1867.] DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS, 60)

5. On some Points connected with the Anatomy of the Hip-

popotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). By Enwarps

Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S. &c.

The animal, a part of the anatomy of which I am about to describe,

is the only one that has been dissected in this country. In France

one or two young Hippopotami at birth have been examined; but

the only record I have met with is in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Na-

turelles,’ 1860, p. 376, ‘‘ Recherches sur le syst¢me sanguin de l’ Hip-

popotame,”’ by the late Professor Gratiolet, a paper I shall have to

refer to hereafter. It is probable that other accounts of the anatomy

of this animal may exist ; but I have not taken much trouble to find

them, as I prefer working the matter out in my own way. On

a recent visit to Paris I was told by Professor Milne-Edwards, to

whom I pointed out the presence of skin-glands and the colic-

gland, to be hereafter described, ‘that the anatomy of the Paris

specimen had not been completed.’ I saw casts of the external

muscles of this young animal and of the injected abdominal vessels

at the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at the Jardin des Plantes,

the latter made, probably, for the purpose of illustrating Gratiolet’s

paper.

_ The Hippopotamus I have dissected was burnt to death at the

Crystal Palace at the end of last year; its age was fourteen months

and a few days, and it weighed about seven or eight cwt. he

length from nose to anus was 68 inches ; the circumference in the

largest part of the body 82 inches, that of the neck behind the ear

44 inches. In consequence of the thickness of its skin, its interior

parts were for the most part intact and uninjured. I purchased the

dead animal, and had the advantage of dissecting it in my own gar-

den, where I took casts and drawings of all the important parts of

its anatomy. The skeleton is also in my possession. One side of

the animal was well roasted. I supplied some of my friends with

the meat cooked gipsy fashion, and I partook of it several times my-

self. Its flavour was excellent, and the colour of the flesh was whiter

than any veal I have ever seen. In Knight’s ‘ English Cyclopzedia

of Natural History,’ under the article Hippopotamus, is the follow-

ing: —“‘ With regard to minor details, the flesh of the Wasser-ochs

is much esteemed as an article of food.’ In the first catalogue of

the African Museum we read that it is much in request both among

the natives and the colonists, and that the epicures of Cape Town ao

not disdain to use their influence with the country farmers to obtain

a preference in the matter of Sea-cow’s speck (as the fat which lies

immediately under the skin is called when salted and dried). In the

animal in question this fat was about 13 inch in thickness. And let

me here make another digression. It has been said that elephants

examined in this country are free from fat; but on the last I in-

spected, a female that died in the Society’s Gardens, the fat (of an

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XXXIX.

602 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [May 23,

oily, liquid nature) was very abundant, but not deposited under the

skin as in the Hippopotamus, in the Hogs (Suide@), and in some

other animals. Gordon Cumming speaks of the abundance of fat in

the inside of many elephants that he killed ; and the same remark is

made by other travellers. I purposely introduce these questions of

food and fat, as some of my hearers (who may not be anatomists)

may think a digression of this kind a relief among dry anatomical

details.

For the better understanding of the subject, I have placed before

the Society drawings, of nearly the natural size, of the organs of all

the thoracic and abdominal viscera, as well as casts and preparations

by way of illustration.

Time will not allow me to describe all the anatomy of this animal ;

indeed the stomach alone, if properly studied, might form the sub-

ject of a long paper. I shall therefore on the present occasion con-

fine myself to the visceral anatomy, or to such parts of it as I was

able to investigate, and to the skin-glands. In my next paper I will

remark on the peculiarities of the viscera of the Hippopotamus as

compared with those of the other pachyderms.

First, of the skin-glands. Mr. Tomes in 1850, soon after the arrival

of the first Hippopotamus at the Gardens, read a paper* ‘On the

Blood-coloured Exudation from the Skin of the Hippopotamus.”

He says, ‘‘ We have, however, sufficient evidence to warrant the con-

clusion that the thick tenacious exudation, whether coloured or other-

wise, is poured out only during the time the skin is immersed in

water, and that it has an especial reference to the aquatic habits of

the animal. It appears for the time to convert the surface of the

body into a mucous membrane, and then, on the animal leaving the

water, to furnish by its inspissation an epidermis. The examination

of the structure of the skin will become a subject of great physiolo-

gical interest.”

When I discovered the glands I am about to mention I did not

know of Mr. Tomes’s paper, my attention having being subsequently

directed to it by Mr. Bartlett. Under the skin, about an inch or

more below the surface, are numerous small glands of a somewhat

rounded form, about 2 lines in diameter and 3 line in thickness ;

they are generally seated about 3 inch from each other, but in some

parts of the body they are further apart. From each generally pro-

ceeds two ducts, of a somewhat spiral form ; in other instances I have

been able to discover only one duct. In the preparation before the

Society some of these ducts are visible to the naked eye. The con-

dition of the skin from the application of heat has not enabled me

to make so satisfactory a microscopic examination of these organs as

I otherwise could have done.

The subjoined sketch which I have made gives a tolerable indica-

tion of the character of these glands and their ducts. Figure 1 re-

presents the glands of their natural size, and figure 2 shows the ducts

magnified about 10 diameters.

* Proce. Zool. Soe. 1850, p. 160.

1867. | DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 603

Figs. 1 & 2.

Skin-glands of the Hippopotamus.

The following are my notes of the dissection of the viscera :—

On opening the abdomen the mesentery is seen moderately co-

vered with fat; but the large stomach, which is full of food, occupies

the chief part of the abdominal space. The length of the intestinal

canal, which is not furnished with a cecum, is as follows :—

tae eure

Gisophiasarm 3058) 2.2. 10

Stomachs........ a nO

Small intestines ...... 99 8

Large intestines ...... 10 2

Total... TIS) &6

The commencement of the large intestines is indicated by a sudden

enlargement of the tube, and by the gland to be hereafter noticed.

The stomach (fig. 3, p. 604) has a very peculiar form, and differs

materially from that of any other pachyderm, indeed from that of any

other animal. The cesophagus (A), the lining membrane of which

is smooth, but arranged in slight longitudinal folds, terminates be-

tween the first and second stomachs (B, C). These cavities are of

about equal size, of a somewhat cylindrical form when distended, The

right: cavity (B) measures 19 inches in length and 6 at its widest

part ; it will contain about three quarts of water. he left cavity

it is about the same as the last, as it is thinner and more distensible.

Proceeding from between these.cavities is the third stomach (D), ofa

cylindrical form, 20 inches in length and 5 at its widest part; it holds

about three quarts. The fourth and last stomach (FE) is of a rounded

form, 14 inches in length and 10 at its widest part ; its capacity is

about six quarts. The interior of these viscera present a remarkable

appearance. The cesophagus (A) appears to enter equally into both

the first cavities ; but in the right cavity is a strong muscular slip (1)

of a somewhat crescentic shape, extending for about 6 inches along

its upper part, the object of which appears to be to direct the food

into the left stomach ; but other observers may take a different view

of this question. The left cavity is furnished with about sixty-five

longitudinal rows of detached papilla of a rounded form, elevated

about a line above the surface, giving somewhat the appearance of

604 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. (May 23,

the rumen of aruminant. The coats of the right stomach are much

thicker than those of the left, especially where the before described

slip originates. The lining membrane is covered with papillz, as in

the left cavity ; but they are thicker set, especially towards the ceso-

Stomach.

phageal end. In addition to the thick muscular slip before named

there is a large valvular projection below (2) serving to direct the

food into the third stomach. At the commencement of the third

stomach is a crescentic-shaped muscular valve occupying the right

1867. | DR. E, CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 605

side only, forming a rounded orifice, which measures about 2 inches

in diameter. The third stomach is also lined with small papillee,

some of which, near to the esophageal extremity, are pointed and

resemble those of some of the smaller ruminants. This cavity is

furnished with seven valvular slips (3, 3, 3), varying in length from

2 to 4 inches, so as to leave pouch-like projections between ; but these,

when the stomach is inflated, are seen to be of small size, although

in the adult animal their dimensions may be considerable. A long

crescentic-shaped valve (4) projects into the large opening between

the third and fourth stomachs. The fourth and last stomach (E),

like the fourth stomach of a ruminant, is quite smooth ; but it pos-

sesses no longitudinal folds as seen in the digestive stomach of rumi-

nants; the pyloric valve is of moderate thickness. At the com-

mencement of the fourth stomach, for the space of about 10 square

inches, the lining membrane is smooth and white; beyond this it is

red and more elevated, so that these portions of the stomach evi-

dently perform a different function.

In the third stomach I found the large round solid mass of hay

and straw which I exhibit; it is about 5 inches in diameter when

dried, but when first examined it was of much larger size. The val-

vular slips and pouch-like divisions in this cavity, which I have

already described, would lead to the belief that the food might assume

a globular shape in this viscus. But such an accumulation as I have

mentioned must, I think, be abnormal ; it will, however, be interest-

ing to examine carefully the contents of this cavity in an adult ani-

mal. I believe that the food passes from the third to the fourth

stomach in the forin of pellets, and that the dry and unnatural food

(hay and straw) occasioned the enlargement met with.

I have made the subjoined sketch of the stomachs when laid open,

the letters and figures already given indicate the various parts.

The microscopical appearances of the intestinal tube I reserve for

another paper.

The intestinal tube below the stomach is of moderate calibre ; the

small intestines when distended measure from 17 to 12 inch in dia-

meter. The large intestines when inflated are 3 inches in diameter,

the capacity of this part of the canal amounting to about thirty-three

quarts; this added to the capacity of the stomach and cesophagus

makes the total capacity of the intestinal tube about forty-nine quarts.

I do not speak with perfect accuracy, but the figures are not far

from correct. I scarcely need remark that the capacity after death,

and when the muscles are relaxed and viscera are unconfined by the

abdominal walls, greatly exceeds that during life.

As I have said, there is no ceecum ; but the intestine enlarges about

10 feet from the anus; and at this part is seated a large gland

similar in appearance to that in the Giraffe, but of greater extent, as

the drawing now exhibited (see p. 606) shows. The preparation of

this gland in spirits before the Society is much contracted since its

immersion, so that it gives but a very imperfect notion of its original

appearance. It covers a space of about 6 Square inches, and it is

about 6 inches in length. The crypts or sacculi amouut to about

606 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS, [May 23,

sixty, and these are divided into smaller compartments by slight

elevations of the mucous membrane; a few detached semilunar

crypts are also present, as seen in the accompanying sketch,

Colic gland

The duodenum and upper part of the mucous membrane of the

jejunum are covered with very small villi, giving the surface a velvety

appearance. In addition to the intestinal gland already named, there

are several aggregate glands in the jejunum and ilium ; these are of

an oblong form, and vary in length from | inch to 13 inch; those

in the latter intestine are to some extent miniatures of the colic gland.

1867. ] DR. E, CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 607

In other parts of the small intestine the surface is studded with small

sieve-like patches, presenting a more regular appearance as to the

size of the crypts than those above described. The lining membrane

of the large intestine, with the exception of the colic gland, presents

nothing worthy of notice. There are no longitudinal bands externally,

and the tube is of nearly uniform calibre.

Pancreas.—The pancreas weighs about 18 oz. ; it consists of three

principal lobes, one of which terminates near to the pylorus; and

probably, as in many quadrupeds, a duct enters at this part, but I

omitted to make the inspection. Tie main duct enters the duode-

num with the biliary duct 8 inches from the pylorus, by a large canal

which passes obliquely through the duodenal coats for about ? inch

before it enters the intestine. The structure of the pancreas affords

no peculiarity worthy of note.

Spleen.—The spleen is long and narrow, like that of the Hogs

(Suda), Peccaries (Dicoteles), Tapirs (Tapiride), and Elephants

(Elephantide). It measures 17 inches in length and 3 in breadth ;

its weight is 91 oz. The vein makes its exit near to the abdominal

end. I cannot speak with certainty as to the presence of valves in

the veins, as the parts were left for some days, and were nearly de-

composed when I examined them.

Tiver.—The liver is unilobular; its length is 17 inches and its

greatest width 10 inches; its weight 7 lb. 6 oz. Although I have

called the liver unilobular, there is a large notch on the anterior part

that may be said to make it bilobular, although the division is not

very apparent. Assuming the bilobular character to be the more

correct term, that which may be called the right lobe occupies about

three-fourths of the weight of the organ. Between the lobes is an

elevated portion that may be said to represent the lobulus Spigelii

and a large anterior elevated quadrilateral portion that corresponds

to the lobus quadratus in Man; the caudate lobe and the pons he-

patis can scarcely be said to exist. According to the usual division

of the human liver into five lobes, the liver of the Hippopotamus

may be said to have four lobes; but I think the sooner these eleva-

tions on the under surface of the liver are disconnected with the lobes

the better; the depression on the right of the Spigelian promontory

is well marked, but there is no fissure for the inferior cava. There

is no gall-bladder ; but the duct dilates into a large sac at the edge

of the liver, which diminishes in size before it enters the intestine.

The ligaments are strong and well marked ; the portal veins large.

As regards the structure of the liver I observe nothing worthy of

note.

Kidneys.—The left kidney is of an irregular shape, the form some-

what triangular with the base below; the right is more cylindrical

and regular in form; each externally consists of about twenty-six

lobes of unequal size. The lobular character is confined to the ex-

ternal surface, and probably in the adult animal it is much less

marked. About seven mammary processes are present ; the pelvis

is rather small. In the left renal vein, close to its exit from the

gland, there are two valves, and one of larger size in the same situa-

608 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [May 23,

tion in the right vein. A valve also exists in the vein of the left

renal body, near to its exit. The renal bodies (not suprarenal cap-

sules, as they are erroneously called) are of a triangular shape, with

a notch at the base of each; the left is placed 2 inches above the

kidney; the right is above, but closer to the gland. Each weighs

about 240 grains. The weight of the left kidney is 84 oz., that of

the right 7 oz.

Urinary Bladder.—The urinary bladder is very capacious; it will

contain about four quarts of water, and, with the exception of that

of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus eliani), is proportionately larger

than that of any of the pachyderms I have examined.

Organs of Generation.—Vhe testicles small, and within the ab-

dominal cavity ; the vesicule seminales also small. The penis mea-

sured 124 inches; the extremity is large and globular, like that of

the Boars. Its diameter at the end is 23 inches, whilst in the middle

it is only 3 inch. A large retractor muscle arises from the os pubis

aod ischium (as in the ruminants), and is inserted into the left side

of the body of the penis 7 inches from its extremity, as seen in the

wax cast. The penis and other parts of the organs of generation

were removed by mistake, and therefore I am unable to give a more

minute description of them.

Tongue.—The tongue is very thick at its base, the anterior end

broad and round, the surface smooth and velvety ; among the

small villi are numerous round light-coloured papille about the size

of a pin’s head. The base of the tongue is closely set with long-

pointed pear-shaped papillae about 7 inch in length and 2 lines in

width in the centre, differing from those of the Hogs and othe

pachyderms in their more pointed form. ;

Larynx, Trachea, and Os Hyoides.—The opening of the glottis

is somewhat like that of the Dolphin and Porpoise, the parts below

the glottis being of an irregular-shaped pyramidal form ; the thyroid

cartilage, however, is placed much higher than in these animals.

The laryngeal muscles are very powerful, especially the crico-aryte-

noidei postici. The os hyoides consists of nine bones—a central

nearly circular bone about | inch in diameter, and eight separate cy-

lindrical bones (six above and two below) articulated superiorly to

the styloid process of the temporal bone, and below to the thyroid

cartilage. ‘The united length of the-four lateral bones is 9 inches.

As might be supposed from the age of the animal, none of these

bones are complete ; and the same remark will apply to the laryngeal

cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is of shield-like form, and pos-

sesses two cornua above and below. The inferior are about 1 inch

in length; the superior about inch. The length of the cartilage

at its anterior part is 44 inches.

The cricoid cartilage has two large oblong articulating surfaces

upon its upper and lateral surface, for the arytenoid cartilages. This

cartilage is very thick posteriorly ; its anterior part passes obliquely

under the thyroid, forming a pointed ridge in front. It is narrow

anteriorly, and about 2 inches deep at its posterior face. The aryte-

noid cartilages are thick and of an irregular triangular form, the

1867. ] DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 609

posterior edges flattened and measuring 2 inch in width. The au-

terior edges, which form the glottis, are thin ; and by their apposition

the glottideal slit is entirely closed. The vocal ligaments are very

slightly developed. The state of the larynx and of the surrounding

parts prevented my making a careful inspection of the laryngeal

muscles, an investigation that will fully repay future inquirers.

The trachea consists of twenty-three rings; it is of moderate

calibre (1 inch), less capacious than in many young non-aquatic ani-

mals ; its size is nearly uniform; and, as in most quadrupeds, it has

three terminal branches, the two on the right side being nearer to-

gether than usual. 1 have placed the larynx and trachea of the

Porpoise and Dolphin on the table to show the resemblance of the

upper part of these tubes to that of the Hippopotamus.

The heart is of a rounded form; it weighs 21 oz.; its length

from the root of the aorta to the apex 6 inches, and its width at the

base the same. The external course of the coronary arteries is well

marked, their mouths large and in the usual situation. The pul-

monary artery of very large calibre. The aorta also of large size,’

its coats one-third thicker than those of the last-named vessel. The

first large primitive branch (innominata) is 14 inch from the semi-

lunar valves, the second (subelavian), about one-half its calibre, close

to it. The coats of the first-named arterial branch are of unusual

thickness. The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves present no-

thing worthy of notice, except that they have no corpora Arantii.

The ventricles are nearly of equal size, the left being rather more

capacious. The sides of the right ventricle are generally smooth,

whilst those of the left are reticulated ; numerous cross bands are

present at the apex of this ventricle, all passing in the lateral di-

rection of the cavity. The parietes of the left ventricle measure

about 1 inch in thickness, whilst those of the right are only 1 inch.

The septum is very thick, measuring at its upper part 12 inch in

thickness.

The tendons of the mitral valve, fifteen in number, arise from

two fleshy columns, the posterior being much larger than the ante-

rior, although less prominent.

The tendons of the tricuspid valve, seventeen in number, spring

from three columns (so called), one prominent and nipple-like, the

others but little raised above the surface,

The cavities of the auricles are of about the same capacity ; but

the appendix of the right auricle is larger, and its parietes thinner

and more distensible. In both appendices the musculi pectinati are

very numerous, those in the right forming a double reticulated layer

of bands, and presenting a very beautiful appearance. The foramen

ovale is deep and about the size of a shilling; it is perfectly closed,

and a small nipple-like process projects from its centre. The pro-

jection at the upper part of the circle (isthmus Vieusseni) is well

marked. The Eustachian valve is but imperfectly developed ; indeed,

with the exception of a slight semicircular elevation, it can scarcely

be said to exist; there is no tubercle of Lower so-called. The open-

ings of the two coronary veins are seen an inch below the foramen

610 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [May 23,

ovale; they are about } inch apart, and are unfurnished with valves.

There is only one superior cava ; this vessel is short, thin, and very

capacious, measuring 14 inch in diameter. The inferior cava is also

very capacious ; I had not read the essay of Gratiolet, before alluded

to, and unfortunately did not examine its structure. The careful

inspection of the muscular band in the cava described by Gratiolet

will be very important in the adult animal. ,

The thyroid glands, of an oblong form, are in their usual situation ;

they are not connected by an isthmus. Their weight is 325 grains.

Lungs.—The lungs, which weigh 8 Ib. 14 0z., present some fea-

tures of great interest ; they are nearly unilobular, each having only

a small pointed slip at the upper extremity near to the apex.

In considering the structure of the lungs it is necessary to take

into account the mode of death by burning, for it is possible that the

appearances I am about to deseribe arose from that cause. On in-

flating the lungs with air I was surprised to find that towards the

apices large air-cells existed that would hold a common-sized horse-

bean, as seen in the preparation before the Society. They presented

no appearance of recent rupture; but whether they are natural, or

whether it is an emphysematous condition produced by the mode of

death, future examinations will determine.

Another peculiarity in the lungs is their lobular division in many

parts, as shown in the preparations. The lung-tissue is subdivided

into lobules of a somewhat irregular form, about the size of large

Barcelona nuts. I have seen a somewhat similar appearance in the

lungs of the Dolphin, Porpoise, and Seal.

The bronchial tubes are thick and capacious, their parietes con-

sisting chiefly of unstriped circular muscular fibres.

The brain was removed from the skull piecemeal; it weighed

103 oz.

The eye, on the side towards the earth, was but little injured ; it

weighed about 200 grains.

In my next paper I will compare the form, size, and structure of

the viscera of the Hippopotamus with those of the members of the

pachyderm family and of seme other animals.

The drawings which I have made of the viscera of the Hippo-

potamus (see fig. 5, p. 611) will better explain the form and rela-

tive size of the various organs.

P.S. After the above paper was read, my attention was directed to

a short communication by Dr. Peters (in his Naturwissenschaftliche

Reise nach Mossambique, Berlin, 1852, p. 180) ‘on the Visceral

Anatomy of the Hippopotamus.” The animal examined by Dr. Peters

was an adult. The four divisions of the stomach are briefly described :

the right first stomach was found to be double the length of the left.

In a large full-grown animal the estimated length of the intestines is

138 feet. A gall-bladder was found long and flat placed across the

pancreas. I refer the reader to this communication. The part of

greatest interest, I think, in Dr. Peters’s account is the large size of

the first stomach, As is well known, the rumen of the ruminant is

1867. | DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 611

Fig. 5.

= Lig EC delin.ad nat:

Description of the figures:—1l. The tongue. 2. Os hyoides. 3. Larynx and

trachea. 4. Thyroid glands. 5. Lungs. 6. Heart. 7. Cisophagus, sto-

machs, and intestines. 8. Pancreas. 9. Spleen. 10. Underside of liver.

11. Kidney and renal body. 12. Penis and retractor muscle. 13. Testicle.

612 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [{ May 23,

comparatively small whilst the animal is fed upon milk; the young

Hippopotamus I dissected took a large quantity of this fluid, and

hence probably the small size of the first gastric cavity. Judging

from the form of the stomachs and the character of the villi, one

would almost infer that a certain amount of rumination takes place

in this animal.

6. On the Lepidopterous Insects of Bengal.

By Freprric Moore.

[Concluded from Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 98.]

(Plates XXXII. & XXXIII.)

Tribe GEOMETRES.

Fam. Urapreryp&, Guen.

Genus Urarreryx, Leach.

Urapreryx EBULEATA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 32.

U. muristriearia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxvy. Suppl.

y. p. 1535.

U. sciricaupariA, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1480.

Darjeeling.

U, popaririata, Guen. Phal. i. p. 32.

U. MARGARITATA, 0. sp.

Female pearly white ; costa slightly convex ; apex acute; exterior

margin of fore wing obliquely straight ; exterior margin of hind wing

acutely angular and lobed in the middle: fore wing with two medial

transverse widely separated straight reddish lines, the inner line

crossing the hind wing and terminating upward on the abdominal

margin ; cilia and lobe-spot on hind wing reddish. Band on the

head and antenne reddish.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll, A. E. Russell.

U. TRIANGULARIA, 0. Sp.

Male and female white, diaphanous ; costa convex, exterior margin

of both wings obliquely straight: hind wing much produced, extend-

ing to twice the length of the abdomen. Both wings with five trans-

verse cinereous lines, the four inner lines straight, the outer line wavy,

all proceeding to the anal angle. Cilia cinereous brown ; a black

exterior spot at anal angle.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

NEW INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA

NEW INDIAN

LEPIDOPTERA

1867. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 613

U. crocoprerata, Kollar, Hiigel’s Reis. Kasch. iv. p- 483.

U. rurivincrata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p. 1747.

Darjeeling.

U. QUADRIPUNCTATA, 0. sp.

Female sulphur-yellow. Both wings with numerous short trans-

verse irregular cinereous streaks; an oblique transverse line, and a

reddish discal spot ; costa at the base and exterior margins reddish.

Palpi, band on head, antennee, and dorsal streak on abdomen reddish.

- Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

U.? FaLcararia, n. sp.

Male and female very pale greenish white with a silky gloss.

Both wings with a cinereous discal spot and four transverse rather

indistinct bands, the first and second being medial, the others sub-

marginal ; the third band joined to the second before reaching the

posterior margin: hind wing produced anteriorly, and falcated.

Underside paler. Legs blackish above ; a black apical spot on hind

tibize.

Expanse 2 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A.-E. Russell; F. Moore.

Genus Evcnuera, Hiibn.

Syn. Cyelidia, Guen.

Evucuera susstiemaria, Hiibn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. f. 519.

Cyclidia substigmaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 63.

Abraxas capitata, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiv. Geom.

p. 1121.

Genus CHoropna, Walk.

CHORODNA EREBUSARIA, Walk. ib. xxi. Geom. p-. 314, ¢.

Darjeeling.

C. METAPH EZARIA.

Cyclidia metaphearia, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p- 1482, ¢.

Erebomorpha semiclusaria, Walk. ib. p- 1552, ¢.

Darjeeling.

-C, PALLIDULARIA, n. sp.

Male yellowish testaceous, thinly and minutely speckled with dark

brown ; a blackish-speckled line from abdominal margin before a

large black discoidal spot, terminating in a curved series of brown

lunules near the middle of the costa, before which latter is an inner

similar series of lunules ; an irregular submarginal blackish-testaceous

line, wavy and bordered inwardly by a dusky band on the fore wing,

614 MR, F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LE’ )OPTERA. [May 23

and angulated in the middle on the hind wing, where there is a me-

dial series of black dots bordered without by a slight pale-brownish

suffused band; costa with a speckled spot to near the base and

another near the apex.

Female whitish testaceous, with the markings as in the male, but

aler.

‘ Expanse, ¢ 34, 9 4 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. VULPINARIA, 0. sp.

Female ferruginous, palest on the fore wing from the base; with

numerous short transverse black strigee, which near the base of the

hind wing are thickly disposed. Both wings with an imer trans-

verse blackish lime, which on the fore wing is anterior to an oval dis-

coidal black spot, but on the hind wing the spot touches the line; a

transverse row of black pale-pointed discal spots, the series on the

fore wing being recurved and terminating in a lunulated line on the

hind margin, the discal space to the pale submarginal line being

dark tawny, the margin on the fore wing being paler hindward ; on

the costa contiguous to the discoidal spot is a short black streak, and

a short ascending streak near the base of the hind margin. Head

and thorax pale, and abdomen dark ferruginous.

Expanse 3} inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S, Atkinson.

C. MURICOLARIA.

Cyclidia muricolaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom,

p- 1483, 9.

Darjeeling.

C. PLAGIDOTATA.

Cyclidia plagidotata, Walk. ib. p. 1483, 2.

Darjeeling.

C. RECTATA.

Cyclidia rectata, Walk. ib. xxxvy. Suppl. vy. p. 1536.

Darjeeling.

C. PATULATA.

Cyclidia patulata, Walk. ib. p. 1537.

Darjeeling.

Dauima, n. g., Moore.

Male. Palpi small; compressed, pilose ; second joint broadly

pyriform ; third joint very short, hardly visible. Antenne bipecti-

nated ; pectinations formed of short pencils of delicate vibrissee.

Legs slender, smooth ; hind tibize armed with two pairs of apical

spurs. Body moderate. Abdomen slender, extending to near angle

of hind wing. Wings ample, elongated. Fore wings falcated ; costa

nearly straight at the base, very convex to the apex ; apex acutely

1867. ] MR. F. MQQRE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 615

angled ; exterior margin very oblique, slightly concave; posterior

margin straight. Hind wings produced ; anterior margin extending

beyond angle of fore wing; apex truncated, excavated; exterior

margin nearly straight; anal angle somewhat acute.

Davima apicata, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 4.)

Male yellow; blackish-speckled, those at the base of fore wing

disposed close together, others on the exterior border forming a sub-

marginal and marginal banded series: fore wing with a broad elon-

gated testaceous patch occupying the apex from the middle of the

costa to below the angle; a blackish streak along base of the costa,

three costal spots, a series of three or four triangular spots with

whitish outer border, and a large round discal spot, all slightly white-

speckled ; a broad lunular black spot bordered with white on the

middle of posterior margin ; costa and posterior border slightly suf-

fused with testaceous: hind wing with a blackish round discal spot,

and two or three decreasing blotches from the anterior and posterior

angles, all whitish-speckled. Underside brighter-coloured ; mark-

ings as above, but more defined.

Expanse 3 inches.

Bengal (Sherwil). In Coll. F. Moore.

D. SCHISTACEARIA, I. sp.

Male dark ashy brown: fore wing with a transverse wavy subbasal

ashy-white line, and a white line proceeding from the costa, one-third

from the apex, curving obliquely towards the exterior margin, and

then retracting in a straight line to the middle of posterior margin,

where it has a small inner contiguous black spot; a similar line

passes straight across the hind wing; middle of fore wing and base

of hind wing suffused with greyish white; exterior margin of fore

wing with a white line. Underside reddish, with numerous blackish

speckles thickly disposed on the fore wing, less so on the hind wing;

both wings with a submarginal blackish-speckled lunulated band.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Cuo@ropes, Guen.

Cu@RoDES TESTACEATA, Ni. Sp.

Male pale testaceous, covered with numerous minute black speckles,

which are thickly disposed on the middle of exterior margin of fore

wing. Both wings with an inner transverse line, which on the hind

wing is blackish and passes through a discoidal spot, the line on the

fore wing being cinereous and exterior to a small black spot ; a broad

marginal suffused greyish-testaceous band retracted to the anterior

margin before the apex of both wings. Underside marked as above,

but all the markings are considerably more defined.

Expanse 33 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

616 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus Lacyra, Walk.

Syn. Chizala, Walk.

LaGYRA MEGASPILA, N. Sp.

Male silvery grey: fore wing with two brown basal transverse

lunular lines; a third outer oblique line passing through a large dark

brown discal spot, the spot being marked with two white transverse

lunules : hind wing with two medial transverse brown lunular lines,

and a submarginal pale dusky band, which is apparent also on the

fore wing near posterior angle; both wings with a transverse discal

row of brown dots. Underside paler, with the markings less appa-

rent. Exterior margin of fore wing produced in the middle; hind

wing sinuous.

Expanse 1j inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

L. rieusariaA, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p. 1485.

Larva feeds on the rose.— A. Grote, Esq.

Genus CimicopEs, Guen.

CIMICODES CASTANEARTA, n. sp. (PI. XXXII. fig. 1.)

Female bright chestnut-red, minutely black-speckled ; a narrow

white-outer-bordered black line from below the middle of abdominal

margin to near apex of fore wing, where it retracts to the costa one-

fourth from the apex: fore wing with a similar oblique subbasal

white-inner-bordered line; a blackish discal spot. Both wings with

a submarginal row of black dots. Cilia edged with white.

Expanse 2 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. 8. Atkinson.

C. COSTALIS, N. sp.

Female purplish red, minutely black-fleckled : fore wing with an

oblique subbasal narrow blackish line; a pale red streak beyond the

middle ; costal margin and two large dentate medial spots yellow :

hind wing with a transverse medial blackish line ; anterior margin

yellowish.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. CRUENTARIA, 0. sp.

Female yellow ; apex of fore wing produced to a point ; a narrow

cinereous band from middle of abdominal margin to apex of fore

wing: fore wing blotched at the base, and spotted beyond with pink;

posterior and exterior margin and contiguous to the oblique band

also blotched and spotted with pink; a small discal spot and an

apical streak dark red, the latter white-marked ; a marginal row of

brown dots: hind wing blotched and spotted with pink exteriorly, a

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 617

few pink dots also at the base; a submarginal curved series of small

dark red spots. Head, thorax, and abdomen pink.

Expanse 2+ inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus AuzEaA, Walk.

AUZEA APICATA, 0. sp.

Male dark greyish chestnut-colour, palest hindward; minutely

black-speckled: fore wing with an oblique pale line from the apex

to middle of posterior margin; costa before the pale line with two

outwardly oblique short dark streaks: hind wing with a medial pale

line, which is blackish, wavy, blotched, and white-lunulated by the

abdominal margin: both wings with a black discal dot, and fore

wing with a short transverse black lunule below the cell.

Female much paler, somewhat testaceous, less black-speckled, but

with the markings more apparent. Antenne in male slightly pecti-

nated, in female setose.

Expanse, ¢ 12, 2 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

A. TORRIDARIA, 0. sp.

Female pale testaceous, transversely fleckled with brownish-testa-

ceous exteriorly ; a narrow brown line from near base of abdominal

margin to costa before the apex, where there is a short oblique black

streak. Underside brighter-coloured exteriorly, the oblique trans-

verse line more apparent. Antenne slightly pectinated.

Expanse 17 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Fam. ENNoMID&.

Genus Lux1aria, Walk.

LUXIARIA PHYLLOSARIA.

Drepanodes phyllosaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xx. Geom.

p. 82.

Genus Drepanopes, Guen.

DREPANODES CIRCULITARIA, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1489.

D. ARGENTILINEA, 0. sp.

Male pale testaceous yellow : fore wing with a narrow silvery-white

band (which is brownish on its inner margin) obliquely from apex to

middle of hind margin, bordered exteriorly by one and interiorly by

two parallel pale brown bands, each of which cross the hind wing:

fore wing with a blackish discal dot. Underside paler yellow ; both

wings with a blackish discal dot, and numerous short transverse

brown strigee. Antenne minutely pectinated.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XL.

618 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [ May 23,

D. TRILINEARIA, 0. sp.

Male and female whitish cinereous ; three brown-bordered white

lines obliquely from the apex to abdominal margin: fore wing

brownish from the costa and across the disk, and with a slight discal

dot. Underside paler, yellowish apically: fore wing dusky basally ;

the transverse lines slightly apparent.

Expanse 1} inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

D. QUINARIA, 0. Sp.

Male white, minutely speckled with cinereous ; five cinereous

lunular lines crossing both wings, the first and second contiguous

and disposed obliquely across the middle of the wing, the others sub-

marginal, the outer two being very narrow and also contiguous; a

cinereous marginal line with white points. Palpi, front of head, and

antenne brownish yellow.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

D. FENESTRARIA, 0. Sp.

Male whitish cinereous ; two widely separated wavy brown lines

from abdominal margin to costa before the apex, between which on

the fore wing is a diaphanous spot crossed by two veins; a submar-

ginal and marginal row of white lunules, the former being concave

exteriorly, the latter interiorly and bordered by a brown marginal line.

Expanse 1545 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F.. Moore.

Genus Decertta, Walk.

Decetia CapeTusaRiA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xx. Geom.

p- 233.

Silhet.

Genus AcnipRa, n. g., Moore.

Fascellina, part., Walk. Cat. Suppl. p.. 1553.

Male. Palpi small, erect, pilose beneath ; second joint long; third

joint small, conical. Head broad. Antennz rather broadly bipec-

tinated to within one-fourth of the tip. Legs moderate; femora

slightly pilose beneath, and tibiz at the side; fore tibice thickly pi-

lose ; mid tibize with a pair and hind tibize with two pairs of apical

spurs. Wings broad: fore wing faleated; costa slightly arched

before the apex, posterior angle rather acute: apex and anal angle

of hind wing slightly pointed ; exterior margin convex ; abdominal

margin elongated. Abdomen rather short, extending to within one-

third of the hind wing, tufted at the apex.

AGNIDRA SPECULARIA. (PI. XXXII. fig. 2.)

Fascellina specularia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p. 1553.

1867. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 619

A. MUSCULARIA.

Fascellina museularia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p. 1554.

A. DISCISPILARIA, nN. sp.

Male greyish ferruginous ; both wings with a large blackish grey-

speckled discal spot ; several transverse indistinct cinereous lunular

lines, and a submarginal row of dots; two small indistinct cinereous

spots before the discal spot within cell. Underside pale luteous ;

discal spot and spots before it less distinct.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Note.—The species subsequently described by Mr. Walker under

Fascellina do not belong to that genus, nor to 4gnidra. The type

of the genus Fascellina (F. chromataria, Walk.) belongs to the tribe

of Noctuelites, where I have placed it, in the family Thermeside.

Genus Hyperytura, Guen.

HyrEryTHRA LUTEATA.

Phalena-Geom. lutea, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 370. f. C, D.

2. Hyperythra limbolaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 101, pl. 3. f. 3, 4.

Aspilates susceptaria, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl.

v. p. 1664.

3. Hyperythra penicillaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 101.

H. nicguzarta, Walk. J. c. xx. p. 129.

Silhet.

H. virricostata, Walk. J. c. xxvi. Geom. p- 1497.

Darjeeling.

H. spurcatartia, Walk. J. c. p. 1498.

Darjeeling.

H. cauceartia, Walk. 7. c. xx. Geom. p. 132.

HI. TRILINEATA, 0. sp.

Female pale yellowish cinereous, palest on the hind wing, covered

with numerous minute red speckles: fore wing with three oblique

transverse equidistant reddish lines, the exterior line the brightest ;

between first and second line is a subdued discal spot ; a marginal

row of blackish-red dots: hind wing with two transverse reddish

lines, and a marginal row of dots. Palpi black.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Genus Causrotoma, Lederer.

CAUSTOLOMA ENNOMOSARIA.

Hyperythra ennomosaria, Walk. 1. c. xxvi. Geom. p. 1498.

Darjeeling.

620 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus ANGERONA.

ANGERONA PALLICOSTARIA, 0. sp.

Male greenish grey: fore wing with the exterior margin broadly

ashy black, bordered within with blackish fleckles, which are also

dispersed along the posterior margin on a reddish ground ; two short

yellow streaks from the posterior angle; reniform mark distinct :

hind wing ashy black, somewhat whitish basally, with a broad yel-

lowish anal band. Head, thorax, and abdomen greenish grey, the

latter fleckled with black. Underside paler; both wings minutely

speckled with black on their basal half; each with a rather large

black discal spot.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Omiza, Walk.

Omiza PACHIARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xx. Geom. p. 247.

Genus Panisava, n. g., Moore.

Male. Palpi small, compressed, densely pilose ; third joint mi-

nute, conical. Antenne very broadly pectinated to near the tips.

Legs slender, smooth ; hind tibie incrassated in the middle, armed

with four long spurs. Body slender; abdomen extending to three-

fourths the length of the hind wing. Wings broad: fore wing trun-

cated at the apex ; costa nearly straight; exterior margin very ob-

lique, slightly convex in the middle; angle rather acute: hind wing

subquadrate; exterior margin truncated and concave anteriorly to

near the middle, where it is angled, theuce to the anal angle nearly

straight.

PANISALA TRUN CATARIA, 0. Sp.

Male brownish testaceous, darkest exteriorly, minutely black-

fleckled : fore wing with two reddish-black transverse oblique sub-

basal lines, and a double anteriorly bent discal line ; a submarginal

row of whitish dark-exterior-bordered lunules, before which on the

posterior margin is a whitish patch: hind wing with one subbasal

and a double discal reddish-black line, the former parallel with the

second line on the fore wing; a submarginal row of white lunules

with black exterior borders. Both wings with a small black discal

spot.

Expanse 2? inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus EuryMenge, Dup.

EURYMENE INUSTARIA, 0. Sp.

Female yellow: both wings covered with transverse narrow partly

confluent ferruginous strigee, which are darkest on the middle of the

posterior margin upward, whence there is an outwardly oblique

pale-bordered streak extending towards the apex ; a small blackish

1867. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 621

spot at the apex ; cilia ferruginous ; strigee on the underside crim-

son, mostly confluent before the apex and on the hind wing. Head

and front of thorax blackish.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus OpontopTerRa, Steph.

ODONTOPTERA DISCOSPILATA, Nl. Sp.

Male and female dark green: both wings with a transverse sub-

basal and two discal whitish-bordered dark-green lunular lines, the

former with the points of the lunules inward, those of the latter being

opposite to each other; each wing with a large black discal spot en-

circled by a narrow yellow line; cilia dark brown, edged with white.

Palpi and front of head blackish. Thorax and abdomen green, the

latter with black dorsal spots. Underside testaceous, with numerous

short transverse black strigsze ; both wings with a transverse black

discal band ; cilia black, edged with white.

Expanse 2+ inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Genus SELEentrA, Hubn.

SELENIA DECORATA, h. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 9.)

Male and female pinkish grey, brightest exteriorly ; with nume-

rous minute black speckles: fore wing with a subbasal transverse

curved sinuous narrow red line, bordered within by a dark green-

fleckled line ; a transverse discal narrow lunular red line bordered

exteriorly by red and green lunules, assuming patches below the

apex and near the posterior angle: hind wing with a red basal line

and transverse discal narrow sinuous line; a lower submarginal

straight white line bordered above by green lunules extending to the

anterior angle, where the exterior margin is black-lunuled. A black

discal spot on each wing. Underside grey, minutely black-speckled;

discal spot and transverse lines less defined.

Expanse, ¢ 155, 2 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Genus Enprorp1a, Guen.

ENDROPIA BASIPUNCTA, 0. sp.

Male and female dark testaceous red, thinly black-fleckled ; ex-

terior margins sinuous ; a small black-marked white spot near the

base of both wings: fore wing with two transverse bands of black

fleckles, the first band subbasal, the other medial; a submarginal

row of distinct black dots, exterior to which beneath the apex is a

black-fleckled patch ; a similar patch at the posterior angle: hind

wing with an inner fleckled band and discal sinuous fleckled line.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

622 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus Crocatis, Treit.

“CROCALIS OBLIQUARIA, 0. Sp.

Female bright yellow: fore wing slightly blotched with reddish

yellow; a black discal spot ; a straight dusky pale-yellow-exterior-

bordered band obliquely from posterior margin to the costa before

the apex ; a row of black marginal dots: hind wing yellowish white,

with a blackish discal spot, and two slightly apparent outer yellowish

bands. Head and thorax bright yellow. Abdomen pale yellow.

Underside paler, marked as above.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. BIVITTARIA, 0. sp.

Male and female bright yellow: fore wing with a few minute red

scattered fleckles; a slightly apparent subbasal red-fleckled curved

band; a brighter dark-exterior-bordered red nearly straight band

from the posterior margin one-third from the angle obliquely to the

costa before the apex ; a blackish discal ringlet: hind wing yellowish

white. Head and thorax reddish yellow. Abdomen yellow. Under-

side pale yellow; both wings with a small discal ringlet and slight

reddish oblique band, those on the hind wing being slightly visible

from the upperside.

Expanse, ¢ 2 inches, 2 2,3, inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. LENTIGINOSARIA, 0. Sp.

Female dark yellow: fore wing with numerous minute blackish

speckles and cinereous blotches; two medial transverse cinereous

lines, the inner line curved and but slightly apparent, the outer line

oblique, between the lines is a white-centred black discal ringlet; a

submarginal row of diffused cinereous lunules; a marginal row of

black dots: hind wing numerously studded with cinereous speckles

exteriorly, showing also a slight cinereous discal spot and two outer

bands. Underside paler, marked as above.

Expanse 22 inches.

Bengal (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

C. ANGULARIA, 0. sp.

Female yellow: fore wing scalloped below the apex; with nume-

rous small dark-centred reddish blotches; two dark reddish trans-

verse lines, the first line subbasal, much curved; the other recurved

and exterior to a black discal ringlet ; a marginal row of black dots:

hind wing with a few reddish fleckles and a row of blackish dots

along exterior margin ; a black discal spot, and outer reddish wavy

streak from abdominal margin. Underside paler, marked as above.

Cilia of fore wing reddish.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

1867.| MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 623

Genus Ennomos, Treit.

ENNomos VIRIDATA, Ni. Sp.

Female pale green: fore wing with three transverse pale brown

lines, the first subbasal, the second beyond a small blackish discal

ringlet, the third or outer line very oblique and joining the second

at its base on the middle of posterior margin ; a submarginal row of

blackish partly confluent spots, and marginal dots: hind wing with

a transverse line passing through the discal spot, and a medial outer

sinuous line; exterior margin with a row of black dots and some

short transverse delicate black strige. Cilia blackish, Exterior

margin of hind wing slightly sinuous, produced and sharply angled

in the middle.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

E. TESTACEARIA, N. sp.

Male and female testaceous, minutely black-speckled: both

wings with a transverse curved subbasal ill-defined blackish sinuous

line and an oblique broader discal line, beyond which is a transverse

series of black dots, and an irregular submarginal row of broad dif-

fused dusky-speckled lunules. Some white irregular speckles exte-

rior to the discal line on fore wing. A small black discal spot on

each wing. Exterior margin of hind wing scalloped.

Expanse 27 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Garzus, n. g., Moore.

Male. Palpi suberect, compressed, projecting beyond the front

of the head, pilose; third joint cylindrical, decumbent. Antenne

bipectinated. Legs slender, smooth; hind tibize with four apical

spurs. Body robust; thorax broad. Abdomen extending to the

angle of the hind wing. Wings moderate: fore wing with the costa

elongated, slightly arched at the base and apex, faleated; exterior

margin oblique, rounded, scalloped ; posterior margin nearly straight:

hind wing rather broad, extending to the posterior angle of the fore

wing; exterior margin rounded, deeply scalloped.

GARZUS SPECULARIS, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 3.)

Male bright ferruginous, with cinereous-black short transverse

basal strigze and exterior speckles ; a diffused cinereous-black oblique

discal band and a less-detined submarginal line crossing both wings ;

a similar-coloured narrow indistinct band near the base of the wing;

middle of both wings yellowish-streaked, the fore wing having a black

discal spot and two lower small white semitransparent spots conti-

guous to the outer band: hind wing with two white semitransparent

medial spots, the upper spot being very large and enclosing a black

discal spot; two smaller less-distinct whitish submarginal spots.

624 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Cilia edged with white. Palpi, front of head, and front of thorax

fringed with white.

Expanse 12 inch, ;

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. 8S. Atkinson.

Genus Lycrmna.

Lycrmna potyMesaTa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xx. Geom.

p. 215.

Silhet.

Genus EreEBomorpna, Walk.

EreBOMORPHA FULGURITA, Walk. ib. xxi. Geom. p. 495.

E. ruteurartia, Walk. ib. p. 495.

Genus Lirspapa, Walk.

LITBADA SERICEARIA, Walk. ib. xxxy. Suppl. v. p. 1571.

Silhet.

Fam. G@nocHROMIDA.

Genus Mrercana, Walk.

Syn. duxima, Walk.

MERGANA ZQUILINEARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi. Geom.

p- 292.

Auxima trilineata, Walk. ib. xxxy. Suppl. v. p. 1576.

M. RESTITUTARIA.

Auxima restitutaria, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1527.

M. DEBITARIA.

Auxima debitaria, Walk. ib. p. 1527.

M. BILINEATA, 0. sp.

Male whitish ferruginous, with numerous short transverse cine-

reous strigee ; two dark ferruginous narrow oblique transverse lines

crossing both the wings, the outer line with a white inner border,

the space exterior to both the lines suffused with brighter ferrugi-

nous; cilia ferruginous. Underside pale pinkish-whitish ferruginous;

strigee as above; with medial transverse dark brown line, and an in-

distinct pale outer line, the latter with inner row of black points.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

Cororta, n. g., Moore.

Male and female. Palpi rather stout, porrect, densely pilose ;

second joint projecting beyond the head ; third joint short, cylin-

drical. Antennze—male pectinated to near the tip; female seta-

ceous. Legs slender, smooth; hind tibize with four long spurs.

1867.] | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 625

Body rather stout. Wings moderate: fore wing slightly falcate at

the tip; costa nearly straight ; exterior margin sinuous below the

apex, oblique hindward ; posterior margin slightly convex : hind wing

rounded exteriorly ; outer margin slightly siauous anteriorly.

Coromia CeRviNnaRrIA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 10.)

Male and female pinkish fawn-colour, thinly and minutely trans-

versely black-fleckled : fore wing with a broad medial oblique trans-

verse pale chestnut-brown band, the borders with a whitish dot on

each vein, enclosing a large grey discal spot; two or three marginal

black spots below the apex: hind wing with a dusky discal spot and

outer tansverse line. Underside greyish fawn-colour, black-fleckled;

discal spots distinct, blackish; transverse line pale-bordered : hind

wing with marginal black dots, those on the fore wing being at the

apex only. Shaft of antennze yellowish, with black spots.

Expanse 1} inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Fam, AMPHIDASYD.

Genus Ampuipasys.

AMPHIDASYS BENGALIARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 210.

Silhet.

Genus Buzura, Walk.

BuzurRa MULTIPUNCTARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi.

p. 1531.

Larva feeds on Citrus and Cinnamomum.—.A. Grote.

Fam. BoarmMIp2.

Genus AmBiycuia, Guen.

AMBLYCHIA ANGERONARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 215, pl. 4. f. 9.

Genus Hemrropui a, Steph.

HEMEROPHILA CREATARIA, Guen. ib. p. 217.

Darjeeling.

H. srrrxaria, Guen. ib. p. 217.

’ Silhet.

H. mavraria, Guen. ib. p. 218.

Elphos parisnathi, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p. 1545.

H. ossecraria.

Boarmia objectaria, Walk. ib. xxxy, Suppl. v. p. 1583.

Darjeeling.

626 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

H. CuPREARIA, 0. Sp.

Male greyish black, with a cupreous tinge: fore wing with trans-

verse curved subbasal and straight discal sinuous black lines ; a black

discal ringlet ; a coppery-yellow submarginal line, which is straight

hindward and wavy to the apex, adjoining which are some broad

black lunules ; a black wavy marginal line: hind wing with a blackish

sinuous discal line, a small spot, and wavy marginal line ; a submar-

ginal coppery-yellow line similar to that on the fore wing. Head

and thorax greyish black. Antennze brown. Underside pale greyish

black, darkest along exterior margins ; discal line and spot and mar-

ginal line black.

Expanse 1,8; inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E, Russell.

H. NIGROVITTATA, 0. Sp.

Male pale testaceous brown, with numerous short transverse black

strigee: both wings with a black subbasal transverse line, rather

straight on the hind wing, and wavy on the fore wing, in the middle

of which it is joined by a broad black longitudinal streak proceeding

to the base of the posterior margin; a very oblique transverse discal

sinuous black line, which is bent before the apex and broadly bor-

dered exteriorly to near the apex by blackish brown ; a submarginal

white line, which is rather straight hindward and sinuous forward,

where there is a short white longitudinal streak ; exterior margin

with a row of narrow black lunules. Head blackish ; thorax and

abdomen blackish-streaked. Antennze blackish; shaft luteous, black-

speckled. Underside paler, with indistinct blackish-brown subbasal

line, discal spot, and broad submarginal band, the latter touching

the exterior margin below the apex. Legs blackish, with yellow

spots.

Expanse 1# inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A, E. Russell.

H. BASISTRIGARIA, N. sp.

Male and female pale ferruginous brown, with numerous short

very thin black transverse strigee, which at the basal third of the

wings are thicker, more or less confluent, forming exteriorly trans-

verse bands ; a black discal dot; beyond the middle is a transverse

pale-bordered black line, irregular on the fore wing and sinuous on

the hind wing, exterior to which the strigz are more or less con-

fluent; a submarginal irregular interrupted pale line and a black

marginal lunulated line; cilia blackish, with a pale inner line.

Expanse 14 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Hl. INTERRUPTARIA, 0. Sp.

Male and female greyish testaceous, palest along the costal border;

with numerous black narrow short transverse strigee ; blotched with

brighter testaceous: fore wing with oblique exteriorly greyish-bor-

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 627

dered diffused black submarginal wavy line ; a double Iunular discal

line, and two short subbasal bands, their interspaces being somewhat

dusky, each being equidistant and arising from the posterior margin,

becoming evanescent at some distance above the middle, but Teap-

pearing, slightly in the male, prominently in the female, on the

costa: hind wing with two indistinct subbasal black lines, a discal

spot, and outer greyish-exteriorly-bordered transverse double lunular

line ; exterior margin with a row of black lunules.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

H. RETRACTARIA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 7.)

Male and female dark greyish testaceous, with numerous closely

disposed, short, very narrow black strigze : fore wing grey at the base

and along the costal border ; a zigzag blackish band obliquely from

base of hind margin retracting to the costa at one-third of its length,

bordered exteriorly by a black line; a parallel black-inner-bordered

greyish-black submarginal band, which also retracts to the costa

before the apex, emitting a black streak from the retracted angle to

exterior margin ; a black discal spot: hind wing with a basal black-

ish band, discal spot, and submarginal black-inner-bordered greyish-

black band, exterior to which on both wings, in the female, the space

is pale or greyish ; a black marginal line. Cilia broad, dark testa-

ceous. Body greyish, with blackish waist-band.

Expanse 1/ inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

H. HUMERARIA, 0. sp.

Male pale whitish testaceous : hind wing with closely disposed very

narrow transverse ferruginous strigze ; a black line bordered within

by a parallel ferruginous line from base of hind wing, ascending the

fore wing parallel with the costa to beneath a black discal spot, before

and above which it twice retracts and then proceeds to the base of

the wing along the costa, the space within being whitish grey : fore

wing with three slightly apparent ferruginous bands obliquely from

below the apex to hind margin; exterior margin with a suffused

dusky-grey patch near the apex and posterior angle: hind wing with

a black discal dot ; a slightly apparent narrow inner and broad sub-

marginal band, formed of partly confluent ferruginous lines, the latter

bordered inwardly by a fine black sinuous line, and outwardly by a

straight white line. Head and collar of thorax testaceous; thorax

greyish white. Abdomen yellowish ferruginous, with blackish waist-

band, and narrow segmental borders.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

H. ATROSTIPATA.

Scotosia atrostipata, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxy. Geom.

p- 1354.

628 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus Cirora, Curtis.

CLEORA VENUSTULARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv.

Suppl. v. p. 1579.

Darjeeling.

C. pecussaTa, n. sp. (Pl. X XXIII. fig. 4.)

Male and female white: fore wing with a broad transverse medial

white band bordered on each side by a narrow black line, and con-

taining a large upper and lower black spot, the upper one centred

with a white dot, the outer line outwards anteriorly and posteriorly,

the outer space to exterior margin being pale testaceous, and tra-

versed by a wavy submarginal white line with a diffused black inner

border and outer subapical and posterior black streaks ; inner line

of the band also bent outwards posteriorly, the space thence to a

short subbasal transverse black streak pale testaceous, the extreme

base of the wing being white: hind wing with indistinct dusky discal

spot, transverse maculated line and streak from anal angle; a mar-

ginal lunular line. Body with blackish spots. Underside pale white;

markings as above, but less defined.

Expanse 1; inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. RUFOMARGINATA, N. sp.

Male and female pale greyish brown, with numerous short trans-

verse blackish strigze : fore wing pale ferruginous along posterior and

exterior borders ; two transverse black lines, the inner line consider-

ably curved, the other abruptly curved outwards below the costa and

outwardly dentate near posterior margin; exterior border black-

patched, traversed by a submarginal zigzag greyish-white line ; discal

spot black, elongate, confluent with the costa: hind wing with three

ill-defined blackish partly transverse lines, and discal spot. Exterior

margins with a row of black lunules. Cilia pale, with a black medial

line. Underside yellowish ; discal spots distinct: fore wing with

broad blackish marginal band; other markings similar. Legs with

black spots.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. FIMBRIATA, 0. sp.

Male and female dark ferruginous: hind wing greyish at the

base: fore wing blotched with black along the costa and exterior

border ; two oblique transverse black lines, which are rather close

together, between which is a black discal spot, the outer line bordered

by a row of black spots: hind wing with two transverse diffused

blackish lines, enclosing the discal spot, the outer line traversed by

a sinuous greyish-white line; exterior border with black strige ; a

marginal row of black lunules. Cilia black, with alternate ferrugi-

nous streaks. Underside cinereous brown, with blackish discal spot

and outer transverse sinuous line.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

1867.]| MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 629

C. MEGASPILARIA, n. sp.

Male and female blackish cupreous brown, palest on the hind

wing, slightly greyish across the disk; with numerous short trans-

verse delicate black strigee: fore wing with a black transverse sub-

basal and exterior pale-outer-bordered spotted lines, which curve

outwards to the middle of the wing and thence obliquely descend

inwardly to posterior margin ; discal spot very large, black, ascend-

ing to the costa; a submarginal narrow sinuous whitish line bor-

dered on both sides by longitudinal black streaks: hind Wing witha

small indistinct discal spot, and transverse spotted line. A marginal

row of black lunules on both wings. Underside yellowish, with

blackish cinereous similar markings ; the exterior border of fore wing

blotched. Cilia with pale inner line.

Expanse 1? inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. ALBIDENTATA, 0. sp.

Female testaceous, with numerous short transverse black strigze :

fore wing with a black transverse subbasal irregular curved line, and

outer obliquely straight sinuous line; discal spot narrow ; a submar-

ginal row of pure white marks, the middle one being a large round

spot, the others dentate spots: hind wing pale greyish brown, with

three short transverse sinuous blackish lines from abdominal margin.

Both wings with a blackish marginal line. Underside paler, thickly

studded with short transverse cinereous strigee ; transverse discal

spot and outer line indistinct. Legs with blackish spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

C. PANNOSARIA, 0. sp.

Female brown: fore wing with a broad purplish brown exterior

band extending by a broad longitudinal streak to a white narrow

diseal spot, which it encloses, the space above and beneath the streak

being yellowish, the inner margin of the band and the base of the

wing green; two transverse subbasal reddish contiguous lines; several

short transverse red strige on posterior margin; exterior band tra-

versed by a row of purplish-grey lunules: hind wing pale brown,

with several short darker strigee ; a small brown discal spot, and

short streaks from abdominal margin ; a broad pale purplish-brown

marginal band traversed by pale lunules. Exterior margins with a

row of black lunules. Cilia yellowish. Underside yellow, marked

as above.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. SEMICLARATA.

Selidosema semiclarata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiy. p- 1029.

Scotosia quadrifera, Walk. ib. xxxv, Suppl. v. p- 1687.

Darjeeling.

630 MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,”

Genus Boarmta, Treit.

BoarMIA ALIENARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi.Geom. p.370.

©. Boarmia gelidaria, Walk. ib. xxvi. p. 1537.

B. vicarta, Walk. ib. xxi. Geom. p. 371.

Silhet.

B. rparata, Walk. ib. p. 372.

Darjeeling.

B. arsrpartA, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1582.

Darjeeling.

B. susiavaria, Guen. Phal. i. p. 256.

B. rrisprnaria, Walk. ib. xxi. Geom. p. 378.

Silhet.

B. rranscissa, Walk. ib. p. 380.

Silhet.

B. reparata, Walk. ib. p. 380.

B. OBLITERATA, 0. sp.

Female greyish white, minutely fleckled with pale brown : fore

wing brownish along the costa and from the apex to the middle of

exterior margin, beneath which from the angle is a broad lunular

streak ; four transverse equidistant very indistinct brownish lunu-

lated lines; a marginal row of brown lunular spots. Head and front

of thorax brownish; thorax white. Abdomen pale luteous. Under-

side whiter; a blackish streak below the costa; a large black discal

spot, and an apical and posterior patch. Cilia white. Body pale

luteous ; legs brownish, with pale spots.

Expanse 25 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore.

B. PERSPICUATA, N. Sp.

Male and female pale luteous brown, minutely black-fleckled,

most numerous at the base.

Male. Fore wing with three obliquely transverse slightly sinuous

black lines, the first line curved, the second embracing a discal ring-

let, the outer line outwardly bent near each end, the interspaces

being somewhat whitish : hind wing with two transverse black lines,

between which is a discal spot: both wings with a submarginal

medially broad black lunular band with whitish outer border ; a mar-

ginal lunular line ; the inner transverse line of the fore wing in the

female is hardly separable from the contiguous black fleckles, the

next being indicated only by a discal spot extending to the costa.

Thorax with blackish collar. Abdomen with white waist-band and

blackish dorsal bands; anal tuft in the male yellowish. Underside

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 631

pale yellowish ; the markings less apparent, and with a large apical

patch on the fore wing, are dark cinereous. Legs with cinereous

spots.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

B. CONTIGUATA, 0. sp.

Maie greyish white; with two transverse subbasal blackish-cine-

reous sinuous lines, and four exterior broader lines, the two outer

separated by a white sinuous line; a medial sinuous line enclosing a

whitish discal spot ; a marginal row of blackish lunules. Abdomen

with cinereous bands. Underside with large blackish discal spot,

and broad submarginal band, which joins the exterior margin in the

middle.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Remark.—Allied to B. propulsaria, Walk., from Borneo.

B. COMBUSTARIA.

Gnophos combustaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl.

v. p- 1598.

Darjeeling.

Genus Trrurost, Boisd.

TEPHROSIA SCRIPTARIA, Walk. ib. p. 1590.

Darjeeling.

T. COMPARATARIA.

Boarmia comparataria, Walk. ib. p. 1582.

Darjeeling.

T. MUCIDARIA.

Boarmia mucidaria, Walk. ib. p. 1581.

Darjeeling.

T. DENTILINEATA, 0. sp.

Male and female cinereous white, minutely brown-speckled : fore

wing with a subbasal transverse oblique row of three or four small

dark brown spots, and a discal partly double interrupted row of den-

tiform marks; a small discal spot; a submarginal pale sinuous brown-

bordered line twice streaked with dark brown at the apex on the

inner side: hind wing with small dark brown discal spot, adjacent

line to abdominal margin, and transverse discal sinuous line; a sub-

marginal pale line with brown borders. Both wings with an exterior

marginal row of blackish lunules. Underside paler, without mark-

ings.

Expanse ]} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore.

632 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus Hyrocuroma, Guen.

Hyrocuroma pispensaTa, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi.

Geom. p. 435.

Balasore.

H. poarmrarta, Guen. Phal. i. p. 282.

Boarmia inconelusa, Walk. ib. p. 382.

Darjeeling.

HH. muscrcocorartiA, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1543.

Darjeeling.

H. nycremerata, Walk. ib. xxi. Geom. p. 444, xxvi. p. 1543.

Larva feeds on Xanthium indicum and Zizyphus.—A. Grote.

Hl. virRIDARIA, 0. sp.

Female yellowish green, with numerously disposed short trans-

verse darker green confluent strigze ; a slightly apparent inner and a

blackish outer obliquely transverse straight sinuous line, the latter

with whitish exterior border and a submarginal black-speckled red-

dish streak; a small blackish discal spot and wavy marginal line.

Body minutely black-speckled. Underside cinereous white; a black

discal spot and broad blackish-cinereous submarginal band: fore

wing reddish exteriorly, where there are numerous blackish fleckles ;

a marginal row of black lunular spots.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

H. 1RRORATARIA, 0. sp.

Female white, covered with very numerous minute speckles, which

are blackish basally and pinkish exteriorly: fore wing with a sub-

basal transverse subdued blackish thrice-waved line, a waved discal

streak, and outer black acutely sinuous line, the latter extending

across the hind wing: both wings with a submarginal wavy white

line and marginal lunules, and a narrow blackish marginal lunular

line. Underside white, bright yellow at the base, an elongated

blackish discal spot on fore wing, and broad blackish submarginal

band to both wings, which is slightly confluent with the exterior

margin on the fore wing.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal; Silhet. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

H. BASIFLAVATA, 0. sp.

Male sap-green: fore wing fleckled with black ; a short black ob-

liquely descending streak at the base; a submarginal row of red

lunular spots; exterior margin with short black longitudinal lines :

hind wing golden-yellow, with a broad marginal blackish band, tinged

with cupreous, from abdominal angle. Cilia green. Head and ab-

domen pale yellow, the latter with brown dorsal tufts. Thorax sap-

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 633

green. Underside—both wings bright yellow, with broad blackish

outer band, palest and slightly whitish along the exterior margin,

Palpi and legs black-speckled.

Expanse 1? inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

H. VARICOLORARIA, 0. sp.

Male dark cinereous: fore wing with numerous short transverse

cinereous, pink, and yellow strigee, those of the latter colour predo-

minating in the middle of the wing between two pale-bordered black

transverse discal lines, those of the darker colour being confluent at

the base and along exterior border; beneath the apex and at the

posterior angle is a pale patch ; discal spot blackish: hind wing with

the strigee most thickly disposed along exterior border, and across

the veins from the base; an indistinct inner transverse line and

darker black outer sinuous line: both wings with a marginal blackish

line lunulated with white; cilia pink, paler beneath, slightly spotted

with cinereous on the fore wing. Head luteous. Thorax cinereous.

Abdomen luteous, with four dorsal tufts laterally edged with black.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

H. TENEBROSARIA, D. sp.

Male dark cinereous brown, with numerous short transverse

greyish-white strigee, which are most thickly disposed across the

middle of the fore wing: fore wing with a transverse indistinct ob-

lique subbasal blackish sinuous line, a discal spot, and an outer more

clearly defined sinuous line: hind wing with a similar outer sinuous

Ine: both wings with a submarginal indistinct whitish wavy lunular

line. Underside cinereous white ; both wings with a cinereous-black

discal spot, a transverse outer row of lunulated spots, and a broad

marginal band with a pale spot at the apex.

Expanse 2+ inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

H. COSTISTRIGARIA, Nl. Sp.

Male greyish green: fore wing with a subbasal transverse blackish

line, which is bent outward near the costa; an exterior transverse

widely sinuous greenish-black line, which is medially curved out-

wards and bordered with greyish white ; along the costa between the

lines are numerous short transverse black and pale-testaceous strige,

which also extend down the inner portion along the subbasal line;

discal spot diffused brown; some transverse black spots at the base

of the wing and some short blackish strigze from the costa before the

apex to the exterior margin below it : hind wing with pale-brown and

testaceous strigee at the base; a diffused blackish discal spot, and

narrow blackish outer whitish-margiued sinuous line: both wings

with an indistinct submarginal row of whitish lunules; cilia edged

with white. Front of head jet-black; top and thorax green. Ab-

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1867, No. XLI.

634 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

domen pale luteous. Underside white, the base bright yellow; a

black discal spot on fore wing; a submarginal black band confluent

with the outer border below the apex on both wings.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

H. LEOPARDINATA, 0. sp.

Male yellow: fore wing nearly covered with short transverse black

strigee ; a black streak at the base; two medial irregular transverse

broad blotchy black-fleckled bands, between which is a narrow black

oblique discal spot, the exterior band being bordered by reddish

brown; exterior margin of the wing with black strige and yellow

spots: hind wing with the base and a medially interrupted submar-

ginal band blackish cinereous, the latter having similar-coloured ex-

terior strigee; a marginal line of black lunular spots. Head and

body yellowish. Underside yellow, with large blackish-cinereous

discal spot and interrupted submarginal bands.

Expanse 22 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

Genus Barcosa, Walk.

Petelia, H.-Scheeff,

Bareosa FasciaTa, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 8.)

Female chocolate-brown, with numerous short transverse darker

strigee, those on the costa being blackish; four or five transverse

diffused greyish fasciz, the last two on the submargin of the fore

wing crossed before reaching the costa, the others being straight; a

grey-centred blackish discal spot; a marginal row of black dots.

Underside pale greyish brown, with short brown strigze, blackish

discal spot, and broad marginal brown band; exterior margin with

row of blackish dots.

Expanse 1,5, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

XANDRAMES, n. g., Moore.

Palpi small, densely pilose, porrect ; third joint minute, conical,

hardly visible. Antenne rather long, pectinated in both sexes.

Legs slender, smooth; hind tibize incrassated in the middle, with

four apical spurs. Body robust. Abdomen long, extending to the

length of hind wing. Wings large, broad: fore wing elongate, tri-

gonal; costa convex towards the apex, which is somewhat acute ;

exterior margin very oblique, nearly straight: hind wing rounded

exteriorly, slightly produced in the middle.

XANDRAMES DHOLARIA, N. sp.

Male and female dark cupreous brown: fore wing with numerous

blackish short transverse strigee along the costa, and others of a

blackish brown and narrower, disposed closely, and broadly extending

1867.] | MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 635

along exterior border, the inner portion of the wing and posterior

border being minutely speckled; a broad irregular-margined sub-

apical transverse oblique white band bordered with interrupted broad

black streaks, another streak similar to that anteriorly on its inner

border running obliquely from the costa near the base, its exterior

border posteriorly also having a similar straight streak, which is most

prominent in the female ; base of the wing greenish brown, the space

before the band and at the apex being dark cupreous brown; some

streaks along middle of posterior margin and a short basal streak

black: hind wing uniform dark bright cupreous brown, palest in the

female ; with an indistinct discal wavy narrow band; exterior margin

white anteriorly, with numerous short transverse dark strigee thence

to the abdominal angle. Palpi, sides of head, and a narrow band on

side of thorax extending beneath, and streaks on legs black. Under-

side uniform dull cupreous brown, the whitish transverse band and

border on hind wing being more prominent.

Expanse 33 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore.

X. aporascrata, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 5.)

Male dark brown: fore wing dark saffron yellowish green, with

thickly disposed more or less confluent transverse black strigee, di-

vided by an oblique transverse subapical irregular-margined yellowish-

white narrow band, which is partly yellowish green on its lower outer

half: hind wing dark fuliginous brown; exterior border yellowish

anteriorly, with similar-coloured strigee extending thence to abdominal

angle. Palpi, head, and thorax rufous brown, which colour extends

beneath in front of the thorax; sides of thorax in front black.

Abdomen fuliginous brown. Underside uniform yellowish fuliginous

brown ; subapical band and border on hind wing clear yellow.

Expanse 24 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Genus OpuTHaLmopes, Guen.

OPpHTHALMODES DIURNARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 284.

O. inrusarra, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi. Geom. p- 448.

Silhet.

Genus Expuos, Guen.

Exrgos HyMENaRiA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 285, pl. 16. f. 4.

E. varpiceixata, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1544.

Genus GNopuos, Treit.

Gnoruos muscosaria, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p- 1596.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson.

G. oprecraria, Walk. ib. p. 1597.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson.

636 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Fam. GEOMETRIDZ,

Genus Grometra, Linn.

GroMeETRA AVICULARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 342.

Geometra pennisignata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxii. Geom.

p- 916.

Darjeeling.

G. viripiLuTEaTa, Walk. ib. p. 515.

Darjeeling.

G. HALIARIA, Walk. ib, p. 518.

G. decoraria, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1601.

Darjeeling.

G. DENTISIGNATA, 0. sp.

Female subdued green, with several delicate reddish fleckles basally

and short transverse strigze exteriorly ; a cinereous-outer-bordered

white line from the middle of abdominal margin extending across

both wings obliquely to within one-third of the costa; a reddish-

bordered black dentate discal spot on the fore wing; costal margin

yellow ; an irregular transverse subbasal narrow indistinct reddish

line. Underside pale green.

Expanse 23 inches.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson; F. Moore.

Closely allied to G. haliaria, Walk.

G. VITTATA, n. Sp.

Male aud female greyish green, with darker green, but not very

prominent, transverse bands: fore wing with two straight subbasal

bands and three oblique bands exterior to a discal spot, the second

subbasal band joined posteriorly to the third, which with the outer

two cross the hind wing, the three outer bands having a pale or

whitish exterior border. Underside greenish yellow, with a darker

discal spot and narrow outer band. Legs and antennee yellowish.

Expanse, ¢ 13, 2 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

G. piaciata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. xxxy. Suppl. v. p. 1602.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson.

G. usta, Walk. ib. p. 1602.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson.

G. pentata, Walk. ib. xxii. Geom. p. 518.

“ Larva feeds on Zizyphus and Ixora, attaching pieces of leaf to

itself apparently for the purpose of hiding its pupa-case ; but it com-

mences adorning itself for some days before changing.” —A. Grote,

Esq.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 637

Genus THALAssopeEs, Guen.

THALASSODES INAPTARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi.

Geom. p. 1560.

Silhet.

T. MACRURARIA, Walk. ib. p. 1561,

Silhet.

T. MacarraTA, Walk. ib. p. 1562.

T. cauararta, Walk. ib. xxii. Geom. p. 552.

T. pisstmuLata, Walk. ib. p. 551,

Larva feeds on Terminalia catappa.—A. Grote.

T. pistrncrariA, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1607.

Darjeeling.

T. uRaprerartiA, Walk, ib. p. 1608.

Silhet.

T. DISsITA.

Geometra dissita, Walk. ib. xxii. Geom. p. 519.

T. OPHTHALMICATA, 0. sp.

Female dull greyish green, with a few indistinct yellowish-brown

fleckles ; a narrow yellowish-brown band crossing the disk of both

wings, which on the fore wing is nearly straight, and on the hind

wing slightly curved ; a similar-coloured partly upright subbasal line;

a small blackish-brown discal spot on fore wing, and a larger brown-

bordered grey eye-like discal spot on the hind wing. Underside

pale greenish cinereous, with indistinct transverse discal band, Front

of head and second joint of palpi above blackish brown.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

T, SINUATA, 0. Sp.

Female clear grass-green above, whitish beneath: fore wing with

the costa whitish; two medial widely separated transverse sinuous

purple-red lines, between which is a small blackish discal spot : hind

wing with a single similar sinuous outer line and discal spot. Mar- rs

ginal line purple red. Cilia and antennze pale purple red.

Expanse 1,2; inch. %

Bengal. In Coll. A. Grote, Esq.

** Larva feeds on Boswellia serratifolia.”—A. Grote, Esq.

Genus THALERA, Hiibn.

THALERA BIFASCIATA.

Thalassodes bifasciata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom,

p- 1562.

Silhet.

638 MR. F. MCORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

T. euavcartA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p- 1613.

Darjeeling.

T. arcurarta, Walk. ib. p. 1614.

Genus Berta, Walk.

BErRTA CHRYSOLINEATA, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1621.

Genus Comisnana, Hubn.

CoMIBNA DIVAPALA, Walk. ib. xxii. Geom. p. 575.

* Larva feeds on Lawsonia inermis and on Melaleuca cajeputi.’—

A. Grote, Esq.

C. SANGUILINEATA, 0. Sp.

Male green, exterior borders white: fore wing with four equi-

distant white spots below the costa, and a fifth spot below the basal

one ; from the apical penultimate spot proceeds a transverse narrow

white band, which extends outward, passing downward, is again bent

inward, and then curves to the posterior margin ; a pale crimson

submarginal line, which is bent beneath the white band, and is ter-

minated by two blackish spots near the posterior angle: hind wing

with a contorted transverse white band, anteriorly bordered by a short

dark red exterior streak; a parallel submarginal narrow dark-red

band diffusely terminated at the anal angle: both wings with a very

narrow dark-red exterior marginal line; cilia yellow. Underside

pale greenish white, with a marginal row of black dots: fore wing

with an indistinct discal spot, and a short blackish streak from the

posterior angle; a submarginal blackish-maculated line on hind

wing.

Expanse 1,4, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. HYALINATA, N. sp.

Male and female purplish hyaline: fore wing with an imperfect

basal, and a subbasal band with a discal point, and an irregular sub-

marginal band with an inner or reverse discal point, crossing both

the wings, reddish brown, this colour also extending along the veins

and outer marginal border line, dividing a row of white lunules ; cilia

brownish white. Body and antenne reddish brown. Legs yellowish.

Expanse 1,2; inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. MACULATA, 0. sp.

Pale green; costal line pale pinkish white, exterior marginal line

pale brown. Cilia pale lemon-yellow. Both wings with a brown

discal spot with white-speckled centre and yellow outer border; two

subbasal and a transverse discal series of pale yellow spots, the latter

each with a brown outer speck. Underside much paler, without

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 639

markings. Body beneath, antenne, and legs yellowish. Front of

head reddish.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. FENESTRARIA, 0. sp.

Male very pale golden-yellow: both wings with a pale brown-

bordered oblique subbasal double line, which extends by ashort black

streak on the costa and curves widely outward and then descends to

the posterior angle, the middle of the wing being irregularly hyaline

and marked only by a minute discal spot; a submarginal silvery-

white line and two outwardly oblique silvery fasciz from the costa

before the apex ; two small brown streaks on abdominal margin and

another below the discal spot. Underside as above, but paler.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. CHALYBEATA, 0. sp.

Male pale green, with several delicate pale white short transverse

strigee : fore wing with two pale chalybeate upright transverse me-

dial lines, which indistinctly cross the hind wing and conjoin in a

slight crimson streak at the anal angle; base of fore wing and ex-

terior border of both wings suffused with chalybeous. Costal margin

and band across thorax and antennz pale ochreous. Front of head

and palpi beneath whitish. Palpi above pale pinkish ochreous.

Underside pale greenish chalybeate-white.

Expanse 15; inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F, Moore.

Genus AGaTuta, Guen.

AGATHIA LYCZNARIA.

Geometra lycenaria, Kollar, Hiigel’s Reis. Kasch. iv. p. 486.

G. albiangularia, Herr.-Scheeff. Samml. exot. Schmett. pl. 61.

‘“ ges discriminata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxii. Geom.

4 = feeds on Nerium odorum and Strophanthus dichotomus.”

A. HEMITHEARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 381.

Silhet.

A. HILARATA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 381.

Silhet.

A. catenartA, Walk. J. c. p. 591.

Larva feeds on Nerium oleander.—A. Grote, Esq.

A. QUINARIA, 0. sp.

Maie bright green, white beneath ; bands reddish fawn-colour :

640 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

fore wing with a transverse basal band, an outwardly oblique hind-

ward-bent medial band, and an oblique subapical band, which in-

cludes the exterior margin to the posterior angle and extends round

a green apical ovate spot: hind wing with outer marginal band run-

ning parallel with posterior angle of fore wing, its inner border straight

and sinuous and ascending to the abdominal margin above the anal

angle; an elongate oval upper marginal green spot, beneath which

is a white streak.

Expanse 1? inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

A. ARCUATA, 0. Sp.

Female bright green, whitish beneath: fore wing with fawn-

coloured costa, basal streak, a narrow band from the costa before the

middle which crosses to middle of posterior margin, the green space

outside attenuated hindward and extending only half across the wing,

its exterior border being sinuous, the outer space broadly fawn-

coloured ; apical green spot indented anteriorly on both sides; be-

neath this are two succeeding very small green spots and then a

larger yellow spot: hind wing with a broad fawn-coloured margin ;

the green space occupying the base from the middle of its anterior

margin and descending outward to the middle of the wing and then

reascending to near the middle of abdominal margin, its border being

sinuous ; a green apical marginal patch and another above anal angle,

both being partly divided ; a short narrow yellow streak above the

marginal angle.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Fam. PaALyapD&.

Genus Kumevea, Duncan.

EUMELEA ROSALIA,

Phal. Geom. rosalia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 368. f. F.

Eumelea rosaliata, Duncan, Jardine’s Nat. Hist. Libr. Exot.

Moths, pl. 29. f. 4.

E. rexiciata, Guen. Phal. i. p. 393.

Silhet.

E. auREvIATA, Guen. Phal. 1. p. 394, pl. 22. f. 6.

Fam. Eruyrip&.

Genus Anisopes Guen.

ANISODES OBLIVIARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxii. Geom.

p- 643.

A. PLURISTRIARIA, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1581,

1867.] MR. ¥F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 641

A. pLyNuSARIA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Geom. xxvi. p. 1581.

Silhet.

A. uyrRiARIA, Walk, ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1617.

Darjeeling. —

A, SANGUINARIA, NR. Sp.

Male yellow: fore wing with several confluent crimson blotches

and speckles at the base, and two larger submarginal blotches with

contiguous confluent speckles to exterior margin; discal spot and

largest blotches tinged with purple: hind wing speckled with crim-

son, and with larger blotches along exterior and abdominal margins;

a purplish discal ringlet; a band on front of head and on thorax

and base of abdomen crimson. Underside paler.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

A. PALLIVITTATA, 0. sp.

Male and female pale yellowish testaceous, minutely blackish-

speckled: fore wing with a testaceous discal spot and four obliquely

transverse rather indistinct lunular lines, the third and fourth lines

submarginal; the second, third, and fourth extending across the

hind wing, the third with a parallel inner row of blackish spots; a

marginal row of dark spots; cilia with a dark inner spot at the mar-

ginal angles. Palpi, front of head, and pectinations of male antennze

black. Underside paler, marked as above.

Expanse 2 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell ; F. Moore.

A. SIMILARIA, 0. Sp.

Male pale brownish cinereous, minutely but densely black-speckled:

fore wing with an indistinct darker discal spot and four oblique bands,

the two outer bands being submarginal, which with the third extends

across the hind wing; both wings with a sinuous discal testaceous

line, which has two small outer testaceous patches: a dentiform

discal spot with testaceous border on hind wing: both wings with

a marginal row of blackish spots; cilia black-speckled, and having a

black inner spot at the marginal angles. Underside paler; discal

sinuous line and spot on hind wing distinct ; a well-defined dark mar-

ginal line; cilia with blackish spots.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

A. DIFFUSARIA, N. sp.

Male yellow, with thickly disposed crimson speckles and strigee.

Both wings with a diffused testaceous-grey transverse discal streak

with sinuous outer border and black points, from the middle of which

proceeds a similar-coloured streak, which descends inwardly across

the base of hind wing and the abdomen, and outwardly to the middle

of exterior margin: an oblique subbasal indistinct testaceous-grey

642 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

band and small black spots on fore wing, and a similar-coloured sub-

marginal streak on both wings; a black discal spot and marginal

row of dots on both wings. Underside yellowish cinereous, with

darker bands as above.

Allied to 4. pluristriata.

Expanse 24 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

A. ? VINACEARIA, 0. Sp.

Male vinaceous ; palest at the base: both wings with three equi-

distant transverse indistinct crimson wavy lines, and darker marginal

line; a blackish discal spot; cilia crimson. Front of head brown.

Underside as above, but darker-coloured.

Expanse 1,2, inch.

Bengal. In Coll, F. Moore.

Fam. ACIDALID.

