

this position the hand is drawn backwards and forwards rapidly, the

inner side of the fourth finger passing between the lips, the head of

the animal being held sideways, thus depositing the food in the

mouth at each movement ; the tongue, jaws, and lips are kept in full

motion all the time. Sometimes the animal will advance towards

and lap from the dish like a cat, but this is unusual. I have never

heard her utter any cry, or produce any vocal sound, during the many

hours at night in which I have watched her habits, nor has she ap-

peared shy or angry at my presence.

With reference to food, this creature exhibits no inclination to take

any kind of insects, but feeds freely on a mixture of milk, honey, eggs,

and any thick, sweet, glutinous fluid, rejecting meal-worms, grass-

hoppers, the larvee of wasps, and all similar objects. Consequently

I am inclined to think that this animal is not insectivorous. Its large

and powerful teeth lead me to infer that it may possibly wound trees,

and cause them to discharge their juices into the cavity made by its

teeth ; and that upon this fluid it probably feeds.. This appears to

me the more likely, as I observe that our specimen returns frequently

to the same spot on the tree which she had previously injured. Iam

also strengthened in my opinion by noticing the little attention paid

by the animal to its food. It does not watch or look after it; for I

have on several occasions removed the vessel containing its food du-

ring the time the animal was feeding, and the creature continued to

thrust its hand forward, as before, upon the same spot—though

after a while, finding no more food, she discontinued, and moved off

to search for more elsewhere. This apparently stupid act is so unlike

the habits of an animal intended to capture or feed on living crea-

tures that I am inclined to believe that the Aye-aye feeds upon in-

animate substances. I have frequently seen it eat a portion of the

bark and wood after taking a quantity of the fluid food.

The excrement of this animal much resembles the dung of small

rabbits, being in separate nearly round balls.

224 MR. G. KREFFT ON AUSTRALIAN SNAKES. _ [Nov. 11,

2. On a New Birp FrRoM THE ISLAND or MADAGASCAR.

By Dr. G. Hartriavs, For. Memes.

CucuLus RocuHU, sp. nov. Supra ardesiacus ; gutture pallidius

cinereo ; pectore et abdomine in fundo albo-flavicantibus, fasciis

rarioribus angustis nigricantibus ; subalaribus flavescenti-albi-

dis, tenuissime ardesiaco fasciolatis ; subcaudalibus ochraceis,

maculis nonnullis nigris ; rectricibus nigris, maculis rarioribus

minutis albis prope scapam notatis, omnium apicibus albis ; ala

extus unicolore, nigricante, remigum pogoniis internis albo

fasciatis vel postice transversim maculatis ; maxilla nigricante ;

mandibula flava, apice obscura; pedibus flavis.

Long. 10-11"; rostr. a fr. 8!; al. 5! 11!; caud. 5! 7-8!".

Syn. ‘ Cuculus canorus, L., common at Madagascar,”’ Desjardins,

P. Z. 8. 1832, p.111. C. tenuirostris, Jules Verreaux, MS. (olim).

Nearly allied to certain Indian species, but in all probability di-

stinct. In an old MS. of my friend Jules Verreaux I find an accu-

rate description of this species, under the often misused name of

Cuculus tenuirostris.

Named after Dr. S. Roch, who accompanied the mission sent last

year by the Government of Mauritius to that of Madagascar.

3. Norrs upon AUSTRALIAN SNAKES, AND THEIR GEOGRA-

PHICAL DisrripuTion. By Grerarp Krerrt.

Acanthophis antarctica.—This species, very common in the neigh-

bourhood of Sydney, ranges over the whole continent, the southern

part of Victoria excepted. I have captured specimens on the banks

of the Murray, on the Darling, and in South Australia; and there

are specimens in the Museum collection from all parts of this colony,

also from Queensland. Dr. J. E. Gray mentions, in the ‘ British

Museum Catalogue,’ that only the anterior dorsal scales are keeled ;

but a great number of specimens which I have examined had eight

rows of the dorsal scales distinctly keeled to the root of the tail.

The different specimens vary much in colour and markings.

Of Hydride the Australian Museum is in possession of a good

many different species, but without notes of the localities where they

were captured. Lapemis curtus and Pelamis bicolor are frequently

found on this part of the Australian coast. Of the last-mentioned

species I captured a specimen some months ago in Botany Bay,

containing five young ones.

Of Boide we have only one species in this neighbourhood—Mo-

relia spilotes, which is one of the most common Snakes found here.

I think it is not generally known that the range of this species is

very limited, and that it is only found within a radius of 200 or 300

miles from Sydney. On the Murray and Darling, in South and

West Australia, and in the northern part of the continent, Morelia

variegata represents the genus. I have never seen specimens of

Morelia spilotes from the Clarence River, or from the country to

1862.] MR. G. KREFFT ON AUSTRALIAN SNAKES, 225

the north of it; and though inhabiting the Illawarra district, the

range of this Snake does not extend beyond the Snowy Mountains.

Lialis childrenti.—The two specimens in the Museum collection

were taken at Port Denison, Queensland. I do not know anything

about the geographical distribution of this species.

Bolyeria multicarinata, of which mention is made in the ‘ British

Museum Catalogue’ as having been found at Port Jackson, does not

exist in this neighbourhood.

Coronella australis is also rare in this part of the continent. The

only specimen which ever came under my notice was found at King

George’s Sound.

Tropidonotus picturatus is not found in New South Wales. The

only specimen in the Australian Museum collection was captured at

Port Denison, Queensland.

Dendrophis punctulata.—Very common near Sydney ; distributed

over the whole continent, I believe.

Dipsas fusca has also a very extensive range, but is not so com-

mon as Dendrophis punctulata. No doubt it is on account of its

nocturnal habits that it is not met with so often.

Glyphodon ornatus.—A very rave Snake in this neighbourhood ;

its geographical distribution is not known to me.

Diemansia psammophis.--An inhabitant of the north-east coast,

where it represents

Diemansia reticulata, which is the most common Snake here.

D. reticulata is also found in the northern part of Victoria, and on

the banks of the Murray and Darling.

Diemansia miilleri I consider to be a young individual of the

above-mentioned species. I possess several specimens with rose-

coloured streaks along the sides of neck and body, and I shall take

an early opportunity of forwarding one to Dr. Giinther.

Diemansia cucullata, Gthr.—An extremely rare species, of which

I have never found more than three specimens in the immediate

neighbourhood of Syduey.

Pseudo-elaps kubingti, Jan (Rev. Zool. 1859, p.127), is merely a

young individual of Pseudonaia nuchalis, from three to four years old.

Diemansia annulata is also an immature form of P. nuchalis, from

one to two years old. I have captured four specimens this season.

Hoplocephalus variegatus.—A very common form in this neigh-

bourhood, of the geographical distribution of which I do not know

anything.

fHoplocephalus pallidiceps is no inhabitant of this neighbourhood.

It is common on the Hunter and Clarence Rivers, and nocturnal in

its habits.

Hoplocephalus coronatus.—The most common form of this genus

in Western Australia; not found in New South Wales, nor on the

Murray and Darling.

Hoplocephalus coronoides.—Frequently found near Sydney. I

possess also specimens from Port Macquarie and the Clarence River.

Hoplocephalus curtus.—This species is very common, and inhabits

the whole southern half of this continent. Specimens from Western

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XV.

226 MR. O. A. L. MORCH ON THE GENERA [Nov. 1],

Australia are generally darker in colour, and have the bands more di-

stinctly marked, than those found in Victoria and New South Wales.

Hoplocephalus superbus is not found in New South Wales.

It is perhaps only a variety of H. curtus.

Hoplocephalus nigrescens.—A rare Snake. The few specimens I

found of this species were all captured at Middle Harbour, an inlet

of Port Jackson. I have never seen it from other parts of Australia.

Hoplocephalus temporalis I captured, more than two years ago, at

Port Lincoln, South Australia. I have also seen specimens from

Albany, King George’s Sound. No doubt a great many more species

of this extensive genus will be discovered ; in fact, I know of three

new ones already, which will be described shortly.

Pseudechis porphyriacus.—Inhabits the greater part of the conti-

nent in the north. The brown variety, with bright yellow or orange

belly, is the most common, On the Lower Murray both varieties

occur.

Pseudonaia nuchalis—Common near Sydney, on the Hunter and

Clarence Rivers.

Brachysoma diadema is also an inhabitant of this neighbourhood,

and is frequently captured in the northern part of New South Wales

and in Queensland.

Vermicella annulata.—Rarely obtained in this neighbourhood—

I suspect, on account of its nocturnal habits. Found on the east

coast, from Twofold Bay to Brisbane, and no doubt ranges still fur-

ther north,

4, On tHE GenERA oF MOLLUSCA ESTABLISHED BY H. F. Link

IN THE CATALOGUE OF THE Rostock Museum. By O. A.

L. Moreau.

In the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society’ for the year 1851

there is an abstract of the Catalogue of the Rostock Museum, by

the late Dr. Herrmannsen, the continuation of which was prevented

by his early death. Of the work, which appeared as a University

program, only a few copies comparatively were distributed, the greater

number haying been preseryed in the stores of the University.

Oken appears to be the only naturalist who had any aequaintance

with the work until it was mentioned in the ‘Index Malacozoorum.,’

The second part, containing the Mollusca, appeared on the 29th

March 1807.

Lituina, Link, p. 84, is established upon Nautilus spirula, L. ; Mar-

tini, i. t. 20. figs. 184, 185.

Ammonia, Breyn, has the priority.

The Gasreropopa are divided into three sections—

1. Diphonobranchii, with a notch in the fore part of the aper-

ture, corresponding to Lamarck’s Zoophaga.

2. Adelobranchii, corresponding to Lamarck’s Phytophaga,

3. Dermobranchii, containing the non-spiral shells, as Calyp-

trea, Patella, Fissurella, Chiton,

1862.] OF MOLLUSCA ESTABLISHED BY LINK. 227

Pyramea, Link, p. 107, is founded upon the young of Strombus

gigas=Pyramis, Bolt.

Lambidium, Link, p. 112, L. oniseus, Linn.= Morum, Bolt.

Phalium, Link, p.113. The genus Cassis, in the Lamarckian sense,

is divided into two genera :—1. Cassidea, Link, containing C. rufa,

L.; C. tuberosa, L.; C. cornuta, L.; C. testiculus, L.; C. flam-

mea, L.; C. pennata, Gm.—2. Phalium, Link, which is divided

into two sections —

1. Inner lip reflexed, plicate.

2. Inner lip pustulate.

To the first section belong Ph. gluucum, L.; Ph. flammeolun,

Chemn. ii. figs. 367, 368, Chemn. x. figs. 1957, 1958; Ph. areola.

Galeodea, Link, p. 113, G. echinophora, L.=Morio, Montf.

Galeodes, Bolt., must be retained as a subgeneric section of

Cassidula, Humph.

Cadium, Link, p. 113=Dolium, Hill; Lam.

Dolium pomum is the first species; and in the generic de-

scription, from the expression “ Die aussere Lippe gesiiumt,” it

seems that Link acknowledged this species to belong to a dif-

ferent genus from the other species of Dolium; it is therefore

a matter of doubt whether the name Cadium has not priority

over Malea, Valenciennes.

ITarpalis, Link, p. 115=Harpa, Lam,

Herrmannsen quotes Rumphius as the author of arpa ; but

by that author the name Harpa is used as a specific name of

Voluta.

Cithara, Klein, is the oldest name. The name Harpalis,

Link, must be retained as a subgeneric name for the larger spe-

cies, H. antiquata, eonoidalis, &e.; and Harpa, Lam., as a

subgenus for Harpa costata, L. (imperialis, Lam.).

Mancinella, Link, p. 115, M. aculeata, Link (Murex mancinella,

L.), Mart. iii. figs. 967, 968.

M., hystrix, L., Mart. iii. figs. 974, 975.

M. castanea, Link, Mart. iii. f. 956, 958.

M. armigera, Chemn. x. f. 1798, 1799.

M. mutabilis, Link, Mart. iii. f. 951, 953.

Nassaria, Link, p. 123. This genus corresponds to Nassa and Bue-

cinum, Lam. The first species is NV, lyrata, Gm. p. 3794, Mart.

iv, figs. 1122, 1123. If the quotation of Gmelin is right, the type

is a Mangelia; but if Martini’s figures (1122, 1123) are correct,

the type is Buccinum niveum, Gmel. The latter, however, is not

probable ; and therefore the name Nassaria must not be used for

Hindsia, H. & A. Adams.

Canrena, Link, p. 126=Drupa, Bolt.

Murex neritoideus, Mart. f. 972, 973, 976, 979.

Areularia, Link, is adopted from Martini.

A. coronata, Link, Mart. ii, f, 409, 412, is the type,

228 MR. 0.A.L. MORCH ON GENERA OF MoLLUscA. [Nov. 11,

Vertagus, Link (not Klein), is Terebra, Brug.

Aluco, Link,-is Tympanotonos and Cerithium.

A. fuseus, Link, Chemn. iv. f. 1475.

A. auritus, L.

A. aculeatus, L.

A. nodula, L.

Tivela, Link, p. 152; T. vulgaris, Link (Venus corbicula, Born.

Gm.), and 7’. ¢ripla, lL. This name, therefore, has priority over

Trigona, Megerle.

Musculium, Link, p. 152. “ Sumpferschale. Die Schalen gleich,

rund, schliessen tiberall. Das Schloss mit zwei kleinen Zaihnen,

ohne Seitenziihne; Vorder- und Hinterspalte ziemlich gleich ; das

Band auswendig.”’

M. lacustre (Tellina), Gm. p. 3242; Ch. vi. f. 13. f. 135.

Herrmannsen erroneously refers this genus to Pesidium, Pfr. From

the figure of Chemnitz quoted, there cannot be any doubt that

Cyclas calyculata is the type. The expression, “nearly equila-

teral,” excludes the genus Pisidium. ‘No lateral teeth’’ does not

agree with any European freshwater shell, and is very likely a

misprint.

Musculium must be retained as a subgenus of Spherium, Scopoli.

Nuculana, Link, p. 155. ‘ Meernuss. Die Schalen gleich, schlies-

sen itberall. Eine Reihe von kleinen spitzigen Zahnen an der

Vorderseite der Schalen neben den Spitzen. Nucula, Lam.”

Nuculana rostrata, Gm. p. 3308; Ch. vii. f. 550, 551. The

author only seems to have noticed the teeth on one side of the

umbones. Notwithstanding this, the genus must be regarded as

established, and take priority over Leda, Schum.

Unionium, Link, p. 155, is Avicula, as Deshayes has restored it.

Anodonta, Link, p. 156, is Loripes, Poli, founded on Venus edentula,

Gm. p. 3286; Ch. vii. f. 410, 411=. alba, Link.

Pectinium, Link, p. 156, corresponds to Pecten of authors.

Limaria, Link, p. 157, is Radula, Klein.

L. vulgaris, Link= Ostrea lima, Chemn, vii. f. 651.

Sellana, Link, p. 158, is the bent form of Placuna, and is synony-

mous with Ephippium, Bolt.

Atractilites, Link, p. 9. “Eine spindelformige inwendigstrahlig

krystallinische Schale, ohne Alveole.”’

A. belemniticus appears to be Belemnites listeri.

Siphonium, Link. ‘Eine gerade Schale mit Scheidewanden welche

ausserhalb Ringe bilden. Hierher gehoren die geraden Nautili.”

S. fascia, Very similar to Nautilus fascia, but larger.

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF LIMOPSIS. 229

5. Descrirtions oF somr New Species or Limorsis FROM

THE CUMINGIAN CoLLecTION. By ArtHurR Apams, F.L.S.

There have been six recent species of Limopsis already described,

nemely, L. multistriata, Forsk.; L. belcherit, Adams & Reeve; L.

cancellata, Reeve; L. borealis, Woodward; L. pygmea, Phil.; and

L. oblonga, A. Adams. To these I now add five more recent species

from the seas of Japan, one from the Cape, and two from Lizard

Island in Torres Straits. Those from Japan and the Cape were

obtained by myself; and for the Australian examples we are indebted

to Mr. Macgillivray. Nearly all the known species are in the mag-

nificent collection of Mr. Cuming.

1. Limopsis saponica, A. Adams.

L. testa orbiculari vie equilaterali, albida aut rufescente, costel-

lis radiantibus striisque elevatis concentricis concinne cancel-

lata, epidermide fusca dense pilosa, pilis in fimbriis concentricis

dispositis, obtecta, intus rufo-fusca, radiatim strigosa, albo

marginata ; margine ventrali explanato, intus integro,

Hab. Kuro-Sima, 57 fathoms; Kiusu, 26 fathoms.

This species in form and sculpture most nearly resembles Pectun-

culus cancellatus of Reeve, which is a true Limopsis. It is, how-

ever, much larger, the radiating ribs are equal, and the hinge-margin

is not straight, and is extended in the form of auricles.

2. Limopsis osptiqaua, A. Adams.

L. testa valde obliqua, oblonga, inequilaterali, tumidula, albida,

longiore quam lata, latere antico brevi, postico longiore, ra-

diatim striata, liris crenulatis concentricis decussata, epidermide

dense pilosa fusca obtecta ; linea cardints arcuata, fessa magna

triangulari; intus alba vadiatim strigosa, margine ventrali intus

levi.

Hab, Uraga, 21 fathoms.

This species is even more oblique than ZL. oblonga, A. Ad. (Ann.

and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860), from which it differs in being oval, and

not trigonal, in the broad triangular cartilage-pit, and in the ventral

margin not being internally crenate.

3. Limopsis cuminel, A. Adams,

L. testa ovata, valde obliqua, inequilaterali, latiore quam longa,

compressa, albida, concentrice lirata, interstitiis longitudinaliter

radiatim striatis, latere antico brevi, postico multo longiore

dilatato, epidermide pilosa pailide fusca, pilis in fimbriis con-

centricis dispositis, oblecta, intus alba, margine ventrali intus

levi.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Santanomosaki, 55 fathoms.

This species somewhat resembles Z. belcheri in form, but the

posterior side is regularly arcuate, and the hinge-margin is bent in

the middle; the teeth, moreover, are much less numerous, and the

ventral margin of the valves is not crenate within.

230 MR, A, ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF Limopsis. [Nov. 11,

4, Limopsis crenata, A, Adams.

L. testa oblique ovata, longiore quam lata, convexa, oblonga,

latere antico rotundato, postico declivi, longitudinaliter radia-

tim substriata, concentrice sulcata, liris concentricis subdistan-

tibus crenatis, epidermide dense pilosa, pilis in fimbriis concen-

tricis dispositis, obtecta, intus alba strigosa, margine ventrali

intus crenulato.

Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms; Satanomosaki, 55 fathoms.

Most like Z. odliqua in form, but less proloiigéed fromi the beaks

to the ventral mafgii; it is also more gibbous, and the surface of

the valves is furnished with prominent concentric crenate lire.

/ 5. Limopsts rorsxauir, A. Adams.

L. testa subtrigonali, solida, orbiculata, subequilaterali, tumida,

latere postico declivi, rufescente, costellis radiantibus striisque

concentricis elevatis eancellata, costellis minoribus et majori-

bus alternantibus, intus pallide rufa, linea cardinis castaneo

tincta, margine ventrali intus levi.

Hab. O-Sima; Takano-Sima; on the sands, dead.

This is a strong, subtrigonal, cancellated species, most nearly re-

sembling LZ. japonica; but it is more triangular in outline, the

sculpture is much coarser, and the hinge-margin is narrower and

more arcuated.

6. Limopsis puitipri1, A. Adams.

L. testa viz orbiculari, subobliqua, gibba, subequilaterali, pallide

Jusca, costellis radiantibus equalibus confertis lirisque crenu-

latis concentricis reticulata, latere postico rotundato, epidermide

Susco-pilosa partim obtecta.

Hab. @

This is a gibbous, somewhat oblique species, neatly reticulated

with radiating riblets and elevated concentric lines. It is more gib-

bous than any of the other species, and the surface of the valves is

partly covered with a pale brown epidermis.

7. Limorsis apysstcoua, A. Adams.

L. testa valde obliqua, inequilaterali, gibba, lineis elevatis radi-

antibus et lirulis concentricis crenulatis decussata, latere antico

brevi, rotundato, postico longiore declivi non dilatato, epider-

mide fusca pilosa, pilis in fimbriis dispositis, obtecta.

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, 136 fathoms.

This is the species actually dredged from 136 fathoms, off the

Cape, during the voyage of H. M.S.‘Samarang.’ The shell figured

as Pectunculus belcheri (Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 22. f. 5), a much

larger and more compressed species, was, I believe, obtained from the

Korean Islands, and most nearly resembles L. cumingi, which, how-

ever, has not the ventral margin internally crenate.

&. Limopsis MACGILLIVRAY1, A. Adams.

L. testa oblique ovata, inequilaterali, gibbosula, albida, costellis

1862.] MR, A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. 231

tenuibus nodulosis radiantibus et striis via elevatis concentricis

crenulatis concinne decussata, latere postico longiore et dila-

tato, umbonibus subacutis, epidermide fusco-pilosa partim ob-

tecta.

Hab. Lizard Island, Torres Straits.

An oblique species, most nearly resembling L. multistriata, with

the surface of the valves very neatly sculptured with numerous fine

radiating ribs, crossed by slightly elevated concentric lines.

/ ° 9. Limopsts woopwarpt, A. Adams.

L. testa orbiculari, subequilaterali, convexa, marginibus crenulatis,

candida, costellis acutis tenuibus radiantibus et lirulis concen-

tricis crenulatis decussata, costellis breviculis circa marginem

ventralem interpositis ad medium valvarum evanidis, linea car-

dinis regulariter arcuata, dentibus acutis lamellatis prominen-

tibus, fossa trigonali conspicua, margine ventrali intus levi.

Had. Lizard Island, Torres Straits.

This is a puré-white species, with the surface of the valves very

delicately sculptured ; the ‘hinge-teeth are sharp and prominent, and

the concentric liree cause the radiating ribs to assume a nodulous

character.

6. On THE SPECIES OF OBELISCINZ FOUND IN JAPAN,

By Artuur ApAms, F.L.S., prc.

In this subfamily of Pyramidellide, the members of which are

nearly all of small size, and which appear to be tolerably numerous

in the seas of Japan, the form of the shell is subulate, the texture

vitreous, and the surface usually polished. Nearly all the species of

Obeliscus and Syrnola are prettily adorned with a spiral red-brown

zone, which usually marks a line at the sutures, and crosses the last

whorl at the periphery. The Syrnole are usually of small dimen-

sions, and the inner lip is always furnished with a single parietal

plait: the Styloptygme have the peritreme entire, as in Chrysal-

lida, but the whorls are not plicate. In most of the specimens

of Syrnola found, the apex of the spire is seen to be decollated.

This is owing to the extreme fragility of the nucleolar whorls, which

in some species form a cylindrical transparent mucro, terminating in

a little globose, decumbent, sinistral whorl. In S. cinctella, the

mucro of which is very elongated, the number of similar pellucid

nucleolar whorls is about eight.

I have not hitherto been able to trace any connexion between the

form or character of the shell and the internal transverse grooves

seen in the whorls of so many species. Similar grooves are met with

in several other genera of Pyramidellide, and also of Helicide and

Ellobiide. That they serve some good purpose in the economy of

the animal is no doubt true, although at present it has not been

detected by our observation.

The species of Syrnola usually inhabit deep water, and live on a

232 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. [Nov. 1],

floor of sand or sandy mud; they are very difficult to obtain alive,

the shells forming the subject of this paper having been obtained,

for the most part, from an examination of shell-sand. The animal

of Syrnola cinctella crawls rapidly. It is of a semipellucid white,

with the upper surface of the mentum flecked with opake white; the

tentacles are broad and triangular, with the eyes between them very

close together; the mentum is greatly elongate, and bilobed at the

end; and the foot is narrow. This species lives in two fathoms’

sandy mud at Takano-Sima, a small island on the east coast of Japan.

Genus Osexiscus, Montf,

1. Opretiscus putcHeLtus, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel.

pl. 171. fig. 20.

Hab. O-Sima; Yobuko; Mososeki.

2. Opexiscus TeREs, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171.

figs. 31, 32.

Hab. Mino-Sima.

3, Oxsrtiscus BALTEATUS, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel.

pl. 71s fig 25,

Hab. Yobuko; Uraga.

4. Oze.iscus pusituus, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171.

fig. 7.

Hab. O-Sima; Takano-Sima.

5. OBreiscus nitrpuuus, A. Ad.

Syrnola nitidula, A. Ad., Ann. Nat. Hist. 1860, vi. 335.

Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms; O-Sima, 25 fathoms.

6. OBeLiscus vitrevs, A. Ad.

Syrnola vitrea, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 335.

Hab. Uraga; Tsu-Sima.

7. OsEexiscus TRIFAscraTus, A. Ad.

O. testa acuminato-conoidea, cornea, tenur, semipellucida, vitrea ;

anfractibus normalibus 7, planiusculis, fasctis tribus rufis trans-

versts ornatis, suluris exaratis, apertura ovata; plica suprema

valida transversa, plica inferiore parva inconspicua ; labro in-

tus lirato.

Hab. Uraga; Mososeki.

This species resembles O. xitiduluvs in form; but the whorls, in

all my specimens, are adorned with three transverse bands.

8. OsrLiscus EBURNEUS, A. Ad.

O. testa subulato-aciculata, elurnea, solida, opaca, levi; anfrac-

tibus normalibus circa 10, planulatis, sulcis longitudinalibus hic

1862.] MR. A, ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINE. 233

et illuc instructis, suturis valde exaratis; anfractu ultimo ad

peripheriam obtusim angulato; apertura subquadrata; labio

biplicato ; plica superiore valida, transversa, tortuosa; labro

margine rectiusculo, intus lirato.

Hab. O-Sima.

This is a slender, white, solid species, with the whorls here and

there longitudinally sulcate.

Genus Syrnoxa, A. Adams,

Testa subulata, recta, vitrea, polita; anfractibus planis, simpli-

cibus, suturis impressis. Apertura oblonga; labio in medio

plica obliqua instructo ; labro interdum intus suleato, margine

acuto.

1. Syrnoua GRaAcituma, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, v. 405.

Hab. Mino-Sima; Uraga.

2. SyRNOLA CINCTELLA, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 333.

Hab, O-Sima; Seto-Uchi.

3. Syrnoia mera, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.

Hab. Mino-Sima; O-Sima.

4, SYRNOLA TERETIUSCULA, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.

Hab. Tsu-Sima, 15 fathoms.

5. Syrnoua pupina, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334.

Hab. Mososeki; Mino-Sima.

6. SyRNOLA pyRAMIDALIS, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334,

Hab. Tsu-Sima.

7. SYRNOLA BIZONALIs, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, vi. 334,

Hab. Mino-Sima.

8. Syrnoua ELEGANS, A. Ad.

Obeliscus elegans, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 19.

Hab. O-Sima; Seto-Uchi.

9. SyYRNOLA BRUNNEA, A. Ad.

Obeliscus brunnea, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 35,

Hab. O-Sima.

10. SyRNOLA acicuLata, A. Ad.

Obeliscus aciculata, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 21.

Hab. Tanabe.

11. Syrnowa striatuLa, A. Ad,

Obeliscus striatula, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Obel. pl. 171. fig. 29,

Hab, Seto-Uchi.

234 MR. A, ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINE. [Noy. 1],

12. SyRNOLA BUXEA, Gould.

Obeliscus buxeus, Gld. Otia Conch. p. 147.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

13. SyRnoxuA LacTEA, A. Ad.

S. testa pyramidato-subulata, lactea, solida, nitida, levi ; anfrac-

tibus normalibus 8, planis, suturis exaratis, anfractu ultimo ad

peripheriam subangulato ; apertura subquadrata ; labio brevi ;

plica parietali valida, transversa ; labro margine in medio ob-

tuse angulato.

Hab. O-Sima.

A solid; milk-white, shining species, with the sutures exarate, and

the last whorl angulate at the periphery.

14, Syrnoua sprotina, A. Ad.

S. testa subulata, vertice subattenuato; serotina, levi; nitida ; an-

Sractibus normalibus 7, planis, linea rufa ad suturas ornatis,

ultime in medio linea rufa transversa circumcineto ; apertura

ovata; labio tenui, rectiusculo, albido, plica pariétali postica

obliqua; labro margine albido.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A small, light orange-coloured species, with the columella and the

margin of the outer lip whitish.

15. SyRNoLA suBuLINA, A. Ad.

S. testa aciculato-subulina, alba, linea rufo-fusca transversa ad

suturas ornata ; anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, ultimo ad

peripheriam angulato et linea rufo-fusca succineto ; apertura

subquadrata, antice subeffusa ; plica parietali spirali, postica ;

labro margine in medio obtuse angulato.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

Somewhat resembling S. cinctella, but more subulate and slender,

and angulate at the base.

16. SyrNoxa prsTiLiuMm, A. Ad.

NS. testa subulata, solida, opaca, lactea, nitida, vertice obtusiusculo ;

anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, sublente transversim teniis-

sime striatis; apertura elongato-ovata; labio arcuato, plica

parietali obliqua.

Hab. Yobuko.

A small, pestle-shaped, solid, milk-white species, with the whorls

very finely transversely striated.

17. SYRNOLA CYLINDRELLA, A. Ad.

S. testa cylindracea, in medio tumidula, cerina, linea angusta

transversa rufa ad suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 9,

convexis, ultimo in medio linea rufa circumeincto; apertura

subquadrata ; labio brevi, plica parietali spirali valida; labro

margine rectiusculo,

Hab, Takano-Siam.

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCIN#. 235

A nearly cylindrical species, with the whorls but very slightly en-

larged in the middle.

18. SyRNOLA COLUMNELLA, A. Ad.

S. testa subcylindraceo-subulata, cerina, linea rufa spirali ad

suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 11, convevxis, ultimo

linea rufa transversa succincto ; apertura subquadrata, antice

via effusa ; plica parietali valida, postica.

Hab. Seto-Uchi; Mososeki.

This is an elongated subcylindrical columellar species, with nume-

rous convex whorls, and is of much larger dimensions than S. eylin-

drella.

19. SyRNOLA DzDALA, A. Ad.

S. testa subulata, in medio tumidula, lactea, nitida, linea pallida

JSulva transversa ornata ; anfractibus normalibus 7, planis, longi-

tudinaliter substriatis, intus liratis, anfractu ultimo elongato

ad basin rotundato ; apertura obionga ; plica parietali postica,

_ obliqua; labro margine arcuato.

Hab. Uraga.

A somewhat pupiform milk-white species, obscurely banded with

pale fulvous,

Genus StyLorryema, A. Ad.

Testa utrinque constricta, pupiformis, elongata, anfractibus varie

sculptis, plerumque levibus.

In this division I have grouped together all the Japanese species

of Syrnola which assume a pupoid form or Clausilia-like aspect. I

originally founded the group on Monoptygma stylinum, A. Ad. (Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 224); but a more extensive knowledge has en-

abled me to modify somewhat the original diagnosis so as to include

a wider range of species.

1. StyLopryGMA PurirormgE, A. Ad.

Rissoa (Goniostoma) pupiformis, A. Ad., Annals, 1860, v. 411.

Hab. Mino-Sima.

2. SryLOPTYGMA TENIATUM, A. Ad.

8. testa elongata, clausiliiformi, in medio tumida, tenui aut epider-

mide subfusca fugacea obtecta, zonulis rufis transversis ornata ;

anfractibus normalibus 7, planatis, longitudinaliter strigulatis,

suturis profundis; apertura ovata, antice dilatata; labio incras-

sato, antice subplanato, plica parietali obliqua ; labro intus

simplici.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A very delicate and prettily banded species, of Clausilia shape, and

with the whorls longitudinally strigose or strigulate,

236 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCINZ. |Nov. 1],

3. SrytopryGMaA LENDIX, A. Ad.

S. testa elongata, pupiforni, in medio tumida, tenui, semiopaca,

lactea, polita, nitida; anfractibus normalibus 7, planis, intus

transversim liratis, obsolete longitudinaliter striatis ; apertura

ovata, antice dilatata et eversa; plica parietali obliqua, valida,

Hab. Yobuko.

A polished white larviform species, with the transverse internal

grooves Visible through the semiopaque substance of the whorls.

4, SryLopTyGMA Gippum, A. Ad.

S. testa elongato-ovata, brevicula, pupiformi, utrinque constricta,

solidiuscula, vitrea, levi, semipellucida, alba; anfractibus nor-

malibus 5, subconvexis, penultimo gibboso; apertura obliqua,

semiovata ; plica parietali parva, obliqua,

Hab. O-Sima; Tanabe.

This is a very peculiar smooth vitreous species, with the penulti-

mate whorl gibbous: it is pellucid only when in a fresh condition ;

dead or worn specimens are opaque and dull.

5. SryLorryGMA cerruM, A. Ad.

S. testa elongata, pupiformi, in medio tumida, solidiuscula, cerea ;

anfractibus normalibus 6, planatis, suturis obliquis impressis ;

apertura elongato-ovali, antice dilatata ; labio calloso, incras-

sato; plica parietali obliqua, inconspicua.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A wax-like pupoid species, with the inner lip thickened and cal-

lous, and the parietal plica obsolete.

6. STyYLOPTYGMA LARVULA, A. Ad.

S. testa gracili, teretiuscula, in medio tumidula, solida, opaca, lac-

tea, polita; anfractibus normalibus 8, planis, suturis impressis ;

apertura parva, ovata ; plica parietali valida, transversa ; labro

intus lirato.

Hab. O-Sima.

A solid, milk-white, polished species, with transverse internal lire

showing through the substance of the whorls. Its specific name is

derived from ifs somewhat resembling a meal-worm.

7. STYLOPTYGMA SUBULIFORME, A. Ad.

S. testa aciculato-subulata, alba, tenui, longitudinaliter substriata;

anfractibus normalibus 11, planis, ad suturas concinne crenu-

latis; suturis obliquis, valde impressis ; apertura subquadrata ;

labio plica parva, obliqua; labro dilatato, margine flexuoso.

Hab. Tsu-Sima, 30 fathoms.

A subulate slender species, more-nearly approaching the type-

species than any other; the whorls are crenulated at the sutures,

and the outer lip is dilated and flexuous at the margin,

1862.] MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE OBELISCIN&E. 237

Genus Exvusa, A. Ad.

Testa subulata, turrita; anfractibus longitudinaliter plicatis.

Apertura ovata, labio plica unica instructo, labro sepe intus

lirato.

1. Exusa Teres, A. Ad. Annals, 1861, vii. 297.

~ Hab, Hulu-Shan Bay ; Gulf of Lian-Tung.

2. Exusa eractuis, A. Ad.

Pyramidella gracilis, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon, Pyram. pl. 172,

f. 14,15.

Hab. Yobuko.

3. Exusa suspuLata, A. Ad.

Pyramidella subulata, A. Ad., Sow. Thes. Mon. Pyram. pl. 172.

f. 13.

Hab. O-Sima, 26 fathoms.

4. Exvusa casranna, A. Ad.

E. testa tenui, subulato-turrita, castanea, nitida; anfractibus

normalibus 10, planatis, intus transversim liratis, supremis lon-

gitudinaliter plicatis, inferioribus levibus ; apertura subqua-

drata; labio rectiusculo, plica parietali postica subcelata ;

labro intus lirato, margine tenut.

Hab. O-Sima.

This is a deep-chestnut-eoloured, semiplicate species, with the in-

ternal grooves showing through the substance of the shell.

5. Exvusa sania, A. Ad.

E. testa subulata, solida, rufo-fusca aut badia, nitida ; anfractibus

normalibus 12, planis, intus transversin sulcatis, anfractibus

supremis longitudinaliter plicatis, inferioribus levibus ; aper-

tura subquadrata ; labio plica parietali tortuosa, mediana ;

labro intus su/cato.

Hab. Takano-Sima.

A solid, subulate, brown or reddish-brown species, with a strong

transverse spiral plica.

6. Evusa striguuata, A. Ad.

LE. testa subulata, solida, sordide alba, zonula rufa transversa ad

suturas ornata; anfractibus normalibus 9, planatis, longitudi-

naliter strigulatis, anfractu ultimo linea rufa in medio cincto,

apertura quadrato-ovata; labio brevi, plica parietali valida

transversa; labro intus sulcato.

Hab. Yobuko.

This species is well marked by its peculiar strigulate whorls, and

the rufous zone which encircles them,

7. ELusA CINNAMOMEA, A. Ad.

E, testa subulata, cinnamomea ; anfractibus normalibus 8, plana-

238 DR. DUNKER ON NEW SPECIES OF BURSA. [Nov. 11,

tis, longitudinaliter obsolete strigosis ; apertura elongato-ovata,

antice dilatata; labio subincrassato, plica parietali vix obso-

leta; labro margine rectiusculo.

Tab. O-Sima.

A subulate, cinnamon-coloured species, with the whorls somewhat

indistinctly strigose or strigulate, and with the columellar fold nearly

obsolete.

7, SPECIES NONNULLZ BuRSARUM VEL RANELLARUM €OLLEC-

TIONIS CUMINGIANZ%. Descripra A GULIELMO DUNKER.

1. Bursa ASPERRIMA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, crassa, viz depressa, alba, maculis punctisque fuscis

conspersa, anfractibus septenis convexis, angulatis, granosis et

nodiferis instructa ; anfractus ultimus spira vix duplo major,

costis transversis majoribus nodiferis et rugoso-granosis necnon

pluribus minoribus quasi margaritiferis cinctus ; varices recti

crassi, distantes ; columella fortiter rugoso-plicata, valde si-

nuata ; canalis curvus, paullo adscendens ; labrum dentatum et

plicatum, expansum ; apertura parva subrotunda, superne canalt

brevi profundo terminata.

Altit. 40, latit. 30 mm.

Hab. China. *

Heee species magnitudine ad Bursam cruentatam Sow. prope

accedens, superficie sua rugosissima excellit. Anfractus ultimus costis

duabus crassis nodosis ac rugiferis, inferiore paullo angustiore, in-

structus est ; costee quae sequuntur minores, ex parte moniliformes.

2. Bursa GrayANA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, solida, alba vel gilva, maculis fuscis irregularibus

parvis variegata, anfractibus senis, convexis, angulatis, prope

suturam corrugatis, undique granosis, rugiferis transversimque

costatis instructa; anfractus ultimus interdum gibbosus, 2 to-

tius longitudinis adequans, costis majoribus tribus nodiferis

subcompressis et nonnullis minoribus cinctus ; varices crassi, vir

obliqui ; columella valde sinuata, rugoso-plicata ; canalis brevis,

curvus; labrum incrassatum, dentatum; apertura ovata, superne

canali profundo, quasi fistulato, terminata.

Altit. 29, latit. 22 mm.

Hab. Mare Erythreum.

Hee cochleola undique rugosa, granosa, et tuberosa, plerumque

costis tribus crassioribus cincta, ad eas Bursarum species pertinet,

qu in superiore peristomatis parte canali fistulato gaudent, qui et

in anfractibus superioribus observatur.

3. Bursa CUMINGIANA, Dkr.

Testa ovata, subdepressa, solidiuscula, pallide fusca, albida livido-

que variegata, apicem versus rubida, anfractibus septenis con-

1862.] DR. DUNKER ON NEW SPECIES OF BURSA, 239

vexis instructa ; anfractus ultimus spira duplo fere longior,

nodorum grandium seriebus duabus necnon granorum minorum

seriebus senis cinctus ; nodi majores verrucosi, minores irregu-

lares ; varices crassi, undique graniferi; columella rugoso-

plicata, alba; apertura ovata, superne sinuata et canaliculata;

labrum album, incrassatum, dentatum ; canalis brevis, profun-

dus, subobliquus.

Altit. 47, latit. 32 mm.

Hab. Nova Caledonia.

Species nostra Burse afini Brod. similis, nodorum grandium

yerrucosorum seriebus duabus cingulisque senis granorum minorum

insignis est. Varices crassi ut solent laterales.

4, Bursa Tumipa, Dkr.

Testa ovata, subconica, tumida, vie depressa; anfractus 7, valde

conveai, ultimus costulis lineisque elevatis densissimis acutis,

sub vitro undulatis, undique cinctus, fasciis angustis castaneis

equidistantibus lineisque flavidis elegantissime pictus ; fascie

anfractuum superiorum undulato-nodifer@ ; varices superiores

appressi, haud regulares, penultimus paullo distans ; apertura

ovata ; columella media levigata, superne tuberculo crasso pli-

cato, inferne rugis nonnullis signata ; labrum paullo incrassa-

tum, intus plicato-dentatum ; fauces levissime, lactee.

Altit. 93, latit. 56 mm.

Hab. Nova Seelandia.

Heec species insignis Burse zelebori Dkr. (ex Novara exp.) respectu

habito sculpture tam affinis est, quae pro varietate tantum haberi

possit. Cum vero specimen quod exstat unicum collectionis Cumin-

gianze testa tenuiore, leviore, valde inflata necnon spira multo bre-

viore mirum in modum differat, adhuc secernendum esse putavimus,

donec formee intermediz inveniantur,

5. Bursa Frusco-costata, Dkr.

Testa parva, ovata, subdepressa, flavida, transversim denseque

striata, costis longitudinalibus tuberosis fuscis ornata; an-

Sractus ultimus spira pene duplo major ; canalis angustus, fere

rectus ; columella plicata ; labrum incrassatum, intus suleatum;

Sauces albe.

Altit. 22, latit. 14 mm.

Hab. California.

Species elegans Burse bituberculari Lam. hand dissimilis, habitu

minore, costis tuberosis longitudinalibus fuscis, varicibus vix obliquis

aliisque notis bene differt.

6. Bursa CoNncINNA, Dkr.

Testa ovato-conica, colore pallide fusco vel livido subroseo tincta;

anfractus 8-9, modice convexi, sutura distincta sejuncti, seria-

tim granosi et striati, ultimus seriebus granorum 7 cinetus,

quarta serie alba; varices subobliqui, albi, luteo maculati ;

240 MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS. [Noy. 11,

canalis brevis, recurvus ; apertura parva ; labrum album, incras-

satum, denticulis septenis munitum ; columella subrugosa.

Altit. 22, latit. 14 mm.

Hab. Mare Erythreum.

Heee species parva concinna Ranellam roseam ex Philippinis in-

sulis in mentem vocat, quee vero colore coccineo in ruborem roseum

transeunte, anfractibus superne angulatis necnon sculptura crassiore

satis superque differt.

7. Bursa LAMELLOSA, Dkr.

Testa parvula, angusta, sublanceolata, alba, nitida, anfractibus

septenis modice accrescentibus, transversim granoso-striatis,

sutura profunda divisis lamellisque erectis instructa ; columella

levigata; canalis brevis, recurvus; apertura parva, ovalis.

Altit. 15, latit. vix 6 mm.

Hab. Japonia.

Heee species parvula et singularis varicibus quinis erectis lamelli-

formibus in suturis conjunctis insignis est. Spira ultimo anfractu

duplo longior est.

8. DescrtpTion or A New Genus or MARINE SHELLS FROM

THE SANDWICH Istanps. By W. Harper Pease,

Fam. PepICULARIID.

Genus DentriorA, Pease.

T. ovata, labro subinflexo, plano, lirato, posteriore, vix expanso ;

columella plana vel excavata, intus compressa, dentata.

DeENTIORA RUBIDA, Pease.

7. ovata, subpyriformis, omnino rubida, transversim elevatim

striata, longitudinaliter irregulariter striata ; labro lirato, liris

parvis, paucis ; columella vix excavata, externe lirata, intus

compressa, dentibus acutis armata ; spira viz exserta.

Shell ovate or subpyriform, transversely elevately striated ; strize

obsoletely granulose by irregular fine longitudinal striz ; ridges on

outer lip few and small; columella slightly excavated, ridged above,

compressed below, and sharply dentate. Colour wholly light red.

Length 33, breadth 2 mill.

9, Description or New Srecirs or Marine SHELLS FROM

THE Pactric INLANDs. By W. Harper PEASE.

LATIRUS SQUAMOSUS.

T. fusiformis, turrita, longitudinaliter eostata ; costis 7-8, trans-

versim lirata, liris subdistantibus, costis supra nodosis, inter-

stitiis transversim, et longitudinaliter subtilissime striattis,

1862.] MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS, 24]

minute et irregulariter squamatis: anfr. convexis, ad suturas

squamis prominentibus erectis ordinatim ornatis: anfractu

ultimo parte inferiore basin versus contracto: rufescenti-fusca,

liris transversis super costas luteseenti-fuscis, squamis albis :

apertura alba.

Shell fusiform, turreted ; body-whorl somewhat ventricose, longi-

tudinally ribbed; ribs seven or eight, transversely ridged; ridges

somewhat distant, becoming nodulous on the longitudinal ribs ; inter-

stices finely ribbed, transversely and very finely striated longitudi-

nally, squamate, more particularly at the base of the body-whorl.

Whorls ornamented at the sutures with a row of prominent, erect,

squamate scales or spines ; lower part of last whorl contracted towards

the base. Colour reddish brown; nodulous portion of the transverse

ridges yellowish white; scales and spines white; aperture white.

Length 45, breadth 20 mill.

PISANIA STRIGATA.

T'. elongata, transversim costata; costis planiusculis, superne sub-

angulatis, transversim interdum striatis; striis wrregularibus,

elevatis: anfr. 7-8, convexis, anfractu ultimo prope labrum in-

crassuto : labro crenato, canali brevi: apertura longitudinis

dimidium teste haud equans : castaneo-fusco et albo maculata

et fasciata, apertura alba.

Shell elongate, transversely ribbed ; ribs depressed, regular, plane

and somewhat angulated at their upper edge, and sometimes marked

transversely with a few elevated strice or fine ribs. Whorls seven or

-eight, convex ; the last with a prominent varix near the edge of the

outer lip; edge of lip crenate ; canal short, slightly twisted ; aper-

ture less than one-half the length of the shell. Mottled and banded

with dark chestnut-brown and white ; grooves between the ribs dark

brown ; aperture white.

Length 37, breadth 15 mill.

AMPHIPERAS SEMISTRIATA,

T. ovata, subgibbosa, extus intusque candida, nitida, transversim

striata; stris undulatis, ad dorso evanidis ; labro lirato, liris

parvis ; columella rotundato-convexa : apertura flecuosa, canali

brevi.

Shell ovate, somewhat gibbous, white, shining, transversely striated ;

striee undulated and obsolete on the back, somewhat roughened lon-

gitudinally by fine irregular strice ; ridges on outer lip small; inner

lip roundly convex on base ; right margin slightly thickened ; aper-

ture flexuous, canal very short.

Length 123, breadth 74 mill.

EMARGINULA CLATHRATA,

T.. ovata, alba, costis concentricis et radiantibus clathrata, in-

terstitiis profundis ; apice antico ; labro crenato.

Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1862, No, XVI.

242 MR. W. H. PEASE ON NEW MARINE SHELLS, [Noy. 11,

Shell ovate, white, depressedly convex, clathrated by concentric and

radiating ribs ; interstices deeply pitted ; apex anterior, lip crenated

and lirate within on its edge.

Length 83, breadth 6 mill.

CyYTHARA STRIGATA.

T. oblongo-ovata, alba, nitida, longitudinaliter costata ; costis 8,

subdistantibus, transversim elevatim striatis, interstitiis trans-

versim subtilissime striatis: apertura longitudinis teste di-

midium haud equans.

Shell oblong-ovate, white, shining, longitudinally ribbed; ribs

bout eight, rather remote, transversely elevately striated or ridged ;

interstices very finely striated transversely ; aperture rather less than

half the length of the shell.

Length 7, breadth 2} mill.

CLATHURELLA MACULOSA.

T. oblongo-ovata, alba, nitida, castaneo-fusco sparsim maculata,

longitudinaliter costata, transversim elevatim striata; anfr.

convexis : apertura longitudinis teste dimidium haud @quans.

Shell oblong-ovate, white, shining, sparsely blotched with dark

chestnut-brown, longitudinally ribbed, transversely elevately striated.

Whorls convex ; aperture less than one-half the length of the shell.

Length 63, breadth 23 mill.

LAIMODONTA CONICA.

T. ovato-conica, spira acuta, transversim striata, obsolete granu-

losa, plicis prominentibus ; anfr. 5, plano-convewis : castaneo-

fusca, fasctis pallidis cingulata.

Shell ovato-conical, spire acute, striated transversely, obsoletely

granulose by irregular longitudinal lines; plaits on inner hp and

columella-fold at base prominent; whorls five, plano-convex. Co-

lour dark chestnut-brown, encircled with one or two bands of a

lighter colour.

Length 45, breadth 23 mill.

RissoiNA SEMIPLICATA.

T. subulata, polita, nitida, subpellucida, alba; anfr. 6, plano-

converis; spira obsolete longitudinaliter plicata: apertura

ovata, antice obsolete canaliculata.

Shell subulate, white, shining, subpellucid, polished ; whorls six,

plano-convex; spire longitudinally and somewhat obsoletely plicated ;

aperture ovate, basal canal very slight.

Length 34, breadth 1} mill.

EULIMA EXILIS.

T. exiliter subulata, elongata, alba, polita, recta; anfr. nume-

rosis, planis, sutura vie impressa; apertura parva, acuto-ovata,

columella subcallosa.

1862.] MR, W. H. PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS, 243

Shell slenderly subulate, elongate, white, polished, straight ;

whorls numerous, plane, suture very faintly impressed; aperture

small, acutely ovate; columella slightly callous.

Length 11, width 23 mill.

ENGINA TUBERCULOSA.

T. fusiformis, utrinque attenuata; spira subacuminata, acuta, lon-

gitudinaliter tuberculato-costata ; transversim lirata, livis su-

perne nodosis, interstitiis subtilissime striatis, nigra; anfractu

ultimo albo fasciato; apice albido; columella postice corrugata,

denticulis parvis: apertura alba, longitudinis teste dimidium

haud equans.

Shell fusiform, attenuated at both ends, spire somewhat acumi-

nate, acute ; longitudinally tuberculately ribbed, transversely ridged,

ridges forming tubercles or nodules on the longitudinal ribs. Inter-

stices very finely striated ; aperture less than one-half the length of

the shell ; columella-lip corrugate or plicate posteriorly ; teeth small.

Colour black, last whorl encircled with a white band; aperture and

apex white.

Length 9, width 4 mill.

The smallest species of the genus with which we are acquainted.

We give the size of a large specimen. We have received it from

several localities, and find it constant in shape and sculpture. The

painting varies, the lower part of the last whorl and the spire being

more or less spotted with white in some specimens,

EuCHELUS MACULOSUS,

T’. parva, conico-globosa, umbilicata, nitida, tenui, concentrice

irregulariter costata, longitudinaliter subtilissime striata: alba,

costellis maculis rubris subdistantibus maculatis.

Shell small, umbilicate, somewhat conically globose, rather thin,

shining, concentrically irregularly ribbed, longitudinally very finely

striated. Colour white; transverse ribs spotted somewhat remotely

with red.

Breadth 2, height 12 mill.

10. Descriptions or New Species OF SHELLS FROM THE

Paciric Istanps. By W. Harrer PEase.

CLATHURELLA BICARINATA.

Shell turreted, white, decussated throughout with longitudinal

and transverse raised strize. Whorls six, the last ornamented by two

very prominent keels; the interstices plane ; angulated at the suture ;

Upper whorls carinate at their centre and angulated at the suture,

furnished with a single prominent keel; sutures deep, sinus in the

form of a narrow slit, terminating in a round aperture. Aperture

less than one-half the length of the shell; canal short, broad,

slightly recurved.

Hab, Kingsmill Islands.

244 MR, W. H. PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [Noy. I],

The only species with which this can be compared is the P. éri-

earinata, Val. They agree in the peculiar form of the sinus, and

differ in that respect from all other species of the family. Our spe-

cies is, however, more slender, and bears a less number of keels.

MARGINELLA CYLINDRICA.

Shell cylindrical, smooth, polished, white ; last whorl ornamented

on the back with broad yellowish bands, a spot of darker colour at

the base. Aperture linear; outer lip simple, slightly expanded at

the base, and spreading a short distance over the spire, at its junc-

tion posteriorly, by a callosity ; inner lip four-plaited at the base.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

CoOLUMBELLA PUSILLA.

Shell small, fusiform, smooth, transversely striated at the base.

Whorls seven, slightly convex ; aperture oblong; canal rather wide,

and slightly recurved; outer lip thin, thickened externally, denti-

culate within, and sinuated near its junction posteriorly ; inner lip

plicately thickened. Colour light fulvous or white, with irregular

longitudinal, somewhat reticulated, chestnut-brown lines. At the

upper part of the whorls, lines much less distinct and smaller; last

whorl encircled by a narrow white band.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

SisTRUM AFFINE.

Shell ovate, thick, stout, longitudinally and transversely ribbed,

interstices deeply excavated ; longitudinal ribs rather broad, obtusely

noduled, nodules oblong; transverse ribs smaller, and striated trans-

versely, interstices filled by two or three irregular-sized ribs or

ridges. Aperture oblongo-ovate; folds on the inner lip faint. Co-

lour black ; transverse ribs white between the nodules; edge of lip

and base black ; columeila purplish brown.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

The above species belongs to a group of which the S. tuberculatum,

Blainv., may be considered the type. Our species, however, differs

from that in beng much more deeply engraved throughout, in the

longitudinal ribs being more distinct, and the transverse striee form-

ing ribs or ridges.

AVICULA RADIATA,

Shell obliquely oblong, rather narrow, and somewhat curved, acu-

minately ridged, upper side angulate; posterior wing slender and

elongate, of nearly the same length as the shell. Colour black,

finely rayed with dark chestnut-brown, and covered with a brown,

serrated, festooned epidermis.

Hab. Kingsmill Islands.

AVICULA BRUNNEA.

Shell oblique, rather oblong ; posterior wing slender and elongate,

finely striated concentrically, and somewhat obsoletely radiately

P.Z.8.1862. Plate XXX].

—

”

Vos

‘hes

ve.

Yad

«Se

= V2

ee ies

SSS

<r RS Sees AP

10 diamé

“siee Mr

‘A

at he

G.West lith

W.West inwp

wg-7. MOPSEA ARBUSCULUM. 7a. CELL or D°.

« 2%. PRIMNOA IMBRICGATA. 2a. CHLL oF D2.

1862.] MR. J. ¥Y. JOHNSON ON NEW CORALS. 245

ribbed. Colour chestnut-brown, finely and irregularly rayed with

lighter brown.

Tab. Sandwich Islands.

The above species was fished up from twenty fathoms, attached to

coral. The only species of this form known to live at our islands.

11. Descriptions or Two Corats FRom MADEIRA, BELONG-

ING TO THE GENERA PRIMNOA AND Mopsra. By JAMES

Yate Jounson, Cor. Mem. Z.S.

(Plate XXXI.)

Fam. GORGONIID®, M.-Edw.

Subfam. Gorconin, M.-Edw.

Sect. Primnoacem, M,-Edw.

PRIMNOA IMBRICATA, Sp. 1.

White, having a tendency to branch dichotomously in one plane ;

the branches slender, flexible, not plume-like, and not anastomosing.

Axis pale brownish yellow, spineless, obscurely striated, effervescing

in hydrochloric acid, coated with small white scales composed of

carbonate of lime. Over the lower coating of scales there is another

coating of larger scales, with a wide space between the two. The

outer coat, which is easily removed, appears to be attached to the

peduncles of the cells. ‘These peduncles are in closely-set whorls of

three or four, each of which expands into a cup-like cell, having its

mouth closed in the dead coral with eight scales that have their

apices in contact. The peduncles project at right angles from the

stem, and are also clothed with scales.

This is a much more delicate form than Primnoa lepadifera, in

which species the pedunculated cells appear to be arranged spirally

on the branch.

Two specimens of this elegant Primnoa have been obtained, the

larger of which has a height of 84 inches, with a width of 11 inches.

It was attached to a piece of Lophohelia (Oculina) prolifera. The

whorls of the pedunculated cells are about three-twentieths of an

inch apart, and the peduncles about the same in height. The prin-

cipal branch, near the base, has a diameter of one-fifth of an inch.

The smaller example has been deposited in the British Museum.

Subfam. Istpinz, M.-Edw.

MoprsEA ARBUSCULUM, Sp. n.

The whole coral is coated with a thin brown skin. When this

skin has been removed from the lower calcareous joiuts, they are

found to be stony, white, subcylindrical, but rather narrower at the

middle than at either end. They are finely striate longitudinally,

and the striz are parallel and straight. The interjoints do not

246 LETTER FROM DR. G, BENNETT. [Nov. 25,

nearly equal the joints in length, being little more than discs, and

are somewhat less in diameter. They are striate, and from them

spring the branches. These branches are very numerous, diverging

in all directions subdichotomously, and making a tolerably thick

bush. They are much thinner than the main stem, and they become

gradually more slender upwards, the calcareous joints at the same

time becoming longer. Occasionally two of the ultimate branchlets

come into contact and are soldered together. Each branchlet bears

at its apex a cell of a shape between campanulate and infundibuli-

form, the margin of which bears eight pairs of long, upright, spine-

like spicula. ‘There are also sessile cells at the sides of the ultimate

branchlets, one at each interjoint. All the cells are of a pale brown

colour. The pellicle covering the branchlets contains long spicula,

which are for the most part large and fusiform, whilst the smaller

ones are cylindrical, and all are brown and minutely tuberculated.

A single example of this Coral was obtained from a fisherman at

Cama de Lobos, Madeira, and it is now in the British Museum. Its

length, without the base, which is wanting, is 13 inches, and it is

7 inches across. The lower part of the main stem has a diameter of

three-tenths of an inch, and its calcareous joints are about three-

eighths of an inch in length. The branches are broken away from

this part of the stem; but there are remains to show that some of

the interjoints bore four branches, others only one. A cell, with its

marginal spines, measures the fifth of an inch.

This coral seems to be nearly related to Mopsea dichotoma; but

M. Milne-Edwards gives the Indian Ocean (with a mark of doubt)

as the habitat of that species. Strange to say, that writer, in his

work on Corals (‘ Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires,’ forming one

of the ‘ Nouvelles Suites 4 Buffon’), is altogether silent as to the cells

of Mopsea. Lamouroux says that the polypi (? cells) of M. dicho-

toma are mammiform on the higher, tuberculous on the middle, and

superficial on the lower branches. This would ill accord with the

Madeiran specimen. Little agreement can be made out between that

specimen and the figures of Esper, “ Pflanzenthiere,” Isis, pl. 5,

figs. 1-5.

November 25, 1862.

E. W. H. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.

The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the

Secretary by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney.

“ For the last six months I have been making every effort to pro-

cure specimens of the Didunculus, alive or dead. It has been re-

ported (which I cannot credit) that they are nearly extinct ; but if,

as has been mentioned, the Samoan Islanders keep them as pets, as

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 247

is the case with the Mooruk among the natives of New Britain, I do

not consider they can have become so scarce. We have not a single

skin of this bird in the Australian Museum, The first time I sent for

them the captain expected to call at the Navigators’ Islands, but did

not do so. Just previous to receiving your letter I was attending a

young man in the office of a merchant who owns vessels trading to

the islands ; and as he is going for change of air as supercargo of a

brig to visit the Samoan group about the end of August, I have

furnished him with the description of the bird, and I will now give

him your drawing. He will also procure me some Samoan Pigeons ;

and I hope that the brig will return, and, if successful, in sufficient

time to send all the birds to you by the next voyage of the ‘ La

Hogue.’

“Tam happy to inform you that Mr. Hill has a pair of Brush-

Turkeys (Talegalia), male and female, for Mr. A. Denison, for your

Society. We have also a female; and as the Acclimatization Society

have made arrangements with a collector (who proceeds next month

to the northern districts) to procure for us several pairs of these

birds to keep and breed, I will at the same time secure another pair

in case of your requiring another male bird. I propose sending them

to London in pairs, as most birds like society and are more likely to

survive the voyage when in pairs.

J will now give you some notes on birds which may be of interest

to you. I have just received by Capt. M*Leod a rough-dried spe-

cimen of a Megapodius, found abundantly over the New Hebrides

and other groups of islands of the Southern Pacific. My specimen

was procured from the island of Nua Fou, where it is named ‘ Mal-

low’ by the natives. It accords with the description of M. freyci-

neti. The bird measures 14 inches from the tip of the beak to the

end of the tail ; the plumage is of an uniform blackish-brown colour,

the mandibles, feet, and legs yellow. At Tanna they gave it the

English name of ‘Bush Fowl;’ at Sandwich Island it was named

Tarboosh. At the island of Nua Fou, Capt. M‘Leod says the bird

lives in the scrubs in the centre of the island, about a large lagoon of

brackish water, which has the appearance of an extinct crater; the

birds lay their eggs on one side only of this lagoon, where the soil is

composed of a sulphur-looking sand; the eggs are deposited from 1

to 2 feet beneath the surface. The locality frequented by these

birds is, at this island, under the protection of the king or chief, and

by his permission only can the birds or eggs be procured. The num-

ber of eggs deposited in the mounds varies, as the eggs are laid by dif-

ferent birds in succession ; but as many as forty eggs are said to have

been procured from one mound. At the other islands the birds visit

the sandy beaches in retired localities near the sea about the months

of September and October, and deposit their eggs in mounds of sand

a short distance one from the other. Thus this bird has the habits

of the Freshwater Tortoises, which scoop a pit in the sand near a river,

deposit their eggs, and cover them up ; when hatched, the young force

their way out of the sand, and, guided by their instinct, make for the

river, Mr, Dawson, who procured living birds from the Island of

248 LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. [Nov. 25,

Sava or Russell Island, which unfortunately died on the passage

to Sydney, informs me that the female lays daily from two to four

eggs, and that the female on board laid two eggs daily until the time

of her death. The natives of the various islands inhabited by these

birds collect these eggs for sale (for they are richer and more deli-

cious than those of the fowl), in baskets of two dozen each. The

eggs are sometimes found fresh and good when opened, whilst others

contain partially-formed young in different stages, even to the full-

fledged bird just ready to emerge from the shell into active life.

This might be expected, considering the irregular intervals of time

the eggs are laid. The eggs I have vary slightly in size, but are

usually of a pale brownish-red colour, and measure, for the most

part, 3 inches in length and 1? inch in breadth.

* Our pair of Mooruks are thriving well in the Botanic Gardens :

we have placed them in a large grassed enclosure, 117 feet in length

and 45 feet broad, interspersed with a few trees and a small circular

pond of water about 2 feet deep, where they are very fond of bathing.

There isa thatched shed in the centre for further shelter, if required ;

and the whole is surrounded by a wire fence, 5 feet high. In this

enclosure with the Mooruks are two native companions, an Emu

and a sedate Jabiru. The latter is a very solitary, timid bird, always

seen by himself. He moves with stately strides, and, if pursued,

runs with great rapidity. When the Mooruks first arrived, they

were placed with the Water-fowl, in an enclosure where there was a

deep tank of water ; they are very fond of bathing (which, I also ob-

serve, obtains with the Emu), and one of them leaped, as usual, into

the water; but the sides being perpendicular and made of cut stone,

it could not get readily out of it. Finding itself getting exhausted,

it struggled against the edge of the tank, cut its face and severely

injured the throat, laying open the pharynx, through the gaping

wound of which the food passed; this was stitched, and the bird soon

got quite well. From the birds being nearly drowned several times,

they were removed to the enclosure before mentioned, with a more

shallow pond of water. Mr. Dawson (who has just returned from

New Britain) brought another young bird, but, from some causeor

other, it died a few days after its arrival. It is now in the Australian

Museum. He says the natives pronounce the name of this bird as if

written ‘Moorup.’ Fifteen eggs, brought by Mr. Dawson, that I

have examined (of which he gave me two, and also a pair for the

Australian Museum) differ considerably in size and colour. They

have all been exposed more or less to the influence of heat and vari-

ous atmospheric influences ; so that none are seen of the beautiful

grass-green colour of the recently-laid eggs in the Zoological Gardens

in the Regent’s Park. One was a small abortive egg, barely one-

half of the natural size, but with similar markings. The birds are

brought off for sale by the natives in every stage of growth, from the

young chick to the full-grown bird, with its dark plumage, purple

neck, and trilobed crest. The medium of purchase is pipes and

tobacco.”

1862.] | LETTER FROM DR. G. BENNETT. 249

The following letter, addressed by Dr. Bennett to the ‘Sydney

Herald’ of September 3rd, 1862, was also read to the meeting :—

** Since the publication of my observations on the Toothed-billed

Pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris) in the ‘Sydney Herald’ of August

19th, 1862, I have received a communication from the secretary of

the Acclimatization Society of Victoria, enclosing some valuable notes

given to them, respecting this rare and extraordinary bird, by the

Rey. John B. Stair, of Broadmeadows, Victoria, who was formerly

resident for some time at the Samoan or Navigator group of islands,

considered the exclusive habitat of this singular bird. I have now

selected those portions relating to the bird which are either new to

science or will more fully add to its history, and complete, as far as

possible, our knowledge of this nearly extinct bird. Mr. Stair says

he has seen the Didunculus, and that it is named by the natives Manu

Mea, or red bird, from the most predominant colour of its plumage

being chocolate-red. It was formerly found in great numbers; and

this assertion may excite some surprise that this remarkable form of

bird should not have been seen and procured by the early naviga-

tors. Now, Mr. Stair observes, as I have for some time suspected,

the bird is nearly, if not entirely, extinct. It feeds on plantains, and

is partial to the fruit of the ‘soi,’ a species of Dioscorea or yam, a

twining plant found abundant among the islands, and producing a

fruit resembling a small potatoe. The habits of this bird, Mr. Stair

observes, are exceedingly shy and timid. Like the Ground-Pigeons,

it roosts on bushes or stumps of trees, and feeds on the ground. It

also builds its nest in such situations. During the breeding-season

both parents aid in the duty of incubation, and relieve each other

with great regularity ; and so intent are they when sitting on the

eggs as to be easily captured. It was in this way two living speci-

mens were obtained for Mr. Stair. They are also captured by the

natives with bird-lime or springes, and shot with arrows—the sports-

man concealing himself near an open space in which some quantity

of the ‘soi,’ their favourite food, has been placed.

«The first living bird obtained was accidentally killed ; the second,

when placed in confinement, at first became sullen and refused food,

but soon became reconciled to captivity, and throve well. The natives

fed it upon boiled taro (the root of the Caladium esculentum) rolled

into oblong pellets, in the same manner as they feed their pet Wood-

Pigeons and Doves. On the departure of a friend for Sydney in 1843,

Mr. Stair availed himself of the opportunity of sending the bird here,

for the purpose of ascertaining if it was known, and, if so, with what

genus it was to be classed, and whether it was a new species. Some

natives on board the vessel paid great attention to it, and fed it care-

fully during the voyage, and it reached Sydney alive. His friend

informed him that he could obtain no information respecting the bird,

whether it was a new species or otherwise, but left it with some bird-

stuffer; and Mr. Stair heard nothing more respecting it until his

return to England in 1847 or 1848, when he mentioned the subject

to Mr. G. R. Gray of the British Museum, who showed him a

250 LETTER FROM SIR R. SCHOMBURGK. [Noy. 25,

drawing of the bird, and told him the subsequent history of the

specimen he sent to Sydney.

«The power of wing of most of the pigeon tribe is very great, and

it also obtains in this bird. It flies through the air with a loud

noise, like our Top-knot Pigeon (Lopholemus antarcticus), found in

the Illawarra district, and many other of our Australian Pigeons ;

and Mr. Stair describes it when rising as making so great a noise

with its wings, that, when heard at a distance, it resembles a rumbling

of distant thunder, for which it may be mistaken. Mr. Stair con-

cludes his remarks by observing that, when on the eve of departing

for England in 1845, although he made every effort to procure more

specimens of the bird, and offered what was then considered large

rewards, he could not succeed in obtaining any more specimens.

He considers they may perhaps yet be found at Savaii, the largest

and most mountainous island of the group ; but he does not think

they at present exist on the island of Upolu.”

A communication was also read from Sir Robert Schomburgk,

H.M. Consul-General for Siam, dated Bangkok, August 15th, stating

that a male of the splendid Pheasant Diardigallus crawfurdi was

still alive in his possession, and in excellent health; and giving the

following description of the female bird, of which he also sent a

Chinese drawing and some feathers :—

** Cere oblong, of a bright-red colour, such as it is in the male, set

with short hair-like feathers of a blackish colour, disposed in rows

following the cere in its outline; eye black, with a golden-coloured

iris; bill horn-coloured. ‘The crown of the head, and the short

feathers under the chin, of a slate-colour, but otherwise a reddish

brown is the prevailing colour; of such a tint is likewise the mantle,

only somewhat darker, and the feathers are speckled with black ;

those of the throat and breast are lighter in tint, and frequently

margined at their ends with white to the extent of 2 lines.

** Primaries and scapulars of a dark slate-colour, almost black,

barred transversely at intervals with bands of white speckled with

black. These bars do not possess regular outlines. ‘The large or

middle tail-feathers are marked in a similar manner; the lower or

side tail-feathers are of a reddish brown.

“The thighs are clothed with dark-brown feathers; below the

knee the feet are naked and of a bright red colour, similar to the

cere. ‘There is no trace of spurs upon the leg.

“I give the measurements taken from what I believe to be the

oldest of the two hens in my possession :—

ft. in. tenths.

Length from tip of bill to end of middle tail-

Teather ic< alvses daitle wis S¥p ie sigs hacciet was 1 6 0

Height sie je 1: Shia. o ie aaeeats Wwe 03.5 x02 a9: daieed, 08 1D oe

Lanethh of taal icy. ois Rais Sal. sae ak eS

Ae ee ae av ih A) A

from the foot or tarsus to thigh...... 0 4 0

1862.] LETTER FROM DR. J. SHORTT. 251

ft. in. tenths.

Length of foot from the tip of the middle claw

to. that-of the hind fe, cee ais foie nee 4-60 ing 9

— of the large or middle toe .......... q.2.0

of wing from shoulder to end of largest

primary Quill gacccvsnte can tn eran dt 010 O

Depth of wing ..... dois how's Sele Sa Wd Ca at a 0 4 2

Circumference over the crown of the head and

round the region of the eyes ..........5: 0 5 0

MEMS OL CONG 6 a 2m 9 vin apis PS TI ee | RR MT

So PALES ea SR ee ee Pa | Pa

Perth OL BN os atm anatin nd iene ahd wdicts ci Lan Looe >

Sir Robert Schomburgk added that Crawfurd’s drawing of the

male bird alluded to by Mr. Gould in his account of this bird in

the ‘ Birds of Asia,’ “although stiff, was otherwise good,” and that

the habitat of this Pheasant was now fully ascertained to be the Shan

States to the east of Kieng-mai, at Muang Nan, Muang Phi, &c.

The following letter, addressed to the Secretary by Dr. J. Shortt,

F.ZS., dated Chingleput, 9th August, 1862, was read to the meet-

ing :—

**S1r,—I have much pleasure in sending you a short account of

the Viper Daboia elegans (Vipera russellii)—the Tamil name

being ‘ Kunuadi Vyrien,’ or ‘ Kuturee Pamhoo.’

** Since sending you the skin, with skull entire, I have succeeded in

procuring several specimens, alive and dead, both here and on the

Shervaroy Hills, during a recent stay there of two months. The

largest specimen in my collection at present measures 5 feet in length,

and 7 inches in circumference at the thickest part of its body. Its

head is large, elongate, depressed, rounded on the sides, and covered

with acutely and regularly-keeled scales; nostrils large, subsupe-

rior, anterior, and in the centre of a ring-like shield, edged with

a large scale above ; eyes convex, pupil round ; nasal shield smooth

in front ; superciliary shield narrow, elongate, and distinct in front ;

jaws weak, upper toothless, with large, slightly curved, double fangs ;

lower jaw toothed ; tongue long and forked: colour brown, with three

rows of oblong (in the young, circular or oval) white-edged brown

spots ; two brown spots on each side of the occiput, separated by a

narrow, oblique, yellow temporal streak. Scuta 168, subcaudals 52.

“From the three rows of white-edged spots being linked to each

other, it is commonly called the Chain Viper. The Tamil name of

‘Kunuadi Vyrien’ literally means Glass Viper; that of ‘ Kuturee

Pamhoo,’ Scissors Snake. This name it receives from having double

fangs, which are invariably present, of equal length, if not on both,

on one side at least: these the natives of Southern India fancy re-

semble a pair of scissors.

**It is very common in these parts, and also at an elevation of

4800 feet above the sea (Shervaroy Hills): at the latter place I

procured two specimens; the largest measured 43, and the other,

252 LETTER FROM DR. J. SHORTT. [Nov. 25,

which was young, was 1 foot in length. These reptiles are generally

found under stones and in rocky places ; frequently in the low country

it is found in prickly-pear bushes (Opuntia vulgaris).

‘In their habits they are extremely active for their size, and live

on frogs, mice, birds, &c. On opening the Viper I procured on the

Shervaroy Hills, I removed from its inside a Mynah(Indian Grackle),

from a second in this place a field-rat, and from a third an immense

toad was taken. These Vipers are readily killed by the slightest

blow ; on one occasion I had one caught alive by fixing a noose

round its body, but raising it from the ground and suspending it by

the noose for a few seconds killed it.

«The natives dread these snakes greatly, as their bite is said to

prove rapidly fatal. Although they are common in this district, I

have not heard of an instance of this occurring during a residence of

five years at this place. Dr. A. Hunter, of our service, tells me that

when he was Zillah Surgeon here, some years ago, a sepoy was bitten

by one, and that the man’s life was saved by his sucking out the wound.

During my stay on the Shervaroys, the first specimen that was brought

to me was immediately recognized by my friend B. A. Daly, Esq.,

a coffee-planter, who related the following circumstance that oc-

curred to him a few years ago. Mr. Daly was out shooting with a

few dogs (mongrel spaniels), when he came upon one of these Vipers,

and the dogs having attacked the snake before he could kill it, three

were bitten, one after the other; the first died almost instantly, the

second in about two hours after, whilst it was being carried home,

and the third lingered for nearly three months from emaciation,

general debility, loss of appetite, &c., and eventually made a good

recovery. This we can readily understand : the first dog bitten re-

ceived the largest quantity of poison, whilst the second received less,

and when it came to the third the supply was no doubt all but ex-

hausted, and the rapidity with which the wounds must have been

inflicted left no time for fresh poison to be secreted. This accounts

for the ultimate recovery of the dog.

“In January last a lady at this place was returning from a walk

with her child, followed by a bull-terrier puppy about six months

old; her house was situated some distance from the gate, and the

road on either side was covered with spear-grass. It was just dusk,

The puppy suddenly darted in front and began to bark vociferously.

Although the lady had seen nothing, she took alarm at the movements

of the puppy, and called out to me as I happened to be passing by

the gate at that moment. On going to see what was the matter, I

found a large Viper coiled up in the centre of the road, and the puppy

making a great noise from a respectful distance. The snake was

closely coiled up, with the neck bent abruptly backwards, and the

head fixed almost horizontally ; it began to puff itself out something

after the manner of the Puff-Adder, and hissed loudly, intently watch-

ing the movements of the dog, no doubt awaiting an opportunity to

strike it, when I called the puppy away. The instant the puppy

turned its head, the snake glided with the rapidity of lightning into

the surrounding grass and disappeared. The next day it was killed

1862.] ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF PTEROCLES, ETC. 253

in the same garden, and brought to me; it measured 4 feet 6 inches

in length.

«These Snakes were formerly designated ‘ Cobra Manil’ by the

Portuguese, in consequence of their bite proving as rapidly fatal as

that of the Cobra. The word Manil is a corruption of the Tamil word

Mannunippamhoo, which literally means Earth-eating Snake, and is

the name given by the natives to the Uropeltis grandis, commonly

termed ‘ Double-headed’ Snake, and which they believe lives entirely

on earth, from its being frequently found underground.”

Mr. W. K. Parker read the following abstract of a Memoir on

the Osteology of the genera Pterocles, Syrrhaptes, Hemipodius, and

Tinamus, intended for publication in the Society’s ‘ Transactions :’? —

«The classification of the gallinaceous birds would be easy enough

if it were not for certain outliers, which refuse to conform to that

particular plan of structure with which we are all so familiar in that

very convenient and natural type of the group—the Common Fowl.

* Agreeing with this bird in all essential respects are the genera

Phasianus, Polyplectron, Lophophorus, Tragopan, Pavo, Meleagris,

Numida, and many others, the species of which are in many instances

creatures of unsurpassed beauty. This properly typical group has,

amongst other characteristics, its species provided with a robust body,

short rounded wings, and very strong legs; whilst the tarsi are

naked, provided with one or two spurs, and having the generally

small heel elevated above the anterior toes.

*‘ Notwithstanding the more subdued style of colouring, and

the rudimentary condition of the spur, the Red Partridge (Perdix

rubra) ought to be placed with the Francolins in the typical group.

‘Still further, if we are to be guided by the structure of the ske-

leton, and especially by that of the skull, the dwarfs of the family,

the Quails (Coturniz), ought to stand in the same inner circle as the

gigantic species, the Turkey and the Peacock.

“In a subtypical group all those forms ought to be placed, in

which, besides the quiet style of colouring, we find feebler legs, often

with the tarsi feathered, a more depressed pigeon-like form of the

-body, anda skull with thinner and more fibrous walls, combined with

a much enlarged tympanic cavity. The spur is also obsolete.

«The Grey Partridge (Perdix cinerea) should be classed with this

subfamily—the Tetraonide.

«This beautiful and valuable bird is, as is especially shown in the

structure of its skull, much more nearly related to the Ptarmigans

(Lagopus) than to Perdix rubra, with its very thick-walled cellular

‘skull, small tympanic cavities, and rudimentary spur.

“There is a group of very majestic birds inhabiting the warmer

parts of the New World, which differs so much from the Galline

proper and from the Tetraonide, that it must be considered to be-

-long to an outer or aberrant place in the great gallinaceous family.

I allude to the Cracide.

«These birds, less ornate indeed than their normal relations, are

254 MR. W, K, PARKER ON THE osTroLteGy _[Nov. 25,

nevertheless creatures of great interest, and of no little beauty,

whether we consider their form or their mode of colouring.

“Tn this outer circle we place the Guans (Penelope), the Curas-

sows (Craw), the genera Ortalida, Opisthocomus, and others.

““The mode in which the Cracide differ from their terrestrial

typical congeners is highly interesting ; but as the present paper is

only intended to be an introductory outline, I shall not ‘ bestow all

my tediousness’ upon the Society by going into details now: suffice

it to say that they appear to me to connect the Gallinacee quite as

much with the Plantain-eaters (Musophagide) as with the Pigeons.

“The habit, which has given the family-name Rasores to the

Fowl tribe, curiously enough, does not attain its highest degree in

the typical species, but is developed in certain subtypical genera

which are found ranging from the Philippines through the islands of

the Indian Archipelago to Australia: these birds are the Megapodes*.

«In the ‘ Mound-maker’ we have a bird which, whilst marvel-

lously like the Common Hen in gentleness of expression and neatness

of contour, has also a most striking isomorphic resemblance to certain

members of a very distantly related family, viz. the Gallinules.

‘‘ My acquaintance with the structure of Talegalla was made six-

teen or seventeen years ago; for at that time I met with and made

drawings of a precious skeleton of this bird in one of the drawers of

the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons; it has not, however,

been noticed in the Catalogue.

“ Being therefore well and safely possessed of the fact that the

Brush Turkey (Talegalla) does not, in any essential point of struc-

ture, differ trom the Common and Ocellated Turkeys (Meleagris

gallo-pavo and M. ocellata), I was indeed surprised to find that, as

late as last spring, Professor Owen had classed them with Cuvier’s

Macrodactyli.

“In the report in the ‘ Medical Times and Gazette’ of the fourth

of Professor Owen’s Jermyn Street Lectures for this year, delivered

on the 23rd of May, I find the classification which he has adopted,

and in which the mound-making birds are placed between the Rail

and the Screamer.

«As there are in the same system of classification several other

instances of what appear to me, to say the least, very odd and con-

fusing misplacements, I shall crave the liberty to point them out,

and to make my own remarks upon them, especially as the position

in nature of these birds is exactly what I have set myself to try and

find out. It is in Professor Owen’s Second, Third, and Fourth

Orders, viz. the ‘ Grallatores,’ ‘ Cursores,’ and ‘ Rasores,’ that I find

most to surprise and confuse me.

“The family Macrodactyli, of the Second Order, ‘ Grallatores,’

according to this eminent author contains the ‘Coot, Crane, Rail,

Megapode, Screamer,’ and ‘ Jacana.’

«“The next family, or the ‘Cultrirostres,’ contains, we are told,

the ‘ Boat-bill, Adjutant, Heron, Ibis, Stork, Tantalus,’ and ‘ Spoon-

bill?

* Gould (see Penny Cyclop., art. “ Talegalla”’).

1862.] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 255

“ The third family, or ‘ Longirostres,’ is said to be composed of

such forms as the ‘ Gambet, Avocet, Snipe, Ruff, Turnstone, Curlew,

Sandpiper,’ and ‘ Godwit.’

“And the fourth, or the ‘ Pressirostres,’ the ‘ Oyster-catcher,

Thicknee, Plover, Lapwing, Bustard,’ and ‘ Courser.’

“Then in his Third Order, the Cursores, Professor Owen places

these genera, and in this succession, viz. :—

‘ Apteryz.

Didus, Pezophaps.

Ostrich, Emeu, Nandi.

Cassowary.

Notornis.

Dinornis, Palapteryz.’

**In the Order 4, ‘ Rasores,’ he gives us two families, viz. the

Gallinacei or Clamatores, and the Columbacei or Gemitores.

“The first of these is exemplified by the ‘ Pea-fowl, Partridge,

Quail, Pheasant, Ganga, Grouse, Pintado, Tinamu, Turkey, Curas-

sow,’ and ‘ Guan.’

«The second is made to contain the ‘ Dove, Goura,’ and ‘ Vinago.’

“ First, as to the Macrodactylous Gralla, the Porphyriine Notornis

is wanting ; and, besides the Megapode, the Crane certainly has no

business there, being (as its embryology reveals) a gigantic special-

ized aberrant of the Pressirostral family.

As to the Culérirostres, I feel pretty certain that the Spoonbill

and the Ibis will have to be placed in the next family, the Longi-

rostres, a group less specialized from the Plover type than the Cranes.

If this should turn out to be the truth, the ‘ Pressirostres’ and the

‘ Longirostres’ must receive accessions at the expense of the ‘ Cultri-

rostres,’ which family, however, possesses the Baleniceps, the Um-

bre, and the Eurypyga.

“With regard to the ‘ Cursores,’ it seems to me much better to

use the simple term Struthionide, and to let Didus and Pezophaps

abide where Messrs. Strickland and Melville most appropriately

placed them, viz. amongst the Ground-Pigeons; the Notornis being

marched back again to its proper place, between Tribonyx and Por-

phyrio*.

“T hope to console the lover of the struthious tribe by compen-

sating him for the loss of the Dodo and the Notornis with the gain

of what has hitherto been considered as a true gallinaceous genus:

I refer to the Tinamou.

"The examples given of the gallinaceous genera in Professor

Owen’s classification are principally remarkable for want of order,

as the Ganga is not intermediate between the Pheasant and the

Grouse, but between the Grouse and the Pigeon, and the Tinamou

certainly has no place between the Pintado and the Turkey.

* Dr. Mantell (Petrifactions and their Teachings, page 125) says that “the

general form of the skull” of Notornis mantelli “approaches nearest that of

Brachypteryx ;” whereas that of Tribonyx mortieri (Osteol. Catal. Mus. Coll.

Chir. vol. i. p. 239, No. 1281) comes nearer, In the sternum, however, Notornis

is most like Brachypteryx.

256 MR. W. K, PARKER ON THE OSTEOLOGY __[ Nov. 23,

«The Gemitores might stand as they are, as to the examples given;

but they are not Rasores.

“In the same lecture in which the ‘classification’ is given, the

Notornis is said to be ‘allied to the Coots,’ and the Cassowaries

* still more modified Coots.’

‘This seems to me to be an inversion of the natural order of

things; for the Cassowary, every one knows, is in all respects typi-

cally struthious in its whole skeleton, but is most decisively seen to

be so in its cranium and facial bones ; and all the Struthiones are

low, embryonic, unspecialized forms.

‘That there is a near relationship between the Rail-tribe and the

Ostriches I feel certain ; but the former seem to me to stand on the

same level typically (or in relation to the highest style of bird) as the

Rasorial group, and in some respects on a higher one ; but I would

not press this too far, as the skulking habits of these birds seem to

point to a lower brain-development than even the Fowl possesses,

and to place them in near contiguity to the Ostriches: moreover

Brachypteryzx is, in respect of its wings and sternum, but little in ad-

vance of the great ‘ Brevipennes.’ Cranially, however, it is in ad-

vance; and it seems to be a more philosophical way of putting the

matter to say that a Coot is a modified Cassowary, than that a Cas-

sowary is a modified Coot. Whether Mr. Darwin is right in all

respects or not, yet we all believe with him that nature does notere-

trograde, but ascends from the simpler to the more highly specialized

forms.

“T shall not take up either the Society’s time or my own in merely

arguing about these puzzling affinities, but hope soon to be able to

bring forward some simple drawings and descriptions, such as shall

enable any one to judge for himself as to what type these birds really

do belong.

«T intend moreover in my larger paper to consider the relationships

of Oreophasis derbianus.

«But the birds hitherto mentioned are all easily referred to their

proper zoological position ; those, however, of which it is my prin-

cipal business to speak stand just above the Struthionide, in such

a doubtful position that it is at first hard to say whether they have

declared for any one of the families by which they are surrounded.

«The Sand-Grouse, the Hemipodes, and the Tinamous have in

their composition such a mixture of characters, that they seem to be

the very birds which might in the lapse of ages, through climatal

change, a different diet, ‘the struggle for existence,’ and ‘natural

selection’ give rise to such divaricating and dissimilar types as the

Pigeons, the Gallinaceous birds, and the Plovers.

“These last-mentioned families are those the characters of which

the osculant forms under consideration most affect, with, let it be

remembered, a more or less broad struthious basis.

«There are other genera, however, the osteology of which I long

to know, viz. Thinocorus, Attagis, and Chionis. 4

“Speaking of these birds, Mr. Darwin, in his most pleasant

* Journal’ (ch, 5, p. 94), makes the following remarks :—

1862.] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 257

«««This small family of birds is one of those which, from its varied

relations to other families, although at present offering only diffi-

culties to the systematic naturalist, ultimately may assist in revealing

the grand scheme, common to the present and past ages, on which

organized beings have been created.’

** Thinocorus rumicivorus partakes, according to this excellent

author, ‘ of the characters, different as they are, of the Quail and the

Snipe’ (ibid. p. 94).

“As to the Attagis, Mr. Darwin says (p. 94), ‘The two species

of this genus are in almost every respect Ptarmigans in their habits ;’

and of Chionis alba, that it ‘is an inhabitant of the Antarctic re-

gions,’ that ‘it feeds on sea-weed and shells on the tidal rocks,’ and

that, ‘although not web-footed, from some unaccountable habit, it is

frequently met with far out at sea’ (ibid. p. 94).

** Will some lover of ornithology be on the look-out to procure

something more than the skins of the birds of these three genera ?*

“It would tend towards our knowledge of the meaning of these

birds of mixed character and osculant relationship, if we knew how

long each type has been on the planet; for if our Fowls and Pea-

cocks, Doves and Gouras, are really comparatively new importations

to the ‘ green earth,’ then there would be some colour and life in

‘ Darwinism,’ and the Ostriches, Tinamous, and Sand-Grouse might

be looked upon as a remnant of the ‘ flint-folk’ of the bird-class.

‘Tt is, however, almost impossible for the most devout believer in

Separate creations to keep this idea of ‘ancestral relationship’ alto-

gether out of his mind when considering such birds as those we are

speaking of: at any rate, dogmatism on either side, on a subject so

far beyond the reach of our feeble faculties and limited knowledge,

has in it something of profanity. I have, up to this time, only been

able to get a sight of the skeletons of Pterocles arenarius (see Osteol.

Cat. Mus. Coll. Chir. vol. i. p. 273, No. 1421), of Hemipodius varius

(ibid. p. 274, No. 1423), of a specimen of an undetermined species

of Hemipodius (which died soon after its arrival at the Gardens, and

was lent to me by Mr. Gerrard), and of a Syrrhaptes paradoxus

and a Tinamus robustus, for which I am indebted to the Council of

this Society.

*T shall now merely indicate the curious composition, so to speak,

of these birds, and begin with that of the Sand-Grouse.

«These beautiful and gentle birds are seen at once to have in them

something both of the Ptarmigan and the Pigeon; but there is in

their physiognomy a marked inferiority ef expression, quite in con-

trast with the sharp, intelligent look of the typical Fowls, and very

much below what we see in the Pigeon-tribe.

«This is exactly in harmony with what the skeleton reveals; for

whilst the characters of both these types are almost inextricably

interwoven, yet there is in many points a marked inferiority of cha-

racter—a less degree of elevation above the Struthious style of struc-

ture. What there is of the Bustard (Otis) in them (which Pro-

* There is a skeleton of Chionis, I find, in the British Museum,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XVII.

258 MR. W. K. PARKER ON THE OSTEOLOGY — [Nov. 25,

fessor Owen, ‘ Osteol. Catal.’ p. 274, points out) is only part of their

general relationship to the Pluvialine type.

“It is in those parts of the skull and face which are first mapped

out in thickened blastema, and then differentiated into clear cartilage,

at some considerable period of the early embryonic life anterior to

the deposit of bone, that we find the most instructive modifications

of structure.

“T allude especially to the basis cranii and to the upper part of

the first facial arch, that is, to the occipital and sphenoidal regions,

and to the pterygoids, palatine bones, and vomer. Not only do these

bones (with the exception of the vomer, which is absent as in the

Pigeons) show a marked ‘struthious’ inferiority in the Syrrhaptes

(the culmination of the Pterocline type of structure), but the ster-

num, which literally unites that of the Ptarmigan with its counter-

part in the Pigeon, is inferior in one important point, not only to

this, but also to that of the whole Pluvialine group.

“The heel, which is a mere rudiment in Pterocles proper, is ab-

sent in the Syrrhaptes ; and the whole pelvic extremity is almost the

counterpart of that of the Swifts (Cypselus) in deficient growth. I

believe that it would take a very clever anatomist to detect any differ-

ence between the wing-bones of the ‘ Péerocline’ and those of a

typical Pigeon.

“The elongated feathers of the tail and wings of Syrrhaptes give

it one of its peculiarities of character: the two middle tail-feathers

have already become elongated in Péerocles setarius (the Pin-tailed

Sand-Grouse of Temminck), its nearest ally.

**T cannot conclude this rough outline of what I wish to say about

the Sand-Grouse, without referring to what Dr. Andrew Smith tells

us of Pterocles gutturalis, Sm., in his < Illustrations of the Zoology

of South Africa.’

* First, what must be considered a ‘ Pluvialine’ character, the eggs

are of a ‘ dirty- white or cream-colour, marked with irregular streaks

and blotches of a pale-rusty and pale-grey or ash-colour ;’ and the

second point is the careless habit of laying them upon the bare

ground*. This habit, so untypical ornithically, so unlike the almost

human family tenderness of their relatives, the Pigeons, is, however,

much like the conduct of the unthinking ‘ giants” that come next

below them in the zoological scale.

“So that not only the Ostrich, but also the Sand-Grouse ‘leaveth

her eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in the dust, and forgetteth

that the foot may crush them, or that the wild beast may break

them.’

“Tf birds were intelligent in the human sense of the word, their

relationship to the reptiles would be as humiliating as our affinity to

the Simie ; but the fact is certain that these low types not merely

have in themselves obscure‘anatomical resemblances, but their instincts

and habits are plain, out-spoken evidences of their nearness in nature

to ‘the creeping things after their kind.’

“TI now leave Syrrhaptes (which, at first sight, seems to run in

* Penny Cyclop., art. Tetraonide.

1862. ] OF PTEROCLES, SYRRHAPTES, AND TINAMUS. 259

some mysterious way without the help of feet) to speak of the stilted

Hemipodius, an aberrant gallinaceous bird, which has escaped from

its more steady walking allies to join the true coursing birds.

Without heel, with not only naked tarsi, but with the lower half of

the tibie bare ; what can these birds be but true essential ‘ Gralla.

“They may be in a sense grallatorial, but are not really so, as we

shall see, if we work out their mixed affinities.

“The Hemipodii (some of which are very small, and, like some

other small creatures, very pugnacious) stand pretty exactly between

the Tinamous and the Quails ; but not quite so, for the Pigeon comes

in again, even here, with a touch of kinship, the connecting links

being the Didunculus and the dwarf Ground-Pigeons (Chamepelia). |

«The characters of head are almost equally divided between those

of the Ground-Pigeon and the Quail ; the sternum, between the Quail

and Tinamou ; yet the legs are those of a little Sand-Plover, although

they are hinged upon a pelvis which would require but little altering

to suit a Quail.

“I must ask for more time and space, if not to settle this diffi-

culty, yet to put it into a proper form for some fuller mind to ex-

plain ; for it seems to me that my position of ‘interpreter’ is in this

case more perplexing than that of the purblind patriarch, who found

the hands of his hairy son Esau combined with the vocal organs of

the smooth-limbed Jacob.

“T have now merely to speak of the Tinamous; and in their case

also I must merely indicate the kind of task they present to him

who would fairly work them out.

“In the first place, let me at once say that they have no right to

the dignity of the gallinaceous title ; they are little struthious birds,

looking upwards from that simple rudimentary beginning of the

beautiful ornithic type.

“Nearly all the specialization of this bird, by which it rises above

the Struthionide, is in the direction of the true or typical gallina-

ceous bird, and not towards the Ptarmigans, as is the case of the

Sand-Grouse.

“The Hemipodius runs upwards towards the little flat-bodied

typical Quails; but there is no bird better for comparison with the

Tinamou than the common Hen. Nine-tenths of the characters of

the bony structures of the head in this bird are truly struthious:

the residium belonging half to the Plover and half to the Fowl.

“Tt is not a little curious, however, that it outdoes the Plover in

one thing, viz. the structure of the supraorbital region; for whilst

the nasal or supraorbital glands in the Pluvialine are protected by

a continuous beam of bone, the Tinamou has the unique character

of a series of those bones. In the young Ring-Dottrel I find a series

of square denticles growing out from the margin of the frontal below,

and external to the large gland; these exogenous processes fuse

together in the adult.

“Thad racked my memory to find an instance of multiplied supra-

_ orbitals in a vertebrate skull, but in vain, when one turned up to

me on examining the Reptilian skeletons in the Museum of the Col.

260 ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF PTEROCLES, ETC. [Nov. 25,

lege of Surgeons, a few months ago: this example is the skull of the

Trigonal Cayman.

‘There are three on each side in this latter creature, united by a

triradiate suture; in the Tinamou, however, there are six or seven

larger and several smaller ossicles on each side. At first sight it

seems as though half the sclerotic ring had been attached there by

accident ; these supraorbitals are, however, much stronger than the

sclerotals.

«The sternum of the Tinamou is greatly differentiated when com-

pared with that of a Rhea or Emeu; but all the improvement is

gallinaceous. It is absolutely the most unique and wonderful of all

the sternums I have seen, the variations of which in the bird-class,

as is well known, are very great and very exquisite.

‘The presence of a somewhat deep keel, so seemingly fatal to the

struthious theory of this bird’s relationship, strange to say, turns out

a good proof of its validity and truth. Every one who has watched

the larger-winged Ostriches must have noticed their habit of lifting

their wings—a motion performed by the middle pectoral muscles or

levatores of the humerus: to these muscles nearly all the keel of the

Tinamou’s sternum is devoted, a most narrow, small corner being

left for the thin abortive depressores—muscles which, not only in

typical birds, but also in the heavy Gallinaceze, are of very large size.

The small ‘ furculum’ is Pluvialine; but the coracoids and scapulze

come very near to those of the common Fowl.

«The blending of the last cervical with three out of four of the

dorsal vertebree is gallinaceous ; but the absence of costal appendages,

except a small one on the second true rib and a trace on the third,

is struthious enough. The pelvis looks, at first sight, but a few re-

moves from that of the Hen; and in so much as it differs from the

pelvis of the Emeu or the Apteryx (which have very compressed

pelves, whilst this is broad and gently arched), in the same degree

does it approach that of the Fowl. The preacetabular spur of the

ilium is there; but the postfemoral part of that bone looks as if it

had been pared away, leaving an enormous ischiadic notch, which is

a foramen in typical birds. The tail is a mere pretence (as Wagler’s

term Nothura well expresses); the caudal vertebree are therefore but

little better than those of an Ostrich. The strong legs leave us the

choice, at first sight, of referring them to either the Fowl or the

Ostrich ; and the heel, small and high up, is gallinaceous. But the

tarso-metatarsus, covered with transverse plates in front, has the

posterior two-thirds invested by an intensely strong imbrication of

horny scales; thus adapting the leg of the bird to that odd sitting

position (about as elegant as that of the Ass in the first stage of the

erect posture) in which the Struthionide delight.”

f 4949 T8P STOMP

dm] yreywep NW LU? TEE Seve

PY §.1862, Plate XXX IMM

;

J Wolf, del. et Inth M.& N. Hanharlf

LEOPARDUS JAPONENSIS |

a te. eh ee | 4

P S 1862 Plate, X)

J.Wolf.del.etlith .

1862.] DR. J, E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA. 261

The following papers were read :—

1. Nore on THE Japanese Bear. By P. L. Scrater, M.A.,

Pu.D., F.R.S., Secretary TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XXXII.)

At the meeting of this Society on the 24th of June last, I called

the attention of the members present to two Bears from Japan, de-

posited in the Menagerie by Capt. Ward*. I remarked that the

Bear of Japan was stated in Temminck and Siebold’s ‘ Fauna Japo-

nica’ to be referable to the well-known Indian Ursus torquatus (sive

tibetanus), but that these animals were evidently of a different spe-

cies ; and I therefore suggested that they should be called Ursus ja-

ponicus, and promised further particulars concerning them at a sub-

sequent meeting.

I have, however, been informed by Dr. Schlegel of Leyden that,

since the publication of the portion of the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ relating

to the Mammals, he has discovered the error of referring the Ja-

panese Bear to Ursus torquatus, and has in his ‘ Manual of Zoology’+,

published in 1857, proposed to bestow upon it the very appellation

(Ursus japonicus) that I had selected as most appropriate for the

species.

The Japanese Bear, in fact, seems almost intermediate between

Ursus torquatus and Ursus americanus. Our specimens, the largest

of which must be nearly full-grown (for the dentition, except the last

pair of molars, is perfect), are barely two-thirds of the size of Ursus

torquatus. The very distinct white gular band of Ursus torquatus

is only represented in Ursus japonicus by a slight undefined whitish

line, which seems likely to wholly disappear. The muzzle is also

much blacker in U. japonicus than in U. torquatus; and, instead of

the prominent bushy cheeks of U. torquatus, the Japanese species

appears to have the face clothed only with short hair, as in Ursus

americanus.

Mr. Wolf’s figure (Plate XXXII.) will further assist in the identi-

fication of this species, it being obviously impossible to draw up very

accurate characters from living specimens.

2. DrescripTION oF somE New Species or MAMMALIA,

By Dr. Joun Epwarp Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., ere.

(Plates XXXIIJ., XXXIV., XXXV.)

Among some Mammalia which Mr. A. R. Wallace has lately sent

to the British Museum, which he collected in Morty Island in 1861,

are two species of a frugivorous Bat, which does not appear to have

been hitherto registered in the Catalogue. This Bat may be easily

known from all the other Cynopteri by the extraordinary length of

* Vide supra, p. 186.

t Handleiding tot de Beoefning der Dierkunde, pt. 1, p. 42.

262 DR, J. E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA. [Noyv. 25,

its tail, which induces me to form for it a section or subgenus, which

I propose to call Uronycteris.

Cynopterus (URONYCTERIS) ALBIVENTER.

Tail elongate, free, produced beyond the narrow, short, interfemoral

membrane. Nostrils much produced, tubular, far apart at the base,

and diverging outwardly. Fur brown-olive, with greyer base to the

hairs. Face and throat only slightly hairy, grey. Sides of the neck

and breast yellow-brown. Side of the body brown. Chest and

middle of the belly white. Wings brown.

Hab. Morty Island (4. R. Wallace).

The length of the forearm-bone 2 inches ; length of the tail (dry)

nearly # of an inch.

The wing-bone, on the upper surface of the wing, of both speci-

mens is marked with some irregular white spots. These may be

only accidental, or even artificially produced in the process of pre-

servation or by carriage, as the spots on the two sides of the same

wings are more or less unlike, and those of the two specimens are

dissimilar.

Mr. Keilish, the furrier, has kindly sent to the British Museum

for examination the skin of a Leopard which he has received from

Japan. It is well tanned, and marked on the inner side with the

red impressions of two Japanese seals. The skin at first sight seemed

much like that of a fine-coloured Hunting Leopard, but it is at once

distinguished from that animal by the comparatively shorter legs, by

the larger size and brown centre of the black spots, and from all the

varieties of the Leopard by the linear spots on the nape and the

spots on the back not being formed of roses or groups of smaller

spots. I propose to call it

LEOPARDUS JAPONENSIS. (Pi. XXXIII.)

Fur fulvons, paler beneath. Back and limbs ornamented with

ovate or roundish unequal-sized black spots. The spots on the

shoulders, back, and sides converted into a ring by a single central

spot of the same colour as'the fur. Spots on the back and legs large,

oblong, and transverse. Head with small, regularly disposed, black

spots. Nape with four series of narrow elongated black spots (the

outer ones sometimes confluent into lines), and with a series of large

black spots on each side of the back of the neck. Chest with a series

of larger spots, forming a kind of necklace. Tail elongate, very

hairy, spotted, paler, and with four black rings at the tip.

Hab. Japan.

The skin in its tanned state is 4 feet 6 inches, and the tail 2 feet

10 inches long.

Mr. W. Fosbrooke has kindly presented to the British Museum

a small and beautiful species of Boshbock, which was captured by

John Dunn, Esq., in the Ungo-zy Forest, between the Umbrelans

1862. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON NEW MAMMALIA, 263

and Umblatore, in the country of the Amazula. Mr. Dunn could

not learn that the natives had any special name for this animal.

It is a most peculiarly-marked species, and of a very small size.

The hunter mistook it for a young animal, and fed it with milk, on

which it died; but when it was examined, the mamme were found

dilated with milk, showing that it was approaching full age, and

probably had lately produced a fawn. It is the smallest species of

the genus, standing only 10 inches high to the top of its head, and

weighing not more than three pounds. It is most like Cephalophus

whitfieldii, figured in the Knowsley Menagerie, from a specimen in

the British Museum which was brought from the Gambia by Mr.

Whitfield. It differs from that species in the general shade of the

brown colour; and there is no white about that animal, which is so

prominent in the Natal specimens.

CrepHaLopuus picotor. (Pl. XXXIV.)

Fur soft, brown, with the rump, the whole of the hind legs, the

chin, throat, chest, belly, the inner side of the fore legs, a broad ring

over the fore hoofs, and a large spot occupying the front of the face

and forehead pure white. The ears blackish, white within. The

side of the forehead darker brown. The crumen on the side of the

face linear, well marked. Horns not present in the female sex.

Hab. Natal.

Mr. R. Swinhoe, having shown me a part of the collection of

mammals which he formed while residing in the island of Formosa,

has kindly allowed me to describe a new specimen of Wild Goat or

Goat-Antelope.

This species agrees in all its characters with the Cambing-outang

(Capricornis sumatrana) of Sumatra, and the Capricornis crispa

of Japan, but is very distinct from either of them. In colour it more

nearly resembles the Japanese species, C. crispa, which has a white

face; but it is easily distinguished from that species, which I only

know from a figure and very general description in Schegel’s ‘ Fauna

Japonica.’ I propose to call it, after its discoverer,

Capricornis swinuor. (Pl. XXXV.)

The fur harsh and crisp, brown, with a narrow streak down the

back of the neck ; a spot on the knee and the front of the fore legs

below the knee black. The hind legs are bay. The sides of the chin

pale yellowish. The underside of the neck yellow-bay—this colour

being separated from the darker colour of the upper part of the neck

by a ridge of longer, more rigid hairs. ‘The ears are long, brown,

paler internally. The horns are short and conical. The skull has a

deep and wide concavity in front of the orbits, and a keeled ridge on

the cheek.

264 DR. J. E. GRAY ON TWO NEW TORTOISES. ([Noy, 25,

3, Notice or two New Species or BATAGUR IN THE COL-

LECTION OF THE BritisH Musrum. By Dr. J. E. Gray.

Dr. Giinther, who is re-examining the Indian Tortoises in the Bri-

tish Museum, has drawn my attention to two young specimens of

the genus Batagur, which he believes to be different from those that

I have hitherto described; and as there appears every reason to believe

that they indicaté species that has not hitherto been recorded in the

Catalogue, I shall proceed to describe them provisionally until we

receive more adult representatives of them. They both belong to

the subgenus called Kachuga, as defined in my ‘Catalogue of

Shield Reptiles in the British Museum’ (p. 35).

BaATAGUR PICTA.

Pale grey-brown, with three interrupted dark brown streaks on

the back, and a more or less triangular dark brown spot on the front

margin of the marginal shields; beneath uniform pale yellow. Nu-

chal shield none. The first vertebral plate oblong, four-sided, rather

longer than broad; the second, third, and fourth six-sided, second

and third as long as broad, the fourth rather longer than broad.

The margin entire, bent up behind. The pectoral and anal plate as

long as broad. Head (when dry) pale olive, blackish on each side.

Hab. Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace).

Length 11, width 83 inches. Not full-grown, and with large inter-

costal spaces on the sides, showing that this species grows to a much

larger size.

BaATAGUR ELLIOTI.

Young state. Pale grey-brown, one-coloured when dry ; the hinder

margin strongly and acutely serrated. Nuchal shield broad, short.

Second, third, and fourth vertebral shields strongly keeled, and end-

ing in an acute prominence; the first square, rather broader than

long; second and third six-sided, broader than long; fourth six-

sided, longer than broad. Underside uniform pale yellow. The

gular plate triangular; the pectoral and anal shorter than broad.

The head dusky brown; temple and beak yellow, with a blackish

streak from the nostril to the orbit, and continued behind from the

orbit over the tympanum.

Hab. Southern India, River Kistna (Walter Elliot).

The specimen is very young, with very large narrow intercostal

spaces, showing that it grows to a considerable size. It is known

from all the other species by its sharp dentated margin. This cha-

racter may be obliterated in the adult specimens ; but I am not aware

that it occurs in any other young Batagur, and we have most of the

described species in a young state. The specimen here described was

procured from Mr. Warwick, the dealer, witaout any habitat. But

Dr. Giinther has shown me a drawing, which has been sent to him

by my excellent friend Mr. Walter Elliot, of Wolfelee, with the above

haWtat attached to it, which is so like the specimen described as

1862.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW DOGANIA. 265

almost to lead to the supposition that if was made from the same

individual. From the drawing we not only learn the habitat, but

also that the colour of the living animal is very like that of the dry

specimen.

4. Notice or A New Srecises or DoGANIA FROM ASIA.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., etc.

We received for the Museum a dried and varnished specimen of

the genus Dogania, unfortunately without any special habitat, which

appears to be distinct from Dogania subplana. It is scarcely two-

thirds the size of the specimen which we received from General

Hardwicke, which agrees with the type specimen of Geoffroy, on which

the species was originally described ; yet the dorsal shield is more

ossified, the ribs more expanded, and the surface of the bone of the

back and chest more granulated. This leads me to believe that it

must be of a distinct species ; I shall therefore give the diagnosis of

the two kinds.

DoGANIA SUBPLANA.

The first odd transverse bone of the dorsal shield smooth, with a

narrow band of granules on the middle of the hinder edge. The

first, fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs narrow, the last being the narrow-

est and shortest ; the second, third, and fourth ribs broader, dilated

at the outer end, the width being about one-third of the length.

The sternum smooth, with a small, narrow, oblong, longitudinal

granular patch on the hinder edge of the transverse bone.

Hab. India, Singapore?

The dorsal disk of this species is well figured by Cuvier, Oss. Fos.

Pe tehs. tf. 5.

Mr. Swinhoe informs me that this animal is common in the rivers

of China and Formosa; that it is known to the Europeans there by

the name of “ Terapan,”’ most likely a corruption of the American

word ‘Terrapin,’ and is esteemed a great delicacy by the Chinese,

and fetches a good price in the market to make soup.

The head of the older specimen is not so large compared with the

body. The animal has the power of drawing its head within the

skin of the neck.

DoGANIA GUENTHERI.

The odd transverse bone in front of the dorsal shield entirely co-

vered with granulations, like the ribs. The ribs all nearly similar in

width (nearly four times as long as wide), and very slightly and

gradually dilated at the outer end; the last rib the smallest, narrow

and short compared with the others. The hinder sternal bones broad,

with a large oblong patch of granulations at the inner hinder end.

The labral bones with a large indeterminate group of tubercles near

the suture that divides them.

Hab. India, ?

266 MR.W. WILLIAMS ON THE BREEDING OF A TORTOISE. [Nov, 25,

I have named this species after my friend Dr. Albert Giinther,

one of my colleagues in the Museum, who has prepared such admi-

rable catalogues of the Snakes and Fishes in the Museum Collection.

He first drew my attention to the specimen, and considers it as in-

dicating a very distinct and interesting species. It is to be regretted

that the head is so dried and covered with varnish that it is impos-

sible to see the distribution of the colours with any certainty ; for I

have found that the distribution of the colours on the head and ex-

posed parts of the body affords one of the best and most prominent

characters for the distinction of the species of this family, and one,

unlike the form of the bones, that is not at all, or but slightly,

altered by the age of the specimens.

5. On tHe Breeprine or a West-InpIAN ToRTOISE IN THIS

Country. By Wiiiiam Wittiams (oF TREGULLOW).

A female Land-Tortoise, brought from the West Indies and given

to Mrs. Williams’s mother upwards of fifty years ago, was then about

the size of a watch. It has now been in the garden at Tregullow

about thirty-two years. Four years ago another Tortoise was obtained,

which turned out to be a male; they were allowed to roam in the

garden at their will. In 1860 some eggs were found, but, from in-

sufficient heat, they were not hatched.

About the 25th of July last, the gardener, on passing a south

border, observed the female Tortoise making a pit with her hind legs

in a very peculiar manner. On watching her, he found she had

made a hole some four inches deep, quite flat at the bottom. On

returning, in about five minutes, he found she had deposited six eggs,

and was in the act of covering them with earth. He immediately

removed them, in a flowerpot-stand about two inches deep, filled

with white sand, to a pine-pit, and placed them on a tan-bed. On the

19th of October last he observed two of the eggs had been hatched ;

and on looking around he found, much to his astonishment, two

young live Tortoises. The eggs were about the size of those of a

pigeon, and much the same in appearance.

The young ones are kept in a wooden box (ina pine-pit) with some

earth and moss, under which they nestle. They are fond of lettuces

and strawberries, but do not eat much. They appear quite well and

lively, moving about briskly ; they are now a little larger than half-

crowns.

The eggs were not disturbed while in the pine-pit, the temperature

of which during the time they were there was from 85° to 90° by

day, and from 65° to 70° by night.

The female measures 12 inches long, by 12} inches wide over the

back ; the male 8 inches long, by 83 inches wide over the back.

1862.] MR. A.D, BARTLETT ON THE HABITS OF THE BEAVER. 267

6. Nores oN THE BEAVER IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS,

By A. D. Bartuert.

During one of the heavy storms of wind and rain that prevailed

during the last month a large willow-tree was partly blown down.

The limbs and branches of this fallen tree were given to many of

the animals, and to them proved to be a very acceptable windfall.

To the Beaver, however, I wish to direct especial attention, as this ani-

mal has exhibited in a remarkable manner some of his natural habits

and intelligence. One of the largest limbs of the tree, upwards of

12 feet long, was firmly fixed in the ground, in the Beaver’s enclo-

sure, in a nearly upright position, at about twelve o’clock on Saturday

last. The Beaver visited the spot soon afterwards, and walking

round this large limb, which measured 30 inches circumference, com-

menced to bite off the bark about 12 inches above the ground, and

afterwards to gnaw into the wood itself. The rapid progress was

(to all who witnessed it) most astonishing. The animal laboured hard,

and appeared to exert his whole strength, leaving off for a few mi-

nutes apparently to rest and look upwards, as if to consider which

way the tree was to fall. Now and then he left off and went into his

pond, which was about 3 feet from the base of the tree, as if to take

a refreshing bath. Again he came out with renewed energy, and

with his powerful teeth gouged away all round the trunk. This

process continued till about four o’clock, when suddenly he left off

and came hastily towards the iron fence, to the surprise of those

who were watching his movements, The cause of this interruption

was soon explained; he had heard in the distance the sound of the

wheelbarrow, which, as usual, is brought daily to his paddock, and

from which he was anxiously waiting to receive his supper. Not

wishing to disappoint the animal, but at the same time regretting

that he was thus unexpectedly stopped in his determination to bring

down this massive piece of timber, his usual allowance of carrots and

bread were given to him; and from this time until half-past five he

was engaged in taking his meal and swimming about in his pond.

At half-past five, however, he returned to his tree, which by this time

was reduced in the centre to about 2 inches in diameter. To this

portion he applied his teeth with great earnestness, and in ten mi-

nutes afterwards it fell suddenly with great force upon the ground.

It was an interesting sight to witness the adroit and skilful man-

ner in which the last bite or two were given on the side on which

the tree fell, and the nimble movement of the animal to the opposite

side at the moment, evidently to avoid being crushed beneath it.

Upon examining the end of the separated tree, it was found that

only one inch in diameter was uncut; and it was of course due to

the nearly erect position in which the tree was put into the ground

that it stood balanced, as it were, upon this slender stem. After

carefully walking along its entire length as it lay on the ground, and

examining every part, he commenced to cut off about two feet of its

length, and by seven o’clock the next morning he had divided it into

three pieces: two of these he had removed into the pond, and one

was used in the under part of his house.

268 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS, [Nov. 25,

The Beaver, the subject of the foregoing remarks, was presented

to the Society by the Hudson’s Bay Company, in the autumn of

1861, and was probably then about six months old. It is, no doubt,

less vigorous than the large wild animals of this species, who would,

in all probability, brmg down trees of much larger dimensions in a

shorter time. In fact, it was evident that our Beaver was a novice

in the undertaking, as he more than once slipped and rolled over on

his back in his eagerness to accomplish the task. It was impossible to

witness the actions of this animal without being struck by the amount

of skill and intelligence exhibited. When the space cut through

towards the centre was too narrow to admit its head, its teeth were

applied above and below so as to increase the width from the outside

towards the centre, until the remaining parts above and below formed

two cones, the apices of which joined in the middle. Again and again

the animal left off gnawing, and, standing upright on its hind legs,

rested its front feet on the upper part of the tree, as if to feel whether

it was on the move. This showed clearly that the creature knew

exactly what it was about,

7. DESCRIPTIONS OF THIRTY-SIX New LAND SHELLS, FROM THE

CouLecTIon oF H. Cumine, Ese. By Dr. L. Preirrer.

(Plate XXXVI.)

1. Hexix pans, Pfr. (172 6). 7. angustissime umbilicata, sub-

turbinata, solida, superne confertim arcuata, plicatula, stris

spiralibus obsolete decussatula, cinnamomea ; spira convexius-

culo-turbinata, vertice minuto ; anfr. 64, convexiusculi, regula-

aiter accrescentes, ultimus non descendens, medio subcarinatus,

basi subtiliter striatus, pallidus ; apertura obliqua, lunaris,

intus submargaritacea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine colu~

mellari subarcuato- declivi, sensim ad insertionem subdilatato,

Diam. maj. 32, min. 29, alt. 19 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

2. Hexrx mitts, Pfr. (447 a). 7. umbilicata, convexo-depressa,

tenuiuscula, levigata, diaphana, alabastrina ; spira parum ele-

vata, conoideo-convexa; sutura submarginata; anfr. 5, con-

vexiusculi, sensim accrescentes, ultimus subdepresso-rotundatus ;

umbilicus angustissimus, vix pervius ; apertura parum obliqua,.

lunaris, intus nitida ; perist. simplex, rectum, marginibus via

convergentibus, columellari arcuato, superne subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 162, min. 154, alt. 83 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

3. Hexix piuto, Pfr. (595 5). T. umbilicata, depressa, soli-

dula, superne striis spiralibus et aliis antrorsum descendentibus

minute sculpta, nitidula, fusco-nigricans, fasctis nonnullis pal-

lidioribus notata; spira breviter conoideo-elevata, vertice ob-

tusulo; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus magnus, supra medium

—

G.B.Sowerby ith.

P.Z. 5.1862 Plate XXXVI.

Pieilfer’s new Land shells.