Genus Draretopes, Guen.

DraperopeEs MITARIA, Guen. Phal. i. p. 424, pl. 18. f. 6.

Anisodes platycerata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p- 1586.

Genus TryGopeEs, Guen.

TRYGODES DIVISARIA.

Mecaria divisaria, Walk. ib. xxiii. Geom. p. 927.

T. VAGATA.

Mecaria vagata, Walk. ib. p. 927.

Genus Hyrza, Steph.

HyriA BICOLORATA, N. Sp.

Reddish fawn-colour, with a few short black streaks on the veins:

fore wing with three equidistant transverse zigzag yellow bands com-

mencing before the apex, each having an outer border and a medial

parallel line of crimson joined by upper and lower longitudinal crim-

son streaks; some short crimson streaks below the apex: hind wing

with a narrow outer transverse sinuous yellow band with crimson

borders. Underside cinereous brown; bands indistinct.

Expanse ;®, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

H. TRILINEATA, 0. sp.

Male and female cinnamon-brown, with a few short transverse

yellow strigee; three equidistant transverse narrow orange-yellow

slightly curved bands, the two outer bands crossing the hind wing.

Cilia, antennee, and head yellow. Underside paler; bands less defined,

Expanse 1 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson,

1867.] MR. ¥. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 643

H. orNATA, 0. sp.

Male greyish fawn-colour: exterior margin of both wings exca-

vated below the apex and produced in the middle: fore wing with

three transverse bright crimson-streaked and -bordered yellow wavy

bands, which are broad at the costa and attenuate to the hind mar-

gin, the first and second bands contiguous and hardly separable, each

somewhat blackish-bordered: hind wing with slight crimson basal

band and outer yellow-spotted crimson wavy band with blackish

inner border ; an indistinct discal blackish spot and contiguous line.

Abdomen with a reddish waist-band. Underside cinereous brown,

with ill-defined paler bands as above.

Expanse 1+ inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

H. ? pLuRISTRIGATA, 0. sp.

Cinnamon-brown; exterior margin sinuous: fore wing with two

straight transverse medial and a narrow basal pale yellow bands with

short transverse similar-coloured intervening streaks : hind wing with

a single medial transverse yellow band and basal streaks: both wings

with some orange-yellow submarginal streaks. Cilia pale yellow.

Underside paler ; markings less defined and whitish.

Expanse < inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Acipa.iA, Treit.

ACIDALIA BICAUDATA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 12.)

Male and female white: a transverse discal narrow wavy blackish-

margined ferruginous band, with confluent fuliginous-brown exterior

margin, which is slightly blackish-streaked, and having a black medial

marginal dot on hind wing; a row of small dark brown transverse

subbasal spots, and a few short strigze on base of costa of fure wing.

Palpi and front of head dark brown. Cilia white, with brown patches

on fore wing. Hind wing bicaudate anteriorly.

Expanse | inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W.S. Atkinson.

A. RATA, 0. sp.

Male and female brassy yellow, with broad basal and marginal

cinereous-brown bands with intervening cinereous speckles. Cilia

broad, yellow. Antenne, head, and front of thorax, abdomen, and

legs yellow; thorax cinereous. Underside as above.

Expanse | inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

A. TEPHROSARIA, 0. Sp.

Male very pale whitish testaceous, with numerous short trans-

verse narrow pale brown strigee: fore wing with three equidistant

black spots on the costa, from the outer of which proceed a trans-_

644 MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

verse oblique series of several black dots bordered exteriorly by a

slight brownish line, the inner spots having a similar series of two or

three dots ; a medial subdued brownish transverse line contiguous to

a similar-coloured discal spot: hind wing with a small discal spot,

subdued inner line, and outer transverse row of black dots: both

wings with an exterior marginal row of blackish dots. Underside

paler; strigee numerous along the costa and exterior margins; a

blackish discal spot and adjoining sinuous line; submarginal line

double, sinuous, and on the fore wing interspaced with yellow, that

of the hind wing with three outer blackish spots; a marginal row of

black dots. Tip of palpi and legs above blackish.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Remark.—This species is allied to Acidalia contigara, Walk., from

Northern India.

A. ?GEMMIFERA, 0. sp.

Male reddish brown, studded with minute brilliant silver speckles ;

exterior margin of hind wing very deeply scalloped: fore wing

with medial transverse irregular blackish line terminating on the

hind margin in a red ringlet ; apex of the wing white, with brown

medial streaks and outer lunules; an indistinct blackish basal streak

and discal spot: hind wing with a yellowish-white base and diffused

discal band, the exterior margin being pure white and with a row of

brown lunules ; a slight reddish discal spot. Cilia of fore wing white

anteriorly, the rest brown; that of the hind wing white, except at

the tip of the angles, which are brown. Abdomen yellowish white,

with brown anal patch. Underside paler, similarly marked, but not

speckled.

Expanse | inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Trmanpra, Dup.

TIMANDRA CONVECTARIA, Walk. Cat. Lepid. Het. B. M. xxiii.

Geom. p. 800.

T. AVENTIARIA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 3.

Silhet.

T. SUBOBLIQUARIA, N. Sp.

Male pale greyish fawn-colour; a straight dark cinereous-brown

band, with paler outer border crossing both wings from the costa

one-third from the apex to the middle of abdominal margin: fore

wing with some cinnamon-brown lunules at the base, and a black

discal spot: a cinnamon-coloured submarginal wavy line to both

wings, and a marginal row of black dots. Underside cinereous brown,

marked as above, but of a dusky colour.

Expanse 1 inch.

Bengal. In Coll, A. E, Russell.

1867.] MR. F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 645

Genus Somatina, Guen.

SOMATINA PLURILINEARIA, 0. sp.

Male and female pale testaceous yellow: both wings with two

medial obliquely transverse equidistant wavy brown lines ; the inner

line retracted to the costa, between which and bordering the outer

line are three paler parallel lunular lines, and on the fore wing near

the costa is a small round black discal spot; three pale lunular lines

crossing the base of the wings ; two darker similar submarginal lines,

and an outer row of small pure-white spots, those on the upper part

of fore wing with a diffused blackish border, which colour also ex-

tends in a short longitudinal medial streak to the outer transverse

line; exterior marginal line dark brown. Tip of palpi, spots on

head, and collar in front of thorax dark brown.

Expanse 1} inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

S. ? PICTARIA, n. sp.

Male and female cinereous white: fore wing with a ferruginous-

brown basal patch and two transverse bands, the outer band angu-

lated before the costa, both confluent along the costal half in the

female ; between the bands is a small dentiform blackish discal spot ;

several delicate silvery-white evanescent lines crossing the wing, be-

tween which on the exterior border are two or three parallel pale

cinereous-brown narrow bands, which are darkest at the apex: hind

wing with two medial and two submarginal pale cinereous-brown

bands, the latter with silvery-white outer margins. Palpi, head, and

thorax ferruginous brown. Abdomen cinereous white. Legs cine-

reous brown. Underside paler: fore wing with cinereous-brown

markings as above.

Expanse 1,2, inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F. Moore,

Genus ArGyris, Guen.

ARGYRIS MysTICATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. Geom.

p- 1617.

Darjeeling.

A. OCELLATA.

Caloptera ocellata, Friv. Herr.-Scheeff. Samml. eur. Schmett, ii.

p- 97, pl. 23. f. 125; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vi. Bomb. p- 1377.

Argyris ocellata, Walk. ib. xxii. Geom. p. 807.

A. ommatophoraria, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 13.

A. INSIGNATA, n, sp.

Female white ; costa considerably arched from the base: fore wing

with four cinereous obliquely quadrate spots on the costa, an irregular

broad discal transverse band, which is traversed hindward by two

short wavy streaks, and a submarginal series of small spots; the

marginal line at the posterior angle blackish; hind wing suffused

6146 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

with orange-yellow on the lower part of exterior border ; a brownish-

cinereous submarginal band, maculated anteriorly and traversed

posteriorly by two parallel white lines, beneath which are three short

black streaks ; two similar-coloured streaks above it on the abdominal

margin; on the exterior margin is a black conical white-speckled

lower spot, and three smaller anterior contiguous cinereous spots,

each with an outer narrow lunule. Palpi, front of head, and broad

band on abdomen brownish cinereous. Cilia edged with cinereous.

Underside white, with two narrow outer maculated bands, and basal

patch on fore wing dark cinereous.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Fam. Micronip#.

Genus MicrontaA, Guen.

Micronia GANNATA, Guen. Phal. il. p. 26.

Calcutta; Silhet.

M. acutxata, Guen. ib. pl. 13. f. 8.

Silhet.

M. FASCIATA.

Phal. Geom. fasciata, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 104. f. D.

Phalena caudata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. i. 2. p. 63,

Micronia caudata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 25.

M. osrusata, Guen. ib, pl. 5. f. 6.

M. sIMPLICIATA, 0. Sp.

Male and female silky white, paler beneath: fore wing with some

short delicate cinereous strige along the costa; a cinereous discal

streak and five transverse simple bands, the three outer crossing the

hind wing; first and second band subbasal ; third broadest, medial ;

the other two submarginal; a black marginal line to both wings,

which at the medial angle on the hind wing has two narrow spots.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

M. sparsartia, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. Geom. p. 818.

Silhet.

M. srriatartia, Linn. (Clerck, Icon. pl. 55. f. 4; Walk. ib. p. 818.)

Genus Myrreta, Walk.

Myrreta puanartiA, Walk. ib. p. 831.

Genus Erostia, Guen.

EROSIA CERVINARIA, N. Sp.

Male and female cinereous brown or fawn-colour.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 647

Male. Fore wing dark cinereous brown, with very indistinct

blackish discal spot, and transverse sinuous line with whitish border;

costa and exterior marginal line reddish brown: hind wing very pale

at the base ; a white-speckled line at anal angle; exterior marginal

line reddish brown; cilia blackish, edged with cinereous.

Female brownish fawn-colour on the fore wing: hind wing as in

the male. Underside paler ; costa reddish brown; a very indistinct

dusky transverse discal line.

Expanse, ¢ 12, 2 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Fam. CaBERID&.

Genus CABERA.

CABERA PLATYLEUCATA.

Acidalia platyleucata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl.

v. p. 1628.

C. MARGARITA, nh. sp.

Male and female pearly white, minutely speckled with cinereous.

Both wings with a black discal spot and an indistinct cinereous discal

band. Costal line yellow. Antenne, front of head, and legs brownish

yellow.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Fam. Macarip.

Genus Macarta, Curtis.

Syn. Evarzia, Walk.

MACARIA METAGONARIA.

Alzelina metagonaria, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p. 1518.

Darjeeling.

M. PERSPICUARIA, 0. sp.

Female pale yellowish testaceous, with thinly dispersed short de-

licate blackish strigee: fore wing with two subbasal oblique wavy

testaceous lines, the outer line crossing the hind wing ; a submarginal

narrow blackish double red band crossing both wings obliquely from

below the apex to above anal angle, the apical portion of the inner

end abruptly retracted to the costa one-third from the apex ; the

marginal space on the fore wing blackish: hind wing with an exte-

rior medial reddish spot and contiguous upper streak: both wings

with a narrow black marginal line. Two dorsal rows of black Spots

on abdomen. Underside paler, with minute strigze as above, and the

double band broadly bordered exteriorly with bright testaceous, and

on the fore wing by a diffused blackish streak ascending from near

648 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

posterior angle to below the apex. Cilia black below the apex.

Legs black-speckled.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E, Russell.

Remark.—Allied to Evarzia ozararia, Walk.

M. emersarta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. Geom. p. 925.

M. ELEONORA.

Phalena eleonora, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 288. f. E-G.

Macaria eleonorata, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 89.

Larva feeds on Mimosa-flowers.—A. Grote, Esq.

M. nora, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiii. Geom. p. 934.

M. streniaTaria, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1646.

M. srRENUATARIA, Walk. ib. p. 1647.

M. permoraria, Walk. ib. xxiii. Geom. p. 929.

KRANANDA, n. g., Moore.

Male and female. Palpi porrect, slender, compressed, pilose ;

third joint small, cylindrical. Proboscis moderate. Antenne slender,

minutely serrated, set with fascicles of very fine hairs in the male,

simple in the female. Legs short, rather stout, smooth; hind tibize

incrassated and armed with four spurs. Body moderate; abdomen

extending to the length of the hind wing. Wings long, broad exte-

riorly: fore wing with the costa nearly straight to two-thirds its

length, where it is considerably arched to the end, the apex being

faleate ; exterior margin scalloped, produced in the middle and at

the posterior angle: hind wing, anterior margin concave before the

end ; the apex much produced, being formed into an elongated pro-

cess; exterior margin nearly straight, slightly scalloped.

KRANANDA SEMIHYALINA, 0. Sp.

Male and female greyish testaceous, darkest on the hind wing,

with several short transverse darker strigee: both wings hyaline to

beyond the middle, with irregular exterior margin, that of the fore

wing defined by a blackish line, the band with thinly dispersed

transverse strigze, and with a short darker streak medially on both

the anterior and posterior margins ; a submarginal row of whitish

semidiaphanous lunular spots; exterior margin defined by a delicate

dark line: base of fore wing partially covered with dark speckles,

and bordered by a double subbasal transverse dark line; extreme

base of hind wing with a dark streak. Cilia with a pale inner line.

Palpi, front of head, stripe on vertex, and another on top of the thorax

bright testaceous. Thorax and abdomen grey.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 23.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

1867.] MR. ¥. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 649

Fam. Frvonip.

Genus SterruHA, Hibn.

STERRHA SACRARIA, Linn. (Guen. Phal. ii. p. 175).

Genus Docrrava, Walk.

Docirava zquitineata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi.

Geom. p. 1635.

D. uvaRIA.

Aspilates uvaria, Walk. ib. p. 1681.

Anaitis vastata, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1700.

Darjeeling.

Genus Aspiuates, Treit.

ASPILATES FALCONARIA, Walk. ib. p. 1665.

Darjeeling.

A. OBLIQUARIA, 0. Sp.

Male pale yellowish: fore wing minutely speckled with brown; a

brown discal spot and two others obliquely beneath it; an oblique

transverse straight discal dark brown paler-outer-bordered line and

an interrupted parallel series of submarginal streaks: hind wing

white, with two short brown streaks from-abdominal margin, one

medial, the other near anal angle: both wings with a marginal row

of blackish dots. Underside yellowish white ; closely speckled with

brown along the costa and on the hind wing; both wings with two

exterior reddish-brown lines and blackish discal spot and marginal

dots.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Caprizia, Walk.

CapriLia VESICULARIA, Walk. ib. Suppl. xxxv. p. 1569.

Male with a colourless vitreous spot near the base of the fore wing,

which is blind and smaller in the female.

Expanse 1 inch.

Cherra Poonjee; Debroghur, Assam. In Coil. A. E. Russell ;

W.S. Atkinson.

C. specuLARIA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 11.)

Bright yellow, blotched and fleckled with pale ferruginous yellow,

some of which have a darker central speck. Male with a vitreous

oval spot at the base of the wing, which is smaller and blind in the

female. Fore wing with dark ferruginous lunular marks at the base

of the costa, an oblique spot on its middle, and another before the

apex ; beneath the latter is a pale ferruginous-yellow patch; on the

posterior margin are two dark ferruginous outwardly ascending

streaks, the inner one large and concave exteriorly: hind wing with

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLII.

650 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

two small dark ferruginous streaks on the anterior margin, and a

lunular exterior marginal line. Palpi, a band in front of thorax, and

a spot on the base of abdomen dark ferruginous.

Expanse 1,4, inch.

Assam. In Coll. W. 8S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

Remark.—Differs from C. vesicularia in having longer wings,

which are narrower in proportion. The fore wing is not faleated at

the tip, and the exterior margin is much more oblique. In the hind

wing the anterior margin is convex to the extreme apex, whereas in

C. vesicularia the apex is truncated, with the angle beneath.

Genus Zom1A, Moore.

Syn. Omiza, Walk.

ZOMIA INCITATA.

Omiza incitatu, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiv. p. 1084.

Genus Ostcerpa, Walk.

Syn. Celesdera, Walk.

OsIcERDA ALIENATA, Walk. ib. xxiv. Geom. p. 1084, ¢ 2.

©. Celesdera schistifusata, Walk. ib. xxvi. Geom. p. 1749.

Larva feeds on Ivora.—A. Grote, Esq.

O. COSTIMACULATA, N. sp.

Male pale greenish grey : fore wing minutely fleckled with brown;

with rather large triangular costal spots before the apex; a small

brown spot on posterior margin near the angle ; cilium brown, except

in the middle, where it is yellow: hind wing luteous ; a short ob-

liquely ascending brown streak at the abdominal angle. Abdomen

luteous. Antenne blackish, shaft luteous.

Expanse 1 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

O. TRINOTARIA, ND. sp.

Male pale greenish luteous : fore wing with three equidistant black

costal spots, the first basal and small, the others larger and trian-

gular, the costal border between them being fleckled with black :

hind wing with a transverse cinereous discal line. Underside lute-

ous, with several short transverse black strigee ; both wings with a

discal streak and transverse black line. Antenne, tibize, and tarsi

blackish. Cilia blackish.

Expanse 1,2, inch.

Bengal (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

Genus Nosixia, Walk.

Nosiiia turBara, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiv. Geom.

p- 1098.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA, 651

Genus Marcata, Walk.

MarcaLa 1Gnivorata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p- 1764.

Fam. ZERENID.

Genus Ruyparta, Hiibn.

Ruyparia puctaria, Walk. ib. xxiv. Geom. p. 1111.

R. MACULATA, 0. sp.

Male cinereous white: fore wing suffused with cinereous in the

middle; a row of cinereous-brown spots along each vein from the

base, a submarginal and marginal row of contiguous spots; some

quadrate paler spots on the costa, and smaller spots on posterior

margin: hind wing with three transverse curved rows of similar

spots. Head and palpi above blackish. Antenne brown. Thorax

and abdomen black-spotted. Underside paler, marked as above.

Legs blackish above.

Expanse 1, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

R. rransectaTa, Walk. ib. p. 1112.

Genus Percnia, Guen.

PERCNIA FELINARIA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 216, pl. 19. f. 1.

Genus Netcynpa, Walk.

NeELcynpDA ReECTIFICATA, Walk. /. c. xxiv. Geom. p. 1142.

Genus Asraxas, Leach.

ABRAXAS TIGRATA, Guen. Phal. il. p. 202.

A. TIGRATA, var.

Female white ; costa and exterior border of both wings yellowish:

fore wing with numerous small confluent blackish-cinereous spots at

the base and on posterior margin; a large medial spot, exterior to

and above which is a large confluent discal and costal spot ; a sub-

marginal recurved series of spots, and a rather broad marginal im-

perfectly maculated band interspersed with yellow: hind wing with

several small spots along anterior border, a large discal spot, a sub-

marginal series and marginal row of transversely narrow. contiguous

spots and strigze. Head and body yellow, black-spotted above and

beneath. Palpi with black tip. Legs blackish.

Expanse 3 inches.

Bengal (Capt. J. Lind Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

A. MARTARIA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 205.

A. LEoPpaRDINATA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Reis. Kasch. iv. p. 490; Guen.

Phal. ii. p. 206.

652 MR, F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

A. PARDARIA, 0. Sp.

Male white, markings pure grey, darker beneath: fore wing with

a large lower basal spot, a double incomplete medial band of irre-

gular conjoined spots, and a submarginal medially interrupted more

complete band, the base of which crosses the hind wing; a broad

apical patch having a costal spot, which continues interruptedly along

the exterior margin of both wings; the spots on posterior border of

fore wing speckled with reddish brown. Tip of palpi, head, and an-

tenn black. Thorax ochreous. Abdomen whitish, with four rows

of black spots ; tuft yellow. Legs blackish. Body beneath ochreous.

Expanse 27 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

A. PICARIA, n. sp.

Male and female white, markings blackish: fore wing with a

blackish-spotted yellow basal patch and transverse discal recurved

band; a medial series of less contiguous spots, including a larger

discal spot, which is somewhat yellow; some small medial submar-

ginal spots: hind wing with a transverse discal more or less yellow

double maculated band, a small discal spot and a few spots along ab-

dominal margin: both wings with lunular marginal spots. Top of

palpi and front of head black; thorax and abdomen yellow, with

black spots, the latter with dorsal and two lateral rows. Legs

blackish.

Expanse |? inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

A. IRRORATA, 0. sp.

Male yellow: fore wing minutely irrorated with black ; base of

wing orange-yellow ; an oblique transverse narrow orange-yellow in-

distinct band: hind wing white, with a small blackish discal spot

and outer maculated line. Head and thorax orange-yellow, spotted

with black. Abdomen pale cinereous, with dorsal row of blackish

spots. Antenne brown. Underside pale dull yellow; speckles on

fore wing, discal spots, and transverse lines on both wings cinereous

brown.

Expanse 13 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

A.? Lapsariata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. xxiv. Geom. p. 1121.

A.? TENEBRARIA, 0. Sp.

Male and female pale dull green: fore wing densely fleckled with

blackish brown, variously interspersed with white fleckles ; four ob-

liquely transverse equidistant medially interrupted ill-formed black-

fleckled bands, the outer or submarginal band with a row of white

spots: hind wing pale yellowish cinereous, with pale cinereous

fleckles ; a blackish-brown discal spot and two outer narrow lunular

bands: exterior margins with a row of lunular spots. Cilia alter-

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 653

nate black and pale yellow. Underside pale, markings as above, but

more confluent. Head and thorax greenish brown. Abdomen cine-

reous, with brown bands. Legs blackish, spotted.

Expanse, ¢ 23, 9 22 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

VINDUSARA, 0. g., Moore.

Palpi moderate, flat, porrect, hardly extending beyond the head,

densely pilose beneath ; third joint minute, conical. Legs smooth ;

hind tibize very long, pilose at the side, incrassated in the middle

(less so in the female) with two pairs of spurs. Antenne broadly

pectinated to within one-third their length in the male, simple in the

female. Body robust ; abdomen extending rather beyond the hind

wing in the male, and tufted. Wings large, broad ; fore wing tri-

gonal; exterior margin very oblique, posterior angle rounded: hind

wing rather produced at the apex and in the middle of exterior mar-

gin, which is angled anteriorly,

VINDUSARA COMPOSITATA. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 6.)

Abraxas compositata, Guen. Phal. ii. p- 207.

V. METACHROMATA.

Abraxas metachromata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxiv. Geom.

p. 1122.

Fam. LarentIp#,

Genus Ororasza, Steph.

OpoRABIA MACULARIA, n. sp.

Female rufous grey, slightly brown-speckled: fore wing with four

series of three or four contiguous narrow brown transverse lines, with

darker brown spots along the veins; exterior margin with a line of

double spots: hind wing white. Underside paler: fore wing greyish

cinereous. Fore legs blackish above, with white spots.

Expanse’ 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Larentia, Dup.

LARENTIA VARIEGATA, 0. sp.

Male dull sap-green, whitish-speckled: fore wing with a broad

medial obliquely transverse white sinuous-bordered band, containin

several parallel blackish lunular lines, their interspaces varied blackish

ochreous and green ; base of wing and exterior border with several

transverse whitish-bordered black lunular lines with varied-coloured

interspaces ; a well-defined submarginal lunular line: hind wing

cinereous brown, with darker outer border, narrow white submarginal

lunular lines, and dark brown marginal lunules.

Expanse 13 inch.

. Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

654 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

L. RATA, 0D. Sp.

Male and female pale glossy brassy yellow: fore wing numerously

and minutely speckled with dark brown; three equidistant oblique

transverse wavy brassy-yellow lines with blackish borders, the inter-

spaces each with a transverse row of purplish-grey spots; a distinct

black discal spot: hind wing cinereous brown, with a slight brassy

gloss; a submarginal and marginal row of pale yellowish lunules.

Cilia brassy yellow, alternated with dark brown. Underside paler ;

both wings minutely speckled and with greyish white spots: fore

wing cinereous brown basally: hind wing with a distinct black discal

spot and narrow band. Palpi, antenne, thorax, and legs yellow,

numerously black-speckled. Abdomen cinereous brown above, yel-

lowish beneath.

Expanse 12 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

Genus EvpirHecia, Curtis.

EuPITHECIA SEMICIRCULATA, N. Sp.

Male and female fuliginous brown, somewhat fleckled: fore wing

with two medial transverse black lunular whitish-margined lines,

within which is a quadrate anteriorly-speckled yellowish costal patch,

contiguous to which is a black discal spot ; a marginal row of black

Iunules with testaceous borders: hind wing with a large black round

evanescent spot with a semicircular white-outer-bordered line at the

anal angle ; a black discal dot and contiguous transverse streaks ; a

testaceous line with black lunular streaks along the abdominal and

exterior margins. Underside paler, indistinctly marked as above.

Antenne of the female white-spotted ; antenne in the male broadly

but thinly bipectinated to near the apex.

Expanse ;'; inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

E. FERRUGINARIA, 0. Sp.

Male and female greyish ferruginous : fore wing with three bright

ferruginous transverse irregular.zigzag equidistant bands, the two

inner bands traversed by a single and the outer band by a partly

double yellow lunular line; base of wing, discal spot and adjoining

streaks to the costa, and a streak on exterior margin black; a paler

submarginal ferruginous and yellow band, and a marginal row of

black dots: hind wing with a black discal dot and marginal row of

dots; a submarginal transverse ferruginous and yellow lunular band.

Head, thorax, and base of abdomen black.

Expanse # inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. 8S. Atkinson.

E. COSTIPANNARIA, 0. Sp.

Female greyish testaceous, duller beneath: fore wing with an ob-

lique basal black patch and a triangular patch on the middle of the

costa, both with pale borders ; exterior margin with some small black

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 655

spots below the apex and above the posterior angle, bordered by an

inner whitish line ; some very indistinct whitish lines obliquely cross-

ing the disk: hind wing pale cinereous along the anterior border ;

some dark streaks from abdominal margin, and a whitish line ex-

tending upward from middle of posterior margin. Cilia whitish,

with blackish. inner line and streaks. Palpi, head, and thorax black.

Abdomen testaceous. Underside: fore wing with small black obli-

que discal spot and spots on the middle of the costa: hind wing with

discal spot and outer transverse indistinct line of points.

Expanse 1,}, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Sauris, Guen.

SauRIS DECussATA, nu. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 10.)

Female bright green: hind wing and abdomen uniform cinereous

brown: fore wing with a medial transverse band of diffused black

lunular lines enclosing a small discal spot ; base of the wing and ex-

terior border with narrow black less-distinct lines ; two short longi-

tudinal black streaks below the apex ; a marginal row of black-pointed

lunules, and an intermediate outer row of marks like the letter X,

which cross the cilia; costal margin ochreous. Antenne ochreous,

black-spotted. Palpi, head, and thorax bright green. Underside

cinereous brown, with indistinct blackish costal streaks, discal mark,

and outer transverse wavy line. Legs black, white-spotted.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus Metanrepe, Dup.

MELANIPPE CATENARIA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXITI. fig. 9.)

Male ferruginous brown : fore wing with a broad partly transverse

oblique whitish medial band, containing several blackish lunular

parallel lines, the middle line being chain-like ; exterior border with

a series of white spots below the apex, a large medial spot, and a

smaller spot at the posterior angle: hind wing white, with short

blackish-cinereous lunular streaks from abdominal margin; an ex-

terior marginal lunular line. Palpi, head, and thorax ferruginous

brown ; two black metallic tufts on lower part of thorax. Abdomen

white, with transverse cinereous streaks. Cilia alternate white and

brown. Underside cinereous white: fore wing with three cinereous-

brown transverse discal lines, and broad marginal band with a sub-

marginal row of white dots: hind wing with a curved discal spot

and three indistinct cinereous-brown outer sinuous lines, a submar-

_ ginal line, and darker lunular marginal line.

Expanse 12.nch. :

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

M. CuUPREATA, 0. sp.

Male glossy cupreous brown: fore wing with several basal trans-

656 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

verse white sinuous lines, exteriorly bordered by a dark brown indi-

stinct band, their interspaces being white-speckled ; exterior border

of the wing varied with yellow and white lunules and speckles, and

traversed by a submarginal double series of brown dots: hind wing

pale cinereous brown. Underside paler; hind wing somewhat yel-

low exteriorly ; both wings with indistinct whitish lunular submar-

ginal lines and dots.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.

Genus AnTICcLEA, Steph.

ANTICLEA CUPREARIA, 0. Sp.

Male and female pale cupreous brown : fore wing with two narrow

subbasal transverse darker brown bands, the first band with an outer

and the next with an inner black-bordered line, the interspace being

greyish and traversed by three darker lines; across the disk is a

narrow line, which is posteriorly lunular and anteriorly straight and

black-bordered, and is indented before the costa; across the middle

of the wing and exterior border are some indistinct pale narrow

~~ blackish-brown irregular lines: hind wing pale cupreous white, with

a narrow brown marginal line and brown cilium from anal angle.

Abdomen with a black waist-band.

Expanse 1,‘, inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Genus Coremtia, Guen.

CoREMIA MEDIOVITTARIA, ND. Sp.

Male and female cinereous brown: fore wing with a rather broad

medial transverse dark brown band, narrowest hindward, and which

is traversed by two black lines with grey interspace ; base and outer

border of the wing with transverse pale lunular lines ; a submarginal

row of indistinct small whitish spots: hind wing pale cinereous, with

three or four bright-brown marginal narrow lunular bands.

Expanse 1 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E, Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Genus Scoros14, Steph.

Scorosta MINrosATA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B, M. xxv. Geom.

p. 1354.

S. arrostipata, Walk. ib. p. 1354.

S. VITREATA, 0. sp.

Male and female dark vitreous green, with a cupreous gloss, with

numerous short transverse black strigze: fore wing with the veins

slightly yellowish and speckled; two medial transverse irregular

sinuous black lines with chalybeate outer borders, between which is

a black discal ringlet ; the space at the base of the wing and across

1867.} MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 637

the disk pale, the latter with a wavy transverse lunular chalybeate

band with a glossy cupreous border: hind wing with two transverse

sinuous blackish lines, and a submarginal lunular chalybeate line with

cupreous border: both wings with black lunular marginal line.

Underside dark cinereous, with greenish tinge; both wings with

slightly apparent blackish discal spot and outer sinuous line. Fore

legs black-streaked. Antennz ferruginous, setaceous in both sexes.

Expanse, 3 2, 2 2 inches.

Bengal, In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

S. LATIVITTARIA, 1. sp.

Male and female dark cinereous brown: fore wing with a broad

dark brown transversely curved medial irregularly-sinuous-margined

whitish-bordered band; some diffused dark brown transverse basal

lunular lines ; a white-pointed submarginal sinuous dark brown line

and a short apical sinuous streak ; marginal line dark brown alter-

nated with small white spots: hind wing witk an indistinct brown

discal line with whitish spots, a submarginal row of white spots, and

brown marginal line alternated with white spots. Underside duller

cinereous brown. Both wings with a transverse discal whitish-

spotted lunular indistinct line and a submarginal row of white spots.

Expanse 13 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

S. OBLIQUISIGNATA, N. Sp.

Male cupreous brown; hind wing orange-red: fore wing with a

transverse subbasal straight cinereous narrow line; a broad trans-

verse medial blackish pale-bordered band, which contains an oblique

oval discal ringlet, and is traversed within by three parallel reddish

lines along the outer, which is sinuous; on each side of the band are

three or four parallel lines, those of the inner side being reddish, of

the outer cinereous ; a submarginal cinereous line bordered exteriorly

by blackish ; a black lunular marginal line; veins of the wing red-

dish-lined throughout: hind wing with cinereous brown broadly

along abdominal margin, below which are three black marginal

lunules ; a narrow brown discal ringlet. Underside pale orange

yellow, base and apical patch on fore wing and discal streaks cinere-

ous brown. Cilia cupreous brown.

Expanse 1? inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

S. VENIMACULATA, DR. sp.

Male glossy luteous brown: fore wing with numerous blackish-

brown uniform narrow transverse bands, which are somewhat sinu-

ous anteriorly, and lunular posteriorly, those forming the usual broad

medial band defined by being blackest ; veins along exterior border

with short luteous-white streaks, and a submarginal row of similar

streaks: hind wing with several indistinct darker rather broad exte-

rior bands; veins with short luteous-white streaks: marginal line

658 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

to both wings luteous white. Underside paler, indistinctly marked

as above.

Expanse 2% inches.

Bengal (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

ARICHANNA, n. g., Moore.

Palpi small, compressed, moderately clothed with long hairs ; third

joint minute, conical. Antennee—male bipectinated, the pectinations

formed of fasicles of fine short hairs; female simple. Legs slender,

smooth ; mid tibize with one pair and hind tibiz with two pairs of

long spurs. Abdomen slender, tufted at the apex, not reaching to

the angle of the hind wing. Fore wing elongate-trigonate ; costa

straight at the base, arched near the end; apex angled; exterior

_margin oblique, slightly convex ; hind margin nearly straight. Hind

wing convex exteriorly, slightly scalloped.

ARICHANNA PLAGIFERA.

Scotosia plagifera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p- 1686.

Darjeeling.

A. RAMOSA.

Scotosia ramosa, Walk. ib. p. 1688.

Darjeeling.

A. TRAMESATA, n. Sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 2.)

Male and female pale yellowish cinereous: fore wing with nume-

rous short transverse blackish-brown confluent strigze ; a yellowish

longitudinal medial line from the base to exterior margin, crossed by

two narrow white contorted transverse inner bands, and outer sub-

marginal lunular line; an oblique yellowish streak from the apex to

the discal band; strigz thinly disposed along the outer margin of

discal band ; a distinct discal spot formed of confluent black strigze ;

exterior margin with a row of black lunular spots: hind wing with

indistinct discal spot and outer transverse strigze ; a row of marginal

lunules. Body dark-speckled. Underside paler, the dark markings

of fore wing cinereous brown: hind wing thickly speckled with brown,

discal spot distinct. Exterior margins with black spots. Cilia alter-

nated with black.

Expanse 13 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Remark.—This species is allied to both A. ramosaria and A. pla-

gifera.

A. MACULATA, 0. Sp.

' Female yellowish white: fore wing with several obliquely trans-

verse bands of large white spots with some smaller spots parallel

between them, the whole of the interspaces being deep black, the

spots divided longitudinally into three distinct series: hind wing

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 659

cinereous white, with a small blackish discal spot, narrow transverse

oblique straight subbasal, recurved discal, and irregular submarginal

bands, and wavy marginal line. Cilia white, alternated with black.

Base of palpi, front and top of thorax, dorsal line, and lateral bands

on abdomen black. Antennze black. Underside cinereous white ;

markings as above, but more subdued. Body and legs pale; legs

with black spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

A. MARMORATA, n. sp. (PI. XXXIII. fig. 3.)

Male and female white, with thinly dispersed short reddish strigze:

fore wing with an oblique basal, double subbasal, and submarginal

transverse ferruginous bands, a streak (which also forms a discal

ringlet) longitudinally from the subbasal band to exterior margin,

where there are some pointed lunules of the same colour: hind wing

with a subbasal oblique band and narrow wavy ferruginous discal

line, the latter with lower exterior border and pointed lunules of the

same colour: exterior margins with a narrow wavy ferruginous line.

Body ferruginous ; spot on tegule and dorsal streak on abdomen

white. Underside pale cinereous brown, with slightly apparent

blackish discal and submarginal streaks on fore wing, narrow discal

spot, subbasal and outer transverse lines on the hind wing, and wavy

marginal line. Antenne and legs blackish-streaked.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Genus Psyra, Walk.

Psyra cuneEata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxi. Geom. p- 483.

P. ANGULIFERA.

Scotosia angulifera, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1687.

Darjeeling.

P. srmrvariA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 1.)

Male pale greenish saffron-yellow: fore wing with three submar-

ginal jet-black spots ; the first small, triangular, and near the apex ;

the next nearly midway beneath, elongated, bidentated exteriorly ;

the third the largest and near the posterior border, triangular with

the angle pointing to the base, and slightly excavated exteriorly ; a

transverse discal series of black dots, a distinct discal spot; three

subbasal transverse spots, the lowest triangular, and a single spot at

the base: both wings with a marginal row of black dots, most di-

stinct on the fore wing: hind wing pale cinereous yellow, with cine-

reous speckles and discal spot, and two outer curved cinereous bands,

the inner band narrow, the outer distinct. Palpi and three spots on:

top of the thorax black.

Expanse 13 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

660 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Remark.—Allied to P. cuneata, but may be distinguished by the

exterior margin of both wings not being angled in the middle, and

by the cinereous bands of the hind wing being curved and not straight

and broadly diffused as in P. cuneata.

GANDARITIS, n. g., Moore.

Male. Paipi ascending, pilose, compressed; third joint small,

conical. Thorax moderate. Abdomen long, attenuate. Antennze

simple. Wings very large, elongated, broad: fore wing arched ;

apex slightly faleate; exterior margin oblique, posterior angle rounded;

hind margin straight: hind wing produced, extending considerably

beyond the posterior angle of fore wing; anterior margin convex,

apex rounded. Legs smooth, long ; hind tibize with four apical spurs.

GANDARITIS FLAVATA, 0. Sp.

Male yellow: fore wing with a ferruginous-yellow dark-brown-

bordered medial transverse band, the inner border oblique and wavy,

the outer border extending obliquely towards the exterior margin

and then retracting to the posterior margin close to the inner border;

both borders of the band with a contiguous less-distinct brown line,

and near the costa is a brown discal spot ; base of the wing streaked

with ferruginous ; a brown lunular line from the angle of the band

to the apex of the wing, beneath which the exterior margin is cine-

reous ; a submarginal pale lunular line diffused within beneath the

angle of the band with yellowish ferruginous: hind wing with a fer-

ruginous medial transverse lunular line; exterior border suffused with

ferruginous. Palpi and antennz brown. Head and body ferrugi-

nous yellow. Underside much paler: fore wing with an oblique

brown streak from middle of the costa, and another below the apex :

hind wing speckled with brown; a blackish patch on the middle of

anterior margin, and another above the anal angle. Legs partly

blackish brown.

Expanse 3 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Genus CrpartA, Treit.

CrpariA susstituTa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p. 1691.

Darjeeling.

C. InTERPLAGATA, Guen. Phal. ii. p. 461.

Darjeeling.

C. inextTricaTa, Walk. /.c. p. 1691.

Darjeeling.

C. ARGENTILINEATA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIIL. fig. 5.)

Male and female cupreous brown: fore wing with a silvery-white

transverse subbasal narrow curved line, near which is a double slightly

— |

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 661

sinuous line; three submarginal wavy lines, the two outer lines

slightly diffused, and an outer imperfect series of lunules ; two short

lines at the apex; submedian veins slightly lined with white: hind

wing and abdomen dark cinereous. Underside cinereous brown, with

indistinct whitish transverse submarginal lunular lines and marginal

row of spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Darjeelmg. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. AURANTIARIA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 8.)

Male and female dark brown; hind wing bright orange-colour :

fore wing with two pale cinereous-yellow subbasal transverse lines ;

an oblique line from the costa beyond extending to below the middle,

where it is indented opposite the exterior margin, returning again to

the costa at one-third from the apex; a similar oval line beneath

this on the posterior margin, both being outwardly bordered by a

parallel line and a submarginal lunular line, the latter extending out-

ward to the costa close to the apex; another line curving from the

apex to the middle of exterior margin, beneath which to the posterior

angle are some longitudinal streaks: hind wing with cinereous-brown

abdominal margin and anal streaks, where also the exterior margin

has a blackish line. Abdomen cinereous. Underside paler: fore

wing with a transverse subapical diffused whitish band.

Expanse 1,5 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

C. SIGNATA, 0. Sp.

Male and female dark cinereous brown: fore wing with a broad

transverse medial band, which is exteriorly constricted below the

middle, and having a narrow white lunular bordered line; within the

band is a black short recurved transverse discal streak ; at the base

of the wing and contiguous to the outer border of the band are some

transverse paler white lunular lines; a straight submarginal white

line, and a short longitudinal white streak below the apex; a mar-

ginal row of double dots with white borders: hind wing and under-

side paler cinereous brown.

Expanse 1,2; inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. 8. Atkinson.

C. VIRIDATA, 0. sp.

Male and female bright sap-green: fore wing with a broad medial

transverse white-bordered cinereous black band having two inner

parallel lunular black-bordered green lines, between which is a green

discal spot; base of the wing and exterior border partly blackish,

and with transverse blackish lunular lines: hind wing pale cinereous

brown. Cilia pale ochreous, alternated on the fore wing with black.

Abdomen cinereous brown.

Expanse ;°, inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

662 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

C. RETICULATA, 0. Sp.

Female blackish brown: fore wing with several prominent pale

chocolate-brown irregular bands, each with a yellow-bordered line,

the bands disposed transversely, those at the base intersecting each

other and joined to the outer by a longitudinal subcostal band, which

latter and the outer band contains small dark brown spots with yel-

low borders, the outer band emitting a lower inner point, and out-

wardly narrow yellow streaks to the exterior margin of the wing:

hind wing cinereous, with three indistinct narrow outer brown bands.

Cilia yellow, with brown points and inner line. Body dark brown,

with cinereous streaks. Underside cinereous brown, darkest at the

base, with narrow blackish-brown sinuous discal band with narrow

white outer border.

Expanse 12 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. CINEREATA, 0. sp.

Male and female cinereous white: fore wing with a dark ferru-

ginous-brown base and apical patch, the latter somewhat blackish

and crossed by a whitish lunular line, a transverse post-medial black-

speckled ill-defined band with white lunular bordered line ; middle

of the wing minutely black-speckled; a small black discal spot ; a

short ferruginous streak ascending from a black streak from posterior

margin near the angle: both wings with marginal brown spots.

Cilia pale yellow. Palpi, head, and thorax ferruginous brown. Ab-

domen cinereous. Underside paler; base and apex of fore wing

blackish cinereous, with oblique subapical pale band: hind wing with

a discal dot and indistinct outer line.

Expanse 17 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Remark.—Allied to Cidaria russata.

C. cALAMISTRATA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 6.)

Male and female dark ferruginous brown, slightly white-speckled :

fore wing with a broad medial band with sinuous black borders, the

outer border margined with white, the band being blackish at the

sides and white along the middle, the colours being separated by a

transverse sinuous black line with white outer margin; ou the white

ground is a short black discal streak and some lower ringlet marks ;

near the base of the wing is a narrow blackish band, and below the

apex are some black patches traversed by a sinuous white le; a

black exterior marginal line: hind wing pale cinereous white, with

slight cinereous exterior border and darker marginal line. Cilia alter-

nate brown and cinereous white. Underside cinereous white; exte-

rior border of fore wing, an oblique broad subapical streak, and con-

tiguous discal spot blackish cinereous : hind wing with a slight cine-

reous discal spot, outer sinuous line, and straight marginal line.

Expanse 1,3, inch.

Bengal. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson; F. Moore.

Remark,—Allied to Cidaria russata.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 663

C. SUBAPICARIA, 0. sp.

Male and female ferruginous brown: fore wing with a narrow

blackish transverse subbasal band, and a broad medial band, the

inner border of which is upright, the outer border irregularly ex-

tending towards the exterior margin; a short whitish oblique sub-

apical streak and a ferruginous-white patch at the apex; a submar-

ginal series of short black longitudinal streaks; a black marginal

line; a medial band with some indistinct black markings and a

discal spot: hind wing pale cinereous, with brown marginal line and

discal dot. Underside—fore wing blackish cinereous, with a bent

subapical whitish oblique streak: hind wing paler, with a blackish

discal dot and outer sinuous indistinct line. Legs with whitish

spots.

Expanse 14 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. A. E. Russell; W. S. Atkinson.

Remark.—Allied to Cidaria russata of Kurope.

C. TRISIGNATA, 0. sp.

Male dark brown: fore wing cinereous-fleckled, with several indi-

stinct transverse sinuous black lines:; a basal and a broad medial trans-

verse bands with black-bordered sinuous line and whitish outer mar-

gin; in the middle band are three black-divisioned whitish discal

spots ; a cinereous streak at the apex and another at the costal end

of the band indistinctly joined by a lower whitish streak ; marginal

line black, with some white spots: hind wing cinereous brown, with

indistinct discal spot ; anterior border and two submarginal lunular

lines cinereous white; marginal line as on fore wing.

Expanse 23 inches.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. CHALYBEARIA, 0. sp.

Female cinereous brown : fore wing chalybeate-speckled along the

exterior border, and in patches across the disk and at the base; a

broad medial transverse band formed of blackish diffused lunular

lines, the middle somewhat paler and containing a black dentate

discal mark, before which is a white spot; base of the wing and ex-

terior border with indistinct blackish lunular lines; a submarginal

row of white lunules with black points: hind wing paler, with a short

whitish lunular streak from the anal angle. Underside uniform

cinereous brown, with a submarginal row of white dots on both

wings.

Expanse 12 inch.

Darjeeling; Cherra Poonjee. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. onscuraTa, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 7.)

Male dark luteous brown: fore wing with a broad medial trans-

verse darker band with narrow yellowish black-bordered lines, the

inner line bent inward below its middle, the outer line lunular with

he points extending inwardly along the veins ; within the band are

664 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEEIDOPTERA. [May 23,

two black transverse lunular lines and a medial series of circular

marks ; two similar transverse lines near the base of the wing, and

two submarginal irregular but less distinct lines, the latter black-

streaked before the apex and along the outer border ; some black

spots between the second and third basal lines : hind wing cinereous

brown basally, partly luteous exteriorly, with submarginal lunular

luteous lines. Underside paler ; costa and subapical patch luteous

yellow; two black spots before the apex: hind wing with a black

diseal spot and indistinct outer sinuous lines.

Expanse 1? inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

C. CERVINARIA, 0. Sp.

Male blackish fawn-colour: fore wing with a dark velvety-brown

transverse subbasal and a discal band, both with irregular margins

and with a narrow yellow-bordered line ; some similar-coloured spots

between the bands posteriorly and others anteriorly on the costa; a

small similar spot on the costa near the base, and three others before

the apex ; interspace before and exterior to the discal band diffused

with ferruginous: a dark marginal line to both wings: anal tuft

yellowish. Underside paler: fore wing with some blackish costal

spots and pale-bordered discal transverse line: hind wing with a

black diseal spot and outer sinuous pale-bordered line. Cilia brown,

with yellowish inner line.

Expanse 1} inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell.

C. AURATA, Nl. Sp.

Male bright golden-yellow: fore wing with a broad basal and a

posteriorly narrow medial transverse dark brown band, bordered by

a pure-white sinuous line and traversed by some narrow white streaks;

exterior border of the wing dark brown, with a yellow streak below

the apex and a spot on middle of exterior margin; a submarginal

and a marginal line of pure-white lunules: hind wing cinereous

yellow, with some indistinct rows of whitish spots. Underside duller-

coloured; bands on the fore wing indistinct, hind wing with several

transverse white-speckled lines, and a marginal row of white spots

to both wings.

Expanse 14 inch.

Bengal. In Coll. A. E. Russell; F. Moore.

Fam. EvBoLipz£.

Genus Anaitis, Dup.

ANAITIS MEDMARIA.

Orsonoba medmaria, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvi. Geom.

p- 1521.

Eubolia reciproca, Walk. ib. xxxv. Suppl. v. p. 1698.

Darjeeling.

1867.) MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 665

Tribe CRAMBICES.

Fam. GALLERID®.

Genus Propacuys, Walk.

PROPACHYS NIGRIVENA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B.M. xxvii. p. 7.

P. LingALis, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 17.)

Male yellow. Labial palpi massive, broad, compressed, squamose ;

joints compact. Maxillary palpi slender, clavate, slightly pilose.

Proboscis stout. Antenne setulose. Body robust ; abdomen extend-

ing beyond the hind wings. Legs stout; fore tibize fringed beneath;

middle and hind legs long; hind tibiee with four long spurs. Fore

wings elongated, narrow, slightly rounded at the apex; hind wing

broad, apex acute. Fore wings pale yellow, with a blackish-red nar-

row line between each vein: hind wings pale golden-yellow. Cilia

whitish, that of the fore wing with a blackish-red inner line.

Expanse 1), inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

P. FASCIALIS, 0. sp.

Female. Fore wing bright chrome yellow; a narrow black line

along the exterior veins, and a similar line between each vein, the

black forming a suffused fascia from the middle of the outer margin;

a black line from the base of the wing below the cell: hind wing and

abdomen blackish purple. Palpi, head, thorax, and antennze chrome

yellow. Underside as above. Legs blackish.

Expanse | inch.

Bengal, In Coll. F. Moore.

Genus Toccouostpa, Walk.

ToccoLosipa RUBRICEPS, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xxvii. p. 14.

Silhet. In Coll. W. W. Saunders, Esq.

Apsarasa, n. g., Moore.

Palpi stout, erect, projecting above the head; second joint broad,

compressed, covered with dense adpressed short hair-like scales ;

third joint cylindrical, naked, two-thirds the length of the second.

Antenne setulose. Head broad, prominent, with a short acute

conical point projecting forward from the vertex. Body stout; ab-

domen long, extending one-third its length beyond the hind wings ;

apex tufted. Legs stout, squamose; fore legs slightly pilose be-

neath ; mid tibize with one pair and hind tibize with two pairs of stout

spurs, one in each pair short; tarsi set with short bristles beneath.

Fore wings elongate ; costa convex at the base; apex rounded; ex-

terior border very oblique, convex, forming a rounded margin to one-

third of the hind border: hind wings short, trigonate; apex rounded,

exterior border convex, excavated below the apex.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No; XLIII.

666 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

APSARASA RADIANS.

Apatela radians, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 28. f. 4 (1847).

Glottula radians, Walk. Catal. Lepid. Het. B. M. Noct. pt. xv.

p- 1668. cs 4

Remark.—I am uncertain about the position of this genus, and

place it here with doubt.

Fam. CRAMBIDZ.

Genus Escuata, Walk.

Syn. Cherecla, Walk. Suppl. p. 634.

Escuata GELIDA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ix. Noct. p. 133.

Darjeeling.

Genus ApurimA, Walk.

APURIMA XANTHOGASTRELLA, Walk. ib. xxvii. p. 194 (1863).

Rupela degenerella, Walk. ib. xxviii. p. 524.

Lithosia cramboides, Walk. ib. xxxi. Suppl. i. p. 230 (1864).

Genus ScIRPOPHAGA.

ScrrPOPHAGA AURIFLUA, Zeller, Monogr. Chilo. et Cramb. p. 2

(1863).

Calcutta.

S. citvisersis, Zeller, ib. p. 2 (1863).

Brinaspa, n. g., Moore.

Male. Labial palpi porrect, slightly recurved, slender, smooth,

pointed at the apex; second joint twice the length of the third.

Maxillary palpi less than half the length of the labial, frmged. An-

tennee minutely pectinated ; basal joint thick. Head narrow, pro-

truding in front, conical. Thorax stout. Abdomen attenuated, com-

pressed at the sides; apical tuft prominent. Legs smooth, slender,

long ; hind legs very long (the tibia and tarsus together being three-

quarters of an inch); hind tibize with four long spurs. Wings elon-

gate, broad: fore wing acute at the apex; costa arched at the base;

exterior margin slightly convex, oblique: hind wing produced at the

apex; exterior margin slightly recurved ; anal angle rounded. Cilia

broad.

BRIHASPA ATROSTIGMELLA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 13.)

Male pure white, glossy: fore wing with a black curved bar or

brand at the base of the costa, beneath which is a small black spot ;

two black spots at the end of the cell, and an oval spot beneath

them near the posterior margin; two pale yellow maculated trans-

verse streaks obliquely before the apex, and two similar-coloured

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 667

spots above the anal angle of the hind wing. Labial and maxillary

palpi and eyes black. Fore legs blackish.

' Expanse 12 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. 8. Atkinson ; F. Moore.

RamILa, n. g., Moore.

Male. Labial palpi porrect, slender ; second and third joints ot

equal length ; third joint pilose, pointed. Maxillary palpi extending

beyond the head to near the tip of the labial, pilose, tufted at the apex.

Proboscis small. Head large, broad, prominent, projecting consider-

ably beyond the eyes, oval in front. Antennze minutely serrated. Body

rather stout ; abdomen extending beyond the hind wings. Legs mode-

rate ; fore tibice incrassate, pilose beneath ; hind tibize with four rather

long spurs. Fore wings elongate ; costa nearly straight ; apex much

produced and slightly faleate ; exterior margin straight, very oblique,

angle rounded ; posterior margin convex in the middle: hind wings

trigonate ; apex produced and slightly falcate ; anal angle truncate.

RAMILA MARGINELLA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 16.)

Male silvery white: fore wing with numerous short tranverse lu-

nulate iridescent wrinkles ; a narrow cupreous-brown marginal band

along the costa ; two oblique transverse narrow brown lines, the outer

line submarginal and irregular, the inner line rather indistinct and ter-

minated by two small brown discal spots, another similar spot being

situated some distance within the cell. Two short transverse narrow

brown lines crossing the lower part of the hind wing. Both wings with

a narrow black lunular line to the exterior margin. Cilia of both wings

pale ferruginous, edged with cinereous, the division being by a narrow

black lunular line. Sides of head in front and palpi above brown.

Fore legs partly brown ; tarsi brown at the base of each joint.

Expanse 14 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. W. S. Atkinson; F. Moore.

Genus CramBvus.

CRAMBUS CONSOCIELLUS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxvii. p-159.

Note.—North America is given in the ‘ Brit. Mus. Catalogue’ as

the habitat of this insect. This I have ascertained to be an error.

Genus Acara, Walk.

ACARA MOROSELLA, Walk. ib. p- 199.

Silhet.

Genus Scumnosivs.

( oo” MINUTELLUS, Zeller, Monogr. Chilo. et Cramb. p- 5

1863).

Caleutta (W. 8. Atkinson).

S. puncTe..us, Zeller, ib. p. 4 (1863).

Calcutta (W. 8. Atkinson).

668 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus CaLtamotrorna, Zeller.

CALAMOTROPHA ATKINSONI, Zeller, ib. p. 9 (1863).

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Tribe TorTRIcEs.

Fam. NycTEoLip#.

Genus Hytopuiia, Hubn.

Hytopuina Faucata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl.

v. p. 1772:

Darjeeling.

H. CHLOROLEUCA.

Tyana chloroleuca, Walk. ib. p. 1777.

Darjeeling.

Genus Tyana, Walk.

TYANA CALLICHLORA. (PI. XXXIII. fig. 14.)

Tyana callichlora, Walk. ib. p. 1776.

Darjeeling.

TYANA SUPERBA, n. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 15.)

Fore wing pearl-white ; costa, a transverse subbasal band, and an

oblique subapical irregular band dark saffron-yellow, the latter en-

closing a white spot at each end, and both bands black-bordered,

the subbasal on its outer margin, the other on its inner margin ;

costal margin at the apex and cilia anteriorly black ; cilia posteriorly

saffron-yellow, with black spots: hind wing white. Head and front

of thorax saffron-yellow. Thorax white. Abdomen yellowish.

Antenne and palpi brown, with white spots. Legs white, fore and

middle legs with yellow spots.

Expanse 12 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. F. Moore.

Genus Aruusia, Walk.

? Farias, H.-Sch.

APHUSIA SPEIPLENA, Walk. ib. xii. Noct. p. 770 (1857).

Micra partita, Walk. ib. xxxiii. Suppl. ii. p. 799 (1865).

Fam. TorTRICIDZz.

Genus Cerace, Walk.

CERACE STIPATANA, Walk. ib. xxviii. p. 422.

C. onustana, Walk. ib. xxviii. p. 423.

Silhet ; Darjeeling.

1867. | MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 669

Genus AiMENE, Walk.

JEMENE TAPROBANIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. Bombyces,

p- 542.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Tribe TINEINES.

Fam. TInEIDz.

Genus Tinea.

TINEA LONGICORNIS, Stainton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. vy. n. s.

p. 113.

Calcutta.

Genus Porsica, Walk.

Porsica INGENS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv. Suppl. v.

p- 1823.

Genus Atavona, Walk.

ALAVONA BARBARELLA, Walk. ib. xxviii. p. 515.

Fam. HyPoNOMEUTID.

Genus Atrreva, Walk.

Syn. Amblothridia, Wallengren ; Corinea, Walk.

ATTEVA NiveIGuTTA, Walk. ib. ii. Bomb. p. 526.

Corinea niveiguttella, Walk. ib. xxvill. p. 542.

Larva feeds on Ailanthus excelsus, residing in a common very fine

web. At times a perfect pest, denuding the tree of its leaves. —Dr.

Bonavia.

HypoNOMEUTA LINEATONOTELLA, nu. sp. (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 18.)

Fore wing dark cream-white, marked with four black longitudinal

subcostal lines, one basal and two subbasal black spots, a series of

six subapical spots, and a row of spots along the apical and exterior

margins; base of costa also black: hind wing cinereous brown.

Cilia white. Head, thorax, palpi and legs cream-white, with black

spots. Abdomen pale ferruginous. Antenne white.

Expanse 14 inch.

Darjeeling. In Coll. F. Moore.

Fam. PLUTELLID&.

Genus Cerostoma, Latr.

CEROSTOMA RUGOSELLA, Stainton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. vy.

n. Ss. p. 113.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

C. ALBOFASCIELLA, Stainton, ib. vy. n.s, p. 114.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

670 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Fam. GELECHID&.

Genus DerressariA, Haw.

DEPRESSARIA RICINI, Atkinson; Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 115.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on the castor-oil plant (Ricinus communis), rolling up

the edge of a leaf.—W. S. Atkinson.

D. zizypui, Atkinson; Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 115.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Zizyphus jujuba.—W. 8. Atkinson.

D. ? RicINELLA, Atkinson ; Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 110.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Ricinus communis, rolling up the edge of a leaf.—

W. 8. Atkinson.

Genus Brnstrta, Walk.

? Cryptolechia, Zell.

BINSITTA NIVIFERANA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxix. p. 832.

Genus GeLecaia, Zeller.

Getecuta uisisci, Atkinson; Stainton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.

v. n. 8. p. 117.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on the tops of the yellow Hibiseus.— W. S. Atkinson.

G. PUBESCENTELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 117.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. SIMPLICIELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 118.

Caleutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus Parasia, Dup.

PaRASIA APICIPUNCTELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n. 8. p. 119.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus AnarstA, Zeller.

ANARSIA CANDIDA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 114.

Caleutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus CicorHora, Zeller.

(EcoPHORA SUBGANOMELLA, Stainton, ib. v.n. s. p. 119.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus Bura.is, Treit.

BUTALIS TRIOCELLATA, Stainton, ib. y.n.s. p. 120.

Caleutta (W. S. Atkinson).

1867.] | MR. ¥F, MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 671

Fam. GRACILLARIDZ.

Genus GraciuuartiA, Zeller.

GRACILLARIA AURICILLA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 120.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. FALCATELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 121.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. USTULATELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n. 8. p. 121.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. RESPLENDENS, Stainton, ib. i. 3rd ser. p. 294, pl. 10. f. 4.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. quapRIFAsctaTA, Stainton, ib. p. 295, pl. 10. f. 5.

Calcutta.

Larva mines the underside of the leaves of Urena lobata.—W. 8.

Atkinson.

G. GEMONIELLA, Stainton, ib. p. 297, pl. 10. f. 6.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. TERMINALI4, Stainton, ib. p. 298, pl. 10. f. 8.

Calcutta.

Larva mines the underside of the leaves of Terminalia catappa.—

W. 8S. Atkinson.

G. NITIDULA, Stainton, ib. p. 299, pl. 10. f. 9.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus Coriscium, Zeller.

CoRISCIUM ORIENTALE, Stainton, ib. iii. n.s. p. 301.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on the flower-buds of a species of Bauhinia.—W. S.

Atkinson.

Genus Orn1rx, Zeller.

ORNIX ALBIFRONS, Stainton, ib. v. n. s. p. 122.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Fam. ELACHISTID2.

Genus LozosroMa.

LozosToMA FLAVOFASCIATA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 124.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

L. sEMISULPHUREA, Stainton, ib. vy. n. s. p. 120.

Caleutta (WV. S. Atkinson).

672 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Genus CosmoprTeryx, Hiibn.

CosMOPTERYX ASIATICA, Stainton, ib. v. n. 8. p. 122.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

C. SEMICOCCINEA, Stainton, ib. v. n. s. p. 123.

Calcutta (WW. S. Atkinson).

C. ZNEELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n. s. p. 124.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genus ATKINSONIA, Stainton.

ATKINSONIA CLERODENDRELLA, Stainton, ib. v. n.s. p. 125.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on the tops of Clerodendron, drawing together the

leaves with a white web.—W. S. Atkinson.

Fam. LirHocoLLeTID&.

Genus Lirsoco.tetis, Zeller.

LiTHOCOLLETIS BAUHINIZ, Atkinson; Stainton, ib. iii. n. s. p.303.

Calcutta.

Larva mines the upper cuticle of the leaves of Bauhinia purpurea.

—W. 8. Atkinson.

Fam. LyonetTipz&.

Genus Puyxtuocnistis, Zeller.

PHYLLOCNISTIS CITRELLA, Atkinson ; Stainton, ib. iii. n.s. p. 303.

Caleutta.

Larva feeds on a species of Citrus.— WV. S. Atkinson.

Additional Species.

Tribe PapiLiones.

Fam. PAPILIONID.

PAPILIO ELEPHENOR, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 305;

Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 31. f. 2, 3.

Silhet.

P. sootrs, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 38; Arc. Ent. pl. 31.

P. eyas, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 11. f. 1.

P. evan, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 235; Gen. Diurn.

Lep. pl. 2. f. 1; Westw. Orient. Ent. pl. 31. f. 1.

Silhet.

P. meGarRus, Westw. Arc. Ent. pl. 52. f. 3.

1867. ] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 673

Fam. Prrrip&.

Pieris seta, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 102, pl. 44. f. 3, 2.

Fam. Danaip.

EurLa@a ALcaTHo#, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 178.

Fam. NYMPHALIDZ.

MESSARAS ALCIPPE.

Papilio alcippe, Cram. iv. t. 389. f. G, H.

Sihet.

ATELLA SINHA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 438.

Atella egista auctorum.

Nepris rapHA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 166, pl. 4a. f. 4.

N. soma, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 9, pl. 49. f. 6.

Silhet.

ATHYMA RANGA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 175, pl. 5a. f. 6.

Ditipa MorerANnA, Westw. (Moore, ib. i. p. 201, pl. 6a. f. 5).

Khasia Hills (Dr. Jerdon).

Apo.ias apima, Moore, ib. i. p. 194; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v.

H.A. p. 70.

A. sAHNU, Moore, ib. p. 192; ib. v. n.s. p. 74.

A. EVELINA, Stoll, Cram. Suppl. v. t. 28. f. 2, 2B.

A. sancara, Moore, /. c. i. p. 195; Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. v.

Mais. pl. act. 1

A. tva, Moore, /. c. i. p. 195; ib. v. n.s. pl. 8. f. 2.

NyYMPHALIS DELPHIS, Doubleday, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1843,

p- 217, pl. 7.

AMATHUSIA AMYTHAON, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 175;

Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 19. f. 1-3.

Silhet.

ENIsPE cycnus, Westw. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C.i. p. 212).

THAUMANTIS NOURMAHAL, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iv.

n.8. p. 178, pl. 18. f. 1, la.

Fam. SatyRIpD&.

NEORINA KRISHNA.

Cyllo krishna, Westw. & Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 361.

674 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Desis paarrava, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 217.

D. scanpa, Moore, ib. 1. p. 218.

D. napa, Moore, ib. i. p. 218.

D. xansa, Moore, ib. i. p. 219.

D. stnorrx, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. 1862, pl. 131. f. 19, 20.

Myca.esis saANATANA, Moore, /. c. i. p. 231.

YpuTHIMA HYAGRIVA, Moore, ib. i. p. 236.

Y. narastneHa, Moore, ib. i. p. 236.

Me aniris xais, Fabr. (Cram. ii. t. 110. f. A, B).

Fam. EryciInip&.

Dopona p1p#A, Hewits. Exot. Butt. 1865, pl.

D. aponira, Hewits. ib. pl.

Fam. Lyca&nNip.

Genus Potyommatus, Latr.

PotyommMatus LAtvus, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. t. 319. f. D, E.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Zizyphus.—W. 8. Atkinson.

Genus CurysorpHanus, Hiibn.

CHRYSOPHANUS TIMEUS.

Papilio timeus, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 146. f. E, F, 9 -

Genus ILeRrpDa, Doubleday.

ILERDA ANDROCLES, Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pl. 75. f. 2, 3.

Darjeeling.

I. mooreEt, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. pt. 2. p. 58, d.

Genus Arpuneus, Hibn.

Arun2us ictTis, Hewits. ib. p. 61, pl. 25. f. 8, 9.

Calcutta.

Genus AmBLypopt1a, Horsf.

AMBLYPODIA QUERCETORUM, Boisd. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C.

i. pl. Vast. 7).

Darjeeling.

A. perimutA, Boisd. (Moore, ib. i. p. 42).

Silhet.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 675

? AMBLYPODIA RAMA.

Thecla rama, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 412, t. 4. f. 1, 2.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

A. ruuerpa, Felder.

Genus Myrina, Godart.

MyriInaA AMYNTOR.

Papilio amyntor, Herbst, Pap. t. 300. f. 5, 6.

Silhet (W. S. Atkinson).

M. onyx.

Thela onyx, Boisd.; Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 30.

Myrina syrinz, Felder, Sitz. Akad. Wiss. Wien (1860); Hewits.

Ill. Diurn. Lep. Lye. pt. i. p. 34, pl. 14. f. 32, 33.

Darjeeling.

Fam. SpHINGID2.

CaLyMNIA PANOPUS, Cram. pl. 224. f. A, B; Westw. Cab. Orient.

Ent. pl. 6. f. 2.

Silhet.

MACROSILA NYCTIPHANES, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. viii.

p- 209.

Silhet.

PANACRA AUTOMEDON, Walk. ib. p. 154.

Silhet.

P. mypon, Walk. ib. p. 155.

Silhet.

P. varrotosa, Walk. ib. p. 156.

Silhet.

P. scaputaris, Horsf. (Walk. ib. p. 157).

Thyreus elegantulus, H.-Scheeff. Lep. Spec. Nov. i. f. 479 (1856).

Silhet.

P. TRUNCATA, Walk. ib. p. 160.

Silhet.

P. assaMENSIS, Walk. ib. p. 160.

Silhet.

PHILAMPELUS SERICEUS, Walk. ib. p. 181.

Silhet.

Exisi1a pouicHus, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 30. f. 1.

Silhet.

676 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Darapsa HYPoTHO?Ss, Cram. pl. 285. f. F.

Calcutta.

Feeds on Nauclea kadamba; pupa in folds of leaves.—A. Grote,

Esq.

PERIGONIA MACROGLOSSOIDES, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

xxxv. Suppl. p. 1851.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

Cu@rocaMpPa PALLICcosTA, Boisd. (Walk. ib. viii. p. 145),

C. eELPENOR, Linn.

Macroctossa TRIoPUS, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 6. f. 4.

Silhet.

Note.—Add the synonyms as follows to the species of Sphingide

described in ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.’ 1865, pp. 793, 794.

BastANA SUPERBA, Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 793.

Syn. Basiana bilineata, Walk. J. ce. Suppl. v. p. 1857 (1866).

AMBULYX SUBSTRIGILISs, Westw. (P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 793).

Syn. Ambulyx maculifera, Walk. 1. ¢. Suppl. v. p. 1851, 9.

Percesa castor, Boisd. (P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 794).

Syn. Pergesa velata, Walk. U. c. Suppl. v. p. 1853.

Tribe BomBYCES.

Fam. AAGERIID2.

LENYRA ASTAROTH, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 6. f. 5.

Sikkim (Lieut. Beavan).

Fam. ZYGZNID&.

ZYGHNA CASHMIRENSIS, Kollar, Higel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 459,

pl. 19. f. 6.

Darjeeling (A. Grote, Esq.).

Fam. AGARISTID.

Evusem1A AMATRIX, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 33. f. 4.

E. aruna, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 288, 2.

E. proxima, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. i. p. 50.

Assam.

KE. Basauis, Walk, ib. p. 53.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 677

KE. veruua, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 657.

Silhet.

PH#GORISTA CATOCALINA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxv.

Suppl. v. p. 1859.

Bengal (collected by A. E. Russell).

Fam. Lirnostip2.

PERIDROME ORBICULARIS, Walk. ib. ii. p. 445.

Aganopis subquadrata, Herr-Scheeff. Lep. Spec. Nev. p. 70, f. 501.

Cherra Poonjee (Col, Buckley).

Evuriocia MEMBLIARIA, Walk. J. c. ii. p. 448.

NEOCHERA DOMINIA, Cram. t. 263. f. A, B.

Cherra Poonjee (Col. Buckley).

N. marmorea, Walk. ib. vii. p. 1674.

Silhet.

Hypsa SILVANDRA, Cram. t. 369. f. D.

Silhet.

PuiLona rnops, Walk. J. c. ii. p. 457.

Silhet.

Lirrnosia servis, Walk. ib. il. p. 506.

L. TeTRAGONA, Walk. ib. i. p. 510.

Silhet.

L. vacesa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 304.

Darjeeling.

Cyana DETRITA, Walk. J. ¢. ii. p. 529.

Silhet.

DouicHe Gerba, Walk. ib. ii. p. 529.

Silhet. :

BarstneE L1nGA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 301.

Darjeeling.

Aerisius Guttivitta, Walk. J. ¢. iii. p. 723.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

SESAPA EXCURRENS, Walk. ib. xxxi. Suppl. i. p. 255.

Cherra Poonjee.

S. pecurrReEns, Walk. ib. p. 255.

Darjeeling.

678 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Bizone stGna, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxi. Suppl. ii. p. 550.

Silhet.

B. arama, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 306, pl. 7a. f. 10.

Nuparia suscervina, Walk. J. c, xxxi. Suppl. i. p. 274.

In Coll. W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

N. MARGARITACEA, Walk. ib. p. 275.

In Coll. W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

N. MARGARITARIA, Walk. ib. p. 275.

In Coll. W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

Fam. CHALCOSIIDE.

Cyciosia FULIGINOSA, Walk. ib. i. p. 418.

Silhet.

C. vireinatis, Herr.-Scheff. Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. 1. f. 4.

C. subcyanescens, Walk. 1. ¢. ii. p. 417.

Silhet.

MILIonIA GLAUCA, Cram. t. 363. f. D.

Silhet.

CHALCosiIA ADALIFA, Doubleday (Walk. /. c. ii. p. 421).

Silhet. .

C. zeuma, Herr.-Schff. Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. 1. f. 3.

Silhet.

Lavurion crrce, Boisd.; Herr.-Schff. Lep. Exot. Spec. Nov. i.

f. 2

L. metallica, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p. 426.

Cherra Poonjee (Col. Buckley).

ErervusiA TRICOLOR, Hope, Tr. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 445, pl. 31.

f. 4

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson, Esq.).

E. risa, Doubleday, Zoologist, ii. p. 468.

Silhet.

E. rasa, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 320, pl. 8a. f. 2.

Darjeeling. .

E. puLcHELLA, Walk. /. c. ii. p. 431.

Darjeeling.

SYNTOMIS OCHSENHEIMERI, Boisd. Monogr. Zyg. pl. 7. f. 4.

1867.] MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 679

S. rmaon, Cram. t. 248. f. E.

Silhet.

S. pivisa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. i. p. 131.

Silhet.

S. meas, Walk. ib. p. 133.

S. virrea, Walk. ib. p. 1594.

Silhet.

Hyporoua THELEBAS, Cram. pls150..f) D;

PHAuDA FLAMMANS, Walk. J. ¢. i. p. 257.

SorITIA LEPTALINA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, iv. p. 462.

Silhet.

RETINA RUBRIVITTA, Walk. J. ¢. ii. p- 439.

Silhet.

Herpa venosa, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. pl. 8a. f. 6).

CELERENA pivisa, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. i. p. 72.

Silhet.

NyYcCTEMERA CENIS, Cram. t. 147. f. E.

N. interlecta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p- 400.

Cherra Poonjee.

N. puacirera, Walk. ib. p. 400.

Silhet.

EuscHEMA FLavescens, Walk. ib. p- 406.

Silhet.

DyscHEMON NEDA, Klug, Neue Schmett. Le. p: 6, pl. 4. f. 3.

_ Silhet.

Fam. Liparip2.

Panrana pispar, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p- 820.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

Genusa BicuTTa, Walk. ib. p. 818.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

G. pexineata, Walk. ib. p. 818.

Silhet.

G. comparata, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 340.

Darjeeling (W. 8. Atkinson).

680 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

Aroa socrus, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr, f. 837, 838.

A. substrigosa, Walk. ib. iv. p. 794.

Silhet.

Bazisa peTecta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxii. Suppl. ii.

p- 399.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

ARTAXA SUBFASCIATA, Walk. ib, p. 332.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

A. piGRAMMA, Boisd. Icon. Rég. Anim. Ins. p. 508, pl. 86. f. 4.

A. guttata, Walk. ib. iv. p. 795.

Calcutta (W. S. Atkinson).

A. sustic1z, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 352.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Aschynomene sesban, Duranta, Zizyphus, and

Justicia.—A. Grote, Esq.

CHARNIDAS LiTuRA, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. iv. p. 797.

PEnora stuuetica, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 341.

Silhet.

OpaGRa bevestTiTA, Walk. ib. p. 402.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

Evproctis tunata, Walk. ib. iv. p. 837.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Combretum.—A. Grote, Esq.

E. MELANOPHILA, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 349.

Leucoma latifascia, Walk. ib. iv. p. 831.

Darjeeling (W. 8. Atkinson).

E. METAMELANA, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 349.

Cherra Poonjee (W. S. Atkinson).

E. Gama, Walk. ib. vii. p. 1731.

E. mapana, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 348.

PsEUDOMESA QUADRIPLAGIATA, Walk. J. c. p. 923.

Silhet.

Pipa apicacis, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 400.

Darjeeling.

Dasycuira GROTEI, Moore, /. ¢. ii. p. 338.

D. convercens, Walk. /. ¢. iv. p. 868.

Silhet.

1867.1 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPrERA, 681

D. maruta, Moore, J. e. ii. p. 339.

Darjeeling.

GAZALINA venosata, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. p. 398.

G. APSARA.

Dasychira apsara, Moore, 1. ec. ii. p-. 341.

OLENE MENDosA, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 293, 294.

Rilia lanceolata, Walk. ib. v. p- 1075.

ENoME ampta, Walk. (Moore, /. e. ii. pl. 9a. f. 4, 3).

Calcutta. Female apterous.

Lymanrria tineata, Walk. ib. iv. p- 875.

Silhet.

L. munpa, Walk. ib. iv. p. 875.

Cherra Poonjee.

L. Bearrrx, Stoll, Cram. Suppl. v. pl. 40. f. 2, @.

L. marginata, Walk. ib. iv. p. 877.

Silhet.

L. aryama, Moore, J. e. ii. p. 345.

Dreata HApEs, Walk. ib. iv. p- 908.

Silhet.

JANA PALLIDA, Walk. ib. iv. p. 912,

Silhet.

TaGora paruna, Walk. ib. v. p- 1189.

Silhet.

APHA suBDIveEs, Walk. ib. y. p. 1180; Moore, Cat, Lep. E. I. C.

. pl. 10a, f. 4.

Silhet.

—s

A. LANUGINOSA, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soe. Lond. 3rd ser. i. p. 83;

Cat. Lep. B. M. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 512.

Silhet.

Fam. Arcriipa.

GLANycus rNsoxitus, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. iii. p. 635.

Silhet.

Hyprercompa PLAGIATA, Walk. ib. p. 655.

Silhet.

H. tonerrennts, Walk. ib. iii. p- 655.

Silhet.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLIV.

682 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

II. rwpLeta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xxxi. Suppl. i. p. 286.

In Coll. W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

Hi. rmpertA.is, Walk. ib. ili. p. 655.

ALOA LACTINEA, Cram. t. 133. f. D.

Bombyx sanguinea, Fabr. (Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 53),

AMERILA ASTR&ZA, Drury, Ins. ii. pl. 28. f. 4.

In Coll. A. E. Russell.

Sprtosoma surrusa, Walk. J. ¢. ili. p. 677.

S. corpara, Moore, J. ¢. ii. p. 356, pl. 9a. f. 11.

ArcTiA imButa, Walk. J. ¢. ili. p. 614.

ALPHEA ABDOMINALIS, 0. Sp.

Male and female. Differs from A. fulvohirta in having the spots

larger and more regular in shape, and their interspaces jet-black ; the

hind wing being ochreous yellow, with two marginal series of black

spots, which are smaller and run more or less into one another; the

thorax in front is jet-black, and has three rounded white spots and

an oval spot above on each side, the tegule or shoulder-piece having

only a small black central spot; the abdomen is reddish ochreous,

longer, and is not hairy, and has the tip, the anal tuft, and a dorsal

and lateral row of spots jet-black.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 22 inches.

Darjeeling (Sherwill). In Coll. F. Moore.

Fam. NoTropontTIDz.

MENAPIA XANTHOPHILA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xxxii. Suppl. ii,

p- 462:

CyPHANTA XANTHOCHLORA, Walk. ib. xxxiii. Suppl. iii, p. 856.

CreTOLA DENTATA, Walk. ib. y. p. 1016.

PHALERA SANGANA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E- 1. C. ii. p. 433.

P. grotet, Moore, ib. ii. p. 434.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Cesalpinia and Cassia fistula.—A. Grote, Esq.

P. cossoipeEs, Walk. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. i. p. 80.

Silhet.

IcuTHyURA FULGURITA, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xxxii. Suppl. ii.

p- 433.

Calcutta.

1867. } MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 683

NeRICE PALLIpA, Walk. ib. v. p. 1077.

APELA pDivisa, Walk. ib. v. p- 1093.

Garcerra costicera, Walk. ib. xxii. Suppl. ii. p. 455.

Darjeeling.

Syspripa InorpINaTA, Walk. ib. p. 466.

Darjeeling.

Fam. Bomsycip2.

THEOPHILA BENGALENSIS.

Bombyz bengalensis, Hutton, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. p. 322.

Neighbourho»d of Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Artocarpus lacoocha.—A. Grote, Esq.

T. SHERWILLII, Moore.

Bombyx sherwillii, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. p. 423,

pl. 22. f. 1.

Bomsyx Texror, Hutton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. p. 309.

The Boro-pooloo Silkworm.

B. cres1, Hutton, ib. p. 312.

The Nistry or Madrassee Silkworm.

B. rortunatus, Hutton, ib. p. 312.

The Dasee Silkworm.

B. stnensis, Hutton, ib. p. 313.

The Sina or Cheena Silkworm.

B. reLicios#, Helfer, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 41.

The Joree or Deo-mooga Silkworm.

Ocrnara vacTes, Hutton, /. c. p. 328.

Fam. DrepaNuLips”.

OretTA ExTENSA, Walk. (Moore, Cat. Lep. E.1. C. ii. pl. lla.

f. 2).

O. suffusa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1167, Q.

O. osrusa, Walk. ib. v. p. 1167.

Silhet.

Fam. Sarurnimpa.

ATTACUS GUERINI, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, pl. 65. f. 3.

ACTIAS LETO, Doubleday, Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. vy. p. 51.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

684 MR. F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. [May 23,

SATURNIA PYRETORUM, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 24. f. 2.

S. crposa, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 3rd ser. ii. p. 423,

pl. 22. f. 2.

Darjeeling.

S. urnprA, Moore, ib. p. 424, pl. 22. f. 3.

Rinaca ZuLeIKA, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soe. xix. pl. 11. f. 5.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

ANTHER#A ROYLEI, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 256, pl. 64. f. 1.

Darjeeling (Dr. Jerdon).

CALIGULA THIBETA, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 166.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

Note.—Loepa miranda, Atkins., Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865,

424, has been placed by mistake under the genus Antherea (see

. Z. S. 1865, p. 818).

Fam. Limacopip&.

ScoPpELODEs VENosA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1105.

Silhet.

MIRESA BREVILINEA, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 475.

Darjeeling (W. S. Atkinson).

CuILena simitis, Walk. ib. v. p. 1071.

Lasiocampa strigilis, Walk. ib. xxxii. Suppl. ii. p. 563.

NyssIA HERBIFERA, Walk. ib. v. p. 1136.

N. watrrascia, Walk. ib. v. p. 1136.

Parasa LEpPIDA, Cram. ii. pl. 130. f. E.

Limacodes graciosa, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 24. f. 4.

Larva feeds on Eugenia and Mangifera.—A. Grote, Esq.

P. punica, Boisd., Herr.-Schff. Lep. exot. Spec. Nov. i. f. 177.

Silhet.

P. tsaBELuA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. 1. C. ii. p. 415.

Larva feeds on the Sal (Shorea robusta).

P. rateaNna, Moore, ib. ii. p. 417.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Amona rohitula, Ivora longiflora, and Mussenda

JSrondosa,—A. Grote, Esq.

1867. ] MR, F. MOORE ON BENGALESE LEPIDOPTERA. 685

P. narariA, Moore, ib. ii. p- 415.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on a species of Creseentia.—A. Grote, Esq.

P. unicoLor, Moore, ib. ii. p- 415.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Ochna squamosa.—A. Grote, Esq.

Limacoprs apicatis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. v. p. 1150.

Silhet.

Fam. LAs1ocaMPiIp2.

BRAHMHA CERTHIA, Fabr. (Walk. ib. vi. p. 1316; Butler, P. Z.S.

1866, p.119. f. 1).

Bombyx wallichii, Gray, Zool. Mise. p- 39.

B. spectabilis, Hope, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. plpsiste3t

Sikkim (W. 8. Atkinson).

B. wuiretr, Butler, P. Z. 8S. L866; ps1l9. f. 2. 3.

B. hearseyanu, White, MS.

Sikkim (IV. S. Atkinson).

Lastocampa virrata, Walk. J. ¢. vi. p- 1440.

Oponestis sHERoBA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p-424, pl. 12a.

fe as 2 .

Darjeeling.

TRABALA Lara, Walk. (Moore, ib. pl. 12a. f. 7, 74,3 Q).

LEBEDA NANDA, Moore, ii. p. 423, plolza.£. 3s.

L. unpans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. vi. p. 1458.

Silhet.

L. Latirennis, Walk. ib. vi. p- 1457.

Calcutta.

Larva feeds on Nyctanthes arbortristis and Lagerstramia indica.

—A. Grote, Esq.

Pasc1Locampa unpuLosa, Walk. ib. vi. p- 1477,

Sikkim (Lieut. Beavan).

Muruipa uineosa, Walk. ib. vi. p- 1440.

Fam. Cosstp&.

ZENZERA LEUCONOTA, Steph., Walk. ib. vii. p- 1537.

Dum Dum, near Caleutta (Frith).

686 MR.SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 27,

Z. conrerta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M, vii. p. 1536.

Silhet.

Z. PAUCIPUNCTATA, Walk. ib. vii. p. 1537.

Silhet.

Fam. HepraLip#.

HertALus nipALENSIS, Steph., Walk. ib. vil. p. 1557.

Puassus pamor, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. ii. p. 437.

P. asor, Moore, ib. i. p. 437.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES XXXII. & XXXII.

Puiate XXXII.

Fig. 1. Cimicodes castanearia, p. 616. | Fig.6. Vindusara compositata (2),

2. Agnidra specularia, p. 618. p- 653.

3. Gareus specularis, p. 623. 7. Hemerophila retractaria, p.627.

4. Dalima apicata, p. 615. 8. Bargosa fasciata, p. 634.

5. Xandrames alhofasciata, p. 635. 9. Selenia decorata (9), p. 621.

10. Corotia cervinaria, p. 625.

Prare XXXII.

Fig. 1. Psyra similaria, p. 659. Fig. 11. Caprilia specularia, p. 649.

2. Arichanna tramesata, p. 658. 12. Acidalia bicaudata, p. 643.

3. marmorata, p. 609. 13. Brihaspa atrostiqmelia, p. 666.

4. Cleora decussata, p. 628. 14. Tyana callichiora, p. 668.

5. Cidaria argentilincata, p. 660. | 15. superba, p. 668.

6. calamistrata, p. 663. 16. Ramila marginella, p. 667.

ite obseurata, p. 663. 17. Propachys linealis, p. 665.

8. aurantiaria, p. 661. | 18. Hyponomeuta lincatonotella,

9. Melanippe catenaria( 2 ), p.659. | p- 669.

10. Sauris decussata, p. 655. |

June 27, 1867.

Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P.Z.S., in the Chair.

Dr. J. Murie read a memoir on the anatomy of the Pilot Whale

(Globiocephalus melas). Dr. Murie’s observations on this animal

were based upon a specimen recently captured off the coast of

Scotland.

This paper will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

Mr. P. L. Selater, Secretary to the Society, called attention to the

following noticeable additions to the Society’s Menagerie since the

last Meeting, all of the species being novelties to the collection :-—

1. I'wo Eyton’s Tree-ducks (Dendrocygna eytoni), presented by

1867. ] MR. BARTLETT ON THE RUFOUS TINAMOU. 687

the Acclimatization Society of Sydney, New South Wales, being the

specimens referred to by Dr. Bennett in his letters (P. Z. S. 1866,

pp. 149, 417): received May 11th.

2. Two young Night-herons in immature plumage, purchased

May 14th, being apparently the young of Nycticoraa cucullatus

(Wagl.) of Western Africa. i

3. Two Yellow-rumped Parrakeets (Platycercus flaveolus, Gould)

from Australia, purchased May 27th.

4. A young Kite, supposed to be the young of the Square-tailed

Kite (Milvus isurus, Gould) from Australia, purchased May 27th.

5. Three Maugé’s Ground-doves (Geopelia maugzi, Temm., Bp.

Consp. ii. p. 94), purchased June 4th, said to have been received

from Australia, but more probably from Timor.

6. Two Brazilian Tree-ducks (Dendrocygna fulva, Gm.) from

Brazil, received June 6th.

7. A male Rosy-billed Duck (Anas peposaca, Vieill.) from South

America, received June 6th.

8. An Arabian Bustard (Otis arabs, Riipp.) from West Africa,

received June 6th.

9. A Senegal Bustard (Otis senegalensis, Vieill.) from West Africa,

received June 6th,

Mr. P. L, Sclater exhibited a specimen in spirits of a rare Suake

(Siphlopis fitzingeri, Tsch. F. P. Rept. p. 57, t. 8), which had been

transmitted alive to the Society by Prof. Nation, C.M.Z.S., of Lima,

but had unfortunately died before reaching England. Prof. Nation

stated the habitat of this species to be the coast of Peru, from the

sea-level to about 700 feet elevation. As there was no example of

this Snake in the National Collection, Mr. Sclater proposed to pre-

sent this specimen to the Trustees in the name of Prof. Nation.

“ Mr. P. L. Sclater exhibited on behalf of Lord Lilford, F.Z.S.,

a nest and four eggs of the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes),

taken in the Hochanger Alp, in the north of Styria, in a pine-

forest about 3500 feet elevation, and forwarded to Lord Lilford by

Mr. E. Seidensacher of Cilli.

Mr. A. D, Bartlett made some remarks on the breeding of the

Rufous Tinamou (Riynchotis rufescens) in the Society’s Aviaries,

which had taken place for the first time this year.

Mr. Bartlett believed this to be the first instance recorded of any

species of this genus breeding in captivity: the interesting fact of

the male bird performing the office of incubation was supposed to

be likewise hitherto unrecorded.

A more detailed account of the number of eggs laid, period of in-

cubation, and particulars of other birds which have bred in the

Society’s Gardens during the present year was promised at a later

Meeting.

688 MR. BARTLETT ON THE HABITS OF THE LYRE-BIRD. [June 27,

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on the Habits of the Lyre-bird in Captivity.

By A. D. Barrierr, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.

On the 9th of April last, the Society acquired a fine example of

the Lyre-bird (Menura superba). It was a young bird, having been

reared from the nest, and was consequently in immature plumage ;

we therefore were unable to determine its sex. This bird, consi-

dering its size, is perhaps the most active and quickest-moving bird

known ; its large and powerful legs and feet enable it to run with

amazing swiftness ; it also jumps or hops not only with great rapi-

dity, but to almost incredible distances. ‘These facts have been

repeatedly stated by persons who have seen the bird in its native

haunts ; and its shy and wary habits have been frequently described.

Notwithstanding the well-known wildness of the species when at

liberty, the individual now under consideration is most remarkable

for its tameness; it will come readily to the call of the keeper and

perch upon his hand or arm, and in the most gentle manner search

his hand or anything he may hold in it for food. In doing this it ex-

hibits a great amount of inquisitiveness and intelligence; if the closed

hand is held near the ground the bird will grasp it with its foot, and

in a very quiet way try to open it in order to obtain what may be

held in the hand. The bird runs or hops upon the ground or upon

the perches with equal ease; that is, it runs along the perches that

are horizontal. It scratches on the ground, using the right and left

foot alternately, grasping the clods of earth and pulling them over,

examining the roots and underparts most minutely for the smallest

seeds or insects.

The strength of the legs and feet will be better understood from

the fact that the bird will drag about large clods of peat, earth, and

roots upwards of 7 lb. weight. This I have ascertained by weighing

the lumps of earth after the bird had so moved them. Unlike the

gallinaceous birds, the Lyre-bird washes freely, and has never been

seen to dust itself. It has a loud and fine voice ; and, although I

caunot say I have heard its song, the keepers, upon whose veracity

I can place every confidence, assure me that the bird has frequently

sung ; and its notes are described to resemble those of a Thrush or a

Blackbird in the commencement, but gradually become much

louder. Its food consists of finely chopped meat mixed with a small

quantity of bruised hempseed, earthworms, mealworms, ants’ eggs,

and grasshoppers, together with a small quantity of canary and

millet seed. Like most insect-eating birds, the Lyre-bird throws

up the pellets, usually called castings, of the indigestible portion

of its food, such as the wing-cases and legs of beetles and other

insects.

liaving nade myself tolerably well acquainted with the habits of

this bird since its arrival in the Gardens, I feel inclined to offer an

opinion with reference to its affinities ; and in so doing I beg to refer

to the habits as noticed in No. 435, vol. ii. of ‘ Land and Water,’ in

1867. | DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS, 689

which the writer describes the meeting of a number of male birds of

this species, which he supposes were fighting and, as he says, making

a most abominable noise.

A similar meeting of male birds is mentioned by Mr. Wallace as

taking place with the great Bird of Paradise. Mr. Wallace says the

male birds assemble together upon the tops of the tallest trees and

utter their loud and not very pleasing notes.

This, together with what I have observed in captivity, both of the

Menura and the smaller kind of Bird of Paradise, induced me to

consider and search for other characters on which to found an opi-

nion; I therefore take the habits, voice, feathers, and their arrange-

ment (see Nitzsch’s Pterylography, pl. 3. figs. 11-13), together with

the skeleton. Having examined ‘the skeleton of the Menura toge-

ther with that of the Bird of Paradise and a true Corvus, I must say

in general that the Menura and Bird of Paradise present a stronger

likeness to each other than either of them exhibit towards the

genus Corvus. In the breadth and form of the skull the Menura

and Bird of Paradise resemble each other remarkably,

In conclusion, I have to remark that the strong and well-marked

resemblance between these birds consists in the voice, food, and mode

of breeding, the large size of the legs and feet, the form of the skull

and skeleton, the structure of the feathers, and their arrangement on

the body; and to this I may add, the bird belongs to the same

geographical range as the true Paradise-bird: I regard it as an aber-

rant form, or rather as the terrestrial form, the true Paradise-bird

being the arboreal form of the same group.

2. On the Form, Size, and Structure of the Viscera of the

Hippopotamus, as compared with the same parts in the

Members of the Pachyderm Family and in some other

Animals, By Epwarps Crisp, M.D., F.Z.S. &c.—

Part II.

The inquiry I am about to institute is one of great interest ; time,

however, will only permit me to take a superficial glance at the sub-

ject. I may premise that, with the exception of the Rhinoceros and

Babirussa, I have examined the visceral anatomy of all the pachy-

derms, weighed the various organs, and measured their size and ca-

pacity. Ihave also in my museum casts and drawings of the dif-

ferent viscera.

I will proceed with the examination as the subjects are arranged

in my last paper. Of the skin-glands of the pachyderms I am un-

able to make a comparative estimate, either from my own investiga-

tions or from the observations of other anatomists ; but in all these

thick-skinned animals, especially in the Elephant, Rhinoceros, and

Tapir, it is probable that large glands exist somewhat similar to those

in the Hippopotamus, although I believe that none of the members

690 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [June 27,

of this family have the same kind of coloured secretion from the cu-

taneous surface.

The description I have given of the stomach shows that it is one

of the most remarkable, both in form and structure, among the ter-

restrial mammals. In addition to the small woodcut in my last paper

I have placed a drawing before the Society representing the interior

of this viscus of the natural size, so that its peculiarities can be readily

seen. I also exhibit casts that I have made of the stomachs of the

Porpoise and Dolphin, with other viscera, so that a comparison may

be made of the gastric cavities of these animals. I likewise place

before the Society a new method of teaching comparative anatomy

(a plan I have shown at the present Paris Exhibition*). It consists

in modelling the viscera in clay to scale, and then taking casts of the

various parts, so that in a small compass (in the space of 10 or 12

square inches) the whole visceral anatomy of the animal is seen, as

shown in the specimen of the viscera of the Hippopotamus before

the Society. I do not apologize for this digression, as the subject

is intimately connected with all anatomical and physiological in-

quiries, and it is one, I believe, that may be turned to great prac-

tical account.

Since my paper was brought before the Society, I have seen the

following i in the article “ Pachydermata,” in ‘ Todd’s Cyclopedia,’

vol. iii. p. 871:—The stomach of the Hippopotamus, or, at all

events of the foetal Hippopotamus, dissected by Daubenton, presents

a very remarkable conformation. Externally it seems to be com-

posed of three parts. The principal portion, extending from the car-

diac extremity to the pylorus, was much elongated, resembling more

a portion of intestine than an ordinary stomachal receptacle. Besides

this central part, extending from the cesophagus to the pyloric valve,

were two long appendages like two czecums, one arising on the right

side of the cesophagus and running along the exterior of the stomach

throughout almost its entire length and then folding backwards, the

other and shorter cul de sac issuing from the posterior aspect of the

cardiac extremity of the stomach and projecting towards the right

side. The construction of the interior of this stomach is still more

extraordinary than its external appearance; for it is so divided by

septa that food coming into this viscus through the cesophagus may

pass by different channels either into the central portion, which

seems properly entitled to the name of stomach, or into either of the

great diverticula appended to it. The inferior walls of the central

stomach have nine or ten cavities in them, something like those of

the Camel and Dromedary. The lining membrane both of the sto-

mach and diverticula is granular and werinkled: except by the pylorus,

where the parietes become smooth and folded into numerous plice

somewhat resembling those of the third stomach of a ruminant,

although there is no probability that rumination occurs in the animal

under consideration.”

It will be seen from my account, judging only from the specimen

I have examined, that the parts described by Daubenton as appen-

* Viscera of the Gorilla, and other specimens.

1867. | DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 691

dices are true and separate stomachs, that the cavities in the third

stomach are not pouches like those of the Camel and Dromedary,

and that there are no folds in the fourth stomach. In the new-born

Hippopotamus, as in a young ruminant at birth, it is probable that

the stomach would present some peculiarities not observed at a later

period.

For the better understanding of this subject let me take a hasty

glance at the gastric organ and parts of the intestinal apparatus in

the various mammalian groups. In the quadrumana the stomach,

except in the Semnopitheci that have three gastric cavities, is for

the most part simple. The same may be said of the Cheiroptera

and Carnaria. Among the Marsupiata the Kangaroos and Potoros

(Hypsiprymnus) have two stomachs, with numerous pouch-like dila-

tations externally. Among the rodents the stomach in most is par-

tially divided, and the czecum generally is very large. In the Eden-

tata the Bradypi (Sloths) have a very large stomach, with four divi-

sions. In the Pangolins (Manis) there is a slight division of the

gastric organ. The ruminants, as is well known, have the most

complicated form of stomach, not only as regards the shape of the

four cavities, but more especially in relation to the numerous papille,

villi, and folds on the mucous surface. The Cetacea present some

of the most remarkable and unaccountable differences as regards the

complication of the stomach. The stomach of the Porpoise and the

Dolphin on the table fully exemplify this. In the former, which is

19 inches in length, there are four divisions—the two first rugous,

the two last smooth. In the stomach of the Dolphin, which is nar-

row and 25 inches in length, there are seven divisions. The stomach

of the Porpoise may be taken generally as a model for that of the

larger Cetacea, four cavities being the usual number. It is very re-

markable that the flesh-eating Dolphins should have a more com-

plicated stomach than the herbivorous Cetacea, such as the Manatee,

Dugongs, and Stellerines.

I now come to the Pachydermata ; and it will be seen that great

differences exist in the form of the stomach, as well as in the intes-

tinal appendages, ceca, rugee, villi, and intestinal glands. In the

Pigs (Suede) the stomach is partially divided. The Peccaries (Di-

cotyles) have a sacculated stomach, with three principal divisions.

The Rhinoceros has a simple stomach, as have also the Elephants

and Tapirs. The stomach of the Hyrax has two compartments. In

the Horses (Kquide) the gastric cavity is simple. None of the pa-

chyderms can be strictly said to have simple stomachs; for in all

there is a division ; but I use the term simple when there are no

distinct valves or muscular folds to denote the boundaries.

On comparing the stomach of the Hippopotamus with that of the

other pachyderms it will be seen that the viscus affords but little

resemblance to any of them; nor does it to that of the other animals

I have named with complicated stomachs. Probably, as regards ex-

ternal form, the stomach of the Manatee (Manatus americanus), trom

the forked appearance given by the two appendices, resembles that of

the Hippopotamus more than any other animal; but the interior,

692 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS, [June 27,

both as regards shape and the arrangement of the valves and ruge,

differs materially from the stomach of the Hippopotamus, which has

a greater resemblance, in the distribution and form of the villi and in

the appearance of the fourth cavity, to the villi and the stomach of a

ruminant; indeed, looking to the mechanical arrangement of the

muscular valves in the first three stomachs, it may naturally be asked

does this animal ruminate ?

Another important peculiarity in the Hippopotamus is the absence

of.a cecum, the animal in this respect differing from the other pa-

chyderms. As is well known, this cavity in the Elephant, Tapir,

Horse, Zebra, Quagga, and Rhinoceros is very large, whilst in the

Pigs it is of moderate size. In the little Hyrax it is very capacious,

with two additional appendices towards the rectum. The villi, in-

testinal folds, and glands differ also materially from those of the

other members of this family. The long villi and folds in the intes-

tines of the Rhinoceros, the mucous folds in the stomach and small

intestines of the Elephant, the rugous czecum of the Tapirs, and many

other peculiarities and differences might readily be pointed out.

I may here remark (and I speak from numerous and extensive

examinations) that in the various orders of mammals none of them,

as regards their visceral anatomy, have so great a general resemblance

to each other as the ruminants.

Length of the intestinal canal.—All the pachyderms have a long

alimentary tube, as will be seen by the following table of animals in

which I have measured it :—

feet. in.

Male Asiatic Elephant* .............34: 106 0

Female Asiatic Elephant................ 123 0

Common Hog (Sus scrofa)..........02+5 86 0

Wart Hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus) .... 36 4

VBlian’s Hom (Baehkant)oo hk Pe. 20s

Red River-Hog (Potamocherus), about the same length.

Masked Hog (Sus larvatus), young ...... 29 2

Japanese Hog (S. japonensis)........-.+ 50 7

Barbary Hog ...... ent Mace ieee ork a Re IO

Peccary, Collared (Dicotyles torquatus) .. 31 0

Peccary, White-lipped (D. dabiatus)...... 28 0

Hyrax (Hyrax capensis): 220.36 eS ae 6

Tapir (Tapirus americanus) ............ 72 0

Tapit (5.9 SRE ee eee

Dray Hlorse,cold isis. dec Ae DRS Oe

Blood’ Mare. coldies: Ae Sere es SPERM POA

Zebra'(Hguua-zebrayh le ree Waa 67 0

According to Professor Owen the length of the alimentary canal

of the Rhinoceros dissected by him was, in the female 73 feet, in the

male 96 feet (Trans. 1862).

* Tn the article ‘“ Pachydermata,” in ‘ Todd’s Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Phy-

siology,’ p. 871, the prodigious extent of the intestinal canal of an Elephant seven-

tecn years of age is said to be 58 feet 6 inches.

1867. | DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. 693

Judging from the length of the intestinal tube in this young animal,

and assuming that the rate of increase would be somewhat similar

to that of the Giraffe, the old Hippopotamus would possess an ali-

mentary tube from 180 to 206 feet in length, far longer than that of

any other pachyderm. Whilst upon this subject I may mention that

the alimentary canal of the male Giraffe that died recently at the

Gardens measured 245 feet.

The spleen, like that of the Hogs, Tapirs, Elephants, Rhinoceros,

and Peccaries, is long and narrow, whilst in the Solidungula it is tri-

angular. In the little Hyrax its shape is nearer to that of the

Lquide.

In the article ‘“‘ Pachydermata,” in ‘Todd’s Cyclopedia,’ p. 871,

it is said ‘that the spleen in pachydermatous animals differs in no

noticeable respect from that of other quadrupeds.”’ But the spleen

of the pachyderms is so peculiar as regards its form, in the situation

of the vein, and in the arrangement of the venous valves, that it can

scarcely be mistaken for that of any animal of a different class.

Indeed this organ presents such a uniformity in shape, in the va-

rious divisions of the vertebrata, that the family to which the animal

belongs may generally be told by it—a remark that will not apply to

any other viscus.

The pancreas in the Hippopotamus, as might be supposed from

the complicated stomach, is more branched than in the other pachy-

derms, and one portion of it is placed close to the pylorus, where

probably a small duct enters; but, as I said in my first paper, I

omitted to examine this part.

The liver in the pachydermata presents some curious differences

in the number of its lobes; and in speaking of these I reckon only

the main lobes that are seen on its upper surface, the elevations on

the under part, as I have said before, not properly coming under the

term lobe.

In the Hippopotamus, as I have stated, the organ is but slightly

divided ; in the Elephant it is also bilobular.

In the Rhinoceros (Owen) there are three lobes. The Hogs

have a liver of four main lobes, and generally a pointed slip that

may be called a fifth lobe. The liver of the Peccaries consists of

four main lobes and of four smaller lobes; that of the Tapirs of

three main divisions and of three supplementary lobes; whilst the

liver of the little Hyrax has six main lobes. In the Horses (Zquide)

there are four chief lobes.

Gall-bladder.—The Hippopotamus*, Rhinoceros, Tapirs, Pecca-

ries, Hyrax, and the Hquide have no gall-bladder; but it is present

in all the Pigs. In the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus) it is very thick,

and partly imbedded in the substance of the liver. In the Elephant,

as figured in ‘Todd’s Cyclopeedia,’ it is seated between the coats of

the duodenum, and has four compartments.

* Professor Owen (Trans. vol. iv. p. 44), “On the Anatomy of the Rhinoceros,”

attributes the absence of the gall-bladder in this animal to the small size of the

stomach; but this explanation will scarcely apply to the Hippopotamus, nor will

it, [ think, to vertebrates generally—the Deer (Cervide) for example.

694 DR. E. CRISP ON THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. [June 27,

Kidney and Renal Body.—The kidney in the Elephant and Rhi-

noceros, like that of the Hippopotamus, is generally lobate ; whilst

in the Pigs, Tapirs, Peecaries, Hyrax, and members of the equine

family it is entire. The renal body in the Hippopotamus is placed

further from the kidney than in the other pachyderms, in which it

is generally in contact with this organ. In the two Elephants that

I examined (Proze-dings, 1855, p. 187) the kidneys of the female

were lobated, whilst those of the male were entire.

Organs of Generation.—All the animals belonging to this family

have the generative organs largely developed. In the Pigs the tes-

ticles and seminal vesicles are very large. The penis is also large in

all, that of the Tapir proportionately larger, I believe, than in any

other of the class. The age of this animal precludes a comparative

estimate as regards size; and the accidental loss of the organs, as I

have said before, prevented my making an accurate dissection.

The tongue, like that of the Wart-Hog (Phacocherus ethiopicus)

is thin and broad at its anterior part. The white papille I have

mentioned are seen in all the Pigs and in the Tapirs; but the form

of the basal villi differs from that of the other pachyderms.

Larynx and Trachea.—One important difference in the larynx of

the Hippopotamus is the pyramidal form of its summit and the great

development of the laryngeal muscles. The os hyoides consists of

the usual number of bones. The trachea is composed, as I have

stated, of twenty-three rings, rather widely separated at the posterior

part, as is seen in the dried larynx before the Society. The number

of rings in the Horse and Zebra varies from 45 to 52; in the Ele-

phant —, Rhinoceros (Owen) 30, Common Hog 28, Wart-Hog 28,

Peccaries 33, Tapir (American) 32, and Hyrax 30.

So that, judging from this young animal, the Hippopotamus has

the smallest number of tracheal rings of any of the pachyderm family.

The thyroid glands were perfectly distinct ; whereas in some of

the pachydermata, as in the Horse, there is a connecting isthmus as

in Man.

The lungs consist chiefly of two lobes, as in the Seal, Dolphin,

and Porpoise; in the Elephant —, Rhinoceros (Owen) 5, Tapirs 6,

Hogs 6, Peccaries 7, Hyrax 6, and Horse 5. In some of these a very

small lobe exists in addition.

The lobular divisions | have before described, I believe, are pecu-

liar to the lungs of this quadruped, and are not found in the other

pachyderms. In the above description both lobes are spoken of.

The heart, with the exception of that of the Elephant, is of a less

rounded form in the other members of this group. The opening of

the two superior cave into the right auricle only exists in the Ele-

phant. There are also some important differences in the appendages

to the muscular walls of the heart; but want of space prevents me

from alluding to them on the present occasion. The most interesting

point in connexion with the heart is its bifid character in the newly

born animal, as mentioned by Gratiolet in the paper before cited ;

he says “C'est peut-étre un indice de cette division du coeur qui

a été signalé dans la Rhytina, les Dugongs, et les Lamantins.”

1867.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. 695

In the heart of the Hippopotamus dissected, a very faint mark

existed of the above-named division, but this would be entirely obli-

terated, I believe, in the adult animal. Dr. J. E. Gray places the

Hippopotamus under Llephantida, and thinks that the form is allied

to the Halicoride; but I fail to see the resemblance. The muscular

band in the inferior cava described by Gratiolet is probably not found

in the other pachyderms. su8

Brain.—All the pachyderms, with the exception of the Elephant,

have small brains; that of this young Hippopotamus, as before

stated, weighed 103 oz., and probably in the adult animal it would

not exceed 20 oz. In an Elephant, weighing about 3 tons, I found

the weight of the brain to be 12 lb. Ina Tapir (7. americanus),

weighing about 140 lb., the cerebral mass was 7 0z. 380 gr. In the

Horse the brain weighs about 16 oz. In the Pigs it varies from 5

to 7 oz. In the Rhinoceros, as described by Professor Owen (Trans.

1862), the brain weighed 1 lb. 14} 0z. In the other members of

the Hog family, and in the Babirussa, Peccaries, Hyrax, Zebra,

and Quagga, judging from the skull-cavities, the brains are of smali

size, indicating to a great extent the slight amount of intelligence of

these animals.

From the above comparisons, as regards the visceral anatomy of

the Hippopotamus, it will be seen that the animal differs in many

important particulars from the other members of the pachyderm

family. In my next paper I hope to investigate the microscopic

anatomy of the intestinal tube, and to compare the osteology of the

Hippopotamus with that of the other pachyderms.

3. On Plethodon persimilis of Gray.

By Sr. George Mrvarz, F.L.S.

In the Zoological Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1859* Dr. Gray

described and figured a species of Newt, said to be from Siam, under

the name Plethodon persimilis. The author justly remarked its

striking similarity in size, form, colour, &c. to Plethodon glutino-

sus of North America, adding that he was at first inclined to believe

that the specimens described were really American, and had been

sent to Siam. From its great resemblance to the last-named species,

Dr. Gray included the new one in the genus Plethodon.

Dr. Ginther, in his ‘ Reptiles of British India’+, described again

the typical specimens ; but while noticing certain differences between

them and Plethodon glutinosus, yet retained the species in the genus

Plethodon.

Having recently had occasion to examine the specimens of Urodela

preserved in the British Museum, when I came to the type speci-

mens of Pl. persimilis, while struck with their similarity to specimens

of Pl. glutinosus, I was startled by their alleged habitat.

* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 230, pl. x1x. f. 2.

+ 1864, p. 439.

696 MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. [ June 27,

That a Newt from the south-eastern coast of Asia should resemble

some North-American tailed amphibian could not have been so sur-

prising, considering the American affinities of the Japanese forms ;

but that a species from Siam proper should resemble almost com-

pletely a genus otherwise exclusively North American and posses-

sing no representative in the Paleerctic region* was a circumstance

truly remarkable.

Mr. Wallace has indeed suggested an explanation (by means of

certain presumed geographical mutations+) of the discrepancy exist-

ing between the ophidian and batrachian populations of Japan; but

it seemed to me difficult to account in any similar way for the phe-

nomenon under consideration.

It is true that though Plethodon is unrepresented in the Old

World, unless by the so-called Pl. persimilis, yet the North-American

genus Spelerpes has a near relative in Europe in the Geotriton genet

of T'schudit, and has recently been extended to the Neotropical re-

gion by Professor Peters§ ; yet this hardly lessens the anomaly pre-

sented by the appearance of such a genus as Plethodon in the true

Indian region. Accordingly I applied to Dr. Giinther for any addi-

tional information I could obtain concerning the typical specimens.

He at once, with great kindness, placed me in possession of facts

which considerably altered the aspect of the question.

Mr. Mouhot, from whom the specimens were received, terminated

his collections in the mountains of Laos, a very lofty region, to the

north-east of Siam proper. The last specimens received from Mr.

Mouhot were from that locality, and were without any notes, having

been brought down after his death by his servants. The typical

specimens of Pl. persimilis were received also without any notes ;

and Dr. Giinther entertains no doubt that they formed part of his

last collection, i.e. that they came from the Laos Mountains.

Supposing, as I have little doubt, that such was really the case,

then the probability of finding American forms is largely increased,

as we are, in these mountains, no longer in Siam proper, and, more-

over, at an altitude such as fairly to warrant the expectation of the

appearance of Palearctic animals. That Japanese forms (i. e. Uro-

dela allied to certain American kinds) should here make their ap-

pearance would not then be so surprising, the more so as Dr. Giin-

ther informs me that the reptiles of the island of Formosa have con-

siderable American affinities ; and though Newts have not yet been

* Dr. Giinther, in his highly interesting and instructive paper on the ‘ Geo-

graphical Distribution of Reptiles,” says, speaking of Batrachians, ‘“ Palearctic

and Nearctic regions resemble each other more than any third” (P. Z. S, 1858,

- 390).

3 si Le Hist. Review, vol. iv. 1864, p. 114.

t Batrach. pp. 59 & 94, t. 2. f. 3.

§ Namely his Spelerpes (Gdipus) adspersus from Bogota (Monatsberichte der

k. p. Akad. der W. z. Berlin, 1863, p. 468). But as allied forms are being dis-

covered in the tableland of Mexico (e. g. Spelerpes cephalicus, S. osculus, and S.

lineolus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. 1865, pp. 196,197), it is not improbable

that other species will be found to have extended into, or to be represented by

modified descendants in, the mountain-regions of Northern South America.

1867.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. 697

found there, yet he fully expects that such will eventually be dis-

covered. Nevertheless, though the appearance of some American

tailed amphibians was thus rendered less unlikely, yet the appearance

of such a genus as Plethodon, which has no representative in Japan,

was somewhat startling, and I therefore examined the specimens

with great interest and as carefully as I could.

Dr. Giinther, as before said, has detected several differences be-

tween Pl. g/utinosus and the species under consideration ; he gives

the distinctions thus :—

“ Pl. glutinosus.

Limbs feeble. .

The length of the fore limb is

considerably less than one-half of

the distance between fore and

hind limbs.

The length of the hind limb is

one-half of the distance between

fore and hind limbs.

The third and fourth toes are

much shorter than the cleft of

the mouth.

Trunk -with thirteen lateral

cross folds.

Tail subcylindrical at the base.

Tongue large, covering the

whole bottom of the mouth, its

hind margin being free.

The series of palatine teeth is

distinctly interrupted in the

middle.

Pl. persimilis.

Limbs well developed.

The length of the fore limb is

one-half the distance between the

fore and bind limbs.

The length of the hind limb

is considerably more than one-

half of the distance between fore

and hind limbs.

The length of the third and

fourth hind toes equals that of

the cleft of the mouth.

Trunk with twelve lateral cross

folds.

Tail compressed at the base.

Tongue narrow, elliptical, not

covering the whole width of the

bottom of the mouth, without

free posterior margin.

The series of palatine teeth is

subcontinuous.

“Tn other respects both species are very similar, the Siamese form

being black, with small scattered whitish spots.’’

In addition to these differences, I find that the Asiatic species is

entirely destitute of sphenoidal teeth, which, on the other hand, are

characteristic of the genus Plethodon. The species which un-

doubtedly belongs to the latter genus have, moreover, the first digit

of each extremity extremely short, which is not the case with P.

persimilis of Gray. Finally, in the Asiatic species (P. persimilis)

the phalanges of the manual digits (counting from the radial to the

ulnar side) are 2, 2, 3, 2 respectively, and the pedal digits (counting

from the tibial to the peroneal side) have 2, 2, 3, 4, 2 phalanges ;

while in Plethodon glutinosus the numbers are 1, 2, 3, 2 in the

manus, and |, 2, 3, 3, 2 in the pes.

These differences, when taken into consideration with the peculiar

geographical conditions, fully warrant the generic separation of the

species now under consideration from the Plethudon glutinosus.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLV.

698 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON PLETHODON PERSIMILIS. [| June 27,

Fig. 2. Fig. 1. Figs. a ine.2oe

Fig. 1. Dorsum of right manus of Pectoglossa persimilis.

2. Dorsum of right pes of Pectoglossa persimilis.

3. Dorsum of right manus of Plethodon glutinosus.

4. Dorsum of right pes of Plethodon glutincsus.

Indeed I believe there may be more grounds for associating it with

the Japanese form Onychodactylus than with the last-mentioned

American species, an arrangement which would harmonize well with

the facts of geographical zoology. Nevertheless, as it has not nail-

like processes on the digits, nor yet a precloacal fold, both of which

exist in the last-mentioned genus, I think it better to place it in a

genus by itself, for which I propose the name Pectoglossa*, retaining

of course the specific name chosen by Dr. Gray ; so that the species

will be named Pectoglossa persimilis.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. Inside of mouth of Pectoglossa persimilis.

6. Inside of mouth of Plethodon glutinosus.

In the fixed condition of the posterior part of the tongue Pecéo-

glossa agrees with both Hynobius and Onychodactylus; but the

transverse position of the palatine teeth causes it more to resemble

the latter genus.

I am inclined to think that when the skull comes to be examined

it will be found that there are two distinct premaxillary bones. The

characters of the genus may perhaps be thus expressed :—

PECTOGLOSSA.

Toes 4/5, first of each manus rather long, first of each pes not

very short; digits with rounded ends and no simulation of nails ;

* TInkros, yAwooa.

1867. | MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. 699

phalanges of four digits of manus 2, 2, 3, 2, of five digits of pes

2, 2, 3, 4, 2; no fold in front of the cloacal aperture ; tail rather

thick, yet compressed at base; no parotids; twelve costal folds on

each side between axilla and groin; palatine teeth forming a trans-

verse, slightly undulating, but subcontinuous series ; no sphenoidal

teeth; muzzle not projecting beyond the end of the mandible;

tongue entirely fixed, behind as well as in front, and only somewhat

free at each side; no postorbital arch or process (?); two pre-

maxillze (?) ; carpus and tarsus ossified (?).

Hab. Laos Mountains?

Thus, if the generic distinctness of this form is to be considered

established, we shall have that degree of relationship to American

forms which, under the circumstances above mentioned, is not ano-

malous, while we shall not have that close affinity to a peculiarly

American form which was at first suspected to exist, and which

would be so very anomalous if found in a species belonging to the

true Indian region, whence P. persimilis was at one time supposed

to have come.

4. On some New or imperfectly known Fishes of India.

By Surgeon Francis Day, F.Z.S., F.L.S., Principal

Medical Storekeeper, Madras Army.

During the last month I have obtained the following species of

fish, amongst many others, from the sea and fresh waters in the

neighbourhood of Madras.

SERRANUS RADIATUS, sp. nov.

B.vii. D.11/15. P.19. V.1/5. A. 3/8. C.15. L.1. above 120.

Length of specimen 4 inches.

Length of head 4, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal spines 2, of base

of dorsal rays +, of base of anal +, of caudal 4 of the total length.

Height of head 2, of body 2, of dorsal spines 4, of dorsal rays 4, of

ventral ;2,, of anal + of the total length.

Eye transversely oval, its upper margin near the profile ; diameter

2 of length of head, 1 diameter from end of snout, 3 a diameter apart.

General appearance rather elongated, and the dorsal profile slightly

more convex than the abdominal.

Lower jaw the longest; the posterior extremity of the upper jaw

reaches to beneath the posterior margin of the orbit. Przopercle

slightly oblique posteriorly, which is serrated, three strong denticu-

lations at its angle, its horizontal margin entire. Sub- and inter-

opercles entire. Opercle with three flat spines, the central one of

which is the longest.

Teeth in strong recurved villiform rows in both jaws, and a canine

on either side of the centre of the upper. Teeth on vomer and palate

in villiform bands, but much smaller than those in the jaws.

700 MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. [June 27,

Fins. Dorsal spines moderately strong, and nearly as high as the

rays, the interspinous membrane but slightly emarginate. Anal—

first spine half as long as the second, which is of equal length but

weaker than the third. Caudal wedge-shaped, its central rays being

slightly the longest.

Scales small.

The lateral line is parallel with the back in the upper third of

the body.

Colours. For the most part greenish olive, becoming dull yellow

on the abdomen. An irregularly shaped, broad, whitish blue band

passes from the posterior superior margin of the orbit across the

occiput to meet a similar one from the opposite side. Two more

pass from the lower and posterior margins of the orbit to the base of

the pectoral fin. Another proceeds from the upper margin of the

preopercle, at first backwards; and opposite the posterior third of

the pectoral it curves upwards to the middle of the hard dorsal, on

to which it is continued. A small patch of colour similar to these

bands is present in front of the base of the dorsal. Another band

proceeds from the posterior extremity of the pectoral to the anterior

portion of the soft dorsal. Two more similar vertical bands cross

the base of the tail, and several shorter marks exist over the body.

Hard dorsal nearly black ; soft dorsal and other fins yellow. Eye

golden.

SERRANUS GRAMMICUS, sp. nov.

B. vii. D.11/12. P.19. V.1/5. A. 3/8. ©.17. L.1.90.

Length of specimen 15 inches.

Length of head 2, of pectoral +, of base of dorsal spines nearly 3,

of base of dorsal rays +, of base of anal 4, of caudal + of the total

length. Height of head 4, of body #, of dorsal spines +1, of dorsal

rays a little more than }, of anal spines +, of anal rays } of the

total length.

Eye. Upper margin close to the profile; diameter + of length of

head, 1 diameter apart, 14 diameter from end of snout.

Body rather elongated ; dorsal and anal profiles equally convex.

Cleft of mouth rather deep; posterior extremity of upper jaw

extending to beneath the posterior margin of the orbit. Vertical

limb of preopercle slightly produced at its angle, finely serrated in

its upper two-thirds, becoming coarser lower down, and with five

moderately large denticulations at its angle ; horizontal limb entire,

as are also the sub- and interopercles. Operculum with three spines,

the central one of which is much the strongest.

Teeth villiform in both jaws, becoming most developed in the

centre, and a small canine on either side of the upper jaw. Villiform

teeth on vomer and palate in size about equal to the smallest on the

aws.

‘ Fins. Dorsal spines moderately strong, the fourth being the long-

est, the last being two-thirds the height of the first ray; the soft

portion of the fin slightly rounded posteriorly. Pectoral rounded.

1867.] MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. 701

Ventral rather pointed. Anal—first spine short, second strongest,

the last one-fourth the longest ; soft portion rounded. Caudal cut

nearly square.

Scales small, in rows passing obliquely upwards and backwards

above the lateral line, and horizontally below it.

Lateral line in upper fifth of body.

Colours. Greyish, with a golden gloss about the head. A narrow

black line passes from the upper margin of the orbit to the last

dorsal spine. A second line passes downwards from the upper third

of the orbit to the superior spine of the operculum, whence it pro-

ceeds to the base of the sixth dorsal ray. A third and similar band

commences at the lower margin of the orbit, and, passing beneath

the central spine of the operculum, is continued to the upper third

of the caudal fin, where it takes the form of rounded blotches.

Dorsal fin with a row of black spots along its centre, and a black

external edging. Caudal with numerous black spots, and a black

margin. Anal black-tipped. Eye golden.

This description is that of a male specimen.

MEsopRION RUSSELLI, Bleeker.

Antika doondiawah, Russell, pl. 98.

Pewee DOM as E16! Vols. 1A 3/5, Colge Li. a4.

L. tr. 9/20.

The length of specimens varies up to 13 inches.

Length of head 2, of pectoral 3, of base of dorsal spines more

than 3, of base of dorsal rays 4, of base of anal 3, of caudal + of the

total length. Height of head rather more than 3, of body 4, of

dorsal spines 3, of dorsal rays 1;, of ventral 4, of anal spines ;1;, of

anal rays g of the total length,

Eyes rather longer than high; diameter 3 of length of head, 1}

diameter from end of snout, = of a diameter apart.

Body ovoid, compressed. Dorsal profile rather more convex than

the abdominal.

Lower jaw slightly the longest; the posterior extremity of the

maxilla extends to beneath the anterior third of the orbit. Pree-

vpercle with a very shallow emargination in the lower third of its

vertical limb, which has also a few small serrations upon it; hori-

zontal limb crenulated. Scapular serrated.

Teeth. An external row of widely separated conical teeth in either

jaw, those in the lower the largest, and increasing in size posteriorly.

A pair of large canines in upper jaw, with a smaller one contiguous.

A row of very fine villiform teeth in both jaws posterior to the co-

nical row. Villiform teeth in vomer and palate.

Fins. Dorsal spines rather weak, the third much the longest ;

interspinous membrane rather deeply emarginate ; last spine not so

long as the first ray. Pectoral pointed. Ventral pointed, spine

weak. First anal spine short and weak, two last of equal length,

but the middle spine much the strongest. Caudal emarginate, its

base broad.

702 MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDJAN FISHES. [June 27,

Scales in oblique rows, passing backwards and upwards above the

lateral line, and in horizontal rows below it. Some exist over dorsal

and anal rays.

Lateral line follows the curve of the back in the upper fourth of

its course ; it is in single tubes.

Colours. Rosy, with four oblique brilliant golden lines passing

from the lateral line upwards and backwards, impinging on two rows

of scales, leaving two intermediate rows without such lines. Four

similar golden lines are also present below the lateral line: the first

proceeding from the posterior margin of the orbit to the lateral

finger-mark ; the second from the middle of the operculum to op-

posite the end of the soft dorsal, where it is lost on the lateral line ;

the third from beneath the orbit to the base of the caudal fin; the

fourth from the lower margin of the base of the pectoral to the base

of the anal. A large, deep black finger-mark exists on the lateral

line opposite to the commencement of the soft dorsal. Pectoral,

ventral, and anal yellowish. Dorsal and caudal pinkish. Eyes

silvery, with a dark mark below the pupil.

Following the opinion of Cuvier and others, and not having seen a

specimen of Russell’s fish, I had previously considered this to be the

Genyoroge notata,C. & V. Since my arrival in Madras I have had

ample opportunities of investigating the species, which I find to be

a Mesoprion, and apparently the M. russe/li of Dr. Bleeker.

UPENEOIDES BiviTTATUS, Cuv. & Val.

This fish is very similar to the U. vittatus, C. & V., with which,

indeed, Dr. Giinther has placed it. But there are certain evident

differences, which I propose adverting to.

Its barbules extend to beyond the posterior margin of the oper-

culum; its caudal is more deeply lobed; its Jateral line is more

raised ; and it possesses a rather thick and large air-bladder, which

the U. vittatus is without.

The coloration likewise differs. The Upeneoides bivittatus is

darker along the back; its golden stripes are not so well marked ;

and the caudal has two horizontal brown lines on either side of its

centre, and three oblique bands running across the upper lobe and

two across the lower lobe.

In the Upenevides vittatus the caudal has six yellowish-brown

bars with dark edges across the upper lobe, and a black extremity,

whilst on the lower lobe there are also three oblique bars, and the

extremity is white. The first dorsal is also black-edged.

URANOSCOPUS MARMORATUS, C. & V.

B. yi. g@. Az PAB. «Vedio, aN 13. 6. Ul

Length of specimen 5,3, inches.

Length of head nearly 2, of pectoral }, of base of first dorsal ;1,,

of base of second dorsal 7, of base of anal 3, of caudal ;2; of the

total length. Height of head 54, of first dorsal 1, of second dorsal

4, of anal ;, of the total length.

1867. ] MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. 705

Eyes directed upwards and slightly outwards, § of a diameter from

end of snout, and rather more than | diameter apart.

Body, in circumference largest anteriorly, gradually decreasing

towards the tail. Head depressed. Body compressed.

Mouth oblique, closed anteriorly by the under jaw, so that it is

directed upwards ; the posterior margin of the upper jaw extends to

beneath the centre of the orbit. There are five preeopercular spines

at equal distances apart, the anterior of which is directed forwards.

The upper surface of the head nodulated, a moderately large supra-

scapular, and very large humeral spines. Preeorbital roughened,

large, and slightly constricted where its anterior joins its middle

third.

Teeth villiform in jaws, vomer, and palate.

Fins. Ventrals jugular. Pectoral large and rounded. Caudal

rounded.

Scales minute, and having raised edges.

Lateral line proceeds backwards from suprascapular spine, and,

passing along parallel with the back, arrives at the upper third of

the base of the caudal fin, when it bends down to its centre, but is

not continued between its rays.

Colours. Chestnut-brown, becoming bluish white on the abdomen.

The whole of the upper half of the head, front of lower jaw, and

body covered with bluish-white spots. Fins darkish grey, edged

with white. Ventral and anal lighter; the upper three-fourths of

the first dorsal deep black. yes golden.

ScoRPENA ROSEA, Sp. nov.

cae Ot ee tz) V- 1/9. AW ojo. C. 15. i. 143.

L. tr. 7/18.

Length of specimen 5 inches.

Length of head 4, of base of dorsal spines nearly 4, of base of

dorsal rays 4, of pectoral 7, of base of anal );, of caudal + of the

total length. Height of head j, of body 3, of dorsal spines 4, of

dorsal rays +, of ventral 4, of anal spines 4, of anal rays 1 of the

total length.

Eyes. Orbits raised, with depressions anterior and posterior to

them, having also a deep concave interorbital groove, with an ele-

vated line on either side which does not become spiny. Diameter

of eye ; of length of head, ? of a diameter from eye to eye, 1? dia-

meter from end of snout.

Dorsal profile more convex than the abdominal. Head com-

pressed.

Snout rather elevated, a transverse depression between it and the

orbits. Cleft of mouth oblique ; posterior extremity of the maxilla

extending to beneath the centre of the orbit ; lower jaw the longest.

Posterior nostril circular, situated in the transverse groove behind

the snout, and having a short sharp spine a short distance ante-

rior to it; the anterior nostril tubular, just anterior and external

to this spine, and having a broad fleshy tentacle above it, which is

704 MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. [June 27,

fringed externally. A short distance external to the posterior nos-

tril is a sharp spine, leading backwards from which to above the

angle of the preeoperculum is a spiny ridge containing five more

directed backwards. Along the angle and lower border of preeoper-

culum are three denticulations—the superior a strong spine, the

others blunted ; there are also three fleshy tentacles along its border,

and one on the side of the preeopereulum. Interoperculum with a

blunt spine and tentacle. Operculum with a bony ridge along its

centre, ending in two spines. A ridge containing three spines passes

from the posterior inferior margin of the orbit to the upper margin

of the opercle and commencement of the lateral line, and has two

minute spines below it. Another spiny ridge extends from the pos-

terior superior margin of the orbit backwards, and one spine between

it and the ridge below it. Orbit with a strong spine at its anterior

superior margin, one at its posterior superior margin, and one at its

superior margin, which has attached to it a long wide tentacle on a

narrow base. Several fleshy tentacles exist along the edge of the

snout, a large one above the angle of the mouth, and two on the

extremity of the upper jaw; there are also three rather large ones

on the lower jaw.

Teeth villiform, in numerous rows in both jaws, also in a V-shaped

patch on the vomer, but none on the palate.

Fins. Dorsal spines moderately strong, the third the longest ;

interspinous membrane rather deeply cleft, and extended beyond

each spine. Pectoral broad at its base, its twelve lower rays un-

branched, and minute fleshy appendages attached to them. Ventral

spine strong. Anal—first spine short, second and third of equal

length, but the second twice as strong as any in the fish. Caudal

cut square at its extremity.

Scales in rows proceeding backwards and upwards. Some on the

upper part of the operculum; head otherwise scaleless.

Lateral line in twenty-three or twenty-four tubes.

Colours. Of a general rose-colour, marbled with greyish; the

spines on the head are darker than the surrounding parts. One or

two irregular grey bands with dark edges exist on the tail. The

dorsal and anal are also banded; and the pectoral has numerous

bands on it.

This species differs from the S. venosa, C. & V., which has no

orbital tentacle, and of which the third anal spine is the longest and

strongest, and the caudal fin is rounded, &e.

CARANX NIGRESCENS, sp. nov.

2 vee yi ait fon

B.vii. D. 7/G. P.19. V.1/5. A. 2/55. €.19. L.1. 25.

Length of specimen 24 inches.

Length of head nearly 1, of pectoral 2, of base of first dorsal 51,,

of base of second dorsal 1 *, ar base of anal ?, of caudal 2 of the total

length. Height of soci), 2, of body 2, of ‘first dorsal a. of second

dorsal 3 a» of ventral +4, of anal 3 of the total length.

yes with very uarrow adipose lids ; diameter + of length of head,

1867. | MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. 705

12 diameter from end of snout, 1} diameter apart, and ? of a dia-

meter from the dorsal profile.

Body compressed. Dorsal and abdominal profiles equally convex.

Head compressed, and having an elevated central ridge. Preeorbital

wide, equal in extent to 14 diameter of the orbit. Praeopercle—its

posterior limb rather oblique ; its lower margin lineated towards the

edge, which is crenulated. Sub- and interopercles also crenulated.

Teeth in numerous villiform rows, of equal size in both jaws, with

a slight interval at symphysis. A triangular patch of villiform teeth

on the vomer ; and a long narrow band of the same character on the

palate.

Fins. Pectoral rather in advance of the origin of the dorsal and

ventral; anal arises under about the sixth ray of the second dorsal.

First dorsal nearly triangular ; second dorsal highest anteriorly, its

upper margin rather concave in its first portion, subsequently

parallel with the back. Pectoral falciform, reaching to opposite the

tenth dorsal ray. Dorsal spines weak, the first very short, the third

and fourth the longest. First ray of second dorsal the longest in

the fin; the last does not quite reach the base of the caudal. Anal

spines weak, the second the longest.

Scales cover the body, under the eyes, and the upper portion of

the opercles ; there are none on the chest. ‘There is a moderately

high sheath to the dorsal and anal fins.

Lateral line with a very moderate curve to opposite the thirteenth

dorsal ray, whence it becomes straight. The keel is slightly deve-

loped—in fact, being only very distinct on the last eight seales. A

lateral ridge on either side of the keel on the root of the caudal.

Cecal appendages very numerous.

Colours. Of a dusky greyish, with innumerable fine black points,

and generally glossed with purple. A well-marked black spot upon

the operculum. Fins nearly black, especially the dorsal.

This description is that of a male specimen.

Of the genus Panchax, Cuv. & Val., I have obtained two species

at Madras, and one from Malabar. Before describing these, [ may

remark that I have not as yet met with the Panchawx (Esox) pan-

chaz, Buch. Ham.

The Panchaz lineatum, C. & V., is exceedingly common in Mala-

bar; but I have not taken it as yet on the Madras side of the

Western Ghawts.

The Panchax (Aplocheilus) rubrostigma, Jerdon, and another

species which I am unable to refer to any existing description, and

have therefore considered new, are both exceedingly common in all

tanks, streams, and pieces of fresh water around Madras.

These two species are very dissimilar in their appearance; and I

have kept a number in an aquarium, where they grow rapidly and

become very tame. They are carried m water with great difficulty,

and rapidly die when out of their native element. They swim very

close to the surface of the water, and appear to require a large

amount of oxygen.

706 MR. F. DAY ON NEW INDIAN FISHES. [June 27,

PaNCHAX ARGENTEUS, Sp. nov.

Brive Dr6s" -P..15./ V. 65 AZO Os ie ay ae Cee

Length of specimens from 3 to 1,7; inch.

Length of head nearly 3, of pectoral 7, of base of dorsal =4,, of

base of anal 2, of caudal 7 of the total length. Height of head 4,

of body 3, of dorsal fin +, of ventral 3, of anal 1 of the total length.

Eyes. Diameter 2 of length of head, 2 of a diameter from end of

snout, nearly 1 diameter apart.

Teeth in a narrow villiform row, aireerea at first almost horizon-

tally, and bent near their extremities.

Fins. Dorsal is situated over the last few rays of the anal, which

last commences midway between end of snout and termination of

the caudal fin, which is cut square. Ventrals, if laid forwards, just

reach to the opercles ; if in their natural position, they extend beyond

the vent to the first anal ray.

Scales on the top of the head with smooth edges and not fes-

tooned ; those on chest much smaller than those on the body.

Body very compressed ; back wide and flat.

Colours. Of a dullish green along the back, becoming dirty white

along the abdomen. The back and also between the rays of the

anal and caudal fins finely dotted with black points; otherwise the

fins are diaphanous. Eyes blue.

This species, which appears never to grow to a large size, seems

allied to the Panchax cyanophthalmus, Blyth, which, however, is

said to have 22-23 anal rays. It differs from the Panchaz (Pecilia)

latipes, Schleg., in the length of the head, and in the number of

the dorsal and anal rays, in the number of scales, and in the posi-

tion of the ventral fin. It may be the Panchax m‘clellandi,

Bleeker ; but as that species is only known from a drawing, it is

impossible to decide the question.

PANCHAX RUBROSTIGMA, Jerdon.

B.av.., Do8. ¢P.15.. V.16. A. 14—-Ta las, daz), oye Maen

Length of specimens from 1,2; to 1,8; inch.

Length of to 2, of pectoral 4 4, of base of dorsal ict of base of

anal ity of caudal —% of the total length. Height of head +, of body 4,

of dorsal 1, of veneealll 4, of anal + of the total length.

Eyes oval, 2 of length of head, 2 of a diameter from end of snout,

1; diameter apart.

Body elongated ; back moderately flat from the snout to the base

of the Teal fin ; ded compressed.

Length of intermaxillaries in central line equal to about half the

diameter of the eye. The posterior extremity of the maxilla extend-

ing to beneath the centre of the orbit. Angle of praeoperculum

rounded, but not produced.

Teeth in both jaws villiform, recurved, and in a narrow band.

Fins. Anal commences midway between snout and termination of

caudal fin. The dorsal begins over the last four anal rays. Caudal

wedge-shaped, its central rays the longest.

1867.] DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. 707

Scales cycloid ; two rows between eye and angle of preeoperculum ;

those on the summit of the head with their posterior border fes-

tooned.

Colours. Of a dull green on the back and sides, and dirty white

along the abdomen. Numerous small and brilliant blue spots along

the sides, alternating with rusty-red ones when'the fish is alive and

in good health, but they fade after death. A light spot on the

summit of the head, which is sometimes absent. Dorsal fin white,

with a large black spot along its base. Anal orange. Eye silvery.

5. Preliminary Description of a New Species of Finner Whale

(Balenoptera bonaérensis). By Dr. H. Burmeister,

F.M.Z.S8., Director of the Public Museum, Buenos Ayres.

The animal which I now bring before the notice of the scientific

public was found dead, floating on the river Plata, near Belgrano,

about ten miles from Buenos Ayres, by a fisherman, who brought the

body on shore on the 5th of February of this year, and informed me

ou the next day of his discovery. I was then confined by illness to

my room, and was unable to go to see the body until fourteen days

later. Putrefaction had already destroyed the Whale’s external ap-

pearance ; but as I found the body lying on the ground near the

shore I was able to take a sufficiently accurate measure of it by steps.

It was then 16 paces long, of which nearly 4 belonged to the head,

and 12 to the trunk with the tail. Calculating my steps in moderate

walking as equal to 2 feet, I made the whole body 32 feet long; and

now measuring the skull alone I find it is 7 feet long, leaving 25 feet

for the trunk and tail. This 25 feet is divided in the skeleton in

such a manner that 1 foot is occupied by the seven vertebre of the

neck, 33 feet by the eleven dorsal vertebra, 83 feet by the twelve

lumbar, and 10 feet by the nineteen of the tail, the 4 additional feet

being for the external parts of the animal—the skin, the cellular

covering under it, and the intervertebral cartilages.

As the surface was already destroyed by putrefaction, I could not

see distinctly the eyes, the ear-openings, or the nostrils. I only

observed that the under jaw was about 4 inches longer than the tip

of the skull and surrounded the upper jaw in its whole circum-

ference.

Ten paces from the tip of the nose was a triangular faleate dorsal

fin about 1 foot high and 13 foot long; and on the tip of the tail

a large caudal fin with the usual two lobes, about 63 feet distant

from each other at the hinder ends, and each 5} feet long, and

1} foot broad at the beginning.

The pectoral fins I could not examine very exactly —the one being

already destroyed, and the other covered by the body; but they ap-

peared to have the usual triangular form, and a length of from 34 to

4 feet. The rest of the skin was of a dark black-grey colour, like

the old clay-slate, but lighter and nearly white-grey on the under-

708 DR. H.BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. [June 27,

side. Here I observed the usual deep furrows from the inner edge

of the under jaw to the middle of the body; each furrow was } inch

deep, and the flattened intervals 1 inch broad.

The animal was a male, with two hinder longitudinal openings—

the former (somewhat in advance of the position of the dorsal fin)

being the sexual opening, and the hinder (under the same fin) the

anus. On the fore side of this second opening are the two small

mammarial fissures.

Of the internal organs nothing was to be seen, these being already

destroyed by putrefaction and eaten by some millions of larve of

Musce, which resembled living waves consuming the whole organic

substance of the carcass.

Even the whalebones of the mouth had fallen out, and no trace

of them was to be seen on the shore; but one month later we had

the good fortune to find one side of them very well preserved in the

ground of the river some miles higher up.

The fisherman told me that when he found the body the mouth

was already open, and without whalebones, the tongue being very

much swollen, like a balloon. This may have forced the whale-

bones from their position.

Since this first inspection I have visited the body from time to

time to preserve the bones for the Museum. During the last week

all the bones were brought to the establishment, and have been ar-

ranged in such a manner that I can give a short description of the

whole skeleton.

Beginning with the skull, I will not describe its general form,

which is very well shown in the figure of the skull of the European

Balenoptera rostrata in the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’

Mammalia, pt. 2, and the description given by my friend Dr. J. E.

Gray in the same work.

Comparing the skull of this new species with his figure, I find that

it is certainly much larger, but presenting the same relation between

the two principal portions, being from the tip to the nasal bones

4' 4" long, and from these to the occipital foramen 2! 8!’.. But there

is some difference in the construction of this hinder portion, as the

fore end of the vertex reaches to the hinder end of the nasal bones,

covering entirely by its middle prolonged protuberance the small

frontal bone from above. Much smaller also in my skull is the

lateral part of the same bone, which forms the orbital cavity, and

somewhat stronger the hinder lateral process of the temporal bone

to which is attached the under jaw.

These differences leave no doubt that the two animals belong to

different species. ‘The transverse extent of the front part imme-

diately before the nasal bones is 2! 10", that of the hinder angles of

the frontal bones behind the orbit is 4', and that of the vertex behind

across the occipital foramen 2! 6, The lower jaw is, including the

curve, 7! 5" long on the outside.

The whale-bone, which was attached to the underside of the large

excavated maxillary bones, is of the usual form and construction.

We have the left side nearly complete, wanting only a small portion

1867.] DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. 709

of the hinder end. The remaining part is composed of 192 plates ;

and from the form of the last it may be supposed that a series of 30

or 40 plates is lost on the hinder end, so that the whole series of

plates may have been from 230 to 235. The first plates are very

small, not higher than 3 inches, of which 2 inches are long bristles ;

but the hinder plates are 12 inches high without the bristles, and the

bristles here are more than 3 inches long. These hinder plates have

a base 7 inches broad and an elongated triangular figure, the side

with the bristles being the largest, like the hypothenuse of the tri-

angle, and somewhat curved to the exterior.

It is well known by the description of different authors* that there

are three or even four series of plates in the internal basal margin of

the larger external series. In my specimen the second series of

plates is preserved, but the two or three smaller most internal series

are lost. The plates of this second series are of the same triangular

figure, but no higher than 3 to 3 inches, with short bristles of + inch

on the inside. All these interior plates are of a white colour in my

specimen; and of the same colour is also the whole inside of the

large external series, every plate of that series being black on the

outer margin for a space of 2 inches.

The neck is composed in the usual manner of seven small vertebra,

of which the second, third, and fourth are united together by the

bodies and by ossified commissures on the central portion of the

arch. The first or atlas (fig. 1, anterior surface) is much broader

Fig. 1.

Anterior surface of atlas of B. bonaérensis.

than high, the horizontal diameter between the transverse processes

being 15? inches, and the perpendicular in the middle only 92".

Projecting these diameters in lines, the transverse diameter is situate

somewhat above the middle of the perpendicular. The articular

surfaces for the occipital condyles are together 73 inches broad and

each 5!" high.

The three following united vertebre are figured in fig. 2 from

* I find a very correct description of the whalebones of the European species

by Ravin in the ‘ Annal. des Sciences Naturelles,’ 2° sér. Zool. t. v. p. 266, pl. 11.

710 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. [June 27,

behind. Each one has a large transverse process, which is perfo-

rated in the middle by a great elliptical opening. In the very strong

second vertebra this opening is the smallest, and the horizontal dia-

meter of the opening shorter (43 inches) than the outer end of the

transverse process (57 inches) ; but in the two others the opening

occupies nearly the whole process, surrounded only by a small osse-

ous ring. The upper part, including the vertebral canal, is broader

Second, third, and fourth vertebrae of B. Lonaérensis.

than high ; and this canal is of a depressed triangular figure. The

arch is very strong and thick on the second vertebra, and, in each

of the three, armed with three small upright spines, of which the

middle is the processus spinosus. The fifth vertebra of the neck

has quite the same form ; its lateral process is a closed osseous ring ;

but the sixth differs by being open in the middle of the under part

of this ring, near the enlarged point, and the seventh by having no

under part to the ring, but only the upper half circumference with

the enlarged point at the end.

In most of these characters the species differs from the European

B. rostrata, as this has only in some cases the second and third cer-

vical vertebrae united, and open rings on all, after the second, of

which open ring the upper part is smaller than the under, and not

provided with the enlarged point at the end, which is present in all

the cervical vertebrae after the second of my new species.

The small erect spines on the vertebral arch are also wanting in

the European species, and the lateral processes are much shorter in

comparison with the transyerse diameter of the bodies of the verte-

bree. As an individual character of my specimen I must remark

that the upper parts of the lateral processes of the sixth and seventh

cervical vertebra are united together on the left side in their whole

extent, which seems to me a consequence of disease during the

1867.| DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. 711

life of the animal; the same circumstance may have also united the

first and second dorsal vertebra, which are also anchylosed to each

other at some points of the arch and the upper part of the body.

As the animal is a very old one, having no epiphyses separated in the

whole skeleton, I must believe that it was wounded when young on

the left side of the neck, perhaps by the harpoon of a whaler.

The eleven dorsal vertebree have the usual form, and increase in

size from before backwards rapidly, the body of the first vertebra

being only 14 inch, and the eleventh 52 inches ; they have all long

lateral processes, to an excavation on the hinder edge of which are

attached the ribs.

The spinous processes increase gradually in height to the middle

of the lumbar portion of the vertebral column.

There are eleven pairs of ribs. The first is broader than the others

and 2 feet long. The longest is 4 feet in a straight line, and in the

middle of the series. The first pair is attached to the sternum, which

has a very peculiar form. It is (fig. 3) like a cross, resembling the

Fig. 3.

Sternum of B. hbonaérensis.

same bone of the European species ; but the upper, short branch of

the cross is, unlike that of B. rostrata, divided into two large parallel

lobes. No bone proves more convincingly the distinctness of the

712 DR. H. BURMEISTER ON A NEW FINNER WHALE. [June 27,

species than the sternum. As my figure gives a clear view of this

bone, I will not describe it more, adding only the measurements.

The length in the median line is 17 inches, and the transverse dia-

meter in a straight line 13’; the outside is curved downwards and

very rough, the inside excavated and smoother.

Of the twelve lumbar vertebre, the first is 6 inches long, and the

last 9 inches; this vertebra is the largest of all. They have higher

spinous processes than the dorsals, but shorter and broader lateral

processes, this process of the ninth and tenth dorsal vertebre being

the longest of all, 7. e. 1 foot. The spinous processes of the middle

lumbar vertebre are 17" high; but the lateral processes are only 9!

long and 7" broad. They have all thin sharpened outer margins,

not an expanded tip for the attachment of the ribs like the dorsals.

The tail is composed of nineteen vertebra, of which the twelve an-

terior are very strong, but the last six in the axis of the tail-fin ex-

tremely small. To the nine anterior caudal vertebra are attached

inferior spinous processes; on the following nine they are wanting.

The transverse processes of the first are not perforated. The fifth is

the last vertebra with an indication of such a process. The sixth,

seventh, and eighth have short spinous processes ; but all the others

are without either. As far as the thirteenth they have the body

perforated. The six last are very small and of a peculiar triangular

figure.

The skeleton of the arm-fin is of the usual construction, but has

also some peculiarities. The bladebone is rather large, 32 inches

broad at the upper margin in a straight line, and 18" high from the

glenoid cavity to the same margin. The acromion is 7" long, com-

pressed, and somewhat curved above, with an attenuated end, which

is not enlarged as usualin Whales. ‘The coracoid process is, on the

contrary, thicker at its end, and rounded like a club, and 43" long.

The very strong humerus is short, only 11! long ; but the forearm-

bones are tolerably long, being 23", and the radius somewhat stronger

than the ulna, which has a large olecranon like a high crest, of semi-

circular figure, which is surrounded by thick and strong cartilage.

The carpal bones are seven on each side, all enclosed in thick carti-

laginous matter, which united them with the forearm-bones and

with the metacarpus of the fin. Two of these seem to be the free

lower epiphyses of the radius and ulna, and the remaining five the

true carpal bones.

The hand has four fingers, wanting the first or thumb, as usual in

the Fin-whales. Each finger has a large metacarpal bone, and the

two outer ones two other osseous phalanges; but the largest (second)

finger has four phalanges, and the following three. There have been

more cartilaginous articulations, but all these are lost. The first

phalangeal bone of the second finger is the largest bone of the hand,

being 5 inches long. They have no osseous epiphyses on either end,

but have been united only by cartilaginous substance.

We have also the small bone of the pelvis, which is 74 inches long

and 1} inch broad in the middle, and of a lanceolate form, being nar-

rowed at both ends. No vestige of an attachment of another bone

1867. ] MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON A NEW SHARK. 713

to any part of its surface is visible; and it is the same with the

European species, according to the observations of Eschricht and

Reinhardt.

The hyoid bone is of the same form as that figured in Cuvier’s

*Ossem. Foss.’ vol. i. pl. 25. f. 13, being only somewhat larger in the

middle, where the two cornua hyoidea are attached. The transverse

diameter is 20 inches, and the longitudinal in the middle of one of

the two points 7 inches. The cornua have a more curved form than

that figured by Cuvier, and are 12 inches long.

Finally I should mention, what I omitted before, that in the cra-

nium is a distinct lachrymal bone on each side in the prolongation

of the orbit at the fore end, like that in Cuvier’s figures (pl. 26), to

which is attached the zygomatic bone, as Cuvier figures the Rorqual

of the Cape of Good Hope (fig. 1 of the same piate). The tympanic

bone is persistent and firmly united with the cranium ; and the vomer

rather short, not longer than in the same figures of Cuvier, and di-

vided at the fore end by a longitudinal fissure into two parallel lobes

23 inches in length.

6. Description of a New Genus of Spinacide, founded upon

a Shark obtaimed at Madeira. By James Yate Jounson,

C.M.Z.S.

The Shark which forms the subject of the present communication

is closely allied to those members of the family Spinacide which

constitute the genus Centrophorus; but since it possesses a mesial

tooth in the lower jaw it cannot be assigned to that genus, and I

therefore propose to found upon it a new genus named

MacuHeEpuHuiuus.

Body elongate, prismatico-triangular in section ; head depressed,

not distinct from the body ; nostrils on the inferior side of the head ;

spout-holes large, furnished with valves, and situate on the upper

side of the head above the eyes ; a deep groove at the commissure

of the lips. Scutella (seales) stalked. Two dorsal fins, each sup-

ported by a strong spine. No anal fin. The teeth of different form

in the two jaws; those of the upper jaw consisting of triangular

cusps on subquadrate bases; those of the lower jaw composed of

cusps on subquadrate bases, the cusps being more and more inclined

backwards as the teeth approach the back of the mouth, thus pre-

senting oblique incisorial edges. A mesial tooth, consisting of an

upright equilateral cusp on a quadrate base, in the lower jaw.

Macuepuitus DUMERILLI, ¢.

Of a uniform brownish-grey colour. Head rather broad, depressed,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLVI.

714 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON A NEW SHARK. {June 27

concave between the eyes and spout-holes; cheeks convex ; snout

short, rounded in front, flat above and below. Nostrils large, reach-

ing to the sides of the snout. Ey e-slit almond-shaped. Spout-holes

transversely oval, placed above the eyes. Mouth wide; the jaws

slightly but evenly convex; the upper jaw protrusile from beneath

the scaly skin. The slit or groove at the commissure advances to

the vertical from the middle of the eye, leaving a considerable space

between the opposite grooves. The posterior part of the slit is very

shallow, and does not extend beyond the vertical from the posterior

edge of the spout-holes.

The teeth of the upper jaw are composed of sharp narrow upright

conico-compressed cusps on subquadrate bases ; and several rows of

them are in use at once. In the lower jaw there are two rows of

teeth, formed of broad flattened cusps on subquadrate bases, which

have a ridge down the middle. The cusps, as the teeth approach

the back of the mouth, become more and more inclined backwards,

but their apices bend upwards and form an acute point; thus only

art of one edge of the cusp presents an incisorial edge, at the

middle of the lower jaw, having both its sides in front of the adjacent

teeth. It is formed of an upright equilateral cusp with acute edges

placed on a quadrate base.

The five branchial openings are large, and are situate in front of

the pectoral fin, the hindmost embracing the anterior part of the root

of that fin.

All the fins are clothed with scales. The first dorsal fin is nearer

to the pectoral fin than to the ventral fins, and has in its front part

a strong spine more than half as high as the fin, which is so much

worn in the specimen that its shape cannot be accurately stated.

The second dorsal fin is rounded in front, where it is higher than the

anterior fin. It is also armed with a strong spine (which, however,

is not quite so large as the spine of the first dorsal), and it is acumi-

nate behind and prolonged in a direction nearly parallel with the tail.

The ventral fins have two-thirds of the total length of the fish in

front of them. Their anterior angles are rounded off, their posterior

angles prolonged and pointed. The caudal fin is shaped much like

that of the true Centrophori. The tail bends upwards inside the

upper lobe, and the lower lobe is well developed. The upperside of

the tail behind the dorsal fin is concave. The lateral line is high up

on the side of the body and straight. The claspers are furnished

with a slender spine.

The scutella or scales are stalked, and have subrotund laminze

continuous with their stalks, each lamina being marked by two lateral

and a median crest, which projects behind as an equilateral tooth.

The hinder edge of the lamina is minutely serrulate.

The species is named in compliment to Professor Auguste Duméril

of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, the author of a valuable work

describing the known genera and species of Sharks.

The dimensions of the single example obtained (which has been

added to the collection of the British Museum) are given below.

1867.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON HALCROSIA AFZELII. 715

inches.

Mota) lengthy rs os oun een? eet 434

Height under first dorsal.............. 7

Head, width at spout-holes............ 52

Bye-sht,dlength-S2<205 ies see eee 24

, distance from snout .... ..... 21

Spout-holes, length .............. a

Mouth, width=distance from snout .... 32

Pectorals, width of base .......... 2

: -, distance from snout.......... 97

First, dorsal, Jengtlt oibase. 2.6)... 32° 58

—, vertical height 22......2. 2s

Second dorsal, length of base.......... 33

—-- spvertical heieRtsG >. 6.0.3 22

Ventrals, width of base 5 oy aa eres

, distance from snout .......... 27

Candal, length? 2 442-202 93

7. Description of Halcrosia afzelii*, a new Crocodile from

Sierra Leone, West Africa. By Witnetm Litisesore,

Professor of Zoology in the University of Upsala,

F.M.Z.S.

Length from the point of the nose to the tip of the tail about 4!

(Swedish workmen’s measuret, 7. e. with 12 inches to the foot).

Length of the head from the os quadratum 73"; breadth of the

head at the back part 43"; its length from the posterior extremity

of the under jaw 3", from the orbits to the point of the nose 32";

breadth of the nose over the ninth tooth, the widest part of the upper

jaw, 2,5". Length of the tail 2’. The head’s length in proportion

to its breadth marks it as a short broad form; the nose is, however,

much narrower than in the Halerosia frontata (Murray) t, as is evi-

dent by the proportion of the breadth above the ninth tooth to the

distance between the orbit and the tip of the nose, the former being

but about two-thirds of the latter. According to Murray’s figure

this breadth amounts to three-fourths of the above-mentioned dis-

tance. With respect to the form of the nose, it appears to be in-

termediate between Halcrosia frontata and Crocodilus vulgaris.

The fossee supratemporales are small, and their lower openings

very small, situated in front, and directed outwards and forwards.

The supratemporal or sincipital plane is somewhat concave in the

middle, and the forehead between the orbits destitute of keel.

* With this name we call to remembrance the late Professor Adam Afzelius

of Upsala, who brought home to Sweden from Sierra Leone this specimen, toge-

ther with many other interesting specimens of animals and vegetables.

f Swedish feet and (workmen’s) inches are reduced to English by multiplying

by 0°9741, or dividing by 1°0266.

} Gray, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 213.

716 PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON HALCROSIA AFZELII. [June 27,

From the anterior angle of the orbits a tolerably highly raised ridge

passes over each of the ossa lacrymalia, and extends somewhat more

than a third of the nose’s length ; and these ridges converge as they

approach the tip of the nose. The nasal bones extend so far into

iy!

Head of Halcrosia afzelit.

the cavity of the nostrils as almost entirely to constitute the division

between them, and leave only a very small space occupied by carti-

lage between themselves and the back-turned processes of the inter-

maxillary bones. The head, when looked at in profile, exhibits .

almost the same strongly marked concavity over the nose as the

1867.] PROF. W. LILLJEBORG ON HALCROSIA AFZELI. 717

Halcrosia frontata. The edges of the jaws are strongly sinuated ;

and the upper jaw has on each side a deep hollow, to receive the

seventh tooth of the lower jaw, which in this instance is the largest,

and its two foremost front teeth do not pass through the intermaxil-

lary bone. The teeth are i, The back teeth of the under jaw

do not project in between those of the upper jaw, but within them,

as in the case of the Alligators.

Hind foot of Halcrosia afzelii.

Our specimen being imperfect, we have, as regards the feet, the

opportunity of examining only one of the hind feet (fig. 2). The

web is well developed, but the exterior edge of the foot is not fringed.

It has but one row of four somewhat large keeled scales, which do

not form any prominent lobe or fringe. The remainder of the outer

side of the foot is covered with keeled scales of various sizes.

With regard to the plates of the skin, this genus, as is known, is

especially distinguished by the peculiar form of the upper plates of

the nape. These have also in this species a characteristically broad

form, with almost horizontally outstanding keels, and are particularly

large ; but there are but two pairs, and a considerable interval sepa-

rates the posterior from the anterior dorsal plates ; they have in the

middle of their upper surface a shallow longitudinal groove. The

cervical plates are six in number, forming a curved transversal row,

and are oval and strongly keeled. The dorsal plates form four con-

tinuous longitudinal rows, of which the outermost on each side is

distinctly, the inmost indistinctly, keeled ; there is, moreover, on each

side a couple of imperfect rows, and several scattered plates on the

sides of the body. The back and loin have eighteen transversal rows

of plates, including the foremost exceedingly small ones. The tail

has twelve similar rows between the base and the strongly projecting

serrated lobe, or crista. All these plates are as it were sculptured

with fine concentric raised lines, as is also the case with the plates of

the head and feet. As the end of the tail is missing I am unable to

give the number of plates in its crista. The ventral plates are ossified.

The colour is indistinct, but seems to have been a very dark brown.

718 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS MYCALESTS. [June 27,

The animal in its general habit closely resembles the Alligators,

and was on this account, by the late Professor Thunberg, in the

University’s collection, named Lacerta alligator. The specimen,

which is imperfect, was brought from Sierra Leone, West Africa, by

the late Professor Adam Afzelius, and was, together with his other

collections, presented many years ago to this University’s Zoological

Museum.

8. Remarks upon the Fabrician species of the Satyride Genus

Mycalesis ; with Descriptions, and Notes on the named

varieties. By Arruur G. Burer, F.Z.S.

The scarcity of figures of the Fabrician insects, and the culpable

carelessness noticeable in the descriptions of that author, more espe-

cially the bad habit which he had of describing the same species

twice under separate names, has made the determination of his species,

at all times, a work requiring much time, labour, and patience.

The existence of several types in the Banksian collection, of course,

affords most important assistance to the student; but as the labels

upon these types have in some cases been transposed, it is at all times

necessary to compare the insects carefully with their descriptions.

Fig. 1. Mycalesis sirius. | Figs. 3, 3a. Mycalesis terminus.

2. perseus. 4. —— blasius.

[ have recently been working out the genus Mycalesis, and I find

that little or no notice has been taken of the Fabrician specimens,

the necessary consequence of which has been that several of his

species have been referred to genera with which they have no con-

nexion, whilst the insects themselves have been redeseribed, and thus

1867. ] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS MYCALESIS. 79

the synonymy of this extensive group of Butterflies has been use-

lessly increased.

As, by a careful comparison of the types and typical descriptions

with the specimens in our collection, I have succeeded in satis-

factorily determining several of the above species, I hasten to lay the

result of my investigations before the Society.

Sp. 1. MycaLesis MELUSINA.

Papilio melusina, Fabyicius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 240. n. 750

(1793).

Hab. Sierra Leone. B.M.

This has been already placed with P. dorothea of Cramer, with

which it is doubtless identical: it in almost every point agrees with

the insect from Old Calabar, described by Mr. Hewitson under the

name of M. raesaces. I have pointed this out to Mr. Hewitson ;

and he agrees with me that his species can be nothing more than

the Calabar form of the insect from Sierra Leone.

12, MycaLesis MIRIAM.

Papilio miriam, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 242. n. 754

(1793).

Hab. Angola. B.M.

* Alis dentatis fuscis subtus cinereis : anticis ocellis duobus, pos-

ticis septem. Habitat in Indiis.’—Ent. Syst.

This only differs from the preceding in being entirely brown on

the upperside, and in having the markings of the underside much

more distinctly visible.

Sp. 2. Mycauesis persevus. (Fig. 2, p. 718.)

* Papilio perseus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488. n. 199 (1775).

Papilio tabitha, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 243. n. 756 (1793).

Hab. North India. B.M.

“ Ale antice fusce, mox immaculate, mox ocello parvo, pupilla

alba ante apicem. Postice fusce, immaculate. Subtus omnes

basi fusca, apice dilutiores, anticis punctis tribus, posticis

septem albis subocellaribus.’—Syst. Ent.

“ Ale supra omnes nigre anticis ocello parvo atro, pupilla alba.

Subtus pallidiores striga e punctis ocellaribus minutissimis pu-

pilla alba.’—Ent. Syst.

This is of course only another of the many varieties of M. otrea

of Cramer: the underside of the wings is represented by Donovan in

his ‘ Insects of Asia ;’ but the colouring is so extravagant that the

figure rather hinders than aids the determination of the species.

2°, MYCALESIS CLERIMON.

Papilio clerimon, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. pt. 1. p. 217. n. 678

(1793).

Hab. 2

* The type is in the Banksian collection.

72) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS MYCALESIS. [June 27,

This appears to be another variety of otrea, but it does not quite

agree with any specimens that I have seen.

In the ‘ Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera,’ M. tabitha is placed in

the genus Satyrus (p. 391. n. 34); M. elerimon, with a query, in

the genus Lasiommata (p. 387. n. 16).

Sp. 3. Mycatests suasius. (Fig. 4, p. 718.)

Papilio blasius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. v. p. 426. n. 488, 489

(1798).

Hab, East Indies (Fabr.); Philippines. B.M.

“« dle omnes integerrime, supra fusce, immaculate: subtus viz

pallidiores striga media obliqua, alba. Antice pone strigam

ocellis tribus atris iride flavescente pupillaque alba, intermedio

minuto. Ocelli annulo communi reniformi includuntur. Margo

strigosus. Postice ocellis septem inequalibus strigis duabus

undatis utrinque coeuntibus cinereis inclusis. Margo strigosus.”

—Ent. Syst.

This seems to be identical with the M. samba of Mr. Moore’s

‘ Catalogue,’ p. 233. n. 498; it differs from dalassis, Hew., in having

smaller and less distinct ocelli, and not so many in the front wings ;

it is also rather smaller.

Sp. 4. Mycaesis MEDUus.

Papilio medus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488. n. 198 (1775).

Hab. Cape of Good Hope (Fabricius); Borneo. B.M.

Fabricius has made a mistake as to the locality of this species ; it

is evidently identical with P. doris of Cramer ; the latter is said to

be from China, and is only a variety of M. hesione.

Sp. 5. Mycaesis MaRTIUS*.

Papilio martius, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ui. pt. 1. p. 219. n. 686

(1793).