W. West inp.

1862.] DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 269

distincte angulatus, subtus convexus, lutescens, circa umbilicum

angustum striis spiralibus subundulatis sculptus; apertura

obliqua, rotundato-lunaris, intus concolor, margaritacea; perist.

simplex, rectum, marginibus convergentibus, columellari ad in-

sertionem breviter fornicato-reflero.

Diam. maj. 61, min. 49, alt. 30 mill.

Hab, Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

4, Hexrx pentena, Pfr. (701 a). (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 11, 12.)

T. late umbilicata, lenticularis, pertenuis, rugoso-striata et

striis spiralibus minutis confertissimis decussata, pellucida,

pallide cinnamomea ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili ; su-

tura marginata ; anfr. 6, vie convexiusculi, lente accrescentes,

summi liris nonnullis elevatis sculpti, ultimus acute carinatus,

supra carinam leviter canaliculatus, basi convexior ; apertura

parum obliqua, subrhombea ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine

columellari ad insertionem vix dilatato.

Diam. maj. 323, min. 29, alt. 11 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

5. Hexrx wizArpeEnsis, Pfr. (729 a). TT. umbilicata, conoideo-

lenticularis, solida, carinata, conferte costulato-striata et lira

filiformi juxta carinam posita instructa, cerea ; spira conoideo-

convexa ; sutura carinato-exserta; anfr. 8, planiusculi, lentis-

sime accrescentes, ultimus basi convexiusculus, ruditer striatus ;

umbilicus mediocris, profundus, 3- diametri vix equans ; aper-

tura subverticalis, anguste angulato-lunaris ; perist. simplex,

rectum, margine basali leviter et regulariter arcuato.

Diam. maj. 73, min. 73, alt. 3 mill.

Hab. Lizard Islands (Macgillivray).

Nearly allied to the Ceylonese Helix clathratula, Pfr. (Puteolus

clathratulus, Bens.), but larger, more flattened ; the umbilicus much

smaller, the strize less elevated, the peripherical keel sharper, and the

second keel running closely approximate to it.

6. Hexrx m..ustris, Pfr. (1313 6). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 8.) 7.

imperforata, globoso-turbinata, solida, oblique et transverse

irregulariter malleato-rugosa, nitidula, castanea ; spira convexo-

turbinata, vertice obtuso ; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, regulariter ac-

crescentes, ultimus utrinque convexior, medio obtuse angulatus,

antice vix descendens ; columella subverticalis, brevis, fornicato-

dilatata, lilaceo-carnea ; apertura obliqua, subtriangulari-luna-

ris, intus margaritacea; perist. expansum et reflexiusculum,

lilaceo-carneum, marginibus callo nitido lilacino junctis.

Diam. maj. 62, min. 52, alt. 35 mill.

B. Fulvo-lutescens, fascia una mediana castanea ornata, perist.

earneo-albido.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 51, alt. 37 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

270 DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Nov. 25,

7. Hexix novocuineensis, Pfr. (1322 a). TT. imperforata,

globoso-turbinata, solida, sublevigata, nitida, pallide fulvida,

JSascia suturali alba, fasciis pluribus latis nigro-castaneis et area

lata castanea ornata; spira fornicato-conoidea, vertice acuto ;

anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus antice via descendens, substriatus,

basi subangustatus ; columella arcuata, dentiformi-truncata ;

apertura perobliqua, truncato-ovalis ; perist. album, marginibus

callo pellucido junctis, expansis et reflexis, supero subsinuoso,

columellart supra regionem umbilicalem valde dilatato, adnato.

Diam. maj. 41, min. 34, alt. 26 mill.

B. Paulo minor, unicolor alabastrina, fascia unica suturali cre-

tacea.

y. Minor (diam. maj. 34, min. 29, alt. 25 mill.), alba, fasciis

nonnullis latis pluribusque angustis castaneis ornata.

Hab. North of New Guinea (Wallace).

8. Hetix BANNERI, Macgill. (1335 a). TT. clause wmbilicata,

turbinato-globosa, tenuiuscula, oblique irregulariter striata et

confertim pustulosa, fulva, fascia 1 lutescente prope suturam

ornata ; spira breviter turbinata, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 44,

convert, ultimus ventrosus, antice profunde descendens ; colu-

mella leviter arcuata, sinuosa; apertura fere diagonalis, lunari-

rotundata, intus submargaritacea ; perist. tenue, breviter ex-

pansum, viv reflecum, marginibus convergentibus, callo tenut

junctis, columellari perdilatato, fornicatim reflexo, adnato.

Diam. maj. 41, min. 33, alt. 31 mill.

Hab. Cape Direction, N.E. Australia.

“ Helix, n. sp., may be called H. banneri,"after Capt. Banner of

the brig ‘ Julia Percy,’ who picked up the only specimen met with

during an inland expedition a few miles to the southward of Cape

Direction. I was with him at the time, but we could find no more

specimens.” —Macgillivray.

9. Hexix rostreua, Pfr. (1633 a). TT. umbilicata, globoso-

trochiformis, tenuiuscula, irregulariter striatula, sericea, fulvo-

cornea; spira conoidea, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 54, con-

veatusculi, ultimus antice leviter descendens, supra medium

carinatus, basi convexior ; umbilicus angustus, pervius ; aper-

tura fere diagonalis, intus submargaritacea ; perist. album vel

carneum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro expanso, supra

carinam subsinuato, tum breviter rostrato, basali reflexiusculo,

ad insertionem subdilatato.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, alt. 10 mill.

B. Corneo albida, fascia 1 castanea ad carinam notata.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

10. Hexix mysorensis, Pfr. (1651 a). TT. subobtecte umbili-

cata, trochiformis, solidula, leviter striatula, nitida, alaba-

strina, ad suturam fascia 1 cretacea et preterea 1-2 fuscis

1862. | DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 271

notata ; spira convexo-conoidea, vertice acute mammillato ;

anfr. 5%, convexiusculi, ultimus peripheria obsolete subangulatus,

basi planiusculus, fuscus ; columella obliqua, compressa, basi

truncata; apertura perobliqua, subtrapezoidea ; perist. album,

margine supero expanso, ad dextram effuso, basali reflewo, co-

lumellari dilatato, supra rimam umbilicalem adnato.

Diam. maj. 283, min. 22, alt. 22 mill.

Hab. Island of Mysol (Wallace).

11. Hexrx aurora, Pfr. (1675 a). TT. umbilicata, turbinato-

depressa, solidula, irregulariter striatula, parum nitens, uni-

color fusca; spira breviter conoidea, vertice minuto, acutius-

culo; anfr. 45, convexiusculi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus

peripheria carinatus, antice viv descendens, subtus parum con-

vexus ; apertura obliqua, lata, depresse lunaris, intus roseo-

margaritacea ; perist. pallide roseum vel lilaceo-carneum, mar-

ginibus convergentibus, supero horizontaliter abeunte, expanso,

ad dextram subeffuso, basali vir arcuato, reflexo, columellari

lamina fornicata dilatata umbilicum angustum fere occultante.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Hab. Isle of Waigiou (Wallace).

12, Hetrx periciosa, Pfr. (1676 a). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 3.)

T’. umbilicata, depresse turbinato-globosa, tenuiuscula, subdi-

stanter plicatulo-striata, parum nitens, isabellina, lineis rufis

eleganter circumdata ; spira conoidea, acutiuscula ; anfr. Sere

6, convexiusculi, ultimus non descendens, supra medium Jiloso-

angulatus et fascia latiore rufa cinctus, basi conveaus ; umbi-

licus angustus, pervius; apertura fere verticalis, rotundato-

lunaris ; perist. pallide roseum, expansum, marginibus vix con-

vergentibus, dextro medio subangulatim producto, columellari

dilatato, fornicato.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 23, alt. 15} mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

13. Hetix exacra, Pfr. (1879 4). T. umbilicata, depressa,

solida, subrugoso-striata, fulva; spira plana, medio subim-

mersa; anfr. 54, vit convexiusculi, lente accrescentes, ultimus

antice descendens, peripheria rotundatus, basi circa umbilicum

angustum pervium subinflatus ; apertura parum obliqua, an-

guste lunaris ; perist. breviter expansum et incrassatum, mar-

ginibus remotis, dextro ab insertione breviter ascendente, colu-

mellari vie dilatato.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 264, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. North of New Guinea (Wallace).

14, Hewrx moxuisera, Pfr. (1885 a). T.umbilicata, depressa,

planorboidea, tenuiuscula, alba, lineis rufis variis cincta et epi-

dermide fulva setis brevibus erectis mollibus dense obsita

vestita ; spira plana, medio immersa ; anfr. 53, conveviusculi,

ultimus permagnus, depresso-rotundatus, antice deflexus, subtus

72 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Noyv. 25,

circa umbilicum angustum infundibuli instar excavatus ; aper-

tura obliqua, lunaris, intus alba, subfasciata ; perist. simplex,

marginibus convergentibus, callo junctis, dextro ab insertione

ascendente, regulariter arcuato, expanso, columellari flexuoso,

anguste refiexro.

Diam. maj. 30, min. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Island of Mysol (Wallace).

Nearly allied to ZZ. circumdata, Fér., from which it differs in its

size and epidermis, in its last whorl being less deflected, the umbilicus

narrower, and the aperture more rounded.

15. Hetix prompnHata, Pfr. (1888 a). T'. mediocriter umbili-

cata, depressa, solidula, striatula et lanugine brevi obtecta,

Susca; spira profunde immersa ; anfr. fere 5, turgidi, ultimi

rapide accrescentes, ultimus inflatus, altus, antice sensim de-

scendens, circa umbilicum non angulatus ; apertura fere dia-

gonalis, lunari-rotundata, intus margaritacea ; perist. tenue,

carneum, marginibus convergentibus, dextro ab insertione ascen-

dente, subregulariter arcuato, anguste expanso, columellurt sub-

arcuato-declivi, anguste reflexo.

Diam. maj. 20, min. 17, alt. 10-11 mill.

Hab. Island of Ceram (Wallace).

16. Hevrx raomontana, Pfr. (191la). (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 9,

10.) ZT. umbiticata, discoidea, solida, conferte capillaceo-

striata, fusca ; spira plana; anfr. 63, vie convewiusculi, lente

accrescentes, ultimus peripheria rotundatus, antice subdilatatus,

deflecus, subtus antice fortius striatus ; umbilicus latissimus,

pateriformis ; apertura perobliqua, transverse truncato-oblonga,

inimo fundo lamellis pluribus, per testam pellucentibus, munita ;

perist. albidum, incrassatum et reflexiusculum, marginibus callo

crassiusculo rectilinear junctts.

Diam. maj. 32, min. 27, alt. 83 mill.

B. Minor, anfr. 6, lamellis in anfr. ultimo nullis conspicuis. An

spec. propria ?

Diam. maj. 214, min. 18, alt. 63 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouwhot).

17. Hetix norripa, Pfr. (1912 a). (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 15.)

T. umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, granulata setisque rigidis

erectis obsita, corneo-fusca; spira immersa ; sutura profunda ;

anfr. 44, convexi, ultimus rotundatus, antice profunde descen-

dens, fossa profunda ab apertura remotiuscula et 2 juxta peri-

stoma notatus ; umbilicus latiusculus, infundibuliformis ; aper-

tura subhorizontalis, bisinuato-pyriformis, intus dente profundo

et ad marginem duobus validis (omnibus fossis externis respon--

dentibus) instructa ; perist. continuum, undique reflecum, mar-

ginibus dextro et basali flexuosis, parietali subelevato.

Diam. maj. 183, min. 14, alt. 74 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

1862.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 273

18. Hevix emma, Pfr. (1952c). 7. umbilicata, depressa, tenui-

uscula, conferte et irregulariter rugoso-striata, superne lirts

nonnullis obsoletis cincta, haud nitens, carneo et albido varie-

gata; spira breviter conoidea, vertice acutiusculo; sutura

linearis ; anfr. 4, planiuscult, ultimus acute carinatus, antice

wia descendens, basi convexus; umbilicus angustus, pervius ;

apertura perobliqua, rotundato-rhombea ; perist. tenue, mar-

ginibus convergentibus, supero expanso, antrorsum arcuato, ad

carinam subsinuato et leviter rostrato, basali reflexo, ad inser-

tionem dilatato.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 144, alt. 74 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

18*. Srrepraxis MouHOTI, Pfr. (22 a). T. pervie umbilicata,

oblongo-ovata, tenuiuscula, confertim et oblique costulato-

striata, alabastrina ; spira elevata, apice obtuse conoideo ; su-

tura impressa, submarginata ; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, primi 4

regulares, ultimi deorsum deviantes, ultimus juxta aperturam

planulatus, levigatus; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga,

lamina parietali mediocri, linguiformi coarctata ; perist. cal-

losum, reflecum, margine dextro superne leviter antrorsum ar-

cuato, intus obsolete denticulato. *

Diam. maj. 13, min. 9, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Siam.

19. SrRepraxis PELLUCENS, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 6.) T.

umbilicata, oblongo-ovata, tenuis, superne arcuatim costulato-

striata, nitida, hyalina; spira elevata, apice subacute conoideo ;

sutura impressa, submarginata; anfr. 63, convexiusculi, 4 primi

regulares, ultime deorsum leviter deviantes, ultimus omnino

levigatus, jucta aperturam subplanatus, antice leviter ascen-

dens ; umbilicus punctiformis, extus parum dilatatus ; apertura

parum obliqua, truncato-oblonga, lamella parietali libera,

compressa, intrante coarctata; perist. subincrassatum, reflexi-

usculum, marginibus subparallelis, dextro ad insertionem tenut,

tum leviter antrorsum dilatato.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 8, alt. 75 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

20. SrrepTaxis porReEcTA, Pfr. (22). T. umbilicata, oblique

ovato-oblonga, tenuis, superne arcuato-plicatula, cereo-hyalina ;

spira excentrica, breviter conoidea ; sutura impressa; anfr. 64,

convexiusculi, primi 4 regulares, reliqui late deviantes, ultimus

subascendens, ad suturam modo plicatulus ; umbilicus mediocris,

non pervius; apertura obliqua, truncato-oblonga, lamella pa-

rietali compressa, prope marginem dextrum intrante coarctata;

perist. callosum, expansum et reflexum, margine dextro ad in-

sertionem tenui, sinuato, tum subangulatim porrecto.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 73, alt. 6 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XVIII.

274 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. __[Noy. 25,

21. Buximus puasus, Pfr. (78 a). 7’. imperforata, ovato-fusi-

formis, tenuis, leviter striatula, parum nitens, pallide lutescens,

strigis et maculis fuscis irregulariter picta; spira eontca, acu-

tiuscula; anfr.53, convexiuseuli, ultimus non descendens, spiram

paulo superans, ventrosior, medio obsoletissime subangulatus ;

columella compressa, leviter dreuata; apertura parum obliqua,

angulato-elliptica; perist. roseum, marginibus callo fusculo

junetis, dextro expanso, basali deorsum subproducto, columellari

angusto.

Long. 31, diam. 15 mill.

Hab. Ecuador.

22. Burrus romeERI, Pfr. (PI].XXXVI. fig. 4.) T.sinistrorsa,

perforata, ovato-conica, solidula, leviter striata striisque con-

Sertissimis spiralibus sub lente deeussatula, carnea, ad suturam

pallide fasciata ; spira conica, vertice acutiusculo ; anfr. 6, vix

convexiusculi, ultimus spiram subequans, infra medium subangu-

latus et spadiceo bifasciatus, basi rotundatus ; apertura obliqua,

auriformis ; perist. simplex, margine externo breviter expanso,

columellari subverticali, sursum ae Sornicatim reflexo.

Long. 233, diam. 133 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

This shell is very like B. sinensis, Bens., but differs from that

by its more flattened whorls, the spiral striz, the peristome not

thickened, &c.

23. Butimus PuRYNE, Pfr. (8396). TJ. perforata, oblongo-

Susiformis, tenuiuscula, plicato-striata, lutescens, strigis spadi-

ceis albido conspersis picta; spira elongato-conica, vertice mi-

nuto; anfr.6, convexiusculi, ultimus spira vie brevior, basi prope

perforationem compressus; columella subangulatim areuata ;

apertura parum obliqua, subrhombea, intus rosea, strigis perlu-

centibus ; perist. simplex, rectum, margine columellari forni-

catim reflexo.

Long. 31, diam. 12 mill.

Hab. Andes of Peru.

24, Butimus turipus, Pfr. (1014a). T. umbilicata, conico-

ovata, solida, striatula, lurido-carnea; spira conica, apice

acuto, submammillata; anfr. 6, convexiusculi, ultimus spiram

paulo superans, bast rotundatus ; apertura subverticalis, ob-

longo-ovalis ; perist. rectum, margine dextro intus albide labiato,

columellart dilatato, fornicato-patente.

Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Hab. New Caledonia.

25. Butimus suBaneutatus, Pfr. (1043 a). TT. subperforata,

ovato-conica, tenuissima, striatula, pellucida, fulvo-carnea ;

spira conica, vertice acutiusculo; anfr. 6, modice convexi, ulti-

mus spiram paulo superans, medio subangulatus, basi rotun-

1862.} DR. L., PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 275

datus ; apertura obliqua, ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-

gine columellari sursum triangulatim dilatato, reflexo, sub-

appresso.

Long. 144, diam. 8 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

26. Crausit1a MounotrI, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 5). J. subri-

mata, fusiformis, solidula, plicis filaribus confertis et striis

spiralibus arcte reticulata, sericina, pallide fulvida, maculis et

strigis albis irregulariter picta; spira a medio regulariter

attenuata, apice obtuso; sutura rufo obsolete marginata, fas-

ciculis plicarum albarum subcrenata; anfr. 12, convexiusculi,

summi unicolores pallidi, interdum truncati, ultimus angustior,

rotundatus, breviter solutus, vix descendens; apertura fere

verticalis, subangulato-piriformis ; lamelle triangulares, fere

contigue ; lunella filaris, elongata, parum arcuata ; plica pala-

éalis 1 supera, subcolumellaris juxta lamellam inferam emer-

gens; perist. continuum, expansum et reflexiusculum, margine

externo superne subsinuato.

Long. (integr.) 42, diam. 9 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

27. CycLtotus Granutatus, Pfr. (14a). TT. umbilicata, conoi-

deo-depressa, solida, undique dense et subruditer granulata,

opaca, albida, epidermide ad peripheriam latissime castaneo-

Sasciata vestita ; spira parum elevata, vertice subtili; anfr. 43,

convexi, celeriter accrescentes, ultimus rotundatus, circa umbi-

licum mediocrem non cristatus; apertura fere verticalis, sub-

circularis ; perist. simplex, rectum, obtusum, continuum, an-

Sractui contiguo breviter adnatum. Operc. planum, marginibus

anfractuum haud prominulis.

Diam. maj. 25, min. 20, alt. 14 mill.

Hab. Ecuador.

28. Auycawus mounott, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. figs. 1, 2.) 7. an-

guste umbilicata, subpyramidalis, solidula, opaca, densissime

capillaceo-striata, carneo-albida ; spiraturbinata, apice obtusulo,

lutescens ; sutura profunda; anfr. 14, convexi, ultimus irregu-

lariter inflatus, saceatus, 3 mill. pone aperturam subito con-

strictus, a strictura canalem longum, in sutura retrocedentem

emittens, tum sensim dilatatus et costulis nonnullis distantibus

munitus ; apertura obliqua, subcircularis ; perist. duplicatum,

internum continuum, breviter adnatum, externum fornicato-

reflexum, latere sinistro subangulatim dilatatum.

Diam. maj. 72, min. 63, alt. 54 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

29. Auycazus (sect. Dioryx, Bens.) pacca, Pfr. (4a). T. bree

viter rimata, globoso-turbinata, sublevigata, parum nitida,

cereo-albida; spira regulariter turbinata, apice acutiusculo,

ip #

276 DR. L. PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. [Noyv. 25,

cornea; sutura profunda; anfr. vix ultra 4, convexi, ultimus

levissime capillaceo-striatus, perinflatus, ad aperturam valde

constrictus, e strictura canalem mediocrem, in sutura retroce-

dentem emittens ; apertura verticalis, spira brevior, circularis ;

perist. album, continuum, breviter adnatum, anguste expansum,

margine dextro subduplicatum. Operc. planum, multispirum,

fulvum, nucleo rubro.

Diam. maj. 7, min. 64, alt. 73 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

30. Hysocystis movunott, Pfr. (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 13.) T.

subumbilicata, compresse pup@eformis, solida, striatula, saturate

fusco-violacea ; spira irregulariter oblonga; anfr. 6, primi 4

convexiusculi, conum subregularem formantes, penultimus multo

longior, ultimus latere aperture complanatus, tum profunde

descendens, foveolato-malleatus, antice arcuatim ascendens ;

apertura obliqua (basi axin excedens), angulato-ovalis, intus

purpurascenti-fusca ; perist. rufo-aurantiacum, incrassatum,

duplicatum et reflecum, margine parietali subhorizontali, dextro

ad angulum insertionis sursum producto. Operc. testaceum,

pagina interiore castaneo callosa.

Long. 35, diam. 17 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

31. CycLOPHORUS LAOMONTANUS, Pfr. (16 a). 7. mediocriter

umbilicata, depresso-turbinata, solidula, subtiliter striata, nt-

tidula, fulva, strigis fulguratis pallide rufis ornata, vel in fundo

pallido maculis et teniis castaneis dense variegata ; spira tur-

binata, vertice acuto, nigricante; anfr.5, convexi, ultimus teres;

apertura parum obliqua, subcircularis, superne obsolete sub-

angulata ; perist. continuum, breviter adnatum, ceterum equa-

liter et anguste expansiusculum. Operc.?

Diam. maj. 13, min. 11, alt. 9 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mowhot).

This shell resembles C. caeloconus, Bens., but differs from it by

its more elevated spire, narrower umbilicus, and slightly expanded

peristome.

32. CycLopHorus H&ZMATOMMA, Pfr. (1076). TT. umbilicata,

conoideo-depressa, solida, confertissime striata et superne liris

elevatis inequalibus crebris cincta, alabastrina ; spira parum

elevata, sursum fulvo-sanguinea, vertice subtili; anfr. 5, modice

convexi, ultimus subteres, subtus levigatus, crista funiformi,

umbilicum latiusculum limitante, munitus; apertura obliqua,

irregulariter rotundato-ovalis ; perist. simplex, rectum, mar-

ginibus approximatis, callo brevi gunctis, sinistro levius curvato,

ad cristam umbilicalem sinuato.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, alt. 12 mill.

Hab. Ecuador.

1862.] DR. L, PFEIFFER ON NEW LAND SHELLS. 277

33. CHonpRoroMA(?) soLARE, Pfr. (53a). T. clause umbili-

cata, oblongo-turrita, solida, liris filaribus albidis (interjectis

minoribus) et costulis longitudinalibus confertissimis illas

transgredientibus asperata, haud nitens, cinnamomea; spira

subregulariter attenuata, truncata; sutura irregulariter sub-

crenulata; anfr. superst. 43, modice convexi, ultimus non

solutus; apertura verticalis, angulato-ovalis ; perist. duplex,

internum expansiusculum, adnatum, externum late expansum et

radiato-plicatum, infra umbilicum subito resectum eumque la-

mina adnata claudens. Operc.?

‘Long. 22, diam. 11 mill.

Locality unknown.

This very elegant shell presents the most intimate affinity to the

Cuban Chondropomata shuttleworthi, pudicum, &c.; and I have no

doubt that it belongs to the same genus.

34. TrRocHATELLA MOUHOTI, Pfr. (22 a) (Pl. XXXVI. fig. 14). 2

T. trochiformis, solidula, peroblique rugoso-striata, alato-cart-

nata, lutescens ; spira conoidea, vertice minuto, levigato, sub-

papillari ; anfr. 6, plani, subundulati, omnes in alam wndula-

tam, in superioribus subappressam, in ultimo liberam, defleram

dilatati, ultimus basi convewxiusculus, minutissime spiraliter

striatus ; apertura perobliqua, lanceolata; perist. albidum,

marginibus callo tenui nitido junctis, supero tenui, subrecto,

basali arcuato, calloso, breviter reflexo, ad columellam brevis-

simam nodulifero.

Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, alt. 8 mill.

Hab. Lao Mountains, Camboja (Mouhot).

35. Hexicina yorKeEnsis, Pfr. (93 a). T’. globoso-conica, soli-

dula, subconferte spiraliter striata, carnea, fascia suturali

flava et latiore fusco-violacea ornata ; spira regulariter conoi-

dea, vertice acutiusculo ; anfr. fere 5, planulati, ultimus spiram

paulo superans, peripheria rotundatus, subtus medio callo albo,

granulato, circumscripto munitus ; columella callosa, arcuata ;

apertura parum obliqua, subsemicircularis ; perist. breviter

expansum, margine basali arcuatim cum columella juneto.

Operc. albidum.

Diam. maj. 53, min. 5, alt. 44 mill.

Hab. Cape York, North-east Coast of Australia (Macgilli-

vray).

36. Hexicina RETICULATA, Pfr. (150 a). T. trochiformis, soli-

dula, liris confertis spiralibus striisque incrementi distinctis

reticulata, carnea, maculis fulvo-roseis irregulariter picta ;

spira regulariter conoidea, vertice submammillari; anfr. 43,

planiusculi, ultimus peripheria subangulatus, basi callo parvulo,

granulato, linea impressa circumscripto munitus; columella

brevis, simplex; apertura parum obliqua, subtriangularis ;

278 MR. W. H, PEASE ON NEW SPECIES OF [Nov. 25,

perist. breviter expansum, margine basali cum columella angu-

lum formante. Operc. castaneum, nucleo pallido,

Diam. maj. 62, min. 6, alt. 42 mill.

Hab, Cape Flattery, North-east Coast of Australia (Macgilli-

vray).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

Figs. 1, 2. dlyeeus mouhoti, p. 275, Fig. 8. Helix illustris, p. 269.

3. Helix deliciosa, p. 271. 9,10. Helix laomontana, p. 272.

4. Bulimus rémeri, p. 274. 11,12. Helix benigna, p. 269.

5. Clausilia mouhoti, p. 273. 13. Hybocystis mouhoti, p. 276.

6. Streptaxis pellucens, p. 273. 14. Trochatella mouhoti, p. 277.

7. Pupina mouhoti*, 15. Helix horrida, p. 272.

8. Description or New Specirs or Marine SHELLS FROM

THE Paciric IsLtanps. By W. Harper Prase.

CyPR#A GRANULATA.

T. ovata aut obeso-ovata, subgibbosa, subtenui, extremitatibus vir

productis ; dorso granuloso aut noduloso, nodulis lateralibus

liris coadunatis, suleo dorsali vix impresso ; lateribus submargi-

natis ; basi conveza, lirata, liris remotis, per basem partim ex-

tensis, interdum liris intermediis; apertura angusta, antice

latiore, lactea aut pallide rufescenti-fusca, nodulis albidis,

rufescenti-fusco annulatis, liris rufescenti-fuscis ; basi alba,

liris basalibus rufo-fuscente marginatis, extremitatibus rufes-

centi-fuscis tinctis.

Shell rather light, ovate, or obesely ovate, somewhat gibbous; ex-

tremities slightly produced ; back granulose or nodulous; nodules

irregular in size, those near the margins connected by ridges ; the

ridges terminating at the margins, and seldom reaching the dorsal

region, impressed by a slight dorsal groove, which is sometimes ob-

solete ; sides slightly margined ; base convex, ridged ; ridges remote,

especially those on the columella not extending to the margin, and

those on the columella not reaching the inner edge, with the excep-

tion of a few of the anterior ones ; occasionally a few short interme-

diate ridges ; aperture narrow, slightly the wider anteriorly ; cream-

colour or light reddish-brown ; nodules whitish, sometimes encircled

by reddish-brown rings ; ridges of the same colour ; base white ; basal

ridges edged with reddish brown, and extremities stained with the

same colour.

Length 32, breadth 20 mill.

From an examination of living specimens of the above species,

from several parts of the Pacific, we are satisfied it is quite distinct

from the C. nucleus or C. madagascarensis, with which it has been

heretofore confounded. It differs from both of the above species in

being lighter, and in the basal ridges being less in number and not

extending to the margin, or becoming nearly obsolete as they approach

* The description of Pupina mouhoti will be given in a subsequent paper.

1862.] MARINE SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS. 279

the margin. The dorsal ridges are also less in number, and in

some specimens altogether wanting.

Conus PURUS.

T. turbinata, superne subrotunda, subtilissime transversim et lon-

gitudinaliter elevatim striata ; spira vix concava, spiraliter

striata; apertura lata; omnino alba, epidermide tenui lutes-

cente induta.

Shell turbinated, somewhat rounded at upper part, marked with

very fine, unequal, transverse, and longitudinal raised stria, the

former the most distinct; spire very slightly concave, spirally stri-

ated ; aperture broad; wholly white, covered with a thin, yellowish,

membranaceous epidermis.

Length 40, breadth 21 mill.

J DRiILii1A NODULOSA.

T. pyramidali-oblonga ; anfractibus 8, superne depressis, longitu-

dinaliter nodoso-costatis, costis undecim, anfr. ultimo infra

tuberculosis nodis cingulato; apertura ampla, sinu rotundato,

profundo; canali brevi, lato ; rufescenti-fusca, costis et colu-

mella ad basin albidis.

Shell pyramidally oblong ; whorls eight, concavely depressed above,

longitudinally nodosely ribbed, ribs about ten; body-whorl encir-

cled by a row of tuberculous nodules, in continuation of the longitu-

dinal ribs ; aperture open, sinus round and deep ; canal short, wide.

Colour reddish brown; ribs and base of columella whitish.

Length 11, breadth 43 mill.

ANACHIS COSTELLIFERA.

T. oblongo-ovata, longitudinaliter costata, costis confertis com-

presso-rotundatis, infra suturas subconstrictis ; anfr. 5, plano-

convexis, anfr. ultimo inferne fransversim striato ; apertura

ampla, sinu profundo, basi subtruncato, canals brevissimo ; costis

griseo-albicantibus, interstitiis interdum rufescenti-fuscis; anfr.

ultimo rufescenti-fusco semibalteato aut irregulariter picto.

Shell oblong-ovate, longitudinally ribbed ; ribs about twenty, close,

compressedly rounded, extending the whole length of the whorls, very

slightly constricted beneath the sutures ; whorls five, plano-convex ;

aperture rather wide; sinus open, on the central third of the lip ;

base subtruncate ; canal very short; ribs greyish white ; interstices

sometimes reddish brown ; last whorl partially banded or irregularly

painted with reddish brown.

Length 5, breadth 2 mill.

SIPHONARIA DEPRESSA.

T. ovata vel oblongo-ovata, depressa, tenuiuscula, subtrregulart,

radiatim costata et lirata, costis paucis, prominentibus, con-

centrice obsolete striata, apice subuncinato, siphone conspicuo ;

nigricans, intus nigra.

280 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM ForMosA. [Nov. 25,

Shell ovate or oblong-ovate, somewhat irregular, much depressed,

radiately ribbed and ridged ; ribs few and prominent, particularly

the one at the siphon, concentrically obsoletely striated ; apex slightly

uncinate; siphon conspicuous. Colour blackish ; ribs sometimes

lighter, black within.

9. DescrIPTIONS OF SixTEEN New Species or Birps FROM

THE IsLAND OF ForMOSA, COLLECTED BY RoBert SwINHOE,

Esq., Her Masesty’s Vice-Consut at Formosa. By Joun

Goutp, Esa., F.R.S., etc.

PARUS CASTANEOVENTRIS, Gould.

A bar across the forehead and cheeks white; crown of the head,

back of the neck, throat, and chest jet-black ; on the nape a spot of

pure white, bounded below by a slight mark of chestnut ; mantle,

back, shoulders, upper surface, wings, and thighs very deep blue-

grey; abdomen and under tail-coverts rich chestnut; bill bluish

black.

Total length, 4 inches; bill, 3; wing, 23; tail, 12; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This species is very similar in colour to the Parus va-

rius of Japan; but differs in having a much smaller amount of

chestnut on the back, and in its smaller size.

ALCIPPE BRUNNEA, Gould.

Feathers of the crown and upper surface deep reddish brown,

those of the crown slightly fringed with a darker tint, giving that

part a scaled appearance; a longitudinal black stripe commences

above the eye and passes down towards the nape, separating the

brown colouring of the crown from the grey of the sides of the face

and ear-coverts; throat and under surface brownish grey; flanks

wood-brown; primaries and tail-feathers uniform chestnut-brown ;

thighs reddish brown ; bill horn-colour ; legs and toes flesh-white.

Total length, 43 inches; bill, %; wing, 23; tail, 2; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—A small brown bird, rather less in size than Accentor

modularis.

My1oPHONEUS INSULARIS, Gould.

Lores jet black; forehead crossed by a narrow band of shining

deep blue; crown of the head, throat, back of the neck, all the

upper surface and the tail obscure blackish blue; shoulders very

bright metallic blue; primaries and greater wing-coverts margined

externally with bright blue; feathers of the chest and upper part of

the abdomen black, with shining blue tips; lower part of the abdo-

men, thighs, under tail-coverts, and the under side of the tail-feathers

dull black ; bill and legs black.

Total length, 11} inches; bill, 12; wing, 62; tail, 51; tarsi, 21.

Remark.—This is a much larger bird than the Myiophoneus ceru-

1862.] MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 281

leus of China; it also differs in the finer blue of the breast, and in the

total absence of the spangled spots of shining blue which occur on

the back of that species.

GARRULAX RUFICEPs, Gould.

Lores and chin black ; forehead and crown, down to the nape, light

orange-red ; ear-coverts orange-brown ; mantle, back, rump, sides of

the chest, flanks, thighs, and two middle tail-feathers light brown ;

primaries blackish brown, margined externally with light olive-brown ;

lateral tail-feathers light brown at their bases, and largely tipped

with white; throat, centre of the chest, and abdomen white ; bill

blackish brown ; legs, toes, and claws light flesh-brown.

Total length, 103 inches; bill, 14; wing, 5; tail, 543 tarsi, 12.

Remark.—This species is allied to Garrulax albogularis and G.

ceruleatus ; but differs from both in the uniform orange-red colour-

ing of the crown.

GARRULAX PEHCILORHYNCHA, Gould.

Crown of the head, nape, back, rump, throat, and chest deep

rusty brown ; many of the feathers of the crown slightly fringed at

their tips with black, a hue which is also observable on the tips of

the ear-coverts; primaries and secondaries reddish brown on their

inner webs ; the external edges of the former light grey, and of the

latter deep rusty chestnut ; tail deep rusty chestnut, particularly the

six central feathers, the remainder being darker and having less of

the chestnut hue, these lateral feathers also become lighter and of a

reddish fawn-colour towards their tips; abdomen and thighs deep

blue-grey, tinged on the latter with rufous; under tail-coverts fawn-

colour ; legs and toes yellowish olive.

Total length, 97 inches ; bill, 13; wing, 43; tail, 43; tarsi, 12.

Remark.—This species differs so much in colour from all other

known species of the form, that it cannot be confounded with any of

them.

PoMATORHINUS ERYTHROCNEMIS, Gould.

A narrow bar across the forehead, knees, and under tail-coverts

rusty red; lores and ear-coverts grey ; crown of the head and back

of the neck brownish grey, passing into the deep rusty chestnut of

the back, shoulders, and external margins of the wing-feathers ;

inner margins of the wing-feathers blackish brown; tail blackish

brown, with rusty margins ; a streak of black, commencing at the base

of the under mandible, passes downward to the chest, which is con-

spicuously spotted or rather blotched with black; throat and centre

of the abdomen white; flanks and upper part of the thighs rusty

olive-brown ; bill much curved, and of a purplish brown.

Total length, 8 inches; bill, 12; wing, 33; tail, 32; tarsi, 13.

Remark.—This species differs conspicuously from every other

known species of the genus. It is about the size of the common

Thrush (Turdus musicus).

282 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FoRMOSA. [Nov. 25,

HyPsiIpETEs NIGERRIMA, Gould.

Entire plumage black, with the exception of the edges of the pri-

maries and tail-feathers, which are pure grey, a tint which is also

observable, but in a minor degree, on the margins of the greater and

lesser wing-coverts, and on the feathers of the flanks and the back,

on the latter, however, it is rather of a greenish cast than pure grey ;

bill blood-red ; legs red.

Total length, 83 inches; bill, 13; wing, 5; tail, 4; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to, but is a smaller bird

than, the well-known Hypsipetes psarotdes of India.

PERICROCOTUS GRISEOGULARIS, Gould.

Male: forehead, crown of the head, back of the neck, back,

shoulders, and two central tail-feathers sooty black; wings black,

with an oblique bar of scarlet across the primaries and secondaries,

near their bases; throat and ear-coverts light grey ; chest, abdomen,

flanks, under tail-coverts, and rump rich scarlet ; lateral tail-feathers

black at their bases, and scarlet for the remainder of their length ;

thighs blackish brown; bill and legs black.

Total length, 63 inches; bill, 3; wing, 3}; tail, 33; tarsi, 4.

Female: throat light grey, as in the male; crown, ear-coverts,

back, and shoulders deep leaden grey ; rump sulphur-yellow ; chest,

abdomen, under tail-coverts, the oblique band across the wing, and

the tips of the outer tail-feathers rich Indian yellow ; bill and legs

black.

Remark.—This species is somewhat allied to Pericrocotus sau-

laris, but differs from that bird in its clearly defined throat-mark

and other characters.

GARRULUS TAIVANUS, Gould.

Feathers covering the nostrils, a narrow bar on the forehead, and

a longitudinal mark down the cheeks black; crown of the head,

nape, back, and all the under surface vinous brown, tinged with grey

on the centre of the back; rump and under tail-coverts white ;

primaries black, fringed on their outer margins with greyish white ;

the secondaries have the usual speculum of blue disposed in broad

bars on their outer webs, and a patch of chestnut on the inner

margin of the two shortest feathers, as in most of the true Jays;

shoulders and spurious wing alternately barred with fine lines ot blue

and black ; tail black; bill black ; tarsi and toes flesh-colour.

Total length, 103 inches; bill, 14; wing, 64; tail, 55; tarsi, 13.

Remark.—This very distinct species, the smallest of the genus I

have yet seen, has the same general colouring as the Garrulus bispe-

cularis of the Himalayas and the G. sinensis of China, but differs

from both in its smaller size and in the black colouring of the feathers

covering the nostrils.

Urocissa CH&RULEA, Gould.

Crown of the head, nape, cheeks, throat, and chest jet-black ; body,

1862. | MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 283

both above and below, and the thighs blue, of a-cobalt tint in certain

lights ; all the primaries and secondaries fringed with white at their

tips ; upper tail-coverts light cobalt-blue, with a broad bar of black

at their tips; two centre tail-feathers cobalt-blue, broadly tipped

with white ; the lateral feathers blue at their bases, to which suc-

ceeds a broad band of black, beyond which they are snow-white ;

bill and legs blood-red.

Total length, 21 inches; bill, 12; wing, 73; tail, 143; tarsi, 12,

Remark.—In size this fine new species is about equal to the Uro-

cissa sinensis, but it differs from that and every other member of the

genus in its stouter bill and in the blue colouring of the entire body.

MEGAL&MA NucHALIS, Gould.

Forehead dull olive ; immediately before the eye a small patch of

red ; throat sulphur-yellow ; remainder of the cheeks, the ear-coverts,

back of the neck, and a band across the lower part of the throat pale

greenish blue, to which succeeds a band of red, separating the sulphur-

yellow of the throat from the yellowish green of the under surface ;

upper surface and tail green, with an obscure patch of red on the

mantle ;_ primaries blackish brown, externally margined with green ;

bill blackish horn-colour, except the base of the under mandible,

which is sulphur-yellow ; legs olive-black.

Total length, 7 in. ; bill, 17; wing, 41; tail, 22; tarsi, 1.

Remark.—TVhis very distinctly marked species is about the size of

Megalema asiatica.

Picus rnsunaris, Gould.

Male: forehead crossed by a narrow band of buff; crown of the

head scarlet ; lores, cheeks, ‘sides of the neck, and throat white; a

black line, commencing at the base of the lower mandible, passes

down between the ear-coverts and the. throat, on to the sides of the

chest, where it forms a broad patch ; flanks buffy white, strongly

striated with black ; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts

rosy scarlet; mantle, shoulders, upper tail-coverts, and four middle

tail-feathers black ; centre of the back white, crossed with irregular

rays of black, as in Picus leuconotus ; wings black, spotted with white

on both webs of the feathers, as in that species ; outer tail-feathers

alternately barred with black and white ; bill bluish horn-colour ;

tarsi and feet lead-colour.

Total length, 91 inches; bill, 1}; wing, 52; tail, 34; tarsi, 3,

Female like the male in every respect, except in having a black

instead of a red crown.

Remark.—This species is nearly allied to the Picus leuconotus,

but is very distinct from that and every other member of the Picide

I have yet seen; and it is certainly not included in the great work

on this family of birds just completed by M. Malherbe.

GEcINUS TANCOLO, Gould.

Lores, a narrow band across the forehead, back part of the head,

nape, and a stripe down the cheeks black; centre of the forehead

284 MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. [Nov. 25,

blood-red ; back dull green, passing into greenish yellow on the rump ;

shoulders and upper part of the wings dull wax-yellow ; primaries

olive-brown, with small elongated marks of buff on their external

margins ; internal webs of the greater coverts and primaries crossed

with distinct bars of greyish white ; throat and cheeks grey ; under

parts of the shoulders and axillaries alternately barred with greenish

white and blackish brown; chest and under surface sordid green.

Total length, 101 inches; bill, 13; wing, 12; tail, 51; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—The species to which this bird is most nearly allied is

the Gecinus occipitalis of the Himalayas, from which however it is

conspicuously different. I have adopted its Chinese name for a

specific appellation.

EvuPLocamus Sswinuor, Gould.

Male: forehead black, gradually blending into the snowy-white

lanceolate plumes which form a slight crest, and continue in a

narrow line down the nape of the neck ; back snowy white, offering a

strong contrast to the narrow black line with which it is bounded

on each side, and the rich fiery chestnut of the scapularies ; lower

part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts intense velvety black,

broadly margined with shining steel or bluish black, these scale-

like feathers gradually becoming of a larger size and of a more uniform

black as they approach the tail-feathers ; wings blackish brown ; the

greater and lesser coverts fringed with green ; two centre tail-feathers

snow-white, the remainder black; the somewhat elongated feathers

of the chest and flanks black, with shining blue reflexions; thighs

and under tail-coverts dull black ; legs and spurs blood-red, except

the tips of the latter, which are brown; sides of the face mottled to

an extent seldom seen even among Gallinaceous birds; in front this

appearance extends to the nostrils, while posteriorly it terminates in

a point near the occiput; a lange lappet hangs down over each cheek,

and a more pointed one rises, in the form of a horn, high above the

crown, the whole being of the finest red, and covered with papillee,

as in the Genneus nychthemerus ; bill light horn-colour.

Total length, 28 inches; bill, 14; wing, 9; tail, 17; tarsi, 4.

Female: this sex offers a strong contrast to the male, from there

being no appearance of a crest in any specimen I have seen, and in

the entire plumage being reddish or orange-brown, particularly the

under surface; when examined in detail, however, many different

but harmonizing tints are seen on the various parts of the body: on

the back of the neck, mantle, scapularies, and lesser wing-coverts, the

freckled brown feathers have lanceolate or spearhead-shaped mark-

ings surrounded with black down their centres, while the rump and

upper tail-coverts are more uniformly and more finely freckled with

orange and dark brown ; primaries alternately barred on both surfaces

with chestnut and dark brown ; secondaries dark brown, conspicuously

barred with ochre-yellow; throat brownish grey; chest orange-

brown, each feather with two crescentic markings of dark brown ;

centre of the abdomen and thighs orange-brown, slightly freckled

with darker brown ; two centre tail-feathers dark brown, obscurely

1862.] MR. GOULD ON NEW BIRDS FROM FORMOSA. 285

barred with buff ; lateral tail-feathers nearly uniform deep chestnut ;

bill horn-colour ; space surrounding the eye and the legs red.

Total length, 18 inches; bill, 11; wing, 8}; tail, 8; tarsi, 3.

Remark.—This exceedingly beautiful species is one of the most

remarkable novelties I have had the good fortune to describe ; in

size it is somewhat smaller than the Genneus nychthemerus, which it

resembles in its red wattles and in the form of its tail, while in its

strong legs, the scaly stiff feathers of the lower part of its back, the

red-and-white colouring of the anterior portion of its upper surface,

and in its steel-blue crest it more closely assimilates, in my opinion,

to the members of the genus Luplocamus ; and with that group, the

Fire-backs, I have accordingly associated it.

In dedicating this fine bird to Mr. Swinhoe, I feel that I am only

paying a just compliment to a gentleman who must ever rank among

the foremost of those travellers who have enriched ornithology by

their numerous Eastern discoveries.

Genus Bamsusicota, Gould.

Generic characters.—Bill moderately long, and very similar in

form to that of Perdix ; nostrils covered by an operculum; wings

moderately long, round, and concave, the fifth primary the longest ;

tail somewhat more lengthened than in Perdiz, rounded or inclined

to a wedge-shape; tarsi rather long, and armed with a well-defined

but blunt spur; toes longer than in Perdizx, the. two lateral ones

equal in length, and united at their base by a membrane; hind toe

rather long and free.

Sexes alike, as in Caccabis, but the female destitute of a spur.

This is a very distinct form among the Gallinacee, the species of

which, so far as we yet know, are only two in number, namely, the

present bird and the Galloperdix sphenurus of China. Both evince

a predilection for forests of bamboo, which circumstance has suggested

the generic appellation. In point of affinity they equally approach

the members both of the genera Perdix aud Caccabis.

BAMBUSICOLA SONORIVOX, Gould.

Male: crown of the head rusty brown, each feather obscurely

barred and freckled with blackish brown; lores, ear-coverts, chest,

back of the neck, and chest grey, each feather minutely freckled with

blackish brown ; back and rump olive, each feather minutely freckled

with blackish brown; those of the back, nearest the mantle, largely

blotched with deep chestnut ; these chest-marks also extend over the

shoulders, near the tips of which is a lanceolate spot of white; a

similar but more obscure mark also occupies the sides of the wing-

coverts, but, instead of being white, it is pale fawn-colour; greater

wing-coverts chestnut in the centre, then black, fringed with dee

buff ; primaries blackish brown externally, margined with reddish

chestnut ; two middle tail-feathers freckled brown, buff, and black ;

the remainder deep chestnut-brown; abdomen rich cinnamon, with

286 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE SUPPOSED [Nov. 25,

a bar of rich chestnut near the tip of all the feathers of the flanks ;

thighs ciunamon-brown; bill and legs blackish brown.

Total length, 9} inches ; bill, 1 ; wing, 54; tail, 4; tarsi, 12.

Female similarly coloured.

The young, at about a month old, have acquired much of the

colouring of the adults, but the centre feathers of the back and

shoulders are darker, with lighter edges, giving this part of the

plumage a very sparkling appearance.

NuMENIUS RUFESCENS, Gould.

Head, neck, upper and under surface reddish fawn-colour, deepest

and most conspicuous on the rump and tail-feathers; down the

centre of each of the feathers is a streak of blackish brown, broadest

and most conspicuous on the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;

primaries blackish brown, strongly toothed on their inner margins

with greyish white; tail-feathers irregularly crossed with blackish

brown ; thighs light buff.

Total length, 23 inches ; bill, 7; wing, 121; tail, 33; tarsi, 5.

This is a very fine species, about the size of Numenius arcuatus and

N. australis, from the former of which it differs in the absence of

the white rump, and from the latter in its rufous colouring.

10. On A BirnD SUPPOSED TO BE THE FEMALE OF CROSSOPTILON

AURITUM, PALLAS, FROM NorTHERN CuHinA. By ROBERT

Swinuog, F.Z.S., H.M. Consuu at Formosa.

My friend Dr. Lamprey, of the 97th Regiment, stationed at Tsin-

tsin, sent me, while I was at Amoy, the bird I now exhibit, in skin, with

the statement that he had seen several of the same species, all of which

were similar in plumage. My specimen I have taken to the British

Museum, and compared, with the kind assistance of Mr. G. R. Gray,

with Hodgson’s bird from the Himalayas. That they are closely

allied species there can be no gainsaying; but of their distinctness

there can be little doubt. ®Our bird is much larger, has longer tarsi,

bill higher at the base, white throat, with longer ear-feathers, deep

brown plumage, and a differently shaped tail. From the develop-

ment of its cheek-skin, its form of bill, as well as the appearance of

its plumage, it bears the mark of an old bird; and from the shape of

its tail one would infer that it was a male. But, on examining its

legs, we find no spur, only a hard callosity, such as distinguish the

females of the Phasianide. I am rather inclined, therefore, to

concur with Mr. G. R. Gray in considering the bird a female, but

the masculine form of tail is rather a difficulty. In comparing it

with the specimen of Crossoptilon in the Museum, it is, however,

easy to see that the tail of the Peking bird is proportionately smaller,

and, judging from analogy, it is rather improbable that the mature

male would wear such a dingy livery. Now, supposing this bird to

be a female, we have no hesitation in saying that it is not the female

of the Crossoptilon from Thibet; we must, therefore, compare it

1862.] FEMALE OF CROSSOPTILON AURITUM. 287

with the description of the C. auritum given by Pallas in his ‘ Zoo-

graphia Rosso-Asiatica,’ vol. ii. p. 86. Pallas makes no mention of

proportions and measurements, and, further, he tells us that the only

skin he received from China had no legs; but the shape of the tail,

with its eighteen side-feathers and four curved central feathers,

answers very nearly, as well as the white throat and ear-plumes, the

latter 1} inch long. But in general colour, and in many respects,

they differ. Pallas’s bird has the black plumelets on the crown

bluish black; throat and ears white; the neck, the whole body as

far as the rump, together with the bases of the wings, of one uniform

bluish leaden; interior quills same colour as the back; primaries

brown, the second, third, and fourth being margined exteriorly with

white; tail with the four central tail-feathers curved and comose,

of a bluish black ; the four nearest rectrices on each side widest and

entire, curved inwards, and nearly equal in length, blue at their ex-

tremities, the rest of the side-feathers decreasing gradually in length,

the greater part of their basal halves being white, the apical portions

bluish black.

Ours, from Peking, has the small plumes on the crown pur-

plish black, bordered by an indistinct whitish occipital band. Throat

and ears white. Neck deep shining black. Back, belly, and entire

wings deep chocolate-brown ; vent silky and paler. Rump and tail

dingy white, the stems of the tail-feathers deep chocolate-brown, the

ends of the tail-feathers being more or less deeply tipped with pur-

plish black, the four central feathers being comose, and the nine

others on each side being almost equally graduate and curved inwards.

Now the objections I take against considering this bird the female

of C. auritum, Pall., arise first from its style of colouring: The

male of C. auritum has the entire body a bluish leaden. In our

bird, consequently, if a female of the same species, we might expect

to find a uniform brown. But no; ours has a Slack neck and a

whiterump. The white margins to the quills might be a sexual

difference ; but it strikes me, from Pallas’s description, ours has

much smaller and somewhat differently shaped wings. In the tail,

too, we should expect greater similarity of colouring, if not of form.

In the colouring of its tail C. awritum more nearly approaches the

C. tibetanum, Hodgs. The four central feathers are bluish black ;

the four next on each side, of nearly equal length, are tipped with

blue ; whereas the entire tail of our bird is dingy white, tipped with

purplish black, the four feathers next to the central ones being gra-

duated in much the same proportion as those that follow. I think,

therefore, after due deliberation, that our bird, which there seem to

be valid reasons for considering a female, is a species the male of

which will be more beautiful than either the C. tibetanum or the

C. auritum. If I am rightly informed, our specimen hails from

Mantchuria, whereas Pallas’s bird came from Mongolia, and Hodg-

son’s from Thibet. For the present, therefore, I appropriate to

myself the advantage of the doubt, and propose to introduce this as

the female of a new species, which I propose to name Crossoptilon

mantchuricum.

288 DR. T. S. COBBULD ON HUMAN ENTOZOa. __[Nov. 25,

11. Remarks ON ALL THE HuMAN Entozoa. By T. Spencer

Cossotp, M.D., F.L.S., LecrureER on CoMPARATIVE ANA-

tomy, ZoOLoGyY, AND Borany AT THE MippLEsex HospIiTAu.

At the recent Cambridge Meeting of the British Association for

the Advancement of Science, I adduced the following argument in

favour of a more extended prosecution of experimental research in

the department of human helminthology :—“ As man is infested by

a great variety of internal parasites, and some of them prove exceed-

ingly troublesome, it is evident that a large amount of practical good

would ensue if we were more perfectly informed respecting the origin

and economy of these creatures; for not only are our personal inter-

ests directly affected by their intrusion, but we also suffer indirectly

from the injury and destruction they occasion amongst our domesti-

cated animals. At least thirty well-marked forms have been de-

scribed as infesting the human body; and although most of the

species are comparatively rare, yet a considerable number are exceed-

ingly common in occurrence, and likewise often prove numerically

abundant in one and the same individual.”

This argument was supported by a reference to certain recently

ascertained facts, a more particular account of which, combined

with the results of my own inquiries, I now submit to the consider-

ation of the Zoological Society. ;

In the subjoined list I only record those which are perfectly di-

stinct forms, and therefore probably good species. Many forms

which were at first supposed to be distinct will be found in the

synonymy placed at the head of each comment where the species is

separately considered. The larvee are noticed under the titles of the

adults to which they are either known or presumed to be respectively

referable. This method is followed even in cases where the adult

condition is not known to occur in the human body or in any other

“host :” thus, for example, the Cysticercus acanthotrias is placed

under Tenia acanthotrias, although the mature tapeworm at present

remains unknown :—

Human Entozoa.

Fasciola hepatica, Linneus.

. Distoma crassum, Busk.

lanceolatum, Mehlis.

ophthalmobium, Diesing.

heterophyes, Siebold.

. Bilharzia hematobia, Cobbold.

. Tetrastoma renale, Delle Chiaje.

. Hexathyridium pinguicola, Treutler.

venarum, 'Treutler.

10. Ascaris lumbricoides, Linnzeus.

mystax, Rudolphi.

12. Trichocephalus dispar, Rudolphi.

13. Trichina spiralis, Owen.

14. Filaria medinensis, Gmelin.

OWNS HR w to

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTUZOA. 289

15. Filaria lentis, Diesing.

16. Strongylus bronchialis, Cobbold.

17. Eustrongylus gigas, Diesing.

18. Sclerostoma duodenale, Cobbold.

19. Spiroptera hominis, Rudolphi.

20. Oxyuris vermicularis, Bremser.

21. Tenia solium, Linneus.

mediocanellata, Kiichenmeister.

23. acanthotrias, Weinland.

24, flavopuncta, Weinland.

25 marginata, Batsch.

26. echinococcus, Siebold.

nana, Siebold.

elliptica, Batsch.

29. Bothryocephalus latus, Bremser.

cordatus, Leuckart.

In this list it will be observed that I have purposely omitted the

Acarine genus Pentastoma, the Aunelid Dactylius aculeatus (Curling),

and several other internal parasites not strictly referable to the Hel-

minths.

Up to the present hour no one has recorded the occurrence of any

acanthocephalous helminth within the human body, although it is

well known that Echinorhynchi have been found in all the vertebrate

classes, and even in the Simiade*.

1. FascroLa HEPATICA, Linnezeus.

F. hepatica, Linnzus, Pallas, Fabricius, Miller, Frohlich, Bose,

Blanchard, Cobbold, &c.

F.. humana, Gmelin.

Distoma hepaticum, Abildgaard, Zeder, Mehlis, Rudolphi, Brem-

ser, Delle Chiaje, Dujardin, Creplin, Siebold, Owen, Pluskal, Kii-

chenmeister, Diesing, Weinland, Simonds, &c.

Planaria latiuscula, Goeze.

The general structure of this parasite is now thoroughly well

understood, although some minor points, more especially in respect

of the mode of origin of the branches of the water-vascular system,

remain to be investigated. The old view of Mehlis, as to the termi-

nation of the excretory system by an open foramen caudale, although

* In connexion with this subject I may remark that I have just received

(Nov. Ist) a most interesting brochure from Prof. Rudolf Leuckart, in which

he describes a remarkable series of genetic changes discovered by him as occur-

ring in Echinorhynchus proteus. Coutrary to our previous notions, he proves by

experiments (with eggs administered to the Gammarus pulex of our ponds and

rivers) that the embryos materially differ from the adult forms, and stand in the

same relation to them that the larval Pluteus and Pilidium respectively do to

Ophiurus and Nemertes. An alternation of generations was certainly quite un-

suspected. The title of the paper is “ Helminthologische Experimentaluntersuchun-

gen,” having been communicated to the Gottingen kénigliche Gesellschaft der

Wissenschaften on the 9th October, 1862. Prof. Busk has since given a trans.

lation of this paper in the ‘ Microsc. Journal’ for January 1863.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XIX.

290 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

rejected by Blanchard, is now generally accepted as correct. In

other particulars, concerning the mode of distribution of the aqui-

ferous vessels, the representations of the French naturalist appear to

be trustworthy, and my own injections confirm his statements in all

essential points*. Up to the present hour a complete history of the

development of this species has not been made out; but the recent

investigations of Van Beneden, Pagenstecher, Wagener, Filippi, and

others enable us to form tolerably accurate conclusions respecting

the abode and migrations of its larvee. As, however, I have recently

published the results of my investigations on this point in my paper

“On the Common Liver Entozoon of Cattle,” in the pages of the

pitulate the deductions there recorded ; but I may observe, in passing,

that a well-sustained series of researches are still wanting to com-

plete the chain of evidencet+. The costly nature of these investiga-

tions has alone prevented my further prosecution of the necessary

experiments. Hitherto, only nine instances have been recorded of

the occurrence of this parasite within the human body ; and for par-

ticulars respecting these I may also be permitted to refer to my

«« Synopsis of the Distomide,” in the fifth volume of the Journal of

the Proceedings of the Linnean Society.

2. DisromA crassum, Busk.

D. crassum, Cobbold, Simonds.

D. buskii, Lankester, Moquin-Tandon.

Dicrocelium buskii, Weinland.

This is a good species, and appropriately named ; for, although

Von Siebold (in Miiller’s Archiv for 1836, p. 234, and in his Lehr-

buch, vol. i. p. 143) refers to a Distome infesting Hirundo urbica

under this title, he has given no description of the worm. Diesing

places Von Siebold’s D. crassum among his species inquirende, and

it is very probably identical with the D. maculosum of Rudolphi.

No other instance has occurred since the original fourteen specimens

were discovered by Mr. Busk in the duodenum of a Lascar. From

a careful examination of three examples, severally presented hy the

discoverer to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, the

Museum of the Middlesex Hospital Medical College, and to my pri-

vate collection, I am satisfied that it is generically distinct from the

above; but it is unnecessary to insist further on this distinction, as

* Specimens of the Fasciola gigantea, thus prepared, were exhibited by me at

the Glasgow Meeting of the British Association in 1855, a description of them

being given in the ‘ Report,’ Sect., p. 108; and a more extended account of the

same appeared in ‘ Edin. New Phil. Journ.’ for 1855, plate 7.

+ Since the above was written, I have received a communication from Professor

Leuckart, of Giessen, in which he mentions that he has at last succeeded in solving

many points respecting the phases of development through which this species

passes. A full account of these changes will doubtless appear in the second di-

vision of his valuable work (Die menschlichen Parasiten) now in course of pub-

lication.

t Ihave forwarded this specimen to Prof. Leuckart in exchange for other rare

parasites.—T. S. C., Jan. 10, 1863.

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 291

I have elsewhere fully exposed the fallacy of combining the genera

Fasciola and Distoma. In two of the specimens which Mr. Busk

injected with mercury, the injection has passed from the digestive

into the aquiferous system, which latter, in its arrangements, does

not differ materially from that of Fasciola hepatica. The original

account in Dr. Budd’s valuable work on Diseases of the Liver

speaks of a “branched uterine tube;” but this description is mani-

festly erroneous, and probably refers to the division of the upper

end of the vitelligene tube into the ducts which come from the yelk-

forming glands on either side of the body.

3. DistomMa LANCEOLATUM, Meblis.

D. lanceolatum, Mehlis, Bucholz, Gurlt, Valentin, Chabert, Du-

jardin, Diesing, Blanchard, Baird, Kichenmeister, Leidy, Moulinié,

Cobbold, &e.

D. hepaticum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser, Olfers, Bojanus, Creplin,

Gurlt, Owen.

D. conus, Gurlt.

Fasciola hepatica, Bloch, Jérdens, Bosc.

F. lanceolata, Rudolphi, Moquin-Tandon.

Planaria latiuscula, Goeze.

Dicrocelium lanceolatum, Weinland.

Only two instances of the occurrence of this well-marked form in

the human subject are recorded, one by Bucholz, the other by Mehlis

and Chabert. The latter occurred in France, in a girl twelve years

of age, from whom Chabert expelled a large number of specimens by

the employment of empyreumatic oil. The specimens found by Bu-

cholz in the body of a prisoner who died from fever are, it is believed,

still preserved in the Museum of the University of Jena. Mehlis

was the first to establish clearly the non-identity of this species with

the common fluke,—a view which was shared also by Schiffer and

Rudolphi, but subsequently abandoned by the latter. Its structure

has been well investigated by Valentin, Blanchard, Walter, and

Kiichenmeister, from examples occurring in the gall-bladder and

biliary-ducts of our domesticated ruminants.

4. Disroma opHTHALMosiuM, Diesing.

D. ophthalmobium, Diesing, Kichenmeister, Cobbold, Mogquin-

Tandon.

D. oculi-humani, Gescheidt.

? D. (lentis), Von Ammon.

Dicrocelium oculi-humani, Weinland.

? Monostoma lentis, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Diesing, Kiichen-

meister, Cobbold, Weinland.

? Festucaria lentis, Moquin-Tandon.

Gescheidt found four specimens in the eye of a child five months

old, born with lenticular cataract. No one of them exceeded half a

line in length ; and they were situated between the lens and its cap-

sule, where they could be recognized as so many dark spots on the

292 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. _[Nov. 25,

surface of the lens. From the original description in Von Ammon’s

‘ Zeitschrift fiir Ophthalmologie’ we are scarcely warranted in con-

cluding that the specimens were sexually mature. The author speaks

of ovaries, but they were “indistinct,” and they are not represented

in the carefully executed figures given in Von Ammon’s writings

(‘Klinische Darstellungen der Krankheiten des menschlichen

Auges,’ vol. i. t. 12, and vol. ii. t. 14). I think it likely that

Von Nordmann’s Monostoma lentis is identical with this worm ; and

I perceive that Dr. Weinland, of Frankfort, entertains a similar suspi-

cion. Kichenmeister’s idea that this Monostoma may be a young

Cysticercus cellulose is not at all convincing ; for no one ever heard

of eight Cysticerci occupying one eyeball, and much less is it likely

that they should occur thus gregariously in the human lens. Tre-

matodes are seldom solitary ; and all the circumstances render it pro-

bable that the worms extracted by Prof. Jiingken, in his case of

cataract, were specifically identical with those removed after death

from the eye of the little girl who died from infantile atrophy whilst

under Von Ammon’s care.

5. DisTOMA HETEROPHYES, Siebold.

D. heterophyes, Siebold & Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Diesing,

Leuckart, Cobbold.

Fasciola heterophyes, Moquin-Tandon.

Dicrocelium heterophyes, Weinland.

Inthe month of April 1851, Dr. Bilharz, of Cairo, discovered this

minute worm in the small intestine of a boy ; and on a second occa-

sion he collected several hundred specimens under very similar cir-

cumstances. The parts infested displayed a multitude of reddish

points, due to the presence of the dark-coloured ova seen in the in-

terior of the worms. The length of the largest specimens did not

exceed three-fourths of a line. Their anatomy is fully described by

Siebold in the fourth volume of the ‘Zeitschrift fir wissensch.

Zool.,’ and also by Kiichenmeister in his ‘ Manual.’

6. BiLHARZIA H2ZMATOBIA, Cobbold.

Bilharzia hematobia, Cobbold.

Gynecophorus hematobius, Diesing.

Thecosoma hematobium, Moquin-Tandon.

Distoma hematobium, Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Moulinié.

Schistosoma hematobium, Weinland.

Most helminthologists agree as to the propriety of placing this

remarkable trematode in a separate genus, but some dispute has

arisen concerning* the priority of the various titles which have been

proposed. The generic name here adopted is one which I applied

to asecond species discovered by me six months before Diesing com-

municated his ‘‘ Revision der Myzelminthen”’ to the Vienna Academy ;

but I shall have no objection to employ the title Gynecophorus,

proposed by him, if it be generally thought more appropriate.

Weinland has expressed to me his willingness to abandon the title

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 293

Schistosoma in favour of Bilharzia, which he admits has the priority.

Though it is of little consequence which name be retained, the genus

itself is one of remarkable interest, not merely in a structural point

of view, but also from its prevalence on the borders of the Nile.

The first specimens were discovered by Dr. Bilharz, of Cairo, in the

portal system of blood-vessels; and others were subsequently ob-

served by him, Griesenger, Reinhard, and Lautner in the veins of

the mesentery, bladder, and other parts, giving rise to a formidable

and very prevalent disease. The anatomy of Bilharzia has been

fully described by the original discoverer and by Kiichenmeister ;

but I would observe, in passing, that it is rather singular that Moquin-

Tandon should express his belief that the sexes have been mistaken

by such competent authorities. The circumstance of the smaller

form being carefully described by them as furnished with uterine

ducts containing eggs ought to leave no doubt in our minds as to the

correctness of the generally received opinion, unless we have distinct

evidence to the contrary. In connexion with this subject I would

also again call attention to the circumstance of my having discovered

the second species of Bilharzia (B. magna) in the portal system of an

African Monkey (Cercopithecus fuliginosus). Those who pay regard

to the distribution or limitation of particular forms will see in this

fact a curious illustration of the affinities of habit ; for there can be

little doubt that the Sooty Monkey procures the larvze of its Bil-

harzia from a source similar to that from which our Egyptian bre-

thren procure the larvee of B. hematobia, and it is not a little sig-

nificant that the genus in question should only at present be known

to infest men and monkeys. For further particulars in regard to

this parasite I must refer to my previous papers in the ‘ Linnean

Transactions’ (vol. xxii. p. 364), ‘ Linnean Proceedings’ (vol. vy.

Zool. Div. p. 30), ‘ Zoological Society Proceedings’ (1861, p. 118),

and in the ‘ Intellectual Observer’ (vol. i. p. 352).

7. TETRASTOMA RENALE, Delle Chiaje.

T. renale, Delle Chiaje, Diesing, Dubini, Leidy, Weinland.

The occurrence of this entozoon as a human parasite appears

hitherto to have escaped the notice of English zoologists, although

discovered by Lucarelli and Delle Chiaje in 1833. All that we now

know of it is due to the original description of Chiaje, from whose

‘Elmintografia Umana’ we learn that it attains a length of 5 lines,

has an oval flattened body, and is furnished with four suckers disposed

in a quadrate manner at the caudal extremity. The reproductive

orifices are situated near the mouth. It infests the tubes of the

kidney.

8. HEXATHYRIDIUM PINGUICOLA, Treutler.

H. pinguicola, Treutler, Jordens, Brera, Leidy, Weinland.

Hexastoma pinguicola, Cuvier.

Linguatula pinguicola, Lamarck.

Polystoma pinguicola, Zeder, Rudolphi, Bremser, Delle Chiaje,

Owen, Dujardin, Dubini.

294 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noy. 25,

This species was once found by Dr. Treutler in a diseased ovarium ;

and no second instance of its occurrence in Germany or elsewhere

has since been recorded. A concise description of this trematode,

which attains a length of 8 lines, is given in Prof. Owen’s article

«Entozoa” in the ‘ Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology.’ _ It is

also figured from Treutler in various works. Van Beneden and Ger-

vais have supposed that this parasite may, after all, have only been

the Pentastoma denticulatum. This view is inadmissible. (See a

footnote by Leuckart, in his monograph of the “Bau und Ent-

wicklungsgeschichte der Pentastomen,” p. 11.)

9. HexATHYRIDIUM VENARUM, Treutler.

H. venarum, Treutler, Jérdens, Rudolphi, Brera, Bremser, Diesing,

Leidy, Weinland.

Hewastoma venarum, Cuvier.

Heaacotyle venarum, Blainville.

Linguatula venarum, Lamarck.

Polystoma sanguicola, Delle Chiaje, Frick.

P. venarum, Zeder, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Owen, Dubini.

This species is better known than the above. Treutler originally

obtained two specimens from the blood of the anterior tibial vein of

a young man who accidentally ruptured the vessel while bathing at

Leipsic. Rudolphi and others sought to throw doubt on Treutler’s

observation, and referred these worms to the freshwater Planarie.

At Naples, however, Delle Chiaje subsequently procured specimens

from the sputa of two young persons suffering from hemoptysis ;

and a fourth instance has also been noticed by Follina, where the

worm was found in venous blood. This species attains a length of

3 lines, is cylindrico-lanceolate in shape, its six suckers being biseri-

ally disposed on the under side of the so-called head.

10. ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES, Linneus.

A. lumbricoides, Linnzeus, Bloch, Géze, Werner, Gmelin, Schrank,

Frohlich, Rudolphi, Jérdens, Brera, Otto, Bojanus, Deslongchamps,

Bremser, Blainville, Nitzsch, Delle Chiaje, Cloquet, Schmalz, Gurlt,

Cuvier, Owen, Creplin, Eschricht, Sortegana, Gluge, Siebold, Du-

jardin, Pruner, Blanchard, Kiichenmeister, Richter, Moquin-Tandon,

Weinland, &e. &e.

Fusaria lumbricoides, Zeder.

Lumbricus teres hominis, Tyson, Redi, Valisneri.

? Nematoideum hominis (ventriculi), Dégland, Leveillé, Clesius.

?.N. hominis (viscerum), Pruner, Diesing.

? Ophiostoma pontierii, Cloquet, Delle Chiaje, Bremser.

This well-known parasite is by some still considered identical with

Ascaris megalocephala of the horse and 4. suilla of the hog ; but I

agree with Dujardin, Moquin-Tandon, Claparéde, and others in re-

garding it as distinct. ‘The anatomy of Ascaris lumbricoides has

been well illustrated by Cloquet and others ; but the precise manner

in which the young gain access to the human body is very imper-

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 295

fectly understood. It is well known that quantities of the immature

ova are expelled their “host”? per anum; and I have myself ob-

tained the characteristic eggs from matters ejected by the mouth.

Richter’s and Davaine’s experiments go to prove that, after the ova

have escaped passively, they complete their development in open

waters ; and it would also appear that an interval of six months

must elapse (after their expulsion) before the yelk-segmentation and

consequent embryonic formation can take place. In Richter’s ex-

periment none of the embryos had emerged after the eggs had been

in the water for a period of eleven months; and, in the case of 4.

marginata from the dog, Verloren’s previous investigations have

shown that the young embryos can retain their vitality for more than

a year after their worm-like condition has been attained. According

to Davaine (Comptes Rendus, 1858, p. 1217), the fully developed

embryo is cylindrical, its length ;+>th of an inch, the mouth is not

furnished with the three characteristic papille of the genus, and

the tail terminates suddenly in a point.

His experiments also showed that their development in ovo was

not facilitated by increase of temperature, neither were the mature

eggs affected by several days’ immersion in the gastric juice of rab-

bits and dogs. Further researches therefore are required to decide

whether the young Ascarides eventually gain access to our bodies

after the embryos have escaped from the eggs and have undergone

a series of active wanderings elsewhere, or whether, as seems more

probable, they are not directly transferred from river- and pond-

water to the human stomach.

11. Ascaris mystax, Rudolphi.

A. mystaz, Rudolphi, Bremser, Gurlt, Dujardin, Bellingham, Die-

sing, Siebold, Nelson, Allen Thomson, Meissner, Kolliker, Bischoff,

Leuckart, Claparéde, Cobbold, &c.

A, felis, Gmelin, Fréhlich, Rudolphi, J. V. Thomson, Pickells.

A. teres felis, Goeze.

A. cati, Schrank.

A. alata, Bellingham, Dujardin, Diesing.

| Fusaria mystax, Zeder.

Although no one has hitherto regarded the Ascaris mystax as a

human parasite, I am satisfied that Bellingham’s Ascaris alata

(about which there has been so much dispute) is neither more nor

less than the well-known A. mystax of the Cat. But if this be

doubted by Continental helminthologists, I invite their attention to

evidence which, to any one conversant with the characters of Ascaris

mystax, cannot fail to satisfy them that this nematode is liable to

infest the human body. The first instance in which this parasite

has been observed in man is recorded by Dr. Pickells in the ‘ Trans-

actions of the Association of Fellows and Licentiates of the King

and Queen’s College of Physicians in Ireland.’ The case is reported

at length in vol. iv. pp. 189-221, and in vol. v. pp. 171-196, the

text being accompanied by figures of a nematode unmistakeably re-

296 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noy. 25,

ferable to Ascaris mystaz. As this volume is not likely to be acces-

sible to foreign writers, I adduce a few of the leading facts, which, if

carefully weighed, will, I think, clear up all doubts as to the nature

of Bellingham’s 4. alata, and at the same time rescue from oblivion

a most interesting helminthological contribution.

Dr. Pickells’s patient was a woman, aged twenty-eight years. The

first worm came away in April 1822, and on being submitted toa

distinguished naturalist, Dr. J. V. Thomson, of Cork, this authority

remarked as follows :—‘ The Ascaris resembles most that which is

so common an inhabitant of the stomach of the Cat (Ascaris felis),

but it is rather longer in proportion to its thickness.”

After an interval of one year and ten months (#. e. in Feb. 1824)

several were passed; then again (in November 1825) eleven more ;

and subsequently (in March 1826) an additional batch of nine were

thrown up alive. In all, Dr. William Pickells had “seen about

fifty of various sizes.” They were generally evacuated alive, and, in

a majority of instances, without medicine. ‘They came away usually

in groups of six or more:” and he adds, “‘I have sometimes found

a whole group knit together by the extremities. The common Lum-

bricus (Ascaris lumbricoides) was also eliminated in some instances.

One (of the latter) measured upwards of a foot.”

Thus much for the first case. The second is almost equally con-

vincing, if a comparison be instituted between the figures given by

the authors. Continental writers have only referred to Dr. Belling-

ham’s ‘Catalogue of Irish Entozoa’ for a description of Ascaris

alata; but the account there given is very meagre, in fact a mere

abstract. In the ‘Dublin Medical Press’ for 1831, vol. i. p. 104,

Bellingham writes as follows :—“ The only instance in which I have

as yet met with the Ascaris alata was on the occasion of my pre-

scribing for a child aged about five years, who exhibited symptoms

of worms. I ordered some vermifuge medicine, and desired, in case

any worms were voided, that they should be kept. A day or two

afterwards the specimens from which I have taken the above deserip-

tion [given in his paper.—T. 8. C.], and which had been expelled by

the medicine, were brought to me ; they were dead when I received

them, and I could not learn that the child ever passed any since.”

Dr. Bellingham then refers to Dr. J. V. Thomson’s opinion as to

the species of nematode in the case under Dr. Pickells’s care, and

himself admits that the latter worm was “one closely resembling his

Ascaris alata.’ Ue concludes by stating that this 4. alata “in

general appearance is not unlike Ascaris mystax, which inhabits the

stomach and intestines of the Cat; it differs, however, in having a

greater diameter posteriorly than anteriorly, and in the lateral mem-

branes of the head being broader in 4A. mystax than they are in the

species under consideration.”

I will not now enter further into this question: but I cannot help

remarking, with surprise, that it is singular any doubt should have

existed on the subject. None of the alleged differences are of any

yalue as indications of specific distinctness; and the figures given

(especially those by J. V. Thomson) are clearly referable to Ascaris

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 297

mystax. ,In conclusion, therefore, I would assure all medical gentle-

men who may meet with cases of Ascarides that they would confer on

entozoologists a favour, and on science an advantage, if, when in any

doubt as to the specific character of these or other parasites, they

would kindly submit them to the scrutiny of those who are intimately

conversant with the science of helminthology*.

12. TRicHOCEPHALUS DISPAR, Rudolphi.

T’. dispar, Rudolphi, Bradley, Cuvier, Bremser, Chiaje, Belling-

ham, Mayer, Busk, Siebold, Dujardin, Tutschek, Pruner, Wedl,

Diesing, Kiichenmeister, Leidy, Moquin-Tandon, Eberth, Cobbold,

Weinland, &c.

T. hominis, Goeze, Schrank, Gmelin, Rudolphi, Jérdens, Brera,

Lamarck, Blanchard.

T. simie patas, Treutler.

T. lemuris, Rudolphi.

T. paleformis, Rudolphi, Dujardin.

Trichuris, Buttner & Roederer, Wagler, Bloch.

Ascaris trichiura, Linnzus, Miiller, Werner.

Few of the entozoa have excited more interest than this species,

partly owing to the angry discussion which its discovery inaugurated,

and partly on account of its singular and elegant whip-like appear-

ance. The original name of 77ichuris, given to it by Buttner, could

not, of course, be allowed to stand when it became evident that the

so-called tail was in reality the head and neck. The Trichocephalus

is generally thought to be scarce in England—a persuasion which

has probably arisen from the negligence of pathologists, whose ardu-

ous duties connected with the superintendence of post mortem exami-

nations have perhaps left them little time for these inquiries+.

On the other side of the Channel this worm is so abundant in some

localities that Mons. Davaine calculates that not less than one-half

of the inhabitants of Paris are infested by it. The general organiza-

tion of T'richocephalus has been well investigated, more particularly

by Mayer, Siebold, Dujardin, Blanchard, Kiichenmeister, and Eberth;

but (as I have recently shown in my third memoir on “ Entozoa,”

published in the Linnean Society’s ‘'Transactions’) the statement of

Kiichenmeister that there are no external appendages in the female

of Trichocephalus comparable to those known to exist in the allied

Trichosomata is incorrect. In connexion with these organs I have

also endeavoured to throw light upon the conflicting statements of

Mayer and Eberth, and I have demonstrated more fully the very

* Since writing the above, with great good fortune and most opportunely, a

third case has been brought under my notice,—Dr. Lankester, F.R.S., having very

kindly placed in my hands, last Thursday evening (Noy. 20), a nematode sent to

him by Mr. Scattergood, of Leeds. This worm is 4. mystaz, from a child only

thirteen months old, whose case I hope shortly to lay before the medical profes-

sion. I now exhibit the parasite to the Society. (See ‘The Lancet’ for Jan. 10,

1563, p. 31, where the case has since appeared.—T. S. C.)

t To Dr. Rutherford Haldane, F.R.C.P., Physician and formerly Pathologist to

the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, I am indebted for several perfectly fresh ex-

amples of this worm.

298 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Noyv. 25,

marked differences existing between the males of Trichocephalus

afinis and T’.. dispar. The presence of the last-named species in the

human body is fortunately attended with very little inconvenience ;

but its development and mode of gaining access to the host has

nevertheless been recently made the subject of diligent inquiry.

Leuckart’s, and especially also Virchow’s, researches have entirely

disproved Kiichenmeister’s notion that Trichine are the young of

Trichocephalus ; and the experiments of Davaine render it probable

that the young get into the human body in a manner very similar to

those of Ascaris lumbricoides. The latter authority finds that the

eggs undergo no development whilst yet lodged within the host’s

intestine, and they are expelled per anum in the immature condition

in which they make their escape from the body of the parent worm.

It further appears that, after their expulsion, a period of six months

must elapse before the embryonic formation commences—an inter-

esting circumstance, and one which satisfactorily explains why it

was that my own feeding-experiments (on a chicken and rabbit) with

the fresh eggs of Trichocephalus affinis gave only negative results.

According to Davaine, the fully developed embryo measures z$grd

of an inch in length, and to a certain extent resembles the parent,

tapering gradually from behind forwards.

13. TRICHINA SPIRALIS, Owen.

T. spiralis, Owen, Wood, Farre, Henle, Diffenbach, Fricke and

Oppenheim, Paget, Knox, Harrison, Hodgkin, Leblond, Siebold,

Kobelt, Nordmann, Valentin, Bischoff, Dujardin, Svitzer, Luschka,

Kiichenmeister, Gairdner, Sanders and Kirk, Cobbold, Herbst, Zen-

ker, Virchow, Leuckart, Weinland, &c.

The experimental researches of Herbst, Leuckart, and more espe-

cially those of Virchow, afford us an almost complete knowledge of

the development and economy of this minute parasite, the facts of

which may be briefly summed up as follows:—(1.) T'richine are

introduced into the human body by the ingestion of trichinous pork.

This diseased meat, if imperfectly cooked or indifferently prepared in

the form of sausages or hams, is capable of giving rise to severe fe-

brile symptoms in those who partake of it; and in the case of a

woman under the care of Prof. Zenker, of Dresden, it was the sole

cause of death. There is reason to believe others have likewise

perished from a similar cause. In hams long prepared and well

smoked the Trichine are found dead ; they resist death in decom-

posing flesh, also during a prolonged immersion in water ; in the en-

cysted condition they are unaffected by tolerably strong acid solu-

tions. (2.) Trichina spiralis forms the type of a distinct genus of

nematodes ; it has no genetic relation whatever to T'richocephalus

dispar ; it reproduces viviparously like Filaria dracunculus. (3.) Non-

encysted Trichine may exist in the flesh of animals without being

visible to the naked eye ; whilst encysted Trichine, where cretifica-

tion has not commenced, are difficult of detection without the aid of

a pocket lens. The latter observation is based on appearances which

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 299

I have also'myself noticed in connexion with two cases where nearly

all the voluntary muscles of the human body were crowded with

Trichine. (4.) In a few days after the ingestion of fresh-encysted

Trichine, the worms acquire sexual distinction and maturity ; the

ova and young are in a few more days equally rapidly developed,

and the latter soon escape from the parent, per vaginam, to commence

active migrations on their own account ; this they do by penetrating

the walls of the intestine of the host, from whence they pass quickly

to the voluntary muscles, where they eventually become encysted.

According to Virchow’s conclusive testimony, all these phenomena

occur within the space of a single month ; and, in his experiments,

even as early as three weeks after ingestion the young were found

to equal in size those that he administered at the commencement.

The genesis and migrations of T’richina are therefore astonishingly

rapid, and probably without parallel in this class of parasites.

(‘Comptes Rendus,’ for July 1860, p. 13; also in ‘ Annales des

Sciences Naturelles,’ series 4, vol. xiii. p. 109.) The organization

of Trichina in the encysted condition has been accurately given by

Owen, Luschka, Bischoff, Valentin, Sanders and Kirk, &c., its

adult and embryonic structure being also beautifully illustrated by

Leuckart (‘ Untersuchungen tiber Trichina spiralis, 1861; and in

the ‘ Gottinger Nachrichten’ for April 30, 1860, p. 135).

14. Fruaria MEDINENSIS, Gmelin.

F. medinensis, Gmelin, Olfers, Rudolphi, Jacobson, Lamarck,

Gescheidt, Chiaje, Richeraud, Chapotin, Williamson, Scott, Adam,

Kennedy and Smyttan, Young and Jamieson, Cuvier, Weihe, Oppen-

heim, Charvet, Mare and Laennec, Leblond, Wagner, Clark, Blott,

Eschricht, Oken, Siebold, Dujardin, Dutschek, Creplin, Fischer,

Heath, Brulatour, Maisonneuve, Diesing, Carter, Busk, Cobbold,

Cezilly, Robin, Thibaut and Benoit, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland, &c.

F.. dracunculus, Bremser, Clelland, Pruner.

Furia medinensis, Modeer.

Gordius medinensis, Linnzeus, Bruguiére.

Vermis medinensis, Grundler.

Dracunculus, Lister, Gallandatus.

D. persarum, Kampfer.

This species is well known to our medical brethren in India and

the East ; and probably no parasite has had so much written about it

as the Guineaworm. Among modern investigators nothing can

equal the patience and perseverance of Mr. Carter, F.R.S., of Bom-

bay, who, month after month, for many years past, has been devo-

ting his energies towards the elucidation of the habits, economy, and

development of the Dracunculus. The structure of the adult female

is well known ; but it is still extremely doubtful if the male has ever

been seen. Prof. Owen believed himself to have found the male, and

he accordingly described it ; but Mr. Busk’s subsequent observations,

as well as the experiences of those who, from their position, have be-

come familiar with Dracunculus, alike go to prove that we are still

300 DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

unacquainted with the male. It is by no means improbable, how-

ever, that one or other of the numerous male examples of Filarie

belonging to Mr. Carter’s closely allied genus Urolabes may turn out

to be the long sought-for male of Dracunculus. The anatomy of

the adult viviparously producing female is well known ; but its mode

of gaining access to the body is not absolutely determined, although

an ultimate and complete solution of the problem cannot long be de-

layed. With extreme probability we may fairly assume that the

young gain access by permeating the sudorific ducts of the skin, and

that the maturation of the ova and embryos takes place after they

have invaded the host. Females extracted from the human body

have been described as attaining a length of 8, 10, or even 16 feet ;

but it is worthy of remark that Mr. Carter has never found them

more than 32 inches long in the island of Bombay. The grown

females resemble elongated sacs distended from end to end with my-

riads of young Filarie. The discovery of their viviparous mode of

reproduction is, I believe, due to Jacobson; yet it is only within

comparatively recent times that this discovery has become generally

recognized. The structure of the young has been ably investigated

by Carter, Busk, Robin, Moquin-Tandon, and others; and I have

myself independently worked out their anatomy from specimens of

remarkably fine Dracunculi, kindly placed in my hands by the late

Sir George Ballingall. I found the young in a beautiful state of pre-

servation, although the adult females had been preserved in Prof.

Ballingall’s private museum for a period of thirty years. In regard

to the structure of the young, most of us agree in recognizing a

slightly trilobed or tripapillated mouth ; but Carter fails to recognize

these tubercles, regarding the oral aperture as simple or “ puncti-

form ;”’ the body throughout its three upper fourths is cylindrical

and finely striated transversely, after which it rapidly contracts to

form the slender sharply-pointed tail. Robin, Moquin-Tandon, and

myself recognize a distinct, rounded anal orifice; but whilst Prof.

Busk has not recognized its existence, Carter, on the other hand, calls

that which we described as the anus a gland, placing the alimentary

outlet on one side and a little above it. Carter (whose figures, by-

the-by, are very diagrammatic) may possibly be right ; but I must

further observe that Robin describes the anus as surrounded by a

small hood or suspensory contractile lip, whilst he also speaks of

a prolongation of the intestine downwards in the form of a eul de

sac behind and beyond the anal orifice. The walls of the digestive

tube are transparent and homogeneous, and fill up the perivisceral

cavity without being organically united to the parietes of the body.

Other disputed points in respect of the structure of the young can-

not here be particularized; but in connexion with their peculiar

economy both Busk and Robin have noticed the important fact that

they will revive after having undergone a considerable amount of

desiccation. Into the antecedent history and probable genetic rela-

tions of Dracunculus, we do not now propose to enter ; but one inter-

esting circumstance seems to me especially worthy of notice. Mr.

Carter mentions that in a school of fifty boys bathing in a certain

i an

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 301

pond, whosé muddy sediment swermed with the microscopic Tank-

worm (Urolabes palustris, Carter), twenty-one were attacked with

Dracunculus during the year ; whilst the boys of other schools bath-

ing elsewhere in the island were not infected, with the exception of

one or two individual instances here and there. This remarkable

occurrence, taken in connexion with Schneider’s discoveries (respect-

ing the causes inducing sexual maturity in Alloionema appendiculatum

infesting the Black Slug, and in Pelodytes hermaphroditus in-

festing Snails), and also in combination with a multitude of other

facts, some recorded by recent investigators, and others handed down

to us by earlier writers, convincingly suggest the following conclu-

sions :—(1.) The Dracunculus is a bisexual nematode, the female

being parasitic during a portion of its lifetime. (2.) The male is

probably very much smaller, non-parasitic so far as animals are con-

cerned, and in all likelihood a constant inhabitant of fresh water and

the mud of marshes or low-lying districts in the East. (3.) Guinea-

worms do not gain access to the human body indirectly, by the

mouth or stomach of the host, but directly, by penetrating the skin.

(The young when introduced into the stomach of animals rapidly

perish, as proved by Dr. Forbes.) (4.) The young acquire sexual

maturity after their escape from the parent, the sexes associating in

muddy waters during the monsoon, soon after which period the 1nales

probably perish, the females being left to watch their opportunity

for further development by migration into the human body. (35.)

Within the host it gives rise to a formidable entozootic disease (dra:

contiasis of Galen), which, after prolonged monsoons, is not unfre-

quently severely endemic. (In the above remarks I have referred

more particularly to the writings of Busk in ‘ Trans. Micr. Soc.,’ old

series, vol. ii. p. 65 ; of Moquin-Tandon in his ‘ Zoologie Médicale ;’

of Robin in ‘ Gazette Médicale de Paris,’ 3rd series, vol. x. p. 365;

and of Carter in ‘ Annals of Nat. Hist.’ 3rd series, vol. iv. &c.)

15. Firarra Lentis, Diesing.

F. lentis, Diesing, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland.

F. oculi-humani, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Ammon, Siebold, Leidy.

F. oculi, Owen, Moquin-Tandon.

As Kiichenmeister suggests, this worm may possibly turn out to

be identical with the Filaria lacrymalis (Gurlt), a viviparous species

infesting the eye of the horse. It was first discovered by Nordmann

(1831) in a case of lenticular cataract under the care of Von Grafe,

and subsequently found by Jiingken under similar circumstances.

Under the title of F. oculi, Moquin-Tandon (in his ‘ Zoologie Mé-

dicale’) speaks of certain minute Filarie, “not uncommon in the

negroes of the Angola coast ;”’ and he gives other localities of its

occurrence. As, however, he does not state what part of the body

is infested by them, I am inclined to think the authorities he quotes

have mistaken the little Oxyurus vermicularis for the species in

question. In both the well-known cases above referred to, the

Filarie appear to have been immature, notwithstanding that the

first was described as possessing ovaries, oviducts, &c.

302 DR. T. S. COBBULD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. __[Nov. 25,

16. StRONGYLUS BRONCHIALAS, Cobbold.

S. longevaginatus, Diesing, Kiichenmeister, Weinland.

Filaria bronchialis, Rudolphi, Owen, Leidy.

F.. hominis bronchialis, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Weinland.

EF’. lymphatica, Moquin-Tandon.

Hamularia lymphatica, Treutler, Jordens.

H. subcompressa, Rudolphi, Bremser.

Tentacularia subcompressa, Zeder.

Diesing and Weinland have expressed their suspicions as to the

identity of Filaria bronchialis with Strongylus longevaginatus; whilst

Kiichenmeister has gone further and pronounced them to be one and

the same species. Concurring in this view, I have thought it right

to combine the specific title originally given by Rudolphi with the

generic allocation employed by Diesing; and if helminthologists

generally adopt our views of their identity, I think they will admit

the propriety of the nomenclature here superscribed.

The original specimens were discovered by Treutler in Germany,

during the winter of 1791, in the bronchial glands of an emaciated

subject ; whilst those sent to Diesing for description were discovered

by Dr. Fortsitz at Klausenberg, in Transylvania, in the lungs of a

boy six years old.

17. EustronGywus Gieas, Diesing.

E. gigas, Diesing.

Strongylus gigas, Rudolphi, Otto, Cuvier, Brera, Blainville, Chiaje,

Owen, Gurlt, Dujardin, Stratton, Jackson, Blanchard, Kiichenmeis-

ter, Leidy, Weinland.

S. renalis, Moquin-Tandon.

Ascaris renalis, Gmelin.

A, visceralis, Gmelin.

A. canis et martis, Schrank.

Fusaria renalis, Zeder.

F. visceralis, Zeder.

Lumbricus in renibus, Blasius.

L. martis et canis renalis, Redi,

L. sanguineus in rene canis, Hartmann.

L. gulonis sibirici, Pallas,

Diocotophyme, Collet-Meygret.

Though fortunately very rare in man, this worm is known to

occur in a great variety of animals, especially in Weasels. Accord-

ing to Weinland and Jackson, it is particularly abundant in the kid-

ney of the North American Mink (Mustela vison, Cuvier), destroy-

ing the substance of the organ, the walls of which become the seat

of calcareous deposit. It has been found in the dog, wolf, glutton,

raccoon, otter, seal, ox, and horse. Otto, Owen, and Blanchard have

given descriptions of its anatomy, all of them recognizing a well-

defined nervous system ; further researches, however, are needed to

explain away certain discrepancies in their writings, and especially

also in regard to the water-vascular system, the very existence of

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 303

which (in nematodes generally) is denied by Dr. Williams of

Swansea.

18. ScLEROSTOMA DUODENALE, Cobbold.

Strongylus quadridentatus, Siebold.

Anchylostoma duodenale, Dubini, Siebold, Pruner.

Ancylostomum duodenale, Diesing, Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Moquin-

Tandon, Creplin, Weinland.

This interesting worm was first discovered by Dubini at Milan,

and, though at first thought rare, is now known to be tolerably com-

mon throughout Northern Italy. According to Pruner, Bilharz,

and Griesinger, it is remarkably abundant in Egypt, the latter autho-

rity calculating that about one-fourth of the people are constantly

suffering from a severe anzemic chlorosis, occasioned solely by its

presence in the small intestines.

From the accurate descriptions of Siebold it becomes quite evident

that this worm is closely allied to his genus Syngamus; and, as he

has himself remarked, it might have been placed in the genus Scle-

rostoma. In this genus! have arranged it because the asymmetrical

disposition of the so-called dental organs is not of itself sufficient for

the establishment or retention of Dubini’s genus Anchylostoma ;

otherwise, out of respect for the discoverer, I would prefer his nomen-

clature. Sclerostoma duodenale closely resembles the little worm

(Syngamus trachealis of Siebold, Sclerostoma syngamus of Diesing)

which gives rise to the ‘‘ gapes”’ in birds ; but the male of the latter

species is comparatively small, whilst the vaginal outlet of the female

is placed much further forward. Kiichenmeister’s ‘Manual’ fur-

nishes an excellent account of the ‘“ Aigyptian chlorosis” produced

by Sclerostoma duodenale ; and those who are interested in checking

the “gape disease’”’ of fowls I may be permitted to refer to my re-

cent memoir on ‘ Sclerostoma syngamus,’ in the 5th volume of the

‘Journ. of the Proceed. of the Linn. Soc.,’ Zool. Div., p. 304.

19. SprropreRA HOMINIS, Rudolphi.

S. hominis, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Owen, Leidy, Moquin-

Tandon, Weinland, Molin.

? 8. hominis (var. major), Brighton.

2S. gigas pullus, Bremser.

S. rudolphit, Delle Chiaje.

Fresh instances of the presence of this worm in the human body

are necessary to satisfy many as to its being a good species ; but the

occasional occurrence of nematodes within the vesica urinaria is a

fact placed beyond dispute. The original six specimens of Spiro-

ptera, discovered by Barnett in England, were transmitted to Rudolphi

for description ; and there do not seem to be fair grounds for dispu-

ting his accuracy. It may be well doubted, however, if Brighton’s

nematode, though found under similar circumstances in America, can

be referred to the same species.

304 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. _[Noyv. 25,

20. OxyuRIS VERMICULARIS, Bremser.

O. vermicularis, Bremser, Chiaje, Dugés, Deslongchamps, La-

marck, Dutschek, Dujardin, Mayer, Siebold, Pruner, Blanchard,

Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland.

Ascaris vermicularis, Linnezeus, Miller, Fabricius, Bloch, Goeze,

Werner, Gmelin, Schrank, Jérdens, Brera, Rudolphi, Nitzsch, Crep-

lin, Raspail, Owen, Bellingham.

Fusaria vermicularis, Zeder.

So far as the anatomy of Oxyuris is concerned, the investigations

of numerous parasitologists, and more especially those of Walter (in

the eighth volume of Siebold and KGlliker’s ‘ Zeitschrift’), have left

little to be accomplished ; but the precise mode in which the young

gain access to the human body is still uncertain. It is well known

that the eggs have embryos developed within them prior to their

escape from the parent, and in this respect, therefore, they differ

from Asearis lumbricoides and Trichocephalus on the one hand, and

from the viviparous Dracunculus on the other. In all probability,

the young escape from the eggs soon after the latter are expelled or

migrate per rectum, and, like others of the Nematoda, gain access

to the human body with our food whilst they are still in a sexually

immature condition.

21. Tantra soLium, Linneus.

T. solium, Linneus, Gmelin, Joérdens, Rudolphi, Cuvier, Olfers,

Chiaje, Mehlis, Owen, Creplin, Nordmann, Dujardin, Diesing, Ki-

chenmeister, Moquin-Tandon, Weinland, Leuckart, &c.

T. solium (var. abietina), Weinland.

T. osculis marginalibus solitarius, Linneeus, Bradley.

T. cucurbitina, Pallas, Bloch, Batsch, Schrank.

T. cucurbitina plana pellucida, Goeze.

T. humana armata, Brera.

T. dentuta, Gmelin.

T. fenestrata, Chiaje.

T. vulgaris, Werner.

T. communis, Moquin-Tandon.

T. albopuncta hominis, Treutler.

T. hydatigena anomala, Steinbach.

T. hydatigena suilla, Fabricius.

T. finna, Gmelin.

T. cellulosa, Gmelin, Treutler.

Cysticercus cellulosa, Rudolphi, Bremser, Chiaje, Owen, Blain-

ville, Sémmering, Gurlt, Nordmann, Gescheidt, Creplin, Siebold,

Dujardin, Diesing, &c.

? C. fischerianus, Laennec.

? C. dycystus, Laennec.

? C. turbinatus, Kceberle.

? C. melanocephalus, Keeberle.

Hydatigena cellulosa, Lamarck, Nordmann.

Hydatis finna, Blumenbach.

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 305

Vermis vesicularis, Brera.

Tinna humana, Werner.

Fesicaria finna suilla, Schrank, Bay.

V. hygroma humana, Schrauk, Bay.

V. lobata suilla, Fabricius.

Now that the organization and mode of development of this species

is so well understood, it is a matter of regret that the manifest errors

of earlier writers are not more carefully excluded from our ordinary

manuals of zoology and comparative anatomy. I allude, for example,

to such points as the still asserted presence of a mouth and digestive

canal in Teniade, which cannot be maintained after repeated de-

monstrations have clearly proved this view to be erroneous. These

falsely so-called alimentary canals constitute the water-vascular sys-

tem, and, without entering into minute details, I may here remark, in

passing, that they do not form tubes of uniform thickness throughout

their course, but present distinct bulbous enlargements at every joint,

where the transverse branches are given off. This I have ascertained

from the careful injection of a fresh Tapeworm recently sent me from

Brighton by Mr. Murray, F.R.C.S.E.

In regard to the now well-established discovery of Kiichenmeister

respecting the development of the common Tapeworm (7’. solium)

from measly pork, I should not deem it worth while dwelling on the

subject, did it not unfortunately happen that a few months back

MM. Pouchet and Verrier gave a general denial to the statements of

experimental parasitologists respecting the development of Tape-

worms from Cysticerci, Those who have read the statement, as pre-

sented in the ‘Comptes Rendus’ (for May 5th, 1862, p. 958), or

the translation} of it recently given in the July number of the

‘Annals of Natural History’ (3rd series, vol. x. p. 77 ef seq.), will

at once perceive the causes which have led these gentlemen to form

conclusions at variance with the experience of at least nine-tenths of

the leading helminthologists of the day. As Prof. van Beneden re-

marks, they err greatly in supposing that any one regards the Ce-

nurus of the sheep as the larva of Tenia serrata of the dog, seeing

that nearly all Continental experimentalists, following Kiichenmeister,

have maintained that the Scoler condition of this last-named Tape-

worm is unquestionably the Cysticercus pisiformis of hares and rab-

bits. The researches of Leuckart are especially conclusive on this

point ; and my own experiments at Edinburgh in 1856 have left no

doubt in my mind as to the correctness of this view. The negative

result obtained by MM. Pouchet and Verrier in their last experiment

(where they fed two dogs each with a hundred heads of Canurus

cerebralis) certainly seems contradictory as regards the Tenia ce-

nurus ; whilst, on the other hand, it tends to confirm the correctness

of our opinion that Cenurus cerebralis and Tenia serrata have no

genetic relation subsisting between them. I, for one, however, shall

be glad to repeat these and other similar experiments; and I may

here also remark that it is of very little use for any one not familiar

with the species to attempt these inquiries. I strongly suspect,

Proc. Zoou. Soc,.—1862, No. XX.

306 DR. T. S, COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. __[Nov. 25,

with Prof. van Beneden, that here lies the secret of MM. Pouchet

and Verrier’s adverse conclusions.

22. TaHNIA MEDIOCANELLATA, Kiichenmeister.

T. mediocanellata, Kiichenmeister, Miller, Gurlt, Eschricht, Van

Beneden, Leuckart, Weinland.

T. solium, Bremser (and others, in part).

T'. dentata, Nicolai.

T. cucurbitina grandis saginata, Goeze.

T. inermis, Moquin-Tandon.

T. tropica, Moquin-Tandon.

?T. e capite bone spei, Kiichenmeister.

?T. capensis, Moquin-Tandon.

Teniarhynchus mediocanellata, Weinland.

Cysticercus tenie mediocanellate, Leuckart.

The establishment of this species as distinct from 7’. solium is un-

questionably due to Kiichenmeister ; but it is not a little curious to

observe how accurately this determination was foreshadowed by that

shrewd naturalist and theologian, J. A. E. Goeze, who, in his

‘Versuch einer Naturg. der Engeweidewiirmer thierischer K6rper,’

clearly indicates two forms of the common Tapeworm, remarking

(p. 278) :—* Die erste ist die bekannte grosse, mit langen dicken

und gemisteten Gliedern, die ich Tenia cucurbitina, grandis, sagi-

nata, nennen will.” The same author (p. 245), it will be remem-

bered, also pointed out the resemblance subsisting between the tape-

worm of the cat (7. erassicollis) and the vesicles (‘‘ Krystallblasen ”’)

and their contained “erbsférmige Blasen’’ (Cysticercus fasciola-

ris) of the mouse. It is unnecessary here to indicate the distinctive

peculiarities of the two species ; but the characters presented by the

head are certainly insufficient to warrant the formation of a new

genus for the reception of this species. Thinking otherwise, Dr. D.

F. Weinland has suggested the generic title of Tniarhynchus. In

regard to the original development of this hookless flat-headed tape-

worm, the recent experimental researches of Leuckart incontestably

prove that the “ measles,” or Cysticerci which produce it, are to be

found in the muscles and internal organs of cattle ; and in his valu-

able work (‘Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ p. 406 e¢ seq.), now in

course of publication, he gives a condensed account of his experi-

ments with the fresh eggs of Tenia mediocanellata. He fed two

calves with the proglottides of this worm. The first animal experi-

mented on died from a violent attack of the measle-disease, which

resembles a kind of leprosy. On dissecting this calf, the muscles

were found filled with measles, or imperfectly developed scoleces.

On the second occasion a smaller number of proglottides (in all about

fifty) were administered ; but the febrile symptoms again appeared

with such virulence that Leuckart thought this animal would die

also. Fortunately, after the lapse of a fortnight from their com-

mencement, some abatement of the disease took place ; and this gra-

dually continued until the animal was perfectly restored to health.

1862. ] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 307

Eight-and-forty days subsequent to the feeding (7. e. reckoning from

the earliest days of alimentation, for the feedings were continued at in-

tervals up to the eighteenth day) Prof. Leuckart extirpated the left

cleido-mastoid muscle, and whilst performing the operation had the

satisfaction of seeing the cysticercus-yesicles lodged within the

muscles. They were larger and more opalescent than those of Cys-

ticercus (Tenia) cellulose, but, nevertheless, permitted the recogni-

tion of the young worms through their semitransparent coverings.

The heads of the contained cysticerci exhibited all the distinctive

peculiarities presented by the head of the adult strobila (Tenia me-

diocanellata) ; and thus, taking the results of this experiment in

connexion with previously ascertained facts, we are supplied with the

most unequivocal evidence that man becomes infested by this second

form of Tapeworm by eating imperfectly cooked veal and beaf. In

all probability, other animals are not liable to harbour the Cys¢icercus

tenia mediocanellate ; for Leuckart also tried to infect a sheep (to

which he administered about sixty proglottides) ; but, on examining

the flesh after the lapse of eight weeks, he failed to detect the pre-

sence of a single cysticercus-vesicle*.

23. TmNIA ACANTHOTRIAS, Weinland.

T. (Cysticercus) acanthotrias, Weinland, Moquin-Tandon, Leuck-

art.

Acanthotrias, Weiuland.

The specific distinctness of this new Tapeworm is founded on the

examination of several cysticerci, ‘“ preserved in the Collection of

the Medical Improvement Society, Boston, and in the Anatomical

Museum, Cambridge, U.S.’ From twelve to fifteen of these cysts

were found by Dr. Jeffries Wyman (1845) in the muscles of a woman

about fifty years of age—a dissecting-room subject at Richmond, Va.

Dr. Weinland, of Frankfort, during his stay in America (1858), on

carefully examining one of these cysticerci, made the very curious

and, in some respects, unique discovery that its rostellum was fur-

nished with three rows of hooks, fourteen in each, the hooks them-

selves presenting the usual characters. Dr. Weinland proposes to

elevate this species as the type of a new genus (Acanthotrias) ; but

unless the (yet to be discovered) strobila displays other characters

differing from those of ordinary Tapeworms, it is, perhaps, better to

retain it among the Tenie.

24, THNIA FLAVOPUNCTA, Weinland.

T. flavopuncta, Weinland, Moquin-Tandon,

? T. favomaculata, Molin.

Hymenolopis flavopuncta, Weinland.

The existence of this worm as a distinct species is also due to the

* Since the above was written, I have received from Mr. Frederick Turner, of

265 Fern Bank, Glossop Road, Sheffield, a finely preserved Tapeworm-head for

examination. ‘‘It was from a very long worm,” and is undoubtedly referable to

Tenia mediocanellata, as the Society will perceive by inspection.

308 DR. T.S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

shrewd investigations of Dr. Weinland, made during his visit to

America, Unfortunately, no perfect specimen has been seen ; but,

from portions of at least six examples of the strobila, Dr. Weinland

has clearly established its claim to be recognized as a good species.

The proglottides are short ; and “there is a yellowish spot, clearly

visible to the naked eye, situated about the middle of each joint,

which reminds us very much of the colour and situation of the genital

organs as known in Bothryocephalus.” The reproductive orifices

occur all along one side of the worm; and the eggs are unusually

large. Only one instance of the occurrence of this species is yet re-

corded ; and on this occasion they were obtained by Dr. Ezra Palmer,

in considerable numbers, from an infant nineteen months old. They

were expelled without medicine, their presence not having been even

suspected. (See D. F. Weinland’s ‘ Essay on the Tapeworms of Man,’

p- 49; also his ‘ Beschreibung zweier neuer Tzenioiden aus dem Men-

schen,’ 1861, p. 8, t. 4.)

25. THNIA MARGINATA, Batsch.

T. marginata, Batsch, Rudolphi, Dujardin, Diesing, Leuckart.

. cucurbitina, Pallas, Bloch (both in part).

. lupina, Schrank.

. cateniformis lupi, Goeze.

. ex eysticerco tenuicolli, Kiichenmeister.'

. tenuicollis, Giinther, Moquin-Tandon. —

. hydatigena, Pallas, Bloch.

. hydatula, Linneus.

T. globosa, Rudolphi, Gmelin.

T. simie, Gmelin.

T. ferrarum, Gmelin.

T. caprina, Gmelin.

T. ovilla, Gmelin.

T.. vervicina, Gmelin.

T. bovina, Gmelin.

T. apri, Gmelin.

Halysis marginata, Zeder.

Cysticercus tenuicollis, Rudolphi, Deslongchamps, Blainville,

Bremser, Gurlt, Houston, Tschudi, Gulliver, Eschricht, Dujardin,

Creplin, Leuckart, Gervais, Diesing, Leidy, Kiichenmeister, Wein-

land, Cobbold.

? C. visceralis hominis, Rudolphi.

C. visceralis, Rudolphi.

? C. hepaticus, Chiaje.

? C. vesice hominis, Creplin.

C. lineatus, Laennec.

C. clavatus, Zeder.

C. globosus, Zeder.

C. simie, Zeder.

C. caprinus, Zeder.

C. cercopitheci cynomologi, Leuckart.

C. phacocheri ethiopici, Cobbold.

be | Lae pla ae] Lo] bees a

1862.] DR. T. 8. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 309

C. potamocheri penicillati, Cobbold.

C. cynocephali porcarit, Cobbold (MS.),

Hydatigena orbicularis, Goeze.

HI. globosa, Batsch.

HH, oblonga, Batsch.

Hydatis globosa, Lamarck.

Hydra hydatula, Linneus.

Hydatula solitaria, Viborg.

Vesicaria orbicularis, Schrank.

Vermis vesicularis eremita, Bloch.

This species infests man only in the immature or cysticercal con-

dition, the full-grown tapeworm (strobila) being found in the dog

and wolf. It has often been confounded with the Tenia serrata,

from which, however, it differs in the comparatively bulky size and

peculiar form of its hooks ; it is also a much larger worm, the pro-

glottides nearly equalling those of 7. solium. It does not seem pos-

sible for the strobila to take up its abode in the human body, because

Dr. Moller’s attempts to infest himself with it (by swallowing several

specimens of Cysticercus tenuicollis) were unsuccessful. In the

scolex condition this worm has an unusually wide distribution ; for,

in addition to its occasional presence in man, it has likewise been

found in various monkeys, in cattle and sheep, in many other rumi-

nants, in horses, in swine, and even in squirrels. The experiments

of Kichenmeister, Leuckart, Luschka, and Roll have fully established

the fact that these various animals and ourselves become infested

with the so-called Cysticercus tenuicollis by accidentally swallowing

the eggs of 7. marginata, or Tenia ex cysticerco tenuicolli (Kiichen-

meister), which is the same thing. The cysticerci occasionally

attain an enormous size, as was the case with those I obtained from

the Wart and Red River Hogs which died at the Zoological Society’s

Gardens in 1859 and 1860, and which I at first supposed to be refer-

able to two hitherto unknown T'apeworms (Proc. Zool. Soc. March 12,

1861). Leuckart, however, to whom I forwarded one of the speci-

mens, has corrected me in this matter. In one the caudal vesicle

was pyriform and about 5 inches in length; in another it had the

size and form of a cricket-ball. Eschricht and Schleissner have

shown that these eysticerci are sometimes associated with Hchino-

coccus in Iceland.

26. TNIA ECHINOCOCCUS, Siebold.

T'. echinococcus, Siebold, Leuckart.

T. echinococcus scolicipariens, Kiichenmeister.

T. granulosa, Gmelin, Prochaska.

T. visceralis socialis granulosa, Goeze.

T. nana, Van Beneden.

Echinococcus hominis, Rudolphi, Bremser, Rendtorff, Chiaje,

Miller, Owen, Gescheidt, Eschricht, Kihn, Gluge, Bright, Focke,

Creplin, Hausmann, Doyere, Rokitansky, Siebold, Liidersen, Simon,

310 DR. T. S, COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

Cruveilhier, Curling, Portal, Foster, Thompson, Annesley, Keber,

Virchow, Aran, Vogel, Lebert, Major, Livois, Thiel, Moquin-Tan-

don, Davaine, &c.

E. veterinorum, Rudolphi, Bremser, Blainville, Gurlt, Allessan-

drini, Owen, Dujardin, Gervais, Leuckart, Huxley, Weinland, &e.

E. scolicipariens, Kiichenmeister.

E. altricipariens, Kiichenmeister, Cobbold.

E.. polymorphus, Diesing, Leidy.

EF. granulosus, Rudolphi.

E. simie, Rudolphi.

LE. giraffe, Gervais.

Polycephalus hominis, Goeze, Jordens.

P. humanus, Zeder.

P. granulosus, Zeder, Cloquet.

P. echinococcus, Zeder, Tschudi.

Acephalocystis, Laennec, Diesing, Dujardin, Nitzsch, Siebold,

Van Beneden, Moquin-Tandon, &c.

. ovoidea, Laennec, Cloquet, Deslongchamps, Chiaje.

. granulosa, Laennec, Cloquet, &c.

. surculigera, Laennec, &c.

. endogena, John Hunter, Owen.

. ewogena, Kuhl.

. macaci, Cobbold.

A. ovis tragelaphi, Cobbold.

Vesicaria granulosa, Schrank.

Hydatigena granulosa, Batsch.

Hydatis, Liidersen, Rudolphi, Olfers, Bremser, Leuckart, Kiihn,

Tschudi, Dujardin, Wilson, Rokitansky, Moquin-Tandon, Barker,

Davaine, &c.

HI. erratica, Blumenbach.

Following Kichenmeister, Weinland and others suppose that

there are two distinct forms of Echinococcus severally referable to

different Tapeworms, one of which is on all hands admitted to be

Von Siebold’s Tenia echinococcus, the other an unknown Tenia,

also supposed to infest dogs. That Eehinococci vary much, both in

regard to the number of cephalic hooks they display at certain in-

tervals of growth, and also in respect of the mode of evolution of the

scoleces, few will deny ; but, according to Leuckart, we are not there-

fore warranted in accepting Kiichenmeister’s view as to the specific

distinctness of certain forms. Like others, I had been led away by

Kiichenmeister’s authority, although I have had abundant opportu-

nity of investigating these singularly interesting larvee. The grounds

on which Leuckart disputes Kiichenmeister’s view are, I think, per-

fectly satisfactory ; for he shows conclusively that the proportional

number of hooks fluctuates in both forms, whilst the alleged differ-

ences in the size and character of the hooks themselves have reference

to their degree of development (‘ Die menschlichen Parasiten,’ p. 328

et seq.). If this view be generally accepted, it cannot fail to suggest

important hints as to the best mode of checking that formidable

RRA RAR

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA, 31]

endemic known as the Echinococcus-disease of Iceland, the best

account of which we owe to the researches of Eschricht.

My friend Dr. Arthur Leared, M.R.C.P., who has just returned

from a short tour in Iceland, has undertaken to draw up a report on

the present state of our knowledge on this subject (with a view to its

being ultimately laid before the Icelandic Parliament) ; and he has

ingeniously suggested that every dog should be efficiently physicked

at a certain given time, and that all the excreta, tapeworms included,

should be buried at a considerable depth in the soil. The experi-

ment should be extended over several seasons. The mature Tenie

thus destroyed would, it is conceived, cut off the supply of embryos

and Echinococci, and the endemic might thus be averted. To this

suggestion I would add that, in place of burying the excreta, they

should, in all cases, be burnt. If this latter suggestion be not carried

out, it is more than probable that multitudes of the minute embryos

will escape destruction, and ultimately find their way into the

human body. I have previously urged this preventive measure with

the view of lessening the prevalence of other entozoa, both of man

and animals; and I again, in a social point of view, respectfully invite

attention to the importance of this rule. All entozoa (uot preserved

for scientific investigation and experiment) should be thoroughly

destroyed by fire when practicable, and under no circumstances

should they be thrown aside as harmless refuse. In the case of

Tenia echinococcus the greatest difficulty likely to be experienced

lies in the circumstance of the extreme minuteness of the strobila,

which, in the full-grown state, does not exceed the eighth of an inch

in length. It is almost certain to be overlooked ; and I fear, there-

fore, the treatment suggested by Dr. Leared will only be attended

with partially beneficial results. As an additional security, I

would recommend that boiling-hot water be thrown over the floor

of the kennels or enclosures where the dogs subjected to Dr.

Leared’s treatment are kept. In this way nearly all the embryos

would be destroyed. In regard to the structure of Echinococcus

itself, very little now remains to be made out. The literature of the

subject is of very great extent. One of the best memoirs extant is

that communicated by Prof. Huxley to this Society; and, from

repeated original investigations, I have been enabled to follow out

and satisfy myself as to the accuracy of most of the facts therein

recorded. I have sought, however, very diligently for the internal

cilia described by Huxley, Virchow, and Lebert, hitherto without

success. Respecting the well-known hydatids or acephalocysts, the

majority of them are clearly undeveloped larvee of Tenia echinococcus,

comparatively few of them being referable to other Tapeworms*.

. * Since the above was written, an instance of Echinococcus-disease in a young

female has very opportunely come under my notice at the Middlesex Hospital ;

this case, unhappily, terminated fatally. On Sept. 30, I secured, and fed a house-

dog with, several hundreds of heads of the scoleces, which, in all respects, corre-

sponded with those of Echinococcus veterinorum, and I hope to be able to extend

this experiment after the production of the Tenie, (This experiment only gave

a negative result—probably on account of the cysts having been accidentally

steeped in a solution of carbonic acid before®l received them.—T. S.C. ; Jan. 1863.)

312 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 23,

27. T&£N1A4 NANA, Siebold.

T. nana, Siebold and Bilharz, Kiichenmeister, Leidy, Moquin-

Tandon, Leuckart.