Hab. Java. B.M.

“ Ale omnes supra nigre, immaculate, subtus itidem nigre mar-

gine pallidiore et in hoc margine ale antice ocelli quatuor, 2.4.

minutissimi, postice ocellis septem tertio majort.”’ —Ent. Syst.

This species is closely allied to M. nala of Felder, the mamerta

of Moore’s ‘ Catalogue ;’ it is, however, slightly smaller, and differs

in the width of the margin and the number and relative size of the

ocelli.

Sp. 6. Mycauesis terminus. (Figs. 3, 3a, p. 718.)

+Papilio terminus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 220. n. 687

(1793).

Hab. New Holland. B.M.

* Felder has recently described and figured a variety of this species, only dif-

fering in the number of the ocelli of the front wings, as M. moorei, Feld.

t+ the type is in the Banksian collection.

1867.] | MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE GENUS MYCALESTS. 721

This species has been figured by Donovan in his ‘ Insects of New

Holland,’ pl. 28. f. 4; however, I found it in the collection as the

remulia of Godart, and confounded with the remulia of Cramer, from

which it is very distinct.

There are two forms of terminus, the one having small and nearly

regular ocelli (as in the type), the latter with ocelli varying in size

as in remulia ; but in both forms the undulating marginal lines and

the subbasal line of the underside are very conspicuous. We have

remulia from North Ceram.

Sp. 7. Mycatesis sirivs. (Fig. 1, p. 718.)

* Papilio sirius, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 488. n. 201 (1775).

Hab. New Holland. B.M.

“dle antice obscure rufe, apice Suscescentes, ocellis duobus fer-

rugineis, iride fusca, annulo atro cincta pupillaque alba; subtus

glauce, arcubus duobus strigaque ferrugineis, apice obscuriores,

ocellis sex, quinto majort. Postice obscure rufe, margine fusco,

strigis obscurioribus. Ante marginem ocelli quatuor, inter-

mediis majoribus ; subtus basi glauce arcubus duobus strigaque,

medio ferrugineis, apice obscurioribus, ocellis septem, ultimo ad

angulum ani minutissimo.’’—Syst. Ent.

This is a common and very variable Australian species ; the spe-

cimens chiefly differ in the number of their ocelli, though the females

are sometimes remarkable for having the bands of the underside

margined with yellow. Mycalesis daidis, Hew., from North Ceram,

and manipa of Boisduval are varieties of this insect, differing in the

number of ocelli alone.

aa Mycatesis ZACHAEUS.

Papilio zacheus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. pt. 1. p. 217. n. 679

1793).

: Hab. ? (Fabr.) ; Australia. 3 2, BM.

“« Ale omnes supra fusce ocellis duobus pupilla alba. In posticis

interdum adhuc minutus ad angulum ani, subtus itidem fusce,

anticis ocellis quatuor, posticrs sex, omnibus pupilla alba,’ —

Ent. Syst.

This description exactly agrees with a slight variety of the pre-

ceding, in the National Collection.

Professor Westwood has placed M. sirius in the genus Ceno-

nympha (p. 398. n. 26); zacheus is placed with a query in the genus

Lasiommata (p. 387. n. 17).

Sp. 8. Mycauesis narcissus.

Papilio narcissus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. v. p. 428. n. 672,

673 (1798).

Hab. Cape of Good Hope (Fabricius); Mauritius. B.M.

This insect has been carefully described by Boisduval; on the

upperside it is much like M. ita of Felder.

* In the Banksian collection.

722 DR. J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. [June 27,

9. On some New Species of Australian Land-Shells. By

James C. Cox, M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., Secretary of the

Entomological Society of New South Wales.

Since the issue (in 1864) of a ‘Catalogue of Australian Land-

Shells’ in my collection, in which many supposed new species were

described, I have from time to time transmitted, for publication in

the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society, descriptions of such others as

appeared to me to be novelties; and I now send a further contribu-

tion to the same effect. I mention that a work which I am now

preparing for the press, in which all the Australian Land-Shells

known to me will be described (in English) and represented by

coloured plates, will, I trust, be published before any considerable

number of new shells can have come before me, even supported as 1

have been and still am by the contributions of collectors in all the

Australian colonies. However, by next mail I hope to be able to

send descriptions of some more undescribed species.

1. Hexrx LAMPROIDES, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, convexo-depressa, tenui, conferte et irregu-

laviter costato-striata, supra vis nitida, infra nitidiore, corneo-

rufescente, subtus pallidiore ; spira parvula, convexiuscula, ob-

tusa; anfr. 4, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo non descendente,

supra depresso, infra convexo, obtuse angulato ; apertura obli-

qua, rotundato-lunata ; peristomate simplici, tenut, marginibus

conniventibus, dextro recto, antice angulato, columellari arcuato,

non dilatato, nec reflexo.

Diam. maj. 0°57, min. 0°50, alt. 0°22 une.

Hab. North-western coast of Tasmania.

Closely allied to H. lampra, Pfr., but more coarsely sculptured

and wanting the extreme polish of that species, besides being ob-

tusely carinated, and having the aperture angular externally.

2. Hetix HAMILTONI, mihi.

Hl. testa umbilicata, subdiscoidea, convexo-depressa, tenui, con-

Serte subarcuatim costulata, interstitiis tenuissime filosis, lineis

minutissimis spiralibus cateras decussantibus, faciem (sub

lente) lineato-granulatam exhibente, haud nitida, pallide rufes-

cente-cornea ; spira parva, vix prominente, interdum planata,

sutura impressa; anfr. 5, celeriter accrescentibus, planato-

convexiusculis, ultimo subinflato, rotundo-convexo, non antice

descendente, ad os supra modice planato, basi striis minoribus

munito ; umbilico perspectivo, fere + diametri equante ; aper-

tura diagonali, ovato-lunari ; peristomate simplici, tenui, recto,

marginibus conniventibus, columellari supra modice dilatato

et reflexo.

Diam. maj. 0°53, min. 0°45, alt. 0°20 unc.

Hab. Mount Wellington, Macquarie Harbour, and north-eastern

coast of Tasmania.

1867.] DR. J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. 723

A small dark variety from the last-mentioned locality has the de-

cussating strize nearly obsolete. This species may be associated with

H. bombycina, Pfr., although not very closely allied to it.

3. Hetrx DIEMENENSIS, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, depresso-orbiculari, discoidea, tenui, trans-

lucida, costulis perplurimis prominulis subarcuatis munita, non

nitente, sordide lutescente, fasciolis plurimis pallide rufis ra-

diatim ornata; spira parva, vix prominente, sutura mediocri ;

anfr. 45, lente accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo regulariter

rotundo-convexo, non descendente; umbilico t diametri e@equante ;

apertura obliqua, lunata ; peristomate tenui, recto.

Diam. maj. 0°37, min. 0°33, alt. 0°14 unc.

Hab. Tasmania.

The two specimens in my collection are both imperfect in the

mouth, so that I cannot describe the upper part of the columella.

4, HELIX WELLINGTONENSIS, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, depresso- orbiculari, subdiscoidea, tenui, cos-

tulis filosis subarcuatim radiantibus munita, sepe usque ad

umbilicum extendentibus, non nitente, vitreo-albo ad sordide

luteum variante; spira parva, vix elevata ; anfr. A, lente ac-

crescentibus, modice convevis, ultimo prominente, convexo, non

descendente ; umbilico perspectivo, 3 diametri equante ; aper-

tura modice obliqua, lunata; peristomate simplici, tenui,

recto, marginibus conniventibus, columellari non dilatato, nec

reflexo.

Diam. maj. 0°27, min. 0°23, alt. 0-14 une.

Hab. Mount Wellington, Tasmania.

Closely allied to H. diemenensis, but with fewer and more thread-

like ribs, besides differing in other respects. This shell and H. ha-

miltoni were both presented to me while in Tasmania with the spe-

cific names now given (by whom I know not) attached ; but I have

no reason to suppose that descriptions of them have ever been pub-

lished.

0. HELIx ALBANENSIs, mihi.

Il. testa umbilicata, depresso-convera, arcuatim acute flexuoso-

costata, solidiuscula, haud nitida, flavescente, superne fascits

plurimis rubro-fuscis brevibus radiantibus ornata 3 spura modice

conoidea, obtusa, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5, lente accres-

centibus, subconvexis, ultimo rotundato, ad os subinflate ; um-

bilico perspectivo, + diametri occupante; apertura rotundato-

lunata, modice obliqua ; peristomate tenui, simplici, marginibus

conniventibus, callo tenui junctis.

Diam. maj. 0°20, min. 0°18, alt. 0°12 une.

Hab. Port Albany, Western Australia ( Masters).

This would come under the subgenus Discus, along with H.

eygned, Bens., and IH. sublesta, Bens., of the same colony, but is

724 DR.J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. [June 27,

not very closely allied to either. The red markings are very cha-

racteristic.

6. HeLix PENOLENSIS, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, subgloboso-depressa, tenuiuscula, striatula,

pallide cornea, nitidiuscula ; spira late et obtuse conica ; anfr.4,

planato-convexis, ultimo obtuse carinato, non descendente, subtus

convexiore ; apertura angulato-lunari ; peristomate simplici,

recto, margine dextro vix curvato, ad carinam angulato, tum

arcuato, fere semicirculum formante, columellari superne cal-

loso, breviter dilatato, et paululum reflexo, umbilicum parvum

semitegente.

Diam. maj. 0°15, min. 0°13, alt. 0°08 une.

Hab. Penola, South Australia (Rev. J. EL. Terrison Woods).

A rather dull, horny, broadly semiconical species, allied to H. tur-

riculata, mihi.

7. HELIX TURRICULATA, mili.

H. testa minute umbilicata, semigloboso-conoidea, pallide corneo-

vitrea, nitidiuscula, tenuissima, undique tenuiter striatula ;

spira conica, obtusa; anfr. 6, lente accrescentibus, convexius-

culis, ultimo carinato, non descendente, basi leviter declivi,

striatulo ut supra, sed nitidiore ; apertura modice obliqua, an-

gulato-lunata ; peristomate simplici, tenui, antice leviter angu-

lato, margine columellari supra modice dilatato et fornicatim

expanso.

Diam. maj. 0°15, min. 0°13, alt. 0°10 une.

Hab. Miriam Vale, Port Curtis, Queensland.

A delicate, glassy, conical species, the very regular spire of which

is thrice as high as the base. It may be regarded as belonging to

the section Conulus, and is nearly allied to the less trochiform and

hyaline, but more coarsely sculptured H. umbraculorum, Cox.

8. Hexrx aviporum, mihi.

H. testa profunde umbilicata, depresso-globosa, tenui, parum

nitente, radiatim rugoso-striata, et (sub lente) subtilissime gra-

nulata, corneo-lutescente; spira parva, late depressa; apice

obtusa, sutura impressa; anfr. 43, convexis, ultimo peramplo,

rotundato, tumido, basi pallidiore et leviore ; apertura lunato-

circulari, peristomate tenui, recto, reflero, marginibus conniven-

tibus, columellari basi modice dilatato, umbilict semissem ob-

tegente.

Diam. maj. 0°55, min. 0°45, alt. 0°30 une.

Hab. Clarence River, New South Wales (under logs in open iron-

bark ranges, burrowing in wet weather) (MacGillivray) ; Brisbane,

Queensland (Masters).

9. HeLix MARCESCENS, mihi.

H. testa anguste et profunde umbilicata, depresso-orbiculari, tenut,

translucente, nitidiuscula, levissime rugoso-striata et (sub lente)

1867.] DR. J.C. COX ON NEW AUSTRALIAN LAND-SHELLS. 725

subtilissime granulata, corneo-lutescente ; spira convexa, ob-

tusa, sutura mediocri, tenuiter rufo teniolata; anfr. 5, lente

accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo rotundo-convexo ; aper-

tura lunari-rotundata ; peristomate recto, tenui, marginibus

subconniventibus, columellari supra dilatato et Sornicatim re-

flexo.

Diam. maj. 0°63, min. 0°57, alt. 0°30 une.

Hab. Clarence River, about South Grafton (under bark and logs)

(MacGillivray).

A thin horny semitransparent shell, like a starved miniature HZ.

gray, Pfr., and approaching next to H. avidorum, mihi, a much

more globose shell with an impressed suture. The reddish streak

along the suture is not always present.

10. Hexix pacnystyLorpeEs, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, globosa, solidula vel tenui, nitida, corneo-

lutescente, striis incrementi levibus, rugatis, confertissime rugis

irregularibus decussata ; spira brevi, obtusa, sutura crenulata ;

anfr. 5, convexis, celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo permagno, in-

flato ; apertura fere diagonali, rotundato-lunata ; peristomate

extus flavo, intus pallide carneo (interdum albido), recto, tenuiter

expanso, marginibus subconniventibus et eallo tenui junctis,

basali expansiore, columellari supra dilatato, intus subcalloso,

externe umbilicum profundum semioccultante.

Diam. maj. 1°20, min. 1, alt. 0°85 unc.

Hab. Cape York (Damel).

This varies considerably in solidity, being sometimes even a deli-

cate thin and horny shell, then most nearly allied to the very small

but exumbilicated variety of H. pachystyla.

11. Hetrx mucosa, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, depresso-orbiculari, subdiscoidea, irregula-

riter et conferte rugoso-striata, solidiuscula, oleoso-micante ;

spira latissime conoidea, apice submersa ; anfr. 43 lente accres-

centibus, convexiusculis, ultimo subito antice deflexo, obsolete

carinato, basi convexo, rugoso-strigato ut supra, sed levius ;

umbilico perspectivo, fere 2 diametri equante; apertura ro-

tundo-lunari ; peristomate simplici, recto, marginibus subcon-

niventibus, columellari supra valde expanso et reflexo,

Diam. maj. 0°30, min. 0°25, alt. 0°14 une.

Hab. Clarence River (MacGillivray).

Belonging to the section Discus, but not closely approaching any

species known to me. I hope the name mucosa will stand, although

there is already a mucida.

12. Hewtx pexa, mihi.

H. testa umbilicata, depressa, fere discoidea, tenui, translucente,

regulariter et conferte arcuato-costata, costis apparentibus ut

binis coalescentibus, interstitiis non (sub lente) striatis, pallide

lutescenti-cornea ; spira plana, sutura medioeri ; anfr. 4, con-

726 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALY£TREID®. [June 27,

vexrs, ultimo angusto, rotundato, busi subnitido, costulis in um-

bilicum perspectivum et + diametri equantem descendentibus ;

apertura fere diagonali, lunari; peristomate simplici, tenui.

Diam. maj. 0:08, min. 0°07, alt. 0:04 une,

Hab. Greystanes, New South Wales (Coz).

Easily distinguished from the nearly allied H. cochlidium, Cox,

by the difference in colour, and the fineness of the minute riblets,

which are also much more numerous than in its white plicately-

ribbed ally.

10. Notes on the Specimens of Calyptreide in Mr. Cuming’s

Collection. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS.,

F.L.S., &e.

Mrs. Gray having kindly undertaken to place some of the shells

of the late Mr. Cuming’s collection on tablets, the specimens of

certain families have come under my supervision, and I have been

induced to make some observations that I thought might tend to

the better understanding of the species. I herewith send my notes

on the shells of the family Calyptreide, and this paper may be

followed by some others of a similar character.

I shall preface these notes by some observations on the collection

itself.

I certainly should have considered the following observations un-

necessary if most exaggerated statements had not been published

respecting the collection, which are likely to mislead the public—such,

for example, as that each specimen had not only its name and its

special locality attached to it, but also the depth in the ocean at

which it was found, and that the specimens are in all instances the

actual types of the species from which the descriptions have been

taken. As this is not the case, it is necessary that some account of the

collection as it was received by the British Museum should be given,

in order that it may be properly understood by the scientific concho-

logists who may hereafter consult it. I have not the least intention

by the following remarks to depreciate the value of Mr. Cuming’s

labours as a collector, or of his collection ; for every conchologist, both

scientific and amateur, is very greatly indebted to him for having

collected one of the largest and most perfect collections of shells ever

brought together ; for he not only collected extensively himself, but

he excited others to collect, and he left no stone unturned to obtain

from other collections in all countries such specimens as he wanted,

or from which, as types, species had been described ; and he also,

in the most free and liberal manner, opened the collection to the use

of such conchologists and iconographers as would fall into his views

as to the describing and naming of species.

When I first saw the collection, fifteen or sixteen years ago, as

may be seen by my report to the Trustees of the British Museum,

1867. ] DR. J. E. . RAY ON THE CALYPTR&XIDE. 727

which is published in some of the Parliamentary Papers relative to

the Museum, the collection was without any names or habitats to the

species. The names have been added since Mr. Cuming’s recovery,

and gummed to the mouth of one of the specimens of each preserved

species. These names were not affixed by the original describers

and figurers of the species, but by two well-known conchologists ;

and as they must be considered to rest on identification by the

latter and not by the original describers, this rather detracts from

their authenticity as absolute types of the species described. It

is to be regretted that when these names were attached the special

habitats of the specimens were not also marked on them.

I am informed that as soon as any. specimens were described

Mr. Cuming was in the habit of destroying the habitats sent with

them, as he said they could be discovered by looking at the work in

which they were described. This is certainly a very inconvenient

and roundabout way of arriving at the information required: if the

species was procured from two or more localities, one is not able to

discover which specimen belonged to each special locality.

In many of the specimens, especially those that have not yet been

determined or named, the habitat, written on a small paper label, is

stuffed into the mouth of the shell.

As yet I have not observed any indication of the depths in the

ocean whence the specimens were obtained. Indeed it was only

the specimens which Mr. Cuming or a few other collectors them-

selves dredged to which such an addition could be made; and I

suppose that Mr. Cuming would also say that this could be obtained

from the work in which the species are described. But here, again,

the same uncertainty prevails; which are the specimens that were

obtained at the depth indicated? Perhaps all those that were referred

to when first described have been replaced by other and better spe-

cimens obtained at a very different depth ; for shells vary in size and

colour according to the depths at which they may have happened to

live.

It was of necessity impossible that Mr. Cuming could have ascer-

tained the depth at which the shells lived that he obtained from

the various collections he selected from, or from other dealers*.

* Indeed I am not willing to pay so much regard to the depth at which species

are said to have been obtained as some geologists appear to do, except when the

specimens are obtained at some special dredging. My faith was shaken by the

following fact:—A collection of shells was offered to me for sale, at the time that

geologists were interested in the depth at which mollusea live, which I carefully

examined ; but as it contained many duplicates I declined it, and it was purchased

by a respectable dealer. And what was my astonishment, when the collection was

offered to me to select from, to find that each species was marked with the depth

at which it was obtained, for which there was not the slightest authority ; but the

subject of depth was exciting interest at the time, and its being attached to the

specimen was supposed to give them an additional value; and | regret to say I

have seen these pretended depths quoted in a geological work as if they were true.

Persons who have theories to propose or support are often not sufficiently alive

to the great necessity of examining the authority of the statements which they

receive and quote as facts, or the readiness with which persons, when money is to

be made by the subject, are willing to stretch a point to suit their purpose.

728 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDE. [June 27,

Though, in the vast majority of cases, the shells more recently

named are to be regarded as the type specimens of the species described

and figured from Mr. Cuming’s collection, unfortunately, from Mr.

Cuming’s habit of replacing shells in his cabinet by better specimens

when they occurred, there is a certain amount of uncertainty as to

these shells being the types of the species described, the accuracy of

the determination resting in such cases on the accuracy of Mr. Cum-

ing’s determination of their identity with the shells replaced; but

there is no doubt that in the distinction of species and varieties Mr.

Cuming was very acute and is to be generally depended on.

There is also another source of uncertainty. Mr. Cuming was in

the habit of sending to Dr. Pfeiffer, Reeve, Sowerby, and other de-

scribers and figurers of the species certain specimens from his dupli-

cates marked with the same number as that attached to his own

specimens ; and the determination of the species depended on the ae-

curacy with which these numbers were reported. I have observed

a few undoubted mistakes arising from this system, and therefore

believe that there may be others, though probably the number is not

large; but these show the necessity of depending in all these cases

on the shell named agreeing with the description, rather than on the

fact that the specimens are so named in the collection.

A very large number of species in the collection have been sepa-

rated on very slight characters, or on the slightest variation of form,

state, and colour. This has greatly arisen from the description and

figuring of shells lately made known chiefly falling into the hands of

dealers, like Mr. Reeve and Mr. Sowerby, or of persons employed

by dealers, who select for their purpose those who are ready to fall

into their views and make as many new species as possible; and the

dealers are ready to repay such work with specimens to increase the

describer’s collection, or in other ways.

A shell with a new name is much more valuable in a pecuniary

point of view than one with an old and well-known name.

The value dealers attach to new names is proved by an incident

that occurred to myself a few days ago, when a dealer offered me a

new Volute for ten guineas. I said it was not new, only a slight

variety of a well-known species. At‘ength he admitted that he had

nine specimens of the Volute, and ended by offering to present me

with the best of the series if I would describe it as a new species! I

am told that at length he found a person to fall into his views, and

sold all his specimens at or above the price first mentioned. A short

time ago a gentleman was induced to purchase a Volute at a high

price, on the understanding that if he purchased it it would be de-

scribed, figured, and named after him. ‘This was done, though the

shell is only a slight variety of a well-known not uncommon South

Australian species. Fortunately the description was printed only on

a flyleaf with the plate, and it is not likely to be preserved.

The paying for the description of species of animals is no new

source of trade, for it is recorded that John Reinhold Foster was

paid threepence a species for describing new British insects for a

scientific zoologist ; but dealers can now afford to pay better, as is

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAID#. 729

shown by the offer that was made to me respecting the new Volute ;

and private collections have been much enriched by such labours.

No one knew better than Mr. Cuming the value of a new name

to his specimens, as shown by his enmity to any one who doubted

the novelty of the species described. He would not allow me to see

his collection for many years after his return from South America,

because I had pointed out to him at one of the meetings of this

Society that some of the shells which Messrs, Sowerby and Broderip

had described as new were well-known species, and well figured by

Chemnitz. Indeed I was not allowed to see any part of his col-

lection until it was first offered to the British Museum for sale,

during his illness about sixteen years ago.

Since that period Mr. Cuming refused a well-known conchologist,

who had previously described several shells from his cabinet, any

further use ot’ his collection, because he refused to admit that cer-

tain specimens which he sent to him to be described were new to

science, or different from species already described.

The system that Mr. Cuming adopted of selecting three specimens

of each variety or species most alike tended to prevent the number

of nominal or presumed species from being observed during a casual

examination of the collection, as it excluded those Specimens which

showed the transition from one variety to another which occurs in

any given species—more especially as the species were not arranged

in the drawers so that the most allied or presumed species were near

to each other, but, on the contrary, the two or more variations of

the same species were often placed ‘as species in distant parts of the

series.

The fact of a naturalist having the power of merely adding his

name after the name of an animal or plant described has been sup-

posed to have influenced many in attempting to establish species, or

in altering the names of old species on very slight grounds; but if

we add to this little vanity the greater inducement of an increase

in the value of the specimens themselves and the collection in which

they are contained, or of increasing the sale of the book in which

they are described and figured, or, further, if a naturalist is to be

paid so much per species for all the species he can describe from a

collection, it is not difficult to believe, under these various cirecum-

stances, that the number of the species in such a collection are very

needlessly increased. ik

This has caused so many nominal species to be created by col-

lectors of ferns and other plants and by nurserymen ; but such names

are rarely regarded as of any authority by scientific botanists.

I have had the shells of the Cumingian collection placed on tablets

so that they may be arranged in the same series as the other shells

in the British Museum; but each tablet is marked in such a manner

that it may be at once distinguished from the rest of the collection,

so that there can be no doubt about which are the types or the

presumed types of the species described from the collection. I

feared that, if the shells were not placed on tablets, the Specimens of

the same species might be separated from their allies and mixed with

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLVII.

See

730 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRHIDE. [June 27,

those of other species, and thus the identity of the nomenclature

might be destroyed or rendered doubtful.

It is to be hoped that some day this magnificent collection of shells

in the British Museum may be studied scientifically, and all their

nominal and dealers’ species be reduced to synonyms, and eventually

allowed to drop out of the catalogue, to which the greater part of

them ought never to have been admitted. To attempt to do this to

some extent in certain families is the one of the objects of this paper.

I have not attempted in these notes to give a general synonymy

of the species ; but I have only added after the name of each species

a list of the names and their authors that are attached to the speci-

mens of the species described in Mr. Cuming’s collection, which are

to be presumed to be the types of the species described or figured

under these names by the author quoted. In some instances the

state of the specimen named by the author renders the determi-

nation uncertain; then I have added a mark of doubt before the

names.

At the commencement of this century shells were generally ar-

ranged according to the Linnean system, and Dillwyn’s ‘Species of

Shells’ was one of the best works published, and Wood’s ‘ Illustrated

Catalogue’ was a useful and cheap collection of figures; and the

system suited very well for the small number of species then known.

Some of the older collectors preferred to use Humphrey’s cata-

logue, in which many modern genera were sketched out, rather than

the heterogeneous collection of species that were crowded in the Lin-

nean genera.

Whenever a person had a large collection to arrange he found, like

Humphrey, that the shells fell into natural groups that were recog-

nized by the public, who had given them vernacular names.

Thus Lichtenstein in Berlin, Schumacher in Copenhagen, and

Lamarck in Paris, each having a large collection to arrange, pro-

posed new groups of species, or genera, and a new arrangement of

the genera.

Lamarck, who had been educated as a botanist, set to work to de-

scribe the species in the genera which he proposed ; and that gave a

preponderance to his system.

The use of the Lamarckian system was first introduced into Eng-

land by my predecessor, Mr. Children, who arranged the shells in

the British Museum on that system, and published a translation of

Lamarck’s ‘ Genera,’ illustrated with a figure of each. Sowerby and

Couch published similar works. And more lately the late Mr.

Woodward, who seems to have been disturbed at the rapid progress

that the knowledge of the animals and shells were making in this

country, published his manual, which is written chiefly from a

paleontologist’s point of view, trying to stem the current; and the

manner in which his work has been received, and is still spoken of,

is a proof that he well understood the calibre of the collectors both

of recent and fossil shells.

When the collection of shells was arranged in the eastern gallery

of the British Museum, which had been built for the National Gallery,

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREID&. 731

then used for the mineral collections, and at length given up to

the zoological collections in 1840, I arranged the species in what

appeared to me natural groups, and took care to find out the names

that previous writers had given to those groups, and gave the cha-

racters of the groups and genera in a ‘Synopsis’ which was sold in

the Hall for a shilling. This proceeding at first excited the anger

of the persons who had adopted the Lamarckian system, some

of whom had a vested interest in works written on that system.

Knowing but little of the history of the science, they persisted in

believing that all the groups were creations of my own, and de-

nounced me as the manufacturer of an immense number of useless

genera. Thus in Sowerby’s ‘Manual of Conchology’ there are

numbers of genera referred to me which were formed when I was a

child, or even before I was born, and which often are only quoted to

be objected to. Yet that manual is a very useful work for any one

commencing the study of conchology, as it contains a very good series

of figures of many more genera than are to be found in any other

English work on the subject.

Observing the ignorance that generally existed on the subject, I

compiled a list of genera of recent shells, giving the type of each

genus. This was published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society

for 1847, and contained in a few pages a condensed account of the

labours of most conchologists that had written before that date.

This showed how many minds had been occupied with the arrange-

ment of shells,—and also that there were 810 well established genera,

many having several names, and that only a very small proportion

of them had been separated or named by myself. About the same

time Mrs. Gray published, for the use of students, etchings of the

animals of shells which she had been collecting for my use from

various sources.

The publication of these two works, and the almost simultaneous

appearance of a work ‘On the Synonyma of the Genera of Mollusca’

by Hermannsen, gave a great impulse to this study both in this

country and the continent.

Dr. Philippi, during his voyage to Chili, compiled a ‘Manual of

Mollusca,’ chiefly based on my * List of Genera.’

Then the Messrs. Adams commenced a work on the ‘Genera of

Mollusca,’ based on the same list, and on the collection arranged

according to it in the British Museum. And more lately, Dr. Chenu

seems to have felt that the time had arrived when the French con-

chologists might be inclined to progress beyond the system proposed

by Lamarck, and published a ‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie,’ in 2 vols.

8vo, illustrated with figures of several thousand species. This work

is based on my ‘ List of Genera,’ and on the ‘Genera’ of Messrs.

Adams, and is certainly one of the cheapest and most useful manuals

for the use of the shell-collector and malacologist that have yet been

compiled,

The collection of shells exhibited in the British Museum first

showed to the conchologist and the palieontologist the advantage of

the more scientific arrangement of the mollusca and their shells into

fae DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDE. [June 27,

smaller groups, and according to the structure of the mollusca and

their teeth and anatomy, the opercula, and the shells.

The dealers were at length convinced (as Humphrey had been

many years before) that the use of a larger number of genera ex-

tended their trade, as it produced a crop of customers (besides those

who merely bought shells for their beauty or variety) who purchased

the less conspicuous shells for the purpose of obtaining one or more

examples of each genus; and the general students were gradually

induced to adopt the improvement.

The students of fossil shells seem inclined to lag behind the

knowledge of the day. They have some excuse, as fossil shells do

not afford them all the means of study to be obtained from recent

species; but they might do much more than they have done, and

they never can derive all the advantages in geology that the study

of the fossil mollusea can afford them until they study their shells

with the same attention as has been applied to the recent species,

and revise the heterogeneous genera into which they are now

grouped. Mr. Searles Wood, long ago, set an example of the right

course to be pursued in his paper ‘‘ On the Crag Fossils ;” but few

have followed him. I think that the faith they place in Woodward’s

‘Manual’ is one of the causes of their want of progress.

The iconographers, such as Lovell Reeve and Mr. Sowerby, Lave

published illustrated monographs of many genera of shells on the

modern system ; but unfortunately they do not seem to think it is

enough to figure each species, but they figure even slight varieties

under the name of species. This has rendered their works so ex-

pensive that they are only to be regarded as works of luxury for the

libraries of the rich; while the number of the varieties they figure,

and the want of system in the arrangement of the species, render

them very difficult to use by the scientific conchologist. You may

almost buy a good collection of shells for the price of these works ;

and every one would learn more from the shells themselves than

from works on them of such an unscientific character.

Fam. CaLyPTR@IDA.

The shells of Calyptreide are peculiar as being spiral shells which

have the edge of the mouth so expanded behind as to cover the

hinder part of the foot of the animal. The front side of the last

whorls of the shell, which lies on the upper surface of the foot, being

protected from external injury by this extension of the margin of

the mouth of the shell, is thin and polished externally, like the rest

of the inner surface of the cavity of the shell, of which it seems to

form a part.

When we have observed the rationale of the structure, the differ-

ence between the two families Calyptraide and Capulide, which

have animals of a very similar structure, is easily understood.

In Capulide the shell is a very short cone, with a large open sub-

circular mouth and an incomplete edge; it has the shell attached

to the body of the animal by an adductor muscle near the hinder

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREID&. 733

edge of the aperture, like most shells of the kind with a very large

open mouth—this muscle, of a very large size and extent, leaving

an impression of a horseshoe-shape, as is also the case with Patella

and other shells of the short conical form.

In the Calyptreide, on the contrary, the adductor muscle, which

attaches the animal to the shell, is affixed to the inner surface of

the outer lip of the shell, near the margin, as in other spiral shells

—that is to say, those that are formed of an elongated shelly cone,

spirally twisted round an imaginary axis.

This character is constant, though the shells in the different genera

assume such different forms and are sometimes so flat as to be spiral

only in name ; and it is the adductor muscle that is attached in the

same situation, though the outer lip may be in the form of a shelly

plate or of a large cup attached to one of the sides of the simple coni-

cal cavity of the conical shell, which has only a very minute spiral

nucleus, showing that the animal, which when adult forms a conical

Patella-hke shell, had a spiral shell on its back with a moderate-sized

mouth when it was first hatched.

The structure of the shells is not usually understood. The front

of the last whorl is rudimentary in the entire family. It is most

developed and most nearly in the usual form in the genus Trochita,

and is in a much more rudimentary condition in Crucibulum and

Calyptra. In the genus Mitre/la the pillar-lip is reflected and sol-

dered on itself, as in most shells with an imperforated axis; but the

cavity beneath the reflexed portion in the different species and groups

is gradually enlarged, until the shell has what in other shells is

called an umbilicated axis. In Dispotea and Crucibulum the cup is

a very largely dilated umbilicus, surrounded by a very rudimentary

front of the whorl. Anomalous as the form of the Cup-and-Saucer

Limpet appears, the study of the series shows that it is only an

easily understood modification of the usual form of shells.

The structure of Erg@a is most peculiar. 1 cannot call to mind

any shell showing the same peculiarities. The front of the whorls

is as rudimentary as in Dispotea and Crypta; as in the genus

Galerus there is a small compressed perforation extending up to the

apex of the cavity; but this perforation, instead of being on the

edge of a twisted central column as in that genus, is on the surface

of a transverse plate. This plate somewhat resembles the front of

the whorl of the genus Crypta; but in that genus the aperture and

the front of the whorl are as wide as the shell, and the axis of the

shell is marginal, and not marked externally.

Comparing the structure of Ergea with that of Galerus, I believe

that it chiefly differs from the latter genus in that the front of the

inner lip, after being reflexed over the imaginary axis of the shell as

in Galerus, forming the perforation, is again reflexed and continued

on to the other side of the cavity of the shell, where it is attached ;

the right side of the plate is broader and rounder, and the left side

shorter and narrower. The generality of conchologists have so little

estimation of this kind of comparison, that in studying the explana-

tion of the structure of the genus I am laying myself open to the

734 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTR#ID&. [June 27,

observation that Mr. Lovell Reeve made on the remarks that I

made respecting the development of the shell of Humphreyia, ‘That

if the shell could speak it would be astonished at what was said

respecting its structure.”

When the structure of Trochita, Crypta, Crucibulum, and Mi-

trella are studied in a series, it is easy to understand and to trace

out how the various forms gradually pass into each other; and the

peculiarity by which the genera are separated is chiefly a modifica-

tion of the inner lip. And from analogy one is convinced that the

curved plate at the top of the cavity of Calyptra must be a modifi-

cation of the same part of the shell. As yet we have not discovered

any shells which show how the modifications have been brought

about, or which show any intermediate form between the piate and

the cup-like appendage of Crucibulum, or the spiral lamina of Mi-

trella, which is most developed in Trochita. It has been suggested

that it is half of the internal cup of Crucibulum: but this is a

mistake; for the adductor muscle is attached to the outer surface

of the cup of Crucibulum, and to the front of the inner surfaces of

Calyptra; so that, if it is any modification of that cup, it must be

that the two sides of the cup are compressed together, and the cup-

like concavity destroyed. We only know that.the spiral shell that

covers the just-hatched animal, instead of being extended in its spiral

form, is developed into a nearly symmetrical conical shell without

the least appearance of a spire, and that the inner lip of the nucleus

is dilated into a curved subsymmetrical appendage attached to the

apex of the upper part of the cavity, to the front or inner surface

of which the adductor muscle which fixed the animal to the shell is

affixed.

As Trochita is the most spiral, and indeed exhibits the most normal

form of the shell of the family, so Calyptra is the most abnormally

formed. shell of the group. The simple conical form of the shell

and its cavity gives it some resemblance to the shell of Capulus ;

and Calyptra differs from all the other genera of the family to which

it is referred by the animal forming an under valve or shelly plate,

as the animal of Hipponyx does among Capulide ; but the position

of the adductor muscle shows that the genus, though so abnormal,

is properly referred to Calyptreide.

Tribe I. Shell conical, circular, spiral; apex central; whorls seve-

ral, regular ; nucleus spiral; cavity circular, spiral, with an

oblong four sided mouth. ‘Trochitina.

1. Trocuitra, Schumacher; Adams.

Trochatella, Lesson.

Infundibulum, D’Orb.

Shell conical, circular, spiral. Apex central. Whorls several,

well developed. Base circular, concave. Mouth moderate, oblong,

four-sided, transverse. Axis central, imperforated, not exposed to

view.

1867.] DR. J, E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREZIDE, 735

The shells are rarely flat when the animal has affixed itself over a

cavity in stones or shells.

TROCHITA RADIANS.

Trochus radians, Desh.

Var. Dark chestnut (Chenu, Man. f. 2343).

T. spirata, Forbes,

Shell solid; whorls flat, with oblique ribs ; margins of base den-

tated.

Var. Shell distorted, nearly flat; whorls indistinctly marked.

Hab. Coast of Peru; Valparaiso; Straits of Magellan.

2. CLYPEOLA.

Shell conical, circular, spiral, thin. Apex central. Whorls several,

well developed. Base concave, circular. Mouth large, oblong, four-

sided. Axis central, imperforated, spiral, exposed to the apex of the

cavity. Periostraca horny, thin, lamellar.

A Trochila with somewhat the appearance of a Mitrella.

* Skull depressed, smooth.

1, CLYPEOLA MAGELLANICA. *)\

Trochita clypeolum, Reeve.

Shell thin, conical, depressed, smooth, covered with laminar folia-

ceous periostraca ; base nearly flat.

Hab. Magellan Straits.

2. CLYPEOLA TENUIS, N.S.

Shell thin, conical, depressed, smooth.

Hab. New Zealand.

** Shell high, conical; whorls costate.

3. CLYPEOLA CORRUGATA.

Trochita corrugata, Reeve.

“<7. spirata, var.,” Reeve; Chenu, Man. f. 2347, 2348.

Calyptrea pileus, Lamk.; Deless. Icon. t. 34. f. 2.

Shell high, conical, acute ; whorls flat, obliquely costate, or nearly

smooth ; base deeply concave.

Hab. Peru.

Var. levis. Shell smooth and thin; the spire of the column of

one specimen more exposed and open.

Hab. Falkland Islands.

| gtstioa

3. TROCHELLA. = Sa Gq Pp Oo

Shell obliquely conical, depressed. Apex subcentral. Whorls

well developed, covered with a horny lamellar periostraca. Nucleus

Sel 4

hel 2 gy ee a

£ th e™&

736 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAID&. [June 27,

spiral. Base oblong, concave. Aperture very large, oblong, four-

sided, not quite so wide as the shell. Axis deeply concave on the

right side of the base.

1. TROCHELLA MACULATA.

Calyptrea comma-notata, Sowerby (Galerus chinensis (!), Chenu,

Man. f. 2350, 2351; Calyptrea maculata, Quoy).

Shell convex, oblique, conical, rather solid ; inside purple.

Hab. New Zealand.

2. TROCHELLA CALYPTR&FORMIS.

Trochus calyptreformis, Lamk.

Shell thin, depressed, concentrical, striated ; spire purplish.

Hab. ?

I cannot find in the Museum Collection (including those received

from Mr. Cuming) any shell that agrees with Mr. Sowerby’s figure

of Calyptrea dilatata (Chenu, Mam. f. 2349). Some specimens

of Trochella maculata are oblong or elongate, but they always

have a deep impression on the right side of the hinder part of the

cavity.

Mr. Swainson formed a genus for C. dilatata under the name of

Haliotoideus, which has been adopted as a subgenus by Adams and

Chenu.

Tribe II. Shell oblong ; apex posterior or subposterior, with a

transverse plate on the hinder side of the cavity dividing it

into two parts. Cryptaina.

1. CrEepIPaATELLA, Lesson. /§ 34

Crepipatella, sp., Adams.

Shell subcircular. Internal lamina concave below. Lip sharp,

semicircular, separated from the columellar edge by a broad trian-

gular slit.

1. CREPIPATELLA DILATATA.

Crepidula dilatata, Lamk.; Brod. (C. peruviana, Lamk.; Chenu,

Man. f. 2352).

C. foliacea, Brod.

C. nautiloides, Lesson.

Hab. Valparaiso ; Straits of Magellan; Peru.

Var. 1. C. rugulosa, Dunker.

Var. 2. Shell subcireular, flat. C. strigata, Brod.

Var. 3. Shell oval, thin, more convex, white. C. pallida, Brod.

2. CREPIPATELLA FOLIACEA, Brod.

Shell lamellar, rugose.

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAIDA. 737

3. CREPIPATELLA LINGULATA, Brod.

The internal plate with a subcentral radiating fold, forming a notch

in the margin of the lip.

4. CREPIPATELLA porsaTA, Brod.

The apex rather above the margin.

Hab. Vancouver Island.

(2. Crvpra, Humphrey. }

\Crepidula, Lamk.’

Sandalium, Schum.

Shell oblong, elongate. Apex submarginal, subspiral. Internal

lamina concave, covering about half the cavity. The lip transverse,

nearly straight, or with a slight subcentral notch.

Messrs. H. and A. Adams formed the genus Inacus for the white

flat specimen of this genus. All the specimens of the different species

that take up their residence in the inside of the shell assume this

form and colour. It has been suggested that, instead of being de-

pendent on the accident of locality, their living in such places is a

habit peculiar to the species, and a proof that they are of a distinct

kind. This theory is set at rest by the fact that some specimens of

the shell show the two states; that is to say, an animal growing on

the outside of a shell has moved to the inside, and an animal that

commenced life on the inside of a shell has moved to the outside.

In the first case the apex of the shell is convex and brown, and the

circumference white and flat; and in the other the apex is flat and

white, and the circumference brown and convex. I have seen one

specimen in which the animal has moved twice, and the shell has a

brown lip and margin and a white flat intermediate space.

The change of form, surface, and colour of the shell of this

family was described in my paper, published in the ‘ Philosophical

Transactions’ for 1838, and reprinted in Johnston’s ‘Letters on

Conchology ;’ so there is less excuse for the formation of species,

much less genera, on such characters.

* Apex lateral, posterior, subspiral. Crepidula.

1. CRYPTA ACULEATA.

Crepidula aculeata, Lamk. Patella aculeata, Gmelin.

C. echinus, Brod.

C. hystrix, Brod.

C. californica, Nuttall; Chenu, Man. f. 2355, 2356, 2359.

Surface with spiral lines of spines or small scales.

Hab. Jamaica; Rio Janeiro; Honduras; California; Australia ;

Sydney; Kurrachee; Natal; Japan.

2. Crypra cosrata, Deshayes (Chenu, Man. f. 2353).

Shell with broad spiral ribs, sharp-edged above.

738 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDE. {June 27,

Var. 1. Shell convex, with brown spiral streaks.

Var. 2. Shell flat, pure white.

3. CryYPTA PORCELLANA, Adams; Lamk.

Shell smooth, often irregular, costate, tubercular, or granulated

from the form of the surface of the body to which they are or were

attached.

Var. 1. Shell convex, coloured, varied with stripes or spots; on

the outside of shells or on rocks.

Patella porcellana, Linn.

Crepidula porcellana, Lamk.

Crepidula fornicata, Patella fornicata, Linn. (Chenu, Man.

f. 23547).

C. arenata, Brod.

C. excavata, Brod.

C. aplysioides, Reeve.

C. onyx, Sow.

C. marginalis, Brod.

Var. 2. Shell flat, often concave above, white; living inside of

shells or in cavities.

C. nivea et C. squama, Brod.

C. navicelloides, Nuttall.

C. glauca, Say.

C. unguiformis, Lamk.

C. exuviata, Nuttall (see Chenu, Man. f. 2360, 2362).

Surface altered by the body to which it is attached :—

Crepidula lirata, Reeve.

C. rugosa, Nuttall.

Hab. ?

In Messrs. Adams’s ‘ Genera of Shells,’ the species here united

are scattered among the three subgenera Crypta, Crepipatella, and

Inacus, the latter being formed from the specimens that happen to

take up their abode in the cavities of shells. It was this extraordi-

nary distribution of species so nearly allied as to be regarded as

derived from the same brood or set of eggs, that induced me to under-

take to make notes on them. More than one species may be com-

bined in these synonyms, which may be distinguished by some dif-

ference in the teeth or other organs of the animal, where the animals

from different localities have been examined and compared ; and if the

specimens from different localities prove to be distinct, each doubtless

will furnish the varieties in shape and surface produced by the form

and surface of the body to which they may happen to be attached.

4, CRYPTA SITCHANA.

Shell smooth, covered with a paleaceous periostraca ; inner lip

flat, arched inwards.

Crepidula sitchana, Middend.

Hab. Sitcha.

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREJDE. 739

5. CRYPTA LESSONI.

Shell whitish, varied with brown or white; outer surface with

concentric expanded lamina.

Crepidula fimbriata, Reeve.

C. lessonii, Brod.

JTab. Monterey ; Upper California; Vancouver Straits.

** Anex of shell subcentral ; portions rather produced, acute.

6. CRYPTA INCURVA.

Shell dark brown (rarely white); apex acute, rather produced,

subcentral; the outer surface with close, regular, small, spiral or

longitudinal ribs.

Crepidula incurvata, Brod.

I1ab. Honduras. Var. 2. 2

7. Crypra Hepatica, Deshayes.

Shell dark brown, smooth, with a white ray on each side of the

apex; apex acute, subcentral, produced.

Crepidula hepatica, Desh.

Hab. u

Messrs. Adams refer the first of these species to the subgenus

Crypta, and the second to Crepipatella.

3. Garnotia, Gray.

Shell conical, cup-shaped ; apex acute, posterior, above the margin ;

the internal lamina flat, shelving to the level of the apex, leaving a

conical cavity beneath the lip, arched inwards or subtransverse.

GARNOTIA ADUNCA, Sow.

Shell smooth or subcostate, dark brown, with a small white spot

on each side of the lip; inner lip pale.

Crepidula rostrata, C. B. Adams: junior?

Hab. Vancouver’s Island.

Tribe II]. Shell oblong, transverse, depressed ; apex scarcely raised,

posterior, submarginal ; nucleus distinct; spiral cavity ex-

panded, shallow, with a transverse plate occupying about two-

thirds the width on the left or pillar side of the hinder half of

the cavity, and attached by each of the sides to the inside of

the shell, and with a radiating fold on the lower surface, form-

ing a radiating thickened rib, ending in a concavity like a

muscular scar near the edge; the front edge on the right side

of the fold short, forming a deep notch; on the left side ex-

panded and rounded, with a notch near the pillar or right

edge of the shell. Ergzeina.

The fold in the plate is evidently analogous to the fold and

740 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDZ. [June 27,

cavity in the shelly plate of Mitrella; but the plate is attached by

each of its side edges.

The more convex species might be confounded with Crepipatella;

but they are always known by the fold forming a subcentral ridge

on the lower surface of the plate, and ending in the small shallow

pit like the scar of a muscle.

This group has been regarded as a subgenus of Crypéta ; but it is

more allied to Mitrella.

1. Erewa, Adams; Chenu.

Shell nearly flat ; apex posterior, marginal ; nucleus spiral ; whorls

rapidly enlarging.

The shells when they live in cavities are concave externally,—and

when living on a rough surface, corrugated like other Calyptreide.

ERG#A WALSHI.

Crepidula walshi, Hermannsen. (C. plana, Chenu, Man. f. 2364.

Var. distorted and rugose, C. plana, Adams & Reeve.)

Hab, Ceylon; Bombay.

2. Norcia.

Shell subcircular or oblong, convex, spiral; whorls one and a half

or two; the apex subcentral, subposterior; nucleus spiral ; cavity

concave, deeper under the apex; internal plates concave, thin, with

the fold forming a narrow linear cavity open to the apex of the shell.

NoIcIA CHINENSIS, n. 8. (in Cuming’s Collection).

Shell pale brown, smooth, or slightly concentrically striated.

Hab. China.

Var. Shell very thin, convex ; the internal plate thin, with the

fold only slightly marked and solid.

Tribe IV. Shell conical, spiral; spire of few rapidly enlarging

whorls ; cavity conical, with a well-developed oblique subspiral

lamina on one side, from the tip, which has the inner or pillar-

edge reflexed, forming a pit or solid rib. Mitrellina.

4 Se fer } Lp Oe ct 9 b: Vv 1: MITRELLA. - iv 2, “ dia g MY Aa,

Shell conical, like Poculina; but the internal plate is oblique and

subspiral ; the reflexed part of the pillar-lip is closely applied to the

plate, and only forming a thickened edge to the plate, there being a

small impression like the sear of a muscle at the lower part of it.

1. MirRELLA CHINENSIS, (6 > /

Shell white or rosy; outer surface with minute tubular spines or

tubercles.

Patella chinensis, Montagu.

Calyptrea chinensis, Lamk., Xe.

Hab. Coasts of Europe.

Pte

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAIDA. 741

2. MITRELLA SPINIFERA, n. 8. (not named).

Shell depressed, pellucid, orown-spotted, rugose, with oblique ra-

diating ridges armed with tubular spines.

Hab. Kurrachee. Internal lamina imperfect.

See Trochita spinulosa, Chenu, Man. f. 2344.

3. MirreLva SUBREFLEXA.

Calyptrea subreflexa, Carpenter.

Pale brown, smooth, pellucid.

Hab. California.

4. MirreLyLa PELLUCIDA.

Calyptrea pellucida, Reeve.

Shell very thin, transparent, smooth.

Hab. ‘

2. TROCHILINA.

Shell like former; but the internal plate is much more oblique

and spiral, and the reflexed part of the upper portion of the pillar-

lip is united to the surface of the plate, forming a short deep com-

pressed perforation near the apex of the cavity.

1, TROCHILINA CONICA.

Calyptrea conica, Brod.

Shell conical, rather thin, pale, brown-spotted, smooth.

Hab. 2

This shell varies greatly in the extent of the internal lamina: in

most specimens it occupies much more than one whorl; but in

another, which may have been injured, the plate does not occupy

more than one-third of a whorl.

2. TROCHILINA FASTIGIATA.

Calyptrea fastigiata, Gould.

Shell conical, circular, smooth, with a smooth pale-brown perios-

traca.

Haé. Vancouver’s Island.

3. TROCHILINA ADSPERSA.

Calyptrea adspersa, C. B. Adams.

Shell depressed, pellucid, brown-dotted.

Hab. 2

4. TROCHILINA MAMILLARIS.

Calyptrea mamillaris, Brod.

Shell solid, white, smooth, opaque, with a red or purple tip ;

internal plate very thin, transparent.

Hab. California.

7A2 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDE. [ June 27,

5. TROCHILINA SOLIDA.

Calyptrea solida, Reeve.

Shell high, conical, solid, smooth, opaque, white; inner surface

and apex purple brown; internal plate very oblique, white.

Hab. Conchagua (C. 4.).

6. TROCHILINA LICHEN.

Calyptrea lichen, Brod.

Shell very depressed, white, with a few obscure reddish dots,

smooth.

Hab. ——"

3. PocuLina.

Shell conical ; base circular, deeply concave ; apex acute, central;

nucleus spiral; cavity conical, with an oblique triangular subspiral

lamina on one of the sides, which has the pillar bent back so as to

form a large deep concavity or umbilicus extending to the apex of

the cavity.

This genus is distinguished from Mitrella by the apex being dis-

tinctly spiral.

1. PocuLINA UNGUIS.

Calyptrea unguis, Brod.

C. solida, Brod. (Chenu, Man. f. 2340).

Shell solid, high, conical, smooth, brown.

Hab. 2

2. PocuLina POCULUM.

Calyptrea poculum, Reeve.

Shell thin, conical, smooth, white or pale brown.

Hab. 2

3. PocuLINA AURITA.

Calyptrea aurita, Reeve (Chenu, Man. f. 2336).

Shell depressed, conical, broad, thin, pale brown; outer surface

closely and regularly radiately striated.

Hab. 2

Tribe V. Shell conical, subspiral; the cavity simple, conical ; the

internal lamina moderate, oblique, irregular, with the edge of

the pillar-lip reflexed, forming a narrow elongated deep mar-

ginal cavity.

Gatrrus, Humphr.; Adams.

Mitrella, Leach.

Mitrula, Gray.

Infundibulum, J. Sow.

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAID2. 743

Shell circular, conical; apex acute, central; nucleus spiral, erect ;

cavity circular, regular, conical, with an oblique plate projecting into

the cavity on the pillar side, which has a narrow, conical, compressed,

cup-shaped cavity on its outer margin.

1. GALERUS EXTINCTORIUS, Adams.

Calyptrea extinctoria, Lamk.

C. morbidum, Reeve.

Shell smooth, white, with diverging brown lines; the lamina as

wide as the width of the cup-shaped cavity.

Surface distorted. C. verrucosum, Reeve. (C. levigata, Chenu,

Man. f. 2337.)

Hab. Molucca ; Tranquebar ; China.

2. GALERUS LIVIDUS.

Calyptrea lividum, Reeve.

Shell dark brown, horn-colour, pellucid; the lamina near the

cup-shaped cavity very narrow, not nearly so wide as the cavity.

ab. 2

Tribe VI. Shell circular, regular, conical, subspiral ; apex central,

acute; nucleus spiral ; cavity regulur, conical, with an oblique

or spiral lamina from the apex, which is elongate, with a slightly

reflexed edge near the apex of the cavity, ov shorter, oblique,

with the pillar-edge reflexed, making a more or less deep and

large cup-like appendage. Dispoteana.

The passage from the small, slender, deep perforation under the re-

flexed portion of the pillar-lip to the large cup-like appendage of the

Cup-and-Saucer Limpet (Crucibulum) is very gradual.

* Cup-like cavity large, compressed, narrow, close on the inner sur-

Jace of the shell.

1. NELETA.

Shell subcireular, conical, depressed ; apex acute, central; nucleus

spiral, radiately costate ; cavity circular, conical, with a narrow com-

pressed deep cup-shaped concavity on the side, attached to the shell

by the whole of its inner surface, open to the tip; the side next to

cavity of the shell not thickened or rounded.

Very different from the young of Crucibulum seutellatum, and

from Catellina pectinatum, by the compressed form of the cup, and

by the cup not being callous at the tip.

NELETA SERRATA.

Calyptrea serrata, Brod.

Shell conical, depressed ; cone rather thin, pellucid, strongly ra-

744 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAID&. [June 27,

diately costated ; the internal cavity small, compressed, open to the

apex of the shell.

Hab, 2

2. TRELANIA.

Shell circular, depressed, conical; apex nearly central, acute ;

nucleus subspiral ; cavity circular, conical, with a narrow lunate deep

compressed cup-shaped cavity attached to the inner surface of the

shell by the apex and one of the sides, rest free; the edge of the

cavity complete and free from the inner surface of the shell.

TRELANIA RADIATA.

Calyptrea radiata, Brod.

Shell brown-rayed, with numerous narrow, close, regular, radiating

strize.

Hab. California.

** QOup-shaped appendage large, broad, triangular.

‘* Cup-and-Saucer Limpets.”’

1, CAaTILLINA.

Shell oblong, conical, radiately ribbed ; the apex acute, subcentral,

recurved ; nucleus regular, spiral, of one whorl and a half; the cavity

conical, with a broad trigonal cup on the left side under, but not

extending to, the apex of the cavity, filled with a callous deposit at

the tip ; the part of the cup next to the inner surface of the shell

scarcely thickened and not raised up.

CATILLINA PECTINATA.

Shell conical, high, solid, thick; the cup large, open, triangular,

with the upper part filled with a thick calcareous deposit.

Calyptrea pectinata, Carpenter.

C. concamerata, Reeve. (Chenu, Man. f. 2337, 2339.)

Hab. 2

Very like a small Crucibulum scutellatum. The upper part of the

cup is always partly filled up by a calcareous deposit, and the edge

of the cavity next to the inner surface of the shell is not thickened

or raised.

2. Dispotra, Adams.

“* Calypeopsis, Lesson.”

Shell circular, conical ; the apex acute, posterior, recurved consider-

ably above the edge; nucleus subspiral, lateral ; the cavity conical ;

apex subspiral, with a broad large trigonal cup-like cavity under the

apex, attached to the cavity by one of its sides, the edge of which is

not raised or thickened ; the outer or right lip of the cup straight,

spreading, cavity open to the tip.

This chiefly differs from the former genus in the inner lip not

being reflexed over the cavity of the cup.

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREZIDE. 745

* Cup conical, deep ; shell striated, edge crenated.

1. Disporea striata, Adams.

Calyptrea striata, Say; Chenu, Man. f. 2342.

Shell circular, radiately costated ; cost interrupted by the smooth

lines of growth ; the cup conical, deep ; the right edge straight, even.

See D. cancellata, Adams & Reeve.

** Cup concave, shallow ; shell smooth, edge even.

2. DisporEa BILOBATA.

“‘ Calyptrea bilobata, Gray.”

Shell thin, oblong or ovate, white, brown-rayed, smooth, minutely

rugulose, sublaminal ; the cup concave, shallow, the right lip flexu-

ous, two-lobed.

Hab. California.

2. CrucrBuLuM, Schumacher; Adams.

Biconia, Swainson.

Calyptropsis, Brod. (not Lesson).

Dispotea, Say.

The shell circular, depressed, conical ; apex nearly central, acute ;

nucleus subspiral ; cavity circular, conical, with a broad subtrian-

gular cup-shaped cavity attached by the upper part of one of its sides,

but with the edges free from the cavity of the shell on every side.

In the young shell the internal cup is imperfect, consisting of a

narrow triangular curved subspiral cavity, without any shelly deposit

on the inner side of the cup next to the surface of the shell. As the

shell enlarges, the width of the side of the cup decreases, and the edge

is completed and at length elevated from the inner surface of the shell.

* The internal cup broad, rather longer than broad.

1. CRucIBULUM SCUTELLATUM.

Calyptrea scutellata, Gray.

Crucibulum imbricatum, Brod.

C. umbrella, Desh. (shell very flat).

C. lignaria, Brod.

C. corrugatum, P. Carpenter.

C. ferrugineum, Reeve.

C. trigonale, Adams & Reeve.

C. rugosum, Deshayes.

C. tenuis, Broderip.

Dispotea spectrum.

Shell solid, brown (or pale, with brown rays), with broad flat ra-

diating and concentric ridges, or more or less smooth and closely

radiately striated (Chenu, Man. f. 2332, 2335, 2338).

Hab. West Coast of America; Valparaiso; Chiloe; Gulf of Cali-

fornia.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1867, No. XLVIII.

746 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTREIDA. [June 27,

The smooth specimens sometimes have costated or cancellated

tips, and the converse. The surfaces of the different varieties and

the form of the shells are often altered by the form and surface of

the body to which they are attached.

2. CRUCIBULUM AURICULATUM.

Patella auriculata, Chemn. Dispotea auriculata.

Shell white, brown-spotted, and varied with distant regular sharp-

edged radiating ribs ; inner surface white or brownish.

Hab. West Indies; St. Thomas’s; Cumana.

The Atlantic form of the preceding.

3. CRUCIBULUM VIOLACEUM, Carpenter.

Shell white, brown-varied, with close regular round-topped ra-

diating ribs ; inner surface purplish.

Hab. Ceylon.

4, CRUCIBULUM MACULATUM.

Calyptrea maculata, Brod.

Shell white, solid, brown-spotted, with very close, round-topped,

nearly regular radiating ribs.

Hab. 2

5, CRUCIBULUM TUBIFERUM.

Dispotea tubifera, Say.

Crucibulum spinosum, Sowerby.

C. hispidum, Brod.

Chenu, Man. f. 2333, 2334.

Shell solid, brown, or brown white-rayed ; closely radiately striated,

and often with more or less close radiating ribs furnished with

tubular spines.

Hab. Peru; Gulf of California.

Tribe VII. The shell conical, subcircular ; apex central, acute ;

cavity regular, conical, with a folded plate at the top of the

cavity, free from the sides; the foot of the animal secreting a

lower calcareous plate. Calyptrina.

CatypTra, Humphrey; Adams.

Calyptrea, Lamk.

Calyptrus, Mont.

Mitrularia, Schum.

Calyptria, Lithedaphus, et Litholepas, Owen.

* Shell entire, without spines.

1. CaLyprrRA corruGATA, Adams; Chenu, Man. f. 2326, 2328.

Calyptrea corrugata, Brod.

Var. smaller. C. layardi, Reeve. ? C. umbo, Reeve.

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE CALYPTRAIDE. 747

Shell solid, with high, compressed, edged, distant radiating ribs.

Hab. 2

2. CaLyprra ADAMSII, Reeve.

Calyptra depressa, Adams & Reeve.

Shell thin, with close, sharp-edged, regular radiating and concentric

ridges, minutely striated between the ridges.

Hab.

3. CALYPTRA ALVEOLATA, A. Adams.

Var. 1. Small. C.umbo, Reeve. C. vanikorensis, Quoy. C. can-

cellata, Reeve.

Var. 2. Thick, flat. C. varia, Brod.

Shell solid, with close, radiating, sharp-edged ribs, and more or

less distinct low concentric ridges.

Haé. Philippines ; Galapagos Islands.

4, CaLyprra EquEstTRis, Chenu, Man. f, 2322, 2323.

Patella equestris, Linn.?

Calyptra papyracea, A. Adams.

? C. radiosa, Gould. (Bad state, with another species.)

C. scutulum, Reeve.

Shell solid, with sharp-edged radiating ribs, and small radiating

lines between them.

Hab. Philippines.

5. CALYPTRA STELLA, Reeve.

Shell depressed, solid, with very close, flat-topped, radiating ribs,

which are sometimes alternately smaller.

- Hab. ?

6. CALYPTRA TECTUM-SINENSE, Gray, 1824.

Calyptra cepacea, Brod.

C. martiniana, C. diaphana, C. scabies, C. domitoria, C. tortilis,

C. cornea, C. stallonia, C. cicatricosa, C. ossea, C. saccharimeta,

C. balanoides, C. uncinata, C. hipponiceformis, C. porosa, C. eya-

thella, et C. fibulata, Reeve.

C. depressa, Adams & Reeve.

Shell thin, very finely, regularly, radiately striated.

Var. with expanding concentric lamina.

Patella tectum sinensis, Chemn.; Chenu, Man. f. 2324, 2325.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

I am’by no means certain that the six species here distinguished

are distinct. C. stella seems most distinct from the rest ; but there

is only one specimen, and Mr. Cuming has mated it with a small

specimen of C. equestris.. They all seem to live together at the

Philippine Islands. ;

748 MESSRS, SCLATER AND SALVIN ON {June 27,

** Shell with tubular spines.

7. CALYPTRA TUBIFERA.

Shell thin, pellucid, smooth, with distant, short, tubular spines

formed on the edge of the shell, and closed up below as the shell

enlarges.

Hab. Honduras. A single specimen, which was not named in the

cabinet.

11. Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the

River Huallaga, Eastern Peru, with Notes and Descrip-

tions of New Species. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A., Ph.D.,

F.R.S., and Ospert Satvin, M.A. &e.

(Plate XXXIV.)

Mr. E. T. Higgins having kindly allowed us to examine Mr. E.

Bartlett’s second collection of birds from Eastern Peru before its

dispersal, we have the pleasure of submitting the following account

of it to the Society.

The present collection was formed during the excursion spoken of

in the letter of which an extract is given in the Society’s ‘ Proceed-

ings’ for January 1867*, and was mainly amassed at three locali-

ties— Yurimaguas, Xeberos, and Chyavetas.

Yurimaguas is an Indian town on the Huallaga, about sixty miles

from its embouchure into the Amazon, mentioned in Herndon and

Gibbons’s ‘ Exploration of the Amazon’ (p. 171).

Xeberos is an Indian village, about fifty miles north-west of Yu-

rimaguas, on a small river (the Aypena) which flows into the Amazon

just above the Huallaga.

Chyavetas, or Chayavetas, is situated about seventy miles west of

Yurimaguas.

All these three places are marked in the copy of the Spanish map

(of 1790) attached to Herndon’s volume.

The whole collection consists of nearly 1000 skins, referable to

205 species. Of these but very few are new to science, almost the

only noticeable exception being the new Chetura described below.

This may probably arise from the fact that Mr. Hauxwell collected

largely at Chamicuros (a village situated upon the opposite bank of

the Huallaga, but in the same neighbourhood) in 1854, and that

his collections appear to have been widely dispersed in Europe. In

comparing the present collection with the former collection from

the Ucayali, we find only 94 species common to the two, while 112

species are in the Huallaga collection which had not been previously

obtained by Mr. Bartlett.

The following is a list of the species of birds collected at the three

* See antea, p. 2.

1867.) THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU. 749

localities above mentioned in a tabular form, the necessary notes

being added subsequently *. The nomenclature employed is that of

Sclater’s ‘Catalogue of American Birds.’

a | &| 3

i=) o

Hl RIS

TurDIp2.

TAS Tord ie! phecopy pussies or <,<+/- «=/<1a/s ehsteiereteis Sey Mee

2. amaurochalinus’ «6 <s.<« « swbateomareere we *

TROGLODYTID£.

3. Cyphorhinus modulator .......... aareopdeth lexan

t4. Troglodytes tessellatus ..........-+0seeeeee epee >. [eal

SYLVICOLID.£. /

+5. Basileuterus uropygialis ............. wevormeietrge [PR ae IES |

HIrunpDINID2&. |

G.-Propneltaperare ates siacie cre 50's, +0, 5)2.5,0(3 eotatejertes *

ne Neubapantnarsertels tts ain cle /o¥e iss) \cic eta larey «a | «| |

Sz Atiiearaianei Atay icicle oe. cir Kier MEIER De oe aes sik ie ae

9: eyanoleuca ......202.2. 05: eparasatelésae Saye aceo® ara

10. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis .................. Sa || te

VIREONIDE.

11. Vireosylvia agilis ....... SSotecaton agideersce a Og

CamREBID®. |

12. Hemidacnis albiventris .............++esee8. * |

LSS DAC IS! Ca yeaa jis (oisi-<f=is;0, «ese opagehtets igi tears: * |

1 i OS E17) (=) SS REE ORR ey oa cot ae ed *

LSS Coerebprersemlea), § i5...46.csacsC scant deslersteeee ateyo ale: twee

16. (HOS Hee C OEP ODDS COCO Smee * |

17. Nt Bitejerss0.0ye, 0s BS aad eects ners | |

18. Chlorophanes atricapilla. saad nce sano eee ae:

TANAGRIDA.

19:, Procnias:occidentaligs.( 2.2 %2.0<:4.0.<<.c.c1sosiepeslseire ef |

20.) Huphonia minute, W3)6)5 6.056.000 c3 10.20, esjoeee tafe ie |

21. MIP VON jac z201chspscascdo.o 8 gt Seeie el tated *

22. Calliste yeni .... 2... 20000. osc hrs ilo |. x

eas eS: SENT ANE oie) cel oe ve tsa, 8c erro aeldle Aaya lad. ise

24. —— gyroloides .. 2... 0... .e cece eee seen es Sod a

25.1, Pana gra: coclestis:)..2.c.s.c 1 + <i. «je.« «rows bye wislalays * |

26. CLAN O PECL 21,2016 0.052, 1 <j stahehofert oles x |

27. Rumphocoelus jacapa .. .. 2... ences ce een ee| |

28. Phenicothraupis rubica ......-..--...6ees{:6. | * |x |

+29. Tachyphonus pheeniceus. ............0-+00+)

: MIMALV ENGR, a lajeparniecs aie Slr aeiss noc aie lated” ee

ls —<—=. UTI MAMIUS Hoje c ane ec ete. cadet alabe lds: ddraeere weeitedy le

* The collection contained also thirteen skins from Nauta, amongst which

were Ocyalus latirostris, Waterh., Psittacula passerina (Linn.), Buteogallus ni-

gricollis (Lath.), Herodias egretta (Gm.), and Nycticorax pileatus (Lath.), not

before mentioned from this ioc: ‘

MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON

oa: jNemosiaauricollas)e. 0 c.2- Sones ce cece ne ec *

33. Chlorospingus flavigularis ............++.- nid

Sree Oo ohio, Chen Soda ne romolems.= S06 Ub oe %

oo, Haltater MAGNUS 5. .ceanes erase ce lessee re *

Frinetiyip£.

36. Guiraca cyanoides .......-.5 2600 reece ee ee H+

37. Oryzoborus crassirostris .-...-++--..e2..0- *

38. LOPFIGUS Hest an ese e Seite cisieetereeee omnes *

39. Spermophila luctuosa ...-.....-..-2+- 04-6 #

40. Volatinia jacarina ...-.... 6.02 eee eee ee *

41. Coturniculus peruanus ......--..-----.20-- 4

Tcrerip#,

+42. Olypicterus-oseryi ..-.-. 5. 60-2 ee cere eee ee *

43. Ostinops cristatus -.....--..-..-----.205-- oe

44. SVANACLIpS SN reper storete aint Seen ence eee ae eters *

45. Leistes guianensis -..... --. 22. eee cece eee %

Corvip&.

46. Cyanocorax violaceus.....-..-222-2--+. 00 as

DENDROCOLAPTID.

+47. Sclerurus mexicanus ......-.----.. ++ ee-ee- ae

48. CAUDACUEMS 16.2 fee hee eel Se a 42

49. Synallaxis rutilans....-.......---.--.:-+0- *

50. Ancistrops lineaticeps ...-..--..+---++-e *

51. Automolus selateri. 0.0... eee eee eee ee ee ee #

52. Glyphorhynchus castelnaudi........+-..-.-- Ese

$53. Xenops approximans......-. 022.0. eee seer! oe

+54. Dendrocolaptes radiolatus....-..---0.-+..4 &

+55. Dendrornis ocellata ...-..-...-.--..-. x

56. SPR eH ein etree foje vo'n S<loo'wfon te nln fate tateols Ae &

Formicarupe.

#57. Thamnophilus fuliginosus......---...-.-.-+| %

58. PE LATIULUB hovers ye. sotetoxs sore rove ete ale Sere oe pase

t59. STNUANUS + 0 f0 5010 '- t0ic tere sre roe ate rele "ele Hebel ohaies *

60. Pygoptila maculipennis..........--..+---..| %

61 MANAVILALA sie see -t a retn e's coe fore “ole fo'e w el we *

+62. Dysithamnus schistaceus .....-..-...++-05- 2

+63. BYGOSIACUS 2.250 eteieceieteie vole vie tere tererere oeee ee ,

64. Thamnomanes glaucus .....-..-- 202.2200 *

65. Myrmotherula pygmma........--.+-26+-+ ++] #

+66 HacMAtOnOte -crererererecaserorererevornelg rey. SEM *

67 WOOLEN, 1. raraireis lore tate oho 'oy0 MORE> Siete ee

+68. ——- Cinereiventris.:.-..!c-ci ae eile O hw ob Bales

69. —— hauxwelli Beis bs un pavereteebe. Sie ORNS

70. Ramphocenus melanurus............+++.-+

71. Cercomacra cinerascen8........2eseeeeecees ac

+72. Myrmeciza hemimeliena ...............--- *

73. Hypocnemis cantator ..............-----. *

+74. myiotherina Sad ARE icieloils feneseshcy lei

Ufeys SSS erenee aire aioe) areas ctcleera staid ete ahirei cients *

[June 27,

ae Rk ok Ok

ae OK eK OK ek OR

1867.]

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU.

£|

be mH

fn Eithiva abbifronsls se sc ss oo. selec > elehitoatees ee

77. Jeti S pans so cies eis ous aie’ "one foroicto ots NO a ae

78. Myrmelastes plumbeus .......-..+-++++-00% *

RO» cH OFTGICAPTUS AUALIS ws <<) 1c aie'- </ois’ «0 «'qhele <feleisis *

TYRANNIDA.

+80. Euscarthmus spicifer ............-.-e0ee005) x

81. Mionectes oleagineus ..........+++--+eseeees *

+82. Leptopogen peruvianus.............++s005- e

Say Dyrannwlus el atugy stareajele eile vin < <iclo «+ clelcia =) ee

84, Elainea modesta ..........s-0.eceeeeeeeees le

85. Rhynchocyclus sulphurescens ............-+ *

86. mefaceplalus: //'<0. asic «eisitisenles se Le x*

87. Pitangus sulphuratus..................-4+- Faclieae

88. Myiodynastes solitarius.................4-- ee le

89. Myiobius erythrurus ................00005. x

90. DaThavusesicckeus crisis + ave dhs MITES *

91. Pyrocephalus rubineus .......---+--+++20-- *

92. Empidochanes fuscatus ............-....+.. Set oe

93. Sy Par Ei Sait yc GODIN OIn cna. ac ORee Sierra

94, MPS Pla LEM ss cramatgese oon in att co ERASE *

+95. Tyrannus aurantio-atro-cristatus ...........-| x

96. melanchaens, ... 26. scic0 os -E econ *

Cotineip2.

+97. Tityra albitorques .... a3

98. Pachyrhamphus atricapillus.. ie avis ee

199° Lipaugus lateralis): 1. ./-i....6. «seus shoul nae

+100. Iodopleura isabelle ..................06-- *

HONS Piprasaunicappla 2. ois) sic oncccan os ABEL OD EE ie,

102. MOUCOGUI TI crop o'oyo15. do wranickanns UE EERE x | x

MOBS == COMMU, Oe de care oa heiancivre cian oareai ook RIS «

104. eyaneocapilla ........2...2sseee eens =

LOD 5 = sep PSD us a5 «i wien eee *

+106. Chloropipo, sp. ign., 2.1.6... ec cece ee eee Rid

107. Machzropterus Siiblatasrss..n20 saingeetiewel 2 *

108. Chiromacheris manacus ..........++0000-. aa

109. Pheenicocercus nigricollis ....... persia bers *

110. Rupicola peruviana ........... oe sbi niglotsiebis is

TE: Cotingaxcayana 2 ieee «212701 » sc oo aoe *

112. Cephalopterus ornatus ................000- ite

Monorip2.

LIS FT Momotus/martit: >. ./0.</0 asters neladukesss else:

ALCEDINIDA.

114, Ceryle superciliosa . © ....5.12.....<:<010+ « deienaieeiate

GALBULID.

1255). Galbulaialbirostris « <, sir 00 2a So Ore sez *

Bucconiw#

LG Bucco: collars: tn seeds wnat wel eseneeed Ste

117. —— macrodactylus (2. 0...500.56 0 ccustsle ed *

* OK | Chyavetas.

KK OK OK

* OK

KK KK KK HK

751

MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON

. Calliphlox amethystina.........

. Polytmus leucorrhous. .........0...020 0.050%

> Oly tialaema auresCens .:...carsta+s10 »teletateleiul Aerators

. Heliomaster longirostris ................-%

b ELylochanis Cy ADGA crete ete co reine feieteltineee

: = PAD PATNA set sLeiskefsraisioisteriocicionan ae SAE

. Thaumantias fluviatilis ........2.......0.5.

. Chrysuronia josephine .................4+.

. Hucephala exwrulea......---220-0-s+-e-2ee

; Malacoptila fusca ........ Seichovaigy sae ee ae

119. Nonnula frontalis ....... , Je Geleaie 0 ons MEU

120. Monaga flavirostris.......... 00.0 e cess cece

12) ——_ Peruanay ap ae ve ate oie d= 2 sas = Selpietetaels

122. Chelidoptera tenebrosa ..........-..--..+4.

TROGONIDS.

123. PrOPOn WyAPIGis pee as ore. oxoi-|s «=a nip Ieee

124. INGIANUTUS, . os: ona neces. RERRER EET. SE

CapPRIMULGID.

125. Nyctidromus albicollis ..........+.....04.

126. Antrostomus parvulus ..............+0000-

CypsELiD#.

127. Chieti ZONALIB so. oie oie senate eo « (ot raeaatelete RNa

+128. brachycerca, sp. NOV.. «2.050. 05000 seen

129. Cypselus squamatus ..........000..eceded.

TROCHILIDA.

ISO sPhacthornis MAAS, fe:0 rvs «e.tonaier aisarPograr ieee

VSI. $=. Douce rd v.,.10s. 5. eM ae ies ea eee

132. PypmMornis AMAUEA oie ot eee com. Melee cle elle

133 TERT VCS ROR OO mE OP Rad oo SOIC

1S4, (Glaucis Otanin awn sie-oacce oe nett os eee eee

135. Campylopterus sequatorialis ...............-

136. Aphantochroa gularis

» SUZATPOLNIS ANA LO . -,0.c/sje\00a) exeiaralsvaisvoreeioia ened

sD orylera JOBANNA <j. \sisjeielteyaces ic senate be

be Dhalurania teCOUGin ....c2.0\ei0)sicir' averis ae

allomisuers, mel vor, seis cecesicr Ako vostescrers Se

Cleats, SIM GUN ei stey. ssi oferere rare) scevsio ne opeai ts PisMhaiae

» olensistria, Verreamxd « <..1-)+.s\sH<)-- 10 0clelapaeeuree

Gonldiailangadoriiin 2 a:2y...sc.vai-ce:-we ntais > ere

Cucutips.

EPinvey meltexies|-s op on asters teem aerate ns

TRG ANIO PARTIAL. 1 fx sis cudaw re Kose vafshei nee ean EOS

. Coceyzus melanocoryphus............-..+..

RAMPHASTID.Z.

. Ramphastus ambiguus ................+665

FEU IT sic te es Eien ara ROR tii ca ea

UNGAR te ry chsyerele in wi'cise) «| 0c. wi ccctstriateeaverose: AE ie

| Xeberos.

Yurimaguas,

{June 27,

Chyavetas.

2k OK OK OK OK

* * OK OK

a i i

1867.)

THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU.

. Pteroglossus pluricinctus ....++-.eeeseeeees

hum bolath fc.c<cctaresvelaye! d cto scihares qaaias

Has VINGStI Sic, 5,20: 5 cus ae aetel eee eis 6:8 wots alate

. Selenidera reinwardti.....0-.ssssececccsecs

CaAPrironID#£.

. Capito peruvianus .........seeeececseneees

BULOVIEGNIR cre crete aoreiare susie eisiniols a) habe, oie.

Picipz.

. Campephilus trachelopyrus -........ coccces

SUPIPOSUMIRG ova alaverateta? sy alsie,ehasaisne a; oer ja aoe

> Coleus GitriMUs) . 56. eee ccs ce ences crises

CHEEOPYPIUN I. sh-javats hci s0stale.o) © sain! olal~)~iar

. Chloronerpes hematostigma.............+.+-

. Melanerpes cruentatus ..........-...+2000

PsITTACID#.

Pe Brotocerys: jugUlaris® .'.!22 sp). ses) elec sien ests

+ Chrysotis AMAZOHICR 2/5 2's etc ca celdeee ee

ff EAONUS HETSPRUUS) res aia prs = 2 -Zotdayslicl a alelle «Eats tle

hu Caica: melanocephala :. », -rav.e:<, 3,a'eesje8 << Sel.nie 3! 256

DANA DATION, «chalcicisy isis, jo = thos sie «cia

VULTuRID2.

SSAA MPP CLINE SEM ars 2 aoe: o/ai'e sake, viel « ose eile ef opansr si

pn Gabhartestamreme crcl dorsterae costs ake cies’ elt aie

FA.conip 2.

pe lbycter AMERICANUS 9/0 oo e0.« a5, ahs dicsle os

= NOVphnie SOIANENSIS nes, .. 2sfaa ts seus spans ©

PUIIPUEITEETI PTA ZONTUL Biss scot clio! ale cYoio o's! shale crores:

. Herpetotheres cachinnans..........+.+..+.-

se MPIZACUIA OYNALUS) j-'. son) ,eloletainipss +» s)ah-feieilths

. Asturina Magnirostris ....-+ceeseseseeees

h) Micrastix, mirandollit’<)-)2 «1+ sie ii-\= e\e's'e 5001

» Harpagus bidentatus .......s00eesssesessaes

wilchinita? plum beat the t2hle ol afosar!clelarelciehtelelejeroret ets

STRIGIDs.

Pisihab eerie ape c ember On orar Ona en oor

MS AT WPT Te pe peed oea Lento seddoacc”

CoLuMBID£.

be Columba: speciOBAl« <10\s:e,21s1e,a.ohelsbelstssercleinisisiereis

. Chamepelia amazilia. 5.02... cccc cece ce cews

aL OMIStere, CLIC Ena: demise eie/s)eicidia’ ciate) slots «en. se his

. Geotrygon Montana’. . ccc e sees wecccceeess

PERDICID&.

| Xeberos.

| Yurimaguas.

Chyavetas.

* KK OK OK

754 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 27,

3 a

She oe

vana| dete | ns

2 A I

o a)

be mH 5

TINAMID.

199. ‘Tinamus' parvirostris: . 226656. /56.65..0..6- a Vee eb

Rauvipx. |

200. Porzana cayanensis ........-.-sseseeseees * |

201. Heliornis fulica ............-.-+..---++-+-- oz, |oeaee aie

ScoLoPacip®.

202. Tringites. rufescens........-+eeseseeeeerees *

203; ‘Tringa, maculatals «vv 2 i+ cspisesfelslele ne enol *

ARDEID®.

204, Avdemapaniiccseeie es coh cars tpn, teltlae slareae Sela?

Lari 2.

205. Rhynchops melanurus .....+-.......+--+-> | * |

The following notes apply to such of the above-mentioned species

as are marked (+) :—

(1.) Turpus pH#opyGus, Cab.

Chyavetas. Three examples; rather darker on the back than

Cayenne specimens.

(4.) TROGLODYTES TESSELLATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

Four examples from Xeberos and Chyavetas. Rather more ful-

vous below than in Panama specimens.

(5.) BastLeuTERUS UROpyGIALIS, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 128,

et 1866, p. 286, t. x. f. 2.

One example from Chyavetas, agreeing with the type in Sclater’s

collection. This is a singular locality for the species, as we had be-

lieved it to be peculiar to Panama.

(7.) ProGne Leucocastra, Baird.

Many skins from Xeberos and Yurimaguas. “Generally seen in

flocks about the church at Yurimaguas.”—E. B.

(29.) TACHYPHONUS PHENICEUS, Sw. An. in Menageries, p. 311;

Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 116.

Three examples of this scarce species from Xeberos. Natterer

obtained specimens on the Madeira.

(31.) TACHYPHONUS SURINAMUs (Linn.).

Many specimens from Xeberos and Chyavetas of both sexes of a

local form of 7. surxinamus, which is probably the bird indicated by

Lawrence (Ann. L. N.Y. vill. p. 42) as 7. napensis. It differs from

1867. ] THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU. 755

the Cayenne bird principally in its smaller size and darker uropygial

band. The females seem also different from those of the typical form,

being of a brighter ochreous behind, and having the yellow circlet

round the eye much less defined—in some specimens hardly apparent.

Specimen ¢ of Tachyphonus surinamus (from Guia) of Sclater’s col-

lection (Cat. A. B. p. 85) also belongs to this form.

(42.) Crypicrerus OsEryt (Deville).

Cassicus oseryi, Deville, Rev. Zool. 1849, p- 57; Des Murs, Zool.

Voy. Casteln. p. 66, pl. 18. f. 3.

Clypicterus oseryi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 426.

One example of this fine species, not quite adult, from Xeberos.

It is the first time we have met with it.

(47.) ScLERURUS MEXICANUs, Sclater.

See our observations on this species (anted, p..574). It is in-

teresting to meet with a second southern specimen, confirming our

views there expressed.

(53.) XENops APPROXIMANS, Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv.

p- 113 (1859).

Two examples of this form from Chyavetas, agreeing with one of

Natterer’s typical skins of this species in Sclater’s collection.

(54.) DENDROCOLAPTES RADIOLATUS, Sclater, MS.

One example from Yurimaguas of a species in Sclater’s collection

allied to D. cayennensis and D. sancti-thome of Central America.

It may be characterized as follows :—

Stmilis D. cayennensi, sed major, supra et subtus omnino fasciolis

nigris distincte transradiolatus : alis et cauda Serrugineo-rufis,

alarum tectricibus nigro transradiatis : rostro pallide corneo ;

pedibus fuscis: long. tota 12°5, ale 5°0, caud@ 4:7, rostria

rictu 19 poll. Angl.

Hab. in Peruv. orient. Yurimaguas (Bartlett).

In D. saneti-thome the lower back is rufous, unbarred ; the ra-

diations are much closer, the bill is smaller and nearly black, and

the whole bird is smaller.

A fourth species of this group (the only other with which we are

acquainted) is the newly described D. concolor, Pelzeln.

(55.) DenpRornis oceLata, Spix.

Dendrocolaptes ocellatus, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 88, t. 91. f..1.

A single specimen agrees with a skin (determined by Pelzeln to

belong to Spix’s species) in Sclater’s collection, collected by Natterer

on the Rio Negro.

(57.) THAMNoPHILUS FULIGINOSUS, Gould.

A female, probably of this species, from Xeberos. A somewhat

similar specimen is in the British Museum.

756 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON [June 27,

(59.) THAMNOPHILUS MURINUS.

Thamnophilus murinus, Natt. MS. sp. no. 923.

Xeberos. Specimens of both sexes of this species, of which

Sclater has three examples in his collection under Natterer’s MS.

name. They may be characterized as follows : —

Schistaceus, subtus valde dilutior, ventre medio pene albo: ma-

cula dorsi medii celata alba: alis fuscescenti-ochraceis, macu-

lis tectricum terminalibus albis: cauda schistaceo-nigra, api-

cibus rectricum anguste albis: long. tota 5°3, ale 2-4, caude

2-1, rostri a rictu 0°8.

Fem. Fusca; subtus dilute ochracea, mediuliter albescens: pileo

alis et cauda rufescentibus: maculis tectricum terminalibus

ochracescentibus.

Hab. Cayenne (Mus. P. L. S ); Marabitanas et Barra do Rio Negro

(Natterer) ; Xeberos (Bartlett).

Obs. Species parva; affinis Th. carulescenti et Th. amazonico,

sed sane distincta.

(62.) DystrHamNus scuistraceus, D’Orb.

Yurimaguas and Chyavetas. This appears to be the true Tham-

nophilus schistaceus of D’Orbigny (figured Voy. t. 5. f. 1 under the

name Th. fuliginosus); but it is not the same as the species referred to

by Sclater in his articles in P. Z.S. (1858, pp. 66, 222) and American

Catalogue. The latter is distinguishable by its white dorsal spot,

darker cinereous colour below, and the narrow white terminations of

the tail-feathers. For this species, of which one female skin is like-

wise in Bartlett’s collection, we propose the new name Dysithamnus

ardesiacus.

(66.) MyrMoTHERULA H&MATONOTA, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,

p- 233; Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 185.

Xeberos and Chyavetas. Several specimens of this interesting

species, and of each sex.

(68.) MyRMOTHERULA CINEREIVENTRIS.

Myrmotherula cinereiventris, Sclater, MS.

3. Cinerea, paulo pallidior, unicolor : tectricum alarum apicibus

nigris albo terminatis : cauda nigro-cinerea, apice viz palles-

cente: long. tota 3°5, ale 2°1, caude 11.

Q. Supr¢ cinerea, capitis lateribus et corpore subtus cinnamomeis.

Hab. Cayenne (Mus. P. L. S.); Surinam (C. Bartlett); Rio

Napo (Verreaux); Eastern Peru, Chyavetas (2. Bartlett).

Obs. Species, affinis M. axillari et ejusmodi forme, sed corpore

toto subtus cinereo ab aliis prorsus notabilis.

Mr. E. Bartlett’s collection contains many examples of this spe-

cies, which appears to be undescribed. Sclater’s collection contains

several skins of it from various localities.

1867. | THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU. 757

(72.) MyRMECIZA HEMIMELANA, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1858, p. 249.

A single skin, agreeing with the typical specimen in the British

Museum.

(74.) HyreocneMIS MYIOTHERINA (Spix).

A series of ten specimens of this species proves, what we had long

suspected, that ‘ H. melanosticta, Sclater, 3”’ (as figured P. Z. 8.

1854, pl. Lxxi1.), is the young male of this bird before the black

throat is attained; and ‘“‘ H. melanosticta, 2,’ the female of this

species. H. elegans, Sclater, of Bogota, is also probably merely the

female of the same bird rather more deeply coloured below.

(80.) EvuscarTHMUS SPICIFER (Lafr.).

See our remarks on this species, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 157.

(82.) LEPTOrPOGON PERUVIANUS, Sp. nov.

Similis L. amaurocephalo, ex Brasilia or. merid., sed minor:

pileo saturatiore, et cauda brunnea unicolore: long. tota 4:5,

ale 2°3, caude 2-0.

Hab. Peruv. orient. Chyavetas (Bartlett).

Dr. Cabanis has lately separated the northern form of this species

as L. pileatus (Journ. f. Orn, 1855, p. 414). This is a third local

form, resembling ZL. pileatus in the deep colour of the head, but

smaller than either of the others, and without any green edgings to

the tail-feathers. The bill of the single specimen sent is rather

stouter, and the chest somewhat darker.

(92.) EmprpocHANEs Fuscatus (Max.).

See our remarks on this bird (anted, p. 578). We should rather

have expected to find here the Cayenne form £. olivus.

(95.) TyRANNUS AURANTIO-ATRO-CRISTATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb.

See P. Z. S. 1866, p. 190.

(97.) Tivyra ALBITORQUES, Du Bus.

This is the true 7%tyra albitorques of Du Bus (Bull. Acad. Brux.

xiv. p. 104); and we are now for the first time enabled to compare

it with the Mexican and Central American form, which we have

hitherto referred to the same species. They are decidedly separable

as local forms; and the northern bird, being the Psaris fraseri of

Kaup, may be called Tityra fraseri. It is larger than the present

species, has a much longer bill, and the black bar on the tail much

broader.

(99.) Lipaueus LaTerRALis, G. R. Gray; Sclat. et Salv. Ex.

Orn. p. 6.

In our synopsis of these birds in ‘ Exotic Ornithology’ we have

kept the present Peruvian form separate from the Brazilian L.

hypopyrrhus. The specimens in Bartlett’s collection do not tend to

confirm this view, and the point requires further examination.

758 ON THE BIRDS OF EASTERN PERU. [June 27,

(100.) IopopLeuRA 1SABELL&, Parz.

Both sexes and the young of this fine species are in the collection.

The female is distinguished by the want of the violet side-tufts (as

in I. pipra).

(106.) Cutororiro, sp. —?

A female, probably referable to a species of this genus. Sclater’s

collection contains a similar skin from Ecuador.

(128.) CumTruRA BRACHYCERCA, sp. nov. (Pl. XXXIV.)

ZEneo-nigra: dorso inferiore uropygio et cauda tota cum tectrici-

bus caude superioribus et inferioribus fuscescenti-cinereis ; rec-

tricum rachidibus acuminatis nigris : cauda brevissima : rostro

et pedibus nigris : long. tota 4°0, ale 4°6, caude@ 1°2, tarsi 0°4.

Hab. Peruv. orient. Xeberos (Bartlett).

This is a new and very distinct species of the small group of Ameri-

can Cheture, remarkable for its short tail. Mr. Bartlett’s collection

contains nine specimens of it, all from Xeberos. The sexes are alike.

(145.) Potyrmus Leucorruovs, Gould.

See our remarks on this species (anted, p. 584). Many speci-

mens of it are in the present collection.

(153.) Piaya MEHLERI, Bp. ; Schlegel, Mus. d. P.-B, Cuceuli,

p. 57.

Piaya nigricrissa, Sclater.

It appears from Schlegel’s recent researches that Sclater was

mistaken in considering Bonaparte’s type of P. mehleri referable to

the Mexican form of this species (cf. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 285), and

that the specimen in question was from Bogota. It follows, there-

fore, that this bird must be called Piaya mehleri.

(154.) PrayA MELANOGasTRA (Vieill.).

Cuculus melanogaster, Vieill. N. D. viii. p. 236, et Enc. Meéth.

. 1337.

: Cuculus eayanus, var., Gm. S. N. i. p. 417.

Macropus caixana, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 54, t. 43.

Piaya brachyptera, Less. Trait. p. 140; Bp. Consp. i. p. 111.

P. melanogastra, Schlegel, Mus. d. P.-B. Cuculi, p. 59.

Pyrrhocoecyx brachypterus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. ii. p. 714.

Several examples of this bird from Chyavetas. Mr. Eyton’s col-

lection contains a skin of the same species from Guia (Wallace).

(169.) CeLrus CITREOPYGIUS, sp. nov.

Celeus citreopyyius, Bp. MS.

Celeo-picus jumana, Malh. Mon. Pie. ii. p. 27 (partim).

g. Luride badius: secundariis et interscapulio cum ventre imo

et crisso castaneis: dorso postico aurantiaco: primaris extus

et cauda nigricantibus : subalaribus citrino-flavis haud fascia-

1867.) | LIBUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. 759

tis: macula mystacali coccinea: long. tota 12°0, ale 6-0,

caude 4:0, rostri a rictu 1°4,

Fem. Macula mystacali nulla.

Hab. Peruv. orient. Yurimaguas (Bartlett).

We have already alluded to the existence of this species in our

notes on the true Celeus jumana (Spix)*, with which it has hitherto

been confounded. It is perhaps, however, strictly more nearly allied

to Celeus citrinus than to C. jumana, having the under wings and

underside of the primaries entirely unspotted, as in the former

species.

anions has a male specimen of this bird in his collection marked

“‘ Celeus citreopygius, Bp. MS.,” which we accordingly adopt as its

specific name. Malherbe’s figure 1 (pl. 55) looks very like the

present bird ; but in his figure 3 and letterpress he clearly indicates

the barred under surface of the primaries, which does not exist in

this species +.

(180.) Urocuroma nvueti (Temm.).

Psittacus hueti, Temm. Pl. Col. 491.

Urochroma hueti, Bp.

We were not previously acquainted with the true habitat of this

beautiful species.

_ 189.) Micrasrur mrranpouui.

Astur mirandollei, Schlegel, Ned. Tijdschr. i. p. 130, et Mus. d.

P.-B. Astures, p. 27.

Micrastur macrorhynchus, Pelzeln, Reise d. N ovara-Exp. Vogel,

p- ll.

« A single skin (marked female) from Chyavetas appears referable

to this recently described species. Sclater has lately seen in the

Musée des Pays-Bas the typical example of Schlegel’s Astur miran-

dollei, and has little doubt of its identity with Pelzeln’s Micrastur

macrorhynchus, a mounted skin of which, received from the Vienna

collection, stands beside it. The present example agrees well with

Pelzeln’s description.

12. Notes on the Panolia Deer or Thamyn (Cervus eldi).

By Lieut. R. C. Bravan, C.M.Z.S.

| Lieut.-Col. Blake, Commandant 9th Madras Native Infantry, has

kindly furnished me with the following information concerning this

Deer :—

** As regards the exact, localities of the « Thamyn,’ I ean only say

* Anted, p. 586.

_ t Thave examined Malherbe’s type-specimens of his C. jwmana since the above

was written, and found tiat one of them belongs to the true C. jwmana, and the

other to C. citreopygius. These specimens are now in the collection of M.

Turati of Milan.—P. L. 8.

760 LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. [June 27,

where I have found them and where not. As far as I know they do

not occur to the south of Moulmein; but from within a short dis-

tance of Thabyoo Point, the south-western headland of the Marta-

ban district, to Sittang, bounded to the eastward by the forest line,

they are found in large herds. Again, on the opposite side of the

Sittang River, to the south and west of Pegu, they are also found

in large numbers. How far they extend in a westerly and northerly

direction, from the mouth of the Rangoon River, and in the Bassein

district, I do not know; but { have heard that they are common

even as high up as Munneepore.

«From Pegu to the north they are found in very small parties,

the ground not suiting them until you cross the ‘ Koon’ creek or

river, the separating boundary between the Martaban and Thounghoo

districts, and from this to within a few miles of Thounghoo they

occur in large herds.

‘« Sometimes the plains or open spaces between the ‘ Eng*’-forests

will be covered with them, and three or four hundred may be seen

at one time. Under these circumstances they are shy and very dif-

ficult to approach. Strange to say, although the ground appears

quite as favourable for thein, I have never seen a single one to the

eastward of the Sittang River, north of Sittang. From the above

you will see that in habits they are gregarious. During the night

and early morning and evening they frequent the plains, and where

the forest jungle is not distant they retire into it during the heat of

the day.

“Their food, I imagine, consists of grass. I cannot call to mind

having seen more than ove fawn with its mother.

«The colour of the young, as well as that of the females, is what

is termed light fawn-colour. The males are sometimes of the same,

and sometimes as dark as the male of the Sambur (Cervus hippela-

phus). I know not if any change takes place in their coats with

the change of seasons.”

Colonel D. Brown, Officiating Commissioner at Moulmein, has

noticed them to range along both banks of the Irrawaddy, on the

proper right bank up to Meanoung, and on the left bank as far as

Meaday on the British frontier, N. lat. 19° 40’, E. long. 95° 20!

(approximately). He has also observed them as plentiful at Theeg-

wen near Bassein, a few at Padoung opposite Prome, and more

sparsely scattered through the Thanawaddy district.

For most of the following information I am indebted to the courtesy

of J. Davis, Esq., Superintendent of Police in the Martaban district,

an officer well known for his intimate acquaintance with the Burmese

language ; hence his services as interpreter were invaluable when

Burmese and Karen shikarees had to be questioned.

Pioneered by him, early in October last, 1 visited the haunts of

the Thamyn near Thatone (a town about forty miles north-west of

Moulmein) ; and although, owing to the dense nature of the vegeta-

tion covering the plains at that time of year, I was only able to see

* Dipterocarpus grandifolia, Wall., ‘‘ Wood-Oil-tree,”’ Mason’s * Burmah,’ edit.

1860, p. 493.

1867.) LIEUT. R. C, BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. 761

a few scattered females and young of the second year, yet the in-

sight thus afforded into their habits and economy more than repaid

me for the severe attack of illness I subsequently incurred by expo-

sure to the heat and wet.

This plain of Yengyaing was then, owing to recent and heavy falls

of rain, one large swamp. Nearly the whole of its unbroken extent,

which embraces an area of fourteen miles in length with an average

breadth of ten, could be traversed in a small-canoe, except here and

there where mud and vegetation combined obliged one to resort to

a very unpleasant system of half wading in water and half sticking

in deep shme. A continuation of this plain, broken here and there

by belts of jungle, extends for several hundred miles up the Burmese

coast, and has evidently been formed by the gradual retirement of

the sea, which at one time doubtless dashed its waves against the

Martaban and other continuous ranges of laterite hills. It is now,

at Yengyaing, some eight to ten miles distant from the hills, and

seems to be still retiring, since the water along the coasts of the Gulf

of Martaban is very shallow, and studded here and there with sand-

banks. For the primary cause of this we may doubtless look to

the immense amount of silt brought down by the waters of the

Salween, Beeling, Sittang, and Rangoon rivers, all of which dis-

charge themselves into the Gulf of Martaban. As the sea retires,

a belt of mangrove-jungle, about a mile in width, appears to travel

with it, and the plain is thus enclosed by a barrier of vegetation

on one side and the mountains on the other. This strip of man-

grove-jungle gives cover to numberless Hog-deer, Tigers, Leopards,

and Pigs, but is never entered by the Thamyn, except where some-

what open; nor on the other side do they ever attempt to penetrate

into the mountains. The plain is intersected by numerous tidal

creeks, which, in the hot weather, when deprived of water from the

hills, appear to dry up to a great extent ; and those still open at that

time of year contain no admixture of fresh water, so that it is evident

that for two, if not three, months in the year the Thamyn must be

entirely deprived of fresh water*; whilst during the rainy season,

for six months at least, they may be said to live in water. It ap-

pears wonderful how they can manage to exist in such extremes of

heat and wet.

With the exception of a few stunted trees here and there, and a

fringe of Hibiscus bushes along the creeks, the plain is covered with

nothing but grasses and paddy, of which latter both the wild and

cultivated varieties are abundant. Owing to the paucity of the po-

pulation and the consequent demand for labour in this immediate

neighbourhood, perhaps only one-fourth of the whole area is under

cultivation for paddy; the crop succeeds here admirably, and the

grain forms one of the staple articles of expoit from Moulmein and

other Burmese ports.

The remaining three-fourths is covered with the indigenous un-

cultivated plant, which in seasons of scarcity is reaped and used for

food. This forms a vast grazing-ground both for the Thamyn and

* The Burmese assert that during this period the animal drinks urine !

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. XLIX.

762 LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. [June 27,

for large herds of tame Buffaloes, which are during the rains pas-

tured here by the Karens, but withdrawn into the heavy jungles near

the hills when in April and May the whole of the vegetation on the

plain becomes parched up and devoured by jungle-fires.

At the time of my visit vast flocks of waders and other water-birds

were arriving from the north, and the creeks were filled with Pele-

cans of several species, whilst the mud-flats absolutely swarmed with

Stints, Sandpipers, Egrets, and especially the Rosy Tantalus. Here

and there, stalking gravely amongst the flowering paddy, might be

seen pairs of the Siris Crane (Grus antigone), or a troop of Adju-

tants, both of which birds breed in the neighbourhood. Occasion-

ally the rarer Javan Adjutant was met with, and the Jabiru Stork

(Mycteria australis).

The rutting-season of this Deer commences in the middle of

March, and lasts throughout April to the middle of May. The

female gestates nearly seven months, and brings forth her young

amongst the jungle-paddy in October and November, the paddy

being then flowering or in seed and at its greatest height. The female

has only one young one at a time, which frequently stays with its

mother until the second year*. The females have only four teats.

In colour they are much like the female-Sambur, but perhaps a little

lighter. The young are at first spotted or menilled, but these mark-

ings disappear with age. The females are hornless. Both sexes

begin to breed at about eighteen months old. The young males

first. begin to acquire horns in the second year+. After two years

they get two tines, and when about seven years old are in their prime,

with twelve tines (including the brow-antler). The colour of a full-

grown buck is dark brown, especially about the back and neck, with

underparts lighter. As far as I can ascertain there is no trace of a

mane; and the texture of the coat varies considerably with the sea-

sons. More exact information on these points is, however, needed.

The natives have a vague idea that two distinct species, ‘‘ the lesser

and the greater Thamyn,”’ are to be found in the same herds, dis-

tinguishable only by differences of the size of the horns and of co-

lour; but this of course is to be accounted for by the individual

distinctions common to all races of animals. The horns are per-

fectly developed in March, and shed in the middle of the rainy

season—that is, about September.

The average weight of the male is from 50 to 60 visst, that of a

female 40 viss. Four men can carry a male with ease when disem-

bowelled and quartered§. The male averages 3? feet in height at

the shoulder; the female a little less. The very largest males do

not exceed 43 feet in height.

The flesh is much liked by the Burmese, and always finds a ready

sale in the neighbouring villages. The Karens, however, will not

* The mother will breed a second time eighteen months after bringing forth,

so that the young of two seasons are not unfrequently seen with their parent.

+ As noticed above by Blyth, on Major Tickell’s specimen at Moulmein.

+ A viss is equal to 140 tolahs.

§ As noticed by Blyth, the Burmese always quarter deer with the skin on.

1867.] LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. 763

eat the meat, because they think it will bring on cholera. It is rarely

brought into Moulmein. In the country the wholesale price* of a

doe is rupees 3, a buck is rupees 4, which is of course less than the

usual retail bazaar rate. The flesh is said to smell a little about the

end of March, when the weather is very hot; it is best for food

about November and December.

The range of the Panolia Deer, according to Mr. Davis, is as fol-

lows :—In the Martaban district they inhabit exclusively the open

grassy plains between the sea and the mountains. In the Pegu plains

they are perhaps more abundant than in any other part of Burmah ;

next to these the Yengyaing plain in Martaban produces most ; near

Rangoon they are found in the Dallah plain. About Pegu and Yeng-

yaing they are found in herds of from fifty to a hundred in the month

of March; but when hunted they congregate much more, and as

many as two hundred may then be seen together. In habits they

are essentially gregarious, and associate with no other species,

although Hog-deer abound in the grass and jungle along the edges

of the plain; nor will they allow the tame Buffaloes to come nearer

to them than about 100 yards. In habits they are very wary and

difficult of approach, especially the males. They are also very timid,

and easily startled; the males, however, when wounded and brought

to bay with dogs get very savage and charge vigorously. On being

disturbed they invariably make for the open, instead of resorting to

the heavy jungle like flog-deer and Sambur. In fact the Thamyn

is essentially a plain-loving species ; and, although it will frequent

tolerably open tree-jungle, for the sake of its shade, it will never

venture into dense or matted underwood—i. e. “ bush-jungle,” in

contradistinction to “ tree-juvgle.”’

Indeed I was credibly informed of a large stag which, being driven

into a corner of the plain last year by herd-boys with pariah dogs,

and finding no means of escape, took refuge in heavy jungle, where

its horns got entangled in an Hidiseus bush, and so was actually cap-

tured alive. Its captors, however, soon put an end to its existence

with a sharp ‘‘ dhar.”

When first started the pace of the Thamyn is great. It com-

mences by giving three or four large bounds like the Axis or Spotted

Deer, and afterwards settles down into a long trot, which it will keep

up for six or seven miles on end when frequently disturbed. This

is when the vegetation on the plain is comparatively short. In the

rains they do not go far before they find a hiding-place in the long

paddy. Their powers of leaping are highly developed. On the

Yengyaing plain alone there are at the present time about a thou-

sand head, on the Thatong plain, a little further to the north-west,

perhaps a hundred head only, which go about in small herds of seven

and eight. At Yengyaing the annual number killed amounts to

about forty-five, including those bagged by Europeans; and about

five natives gain their livelihood in that place almost entirely by the

sale of its flesh. They are least gregarious in the rainy weather.

The females have mostly then retired in twos and threes into quiet

* The price quoted is what a shikarry usually expects to realize.

764 LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE FANOLIA DEER. [June 27,

spots, and the herds are altogether more scattered, owing to the in-

creased density of the vegetation.

They feed both during the day and night, chiefly in early morning

and evening. Their food consists principally of jungle-paddy ; during

the night they do a great deal of damage to the cultivated variety,

treading down more than they eat. They also feed on grass, and

the leaves of two jungle-trees called in Burmese the “‘ keay” and

the ‘‘thameh,” the scientific appellations of which I am unable to

resolve. Ina tamed state they will eat plantain-leaves.

The call of the female uttered when disturbed is a short barking

grunt, that of the males is louder and more prolonged. It is most

frequently heard in the rutting-season, during which period the males

have frequent and severe battles.. A pair have been known to have

been captured whilst so engaged with their antlers interlocked.

About the end of January the first jungle-fire sweeps over the

plain and destroys the dry herbage, leaving small patches here and

there about the edges of swamps. The second burning takes place

about the end of March, and leaves scarcely a blade of grass behind

it; the plain is then almost entirely bare, and the deer, having no

eover, congregate in large herds. They are then to be seen on all

sides, and, the Buffaloes having previously been withdrawn to the

tree-jungle, are left alone in their glory, and, as noticed before by

Colonel Blake, become at this time excessively wary. From the

middle of February until the first showers fall at the end of April

they apparently subsist without water; they he in the salt-swamps

during this. period, and get the benefit of heavy dews at night.

Their only enemy appears to be man; but an epidemic occasion-

ally breaks out amongst them and destroys large numbers. The

last occurred in 1863, and some fifty or sixty head fell victims. The

cause of this murrain is unknown ; it is probably analogous to that

which yearly in Burmah, during the rains, causes such havoc amongst

domestic cattle. The Burmese readily eat the diseased flesh, and

experience no bad effects from doing so. The disease attaeks old

and young alike, apparently, causes great emaciation and loss of

strength, and the animal at last dies of pure weakness. It will pro-

bably be found to be some swelling or affection of the throat and

lungs which prevents the animal from eating.

There seems to be no doubt that in Burmah this species is gra-

dually decreasing, and will at no distant date be excessively rare.

This can be accounted for by the gradual but steady increase in the

population, and the greater area of country (which must naturally

increase yearly) which is taken up for the cultivation of rice. Un-

fortunately for the Thamyn, the whole of their favourite /ocale is

excessively well adapted to the cultivation of rice; and there is no

doubt that where the indigenous wild plant is found there also the

cultivated variety will flourish. The rice-trade of Burmah is yearly

increasing in extent; and a few years bid fair to see the present

haunts of the Thamyn not unlike the present state of the greater

portion of the rice-producing plains of Lower Bengal.

An intelligent Burmese shikarry, who has been a hunter from his

1867. ] LIEUT. R. C. BEAVAN ON THE PANOLIA DEER. 765

youth upwards and is now an elderly man, tells me that in former

years, before Martaban was taken by the British, the Thamyn were

much more abundant than they are now, and that the natives used

to destroy them wholesale at battues. A large number of men would

assemble from the surrounding villages, and gradually encircle three

or four moderate-sized herds with long strings, upon which plan-

tain-leaves were tied so as to flutter in the wind. The circle, origin-

ally formed at some distance, was gradually lessened as the deer,

afraid to pass the scarecrows, got gradually driven together, until

they were completely surrounded and at the mercy of the hunters.

The object was to get them into a corner near the heavy jungle, into

which, if they attempted to run, they either became entangled or

allowed their pursuers to get up quite close. As many as 150 to

200, my informant tells me, he has himself seen killed in one battue

in former years. To sucha length was this system carried, and such

enormous havoe was thereby created, that the Burmese Government,

fearing the species would be utterly exterminated, wisely put a stop

to the practice. This shikarry informed me that twenty-five years

ago he has seen as many as 500 head in one herd ; and his account

was confirmed by others. At the present day vast mounds of their

bones in every stage of decay exist on the Thatong plain, the site of

many a battue in former times. The value of a whole carcass then

was only 4 annas, or } tical weight of Burmese silver, equivalent to

8 or 10 annas of our coinage at the present day! Several intelligent

men are living now in the vicinity of Thatong and Yengyaing who

formerly took part in these wholesale slaughterings, and, like many

others of the present generation, are apt to look back fondly to those

good old times.

These battues or kydwine were preceded by all sorts of ceremonies

and sacrificial rites, offerings being previously made to ensure suc-

cess to the tutelary nats or deities of the woods and plains.

In addition to these battues, and the recent increase of cultivation

and population, we may account for their gradual decrease by the .

great increase that has taken place of late years in the number and

use of firearms. Nearly every Burman can shoot, and a large pro-

portion have each their matchlock or cheap gun. ;

It is excessively difficult to catch the Thamyn alive, even a young

one, owing to the open nature of the country they frequent ; and

several officers in the Burmese commission have for some time past

been endeavouring, without success, to procure young individuals of

both sexes for the Zoological Society of London. Major Tickell, as

narrated by Blyth, had one alive for some time in Moulmein; but

it was eventually killed by pariah dogs, who got into its enclosure

at night. My informant, the shikarry, tells me he had one also

tame some years since; He caught it when about three months

old, fed it on milk at first, afterwards on grass and plantain-leaves.

After a short time it became so tame that it would follow its owner

about, and never attempt to leave the dwellings of man. After

an interval of two years it got a small pair of horns, shaped like

those of the adult, but much smaller, and afterwards, like most

766 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

pets, met with an untimely end, being stolen and killed for food by

rapacious Burmese officials. By this the species appears to be capable

of easy domestication, although said by some invariably to pine away

and die after capture.

The horns of the species are, if large, kept by the natives for making

handles for sickles; if small, they are of no value, and either thrown

away or cut up and used as pegs. As to medicinal qualities, when

a buffaloe is bitten by a snake, the horn of the Thamyn ground to

powder is mixed with a solution of the leaves of the ‘“ yekazoon Pi

(Ipomea, sp.), or wild convolvulus, and given internally as a dose.

It is said to cure the bitten animal immediately. No other part of

the beast appears to be used medicinally, and the above-mentioned

nostrum is of no avail for the human race.

13. Notes on the Myology of Iguana tuberculata. By Sv.

Grorce Mivart, F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Ana-

tomy at St. Mary’s Hospital.

The muscles of Saurian Reptiles (in which group I by no means

include the Crocodilia) have not hitherto, as far as I know, been

described in any detail, and have scarcely at all been figured. Many

facts have certainly been recorded by Meckel*; and Heusinger+

has also published interesting notices (mainly referring, however, to

those forms in which the limbs are rudimentary); but the greatest

and most accurate record of saurian myology as yet accessible is that

given in the second part of Professor Stannius’s new edition of his

«Anatomy of the Vertebrata’ tf.

It has been suggested to me that a series of notices, accompanied

by woodcuts, of the main peculiarities presented by the myology of

different oviparous vertebrates would be a not undesirable contribu-

tion to comparative anatomy ; and I have now the honour of laying

before the Zoological Society the results of my dissection of a fine

specimen of Iguana tuberculata, for the opportunity of making

which I am indebted to the rich stores of the collection of the Royal

College of Surgeons, and to the kindness of my friend Mr. W. H.

Flower.

A correct determination of Saurian muscles, especially those of

the posterior extremity, is not to be hoped for in a first attempt.

I have therefore thought it well to begin with the Iguana, because

it is a common species, readily procurable, on which account my

errors and misinterpretations will be the more easily rectified.

* Praité général d’Anatomie comparée, par J. F. Meckel: traduit de V’alle-

mand par MM. Riester et Alph. Sanson (Paris, 1829): tome y. 1*® partie, et

tome vill.

+ In Zeitschrift fiir organ. Physik. Bd. iii. Hft. 5. p. 481.

+ Handbuch der Zootomic, von Sicbold und Stannius. Zweiter Theil. Die

Wirbelthiere. Zweite Auflage. Zweites Buch. Die Amphipien (Berlin, 1856),

pp- 100, 117, 122, 126, 153.

wt el

1867. ] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 767

Bips li.

Superficial muscles of outer side of thorax and arm, and of extensor surface of fore-

arm,—the gular pouch being cut to show more of the sterno-cleido=mastoid.

B. Biceps. B. A. Brachialis anticus. D.1. First part of deltoid. D. 2. Second

part of deltoid. D. M. Depressor mandibulx. #. O. External oblique.

E. Rk. Extensor carpi radialis. £, U. Extensor carpi ulnaris, F.U. Flexor

carpi ulnaris. ZL. D. Latissimus dorsi. M. H. Mylo-hyoid. P: Pectoralis

major. P. My. Piatysma myoides. S. C. M. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 8. L.

Supinator longus. Tz. Trapezius.

Musc.ies or tur Heap anp TRUNK.

Mylo-hyoid (fig. 1, M. H.). This is a thin muscular layer, arising

from the outside of the posterior part of the mandible and from the

inferior margin of the middle and more anterior portion of the bone.

It does not, however, extend to its anterior end. Descending inside

the skin of the gular pouch its fibres gradually become lost.

Fibres similarly disposed below, but ending above in the fascia

768 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

covering the trapezius, constitute a more posterior layer of superfi-

cial fibres having no connexion with the mandible ; these may per-

haps represent the platysma myoides (fig. 1, P. My.).

On removing the mylo-hyoid a muscle becomes visible which is

of rather large size, and descends from the middle of the lower border

of the inner surface of the mandible to the cornu of the os hyoides.

This is the cerato-mandibuluar (fig. 2, C. M.).

The depressor mandibule, which may perhaps represent the di-

gastric (figs. 1, 2& 24, D. M.), arises from the posterior margin of

the parietal process. Descending, it is inserted into the extreme pos-

terior end of the mandible.

The ¢emporal muscle is very thick and large, and fills the tem-

poral fossa. It arises from the outside of the parietal process and

from the front surface of the os quadratum*. It is inserted into the

coronoid process of the mandible, and into the upper border of the

bone behind that process.

Internal pterygoid. This large, thick muscle takes origin from the

inner side of the pterygoid, and is inserted into the inside and pos-

terior extremity of the mandible.

The external pterygoid arises outside the pterygoid, and is inserted

into the inner surface of the mandible rather in front of the insertion

of the internal pterygoid and behind the coronoid process.

Trapezius (figs. 1 & 2, Tz.). This muscle, as Meckel observest,

is very extensive. It lies beneath the platysma myoides, but super-

ficial to the levator clavicule ; and the lowest part of its insertion

overlaps that of the omo-hyoid (fig. 2, Tz., O.H.). It forms a

very delicate muscular layer, especially above, but becomes thicker

towards its insertion. It arises, by aponeurosis, from the middle

line of the back, from the last cervical to the fifth dorsal vertebra,

and more anteriorly from the superficial fascia of the neck, and also

from the margin of the parietal process, towards which part it is

intimately united to the sterno-cleido-mastoid. The fibres converge,

and are inserted into about the upper half of the clavicle between

the deltoid and the insertions of the levator claviculee, omo-hyoid,

and sterno-cleido-mastoid. The most anterior and posterior fibres

antagonize each other.

The rhomboid is wanting, unless it be represented by some part

of the muscle described as the serratus magnus.

Latissimus dorsi (figs. 1 & 9, L. D.). This is a large muscle, and

arises from the spines of the dorsal vertebree from the first to the

ninth, and from the last three cervical spines. Its fibres, converging,

end in a strong tendon, which is inserted into the outer side of the

summit of the humerus below, passing rather in front of, the in-

sertion of the infraspinatus, covered moreover by the third head of

the triceps. The tendon of the latissimus dorsi gives off another

small tendon from its inferior margin (fig. 9, ¢.), which joins the

triceps just where the two long heads of that muscle unite together.

* The part arising from the os quadratum and columella is considered by

Stannius to be the sasserer.

t Loe. cit. p. 311.

1867.) MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 769

Longissimus dorsi. This is small and very indistinctly separable

from the sacro-lumbalis. It partly arises from the posterior end of

the crest of the ilium ; partly it is the anterior continuation of the

dorsal series of caudal muscular cones, or rather to the halves of

those cones. Passing forwards it is inserted into, and takes fresh

origin from, the spines and adjacent parts of the vertebree.

The sacro-lumbalis, though wide, is very thin, except at its poste-

rior end, and it is very imperfectly separable from the last. It arises

from the crest of the ilium, and appears to be partly continuous with

the supracaudal muscular mass. It is inserted, in an indistinct

manner (by tendinous intervals which become more marked from

behind forwards), into the ribs, including the cervical ones, as it

passes insensibly into the cervicalis ascendens.

Complexus major (figs. 2 & 2a, C.Ma.). This is an elongated

muscle arising by tendinous fibres from the spines of the first and

Fig. 2.

LC. Ty CMaC.Mir

Muscles of neck and shoulder, the trapezius and deltoid being cut short.

B. Biceps. B.A. Brachialis anticus. C. M. Cerato-mandibular. C. Ma. Com-

plexus major. C. Mi. Complexus minor, D.1. First part of deltoid.

D2. Second part of deltoid. D.M. Depressor mandibule. £. H. Epi-

coraco-humeral. J. S. Infraspinatus. £.C. Levator clavicule. 0. H.

Omo-hyoid. P. Pectoralis. S.C. M. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. S. Mg. Ser-

ratus magnus. 7.1, External long head of triceps. 7.3. External hume-

ral head of triceps. Zz. Trapezius. a. Fasciculus from complexus minor.

The muscle between D. 2, 8. Mg., and 7.1. is the subscapularis.

Fig. 2a.

Deeper muscles of right side of neck, the levator claviculx being cut short, the

sterno-cleido-mastoid cut and reflected forwards, and the complexus major

cut and raised.

C. A. Ceryicalis ascendens. C. Ma. Complexus major. C. Mi. Complexus mi-

nor. D. M. Depressor mandibule, FR. A.M. Rectus capitis anticus major.

R. P. M. Rectus capitis posticus major. Sc. Scalenus. 8. C, M. Sterno-

cleido-mastoid. . Fasciculus from complexus minor.

770 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

second dorsal vertebree, and from the transverse processes of the

last four cervical vertebrae. It is inserted into the supraoccipital and

into the parietal process.

Complexus minor (figs. 2 & 2a, C. Mi.). A muscle placed exter-

nally to the last arises from the transverse processes of the last four

cervical vertebrae. It is inserted, by strong tendinous fibres, into the

end of the parotic process, but gives off from its outer side a fasci-

culus (figs. 2 & 24, 2) which passes to the postero-external end of

that depending process of the basioccipital which bounds internally

the posterior part of the eustachian aperture.

Cervicalis ascendens. This (fig. 24, C. A.), as has been said, is

the continuation forwards of the sacro-lumbalis. It is inserted by

tendinous fibres into the outer sides of the cervical ribs and into

the transverse processes of the four anterior cervical vertebree (in-

cluding the atlas), which have no ribs.

Spinalis colli (fig. 24, S.C.). The innermost portion of the

deep part of the dorsal extensor mass fills the groove between the

spinous and articular processes of the cervical vertebrae. It ends at

the occiput, where it enters the deep fossa between the supraoccipital

and the diverging parietal processes.

Rectus capitis posticus major. A more or less distinct muscular

fasciculus (fig. 24, 2. P. M.) arises from the spinous process of the

axis, and is inserted into the supraoccipital.

Scalenus. The scalene muscles appear to be represented by a very

obscurely separable small muscular mass, which extends from the

transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebree to the anterior

margin of the first cervical rib. It lies between the cervicalis as-

cendens and the rectus capitis anticus major (fig. 2.4, Sc.).

The longus colli arises from the ventral surfaces of the bodies of

the atlas and two following cervical vertebrae. It is inserted into the

same surfaces of the next four cervical vertebree and into the last

three cervical ribs near their origins.

Rectus capitis anticus major (fig. 2a, R. A.M.). This muscle

arises from the posterior end of the under surface of the basioccipital,

and largely from the process bounding internally the posterior end

of the eustachian aperture. Passing backwards it is inserted into

the bodies of the cervical vertebree from the fourth to the seventh

inclusive, and finally into the anterior margin of the deep surface of

the rib of the seventh cervical vertebra.

Rectus abdominis. The abdominal muscles are largely developed,

both as regards superficial extent and number, as there appear to

be no less than three layers of the external oblique muscle. The

rectus is broad, but rather ill-defined superficially as to its outer

margin, which, however, is readily seen on its internal surface. It

arises by a strong tendon from the posterior end of the ventral sur-

face of the symphysis ischii (figs. 13 & 14, R.). Thence it runs

forwards along the middle line of the belly, and is inserted into the

posterior margin of the last sternal rib, whence it is continued to the

last sternal rib but one, where it is conterminous with the pectoralis

major (fig. 6, R.), which is apparently its anterior prolongation.

1867. | MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 771

The lateral superficial margins of the muscle are indistinguishably

blended with the external oblique, which sends oblique tendinous

fibres right across the superficial surface of the rectus.

External oblique. This muscle seems to consist of three parts *:—

(1) The most superficial portion arises by tendinous interdigita-

tions with the dorsal extensor muscles, from the last cervical and all

the thoracic ribs. It is a very delicate layer, and ends below by

blending with the upper margin of the rectus, with which it becomes

inseparably united. It is also inserted (by a tongue of muscular

fibres) just above the very strong tendon of insertion of the third

portion. It has five tendinous intersections.

(2) The second part arises, beneath the first, by less marked di-

gitations from all the thoracic ribs. Passing downwards and back-

wards, its most anterior portion is strongly inserted into the fifth

thoracic rib; elsewhere it ends in a delicate aponeurosis, which is

connected with the sixth, thoracic rib, and blends with the inner

surface of the first or most superficial layer of the muscle.

(3) The third part of the eaternal oblique (fig. 1, Z.O., and

fig. 13, Hx. o.) arises from the posterior surface of the last thoracic

rib and from the lumbar fascia. It is inserted, by a very strong

tendon, into the spine of the pubis.

This muscle appears to continue backwards the upper, or ex-

ternal, intercostals.

The internal oblique is of great extent, lining the whole of the

thorax. It arises from the inner surfaces of all the thoracic ribs,

beginning by a tendinous aponeurosis which is attached to them

along a line nearly corresponding to the outer edge of the dorsal

extensor muscular mass. It also takes origin from the lumbar fascia

just behind the third part of the external oblique. It is inserted by

muscular digitations into the inner surfaces of the sternal ribs and

(in the abdomen) into the margin of the rectus.

This muscle is evidently not continuous with the internal (or

sternal) intercostals, as these are superficial to the fleshy insertions

of the internal oblique, the fibres of which, moreover, run more

parallel to the sternal ribs themselves than do the fibres of the in-

ternal intercostals.

Transversalis. This muscle is also very extensive, arising by a fascia

extending from the pelvis to the last but one cervical rib. Indeed

the fascia is continued on into the neck, where it passes beneath the

nerves of the brachial plexus, which are external to it, like the ab-

dominal nerves which pass between it and the internal oblique. It

is inserted into the border of the rectus and the inner sternal part of

the thorax.

Internal intercostals. These extend between the sternal thoracic

ribs, reaching vertically to the vertebral ribs, and underlying for

some distance the external intercostals.

External intercostals. The external ones extend between the cer-

vical ribs, as well as those of the trunk. In the thorax they only

* Stannius considers that the external oblique and internal oblique each con-

sist of two layers (/oc. cit, p. 104).

772 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE {June 27,

extend down to the junction of the vertebral ribs with the sternal

ones.

Subvertebral muscles of right side.

Q. L. Quadratus lumborum. &. C. Retrahentes costarum.

Retrahentes costarum. A very remarkable muscular layer*

(fig. 3, R. C.), which is tendinous at its insertion and at the posterior

part of its origin, but muscular elsewhere. It has a certain resem-

blance to the diaphragm, as it is internal to all the other body-

muscles.

It arises from the sides of the ventral surfaces of the bodies of nine

vertebrae, beginning with the first dorsal. The muscular fibres pro-

ceed forwards and ventrad, and are inserted into the ribs of the seventh

and eighth cervical vertebrae, and into the seven following ribs. The

insertion of the aponeurosis is close to the origin of the fascia of the

transversalist.

Pyramidalis (fig. 14, Py.). This muscle is largely developed,

and is placed beneath the rectus. It arises from the ligamentous

arch extending back from the spine of the pubis; and its fibres ad-

* The sm. retrahentes costarum of Stannius (oc. cit. p. 108).

+ As Stannius remarks (/oc. cit. note 4 to p. 103).

1867. ] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 773

vance obliquely forwards towards the middle line of the body, those

arising most anteriorly being the longest. ‘The muscle extends for-

wards more than halfway from the pubis to the sternum.

Transversus perinei (fig. 14, T.Pr.). This is a thick triangular

muscle, arising from the side of the os cloacee and from the tendi-

nous arch before mentioned passing to the ilium. It fuses more or

less completely with the posterior part of the origin of the semimem-

branosus.

Caupat Muscurs.

The essential nature of the ¢rwe caudal muscles is best seen at about

the middle of the tail (fig. 4). There the muscular mass of each

lateral half of the tail, is easily demonstrated to consist of four lon-

gitudinal series of muscular and tendinous cones, the series being

placed one above another, and all the cones having their apices di-

rected forwards.

Diagram of caudal muscular cones of the right side of the tail.

1. Dorsal lateral cone. 2. Upper median lateral cone. 3. Lower median late-

ral cone. 4. Ventral lateral cone. 4. Inferior spine. _N. Neural spine.

¢. Transverse process. z. Zygapophyses.

Four such cones appear to spring from each side of each caudal

vertebra; but their length generally exceeds that of two such ver-

tebre. The base of each cone is aponeurotic, with the superficial

part glisteningly tendinous. The apex of each cone is muscular.

Each cone being hollow, it receives into its cavity the muscular apex

of the cone next behind. The repetition of this serial enclosure

gives rise to the four longitudinal rows of cones; and as the aponeu-

rosis of each cone is more or less incomplete on its external surface,

the tendinous margins of the aperture appear as two glistening lines,

which converge anteriorly ; moreover, the bases of the cones being

on the same vertical line, the appearance of numerous acutely zigzag

774 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THF? [June 27,

lines results, four points being directed forwards and three backwards

(fig. 4, 1,2, 3,4). Of the four vertically superimposed cones of each

vertebra, the topmost one, or the dorsal lateral cone (fig. 4,1),

arises from the neural spine (N.) and the zygapophysis (z.). The

cone next below, or the upper median lateral cone (fig. 4, 2), takes

origin also from the zygapophysis; but below from the transverse

process or (in more posterior caudal vertebrze) from the strong fascia

which takes its place (¢.). The next cone below, or the lower me-

dian lateral cone (fig. 4, 3), arises from the same transverse process

or fascia and from the root of the inferior spinous process. The

lowest, or ventral lateral cone (fig. 4,4), springs from (4) the infe-

rior spinous process itself.

This arrangement continues forwards to about the fourteenth

caudal vertebra. Then the bases of the cones become excluded

from the articular processes and from the roots of the hemal spines

by the intrusion and backward prolongation of a supracaudal

muscular mass coming from the trunk (the sus-caudien externe of

Meckel, vol. v. p. 284), and by that of the femoro-caudal below

(fig. 5, S.C. and F.C.); so that the series of cones, being thus

modified, come to form a muscular sheath for these intruding muscles,

the sheath being strongly attached still to the ends of the transverse

processes and of the neural and hzemal spines.

Fis. 5,

Muscles of right half of a transverse vertical section of the tail at the seventh

caudal vertebra, showing the separation of the caudal cones from the vertebra

by the intrusion of the supracaudal above and of the femoro-caudal below.

A, Superior lateral caudal cones. B. Inferior lateral caudal cones.

F.C. Femoro-caudal. S. C. Supracaudal.

The two series of median lateral cones more and more approxi-

mate as they approach the trunk, and, ultimately coalescing, are in-

serted strongly into the first caudal transverse process (fig. 15, 2).

The dorsal lateral cones, much modified, continue on as the longis-

simus dorsi.

The ventral lateral cones terminate mainly by a very strong ten-

don implanted into the posterior end of the tuberosity of the ischium

(close to the origins of the two parts of the semimembranosus), a

portion, however, running on into a sphincter cloace*.

Of the intruding muscular masses the femoro-caudal, inserted into

the femur, extends for about one-sixth of the length of the tail, as

Meckel says}, or to about the thirteenth caudal vertebra.

* Meckel, doc. cit. p. 285. + Loc. cit. p. 286.

1867.) “OLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 775

The dorsal mass or supracaudal muscle is in part the continuation

backwards of the sacro-lumbalis, in part takes fresh origin from the

posterior surface of the ilium. It extends backwards also to about

the thirteenth caudal vertebra.

Superficial muscles of front of thorax, of inside of right arm, and of flexor

surface of right forearm.

&. Biceps. B.A. Brachialis anticus. C.B.2. Second or long part of coraco-

brachialis. D.1. First part of deltoid. #. O. External oblique. £. U.

Extensor carpiulnaris. #. P. D1, First part of flexor profundus digitorum.

TF. P. D.2. Second part of flexor profundus digitorum. /. R. Flexor carpi

radialis. #. S.D. Flexor sublimis digitorum. P. Pectoralis. P. 7. Pro-

nator teres. . Rectus abdominis. S.C. M. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. S. Z.

Supinator longus. 7.4. Fourth part of the triceps.

MuscuLes oF THE Pectrorau Lims.

Pectoralis major (figs. 1, 2, 6,8 & 10, P.). This muscle is largely

developed, and arises from the sternal part of the sixth thoracic rib,

and from the sternum and interclavicle, from the posterior end of

the former to the anterior extremity of the latter.

From this exteusive origin its fibres converge, and are inserted into

the most prominent part of the radial tuberosity cf the humerus,

just opposite the insertion of the deltoid, but separated from the

776 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE (June 27,

latter by the summit of the brachialis anticus and by the insertion

of the epicoraco-humeral. Externally the pectoralis major is inti-

mately connected with the outermost layers of the external oblique,

while posteriorly, as Meckel remarks*, it is similarly united with the

rectus abdominis, of which, indeed, it has every appearance of being

the anterior continuation.

Costo-coracoid (figs. 7 & 9, C.C.). A thin sheet of muscular

fibres arises from the anterior margin of the first sternal rib, and is

inserted into the deep surface of that strong tendon which is described

below as in part the origin of the internal long head of the triceps.

This tendon passes from the posterior end of the inner surface of

the sternum (close to the hinder end of the edge by which it articu-

lates with the coracoid), upwards to the anterior border of the scapula,

between the spinous process projecting from that border and the

point of attachment of the clavicle, and dividing the anterior (or

lower) part of the subscapularis from its posterior portion.

This muscle answers no doubt to that which, in the Echidnat,

goes from the first rib to the coracoid ; for I have found such a muscle

in Alligator lucius, and it is noticed by the Rev. Dr. Haughton in

the Crocodilet under the name ‘‘pectoralis seeundus’’—a term I

would readily adopt, but that Iam inclined to think that the muscle

may be the homologue of either the pectoralis minor or the sub-

clavius. Stannius§ speaks of it as the sterno-scapular; but this

name has been applied to a muscle widely different |}.

Serratus magnus and levator anguli scapule (figs. 2 & 7, S. Mg.).

Several small sheets of muscle proceed from certain ribs to the pos-

terior margin and inner surface (towards the superior margin) of the

scapula. These may perhaps include, besides the true serratus mag-

nus, not only the levator anguli scapule, but also the rhomboideus,

though I am inclined to regard the latter muscle as absent in the

Iguana, not having succeeded in finding the muscle which Meckel

speaks of] as having the same disposition in that animal as in the

Chameleon, though absent in Polychrus marmoratus.

There appear to be four principal portions of this complex

muscle :—

(1) The largest and most posterior portion arises from the outer

surfaces of the last two cervical ribs (7. e. those of the eighth and

ninth cervical vertebrze) near their free ends. Each rib gives rise to

a distinct muscular layer; and these layers are inserted, in common,

into about the upper half of the posterior (or axillary) border of the

scapula (fig. 7, S. Mg.1). At the lower end of its insertion it is

slightly embraced by fibres of the subscapularis, a few of which arise

externally to it.

* Loc. cit. p. 343.

+ Trans. Linn. Soc. 1866, vol. xxv. p. 382.

t Scientific papers read before the Royal Irish Academy, and published in its

‘ Proceedings,’ 1866, vol, i. p. 702.

§ Loe. cit. p. 122.

| Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 338, and 1866, p. 398 and figs. 2 & 3, S. s,

{| Loe. cit. p. 312.

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 4i0

Figs 7.

Muscles of the inside of the right half of the scapular arch.

C. GC. Costo-coracoid. D.1. First part of deltoid, curving over anterior (upper)

margin of coracoid. Z. S.C. External sterno-coracoid. JZ. S. C. Internal

sterno-coracoid. JZ. Intercostal. L. C. Levator clavicule. O.H. Omo-

hyoid. §S.1. First part of subscapularis. S.2. Second part of subscapu-

laris. S. C.M. Sterno-cleido-mastoid. S. Mg.1—S. Mg.4. Four parts of

serratus magnus.

(2) The second and smallest portion (and which some might

take to represent the rhomboideus) arises from the last but one cer-

vical rib, but considerably higher up than the first portion of the

serratus magnus. It is inserted (fig. 7, S. Mg. 2) into the inner sur-

face of the posterior (inferior) vertebral angle of the scapula.

(3) The third portion arises from the outside of the ribs of the

sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae. It is inserted (fig. 7, S. My. 3)

along the inside of the cartilaginous summit of the scapula, not far

from its vertebral margin, and extending along the greater part of

the extent of that margin. This portion is double at its origin, each

rib giving rise to its own layer of muscle; but the two have a com-

mon insertion.

(4) The fourth part of the serratus magnus springs from the out-

side of the seventh cervical rib, below the origin of the third portion

of the serratus. It is inserted (fig. 7, S. Mg. 4) into the inner side

of the cartilaginous part of the scapula close to the anterior (supe-

rior) vertebral angle, between the most anterior parts of the origin

of the subscapularis and of the insertion of the third portion of the

serratus.

Deltoid (figs. 1, 2, 7 & 8, D.1 and D.2). This muscle is very

large, and, in the specimen examined by me™*, is easily separable

into two parts, which, however, have a common insertion :—

(1) The lower portion consists also of two layers, superimposed

one on the other,—the superficial layer arising from about the lower

(or sternal) half of the posterior part of the deep surface of the cla-

vicle, and from a similar extent of the hinder border of that bone,

posterior to the attachments of the trapezius, omo-hyoid, and sterno-

* This was not the case in Meckel’s specimen ((oc. cit. p. 340).

Proc. Zoau. Soc.—1867,-No. L.

778 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

cleido-mastoid. The deeper layer of the same part of the deltoid

springs from the anterior part of about the sternal third.of the su-

perficial surface of the clavicle, and just in front of the attachment

of the two last-mentioned muscles, which, passing forwards, hide it.

It then curves over the anterior margin of the clavicle, and passing

backwards, between that bone and the epicoracoid, appears to join

the first or more superficial layer.

When the scapular arch is looked at from within, this layer is

visible (fig. 7, D. 1) immediately above the lower (anterior) portion

of the subscapularis, and nearer the observer than the omo-hyoid

and sterno-cleido-mastoid muscles.

(2) The upper and larger portion of the deltoid arises from the

deep surface and posterior border of the clavicle for rather more than

its upper third, and from the outer surface of the scapula for the

whole extent between the lower part of the attachment of the levator

claviculee and the hinder (or axillary) margin of the bone. It does

not extend upwards to the awed margin of the cartilaginous

upper portion of the scapula (fig. 2, D. 2), —that part presenting

externally a space to which no muscle is attached between this upper

or second portion of the deltoid, the serratus magnus, and levator

elavicule.

The two parts of the deltoid are together inserted into the outer

side of the radial tuberosity of the humerus, just opposite to the in-

sertion of the pectoralis major, but separated from that muscle by

the insertion of the epicoraco-humeral.

Infraspinatus (?). This rather small muscle (fig. 2, J. 8.) arises

from the outer surface of the spinous process of the scapula, and

from the membrane intervening between that process and the first

or upper spur of the epicoracoid ; it takes origin almost down to

the margin of the glenoid cavity. Thence it passes downwards in

front of the long head of the triceps, and is inserted into the outer

side of the humerus just below the head of the bone and between

the summits of the external and internal humeral heads of the tri-

ceps. Its insertion is mainly superior to that of the latissimus dorsi,

though the tendon of the latter slightly overlaps it.

The infraspinatus is as it were strapped down by a strong liga-

mentous band, which passes from the lower part of the axillary

margin of the scapula to the outside of the head of the humerus,

underneath the epicoraco-humeral and above the insertion of the

deltoid. :

The epicoraco-humeral is very largely developed, and arises from

the two spurs of the epicoracoid and from the intervening membrane

which closes the fenestra. It is inserted (figs. 2, 8 & 10, HZ. H.) into

the summit of the radial tuberosity between the insertions of the

pectoralis major and deltoid. It is covered externally by the lower

part of the deltoid and by the pectoralis major; and its inferior margin

is much connected with the adjacent part of the coraco-brachialis.

This muscle appears to me to answer to that which I have called

by the same name in the Echidna (Traus, Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. 1866,

p- 383, and pl. 52. fig. 2, #. #.).

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 779

Muscles of inside of right arm, the pectoralis and deltoid being cut short and

reflected.

B. Biceps. B.A. Brachialis anticus. C. B.1. First, or short, part of coraco-

brachialis. C.B.2. Second, or long, part of coraco-brachialis. D. 1. First

part of deltoid. D.2. Second part of deltoid. EH. Epicoraco-humeral.

£8. Infraspinatus. P. Pectoralis. S.C. M Sterno-cleido-mastoid. 7.3.

Third, or external humeral, head of triceps. 7. Tendinous fascia of origin

of sterno-cleido-mastoid extending, between epicoraco-humeral and pecto-

ralis, backwards to the true sternum.

Subscapularis. This muscle is enormously developed, and is di-

visible into two parts (fig. 7, S. 1 and S, 2) :--

(1) The first portion arises from the whole internal surface of

the coracoid and epicoracoid, the spinous process of the scapula, and

the membrane of each fenestra. The fibres converge, and towards

its insertion this portion fuses with the second part.

(2) The second portion arises from the lower part of the internal

surface of the scapula and from the lower half of its posterior, or

axillary, margin. It becomes tendinous towards its insertion, and,

fusing with the first part, is attached to the ulnar tuberosity of the

humerus and to the capsular ligament. This musele is shown in

fig. 2 (though its letter has been accidentally omitted), between D 2,

S. Mg., T. 1, and the band binding down J. 8.

Internal sterno-coracoid (fig. 7, I. 8. C.). The specimen examined

by me had had the whole ventral surface of the body medianly di-

vided from behind forwards, so that I cannot define the inner limit

of this muscle. It arises, however, from the deep surface of the

sternum, internal to the line of its junction with the coracoid and to

the attachments of the ribs, and is inserted, by tendinous fibres, into

the deep surface of the coracoid and lower part of the epicoracoid

(i. e, to the deep surface of its lower spur), where it is contiguous

to the inferior margin of the first portion of the subscapularis.

Lxternal sterno-coracoid (fig. 7, E. 8. C.). This is a much smaller

muscle than the preceding, which overlaps it when the inner surface

of the scapular arch is looked at. It arises from the deep margin of

that furrow (on the outer edge of the sternum) which receives the

coracoid, and is inserted into the eoracoid and epicoracoid, passing

between those bones and the tendon of the internal sterno-coracoid.

780 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

The sterno-cleido-mastoid is of large size (figs. 1, 2, 24, 6 & 8,

S.C.M.). It arises by muscular fibres from rather more than the

lower half of the outer margin of the anterior surface of the clavicle,

and by a very strong tendinous fascia (fig. 8, ¢.) from the anterior

part of the true sternum. This strong fascia extends forwards (co-

vered by the pectoralis major); and the muscular fibres springing

from it arise in a point between the pectoralis major and the lower

portion of the deltoid. The muscle passes forwards, overlapping

first the omo-hyoid, and afterwards the levator clavicule. It then

becomes intimately united with the outer side of the anterior part of

the trapezius, and is inserted into the outer half of the postero-

superior margin of the parietal process and into the postero-external

end of the parotic process.

Sterno-hyoid. This was so much injured in my specimen that I

am unable to describe it ; according to Cuvier* and Meckelt+, how-

ever, it proceeds from the outer part of the sternum to the os hyoides.

The omo-hyoid (figs. 2 & 7, O. H.) is rather large, and arises from

rather more than the upper half of the clavicle, where externally it

is adjacent to the trapezius and sterno-cleido-mastoid and internal

to the deep layer of the first part of the deltoid. It is mainly in-

serted into the posterior cornu of the hyoid; but some fibres pass

(nearer the middle line of the body) to the body of the os hyoides.

Levator elavicule. This large muscle has a strong tendinous

origin from the transverse process of the atlas. Passing backwards it

emerges from beneath the sterno-cleido-mastoid (figs. 2 & 7, L. C.),

and, spreading out, is inserted into the summit (or acromial end) of

the clavicle and into the anterior margin of the scapula. About the

lower half of its insertion is conterminous, posteriorly, with the origin

of the upper (or second) portion of the deltoid ; internally this

muscle is in close juxtaposition with the second part of the subsca-

pularis and the fourth part of the serratus magnus (fig. 7, LZ. C.).

The triceps (figs. 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 & 10) arises by four distinct heads ft,

of which two are long, descending from the scapular arch :—

(1) The first part or external long head (which appears to answer

to the ordinary long head of this muscle in mammals) arises from

the strong, tendinous strap, or ligament before described as passing

from the axillary margin of the scapula to the head of the humerus

and as binding down the infraspinatus. Thus the head may be said

to arise by a bifurcating tendon like that of the rectus femoris of

Man (figs. 1, 2 & 9, 7.1).

(2) The second part, or internal long head (fig. 9, 7. 2), takes

origin by a long and rather slender tendon, which also bifurcates

above, —its lower bifurcation being attached to the postero-internal

angle of the deep surface of the coracoid, while its upper bifurcation

fuses with that before-described tendinous arch into which the costo-

coracoid muscle is inserted.

This second head of the triceps soon joins with the first head, and

at its union with the latter receives a small tendinous slip (fig. 9, ¢.)

* Loc. cit. vol. iy. part 1, p. 531. 1 Loe. cit. vol. viii. p. 135.

+ Meckel, loc. ctf. p. 364.

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 781

from the tendon of the latissimus dorsi. Is this head the homologue

of the dorso-epitrochlear, which sometimes, as in Hyrax*, takes

origin from the scapular arch, but normally springs from the tendon

of the latissimus dorsi?

(3) The third, or external humeral head, arises from the whole

outer surface of the humerus below the head of the bone, extending

as it does above the insertions of the deltoid and infraspinatus

(figs. 1, 2, 8 & 10, T. 3).

(4) The last, or internal humeral head (figs. 6, 9 & 10, 7. 4),

similarly arises from the internal surface of the humerus to the head

of the bone. At its summit this part of the muscle has contiguous

to it, antero-internally, the short part of the coraco-brachialis and

the insertion of the subscapularis, while the tendons of the latissi-

mus dorsi and infraspinatus are contiguous to it on its postero-

external side (fig. 9).

Muscles of inside of right arm, the scapular arch being detached, and the

costo-coracoid muscle (C. C.) being cut short and reflected.

B. Biceps muscle. C. Sternal margin of coracoid bone. C. B.1. First, or short,

part of coraco-brachialis muscle. C. B.2. Second, or long, part of coraco-

brachialis. C.C. Costo-coracoid. FR. Flexor carpi radialis. /. U.

Flexor carpi ulnaris. L.D. Latissimus dorsi. S.2. Second part of sub-

scapularis. 7.1. First, or external long, head of triceps. 7.2. Second, or

internal long, head of triceps. 7.4, Fourth, or internal humeral, head of

triceps. ¢. Tendon from latissimus dorsi to triceps.

All these four portions are united together at above the middle of

the arm, and are together inserted into the proximal end of the ulna

and into the patella-like sesamoid immediately above it.

Coraco-brachialis. This muscle consists of two parts :—

(1.) The first of these, or shorter portion, is a broad muscle, and

much resembles the short coraco-brachialis of the Hehidnat. It

arises, by muscular fibres, from the whole outer surface of the cora-

coid, from the lower spur of the epicoracoid, and from the membrane

* Proce. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 340, fig. 5, D.e.

+ Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxv. p. 585,

782 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

intervening between these, and is inserted into the front of the hu-

merus from the head and internal tuberosity to the middle of its

shaft. The limit of its insertion begins above at the insertions of

the epicoraco-humeral and pectoralis major, and below is conter-

minous with the origin of the brachialis anticus (figs. 8, 9 & 10,

C.B.1). From the extent of its insertion this portion appears to

me to answer both to the coraco-brachialis proprius vel medius and

to the rotator humeri or coraco-brachialis superior vel brevis of

Mr. Wood*.

Flexor surface of right upper arm, the biceps and pectoralis major being

cut short.

B. Biceps. B.A. Brachialis anticus. C.B.1&2. Coraco-brachialis. 2. H.

Epicoraco-humeral. P. Pectoralis major. S.Z. Supinator longus. 7.3 &4.

Triceps.

(2) The second, longer portion (figs. 6, 8, 9 & 10, C. B. 2), which

seems to answer to the coraco-brachialis longus of Mr. Woodt,

arises, by muscular fibres, from the posterior end of the sternal

border of the coracoid, and is inserted into the internal condyle of

the humerus and into the shaft of the bone for a very slight distance

above that condyle. There is a glistening tendon on the side next

to the bone of the lower half of this portion of the coraco-brachialis.

The biceps (figs. 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 & 12, B.) has, as in the Eehidnat,

but a single head §, which takes origin, by a very broad tendon (with

an aponeurotic longitudinal interval), from the anterior (not sternal)

margin of the coracoid and adjacent part of the epicoracoid, and

passes backwards so as to be immediately superficial to the short

part of the coraco-brachialis. It soon fuses with the brachialis

anticus, and is inserted in common with that muscle (by a very

strong tendon, which slightly bifurcates below) into the upper parts

of both radius and ulna; but the fibres continuous with the diceps

* Journal of Auat. and Phys., Cambridge, 1866, vol. i. pp. 48, 49.

t Loc. cit. p. 49.

{ Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxv. p. 585.

§ Unless what I have named brachialis anticus be a humeral head of the diceps,

1867. | MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 783

appear to go mainly to the ulna. Thus its insertion has much re-

semblance to that of the same muscle in the Hehidna.

The brachialis anticus (figs. 1, 2, 6, 8 & 10, B. A.), which may

be, as Meckel appears to think*, a humeral head of the biceps,

springs from the front of the shaft of the humerus, immediately below

the insertions of the deltoid, epicoraco-humeral, and pectoralis major.

It soon fuses with the biceps, and is inserted in common with it into

the upper ends of the flexor surfaces of both radius and ulna. The

fibres of this muscle, however, appear to be connected mainly, if not

exclusively, with the radius.

Supinator longus. This muscle (figs. 1, 6, 10 & 11) is exceed-

ingly large, and, as Meckel observes}, arises by two heads, which

do not unite till far down the forearm (fig. 1, S. Z.). Indeed I find

that that head which has the more posterior (lower) origin may be

again divisible at and near its origin into two portions, of which the

anterior (upper) one is much the smaller; all these parts, however,

arise from the external condyle, and have a common insertion into

the radial margin of the radius for almost its whole length, and

therefore side by side with the pronator teres as far as the latter

extends. The head, which has the more posterior (lower) origin, is

intimately connected with the radial extensor.

The extensor carpi radialis, which appears to answer to both the

longior and brevior of mammals, arises by tendinous fibres from the

outer and posterior surface of the external condyle, immediately super-

ficial to the posterior (lower) part of the origin of the supinator

longus, with which, for some distance, it is very intimately connected.

Passing downwards (fig. 1, #. R.) it divides into three parts, which

are inserted, each by a tendon, into the proximal ends of the dorsal

surfaces of the second, third, and fourth metacarpals.

Extensor communis digitorum. As Meckel observesf, this muscle

has, as it were, “ descendu @ la main” (fig. 11, F.C.). It is small,

arises from the carpus, and is inserted into the bases of the digits.

It is much subdivided, there being more or less distinct fleshy bun-

dles for the several digits.

The extensor carpi ulnaris (fig. 1, H. U., and fig. 11, #. C. U.) is

rather indistinct. It arises indeed by tendinous fibres from the

posterior surface of the external condyle; but its insertion is into

the adjacent border of another muscle, the flexor carpi ulnaris.

Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. This is a rather thick muscle

which arises from the posterior surface of rather less than the distal

half of the ulna. It is inserted into the metacarpal of the pollex

(fig. 11, #. M. P.).

Pronator teres (figs. 6 & 12, P.7T.). The origin of this muscle

is by a very strong tendon attached to the summit of the internal

condyle. Its fibres spread out, and are inserted into the lower two-

thirds of the radial margin of the radius.

The flewor carpi radialis (figs. 6, 9, F. R., and fig. 12, F.C. R.)

arises from the internal condyle immediately below the origin of the

* Loe. cit. p. 362. tT Loc. cit. p. 367.

t Loc. cit. p. 391.

784 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27

pronator teres. It is inserted into the carpal bone, which articulates

with the radius, and also by a small tendon running on (figs. 6 & 12)

into the radial side of the metacarpal of the pollex.

Deep muscles of extensor surface of right forearm.

£. C. Extensor communis digitorum. £.C. U. Origin of extensor carpi ulnaris

and common insertion of extensor and flexor carpi ulnaris. 2. MP. Ex-

tensor ossis metacarpi pollicis. S.Z. Supinator longus. P. @. Pronator

quadratus.

Fig. 12.

Deep muscles of flexor surface of right forearm, the flexor carpi radialis, flexor

carpi ulnaris, and flexor profundus digitorum being cut and reflected.

B. Biceps. F.C. R. Flexor carpi radialis. #.C.U. Flexor carpi ulnaris.

FP. D. Flexor profundus digitorum. P.A. Pronator accessorius. © P. Q.

Pronator quadratus. P. 7. Pronator teres. S.A. Supinator accessorius.

S.Z. Supinator longus.

Pronator accessorius (fig. 12, P..4.). A muscle I so name provi-

sionally, arises from the anterior surface of the internal condyle,

immediately beneath the humeral origin of the flexor profundus digi-

torum. It is inserted into the radius between the insertion of the

pronator teres and that of the pronator quadratus.

1867. ] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 785

Supinator accessorius (fig. 12,.8..4.). Another muscle, which I

also provisionally distinguish by a new name, arises from the internal

condyle immediately below, but somewhat superficial to the pronator

accessorius. It expands as it descends, and is inserted into about

the proximal half of the ulnar margin of the ulna.

The pronator quadratus (figs. 11 & 12, P. Q.) is broadest below,

and becomes very narrow towards its upper end. It arises from the

flexor surface of the distal half of the ulna and from the whole radial

cag of that bone, and it is inserted into the flexor surface of the

radius.

Flexor carpi ulnaris (figs. 1, 6 & 9, F. U., and fig. 12, F.C. U.).

This forms a large muscular sheet, which, as usual, has the ulnar

nerve passing between its double origin—that from the internal

condyle and that from the olecranon. It is inserted into both the

pisiforme and fifth metacarpal, as Meckel observes*. This muscle

receives on its postero-external side the insertion of the extensor

carpi ulnaris, the two together forming a layer of muscle which

wraps round the ulnar side of the forearm.

The flexor sublimis digitorum (fig. 6, F. 8. D.) is a thin muscle

entirely confined to the hand¢. It arises from the annular ligament,

and is inserted into the second phalanges of the digits, being perfo-

rated in each case by a tendon of the flexor profundus digitorum.

Flexor profundus digitorum (figs. 6 & 12, F.P.D.). This is a

very thick muscle, and has four, more or less distinct heads of origin.

The first head arises from the internal condyle, immediately beneath

the origin of the flexor carpi radialis ; it very soon unites with the

portion arising from the ulna (fig. 6, F. P. D.1).

The second head also springs from the internal condyle, just below

the first head ; it also joins the portion arising from the ulna (fig. 6,

HB, D. 2).

The third portion takes origin from the greater part of the flexor

surface of the ulna.

These three portions unite and give rise to a very strong tendon

(in which is a palmar ossicle) ; and into the deep surface of this

tendon are inserted muscular fibres, which spring from the carpus

and constitute the fourth head of the muscle,

From the distal margin of this tendon proceed the five perforating

tendons, one going to each digit.

Lumbricales. I have only observed six lumbrical muscles :—

One going from the ulnar side of the index tendon to the ulnar

side of the second digit.

Two from the tendon of the third digit (one on each side), in-

serted into each side of the third digit.

Two from the tendon of the fourth digit (one on each side), in-

serted into each side of the fourth digit.

One from the radial side of the fifth digit, inserted into the radial

side of the same digit.

Interossei. There are dorsal interossei which arise from the ecar-

pus, and are inserted one on each side of the proximal phalanx of

* Loe. cit. p. 883. + Meckel, loc. cit. p. 392.

786 MR. ST. GEOKGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

each digit, except the pollex, which has a large bundle of fibres in-

serted into the dorsal side of the ulnar border of its metacarpal!

Palmar interossei also spring from the carpus, and are inserted one

on each side of the proximal phalanx of each of the three middle

digits. Another rather large fasciculus is inserted into the radial

side of the fifth digit, and, no doubt, represents one or more of the

spinal muscles of that digit. Finally, a considerable number of

muscular fibres are inserted into the proximal phalanx of the pollex

and into the palmar side of the ulnar border of its metacarpal.

These fibres, no doubt, represent the flecor brevis and opponens

pollicis of higher animals.

Right pelvic limb. Superficial muscles of the anterior surface of the thigh and

of the flexor surface of the leg.

E.L.D. Extensor longus digitorum. Hx. O. External oblique. G. Gracilis.

Go. i. Gastrocnemius externus. Go. 7. Gastrocnemius internus. G. Ma.

Gluteus maximus. J.1&2. Tliacus and psoas. #2. Rectus abdominis.

R.F. Rectus femoris. ZA. Tibialis anticus. V.Z. Vastus-internus.

1867. ] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 787

Mvuscies or THE Petvic Limp.

Psoas and Iliacus. 1 am inclined to regard the complex muscular

mass which goes from the inside of the pelvis, passing over its brim

to the femur, as the homologue of the psoas and iliacus. I find

present four muscular bundles. The first (figs. 13, 14 & 16, I. 1)

arises inside the pubis, from a median raphé separating it from its

fellow of the opposite side and also takes origin from the most ven-

tral portion of the pubis, overlapping its brim. Its upper (or pos-

terior) margin is conterminous with the inferior (or anterior) margin

of the second part of the muscle, and lies superficially to the third

part. Passing over the brim of the pelvis, above the spine of the

pubis, it is inserted into the tendinous arch going from the front of

the acetabulum to the symphysis ischii, and into the upper half of

that part of it which is between the acetabulum and the spine of the

pubis. It is intimately connected with the second and third parts

of this complex muscle and with the tibial adductor.

The second part of the muscle (figs. 13, 14 & 16, I. 2) lies above

(7. e. nearer the vertebral column than) the first part. It arises also

inside the pelvis, from a median raphé which separates it from its

fellow of the opposite side. It is inserted in common with the third

portion, and is indeed, in part, only with some difficulty separable

from the first portion, with the upper (or posterior) margin of which

its lower (or anterior) margin is conterminous.

The third portion is a very broad muscular layer, which lies hidden

by the first and second portions of the muscle. It arises from the

internal surface of the pubis, ischium, and obturator foramen; and

the upper (or posterior) part of its origin is easily separable from

the more ventral (or anterior) portion. It is inserted into the tibial

side of the upper part of the shaft of the femur, internally to the

summit of the crureus, just above the insertion of the adductor, and

slightly overlapping the tendon of insertion of the femoro-caudal.

It is, however, mainly inserted by a strong tendon, which passes

across the front of the upper end of the shaft of the femur, beneath

the summit of the vastus externus, to the insertion of the gluteus

medius, which slightly overlaps it. Thus, the tendinous insertion

being on the peroneal side of the bone, while the muscular fibres

(inserted with those of the two preceding portions of the liacus) are

attached rather to the tibial side, the upper part of the femur

comes to be more or less embraced.

The fourth and smallest portion of the complex muscle (fig. 16,

I.4) springs from the surface of that upper (or more posterior)

division of the origin of the third part already spoken of (namely

that division of the third which arises from the ischium and obtu-

rator membrane, and which might be cailed a fifth portion), and lies

nearer the vertebral column than do the other parts. It is inserted

in common with the muscular insertion of the third part of the

muscle just described ; but its fibres are partly continuous with those

of the crureus, crossing over the tendon of insertion of the third

part of the psoas and iliacus.

788 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

Quadratus lumborum. This muscle (fig. 3, Q. LZ.) is very thick

at its origin, but thins out anteriorly. It arises from the crest and

anterior part of the internal surface of the ilium, and is inserted into

the transverse processes of the lumbar ribs, and also of all, or of

almost all, the thoracic ones. Besides the short ribs, it is separated,

in the lumbar region, from the superimposed dorsal extensor mass

by a strong fascia.

Gracilis. The muscle which appears to me to represent, possibly,

the gracilis of mammals is a superficial one on the antero-internal

surface of the thigh (figs. 13, 14.&15, G@.). It arises from the ischi-

atic symphysis, and from the long tendinous arch which passes from

the front of the acetabulum, round behind the pubic spine, back to

the symphysis just mentioned. It is inserted into the outer side of

the upper part of the tibia, and at its insertion is intimately united

with the semitendinosus. At the lower border of the insertion is a

strongish tendon (fig. 14, G.), which is common to both muscles,

muscular fibres from each being inserted into it.

Fig. 14.

Second layer of muscles of anterior surface of right thigh. The gracilis is cut

away short above and reflected below. The rectus abdominis is hooked on

one side to show the pyramidalis.

A, Adductor magnus. G. Gracilis. G. Ma. Gluteus maximus. J. 1&2. Tlia-

cus and psoas. Py. Pyramidalis. 2. Rectus abdominis. 2. /’. Rectus

femoris. S. Tibial adductor. S. MZ. Semimembranosus. 8S. 7. Semiten-

dinosus. 7. Pr. Transversus perinei. J.J. Vastus internus.

The tibial adductor is a muscle which arises, beneath the gracilis,

from about the upper half of the tendinous arch just mentioned as

extending from the front of the acetabulum to the ischiatic sym-

1867. | MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 789

physis (figs. 14, 16,17 & 18, 8.). It is slightly connected, at its

origin, with the first part of the iliacus, and some fibres spring from

the brim of the pelvis just below the tendon of the rectus femoris.

Passing downwards between the rectus femoris and the adductor,

and passing peronead of the first part of the semimembranosus, it

goes very deeply into the popliteal space (between the two heads of

the gastrocnemius), and, uniting with the second part of the semi-

membranosus, is inserted by a tendon into the peroneal side of the

head of the tibia above and behind the insertion of the tendon of

the biceps. This muscle is easily separable longitudinally into two

arts.

: Semimembranosus. This muscle consists of two portions so distinct

in insertion that they may well be considered two separate muscles:—

(1) The first portion (figs. 14, 15,17 & 18, S. M. 1) arises from

the tuberosity of the ischium, and from the tendinous arch which

passes from the posterior end of the ilium to the spine of the pubis.

Its origin is nearly in the same vertical line as, though ventral to,

the common origin of the biceps and semitendinosus. Thick and

fleshy, it is inserted into the back of the leg, embracing the inner

head of the gastrocnemius, some fibres passing beneath the internal

lateral ligament, while others extend along the posterior margin of

the summit of the tibia.

(2) The second portion (figs. 15,17 & 18, S. M. 2) arises in

common with the first portion, and is inserted by a tendon (common

to it and to the tibial adductor) into the summit of the peroneal

surface of the tibia.

The semitendinosus (figs. 14,17 & 18, S. 7.) springs in common

with the biceps from the strong tendinous arch just mentioned as

passing from the posterior end of the ilium to the spine of the pubis,

behind and a little above the tuberosity of the ischium. It is inserted

by a strong tendon, common to it and to the gracilis, into the inside

ot the upper part of the tibia, at the lower end of the internal lateral

ligament. The insertion is mainly superficial to the last-mentioned

ligament ; but a few tendinous fibres appear to pass inside it.

Biceps (figs. 15, 17 & 18, B. F.). This arises, in common with

the muscle last described, from the strong ligamentous arch passing

from the ilium to the spine of the pubis, and arching over the great

femoro-caudal tendon. Tt is inserted by a slender tendon, which

goes very deeply into the popliteal space (between the two heads of

the gastrocnemius), and, passing between the tibia and fibula, is in-

serted into quite the anterior aspect of the outer (peroneal) side of

the tibia a little below its upper margin and below and in front of

the insertion of the tendon common to the second part of the semi-

membranosus and_the tibial adductor. G

The diceps becomes intimately united with the gastrocnemius, as

it gives off a strong tendon (fig. 18), which runs down just internal

to the outer border of the inner head of that muscle.

Mio-peroneal (figs. 15, 16,17 & 18,1. P.). A long and strong

muscle, which arises from the posterior part of the outer side of the

ilium, covered by the posterior portion of the tendinous origin of the

790 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

gluteus maximus, and even a little overlapped by the gluteus medius.

It is inserted by a strong tendon (which dips in between the pero-

neus primus and the outer side of the outer head of the gastrocne-

mius) into the outer side of the fibula, near its summit*.

Fig. 15.