T. egyptiaca, Bilharz.

Diplacanthus nanus, Weinland.

Kiichenmeister, in his enthusiasm, was led to indulge the hope

that this minute Tapeworm would turn out to be his imaginary

Tenia echinococcus altricipariens; and I find that Van Beneden

has fallen into the error of describing the Tenia echinococcus of

Siebold under the title of 7. nana. This is unfortunate. Weinland,

on the other hand, has suggested the formation of a new genus for

the reception of this worm ; but the so-called *‘ bifid”? character of

the hooks (as described by Bilharz) is a misnomer, the “doubled”

appearance being simply due to the close approximation of the claw

and the anterior root-process (Leuckart). The hooks are essentially

the same as those of other Tenia, only they are very minute and

slightly peculiar in form. The full-grown strobila attains a length

of 8 or 10 lines, and carries from 150 to 170 joints. The cysticercal

condition is at present unknown; but Leuckart thinks it may be

found ia some kind of insect.

28. THNIA ELLIPTICA, Batsch.

T. elliptica, Batsch, Rudolphi, Creplin, Gurlt, Dujardin, Diesing,

Leuckart, Cobbold.

T. canina, Pallas (also probably of Linnzeus, Werner, Eschricht,

Van Beneden).

T. canina felis, Werner.

27. cucumerina, Bloch, Rudolphi, Creplin, Gurlt, Dujardin, Die-

sing, Leuckart, Cobbold.

?T-cateniformis, Goeze, Gmelin, Rudolphi.

T. cateniformis felis, Gmelin.

T. cuniceps, Rudolphi.

2T. osculis marginalibus oppositis, Linnzus.

? Alyselminthus ellipticus, Zeder.

A. cuniceps, Zeder.

? Halysis elliptica, Zeder.

From the statement long ago made by Eschricht, that he had

received a Tenia canina, passed by a negro slave at St. Thomas,

Antilles, and more especially from the clear evidences recently

adduced by Leuckart (‘Die mensch. Parasiten,’ p. 402), there can-

not be a shadow of doubt that either the Tenia elliptica of the cat

or the 7. cucumerina of the dog may be reckoned amongst the

cestodes liable to infest man. Those who, with Leuckart, regard

the cat’s tapeworm as a distinct species from the Tenia cucumerina

of the dog will probably (on reading the evidence put forth by

Leuckart) come to the conclusion that both these worms infest the

human body. I have examined these reputedly distinct forms, and

I find that there are differences of size and outline affecting the

joints, but I cannot yet follow Leuckart and pronounce them to be

1862.] DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. 313

of sufficient value for specific separation. Like Dujardin, I have not

seen the head of 7’. elliptica, neither am I acquainted with any good

figure of the head*. Goeze’s drawings of 7’. cateniformis only repre-

sent a single row of little hooks ; and it is well known that the same

processes in 7’, cucumerina are very liable to fall off, so much so

that it has been described as a hookless tapeworm. Van Beneden

regards the two presumedly distinct forms as identical, and, although

his representations of the cephalic hooks of 7’. canina correspond

very closely with those of the 7’. cucumerina, both of Dujardin and

Leuckart, he speaks of three or four rows of hooks, whilst Dujardin

says there are three, and Leuckart simply describes a succession

(“ mit einer mehrfachen Reihe”’ ), though his excellent figure (fig. 118,

p- 400, of his work) represents four ; he also describes three or four

rows as occurring in 7’. elliptica. It is therefore evident that varia-

tions occur in the same form as regards the head; and it is more

than probable that differences of habitat may be sufficient to account

for the variations of size and numerical development of the joints,

which Leuckart regards as distinguishing marks between the elliptic

tapeworm of the cat and the cucumerine cestode of the dog. Be

this as it may, one or other of these forms has been noticed in the

human subject several times; but as regards the source of their

larvee we are yet in uncertainty. When engaged (1856) in rearing

Tenia serrata from Cysticercus pisiformis, | thought I had also hit

upon the scoleces of 7’. cucumerina ; but Leuckart has since extended

my experiment by feeding rabbits with the proglottides of 7. eucu-

merina, without producing any measles. Van Beneden has also tried

to produce the young of Tenia elliptica in the rat, but without

result. Weinland thinks the Cysticercus of JT’. cucumerina will be

found in flies, and that dogs obtain the larve by their interesting

habit of snapping at dipterous insects. This is, at least, ingenious.

29. BoTHRYOCEPHALUS LATUS, Bremser.

B. latus, Bremser, Blainville, Leblond, Rudolphi, Leuckart,

Nitzsch, Mehlis, Chiaje, Owen, Creplin, Haselberg, Siebold, Esch-

richt, Valentin, Wawruch, Dujardin, R. Leuckart, Kiichenmeister,

Leidy, Weinland, &c. &e.

Dibothrium latum, Diesing.

? Tenia lata, Linneus, Pallas, Bloch, Goeze, Batsch, Gmelin,

Schrank, Carlisle, Jordens, Rudoiphi.

?T. vulgaris, Linneeus, Werner, Retzius, Gmelin, Jordens.

T. dentata, Batsch, Gmelin.

* I have now (Jan. 27, 1863) procured several heads of 7. elliptica, and am

still unable to pronounce the two forms to be distinct species.—T. S. C.

t In connexion with these views of Weinland and Leuckart, I may here men-

tion that I have recently been feeding a number of cockroaches (Blatta orientalis)

with the eggs of Tenia cucumerina of the dog, but I have not succeeded in rear-

ing any Cysticerci in their bodies. Not discouraged by negative results (which

often advance our science as much as positive ones), I shall presently feed them

with the eggs of T. elliptica from the cat; and if I should succeed in thus giving the

cockroaches the ‘‘ measles,” I shall have less hesitation in pronouncing Leuckart’s

opinion, as to the distinctness of these two tapeworm-forms, correct.

314 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON HUMAN ENTOZOA. [Nov. 25,

T. tenella, Pallas, Retzius.

T. grisea, Pallas, Schrank.

7’. membranacea, Pallas, Batsch.

T. humana inermis, Brera.

T. (& anneaux courts), Bonnet.

T. (sans épine), Andry.

For our knowledge of the anatomy of this species we are mainly

indebted to the researches of Eschricht ; and it is only very recently

that we have become acquainted with any part of the history of its

development, through the investigations of Dr. J. Knoch, of Peters-

burg (‘ Petersburger medicinische Zeitschrift,’ 1861, No. 3). Some

account of these interesting discoveries has already appeared in a

review in the first volume of the ‘Lancet’ for the current year

(p. 101); and from these researches it would appear that the well-

known ciliated infusorial condition of the embryo undergoes its

transformations whilst still living in open waters; from this medium

it is subsequently transferred to the human body, in a passive man-

ner, by the same waters being used as drink. A full account of the

larval metamorphoses is still needed ; and we are promised this desi-

deratum in the ‘Memoirs’ of the Petersburg Academy*. In the

mean time, it may be remarked that two distinct species of Bothryo-

cephalus have been described as occurring in the human body. One

described by Mayer, of Geneva, is extremely doubtful ; but we are

indebted to Leuckart for explaining the grounds on which a good

second species (B. cordatus) may be ranked with the already ex-

tended list of human entozoa. In the porpoise, I have discovered a

closely allied cestoid (Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum) ; but the

form of the head left me in no doubt as to its specific and generic

differentiation.

30. BorHryOCEPHALUS CORDATUS, Leuckart.

B. cordatus, Leuckart.

This species is new to science, and has only very recently been

described by Leuckart, who received about twenty specimens from

the eminent naturalist, Prof. Steenstrup. These examples were ob-

tained at Godhaven, North Greenland, and were transmitted to

Steenstrup by the Danish Inspector, Counsellor Olrik. Only one of

the worms (about a foot long, or 26 centimetres), came from the

human body, all the others being from dogs, in which animal it

exists in considerable numbers. It differs from B. latus chiefly in

the form of the head, which is heart-shaped (or, rather, obcordate),

short and broad, and set on to the body without the intervention of

along neck. The segments are distinct from the very commence-

* This magnificent contribution to entozoology has just come to hand (Jan.

1863); but we have only space to remark that Dr. Knoch finds (contrary to

Kiichenmeister’s statements) six hooks present in the ciliated embryos, as obtains

in the non-ciliated proscoleces of Tenie. With these embryos he performed a

variety of interesting experiments on various animals, and succeeded in rearing,

in dogs, not only larval tapeworms, but also sexually mature examples of Bothryo-

cephalus latus.—T. S. C.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 315

ment near the head, and so rapidly do they increase in width that

the anterior end of the body becomes lancet-shaped. About fifty

joints only are immature; and in the longest example (115 centi-

metres) Leuckart counted a total of 660 joints. It is, however, a

smaller species than B. latus, and is further distinguished by display-

ing a greater number of calcareous corpuscles, and more particularly

also in the “form of the uterine rosette, which is not only smaller and

longer, but likewise exhibits a greater number of lateral processes.”

Leuckart thinks the 7. vulgaris of Linnzeus and Pallas may be iden-

tical with this species. To the naked eye, judging from the figures,

B. cordatus at first reminds one of Goeze’s thick-set Tenia pecti-

nata; but the structure of the latter is very different *.

12, On some Trentsin Birps, conLectrep By Mr. FLEMING,

R.A., IN THE POSSESSION OF Mr. Wuite.ey. By Rosert

Swinuor, Ese., Corr. Mems.

A collection of birds, made in the neighbourhood of Tientsin by

Mr. Fleming of the Royal Artillery, having come into the possession

of Mr. Whiteley, that gentleman has placed them in my hands for

inspection and identification. The series comprises only two novel-

ties which have not hitherto been described; but most of the birds

are interesting on account of the locality. I will proceed, without

further comment, to give a list of them, with what few remarks I

may deem necessary.

1. Pottiornis pyRRHOGENYs, Temm. Faun. Japon.

There are here two skins, in worn plumage, which Mr. Gurney

considers the same as the Japanese species.

2. Circus MELANOLEUCUs, Gmelin.

I observed this bird myself near Tientsin. The single specimen in

this collection is rather large.

3. Fatco sussuteo, L.

4. Fauco vespertinvs, L.

5. ACCIPITER SOLOENSIS, Horsf.

There are two Sparrow-Hawks, one of which, a male, is evidently

this species, and agrees well with specimens procured in the South of

China. The other is also a male, but apparently different. It is,

however, identical with skins in my collection from Canton, Amoy,

and Formosa. I should be inclined to consider this 4. gularis,

* A few days back (Sept. 19th) I received several fine examples of 7. pectinata

from Canada. They were obligingly forwarded from Kingston by Prof. George

Lawson, Ph.D., LL.D., who informs me that they were obtained, in May 1861,

from the intestines of a porcupine (Hystriv dorsata). This worm was hitherto

only known to infest the hare, the rabbit, and the marmot.

316 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Novy. 25,

Temm., of Japan, were it not that the black streaks on the throat

are wanting. Mr. Gurney is inclined to consider it an undescribed

species.

6. Orus vuuearis, Fleming.

The European species.

7. Scops BAKKAMENA, Pennant.

Probably synonymous with S. japonicus.

8. Ninox JAPoNnIcuS.—Strix hirsutus japonicus, Faun. Japon.

This Mr. Gurney considers the Japanese rather than the Indian

bird.

9. ARUNDINAX OLIVACEUS, Blyth.

This agrees perfectly with an Indian specimen in the British Mu-

seum, as also with a figure in Von Schrenck’s work on the Zoology

of Amoorland, named Salicaria (Calamoherpe) aédon, Pall. On

referring to Pallas’s ‘ Zoographia,’ I find the bird there described as

Turdus aédon,—Muscicapa aédon being quoted as a synonym from

an older work, viz. Pallas’s ‘Travels.’ The specific name aédon ought

therefore to have the precedence ; but as the larger Nightingale is

designated by that term, I should say it would be as well to retain

Blyth’s name.

10. SALICARIA CANTILLANS, Temm. Faun. Japan.

Apparently this bird, hitherto only known from Japon.

11. CyaAnrecua suecica, L.—C. cerulecula, Pall.

The red-spotted variety, in every way similar to the European

bird.

12. CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS, Gmel.

13, IJANTHIA CYANURA, Pallas.

Agrees with Japanese specimens, which differ from J. rujilata,

Hodgs., in having a white eyebrow-mark, where the latter has only

a bright blue one, and in being more dingy in the upper parts. The

Siberian specimens in the British Museum again differ from both in

having a rufescent eye-streak, and in having the throat and breast

buff-colour instead of white.

14. Larvivora GRAciLis, mihi, Ibis, 1861, p. 262.

This pretty species I have procured in the South of China, whence

I described and named it in the ‘Ibis.’ It much resembles L. cyanea

of Blyth in form, and a good deal as to colouring. Its bill, however,

is longer, and its wings shorter. Instead of having the under parts

pure white, as in this species, L. cyanea has the lower neck, breast,

and flanks a fine red buff, the chin and two streaks proceeding from

it only being white. JZ. cyanea is also distinguished by a narrow

pure white eye-streak.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 317

15. Prarincora inpica, Blyth.

16. TcHiTREA INCE, Gould.

A male, female, and mature male in white dress of this species,

which differs from 7’, affinis, of Malacca, in having a much smaller

bill.

17. EryYTHROSTERNA ALBICILLA, Pallas.—Z. Jeucura, Gmelin.

Agrees with Indian specimens of this bird in the Museum.

18. XANTHOPYGIA LEUCOPHRYS, Blyth.

It seems strange that this species should occur in the north, in-

stead of the ordinary Japanese species, XY. narcissina, Temm.

19, NrLTAVA CYANOMELANA, Temm. Faun. Japon.

One specimen.

20. PuyLLoscopus coronatus, Temm. Faun. Japon.

21. ANTHUS RICHARDI, Vieillot.

22. NEMORICOLA INDICA, Gmelin.

Identical with Indian specimens in the British Museum.

23. BuDYTES CINEREOCAPILLA, Savi.

Almost identical with those from South Europe, the wing-coverts

only being a little more distinctly tipped with yellow.

24. MoraciLua BOARULA, L.

25. Moraciuua ocuLaris, Swinhoe.

Like M. lugubris, but with perennially grey back, less white on

the wings, and carpal region grey instead of black. Of M. dukhu-

nensis, Sykes, with which Mr. Blyth compares this bird, I have seen a

specimen in the Indian Museum. It is not one of the white-winged

group, and wants the black eye-streak—approaching rather M.

alba, L.

26. ZosrERopPs JAponicus, Temm. Faun. Japon.

The true Z. japonicus differs from our southern species, Z. sin

plex, mihi, in its larger size, in rust-coloured flanks, and in wanting

the first primary quill-feathers.

27. Turpus sipiricvs, Pallas.

In full male plumage.

28. Turpus PALLENS, Pallas.

29. Turpus Fuscatus, Pallas.

30. PETROCINCLA MANILLENSIS, Gmelin.

318 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Noy. 25,

31. ORG@CETES GULARIS, 0. sp.

In my visit to Pekin, I procured a specimen of this bird in not

quite mature plumage, and noted it in my list in the ‘ Ibis,’ 1861,

p- 332, no. 41, as a new species. Mr. Fleming’s specimen, being a

fully matured male, affords me an opportunity of now describing it.

It is closely allied to that interesting and beautiful form, O. cinclo-

rhynchus of the Himalayas, being, like it, a tree-bird, rather than a

rock-bird. Our species is smaller in size, and has a shorter and

more robust bill. O. cinclorhynchus is at once distinguished in having

the throat and neck a blue-grey, like the crown, in having the wings

and tail edged with blue, and in having the white spot that adorns

the wing on the six inner tertiary quills, instead of on only the

second and three consecutive feathers. I will now proceed at length

to define the species.

ORG@CETES GULARIS, 0. sp.

Crown of the head, extending down back of neck, and carpal re-

gion of the wings clear French or lazuline grey. Loral space, sides of

neck, under parts, rump, and upper tail-coyerts deep reddish buff.

Auriculars, onwards to the back, back, scapulars, and lesser wing-

coverts black. Wings and tail hair-brown, with a surface-wash of

pale grey, chiefly conspicuous on the basal half of the latter. The

feathers of the wing edged with pale buff, the greater coverts and

tertials being strongly tipped with the same. A white spot, com-

prising basal portions of the outer webs of the second, third, fourth,

and fifth tertiaries, ornaments the wing. The singularly distinctive

character whence I have drawn its name consists in a white line

which, starting from the centre of the chin, runs down in front quite

to the breast, broadening as it descends to the form of an isosceles

triangle, a line of black spots edging for some distance the rufous

that flanks its sides. Bill blackish brown, with bright yellow rictus,

and inside to mouth. Legs and claws brown, strongly washed with

ochre. Iris deep brown. Total length 7 inches, wing 4, tail 255.

32. Orocorys PENICILLATA, Gould.

This is identical with a skin from the Altai Mountains in Mr.

Gould’s collection, marked O. sibirica ; but as no authority is given

for that designation, I have preferred retaining the above name,

which is synonymous with O. aldigula, Brehm.

33. EMBERIZA RUTILA, Pallas.

A fine male.

34. EmBeriza STRACHEYII, Moore.

This agrees well with a mounted skin from Kumaon, in the East

Indian Museum, bearing the above denomination.

35. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA, L.

36, CARPODACUS ERYTHRINUS, Meyer.

1862.] MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. 319

37. FREGILUS GRACULUS, L.

An immature specimen, with clipped wings. It is smaller than

our English specimen, and has smaller tarsi ; these may, however,

be attributable to its immaturity. The true F. graculus, L., appears

also to occur in Java, apud Moore.

38. SruRNUS CINERACEUS, Temm.

39. StuRNus DAuRICUus, Pall.

40. Yunx rorauitia, L.

41. Grecrnus canus, Gmel.

A female.

42. Picus masor, L.

One specimen of this form is most closely allied to P. luciani of

Malherbe ; but as the two examples I have, from the same locality,

differ a good deal in many points held to be of specific value, I do

not well see how the numerous variations from the normal P. major

throughout China can be properly identified by the apparently un-

stable characters pointed out by M. Malherbe.

43. Picus HyprryTHRUS, Vigors.

The female specimen in this collection and a male in my own do

differ slightly from the Himalayan specimens: ours have more rufous

on the neck, and the back more banded with black and white; but

the general characters are so entirely the same that I do not feel

justified in separating them.

44, Cucutus canorus, L.

One skin, identical with English specimens.

45. Dicrurus MACROCERCUS, Lath.

46. CuisiA HOTTENTOTA, L.

Very similar to Indian specimens.

47. Lanrus sucePHALus, Temm. Faun. Japon,

48. CHARADRIUS LONGIPES, Temm.

In fine summer plumage.

49. TRINGA SUBARCUATA.

In fine summer plumage.

50. TEREKIA JAVANICA.

In fine summer plumage.

51. Toranus ruscus.

In fine summer plumage.

320 MR. SWINHOE ON BIRDS FROM TIENTSIN. [Nov, 25,

52. Toranus catinris, L.

Tn fine summer plumage.

53. Limosa RUFA.

In fine summer plumage.

54. ARDETTA SINENSIS, Gmel.

55. Rauuus rnpicus, Blyth.

Identical with Indian specimens.

56. PoRZANA BAILLONI.

Identical with British specimens.

I have purposely deferred to the last a skin, unfortunately with

the wings clipped, of a species of House Martin (Chelidon). Of

this genus there have hitherto been only two recognized species—the

common European Martin (C. urbica, L.) and the Cashmere Martin

(C. cashmerensis, Gould), the Nepal Martin (Delichon nipalensis,

Moore) being of an intermediate form between the true Martins and

the Sandmartins. The Cashmere Martin is at once distinguishable

from its English congener by its much smaller size, by its deep brown

axillaries, and by its shorter and much less furcate tail, as also by the

browner colour of its upper parts. That it is a good species, there

can be no doubt. Mr. Whiteley’s specimen, a mature bird, in the

steel-blue colour of the upper parts assimilates to the European bird ;

but differs from it strikingly in its smaller size, in its much less

emarginate tail, in its deep brown axillaries, and in having the whole

of its upper tail-coverts pure white, instead of partially steel-black.

Its breast, moreover, shows no sign of the partial brown band of the

House Martin. Now, strange enough, Capt. Blakiston has brought

from Hakodadi, Japan, another Martin, which, on the other hand,

assimilates to C. cashmerensis in its proportions, colour of the back,

and almost even tail; but differs from it in having a black chin, black

instead of brown axillaries, and in having the ends of the lower tail-

coverts broadly tipped with black. For the Japanese species I would

suggest the name C. blakistoni, after its discoverer; and for the

Pekin bird the name C. whiteleyi, after the gentleman to whom this

collection belongs, and to whom we are indebted for the privilege of

exhibiting before this Society this interesting series of North China

birds.

Note.—Since the above was read before the Society, I have perused

carefully the description of the House Martin of Siberia, given in

Pallas’s ‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ and find that the bird therein

described at full length answers in every respect to Mr. Whiteley’s

bird from Pekin, and does not agree with the European Martin

(Chelidon urbica, L.), to which it has been wrongfully referred by

later Russian ornithologists. ‘The name of the Pekin species will

therefore have to stand Chelidon lagopoda, Pallas.—R. 8.

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 321

The following lists of additions to the Menagerie during the months

of June, July, August, September, and October were read to the

Meeting :—

JUNE.

Presented by

\1 Hybrid between Com- { Phasianus colchicus ...... eh ge |

|. mon Pheasant & Fowl | Gallus domesticus......... \ si sidieienias .

\1 Rhesus Monkey............ Macacus rhesus........+... Miss Reynell.

4 IOI OR sce nnn cds csvedaps- Phenicopterus antiquo- |Rees Williams, Esq.

; rum. |

1 Griffon Vulture ............ |Gyps fulvus .....0.....000 Rees Williams, Esq.

j4 Lesser Spotted Wood- Pieus minor ....... sianteae John Gould, Esq., F.R.S.

; peckers.

2 European Thick-knees .... Edienemus crepitans ...|E. C. Newcome, Esq.

}1 Quebec Marmot............ \Arctomys empetra ..... Lieut.-Col. Rhodes.

P Flying Fox ..-.0....2520...-- |\Pteropus medius ......... \Sir John Lees, Bart.

RICH C HON so 2.5 cnaica5s 55. Canis lagopus .....-406... Percy Godman, Esq.,F.Z.S.

1 Golden Plover ............ | Charadrius pluvialis ......\Percy Godman, Esq.,F.Z.S.

2 Green Parrakeets ......... |Conurus tiriacula ......... Lady Gilbert.

1 Hen Harrier seneesseenensed| Cireus cineraceus ..........M, Jules Verreaux.

; 2 Grey Shrikes ....... aaaanas Lanius excubitor ....... .. Lord Lilford.

1 Maugé’s Opossum ...... ---|Dasyurus mauge@i ..........F. J. C, Wildash, Esq.

5 2 Green Woodpeckers ...... |Gecinus viridis ............ >

1 Hoopoe ...... cence es screr oss | Upupa pops ...-++....000+

2 Indian Doves............... Chalcophaps indica ......

2 Guillemots..<.....-....-.+ Uria troile....... Becnadon ad

2 Razor-bills .................. TE ETO can sana haan taa

2 Puffins ....... Se dhedsssskie Fratercula arctica ......

PaGape | yrax vcs oc. leeas JZ Hyrax capensis......00+...

3 Moluccan Deer .......... --|Cervus moluccensis ......

2 Slender Loris............2.- Loris gracilis......c0-0.0.- /

1 Martinique Waterhen ...|Porphyrio martinicus ...| | Purchased.

1Prehensile-tailedCapromys|Capromys prehensilis ...

Ateles frontatus ....04...

hy bridus ....00..004.

Herodias comata .........

Cuculus canorus .........

OUpupa pops ........000000

Ardetta minuta eens

bary and Red Deer... CLAP TTERS 7p 2 2 nenn0e =

jl Persian Deer ............2..,—— wallichit .........+0. :

i Alpaca, male ............... Auchenia pacos ..... sasawael

1 Arabian Baboon ......... |Cynocephalus hamadryas )

Of these, Galago demidoffii was stated to have been exhibited for

_ the first time in the Society’s Menagerie.

- Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXI.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE,

JULY.

1 Wild Boar

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested

Cockatoo.

1 Cheetah (from Syria) ...

11 Indian Fishes

2 DOVES) scassecceeranen “Atigtt

4 Palm-Squirrels.........+.-

1 Purple Heron

1 Bauer’s Parrakeet

2 Japanese Pigs

2 Ceylonese Porcupines..

1 Kinkajou

1 Chameleon

eee O et eeeeee

1 Black-crested Cardinal..

7 Malabar Squirrels

1 Ruffed Lemur

eeeeee

en eeeeeeres

7 young African Crocodiles

1 Californian Quail

1 Rhesus Monkey

eeeeee

1 Blue and Yellow Maccaw

1 Partridge (from China)..

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested

Cockatoo.

1 Spotted Cavy

3 Common Adders

2 Porphyrios

2 Common Quails

Eagle.

4 Water-Tortoises

1 Indian Jackal

1 Hawfinch ...........

3 Toque Monkeys

2 Rattlesnakes

1 Ring-Ouzel

1 Budong Monkey

1 Parrakeet.

1 Pluto Monkey

1 Whydah Bird

1 Spider Monkey

1 Water-Tortoise

4 Napoleon Weaver Birds.

D2 ToeMUTS ice cedenve< soe a3 {

4 Rice-birds

3 Common Quails .........

1 Crested Ortyx ............

1 Lunulated BEY;

2 Alligators... wae oae

4 Scarlet Tanagers sccapadar

ser eeee Oe eeeeee

upines ... Hystrix leucura

See ewe eee etereees

2 Australian Thick-knees.

1 Spotted-breasted Crested

2 Entellus Monkeys pn he

i Alieitor Meare

6 Leverets Bowe

peeeene SBereresc

see e et eeeeee

eee cece ere

Sus scrofa, var

Cacatua sulphurea

Felis jubata

Osphronemus trichopte-

rus.

ins. Ceylon.

Turtur, sp.? ...

Sciurus palmarum

Ardea PUrpUred ...+0000

Platycercus baueri ......

Sus scrofa, var. pliciceps

Chameleo africanus

Gubernatrix cristatella .

Sciurus

Crocodilus, sp.? .......+

Lophortyx californianus

Macacus rhesus

ATG ATAYAUNA ...655 Sasa

Caccabis chukar? ......0++

Cacatua sulphurea

wees

Celogenys paca

Pelias Berus .....0...00000-

Gdicnemus grallarius

Porphyrio melanotus

Coturniz dactylisonans...

Spizaétus Zonurus ...

see eereeenes

eee w eee eneweeee

Coccothraustes vulgaris

Semnopithecus entellus ...

Macacus pileatus

Alligator lucius..........+.

Crotalus horridus

Lepus timidus

Turdus torquatus .......+.

Semnopithecus leuco-

prymnus.

Agapornis roseicollis

Cercopithecus pluto

Vidua paradisea

Ateles frontalis

pew eeeens

eeeeee

Seen eeeeewes

TEU SAND = ccaccetesdeecesese.

Lemur mongoz

NUGVUVONS 0+ 000s0e0e-

Dolichonyx oryzivorus ..

Coturnix dactylisonans...

Eupsychortyx cristata ...

Pyranga rubra

tee e nee ee nes

ee ee ee eneeee

Leuciscus, sp. NOV.? eX.

eee eeeeee

eeneee

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus

Peewee reset aerecenee

Cercopithecus lunulatus ..

...| Alligator lucius

[Nov. 25,

Presented by

\Rev. G. Portal.

E. Boys, Esq.

H.R. H. the Prince of

i Wales.

Capt. Gideon.

M. J. Verreaux.

Miss Emily Lamprell.

Lord Lilford, .Z.S.

\ F. J. Rooper, Esq.,F.Z.S

F, Rangel, Esq.

H. E. Smith, Esq.

H. Harvey, Esq.

| ars. Turnbull.

D. W. E. Brown, Esq.

John Brettall, Esq.

W. H. Pollard, Esq.

Mrs. Heathcote.

Mrs. C. Gammon.

Mrs. John Brown.

F. Godman, Esq.

Albert Mitchell, Esq.

aya |r. Mueller, C.M.

Lady Cust.

W. Chambers, Esq.

Miss Scott.

John Tudor, Esq.

..|W. Nash, Esq., F.Z.S.

oa Kelsall, R.E.

+ Purchased.

cher

1862.] ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. aoe

JuLy (continued)

2 Blue Grosbeaks ......... Guiraca ceruled .....+...

6 Ludovician Grosbeaks... ludoviciana ....... |

2 Indian Silverbeaks ...... Munia malabarica ...... | } Purchased. |

UW GOCKALOD: 0. vcatests cwcy ees Cacatua sanguinea .....

1 Little Dusky Parrot ...|Pionus sordidus...... codes) |

2 Collared Peccaries ......|Dicotyles torquatus ...... |

2 Punjaub Wild Sheep ...|Ovis cycloceros ......+++.4. Born

1 Eland, female ............ | OFS CANNA .....eeeceees =:

1 African Civet .......0.... Viverra civetta .......+0+6. |

Of these, Spizaétus zonurus was stated to be exhibited for the first

time in the Society’s Menagerie.

Avueust.

Presented by

1 Indian Rock Snake...... Python molurus ....0+.. R. C. R. Cocq, Esq.

1 Common Wolf...... vences|(COMER MEDUS coveszsancss soe :

2 Arctic Foxes ..... ao liens Sanceeeeen “i } cape. Sa

TY King Vulture ~...:........ Gyparchus papa .....+.. E. Thornton, Esq.

1 Coati mondi............... INGSUGUSCD. js nenswoidseee | |

1 S. American Monkey ...|Cebus pes ec nosis Ree |= piel Als |

2 Crested Curassows ...... Crax alector .....s.ss000

2 Globose Curassows ...... GIOTICET A. cacanowsess.

2 Capuchin Monkeys...... Cebus capucinus ......0+ |

1 Spotted Cavy ............ Ceelogenys Pacd ...+0+...04+ R. W. Keate, Esq.

1 Prehensile-tailed Poreu-|Cercolabes prehensilis ... |

ine,

1 Blue and Yellow Maccaw|4ra ararauna ............ )

2 Cockateals (fem.) ...... Calopsitta nove-hollandie| Miss F. Darvall.

MENVE- AVC tenecsntesaioaboens Chiromys madagascari- |Edward Mellish, Esq.

ensis.

1 Striped Hyena ......... Hyena striata veces. E. M. Cookesley, Esq.

1 Ceylonese Monkey ...... Semnopithecus leuco- |G. N. Kilsall, Esq.

prymnus.

1 Tengmalm’s Owl......... Nyctale tengmalmii ...... Herr Gatke. |

: peuaning Kingfishers ...|Dacelo giganted............ Dr. Mueller, C.M. /

iping Crows ..........6. Gymnorhina leuconota ...

1 Kangaroo............. .....|Halmaturus, Sp.? ....c.0+ — Terry, Esq.

1 Smooth Snake............ Coronella levis ......+++... Gent. Cadet Fenton.

PRUNE OES!"..ccaccess sok Peon | CONUS INGO seacconsaden-6 |

1 Bronze-wing Pigeon ...|Phaps chalcoptera ...... | }+— Hume, Esq. |

1 Kangaroo ...........+4. ....|Halmaturus, Sp.? .....--- |

2 Kingfishers ............ «=.| Alcedo tspida.........+000+ 7 |

1 Common Jay ...... veee.|Garrulus glandarius ......

1 Ceylonese Monkey ...... Semnopithecus leuco-

prymnus. L

2 Golden Orioles............ Gree GAlbUld ....eceeeees ¢ Purchased,

HOSTEL cose asescsancece: Sciurus dorsalis ....+++0+

EEPVOTIDICE, apaccescessonceese Myoxus muscardinus ...

2 Passenger Pigeons ...... Ectopistes migratorius ... y

1 pair of Indian Antelopes| Antilope cervicapra ...... ;

4 Springboks ...... ........|G@azella euchore.........++ }

ZSteMVOKS ...csc.csccvece Calotragus campestris ... | Obtained by the So-

11 Rock Coneys ............ Hyrax capensis............ ciety’s Collector.

1 Crested Porcupine ......|Wystrix cristata ......... | :

MOGELCL, acesccaesscueces seavn|CZCNCLEGs Spo? casiesnase |

| 1 African Ichneumon...... er pest es; Spd ).acat cence | J

324

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

[Nov. 25,

Aveust (continued).

1 African Rock-Snake |Python seb@ ....00.ce.00

WPatt AGGEr (iss,cvcerseress |Clotho arietans ..+.-.+

1 Sambur Deer ....... wee. Cervus aristotelis .......

2 Hog Deer.........+ssseeee. POTCINUS «.s.se00ee.

WERWON a .ncecdedeses oes seoeee (Felis LEOse edhe cece dd eaven ex

btained by the So-

ciety’s Collector.

Of these, Chiromys madagascariensis, Coronella levis, and Sezurus

dorsalis were stated to have been exhibited

Society’s Menagerie.

for the first time in the

SEPTEMBER.

Presented by

1 Swinhoe’s Deer............ Cervus swinhoit ......... “5

2 Formosan Monkeys ...... Macacus cyclopis ......... br. Swinhoe, Esq., C.M.

4 young Turtles ........-...|Chelonia viridis.......+-++. H. P. Morgan, Esq.

1 Palm-Squirrel ........-... Sciurus palmarum ......|H. Sturrock, Esq.

1 Common Tortoise ......... Testudo gr@ca ...eeee+-0s- Mr. King.

1 Bonnet-Monkey ..-...++- Macacus radiatus ......+.- W. Mare, Esq., Jun.

2 Ortolan Buntings ........- Emberiza hortulana ...... \

2 Woodlarks ........0.ssee000 Alauda arbored........+++

2 Brazilian Canaries......... Sycalis brasiliensis ......

1 Chaffinch ........+.seeee ...|Fringilla coelebs .....064

1 Diamond Sparrow......... Amadina lathami .........

1 Mule Bullfinch ..... seeeeee|Pyrrhula vulgaris

1 Cross-bill ......seeseeeeee- Loxia curvirostra......0+

1 Rufous-neck Weaver Bird|/Hyphantornis textor......

1 Jackdaw.....-..sscescereee ..|Corvus monedula .....++. W. Russell, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Magpie ......cecceesecereee Pica caudata.....+...0+

2 Elegant Parrakeets ...... Euphema elegans ++...+4+.

1 Sallé’s Parrakeet ........- Chrysotis sall@i......++. toe

1 Redbreast ...... see ceneenaes Erythacus rubecula ...... |

1 Whitethroat ...........+++- Sylvia cinerea ......0000+

IT Blackcap: Vir-sccessaccesos — atricapilla .....+...

2 Blackbirds ........,+eeeee+0 Turdus merula ......00000

1 Misselthrush ...........-+++ VISCIVOTUS . 20200 see

1 Red-breasted Thrush ...|—— migratorius ........-

1 Lemming .............000¢- Lemmus norvegicus ......\F. Godman, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Yarra Trout ..........cs00: Galaxias scriba..........+.|Capt. Ridgers.

1 Jackal (from Patras)...... Canis QUPCUS .+....0.-08+ .-.|Capt. Amlot.

1 Sea-Eagle ............+0+-.- Haliaétus albicilla......... Mr. Xenos.

1 Globose Curassow......... Crax globicera ............,A. N. de Pothomier, Esq.

1 Black Spider Monkey ...|Ateles belzebuth «.....+.. \

1 Siamese Monkey ......... Macacus Pate easecet

1 Common Magpie ......... |\Pica caudata.........+0004+ |

1 Toque Monkey ..........+«.! Macacus pileatus .........

1 Java Squirrel......... eee ..|Sciurus plantani ......+0-

2 Japanese Pheasants ......|Phasianus versicolor...... Purchased.

2 Black-backed Jackals ...|Canis mesomelas ......... |

3 Kangaroo Mice............ Hapalotis mitchellii? ... |

4 St. Helena Seed-eaters...|Crithagra butyracea......

1 Bonnet-Monkey............ Macacus radiatus ...... ees )

1 Mooruk ......... Bsa ndod.aen Casuarius bennettii ...... Hatched.

1 Japanese Deer ....... sovcs|CCTUUSISIRG cvecesscscuae .-|Born.

Of these, Macacus cyclopis and Sciurus

have been exhibited for the first time in the

plantani were stated to

Society’s Menagerie.

1862.]

2 Spotted Cavies .........

1 Macaque Monkey

1 WatereRail, Australia ...

1 Axis Deer, female ......

2 Buffon’s Touracos

1 Indian Minah

2 Indian Doves ....... eer

1 Ring-tailed Lemur .

2 Eagle Owls .......c.c0

2 Flying Phalangers ..

1 Peregrine ............00es

2 Purple Guans ............

2 Water-Tortoises

1 Canadian Goose

IN@TORS-HORee cs 0c--cceens

1 Douroucouli Monkey ...

1 White-headed Parrot ..

12 Grey Mullets

5 Crested Blennies

2 Montagu’s Harriers......

2 Grey Wagtails ............

1 Kangaroo Rat ...

USTrUMPpeter, \.<..varasses a

1 Saki Monkey ............

1 Squirrel Monkey

1 Negro Tamarin

2 West African Pigs ......

2 Common Boas.......... a

6 Australian Finches ......

AS Parakeets) | .sss0sees ss {

sees

waren eteweee

se eweee wees

se eeeeeeee

seeeeeees

2 Fruit-eating Pigeons..

1 Red-eared Monkey

2 Moustache Monkeys ...

1 White-nosed Monkey ...

3 Chameleons............ ao

2 Crimson-eared Waxbills

3 Pumas ..... SRnepeaesiin sere

SLCOPALG: ocssetecccssncaes

5 Black Swans

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

OcToBER.

Presented by

| Coelogeny8 Pacd .....++0000- \P. N. Bernard, Esq.

Macacus eynomolgua.n.|Caphe Welstead.

Rallus pectoralis ......+« |T. Aspinwall, Esq.

Ceres A755 o... cent on es aap iJ. D. Mullins, Esq.

Corythaix buffoni

PUurbury/BPs) cesses

.-.|Lemur catta ......

.|Bubo maximus

Belideus sciureus ...

Faleo peregrinus

|Emys —— ? .....

Canis fulvus, var.

-|Picus senitlis

eeeeee

Cireus cineraceus

Psophia crepitans

Hapale ursulus

aoe

Conurus wanthopt

Sen secotnee <<

{ | Carpophaga microcera ..

1 Ptilopus fasciatus

Cercopithecus erythrotis |

CEPhUS seese-

—— leopardus ...

Gracula intermedia

Penelope purpurascens ..

Bernicla canadensis

Nyctipithecus feli

Motacilla yarrellit ......

Hypsiprymnus, sp.? ... =|

Pithecia monachus 5 , ; i

Callithrix sciureus

Sus scrofa, hybridus? ...

Boa constrictor.......

Brotogerys pyrrhopterus

—— nictitans ....

Chameleo africanus ....

Estrelda phenicotis

.|Felis concolor

eeeee

Cygnus atratus .....

see eeee ee!

weeeee

seen neeee

Lieut. C. R. Cock.

Rese ace Hon. Mrs. Steuart.

....,W. T. Dayne, Esq.

Thos. Fraser, Esq.

seeteenee

Mrs. A. B. White.

} Capt. Wishart.

see eeenee

seer etans

se eeeenee

Purchased.

Crus ...

see eee ee,

seeeeeees

seeeeeee

Born.

.| Hatched.

/Russell Gordon, Esq.

| P. Sinclair Laing, Esq.

.|S. Sandbach Parker, Esq. |

Of these, Pithecia monachus, Carpophaga microcera, and Ptilopus

fasciatus were stated to have been exhibited for the first time in the

Society’s Menagerie.

326 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [ Dee. 9,

December 9, 1862.

E. W. H. Holdsworth, F.L.S., Esq., in the Chair.

Dr. Cobbold exhibited a series of microscopic preparations of rare

Entozoa, which he had just received from Prof. Leuckart, of Giessen.

Among the more remarkable were Distoma heterophyes andeD. he-

matobium (from Egypt), an adult Trichina spiralis, Tenia nana

(Egypt), 7. eeenurus, T'. echinococcus, and the new Bothryocephalus

cordatus of Leuckart, from Greenland.

The following papers were read :—

1. Nores on THE ANaATomy oF PitHEciA MONACHUS (GEOFF.).

By W. H. Frower, Conservator OF THE MusEUM OF

THE Royau CoLLeGE OF SURGEONS.

(Plate XXXVII.)

I confess to some hesitation in giving the above specific name to

the subject of the present communication, as the original description

of the species (Tableau des Quadrumanes, ‘Annales du Muscum,’

tom. xix. 1812) is too brief for satisfactory identification, and I have

had no opportunity of examining the type specimen in the Paris

Museum. It is exceedingly like the Pithecia irrorata of Dr. J. E.

Gray, described and figured in the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of the

Sulphur’ (1842), part 1, p. 14, of which the type is in the British

Museum, and which differs from the previously described P. hirsuta

of Spix (Simiarum et Vespertiliorum Brasiliensium Species novee,

1823, p. 14, and plate 9) in wanting the short, bristle-like, whitish

hairs on the cheeks ; but as the present specimen agrees in this respect

with Spix’s species rather than Gray’s, I have little doubt that it

ought to be referred to the former, if they are distinct.

In the ‘ Catalogue Méthodique de la Collection des Mammifeéres du

Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris,’ 1851, by M. Isidore Geof-

froy Saint-Hilaire, there is but one species with which, as far as can

be ascertained by the short specific characters there given, it agrees ;

and this is the P. monachus of the elder Geoffroy ; and as the learned

author of the catalogue has satisfied himself as to the identity of this

species with P. hirsuta of Spix, it becomes necessary to discard the

latter name, and retain the one which has the priority of date.

The dimensions of my specimen are rather inferior to those assigned

by Spix to P. hirsuta, and to those of the examples of P. ¢rrorata in

the British Museum ; but it must be considered that it is a scarcely

adult female, and at the time of death was in extremely poor condi-

tion, which last cireumstance may also account for the hair, especially

on the tail, being less crisp and curled than in the above specimens.

It also seems to differ from them somewhat in the relatively greater

length of the tail*.

* Since writing the above, the skin was taken to Paris by my friend Dr. Mur-

chison, and, with the valuable assistance of M. Pucheran, compared and pro-

nounced to be identical with the specimens of P. monachus (including the original

one described by Geoffroy) in the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle.

1862. } OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 327

As I am not aware of any anatomical observations upon this genus,

it appears desirable to put on record some notes made at the dis-

section of this specimen. It was not to be expected that any striking

character would be found in which it would differ from animals of

allied genera ; the principal point of interest, in fact, was the brain,

a description of the form and convolutions of which has hitherto been

a desideratum, being one of the few omitted in M. Gratiolet’s great

work on the Cerebral Folds of the Primates.

The animal died in the Gardens of the Zoological Society, on the

24th of October, 1862, after having lived there about a fortnight,

during which time Mr. Wolf was able to make the characteristic

sketch which accompanies this communication (Pl. XXXVII.).

It was a female, nearly adult. All the permanent teeth were in

place in the lower jaw ; but the posterior upper molars had not cut

the gum on either side. The state of emaciation to which it was re-

duced could scarcely be exceeded. In this condition the weight was

19 ounces avoirdupois. The dimensions were as follows :—

inches.

Length from the vertex of the head to the root of the tail . 11

Length of tail (including 13 inch of hair only) .......... 18

head, from tip of nose to occiput ............ 2°9

PeremvesnBMenlth Of REAM, wn 5 oc oa ties nos he das 2 ald a 12

ISIE Us Chg en en 33

ESET 2 a ee ea ee See es eg 33

(Tc Ais aoe a colors BS 23

thigh es 41

— TD 70 aris 43

POG ES Be ae. se tine « Sha toteia San oy aida ticts BE 4

The large hood of long loose hair upon the upper part of the

head, neck, and shoulders, from under which the comparatively bare

face emerges, gives a very peculiar appearance to the general phy-

slognomy. The face is long and narrow; the nose large and full, its

breadth ‘6 inch ; the nostrils wide apart, quite lateral in situation ;

the chin rapidly retreating. The eyes of moderate size, their axes

directed straight forwards ; the width of aperture ‘45 inch ; the dia-

meter of the iris °3 inch; colour of the iris hazel-brown. ‘The skin

of the face is of a dark purplish brown, almost black upon the nose,

and paler around the eyes; it is sparingly covered with short coarse

hairs of a whitish colour. Rather more than half an inch of the

forehead is clothed with these short hairs, directed upwards in the

middle, and outwards on the sides. Above this comes the hair of the

hood, directed forwards. On each cheek is a well-marked patch of

yellowish white hair, directed downwards and forwards, terminating

in front by a distinct line extending from the inner canthus of the

eye to below the angle of the mouth. In front of this line the dark

colour of the skin predominates over the white of the short scattered

hairs, except along the margin of the upper lip, where these are

longer and more abundant. The ears are large, and roundish in form,

quite naked, and of the same colour as the skin of the face ; a consi-

derable patch of skin behind them is free from hair.

328 MR. W. H, FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [Dec. 9,

The hair on the body is rather harsh in texture, long, loose, and

sparing in quantity, so that when separated the skin is readily seen.

It is particularly long on the shoulders, and stands out from the

body, giving great apparent fulness to all this part. On the back of

the neck and top of the head it is directed forwards, forming the

before-mentioned hood.

An individual hair from the shoulder measures 3 inches in length.

The first inch from the root is very fine, and of a brownish-black

colour ; then it becomes thicker, and of a deeper black; and in the

last half-inch it tapers to a point, and is of a dirty yellowish white.

Hair of this character covers the upper part and back of the head,

the neck, shoulders, back, arms, thighs, and tail, the terminal portion

on the posterior part of the body being pale yellowish brown. On

the forearm it is shorter, black tipped with white. On the legs the

black predominates. The dorsal surface of the hands and feet, in-

cluding the toes, is covered with short, perfectly white hair, through

which the black skin of these parts is scarcely seen. The throat,

breast, belly, and inside of the thighs are very sparingly covered with

fine, pale yellowish brown hair. ‘The tail is entirely covered, to an

equal extent all round, with long, coarse, curved, black hair, tipped

with pale brown. The hair is longest and the tail appears thickest

near the body, and gradually tapers towards the end. I may here

observe that the curling condition of the hair so conspicuous in the

specimens in the British Museum, and in the figures referred to above,

is almost absent in this individual—a circumstance, as before said, pro-

bably due to the bad health of the animal for some time previous to

its death ; and hence the tapering instead of the bushy end to the tail.

The hands are rather small. The thumb is short, and appears na-

turally to lie in the direction of the other fingers. Its extremity is

level with the distal end of the first phalanx of the second digit. The

second and fifth digits are of equal length, extending as far as the

distal end of the second phalanx of the third and fourth, which are

also of equal length. The nails are black, subcompressed, and

pointed, that of the thumb slightly more flattened, and broader at

the base, than the others.

The sole of the foot is long and narrow; the hallux well deve-

loped, widely separated from the other toes, with a flat, subtriangular,

pointed nail. In relative length the other toes stand in the follow-

ing order—second, fifth, third, and fourth ; but the difference between

them is not very great. Their nails are long, curved, compressed,

and pointed.

The orifice of the vulva is a narrow longitudinal cleft situated on

the lower part of the symphysis pubis. Immediately in front of it is

a subcylindrical and slightly tapering tongue-like clitoris, a quarter

of an inch long, and of a pink colour. On its under surface is a

groove continuous with the orifice of the vulva. The perineum is

about + inch in length.

The brain weighed, immediately after removal, 460 grains, or ;th

part of the entire (very emaciated) body. The general form as seen

from above is a regular oval, nearly as broad before as behind (fig. 1).

1862. ] OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 329

The whole of the cerebellum and the olfactory lobes are covered by the

cerebrum. The length of the cerebral hemispheres is 1*8 inch ; their

greatest breadth 1:5 inch; their height 1*2 inch. The upper surface

is arched, the parietal region being well developed. The occipital

lobes are full and broad, but not much elongated posteriorly, so that

they scarcely do more than cover the cerebellum in this direction.

The frontal lobe is depressed, and deeply excavated below ; the tem-

poral lobe well developed. In general form the cerebrum resembles

that of some of the Ceéz; it is less pointed in front than the brains of

most of the Old World Apes, and less elongated and depressed than

in Nyctipithecus, Callithrix, and Hapale. 'The olfactory lobes are

smaller than in most of the allied forms. There is nothing calling for

particular notice in the base of the brain (fig. 2), except that the

Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

corpora albicantia are not confluent, and the olivary bodies form

distinct projections on the medulla oblongata ‘2 inch long. The

cerebellum is large, the flocculi being particularly well developed.

* Fig. 3.

The corpus callosum is *7 inch long; the portion of the ccrebrum

anterior to it ‘4; that posterior to it *7 inch.

The outer face of the cerebral hemisphere (fig. 3) is marked by a

330 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON THE ANATOMY [Dec. 9,

few, but deeply cut, and characteristic sulci*. 1. The fissure of Sylvius

(e) slopes upwards and backwards to about two-thirds of the distance

between its commencement and the margin of the great longitudinal

fissure, and then ends abruptly without joining the antero-temporal.

2. On the frontal lobe is a deeply marked fissure (the supero-frontal,

6) running transversely backwards and outwards, bent at an obtuse

angle in the middle. 3. Separated by a wide interval (antero-parietal

gyrus) from this is the simple, straight postero-parietal (fissure of

Rolando, d). 4. Behind this is the suleus bounding the upper border

of the angular gyrus, having the form of a broad pointed arch. 5.

The long and deeply marked antero-temporal sulcus (f) runs from

the apex of the temporal lobe, upwards beyond the end of the fissure

of Sylvius, curving slightly forwards at its termination near the point

of the aforesaid arch. 6. Of the temporo-occipital (external perpen-

dicular, /) the traces are but small ; its commencement is seen above,

in a notch on the border of the hemisphere, and again there is an in-

dication of it at the posterior termination of the angular sulcus, but

it does not interrupt the perfect superficial continuity from the pa-

rietal to the occipital lobe of both first and second external annectent

gyri (13 and 14). In this respect Pithecia agrees with Ateles rather

than Cebus. The absence of this fissure (so constant in the Old World

Apes) in all the smaller American Monkeys, and its imperfect condi-

tion in others of the family, show that it is a less important character-

istic of the Simian brain than is the antero-temporal or even the an-

gular.

On the inner face of the hemisphere (fig. 4), the sulci present the

Fig. 4.

ordinary and typical character ot the Primatial type of brain, in a

simple form. The calloso-marginal sulcus (7) is very well marked,

and inclines upwards almost to the margin of the hemisphere at its

hinder end. It has several small secondary sulci connected with it.

The oceipito-parietal (internal perpendicular, *) runs down from the

margin of the hemisphere, and then bends abruptly forwards. That

most characteristic sulcus, the calearine (/), the bottom of which

corresponds with the hippocampus minor in the posterior cornu of

the lateral ventricle, is deeply cut, runs directly backwards, and

* For the nomenclature of these parts of the brain, see a paper by Prof. Huxley,

“On the Brain of Aleles paniscus,” Proc. Zool. Soc., June 11, 1861.

1862. ] OF PITHECIA MONACHUS. 331

divides posteriorly into two branches, of which the lower is the

longer. The collateral sulcus (7), instead of passing downwards and

forwards along the inner side of the temporal lobe, turns abruptly

outwards, and appears on the outer face, in the rather sharp angle on

the inferior border of the hemisphere at the junction of the occipital

and temporal lobes.

The dental formula is, I. ==, C. =, P. ==, M. —=36.

The incisors of both upper and lower jaw project forward, so that

their anterior edges form together an angle of 100°. The upper

central incisors are of moderate size, and rounded at the edges. The

upper lateral incisors are extremely small; there is a considerable

diastema between them and the canines, which are strong and conical,

and project downwards and somewhat outwards. The two rows of the

upper molar series are perfectly straight and parallel. The premolars

increase in size from the first to the third, the first being notably

smaller than the others and unicuspidate. The first molar is rather

larger than the second; their crowns are square, nearly flat, but

grooved longitudinally in the middle, the raised edge on the outer and

inner sides being slightly divided into two tubercles. The crown of

the third molar is just beneath the gum. The four lower incisors are

long and narrow, of nearly equal size, the outer ones slightly rounded

at the corners ; their outting edges form a continuous gently curved

line. A very small interval exists between them and the sharply

pointed conical canine, which is of very nearly the same size as the

upper one. The first premolar is very small; the two succeeding

ones increase in size. The first and second molars are nearly equal,

and the third not very markedly inferior. As with the upper series,

these teeth are very slightly tuberculated ; they have the appearance

of being considerably worn, but, as the animal was so young, this is

scarcely probable. There is a carious spot on the posterior part of

the third premolar on both sides.

The length of the tongue, from the base of the epiglottis to the tip,

is 1°4 inch; its breadth °5 inch ; its sides are parallel, the end square,

with the corners slightly rounded. The sublingual organ is fleshy,

except towards the end, which is sharp-pointed and cleft at the ex-

treme tip; it is free to the extent of *25 inch, and its apex is °3

from the tip of the tongue.

The left lung has two lobes, quite separate from one another, each

having a special division of the bronchus ; the right lung is composed

of four distinct lobes. The main arterial trunks are given off from

the aorta as in man, the innominata dividing into right subclavian and

right carotid, and the left carotid and left subclavian coming off se-

parately.

The stomach is simple, its general form nearly globular, but the

pyloric portion is lengthened and tubular. The cardiac and pyloric

orifices are much approximated. The small intestine, from the py-

lorus to the ileo-czecal valve, measures 50 inches; its diameter is

nearly uniform throughout, about -4 inch. Peyer’s agminated glands,

the largest 14 inch long, are scattered at tolerably regular distances

332 MR. W. H. FLOWER ON PITHECIA MONACHUS. [ Dee. 9,

all along the canal almost to the duodenum. There are no valvulee

conniventes, and nothing to distinguish the ileum from the jejunum.

The length of the colon, from the ileo-czecal valve to the anus, is 22

inches : it is rather smaller than the csecum in calibre, rapidly dimi-

nishing for the first 3 inches, then acquiring a uniform diameter of

about ‘4 inch, which is somewhat increased in the descending portion

and rectum. The cecum is large and long, of greater calibre than

the colon, from which it is distinctly marked off by a constriction,

passing obliquely round the intestine, and slightly diminishing in

size as it approaches its terminal end, which is obtuse and rounded.

It presents a tolerably uniform curve, almost a semicircle in the same

plane. Its length is 43 inches ; its diameter, at 1 inch from the ileo-

ceecal valve, 1 inch.

The liver weighed 190 grains. Its anterior margin is deeply cleft

by three fissures, dividing it into four lobes. Of these, the first (from

the left) and the third and fourth are of about equal size. The second

is double the size of either of the others, and notched on its anterior

margin by the fissure of the round ligament, while the gall-bladder

lies on its under surface. The Spigelian lobe is distinct. The cystic

duct is “6 inch long, and joins the hepatic duct at a very acute angle.

The common bile-duct, rather more than an inch in length, enters the

posterior part of the duodenum, with the pancreatic duct, half an inch

from the pylorus. The spleen is simple, long and narrow, tapering

at the lower, more obtuse and notched at the upper end, 22 inches

long, and ‘4 inch wide at the middle.

The suprarenal bodies are very obtuse (slightly flattened) cones,

their axis measuring } inch, and the longest diameter of their base

about the same. The weight of each is 3 grains. Their colour is dark

purple, deeper than that of the kidney. The base of the right is closely

approximated to the corresponding kidney. The left, which is more

rounded in form, is less closely connected. The kidneys are of the

same form as in the human subject. Their length is ‘85 inch. The

right is placed slightly lower than the left. The left kidney weighed

24 grains ; the right about a grain less. The urinary bladder, when

distended, is capacious, of an elongated pyriform shape, having a glo-

bular fundus and a cylindrical or rather fusiform neck. The uterus

is very small, elongated, and cylindrical, not bifid ; *75 inch long, and

‘2 inch in diameter. The ovaries are °3 inch long, narrow, pointed at

each end, and slightly flattened, of a pale pinkish colour.

The vertebral formula of this specimen is, cervical 7, dorsal 13,

lumbar 6, sacral 3, caudal 26.

There is considerable variation in the number of the vertebree in

the different genera of American Monkeys ; and even among species

of the same genus, and individuals reputed (though perhaps on in-

sufficient grounds) to belong to the same species, the number is not

constant. The specimens contained in the British Museum (Cata-

logue of the Bones of Mammalia, 1862) and in the Museum of the

Royal College of Surgeons give the following results. Those marked

with an asterisk belong to the last-named collection ; the numbers in

the others are given on the authority of the above-named Catalogue.

P.Z.5.1862,Plate KkXxyV

J Wolf del.et lith. M&N. Hanhart.fp

hOBICULUS. 6S ClAT RRA:

_ ey ae ASP et ay Seer Se Oe aa J ice Fa” ae

4 ‘a

P.Z.5.1862.Plate XXXIX..

J Wolf. del.et lith M.& N.Hanhart Imp

TRICHOGHOS SUS: PLAVOVIRTDI SS.

ON TAT

M &N wal

re I.

1862.] MR. WALLACY ON BIRDS FROM THE SULA ISLANDS. 333

Caud. |

Ceryv. | D. L. S.

Ateles chameck .........0. ash sseebaedeeteceas 7 14 4 on lios

PQUUSCUS 9 sire’, -cgastace seis vesdsnsuet nice 7 13 + 3 31

= BACH NOLGES Ki, ndvarescadescadedasesceets 7 14 4 3 31

eee COMTOVIN Unvasegacenppuaceontsaseitercy: 7 14 4 3 33

pe DIZ DUbh so. scscaseeeecntclescuhachos 7 14 4 3 31

ea — Delzebuth!)essic iss. dtaceves sdacsseeee eee 7 13 4 3 33

Brachyteles hypoxanthus .......csseeseeees 7 13 5 3 2

Lagothrix humboldtii .............ceasssesees 7 14 4 3 30

MUYCETES SENICULIS) sesec.cetsasaerscasseasapes 7 14 5 3 27

HESIDUS giaoitaea cass snscecte as sslesesitens 7 14 5 3 ?

VELBtEACUENOS Miss conescsessesscewecssectes 7 14 5 3 26

inn nelac etes dung dsacccatestec scares ee 7 14 5 3 ?

BPELS crac wins ccssadesaiferases assed eseds 7 14 5 3 27

— hypoleucus 7 12 Z/ 3 30

—— capucinus 7 14 5 3 ?