Right pelvic limb. Superficial muscles of the posterior surface of the thigh

and of the extensor surface of the leg.

B,F. Biceps femoris. #, B.1-5. Extensor brevis digitorum. £. LZ. D. Extensor

longus digitorum. F.C. Femoro-caudal. G. Gracilis. G. Mx. Gluteus

maximus. Go. E. Gastrocnemius externus. J.P. Ilio-peroneal. P.1.

Peroneus primus. P.2. Peroneus secundus. Pf. Pyriformis. S. M.1&

S. M.2. Semimembranosus. TJ. A. Tibialis anticus. JV. Hv. Vastus exter-

nus. «, End of the two median series of lateral caudal cones.

Pectineus? Three portions of muscle seem more or less to re-

present the pectineus :—

(1) A very small part, which arises from the ligamentous arch

before mentioned as passing from the front of the acetabulum, round

* Meckel, loc. cit. p. 428.

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 791

by the spine of the pubis, to the ischiatic symphysis. It is inserted

into the summit of the trochanter below, and superficial to, the other

two portions (fig. 17, Pe. 1).

(2) The second part (fig. 17, Pe. 2) arises from the down-turned

lip of the pubis, from the acetabulum to the symphysis. It is in-

serted immediately beneath the preceding portion.

(3) The third part (fig. 17, Pe. 3) arises from the symphysis

pubis, backwards to the middle of the obturator foramen. At the

posterior end of its origin the obturator externus is superficial to it

and overlaps it. It is: inserted into the summit of the trochanter

immediately behind the second part.

The adductor magnus (figs. 14 & 17, A.) is a rather large muscle,

which arises, by strong tendinous fibres, from the anterior part of

the strong tendinous arch before mentioned which ends in front at

the pubic spine. It is inserted into the inner side of the shaft of

the femur (for about the second and third fifths of its vertical ex-

tent) between the vastus externus and the vastus internus.

Rectus femoris (figs. 13, 14, 16 & 17, R. F.). This muscle arises,

by a very strong and rather broad tendon, from the ventral side of

the acetabulum. It blends with the other extensors of the leg and

with the aponeurosis of insertion of the gluteus maximus,

Vastus internus. A rather small muscle (figs. 14 & 17, V1.)

arising from the inside of the shaft of the femur, about as high as the

bottom of the uppermost third of the insertion of the adductor ;

* below it blends with the crureus and other extensors of the leg.

Vastus externus (fig. 15, V. Ez.). This is exceedingly small, and

so intimately connected with the crureus as scarcely to admit of de-

finition. It arises from the lowest two-fifths of the postero-external

surface of the shaft of the femur, and is inserted with the rest of the

extensor mass.

Crureus (figs. 16 & 17, C.). This muscle is so intimately con-

nected with the last as to be separable from it only with great diffi-

culty. It arises from the front of the femur, its origin extending

up near to the head of the bone. It is inserted into the patella

along with the rest of the extensor muscular mass. At its summit

it is, in part, continuous with the fourth portion of the iliacus.

Gluteus maximus (?). A muscular layer, which may perhaps re-

present the gluteus maximus of mammals®*, arises by a very strong

tendinous fascia from the outer side and upper margin of the ilium.

It covers the antero-external side of the thigh, becomes intimately

united with the rectus femoris, and is inserted by aponeurosis into

the outer surface of the vastus externus (figs. 13, 14, 15 & 16,

G. Mz.).

The gluteus medius arises trom the outer surface of the ilium, be-

tween the origins of the gluteus maximus and ilio-peroneal. It is a

small muscle, and is inserted into the outer side of the upper part

* I am very doubtful as to whether this muscle and the next are really glued ;

but the condition of these muscles in Echidna inclines me to name them so, pro-

visionally at least (see Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxy. 1866, p. 391, and pl. 53. fig, 2.

G. mx. and G.md.).

792 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

of the shaft of the femur behind and external to the summit of the

origin of the vastus externus. The upper part of its insertion is into

the lower portion of the trochanteric fossa (fig. 16, G. Md.).

Fig. 16.

Deeper muscles of extensor surface of right pelvic limb. The gluteus maximus

and the extensor longus digitorum are each cut short and reflected at both

ends.

C. Crureus. #, B.1—5. Extensor brevis digitorum, £. L. D. Extensor longus

digitorum. F.P.D. Flexor longus digitorum. G. Md. Gluteus medius.

G, Mx. Gluteus maximus. J. 1-4. Tliacus and psoas. J. P. Ilio-peroneal.

P.1. Peroneus primus. P.2. Peroneus secundus. Pp. Popliteus. P. 7d.

Peroneo-tibial. R.F. Rectus femoris. 8. Tibial adductor. T. A. Tibialis

anticus. 7. P. Tibialis posticus.

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 793

Deepest muscles of right thigh ; ventral aspect. The gracilis is entirely removed.

The tibial adductor, the semimembranosus, and the adductor magnus are

cut short and reflected.

A, Adductor magnus. B.f. Biceps femoris. C. Crureus. F.C. Femoro-

caudal. Go.1. Gastrocnemius internus. J.P, Ilio-peroneal. O.H. Ob-

turator externus. O.Z. Obturator internus. Pe. 1-3. Pectineus, Pf. Py-

riformis. A. #. Rectus femoris. S. Tibial adductor. S$. MM. Semimem-

branosus. 8S. 7. Semitendinosus. V./. Vastus internus. y. Tendon of

insertion of femoro-caudal given off from the larger tendon and going to

the popliteal space,

Obturator externus*. This is very fleshy, and arises from the

ischium and the outside of the obturator membrane (fig. 17, O. Z.).

It is inserted into the trochanteric fossa immediately above the sum-

mit of the insertions of the gluteus medius and pyriformis.

The obturator internust (fig. 17, O. I.) arises from the posterior

part of the deep surface of the ischium. Curving round the outer

margin of that bone (between the acetabulum and the tuberosity), it

is inserted, by an exceedingly strong tendon, into a pit on the outer

side of the articular head of the femur.

Pyriformis (figs. 15 & 17, Pf.). This musclef arises from the

under surfaces of the first four caudal transverse processes, between

the large femoro-caudal muscle on the inside and the conjoined in-

sertions of the two median series of lateral caudal cones on the out-

side. It is inserted into the strong tendinous arch passing from the

ilium to the pubis and enclosing the tendon of the femoro-caudal

muscle. Thence taking fresh origin, and accompanied by an ante-

rior fasciculus coming direct from the caudal vertebre, it is finally

* This appears to answer to the m. guadratus femoris of Stannius (p. 134,

no. 10).

+ The obturator internus of Stannius (loc. cét. p. 184. no. 5) is a part of my

iliacus. j

¢ Itis the m. swbeaudalis of Stannius (oc. cit. p. 133, no. 4).

Proc. Zoou. Soc.— 1867, No. LI,

794 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

attached to the base of the back of the trochanter, immediately next

to the insertion of the gluteus medius on the one hand and of the

femoro-caudal on the other.

Femoro-caudal (figs. 15 & 17, F.C.)*. This exceedingly large

muscle arises from the infero-lateral aspect of the caudal vertebra,

where it separates from the vertebral column by its backward intru-

sion (fig. 5, F. C.), the contiguous parts of the ventral, and infero-

lateral series of caudal muscular cones. It is inserted, by a very large

and strong tendon, into the base of the trochanter on its extensor

aspect and above the insertion of the adductor. A little before its

insertion this large tendon gives off, nearly at right angles, a long

delicate one, which, passing down the thigh into the popliteal space

(figs. 17 & 18 y), is inserted into the interarticular cartilage be-

tween the femur and the tibia, as Stannius has stated +.

The tibialis anticus (figs. 13, 16 & 18, T. A.) arises from the front

of the tibia, the part above the middle of the bone springing mainly

from its peroneal aspect, and the part below the middle from its

inner aspect. It ends in a single tendon, which is inserted into the

tibial side of the distal end of the metatarsal of the hallux.

Extensor longus digitorum. 'This muscle arises, by a strong ten-

don (figs. 13, 15 & 16, #. L. D.), from the anterior surface of the

external condyle of the femur. It continues fleshy down to the

metatarsals, when it suddenly narrows and gives off two small ten-

dons, which pass, one on each side of the middle metatarsal bone,

near its proximal end. Of these two tendons, the peroneal one

curves round tibiad, and is inserted into nearly the middle of the

plantar surface of the third metatarsal. The other one is similarly

implanted into the second metatarsal.

Extensor brevis digitorum. This muscle may be said to consist

of five portions :—

(1) The first part (figs. 15 & 16, #. B. 1) is an oblique slip, pro-

ceeding forwards and inwards, which arises from the peroneal aspect

of the lower end of the fibula, and is inserted into the dorsum of the

hallux.

(2) The second part (figs. 15 & 16, #. B. 2) is similar in size and

direction. It arises from the fibula, below the last, and is similarly

inserted into the index digit.

(3) The third portion (figs. 15 & 16, #. B.3) arises, by a strong

though small tendon, from a pit in the middle of the anterior surface

of the astragalus. Passing between the two tendons of the extensor

longus digitorum, it is inserted into the dorsum of the third digit.

(4) The fourth part (figs. 15 & 16, #. B.4) arises in common

with the preceding, but does not pass between the tendons of the

extensor longus digitorum. It is inserted into the dorsum of the

fourth digit.

(5) The fifth and last part arises, by a strong tendon, from the

bottom of the anterior face of the astragalus (figs. 15 & 16, #. B. 5).

It is also inserted into the dorsum of the fourth digit.

* This is the “‘sows-caudien profond” of Meckel (loc. cit. p. 285).

+ Loe. cit. p. 133, no. 3.

1867. | MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 7995

Peroneus primus. This muscle (figs. 15, 16 & 18, P. 1) arises, by

a strong tendon, from the summit of the outer side of the external

condyle of the femur. Passing downwards, it becomes tendinous

just below the outer malleolus, and ends in a tendon which is in-

serted into the peroneal border of the fifth metatarsal bone, a little

above its middle. Behind the ankle its tendon expands into a broad,

strong, ligamentous fascia, which binds down the flexor muscles,

being attached internally to the internal margin of the hinder sur-

face of the astragalus.

Peroneus secundus. A muscle, somewhat larger than the prece-

ding (figs. 15 & 16, P. 2), arises from the antero-external surface of

the fibula for almost its eutire length. It is inserted close above

the insertion of the preceding muscle.

Gastrocnemius. 'Two distinct muscles compose the gastrocne-

mius :—

(1) The first of these (figs. 13, 17 & 18, G.J.) arises from the

internal condyle of the femur, where it is closely connected with the

insertion of the first part of the semimembranosus, which embraces it.

It is also attached to the tibial margin of the tibia, close to the in-

sertion of the semitendinosus. Passing downwards, it soon receives a

strong tendon from the biceps, which tendon runs down just internal

to its outer border. At the ankle it becomes aponeurotic, and con-

stitutes the most superficial and external part of the plantar fascia.

(2) The second head (figs. 13, 15 & 18, G. #.) arises from the

femur, immediately above the external condyle. Below it becomes

a large muscle, considerably greater than the inner head of the

gastrocnemius, which latter passes down superficially to this second

portion. Becoming aponeurotic at the ankle, it contributes to form

the superficial plantar fascia, especially that part which underlies

the three peroneal metatarsals, its fibres, indeed, appearing to form

as it were perforated tendons to the third and fourth digits.

Plantaris. This muscle is at its origin so intimately connected

with the outer head of the gastrocnemius that it is with some hesi-

tation that I describe it by a distinct name. About the middle of

the leg it separates somewhat from the gastrocnemius externus, and

thence widens to the ankle, where it receives a reinforcement of a

few muscular fibres from the fifth metatarsal bone, in the distal

end of the outer surtace of which is implanted a tendon which passes

along the peroneal edge of the muscle. In the sole this muscle ap-

pears as three fleshy bellies (fig. 18, P.L.4.), which form the per-

forated tendons of the second and third digits, and perhaps of the

hallux also.

The popliteus arises from the tibial aspect of the head of the fibula,

and is inserted into the posterior surface and tibial margin of almost

the upper half of the tibia (figs. 16 & 18, Pp.).

Flexor longus digitorum (fig. 16, F. P. D., and fig. 18, F. LZ. D.).

This rather large muscle arises (1) partly, in common with the last,

from immediately above the external condyle of the femur, (2) from

the upper third of the posterior surface (or margin) of the fibula,

and (3) from almost the upper half of the tibial side of the fibula,

796 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE [June 27,

where it is closely connected above with the peroneal side of the

popliteus. The second and third portions arise side by side and are

closely connected together. Beneath the astragalus this muscle

ends in a wide tendon, which divides into five narrow ones, one of

these going to the last phalanx of each digit.

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Flexor surface of right leg; the two heads of the gastrocnemius being cut off

short above, and the plantaris reflected below. ‘The semimembranosus, the

biceps and semitendinosus, the ilio-peroneal and the tibial adductor are cut

and variously reflected.

A. H. Abductor hallucis. 4. Q. Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti. B.F. Biceps

femoris. F.4.1&F.A.2. Flexor accessorius. F.L.D. Flexor longus di-

gitorum. J. M. Flexor minimi digiti. Go. #. Gastrocnemius externus.

Go. I. Gastrocnemius internus. J P. Ilio-peroneal. Z.1.& Z.2. Lumbri-

cales. P.1. Peroneus primus. P.Z.A. Plantaris. Pp. Popliteus. 8S.

Tibial adductor. S.M.1& 8. M.2. Semimembranosus. 8S. 7. Semitendi-

nosus. 7. A. Tibialis anticus, TZ. P. Tibialis posticus. y. Tendon of in-

sertion of femoro-caudal.

1867.] MYOLOGY OF IGUANA TUBERCULATA. 797

The tibialis pusticus is very narrow above and very broad below.

It arises from the lower half of the posterior surface of the fibula,

and its fibres pass downwards and tibiad. It ends inferiorly in a

broad expanded tendon, which is inserted into the posterior process

and whole posterior border of that tarsal bone which fits into the

concavity on the under surface of the astragalus (figs. 16 & 18, 7’. P.).

Peroneo-tibial. A remarkable muscle connects together rather

more than the lowest two-fifths of the tibia and fibula. Its fibres

pass from the posterior surface and tibial border of the last-named

bone to the peroneal margin, and to a very little of the anterior

margin of the tibia (fig. 16, P. 76.). This muscle is unlike any with

which I am acquainted, unless it be the very similar one found in

the leg of the Wombat.

Flexor accessorius. Two small muscular bands, which may per-

haps be so named, are thus conditioned :—

(1) The first springs from the plantar aspect of the os calcis, and

is inserted into the peroneal side of the tendon of the flexor profun-

dus digitorum before its division.

(2) The second part from the tibial aspect of the ridge on the

plantar surface of the fifth metatarsal, and is inserted into the

tendons of the second, third, and fourth digits (fig. 18, F. 4. 1 and

F. A. 2).

Lumbricales. I have only detected two muscles which appear

thoroughly to answer to mammalian lumbricales.

These arise from the plantar surfaces and tibial sides of the per-

forating tendon of the third and fourth digits, and go respectively

to the tibial sides of the same digits (fig. 18, Z. 1 and LZ. 2).

Three other narrow flat muscular bands go from the deep surfaces

of the perforating tendons of the third, fourth, and fifth digits to the

plantar surfaces of the proximal phalanges of the same digits.

Abductor hallucis (fig. 18, 4. H.). This is a flat muscular band,

which arises from the plantar surface of the naviculare, very near to

the proximal end of the first metatarsal, and is inserted into the

proximal phalanx of the hallux.

The abductor ossis metatarsi quinti (fig. 18, 4. Q.) is a similar

flat muscular band arising from the distal end of the os calcis, and

inserted into the peroneal border of the distal end of a groove on

the deep surface of the fifth metatarsal bone. Next the surface of

this groove is a strong tendon.

Flexor minimi digiti (fig. 18, F.M.). This small muscle arises

from the tibial aspect of the ridge on the plantar surface of the

fifth metatarsal, and is inserted into the proximal phalanx of the

fifth digit. ‘

Interossei. There are dorsal and plantar interossei in the pes

very similar to the corresponding muscular fasciculi of the manus ;

but besides these there is a superficial layer of plantar muscular

fibres. This layer takes origin from the tibial side of the cuboid

and fifth metatarsal, and is covered superficially by the second part

of the flexor accessorius. Spreading out in a fan-like manner, it is

inserted into the three middle digits.

798 DR.J.MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

14. On the Platyrhine Wombat (Phascolomys platyrhinus,

Owen). By James Muriz, M.D., F.G.S., Prosector to

the Society.

(Plate XXXV.)

In a former paper*, which I had the honour of laying before this

Society, I endeavoured to prove, froma study of the skulls and skins,

that the genus Phascolomys was represented only by three living

species, viz. P. wombat, P. platyrhinus, and P. latifrons, and that

among fossil species one, P. magnus, could alone with propriety be

considered distimct from the recent animals.

I then proposed that on a future occasion I should treat of the

comparative differences exhibited in the other parts of the osteolog

of these ‘three mentioned living species.

Several circumstances have caused me to delay putting together

in the form of a communication the material then collected as notes.

Recently, however, I have obtained four more Wombats for compa-

rison. These afford such evidence of the general correctness of my

previously asserted views that I no longer defer completing my un-

finished labour.

On my first investigation into the specific differences of the genus

Phascolomys 1 was much indebted to Mr. A. D. Bartlett for aid.

Again I have to express acknowledgements to him, as through his

kind mediation the four specimens of Wombat in question were gene-

rously placed at my disposal.

Captain Smart, of the ship ‘ Murray,’ received (in Adelaide, South

Australia) five living specimens of the Broad- fronted Wombat (P. /a-

tifrons), which he endeavoured to bring in safety to this country.

During the voyage three of them unfortunately died. The bodies,

however, were preserved by him in a strong brine, and one of them

reached me in such fair condition as to permit a tolerable minute

dissection of it to be made. Of the two others only the skeletons re-

mained perfect. One entire skin and the cranial portions of the skin

of its two companions I produce as satisfactory testimony that they

all three possess the hairy muzzle, smooth silky fur, and prominent

ears characteristic of P. latifrons. The skulls (which I now exhibit)

also help to remove any existing doubts, if such there should be, as

to error in the species. The two remaining living specimens, at pre-

sent in the Gardens, cannot be mistaken specifically, and they agree

in characters with the above-mentioned skin.

Besides the three carcasses spoken of, a still more acceptable boon,

because of its rarity, was granted me—namely the examination of the

body of a noble-sized Wombat, a thorough representative of P. pla-

tyrhinus. This animal had been purchased alive by a gentleman in

Sydney, New South Wales. During transport to this country it also

died. Partially preserved in brine along with the specimens of P.

* “On the Identity of the Hairy-nosed Wombat (Phascolomys lasiorhinus,

Gould) with the Broad-fronted Wombat (P. latifrons, Owen), with further Obser-

vations on the several Species of the Genus,” P. Z. S, 1865, p. 838.

1867.] DR. 3. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS, 799

latifrons, it nevertheless has sufficed, through Mr. Bartlett’s skill in

taxidermy, for a mounted skin to be prepared.

The skull, the skeleton, and the skin of this large Wombat, as I

shall hereafter point out, correspond in all essentials to what on the

former occasion I was led to regard as Phascolomys platyrhinus.

But, before entering into a consideration of the differentiation pre-

sented in the axial and appendicular skeleton of the existing species

of Wombat, I deem it necessary to revert to some of my former

statements, and to append some fresh information concerning the

ostensible relation between the skins and crania of the three species.

Exterior Aspect.

Under the head of colour and general external appearance I shall

chiefly confine my remarks to those distinguishing the Platyrhine

from the Common Wombat; for the Hairy-nosed or Broad-fronted

species (P. latifrons) is not so readily confounded with either of the

first-mentioned ones as those two are between themselves.

The accompanying lithograph (PI. XXXV.) of the large specimen

in question from Sydney and another, smaller, browner-coloured ani-

mal conveys a tolerable good idea of P. platyrhinus, at least of the

more distinguishing features of the species. This large animal is seen

to possess an intermediate gradation of colour between what I formerly

termed the “pale” and “brown” varieties, Thus, while more nearly

approaching the colour of the “ big yellow fellow” of the Austra-

lian natives (P. latifrons, Gould* and P. setosus, Gray+) on the

sides &c., it still retains upon the back a partial likeness to Dr. Gray’s

P. angasii.

As the illustration shows, the limbs and sides of the body in it are

more or less of a yellowish (isabelline) colour, which towards the back

assumes a darker and browner shade. The nape of the neck, as

formerly described in Mr. Bush’s specimen of P. platyrhinus, is

darkest, the hairs there being more tipped with black, and, as in it

(which I here give as an example of the brown variety), the median

line of the back exhibits a continuation of the dark colour backwards

to the rump.

The three varieties of P. platyrhinus respectively denominated by

me the “ pale,” the “ brown,”’ and the “black”? would seem, there-

fore, in this later-acquired specimen to be further proved to graduate

the one into the other—that is to say, if the living animal in the

Society’s Gardens, which Mr. Gould has named P. niger, should,

as I suppose, turn out to be only a black variety of P. platyrhinus

—a fact yet to be ascertained by an examination of its skeleton,

I find, moreover, that in each of the three species of living Wom-

bat there is a certain tendency to variation in the shade of colour, As

regards the Platyrhine Wombat, I have already mentioned this, and

shall only add that there is a tiny young one in the British Museum

of a perfect (isabelline) yellow tint. Of the specimens of Common

* Mammals of Australia, 1863, vol. i. text, and plates 57, 58.

T Annals and Magazine of Nat. Hist. 1863, vol. xi. p. 457.

800 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

Wombat some are darker than others; and this fact is seen even in

two very young animals of this species in the same collection.

Comparison of the Hairy-nosed Wombats shows also that some of

them assume a browner hue than others.

There is one point which the recent acquisition of the specimen

of P. platyrhinus confirms, namely, the entire absence of the grizzly

greyish tint, which is so very strongly marked and constant in the

common species (P. wombat).

The peculiar silky structure of the fur of P. latifrons was ad-

verted to in my former paper. P. platyrhinus possesses the very re-

verse, the fur being coarse (almost bristly) to the touch. P. wombat

has it of an intermediate fineness. So perceptible is this difference

that the three species might almost be identified by touch alone.

Osteology.—The Skull.

The object of the present paper is not so much a perfect and de-

tailed description of the entire osteclogy of Phascolomys platyrhinus

as of differentiation and specific distinction between it and other

forms of the genus; I have therefore limited my remarks chiefly

to those points elucidating variety or otherwise in its osseous confor-

mation. Besides, the skeleton of the Common Wombat is well known,

and has been sufficiently figured by Prof. Owen* and others ; so that

P. platyrhinus, possessing only minor distinctions, needs not length-

ened descriptive repetition.

Phascolomys latifrons, on the other hand, shears off from the

common form of Wombat, and reverts to the true marsupial type in

several particulars. Its skull has been well illustrated in vol. ii. of

our ‘ Transactions ;’ and the graphic seizure of its salient points pre-

cludes the necessity of reiteration. As Prof. Owen has there clearly

shown, the skull of P. latifrons presents such marked characters as

to entitle it to specific distinction solely thereupon.

But between the skulls of the remaining two (P. platyrhinus and

P. wombat) no such clear line of demarcation exists. I find, after a

careful reexamination of a more extensive series of crania, that these

last-mentioned forms have very close resemblances to each other—or

rather, I should say, that they glide together so insensibly by inter-

mediate forms that the osteologist might find difficulty in assigning

some specimens to their proper species, were it not that size lends

aid to the determination.

Nevertheless, although freely admitting the tendency to gradation

observable in a series of skulls of P. platyrhinus and P. wombat

(those examined by me were some twenty in all), I have still the sa-

tisfaction of finding that such distinguishing characters as I pointed

out in the published paper referred to, in the main hold good. But

be it observed that while in no ways asserting that the skull of a

young specimen of P. platyrhinus can at once and with certainty be

distinguished from that of an adult but loosely connected cranium

of P. wombat, I have yet reason to believe that with specimens of

* Trans. Zool. Soc, vol. ii. pl. 68.

1867.] DR.J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 801

an equal age (e. g. adult to adult or young to young) the same diffi-

culty would not be encountered.

In my former paper (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 847) I have set down the

specialities of P. platyrhinus, as compared with P. wombat, to be

these four :—(a) The greater size of the cranium. (4) The greater

relative breadth of the nasal bones. (c) The moderately deep tym-

panic excavation. (d) The more triangular form of the posterior

palatine foramina.

In elucidation of the proportional magnitude of the crania of the

three species of Wombat I append the subjoined table. The first

column represents the lately acquired skull of P. platyrhinus (the

larger animal figured in Pl. XXXV.), and the two next columns

those of the specimens of P. latifrons. They are each taken in inches

and lines, and correspond to the table of admeasurements of skulls

given in my former paper. The remaining columns respectively

show in twelfths of an inch the average of seven specimens of P.

platyrhinus, six of P. wombat, and four of P. latifrons.

Measurements of Skulls and Series of Average Proportions.

n cl mn 2 nD a 6 a g 6 Dos 6 a ae

BOS | BS | BSS] 228] S88) 228

BGS| ES | SES | FERS | se22| Sees

ASS | es) Ves (ada s| Geen aeea

Geo) ges | Ges | gia) ses) sey

eae tie tore slaty fe A

|in. lin,| in. lin.) in. lin. lines lines. lines.

Total length of cranium ............:06..6.0666 |/8:.9'| 6 .8 | 6 3) -92 5 77

Greatest width, which is at the posterior 3 } : <

part of the zygomatic arch ............... \ ae OEE or Be 57 56

Width of skull behind orbits, where con- one = 9.

tracted by temporal fossee ...........+++- 452.) Tagish, 3 = is -

Width at anterior part of zygomatic arch... 4 7 | 310) 3 63) 53 43 45

Length from occipital crest to temporal fossa) 2 3) 1 11 | 1 Il 26 21 23

Length of nasal bones .............s:ceereeeeeees Sel oe eee 34 28 25

Width of same behind .............. .-.eseseeees 23/2 4)2 2 26 19 28

Width of same near apeXx...............seereeees Or eee is) “FO 10 7 13

Length of frontal bones ...........-....06:080+ 3°5|2° 43/2 2 34 27 28

Width of same between orbits.............-.++5 DinGie2t DwLD9 29 23 32

Width of each intermaxillary bone as seen | o1}o 2/0 23 8 7 2

PRDUNUAMOV OG: ic ccscs-sccmct esth ces cencas ogee dese J

HEM PAVOT PAlALe® so. ......c2--02cenarcaccysesseaet 49|3 743 5 52 38 43

Width between anterior molars .............-- 06/0 5/0 4 4 4 5

Width between posterior molars............++- 1 0} 0 103) 0 93) 10 8 10

Width of both superior incisor teeth ......... | 0 83 010)0 83 9 7 9

Depth of same taken singly ......s02....-++0+00+ }0 6|0 38/0 38 5 3 3

Distance between incisor teeth (upper jaw) | o|1 7a\ 1 63] 17 14 19

FCNGIATSI nacyccdocasns us sossucreeees ses se

Total extent of row of molar teeth ............ Feds LAOS AAO 26 23 22

Length of lower jaw ..........ssscseecsecseerevees 6 9/5 33/4 9 71 53 57

Greatest breadth of same.............-.0e0e008+ 511)4 53/4 14) 68 5d 51

Height in a vertical line dropped ae 3 7/38 13 1 36 35 36

COYONOIG PLOCESS .........ccecesseseerenrees

Width of lower incisors .............0seeeeeeeee 0 73/0 6|0 53 Vf 7 6

Wepth of the same........5....0.0.-ceceseeaeoerees |O 4410 3}/0 8 + Se

802 DR.J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

First.— As to the greater relative size of the cranium, the above

average measurements bring out that the proportion of breadth (at

the posterior part of the zygomatic arch) to the length in

P. platyrhinus is as 73 to 100

P. wombat >» 76 to 100

P. latifrons » 723to 100

Again the proportion of breadth to length at the anterior part of

the zygomatic arch in

P. platyrhinus is as 57 to 100

P. wombat on 25 7"to 100

P. latifrons >» 028 to 100

The mandible bears correspondence to the first of these propor-

tions ; in it the breadth is to the length in

P. platyrhinus as 95 to 100

P. wombat », 104 to 100

P. latifrons ,, 89 to 100

From these results, then, it would appear that, besides absolute

greater length, P. platyrhinus and P. latifrons agree in having rela-

tively a narrower skull than P. wombat at the hinder part of the zygo-

matic arch, while P. platyrhinus and P. wombat resemble each other,

again, in the comparative narrowing at the front part of the zygoma.

Second.—The shape and greater relative breadth of the nasal bones

is a point which, if constant, would serve admirably as a differentia-

ting characteristic. For instance, in six examples of P. latifrons,

of various ages, the skulls of which I placed side by side, there was

only one which exhibited a very slight perceptible difference in the

nasals. It, as well as all the others, was of an extremely regular

equilateral triangular form. The exceptional specimen (No. 1843,

Osteological Series, College of Surgeons*) had a slight break in the

basal line of the forehead, wherein was wedged a narrow sharp-pointed

process of the frontal. In other respects the straightness of the

contour basal line was not altered.

A similar inspection of crania of P, platyrhinus does not, however,

afford the same striking uniformity. At first sight there is seem-

ingly a great irregularity in the form of the nasals; but these devia-

tions resolve themselves into three kinds: one of these approaches

the equilateral triangular figure found in P. latifrons ; another merges

into what is more commonly obtained in P. wombat (namely a kind

of spear-headed pattern); and the third is of an inconstant and

intermediate grade between these two extremes.

The proportional breadth of the two nasal bones at their hinder

ends is to their length in

P. platyrhinus as 76 to 100

P. wombat » 68 to 100

P. latifrons _,, 112 to 100

* Owen’s type specimen, for a representation of which, of the natural size, see

‘Trans. Zool. Soc.’ vol. iii. pl. 37. f. 4

1867.] DR. J.MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 803

Towards the anterior ends of the nasals the breadth in proportion

to length is in P. platyrhinus as 29 to 100

P. wombat » 20 to 100

P. latifrons _,, 52 to 100

The relation of breadth to length in P. platyrhinus is manifested

most distinctly in the first and third forms. In these the fronto-

maxillary suture approaches nearer the orbits, and the width of the

nasals continues forward generally beyond their middles; in the

first the nasals begin to narrow only at the anterior third. In the

pattern which most nearly approaches that of P. wombat (7. e. spear-

headed), the fronto-nasal articulation, from its angular setting, gives

the nasals a certain narrowness; the naso-premaxillary sutures

also early (at the posterior one-third) run towards each other, and

continue narrowing forwards, so that the anterior two-thirds, com-

pared with the posterior one-third, is very narrow.

It is this very far backward narrowing, therefore, wherein consists

any real difference between P. wombat and P. platyrhinus; so that

the breadth of the anterior half of the nasals, compared with the

corresponding adjoining premaxillaries, is in a series relatively greater

in P. platyrhinus than in P. wombat. The reverse or greatest rela-

tive breadth at the top of the premaxillaries is in favour of P.

wombat. But this rule has occasional exceptions, which, however,

do not militate against the general correctness of the proposition.

Third.—As to the moderately deep tympanic excavation in P. pla-

tyrhinus, this obtained, with modifications, in six of the seven skulls

of this species examined. The converse was observed in P. wombat,

where one out of nine alone possessed a tendency to deep and broad

excavation of the supratympanic region.

Fourth.—The wore triangular form of the posterior palatine fora-

mina. This character, as so expressed, requires modification, inas-

much as in the Platyrhine Wombat, although it is generally large

and has an elongated and somewhat triangular form, yet this is sub-

ject to variation. In the Common Wombat it is even more incon-

stant, more often, however, round and small.

The Vertebral Column.

The regional distribution of the vertebral column in the genus

Phascolomys is as in Marsupials generally ; but the total number of

vertebral elements in the dorsal, lumbar, and caudal regions varies

so far as P. latifrons is concerned. P. platyrhinus: and P. wombat

agree, excepting in the former of these two possessing occasionally

an additional caudal ossicle. P. latifrons, on the contrary, seems

always to have two less dorsal vertebrae, which come to be reckoned

as additional lumbar ones, while the caudal vertebra may be said to

be more than either of the other mentioned species.

The vertebral formula, according to my investigations, is repre-

sented as follows :—

P. platyrhinus Cv. 7, D.15, L. 4, S. 4, Cd. 12, =v: We

P. wombat .. Cv. 7, D. 15, L. 4, S. 4, Cd. 10 to,11,=40 or 41.

P. latifrons .. Cv. 7, D. 13, L. 6, 8. 4, Cd. 15 to 16,=45 or 46.

804 DR.J.MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

Cervical Vertebra.—lt has been remarked by Prof. Owen* that in

the Koala and Wombat the body of the atlas remains permanently

cartilaginous. This observation appears not to be exceptional in the

case of Phascolomys platyrhinus and P. latifrons, where the bony

ring is incomplete in both. In the specimens examined by me of

P. platyrhinus the bony separation was as much as 04 of an inch,

and in P. latifrons, as in P. wombat, about 0°3".

The first cervical vertebra in P. platyrhinus, besides slightly larger

dimensions, has a sensibly higher arched lamina than either P.

wombat or P. latifrons, and there is the rudiment of a neural

spine. The breadth from before backwards of the neural arch is

usually greatest in P. latifrons; but this is not constant. The

transverse processes seem also relatively longer and broader in P.

platyrhinus, although this may only appear to be so from the gene-

rally increased size of the vertebree. They, however, are flatter in

P. latifrons, in this respect approaching to the shape found in the

Koala. ; :

The greatest diameter to the tips of the transverse processes in the

specimens compared respectively measured 2"-6 in P. platyrhinus

and 2'-2 in P. wombat and P. latifrons.

The antero-posterior diameter of the body of the axis in P. lati-

frons is comparatively greater than in either P. platyrhinus or P.

wombat.

In P. platyrhinus, however, the perforated transverse processes

extend considerably beyond the body, whereas they are short in P.

wombat and P. latifrons, where they barely reach outside the ante-

rior articulating surfaces.

The peculiar feature of the neural spine of the axis in P. latifrons

is its possessing only in a slight degree the anterior projection, which

is strongly marked in P. platyrhinus, and even relatively more so

in P. wombat. The superior border from this to the summit of the

spine is also very perpendicularly inclined in its arch in P. latifrons ;

and both behind and before the neural spine and lamine there are not

such deep concavities as in the two other species. In this manner

the neural spine has a sharper and half-crescentic form, distinguish-

ing it from the other species.

The two specimens of P. platyrhinus examined varied, inasmuch

as one had a spine of the shape attributed to P. latifrons ; the other

reverted to what is found in P. wombat—namely, where the spine is

derived from broad laminz whose anterior and posterior edges are

deeply concave.

In the succeeding cervical vertebrae P. wombat has the neural spine

of the fourth slightly longer than those of the third, fifth, sixth, and

seventh, which last are all about equal in length. In P. platyrhinus

the third cervical has only the rudiment of a spine, which is bifid

and corresponds to a tubercle on the posterior arched concavity of

the neural spine of the axis. The four cervical vertebre posterior to

the third have their spines nearly alike in length; the seventh, how-

ever, is perceptibly the longest. In P. latifrons the seventh neural

spine is by far the longest (with the exception of that of the axis);

* Op. cit. p. 394.

1867.] | DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 805

the four neural spines in advance of it are subequal in length, be-

sides being shorter.

Dorsal vertebre.—Among the Marsupialia the dorsal vertebrze

are thirteen in number, except in Phascolomys wombat, which has

fifteen. P. platyrhinus, then, agrees with the latter in this respect ;

but P. latifrons, on the other hand, disagrees with its two allied

specific forms, and reverts to the usual marsupial character.

In the three species of Phascolomys the number of dorsal and

lumbar vertebrze taken collectively are nineteen. Of these, in P. pla-

tyrhinus and P. wombat, as the preceding formula shows, there are

fifteen dorsal and four lumbar ; but in P. datifrons there are only

thirteen rib-bearing dorsal, and consequently six lumbar vertebree.

The bodies of the dorsal vertebree in P. platyrhinus and P. wom-

bat resemble each other, excepting in size. The under surfaces of the

centra are slightly laterally compressed, which gives the appearance

of increased vertical depth, which they otherwise do not possess ;

this is most marked in the large adult male of P. platyrhinus.

The bodies increase in antero-posterior thickness from the first to

the last.

In the size of the bodies of the dorsal vertebrae P. latifrons agrees

most with P. wombat. One specimen of P. latifrons presented a

peculiar flattening of the under surface of the bodies.

In the largest P. platyrhinus the laminar arches are flatter and

altogether broader. A better comparison is made between P. wombat

and P. latifrons, on account of the equality of size; this brings out

the fact that in the latter the neural laminz, as seen from above,

are relatively narrower than in the former species.

In one specimen of P. latifrons the neural spine of the first dorsal

possessed a bifid tip, in all the other specimens of this and the two

species compared it was single. In P. platyrhinus the same spine

at its upper half has considerable antero-posterior flattening. This

terminal flattening is just observable in P. wombat; but in P. lati-

frons, excepting the divergence of the bifid extremity, the spine is

laterally compressed.

The remainder of the neural spines are relatively longer and more

laterally compressed in the species P. Jatifrons ; their antero-posterior

diameter is also greatest.

In the powerful body of P. platyrhinus the dorsal spinous pro-

cesses have each a bulbous extremity, and the sides of each spine are

marked by grooves for the attachment of muscles.

All three species have the first dorsal spine the longest, those

behind diminishing gradually until they reach the shorter and broader

neurapophyses of the lumbar region.

In the Common Wombat, as Owen has mentioned*, the metapo-

physis rises suddenly from the outside of the prozygapophysis of

the twelfth dorsal, increases in length to the second lumbar, dimi-

nishes by degrees to the second sacral, and is rudimental in the fol-

lowing sacral and caudal vertebrae. The same remarks apply to the

Platyrhine Wombat.

* Osteological Catalogue Coll. Surg. vol. i. p. 330 (1853).

806 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINvS. [June 27,

In P. latifrons, from the altered distribution of the dorsal and

lumbar vertebree, the metapophyses, commencing sometimes at the

eleventh and sometimes at the twelfth dorsal vertebra, continue to

increase in size to the fourth lumbar, after which they diminish as

in the other species.

The anapophyses, which in P. platyrhinus and P. wombat are

first observable on the eleventh dorsal, in P. /atifrons make their

appearance very rudimentally on the eighth and ninth dorsal. The

diminution of these processes in the lumbar and disappearance in

the last of the series are alike in the three species.

Fig.

Bones of the pelvis of P. platyrhinus. One-third nat. size.

Lumbar Vertebre.—From these being only four in number, as

well as from their having a wider stretch of transverse processes, P.

platyrhinus and P. wombat possess short, broad loins ; whereas in

P. latifrons the lumbar region is narrow, elongated, and conical in

shape. ‘The average proportional length of the lumbar region be-

tween the three species is respectively 43, 43 and 63 inches,—the

dorsal region contrariwise measuring 123, 10 and 93 inches in the

1867.] DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 807

Bones of pelvis. Fig. 2. P. /atifrons, Fig. 3. P. wombat. One-third nat. size.

808 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

same specimens. In P. /atifrons the same flattening underneath of

the bodies of the lumbar vertebrze occurs as in the dorsal region, but

the bodies altogether seem stronger than in similar-sized Wombats.

In P. platyrhinus the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra.

are immensely long. The first and last are shorter than the two

middle ones. The hindmost three are wider than the sacrum.

Compared with those of P. latifrons they are narrower antero-poste-

riorly and somewhat rounder. The size being less in P. wombat,

they otherwise correspond to what has been said of P. platyrhinus.

All the examples ot P. latifrons, none of P. platyrhinus, and only

one of P. wombat exhibited short suturally connected pleurapophy-

ses resting upon the diapophyses of the first lumbar vertebre.

If other proof were wanting of the termination of the dorsal and

commencement of the lumbar vertebree in P. latifrons, the presence

of these pleurapophyses in P. wombat, where fifteen ribs exist, would

satisfy objections which might be raised, that in P. latifrons their

more regular occurrence indicated a greater number than thirteen

ribs as the normal condition.

Sacrum.—In defining the number of sacral vertebrze present in

specimens of the Common Wombat, Prof. Owen remarks*, “If we

regard those vertebre only as sacral which join the ossa innominata,

then there are but three ’’—more often, it will be found, only two.

If, on the other hand, anchylosis is the test, then the sacral vertebree

may vary from 3 to 4—5, or even as many as 7, in number in different

specimens. I am inclined, however, to agree with a further state-

ment of the same anatomist, that four are the normal number of

bones (Cat. Coll. Surg. p. 330).

Besides the fact that the four vertebrze succeeding the lumbar

ones have transverse processes directed almost straight outwards, or

the posterior two of them even somewhat forwards, in contradis-

tinction to the vertebree behind, which have transverse processes in-

clined at an angle backwards, there is the still more cogent reason,

that the sacral plexus passes through the three foramina, bounded

by the usually coalesced four sacral elements.

This division between true sacral and caudal vertebree is remark-

ably well seen in specimens of P. latifrons, where the transverse

processes are shorter and less liable to anchylosis than in either of

the other species.

The sacral vertebree of P. platyrhinus are chiefly distinguishable

from those of P. wombat by the greater width of the transverse pro-

cesses and by their unusual flatness both on the pelvic and dorsal

surfaces. The extent of the auricular surface abutting against the

ilia is relatively greater ; and, as compared with most specimens of P.

wombat, the base of the sacrum and anterior edge of the first trans-

verse process reach somewhat further forwards on the ilia. These

conditions appear to give greater lateral and longitudinal capacity to

the cavity of the pelvis; indeed it is the width and flattening

of the dorsal surface of the sacral region of the pelvis continued

backwards towards the tail which produces the characteristic hinder

* Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 396.

1867.| | DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 809

truncation of the body or shield-like flattening so very remarkable

in the living Platyrhine Wombat.

P. latifrons differs from the other species in having the transverse

processes of the sacral vertebree shortening from the first to the

fourth ; in other words, the sacrum narrows behind, whereas in P.

platyrhinus and P. wombat it is as broad, if not broader posteriorly

than anteriorly.

Caudal Vertebre.—In all the species the first six have transverse

processes, the seventh vertebra in each presenting a rudimental one.

The processes generally of the remaining caudal vertebree are very

obscure, and the last two or three are little better than tiny ossicles.

In P. platyrhinus the great length and breadth of the backwardly

inflected transverse processes of the first three or four caudal verte-

bre is somewhat remarkable. These almost reach the tuber ischii,

so that the sacral and these anterior caudal vertebrae taken together

present a long, broad, and flat shield, which in the live animal (P.

niger of Gould) in the Gardens is very conspicuous.

The Common Wombat, though very much resembling P. platy-

rhinus in its caudal elements, seems to have the transverse processes

relatively shorter, and consequently to present a greater interspace

between their tips and the inner border of the ischium.

P. latifrons is readily distinguished by the very much shorter and

pointed nature of the caudal transverse processes; but these are,

moreover, comparatively broader antero-posteriorly at their roots

than in P. wombat and P. platyrhinus.

From this shortening of the outstanding transverse processes, and

a more or less greater length in the vertebree themselves, the caudal

region in P. datifrons entirely wants the short truncated aspect pre-

sent in the other two species.

In all the animals when alive the tail is very short, but it is more

perceptible in the Hairy-nosed Wombat than in Common and Pla-

tyrhine species.

Sternum and Ribs.

Sternum.—I have found the bones of the sternum of the specimens

of the Platyrhine and Hairy-nosed species, except in one instance,

four in number, as is the case in the {Common Wombat. In the ex-

ceptional example (a portion of a disarticulated skeleton of P. pla-

tyrhinus in the College of Surgeons, at present labelled P. wombat)

there are five bony pieces composing the sternum. This peculiarity

in the number of sternal elements is a reversion to what obtains in

the Petaurus taguanoides.

The sternal bones of P. platyrhinus are altogether much the largest

of the three, but those of P. latzfrons are relatively the stoutest.

The hindermost bone, that to which the xiphoid cartilage is attached,

is broadened posteriorly in P. platyrhinus, the fifth rib-cartilages

abutting against the lateral protruding portions. In P. latifrons

this bone is obtusely pointed, and in P. wombat more abruptly trun-

cated posteriorly.

Ribs.—The Common Wombat has been regarded as very anoma-

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1867, No. LII.

810 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

lous among the Marsupials, by reason of its having fifteen ribs, in

contradistinction to the other genera of its family, which have

thirteen, excepting the Petaurists, where they are twelve in number.

The Phascolomys latifrons, however, reduces this anomalous cha-

racter to specific variety, for in it we have a return to the usual

Marsupial number of thirteen. This diminution in the number of

ribs may of itself be regarded as a marked character, fully justifying

and carrying out Prof. Owen’s proof, from the skull, of the specific

distinctnness of the animal.

This circumstance, however, is unfortunate for the Professor’s rea-

soning upon the adaptive design of Wombats having fifteen pairs, as

opposed to other genera of the Marsupiata. He remarks*, ‘‘ The

pressure to which the trunk of the Wombat must occasionally be

subjected, in its subterranean burrowings, is probably the condition

of the development of the additional pairs of ribs in that species.”

But in P. latifrons we have a doubtless burrowing Wombat wherein

no more than the usnal development of ribs in the Marsupials is

found; for Mr. G. F. Angas’s observations} lead to the belief that,

so far as scratching and burrowing are concerned, the Hairy-nosed

Wombat is a thorough adept in the art.

The ribs in the Platyrhine Wombat bear a proportion to its much

more strongly built body ; and anteriorly the grooves for the attach-

ment of the intercostal muscles are well marked. Both the Common

and Hairy-nosed species have rounder as well as weaker coste. In

all the species the first rib is the flattest and shortest one.

Bones of the Fore Limb.

Scapula.—There is a distinct and well-marked difference in the

form of this bone in the three species of Wombat, and such as would

not occur by mere growth from a younger towards an older condi-

tion—that is, supposing that P. wombat were but an immature stage

of the larger-sized P. platyrhinus.

For example, the proportional breadth to length is in P. platy-

rhinus as 72 to 100, in P. wombat 53 to 100, and in P. Jatifrons

56 to 100, the preponderance of breadth to length, then, being

greatly in favour of the Platyrkine species.

In P. platyrhinus the scapula approaches to a square form, and

is not oblong as in P. wombat, or irregularly oblong as in P. lat?-

frons. The total length of the bone is more nearly alike in the

three species ; but the relative breadth in the first named is almost

one-third greater. The entire bone in P. platyrhinus is immensely

strong and massive, and the free margin of the spine is unusually

broad for attachment of the muscles.

In P. latifrons this bone does not conform to the remarkably

regular oblong quadrate figure which Prof. Owen has pointed out to

be characteristic of P. wombat +, where the superior and inferior costz

run nearly parallel the one to the other.

* Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. ii. p. 396. + P.Z. 8.1861, p. 270.

+ Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 399.

1867.| DR. J. MURITE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 81)

Scapula of the three species of Wombat. Two-thirds nat. size.

Fig. 4. P. latifrons. Fig. 5. P. wombat. Fig. 6. P. platyrhinus.

The scapular spine is likewise more arched and higher in the Broad-

fronted Wombat than in the common species, the curvature com-

mencing closer to the base, rising almost two-tenths higher opposite

to the root of the neck, and falling again as it forms the acromion,

which last is much more elongated, and ends at the clavicle in a

812 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. [June 27,

sharper-pointed inwardly curved process. The free border of the

spine is not thick posteriorly ; but it becomes equal to that of P.

platyrhinus and almost broader than that of P. wombat at the pos-

terior half of the acromion process.

The coracoid process is bent downwards and inwards, as usual in

P. wombat; but the groove where the biceps tendon is lodged is in

P. latifrons shallower. 'Towards the neck it rises with a convexity,

and with a roughened elongated pit for the insertion of the tendon

of the biceps.

In the Common Wombat the supra- and infraspinous fossz are

very flat ; whereas in P. /atifrons and, to a lesser extent, in P. platy-

rhinus they are concave, more especially the infraspinous fossa. The

subscapular surface of the bone in Wombat has shallow ridges and

furrows, but in the other species these are much more marked.

Clavicle.—In the Platyrhine and Common Wombats this bone

equally has a double curvature, being by far the stronger and more

grooved in the former animal.

In the Hairy-nosed Wombat the clavicles are somewhat straighter

than in the others. Of about equal length to those of the Common

species, they, 1 in consequence | of their straightness and also more in-

ward projection of the acromion processes, give an apparently greater

breadth of chest to the Hairy-nosed species.

Humerus.—The humerus of P. platyrhinus is 4,8, inches long, of P.

latifrons 4-2;, and in the specimen of P. wombat examined 4,3, inches.

Excepting i in the inequality of size, this bone in the first two species

is hardly to be distinguished ; but in P. wombat, although bearing a

close resemblance to them in general outline, it has nevertheless

pointed differences. Its breadth, both in ea and extremities, is

relatively one-third less; the deltoid ridge is not so prominent ; and,

moreover, in P. platyrhinus and P. latifrons this has its outer margin

rolled backwards so as to give a greater depth behind to that portion

of the shaft. The posterior part of the articulating surface of the

head of the humerus in the two latter curves considerably backwards,

which is not the case in P. wombat, neither has this last such rough

processes for the attachment of muscles. In neither of the speci-

mens under consideration was the interspace of the condyles perfo-

rated*, as is said occasionally to be the case in P. wombat.

Ulna and Radius.—These bones in P. platyrhinus and P. lati-

Jrons approach closely to each other, both in the bend of the bones

and in the muscular grooves and ridges.

The separation distinctive between these two species is one only of

size; the ulna of the first, from the olecranon process to the styloid

process, is 6’, the same measured in the second is 5'"5. The Com-

mon Wombat has this bone 5!'-8 long, but not at all so broad and

strong as in them, neither has it such a deep exterior muscular groove,

and its sigmoid notch is also relatively smaller in size.

As to the radius, its length bears an analogous proportion to the

other bones of the fore limb—in P. platyrhinus 4'-4, in P. latifrons

4-1, and in P. wombat 4!'*2. In the last the shaft is not so strong

* Owen, Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. ii. p. 401.

1867.] DR.J.MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINUS. 813

and thick, and presents a lesser curve, the interosseous interspace

being in consequence narrower ; the two former, moreover, have a

considerable forward bend in the shaft, which must admit of greater

strength in the bones, and also give increased power to the muscles.

Metacarpal Bones.—Of the bones of the fore paw P. platyrhi-

nus agrees with P. wombat in that the metacarpals are somewhat

longer as compared with the digits than is the case in P, latifrons.

Bones of the Hind Limb.

The Pelvis.—The sacral portion of this has already been referred

to in connexion with the region of the spine.

In P. platyrhinus the entire pelvic bones correspond with the

powerful build of the body, being uncommonly strong and of great

breadth and length. In the general form of the ilium, ischium, and

pubis P. platyrhinus more nearly resembles P. wombat than these

two species do P. lattfrons.

Between P. platyrhinus and P. wombat, besides difference in size,

the former has more marked muscular ridges and depressions. The

anterior spinous process of the ilium in the first sweeps well out-

wards and backwards, and the ischium is unusually broad and flat

at its tuberosity, the inner prominent border bending more towards

the transverse processes of the caudal vertebree. The axis of the

pelvic bones, taken in a line from the spine of the ilium to the

ischium, is somewhat straighter in P. wombat than in P. platyrhinus.

Possibly this may be due to sex more than to specific divergence.

In P. latifrons the very narrowed condition of the transverse pro-

cesses of the sacral and caudal vertebre give a characteristic appear-

ance to the pelvic region as seen dorsally. The tuberosities of the

ischia not only seem wider apart, but, in comparison with the size of the

bones, are substantially wider than in P. platyrhinus or P. wombat.

The ventral surface, corresponding with the false pelvis of human

anatomy, of each ilium in P. latifrons is more deeply grooved; and the

anterior border of the bone, more unusually prominent, points down-

wards, and not outwards as in the Platyrhine and common species.

The anterior spinous process has a somewhat inward and forward

curve—in this manner less backwardly falciform than in the two

other species. The symphysis and the arch of the pubis are narrow-

est in P. latifrons ; but the rami and tuberosities of the ischia diverge

outwards and upwards (backwards). Thus each ischium has a very

narrow and laterally compressed tuberosity compared with that of P.

wombat and P. platyrhinus, in the latter of which the enormously

expanded and roughened ischial tuberosities forcibly indicate great

muscular attachment and increased volume and strength in the

hinder parts.

Marsupial Bones.—These are proportionally the longest in P. Ja-

tifrons, and in breadth and thickness agree with those of P. wombat.

P. platyrhinus has them relatively the broadest. In this last also

there is usually a larger interspace or foramen where they arch

between the symphysis and the ilio-pubic ridge.

Femur.—The femur of P. wombat and that of P. platyrhinus are

814 DR. J. MURIE ON PHASCOLOMYS PLATYRHINuS, [June 27,

most like each other in form and size: in two specimens the first

measured 5,8, inches in its long diameter, the second 6’; but in P.

platyrhinus it is considerably the stronger and thicker, the shaft

being somewhat compressed from before backwards, whereas it is

nearly round in wombat.

The length of the femur in P. latifrons is 5,4; inches, but, although

shorter than in P. wombat, it is much stouter; the shaft is also

straighter. The prominent antero-posteriorly compressed outer ridge,

which extends downwards from the great trochanter, so as to forma

kind of third trochanter in P. wombat and P. platyrhinus, is absent

in P. latifrons ; aroughening behind the shaft merely represents this.

Tibia and Fibula.—P. platyrhinus and P. wombat again approxi-

mate in the form of the tibia; it is much the broader antero-poste-

riorly in the former, while the shaft is straighter in the latter. The

shaft of P. latifrons is still more laterally compressed ; and about

the centre of the shaft the anterior edge is slightly bent outwards,

which also takes place in a less degree in-P. platyrhinus, but not im

P. wombat. The lengths of these bones are respectively 4"'°7, 4!-5,

and 4-4, The articulating surfaces in P. latifrons are abruptly flat-

tened and spread out, but they are more sloping in the other species.

The tibia seems to be reversed, and differs in length, being 33;

of an inch shorter in P. latifrons; and the shaft is rather more

compressed laterally ; at least it is broader and stronger antero-poste-

riorly, the strong sharp ridge continued in front, the head rising to

be a roughened protuberance in the upper part of the middle one-

third of the shaft, as Owen has described in the Koala*.

- The fibula is of about equal length in P. wombat and P. latifrons,

but the shaft is straighter and stouter in P. latifrons; the inter-

osseous space is also wider in it, giving a greater breadth for the

origin of the anterior muscles of the leg.

Metatarsal and Phalangeal Bones.—In the hind foot P. platy-

rhinus and P. wombat agree in having the index digit somewhat

shorter than the third, and in having its proximal phalanx decidedly

shorter than the metatarsal; whereas in P. latifrons the index is

the longest, and has its proximal phalanx and metatarsal of almost

equal length. This circumstance gives the hind foot of P. latifrons

quite a characteristic shape.

Conclusion.

In reviewing the observations contained in the present paper it is

necessary to take into account the results of my former communica-

tion on the Hairy-nosed Wombat and the species of Phascolomys

generally.

What the axial and appendicular skeletons further show is, that

P. wombat and P. platyrhinus are closely related in several parti-

culars, and that P. latifrons differs decidedly from them both.

Phascolomys platyrhinus, it would seem,.can only be recognized

as specifically distinet from P. wombat in a zoological sense.

Size and colour, which last varies considerably, point out a de-

parture from the type of P. wombat.

* Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 405.

1867.] MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 815

The skull separates the animal individually from P. wombat by

the characters previously defined ; but these, the later examination

proves, are occasionally inconstant, so that the more unstable ground

of size has to be called into aid.

Hence P. platyrhinus does not present such permanent broadly

marked osteological characters as would afford the paleontologist

arguments for holding it up as a specific type. But when the external

characters are brought to bear upon the question along with the

osteological variations, most naturalists, as species are at present

defined, would admit its separation.

Analogous instances occur in the Felide. Many other examples

might be given where, although it is difficult rigidly to define dif-

ferential characters from the skeleton alone, yet zoologists freely

admit specific distinction.

P. latifrons is clearly specifically different, and may be generically

80, although I have only given it the rank of a subgenus.

This last animal possesses many peculiarities, and fills up a gap

between the Wombats and other genera of the Marsupials.

In the excellent volume on the Marsupiata by Waterhouse*, that

author is “inclined to regard the genus Phascolomys as presenting

an aberrant form only of the Phalangistide.’ The present obser-

vations concerning the skeleton of the genus Phascolomys lend

weight to his opinion; for in a number of points P. /atifrons bears

affinities to the Phascolarctus cinereus, and in P. platyrhinus we

even find a peculiarity in the number of sternal bones belonging to

the genus Petaurus.

If we admit a general diminution in the size of recent Mammalia,

compared with many of the old fossil forms, and wonder how such

alteration in magnitude and proportions has been brought about,

whether by natural selection or otherwise, we have in these Wom-

bats a curious illustration of the phenomenon,

The postpliocene of Australia gives up its Phascolomys magnus,

a gigantic Wombat. In some beds of the same deposits comes P,

platyrhinus, which seemingly yet lives; lastly, we tind now predo-

minant the but slightly altered and comparatively diminutive form

P. wombat.

November 14, 1867,

George Busk, Ksq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater, Secretary to the Society, called attention to the

following noticeable additions to the Menagerie, which had been

made during the past summer :—

1. An adult specimen of the Golden Tiger-cat of Sumatra (Felis

* Nat. Hist. Mammalia, vol. i. (1846), p. 16,

816 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 14,

aurata, Temm.)*, received June 19th in exchange from the Zoolo-

gical Society of Amsterdam, where the animal had lived several years.

A drawing by Wolf (Plate XXXVI.) was exhibited representing this

animal, which had not been previously represented in the Society’s

collection.

2. A Mortier’s Tribonyx (Tribonyx mortieri, Du Bus), purchased

July Ist.

Mr. Sclater had already communicated to the ‘Annals of Natural

Tribonyx mortiert.

* For synonyms of the species sce Dr. Gray's paper, an/ea p. 265.

MY hn

M&NHanhart Chromolith

MERRIN

TAZ EI

heer

1867.] MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 817

History’ * a note respecting this scarce bird, which he believed to be

the true Tribonyx mortiert of Du Bus, while the bird figured under

that name by Mr. Gould (B. Austr. vi. pl. 71) appeared to be dif-

ferent, and had been proposed to be called Tribonyx gouldi.

3. Seven Ground-squirrels (Xerus getulus), from the province of

Haha in Morocco, presented to the Society by Sir John Drummond-

Hay, K.C.B., C.M.Z.S.+

4. A young Hornbill from West Africa (Buceros elatus, Temm.

Pl. Col. p. 521), purchased August 19th.

5. A pair of Sémmerring’s Antelopes (Gazella seemmerringi,

Cretzschm. Ripp. Zool. Atlas, tab. 19), purchased August 21st.

A drawing by Mr. Wolf (Plate XX XVII.) was exhibited repre-

senting this beautiful species, which had not been previously exhi-

bited in the Society’s Menagerie.

6. A fine example of the black variety of the Leopard (Felis leo-

pardus, var. nigra), presented to the Society by Major James Langford

Pearse, Madras Staff Corps, August 30th. This animal was stated

to have been formerly in the menagerie of the Rajah of Mysore.

7. A Bear, presented September 14th by Mr. William Scott Stone-

hewer, of Ada Lodge, Old Shoreham, Sussex.

Head of Ursus piscator.

* Ser. 3. vol. xx. p. 122 (Aug. 1867).

+ This is the Xerus trivittatus of Dr. Gray (Ann. N. H. vol. x. p. 264, et ser. 3,

vol. xx. p. 334), but is certainly the species known on the continent as the Sciurus

getulus of Linnzus. Dr. Peters and M. Milne-Edwards, to whom I have shown

specimens, both recognize it as such. It is the only species of the group found

in Northern Africa that I am acquainted with.—P. L.S._ -

818 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 14,

This Bear was imported into London in a vessel coming from

Northern China, and was stated to have been brought from the

interior of that country. Its general appearance was that of the

Brown Bear (U. arctos); but it was distinguishable by its broader

face, ears filled with long dense hair, and short beard. Dr. Gray

had proposed to found a new species on this example, and to call it

Ursus lasiotus* ; but Mr. Sclater regarded it as the same animal as

that figured by M. I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire in the ‘Zoology of the

Voyage of the Venus’ (Mamm. t. 4) as “Ursus arctos, var. du

Kamschatka,” upon which M. Pucheran had established his Ursus

piscator (Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 392).

8. A Formosan Bear (Ursus formosanus, Swinhoe), obtained for

the Society by Mr. R. Swinhoe, and received September 24th. This

animal did not appear distinguishable externally from the Ursus

tibetanus of Northern India and China.

Referring to this subject, Mr. Sclater read extracts from letters

received from Mr. R. Swinhoe, F.Z.S., dated British Consulate,

Amoy, June 10th and August 6th, 1867, stating that the Bear sent

by him to the Society in October 1866, and spoken of by the Secre-

tary (P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 418) as typical of Ursus formosanus, Swinhoe,

was not from Formosa, but from the Port of Chefoo, on the Shan-

tung Promontory, in Northern China. It was, therefore, the species

referred to by Radde (Reisen in O. S. Saug. p. 12) as Ursus tibe-

tanus, and not Ursus formosanus, which Mr. Swinhoe still regarded

as a good species.

9. A female Swinhoe’s Deer (Cervus swinhoii, Sclater) from For-

mosa, very acceptable as being the first female received of this spe-

cies. This animal had likewise been obtained for the Society by Mr.

Swinhoe, and received along with the Bear.

10. Two pairs of the Japanese Teal (Querquedula formosa, Georgi),

purchased September 24th—an importation which it was hoped

would lead to the addition of this beautiful species to the list of ac-

climatizable Waterfowl.

11. A young specimen of the Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga

jubata) from Brazil, presented to the Society October 4th by Dr.

John A. Palin, C.M.Z.S., from Brazil.

A second specimen of the same animal from Bogota had been pre-

sented to the Society by Percy Brandon, Esq., of Bogota, on the

8th of November.

12. A young Cape Penguin (Spheniscus demersus (Linn.), pur-

chased October 26th, from the Cape.

13. A Black-headed Partridge (Caccabis melanocephala, Riipp.),

from Abyssinia, purchased October 30th.

14. A Bourke’s Parrakeet (Euphema bourkiit, Gould), purchased

October 30th.

15. A young male Walrus (Trichechus rosmarus, Linn.), purchased

on the Ist instant, of Messrs. Alexander Stephen and Co. of Dundee,

for the sum of £200.

This animal had been captured in Davis’s Straits by Captain

* Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 3. vol. xx. p. 301.

1867.] MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 819

Richard Wells, of the steam whaler ‘ Arctic,’ belonging to Messrs.

Alexander Stephen and Co., on the 28th of August last, under the

following circumstances :—A herd of from 200 to 300 of these ani-

mals was met with on the ice by the ‘ Aretic’ in lat. 69° N., long.

64° W. A boat’s crew was landed on the ice, and the herd attacked

and several individuals killed, amongst which was a large female.

The body of the latter, being attached to the boat and rowed towards

the vessel, was followed by a young male, who swam and dived around

and refused to quit his deceased parent. This being noted, he was

captured by a noose swung over his head and one fore limb from the

ship and hauled on board. For some days the captive was kept tied

to a ring-bolt on deck, and refused food altogether. Subsequently

he was induced to swallow thin slips of boiled pork, and was thus

fed until the vessel reached the Shetlands, when a supply of fresh

mussels was provided for its use. A large box with openings at the

sides was fabricated ; and the animal, secured therein, was brought

safely into Dundee on the 26th ult. From that port to London the

Walrus had been conveyed in the steamer ‘Anglia,’ under the care of

the Society’s Superintendent. The animal was a male, with partially

developed tusks, about the same size as the Sea-bear lately in the

Society’s Gardens, but more bulky in appearance. Although proba-

bly not a year old, it was 8 feet long, and weighed perhaps 2} ewt.

The only specimen of the Walrus previously acquired by the So-

ciety had been a young individual received in 1853, which had been

brought home, in a vessel engaged in the seal-fishery on the coast of

Spitzbergen, by Capt. Henry of Peterhead. This animal was, how-

ever, in a moribund state on its arrival, and lived only a few days in

the Gardens*.

With reference to the present specimen of the Walrus the follow-

ing remarks were addressed to the Meeting by Mr. A. D. Bartlett,

the Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens :—

“In the fifth volume of Sir Everard Home’s Supplement to the

‘Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,’ at page 4, on the organs of di-

gestion of the Walrus, it is stated that the food of this animal con-

sisted principally of a species of seaweed ; it is, however, remarked

that the stomach of this animal differs from all others fitted for

this purpose. A figure of the stomach is given in vol. vi. pl. 1; the

dimensions are also given in the letterpress and on the plate to scale.

According to these figures the stomach is no less than 16 feet in

length and 4 feet wide; which wonderful blunder appears to have

escaped notice.

“As regards the present animal, I may state that on my arrival

at Dundee on the 29th of October, I found the young Walrus in a

very restless state, and, as I thought, hungry; it was being fed

upon large mussels; about twenty of these were opened at a meal ;

and the poor beast was thus fed about three times a day.”

“I immediately told the owners that I thought the animal was

being starved, and suggested that some fish should be tried. To

* See, for figures taken from this animal, Wolf and Sclater, ‘ Zool. Sketches,’

vol. i. pl. 18.

820 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Noy. 14,

this Mr. Stephen at once agreed, and a codfish was procured from

the neighbourhood, and by me cut into long thin strips. On offering

these pieces of cod to the animal, he greedily devoured them. Since

that time I have fed the Walrus upon fish, mussels, whelks, clams,

and the stomachs and intestines and other soft parts of fishes, cut

small; for I find that it cannot swallow anything larger than a walnut.

I am now convinced that the food of the Walrus is strictly animal

substance ; and from what I have observed during the last seventeen

days I feel certain that the creature will feed freely upon almost any

kind of animal matter.”

“IT am also inclined to believe that even carrion or decomposed

flesh would not be refused. This probably has led to the frequent

remarks upon the disgusting state of the contents of their stomachs.

May not these creatures be the scavengers of the Arctic Seas, the

vultures among mammals? ‘The remarkable dentition reminds one

of the carrion-feeding Proteles. May not the strong bristles on its

muzzle have much to do with this kind of food as well as shrimp-

catching, the mode of brushing backwards and forwards with these

bristles the food and other substances. on the ground, and sucking

everything up it swallows? ”’

*‘I notice that indigestible portions or substances taken with its

food pass off in the excretion; and probably in the adult animal,

when shell, seaweed, and other substances are collected, these crea-

tures, like other carnivorous animals, have the power of ejecting these

indigestible bodies from the stomach.”

‘* The fragments of shell, small stones, the byssus of the mussels,

and the opercula of whelks, together with fragments of seaweed

attached to the byssus of the mussels, pass freely from this animal.

The terminal portion of the intestines must be of large size, judging

by the size of the excretion.”

Mr. Sclater also reported the return to this country on the 6th of

August last, by the ship ‘Marian Moore’ from Calcutta, of Mr.

Clarence Bartlett, the Society’s agent, with a collection of animals,

of which the most noticeable were :-—

2 Black Tibetan Wolves (Canis laniger, Hodgs.). Presented to

the Society by Lieut. Alexander A. Kinloch, 2nd Battalion Rifle

Brigade, and Lieut. J. Biddulph, 19th Hussars*.

1 Female Gayal (Bos frontalis, Lambert). Presented by the Babu

Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

2 Pelicans (Pelecanus, sp.inc.). Presented by the Babu Rajendra

Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

4 Demoiselle Cranes (Grus virgo). Presented by the Babu Ra-

jendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

2 Polyplectrons, 9 (Polyplectron chinquis). Presented by the

Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 White Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga luctuosa). Presented by the

Babu Rajendra Mallick, C.M.Z.S.

* These Wolves were obtained in the beginning of June 1866, by Lieut. Kin-

loch, from some wandering Tartars near the Tshommeriri Lake in Tibet.

1867.] LETTER FROM DR. G. HARTLAUB. 821

1 Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga @nea). Presented by the Babu

Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 Fruit-Pigeon (Teron sphenura). Presented by the Babu

Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus). Presented by the

Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 Panolia Deer (Cervus eldi). Presented by A. Grote, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). “Presented by A. Grote,

Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Hemipode (Turnix pugnax). Presented by A. Grote, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Indian Badger (Arctonyxr collaris). Presented by Dr. J. An-

derson.

1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Presented by Dr. J.

Anderson.

8 Water-Tortoises (mys, sp. var.). Presented by Dr. J. An-

derson.

The total number of animals brought home by Mr. Bartlett

amounted to upwards of thirty, and their value was estimated at

about £760.

The Secretary read the following communication from Mr. Edward

Newton with reference to a misprint in the last published part of

the Society’s ‘ Proceedings :’—

“A singular and somewhat important error was introduced into

my recent paper (P. Z.S. 1867, p. 344) during its passage through

the press.

“I had stated that prior to my visit to the Seychelles only five

species of land-birds were known to inhabit those islands, and I then

proceeded to give their names.

“The word ‘ five,’ which stood rightly enough in the proof, has

now been altered into ‘six,’ the corrector of the press apparently not

having understood that I intended to quote Nectarinia seychellensis

as a synonym of N. dussumieri. A reference to the authorities I

have cited both in this passage and in my longer paper ‘On the

Land-birds of the Seychelles Archipelago’ (Ibis, 1867, pp- 336, 337)

will show the necessity of these corrections.”

The following communication was read from Dr. G. Hartlaub,

For. Memb. :—

“In the Society’s * Proceedings’ for 1866, p- 421, Prof. Schlegel

writes, ‘that Semiophorus vexillarius of Gould is based upon speci-

mens (of Caprimulgus longipennis) freshly moulted, when part of

the long quills has not yet been used.’ Now all this is merely and

foolishly theoretical. If Prof. Schlegel had ever compared speci-

mens of Macrodipteryx longipennis and of Semiophorus vewillarius,

he would have convinced himself, even primo aspectu, of the enor-

mous difference between these two birds. This difference does not

only consist in the very different size and the very different colouring

“

of the two birds, but is structural. In Macrodipteryx longipennis

822 LETTER FROM DR. G. HARTLAUB. [Nov..14,

the curious long quill-feather is a supernumerary one. It is inserted,

as Swainson very accurately remarks, immediately between the pri-

mary and secondary quills, and the naked basal or insertional part

of it is curiously curved. The apical webs of these feathers are

very broad, and show some broad black indistinct bands on a dark

blackish ground.

“Now in Semiophorus vexillarius there is not even a trace of all

this. The long ornamental wing-feather is the regular ninth quill,

regularly webbed throughout, and getting more and more narrow

towards the tip, where it becomes gradually very narrow ; the colour

of this feather is a pale brownish grey with whitish shafts on the

upperside, and of a uniform brown with the shaft brown on the

underside. The eighth quill-feather is double the length of the

seventh.

“ Semiophorus vevillarius is a much larger bird. I give some of

the relative dimensions :—

S. vexillarius. M. longipennis.

Long. rostr. a fr..... 1 0 i

———ale ........ + 0 67 0

caudzeye yy: le 4p. '9 2 0

———tarsus...... Ora ONS:

*‘ The colour of the wings is totally different in these birds, not less

so than their form. In M. longipennis all the quills are alternately

banded with black and rufous; there is no white on the wing of this

species. But the contrary is the case in S. vewillarius : in this species

the colour of the remiges is of a brilliant black ; the outer web of the

first has the great middle portion white ; the basal portion of all and

the apical margin of the smaller quills is pure white, as well as the

tips of the larger tectrices.

«The middle of the abdomen, the vent, and the under tail-coverts

are pure white in S. vewillarius, while these parts are fulvous and

darkly fasciated in M. longipennis.

“The ground-colour of the underside of the tail is whitish in S.

veaillarius, pale rufous in M. longipennis.

“So much about S. vewillarius being the freshly moulted M.

longipennis. It is sufficient to compare the figures of these species

in Swainson’s ‘ West African Birds’ and in the ‘Ibis.’ It is really

not necessary to compare actual specimens. An ornithologist of

three days’ experience will discover the truth of what we have just

demonstrated.

“Fine specimens of both these birds are in the Bremen collection.

** By-the-by, I must say with Swainson that I cannot subscribe

to the opinion that the laminze in the naked part of the long pen- —

feathers in M. longipennis have been rubbed or worn off. M. longi-

pennis is a common bird in collections. Amongst dozens of speci-

mens examined by me I have never seen a bird where the naked parts

of the shaft have shown a trace of webs. What may(?) be true in

Prionites &e. is, I believe, not applicable to these Caprimulgi.

“When Prof. Schlegel in the same communication pretends that

1867.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON THE BIRDS OF ZANZIBAR. 823

Ardea elegans, Verr., is identical with A. garzetta, he is certainly

greatly mistaken. A. elegans, of which two fine adult specimens

are in the Bremen collection, has nothing whatever to do with 4.

garzetta. It belongs to another group of the 4rdee—to that of A.

comata. The structure of the long dorsal plumes is very different ;

and so is the colour of the two birds, 4. elegans having the head,

neck, and the long dorsal plumes of a fine fulvous-isabelline hue,

which colour may possibly disappear in specimens which have been

for a length of time exposed to the light. Ardea elegans is also a

much smaller bird than A. garzetta. The dimensions of our spe-

cimens are:—Rostr. 2! 4!", al. 8! 3!"", tars. 2" 3!, dig. med. cum

eng. 2! 5).

“Again, when Prof. Schlegel says that Ploceus sakalava certainly

does not come from ‘Madagascar,’ I should like to know from what

source he gets his knowledge. Certainly not from M. Pollen’s travels,

this traveller having explored only a comparatively small portion of

that large island. I can only say this, the specimen, of which I

possess a full and good description in an old MS. of my friend Jules

Verreaux, was given to that ornithologist by M. Victor Sganzin on

his return from Madagascar to the Cape. He collected it during his

prolonged stay on that island. Mr. G. R. Gray, when he directed

my attention to the specimen in the British Museum, told me that

he believed it came from Madagascar. It is of a very different form

from Nelicurvius pensilis.”

Mr. W. H. Flower read a Memoir on the Osteology of the Ca-

chalot, or Sperm-Whale, completing his account of the osseous

structure of this animal. Mr. Flower came to the conclusion that

there was no sufficient evidence of the existence of more than one

species of Sperm-Whale, for which he was of opinion Linnzeus’s

name, Physeter macrocephalus, ought to be retained.

This paper will appear in the Society’s ‘Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. Report on a Collection of Birds formed in the Island of

Zanzibar by Dr. John Kirk. By Dr. G. Harriavs*.

1, ELanus MELANOPTERUS (Daud.).

2. SrrRix FLAMMEA, L.

3. CypseLus parvus, Licht.; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865,

p- 601.

Two adult specimens and a younger bird. This latter shows the

* This collection was sent home to me by our Corresponding Member Dr.

Kirk, with a request that I would get the specimens worked out and an account

of them put in the ‘ Proceedings.’ Dr. Hartlaub has most kindly undertaken

this task. Dr. Kirk states that of two raptorial birds (Haliaetus vocifer and

Milvus egyptius) which are common at Zanzibar he has not thought it worth

while to transmit specimens.—P. L. 8.

824 DR.G. HARTLAUB ON THE BIRDS OF ZANZIBAR. [Nov. 14,

mottled appearance of the throat ; and the external tail-feathers are

shorter and much less attenuated at the tip. The dimensions of the

adult bird are:—Long. tota 6" 3!", alee 4! 9'", rectr. ext. 3! 8!".

4. Coractss cAupaTA, L.

Zanzibar seems to be the northern frontier of this fine species, on

the east coast of Africa; whereas, on the opposite side, it does not

proceed further up than Angola. Speke collected it in Uzaramo,

‘‘near the junction of the Kurgen and Myeta Rivers.”’ J. Verreaux

mentions a specimen from Kurrichaine. The range of this bird does

not extend much further south than the latitude of Natal.

5. Haucyon striouaTa, Licht.

The well-known widely distributed species. For the somewhat

smaller northern form (H. chelicuti) I cannot admit specific sepa-

ration.

6. IRRISOR ERYTHRORHYNCHUS, Lath.

There still remains much uncertainty about these birds. Whether

the western and the southern birds are really distinct, as Sir W.

Jardine pretends, is still an undecided question tome. I also believe

that the colour of the beak is incident to age or season. But the

form of that organ is also very variable and individually different.

As to the white on the wing, it is curious that the Zanzibar bird has

the larger white spots of the western race and the yellowish-green

reflexions of the southern individuals. In the end I7vrisor erythro-

rhynchus and I. senegalensis may turn out to be one and the same

species (conf. Jard. Contrib. 1852, p. 344; Hartl. West Afr. p. 42).

7. NECTARINIA JARDINII, Verr.; Hartl. West Afr. p. 47.

One adult specimen.

Zanzibar is a new and interesting locality for this species, all the

known specimens of which came from the west coast, where it occurs

from Gaboon to Benguela (cf. Barb. du Boc. Possess. Portug. p. 73).

There is no difference whatever between the Zanzibar bird and «

specimen from Angola in the Bremen collection.

8. Necrarinta couvaris, Vieill.; Jard. Monogr. Nect. pl. 6;

Hartl. West Afr. p. 52.

Many years ago this species was collected by Boyer on the island

of Zanzibar (Mus. Vindob.). On the west coast it extends from Se-

negambia to the Equator. There is no difference between eastern and

western individuals.

9. NeCTARINIA GUTTURALIs (L.).

Certhia brasiliensis nigricans, Briss. iii. 658 ; Shaw, Natur. Misc.

p- 797.

Cereba gutturalis, Gr. & Bp. Consp. p. 400.

Nectarinia natalensis, Jard. Monogr. pl. 12; Contr. Orn. 1850,

p- 62, ¢, fig. med.

1867.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON THE BIRDS OF ZANZIBAR. 825

Cinnyris discoloy, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mos. iil. p. 32.

C. bianconii, Hartl.

It was my friend Mr. Otto Finsch who directed my attention to

the fact of this beautiful species being the old Brissonian bird! No

doubt about it. It is difficult to understand how Gray and Bona-

parte could have made a Cereda of it.

There is no material difference between Natal and Zanzibar speci-

mens, though a more eastern species, N. gutturalis, has been col-

lected of late by Dr. Welwitsch and others in Loanda (conf. Barb. du

Boe. Poss. Portug. p. 7).

10. CisTIcoLA SCH@NICOLA, Bp.

Quite the same as the European bird.

11. Ixos nigricans, Vieill.

Several adult specimens.

12. ANDROPADUS FLAVESCENS, 0. sp.

Supra olivaceus, cauda et alis dorso concolorihus ; subtus flaves-

cens, gutture et lateribus olivaceo adumbratis ; margine alari

et subalaribus late flavis; rostro plumbeo ; pedibus nigrican-

tibus.

Long. 6! 4!"', rostr. 6!, alee 3" 1', caudee 2" 10!", tars. 9!".

Very similar in colour to Andropadus insularis from Madagascar,

but considerably smaller. There are now eight species of Andro-

padus known, viz. Andropadi importunus, latirostris, graciliros-

tris, curvirostris, virens, erythropterus, insularis, and flavescens.

13. ANTHUS RAALTENII, Licht.

A. campestri szmillimus, sed notei coloribus omnino intensiori-

hus ; gutture confertim et conspicue maculato.

Long. rostr. 6!"', alee 3" 1'", caudze 1" 10!, tars. 112!".

14. Dryoscopus arrinis, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1837, p. 489;

Hartl. West Afr. p. 111.

Originally described from a Zanzibar specimen. Not rare in Ga-

boon collections.

15. Dryoscopus ORTENTALIS, Swains.

Two specimens, exactly corresponding with the description given

by Swainson (Menag. p. 342), in Heime’s collection from South

Africa (Mus. Hein. i. p. 68).

16. Dryoscorus susBLacTevs, Cass. ?

Av. jun. Supra obscure fuliginoso-niyricans ; tergi et uropygii

plumis longis, laxis, mollibus, maculis occultis anteapicalibus

rotundatis albis ; uropygii fascia ochroleuca ; alarum tectrici-

bus macula minuta rufescente terminatis ; subtus albidus, pec-

tore, abdomine imo, crisso, subcaudalibus et cruribus pallide

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LIII.

286 DR. G. HARTLAUB ON THE BIRDS OF ZANZIBAR. [Nov. 14,

rufescentibus ; rectrice exttma apice rufescente ; rostro et pe-

dibus nigricanti-plumbeis, mandibula basi pallida.

Long. circa 74, rostr. 10!, ale 3" 3!", caude 2" 11!", tars. 133!".

A young bird, probably of the above-named species. Wants

further inquiry.

There is a Dryoscopus from Gaboon in the Bremen Museum exactly

like D. major, but much smaller, my D. picatus. The dimensions

are :—Long. tota 8", rostr. 92!" (11! maj. ), alee 3!" 3!" (3! 11!" maj.),

caudee 3" (3! 11!" maj.), tars. 14!" (154'" maj.).

17. EUPLECTES FLAMMICEPS, Sw.

A Zanzibar specimen of this bird, obtained by Boyer, is in the

Vienna collection. Monteiro collected this species at Pembe, and

Dr. Welwitsch at Golungo, also in the interior of Angola (Barb. du

Boe. Poss. Portug. p. 11).