—— capucinus * 7 13 6 3 23

— HEE Maa abseeaccevaes 7 14 6 3 24

OL eae eedackkded 7 14 5 3 25

Ouakaria calvus 7 13 6 3 18

Pepe n ELL reemameanctiea soa ava carck ssses ves 7 13 6 3 18

EMUHECIa, MONACHUS vores ..ce veces -averecee os 7 13 6 3 26

RGAIMALINIRCHITER Mite ssunsccdescessecerses.co0e 7 13 7 3 27

ee IR GHITEUS A Sstetanadcseceasncsdoatdecovinss 7 13 7 3 24

Nyctipithecus felinus. .............csveeseeee 7 13 6 3 18

PRIVIESAUNREKS ons ceaivp eater ssaescsoacsos 7 15 7 3 27

PACCHIUSTONN DUNS cuscatacdicrccdscsescosceceacs 7 13 6 3 33

eA AES heieelonaeeet. Jac sevaneesarcece cates oy 13 6 3 28

Pere ALIB oh) cnehtade a. cee Ubak cevsear see 7 13 6 3 19

eareprt GULLS opeeide ceweatsc anette vosiaesaat sede! fT 13 6 3 28

2. List or Birps rrom Tue Suxa Isianps (nAst or CELEBES),

with Descriptions Or THE New Species. By ALFRED

Russe, Waxwacz, F.Z.S.

(Plates XXXVIII., XXXIX., XL.)

These islands must not be confounded with the Soloo Islands, be-

tween Borneo and Mindanao. On our maps they are written Zula,

or Xulla ; but as neither of these gives the correct pronunciation, I

write the name exactly as it is pronounced by the natives. The

group consists of three islands, Sula Mangola to the east, Sula Ta-

liabo to the west, and Sula Bessi to the south. They lie nearly

equidistant between Celebes and the Moluccas, being about eighty

miles from the nearest part of Celebes, but with several intervening

islands ; only forty from Bouru, but a clear sea between them ; and

about ninety from Batchian, with the Obi Islands intervening. The

two larger of the Sula Islands are each about fifty miles long and

twelve to fifteen wide.

Islands so small, and so surrounded by others whose productions

are more or less known, might be expected to be not worth visiting

by the naturalist, as it would seem most probable that they would

contain only the common species of the surrounding islands. Be-

334 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [ Dec. 9,

lieving such to be the case, I should probably have taken no trouble

to obtain a collection from thence, had I not been told by many of

the natives who trade to Sula that a beautiful little bird of the Par-

rot family was found there and in no other place. In consequence

of this and other more or less vague information about its productions,

I arranged with my assistant, Mr. Allen, to go there for two months.

Owing to bad weather, ill health, and the usual troubles about boats,

men, and provisions, he obtained but a very small collection, made on

the southern and eastern islands. Only forty-eight species of birds

were obtained, yet out of these there were seven new species, which

appear to be altogether peculiar to this little group of islands; five

or six others are rare birds of the Moluccas or Celebes, and the re-

mainder the commoner species from the same countries.

But although the Sula Islands show a mixture of the forms of

Celebes and the Moluccas, yet these countries have not contributed

towards its fauna in anything like an equal proportion. Deducting

ten species which have a wide range over a large portion of the Ar-

chipelago, and even beyond it, and dividing the remainder into two

portions—those that may be supposed to have been derived from

Celebes on the one hand, and from the Moluccas and islands to the

east and south of them on the other,—we shall find that the Celebesian

forms are almost exactly double the rest. Twenty species are iden-

tical with birds found in Celebes, and five new species are of Cele-

besian forms ; whereas only eleven species are found also in the Mo-

luccas, and but two of the new species can be affiliated to Moluccan

types. Twenty-five of the species of the Sula Islands must there-

fore have been derived from Celebes, and only thirteen from the

Moluccas. The accompanying Table (p. 335) shows the species

distributed according to their derivation.

It is further interesting to remark that all the Raptores and all

the Pigeons and Parrots, but one of each group, are Celebesian species

or forms; while among the Moluccan species are many active but

weak-flying birds, including five species of Flycatchers, which would

be most likely to be carried over by strong winds. Further, the

birds derived from the Moluccas contain three genera which do not

occur in Celebes.

From these facts it seems to me clear that the Sula Islands are

really an outlying portion of Celebes, and must at some former period

have had a much closer connexion with that great island than at

present. The Moluccan species must therefore be considered as im-

migrants, many of them from Bouru, which is only forty miles di-

stant; and the fact that some of these early Moluccan immigrants

have already become modified into distinct forms, some of which may

be classed as species, others as varieties, shows for how long a period

of time the small and scattered islands of the Moluccas must have

remained in their present disconnected state.

The following Table shows the geographical affinities of the birds

of the Sula Islands :-—

335

| *s°U ‘ESBYeULUT BUTT[eY “OZ

‘sISUdpVUIUI BUDIBINE, “GT

‘eyidvooqye etshdororyy “ST

| *eurned eseydodieg “21

| “esonjony eseqdod.ieg “91

| ‘snjeydaoourjeu sndouo|yq “G1

| “epneoiasits UOIOI, “FT

aw | “IBA ‘SNpI[BA SNALOD “ET

e epida] saydaryyuy *ZT

< *sisuaoonpou sdeydooeyy “11 “TINIIga[IO MINK “LT

a *SLSOIUIS IO 24019 7 Or "TeA ‘e.1ndsqo STULO[VY) “OT “IYOULOIULS} SNTBONRIDH “OT

- *e1oydoyeurshs 249197] *6 BOT] [VIOUL SIULO[LD *6 “su ‘stetojood snansoi(y “6

$< “siyerdAdoan sntuauiny *g ‘sdadtane BaulIVqOaN *g ‘su ‘ezjond eased “8

=} *SLIJSOMIUSBUL snoesq *f£ “sTjouvlouL eseydedury “2 “snqoedoul snmMeyry re

a “BYVUI VIULIBIOAN ‘9 *s ‘u ‘OI[O ereqdaodyorg "9 “THOB][VM UOpleyooipua(y “9

a “voruvavl opunsyy *G "sg" ‘suaosayns vpeydaoAyorg °¢ "SU ‘SLIJSOITO[NS SnT[ey *¢ “su ‘eyna UOAT[RLY “SG

s *snogioed snuroyshing “Pp ‘su ‘vivjoouly BpeydaoAyorg “PF "su ‘SI[BjUOI SNTOLUIO “F| ‘eqoudyroujeut woATTeH] “Ff

a ‘sngeuto sdosayy "2 *SUdDSLAOUIO BYDIVUOT *¢ "su ‘sI[eroey stureudpng “¢ *SLIJSOITUSVUI VZV “E

9 *stueqjoo snyduestpoy, *Z |'8 U ‘sIAsoMBuo] IeF1UTID *Z -epiday xhaQ °g |'S*U ‘SIPLITAOARY snssopsoyoity, *Z “snjyoodyna sturojidg *Z

*snqours sunydmeipoy, *T *SLUISOAISSBIO VW “[| “AWA “SI[VsLOp snoLadAyeTg *T ‘su ‘T19}B[OS SNTNOWOT *T] ‘SLUsoAGye snqyeusdury, “|

*suIOF UBION *svoonjo *SUILOJ s

“odurer opt Jo eainadg | “OW 04 fend aeees MONT ay} Ul os[e rane sotoadg saqe]ag 0} pare sarads many saqa[a9 Ut ose punog sayoads

‘spunjsy nyng ay7 fo spug ay; fo sapwulp joorydpsboay ayp Guamoys a9v],

tr)

rr —‘i‘S—

336 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

There are in all thirteen new species described in the present

paper, a few of which are also in my collections from Celebes and

the Moluccas. In many cases I have given, from my own notes, the

colours of the feet, bill, and iris, as well as the dimensions, from

the fresh-killed specimens of rare or interesting species which have

been previously described. In the following list of the species I have

followed the arrangement of Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus,’ a work which

is in the hands of every ornithologist.

TANYGNATHUS ALBIROSTRIS.

Psittacus sumatranus, Raffi. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 281.

T. macrorhynchos, 2, Blyth, Cat. p. 3.

Psittacodis sumatranus, Wag].

Eclectus sumatranus, Gray, Gen. of Birds.

I have obtained specimens of this bird from the south and north

of Celebes and the Sula Islands. The bill is entirely white, with a

semitransparent fleshy or waxy tinge when alive, in both sexes and

in the fully adult bird; the tip alone is slightly dusky. The iris

is very pale yellow or yellowish white, and the feet dull olive. The

ery of this bird is different from that of T. miilleri, to which it is

nearest ; and it is universally recognized by the natives of Celebes as

another bird.

As this species has received no other specific name than sumatranus,

given to it by Sir Stamford Raffles, under the mistaken idea that it

was an inhabitant of Sumatra, I have renamed it aléirostris from its

most characteristic feature. However much I may reprobate the

practice of needlessly changing specific names, I think that one so

mischievously erroneous as the present must not be retained. Not

only is the present bird and the whole genus to which it belongs ab-

sent from Sumatra, but they inhabit another primary zoological

division of the earth—the great Australian region, of which Celebes

and the islands east of it form a part.

Hab. The Celebes group.

Loricutus sciaTeri. (Pl. XXXVIII.)

Viridis; vitta gulari, flecura alarum, uropygio tectricibusque

caude superioribus coccineis; macula magna dorsali rubra,

aurantiaco marginata ; rostro nigro; pedibus luteis.

Delicate green, rather deeper on the head and wings; forehead

with a tinge of reddish brown; a stripe on the throat, a spot on the

outer margin of the wing, the rump, and upper tail-coverts (which

nearly reach the end of the tail) bright red ; a large spot on the back,

extending in a triangle from between the shoulders to the red on the

rump, orange-yellow, deepening in the middle to rich orange-red,

which colour forms a band across the back ; wings and tail beneath

blue; quills black, the outer edge green above, the inner edge blue

beneath ; bill black; cere and base of the upper mandible yellow;

feet yellow; iris yellow.

Total length 54 inches; wing 34 inches; bill, to nostril, 3 inch.

Hab. Sula Islands.

Remarks.—In this fine species the sexes are alike. I have named

—

pian

1862.] OF THE SULA ISLANDS, 337

it after Dr. Sclater, the indefatigable Secretary to the Zoological

Society of London, to whose kind assistance and extensive knowledge

of ornithology I am much indebted.

TRICHOGLOsSUS FLAVOVIRIDIS. (Pl. XXXIX.)

Viridis ; capite, pectore et abdominis lateribus flavis ; pectoris

plumis viridi marginatis ; abdomine flavo-viridi ; cauda subtus

Susco-flava; rostro aurantiaco-rubro ; pedibus plumbeis.

Grass-green ; head deep yellow, obscurely fasciated with dusky

green, and bounded on the nape by a narrow dusky collar ; face,

cheeks, and chin dusky olive, each feather margined with yellow;

neck, breast, and upper part of the belly bright yellow, each feather

narrowly margined with dark green, producing a regular scaly ap-

pearance; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts yellowish green, more

irregularly banded with dark green; between the shoulders the fea-

thers have a yellow central band, forming a large spot more or less

_ concealed by the arrangement of the plumage; quills dusky black,

all but the first with the outer web green, and the first five with the

extreme edge yellow; beneath, the secondaries and tertiaries have a

yellow spot on the inner web; tail above of an ochreish green, be-

coming ochre-yellow on the inner web of the lateral feathers, beneath

entirely dull ochre-yellow ; bill orange-red ; orbits bare, yellow; feet

lead-colour ; iris orange.

Total length 8 inches; wing 43 inches; tail 34 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (?).

Remarks.—I obtained a bird in Menado, which, as far as my me-

mory serves, was the same species as this; and one of my servants,

a native of Menado, assured me the bird was foundthere. My speci-

men was carried away by a rat, while drying, and was never recovered.

There is therefore, 1 think, little doubt but this pretty species inha-

bits N. Celebes ; but there, having to compete with 7’. ornatus, it is

comparatively scarce, whereas in the Sula Islands it reigns alone,

and is much more abundant.

PLATYCERCUS DORSALIS, var.

Psittacus dorsalis, Q. & G. Voy. de l Astrol. t. 21. f. 1.

Rostrum aurantiaco-rubrum, apice corneo.

This bird agrees with my specimens from New Guinea; but the

bill in those is black, with a red spot at the base only, near the

nostrils; in this variety the bill seems all reddish, except a pale tip

and dusky portion at the sides of the upper mandible. This is a

curious example of interrupted distribution, the Moluccas intervening

with their distinct species, P. amboinensis in Ceram, and P. hypo-

phonius in Gilolo. I can, however, discover no difference of plumage

to separate the birds.

Hab. Sula Islands and New Guinea.

BaZA MAGNIROSTRIS.

Pernis magnirostris, Kaup, Isis, 1847, p. 343.

P. crassirostris, Kaup, Contr. to Orn. 1850, p. 77.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (Philippine Islands, B.M.).

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1862, No. XXII.

338 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dee. 9,

SPILORNIS RUFIPECTUS.

Spilornis rufipectus, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 222.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

HALCYON MELANORHYNCBA.

Alcedo melanorhyncha, Temm. P1. Col. 391.

Bill and feet dusky black ; base of bill reddish ; inside of bill and

soles of the feet orange-red ; iris dark.

Hab. Sula Islands and N. Celebes.

HALCYON RUFA.

Rufa, supra purpureo et violaceo micans ; gula pallidiore ; uro-

pygio albo, violaceo tincto, plumarum apicibus plus minusve

ceruleis ; rostro pedibusque rubris.

Rufous, the whole of the upper parts tinged purplish violet ; be-

neath with sometimes a faint violet gloss ; chin and throat paler; a

broad stripe on the rump rosy violet, or blue, formed by white fea-

thers tipped with blue; wings short; quills entirely rufous-brown ;

bill and feet red; iris dark olive.

Total length 11 inches; wing 42 inches ; bill, to gape, 23 inches.

Haé. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remark.—This species differs from Halcyon coromanda major,

Schleg. (A. schlegeli, Bp.), in the quite different proportions of the

quill-feathers, as given in Bonaparte’s ‘ Conspectus ;’ in this respect

it is more like the much smaller species from Sumatra, &c., H. coro-

manda, Lath. (#1. lilacina, Bp.).

ToDIRAMPHUS SANCTUS.

Halcyon sancta, Vig. & Horsf. ; Gould, Austr. t. 21.

Hab. Sula Islands and Java, to New Guinea.

ToDIRAMPHUS COLLARIS.

Alcedo collaris, Scop.

Halcyon collaris, Sw. Zool. Il. pl. 27.

Hab. Sula Islands, and from the Malay peninsula to New Guinea.

CryYX LEPIDA.

Ceyx lepida, Temm. Pl. Col. 591, fig. 1.

Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

MEROPS ORNATUS.

Merops ornatus, Lath. ; Gould, Austr. ii. pl. 16.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Timor, and New Guinea.

Remark.—The specimens agree with those of Ternate in having

more brown on the head, and less blue on the breast, than the Timor

and Lombock specimens.

1862.) OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 339

EuRYSTOMUS PACIFICUS.

Coracias pacifica, Lath.

Eurystomus australis, Sw.; Gould, B. Austr. ii. t. 17.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Bouru, Moluccas, and New Guinea.

DENDROCHELIDON WALLACII.

Dendrochelidon wallacii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 100; Birds of

Asia, fig.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

These specimens agree with those of Macassar in colouri g, but

differ so little from fine Javanese specimens of D. klecho that I should

not myself have ventured to consider them distinct.

EvupyYNAMIS FACIALIS.

Nigro-chalybeus ; fronte, gula facieque albis ; rostro pedibusque

nigris.

Male entirely glossy blue-black, except the chin and face, as far as

the eyes, white; bill and feet black.

Total length 14 inches ; wing 7} inches; tail 6$ inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

This species, of which I possess but a single fine specimen, is very

like £. melanorhynchus of Celebes, but is smaller and of different

proportions, the wing of that species being 8 inches, and the tail

83 mches in length. The white of the face is slightly mixed with

black feathers, and two small white feathers occur in other parts of

the plumage, which led my friend Dr. Sclater to suppose that it might

be a case of incipient albinoism. This, however, would not affect

the determination of the species, which depends on its different pro-

portions from its nearest ally.

PirTA CRASSIROSTRIS.

Pitta crassirostris, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 188.

Hab. Sula Islands.

CRINIGER LONGIROSTRIS.

Supra flavo-viridis, capite obscuriore ; subtus flavescens, abdomine

crissoque vivide flavis ; remigum pogonio interno fusco-nigro ;

rectricum margine interno apicibusque oblique, flavis; rostro

obscuro ; pedibus pallidis.

Rich olive or greenish yellow; throat and breast dusky yellow;

the rest beneath pure yellow; primaries and secondaries with the

inner web black ; the lateral tail-feathers with the tip and inner

margin yellow, the four middle feathers entirely olive-yellow ; bill

very long, horny black ; feet pale fleshy olive.

Total length 10 inches; wing 43 inches; tail 41 inches; bill, to

gape, 12 inch.

fab. Sula Islands.

Remarks.—This fine species is very distinct from C. favicaudus,

Bp., by its long bill and longer and differently coloured tail.

340 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

OrioLus FRONTALIS. (Pl. XL.)

Flavo-aurantiacus ; corona occipitali latissima, alis caudaque ni-

gerrimis ; dorso concolore ; remigibus ex toto nigris ; cauda elon-

gata, rectricibus lateralibus plus minusve flavis, mediis duabus

ex toto nigris vel puncto apicali flavo.

Pure deep yellow, the black on the head leaving only a small

frontal spot; wings entirely black, rarely showing a minute tip or

edging of yellow; yellow on the tail beneath generally less than in

O. acrorhynchos, diminishing regularly to the middle feathers, which

are wholly black, or im some specimens show a yellow point on the

extreme apex of the web; bill flesh-colour; feet plumbeous ; iris

red.

In the female the two middle tail-feathers are olivaceous yellow,

the tertiaries olive-margined, and the primaries white-edged. A

variety of the female occurs with the bill jet-black.

Length 11°3 inches ; wing 6 inches ; tail 4? inches.

Hab. Sula Islands. +

This species is very like O. aerorhynchos of Manilla, but differs

sufficiently in its richer and more uniform colour, longer tail, jet-black

wings and. middle tail-feathers, and the smallness of the frontal

yellow spot.

ARTAMUS MONACHUS.

Artamus monachus, Bp. Consp. p. 343, ex Temm.

Albus, capite cinerea, alis caudaque fusco-plumbeis.

Pure white ; head and neck ashy, with a warm purplish tinge ;

lores blackish ; wings and tail ashy lead-colour, primaries blackish

on the outer webs and towards the tips; under wing-coverts and

base of wings and tail beneath white, shading into ash-colour; bill

ale blue ; feet lead-colour.

Total length 8 inches; wing 53 inches; tail 24 inches; bill, to

gape, 13 inch.

Hab. This fine species inhabits the mountain districts of N.

Celebes, as well as the Sula Islands.

HiruNDO JAVANICA.

Hirundo javanica, Lath.; Temm. Pl. Col. 82. fig. 2.

I have specimens of this bird from Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and

Lombock, as well as the Sula Islands. It agrees well with Tem-

minck’s figure, and scarcely differs from H. neowena, Gould, figured in

the ‘ Birds of Australia,’ but in being darker on the under surface,

and having a brassy tinge on the wings.

Hab. Sula Islands and westward to Sumatra.

MyIAGRA PUELLA.

Cerulea ; dorso abdomineque ceruleo-cinereis ; ventre et caude

tectricibus inferioribus albis, cinereo tinctis; alis caudaque

cinereis, plumis ceruleo marginatis.

————— OO

1862.) OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 341

Delicate cobalt-blue, paler and with an ashy tinge on the body

beneath; the belly and under tail-coverts nearly white, tinged with

ashy blue; wings and tail ashy, the feathers with the outer edges

blue ; bill and eyelids blue; iris dark; feet blue-lead.

Total length 63 inches; wing 3 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remarks.—I have retained for this species the name attached to

my Celebesian specimen by Mr. G. R. Gray. In both sexes it is

alike, and differs from the common M. cerulea of the Malay penin-

sula and islands in the absence of the black crown-spot and collar.

MonaARCHA CINERASCENS.

Drymophila cinerascens, Temm. Pl. Col. 430. fig. 2.

Hab. Sula Islands, Moluccas, and Timor.

PACHYCEPHALA LINEOLATA.

Supra cinerea, olivaceo tincta, subtus albo-fulvescens; gula et

pectoris plumis tenuiter nigro striatis ; rostro pedibusque fusco-

nigris.

Above ash-coloured, more or less tinged with olive-green ; beneath

pale-ochreish yellow; the feathers of the throat and breast with a

median dusky stripe; lores light ash; chin nearly white; quills

dusky, bordered with olivaceous ; bill and feet blackish ; iris dark.

Total length 5? inches; wing 27 inches.

Hab. Sula and Bouru Islands.

Remarks.—A specimen from Bouru is rather larger and a little

more coloured ; but having only one specimen from each locality, I

cannot venture to separate them. This species is very like P. sim-

plex, Gould, but is a little larger, and has a more definite coloration

and markings.

PACHYCEPHALA RUFESCENS,

Supra fusco-plumbea, capite obscuriore ; sublus alba, pectore et

abdomine rufescentibus ; remigibus rectricibusque fusco-nigris,

cinereo-brunneo marginatis.

Above dull-brownish ash; head darker; lores ashy; beneath

white, on the breast and belly more or less rufous-tinged; quills

dusky, rather broadly margined with brownish ash; under wing-

coverts white, rufous-tinged; tail dusky, the feathers towards the

base margined with ash ; bill and feet black ; iris dark.

Total length 6 inches ; wing 3 inches.

Hab. Sula and Bouru Islands.

Remark.—The male specimen from Bouru is rather brighter in

colour.

PACHYCEPHALA CLIO.

Olivaceo-viridis, subtus cum cervice flava; capite, genis, colli

latertbus et torque pectorali lato nigris; gula alba; cauda

ejusque tectricibus superioribus nigris ; remigibus tectricibusque

342 MR. A, R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

alarum nigris, olivaceo marginatis ; rostro nigro, pedibus ob-

scuris.

Foem. obscurior ; capite fusco; gula albescente ; pectore et abdo-

mine pallide rufis; crisso flavescente ; tectricibus caud@ infe-

rioribus flavis ; alis caudaque olivaceo-brunneis.

Very like Pachycephala melanura, Gould, from which it differs

only in the broader pectoral band, the rather larger size, and the

upper tail-coverts, which are black; whereas by Gould’s figure and

description they are olive-yellow or green, like the back.

Total length 63 inches ; wing 33 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Bouru.

Remarks.—The genus Pachycephala does not occur in Celebes ; so

that we must consider this bird to have come from the Moluccas ;

and it already shows slight differences, which may be taken as indi-

cations of its becoming modified into a distinct race.

DicruRUS PECTORALIS.

Nigro-ceruleus ; alis nitide eneis ; plumis pectoris maculis magnis

purpureo-eneis terminatis ; colli plumis lateralibus, elongatis,

purpureo-nitidis.

Rich blue-black ; wing of a brilliant metallic-bluish green; the

feathers of the head and breast terminating in metallic purple spots,

which on the breast are large and very conspicuous ; sides of the

neck with elongated metallic-purple plumes; the tail and rump also

have metallic tinges ; tail rather short, and moderately forked and

recurved ; bill moderate ; iris red.

Total length 12 inches; wing 6 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

Remurk.—This fine species seems distinct from any of its allies :

it is most like the Celebesian form ; but that has always a white iris.

GRAUCALUS TEMMINCKII.

Ceblepyris temminckii, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Ethnog. p. 190.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes (Miiller).

CAMPEPHAGA MELANOTIS.

Campephaga melanotis, G. R. Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 353.

Hab. Sula Islands, Batchian, and Gilolo.

Dic#zuUM CELEBICUM.

Diceum celebicum, Mill. Verh. Nat. Gesch. iii. p. 162.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

NECTARINIA FRENATA.

Nectarinia frenata, Mull. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Zool. t. viii. fig. 1.

Haé, Sula Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas.

1862.} OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 343

NECTARINIA AURICEPS.

Nectarinia auriceps, G. R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 348.

Hab. Sula Islands, Batchian, and Gilolo.

ANTHREPTES LEPIDA.

Certhia lepida, Lath.

Anthreptes javanica, Sw. Zool. Ill. t. 121.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes and islands westward of it.

Remark.—This is the furthest eastern range of the species, which

does not reach the Moluccas.

Corvus VALIDUS, var.

Corvus validus, Schleg. “ Not. sur le genre Corvus.”

In size between C. validus and C. enca (but the latter has the third

quill longest) : fourth and fifth quills longest, nearly equal ; third a

little longer than the sixth; second between sixth and seventh; wings

reach nearly to end of tail; wings 103 to 11 inches; tail 53 inches ;

total length 16 inches; bill 2 inches to 24 inches to root of feathers

on culmen X 2 inch deep. Skin bare and black behind the eye ; tail

rounded ; side feathers 3 inch, shorter than middle feathers, entirely

purple-black, less glossy beneath ; iris olive-brown.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Java, and Sumatra.

CALORNIS METALLICA.

Lamprotornis metallica, Temm. Pl. Col. 266.

C. viridescens et amboinensis, G. R. Gray.

I cannot separate the birds of this little group, whether from Am-

boina, Ceram, Gilolo, Batchian, or the Aru Islands, from this speci-

men from Sula ; and as Temminck first described the Amboina bird,

his name must be retained.

Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

CaLornis OBSCURA, Var.

Lamprotornis obscura, Bp. (ex Forst.) Consp. Gen. Av. 417.

The numerous modifications of this bird, varying slightly in colour,

form, and dimensions in eyery island of the Moluccas, cannot, I think,

be separated into distinct species, for the simple reason that it is

quite impossible to characterize them intelligibly, or even to separate

them from each other, when their localities are unknown. This

variety is rather larger and rather greener than the type form of

Gilolo. C. mysolensis, G. R. Gray, has a more purple tinge, and C.

placidus, G. R. Gray, MSS., more olivascent. These I would con-

sider all as local varieties. C. cantoroides, G. R. Gray, from Mysol,

will alone stand as a good species, being very distinct from C. obscura

in its short square tail.

Hab. Sula Islands and the Moluccas.

“Length 9} inches ; iris red.”

344 MR. A. R. WALLACE ON THE BIRDS [Dec. 9,

TRERON GRISEICAUDA.

Treron griseicauda, G. R, Gray, B. M. Cat. Columbe, p. 10.

Flavo-viridis ; pileo genisque plumbeis ; dorso medio scupularibus-

que purpureo-castaneis ; dorso superiore lateribusque colli fulvo

tinetis ; uropygio rectricibusque duabus mediis lutescentibus ;

tectricibus caude inferioribus rufis, ad basin albo variis ; alis

plumbeo-nigris, tectricibus remigibusque secundariis flavo mar-

ginatis ; rectricibus nigris, albo-griseo terminatis ; rostro albo-

viridi, bast viridi-olivaceo ; pedibus rubris.

Feem. Dorso scapularibusque fusco-viridibus ; tectricibus caude

inferioribus albis, viridi maculatis.

Greenish yellow, richer on the rump, and lighter beneath ; top of

head and cheeks m front of the eyes ashy blue, paler near the bill ;

keel of the bill bare above the nostrils ; chin nearly white ; sides of

the neck above and between the shoulders tinged with orange-brown;

wings slaty black ; secondaries and wing-coverts more or less broadly

yellow-margined ; under tail-coverts rufous, more or less marked

with white and green at the base and on the thighs; tail with the

two middle feathers entirely olive-yellow, the rest slaty black with

a broad terminal band of ashy white ; wings beneath, under wing-

coverts, and sides of the body ash-coloured ; bill pale yellow-green,

the base dark olive-green ; iris red; orbits bare, green; feet red.

The female wants the purple colour on the back and wings, and has

the under tail-coverts white or rufous white, more or less green-

spotted.

Total length 103 inches; wing 6 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

Remark.—I have compared this with a specimen named by Mr.

G. R. Gray, in the British Museum.

PTILONOPUS MELANOCEFHALUS, var.

Columba melanocephala, Gm.; Knip, Pig. i. t. 30.

The numerous specimens sent are all slightly different from those

obtained in Java, Lombock, and Celebes—the yellow streak on the

throat being of a much deeper colour, and the black occipital patch

decidedly smaller.

In the Java bird the bill is yellow, with a greenish horny tip, the

bare skin of the orbits is green, the feet pink, and the iris yellow.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, Lombock, and Java.

CARPOPHAGA LUCTUOSA.

Columba luctuosa, Reinw.; Temm. Pl. Col. 247.

The specimens agree with those from Celebes; but a variety

occurs with the outer tail-feathers black at the tip. This species

may be at once distinguished from others of the white group of Car-

pophaga (Myristicivora) by the powdery-white colour almost con-

cealing the black of the wings.

a) le

1862.] OF THE SULA ISLANDS. 345

The bill and feet are bluish lead, with the tip of the former bright

yellow ; and the iris is almost black.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

CaRPOPHAGA PAULINA.

Columba paulina, Temm.; Knip, Pig. i. t. 4.

The specimens have the rich brown of the nape rather less dilated

than in those from Celebes. Bill lead-colour, the base above as far

as the nostrils deep red; eyelids red; feet purplish red ; iris blood-

red.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

MAcROPYGIA ALBICAPILLA.

Macropygia albicapilla, Temm.; Bp. Consp. ii. 57.

Bill and feet dusky purple ; iris pinky pearl-colour. This agrees

with the specimens from Menado (Celebes), and is quite distinct

from the species that occur in the Moluccas.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

TURAC@HNA MENADENSIS.

Columba menadensis, Q. & G. Voy. Astr. t. 30.

Bill and feet black ; orbits bare, red; iris blood-red. The sexes

in this species are alike.

Hab. Sula Islands and Celebes.

CHALCOPHAPS MOLUCCENSIS.

Chaleophaps moluccensis,G.R. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p.361.

The female of this species has the crown fuscous ; the forehead

whitish, mixed with brown ; the whole under surface of a light pur-

plish brown somewhat irrorated with fuscous ; the upper tail-coverts

and tail are more or less rufous, with the feathers black-tipped ; the

purple and vinaceous colours on the back of the male are replaced

by a dusky-olive tint. In the adult bird of both sexes the bill is

coral-red, and the feet pink ; iris dark olive.

Total length 10 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands, Bouru, and all the other islands of the Mo-

luccas.

RALLUS SULCIROSTRIS.

Similis R. celebensi, sed gula nigra, rostro magis elongato, man-

dibule inferioris basi utrinque sulcata et naribus elongatis li-

nearibus.

Very near Rallus celebensis (Q. & G. Voy. Astr. pl. 24), perhaps

only a variety of that species; the chin, cheeks, and throat are,

however, generally black, or but slightly irrorated with white ; the

bill is decidedly longer and less elevated in proportion at the base ;

the nasal furrow is longer, and the nostrils longer and linear ; on the

sides of the lower mandible is a furrow reaching half the length of

346 ON THE BIRDS OF THE SULA ISLANDS. (Dec. 9,

the bill; above olive-brown, head more dusky ; beneath black ; the

breast, belly, and under tail-coverts narrowly white-banded; the

vent rufous-tinged; quills obscurely banded with rufous-white and

black; bill black ; feet olive; iris red (in R. celebensis it is deep

brown).

Total length 11 inches; wing 5? inches.

Hab. Sula Islands.

RALLINA MINAHASA.

Obscure rufo-olivacea ; capite, collo pectoreque rufis ; abdomine

erissoque nigris, albo fasciatis; rostro nigro, subtus virides-

cente; pedibus nigris.

Head, neck, and breast entirely rufous, paler on the chin and

upper part of the throat; back, wings, and tail dark olive-brown ;

belly and under tail-coverts black, with numerous white transverse

bands somewhat irregularly placed ; under wing-coverts black, with

white spots, and several of the quills with white spots or bands

towards the base; these are more conspicuous in the young bird, in

which also the white bands on the under surface are broader ; bill

black, the basal portion beneath green; feet black; iris orange-red.

Total length 10 inches; wing 5 inches.

Hab. Sula Islands and N. Celebes (Minahasa).

Remarks.—This species is near R. tricolor, G. R. Gray ; but the

rufous colour does not extend so far on the back, and the colours of

the back and abdomen are different. It is also smaller in all its

parts.

EsaCus MAGNIROSTRIS.

Charadrius magnirostris, Lath.

Gdicnemus magnirostris, Temm. Pl. Col. 387.

Hab. Sula Islands, Celebes, New Guinea.

NUMENIUS UROPYGIALIS.

Numenius uropygialis, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pl. 43.

N. minor, Mill. ?

Hab. Sula Islands, the Moluccas, and New Guinea.

EGRETTA SYRMATOPHORA.

Herodias syrmatophora, Gould, B. Austr. vi. t. 56.

Hab. Sula Islands and Moluccas.

EGRETTA NIGRIROSTRIS.

Ardea nigrirostris, J. Gray, Zool. Misc. 1838; Ill, Ind. Zool. ii.

t. 495i 2.

Hab. Sula Islands and Timor.

P.Z.S.1862 Plate XIt

art lm

Ti g

LEMUR LEUCOMYSTAX.

* .

. 7

‘

J Wolf del, etJith

Wad ane

ot EP)

M&N Hanhart t

‘a

a”

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. 347

3. Description or A New Species or Lemur.

By A. D. Barrett.

(Plate XLI.)

In size this animal nearly equals the Ruffed Lemur (Lemur ma-

eaco), which animal it also much resembles in form and habits.

The living specimen now exhibited was purchased for the Society

from a dealer in Liverpool, in the month of October 1861, and has

been in the Menagerie since that time. It was stated, by the person

who brought it to this country, that the natives of Madagascar, from

whom it was obtained, said it was of a very rare kind, and that it

had been kept as a pet upwards of two years in that country.

I have compared this animal with the descriptions and specimens

that I have been able to find in the British Museum and several

other museums on the Continent, and I feel satisfied that this animal

is specifically distinct from any that I have met with. I therefore

propose to call it the White-whiskered Lemur (Lemur leucomystax)—

a name that will, I think, enable any one to recognize the species, it

being remarkable for its long and perfectly white whiskers, in which

its ears are almost entirely concealed; the face is greyish black,

darkest on the nose and back part of the head; the feet are brown,

inclining to biack on the toes. The prevailing colour of the body,

limbs, and tail is reddish brown on a grey ground, darkest on the

middle of the back ; on the lower part of the back, at the base of the

tail, is a white patch ; the tail is lighter in colour than the body, the °

underside and tip nearly white ; the belly is greyish white; the eyes

are yellow-brown. On examination, I find the animal is a female ;

and I imagine, from her voice, which is a kind of hoarse croaking

bark rapidly and frequently repeated, that the male would probably

produce a louder and more powerful note.

I am led to infer this from having repeatedly heard the voice of

both male and female of LZ. macaco. The voice of the male of this spe-

cies is certainly very astonishingly powerful, and can be heard a great

distance ; while the voice of the female, although loud and discordant,

is comparatively weak. Nevertheless it is a very unpleasant series

of loud, grunting, grating barks, sufficient to alarm a nervous traveller

should he be in the forest at dark and unacquainted with the size

and nature of the animal producing these loud and dismal sounds.

4. On tHe Mammats or THE Istanp or Formosa (CuINA).

By R. Swinuor, Esa., F.R.S., H.M. Vicre-consun at

Formosa.

(Plates XLII., XLIII., XLIV., XLV.)

The island of Formosa lies almost due north and south, off the

coast of China, in length about 120 miles, and varying in breadth

from 20 to 80 miles, its nearest point to the adjacent mainland being

348 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

not less than 80 miles. It is nearly equally divided by the tropical

line, and in entire area is about equal to Ireland. One-third of the

island, comprising the greater part of the western side, consists of

level land; the rest, of undulated and mountainous country, the

peaks of some of the ridges attaining a height of 12,000 feet, and being

covered with perennial snow. This island was till lately a sealed book

to us, the few naturalists who had hitherto visited it having had no

opportunities of penetrating into the interior. To my researches last

year good fortune cleared the way ; and on the opening of a port in

Formosa by treaty, I had the pleasure of being appointed the pioneer-

ing consul toit. I had on two previous occasions visited the island,

—the first time rather venturously, in a native lorcha, in March 1856,

when I spent a fortnight in Hongsan in the north-west; and a

second time on a voyage of discovery in H.M.S. ‘Inflexible,’ which

lasted a month, during which time we completely circumnayigated

the island, touching and making a short stay at all the most inter-

esting places. In both these expeditions my efforts had been re-

warded with the discovery of some novelties ; I was therefore the more

determined, on my being located on the island this last time, to carry

on my explorations with redoubled vigour. I did not quite complete

a year of office in Formosa before sickness compelled me to return to

England. From July to November 1861 I sojourned in the south-

west, in or near the city of Taiwanfoo; and from December to May

I spent in the north-west district of Tamsuy. During these brief

seasons, I must confess, I laboured very hard in the cause of natural

history ; and though my researches do not enable me to give any-

thing like a complete list of the mammals of the island, yet I think

I have done my best to take off the cream in the shape of novelties.

But in my series many widely distributed families are not represented,

—the Mustelide and Muride, for instance. Doubtless some spe-

cies of the Weasel group must occur, though I met with or heard of

none. Moreover, there must surely be some examples of the Rat

group ; but, beyond the cosmopolitan Mus decumanus, I found none. |

My series of Vespertilionide, too, must be deficient from the difficulty

in procuring specimens ; but this I will leave Mr. Tomes to deplore.

There must also be a Fox in the island. The marine mammals I

had no opportunity of collecting; but the distance from the coast of

China is not sufficiently great to warrant one to expect distinctness

of species. I heard of a large Whale, some 60 feet long, that was

stranded on a sand-spit below Taiwanfoo, and demolished by the na-

tives. I did not see the animal, but I imagine it was of the same spe-

cies that is not uncommon, during May, in the Straits of Namoa, close

to the mainland, and which I take to be a Balenoptera—perhaps the

B. arctica, noted also from Japan. In my present article I have

been enabled to bring before the Society eighteen mammals from the

island of Formosa. All of these, with the exception of the Hogdeer

and the Hare, are mountain animals, and consequently of a mountain

type,—those that are identical with species found in China being

generally darker and of more lively tints, and those that differ more

resembling forms from the Himalayan Mountains than their represen-

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 349

tative species on the plains of China. It is, however, probable that,

if we were better acquainted with the fauna of the hilly regions of

the interior of China, we should find quite intermediate forms. On

the whole, I am rather surprised that the isolation of the island has

not tended to diversify animal forms more than it appears to have

done. On the mountains of the interior, were they properly explored,

we should doubtless discover more novelties; but the regions of the

plains appear to agree, in flora as well as in fauna, almost entirely

with the plains of the Chinese mainland. The Monkey is an ani-

mal frequenting the coast, and, in all probability, when we ascertain

the rock-species found on some of the small groups of Chinese islands,

we shall find them identical. The Sun-Bear is wondrously close to

the Indian species, and, if the same, is sure to occur in some of

the inner ranges of China. The Leopard is undoubtedly peculiar,

and, I think, confined to the island. The Wild Cat and the Civet are

certainly the Chinese species, the former having an extended range

throughout tropical and semitropical Asia. The Paguma is a Chinese

form, showing an insular variation, incipient, so to’speak, and scarcely

strong enough in its distinctness to warrant specific separation. The

Helictis and the Mole have felt the varying force of isolation and

adaptation to peculiar cireumstances,—the mountain-influences se-

questrating the former from its Chinese ally, and making it affine to

a cognate mountain species in the Himalayas.

The Squirrels are so similar to the Himalayan species, that I can-

not believe the result produced by climatal causes, and have little

doubt that future research will bring to light their occurrence in the

intermediate hilly and wooded ranges of China. Of the larger spe-

cies a close ally occurs in China, the Sciurus cinnamomeiventris ; but,

it strikes me, this latter animal is from the plain-country, and that

the mountains will be yet found to yield the true Himalayan type,

which occurs in Formosa, viz. the S. erythreus. The two Flying

Squirrels we should expect to find distinct, as they vary in almost

every island. The Pig I cannot speak about with certainty ; but if a

true Porcula, the fact would be greatly interesting, as more imme-

diately connecting Formosa with the Himalayan chain. No Porcula

is known to occur in China; but there is no reason why it should not

have existed in former times, and been destroyed by its larger congener

the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) from the north. The Mountain-Deer

are interesting as being the only species that offer most variation

from their cognate China forms; but this may arise through igno-

rance on our part with regard to the Wild Deer of China. There is

~certainly a strong resemblance between the Cervus taivanus and the

smaller C. sika of Japan, and between the Deer Goat of Formosa

and the Capricornis crispa of Japan ; and indeed these two appear to

offer the only resemblance between the fauna of these two countries.

I should, however, judging by analogy, be rather inclined to derive both

these Formosan Cervide from allied species that did exist in past times,

and perhaps do even now exist in the unexplored parts of the oppo-

site mainland. Geologists are, I understand, strong in the belief that

Formosa was originally connected with Japan on the north and the

350 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

Philippines on the south ; but if any evidence can be deduced from

the fauna of a country, I think a comparison of the present list with

the ‘Fauna Japonica,’ as well as a glance at my series of Birds, Rep-

tiles, &c., will sufficiently prove that a stronger connexion exists

with the mainland of China than with the islands of Japan. In

viewing the recently formed and still forming plains of Formosa on

the western side, one would expect to find Chinese types among the

birds brought by migration, and among the mammals by introduc-

tion of the Chinese colonists. But where we should chiefly look for

affinity, viz. to the living productions of the ancient mountain-ranges

of the interior, we are struck with their thorough similarity to con-

generic Chinese forms, rather than to those of the neighbouring islands

of the Philippines on the south, or the Japanese islands on the north.

It is true that the resemblance or identity of these productions is

more with the Himalayan forms; but no zoologist or botanist that

has collected in the mountains about Foochow can have failed to

be struck with the similarity of the plants, as well as the birds,

of the interior mountain-ranges of China with those of the Hima-

layas. I do not speak so confidently of mammals, because these are

generally so rare in China that their acquisition is difficult; but I

can see no reason why the same law should not hold good for them

as for other productions of nature.

Before entering upon my list, I must tender my best thanks to

Dr. Gray for his kindly advice and assistance, in looking over my

series of skins, and in aiding me to make the remarks of which this

paper is the result.

1. Macacus cyctopis (Plate XLII.), n. sp. Rhesus Monkey.

Chinese, How-tsze or Kaou.

I have presented a pair of Formosan Monkeys to the Society’s

Gardens, wliere they may be seen alongside of the true M. rhesus from

India and a closely allied red species from Assam. From the true

Rhesus the Formosan species is easily distinguished by its round head

and flat face, its naked forehead, dark-whiskered cheeks, and strong

ruff-like beard. The tail in true Rhesus is about 9 inches long, thin,

and tapering; in the Formosan it is stout and bushy, and over a

foot. The fur of the Formosan is thicker, more woolly, slaty-

coloured, and much darker. Its ears are smaller and more feathered.

The deep red tint on the rump is wanting ; its legs are blacker; and

there is a distinct black line along the top of the tail. The female

of this species is smaller and rather lighter-coloured.

The Assamese Rhesus is much redder than either. Its head is

long, and face projecting, but not so much as in the Indian animal.

Like it, its tail is short and tapering; but in the bare eyebrows and

dark whiskers it approaches the Formosan.

Our Formosan species is certainly distinct from the above two, and

from anything Ican meet with in the British Museum ; I therefore

give it the above provisional name.

This, as far as I could learn, was the only species of Monkey in

the island of Formosa. It affects rocks and declivities that over-

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 35]

hang the sea, and in the solitary caverns makes its abode. On the

treeless mountain in the S.W., called Apes’ Hill, it was at one time

especially abundant, but has since almost entirely disappeared. About

the mountains of the north and east it is still numerous, being fre-

quently seen playing and chattering among the steep rocks, miles from

any tree or wood. It seems to be quite a rock-loving animal, seeking

the shelter of caves during the greater part of the day, and assembling

in parties in the twilight, and feeding on berries, the tender shoots

of plants, grasshoppers, Crustacea, and Mollusca. Inthe summer it

comes in numbers during the night, and commits depredations among

the fields of sugar-cane, as well as among fruit-trees, showing a par-

tiality for the small, round, clustering berries of the Longan (Nephelium

longanum). In the caverns among these hills they herd; and in June

the females may frequently be seen in retired parts of the hills, with

their solitary young ones at their breasts. These animals betray

much uneasiness at human approach, disappearing in no time, and

skulking in their holes till the intruder has passed. They seem, too,

to possess abundance of self-complacence and resource; for I have

frequently seen a Monkey seated on a rock by himself, chattering

and crying merely for his own amusement and gratification. What-

ever Mr. Waterton may say of the tree-loving propensity of Mon-

keys in general, it is very certain that this species shows a marked

preference for bare rocks, covered only with grass and bush; for if

he preferred the forest, he might very easily satisfy his desire by re-

tiring a few miles further inland, where he would find it in abundance.

But, on the contrary, in the forest he is only an occasional intruder,

resorting thither when food fails him on the grassy hills by the sea,

where he loves to make his home.

Rock-Monkeys are also found, I am told, in the island of Lintin,

near Hongkong, as well as on a few other islands on the Chinese coast ;

but, as I have never seen any of them, I am unable to say whether

they are of the same species as the Formosan. The Chinese have a

fanciful idea that the tail of the Monkey is a caricature of the Tar-

tar pendant into which they twist their long back hair, and they

invariably chop it off any Monkey that comes into their possession.

Hence the difficulty of procuring Monkeys in China with perfect

tails.

2. Ursus TIBETANUS? Sun-Bear of Formosa. Chinese, Jin-

heung.

This appears to be a rare animal in the island, found only in the

highest mountains of the interior. It is much valued by the Chinese

for the medicinal property of its flesh and bones, as also for the

dainty dish afforded by its paws. I offered large sums for an entire

animal, without success. At last, through the civility of a high

mandarin, I was enabled to procure the mutilated skin that I have

brought home. This skin appears to carry the white crescent-mark

on the back; but on being carefully examined by Dr. Gray, that

gentleman saw at once that the animal had been skinned from the

back, and that in nature the white mark ornamented the breast.

352 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

Judging from this skin, I should say the Formosan Bear mea-

sured about four feet from muzzle to tail, and stood about three feet

high. It is clothed with rather short, somewhat rigid, black hair,

and carries a white mark, like an inverted horse-shoe, on its breast,

between its fore legs.

I have compared the skin with the Sun-Bears in the Museum. Its

nearest ally is the Heliarctos tibetanus, which has, however, longer

and shaggier hair, especially about the cheeks and legs. This, as

Mr. Gerrard observed, might be attributable to seasonal dress. The

white horse-shoe on the Tibetan Bear is very similar to that on ours,

but has blunter ends.

The other two Horse-shoe Sun-Bears with which I compared it

were the Heliarctos euryspilus, from Borneo, and the H. malayanus,

from Malacca. The former of these has short blackish-brown fur,

and has only an imperfect-shaped brownish white horse-shoe on the

breast. The latter is a small species, with much shorter, softer, and

browner fur.

The Formosan Bear is certainly far more nearly allied to the Ti-

betan than to the other two. I think that, in all probability, when

an opportunity arrives for examining its anatomy, it will be found a

distinct species. At present I can only call attention to the fact of

its resemblance to the Tibetan species, rather than to its represent-

atives in nearer countries.

The common mode of capturing the Bear among the savages in

in Formosa is, I am told, to tree him, after the same manner that

Friday did the animal mentioned in ‘ Robinson Crusoe,’ and then to

dispatch him with matchlocks. Bears are often tamed by the Chi-

nese, and taught to dance and play tricks, as in India and Europe.

I observe in the ‘ Fauna Japonica’ that a crescent-breasted Bear

also occurs in Japan, which Temminck refers, without hesitation, to

the Heliarctos tibetanus of the Himalayas*.

3. Leoparpus BRACHYURUS (Pl. XLIII.), n. sp. Formosan

Leopard. Chinese, Pah.

This is another animal from the distant wilds of the interior, whose

skins the savages bring to the borders to barter with the Chinese. I

have seen two or three skins, all of which agree in the one peculiar

feature, the shortness of the tail. It belongs, in general appearance

and style of colouring, to the Long-tailed Leopard group, of which I

have examined four specimens in the British Museum, marked Z.

macrocelis, one being from Sumatra, the other three from India.

I have also examined a closely allied species from Tibet, LZ. macro-

celides, Hodgs. In the paleness of its yellow fur, and in the dis-

position of its markings,the Formosan is again here more nearly allied

to the Tibetan; but the shortness of the tail in one species (only

about one-half the length of that of the other) is quite a sufficient

character to distinguish it. I have unfortunately only a flat skin in

{* The Japanese Bear, since the arrival of living specimens in Europe, has been

acknowledged to be distinct, and has heen described as Ursus japonicus. See

antea, p. 261.—P. L. S.]

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. = 395

my possession, and therefore cannot give particulars as to measure-

ment. In size it is rather smaller than L. macrocelides, but agrees

with it almost entirely in markings. Its tail, however, is only 1+ feet

long, more bushy, and is indistinctly banded with black.

Like most of its allies, this animal is nocturnal in its habits. It

commits great havoc among the Deer, for which it lies in ambush.

It fears the approach of the armed savage, and never attacks man

until provoked.

4, Feis viverrtna, Hodgs. Wild Cat of Formosa. Chinese,

Swan Neaou.

I have examined specimens of this Cat from the Himalayas, India,

and Malacca. They all vary in size, length of tail, colour and size of

spots, and tint of fur. To this species ours undoubtedly belongs ;

but its colours are much livelier, and the spots more distinct. It is

much sought after by the Chinese for its soft, pretty skin, to make

cuffs and collars for their coats, 4s. 6d. being the usual price given

for a single skin. The animal is therefore comparatively rare, and

not easy to procure. I dare say, however, in the wilder parts of the

wooded interior it may not be uncommon.

It is stated, with what truth I cannot say, that some ninety years

ago the Chinese colonists of Formosa, being very anxious to exter-

minate the savages from the mountains, imported a pair of Tigers

from China, and let them loose in the woods. The savages at first

took them for a large variety of Cat, and tried to make friends with

them; but some of their number having fallen victims to the ferocity

of the Tigers, the animals were soon pursued and dispatched with

their javelins. A joke was raised against the parties concerned, for

their absurd idea; and the hill where this introduction took place

was christened and still bears the name of the Great-Cat Hill.

5. ViverRA PALLIDA. Chinese, Pe-dah.

I have compared our Viverra from Formosa with two from China.

Ours only differ in being much darker, and having more distinct spots.

This is not an uncommon species in Hongkong and the adjacent

islands. In Formosa it is the commonest of all the carnivorous group.

Skulking during day in the dark ravines that intersect the hilly

country in the north-west, in the twilight it threads its way with

great speed through the long grass, and searches the fields for small

mammals and birds. It is much dreaded by the Chinese for the

havoc it commits in the hen-roost ; and as its skin is somewhat valued

for lining to great-coats, its haunts and creeps are sought after, and

traps laid for it. Of these the slip-knot noose for the head and feet

is the most commonly practised, and the most killing. As the cool

season approachs, hawkers may daily be met with, even in the villages,

offering for sale the stretched skins of these animals. The poorer

classes, who are unable to purchase the dearer furs, make use of

these cheaper, yet pretty, skins. I extract a note from my journal

on a freshly killed female of this species :—‘‘ Purchased 27th Feb-

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXIII.

354. MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF ForRMosA. [Dec. 9

ruary. This specimen, a female, has, just below the anus, an appa-

ratus like a large swollen vagina, which I at first took for that organ ;

but on further examination, the true vagina occurred a little above,

also much swollen. The vagina-like apparatus, which is the musk-

bag, is not deep, and possesses strong contracting-muscles. It was

empty, but emitted a strong musky odour, which tainted the skin

and the flesh of the entire animal. The beast measured 323 inches,

of which the tail measured 13 inches. The eyes were well sunk

in the inner corner of the sockets, and glared with hollow light, as

do cats’ eyes, as well as those of many other animals of erepuscular

habits. The stomach, on dissection, I found empty, and the ovary

small. The Chinese eat the flesh of this animal; but a portion that

I had cooked was so affected with the Civet odour, that I could not

palate it.”

6. Pacuma tarvata, J. E. Gray. Var. taivana. Chinese, Yu-

meen-maou (Gem-faced Cat).

There are two specimens in the British Museum of P. larvata,

brought from China by Mr. Reeves. With these I have carefully

compared our single specimen, an adult male. I note the following

differences :—The ears in ours are smaller and rounder. Its tail is

two inches shorter, and has only two inches of black tip, instead of

half the tail being black; it is also much larger. Its general tints,

again, are much darker. But as the colouring, the distribution of

black and white on the face and neck, and the black feet agree en-

tirely, I cannot but regard this as a strong insular variety of the

Chinese form. The body of this animal I have brought home; so

that the skeleton, as well as the skin, will shortly be open to scientific

investigators at the British Museum. Dr. Giinther has kindly as-

sisted me in dissecting the body, which I had preserved in spirits. I

subjoin our notes upon it.

“Testes outside abdominal cavity ; kidneys on the same level ;

spleen very elongate and narrow. Stomach externally horseshoe-

shaped ; the cardiac portion dilated, as broad as the fundus; the

pyloric branch narrowed ; membrane of stomach and pyloric portion

thickened ; stomach containing a few bones of birds, one wing of an

hemipterous insect, and a large quantity of thick green berries with

minute seeds (Ficus, sp.?). Small intestines 71 times as long as the

trunk. Mesenterium with a very thin and broad layer of glandular

substance accompanying the ductus choledochus. At the distance of

two lengths of the trunk there is a large round patch of glands on the

side of the wall of the intestines; at 2} lengths there occurs a second

patch ; five others follow at rather long distances, the last being in

the immediate neighbourhood of the cecal appendage ; this last is

about four times the size of the others, and is of an oblong form.

Czecum well developed, one inch long, including the processus ver-

micularis. Rectum about the length of the trunk.”

notches. Gall-bladder oblong-ovate, firmly attached to the lower

side of the middle Jobe. Tongue covered with a thick layer of in-

_—

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. = 355

verted bristles; base of tongue having two large papille, with three

smaller ones further in the rear. No clavicle.”

I will now extract my note on the fresh animal. “A specimen killed

14th April. Iris mottled chestnut, the pupil in death appearing

perpendicularly ovate, and hence probably in life contracted to the

linear form, as in the true Cats. Paws very large and plantigrade.

Musk-bag between the testicles, shallow and empty. Penis and

testes strongly developed ; the exposable portion of the former 14 in.

long, 4 inch wide, 1 inch of its length towards the apex being

covered with short, inverted, horny papille ; from the apex there

projects a thin, pointed piece, shaped like a finger, ;4;th in. long,

which is also covered with papille at its basal portion. The aper-

ture of the penis occurs at the junction of the finger-shaped protu-

berance with its apex.”

This is by no means a common animal in Formosa, the male adult

subject of this paper being the only one I have ever seen. It was

breught to me dead, and I can therefore give no notes as to its

habits.

7. HELICTIS sUBAURANTIACA, n. sp. (Pl. XLIV.)

I have compared this with H. moschata from the Himalayas, and

with the Chinese specimens brought by Mr. Reeves. The Chinese

animal is light reddish brown on the upper parts, with a white mark

down the nese, extending backwards a little behind the ears. Its

under parts are whitish, and its tail is small and sparsely covered with

white hairs, especially near the tip. The Himalayan species is much

paler, has the tail larger and whiter, and the white extending in a

line some way along the back. In these two last particulars, as well

as in general appearance, ours approaches more nearly the Hima-

layan type.

In the Formosan a line of white starts from the occiput and runs

down to about the middle of the back, narrowing as it goes. A large

spot of orange-white adorns the forehead. A line of deep purplish

brown, approaching to black, runs from eye to eye above the muzzle,

continues over each eye, and joins again behind the whitish forehead-

spot, and then extends over the neck on each side of the white line

till it gets lost in the paler colour of the back. Another line of the

same runs under each eye, and forms a dark spot on each cheek,

Under parts whitish orange, the inside of the ears, under part of fore

legs, and line down the belly being strongly washed with orange-ochre.

The purplish brown of the back runs into the tail, but soon yields to

a white, which is chiefly conspicuous at its bushy end. In size the

Formosan animal is rather larger than the Chinese, but about the

same as the Himalayan.

One was brought to me alive, bound so tightly with cords that it

did not survive many days. It fed readily on the bodies of birds,

rolling itself up and sleeping throughout the day, but becoming

restless and active in the evening. It uttered a peevish cry when

disturbed. The Chinese called it the Kay-che-bah, or Fruit Civet.

When alive, the facial line turns upwards towards the nose, which is

356 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. (Dec. 9,

somewhat pointed and flesh-coloured. The eye is small and brown,

and much sunken in the inner corner of the lids. This again gives

no appearance of nocturnal habits ; yet in confinement I observed the

animal asleep the greater part of the day; further, from what I

learned from the natives I should say it was for the most part crepus-

cular. It lives much on fruit and berries, as well as on birds and small

mammals. It climbs trees with agility, and is frequently taken

curled up in the corner of some large branch. _ Its fur is pretty, but

long and coarse, and therefore not much valued.

8. TALPA INSULARIS, n. sp. Chinese, Puh-han-teen (“not see

the sky, or blind’’).

I have not yet had the opportunity of comparing the dentition of

this animal with that of its congeners, but I have no hesitation in

pronouncing it a good species, simply from the fact of its being a

blind Mole. The North China species I sent home Dr. Gray dis-

tinguished as separable from 7. leucura, Blyth, of India, to which it

is a close ally. That Chinese Mole I examined, and found it to have

an eye peering through open lids. The Formosan species has an eye,

but without lids ; the skin is closed over it. I extract my note on the

animal soon after death. ‘The length of this Mole is 5;4, inches ;

tail 2 inch, with a few long whitish hairs, chiefly at the end; length

of hand ;8; inch; breadth of hand 5 inch ; the inner of the three

tubercles on the palm of the hand is lengthened, and shaped like

a false toe, but has no nail. It is a small species, with very short

tail, and slightly turned-up snout. Eye size of No. 10 shot, seen

through a thin skin, which covers it, and gives it a leaden look. I

had this Mole alive, and placed it on the table. It shuffled about

pretty fast from one end to the other, moving all the while its head

from side to side, but appeared quite blind, running against any ob-

stacle placed in its way, until it touched it with its sensitive nose :

when it perceived its mistake, it uttered a sharp chatter and made off

in another direction. I placed it in a rat-trap ; but it soon pushed the

wires aside with its strong fore paws, and forced its broad shoulders

through. It has, as it were, a second upper lip, which forms over

and protects the teeth, performing thus an office which the deep-cleft

upper lip fails to do. Fur grey-black; chin, and breast, and under

parts pale, washed on the first two with tawny. Some tawny-brown

also occurs between the legs. This species does not appear to throw

up hillocks like the European Moles do, but runs galleries close to

the surface, casting up the earth over them in long, low, and loose

lines, like those formed by the White Ants or Termites, only on a

larger scale.