18. Munta oryzivora (L.).

We hope that Dr. Kirk will explain under what particular cireum-

stances he collected this common but exclusively Indian bird?

19. SPERMESTES FRINGILLOIDES (Lafr.); Hartl. West Afr. p.147.

A rare and less typical species, not quite without pretensions to

generic separation. Senegal and Liberia, on the slave coast, are

western habitats of this bird.

20. SPERMESTES CUCULLATA, Sw.=S. scutata, Heugl.

Extensively distributed over the African continent. No material

difference between specimens from the Upper White Nile and those

from Angola.

21. HypPHANTORNIS SUBAUREUS, Sm.

Three specimens.

A nearly allied species (H. royrei, Verr.), a description of which

was published by me in Cabanis’s ‘ Journal,” is very probably not

distinct from H. aurantius, Vieill.

22. PassER DIFFUSUS, Sm. Rep. of an Exped. p. 50; Hartl. West.

Afr. p. 150.

Pyrgita spadicea, Licht. Verz. Vig. Kafferl. p. 15.

Zanzibar is a new locality for this bird. On the west coast it has

not been observed higher up than Angola.

23. PsirracUs FUSCICAPILLUS, Verr.

Two fine specimens.

24. Curysococcyx auratus, Gm.

25. CENTROPUS SUPERCILIOSUS, Riipp.

Schlegel may be right in taking this bird for a younger state of

C. monachus, R.

1867.) DR.G; HARTLAUB ON THE BIRDS OF ZANZIBAR. 827

26. TRERON DELALANDIL, Bp.

27. Perisrera arra (L,).

28. TuRTUR ALBIVENTRIS, Gray, = T. semitorquatus, Swains. :

Hartl. West Afr. p. 196.

29. TurruR ERYTHROPHRYS, Swains. = 7". semitorquatus, Riipp.;

Hartl. West Afr. p. 195.

30. FRANUOLINUS KIRKU, n. sp.

Mas ad. (calear.). Diversus a F. pileato, cui valde affinis, sta-

tura minore; rectricibus lateralibus nigris ; uropygit plumis

tectricibusque caude superioribus pallide flavescentibus, ma-

culis anteapicalibus subtriquetris nigris ; plumis lateralibus

pectoris et epigastrii ochraceis, stria intermedia nigra, albido

marginata ; remigibus saturate fuscis, scapis intense Suscis ;

subcaudalibus latius transversin variis,

Long. rostr. 9!, alee 5", tars. 143", dig. med. e. ung. 16/!',

One specimen. I know few things more annoying and disagree-

able than to describe and characterize a new bird from a poor and

incomplete skin. This is exactly what I am doing now. Super-

ficially seen from above, this Francolin is no other than a small F.

pileatus. By a more accurate inspection it is not difficult to discover

several important discrepancies. The arrow-shaped black spots of

. the upper tail-coverts would alone suffice to characterize this bird as

distinct from F. pileatus. But the whole under parts, which are

very defective and mutilated in our specimen, appear to be differently

coloured, &c. Besides it is altogether a smaller bird.

31. SquaTaROLA HELVETICA (L.).

32. CHARADRIUS HIATICULA, L.

33. CHARADRIUS GEOFFROYI, Wagl. ; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas,

livr. 7. p. 39.

The coasts of the Red Sea have been hitherto the only known

African localities for this rather Indo-Australian species.

34. NuMENtus przxopus, L.

35. AcTITIS HYPOLEUCA (L.).

36. Limnocorax FLAVIROSTRIS, Sw.

37. ARDEA pusILLA, Vieill. (4. minuta australis, Schleg.).

38. ARDEA GULARIS, Bosk.

39. ARDEA ATRICAPILLA, Afzel.

40. ARDEA comama, Pall,

41. Anas ERYTHRORHYNCHA, Gm.

828 DR. G.HARTLAUB ON BIRDS FROM THE PACIFIC. [Noy. 14,

42. Poptcrrs minor, L.

Of the forty-two Zanzibar species here enumerated there are only

three exclusively eastern—Psittacus fuscicapillus, dndropadus fla-

vescens, and Francolinus kirkii. Six are essentially South African

— Dryoscopus orientalis, Ixos nigricans, Coracias caudata, Passer

diffusus, Hyphantornis subaureus, and Treron delalandii; two of

these, Coracias caudata and Passer diffusus, extend up the western

coast to Angola. Most of the remaining species have a wider distri-

bution. As occupying a very extensive range we may name Cypselus

parvus, Halcyon striolata, Irrisor erythrorhynchus, Spermestes cu-

cullata, Chrysococcyx auratus, Centropus monachus, Turtur albi-

ventris, Turtur erythrophrys, Limnocorax flavirostris, Ardea gularis,

Ardea atricapilla, and Anas erythrorhyncha.

2. On a Collection of Birds from some less-known Localities

in the Western Pacific. By Dr. G. Harrravs.

(Plate XXXVIII.)

The collectors of Mr. Johann Czesar Godeffroy of Hamburg have

of late touched at some localities not before explored by scientific

expeditions. These localities are the Pelew or Palaos group

(Western Caroline Islands), the Matelotas with the Island of Yap,

the more northern Mackenzie Islands, and the Echiquier or Bou-

gainville group near the northern coast of New Guinea. The col-

lection contains twenty-three species, four of which are very pro-

bably new, and will prove an interesting addition to our knowledge

of oceanic ornithology.

1. PANDION HALIAETUS, var. LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gould.

One adult specimen from the Echiquier Island. Other oceanic

localities for this widely distributed species are the Isle of Pines,

where the Forsters observed it (Descr. Anim. ed. Lichtenst. p. 257),

and Tonga-Tabu (G. R. Gray, Tropic. Isl. p. 1). Not yet observed

on the great island of New Guinea.

2. TRICHOGLOSSUS MASSEN#&, Souancé.

One adult specimen from the Echiquier Island. In every respect

similar to a specimen from the Salomons in the Bremen Museum.

«« Ryes red, with a yellow ring.”

3. Hatcyon asicriya (Cuv.).

Five specimens from the Pelew group. These specimens show all

the different states of plumage mentioned by Dumont and Lesson

in birds collected on the Marian Islands by Quoy and Gaimard.

Whether these differences are sexual or dependent on age is yet

uncertain. In one of the Pelew birds the whole upper head is of

“9

del* M&N Hanhart Chromolith

f{ONARCHA GODEFFROYII

1867.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON BIRDS FROM THE PACIFIC. 829

the fine greenish-blue colour of the back 3 asecond has the forehead

and superciliaries white ; in another the crown of the head is white,

with some bluish feathers in the middle, the auricular region and a

very narrow interrupted nuchal collar being of the same colour; in

a somewhat younger specimen there is only one dark spot on the

white cap, and the colour of the back is an obsolete dirty green.

For the complete synonymy of this species, conf. Cab. Mus. Hein.

ii. p. 159. “Tanatick”’ ine.

The only existing original figure is that of Gould’s (Halcyon sau-

rophaga), in the ‘ Zoology of the Sulphur.” It shows the head all

white.

H. albicilla has been collected on the Marian Islands, New Ire-

land, New Guinea, Batjan, Morotay, and the Pelew group.

4. Myzometa rusRarTRA, Less.

Two ad. spec., Pelew group and Carolines. ** Sisebanjo”’ inc.

The Pelew group has been already indicated by G. R. Gray as a

locality for this species. Von Kittlitz observed it on the island of

Ualan, and gives interesting details about its manners, propagation,

&c. We consider the Myzomelu major of Bonaparte to be a merely

nominal species (conf. Von Kittl. Reise, i. p- 381).

5. COLLOCALIA VANICORENSIS (Q. & G.).

It is extremely difficult and uncertain to find out definite differen-

tial characters between some of these Collocalie. A fine specimen

of the true C. fuciphaga from the island of Réunion, in the Bremen

collection, resembles in almost every respect our Collocalie from the

Viti and Pelew group! .

Inc. “ Cobusock.”? Von Kittlitz mentions this bird under the

name of Cypselus inqguietus. He describes it as observed on the

island of Ualan (Reise, ii. p. 26).

6. Monarcua GopEFFRoytI, n, sp. (Pl. XXXVIII.)

Ad. Alba; capite toto cum mento et gutture, alis et cauda nigris ;

subalaribus et subcaudalibus nigris; rectricibus nonnullis late-

ralibus macula alba minuta viz conspicua apicali notatis ; rostro

plumbeo, tomiis et apice pallidioribus ; pedibus nigricantibus.

Long. circa 72", rostr. a fr. 7!"', alee 3" 2!" caudee 3!', tars. 10!",

Jun. (foem.?). Dorso nigro alboque vario; collo toto albo 3 capite,

alis, cauda, pectore et abdomine nigris.

Juv. Supra sordide cinerascens, Julvo lavata; tergo uropygioque

magis fulvescentibus ; remigibus et tectricibus fulvo marginatis ;

gastreo ochroleuco.

Perhaps confined to the island of Yap, where the three specimens

here described were shot. This fine new bird is nearly allied to

Monarcha rugensis, from the much more eastern Hogoleu group.

But the distribution of the black and white colour is altogether dif.

ferent.

830 DR.G. HARTLAUB ON BIRDS FROM THE PACiFic. [Nov. 14,

7. MONARCHA FULVIVENTRIS, 0. sp.

Pallide cinerea, alis et cauda subfuscescentibus ; pectore, abdo-

mine, subalaribus et subcaudalibus dilute fulvo-cinnamomeis ;

rostro plumbeo, tomiis et apice pallidioribus ; pedibus, ut vide-

tur, pallidis ; iride rubra.

Long. 8", rostr. a fr. 7", alee 3! 4, caudze 2" 9", tars. 9!".

One specimen from the Echiquier group. Perhaps a female.

Nearly allied to M. inornata of Lesson, which I have not seen. But

the colour of the abdomen is by no means a “‘ drun marron,” and

the secondary remiges are without a trace of the ferruginous margin

so conspicuous in the figure given by Lesson and Garnot (Zool. Coq.

1.15. f.-1). .

: Another bird of very similar colouring is Monarcha cinerascens

(Temm.), of Timor. .

8. CALorNIs KiTTLITzI11, Finsch & Hartl., Beitr. z. Faun. Central-

Polyn. p. 109.

Lamprotornis columbinus, Kattl.

Four specimens from the Caroline Islands. ‘‘Kinis” ine. Iris

yellow.

An Ualan specimen is in the Bremen collection. The younger bird

is more brownish, and has much less of the greenish metallic gloss.

The naturalists of the ‘ Novara’ Expedition collected this species

on the island of Puynipet, Semiavin group. It seems to be distri-

buted over the whole archipelago of the Carolines.

9. CARPOPHAGA OCEANICA, Less.

> incol. “Eyes

Two specimens from the Pelew group. ‘ Kajep’

red, with a yellow margin.”

For interesting biological details of this widely distributed Pigeon

see Von Kittl. Reise, i. p. 377; for a full account of it conf.

Finsch et Hartl. Beitr. Faun. Central-Polyn. p. 142.

A good reduced figure is given by Kittlitz (Kupfert. t. 33. f. 1).

10. MrGapopius SENEX, ND. sp.

Ad. Pileo et nucha dilute canis, nonnihil brunnescentibus ; capitis

lateribus colloque toto in fundo nudiusculo rubro sparsim plu-

mosis; colio et interscapulio nigricanti-schistaceis ; corpore

reliquo obscure plumbeo-olivascente ; rostro gracili, flavo ; pe-

dibus flavis, digitis et unguibus nigris.

Long. circa 11", rostr. a fr. 7!", alee 6" 3!", caudze 2" 1'", tars.

2! gilt -digwmed. co. ange 2s":

One specimen from the Pelew group. All my efforts to reduce

this species to any of the described have been fruitless.

11, MEGAPODIUS EREMITA, N. sp.

Dorso, alis et cauda olivascenti-fuscis, cauda distinctius rufes-

cente; collo et gastrao toto magis cinerascentibus ; abdonine

1867.] DR. G. HARTLAUB ON BIRDS FROM THE PACIFIC. 831

inferiore, crisso et subcaudalibus magis tn olivaceum vergenti-

bus ; capitis lateribus gulaque nudiusculis, rubicundis, sparsim

plumosis ; vertice et occipite plumis rarioribus obscure cineras-

centibus ; sincipite nudiusculo, rubro, nigro, subpiloso ; rostro

favo, basi obscuro ; pedibus obscuris ; tride rubra.

Long. circa 123", rostr. a fr. 63!", alee 8", caudze 23", tars. 23",

dig. med. c. ung. 2" 1",

One specimen from the Echiquier Island. Inc. “ Apagei.”

12. RALLUS PHILIPPENSIS, auct.

Two specimens from the Pelew group. ‘Tareth” incol. Iris

red.

13. Rauurna FasciaTA, Rafi.

One specimen from the Pelew Islands. ‘Olaratta” ine. ‘ Eyes

red, with a yellow ring.”

In every respect like Javan specimens. The geographical distri-

bution of this species is certainly a curious fact amongst the Rallide.

It has been observed in the islands of Java and Sumatra, in the

peninsula of Malacca, in the Philippines, and now for the first time

in the Pelew group.

14. ARDEA SACRA, Gm.

One specimen, a younger bird, from the Matelotas.

15. NuMENiUs PpH£opvus, L.

Specimens from the Pelew and Matelotas Islands.

16. STREPSILAS INTERPRES, L.

A young bird in winter dress from the Pelew group.

17. Srerna LuNATA, Peale.

Two young birds from the Pelews.

Fronte, abdomine et interscapulio albis, vertice nigro-maculato,

nucha et collo postico largius nigro varits ; dorso, alis et cauda

cinereis, dorso pallidiore, alis obscurioribus, subfuscescentibus,

scapis remigum fasciaque lata longitudinali pogonii interni

albis ; rectricibus pallide cinereis, pogonio interno versus hasin

albis ; margine alari et subalaribus albis ; rostro nigro.

18. Dysporus sua (L.).

An adult specimen from the Pelew Islands.

19. Dysporvs piscaror (L.).

Pelew group.

20. TACHYPETES MINOR (Gm.).

One specimen from the Mackenzie group,

832 MR. W.T. BLANFORD ON A NEW CALLENE. [Nov. 14,

21. Gyers asa (L.), Pall.

Pelew Islands. Von Kittlitz describes the very young bird (Reise,

ii. p. 158).

22. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA, L.

Two pullets in spirits from an uncertain locality.

23. PUFFINUS OPISTHOMELAS, Coues.

Four specimens from the Pelew Islands. ‘ Kokeio”’ incol.

Var. minor: subcaudalibus totis nigro-fuliginosis.

The type of Coues’s description from Cape St. Lucas is a some-

what larger bird; but, there being no other difference between it

and our Pelew bird, I prefer considering this latter a smaller race.

The dimensions of our specimens are :—Long. tota 11-113", reetr.

12-122", alee 3! 4-7", tars. 17".

3. On a New Species of Callene from the Pulney Hills in

Southern India. By WituiAm T. Bianrorp, Assoc. Roy.

School of Mines, C.M.Z.S. &c.*

(Plate XX XIX.)

The Rey. S. Fairbank has sent to me for description a very inter-

esting new species of bird which he has recently shot upon the

Pulney Hills, a lofty portion of the great range which stretches along

the southern parts of the western coast of India, from the remark-

able gap of Paulghatcherry, which divides the range from the

Nilghiri hills, to Cape Comorin. This fine tract of hill country, about

150 miles in length and, in its northern portion, 60 to 70 miles

broad, contains a very interesting fauna having, as might be ex-

pected, close affinities with that of Ceylon, and also with that of the

Nilghiris, but still containing many peculiar forms. It has, how-

ever, hitherto been neglected in the most remarkable manner, and

there is no portion of the Indian peninsula concerning the zoology

of which so little is known. This may appear opposed to Dr, Giin-

ther’s statement in the ‘ Reptiles of British India,’ in which he as-

serts that the southern corner of India with Ceylon, including Tra-

vancore, the Nilghiris, Mysore, &c., is one of the best-explored parts

of the country. Most Indian naturalists will probably be inclined to

think that “‘best-explored”’ is a misprint for ‘“worst-explored ;” but,

in fact, the mistake is one which few naturalists who had no personal

knowledge of India would have avoided. The fauna of Ceylon, thanks

* Along with the present communication Mr. Blanford sent specimens of the

bird described and its eggs for exhibition to the Meeting,—also skins of Sa/pornis

spilonota, Franklin, Emberiza huttoni, Blyth, and Hirwndo fluminicola, Jerdon.

—P.L.S.

UT ATVYUE LS NTA

LNAWIN

“Uy qua “Pp

<r TAK

Kel Ke ld Z991 Sic

o> Soe = ie 5

1867.] MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON A NEW CALLENE. 833

to its large European population and the number of energetic natu-

ralists who have devoted themselves to the investigation of its zoo-

logy, has been very fairly made known; that of the Nilghiris has

also been pretty well ascertained, the Reptilia especially having been

very thoroughly worked out by Dr. Jerdon and Captain Beddome ;

and the Reptilia and Mollusca of a small portion of the southern

range have been collected by Captain Beddome, almost the only

naturalist who has ever penetrated the Anamallay hills (which ad-

join the Pulneys) ; but of the fauna of the great range I have just

described in general, less is known than of that of Bhotan or of the

hills of Arakan.

It is therefore not surprising that the first ornithological novelty

which has been obtained from Southern India since the publication of

Dr. Jerdon’s list of the birds in the years 1839-44 in the ‘ Madras

Journal of Literature and Science’ should have been procured from

the Pulney hills, a group 7000 feet in height, forming the north-

eastern corner of the mountainous tract above described. It is very

interesting, however, to obtain from these hills a third representa-

tive form of the genus Callene (formerly Cinclidium) of Blyth, pro-

posed first for a species inhabiting the Eastern Himalayas (C. fron-

talis, Blyth), and made by Jerdon, undoubtedly with justice, to in-

clude a Nilghiri bird first discovered by himself (C. rujiventris,

Blyth). This distribution illustrates one of the most remarkable

peculiarities in the fauna of Peninsular India, a peculiarity to which

I will refer after first giving the description of the new species.

CaLLENE ALBIVENTRIS, Fairbank. (Pl. XXXIX.)

Fusco-cyanea, mento lorisque holosericeo-nigris, Sascia frontali

albescenti-cerulea, rectricibus remigibusque fuscis cerules-

cente marginatis, abdomine medio albo, lateribus cinerascenti-

bus; rostro nigro, pedibus Suscis, iridibus brunneis.

Long. tota 6, alee 3-1, caudze 2°6, rostria fronte 0°5, a rictu 0:75;

tarsi 1-1 poll. Angl. et dec,

Hab. Montes Pulney dictos Indice meridionalis, ad alt. circa

6000-7000 ped. Angl. in dumetis et sylvis.

C. albiventris is similar in form to the N ighiri C. rufiventris,

Blyth; but it is rather smaller and differs widely in colour, being

much bluer above, with a distinct light-blue, almost whitish, frontal

band, instead of the faint indication which alone exists in C. rufi-

ventris. There is no trace of the ferruginous abdomen of that species ;

and the white in the new species is not, like the rufous colour in C.

rufiventris, spread over the whole lower parts from the breast down-

wards, but is almost confined to the centre of the abdomen and the

lower tail-coverts, shading gradually into slaty on the flanks,

C. frontalis, Blyth, of the Sikkim and Nipal Himalayas, is a still

larger bird than C. rufiventris, with a longer tail. The frontal band

is of a darker and richer blue than in C. albiventris, and the abdo-

men is grey. The blue of C, albiventris is purer and less dusky

than that of either of the two other Species, and, so far as can be

judged by the somewhat faded Specimens in the Asiatic Society’s

834 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON A NEW CALLENE. [Noy. 14,

Museum in Calcutta, resembles rather the colour of Brachypteryx

cruralis.

The sexes do not appear to differ. In the two specimens sent by

Mr. Fairbank the female is a little the paler; but this appears due

to the male being in brighter and fresher plumage.

Callene albiventris inhabits the thick patches of forest (called

Sholas), which are so remarkable a character in the hills of Southern

India. It appears to be scarce. The eggs, two of which are sent,

are two in number, of an olive-brown colour, darker at the larger

end, measuring 0°92 and 0°63 inch in their greater and less dia-

meters. Mr. Fairbank writes thus :—‘‘ The nest I found in a small

hole, just big enough for it, in the trunk of a tree a yard above the

ground. It was neatly made of moss and fibrous roots. I surprised

the female on the nest several times. She laid two eggs in April,

and was incubating when I discovered and took them. In June

another nest was built in the same hole, and two eggs were laid,

and then the bird began to sit........ The song is sweet and

loud (not so loud as that of Merula simillima or Trochalopteron

jerdont) and varied, though it is generally confined to four notes—

sol, la, si, do.”

We have thus, on the Nilghiri and Pulney hills in Southern India,

two representatives of an Eastern Himalayan form, with, like most

Eastern Himalayan forms, strong Malayan affinities. This case is

the type of many others; and the remarkable peculiarity to which

I alluded above is the representation of Himalayan types with Malay

affinities, which are wanting throughont the plains of India, in the

higher hill-groups of the southern portion of the peninsula and of

Ceylon.

The fauna of the plains of India has very nearly as marked affi-

nities with that of Africa as with that of Malaynesia, as is shown by

the occurrence of antelopes, the nylgai, gazelles, the lion, the hunt-

ing-leopard, Felis chaus, I’. earacal, hyenas, wolves, foxes, bustards,

sand-grouse, &c. &c., not one of which is represented to the east-

ward, or is found in the hills of Southern India and Ceylon. In

those hills, however, are numerous representatives of the Malay

fauna of the Himalayas, such as Trochalopteron and Garrulax among

the birds, Diplommatina and Alyceus among the land-shells; and

it is to this representation of Himalayan forms, as I have before

pointed out with reference to the land-shells, that I believe the

greater portion of the affinity, where such really exists, between the

fauna of Ceylon and that of Malaynesia is due. This subject, how-

ever, which has not received the attention it deserves, is one to which

I hope to recur before long.

P.S. Since writing the above I have seen the specimens of the

bird referred by Mr. Fairbank to Trochalopteron jerdoni, Blyth, and

I am strongly inclined to believe that, although very closely allied

to that species, it is a distinguishable race.

1867. ] MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. 835

4. Notes upon Three Asiatic Species of Deer.

By Epwarp Bryvu.

Upon a former occasion I exhibited at a Meeting of this Society

(see P. Z.S. 1863, p. 155) some loose horns of a species of Deer be-

lieved to inhabit Siam, which I named in honour of my late friend

Sir Robert H. Schomburgk, who at that time filled the position of

H.B.M. Consul at Bangkok. When that accomplished naturalist

returned from Siam he brought a miscellaneous collection of objects

of natural history from that country, many of which were disposed

of by auction after his decease. It contained two splendid pairs of

horns of Rucervus schomburgki, and one very fine pair of horns of

the Siamese variety or distinct race of Panolia eldi, which has been

designated P. platyceros by Dr. Gray, as distinguished from his P.

acuticornis. Those three pairs of horns were purchased for the

British Museum, and J have there had photographs taken of them,

which, with some other photographs and drawings illustrative of the

different forms of Rucervus, Hodgson, and Panolia, Gray, I here-

with submit for publication in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ *,

Figs. 1, 2, 3 represent three pairs of horns of the Indian R. du-

vaucelli, the lowermost being those of an aged buck with extra-

ordinarily developed “ crown,”’ in the museum of the Asiatic Society,

Calcutta. Fig. 4 represents the finest pair of horns of this species

that I have seen, and which I sketched many years ago when in the

possession of the late Frank Russell, Esq., of the Bengal Civil Service.

Fig. 5 represents a pair in which the near affinity of Rucervus to

Panolia is at once recognized.

Figs. 6 to 12 (inclusive) represent the horns of R. schomburghi,

fig. 6 being the only pair of the series which is still attached to the

frontlet. This pair and that represented in two aspects of view by

figs. 7 and 5 are the two pairs which belonged to Schomburgk, and

I regard the last referred to as a genuine pair, althowgh detached

from the frontal bones. Figs. 10 and 11 I consider to represent

odd horns matched, as also figs. 9 and 12. These three fine pairs,

or rather series of six odd horns, were rescued from the stock

of a cutler in Shetheld, who said that he had converted many like

them into knife-handles. Both figs. 6 and 11, it will be remarked,

have forked brow-antlers; and the near resemblance of several of

these beautiful horns to the largest of the three which I formerly

figured and restored conjecturally when first bringing the species to

notice, will not fail to excite attention. The characteristic style of

ramification is prominently observable. With regard to the animal,

I have not been able to learn anything whatever, excepting that I

have been assured that a living buck of the species is at this time

living in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris.

Figs. 13 to 16 (inclusive) represent four specimens of P. eldi

* Three additional fine pairs of horns of 2. schomburgki have been subse-

quently received, and are now in the national collection. These I have also had

photographed, as the pair with branching brow-antlers (fig. 11).

836 MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. _ [ Noy. 14,

Horns of Rucervus duvaucelli.

(misprinted eedii in the British Musenm Catalogue) from Pegu, and

a small specimen (fig. 17) from the valley of Munipur, which is

wholly unbranched. I am assured by Col. Guthrie, formerly of the

1867. ] MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC.DEER. 83

Figs. 4, 5. Horns of Rucervus duvaucelli. Fig. 6. Horns of R. schomburgki.

Bengal Engineers, who first brought this species to notice and dedi-

cated it to his friend Lieut. Eld*, that he once possessed the horns

* Calcutta Journal of Natural History, vol. ii. p- 415 (1842), pl. 12.

538

MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER.

Horns of Rucervus schomburgki.

1867.] MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. &39

Horns of Rucervus schomburghi.

of a mature animal, from Munipur, similarly unbranched, and with

the line of the beam continuous with that of the brow-antler. ‘The

generality of the stags of Munipur,”’ however, according to Lieut.

840 MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. — [Nov. 14,

Horns of Panolia eldi.

1867.] MR. E. BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. 841

Horns of Panolia eldi.

Eld, ‘‘have from six to ten branches or snags; but I have killed

very old ones,” he adds, ‘with no less than sixteen clearly defined

branches,”’ 7. e. on the pair. I have seen numerous specimens both

from Munipur and Pegu, which are essentially similar in character,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LIV.

842 MR. E, BLYTH ON THREE ASIATIC DEER. [Nov. 14,

They have commonly a prominent vertical snag near the base of the

brow-antler, as represented in figs. 15 and 16. This particular race

is the Panolia acuticornis of Dr. Gray, being identical with Cervus

frontalis, M‘Clelland, and C. lyratus, Schinz; also, as I believe,

with C. dimorphe, Hodgson, figured and described in the ‘ Journal

of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. xxii. p. 897,—the horns in

that specimen, which is now in the British Museum, being somewhat

abnormally developed in a state of captivity. Further to the south,

in the province of Mergui and in that of Quedda, the horns of this

animal appear to be constantly shorter, and have commonly two or

three prominent vertical snags on the brow-antler. In figs. 18 and

19, a characteristic example of this variety (procured from Quedda

by the late Dr. Cantor, and now in the India Museum) is figured

in two aspects of view. In the Museum of the Asiatic Society,

Calcutta, there are several specimens of similar character from

Mergui, and I have never seen an example with more elongated

beam from that province. A third and more strongly marked

variety is that from Siam, of which the particular horn upon which

Dr. Gray founded his P. platyceros is represented in figs. 22 and 23;

while figs. 20 and 21 represent a head of this variety from the col-

lection of the late Sir R. H. Schomburgk. The brow-antlers, as

will be observed, have several vertical snags ; and the crown is late-

rally much flattened and remarkably serrated, with a series of small

tines on its posterior margin. I have seen, probably, more than

a hundred pairs of horns of the preceding varieties, but none even

approaching in the form of crown to this Siamese race, which Dr.

Gray has perhaps rightly discrimmated, though further knowledge

of the animal is required to decide how far it may be worthy of dis-

tinction by a separate name. It is not improbably a well-marked

second race of Panolia, as Rucervus schomburghki is undoubtedly a

second race of that subtype; and in the latter instance the geogra-

phical area inhabited by the ordinary P. e/di intervenes between the

range of distribution of Rucervus duvaucelli and that_of R. schom-

burghi.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Rucervus duvaucelli.

Figs. 1, 2,5. Ordinary well-developed horns.

4, Remarkably fine.

3. Horns of an aged individual.

Rucervus schomburyki.

6. Horns on frontlet, procured by Schomburgk.

7,8. Another pair, procured by Schomburgk.

2. Series of odd horns, imported for commercial purposes.

Panolia eldi.

13-17. Pegu and Munipur variety.

18, 19. Mergui and Quedda variety. Specimen procured from Quedda by

the late Dr. Theodore Cantor.

20, 21. Siamese race (P. platyceros, Gray). Specimen procured by Schom-

burgk

22,23. Type specimen described as P. platyceros.

1867.] PROF. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON NEW BATRACHIANS. 843

5. Batraciens nouveaux de l’Afrique occidentale (Loanda ct

Benguella). Par M. J. V. Barsoza pu Bocaes, F.M.Z.S.

1. Rana ancureTz. (Fig. 1.)

Téte large, A museau allongé et pointu; narines placées un peu

plus prés du bout du museau que de l’ceil; tympan a peine égal aux

2 du diamétre de l’ceil; dents vomériennes en deux petites séries,

situées précisément au-devant des arritre-narines et séparces par un

large intervalle. Aux membres antérieurs les 2° et 4° doigts égaux,

le 3° le plus grand; orteils palmés jusqu’a la base de la derniére

phalange, except¢ le 4° dont les deux derniéres phalanges sont libres.

Un seul tubercule sur le métatarse 4 son bord interne. Quatre plis

longitudinaux de la peau, de chaque cété du dos, étroits et distincte-

ment granuleux ; le dessus de la téte et les intervalles des plis dor-

saux parsemés de petits tubercules; des tubercules plus gros et

confluents couvrent les flancs, le partout de V’anus et la moitié pos-

térieure du dessous de la cuisse. La peau est lisse en dessous sans

aucune trace de granulations ni de pores.

Pie?

Rana anchiete.

Régions supérieures d’une teinte grisAtre ou olivatre, marbrées de

brun ou variées de petites taches brunes plus ou moins distinctes ;

sur la face externe des membres des bandes transversales d’un brun

plus foneé; un petit trait noiratre du bout du museau A l’eeil en

passant par la narine; une tache allongée du méme couleur s’étendant

de l’ceil 4 l’épaule par-dessus le tympan. La face postérieure des

cuisses est d’un brun rougeatre ou couleur chocolat, avec de petites

taches rondes et de vermiculations jaunes. Parties inférieures

blanches ou d’un blanc jaunatre. Sur quelques individus la face

inférieure des cuisses se montre colori¢e d’un jaune vif.

844 PROF. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON NEW BATRACHIANS. [ Nov. 14,

Dimensions (d’un individu male): Du bout du museau 4 l’anus

48 millimétres, memb. ant. 28 millim., memb. post. 86 millim.

Hab. Benguella, d’ot nous avons recus plusieurs individus par M.

d’Anchieta.

Ressemble par la taille et par l'ensemble des formes 4 la R. bibroni, -

Hall. (R. supraciliaris, Giinther), mais les caractéres indiqués ci-

dessus me semblent suffisants pour la bien distinguer.

2. Hyperoxius mnsients. (Fig. 2.)

Tympan caché, téte courte 4 museau court et arrondi; langue

large, fendue en arriére ; yeux gros et saillants ; peau lisse sur le dos

et sur les flanes, granuleuse sur la gorge et la face inférieure du trone

et des cuisses; un petit amas de granulations vers l’angle de la ma-

choire; doigts réunis 41a base par une petite palmure, orteils com-

plétement palmés, 4 l’exception du 4° dont la derniére phalange est

libre. . Couleur générale (dans l’aleool) d’un jaune teint de rouge ;

sur le dos deux larges bandes longitudinales d’un bleu noir lisérées

de rouge vif, confluentes chez queiques individus sur le museau au-

devant des yeux; une raie plus étroite de la méme couleur, également

lisérée de rouge va de l’ceil 4 l’épaule, et avance plus ou moins inter-

rompue jusqu’a l’aine; sur les bords de la machoire supérieure des

petites taches bleues bordées de rouge; d’autres taches semblables,

mais plus grandes et irréguliéres, couvrent la face dorsale des mem-

bres antérieurs et postérieurs, 4 l’exception des cuisses qui sont uni-

colores. La gorge pointillée de noir.

Fig. 2.

Hyperolius insignis.

La coloration d’un certain nombre d’individus ne parait pas sensi-

blement altérée par leur séjour dans l’alcool, tandis que d’autres,

conservés dans le méme bocal, présentent la teinte bleue remplacée

par un gris cendré terne; cependant le liséré rouge y reste toujours

bien distinct.

Dimensions: Du bout du museau a l’anus 37 millim., memb. ant.

21 millim., memb. post. 58 millim.

Hab. Benguella. Plusieurs individus envoyés par M. d’Anchieta.

L’espéce est connue des naturels sous le nom de “‘ Gimbots,”’ qu’ils

donnent également 4 d’autres petits batraciens.

1867.] PROF. BARBOZA DU BOCAGE ON NEW BATRACHIANS. 549

3. Hyprrouius routsonir. (Fig. 3.)

Tympan caché; téte large 4 museau court et arrondi; langue

petite, cordiforme, fendue en arri¢re; peau lisse en dessus, granu-

leuse en dessous et sur les flancs; une trés-petite palmure a la base

~ des doigts; orteils réunis par une membrane jusqu’a la base de la

derniére phalange.

Fig. 3.

Hyperolius toulsonit.

Coloration (dans Valcool): En dessus, sur un fond d’une teinte

de plomb, trois larges bandes longitudinales blanches, lune sur la

ligne dorsale du bout du museau 4 Janus, les autres naissant de

chaque cdté derriére lceil et se dirigeant le long de la partie supé-

rieure des flancs; les cuisses couleur de plomb uniforme ; la jambe

en dessous et le pied, ainsi que la face inférieure des membres anté-

rieurs et la main, d’un brun foncé; région gutturale et ventre blancs ;

sur la face dorsale des membres antérieurs et de la jambe des larges

taches arrondies blanches; un trait noiratre, bordé de blane en des-

sous, du bout du museau a la tempe, en traversant l’ceil; bord de la

michoire supérieure couleur de plomb.

Dimensions: Du bout du museau 4 l’anus 26 millim., memb. ant.

16 millim., memb. post. 39 millim.

Hab. Loanda. Un individu envoyé par M. Toulson.

4. Buro sprinosus, nov. sp.?

Téte large, déprimée, plane ; bords orbitaires supérieurs non sail-

lants ; parotides allongées, étroites, paralléles 4 la ligne dorsale, trois

fois plus longues que larges; pas de glande sur la face supérieure de

la jambe ; tympan distinct, égalant presque le diamétre de l’ceil ;

doigts libres, le 3° beaucoup plus long que le 2° et le 4°, qui sont

égaux ; orteils réunis par la membrane jusqu’d moins de la moitié de

leur longueur, le 4° d’un tiers plus long que le 5°. Les callosités du

talon plus volumineuses que celles de la paume de la main; un pli

de la peau, bien prononcé, au bord interne du tarse ; sans tubercules.

La peau des parties supérieures, 4 exception de celle qui couvre le

milieu du crane et le museau, est partout couverte de gros tubercules

garnis d’épines cornées noiratres; les plus gros de ces tubercules

portent au centre une ¢pine beaucoup’ plus forte que les autres.

846 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

Parotides et régions supra-orbitaires également couvertes d’épines.

En dessous la peau est granuleuse.

Coloration: En dessus d’un brun cendré avee des taches brun

foncé bordées de noir, distribuées plus ou moins réguli¢rement sur la

téte, le dos et la face supérieure des membres; en dessous, d’un

brun jaunatre uniforme sur le ventre et la face inférieure des mem-

bres, et d’un noir fuligineux pointillé de jaunatre sur la gorge.

Dimensions: Téte et trone réunis 68 millim., memb. ant. 46

millim., memb. post. 83 millim.

Hab. Benguella. Un seul individu par M. d’Anchieta ; il porte

le nom vulgaire de ‘‘ Minongo.”’

Ce crapaud se rapproche beaucoup du B. tuberosus, Giinther

(Batr. Salientia,p. 60, pl. 3. fig. C), dont il semble différer par la

forme des parotides, par des épines moins fortes sur les tubercules

cutanés, par l’existence d’un pli de la peau au bord interne du tarse,

tandis que chez l’espéce de Fernando Po ce pli n’existe pas et est

remplacé par des tubereules, &e. Cependant pour arriver 4 une

opinion décisive il conviendrait de pouvoir comparer les deux espéces.

6. The Fishes of Seychelles. By Lieut.-Colonel R. bL.

Prayrarr, F.Z.S., H.M. Consul-General in Algeria,

(Plates XL. & XLI.)

The Seychelles Archipelago is included in the region the ichthyo-

logy of which was described in ‘The Fishes of Zanzibar.’ Since the

publication of that volume I have paid another visit to those remark-

able islands ; and during a stay of nearly two months there I have

been enabled to add very considerably to my former collections. I

have obtained fifty-five additional species, of which five are new to

science, and I have observed many others not previously known to

exist there. In all I am enabled to publish a list of 211 species,

only fifteen of which are given on other authority than my own ob-

servation.

I cannot refrain from recording the obligation I owe to Swinburne

Ward, Esq., H.M. Civil Commissioner, whose interest in everything

connected with sport and natural science is as unbounded as his

hospitality.

ACANTHOPTERYGII.

PERCIDA.

1. Erevis carspuncuuus, C. & V.

2. APRION VIRESCENS, C. & V.

3. ANYPERODON LEUCOGRAMMICUS, Reinw.

Two specimens of this fish were obtained at Seychelles,—the first

PZ S867 Pe or

LSE

rte aCe

ct mp

M&Nt

DIAGRAMMA PUNCTATISSIMUM

“>.

Sr aan” bs! r

ee pO

no, WOOF. tek Gla

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ise

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M&N Hanhart imp.

J. Smiblith

HOLACANTHUS IGNATIUS

1867. | THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 847

exactly identical with those previously described; the second an

adult male, 21 inches long, differing in coloration only.

It is brownish on the back, lighter on the belly ; the entire body

and fins, including even the thick outer membranes of the eyes,

covered with round red spots ; these are largest on the body, smallest

on the occiput and snout, and hardly conspicuous on the pectoral

rays. The white lateral bands were quite inconspicuous in the fresh

state, but after maceration in spirits for several weeks a faint trace

of them has become visible.

4, SERRANUS LouTI, Forsk.

5. S. ERYTHR EUS, C. & V.

6. S. CYANOSTIGMATOIDES, Blkr.

7. S. mrniatus, Forsk,.

8. S. GUTTATUS.

Perce miniate var. B, Forsk. p. 41.

Bodianus guttatus, Bl. t. 224.

Serranus myriaster, Cuy. & Val. ii. p. 365; Riipp. Atlas, Fische,

p- 107, t. 27. f. 1; Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. p. 653, pl. 3. f. 1;

Less. Voy. Coqu. pl. 37.

S. guttatus, Pet. Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 235; Giinth. Fish. i.

p- 119 (mot C.& V.).

The specimens from:Seychelles have exceedingly fine denticula-

tions to the preeoperculum, and five or six darker cross bands on the

body behind the termination of the pectorals. Length 9 inches.

9. SERRANUS SONNERATI, C. & V.

10. S. suriuus, C. & V.

[Pus

. DISPAR, Playf.

. MARGINALIS, Bl.

14.

13. S. noevent, Blkr.

S. HeExaGonatus, Forst.

15. S. FLAVO-CHZRULEUS, Lacép.

16. S. GAIMARDI.

Serranus gaimardi, ? Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 1853, Batav.

p- 455; Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 656, pl. 3. f. 3; Giinth.

Fish. 1. p. 150.

In ‘The Fishes of Zanzibar’ I considered S. gaimardi, Blkr.,

identical with S. longispinis, Kner; but I have obtained another

example at Seychelles which leads me to doubt the propriety of

having done so. The Zanzibar specimens exactly correspond to that

described in the ‘ Voyage of the Novara,’ while the Seychelles one

848 LIEUT COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

agrees with that in the ‘Voyage of the Astrolabe.’ The latter is

distinguished not only by the form, number, and distribution of the

spots, but by the greater height of the body, and the shape of the

spinous portion of the dorsal.

Diagnosis. —Caudalis with rather convex posterior margin. The

length of the head is contained thrice and three-quarters, and the

height of the body four times in the total length. Diameter of the

eye one-fifth of the length of the head. The upper maxillary does

not extend as far as the posterior margin of the orbit. Przoperculum

serrated, with four or five stronger denticulations at the angle; sub-

and interoperculum entire ; operculum with three points, the upper

of which is minute, and the middle one very Jong. Scales ciliated.

Third dorsal spine longest, but not half the length of the head. The

third anal spine longest ?

Colour.— Brownish, with numerous small yellow spots, which are

smaller and more distinct on the head than on the body. Spinous

dorsal with indistinct yellowish spots, soft portion with a yellow

margin and two series of distinct and one (the basal) series of in-

distinct large round brown spots, about eight in each. Anal and

caudal blackish, with numerous large dark brown spots, the latter

with a yellow margin. Ventrals and pectorals similarly spotted.

Length 14 inches.

17. S. AREOLATUS, Forsk.

There is not the slightest doubt that the fish described in Giin-

ther’s ‘ Catalogue,’ and quoted in ‘ The Fishes of Zanzibar,’ is the

true 8. areolatus of Forskall, and of the ‘ Hist. Nat. des Poissons.’

On a recent visit to the Paris Museum, specimens of this species

were shown to me bearing the name of angularis, Cuv. Probably

these were not the typical specimens of angularis, but were con-

founded with it at some later period. Cuvier’s description of the

latter agrees perfectly with a specimen in the British Museum.

18, S. cutorostiema, C. & V.

19. S. cyLtinpRicus, Gthr.

20. PLECTROPOMA MACULATUM, Bl,

21. PoGONOPERCA OCELLATA.

Pogonoperca ocellata, Giinth. Fish. i. p. 169.

Two specimens of this remarkable fish were obtained at Seychelles,

where it appears quite unknown to the fishermen. Only two other

examples are known to exist, one in the British and the other in the

Paris Museum.

22. GENYOROGE SEB, C, & V.

23. G. BENGALENSIS, C. & VY.

24. G. rivuuaTa, C. & V.

1867. | THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 849

25. G. crvis, C. & V.

26. MEsSOPRION ARGENTIMACULATUS, Forsk.

27. M. Gemsra, Schn.

A specimen from Seychelles is remarkable as having an indistinct

black blotch on the lateral line, below the first rays of the dorsal,

occupying about five or six series of scales. Length 122 inches.

Creole name “ Giblot.”’

2S. M. macuas.

M. machas, Cuv. & Val. vii. p. 446; Giinth. Fish. i. p. 260.

D. 3g. A. >. L. lat. 58-60. L. trans. 7/17.

Diagnosis.—Height of body nearly equal to length of head, and

contained from thrice and two-thirds to four times in the total length.

Diameter of eye about one-fourth of the length of head. Upper

profile of head descending at a slight angle, rather straight ; jaws

equal in front ; upper maxillary not reaching as far back as centre

of eye. Suprascapular and preoperculum eutire, the latter slightly

notched; a small knob on the interoperculum, which is entirely

covered with scales. Caudal truncate ; pectorals reaching as far as

vent ; dorsal spines feeble, the fourth longest; the third of anal

rather longer and stronger than the second.

Colour.—Olive, with yellow oblique streaks above the lateral line,

and three longitudinal ones below it, of which the second, from the

posterior of orbit to back of tail, is broadest. Dorsal, anal, and

caudal fins yellow ; upper half of pectorals yellow, lower half rosy.

Length 113 inches.

29. M. rutvirLaAmmMa, Forsk.

30. M. eryTHROGNATHUS, C. & V.

31. M. turganus, C. & V.

32. M. vitta, Q. & G.

33. M. ERYTHRINUS.

Diacope erythrina, Ripp. N. W. Fische, p. 92, t. 23, f. 2.

Mesoprion erythrinus, Giinth. Fish. i. p. 199.

pe Ss A . L. lat. 65.

The specimen observed at Seychelles differs slightly from that de-

scribed by Riippell; but there is little doubt of their identity.

Diagnosis.—Height of body twice and four-fifths, and length of

head thrice and two-thirds in the total length. Upper profile of

head gibbous above the eyes. Snout elongate, pointed ; lower jaw

prominent. Diameter of eye one-sixth of the length of the head.

Preoperculum finely serrated, with a shallow notch; knob of inter-

operculum not very prominent. Pectorals pointed, reaching to vent.

Caudal subtruncated.

850 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Noy. 14,

Colour.—Bright red; dorsal, caudal, and anal with very narrow

black margins; ventrals stained with blackish.

Length 18 inches. Creole name ‘ Bourgeois.”

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea.

34. PRIACANTHUS SPECULUM.

Priacanthus speculum, Cuv. & Val. vii. p.471 ; Régne Anim. Ill.

Poiss. pl. 11. f. 1; Giinth. Fish. i. p. 221.

‘eae ie fe ee

14°

Diagnosis.—Caudal crescent-shaped, the exterior rays being some-

what produced. The height of the body is contained thrice and

fourth-fifths, and the length of the head rather more than four times

in the total length. The diameter of the eye is equal to the length

of the snout, and is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of

the head. Preoperculum finely denticulated, with a small serrated

spine at the angle. Operculum, sub- and interoperculum entire ;

the first with two small spines. The posterior opening of the nostril

is a long narrow slit, four times as long as broad. Dorsal spines

increasing in length posteriorly, the last being twice the height of

the second; the fifth ray is longest. The first three spines and all _

the rays have a rough surface. The middle rays of the anal are

nearly half as long as the body is high; both spines and rays are

striated. Ventrals elongated, reaching to the third anal spine.

Colour.—Red ; all the fins except the pectorals have blackish

edges.

Length 11 inches. Creole name “ Miroir.”

35. PrtacanTuus FAX, C.°& V.

36. AMBASSIS COMMERSONII, Forsk.

37. A. uRoTzNIA, Blkr.

38. A. pussuMIERI, C. & V.

39. ApoGon HYALOsSoMA, Blkr.

40. A. rascratrus, White.

41. A. cyanosoma, Blkr.

42, Dues Fuscus, C. & V.

PRISTIPOMATID.

43. THERAPON SERVUS, Forsk.

44. PristirPoMA LEUCURUM, C. & V.

45. DIAGRAMMA AFFINE, Gthr.

46. D. criseum, C. & V.

Several specimens of this fish were caught in a mountain-torrent

1867.] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 851

in Seychelles, which loses itself in a sand-bank without reaching the

sea. The only direct communication between the two is after un-

usually heavy floods; so that it would appear that this salt-water

species not only visits, but habitually lives, in fresh water.

47. DiAGRAMMA PUNCTATISSIMUM, sp. n. (Pl. XL.)

D.G. A.>. L, lat. 90-95.

Allied to D. pardalis and D. gaterina, but differing from these

principally in the size of the scales.

Diagnosis.—Height of body thrice and two-thirds in the total

length ; length of head four times in the same. Diameter of eye a

fourth of the length of the head. Lips thick, swollen. The upper

maxillary barely reaches the vertical from the anterior nostril. Pre-

operculum with the posterior limb slightly inclining forwards, with

a very shallow emargination in the middle, and, together with the

angle, moderately denticulated. Dorsal fin rather deeply notched,

the fourth and fifth spines longest ; they are contained twice and a

half in the length of the head, and are longer than the longest ray.

The second and third anal spines are about equal in length, but the

former is much the stronger ; they are hardly shorter than the fourth

dorsal ray. Caudal truncated. ‘The free portion of the tail below

the termination of the dorsal is less than the distance thence to the

base of the caudal.

Colour.—Grey ; the upper two-thirds of the head and trunk, the

soft dorsal, anal, and caudal covered with rather large, crowded,

blackish spots, occupying from two to five series of scales. The

spinous dorsal with a broad black margin, and a series of large black

spots along the middle, the largest being half the diameter of the

orbit. Soft dorsal with a narrow black margin. Pectorals grey,

with a red black-edged spot at the axil, one or two reddish black

spots on the base, and the membrane behind the base red. Ventrals

with two red spots on the base superiorly.

Length 16} inches. ,

48. DiaGRaAMMA CENTURIO, C. & V.

49. ScoLopsis FRENATUS, C, & V.

50. S. pHa&ops.—

Scolopsides pheops, Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 165.

Scolopsis pheops, Giinth. Fish. i. p. 358.

Hab. Seychelles ; Mauritius.

51. PENTAPUS AUROLINEATUS.

Sparus lineatus, Lacép. iv. p. 132.

Pentapus aurolineatus, Cuv. & Val. vi. pp. 269, 559, pl. 157;

Ginth. Fish. i. p. 381.

Hab. Seychelles; Mauritius; Molucca Sea; Louisiade archi-

pelago.

852 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

52. APHAREUS FURCATUS.

Labrus furcatus, Lacép. iil. pp. 424, 477, pl. 21. f. 1.

Caranxamorus sacrestinus, Lacép. v. p. 682.

Aphareus caerulescens, Cuv. & Val. vi. p. 487, pl. 162 6.

A. furcatus, Giinth. Fish. i. p. 386.

Creole name “ Vivant au grande gueule.”’

Hab. Seychelles; Mauritius.

53. Casio srriatus, Riipp.

54. C. MACULATUS.

Cesio maculatus, Cuv. & Val. vi. p. 439; Ginth. Fish. i. p. 391.

D. ie A. L.lat. 65. L. transy. 7/14.

Diagnosis.—Height of body four and a half, and length of head

four and two-thirds in the total length ; diameter of eye thrice and

four-fifths in the length of the head, and rather shorter than the

interorbital space. The entire vertical fins scaly; only two anal

spines.

Colour.—Deep blue above; each ‘scale with a lighter centre,, an

indistinct yellow band from suprascapular, along the series of scales

next but one above the lateral line. A black band along each caudal

lobe. Axil black.

Length 12 inches.

SQUAMIPINNES.

53d. CHXTODON SETIFER, Bl.

56. C. ZANZIBARENSIS, Playf.

57. C. rrirascratus, Mungo Park.

58. HeNIOCHUS MACROLEPIDOTUS, L.

59. HoLacaNTHUS IGNATIUS, sp.n. (PI. XLI.)

Da AS =. L. lat. ca. 72.

Diagnosis.—Prexopercular spine smooth, shorter than the diameter

of the eye. Praeoperculum slightly serrated on the posterior edge,

a few minute spines on the anterior portion of its‘lower limb. Other

opercles entire. A few conspicuous denticulations on the inferior

edge of przeorbital. Dorsal and anal fius much produced posteriorly,

extending beyond the posterior of caudal. Anal spines long, the

third nearly equal to the longest of the dorsal. Caudal rounded.

Scales small, very irregularly arranged, about EISPate between

upper angle ‘of operculum and root ‘of caudal.

Colour.—Dull yellowish ; the body densely donee with black ;

head and breast without such spots; a blue streak along the median

line of snout; another from occiput, skirting anterior margin of

orbit, to middle of lower preeopercular limb. Vertical fins spotted

with pale blue, and with a few undulating lines along their base.

1867.] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 853

Dorsal and anal with a narrow blue margin, the extreme points of

the produced portions being yellow. Caudal with a very narrow

white margin. Ventrals with a few more or less interrupted blue

lines along the rays.

Length 7} inches. Creole name “Ignace.”

MULLID&.

60. Muxuvus virratus, Forsk.

61. M. BarBerinus, Lacép.

62. M. oxycrepHatus, Blkr.

63. M. tureus, C. & V.

64. M. pisprturvs, Playf.

65. M. rratTercuuus, C. & V.

66. M. rLAVOLINEATUS.

M. flavolineatus, Lacép. iii. p. 406.

Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuv. & Val. ii. p. 456; Riipp. N. W

Fische, p. 101, t. 26. f. 1.

Mulloides flavolineatus, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 1852,

Ceram, ii. p. 697; Giinth. Fish. 1. p. 403.

Hab. Seychelles; Bombay ; from Red Sea to Chinese Seas.

67. M. cyCLOSTOMA.

M. cyclostomus, Lacép. iii. p. 404, pl. 19. f. 3 (bad).

Sciena heptacanthus, Lacép. iv. pp. 308, 312.

Upeneus cyclostomus, Cuv. & Val. il. p. 472; Riipp. N.W. Fische,

p- 101; Giinth. Fish. i. p. 409.

Hab, Seychelles ; from Red Sea, through Indian Ocean, to East-

Indian archipelago.

SPARIDA.

68. CANTHARUS GRANDOCULIS, C. & V.

69. LeTHRINUS LonGiRostTRIS, Playf.

70. ? LETHRINUS GENIVITTATUS.

? Lethrinus genivittatus, Cuv. & Val. vi. p. 306, pl. 159; Stein-

dachner, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 478; Playf. in

Fishes of Zanzib. p. 144.

D. > oe . L. lat. 50. LL. transv. 5/15. = Merrk

Diagnosis.—No true molars; teeth conical, moderately strong.

Height of body equal to length of head, and one-fourth of the total

length. Diameter of eye about one-fourth of the length of the head,

and half that of the snout, which is pointed and conical. The maxil-

lary does. not nearly reach the vertical from the anterior nostril.

The interspace between the eyes is about equal to their diameter.

854 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

Third dorsal spine longest, and twice and a half in the length of the

head.

Colour,—Olive, each scale with a darker margin. The naked parts

of the head, including the opercular margin, dark; a bright pink

spot, half as large as the eye, at the angle of operculum ; sometimes

a small pink blotch at the root of the pectoral, and on the middle of

its superior margin. Caudal with a pink posterior margin.

Length 11 mches. Creole name “ L’éclair.”’

71. LeTHrRINUS RAMAK, Forsk.

72. L. NeBuLosus, Forsk.

73. L. STRIATUS.

L. striatus, Stemdn. Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1866, p. 479,

pl. 5. f. 3; Playf. in Fishes of Zanz. p. 145.

A specimen of this species was observed at Seychelles, correspond-

ing exactly to Dr. Steindachner’s description, and very distinctly

different from the specimen of L. nedulosus obtained at the same

place. Creole name “ L’éclair.”’

74. L. cH#rRuevs, C. & V.

75. L. crocorprerus, C. & V.

76. CHRYSOPHRYS SARBA, Forsk.

77. SPHEZRODON GRANDOCULIS.

Sciena grandoculis, Forsk. p. 53.

Chrysophrys grandoculis; Cuv. & Val. vi. p. 134.

Spherodon grandoculis, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 113, t. 28. f. 2;

Ginth. Fish. i. p. 465.

Hab. Seychelles ; Red Sea.

78. CHRYSOPHRYS SARBA, Forsk.

ScORPENID.

79. SCORPENA POLYPRION.

Scorpena polyprion, Bleek. Natur. Tydsch. Neder. Ind. 1849,

Scleroparei, p. 21; Verhand. Batav. Gen. xxii. Bali, p. 5; ibid.

Sclerop. p. 7; Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 115.

Creole name “‘ Laf.”’

Hab. Seychelles ; East-Indian archipelago.

TEUTHIDID.

80. TruTHIs coRALLINA, C. & V.

81. T. suror, C. & V.

82. T. rosrrata, C. & V,

1867.] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 855

83. T. MARGARITIFERA.

Amphacanthus margaritifera, C. & V. x. p. 145.

Teuthis margaritifera, Ginth. Fish. i. p. 317.

Diagnosis.—Height of body rather more than one-third of the

total length. Caudal emarginate, the lobes pointed.

Oolour.—Brown, with rather large pale blue spots, those in the

middle of the sides are largest and have brown centres. Fins imma-

culate.

Length 11 inches. Creole name ‘‘ Cordonnier.”’

Hab. Seychelles ; East-Indian archipelago.

BERYCID&.

84. MyriprisTis pRALINIvS, C. & V.

85. HotocentRuM RUBRUM, Forsk.

86. H. sprnitrerum, C. & V.

87. H. ptapema, Lacép.

88. H. Lave.

H. leve, Ginth. Fish. i. p. 47, pl. 6. f. B.

The specimen from Seychelles differs slightly from those in the

British Museum in the formula of the fins &c.; the former has :—

D. 105. AL aalit £42, 11s. travian 3/85

Hab. Seychelles; Louisiade archipelago ; Salomon Islands; Am-

boyna.

89. HoLoceNTRUM CAUDIMACULATUM.

Holocentrum spiniferum, Cuv. & Val. iii. p. 206, vil. p. 498;

Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p. 86, t. 23. f. 1 (not N. W. Fische).

Holocentrus caudimaculatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 97.

Holocentrum caudimaculatum, Gimth. Fish. i. p. 41.

D.11|14. A.>. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 3/7.

Diagnosis.—Height of body contained thrice and a half, and length

of head thrice and two-thirds in the total length ; interocular space

five times and a half in the length of the head. Operculum with

two flat spines, the upper of which is largest. Third and fourth

dorsal spines longest ; the soft portion higher than the spinous, but

less than half the height of body. The upper maxillary bone does

not reach as far as the centre of eye. Upper caudal lobe longest, and

contained five times and a third in the total length. Third anal

spine much longer and stronger than the fourth. Length of snout

equal to diameter of eye.

Colour.—Red,. each scale with a vertical silvery crescent-shaped

stripe. A large silvery spot on the back of tail, behind termination

of dorsal. A dark red spot behind angle of przeoperculum. Fins

rosy ; the points of the lobes of the spinous dorsal, the anterior mar-

856 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON -[Nov. 14,

gin of soft portion, the exterior margins of caudal, the membrane

between the third and fourth spines of anal, and the superior mar-~

gin of pectorals darker. A white red-edged spot at axil of pectorals.

Description of the specimen.—Form rather elongate. Snout long,

equal to diameter of eye. The interocular space is contained five

times and a half in the length of the head; the two central bony

ridges distant from one another and parallel. The groove for the

process of the intermaxillary bones goes as far back as the anterior

third of the eye, and is equal to the length of the snout. The tur-

binal bone terminates in front in two spines, the upper of which is

directed forward, the lower downward; it does not cover the inter-

maxillary. The upper maxillary bone reaches below the anterior

third of the eye, the diameter of which is contained thrice and a half

in the length of the head, the operculum and spine included.

All the opercles are striated and denticulated, as also are the sca-

pular and humeral bones.

The preopercular margin is inclined forwards, terminating in a

large and strong spine, longer than half the margin above it, which

is coarsely denticulated. The opercular spines are broad and flat,

the upper being the longer. Suboperculum entire, except on the

upper third, where the strize are produced beyond the edge. Inter-

operculum strongly and irregularly denticulated.

Dorsal spines moderately strong, the third and fourth longest, but

shorter than the soft portion, which is less than half the height of

body. First spine of anal minute; the second is one-fifth of the

third; the third is very long and strong, much more so than the

fourth, or than any other spine or ray in the vertical fins; it is half

the height of the body, and nearly one-fifth of the total length ; the

fourth can be entirely hidden in the groove of the third. Superior

lobe of caudal longest, and contained five times and one-third in the

total length. Pectorals contained five times and two-thirds in the

same, and about equal to the ventrals ; the spine of the latter is two-

thirds of its length; the longest ray reaches to the thirteenth scale

of the lateral line, and is remote from the vent.

Scales not striated, but strongly serrated on the edge, and having

numerous pores or perforations.

Length 8 inches.

Creole name of this and the other species of Holocentrum and

Myripristis, ‘‘ Lion.”

Hab. Seychelles ; Red Sea.

POLYNEMID2.

90. PotyNemus sExFiuis, C. & V.

XIPHIIDE.

91. HistropHoRUS BREVIROSTRIS, Playf.

92. H. @LADIUS.

Scomber gladius, Brouss. Mém. Acad. Se. 1786, p. 454, pl. 10.

1867.] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 857

Istiophorus gladius, Lacép. iii. pp. 374, 375.

Xiphias ensis, Lacép. ii. p. 296.

Histiophorus indicus, Cuv. & Val. viii. p- 293, pl. 229; Cuv. Rég.

Anim. Ill. Poiss. pl. 53. f. 1.

HT. americanus, Cuv. & Val. viii. p- 303.

HI, gladius, Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 513.

I am indebted to Mr. Ward for the head, portion of the skin, and

the entire fins of a very interesting specimen of Histiophorus cap-

tured at Mahé. This differs from H. gladius in several important

points, such as the depressed shape of the rostram, which in H.

gladius is conical and of much greater length ; nevertheless, as my

specimen is so incomplete, and as there is so strong a resemblance

between the two, I hesitate to describe this as a new species. The

following is a description of the specimen : —

D429) 70 #, LUGE. Vets “P18:

The first three dorsal spines short and closely united to the

fourth, which is roughly granulated and considerably longer than

the produced portion of the rostrum ; the next seven spines do not

differ greatly in length; the fifteenth to the thirty-sixth are much

produced, the longest being longer than the length of the head; the

last six are short, the longest being less than half the diameter of

orbit. Second dorsal fin emarginate above ; the first and last rays

longest, and longer than any of the spines after the thirty-sixth.

Second anal similar to second dorsal ; the first is more elevated, the

longest spine being one-half the length of the fourth of the dorsal.

The ventral consists of a single ray, its length is equal to the distance

from the centre of orbit to end of snout. Pectorals much shorter,

about half as long as head. Two conspicuous keels on each side of

base of caudal. The caudal lobes are about one-fourth of the total

length, measured from end of snout to fork of caudal.

The upper profile of head descends nearly in a straight line ; upper

jaw depressed, much broader than deep. The distance from the end

of snout to posterior margin of orbit is about two-thirds of the length

of the entire head. The produced portion of rostrum about equal

to the distance from the extremity of the mandible to the posterior

limb of the preoperculum.

Dermal productions numerous, lanceolate, hidden in the skin.

Membranes of first dorsal fin with numerous round light spots.

Creole name ‘‘ L’empereur.””

ft. in

Total length, to fork of caudal ............ is-3

Hength of head “espe. eo 9

of produced part of upper JOM oraz 5 cx Ax, B

of upper jaw from angle of mouth.... 2 2

Ut DECcOAlE Since ae eee ig

Ot Feats cae se gente ee ay a

Greatest height of dorsal... .. ae seg!

Length of caudal lobes ........5......... ae

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LY.

858 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [ Nov. 14,

ACRONURIDE.

93. ACANTHURUS TRIOSTEGUS, L.

94, A. marorpEs, C.& V. (Fig. 1.)

A remarkable specimen of this fish was obtained at Seychelles,

with a very protruding profile, approaching that of Naseus ; in other

respects it is identical with the specimens formerly observed on the

east coast of Africa.

Pips.

Acanthurus matoides.

95. A. VELIFER, Bl.

96. Nasreus Brevirostris, C. & V.

CARANGID#.

97. CaRANX CRUMENOPHTHALMUS.

Scomber crumenophthalmus, Bl. t. 343.

Caranx crumenophthalmus, Cuy. & Val. ix. p. 62; Gimth. Fish.

ii. p. 429.

C. plumieri, Cuv. & Val. ix. p. 65.

CO. mauritianus, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Freye. Zool. p. 359.

1867.) THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 859

C. macrophthalmus, Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p. 97, t. 25. f. 4.

Hab. Seychelles; Mauritius; Red Sea; Indian Ocean ; Poly-

nesia; west coast of Africa ; Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

98. CARANX VENATOR, sp.n. (Fig. 2.)

D.7 =. A.0—1 5+; L. lat. 39.

Diagnosis.—First dorsal little developed, the spines feeble and

hardly connected together by membranes. Anal with sometimes

one, generally no free spine. Teeth in both jaws in a single series

without canines; teeth on vomer, palatine bones, and tongue.

Height of body contained thrice and a third in the total length;

length of head four times and three-quarters in the same. Breast

naked. Lateral line slightly bent, becoming straight in the vertical *

from middle of soft dorsal. Plates strong, occupying nearly the whole

of the straight portion. Snout subtruncated, lower jaw not promi-

nent. Maxillary reaches the vertical from anterior margin of orbit.

e Caranx venator.

Colour.—White, bluish above, with a few small yellow spots scat-

tered over the body. No opercular spot. Posterior margin of caudal

blackish. During life there are several broad transverse bands on the

side, as in C. speciosus ; but these invariably disappear after death.

Description of specimen._-Body compressed, elliptical ; the upper

profile of the head much more curved than the lower one (in which

respect it differs from C. helvolus). The greatest depth is between

the origin of the soft dorsal and anal fins, where it is contained thrice

860 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

and a third in the total length. Head longer than high, its length

contained four times and three-quarters in the same. Eye mode-

rately large, its diameter contained once and a half in the length of

the snout, which is obtuse. Lower jaw not prominent; cleft of

mouth slightly oblique, low down in snout. Maxillary reaches to,

or slightly beyond, the vertical from front margin of orbit. The

interorbital space is equal to the length of the snout. Diameter of

the eye contained four times and a half in the length of the head ;

no adipose eyelid. Teeth in both jaws in a single series, without

canines; those on the vomer in a rather large tetrahedral patch,

those on the palatines and tongue in elongated bands.

The first dorsal is little developed, the spines feeble, and hardly

connected together by membranes ; its origin is nearer to the roots

than to the points of the ventral fins. The origin of the second

dorsal is nearer to the snout than to the fork of caudal; its anterior

rays, as well as those of anal, produced (in this also it differs from

C. helvolus). Caudal deeply forked; the lobes are equal, their

length contained four times and a half in the total length ; a keel on

each side of its base. Soft anal similar to soft dorsal. Veutrals in-

serted behind the pectorals, and reaching a little beyond vent ; their

length is contained thrice and a half in that of the pectorals, which

are long, falciform, and extend to the seventeenth dorsal ray.

Scales small, breast naked. Lateral line slightly arched, becom-

ing straight below the sixteenth dorsal ray; the straight portion is

armed with about thirty-nine spiniferous plates, those on the free

portion of the tail being very strong and well developed.

Length 16 inches. Creole name “ Carangue chasseur.”

99. CARANX HASSELTII, Blkr.

100. C. xantuurus, K. & v. I.

101. C. vomerinus, Playf.

102. C. MALABARICUS, Schn.

103. C. Basap, Forsk.

104. C. ruLvocurratus, Forsk.

105. C. specrosus, Forsk.

106. C, rRtprPELLU, Gthr.

107. C. meLAmpyeus, C. & V.

108. C. SANSUN.

Scomber sansun, Forsk. p. 50; Russell, ii. p. 33, pl..144,

Caranx sansun, Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p. 101; N. W. Fische, p. 48,

t. 13. f. 3; Ginth. Fish. ii. p. 447.

Hab. Seychelles; Mauritius; Red Sea; coast of India.

109. C. armatus, Forsk.

1867.] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 861

110. SeRIoLICHTHYs BIPINNULATUS, Q@. & G.

111. CHoriINnEMvs TOLOO.

Toloo-parah, Russell, ii. p- 29, pl. 137.

Lichia toloo-parah, Riipp. Altas, Fische, p. 91.

Chorinemus toloo, Cuv. & Val. viii. p. 377 ; Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 473.

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea to Indian Ocean.

112. Tracuynorvs ovatus, L.

113. T. BarLtontt, Lacép.

114. Puatax vEsPERTILIO, BI.

115. P. rerra, Forsk. .

116. P. orBICULARIS.

Chetodon orbicularis, Forsk. p. 59.

C. pentacanthus, Lacép. iv. p. 454, pl. 9. f. 2.

Platax orbicularis, Cuy. & Val. vii. p. 232; Riipp. Atlas, Fische,

p- 67, t. 18. f. 3; Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 490.

P. pentacanthus, Cuv. & Val. vii. p. 235.

Creole name of all the species of Platax Poule d’or.”

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea; East-Indian archipelago ; north-west

coast of Australia,

117. EquuLa FAsciaTa.

Equula fasciata, Russell, i. p- 5], pl. 66,

Clupea fasciata, Lacép. v. p. 463.

Equula filigera, longispinis, carak, et fasciata, Cuv. & Val. x.

pp- 92-97, pl. 84.

E. fasciata, Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 498.

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea; Indian Ocean and Archipelago.

118. Gazza minuta, BI.

CoryPHENID#.

119. CoryepHa&NA uippuRus, L.

ScomBRID&.

120. ScoMBER MICROLEPrIDoTUS, Riipp.

121. THynnus THunNina, C. & VY.

122, EcHEeNEIs NAuCRATES, L,

TRACHINIDS.

123. S1itLaGo staama, Forsk.

PEDICULATI.

124, ANTENNARIUS MARMORATUS, Gthr,

862 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

125. A. MULTIOCELLATUS.

Chironectes multiocellatus, Cuv. & Val. xii. p. 420.

Antennarius leucosoma, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. 1854,

Floris, p. 328.

Chironectes leprosus, Eyd. & Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 187.

Antennarius multiocellatus, Giinth. Fish. iii. p. 194.

Vara. DoS LSA 7. eae:

Colour.—Blackish, marbled with lighter and with red; the upper

part of the body with numerous large black ocelli, the lower part

thickly covered with small black spots. Four large black ocelli

along the edge of the soft dorsal, two on anal, and four on caudal.

Length 5 inches.

Ver: 6) D203 |12> ASG Pl 0:

Colour.—Whitish, dotted all over with blackish, especially on the

belly ; three or four large spots on the sides, one at the base of the

third dorsal spine, three along the margin, and two along the base of

anal, and three arranged as a triangle on the caudal.

Length 4 inches.

Hab. Seychelles; Caribbean Seas; East-Indian archipelago ;

Sandwich Islands.

GoOBIIDEA.

126. GoBIUS ORNATUS.

Gobius ornatus, Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p.135; N.W. Fische, p. 137;

Ginth. Fish. iii. p. 21.

G. ventralis (Ehrenb.), Cuv. & Val. xii. p. 113.

G. interstinctus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Fish. p. 3, pl. 5.

f. 3-6.

Hah. Seychelles ; Red Sea; East-Indian archipelago ; Philippine

Islands; north-west coast of Australia.

127. G. caninus, C. & V.

128. PERIOPHTHALMUS KOELREUTERI], C. & V.

129. ELeorris opHrocEepPHAtus, K. & v. H.

130. E. rusca, Schn.

131. E. soarest, Playf.

132. E. cyANOSTIGMA.

? Eleotris cyanostigma, Bleek. Natur. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1855,

Kokos, iv. p. 452; Giinth. Fish. iii. p. 119.

? Eleotriodes cyanostigma, Bleek. Enum. Sp. p. 112.

D.6;5. A.>- L. lat. 26-28.

Diagnosis.—The third dorsal spine produced into a filament.

Nine series of scales between the root of posterior dorsal and anal.

1367. ] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. R63

Head scaly, with the exception of the snout. Body compressed.

Height of body equal to length of head, and a quarter of the total

length. Eyes close together, the diameter of one of them being

longer than the snout, and one-third of the length of the head. Jaws

equal ; the maxillary hardly extends beyond the anterior margin of

the eye. Teeth in villiform bands, those in the outer series being

enlarged. No canines in the lower jaw. Scales ctenoid.

Colour.—Greenish, marbled and spotted with darker and lighter,

each scale with a silvery dot. Vertical fins brownish; the second

dorsal, anal, and caudal with silvery spots.

Length 13 inch.

Hab. Seychelles ; East-Indian archipelago.

BLENNIID.

133. SALARIAS VERMICULATUS, C, & V.

134. S. rascratus, Bl.

SPHYRZENID,

135. SPHYR2ZNA JELLO, Russ.

136. S. COMMERSONII.

S. commersonii, Cuv. & Val. iii. p. 352; Giinth. Fish. ii. p. 338.

Hab. Seychelles; Mauritius ; East-Indian Ocean.

ATHERINIDZ.

137. ATHERINA PINGUIS.

Atherina pinguis, Lacép. v. p. 372, pl. 11. f.1; Bleek. Act. Soc.

Se. Indo-Neerl. viii. Sumatra, viii. p. 24; Ginth. Fish. iii. p- 399.

A. affinis, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.

A, pectoralis, Cuv. & Val. x. p. 447.

Hab. Seychelles; east coast of Africa ; Bombay ; coast of Au-

stralia.

138. A. AFRA.

A. afra, Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 244; Giinth. Fish. iii.

p- 378.

Hab. Seychelles ; Mozambique.

MueiLip#.

139. MuGin AXILvaris.

? Mugil azillaris, Cuv. & Val. xi. p. 131.

Mugil axillaris, Bleek. Natur. Tydsch. Ned. Ind. iv. 1853, p. 266 ;

Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Neerl. viii. Sumatra, ix. p. 3; Giinth. Fish. iii,

. 444,

: M. parsia, Bleek. Natur. Tydsch. Ned. Ind. iii. 1852, p. 166.

Hab. Seychelles ; Mauritius ; East-Indian archipelago,

864 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [ Nov. 14,

140. M. c#ruLeo-macutatus, Lacép.

141. M. TRoscHELII.

M. troschelii, Bleek. Nat. Tydschr. Ned. Ind. xvi. p. 277; Act.

Soe. Se. Indo-Neerl. vi. Sumatra, viii. p. 80; Giinth. Fish. in. p. 448.

Hab. Seychelles; Ceylon; East-Indian archipelago.

FISTULARIIDE,

142. FisruLARIA SERRATA, Bl,

CENTRISCID,

143. AMPHISILE PUNCTULATA, Bianc.

LABYRINTHICI.

144, OsPpHROMENUS OLFAX, Commers.

PHARYNGOGNATHI.

PoOMACENTRID.

145. PoMACENTRUS BANKANENSIS, Blkr.

146. GLYPHIDODON C@LESTINUS, Soland,

147. G. sSEPTEMFASCIATUS.

G. septemfasciatus, Cuv. & Val. v. p. 463 ; Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 40.

The specimens obtained at Seychelles do not materially differ from

those previously described, except in the great width of the inter-

orbital space, which is once and a half the diameter of the eye.

Length 8 inches.

148. G. sorpipus, Forsk.

149. HeLIASTES CINCTUS, sp. n.

Dis L. lat. 29. L. transv. 2/8.

13° . 13°

Diagnosis.—Height of body contained twice and a half in the

total length, or twice in that without caudal ; the length of the head

is contained four times and two-thirds in the former, or thrice and

three-fifths in the latter. Teeth in the jaws ina single series, with an

outer series of larger ones in the front of the lower jaw. Width of

preorbital more than half the diameter of the eye. Breadth of in-

terorbital space equal to the diameter of the orbit. Posterior limb of

preeoperculum straight, not emarginate ; the cheek-scales are in three

series, aud do not cover the preeopercular margin. Przeorbital naked.

Spines of dorsal slender, the middle being slightly longer than the

posterior ones ; they decrease gradually in length from the seventh to

the first; the soft portion is higher than long; one of the longest

rays is more than once and two-thirds the length of the longest spine,

1867.) THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 865

Caudal forked, with the lobes rounded. Second anal spine longer

than any of the dorsal.

Colour.—Dark violet, with a yellowish transverse band crossing

the body below the fifth and sixth dorsal spines, its breadth is equal

to that of two lateral series of scales ; in immature specimens (1 inch

long) it crosses the entire body ; in adults (3°9 inches) it extends

over the upper two-thirds of its height. Dorsal fin yellowish, with

a black margin ; a black white-edged ocellus on the base posteriorly,

extending on to the top of the tail; and in immature specimens a

large similarly coloured ocellus on the last spines, extending slightly

on the body. Caudal yellowish, with a brighter cross band near the

base. Anal and ventrals blackish. Pectorals yellow, with a small

spot on axil.

LABRID&.

150. CHEILInuUs TRILOBATUS, Lacép.

151. C. puncratus, Benn.

152. C. rascratus, Bl.

153. Eprpunus INSIDIATOR, Pall.

154, STETHOSULIS STRIGIVENTER, Benn.

155. Juuis tunarRis, L.

156. J. rrroBata, Lacép.

157. Coris CUVIERI, Benn.

158. C. rormosa, Benn.

159. C. annuuaTa, Lacép.

160. ScaricuTuys Auritus, K. & v. H.

161. S. caruLeoruncratus, Riipp.

162, CALLYODON VIRIDESCENS, Riipp.

163, PsEUDOSCARUS HARID, Forsk.

164. P. macutosvus, Lacép.

165. P. pussumiert, C. & V.

166. P. nucnipuncratus, C. & V.

167. P. cyanocnatuus, Blkr.

168, P. raucrpInnis, sp. n. (Fig. 3, p. 866.)

D2. A.=. P.14,

* 10° 9

Closely allied to P. janthochir, but differing from it in coloration

and in the shape of the pectoral fin, which, in this species, is falei-

866 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON (Nov. 14,

Fig. 3.

Pseudoscarus falcipinnis.

x g < ws

me \

fl » ZA\\\\

z : \

\ \

form, with the point rounded, and unusually long, reaching to the

origin of the anal.

Diagnosis.— Jaws green, rather strong, with a posterior conical

tooth in the upper jaw. Lips broad, covering more than half of the

1867. ] THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 867

upper jaw. Forehead straight. Two series of scales on the cheek,

with a single one below, the lower preopercular limb being entirely

naked. Caudal with the lobes much produced. Pectorals long,

reaching to anal, falciform, with the point rounded.

Colour.—General colour of the body dirty green, each scale with

a brownish margin. A broad green patch on the head below the

eye, continued as a band across the snout, above the upper lip and

below the lower one, leaving the lips and an irregular spot on each

side of the symphysis of the lower jaw of a dirty fawn-colour ; it is

also continued as a patch on the body, between the roots of the pec-

torals and ventrals, and as a series of spots from the latter to the

origin of the anal. Dorsal blue, with vertical yellowish bars on the

membranes. Anal bluish green, with a narrow, wavy, yellowish

median band. Caudal green, with a broad yellowish band along

each lobe. Ventrals with a similar band parallel to the first ray.

Length 19 inches.

169. GERRES LINEOLATUs, Gthr.

170. G. arGYREUvS, Forst.

Sciena argyrea, Forster.

Gerres waigiensis, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 292.

G. argyreus, Cuv. & Val. vi. p. 478; Giinth. Fish. iv. p. 263.

The specimens from Seychelles have the second dorsal spine two-

thirds of the height of the body. Creole name “ Beau temps.”

Hab. Seychelles; Mozambique; Red Sea; East-Indian archipe-

lago; Port Jackson.

171. G. port, C. & V.

PLEURONECTID&.

172. RaomBorpicutTHys PANTHERINUS, Riipp.

173. PLagusiA MARMORATA, Blkr.

PHYSOSTOMI.

SILURIDA.

174. PLorosus anGcuiLuaris, Bl.

SCOMBERESOCID.

175. BELONE ANNULATA.

Belone annulata, Russell, pl. 175; Cuv. & Val. xviii. p- 447,

pl. 550; Cant. Mal. Fish. p. 244; Giinth. Fish. vi. p. 240.

Hab. Seychelles ; Indian Ocean; Friendly Islands.

176. HeEmMIRAMPHUS DUssuUMIERI, C. & V.

177. H. Groren, C. & V.

868 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

178. H. pispar.

H. dispar, Cuv. & Val. xix. p. 58, pl. 558; Bleek. Natur. Tydsch.

Ned. Ind. vi. p. 498; Giinth. Fish. vi. p. 274.

Zenarchopterus dispar, Bleek. Nat. Tydsch. Ned. Ind. iii. p. 164.

Creole name “ Aiguille.”’

Hab. Fresh waters of Seychelles ; East Indies.

179. Exoce@tus Evouans, L.

180. E. souannri, C. & V.

181. E. arFInis.

E. affnis, Ginth. Fish. vi. p. 288.

Hab. East coast of Africa, between Cape Guardafui and Sey-

chelles ; Atlantic.

CyYPRINODONTID.

182. HaprLocHILus PLAYFAIRII, Gthr.

CLUPESOCID&.

183. Buryrinus GLOssODONTIS, Forsk.

GONORHYNCHID&.

1814, LuropE1rrRA CHANOS, Forsk.

185. L. CHLOROPTERUS.

L. chloropterus, Russell, pl. . >

Chanos chloropterus, Cuv. & Val. xix. p. 195.

Russell states that this fish is found only in water entirely fresh,

and never in that which is even brackish. Valenciennes observes,

“Cette observation se rapporte a celle faite aux Séchelles sur une

autre espéce donnée par M. Dussumier.”’

I have observed two species of this genus in considerable numbers

at Seychelles, but never in fresh water. They are generally captured

in drawing the seine on the sandy beaches of the various islands, and

sometimes in bays which receive the small mountain-streams, which

are the only fresh water found there.

CLUPEID,

186. ALosA venENoSA, C. & V.

187. ENGRAULIS BOELAMA, Forsk.

ANGUILLIDE.

188. ANGUILLA AMBLODON, Gthr.

MuRENID&.

189. Murana cHLorostiema, Kp.

190. M, nusixa, Richards.

1867.]

191.

THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES.

M. VARIEGATA.

869

M. variegata, Forster, Des. An. p. 181; Rich. Zool. Ereb. & Terr.

Fish. p. 94, t. 47. f. 11-16.

M. ophis, Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p. 116, t. 29. f. 2.

Pecilophis variegata, Kaup, Cat. Ap. Fish. p. 98, t. 13. f. 6,7.