VESPERTILIONID.

The three or four species of this difficult family that I procured I

must leave to the superior skill and learning of Mr. R. Tomes to

distinguish. I wish merely to point out some facts regarding their

natural economy which came under my observation. A species of

Kerivoula, allied to K. picta and K. formosa, was brought to me by a

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 357

native. The body of the Bat was of an orange-brown, but the wings

were painted with orange-yellow and black. It was caught, suspended

head downwards, on a cluster of the round fruit of the Longan tree

(Nephelium longanum). Now this tree is an evergreen ; and all the

year through some portion of its foliage is undergoing decay, the

particular leaves being, in such a stage, partially orange and black.

This Bat can, therefore, at all seasons suspend from its branches and

elude its enemies by its resemblance to the leaf of the tree. It was

in August when this specimen was brought to me. It had at that

season found the fruit ripe and reddish yellow, and had tried to

escape observation in the semblance of its own tints to those of the

fruit. I suggested to Mr. Tomes that this group of Bats would

appear to be frugivorous ; and he replied that he had suspected, from

the dentition of specimens he had dissected, that they were par-

tially so.

The other fact is with regard to the group of Rat-tailed Bats

(Molossus). One that I kept alive had a curious habit of pushing

its eye almost out of the socket when disturbed, as if to get a better

view of the cause of its annoyance. When tranquil again, the eye

would sink right in and almost disappear. The skin of the tail in

this genus slides up and down the tail-bone, by this means folding

and unfolding the interfemoral membrane.

9. Scrurus ERYTHRZUS. Chinese, Pong-bay-choo (Puff-tailed

Rat).

The larger Squirrel of Formosa is positively identical with the

animal from Bootan, in the Himalayas, and markedly distinct from

the S. cinnamomeiventris from China. This, at first sight, appears

a curious fact ; but I have little doubt in my mind that S. erythreus

is also found in the hilly parts about Foochow, where many plants

and birds have been procured identical with Himalayan forms. The

cinnamon-bellied species is from the neighbourhood of Canton.

Many years ago, a live specimen of 8, erythreus was brought to me

at Amoy, the person to whom it belonged not knowing whence it

came ; but, in all probability, it had been taken in some not distant

locality. The young of this species is lighter on the head and

shoulders than the adult, but darker in the hinder portions. Its

under parts are a dingy pinkish brown ; and its young-rat-like tail is

black on the basal third, and light yellowish brown on the remaining

portion.

10. Scrurus MACLELLANDI. Chinese, Buh-kwa-choo (Citron-

Rat).

In this small Squirrel we have another Himalayan type, not yet

observed in China. I have compared my numerous examples with

those in the British Museum, and I am inclined to think it identical ;

for its peculiarities are not constant. It is much darker in general

colour; and in the majority of specimens the black longitudinal stripes

are more or less indistinct, and the single yellow stripe along each

side of the back in some is scarcely apparent ; but I have some almost

358 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. [Dec. 9,

identical with the Himalayan. The peculiar black-and-white-fea-

thered tips to the ears are strongly marked in all.

11. Prrromys GRANDIS, n. sp. (Plate XLV.) Chinese, Fev-

shoo (Flying Rat).

This magnificent species appears to be the largest of the group,

its nearest allies being P. melanotis of Borneo, and P. albiventris of

Nepal. From both these it is at once distinguishable by its long,

black, bushy tail, its bright red chestnut upper parts, and its rufescent

under parts. Many of the hairs of the upper parts are tipped with

black. In the very young, the black obtains more generally, espe-

cially about the head, paws, and tail, the latter in the sucking-stage

resembling that of a rat; while the entire under parts, with the ex-

ception of the throat and a soft silky line down the belly, are almost

entirely denuded of hair. The length of an adult animal is about

2 feet in the body, and 2 feet in the tail ; total, 4 feet. Teeth brown

sienna.

The first specimens of this animal, a fine old female and a young

suckling, were brought to me on the 16th March, and my hunter

told me the following story of their capture. The camphor-distillers

were cutting down a fine old camphor-tree, when they observed a

a large nest in its branches. As the tree fell, the nest shook out;

and out sprung two large Flying Squirrels, and made off to an ad-

joining tree. The nest was composed of sticks and grass, and about

two feet in diameter, with a large hole on one side. It was found to

contain one live young one, which my hunter secured. The cries of

the young one brought the old female near ; and the woodmen, who

always have loaded matchlocks at hand, for fear of attacks from the

savages, fired at her, and with five wounds brought her to the ground.

The male, seeing the fate of his mate, kept a long way aloof, and

would not admit of near approach. The hunters pursued, but it

was useless; the animal sprung and sailed from bough to bough,

and finally disappeared in the forest. The body of the female was

eaten by the Chinese with much relish ; but as the common classes of

the Chinese are not over-dainty in their palate, this would hardly be

a criterion for the delicacy of the flesh. The suckling was produced

to me out of the sleeve of the man as he told his tale. It squeaked

exactly like a guinea-pig, so much so that, until I saw it, I was per-

suaded it could be no other than that animal. I had hopes at first

of being able to rear it, for it sucked milk readily from a spoon.

When handled, it uttered a suppressed moaning noise. It soon pined,

and in a few days died, before its eyes were opened. It differs from

the adult in having a good deal of black on the upper parts; the

paws are black, instead of brown and red; and its rat-like tail is

of a deep black ; its breast and the central line down its belly is

covered with short, silky hair, of a buff colour. Its under legs are

very scantily covered with short hair. The wrists round the hind

feet are hairy ; and close to those of the fore feet there is a wart-like

protuberance, with a few long hairs springing from it. The under

membrane is quite naked and greyish. ‘The muzzle and nose present

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 359

tail 6;2,.

I subsequently received a live adult, which I kept for some time

in a cage, feeding it on bread and fruits. It was exceedingly fierce,

darting at the hand that was thrust towards it, crouching in a corner

and glaring savagely at the intruder. It uttered sharp and angry

cries. In the dark its pupils, which were round, and not linear,

emitted a hollow, greenish light, proving the animal to be nocturnal

in its habits.

12. ScluROPTERUS KALE®NSIS, D. sp.

This is one of the smaller group of Scivropteri, with flat diverg-

ing tails. I have, unfortunately, only a pair of immature specimens,

which I purchased from a savage who was fondling them in his

bosom, and tried to keep alive without success. Young as my

specimens are, they are much larger than the diminutive representa-

tive of this speciesin Japan. This species is most nearly connected,

in the style and mottled appearance of its fur, with the Seiwropterus

albo-niger of Nepal, but differs in colour. The Javan species (S.

horsfieldii) differs from it in having a woollier fur, without any mot-

tling. In ours the tail is about two-thirds of the length of the body ; I

should say, therefore, that the mature animal would be about 16 inches

long. Entire upper parts reddish buff, mottled with deep brown ;

under parts pale buff, rosy on the flanks and under the legs. Teeth

white.

Three species of Flying Squirrels are mentioned in the ‘ Fauna

Japonica,’ two as occurring in Japan—Pteromys leucogenys and

P. momoga. The latter, it is said, is intermediate in form between

the genus Pteromys and Sciuropterus, and we should therefore take it

to be more nearly allied to our species S. Aaleénsis ; but on reading

ing Temminck’s description, I find that the fur is mentioned as

woolly. In ours it is silky, more as represented in his P. setosus,

a very different species, however, from the Indian Archipelago.

Of the habits of our species I know nothing.

13. Lupus sinensis. Chinese, Swan-taw (Hill-Rabbit).

The Hare found in the champaign as well as hilly country of

both South-west and North-west Formosa is identical in species with

that distributed throughout China, from Canton to Peking. I find in

the Chinese as also in the Formosan animals, that the tints vary some-

what, and that in some the black on the cheeks and behind the ears

is almost entirely wanting. The Formosan specimens are somewhat

more brightly coloured, and the rufous on the hind neck is’ livelier ;

whereas the North China Hares are greyer, especially in winter, and

more distinctly marked with black. I have two small Leverets from

South Formosa: these are of a strong olive hue, densely sprinkled

with black hairs. These Hares, both in China and Formosa, retire

to the hills in summer to breed, and return again to the plains in

winter. They seek shelter in the holes of rocks or grave-mounds,

and in these rear their young. They are said to burrow ; but this I am

360 MR. R.SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FrorMosA. [Dec. 9,

rather inclined to doubt, as the kind of holes I have always found them

in never showed signs of fresh-turned earth. I have met with them in

no place so abundantly as on the plains near Peking in winter, where

they sought shelter among the long grass and dried remains of the

cotton-plants. When the great cold, as the Chinese term it, sets

in, these poor brutes get terribly pinched, and may almost be trodden

upon. They are then considered good eating, and much sought

after. The matchlock daily thins their numbers; others are killed

by heavy-loaded sticks, and some are struck ina more scientific man-

ner by Hawks trained to the pursuit. The Peking and Tientsin

markets, the winter through, teem with their carcases, which are

sold for a comparative trifle. At last nature steps to their rescue,

and saves their race from annihilation by relaxing the rigour of the

climate, and enabling them to return to the security of the hills.

The species occurs in most parts of Formosa, but is nowhere abund-

ant. The common mode of taking them there is with the noose.

The Hare found about the hills of Talien-wan is a much longer-

eared animal, and most probably a distinct species ; it is perhaps the

Lepus variabilis, Pall. ; whereas that of Japan (the Lepus brachyotis,

Temm.) is different again, and remarkable for its short ears.

14, PoRCULA TAIVANA, Sp. NOV.

I have it on the authority of the natives, that this little Mountain-

Pig carries the stripes and spots of immaturity in its adult state, as

in Porecula sylvana, Hodgs., of Nepal. Unfortunately I was not

able to procure a full-grown animal.

I procured three sucking-pigs, and tried very hard to rear them,

but succeeded in keeping them alive only a few weeks. I had them

skinned as they died, and at the same time took care to preserve

their bodies in spirits for the sake of the skeleton. One or more of

these are now in the British Museum. I kept a pair of these little

fellows some days in the house, They used to suck milk out of a

bottle, and soon grew very tame, following me about like little dogs,

grunting and squeaking in true swine fashion. The cow’s milk, how-

ever, did not seem to afford them sufficient nutriment; for though they

drank largely, they daily grew thinner, and soon succumbed. In this

pair the canine teeth and lower incisors had appeared. Their noses

and lips, as well as their toes, were flesh-coloured, merely tinged with

black. Their irides were light yellowish brown. Their under parts

and feet were white. The hair on the head, chin, shoulders, and

thighs was light yellowish brown, that on the crown being abundantly

tipped with black. The rest of the upper parts were striped longi-

tudinally with black and light yellowish brown, the stripes on the

sides becoming somewhat disconnected, and the yellowish appearing

in large patches and spots.

Wild Pigs are found all over the hills on the north-west portion of

the island ; and so much depredation do they commit in the fields of

sweet potato and other edible roots, that the colonists have gone to

the trouble and expense of raising what they call Te-loah, or Pig-

barricades, about the hills, to oppose the descent of these animals.

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FoRMOSA. 361

These consist of long stone walls, three or four feet high, with ditches

on either side, running from ravine to ravine, midway up the higher

hills, where these animals frequent. In places where the barri-

cades are broken to admit of the passage of the ascending footpath,

close gates are constructed, which are carefully shut every evening.

The group of hills whence these pigs descend in greatest number

reaches to the height of 3000 feet. I took the trouble to ascend

this range in order to extend my acquaintance with those interesting

animals ; but though I found their beaten tracks all over the sum-

mits, fresh dung scattered about in all directions, the ground but

lately rooted up in numerous places, and several lair-like spots under

the rocks, I was not able to get a view of a single pig. I was told by

the natives that they herd together in large numbers, and dwell in

security during the day in caverns in the rocks, and in the twilight

follow one another in single file down to their selected feeding-grounds;

that they are uncommonly wary, and very difficult to shoot; that

the boars especially are very dangerous, when wounded ; and that the

only chance they have of procuring them is by occasionally picking

up a suckling that has strayed away from its mother.

I am inclined to think this Pig is a Porcuda, and not the Sus leu-

comystax, Temm., of Japan, which is said to be the original stock of

the Chinese Domestic Pig.

15. CervuLus REEVeEsII. Chinese, Kiang.

I procured and brought away two females and a young one of this

Munt-jac, as well as a skull. My specimens are identical with those

from China. This species affects the lower ranges of hills which are

covered with long coarse grass and tangled thicket. It is there usu-

ally found in small herds, basking in the sun, or lying in hidden lairs.

They are very seldom approached near, except by stealth. The least

noise startles them, and they dash away with bounds through the

yielding grass, occasionally showing their rounded backs above the

herbage. They have, however, their regular creeps and passes through

the covert, near which the natives lie*when stalking them, while others

drive them. The little startled creatures hurry from danger along

these beaten tracks, and are then picked off with the matchlock. In

captivity they soon become very docile, even when taken in the adult

state. The flesh of this animal is very tender and palatable. In

China the species occurs in all the hilly country, from Canton to

Ningpo; but I do not think its range extends much higher north.

16. CapricorNis swinnorl, Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 263,

Pl. XXXV.

This tawny species of Deer Goat, which Dr. Gray has done me the

honour to name after me, differs in the shape of the skull, as well as in

colour, from C. crispa, Temm., of Japan. It is of a much smaller

stature than C. bubalina, Hodgs., of the Himalayas, but has its nearest

ally in C. sumatrensis of the Eastern Archipelago. I brought home

with me the skins and skulls of an adult pair, which are now deposited

in the British Museum. In the northern range of higher mountains

362 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. ([Dec. 9,

they are said to occur in abundance; and small herds of them find

their way to the lower ranges, 2000 feet and upwards in height. On

nearly all the hills Iascended I found the prints of their feet, as well

as dung; but they are so excessively shy that it is very difficult to

get a glimpse of them. At a distance you may occasionally see them

in small parties on some tangled grassy crag, whence they no sooner

observe you than away they bound with short goat-like leaps, till a

projecting rock snatches them from your vision. Their wildness is

probably caused by the persecution they receive at the hands of the

natives, who relish their flesh, which, however, I found tough and

coarse. A supposed medicinal property in their blood, which is said

to be efficacious in bad cases of bronchitis, tends, no doubt, to enhance

the value of their capture.

A live adult male was brought to me, with one leg wounded by a

ball. The animal was very ferocious, stamping its foot at me and

snorting through his nostrils. It drank a great deal, but ate only

sparingly of the green food I supplied it with. I might have suc-

ceeded in taming it; but it was in the hot season, and the wounded

leg began to fester, and the poor animal seemed in such pain that I

was obliged to have it killed. Its iris was yellowish chestnut ; its

pupil black, with a horizontal yellowish-brown line running right

through it. I do not know the particular cause of this peculiar

appearance in the eyes of animals; but I have observed it pretty

generally in all Goats. The high mandarin of the town begged the

blood of this animal of me, and esteemed the gift a great favour.

He had it spread, in the air, in small cakes, dried, and powdered, and

then stowed it carefully away in his medicine-chest.

The native name for this animal is Swan Yun, or Shan Yang, which

may be taken to mean either Wild or Hill-Sheep or Wild or Hill-

Goat. Hence my mistake in my first letters to the Secretary of this

Society, when I stated that I was informed of the existence of a Wild

Mountain-Sheep in the Island of Formosa.

17. Cervus rarvanus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xxix. p. 90; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1860, p. 376, et 1862, p. 152, Pl. XVI.

This species was established in 1858, by Mr. Blyth, from the

skull of a buck that I sent him. The animal to which the skull

had belonged had been kept, together with some others of the same

breed, in a private menagerie at Amoy, whither Chinese junks from

Formosa frequently bring these Deer for sale. I am not aware of

any Spotted Deer occurring in the Province of Fuhkeen, to which

Amoy belongs; and as the wealthier Chinese have a great partiality

for Spotted Deer to adorn their parks, this species is the one most

usually sought after in that district. Chinese poetry has frequent

allusions to the ‘“‘ Red Deer with its snowy spots ;” and Chinese pic-

tures, in almost every well-to-do house, exhibit grotesque though

somewhat truthful representations of the antlered brethren. Besides

the value attached to Deer as an object of ornament, their price is

increased by the medicinal properties attributed to their horns. These

appendages, cut off when freshly sprouting, are much prized by the

1862.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS OF FORMOSA. 363

Chinese for the nutriment they afford in cases of debility, just as

they prize other gelatinous substances, such as birds’ nests, nests of

certain species of small Swifts (Collocalie), sharks’ fins, fish-maws,

&e. After the velvet is removed, the horn is dried, pared thin with

an instrument like a nutmeg-grater, and boiled into a soup, in which

state it is used. The velvet is not wasted, but is set aside to deal

out in small quantities to matrons of the family to aid them in their

convalescence after child-birth. The skin of the Deer is not thought

much of, nor is the flesh much valued.

The central or higher range of mountains, which are in parts

covered with perennial snow, are inhabited by the Cervus taivanus.

These heights abound with large masses of tangled forest, in which

the gigantic Laurus camphora (the tree whence the drug of commerce,

camphor, is distilled) forms no inconspicuous part. These heights

are tenanted by tribes of half-clad Indians, of the Malay type, blood-

thirsty and savage in the extreme, who keep up a constant war-

fare with the Chinese colonists of the plains, and resist with atro-

city any inroads into their mountain territory. On the lower hills,

however, that define the land of the colonist from that of the abori-

ginal, dealings on a friendly footing are carried on in bartering Chinese

commodities for deers’ horns, venison, and other results of the chase.

To these aborigines, money has no value as a medium of exchange.

They live on the flesh of deer and other wild animals, which they

only partially broil before eating. They obtain, by barter, from the

Chinese matchlocks and gunpowder, which they use to wound the

deer, when approached within a few yards by creeping through the

thicket. The wounded animal is then surrounded by a closing ring

of half-naked savages, and, scared by their wild shouts, falls an easy

prey to their metal-headed javelins. When powder fails them, they

sometimes manage to intercept one from a herd, and driving him into

more open country, scatter a loose and wide-spread ring of humanity

round him ; the ring rapidly closes in as before, and as the frightened

beast attempts to leap or break it, spears are hurled into him from all

sides, and he can rarely effect his escape. Other means of capture

are also practised, but less successfully, the commonest of which,

when the beast is required to be taken alive, are slip-nooses attached

to a stake, and so adjusted as either to take him by the leg or by the

horns. But the animal captured when full-grown rarely survives ;

and therefore the young are sought for the purpose of rearing.

They are nurtured with great care till a year old, when the horns

begin to form. They are then conveyed to the borders and bartered

to the Chinese, by whom, as I before stated, they are much valued.

In the city of Taiwanfoo I procured two bucks and a doe of this

species, and forwarded them, vid Hongkong, to the Gardens of the

Society ; but unfortunately only one, a buck, reached England in

safety. This was enough, however, to establish the species, which had

hitherto been described only from the skull. Any one visiting the

Gardens can now have an opportunity of making himself acquainted

with this lovely animal as nature has moulded him; and as the

Japanese species, Cervus sika, is confined there in an adjoining cage,

364 MR. R. SWINHOE ON THE MAMMALS Or ForRMosA. (Dec. 9,

a fine opportunity is offered for comparison. The deep red colouring

of its hind neck and its larger size distinguish it from that species,

as well as the form of its horns, which are shown in the accompanying

sketch. (See woodcut.) The white spots on the Formosan Deer are

moreover lasting, and do not disappear in winter, as in most species.

This Deer is called by the Chinese Lok, or Stag.

18. Cervus swinuoil, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 152, Pl. XVII.

It was not till my late visit to the City of Taiwanfoo, S.W. Formosa,

that I came across this species. It struck me at once as a novelty,

and I managed to procure two bucks, both of which have fortunately

reached the Gardens of the Society in good health. On my visit to

the Tamsuy district, N.W. Formosa, I again met the animal in a

state of confinement in the hands of the Chinese, and secured a buck

for the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne; but a live female I

could not manage to procure. This species may at once be distin-

guished from the other by its total want of spots, by the absence of

the white patch that adorns the parts about the tail, by its coarse

reddish brown hair, appearing almost black in some lights, but, above

all, by the occurrence of a large sac between the eye and nose. This

curious organ, whatever its properties may be, it has the power of

opening and shutting. It appears to be expanded most frequently

when the beast is irritated. At a distance the deer looks as if he

possessed four eyes, whence the Chinese definition of this species as

‘‘the four-eyed.’’ It is, however, more generally known in Formosa

as the “‘Cheeang.”’ What the horns of this Deer are like we shall

not be able to tell for some months, until the animals in the Gardens

a i a i i i ee

1862.] ON THE INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEBZ. 365

reproduce those they have just shed ; but it strikes me the horns will

only consist of short double-pronged antlers, as in the Hog Deer.

On the lower range of hills, varying from 1000 to 5000 feet, the

Cervus swinhoii maintains its ground; and as those hills chiefly

occur in the northern portion of the island, its lot falls among an-

other but closely allied race of savages. The Kwei-ying are a finer

race than their brethren, the Kalees of the south, but they are equally

savage. By them the same kind of barter is carried on with the

Chinese colonists, and, as far as I could learn, the same mode of

hunting deer. The country where this deer is found is also densely

covered with bush, in which the savage lurks with his matchlock,

jealous of every intruder on his hunting-haunts. Like all wild races,

especially of the Malay type, he is very treacherous, and never to

be depended on unless you can carry with you sufficient means to

enforce freedom from molestation. One hour he will profess for

you everlasting friendship, and the next, on some trifling caprice, aim

a bullet at your head. The Chinese are very fearful of the abori-

gines, and can rarely be got to cross the boundary-line; and the

savages have such frequent feuds amongst themselves that, in travelling

through their territory, friendship professed for one clan may cost

you your life at the hands of the next you go amongst. One has on

such journeys so much to do with diplomacy, intrigue, and bribery,

that, apart from collecting, the incessant toil and expense make tra-

velling in the wild mountainous interior of Formosa quite an arduous

undertaking.

5. Notes oN THE INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEB, AS OBSERVED

IN THE Socrery’s GARDENS. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A.,

Pu.D., F.R.S., SecreTARY TO THE SOCIETY.

The fact of a specimen of the West African Python (Python seba)

having deposited eggs and commenced incubation upon them, in the

Society’s Gardens, at the beginning of the present year, has been

already mentioned at one of the Meetings of this Society by Dr. A.

Giinther* ; and many notices on the same subject have appeared in

various newspapers and periodicals, scientific and unscientific. Yet I

think that such an important event ought not to escape record in the

Journal of the Society, and I have therefore drawn up the following

short statement of the principal facts of the case for publication in

the ‘ Proceedings.’

A pair of the West African Python (Python sebe) have for some

time occupied the large compartment in the middle of the northern

side of the Reptile-house. The female was received by the Society

in 1849, and has therefore been about thirteen years in the Gardens ;

the male was purchased on the 18th of April, 1859, since which time

he has been in company with the female. The female is one of the

largest Pythons we have ever had, measuring about 22 feet in length.

The male is of smaller dimensions, measuring about 14 feet in length.

* See anted, p. 1.

366 DR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE [Dee. 9,

This pair of Pythons were several times observed in copuld by the

keeper, in the month of June 1861. Towards the middle of December,

1861, the female was remarked to be much increased im size, the

enlargement extending about 8 feet along the body. The keeper,

knowing that she had not fed for many weeks, imagined this altera-

tion of size to be the result of disease; and it was only a few days

before the 13th of January that the true cause of her abnormal

appearance was suspected. On the morning of the 13th of January

the keeper found that in the course of the previous night this animal

had deposited a large mass of eggs, and had taken up a position

coiled completely round them, so as nearly to exclude them from

view. The eggs, as we afterwards ascertained, were about 100 in

number ; they were nearly round in shape, but soft, and soon became

much compressed, measuring each about 3 inches in diameter. They

seemed to have been deposited in a circle, probably from the creature

crawling round, and excluding them one after the other. They

were not strung together by any membrane, but apparently com-

pletely separate when excluded, though afterwards fastened into one

large conical mass, adhering by the viscid outer membrane, and

pressed together by the weight of the superincumbent mother.

The Python retained her position coiled round and over the eggs

more or less constantly until the eggs were eventually removed on

the 4th of April. During this time she quitted them upon very few

occasions, and then only temporarily, having passed altogether nearly

thirty-three weeks without taking food.

On the 4th of March the Python showed symptoms of being

about to cast her skin, and was then off her eggs from 9 p.m. until

7 a.M. on the following morning. During this interval the skin came

off in shreds (always an unhealthy symptom in snakes), the process

lasting about 10 hours instead of 3 or 4, as is usually the case with

these large serpents.

Knowing the interesting nature of M. Valenciennes’s experiments

on the temperature of the Python which incubated in the Jardin des

Plantes at Paris in 1841*, I was anxious to ascertain whether any

similar increase of temperature was observable in the present case,

The instruments first employed for this purpose were not sufficiently

delicate to produce any very reliable results. I therefore applied to

Messrs. Negretti and Zambra, the well-known optical instrument-

makers, who provided thermometers expressly adapted for the

purpose} and kindly attended themselves to assist in making the

* For an account of these, see ‘Comptes Rendus,’ 1841, xiii. p. 126.

+ These thermometers are spoken of as follows in the ‘London Review’ for

March 15th :—

“Tn testing the heat of the incubating Python and her eggs, it will be readily

imagined that the most sensitive thermometers would be required to obtain reli-

able and satisfactory results, not only on account of the possible danger, through

disturbing and irritating the snake, of her striking and giving the operator a

lacerated wound with her pointed teeth, but from the desirability of obtaining as

instantaneous results as possible to avoid the interference of cold drafts of air,

alterations of the creature’s position, and other cireumstances which must produce

interferent effect. To Messrs. Negretti and Zambra the highest praise is due for

1862.] INCUBATION OF PYTHON SEB. 367

necessary experiments. The compartment of the Reptile-house in

which the Python is kept being warmed with hot-water pipes, and

the temperature of snakes varying, as is well known, with that of the

surrounding medium, it seemed to me that the only mode of obtaining

reliable results was by comparison of the heat of the incubating female

Python with the heat of the non-incubating male, in the same com-

partment of the Reptile-house. It appeared to me that any decided

difference observable between these two animals, subject to exactly the

same external conditions, could be only attributable to the incubation.

Our first experiments with Negretti and Zambra’s instruments were

made on February 12th, and gave a difference of 2°-8 of Fahrenheit’s

scale in favour of the female, when the temperatures were taken at

the surface of the body. When the temperature was examined

between the folds of the bodies of the respective animals, the dif-

ference was found to be increased to 6°°8. The experiments were

repeated on the 23rd of February, the 2nd of March, the 9th of

March, and the 16th of March, with varying results, but always

showing an increased temperature of greater or less amount in the

case of the incubating female, as the following Table will show :—

Differ-

ence.

Temperature

Date. —_| of air in den.

Temperature of male. Temperature of female.

Feb. 12 58°°6 On surface.. 70°2 | On surface.. 73°00 | 2°8

Between folds 74°°8 | Between folds 81°°6 | 6°8

Feb. 23 65°°4 On surface.. 71°8| On surface.. 75°4 | 3°6

Between folds 74°:0 | Between folds 83°2 | 9°2

March 2 60°°0 On surface.. 71°6| On surface.. 84°°0 |12°°4

Between folds 76°0 | Between folds 96°-0 |20°-0

March 9 61°°0 On surface.. 72°83) On surface... 79°5 | 6%7

Between folds* ....| Between folds 86°°5

March 16] 66°0 On surface.. 72°4 | On surface... 77°°6 | 5°2

Between folds 77°°6 | Between folds 86°0 | 8°-4 |

These observations were made on the different occasions by Mr.

Bartlett, Mr. Negretti, Mr. Zambra, Mr. E. W. H. Holdsworth,

F.Z.S., and myself.

On the 4th of April the eggs were evidently decomposing, and

gave forth a very strong and nauseous odour. As the snake, which

haying manufactured expressly for these experiments the most sensitive and most

perfect thermometers ever constructed. In less than three seconds the quick-

silver will rise or fall from one end of the scale-tube to the other; and although

a longer time than this has always been allowed by the reptiles in the experiments

made, it was most desirable to be provided with efficient means against any

emergencies.

“The total length of the tube is 13 inches, and the bore, by actual measure-

ment, was found to be less than the =;4>th of an inch in diameter ; in the experi-

ments the motion of the mercury in it was watched with a powerful hand-lens or

magnifier. The range of the scale is ftom 30° to 105°; the length of the bulb, or

reservoir for the mercury, 3 inch, its diameter } inch; it is made extremely thin,

so as to insure the greatest sensitiveness hy the quickest possible transmission of

temperature.”

* Not observed, the male being very restless.

368 DR. P. L. SCLATFR ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. ([Dec. 9,

had now sat upon them nearly ten weeks, was evidently suffering from

the effects of a fast of thirty-two weeks, and there appeared to be no

reasonable prospect of hatching the eggs, they were removed. On

examination, we found about five or six with the embryos partially

formed. In one of these the embryo was about 11 inches in length,

the scaling and markings were shown, the colour was partially

developed, and the animal was evidently nearly ready for exclusion.

But the greater number of eggs contained only fatty matter in a

state of decomposition, and bore no traces of having ever been im-

pregnated.

A single egg removed from the mother fifteen days after incuba-

tion commenced, curiously enough, chanced to be a good one. The

embryo contained in this was alive when it was opened, and measured

about 6 inches in length.

About a month after the eggs were removed, the snake, which had

been at first very restless, changed her skin, fed as usual, and has

since remained in good health.

I think that the present case, taken in conjunction with that which

happened in 1841 at Paris, and that of the Indian Python, kindly

communicated to me by George O. Wray, Esq., and already noticed

at a previous Meeting of this Society*, lead to the conclusion that

it is the normal habit of these highly developed Ophidians, the

Pythones, to incubate their eggs much as in the superior class of

birds. But it would appear that the Boas of the New World do not

follow the same practice ; for Mr. Westerman informs me that the

female Boa constrictor, which bred in the Zoological Gardens of

Amsterdam in 1861, brought forth living young ones, though some

eggs were produced at the same time. :

6. On some Birps TO BE ADDED TO THE AVI-FAUNA OF

Mexico. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Pu.D., F.R.S., SEcRE-

TARY TO THE SOCIETY.

(Plate XLVI.)

In a small collection of Mexican birds sent to me for examination

by M. F. Parzudaki, of Paris, I recognize several species new to the

fauna of Mexico, and not mentioned in my former communications

to this Society on the subject of Mexican ornithology, and others re-

quiring some few remarks. - These are—

1. DenpRa@cA suPERCILIOSA (Bodd.), Baird, B. N. A. p. 289.

This specimen differs from others in my collection from N. America

and Jamaica in having the whole supercilia anterior to the eye

bright yellow, like the breast. Yet it is obviously not in full plumage,

being dull brownish grey above, and with the black markings hardly

defined. Prof. Baird alludes (/. c.) to somewhat similar variations.

At first I could hardly persuade myself that it was not of a dfferent

species.

See P. Z. S. 1862, p. 108.

aa Sei eh

v Sova | ty es )

1862.) DR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM MEXICO. 369

2. ViREO HYPOCHRYSEUS, sp. nov. (Pl. XLVI.)

Flavicanti-olivaceus, alis fuscis dorsi colore extus marginatis :

Sronte, superciliis et toto corpore subtus flavis, hypochondriis

paululum olivacescentibus: rostro corneo, pedibus fuscis.

Long. tota 5:0, alee 2°5, caudee 2:2, rostri a rictu 0°7, tarsi 0°8,

rem. prim. spurii 0°95 poll. Angl. et dec.

This Vireo is very distinct in coloration from any other species

known to me, and is also slightly abnormal in form. The wings are

very short, only reaching } an inch beyond the base of the tail. The

longest primaries are about 0°3 inch longer than the secondaries.

The first primary is unusually well developed, being only 0°75 inch

shorter than the second. The bill is more elongated, and broader at

the base than is usual in the genus, and nearly resembles that of a

diminutive Icteria. The single specimen received from M. Par-

zudaki is the only example I have seen of this interesting bird.

3. MeLospiza GouLpu, Baird, B. N. A. p. 479(?).

A skin of a Melospiza, received through M. Parzudaki, agrees

with the Californian specimen which I have identified (Cat. Am. B.

p- 113) with Baird’s Melospiza gouldii. But I cannot pretend to

to say but what I am doubtful about the discrimination of the allied

species of this group, and must remain so until I have the opportunity

of comparing authentically determined specimens with those in my

own collection.

4, GLYPHORHYNCHUS MAJOR, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. p. 161.

Mexican specimens of this northern form of G. cuneatus agree with

Guatemalan examples obtained by Mr. O. Salvin.

5. ELAINEA suBPAGANA, Sclater & Salv. < Ibis,’ 1860, p. 36.

Mexican examples of this northern form of E. pagana, do not

seem to differ from the typical specimen from Guatemala in my

collection.

6. Acamia pica, Reichb. Bp. Consp. p. 127. Ardea agami,

Gm.

A bird in immature plumage appears to belong to this species,

which, as far as I am aware, has not been previously noticed so far

north.

7. MicropALAMA HIMANTOPUS, Bp., Baird, N. A. B. p. 726;

Coues, P. Acad. Se. Philad. 1861, p. 174.

I am not aware that this Sandpiper has been previously noticed

so far south, except in the one instance of Mr. Salvin’s having ob-

tained it in Guatemala, as recorded in the ‘ Ibis’*.

8. AcTrOoDROMAS BAIRDII, Coues, Proc. Acad. Sc. Philad. 1861

p- 194.

Judging by Mr. Coues’s descriptions, a Mexican Sandpiper received

from M. Parzudaki, and labelled “4. maculata?,’”’ must be referred

to this species, which is in fact a small 4. maculata.

* Ibis, 1859, p. 229.

Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1862, No. XXIV.

370 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINA. [Dec. 9,

7. On THE Species oF MuRICINZ FOUND IN JAPAN.

By Artuur Apams, F.L.S.

In the recent ‘ Mollusca Japonica’ of Dunker three species of

Murex only are enumerated, one of which belongs more properly to

the purpuroid genus Sistrum. During my recent explorations in

Japan I collected upwards of twenty-six species of the genus, taken

in its Lamarckian sense, besides three species of Typfis and ten of

Trophon. In the southern parts of the Sea of Japan we find a few

examples of the long-beaked spiny Murex proper and the Chicoreus

of Montfort, a group with frondose and branching varices. In the

north these seem to give place to the winged Muricine, composing

the groups named Pteronotus and Phyllonotus by Swainson ; and

further north still to the fusoid Trophon of Denys de Montfort,

with laciniated varices. The Muricidea of Swainson, composed of

small coronate forms, also comes into notice, as does also the mono-

ceroid Cerastoma of Conrad, which, with a muriciform shell, has a

purpuroid operculum like that of Vitularia.

1. Murex, Linn.

1. Murex TRIBULUS, Linn.

Murex tribulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed. p. 1214; Reeve, Mon.

Murex, sp. 82.

M. crassispina, Lam.

M. tenuispina, Kien., not Lam.

Hab. Simidsu.

2. Murex TENUISPINUS, Lam.

Murex tenuispina, Lam. An. s. Vert. ix. p. 566; Reeve, sp. 85.

Hab. O-Sima.

3. Murex apuncosrinosus, Beck.

Murex ternispina, Sow.

M. aduncospinosus, Reeve, sp. 93.

Hab. Kuro-Sima.

4. Murex sosprinus, A. Ad.

M. testa ovata, spira acuta; anfractibus 7, convexis, longitudina-

liter nodoso-plicatis, transversim liratis, varicibus tribus, valde

spinosis, spinis duabus uncinatis acutis ; apertura vix circulart,

canali recto, clauso, valde producto, ad basin spinoso, ad extre-

mitatem rufo-fusco variegato : pallide fusca, fascia transversa

lata rufo-fusca (in anfractu ultimo duabus) ornata.

Hab. Satanomosaki, 55 fathoms; Gotto, 48 fathoms; Kuro-Sima,

29 fathoms.

This Mure is very similar to several others in the same group,

but cannot be correctly referred to any of the species already de-

scribed. There are two red-brown bands on the last whorl, and the

end of the long straight beak is variegated with the same colour.

1862. ] MR, A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINE. 371

2. Curcorevus, Montf.

1. CHIcoREUS SINENSIS, Reeve.

Murex sinensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. 25.

Murex elongatus, var., Sow. Conch. Illust. fig. 88.

Hab. Tatiyama; Mososeki.

2. Cuicorevs Aapustus, Lam.

Murex adustus, Lam. An. s. Vert. ix. p. 573; Reeve, Mon. Mur.,

Conch. Icon. sp. 29. .

Hab. Tatiyama; Tsu-Sima.

3. Preronotus, Swains.

1, PrreRONOTUS TALIENWHANENSIS, Crosse.

Murex talienwhanensis, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1862, 3rd ser.

tiaiepl. T. £.9.

Hab. Tsaulian.

2. PTERONOTUS EURYPTERON, Reeve.

Murex eurypteron, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 34. f. 176 ; Zool. Voy.

Samarang, Moll. pl. 8. f. 1 a, 8.

Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms.

3. PreRONOTUS BRACHYPTERON, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, pallide fusca, castaneo sparsim ma-

culata, linea albida transversa in anfractu ultimo ornata, tri-

fariam varicosa ; anfractibus sex, convexis, longitudinaliter cre-

bre laciniatis, transversim liratis, liris inequalibus crenulatis ;

apertura ovata, labro margine fimbriato, canali mediocri, clauso,

recurvato.

Hab. Uraga, 12 fathoms.

This is a thin, somewhat ventricose species, with the winged

varices peculiar to the group shorter than in the allied forms. The

whorls are variegated with deep chestnut-brown, and there is a faint

white transverse line in the middle of the last whorl.

4, Preronotus Gou.tnl, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, fusca, maculis castaneis sparsim ornata,

trifariam varicosa ; spira acuta; anfractibus 6, planis, postice

subangulatis, transversim liratis, liris inequalibus, confertis,

varicibus breviter foliaceis, marginibus denticulatis, postice spina

valida dentiformi instructis ; apertura ovata, integra; labro

margine late fimbriato, canali recto, clauso, producto.

Hab. Tsu-Sima.

In this species the varices are short, and furnished with a strong

tooth-like spine at the hind part; and the straight, closed canal is

more elongate than is usually the case in this group.

5. PreERONOTUS sTIMPSONI, A. Ad. Z

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, pallide fusca, trifariam varicosa ; spira

372 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ. (Dec. 9,

acuta; anfractibus 7, planis, postice angulatis, transversim valde

liratis, liris equalibus, levibus, interstitiis clathratis, varicibus

late foliaceis, postice dilatatis et rotundis ; apertura ovata, an-

tice acuminata; labro margine late fimbriato, canali brevi,

clauso, recto.

Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms.

A very neatly sculptured species, with the foliate varices of the

whorls posteriorly rounded.

4, Prynionotus, Swains.

1. PHYLLONOTUS FALCATUS, Sow.

Murex falcatus, Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

Murex, sp. 61.

Murex aduncus, Sow., var.

Hab. Satanomosaki; Tusaki; Tatiyama.

2. PHyLLONOTUS CORONATUS, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-trigonali, fusca, spira conica; anfractibus 6, planis,

postice angulatis, liris quatuor, validis, transversis, interstitis

lirulis squamulosis confertis ornatis, varicibus septem, lacinia-

tis, fimbriatis, postice late uncinatis ; apertura oblonga, antice

acuminata; labro margine postice angulato, extus fimbriato ;

canali aperto, brevi, via recurvato.

Hab. Tsusaki, 35 fathoms.

A somewhat small, neat species, with the whorls very prettily

coronate.

3. PHyLLoNotus ACANTHOPHORUS, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, quinquefariam varicosa, solida, albida ;

anfractibus 5, in medio angulatis, superne planatis, transversim

liratis, varicibus crassis, postice spina squamiformi triangulart

armatis ; apertura oblonga, antice acuminata ; labro extus vari-

coso, crasso, fimbriato, intus valde erenato, canali clauso, antice

recurvato, aperto.

Hab. Tsusaki, 37 fathoms.

A solid, triangular species, with a strong squamiform spine at the

hind part of the thick prominent varices, which latter are composed

of close-set crispate lamellze. The operculum is purpuroid.

4. Puytionorus unirascratus, A. Ad.

P. testa ovato-fusiformi, subtrigonali, quinquefariam varicosa, se-

rotina, fascia transversa lata rufo-fusea in anfractu ultimo or-

nata; anfractibus 7, planis, postice angulatis, longitudinaliter

erebre plicatis, plicis laciniatis crispatis, transversim valde

liratis, liris inequalibus, majoribus cum minoribus alternantibus,

varicibus foliatis, brevibus, marginibus crenulatis, postice spina

uncinata producta squamata instructis ; apertura elongata, sub-

triangulari, canali aperto, subrecto,

Hab. Uraga, 12 fathoms.

1862.) MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ, 373

A pale orange species, with a single broad red-brown band on the

last whorl, and with the varices terminating posteriorly in a scale-

like recurved spine.

5. Crerastoma, Conrad.

1. CerASTOMA BURNETTII, Ad. & Reeve.

Murex burnettii, Ad. & Reeve, Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 8. f. 4 a, 6.

Hab. Hakodadi.

2. CERASTOMA EMARGINATUM, Sow.

Murex emarginatus, Sow. Conch. Illus. f. 98, 100.

Hab. Japan (teste Sow.).

3. CERASTOMA RORIFLUUM, Ad. & Reeve.

Murex rorifluus, Ad. & Reeve, Moll. Voy. Sam. pl. 8. f. 2 a, 4.

Hab. Tsu-Sima.

4, CERASTOMA MONACHUS, Crosse.

Murex monachus, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1862, 3rd ser. t. ii.

pl. Lif. 9.

Hab. Tsaulian.

5. CERASTOMA FOURNIERI, Crosse.

Murex fournieri, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 3rd ser. t. i. pl. 16.

Hab. Sea of Japan (teste Crosse).

6. OcEeNEBRA, Leach.

1. OcenEBRA Japonica, Dunker.

Murex japonicus, Dkr. Moll. Japon. pl. 1. f. 14.

Hab. Japan (Dunker).

2. OcENEBRA LACTUCA, Eschsch.

Murex lactuca, Esch. Zool. Atlas. taf. 9. f. 3 a, 5; Midd. Beitr.

zu einer Malac. Rossica, taf. 7. f. 1, 2.

Hab. Aniwa Bay, Saghaleen.

7. MuricipEa, Swains.

1. Muricipga piApema, A. Ad.

Murex diadema, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 70.

Hab. Satanomosaki, 48 fathoms.

2. Muricipra crrrosa, Hinds.

Murex cirrosus, Hinds, Moll. Voy. Sulph. pl. 3. f. 17, 18.

Hab. Mino-Sima, 63 fathoms ; Satanomosaki, 48 fathoms,

3. Muricrpra puTeoLa, A. Ad.

M. testa ovato-fusiformi, spira elata, conica, pallide fusca; an-

fract. 5, in medio angulatis, liris transversis, validis, squamoso-

374 MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINZ. [Dec. 9,

asperis, subdistantibus instructis, varicibus septem, transversim

costato-spinosis et postice in spinas squamatas productis ;

apertura ovata, postice integra, canali brevi, aperto, recurvato.

Haé. Tsusaki.

A small species, with angular spinose whorls, and with a short,

open, recurved canal.

8. Typuis, Montf.

1. Typuis MontrortTi, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, sordide carnicolore ; spira producta ;

anfractibus 6, gradatis, planis, postice acute angulatis, levibus,

varicibus tribus crispatis, interstitiis tubulis productis, tubulo

unico dorsali valde producto ; apertura circulari, tubulosa, peri-

tremate acuto, integro, producto, subreflexo, canali valde pro-

longato, recurvato, clauso; labro extus fimbriato.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Okino-Sima, on the sands.

A beautiful little species, with an entire trumpet-like aperture, and

with a single, long, tubular dorsal spine on the right side of the me-

dian varix.

2. Typuis sAponica, A. Ad.

T. testa oblongo-ovata, sublevigata, castanea, spira elata, apice

mammillato, quinquefariam varicosa, varicibus rotundis, funicu-

latis, interstitiis tubulis pallidis, oblique truncatis, mediocribus

instructis ; apertura ovata, integra, canali brevi, clauso, sub-

recto.

Hab. Uraga, 21 fathoms.

This species is small, but very peculiar. It has rounded varices

and rather short obliquely truncate tubes, which externally form

pseudo-varices or rib-like ridges, extending down between the proper

varices of the whorls.

9. Trornon, Montf.

1. TROPHON CLATHRATUM, Linn.

Murex clathratus, L., Phil. Zeits. fir Malak. 1845, p. 78.

Tritomum clathratum, Fabr.

Buce. laciniatum, Martyn.

Murex lamellosus, Gm.

Fusus lamellosus, Gray.

Murex foliaceus minor, Chem.

Tritonium bamfii, Faby.

Fusus bamffius, Donov.

Murex multicostatus, Eschsch.

Fusus scalariformis, Gould.

Hab. Aniwa Bay, Saghaleen; Olga Bay ; Vladimir Bay.

2. TropHon crassum, A. Ad.

Murex crassus, A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 269.

Hab. Hakodadi.

1862. } MR. A. ADAMS ON JAPANESE MURICINA. 375

3. TROPHON iNCompTuM, Gould.

Trophon incomptus, Gould, Otia Couch. p. 125.

Hab. Hakodadi. Perhaps the same as 7’. crassus.

4. TRoPHON LIRAtTUM, Couth.

Fusus liratus, Couth., Gould, Otia Conch. p- 64.

Hab. Castle Point, Manchuria, 20 fathoms.

5. TRoPHON cRisPuM, Gould.

Fusus crispus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, Exp.

Shells, f. 279.

Hab. Rifunsiri, 37 fathoms; Sea of Okhotsk, 29 fathoms.

6. TRopHON oRPHEUS, Gould.

Fusus orpheus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, Exp.

Shells, p. 285.

Hab. Okosiri, 35 fathoms.

7. TROPHON CANDELABRUM, Ad. & Reeve.

Fusus candelabrum, Ad. & Reeve, Conch. Icon. sp. Mon. Fusus.

Haé. Tsusaki, 55 fathoms.

8. TROPHON FIMBRIATULUM, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, pallide fusca, spira producta ; anfracti-

bus 6, convexis, longitudinaliter subplicatis, transversim liratis,

liris squamulosis, confertis, equalibus; apertura ovata, in-

tegra; labro extus eleganter fimbriato, fimbria lata, margine

laciniato, canali recto, clauso, producto.

Hab. Gotto, 48 fathoms; Kuro-Sima, 55 fathoms.

There are no varices on the whorls, except the broad fimbriate one

which margins the outer lip. It is an elegantly formed species, with

Squamulose lirze crossing the very convex whorls.

9. TRoPHON concINNuM, A. Ad.

T. testa ovato-fusiformi, solida, cinerea, liris concentricis nodulosis

et plicis tenuibus longitudinalibus decussata ; anfractibus 5,

tn medio subangulatis ; spira acuto-conica ; anfractu ultimo in

rostrum contortum subito contracto 3 apertura angusta, ovata,

antice in canalem obducta; columella arcuata, levi.

Had. Rifunsiri, 35 fathoms.

This little neatly sculptured species resembles in some particulars

Fusus crispus of Gould; but the transverse lirze are nodulous and

crowded, and the longitudinal laciniated plice. are close togethier,

whereas in 7’. erispus the whorls are finely cancellated,

10. TRoPHON TANTILLUM, A. Ad.

T. testa parva, ovato-fusiformi, alba, nitida, lamellis laciniatis lon-

gitudinalibus lirisque crispatis transversis late cancellata; an-

Sract. 6, in medio angulatis, rostro brevi vix recurvo ; apertura

376

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE.

angusta, subovata ; columella rectiuscula, levi ; labro margine

incrassato, late reflexo, postice subsinuato,

Hab. Satanomosaki,

55 fathoms.

This is a beautiful little white cancellated species, with a dilated

variced outer lip, and with the aperture produced anteriorly into a

very short canal.

——

The following list of additions made to the Menagerie during the

month of November was read to the Meeting :—

2 pairs of Italian Cattle ...

2 Chamois

2 LDEKawa asec awanedaeepeccscs

1 Alexandrine Parrakeet...

LSea-Bagle:....s..:.csenciss.

1 Bateleur Eagle, young...

1 young Herring Gull

2 Iceland Falcons .........

PICOPAEC..s-censenas(ve Aste

6 Common Adders .........

1 Malabar Squirrel ...

1 Common Quail! ......

1 Rhesus Monkey .........

8 Australian Porphyrios ...

1 Eagle (Geneva)..........4+

1 Lizard . qanvdeossped

1 Egyptian Vulture .........

1 Egyptian Cat ..... oeseade

1 pair of Parrakeets ......

1 Stock-Dove ...... ebessuecs

leSquimrelisc.sencmaeetes haget

1 Tree-Sparrow .....seeeeee

1 Gazelle (Algeria) .........

3 Clapperton’s Francolins ..

2 Hooper Swans ............

a eeeeeeeesetens eee

Bos taurus, var. .s..se0es

Rupicapra tragus ......+++

Capra ibex, hybrid ......

Paleornis alexandri......

Haliaétus albicilla....... se

Helotarsus ecaudatus

Larus argentatus ..... sae

Falco islandicus

Felis varius

Sciurus purpureus

...|Coturnix dactylisonans...

Macacus erythreus

Porphyrio melanotus

Haliaétus albicilla? ......

Monitor gouldi ....+....65.

Neophron percnopterus...

Felis chaus......+++. hpaees

Conurus holochlorus

Columba enas

Sciurus dorsalis ...sc000.

Passer montana ....+000.

Gazella cuviert .....cc0000.

Francolinus clappertonii

CYGnus FETUS voceeesssseeres

wewnee

Presented by

His Majesty The King

} of Italy.

Mrs. Roper.

J. Sloman, Esq.

...|— Monteiro, Esq.

Mrs. Thomas Page.

S. L. Spencer, Esq.

H.M.The King of Portugal.

.|B. G. Dupper, Esq.

Sir Arthur Cotton.

Mrs. Jewitt.

Dr. Clark.

...|Dr. Mueller, C.M.

Thomas Kingscote, Esq.

Purchased.

Acanthogorgia

atlantica, 194, 197.

flabelliformis, 197.

grayi, 194, 196, 197.

hirsuta, 196, 197.

infundibulifera, 197.

Acanthophis

antarctica, 224.

Acanthotrias, 307.

Accentor

modularis, 280.

Accipiter

gularis, 315.

soloénsis, 815.

Acephalocystis, 310.

endogena, 310.

exogend, 310.

granulosa, 310.

macaci, 310.

ovis tragelaphi, 310.

ovoidea, 310.

surculigera, 310.

Achatinella, 3.

Acridotheres aa

ingingianus, 185.

ye Sele

bairdii, 369.

maculata, 369.

Adelobranchii, 226.

Agamia

picta, 369.

Agapornis

roseicollis, 322.

Alauda

arborea, 324.

Alea

torda, 186, 321.

Alcedo

collaris, 338.

ispida, 186, 821, 823.

melanorhyncha, 338.

Alcippe

brunnea, 280,

Alcyonium

floridum, 27.

Alepisaurus

ferow, 126.

Alepocephalus, 115.

IN DEX.

Aletes

centiquadrus, var. ii-

bricatus, 76.

squamigerus, 76.

Alligator

lucius, 322.

Alloionema

appendiculatum, 301.

Allopora, 197.

maderensis, 196, 197.

Aluco, 228.

aculeatus, 228.

auritus, 228.

Suscus, 228.

nodula, 228.

Alyceus

mouhoti, 275, 278.

(Dioryx) bacca, 275.

Alyselminthus

cuniceps, 312.

? ellipticus, 312.

Amadina

cucullata, 186.

lathami, 324.

modesta, 185.

Amblyopus, 194.

broussonetiz, 194.

sagitta, 193, 194.

Ameria, 105.

Ammoccetus

branchialis, 103.

Amphioxus

lanceolatus, 99.

Amphiperas

semistriata, 241.

Anachis

costellifera, 279.

Anarrhichas, 138.

Anas

acuta, 84.

Anchylostoma, 303.

duodenale, 303.

Ancylostomum

duodenale, 303.

Andrena, 121.

cingulata, 118, 121.

clarkella, 121.

nitida, 119, 121.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1862, No. XXV.

Anguis, 95, 134.

fragilis, 103.

Anodonta, 228.

- alba, 228.

Anomalurus

beecroftiz, 180.

ser

erythropus, 22.

Anseranas

melanoleuca, 185.

Anthreptes

javanica, 343.

lepida, 335, 343.

Anthus

pratensis, 324.

richardi, 317.

Antilope

addax, 137.

bennettiz, 136.

bezoarctica, 136.

bubalis, 137.

caama, 22, 136.

capreola, 22, 137.

cervicapra, 323.

dorcas, 136. ‘3

ellipsiprymna, 12.

niche 137.

isabellina, 136.

leucoryx, 136.

maxwellit, 137.

melampus, 12.

melanotis, 137.

mergens, 137.

oreas, ee

pygarga, 137.

aripte tee:

Antipathes, 196,

Apathus

campestris, 121.

Aphanopus, 173,174,175.

Aphantochroa

cirrhochloris, 124.

hyposticta, 124.

mellifica, 121, 122.

Apteryx, 255, 260.

| Aquila

desmursit, 145, 146.

Aquila

nevia, 145.

* nevioides, 22, 145,

pennata, 22, 145.

Ara

ararauna, 139, 322,

323.

Archibuteo

lagopus, 140,

Arctomys

alpinus, 135.

empetra, 321.

Arcularia, 227.

coronata, 227.

Ardea

agamt, 369.

nigrirostris, 346.

purpurea, 140, 322.

Ardetta

minuta, 321.

sinensis, 320,

Argonauta

oryzata, 78.

Arinia

scalatella, 184. .

Artamus

monachus, 335, 340.

Arundinax

olivaceus, 316,

Arvicola

amphibius ?, 163.

Ascarides, 295, 297.

Ascaris, 296.

alata, 295, 296.

canis, 302.

catt, 295.

felis, 295, 296.

lumbricoides, 288, 294,

296, 298, 304.

marginata, 295,

martis, 302.

megalocephala, 294.

mystax, 288, 295, 297.

renalis, 302.

suilla, 294.

teres felis, 295.

trichiura, 297.

unduloso-striata, 113.

vermicularis, 804.

visceralis, 302.

Asinus

hemionus, 163.

hemippus, 163.

indices, 163.

onager, 163.

teniopus, 164.

Astreea, 73.

Astrapia

nigra, 154, 155, 159,

160.

Ateles, 330.

INDEX.

Ateles

arachnoides, 333.

ater, 102.

belzebuth, 324, 333.

chameck, 333.

frontatus, 186, 321.

Srontalis, 322.

geoffroyii, 333.

hybridus, 186, 321.

paniscus, 330, 333.

Airactilites, 228.

belemniticus, 228.

Attagis, 256, 257,

Auchenia

glama, 102.

paco, 102.

pacos, 321,

vicugna, 102.

Aulopoma, 108,

Avicula, 228.

brunnea, 244.

radiata, 244.

Balzna, 96.

boops, 102.

Balzniceps, 255.

Balnoptera, 348,

arctica, 348.

Balanophyllia, 201,

Balanus, 78.

Bambusicola, 285.

sonorivox, 285.

Bassaris, 96.

astuta, 102.

Batagur, 264.

ellioti, 264.

picta, 264,

Batissa

magnirostris, 33), 337.

Beaver, 267.

Belemnites

listeri, 228.

Belideus

sciureus, 185, 325.

Bellonella, 35.

granulata, 37.

Bernicla

canadensis, 325.

Bilharzia, 293.

hematobia, 288, 292,

constrictor, 63.

goreensis,

quoyi, 59.

var. n. coralliophila,

60, 63

Bivonia quoyt

var. v. flos-lactis, 62.

var. x. fulgurata, 61,

62.

var. t. granifera, 61

var. y. laquearis, 59.

var. a. lilacina, 59.

yar. Z. papillosa, 60.

var. B. planorboides,

var. \. punctata, 62.

var. 6. rugoso-squa-

mosa, 60.

var. «. strigata, 60.

var. 0. ¢riquetra, 61,

yar. Ms variegata, 62,

70,

? var. %. (Aletes), 63.

semisurrecta, 57, 58,

59, 170;

subtriquetra, 58.

var. a. squamifera,

58.

sutilis, 58, 59.

var. a. major, 58.

var. 3. triquetra, 58.

triquetra, 50, 56, 57,

yar. y. aletes, 5b.

var. 2. ampliata, 56.

var. e. expansa, 56.

ba n. fascicularis,

var. a. pinnicola, 55.

var. 0, serpulina, 56.

var. 8. spirorbis, 55,

var. typiea, 59.

Blatta

orientalis, 313.

Blennius

palmicornis, 325.

Boa, 108.

constrictor, 825, 368.

Boidx, 224.

Bolyeria

multicarinata, 225.

Bombus, 121.

latreilliellus, 121.

lucorum, 121.

terrestris, 121.

Bos

indicus ?, 185.

var., 185.

taurus, var., 376.

urus, 102.

Bothriocephalus

(Tetrabothrium) jun-

ceus, 115.

Bothryocephalus, 308,

314.

Bothryocephalus

Gaba ees 314, 326.

latus, 289, 313, 314,

315.

Brachypteryx, 255, 256.

Brachysoma

diadema, 226.

Brachyteles

hypoxanthus, 333.

(Hriodes) frontatus,

186.

Bradypus

didactylus, 102.

Brama, 114.

Branta

rufina, 163.

Brevipennes, 256.

Bromelia, 157.

Brotogerys

pyrrhopterus, 325,

Bubo

maximus, 325.

virginianus, 102, 185.

Bucecinum, 227.

laciniatum, 374.

niveum, 227.

Buceros

rhinoceros, 102.

ruficollis, 85, 141.

Budytes

cinereocapilla, 317.

Bufo

vulgaris, 103.

Bulimus

luridus, 274.

phebus, 274.

phryne, 274.

romeri, 274, 278.

sinensis, 274,

subangulatus, 274.

Bursa

asperrima, 238.

concinna, 239.

cruentata, 238.

cumingiana, 238.

fusco-costata, 239.

grayana, 238.

lamellosa, 240.

tumida, 239.

zelebori, 239.

Burtinella

nystit, 82.

turbinata (Serpula), 82.

Bush Fowl, 85, 247.

Buteo

jacal, 22.

tachardus, 140.

Cacatua

cristata, 141.

ducorpsit, 141, 185.

INDEX,

Cacatua

moluccensis, 141,

roseicapilla, 140, 184.

sanguinea, 323,

sulphurea, 322.

Caccabis, 285.

chukar?, 322.

Cadium, 227.

Oaica

hematotis, 20.

Callia

splendens, 183.

wallacet, 117.

Calliope

camtschatkensis, 316,

Callithrix, 329.

sciureus, 325,

Callocephalus

fetidus, 202.

Calopsitta

nove-hollandie, 140,

185, 323.

Calornis

amboinensis, 343.

cantoroides, 343.

metallica, 335, 343.

mysolensis, 343.

obscura, 343.

yar., 335.

placidus, 343.

viridescens, 343.

Calotr

Nini 323.

Calyptorhynchus

banksid, 141, 185.

Calyptreea, 226.

Cambing-outang, 263.

Camelopardalis

giraffe, 102, 137.

Camelus

bactrianus, 102.

dromedarius, 102.

Campephaga

melanotis, 335, 342.

melas, 165.

Campulotus, 65.

Canis

argentatus, 186.

aureus, 322, 324.

dingo, 102, 323.

Ffulvus, var., 325.

lagopus, 321, 323.

lupus, 186, 323.

mesomelas, 324.

Canrena, 227.

Capra

angorensis, 137.

caucasica, 102.

hircus, 102.

yar., 184.

ibex, hybrid, 376.

379

Capricornis

bubalina, 361.

crispa, 263, 349, 36].

sumatrana, 263.

sumatrensis, 361.

swinhoti, 263, 361.

Capromys

brachyurus, 186.

prehensilis, 321.

Cardium

echinatum, 70.

senticosum, 78.

Cariama, 218.

Carpodacus

erythrinus, 129, 318,

Carpophaga, 344.

luctuosa, 335, 344.

microcera, 325.

paulina, 335, 345.

rubricera, 141.

Caryocatactes, 207.

Caryophyllia, 200, 201.

clavus, 199.

smithti, 199, 201.

Casarca

* tadornoides, 184, 185.

Cassidea, 227.

cornuta, 227.

flammea, 227.

pennata, 227.

rufa, 227.

testiculus, 227.

tuberosa, 227.

Cassidula, 227.

Cassis, 227.

Castor

fiber, 102, 135.

zibethicus, 135.

Casuarius

bennettii, 1, 324.

bicarunculatus, 137.

galeatus, 137.

Cataulus

blanfordi, 202.

recurvatus, 116, 117.

Catoblepas

gorgon, 12.

Catopra, 191.

siamensis, 191.

tetracanthus, 192.

Cayernularia, 31

Ceblepyris

eine, 342,

Cebus, 330.

sp. ?, 323, 333.

apella, 333.

capucinus, 140, 184,

. 323, 333.

cirrhifer, 333.

fatuellus, 333.

hypoleucus, 333,

380

Cellularia, 65.

Centropogon, 190, 191.

australis, 190, 191.

marmoratus, 190.

Centuriosus, 17.

Cephalophorus

maxwelli, 146.

Cephalophus

color, 263.

rujilatus, 140.

whitfieldii, 268.

Cerastoma, 370, 373.

burnettii, 373.

emarginatum, 373.

fourniert, 373.

monachus, 373.

rorifluum, 373.

Cercocebus

Suliginosus, 140.

Cercolabes

prehensilis, 185, 323.

Cercoleptes, 96.

caudivolvulus, 102, 322.

Cercopithecus

sp. ?, 12.

cephus, 325.

diana, 186.

erythrotis, 325.

fuliginosus, 293.

lalandii, 22, 184.

lunulatus, 322.

mona, 184.

nictitans, 325.

pluto, 322.

Cerithium, 228.

nodulosum, 62,

Certhia

lepida, 343.

Certium, 65.

Cervulus

reevesit, 301,

Cervus

sp.?, 136.

alces, 136.

aristotelis, 151, 324,

auritus, 136.

axis, 186, 325,

barbarus, 186, 321.

canadensis, 136, 321.

duvaucelliz, 136, 151.

elaphus, 321,

hippelaphus, 136, 185.

indicus, 186.

malaccensis, 136.

meaxicanus, 102, 1386.

moluccensis, 151, 821.

nemorivagus, 102.*

porcinus, 22, 186,

324.

pseudaxis, 150, 151.

rusd, 161,

INDEX.

Cervus

sika, 150, 151, 324,

349, 363.

superciliaris, 186.

swinhoti, 151, 152, 184,

185, 524, 364, 365.

taévanus,22,150,151,152

taiouanus, 150.

taivanus, 349, 362, 363.

tarandus, 1386.

virginianus, 136.

wallichii, 186, 321.

Ceyx

lepida, 335, 338.

Chalcophaps

sp.?, 185.

indica, 321.

moluccensis, 885, 345.

Chama, 83.

Chamzleo

africanus, 322, 325.

vulgaris, 139.

Chamepelia, 259.

Charadrius

longipes, 319.

magnirostris, 346.

pluvialis, 821.

Charmosyna

papuana, 159.

Chelidon, 320.

blakistoni, 320.

cashinerensis, 320.

lagopoda, 320.

urbica, 320.

whiteley?, 320.

Chelostoma

florisomne, 121.

Chibia

hottentota, 819.

Chicoreus, 370, 371.

adustus, 371.

sinensis, 371.

Chionis, 256.

alba, 257.

Chiromys

madagascariensis, 11,

13, 222, 323, 324.

Chiton, 226.

Chlamydera, 161.

guttata, 162.

maculata, 162.

nuchalis, 162.

Chloéphaga

magellanica, 185.

polioccphala, 186.

Chloroscartes

fasciatus, 189.

| Chlorospingus

olcagineus, 110.

rubrirostris, 110.

superciliaris, 110,

Chlorospiza

chloris, 129.

incerta, 128.

Chondropoma ?

udicum, 277.

shuttlworthi, 277.

solare, 277.

Chrysallida, 231.

Chrysotis

sallei, 324,

. Cicinnurus .

regius, 156, 160.

Cilissa, 121.

leporina, 121.

Circus

cineraceus, 321, 325. -

melanoleucus, 315.

Cistudo

clausa, 22.

Cithara, 227.

Cladopoda, 59, 80.

arenaria, 81.

elegans, 82.

grandis, 81.

nove zelandia, 82.

quoy?, 59.

Clangula

glaucion, 140, 163.

Clarias, 12.

Clathurella

bicarinata, 248.

maculosa, 242.

Clausilia, 235.

mouhouti, 275, 278.

Clotho

arietans, 324.

Coccothraustes

vulgaris, 3822.

Cochlogena, 4.

Ceelioxys

vectis, 121.

Coelogenys

paca, 140, 322, 323,

Ceelogorgia, 35.

Coenurus

cerebralis, 305.

Coluber, 95.

berus, 103.

Columba

livia, 22.

luctuosa, 344,

melanocephala, 344.

menadensis, 345.

migratoria, 102.

enas, 376.

paulina, 345,

rufina, 102.

speciosa, 184,

Columbella

pusilla, 244,

Colymbus

septentrionalis, 142.

Conurns

holochlorus, 376.

luteus, 185,

tiriacula, 321.

tut, 325.

xanthopterus, 325,

Conus

purus, 279.

Cookia

inequalis, 81.

Coracias

caudata, 12.

pacifica, 339.

Corcorax

leucoptera, 84.

Coriphilus

placentis, 165.

rubronotatus, 165.

Coronella

_ australis, 225.

austriaca, 222.

levis, 323, 324.

Corvus

americanus, 184, 185,

carnivorus, 184, 185.

corax, 139

enca, 343.

monedula, 324.

validus, var., 335, 343.

Corythaix

buffoni, 325.

Coturnix, 253.

dactylisonans, 322,376.

alector, 1389, 140, 323.

globicera, 323, 324.

Criniger

flavicaudus, 339.

longirastris, 335, 339.

Crithagra

butyracea, 324.

Crocidura

morio, 180.

Crocodilus

sp.?, 322.

acutus, 103.

americanus, 185,

frontatus, 139, 213,

214, 215, 216, 217.

leptorhynchus,213,214,

215, 216, 217, 218.

gulgaris, 213, 214, 215,

216, 217, 218.

Crossoptilon, 286.

auritum, 286, 287.

mantchuricum, 287.

tibetanum, 221, 287.

‘

INDEX,

| Crotalus

horridus, 322.

Crucibulum ?

umbrella, var., 70.

Cuculus

canorus, 224, 319, 321.

glandarius, 137.

orientalis, 137.

rochit, 224.

tenuirostris, 224.

Cyanecula

cerulecula, 316.

suecica, 316.

Cyathina

turbinata, 199,

'yclas

calyculata, 228,

Cyclophorus

celoconus, 276.

hematomma, 276.

laomontanus, 276.

saturnus, 116, 117.

Cyclopterus

lumpus, 140.

Cyclotus

granulatus, 275.

trailli, 116, 117.

Cygnus

atratus, 142, 325.

ferus, 376.

Cynocephalus

hamadryas, 321,

Cynopteri, 261.

Cynopterus( Uronycteris)

albiventer, 262.

rea

granulata, 278.

madagascariensis, 278.

nucleus, 278.

Cyprinus

ee 103.

Cypselinz, 209.

Cypselus, 258.

apus, 209

Cyrena

ues var. javanica,

Cysticercus, 313.

acanthotrias, 288.

caprinus, 308.

cellulose, 292, 304.

cercopithect cynomolgi,

308

clavatus, 808.

cynocephali porcarii,

308.

dycystus, 304.

fasciolaris, 306.

Jischerianus, 304,

globosus, 308.

hepaticus, 308,

381

Cysticercus

lineatus, 808.

melanocephalus, 304.

phacocheri ethiopici,

308.

pisiformis, 305, 313.

potamocheri penicil-

lati, 309,

simie, 308.

tenia cellulose, 307.

tenie mediocanellate,

306, 3807.

tenuicollis, 308, 309.

turbinatus, 304.

vesice hominis, 308.

visceralis, 308.

visceralis hominis, 308,

Cythara

strigata, 242,

Daboia

elegans, 251.

Dacelo, 84.

gigantea, 323.

gigas, 140.

Dactylius

aculeatus, 289.

Dafila

acuta, 186.

Dasypoda

hirtipes, 121.

Dasyprocta, 135.

acouchi, 22.

aguti, 185,

Dasypus

villosus, 102.

Dasyurus

maugei, 321.

Delichon

nipalensis, 320.

Delphinus

brunatus, 144.

catalania, 148, 144,

cymodice, 144.

eurynome, 144,

eutropia, 145.

globiceps, 102.

metis, 144.

phocena, 102.

tursio, 144, 145,

Dendrochelidon

klecho, 339.

wallacii, 335, 339,

Dendrocygna

viduata, 185.

Dendreeca

chrysoparia, 19,

maculata, 19.

maculosa, 19.

superciliosa, 368,

townsendii, 19,

382

Dendrolagus

inustus, 135.

Dendrophis

punctulata, 225,

Dentalium

intestiniforme, 66.

Dentiora, 240.

rubida, 240.

Diardigallus

crawfurdi, 250.

Dibothrium

latum, 318.

Diceum

celebicum, 335, 342,

Dicotyles

labiatus, 136.

torquatus, 102,136,328,

Dicrocelium, 290.

buskii, 290.

heterophyes, 292.

lanceolatum, 291.

oculi-humani, 291.

Dicrotus, 175,

Dicrurus

macrocercus, 319.

pectoralis, 335, 342.

Didunculus, 246, 259.

strigirostris, 249,

Didus, 255.

Diemansia

annulata, 225.

cucullata, 225.

milleri, 225.

psammophis, 225,

reticulata, 225,

Dinornis, 255.

Diocotophyme, 802.

Diomedea

exulans, 1.

melanophrys, 1.

Diphylobothrium

stemmacephalum, 314.

Diphyllodes

wilsont, 160.

Diplacanthus

nanus, 312.

Dipsas

fusca, 225.

Dipus, 185.

egyptius, 140,

Distoma, 291.

buskii, 290.

conus, 291.

crassum, 288, 290.

hematobium, 292, 326.

hepaticum, 289, 291.

heterophyes, 288, 292,

326.

lanceolatum, 288, 291.

maculosum, 290.

oculi-humani, 291.

INDEX.

Distoma

ophthalmobium, 288,

291

(lentis), 291.

Distomide, 290.

Ditrupa, 199.

Dodo, 255.

Dogania, 265.

guentheri, 265.

subplana, 265.

Dolickonyx

oryzivorus, 322,

Dolium, 227.

pomum, 227.

Dolychonyx

oryzivorus, 102.

Dracunculus, 299, 300,

301, 304.

persarum, 299.

Drillia

nodulosa, 279.

Dromezus

nove-hollandia, 185,

Drupa, 227.

Drymophila

cinerascens, 341.

Echidna, 97.

hystrix, 102, 186.

Echinococcus, 212, 309,

310.

altricipariens, 310.

giraffe, 310.

granulosus, 310.

hominis, 309.

polymorphus, 310.

scolicipariens, 310.

simie, 310.

veterinorum, 310, 311.

Echinorhynchus

proteus, 289.

Echinus, 68.

Eclectus

sumatranus, 336.

Ectopistes

migratorius, 323.

Egretta

nigrirostris, 335, 346.

syrmatophora, 335,340.

Elainea

pagana, 369.

subpagana, 369.

Elephas

indicus, 102, 136.

Ellobiide, 231.

Elusa, 237.

badia, 237.

castanea, 237.

cinnamomea, 237.

gracilis, 237.

strigulata, 237,

Elusa

subulata, 237.

teres, 237.

Emarginula

clathrata, 241,

Emberiza

hortulana, 324.

rutila, 318.

stracheyii, 318.

Empidochanes

oliva, 112.

poecilurus, 112.

Empidonax, 112.

obscurus, 19.

Emu, 248.

Emys, 325.

sp. ?, 322, 325.

bennettiz, 151, 184, 185.

gutiata, 22.

Engina

hee 2438.

Eos

riciniata, 140.

Epeolus

variegatus, 121.

Ephippium, 228.

Epicrates

cenchris, 23.

Epimachus

albus, 160.

magnus, 154, 157, 159,

60.

Epinnula, 175.

Equus

asinus, 136.

caballus, 102, 136.

hemionus, 163.

onager, 163, 164.

zebra, 136.

Erythacus

rubecula, 324,

Erythrosterna

albicilla, 317.

leucura, 317.

Esacus j

magnirostris, 335, 846,

Esox

lucius, 103, 138.

Estheria

brasiliensis, 147.

caldwelli, 148.

dahalacensis, 148,

dunkert, 147.

jones, 147.

lofti, 147.

macgillivrayi, 148.

rubidgei, 148.

tetracera, 148.

Estrelda

cinerea, 186.

phenicotis, 325,

_— ee —————————— ae

Estrelda

temporalis, 22,

Eucera, 121.

longicornis, 121.

Euchelus

maculosus, 243,

Eudynamis

facialis, 335, 339.

melanorhynchus, 339.

Euglossa

cordata, 121.

Tulima

exilis, 242.

Eupetes

cerulescens, 165.

Euphema

elegans, 324.

Euplocamus, 285.

pucrasia, 221.

swinhoti, 284.

Euryotis

sate, 181.

Hurypyga, 218, 219, 255.

Turystomus

australis, 339.

pacificus, 335, 339.

Eustrongylus

gigas, 289, 302.

Hutropia, 145.

Falco

islandicus, 376.

peregrinus, 325.

subbuteo, 315.

vespertinus, 315.

Fario

carpio, 40.

Fasciola, 291.

gigantea, 290.

hepatica, 288, 289, 291.

heterophyes, 292.

humana, 289.

lanceolata, 291.

Felis

catus, var. persica, 21.

chaus, 376.

concolor, 21, 325.

Jubata, 322,

leo, 140, 324.

leopardus, 325.

lutra, 135.

macrocelides, 135.

macrocelis, 135.

pardalis, 135.

tigris, 102, 184.

varius, 376.

viverrind, 353.

? Festucaria

lentis, 291, 292.

INDEX,

Filaria

bronchialis, 302.

dracunculus, 298, 299.

hominisbronchialis, 302.

lacrymalis, 301.

lentis, 289, 301.

lymphatica, 302.

medinensis, 288, 299.

ocult, 301.

oculi-humani, 301.

Filariz, 300, 301.

Finna

humana, 305.

Fissurella, 226.

Flabellum, 198, 199.

campanulatum, 198.

nobile, 198.

Fluvicola

leucophrys, 113.

Francolinus

bicalcaratus, 146.

clappertonii, 376.

ponticerianus, 184.

Fratercula

arctica, 186, 321.

Fregilus

graculus, 125, 319.

himalayanus, 125,

Fringilla

celebs, 324.

incerta, 128, 129.

montifringilla, 318,

Fuligula

affinis, 20.

marila, 140.

rufitorques, 20.

Furia

medinensis, 299,

Furina

textilis, 149, 150,

Fusaria

lumbricoides, 294.

mystax, 295, 296.

renalis, 302.

vermicularis, 804,

visceralis, 302.

Fusus

bamffius, 374.

candelabrum, 375.

crispus, 375.

lamellosus, 374.

liratus, 375.

orpheus, 375.

scalariformis, 374,

Galago

demidoffii, 321.

alaxias

seriba, 22, 324.

Galeodea, 227,

echinophora, 227.

383

Galeodes, 227.

Gallinaces, 254, 285.

Gallinacei, 255.

Galline, 253.

Galloperdix

sphenurus, 285.

Gallus

domesticus, 321.

sonneratii, 186.

Gammarus

pulex, 289.

Garrulax

albogularis, 281,

ceruleatus, 281.

pecilorhyncha, 281.

ruficeps, 281.

Garrulus

bispecularis, 282.

glandarius, 323.

sinensis, 282.

taivanus, 282,

Gazella

cuviert, 376.

euchore, 323,

vera, 136.

Gecco

verus, 184,

Gecinus

canus, 319,

oceipitalis, 284.

tancolo, ‘283.

viridis, 321,

Gemitores, 255, 256.

Gempylus, 175.

Genetta

sp. ?, 323.

Gennus

nychthemerus, 284, 285.

Globicera

rubricera, 141,

Glyphodon

ornatus, 225.

Glyphorhynchus

cuneatus, 369.

major, 369.

Glyptodon, 97, ~

Gordius

medinensis, 299,

Gorgonia

palmosa, 35,

trichostemma, 35,

Gorgoniide, 245.

Gracula

intermedia, 825,

pectoralis, 166.

Grallz, 255, 259,

Grallatores, 254,

Graucalus

temminchii, 335, 342,

Grus

paradised, 22,

384

Gubernatrix

cristatella, 322.

Guiraca

cerulea, 323.

ludoviciana, 323.

Gymnopodus

egyptiacus, 103.

Gymnorhina

Teuconota, 323.

tibicen, 22.

Gymnotus

Tari 105.

Gynzxcophorus, 292.

hematobius, 292.

Gyparchus

papa, 323.

Yps

Sulvus, 321.

Hematopus

ostralegus, 140.

Halcyon

collaris, 338,

coromanda, 338.

coromanda major,

338.

lilacina, 338.

melanorhyncha, 335,

338.

nuigrocyaned, 165.

rufa, 335, 338.

sancta, 338.

schlegeli, 338.

Haliaétus

albicilla, 324, 376.

leucocephalus, 140.

Halictus, 122.

leucozonius, 121.

morio, 121.

Halmaturus

sp. ?, 22, 140, 323.

bennettiz, 185,

thetidis, 140.

wxanthopus, 135,

Halysis

elliptica, 312.

marginata, 308.

Hamularia

lymphatica, 302.

subcompressa, 302.

Hapale, 329.

Jjacchus, 140, 185.

ursulus, 325.

Hapalotis

mitchellii?, 324.

Harpa, 227.

costata, 227.

imperialis, 227.

Harpalis, 227.

antiquata, 227,

conoidalis, 227,

INDEX,

Harporhynchus

cinereus, 18.

curvirostris, 18,

ocellatus, 18.

Hatina, 65, 79.

Heleotragus

reduncus, 12.

Heliarctos

euryspilus, 352.

japonicus, 352.

malayanus, 352.

tibetanus, 352.

Helicidx, 231,

Helicina

reticulata, 277.

yorkensis, 277.

Helicter, 3.

hutchinsonii, 7.

lugubris, 4.

marmoratus, 7.

obscurus, 7.

proximus, 6.

Helictis, 349.

moschata, 355.

subaurantiaca, 355.

Heliothrix

auritus, 124,

longirostris, 124.

Helix, 5.

sp. nov., 270.

apex fulwa, 4.

aurora, 271.

banneri, 270.

benigna, 269, 278.

biomphala, 272.

bistrialis, 109.

circumdata, 272.

clathratula, 269.

dane, 268.

deliciosa, 271, 278.

emma, 273.

exacta, 271.

horrida, 272, 278.

illustris, 269, 278.

laomontana, 272, 278.

lizardensis, 269.

mitis, 268.

molliseta, 271.

mysolensis, 270.

novoguineensis, 270,

pluto, 268.

rostrella, 270.

titanica, 117.

(Nanina) distrialis,

109.

(Nanina) ceylanica,

109

| Helminthophaga

celata, 19.

Helotarsus

| ecaudatus, 376,

| Helvella, 29.

| Hemipodius, 253, 259.

sp. ?, 257.

varius, 257.

Herodias

comata, 321.

syrmatophora, 346.

Herpestes

sp. ?, 323.

Heterodisca

reversa, 83.

Heteropelma

vere-pacis, 19,

Hexacotyle

venarum, 294,

Hexastoma

pinguicola, 293.

venarum, 294,

Hexathyridium

pinguicola, 288,

293.

venarum, 288, 294.

Hierococeyx

leucolophus, 165.

Hindsia, 227.

Hippopotamus, 136,

Hirundo

javanica, 335, 340.

neoxena, 340.

rustica, 290.

urbica, 290.

Hoplangia, 201.

durotrix, 200.

Hoplocephalus

coronatus, 225,

coronoides, 225.

curtus, 225, 226.

nigrescens, 226.

pallidiceps, 225.

superbus, 114, 226.

temporalis, 226.

variegatus, 225,

Hyena

striata, 323.

Hybocystis

mouhoti, 276.

Hydatigena

cellulosa, 304.

Hydatigena

globosa, 309.

granulosa, 310,

oblonga, 309.

orbicularis, 309,

Hydatis, 310.

erratica, 310.

Jinna, 304.

globosa, 309.

Hydatula

solitaria, 309,

Hydra

hydatula, 309,

Hydrocena

(Omphalotropis) cera-

mensis, 117.

Hydrocherus

capybara, 102, 135.

Hydroides

norvegica, 83,

yla

viridis, 186.

Hylophilus

ferrugineifrons, 110,

JSlavipes, 110.

ochraceiceps, 110.

semibrunneus, 110,

Hymenolopis

flavo-puncta, 307.

Hyphantornis

textor, 324.

Hypsignathus

monstrosus, 8.

Hypsipetes, 152, 153.

Ae ae 282,

psaroides, 282,

Hypsiprymnus

sp. ?, 325.

setosus, 102.

Hyrax, 96.

capensis, 102, 136,321,

323.

Hystrix

cristata, 323.

dorsata, 315.

leucura, 184, 322.

Tanthia

cyanura, 316.

rufilata, 316.

Ibex, 96.

Tnuus

sylvanus, 22.

Tsidine, 245.

Ixos

aurigaster, 12.

Jacchus

auritus, 333.

edipus, 333.

vulgaris, 333,

Kachuga, 264.

Kagu, 84, 107, 141, 184.

Kerivoula, 356.

formosa, 356.

picta, 356.

Lacerta

viridis, 103, 185.

Lacuna, 80.

Lxmonema, 171.

robustum, 171.

Lagopus, 253,

INDEX.

{ Lagothrix

humboldtii, 333,

Laimodonta

conica, 242.

Lama

glama, 136.

huanaca, 136.

pacos, 136.

Lambidium, 227.

oniscus, 227,

TLamna

cornubica, 138.

Lamprotornis

metallica, 343.

obscura, 343.

Lanius

bucephalus, 319.

excubitor, 102, 321.

Lapemis

curtus, 224.

Larus

argentatus, 376.

Larvivora

cyanea, 316.

gracilis, 316.

Lasiurus

grayti, 143,

Latirus

squamosus, 240,

Leda, 228.

Leipoa, 85.

Lemintina, 65, 80.

sp. ?, 65.

cuviert, 80.

Lemmus

norvegicus, 324,

Lemur, 105.

anjuanensis, 102.

catta, 325.

leucomystax, 347.

macaco, 322, 347.

mongoz, 322.

nigrifrons, 185, 322.

Leopardus

brachyurus, 352.

Japanensis, 262.

macrocelides, 352, 353.

macrocelis, 352.

Lepidopus, 175.

Lepidosiren, 98.

annectens, 103, 129.

paradoxa, 130, 131.

Leptopogon

a ee 111.

pecilotis, 111.

superciliaris, 111.

Leptopoma

caroli, 182,

mathilde, he

papuanum, 181,

pellucidum, 181,

885

Leptopoma

pfeifferi, 182.

portet, 116, 117.

trochus, 182.

Lepus

brachyotis, 360.

cuniculus, 135.

sinensis, 359.

timidus, 135, 322,

variabilis, 360.

Leuciscus

sp. nov. ?, 322.

Lialis

childrenii, 225.

Limaria, 228.

vulgaris, 228,

Limnza, 105, 106.

emarginata, 106.

ovata, 106.

Limnetis

gouldii, 149.

wahlbergri, 149,

Limopsis, 229.

abyssicola, 230.

belcheri, 229,

borealis, 229.

cancellata, 229,

crenata, 230.

cumingi, 229.

forskalit, 230.

Japonica, 229, 230.

macgillivrayi, 230,

multistriata, 229, 231.

obliqua, 229, 230.

oblonga, 229.

philippii, 230.

pygmed, 229.

woodwardi, 231,

Limosa

melanura, 185,

rufa, 320.

Linguatula

pinguicola, 293,

venarum, 294.

Linota

cannabina, 129,

Lissotritron

punctatus, 103.

Lituaria, 31, 33.

australis, 38, 34.

phalloides¢33,

Lituina, 226.

Longirostres, 255,

Lophius

piscatorius, 138.

Lophohelia

(Oculina) prolifera,

245.

Lopholemus

antarcticus, 250,

Lophophorus, 253,

386

Lophorina

superba, 159, 160.

Lopho

yoann 322.

Loriculus

sclateri, 335, 336.

Loripes, 228,

ris

gracilis, 321.

Loxia

curvirostra, 324.

Lumbricus

canis renalis, 302.

gulonis sibirici, 302.

in renibus, 802.

martis, 3802.

sanguineus in rene

canis, 302.

teres hominis, 294.

Lycaon

pictus, 135.

Macacus

sp. ?, 324.

cyclopis, 324, 350.

cynomolgus, '22, 185,

325.

erythreus, 376.

nemestrinus, 139.

pileatus, 322, 324.

radiatus, 139, 184,

324.

rhesus, 22, 321, 322,

350.

rhesus, var., 140.

Macherirhynchus, 166,

Machetes

pugnax, 185.

Macrodactyli, 254.

Macropus

major, 135.

ruber, 135.

rufus, 140.

Macro

Se ata, 345,

albocapilla, 335.

Magilus

dentiferus, 68.

Malacoclemmys

concentrica, 22.

Malacoptila»

inornata, 87.

panamensis, 86.

poliopis, 86.

Malea, 227.

Mancinella, 227.

aculeata, 227.

armigera, 227.

castanea, 227.

hystrix, 227.

mutabilis, 227.

INDEX,

Mangelia, 227.

Margaritifera, 70.

Marginella

cylindrica, 244,

Mecocerculus

diadema, 113.

gratiosus, 113.

leucophrys, 113,

Megaleema

asiatica, 283.

nuchalis, 283.

Megapodius, 254.

Sreycineti, 247.

Megascolex

ceruleus, 25.

Megatherium, 97.

Meleagris, 253.

gallopavo, 186, 254.

ocellata, 254.

Meles

tarus, 184.

Melopsittacus

undulatus, 140.

Melos ve

gouldii, 369.

Menura

superba, 23.

victoria, 23.

Merops

ornatus, 335, 338.

Micropalama

himantopus, 369.

Milvus

ater, 22.

Mitra

citharoidea, 203,

lowei, 203.

savigny?, 203.

Moho, 145.

Molossus, 357.

Monarcha

cinerascens, 335, 341.

Monitor

gouldi, 376.

niloticus, 22.

Monodonta

seminigra, 4, 5.

Monoptygma

stylinum, 235,

? Monostoma, 292.

lentis, 291, 292.

Mooruk, 247, , 248.

Mopsea, 245, 246.

arbusculum, 245.

dichotoma, 246.

Morchella, 29.

Morchellana, 30.

spinulosa, 31.

Morelia

spilotes, 224.

variegata, 185, 224.

Morio, 227.

Morum, 227,

Moschus

Jjavanicus, 102,

meminna, 102.

moschiferus, 136.

stanleyanus, 22, 102.

Motacilla

alba, 317.

boarula, 317.

dukhunensis, 317.

lugubris, 317,

ocularis, 317.

rayt, 186.

yarrellit, 325,

ugil

chelo?, 325,

Munia

malabarica, 323,

Murex, 370.

adunco-spinosus, 370.

aduncus, var., 372.

adustus, 371.

branderis, 57.

burnettii, 373,

cirrosus, 373.

clathratus, 374.

crassispina, 370.

crassus, 374.

diadema, 373.

elongatus, var., 371.

emarginatus, 373.

falcatus, 372.

foliaceus minor, 374.

fournieri, 373.

Japonicus, 373.

lactuca, 873.

lamellosus, 374.

macgillivrayi, 203.

mancinella, 227,

monachus, 373.

multicostatus, 374,

neritoideus, 227.

rorifluus, 373.

sinensis, 371.

sobrinus, 370.

tenuispina, 370,

ternispina, 370.

tribulus, 370.

Muricidea, 370, 373.

cirrosa, 373.

diadema, 373.

puteola, 373.

Muricine, 370.

Muride, 348.

Mus

decumanus, 848.

maura, 181.

messorius, 102.

musculus, 135,

rattus, 140,

Muscica'

aédon’ 316,

oliva, 112.

Musculium, 228.

lacustre, 228.

Musophagide, 245.

Mustela

barbara, 134.

vison, 302.

zorilla, 102.

Mustelidx, 348.

Mycetes

seniculus, 333.

ursinus, 333.

Myiagra

Merle 341.

puella, 335, 340.

Myiarchus, 113.

leucophrys, 113.

Myiobius

bellus, 111.

nevius, 112.

pulcher, 112.

Myiophobus, 112.

Myiophonus

ceruleus, 280.

insularis, 280.

Mynes

ae 87.

Myoxus

muscardinus, 323,

Mpristicivora, 344,

Myrmecophaga

Jubata, 102, 135.

Naia

tripudians, 186.

Nandi, 255.

Nanina, 117.

Nannoperca

australis; 208.

Nasiterna "A

pygmed, 165.

ane, 227.

Nassaria, 227.

lyrata, 227.

Nasua

fusca, 823.

Nautilus

fascia, 228.

spirula, 226,

Nectarinia

auriceps, 335, 343.

frenata, 335, 342.

Nematoideum

hominis (ventricult),

294.

hominis (viscerum), 294,

Nemertes, 289

Nemoricola

indica, 317.

INDEX,

Neophron

percnopterus, 376.

Nephelium

longanum, 351, 357.

Neptea

florida, 27.

Nesiarchus, 173.

nasutus, 173.

Nidalia, 35.

Niltava

cyanomelena, 317.

Ninox

japonicus, 316,

Nomada

furva, 121.

Nothura, 260.

Notornis, 255, 256.

mantelli, 255.

Nucifraga

caryocatactes, 206.

Nucula, 228.

Nuculana, 228.

rostrata, 228,

Numenius

arcuatus, 286.

australis, 286.

manor ?, 346.

rujescens, 286.

uropygialis, 335, 346.

Numida, 253.

mitrata, 12.

Nyctale

tengmalmiit, 323.

Nycticorax, 218.

Nyctipithecus, 329.

felinus ?, 325, 333.

trivirgatus, 140, 333.

Nymphalis

australis, 87.

Obeliscinze, 231.

Obeliscus, 231, 232,

aciculata, 233.

balteatus, 232.

brunnea, 2338.

buxeus, 234.

eburneus, 232.

elegans, 235.

nitidulus, 232.

pulchellus, 232.

pusillus, 232,

striatula, 233.

teres, 232,

trifasciatus, 232.

vitreus, 232.

Ocenebra, 373.

japonica, 373,

lactuca, 3738.

Ochthoéca

albidiema, 113.

citrinifrons, 1138.

387

Oculina

prolifera, 201.

(Edicnemus, 218.

crepitans, 321.

grallarius, 322.

magnirostris, 346.

? Ophiostoma

pontierti, 294.

Ophiurus, 289.

Opisthocomus, 254.

canna, 22, 323,

Oreophasis

derbianus, 256.

Oriolus

acrorhynchos, 340.

frontalis, 335, 340.

galbula, 321, 323.

Ornithorhynchus, 97,

135.

Orcecetes

cinclorhynchus, 818.

gularis, 318.

Ortalida, 254,

Ort

ne ?, 322.

virginianus, 2.

Osmia

rufa, 121.

Osphronemus

trichopterus, 322.

Ostrea

lima, 228.

limacella, 69.

Otis, 257.

tarda, 137.

Otocorys

albigula, 318.

penicillata, 318.

sibirica, 318,

Otolicnus

alleni, 138.

crassicaudatus, 13.

tus

vulgaris, 316.

Ouakaria

calvus, 333.

spixii, 333.

vis

aries, vay., 22.

capensis, 137.

cycloceros, 185, 186,

323.

musimon, 187,

tragelaphus, 185.

Oxyuris, 304,

vermicularis, 289, 304,

388

Oxyurus

vermicularis, 301,

Pachycephala

clio, 835, 341.

lineolata, 335, 341.

melanura, 342.

rufescens, 335, 341.

simplex, 341.

Paguma, 349.

larvata, yar. taivana,

354.

Palzornis

alecandrinus, 376.

bengalensis, 185.

malaccensis, 140,

torquatus, 184.

Palapteryx, 255.

Palmipora, 77.

Paludomus

acutus, 109.

chilinoides, 108, 109.

spiralis, 109.

Panurgus

banksianus, 120, 121.

Paracyathus, 201.

Paradigalla

carunculata, 160.

Paradisea

alba, 160.

apoda, 153, 154, 160,

161.

magnifica, 154, 156,

157, 159, 160, 161.

papuana, 123, 140,

153, 154, 155, 156,

160, 184, 185.

regia, 153, 154, 160.

rubra, 157, 160, 161.

sexsetacea, 154, 157.

superba, 154.

Paradoxurus

bondar, 102.

pallasii, 102.

Parotia

sexsetacea, 159, 160.

Partula, 6.

Parus

castaneoventris, 280.

varius, 280.

Passer

montanus, 376,

Pastor

malabaricus, 186.

Patella, 226.

longula, 56.

Pauxi

tomentosa, 140,

Pavo, 253.

Pecten, 228.

Pectinium, 228.

INDEX.

Pectunculus

belcheri, 230.

cancellatus, 229.

Pedicularia

sicula, 196.

Pelamis

bicolor, 224.

Pelecanus

carbo, 137.

onocrotalus, 102.

Pelias

berus, 322, 376.

Pelodryas

cerulea, 185.

Pelodytes

hermaphroditus, 301,

Peltops

blainvilliz, 165.

Penelope, 254.

pileata, 137.

purpurascens, 325.

superciliaris, 184.

Pennatula

cynomorium, 31,

phalloides, 33.

Pentastoma, 289.

denticulatum, 294.

teretiusculum, 114.

Perca

cernua, 103.

Perdix, 285.

cinerea, 2,

221, 2538.

rubra, 253.

Pericrocotus

griseogularis, 282.

saularis, 282.

Peristera

chalcospilos, 12,

Pernis

crassirostris, 337.

magnirostris, 337.

Petrocincla

manillensis, 317.

Pezophaps, 255.

Phacocherus

eliant, 12, 136, 212.

ethiopicus, 136, 212.

penicillatus, 212.

Phalangista

vulpina, 22, 140.

Phalium, 227.

areola, 227.

flammeolum, 227.

glaucum, 227.

Phaps

chalcoptera, 323.

Phascolarctos

cinereus, 1, 85.

Phascolomys

wombat, 102.

141, 185,

| Phasianide, 286,

Phasianus, 253.

colchicus, 142, 321.

impeyanus, 142.

superbus, 102, 220,

221.

torquatus, 221.

versicolor, 324,

Philodryas

reinhardtii, 23.

Philydor

panerythrus, 110.

ruficollis, 110.

rufus, 110.

Phoca

vitulina, 102.

Pheenicopterus

antiquorum, 140, 321.

Phrymaturus

palluma, 114,

Phrynobatrachus, 190.

natalensis, 190.

Phycis, 171.

Phyllonotus, 370, 372.

acanthophorus, 372.

coronatus, 372.

falcatus, 372.

unifasciatus, 372.

Phylloscopus

coronatus, 317.

Physa, 105, 106.

(Ameria) alicia, 106.

Phytophaga, 226.

Pica

caudata, 324,

Picide, 283.

Picus

hyperythrus, 319.

insularis, 283.

leuconotus, 283,

luciant, 319.

major, 319.

minor, 321.

senilis, 325.

Pigeon, Tooth-billed, 249,

Pilidium, 289

Pinna, 58.

incurva ?, 62.

Pionus

hematotis, 20.

senilis, 325.

sordidus, 323.

Pisania

strigata, 241.

Pisidium, 228.

nove-zelandie, 3,

Pitheca, 330.

hirsuta, 326,

irrorata, 326.

monachus, 325, 326,

333,

Pitta, 187.

celchensis, 187.

concinna, 188.

erassirostris, 188, 335,

339.

trena, 188.

rubrinucha, 187.

vigorst, 188.

Placuna, 228.

Placunanomia, 58.

Planaria

latiuscula, 289, 291.

Planarix, 294.

Platycercus

anboinensis, 337.

bauer?, 322.

dorsalis, var., 3805,

3376

eximius, 22.

hypophonius, 337.

pallidus, 185.

Plectrophanes

lapponicus, 185.

Pluteus, 289.

Podargus

cuviert, 140.

Polioptila

cerudlea, 19.

mexicana, 18,

Poliornis

pyrrhogenys, 315.

Polycephalus

echinococcus, 310.

granulosus, 310.

hominis, 310.

humanus, 310.

Polyplectron, 253.

Polystoma

pinguicola, 293.

sanguicola, 294,

venarum, 294,

Pomatorhinus

erythrocnemis, 281.

Porcula, 349, 361.

sylvana, 360.

taivana, 360.

Porphyrio, 218, 255.

martinicus, 321.

melanotus, 141, 322,

376.

Portax

pictus, 137.

Porzana

* bailloni, 320,

Potamocherus

africanus, 126.

penicillatus, 16, 212.

Pratincola

indica, 317.

Priacanthus

insularum, 179,

INDEX.

Priacanthus

macrophthalmus, 179,

180.

Primnoa, 245.

imbricata, 245.

lepadifera, 245.

Primnoacee, 245,

Prion

magnirostris, 125,

Proteus, 98, 131.

anguinus, 103.

Psephotus

hematogaster, 185.

hematonotus, 186.

multicolor, 185.

Pseudechis

porphyriacus, 226.

Pseudochromis

perspicillatus, 193.

Pseudo-elaps

kubingii, 225,

Pseudomurena

maderensis, 167.

Pseudonaia

nuchalis, 225, 226.

textilis, 149,

Psittacodis

sumatranus, 836.

Psittacus

augustus, 102.

dorsalis, 337.

sumatranus, 336.

Psophia, 218.

crepitans, 325,

Pterocles, 253, 258.

arenarius, 257.

gutturalis, 258.

setarius, 258.

Pteroclinz, 258.

Pteromys, 359.

albiventris, 358.

grandis, 358.

leucogenys, 359.

melanotis, 358,

momoga, 359.

setosus, 359.

Pteronotus, 370, 371.

brachypteron, 371.

eurypteron, 371.

gouldt, 371.

stimpsoni, 371.

talienwhanensis, 371.

Pteropus, 223.

medius, 140, 321.

Ptilonopus

humeralis, 166.

zozonus, 166.

melanocephalus, 335,

A-f

Ptilopachys

Juscus, 140,

389

! Ptilopus

fasciatus, 325.

Ptilorhynchus

buccoides, 165.

Pupina

bilinguis, 183.

mouhoti, 278.

ottonis, 183.

pfeifferi, 188.

stranget, 183.

ventrosa, 183.

Puteolus

celathratulus, 269,

Putorius

fetidus, 140.

Pyramea, 227,

Pyramidella

gracilis, 237.

subulata, 237.

Pyramidellidx, 231.

Pyramis, 227.

Pyranga

ludoviciana, 19.

rubra, 322.

Pyrrhula

vulgaris, 324,

Pyrrhulopsis

personata, 141, 185.

Python, 95, 108.

molurus, 134, 188, 185,

211, 3238.

regius, 186.

reticulatus, 210, 211.

sebe, 2, 324, 365.

tigris, 103.

Querquedula

crecca, 84.

Radula, 228.

Raia

batis, 83.

Rallina

minahasa, 335, 346.

tricolor, 346.

Rallus

celebensis, 345, 346.

indicus, 320.

pectoralis, 325.

sulcirostris, 3385, 345,

Ranella

rosea, 240,

Ratelus

capensis, 22.

indicus, 184, 185.

Raven, 145.

Red Deer, 142.

Rhea

americana, 137.

Rhinoceros, 136.

crossit, 1.

390

Rhinoceros

indicus, 102.

sumatranus, 1.

Rhinochetus

jubatus, 84, 107, 141,

184, 185, 218.

Rhiostoma

hainesi, 115, 117.

housei, 117.

simplicilabre, pt 7.

Rhizotrochus, 198, 199.

Rissoa

(Goniostoma) pupifor-

mis, 235.

Rissoina

semiplicata, 242.

Rupicapra

tragus, 376.

Rusa

japonica, 150, 151.

Saimaris

sciured, 333.

Salicaria

cantillans, 316.

(Calamoherpe) aédon,

316.

Salmo

alpinus, 38, 39, 40, 41,

42, 43, 44, 49.

cambricus, 46, 49.

carpio, 40.

fario, 185.

grayt, 43, 51.

lemani lacus, 38.

salmarinus, 42.

salvelinus, 38, 39, 40,

41, 42, ‘43, 44, 46.

umbla, 38, 39, 42, 43,

44, 46, 49.

willoughbit, 48, 46.

Sarcobelemnon, 31.

australasie, 32.

Sarcorhamphus

papa, 114, 115.

Saxicola

enanthe, 140.

Scala

scalaris, 65.

Schedophilus

berthelotit, 176, 177.

elongatus, 175.

Schistosoma, 293.

hematobium, 292.

Sciuropterus, 359.

albo-niger, 309.

horsfieldii, 359.

kaleénsis, 359.

volucella, 135.

Sciurus, 322.

carolinensis, 135.

INDEX.

Sciurus

cinereus, 22, 102.

cinnamomeiventris,

349, 357.

dorsalis, 323, 324, 376.

erythreus, 349, 357.

isabella, 180.

maclellandi, 357.

maximus, 135.

palmarum, 322, 324.

plantani, 324.

purpureus, 376.

vulgaris, 135.

Sclerostoma, 303.

duodenale, 289, 303.

mucronatum, 114,

syngamus, 303.

Scolex, 305.

Scolopax

sabini, 13.

Scops

Padnaaee 316.

japonicus, 316.

Scopus, 218.

Scorpena, 177,

Scyllia, 138.

Scytale

coronatum, 23.

Sebastes, 177, 179.

dactylopterus, 178,179.

jilifer, 179.

kuhlii, 178, 179.

maderensis, 179.

Selache

maxima, 138.

Seleucides

alba, 155, 158, 160.

Sellana, 228.

Semioptera, 161.

Semnopithecus

entellus, 322.

leucoprymnus, 322,323

Sericulus

aureus, 1, 154, 157,

159, 160.

Serpula, 65.

archimedis, 83.

arcuaria, 66.

arenaria, 63, 66, 67,

68, 71.

colubrina, 71.

concamerata, 65.

contorta, 83.

costalis, 61, 62.

decussata, 67, 74.

dentifera, 68.

dentifera, var. ¢, 67.

Suscater, 72.

goreensis, 64.

grandis, 67.

intestina, 66.

Serpula

7 ochrea, 72.

polythalamia, 67.

proboscidea, 75.

protensa, 77, 78.

reversa, 83:

? rupestris, 55.

sipho, 71.

spinosa, 83.

sulcata, 68.

Serpuloides, 65.

arenaria, 66, 80.

dentifera, 79.

inoperculata, 80.

Serpulorbis, 65.

dentiferus, 79.

gigas, 66.

tnoperculata, 80.

operculatus, 79.

poise ee 66.

? sipho, 67.

Ser pulus, 65.

Betirahee 177, 179.

giintheri, 177.

Sieboldia

maxima, 103.

Siliquaria, 20.

Simia

troglodytes, 102.

Siphonaria

depressa, 279.

Siphonium, 71, 78, 228.

ater, 72.

carinatum, "72.

fascia, 228.

giganteum, 72.

margaritarum, Var. a,

maximum, 80.

nebulosum, 66, 68, 74,

83.

pictum, 83.

scaphitella, 83.

subcrenatum, 83.

textum, 83.

Siren

lacertina, 103.

Sistrum, 370.

affine, 244.

tuberculatum, 244.

Solarium

cumingii, 204.

dunkeri, 204.

levigatum, 205.

maximum, 205.

purpuratum, 205.

quadriceps, 205.

reevet, 204.

regium, 205.

soverbii, 206.

taylori, 205.

Solen

clibaniformis, 72.

Solenocaulon, 34.

tortuosum, 34,

Sorex

tetragonurus, 102.

Spatula

. elypeata, 20.

Spherium, 228.

Sphecodes, 122.

subquadratus, 121,

Sphenotrochus, 201.

Sphyreena

vulgaris, 173,

Sphyrocephalus, 8.

labrosus, 8.

Spilornis

rufipectus, 335, 338.

Spiroglyphus

glomeratus, 56.

Spiroptera, 303.

? gigas pullus, 303.

hominis, 289, 303.

rudolphii, 303,

Spirorbis

striatulus, 83.

Spizaétus

zonurus, 822, 323,

Spoggodea

ee 27.

Spoggodes

celosia, 27.

divaricata, 29.

florida, 27.

ramulosa, 29,

Stenops

Javanicus, 103.

Stephopoma, 78, 83.

archimedis, 83,

senticosum, 83,

Streptaxis

mouhoti, 273.

pellucens, 273, 278.

porrecta, 273.

Strix

hirsutus japonicus,

316

Strombus

gigas, 227.

Strongylus

bronchialis, 289, 302.

gigas, 302.

longevaginatus, 302.

quadridentatus, 303,

renalis, 302.

Struthio

camelus, 22, 102, 137.

INDEX,

Struthionide, 255, 256,

259, 260.

Sturnus

eineraceus, 319.

dauricus, 319,

Stylaster, 197.

Styloptygma, 235.

prick 236.

gibbum, 236.

larvula, 236.

lendia, 236.

pupiforme, 235.

subuliforme, 236.

teniatum, 235.

Surnia

nyctea, 102.

Sus

indicus, 15, 17, 136.

leucomystax, 361.

pliciceps, 13, 15, 16, 17.

scrofa, 17, 136, 185,

349.

scrofa, var., 189, 322.

Serus, 15.

hybridus?, 325.

var. pliciceps, 322.

vittatus, 15, 17, 136.

Sycalis

brasiliensis, 324.

Sylvia

atricapilla, 324.

cinerea, 324.

Synaphobranchus, 169.

"Eas 169.

Syngamus, 303.

trachealis, 303.

Syrnola, 231, 233, 235.

aciculata, 233.

bizonalis, 233.

brunnea, 233.

buxea, 234,

cinctella, 231, 232, 233,

234.

columnella, 235.

eylindrella, 234, 235.

dedala, 235.

elegans, 233.

gracillima, 233.

lactea, 234.

mera, 233.

nitidula, 232.

pistillum, 234.

pupina, 233.

pyramidalis, 233.

serotina, 234.

striatula, 233.

subulina, 234.

teretiuscula, 233.

vitrea, 232.

Syrrhaptes, 253, 258.

paradoxus, 140, 257.

391

Tenia

(4 anneausx courts),314.,

acanthotrias, 288, 289,

307.

egyptiaca, 312,

albopuncta hominis,

304.

ammonitiformis, 20,21.

apri, 308.

bovina, 308.

canina, 312, 313.

canina felis, 312.

capensis, 306.

caprina, 308.

catentformis, 312, 313.

cateniformis felis, 312.

cateniformis lupi, 308.

cellulosa, 304.

cenurus, 805, 326,

communis, 304.

erassicollis, 306.

? cucumerina, 312, 313.

cucurbitina, 304, 308.

randis saginata,

Gg 306 ag

plana pellucida, 304.

cuniceps, 312.

dentata, 304, 306, 313.

e capite bone spei, 306.

echinococcus, 289, 309,

310, 311, 326.

echinococeus altricipa-

riens, 312.

scolicipariens, 309.

elliptica, 289, 312, 313.

ex cysticerco tenuicolli,

308, 309.

Fenestrata, 304.

ferrarum, 308.

Jinna, 304.

? flavomaculata, 307.

Alavopuncta, 289, 307.

globosa, 308.

granulosa, 309.

grisea, 314.

humana armata, 304.

tnermis, 314.

hydatigena, 308.

anomala, 304.

suilla, 304.

hydatula, 308.

tnermis, 306.

? lata; 313.

lupina, 308.

marginata, 289, 308,

309

mediocanellata, 289,

membranacea, 314.

nana, 289, 309, 312,

326.

392

Tania

2 osculis marginalibus

oppositis, 312.

solitarius, 304.

ovilla, 308.

pectinata, 315.

(sans €pine), 514.

semiteres, 21.

serrata, 305, 809, 3138. |

sime, 308.

solium, 289, 804, 305,

306, 309.

(var. abietina), 304.

tenella, 314.

tenuicollis, 308.

tropica, 306.

vervicina, 808.

visceralis socialis gra-

nulosa, 809.

vulgaris, 304, 313, 315.

(Cysticereus) acantho-

trias, 307.

Teniarhynchus

mediocanellata, 306.

Talegalla, 247, 254.

cuvieri, 165.

lathami, 137.

Talpa

insularis, 356.

leucura, 356.

Tanygnathus

albirostris, 335, 336.

macrorhynchos, 336.

miilleri, 336.

Tanysiptera

nympha, 165.

Tapirus

americanus, 186.

indicus, 102,

Tchitrea

affinis, 317.

incei, 317.

Tellina, 228.

Tentacularia

subcompressa, 302.

Terebra, 228.

Terekia

javanica, 319.

Terinos

clarissa, 90.

taxiles, 89, 91.

terpander, 90.

tethys, 88, 91.

teuthras, 89, 90, 91.

Testudo

greca, 324.

Tetranemia, 79.

Tetrao

cupido, 153.

tetria, 84.

umbellus, 22

INDEX.

| Tetraonids, 253, 258.

| Tetrarhynchus

brevis, 114.

minuto-striatus, 114,

quadripapillosus, 115.

Tetrastoma

renale, 288, 293.

Thecosoma

hematobium, 292.

Thinocorus, 256.

rumicivorus, 257.

Thylacinus, 135.

Thylacodes, 64.

annulus, 69.

brasiliensis, 71.

colubrinus, 71, 82.

var. 6. agglomerata,

72.

var. y. albina, 72.

var. 8. atra, 72.

var. e. leviuscula, 73.

var. a. violaceo-fusca,

72.

decussatus, 66, 74, 76.

yar. 2. badia, 76.

intermedia,

var. 6. levigata, 75.

var.e. philippinensis,

75.

var. 3. tenuis, 75.

dentiferus, 67.

dentiferus, var. a, 7e-

pens, 68.

eruciformis, 70.

yar. 8. erythosclera,

70.

yar. a. lumbricella,

70.

? imbricatus, 73.

intiotiosa, 58.

longifilis, 81.

masier, 71.

var., 78.

melitensis, 58, 67, 79.

yar. y. ttalica, 67.

var. 3. repens, 67.

michaudii, 77.

natalensis, 70.

oryzata, 78.

2var. a. annulatus,

78.

polyphragma, 64,66,80.

var. a. aletes, 66.

var. B. ampla, 67.

porites, 77.

protensus, 77.

riiset, 69.

var. a. limacella, 69.

yar. 8. miihlenpford-

ti?, 69.

| Thylacodes

vumphii, 77.

scaber, 78.

squamigerus, 76.

var. a. pennata, 76.

sulcatus, 68.

turonius, 69.

(Cladopoda)elegans,82.,

gen grandis,

(Cladopoda) grandis,

var. a. oxygona, 81.

(Cladopoda) zelandi-

cus, 82.

(Hatina) inopertus, 79.

(Lemintina) cuvier?,80.

(Tetranemia) longifilis,

(ee

Thymallus

vulgaris, 103.

Thynnus

vulgaris, 134.

Thyrsites, 173, 175.

prometheus, 173.

Thyrsoidea

atlantica, 168.

unicolor, 168.

Tinamus, 253.

robustus, 257.

Tinca

vulgaris, 139.

Tivela, 228.

tripla, 228.

vulgaris, 228.

Todiramphus

collaris, 335, 338.

sanctus, 335, 338.

Todopsis

grayi, 166.

Tortoise, West Indian,

266.

Totanus

calidris, 320.

fuscus, 319.

Trachydosaurus

rugosus, 184.

Tragopan, 253.

Treron

delalandii, 12.

griscicauda, 335, 344.

Tribonyx, 255.

mortieri, 255.

Trichechus, 135.

| Trichina, 299.

spiralis, 288, 298, 299,

326.

Trichiurus, 175,

Trichocephalus, 297, 298,

304.

affinis, 298.

dispar, 88, 297, 298.

Trichocephalus

hominis, 297.

lemuris, 297.

paleformis, 297.

simie patas, 297.

Trichoglossus

flavoviridis, 335, 337.

ornatus, 337.

Trichuris, 297.

Trigona, 228.

Tringa

subarcuata, 319.

Tritomum

clathratum, 374.

Triton

cristatus, 184.

punctatus, 184.

Tritonium

bamfit, 374.

Trochatella

mouhoti, 277, 278.

Trochilus

sp.?, 102.

colubris, 208.

moschatus, 210.

Trochus

ziziphinus, 204.

Troglodytes

nereade

brunneicollis, 18.

hypaédon, 18.

vellerosus, 181.

Trophon, 370, 374.

candelabrum, 375.

clathratum, 374.

concinnum, 375.

crassum, 374.

crispum, 375.

Simbriatulum, 375.

incomptum, 3795.

liratum, 375.

orpheus, 375.

tantillum, 375.

Tropidolepisma

majus, 185, 186.

Tropidonotus

picturatus, 225.

? Tubulus

marinus, 74,

vermicularis, 59,

vermium, 78.

Tulaxodes, 65.

Turaceena

menadensis, 335, 345.

aédon, 316.

albiventris, 109.

amaurochalinus, 109.

ephippialis, 109.

INDEX.

Turdus

fuscatus, 317.

ignobilis, 109.

merula, 324,

migratorius, 324,

musicus, 281.

pallens, 317.

sibiricus, 317.

torquatus, 322.

viscivorus, 324,

Turritella, 200.

Tursia, 145.

Turtur

sp. ?, 322, 325.

delalandii, 12.

risorius, 184,

Tylas, 152.

eduardi, 152.

Tympanotonos, 228.

Tyntlastes, 194.

Typhis, 370, 374.

Japonica, 374,

montfortii, 374.

Tyrannus

crassirostris, 19.

Ulocyathus

arcticus, 201.

Unionium, 228.

grylle, 186.

trotle, 321.

Urochroma

stictoptera, 112.

Urocissa

cerulea, 282.

sinensis, 283.

Urolabes

palustris, 301.

Uropeltis

grandis, 253.

Ursus

americanus, 187, 261.

caudivolvulus, 134.

gulo, 134,

Japonicus, 187, 261.

labiatus, 102.

lator, 134.

maritimus, 134, 135.

mellivorus, 134.

nasua, 134.

tibetanus, 187, 261,

351

torquatus, 187, 261.

Vanga

destructor, 102,

ag for bicula, ‘298,

* edentula, 228.

393

Venus

subimbricatus, 58,

78.

Veretillum, 31, 32.

australasia, 32.

cantoria, 32.

cynomorium, 32.

Vermetus, 65.

annulatus, 69.

annulus, 69.

arenarius, 67, 71, 81.

ater, 72.

brasiliensis, 71.

cereus, 63, 72.

dentiferus, 68, 79.

elegans, 82.

gigas, 55, 57, 66, 73.

glomeratus, 55.

goreensis, 64,

grandis, 81.

granulatus, 5d.

imbricatus, 73.

tnopertus, 65, 79.

margaritarum, 76.

maser, 71.

michaudii, 77.

nove hollandie, 68, 70,

? porites, '75, 77.

semisurrectus, 55, 57.

? sipho, 67, 71.

subcancellatus, 55.

triqueter, 54, 55, 56.

turonius, 69.

zelandicus, 82.

(Aletes?), semisurrec-

tus, 57.

(Aletes ?) triqueter,

(Dofania) decussatus,

74.

at goreensis, 64.

Vermicella

annulata, 226.

Vermicularia

glomerata, 75.

var. 2a, d, 74.

granulata, 55.

lineolata, 66.

seabra, 74, 75.

Vermiculus, 65.

Vermis

medinensis, 299.

vesicularis, 305.

eremita, 309.

Vertagus, 228.

Vesicaria

Jinna suilla, 305.

granulosa, 310.

hygroma humana, 305.

lobata suilla, 305.