Echidna variegata, Bleek. Atl. Ichth. Mureen. p. 80, t. 168. f. 2.

Hab, Seychelles; Indian Ocean.

192.

202.

PLECTOGNATHI.

OsTRACIONID&.

OstTRACION Arcus, Schn.

GYMNODONTID2.

. Diopon RETICULATUS, Will.

. TETRODON ARGENTEUS, Lacép.

gull LATERNA, Richards.

. T. sreLiatus, Lacép.

. T. immacutatus, Lacép.

BALISTID.

. Bauistes niGER, Osbeck.

. ALEUTERES scriptus, Osbeck.

LOPHOBRANCHII.

. SYNGNATHUS FASCIATUS, Gray.

. S. BIACULEATUS, BI.

CHONDROPTERYGILI.

CARCHARIUS ACUTUS.

Carcharius acutus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 65, pl. 18. f.4; Miill.

& Henle, Plag. p. 29; Cant. Mal. Fish. p. 399; Dum. Hist. Poiss.

i. p, 345.

Snout pointed, the distance between its extremity and the nostrils

equals two-thirds of the distance of the latter from the angles of the

mouth. The first dorsal nearer to the pectorals than to the ventrals ;

the posterior edge of the former emarginate, their breadth is two-

thirds of their length. Base of anal about once and a half the length

of that of second dorsal.

the length of the base of the latter.

Distance between caudal and anal double

Caudal low, the superior lobe

very obliquely cut at the free extremity, which has a cutaneous fold.

—A. Dum.

Creole name “ Requin.”

Hab, Seychelles ; Indian Ocean ;

China; Brazil.

870 LIEUT.-COL. PLAYFAIR ON [Nov. 14,

203. CARCHARIUS BLEEKERI.

Carcharius (Prionodon) bleekeri, Dum. Hist. Poiss. i. p. 367.

Preocular portion of snout a little less than the width of the inter-

ocular space. Nostrils equidistant between the point of the snout

and the anterior of the mouth. Teeth different in each jaw; those

in the upper jaw are oblique, with a reentering angle on the exterior

side, and are denticulated both on the point and base; those in the

lower jaw are straighter and more finely denticulated. The first

dorsal commences a short distance behind the interior angle of pec-

torals, and is more than four times as high as the second, which is

situated immediately above the anal, and, like it, has the posterior

angle much prolonged. Caudal one-fourth of the total length ; its”

upper lobe is twice the length of the lower one. The extremity of

the pectorals, particularly underneath, the superior angle of the

second dorsal, but not the first, and the angle of the inferior lobe

of caudal are marked with deep black.— A. Dum.

Length 3! 10".

Hab. Seychelles; Pondicherry.

Two typical specimens of this species exist in the Paris Museum ;

length respectively .1™°31 and 0™-78.

204. ZyG#NA MALLEUS, Shaw.

Creole name ‘“‘ Marteau.””

205. TRI&NODON OBESUS.

Squalus obesus, Ripp. N. W. Fische, p. 64, pl. 18. f. 2.

Trienodon obesus, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p, 55, pl. 20; Dum. Hist.

Poiss. i. p. 386.

Snout short, rounded. Nostrils equidistant between the anterior

edge of the mouth, which is broader than high, and the extremity of

the snout. They havea transverse valvule, small, and without cirrhus.

Teeth with an elongated median point, and with one or two toothlets

on each side of the base; some have a double toothlet on the inner

side. First dorsal nearer the ventrals than the pectorals. Anal

opposite, and nearly equal to the second dorsal. A semicireular

groove at the top of the root of the caudal. Lower caudal lobe about

half as long as the upper.

General colour grey; the superior angle of both dorsals and the

points of both caudal lobes of a milky white— <A. Dum.

Creole name ‘ L’endormi.”

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea.

206. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUS.

Galeocerdo tigrinus, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p. 59, pl. 23; Dum.

Hist. Poiss. i. p. 393. =

Snout flat, rounded, and rather short. Nostrils lateral, equi-

distant between the extremity of the snout and the anterior of the

mouth. Cireular spout-holes behind the eyes. Median tooth of

1867.) THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. 871

both jaws smooth at the point, denticulated at the base; the others

strongly denticulated along the entire edge. First dorsal much

nearer the pectorals than the ventrals; the base of the second once

and a half as long as that of the anal. Lower caudal lobe short,

hardly a third of the length of the upper one.

Colour yellowish grey, darker superiorly, marked with spots and

vertical bands of a darker colour on the back, sides, and tail; on the

last they are rounded.—4. Dum.

Creole name ‘‘ Damoiselle.”’

Hab. Seychelles; Indian Ocean.

207. RHYNCHOBATUS LA&YVIS.

Raia djeddensis, Forsk. p. 18. no. 17.

Rhinobatus levis, B\. Sehn. p. 354, pl. 71; Russell, pl. 10.

R. djeddensis, Riipp. Atlas, Fische, p. 54, t. 14. f. 1.

Rhynchobatus levis, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p.111; Dum. Hist.

Poiss. i. p. 433.

Snout long, pointed. Nostril very oblique, the interior angle

almost reaching the anterior margin of mouth; their length is one-

‘fourth more than the space between them, and three times that

between their external angle and the edge of the disk. The pec-

torals have their exterior angles almost right ones. The superior

lobe of the caudal is a third longer than the inferior one.

The colour varies with age. Young examples have a yellowish-

olive ground and a small brown spot on each side of the end of the

snout; a band of the same colour on the edge of the eyelid; a large

brown spet surrounded with small ones on the root of each pectoral;

white spots on the rest of the body, those on the flanks being some-

times disposed in bands. In mature specimens these markings dis-

appear, and the fish assumes a uniform brown colour.—d. Dum.

Creole name “ Violon.”’

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea; Indian Ocean.

208. UroGYMNUS ASPERRIMUS.

Raja asperrima, Bl. Schn. p. 367. no. 24.

Urogymnus asperrimus, Mill. & Henle, Wiegm. Arch. 1837,

p- 400, 434; Dum. Hist. Poiss. i. p. 580.

Anacanthus asperrimus, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p. 157, pl. 60.

Disk ovate, rhomboidal, almost as broad as long, the exterior and

posterior angles rounded. Snout slightly prominent ; its length in

front of eyes is equal to the interorbital space. Tail hardly longer

than the disk, having a groove on its lower side containing a cuta-

neous fold.

The middle of the upper surface from the interorbital space to the

tail, and for more than one-third of its breadth, covered with a mo-

saic of tubercles closely set together, between which rise here and

there spines with stellated bases, the branches of which, frequently

divided, surround several of the adjacent tubercles. On the re-

mamder of the disk there are scattered pointed tubercles, often as

872 ON THE FISHES OF SEYCHELLES. [Nov. 14,

large as the others, but with a circular or oval base. Underside

smooth.

Colour above yellowish green ; below white.—d. Dum.

Hab. Seychelles ; Indian Ocean.

209. TrRyGON UARNAK, Forsk.

The specimen obtained at Seychelles differed only from that found

at Zanzibar in having much smaller tubercles on the median region

of the back, and in having the upper surface immaculate.

210. HyPoLorpHus SEPHEN.

Raja sephen, Forsk. p. 17; Russell, i. p. 2, pl. 3.

Trygon sephen, Ripp. Atlas, Fische, p. 52.

T. forskalii, Riipp. ib. p. 53, pl. 13. f. 2.

Hypolophus sephen, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p. 170; Dum. Hist.

Poiss. i. p. 616.

Disk rhomboidal, broader than long, the edge almost straight or

slightly convex ; angles rounded, except the anterior, which is very

obtuse. Ventrals united on the median line; the anterior angle

rounded, the exterior one sharp. Tail about twice and a half as long

as disk, depressed as far as the spine, below which commences a cu-

taneous fold, which occupies about a third of the lower edge. Supe-

rior median region from head to tail covered with scales closely placed

together. On the middle of the scapular region there are three

tubercles much larger than the others.

Colour above of a reddish brown, except the scaly portion, which

is leaden grey. Lower parts light; caudal fin dark.— A. Dum,

Hab. Seychelles; Red Sea; Indian Ocean.

211. AETOBATIS NARINARI.

Narinari brasiliensibus, Marcgrav, Hist. ver. Natur. Brasil. in

Piso Hist. Nat. Brasil. pp. 175, 176.

Raja quinqueaculeata, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Freye. p. 200, pl. 43.

f. 3

Eel tenkee, Russell, i. pl. 18.

Myobatis celtenkee, Riipp. N.W. Fische, p. 70, pl. 19. f. 3 (teeth)

Stoasodon narinari, Cant. Mal. Fish. p. 1416.

4Etobatis narinari, Mill. & Henle, Plag. p. 179; Dum. Hist.

Poiss. i. p. 641.

Disk twice as broad as long, the anterior edges a little convex, the

posterior ones concave. Anterior angle pointed, posterior one

rounded. Snout with an obtuse prominence, broader than long.

Lobes of nasal valvule broad, rounded and toothed on their free

edges. Dental plate on lower jaw curved, prominent. Caudal fin

commencing on the level of the extremity of the insertion of the

ventrals. ‘Tail three or four times the length of disk.

Colour brown, with round white spots edged with black distri-

buted irregularly over the back. Lower side white.

Hab. Seychelles; Brazil; Red Sea; Indian Ocean.

1867.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NYMPHALIS CALEDONIA. 873

7. Note on the Nymphalis caledonia of Hewitson.

By Arruvur G. Butter, F.Z.S.

In the first part of his ‘ Exotic Butterflies’ (p. 86, pl. 43. f. 3, 4)

Mr. Hewitson has described and figured a new Butterfly under the

name of Nymphalis caledonia (incorrectly printed calydonia). It is

one of the most beautiful of the species of Nymphalide, and has until

quite recently been unique in the collection of Mr. A. R. Wallace.

Mr. Hewitson says of this insect, “This glorious butterfly is be-

yond description. Both of the posterior wings are so much injured

that I have had to imagine part of the outer margin, but have little

doubt that, if we ever have the good fortune to see a perfect example,

it will prove to be of nearly the same form as WN. berenice of Drury.”

As it has fallen to my lot to see the second specimen of this beau-

tiful species in the collection of Lieutenant H. Roberts, I have

asked his permission to figure the hind wing; he has kindly con-

ceded to my wishes, and I am thus enabled to give a correct drawing

of the outline*,

The hind wings of N. caledonia are certainly somewhat similar to

those of the female of N. berenice ; they, however, more nearly re- ¢

semble those of Prothoé franchi (Nymphalis franck of Godart) :

moreover the markings and general colouring of the underside ap-

pear to be a modification of the markings and colouring of that spe-

cies ; therefore, though WN. berenice and N. caledunia have hitherto

been looked upon as species of Charaaes (Nymphalis of Westwood),

and are as such included in my monograph of that genust, I should

recommend that they be henceforth referred to the genus Prothoé,

the great size of the thorax being the only character that I can dis-

cover to warrant their admission into the genus Charazes.

Hind wing of Nymphalis caledonia.

The synonymy of N. caledonia must therefore stand as follows :—

PROTHOE CALEDONIA.

Nymphalis calydonia (misprint), Hewitson, Exot. Butterf. i. p- 86,

pl. 43. f. 3, 4 (1855).

* Since writing the above a third specimen has arrived from Labuan (Borneo),

It is now in the collection of Mr. Hewitson.

t P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 637, 638.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LVI.

874 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE FELID. [Nov. 14,

Charazes calydonia, Butler, P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 638.

Hab. Malacca (Colls. Wallace, Roberts, and Hewitson).

The specimen of this butterfly lent to me by Mr. Roberts differs

from that figured by Mr. Hewitson in its greater size, and in having

the upperside of the hind wing more suffused with greenish: on the

underside the markings are slightly different, the basal red bands

being broader, the central band whiter, the discal red band nar-

rower, darker, and rather more irregular, the submarginal green

band duller, and the blue lunulate line more irregular and not so

deeply margined with black ; the large black caudal spot is, of course,

wanting in the original figure.

8. Additional Observations on the Species of Cats (Felide)

in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S., F.LS., &e.

The following memoranda were accidentally omitted from my

former paper on the Cats in the British Museum (see P. Z. S, 1867,

. 258).

3 To yD. species of the restricted genus Felis mentioned in the

former paper I may add the Manul (Felis manu of Pallas). This

was regarded as a new species by Mr. Hodgson under the name of

Felis nigropectus, and is beautifully illustrated in the drawing of his

Nepalese animal in the British Museum. In the British Museum also

is a fine specimen of this Cat, presented by Mr. Hodgson, under the

latter name. It has many characters in common with the other wild

species of the restricted genus Felis ; but it is at once known by its

very long, soft hair, the pale whitish colour only varied by a slight

black wash on the upper part of the legs and the black on the chest.

Fischer, who only worked from books, considers it a variety of Felis

domestica ; but it is a very distinct and well-marked species.

The Wild Cat of Europe (Felis catus) is distinct from the African

and Asiatic species of the restricted genus Felis in the British Mu-

seum. It is at once known by its thick cylindrical truncated tail ;

but it is so well known, and has been so often described, that I need

not add any further. observations respecting it. It is said that it

breeds with the domestic Cat, and that the skull of the hybrid, as

well as the coloration of the fur, is more or less modified by the in-

terbreeding.

Having confidence in the declaration of M. F. Cuvier, that the

skins he had received from Malabar were exactly like those of the

animal named by M. Geoffroy in the Museum Catalogue F. chaus

which came from Egypt, and with those that M. F. Cuvier figured and

described under the same name that were received from North Africa,

and also in Mr. Edward Blyth’s observation (see P. Z. S. 1863,

p- 181), that ‘the Egyptian specimen (of F. chaus) now living in

the Society’s Gardens is absolutely similar to the common animal of

Bengal,”’ 1 was misled and adopted their conclusion.

1867.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE FELIDA. 875

These authors must have examined their specimens very cursorily,

and cannot have paid any attention to the length of the tail and the

distribution of the bands when present. It will be seen by my pre-

ceding observations, founded on the examination of the specimens

in the British Museum received from all parts of Africa—from Tunis

and Egypt in the north, Abyssinia in the east, and the Cape of

Good Hope in the south, that these Cats are all of one species, and of

a species easily distinguished from the Chaus of Asia by the greater

length and development of the tail.

Of the genus Chaus (as defined by the shortness of the tail),

which appears to be confined to Asia, there are what I am inclined

to regard as three distinct species in the Museum Collection.

The largest species is the animal that I figured in the ‘ Illustra-

tions of Indian Zoology’ under the name of Felis affinis, having

convinced myself that it was a distinct species years ago, when I was

studying the animals of India from the Hardwicke Collection of

Drawings. I have little doubt that this is the Cat described and

figured by Pallas in the ‘ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,’ t. 2, under

the name of Felis catolynx. It is certainly the Lyncus erythrotis

of Hodgson, whose drawings for his ‘ Nepal Fauna’ contain several

good figures of it. It may be the Felis kutas of Pearson. It inha-

bits, according to Mr. Hodgson, the central and lower regions of

Nepal. There is a well-stutfed adult specimen of this Cat in the

British Museum ; it is a magnificent animal.

It is known by the bright yellow colour of the fur, without any,

or with only very indistinct, indications of darker streaks across the

body, which, when present, are only to be seen when the body is

looked at at certain angles.

Gildenstadt’s (Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop. xx. p. 483, t. 14) de-

scription and figure of the Felis chaus from the shores of the Caspian

agree with this animal in most particulars, and represent the short tail

of the genus Chaus, the tail being rather more than one-fourth of the

entire length of the body, or one-third of the length of the body and

head (30+11). The fur is described as ‘ fusco-lutescens, gulee et

regionis umbilicalis albidus ; pectoris et abdominis dilute rufescens.”’

In the figure the under part is represented as much paler than this

description justifies, or than may have been intended. Otherwise it

is a good representative of the Nepal animal. I have not seen any

specimen from the Caspian. The red ear is common to the Nepal

F. affinis and most specimens of F. caligata from Africa.

In the British Museum there are two small specimens of the genus

Chaus with short tails from India which have more distinct dark

bands across their body and legs, and which are without doubt the

Cats that MM. F. Cuvier and Blyth have confounded with the

longer-tailed Felis maniculata of Africa.

This Cat was figured, from a specimen then alive in Exeter Change,

- under the name of the Bangalore Cat (J’. chaus), in my ‘ Spicilegia

Zoologica,’ t. 2. f.1. It is probably the Felis jacquemonti of M.

Isidore Geoffroy, in the ‘ Zoology to Jacquemont’s Voyage,’ the skull

of which is figured t. 3. f.1. Unfortunately the specimens in the

876 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRIDE. [| Noy. 14,

Museum are few in number, and not in a very perfect state; but I

‘ean scarcely think that this Cat can be the young state of Felis

affinis from Nepal. It is doubtless the Cat that Mr. Blyth con-

founds with the Egyptian Cat (F. chaus, Geoff.), stating that it is

‘«the common animal of Bengal” (see P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 186), and

that, as in the case of many common animals, its skins are rarely

brought to Europe. It seems spread over various parts of India, as

the specimens in the British Museum were sent from the Matoralla

territory by Sir Walter Elliot, and from Gangootra.

The third species of Chaus in the British Museum is the beautiful

animal that I figured in the ‘ Illustrations of Indian Zoology’ as

Felis ornata. ‘The small specimen of the species in the British

Museum is not in a very good state. Chaus ornatus is of a pale,

more or less bright, yellow-brown colour, with transverse bands of

nearly uniform-sized roundish blackish spots on the body. The

spots are larger, darker, and closer together on the thighs and upper

parts of the legs. ‘The tail has some black rings near the end, and

a small black tip.

Hab. Northern India (Capt. Boys).

This does not appear to be a common Cat in India, as we have

only received a single half-grown example, which was purchased at

the sale of Capt. Boys’s specimens ; and I do not find it described in

any systematic work, nor do I recollect to have seen any specimens

of it in continental collections.

In his crude paper on the Asiatic species of the genus Felis (P.Z.S.

1863, p. 185), Mr. Blyth places Felis ornata under Felis torquata,

observing that the figure is ‘‘ very bad.” If he had compared the

specimen in the British Museum with the figure, he must have re-

versed this note; for it is very characteristic, but is taken froma

larger and brighter specimen. Mr. Blyth, when he saw the speci-

men in the Museum collection, in his usual offhand manner, said it

is only one of the numerous varieties of the common Indian Cat.

This species is quite distinct from the Cat that Sir William Jardine

aiterwards Re as I’elis ornata in the ‘Naturalist’s Library,’

Felidae, t.

9. Notice of a New Species of American Tapir, with Ob-

servations on the Skulls of Tapirus, Rhinocherus, and

Elasmognathus in the Collection of the British Museum.

By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., F.L.S.

(Plate XLII.)

The British Museum having recently received the skulls of some

specimens of American Tapirs in different states of development, I

have been induced to reexamine the series of skulls in the collection,

and herewith send the notes which I have made during the process.

Mr. Sclater has kindly presented to the Museum the skull of an

IdHIVE SNHIVNOOWSVT

duat Yreuwey Nw WW UAT FLOM L

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIKIDE. 877

adult Baird’s Tapir from Central America, which had been sent to

him by Capt. Dow*; and more lately Mr. Salvin has obtained for

the Museum the skin and the skull of a half-grown specimen of

the same animal. Thus we have the skull of this interesting genus

in two very distinct states of development. Mr. Sclater has also

kindly shown me a photograph of the very young animal, in its

spotted and banded state, which is on its way to the Gardens of the

Society. These materials have enabied me to study this very inter-

esting animal in considerable detail. To understand its characters

more completely I have compared the skull with the series of skulls

of Tapirs in the British Museum and in the Museum of the College

of Surgeons, and with the figures of the skulls to be found in Cu-

vier’s ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ and De Blainville’s ‘ Ostéographie.’

These examinations have enabled me to point out the craniological

characters by which the species may be distinguished, and also to

record the differences which occur in the skulls of the different kinds

as the animal passes from youth to adult age.

These researches have induced me to believe that one of the skulls

of Tapirs in the British Museum indicates the existence of a South-

American species that has not yet been observed in the living state.

This is not extraordinary when we recollect that the Tapir of

Central America, which belongs to a peculiar group, was not distin-

guished from the common Tapir until the very peculiar formation

of its skull was observed and figured.

Fam. TArirRiD&.

Nose produced into a short proboscis. Toes two or three, sub-

equal, all reaching the ground, without any prehensile process on

the upper edge, nail short; each with a separate hoof. Face not

horned. Neck short. Cutting-teeth in each jaw, erect, normal.

Tapirina, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 184.

Multungula genuina, Giebel, Saugeth. p. 177.

Onguligrades, Blaiaville.

There is a peculiarity in the change of the teeth of the Tapirs

which I do not find noticed in Owen’s ‘ Odontographia,’ or in De

Blainville’s ‘Ostéographie,’ or in any work that has occurred to me.

In most mammalia the second series of the cutting-teeth are deve-

loped rather within the base of the milk series; but in the Tapirs

they are developed so far within their hinder edge that, when the

milk series are about to be shed and the permanent series are just

about being developed, there are two distinct series of apertures to

be observed in the intermaxillaries and the front edge of the lower

aw.

, The skulls of the American Tapir and of Baird’s Elasmognathus

in the British Museum show this peculiarity.

The skull of a young American Tapir in the Museum Collection

shows the same peculiarity. In this specimen, which has lost all its

* See Mr. Sclater’s remarks on exhibiting this skull, anéea, p. 473.

878 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRID&. [Nov..14,

milk-teeth, the development of the alveoles is not so uniform, the

cavities left by the milk-teeth being much larger and more or less

broken away on the outer edge; while the inner series of pits, from

which the permanent teeth are to be developed, are much smaller,

shallower, and far apart; perhaps they would have been larger and

more developed if the animal had been allowed to live until the per-

manent teeth were more developed.

The space between the two series is much larger in the skull of

the Hlasmognathus bairdi. The skull of the younger specimen of

E. bairdi in the British Museum has lost all its milk cutting-teeth

in each of the jaws, each leaving a well-marked, regular, circular,

conical cavity on the edge of the jaw. Just within these cavities,

but well separated from them by a bony plate, and alternating with

the cavities of the milk-teeth, is placed a regular series of six well-

developed similar, but not quite so large, circular, conical cavities.

At the base of each cavity is to be observed the commencement of a

tooth, being the teeth of the permanent series. The front of the

lower jaw exhibits the same peculiarity ; but the cutting-teeth of the

lower jaw are more unequal in size, the cavities of the central series

being the largest, and gradually diminishing in size to the outer one.

In the skulls of the young American Tapir and of the #. bairdi

there is a second cavity on the inner side of the base of the milk-

canine. In the skull of 7’. americanus one of the milk-canines is

remaining ; it is of a very small size, and compressed lancet-shaped

in form. In the #. bairdi the milk-canines are shed.

In the skull of the young Tapirus americanus in the British Mu-

seum, which has shed its cutting-teeth, there is an abnormal tooth

(probably a false grinder) to be observed on each side of the maxilla,

rather in front of the middle of the space between the base of the

canine and the front edge of the first grinder. They are each placed

on the outer side of the jawbone, near the lower edge, and are co-

vered with well-developed enamel, and are similar in form and size.

Are these teeth similar to the front or false grinders in dAnoplo-

therium?

The family may be divided into two groups or tribes :—

Tribe I. TAPIRINA.

The nasal aperture elongate, gradually contracted into a narrow

opening in front, extending nearly to the root of the upper

canines. The upper jaws only united in front as far as the

root of the canines; the upper part on the sides uf the nasal

aperture broad, rounded. The internasal cartilage only ossified

at the hinder part under the nasal bone.

M. Cuvier, in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ vol. ii. p. 145, gives the

osteology of the American Tapir (7. americanus) with considerable

detail, and devotes a chapter to the comparison of the bones of the

Indian Tapir (7'. indicus) with those of the American Tapir (p. 156);

he figures the skeleton and skull of the two species and some of the

other bones. The figures of the separate skull and of the skeleton

1867.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRID, 879

of the American species are very incorrectly drawn; they are very

unlike, and both give a very false idea of the form of the nose. It

is to be observed they are some of Cuvier’s earliest works, drawn

and etched by Cuvier himself, and certainly not to be compared with

those drawn and engraved by his humble but talented colleague M.

Laurillard.

Blainville, in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ ‘‘ Mammiféres Onguligrades,”’

figures :—the skeleton of Tapirus indicus (t, 1), and the details of the

skull (t. 2), details of the members (t. 4), and of the dentition (t. 5) ;

the skull of Tapirus americanus (t. 3), details of the members (t. 4),

and of the dentition (t.5); the skull of Tupirus pinchacus (te23);

and details of the dentition (t. 5).

1. Tarrrus.

The internasal cartilage ossified just at the hinder part under the

base of the nasal; foramen maximum nearly circular. Occipital crest

narrow, high. Forehead small, narrow. Canines in the maxilla

just behind the intermaxillary suture. The hinder upper edges of

the intermaxillaries produced behind, and forming part of the upper

margin of the nasal aperture.

Teeth 42:—In. =. C. =. Pm. <*. M. =. Milk-molars —

1—1 3—3° * 3—3°

Hab. South or Tropical America.

Tapirus, Cuy. Oss. Foss. iv. p. 293; Owen, Odont. p- 604, t. 96.

f. 4,5.

Rhinocherus, part., Wagner, Syst. Amph. p. 19.

These animals are generally brown, with white edges to the ears.

The hinder part of the back above the tail is generally more or less

destitute of hair.

1. TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS.

Fur short, dark brown, rather paler beneath. Skull with a high

regularly arched crest over the brain-case; nasal bones over the

back of the orbits elongate, triangular, acute; the front edge of the

cavity of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the

sixth grinder in the adult series, or with the back edge of the last

well-developed grinder in the imperfect series of grinders; the front

part of the nasal apertures contracted, and gradually tapering in

width towards the front end; face rather elongated ; the space be-

tween the grinders and canines rather longer than the length of the

outer edge of the two true grinders; the occipital end of the skull

triangular, arched above, higher than broad; lower jaw with an

arched lower edge.

Var. 1. The front edge of the cavity of the internal nostrils in a

line with the middle of the inner edge of the penultimate or sixth

grinder in the complete series.

Var. 2, The space between the grinders and the canines larger.

In other respects both these skulls are exactly like the normal skull

of T. terrestris.

880 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRIDZ. [Nov. 14,

Var. 3. With a smalt additional premolar close in front of the

base of the usual first premolar on the right side of the lower jaw.

Hippopotamus terrestris, Linn. 8. N. p. 174.

Tapirus americanus, Schreb. Siugeth. t. 319 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.

iii. p. 277, t. 66-68; Blainv. Ostéog. Ongulig. t. 1,5; P.Z.S.

1850, p. 102; 1851, p. 121; 1859, p. 51; 1860, pp. 181, 261.

T. anta, Zimm.

T. terrestris, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. p. 184; Gerrard, Catal.

Bones, B. M. p. 275.

T. suillus, A. Wagner, Schreb. Sangeth. iv. p. 777, t. 319; P. Z.8.

1860, p. 261.

Tapirete, Marcg. Bras. p. 229, fig.

. Tapirou U anta, Buff. H. N. xi. p. 444, t. 43.

Junior. Cabani éléphantipede, Geoff. Mus. Paris; Desm. N. Dict.

HN. p. 503.

The British Museum possesses six skulls of this species. Four

skulls are of full-grown or nearly full-grown animals ; one is young,

with only four grinders; and another is young, with only the milk-

teeth.

These skulls show that this species is found in Brazil (where it was

obtained by Mr. Miers), and also in Berbice and Demerara. The

specimen from the latter country was obtained by Sir Robert Schom-

burgk.

The skull of the younger animal, which has only the four or

five grinders developed (even when the other grinders are being de-

veloped), has the front edge of the hinder nasal aperture in a line

with the hinder edge of the last well-developed grinder—that is to say,

the fourth or fifth, as that tooth may happen to be the last well-

developed one. A skull in this state is figured by Cuvier, Oss. Foss.

ii. t. 2. f. 2; but the last or fifth grinder, canines, and cutting-teeth

are represented more developed than they ought to be to agree with

our specimens. ‘This position of the aperture has been verified in a

series of five skulls of animals with the teeth in five different states of

development. he aperture is figured in its proper position im the

adult skull.

In the skull of the nearly adult animal, in which the last or

seventh grinder is not completely formed, but of a moderate size and

nearly ready to pass through the gums, the front edge of the internal

nasal aperture is in a line with the back edge of the sixth or penul-

timate grinder, as in the skulls of the adult animals which have cut

the last or seventh grinder. The internal nasal aperture probably

slightly changes its place when the animal increases in age, or is

sometimes liable to variation.

In the skull of an adult (perhaps rather aged) animal, which has

ail the seven grinders well developed, in the British Museum, and

which agrees with the adult skull of the common Brazilian Tapir, the

front edge of the hinder nasal aperture is rather more forward than

in the other adult skull; that is to say, the front edge is in a line

with the middle of the sixth or penultimate middle grinder. The

1867.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRID&. S81

skull figured by M. de Blainville in his ‘ Ostéographie,’ t. 3, as that

of Tapirus americanus agrees much better with this skull than with

any of our skulls of 7’. americanus, as, in this skull, the face is more

elongated and slender. The upper line of the central crest of the

skull is regularly arched, and not arched in front and with a nearly

straight line on the hinder part of the crown. It differs from the

skull of 7’. laurillardi in the nasal bones being long, tapering, and

acute, as in the skull of the normal 7’. americanus.

The length of the space between the hinder edge of the canine

and the front edge of the first grinder in the figure agrees with that

found in the 7. americanus ; that is to say, it is only rather longer

than the length of the first two grinders.

There is a skull of an American Tapir in the Museum of the Col-

lege of Surgeons which is rather more elongate than the rest of the

skulls ; and in this respect it bears some resemblance to the skull of

Tapirus laurillardi.

2. TaprRUSs LAURILLARDI. (Fig. A.)

Skull with a high, regularly-arched crest over the brain-case ; the

nasal bones over the back of the orbit very short, broad, broader

than long, and with rounded ends ; the front edge of the cavity of

the internal nostrils in a line with the middle of the last or seventh

grinder in the complete series ; the face rather elongate, the space

between the canines and the grinders as long as the length of the

outer. side of the first three grinders ; the front part of the nasal

aperture suddenly contracted, and then continued as a narrow linear

groove to the front of the nose; the occipital end of the skull tri-

angular, arched, higher than broad ; the lower edge of the lower jaw

slightly arched, the front part rather produced and contracted ; the

grinders are rather small, the complete series being about } inch

shorter than in the former species, being 53 inches in 7. lauril-

lardi, and 53 in T. terrestris.

The skull here described was purchased of Mr. Brandt of Ham-

burg in 1852 as that of ‘* Tapirus americanus from South America,”

without any more special habitat. I know that Mr. Brandt had a

collector in Venezuela ; so it may be he who ‘shot and skinned him-

self”’—that is, the animals from that country ; and Dr. Seemann

says he has seen many Tapirs in that province.

I have named this species after M. Laurillard, the Assistant in the

Museum of Comparative Anatomy of Paris, who made most of the

drawings of M. Cuvier’s ‘Ossemens Fossiles.’ He was a most kind,

attentive, modest man, who was always willing to give assistance to

all students, and devoted much time to assist others in their labours;

it is to his industry and accuracy that great part of the value of the

*Ossemens Fossiles’ is to be attributed. I am personally indebted

to him for great kindness and an unceasing desire to facilitate any

researches that I might have in hand. -He was one of those men

who seem satisfied—so that the work of science progressed, any one

might claim the reputation of doing it; and few men have done

more for osteology and paleontology than M. Laurillard, °

882 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRIDA, [Nov. 14,

Fig. A.

Skull of Tupirus laurillardii.

This skull, in the length of the front of the face and in the com-

parative straightness of the lower edge of the under jaw, agrees in

some respects with the skull figured by De Blainville under the name

of Tapirus pinchacus (t. 3). It differs from the figure of that skull

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRID&. 883

Fig. B.

. The nasal bones and upper part of the-skull of 7. /ga#rillardi. % ~~

Internal nasal opening of 7. lawrfMardi. fa e474 *?

End of the upper jaw of T. /aurjllardi.

End of lower jaw of 7. dawrillaxdi.

. Front of the upper jaw of Tapirus terrestris, showing the rudimentary

premolar.

ou ooh

in the shortness and breadth of the nasal bones, and also in the front

of the upper jaw not being so much produced, and in the lower edge

of the lower jaw not so straight, and in the narrow linear form of

the grooves between the maxillze forming the internasal cartilages.

The position of the internal nostril on the palate at once separates it

from the other American Tapirs.

584 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIKID&. LNov. 14,

3. TAPIRUS PINCHACUS.

«* Neck round, without fleshy crest. Body covered with very close

blackish-brown hair, which is darker at the tips. Chin with a white

spot, which is elongated behind, and bent up to the middle of the lip.”

Tapirus pinchaque, Roulin, Ann. Sci. Nat. xvii. 1829, p. 107 ;

Wagner, Schreb. Saugeth. vi. p. 392; Goudot, Compt. Rend. A.S.

Paris, xvi. 1843, p. 331.

T. pinchacus, Blainv. Ostéog. Ongulig. t. 1—5.

T. roulini, Fischer, Syn. Mamm. p. 606; Giebel, Saugth. p. 182.

T. villosus, Fischer.

Hab. Cordilleras.

Shull, as figured by De Blainville, depressed behind, the crest

being nearly straight over the brain-case ; the nasal bone is elongate,

acute over the hinder part of the orbit; the front edge of the cavity

of the internal nostril is in a line with the back edge of the sixth or

penultimate grinder in the complete series; the space between the

canines and grinders is rather longer than the length of the outer

side of the first two grinders; the occipital end of the skull low,

broader than high; the lower jaw is nearly straight beneath.

I have never seen this species, and only know it from M. Roulin’s

description and the figures of the two skulls in De Blainville’s

‘ Ostéographie.’

2. RHINOCHERUS.

The internasal cartilages ossified at the hinder part; the bony

plate extending above nearly the whole length of the nasal, not so

far below; foramen maximum subquadrangular, large. Occipital

crest very broad, flat-topped. Forehead and crown broad. Lower

jaw straight beneath.

Hab. Asia.

Rhinocherus, part., Wagner.

1. Rurnocua@rus suMATRANUS. The Kuda, Ayer. B.M.

Fur very short, black ; back and sides white.

Tapirus indicus, Desm. Mam. p. 411; F. Cuv. Oss. Foss. ili.

p- 297, t. 69, 70 ; Giebel, Saugeth. p. 183 ; Blainv. Ostéogr. Ongulig.

t. 1-5.

T’. sumatranus, Gray, Med. Repos. p. 1821.

T. malayanus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 270; Griffith, A. K.

iii. t.; Horsf. Zool. Journ., Zool. Java, t.; Gerrard, Cat. Bones,

B. M. p. 276.

T. bicolor, A. Wagner, Schreb. Saugeth. vi. p. 400.

Cuvier (Oss. Foss.) states that the Malay Tapir was discovered in

India by M. Duvaucel. It does not inhabit India; and M. Du-

vaucel only knew the animal from the drawing of it that was in

General Hardwicke’s collection, from a specimen obtained by Major

Farquhar in Malacea, and from a skull which he obtained from

the same source.

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE TAPIRID&. S85

The upper hinder edge of the intermaxilla triangular, narrow,

produced, with a part of the maxilla on the inner side separating it

from the margin of the internasal aperture. The front edge of the

cavities of the internal nostrils in a line with the hinder edge of the

sixth tooth when all the seven grinders are developed, and in a line

with the back edge of the fifth grinder when the sixth grinder is

being developed, and also when it is completed and the seventh

grinder is being developed. This last or seventh grinder is developed

very late in life ; indeed I have not seen any skulls, either in the Bri-

tish Museum or in the College of Surgeons, where it is developed.

There are three in each of these collections.

De Blainville (Ostéographie, Tapirus, pl. 2) figures the skull of

an adult animal with all the seven grinders developed; and he re-

presents the front edge of the hinder nasal opening as in a line with

the hinder edge of the sith or penultimate grinder, as in the skull

of Tapirus americanus.

The skull of the skeleton figured in plate 1 of the same work, like

the skull in the British Museum, has only six grinders in the upper

(and five in the lower).

2. RHINOCHGRUS ME.

Me des chinois, Remusat, Ann. Sci. Nat. xviii. p. 5, t. 1.

Hab. China.

Tribe Il. ELASMOGNATHIN&#.

The nasal aperture short, broad, subcordate, and truncated in

Sront by the bony ridges of the maxilla. The upper jaw with

a high sharp-edged crest on the upper inner edge, embracing

the sides of the very large internasal cartilages, which early

become entirely ossified into a bony plate, permanently dividing

the nasal cavity, and forming a high bony crest on the front

of the skull.

ELASMOGNATHUS.

The internasal cartilages ossified nearly the whole length, the bony

part produced beyond the end of the nasal.

Elasmognathus, Gill.

ELasMOGNATHUS BAIRDU. (PI. XLII.)

Fur very short, close, dark black brown ; lower part of the cheeks

and sides of the neck bay brown ; chin, throat, chest, and front edge

of the shoulders greyish white.

Young, born with pale stripes, Verrill, Silliman’s Amer. Journ. Sci.

July 1867; Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1867, xx. p. 232.

Elasmognathus bairdii, Gill (?), fide Verrill.

Hab. Panama; skull, Mus. Coll, Surgeons; Brit. Mus., adult

and young skull.

The internasal septum is continued between the elevated sharp

upper edges of the maxillze, and even between the upper edges of the

886 REV.H.B.TRISTRAM ON NEW SOUTH-AFRICAN BIRDS. [ Nov. 14,

intermaxilla. It remains cartilaginous until it reaches its adult size,

and then becomes ossified, forming a thick bony erect plate.

In the younger skull the cartilaginous septum is produced nearly

to the root of the cutting-teeth ; but in the older skull, where the

septum has become ossified, the front parts of the intermaxilla are

produced, and the septum ends over the root of the canines. The

shortness of the nasal cavity and the sharp-edged crest of the

maxillz distinguishes the skull from those of the Tapirs in all ages.

The sides of the face of the skull are flattened ; the zygomatic

arch and the front of the orbit over the preorbital foramen is ex-

panded, flattened, and compressing the foramen into an oblong erect

shape; the upper edge of the orbit is narrow and flat, not produced

into lobes as in the American Tapir ; the nasal bones are narrow,

longer than broad at the base, with an oblong deep concavity on

each side of their base, which is continued upwards behind it, so

as to be only separated by a sinall central ridge; the hinder pala-

tine nasal opening varies in size in the two sexes, or it becomes much

wider and broader in front as the animal increases in age. In the

skull with the cartilaginous internasal septum, and only four grinders

_ in each side, the concavity containing the internal nostrils is narrow

and oblong. In the older skull with the septum entirely bony, and

with seven grinders in each side, the concavity containing the inter-

nal nostrils is much broader, being nearly as wide as long, and the

vault is more evenly rounded.

The young animal, like the young of the Brazilian and other Tapirs,

is spotted and striped with white. Mr. Sclater has kindly lent me

a photograph of a young Panama Tapir, which is on its way to the

Society’s Gardens ; and a copy of the photograph has been added to

Mr. Wolff's figure (PI. XLII.) of the half-grown animal, which Mr.

Salvin has obtained for the British Museum.

The young animal is described by Mr. Verrill as above quoted ;

and the description is printed in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural

History’ for 1867, xx. p. 232.

The animal is similar to the Brazilian Tapir externally ; indeed

all the naturalists and zoologists who have observed it at Costa Rica

regarded it as the same as that species until the skull was examined;

and it is said that one was exhibited alive in the Jardin d’ Acclimata-

tion at Paris for some time as a Brazilian Tapir; but it is easily

distinguishable by the bay cheek and white chest.

10. On New Species of Birds from South Africa.

By Rev. H. B. Tristram, M.A., F.L.S., C.M.Z:S.

Among a collection of birds recently sent to me from the Cape

Colony by Mr, E. L. Layard I find two specimens of a Swift labelled

by Mr. Layard Cypselus melba.

These birds are clearly distinet from C. melba. In size and form

there is no difference, excepting that the wing of the South-African —

1867.] REV. H.B.TRISTRAM ON NEW SOUTH-AFRICAN BIRDS. 887

bird is a trifle smaller than that of most of my European and Asiatic

specimens ; but the coloration is very distinct. The whole of the

upper plumage is a uniform brown black, very much darker than

that of C. me/ba; the white of the throat is much less in extent, and

gently blends into the brown of the pectoral collar. In C. melba the

pectoral collar is a narrow gorget of about 3 inch in diameter. In

the South-African species it extends for a breadth of about 2 inches,

leaving only the abdomen white; while the flanks, white in the

northern species, are brown in this.

It may seem strange that so well-marked a species should have

hitherto nearly escaped observation ; but a Swift is a bird more often

seen than obtained, and the only author I have been able to ascer-

tain as speaking of the present species from personal examination is

Levaillant. Mr. Gurney has not received this bird from Natal; and

I am unable to discover a South-African specimen in any museum,

except the British Museum, to which I have had access.

I should have dedicated it to Mr. Layard, to whom ornithologists

are deeply indebted for his persevering and almost unaided researches

in the fauna of South Africa, but for Vieillot’s name of C. gutturalis

having been specially applied to Levaillant’s figure.

CyPsELUS GUTTURALIS, Vieill.

Magnitudine C. melbe, sed supra eneo-niger, nec fuscus : gutture

medio albo, lateraliter grisescente: pectore toto et lateribus

metallice grisescentibus: abdomine medio tantum albo.

Mus. H. B. Tristram. ie

I have also received from Mr. Layard several specimens of a Swift,

labelled C. apus, but which differ from our Common Swift, exactly

as described by Dr. Sclater in P. Z. S. 1865, p. 599, in their

lighter colour above, particularly on the secondaries and scapulars,

in the white feathers of the gular patch (which is much smaller, pre-

senting a narrow black central line), and in the feathers of the lower

back, belly, and under wing-coverts being narrowly margined with

white. Mr. Gurney’s specimens from Natal have the same charac-

teristics.

As all the specimens known from South Africa agree in these pe-

culiarities, I venture to submit that Temminck’s MS. name in the

Leyden Museum should be recognized, and that the South-African

representative of Cypselus apus should be acknowledged as Cypselus

barbatus, as has been already suggested by Dr. Sclater.

Specimens in the same collection have also enabled me to recog-

nize a new species of the Saxicoline genus obtained by Dr. Kirk on

the Zambesi. Dr. Kirk, in his paper on the ‘ Birds of the Zam-

besi Region”’ (Ibis, 1864, p. 318), mentions “‘Campicola pileata,

among the rocks of the Murchison Rapids, common ; in other situa-

tions not observed.” This is the only Chat obtained in those regions.

I possess one of Dr. Kirk’s type specimens, and, on comparing it

with skins from the Cape of Good Hope, find it clearly a distinct

species, though representative of Campicola pileata (Gm.). The

dimensions are smaller in every way; the white on the forehead is

888 MR. G. F, ANGAS ON NEW HELICID&. [Noy. 14,

much more contracted; the black does not descend so low on the

occiput ; the back is rather darker in hue ; while, instead of a broad

pectoral band of deep black extending from the white throat to the

abdomen, there is merely a narrow black gorget between the throat

and the breast. I propose therefore to describe the species as

CAaMPICOLA LIVINGSTONII, li. Sp.

Campicole pileato similis, sed minor: fronte vix albo notata :

capitis colore nigro non in occiput descendente: tergo cinna-

momeo-fusco: gula alba, zona nigra contracta a pectore divisa,

neque scuto lato nigro, ut in C. pileato: pectore albo, in rufo-

cinnamomeum descendente: abdomine, lateribus, caudaque sic

ut in C. pileata.

Long. tota 6 poll., alee 3:7, caudee 2°5, rostri a rictu-0°7, tarsi

215.

Hab. Murchison Falls, Zambesi River.

Mus. H. B. Tristram.

11. Descriptions of Six New Species of Helicide, from the

Solomon Islands, Western Pacific. By Grorcr Frencu

Aneas, F.L.S., C.M.Z.8:

(Plate XLII.)

1. Grorrocuus GAMELIA. (Pl. XLIII. figs. |], 2, 3.)

Shell imperforate, flatly conical, thin, obliquely, faintly, and irre-

gularly plicately striated, white, rather broadly banded with dark

brown at the suture and periphery, the lower edge of the sutural

band sometimes diffused and paler, and with a spiral band of the

same colour at the base; spire conical, rather obtuse at the apex ;

whorls five, nearly flat, the last more or less descending, subangulate

at the periphery, convex at the base; columella sloping, moderately

wide; aperture diagonal, truncately oval; peristome thin, the mar-

gins distant, the right flexuous and slightly expanded, the basal

slightly reflexed.

Variety. With the basal band very broad, columella and lip

brown, and an additional narrow band on the three lower whorls.

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 10 lin.

Hab. St. Stephen Island and Ysabel Island, Solomon group.

2. Georrocuus EROS. (Pl, XLIII. figs. 4, 5, 6.)

Shell umbilicated, subtrochiform, rather solid, obliquely striated,

on the last whorl decussated with very fine sloping rugose striz, pale

fawn-colour, banded with white at the periphery, and ornamented

with two rows of irregular chestnut blotches; spire conoidal, apex

rather obtuse and rose-coloured; whorls four and a half, slightly

convex, the last a little descending, keeled at the periphery, convex

howerby tith

NEW LAND SHELLS FROM

40 77

M&N Hanhart imp

THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW HELICID&. 889

at the base, which is also ornamented with two partially interrupted

spiral chestnut bands; aperture oblique, rhomboidally ovate ; peri-

stome rose-coloured, the margins distant, the right slightly flexuous

and expanded, the basal reflexed, arcuated and obsoletely toothed

within.

Diam. maj. 9, min, 73, alt. 63 lin.

Hab. St. Stephen Island and Ysabel Island, Solomon group.

3. Grorrocuus AmBrosta. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 9, 10.)

Shell imperforate, globosely conical, moderately thin, very finely

obliquely striated, whitish, ornamented with two purplish brown

bands, the lower one broader, and frequently mottled with irregular

opaque bluish-white oblique blotches ; spire convexly conical, apex

rather obtuse; whorls five, convex, the last descending, convex at

the base, which at the front part is purplish brown, from which a

third band of the same colour extends a little below the periphery ;

columella sloping, rather wide, nearly straight, flattened; aperture

diagonal, truncately oval; peristome white, the margins distant, the

right slightly expanded and flexuous, the basal reflexed.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 83, alt. 10 lin.

Hab, Galera, or Russell Island, Solomon group.

4, Grorrocuus coxranus. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 7, 8.)

Shell imperforate, trochiform, rather thin, obliquely finely striated,

polished, creamy white, the lower whorls ornamented with irregular

chocolate-brown spots ; spire conical, apex rather obtuse; whorls

six, flatly convex, the last scarcely descending, obtusely angled at

the periphery, convex at the base, the umbilical region pale purplish

brown, with the central portion chocolate-brown; columella sloping,

flattened, chocolate-brown ; aperture very oblique, ovate; peristome

chocolate-brown, the margins approximate, slightly thickened and

expanded, the right flexuous above.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 93, alt. 11 lin.

Hab. Ysabel Island, Solomon group.

I have named this beautiful species in honour of Dr. Cox of

Sydney, whose indefatigable exertions in the cause of science have

made us acquainted with many new Australian and Polynesian shells.

5. Grorrocuus MENDANA. (PI. XLIIL. figs. 11, 12.)

Shell perforate, conical, solid, obliquely finely striated, pale brown,

ornamented with a whitish sutural band and two chestnut bands, the

upper contiguous to that at the suture; spire eonical, apex acute ;

whorls seven, slightly convex, the last not descending, obscurel

angled at the periphery, convex at the base, which is broadly banded

with reddish brown; aperture diagonal, truncately oval ; peristome

white, widely expanded and reflexed, the columellar margin trian-

gularly dilated and reflexed, almost covering the perforation.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, alt. 13 lin.

Hab. Ysabel Island, Solomon group.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LVII.

890 MR. SCLATER ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 28,

6. TROCHOMORPHA PARTUNDA. (PI. XLIII. figs. 13, 14, 15.)

Shell widely and deeply umbilicated, somewhat conically lenticular,

rather solid, obliquely striated, pale horn-colour, broadly banded with

dark chestnut ; spire convexly depressly conical, apex obtuse, suture

“narrowly margined ; whorls five, rather convex, the last a little de-

scending, acutely keeled, slightly convex at the base, which is some-

times brown, the colour extending to within a short distance of the

keel, at other times broadly spirally banded with brown; umbilicus

conical, nearly one-fifth the diameter of the shell ; aperture diagonal,

truncately oval; peristome nearly straight, the margins converging,

the right slightly flexuous, the basal a little thickened.

Diam. maj. 63, min. 6, alt. 4 lin.

Hab. Galera, or Russell Island, Solomon group.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLITII.

Figs. 1, 2, 3. Geotrochus gamelia, p. 888.

4, 5, 6. eros, p. 888

50 coxianus, p. 889.

9, 10. —— ambrosia, p. 889.

11, 12. mendana, p. 889.

13, 14, 15. Trochomorpha partunda, p. 890.

16, 17. Celiawis exiqua, p. 907.

November 28, 1867.

John Gould, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

Mr. P. L. Sclater read notes upon some recent remarkable addi-

tions to the Society’s Menagerie, namely :—

(1) A specimen of the Black-headed Partridge (Caccabis melano-

cephala)* from Abyssinia, purchased October 30th ; not previously

exhibited in the Society’s Avaries.

(2) Two Red-billed Hornbills (Toceus erythrorhynchus), pur-

chased October 30th. This addition increased the Society’s series

of Bucerotide to eleven in number, representing the following six

species :—

Buceros bicornis, Linn., ex. Ind.

rhinoceros, Linn., ex Malacca.

elatus, Temm., ex Afr. occ.

atratus, Temm., ex Afr. occ.

* Perdix melanocephala, Riipp. Wirb. Abyss. i. p. 11, t. 5,

1867.] PROF. OWEN ON DINORNIS. 891

Toccus erythrorhynchus, Temm., ex Afr. oce.

Bucorvus abyssinicus (Gm.), ex Africa.

®) A specimen of the very rare Australian Parrot lately described

by Mr. Gould in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (1861, p. 100) under

the name of Geopsittacus occidentalis, presented to the Society by

Dr. Ferdinand Miiller, of Melbourne, C.M.Z.S., and received No-

vember 17th by the ship ‘ Essex,’ under the special charge of Capt.

Ridgers, the obliging commander of that vessel.

Dr. Miiller, who had forwarded this bird to the Secretary under

the impression that it was undescribed, had supplied the following

particulars cencerning it :—

“This peculiar Parrot was presented to me by Mr. Ryan, on

whose sheep-station, on the Gawler ranges west of Spencer Gulf, it

was obtained. The most extraordinary circumstance connected with

this bird is, that it is nocturnal! It lives in the rocky caves of the

ranges, and comes out at night to feed.”

Mr. Sclater stated that it was evident from observations made

upon this bird since it had reached the Society’s Gardens that Dr.

Miiller’s account of its nocturnal habits was correct.

Mr. P. L. Sclater also exhibited a skin of the Lesser Sheathbill

(Chionis minor, Hartlaub), being that of an individual of this species

which had been transmitted living to the Society by Mr. E. L.

Layard, F.Z.S. This bird had been brought from the Crozet Islands

by Capt. Armson, and had been for some time in the Aviary of Mr.

Searle of Cape Town, who had kindly parted with it in favour of the

Society.

An extract was read from a letter addressed to the Secretary by

Capt. J. M. Dow, Corr. Memb., dated Panama, 10th September,

1867, announcing that, after many endeavours, he had succeeded in

procuring for the Society a young living specimen of the newly dis-

covered Tapir of Panama (Tupirus bairdi), and was intending to

transmit it to the Society at an early opportunity. Capt. Dow en-

closed some photographs of the animal, which were exhibited to the

Meeting*.

Prof. Owen communicated two memoirs on the extinct birds of

the genus Dinornis of New Zealand, forming the eleventh and twelfth

of a series of papers on this subject. These were entitled “On

Dinornis (Part XI.), containing a description of the integument of

the sole and tendons of a toe of the foot of Dinornis robustus ;”? and

“Qn Dinornis (Part XII.), containing a description of the femur,

tibia, and metatarsus of Dinornis maximus, Owen.”

‘These papers -will be published in the Society’s ‘Transzctions.’

* See Dr. Gray’s remarks, anted, p. 886.

892 MR. G. DAWSON ROWLEY ON &Pyornis. __[Noy. 28,

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Egg of AZpyornis, the Colossal Bird of Madagascar.

By Grorcr Dawson Rowtry, M.A., F.Z.S. &e.

The first notice of the remains of this bird was the paper in 1551

by M. Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire (Comptes Rendus, no. 4, 27 Jan-

vier). Succeeding that came Professor Owen’s in the ‘ Proceedings’ .

of this Society (1852, p. 9). In 1863 Professor Bianconi put

forth a long and painstaking discussion upon the fragments of the

metatarsal which were discovered with the other bones. I had in-

tended to have a full translation of this made from the Italian; but

the result of the first part was not equal to my expectations; I

therefore did not go on to the next, but believe Professor Bianconi

arrives at the conclusion that Apyornis might be allied to the Vul-

tures—a notion which I do not think I need dwell upon.

In 1864, having purchased the only specimen of the egg which,

as far as I know, ever came to England, I published a brochure on

the subject.

This year, in August, I met M. Alfred Grandidier in Paris, and

had some conversation with him respecting “pyornis maxima; and

he in September read a communication on it to the French Academy,

displaying at the same time fresh fragments of eggs, which he had

himself dug up at Cape Sainte Marie in Southern Madagascar, as shown

in the map which he has drawn and sent me, along with some of the

same fragments and his article upon them. I now have the satis-

faction of placing these before you. ‘They are nine in number, one

having been apparently broken in coming. It is to this broken por-

tion to which I wish to direct your attention. The granulation is, ina

marked degree, different from that of the other pieces ; the difference

may easily be seen by the eye alone, and is still more apparent through

a magnifier. ‘The air-pores, which in the other specimens seem

much like a comet with a tail, are here only small indentations with-

out any tail; the shell also is only half the thickness, is much finer,

and presents an aspect so diverse that the difference is detected by

the most careless observer, even when the pieces are all mixed. These

fragments belonged to the egg of a much smaller bird, the embryo

of which required less strength in the shell. Yet the colour, quality,

and locality of that shell clearly point to a bird of the same family

as Apyornis maxima—in short, a smaller and more delicate Apyor-

nis. For this species I propose the name Aipyornis grandidieri.

The number of eggs of Aspyornis discovered up to this time I take

to be as follows :—F'our in the museum of the Jardin des Plantes, of

which I exhibit casts of the two first found, sent me by M. E. Ver-

reaux, and also casts of the three portions of bone discovered with

them. ‘Two more eggs were shown by M. C. Talavande in the

Venezuelan department of the Paris exhibition, both with very large

holes, having probably been used by the natives for holding water,

I took their dimensions, which are as follows:—No. 1, great cireum-

ference 332 inches, small circumference 292 inches; this egg was

1867.] MR. G. DAWSON ROWLEY ON £PYORNIS. 893

cracked, but with the granulation and the surface perfect. No. 2

measured 332 and 282 inches respectively ; the surface was not so

well preserved. I regret that I can give no history of these. I

offered to purchase them, and am now informed that I may have

both for the small sum of £320, or one for £200!

The ‘Journal de Toulouse’ states that M. Nau, who had been

thirteen years a prisouer among the Hovas, has brought to Toulouse

a specimen with diameters 12 inches and 10 inches, found in a recent

alluvial deposit at a depth of 43 feet. This one I have not seen. I

believe it to be different from one mentioned to me in a letter by

Count Raoul de Baracé, at Nantes. M. Grandidier speaks of one or

two other eggs in a letter I have just received from him, making ten or

twelve in all. I am bound also to state that he doubts any having

been found except at Cape St. Marie, the village of Ampalaze and

Machichora, all in close proximity on the shore of South Madagascar.

To his opinion I attach the greatest weight. It is therefore quite

possible that the statement I received in French, naming Mananzari

as one locality, may be founded upon an error. M. Grandidier’s

letter goes on to say, ‘‘ All the southern tract, where these ports are,

is only a plateau without the smallest hill, without a ravine, without

a cave, where one digs in a bed of sand as smooth as the surface of

the table.’ The eggs have been found “in the places I mention,

only on the sea-shore, on the abrupt rise of the dunes, even on the

surface of the sand, when there is a crumbling of the earth, or when

tropical rains heave up parts of the sand.” He has deposited in the

museum the following specimens of the strata:—‘No. 1. Un cal-

caire quaternaire, which does not rise above the sea-level, and serves

as a base to the dunes. To this calcareous stratum are joined speci-

mens of modern breccia. No. 2. Sand of the dunes, composed of

impalpable fragments, shells, and grains of quartz. No. 3. Land-

shells, which are found along with the remains of the eges of Apy-

ornis. No. 4. Fragments of calcareous rolled stones mixed with

shells, All the subfossil shells that are mixed up with the remains

of eggs would probably be still found alive, and are land-shells.

For fossils I have tried without hope of success, and I do not think

any further efforts can be made.” In my first paper I located the

AZpyornis in modern times; and each new discovery confirms the

idea. There is every reason to believe, from M. Grandidier’s account,

that it was extant in or about Flacourt’s period, 7. e. 1658. All the

eggs found have been taken from recent strata, modern alluvia—

whole ones deeper, and fragments on the surface, the latter in great

abundance, showing that these Apyornithes were by no means

uncommon. M. Grandidier says that the recent stratum in which

he found his remains contained also land-shells, which partially

retain their colour and still exist in Madagascar. M. Grandidier

concludes his most interesting paper thus :—<‘I am led to acknow-

ledge that this gigantic bird was living at a recent period, since its

remains are found in the most modern formations, the deposition of

which is still in progress. Possibly it existed at the beginning of our

era; but when the country was peopled it became speedily exter-

894 MR. G. DAWSON ROWLEY ON £Pyornis. _ [ Nov. 28,

minated, as in the case of the Moa (Dinornis giganteus) in New

Zealand.”

It is true that the pieces themselves present a subfossil appear-

ance; but this condition by no means indicates antiquity in all cases.

I know a spring in the Isle of Wight which quickly gives any object

a lithological aspect ; and many others there are of the same kind.

One thing is certain, the bird does not exist now. M. Grandidier

is positive on this head. One most singular circumstance is, that

all the seven eggs which I have seen (and I suppose it is the same

with the others) were never hatched. I can only account for this

on the supposition of their being what the Bechuanas of Africa call

(in the case of the Ostrich) ‘ Lesetla,”” and the Spaniards of South

America (in that of the Rhea) “ Nuachos,” viz. solitary and aban-

doned eggs. This habit of the Struthionide has not been assigned

to any satisfactory reason. The pyornithide may have had the

same propensity. As regards the size of the largest Hpyornis and

Dinornis, if we compare the dimensions of the #pyornis egg and

that of an Ostrich, (I quote a writer in the ‘ Field’) “ bearing in mina

that similar solids are to each other in the triplicate ratio of their

dimensions, we see that if the egg of the Ostrich measures 63 inches

and that of Apyornis 127 inches in the direction of their major axes,

the size of the latter as compared with the former is (63)? : (127)8

Se Pet = a

In certain cases, I admit, the height and bulk of the bird is not

proportioned to the size of the egg. In two very different species

(Cuculus canorus and Apteryx mantelli) they are not so. These

are, however, special adaptations of nature, for purposes of her own,

which are apparent to every one. In Cuculus the egg has to be

hatched by a very small bird. In Apteryx it is necessary to retain

the embryo long, as its apterous and defenceless condition requires

it to be strong enough to escape danger at once.

I confidently affirm it to be axiomatic to ornithologists, that large

eggs produce large birds.

But here Professor Owen steps in and takes us out of the region

of Oology into the sober scene of comparative anatomy. He com-

pared the dimensions of the portions of the right and left metatarsal

with the corresponding ones of the Dinornis, and at the same time

the fragment of the fibula (casts of these are now before you), and

he justly admits that it is hazardous to judge of the entire length of

the metatarse from the breadth of the distal end. Strickland ob-

serves, in his work upon the Dodo, “ No argument as to the general

affinities of a doubtful ornithic genus can be drawn from the relative

proportions of the tarso-metatarsal, the posterior metatarsal, and the

proximal phalanx ; these proportions vary in each genus according

as its habits are more or less cursorial, ambulatory, or insessorial.”

I have not gone over Professor Owen’s measurements ; they are, no

doubt, correct; and he says the fibula of Zpyornis is smaller than

that of Dinornis, indicating a smaller leg-bone than the latter. This

is so. But more ample experience of these eggs leads me to suppose

~ that there were not only two species of Hpyornithide, but several ;

1867.] MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW CRUSTACEANS, 895

and to which of them the bones belonged, who shall say? The full-

sized specimen of Dinornis has been selected for comparison; and

if, as would certainly appear, the bones might have belonged to a

smaller bird, I contend that they are not those of the bird which

laid an egg eight times the volume of that of the Ostrich, but some

smaller species of Apyornis ; it may be of Apyornis grandidieri, or

another. We ought to bear in mind that these osseous remains and

the eggs bear indications of disturbance, and therefore it is probable

of mixture of species. No authenticated ege of Dinornis giganteus

has yet been discovered; those put forward as such may belong to

some of the smaller kinds of that bird, or may not. We have no

certain knowledge to go upon, and I have made no scientific exami-

nation of any,

2. Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species of Ma-

crurous Decapod Crustaceans belonging to the Peneide,

discovered at Madeira. By James Yate Jonnson,

C.M.Z.S.

One of the two forms of Crustaceans I am about to describe belongs

to the genus Peneus ; whilst the other, though closely allied to that

genus, is so remarkable for the peculiar structure of the mandibles,

that I propose to make it the type of a new genus named Funchalia.

In the normal species of Peneus the jaws compose a combined cut-

ting- and crushing-apparatus, each having externally an acute edge

with teeth ; whilst outside the mouth the jaws are so formed as to

constitute a tuberculated implement for breaking or pulping by pres-

sure any substance introduced between them. But in the crustacean

on which the new genus is founded the jaws are represented bya

pair of long sickle-shaped shears, which cross each other from op-

posite sides of the mouth.

FUNCHALIA WOODWARDI, gen, et sp. n., 2.

Colour a uniform red. Carapace compressed and studded with

minute warts, which bear short downy hairs. A median crest com-

mences near the posterior border, and projects in front as a rostrum.

The surface of the carapace is unarmed; but there is a blunt tooth

at the outer side of the ocular excavation, and another at each an-

terior lateral angle of the carapace, each of these teeth being the ter-

mination of a crest or ridge, the upper one of which, after bending

so as to form an elbow at a point which is a little in advance of the

middle of its course, runs backwards to the posterior border of the

carapace. Eyes ? The basal joint of the superior antennz is

excavated for the reception of the eyes; and the inner border of the

excavation carries a lamellar-fringed appendage ; whilst the outer

border is beset with long hairs, and terminates in a weak acute tooth.

The second joint is trigonous and shorter than the first, but longer

896 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW CRUSTACEANS. ([Nov. 28,

than the third, which is cylindrical. Filaments ? The eylin-

drical peduncle of the inferior antennze does not extend quite so far

as the basal joint of the superior antennae. It carries a single fila-

ment. The lamellar palp is narrowly oval, and reaches beyond the

peduncle of the superior antenne. Its upper surface is marked by

a deep longitudinal groove. The basal joint is unarmed.

The external jaw-feet are pediform and slender. They extend

beyond the peduncle of the inferior antennz, but not so far as the

distal extremity of the superior antenne. They are furnished with

a many-jointed palp as long as the feet, fringed with hair on both

edges. The second joint has a sharp exposed edge ; and the lamellar

appendage attached to the basal joint is bifid and similar to the ap-

pendages of the ambulatory legs. The next pair of jaw-feet are

flattened, and are much shorter than either the external pair or their

own palps, which are not quite so long as the palps of the external

pair. The three remaining pairs of jaw-feet are elongate, imperfectly

divided into joints and very thin. The mouth is destitute of the

powerful cutting- and crushing-jaws which characterize the species of

the genus Peneus ; but it is furnished with a pair of long sickle-like

shears, which cross each other from opposite sides. At each side of

the mouth there is a broad lamellar appendage.

None of the ambulatory legs is multiarticulate. They are slender,

and the order of their length is 4, 3, 5, 2, 1, the fourth pair being

the longest. The legs of the three anterior pairs are didactyle ; and

at the base of each of these legs there is a lamellar bifid fringed ap-

pendage. The legs of the two anterior pairs carry a spine at the

distal extremity and at the underside of the second and third joints.

The other legs are unarmed, but have hairs on the undersides or

edges of their joints. The legs of the third pair extend the furthest

forward, but they do not reach so far as the distal extremity of the

peduncle of the inferior antennee. The orifices of the oviducts are

on tubercles upon the inner side of the basal joint of these legs. The

sternum is very narrow, and has a protuberance between each of the

fourth and fifth pairs of legs.

The unarmed abdomen is compressed and clothed with short hairs

on the less exposed parts. The sides are corrugated and project

over the bases of the false feet. The first segment is the highest,

the sixth the longest. A low median crest commences on the third,

and is continued on the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments. At the

sides of the anterior five segments there are ridges of irregular form.

On the sixth there are four straight longitudinal ridges in addition

to the median crest. At each side of the posterior margin of the

sixth segment there is a small projecting lobe, and a small tooth is

seen at each posterior angle. To the anterior five segments are

attached well-developed false feet with stout peduncles, bearing

(except in the case of the first pair) two many-jointed fringed palps,

the outer one being the longer. The false feet of the first pair have

only one palp that does not extend beyond the middle of the cara-

pace. ‘The second, third, and fourth pairs of false feet are longer

than the first. The seventh abdominal segment, or middle caudal

1867.] MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW CRUSTACEANS. 897

plate, is shorter than either the sixth segment or the lateral swim-

ming-plates. It is narrow and pointed, furnished with a deep lon-

gitudinal groove on its upper surface and a small marginal tooth at

each edge, nearer the base than the posterior extremity. The lateral

swimming-plates are narrowly oval, and those of the inner pair are

marked on their upper surfaces by two longitudinal ridges, those of

the outer pair by four similar ridges. There is a tooth at the outer

side of the latter pair of plates, not far from the posterior extremity.

The imperfect condition of the single individual obtained prevents

me describing the rostrum, the eyes, and the filaments of both pairs

of antennee. It may be stated, however, that the rostrum appears

to have carried a crest at each side, that the longer filament of the

superior antennee is thickened at the base and setiform above, whilst

the shorter filament of these antenne is setiform throughout, and

that the filament of the inferior antennze is compressed below. It

may be further stated that the median carapacial crest appears to

have carried a small tooth at a point distant about three-tenths of

the length of the carapace from the anterior border.

The species is named in compliment to my friend Mr. Henry

Woodward of the British Museum, well known for his labours

amongst fossil crustacea.

The following are the dimensions of the specimen, which is now

in the British Museum :—

inches.

Total length from anterior border of carapace to end

Sie (EDT CI oy 6 2) 12): Nalgene ele maaan ita aaa 64

Carapace, :lensth of side ..+.........0i-- Suite aanee oe

A Sei 5G ol en at cs Ubi s. 6 Anan mae © ae 1

MEM ER AL Sonn clae ae aie aic, f08.ons @ SE CR

Lamellar palp of inferior antenne .........-....4- le

Jaw-feet, length of external pair..............- ROLES

Ambulatory legs, length of fourth pair .......... ae oe

—, length of third pair.............. 1%

— —, length of first pair .............. 19

False feet, length of second, third, and fourth pairs.. 13

PENZUS EDWARDSIANUS, sp. n., 9.

Colour a brilliant crimson, with an obscure fuscous cross band on

the hinder part of the carapace and on each abdominal segment.

Carapace somewhat compressed, shining, hairless, its surface un-

armed, with a low obtuse median crest commencing near the poste-

rior border. This crest rises gradually, and projects in front as the

rostrum, which is long, pointed, compressed, rather slender, and

curved obliquely upwards for its anterior half. At each side of its

basal portion there is a rounded crest. It extends beyond the pe-

duncles of both pairs of antennze, and beyond the lamellar palp of

the superior antennz ;, but it is considerably shorter than the cara-

pace. It carries two small teeth—one a little in advance of its base,

and a second further in front, separated from the first by a distance

equal to one-fourth of the length of the rostrum. About the same

898 MR. J. Y. JOHNSON ON NEW CRUSTACEANS. [Noyv. 28,

distance behind the posterior rostral tooth there is a tooth on the

median crest of the carapace. The under edge of the rostrum is

destitute of teeth. There is a fringe of hair in the neighbourhood

of the rostral teeth, and on the under edge of the rostrum as far as

the upper fringe extends. At the front border of the carapace there

are four small teeth—one over the exterior base of each of the supe-

rior antennee, and one over the base of each of the inferior antenne.

Each of these teeth forms the termination of a ridge; and of these

ridges the two nearer the lateral margins of the carapace are higher

and longer than the other two. About the middle of the height of

the carapace there is another ridge on each side, but it does not ex-

tend backwards beyond the middle of the length of the carapace.

Between the two principal ridges the carapace is concave ; and there

is a furrow on the upperside of the exterior ridges; these furrows

extend backwards to about the middle of the length of the carapace,

and they then bend obliquely downwards towards the lateral borders.

At the bend another furrow commences, which widens backwards and

upwards until it reaches uearly to the posterior border of the cara-

pace. An intramarginal furrow extends round the carapace, except

in front; and the sides have a broad membranous border.

The eyes are black, round, large, and of greater diameter than the

stalk. The eye and stalk together are less than half as long as the

peduncle of the superior antennze, and do not reach so far as the

base of the filament of the inferior antenne.

The basal joint of the superior antennze is excavated to receive the

eye; there is a blunt recumbent tooth on the external edge of the

excavation, near the base, and a second tooth, which is sharp, near

the distal extremity ; the inner edge is thickly set with hair, and

bears a small tooth near the base. The third joint is shorter than

the second, which is cylindrical, and the second than the first. The

lower of the two filaments is very long, being about equal to the

total length of the animal ; whilst the other is compressed and very

short, being much shorter than the carapace. The peduncle of the

inferior antennz is cylindrical ; and its single filament is slender and

very long, being much longer than the animal. The antennal scale

or lamellar palp extends beyond the peduncle of the superior an-

tennz ; on its upper face there is a deep longitudinal groove near

the outer margin, and a small tooth on the outer border near the

extremity ; the inner border is fringed with hair. The joint to which

this scale is attached is stout, and carries a strong tooth on its under-

side.

The external jaw-feet are large and pediform; they are more

than twice as long as the multiarticulate ciliate palp, and they reach

to the distal extremity of the lamellar palp of the inferior antenne.

The next pair of jaw-feet are much shorter, and are only half as long

as their very elongate multiarticulate ciliate palps. The third joint

of these jaw-feet is much compressed and broad. Each of the jaw-

feet of the two outer pairs is furnished with a ciliate lamellar appen-

dage at the base; the remaining three pairs of jaw-feet are short,

and are furnished with several lamellar appendages.

'1867.] MR. J. Y¥. JOHNSON ON NEW CRUSTACEANS. 899

The jaws are powerful, each consisting of an external cutting edge

and a tuberculated crushing-apparatus inside. On the upperside of

the mouth there is a large membranous lip.

The sternum is very narrow, and between each of the fourth and

fifth pairs of legs there is a large transverse deltoid tooth. All the

ambulatory legs are slender and unarmed, except by their termina-

ting nails; the order of their length is 3, 5, 4, 2, 1, those of the

third pair being the longest. The legs of the three anterior pairs

are didactyle, with smooth hands and slender fingers. On the

underside of the first pair of legs are some long bristly hairs.

The two posterior pairs are monodactyle. None of the members

are multiarticulate. To the basal joint of all except those of the

last pair is attached a lamellar appendage, which lodges under the

carapace. |

The abdomen is hairless, shining, sparsely puncturate, subcom-

pressed in frout, much compressed behind; the sides of the seg-

ments project over the bases of the false feet. On the third seg-

ment commences a low median crest, which becomes more and more

conspicuous on the posterior segments ; and this crest projects a small

tooth at the posterior border of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth

segments, The three anterior segments are marked by a deep trans-

verse groove in their anterior halves; and there is a small notch at

each side of the posterior border of the first, second, fourth, and

fifth segments, whilst at the same place on the sixth there is a large

rounded lobe. A small tooth is seen at the posterior angles of the

segments from the second to the sixth inclusive. The false feet of

the five anterior segments are well developed; their peduncles are

stout ; and all (except in the case of the first) carry two many-jointed

ciliate palpi, one of which is much longer than the other. The

single palp of the first pair of false feet is longer than the other

palps. ‘The inferior surface of the abdomen is covered with mem-

brane. Between the bases of the first three pairs of false feet there

is a deltoid process terminating in a tooth. The middle caudal

plate or seventh abdominal segment is narrow, and terminates in a

spine; its sinuous borders are fringed with hair. The middle of

the upper surface is depressed, and the sides are marked by two low

‘ridges, The lateral swimming-plates are narrowly oval, and extend

‘beyond the middle plate; those of the outer pair are fringed with

hair on the inner edge, whilst the upper surface is marked with two

longitudinal furrows near the outer margin, and there is a small spine

on the outer edge near the extremity. The inner pair of plates are

fringed with hair on both edges. At the middle of the upper sur-

face there are three longitudinal furrows.

A single specimen of this fine crustacean, the largest and hand-

somest of its genus, was obtained at Madeira, where it appears to be

of rare occurrence; but in the fish-market of Algiers I have fre-

quently seen considerable quantities of a red Peneus which, after

careful examination, I do not hesitate to assign to the same species,

notwithstanding a few differences of minor importance.

900 MR. J. ¥. JOHNSON ON NEW crustaceans. [Nov. 28,

The species is dedicated to Dr. Alphonse Milne-Edwards, of the

Jardin des Plantes, Paris, the son of the celebrated author of the

‘ Histoire Naturelle des Crustacées,’ and himself the author of several

valuable contributions to carcinological science.

The following dimensions were afforded by the Madeiran specimen,

which has been added to the collection of the British Museum :—

inches.

Length from tip of rostrum to end of caudal plates . 134

of rostrum. US STs ee see is aie eons 23

Carapace, length from base of rostrum to middle of

posterior margin ............ J eh ae aan NSE

—, width near the middle ,............+0.. 13

= height? Pr Pegi . Paheeh ae or sterneeiate fale om 12

Eyes with their stalks, length ...........+++00 ¥

Superior antenne, length of peduncle ..........+.. 1?

Inferior antennee, length of lamellar palp.......... 1?

a rayichte’ (07075 bY AOE AR SS 2

Jaw-feet, length of external pair .......... alee tg

P letigth*of NeXt pair Fo, Ee re

Legs, length of first pair ...........0 se ee ee eeee

——, length of third pair ............ 0. eee eens

, length of hand and fingers of third pair......

Abdomen, length to end of caudal segment........

False legs, length of first pair .........-.+eeeees

Plensth OMlast pair Tee... ce eee ee bane

Middle caudal segment, length...........-.-.++-

enh oronn

DIRHDeL| Vl Bla sb Ble

Prenzvs BocaGEt, mihi, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 255.

I will take this opportunity of stating that the Peneus of the

Tagus, described by me under the name of P. bocagei, is identical

with the P. longirostris of M. Lucas (Exploration Scientifique de

lV Algérie: Crustacées, p. 46, Atlas, pl. 4. f. 5), as I have ascer-

tained by an examination of specimens obtained at Algiers, and by

a study of M. Lucas’s description. Dr. Camil Heller (Die Crus-

taceen der siidlichen Europa) is of opinion that P. longirostris is

itself identical with P. membranaceus, Risso, and thinks that Dr.

Milne-Edwards, in his ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Crustacées,’ vol. ii.

p- 417, has inadvertently attributed to the P. membranaceus of

Risso some of the characters of P. siphonocerus, Philippi (Archiv

der Naturgeschichte, 1840, p. 19, t. 14. f. 3), which has a very short

rostrum, whilst the true P. membranaceus has a long one. If Dr.

Heller’s views are correct (and I have no reason to suppose that they

are not), it will be seen that the range of P. membranaceus, Risso

(not Milne-Edwards), is not, as has been hitherto believed, limited

to the Mediterranean.

It may be useful to point out how the five known species of Me-

diterranean Penai may be distinguished from one another by means

of their rostra.

-1867.] DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. 901

A. Rostrum shorter than peduncle of superior antenne

. (six teeth on upper edge) ..........ssessseeeeeeeeees P. siphonocerus, Phil.

B. Rostrum longer than peduncle of superior antennz,

but shorter than carapace.

a. Teeth on the under edge (filaments of su-

perior antenn shorter than peduncle)... P, caramote, auct.

b. No teeth on the under edge.

* Three teeth on upper edge, including

carapacial crest (no spines on swr-

face Of CarAPACe) .cc.2c.ccrsenecereres P. edwardsianus, J. Y. J.

** Nine teeth on upper edge, including

carapacial crest (four spines on

surface of carapace, two on each

BIO) p s5a5 OAc casa cade cadievacnade ie asine P. membranaceus, Risso.

C. Rostrum equal to carapace in LOnPthy.casstaseues sages P. foliaceus, Risso.

3. On Hyalonema lusitanicum.

By J.S. Bowrersank, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S. &e.

On January 24th, 1867, Dr. Gray read a paper at the Zoological

Society entitled “ Notes on Hyalonema lusitanicum, and on the

Genus in general,” announcing that Prof. Bocage had presented to

the British Museum a specimen of the above-named species. The

author adds, “I am enabled to state that I believe it to be a most

distinct species from the Hyalonema sieboldii of Japan,” or, in other

words, from the species he formerly described as H. mirabilis, the

structural specific differences said by the author to exist between the

two species consisting of differences in the number of spicula in the

spiral axis, and their diameter as compared with each other in the

respective species; but as these differences in length, number, and

diameter of the spicula exist to a very great extent between young

and old specimens of H. mirabile, such characters cannot certainly

be admitted as specific distinctions. His observations on the size

and form of the so-called polypes are equally vague and uncertain ;

and the varieties in structure cited may be as readily found in dif-

ferent specimens of H. mirabile as in Prof. Bocage’s specimen of

HI, lusitanicum.

There is an aphorism in natural history that no two individuals

of the same species are ever exactly alike ; and this observation ap-

plies with greater force to the protean forms of the Spongiade than

to any other class of animals existing. If the author had but care-

fully studied the axial columns of the numerous specimens of H.

mirabile in his possession, he could not but have rejected such very

uncertain characters as those he has adopted. The above are the

only organic characters cited by the author in behalf of his opinions ;

and he then takes flight into the realms of imagination in support of

his purely speculative ideas on the structure and habits of the inter-

esting animal under consideration.

Sterne took his hypothetical prisoner and shut him up in a dun-

geon, aud then described all his imaginary woes and sufferings most

pathetically ; so the Doctor took his Hyalonema, denuded him of

962 DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. [Noy. 28,

the most important portion of his body, his basal spongeous mass,

turned him upside down, so that his so-called polypes were situated

at his supposed base, instead of at the upper part of his spiral column,

and then turned him adrift a denizen of the wide ocean. With this

imaginary constitution the poor animal could no longer be considered

a Hyalonema; but this difficulty was readily to be got over, and

the Doctor, with his usual facility in such operations, soon devised

a new genus, founded on the imaginary characters he had himself

created, which he has denominated Hyalothrix, and which he thus

characterizes :—

“The polypes with forty tentacles in several concentric series, the

outer series the largest. The axis, covered to the very base with the

polype, bearing bark strengthened with cylindrical filiform siliceous

spicules, and with a smooth external coat without any imbedded

granules.”

Having thus imagined his animal, and fitted him with a new genus,

the Doctor, with an artless simplicity that is really very charming,

observes, ‘This genus is at once distinguished from Hyalonema by

the coral not living with its base immersed in a sponge. It lives

evidently free; but how it keeps itself in an erect position so that

all the polypes round the axis may obtain food is yet to be dis-

covered.”

But alas for the stability of this ingenious natural-history ro-

mance! ‘The irresistible logic of facts has destroyed the whole edi-

fice ; for scarcely could the ink have dried with which Dr. Gray’s

imaginations were printed before Prof. Bocage announced that he

had at last obtained a specimen of his H. /usitanicum with the basal

sponge embracing the proximal uncovered end of the spiral column

in the same manner as in the Japanese specimens. All reasoning

upon Dr. Gray’s imaginary animal now becomes superfluous, and we

have only to deal with Prof. Bocage’s specimens of Hyalonema lusi-

tanicum.

Shortly after I had learned from Dr. Gray that Prof. Bocage had

acquired a specimen of his species with the basal sponge adhering

to it, I wrote to him on the subject, enclosing a small portion of the

spongeous base of my specimen of HZ. miradile, figured in the ‘ Pro-

ceedings of the Zoological Society,’ Part 1, Pl. IV. f. 2, for the year

1867, that he might compare its organic structures with those of the

basal sponge of his H. lusitanicum, and begging the favour of a small

portion of the basal sponge of his specimen. To this request he

replied with much kindness and liberality, enclosing a piece of the

sponge 4 lines in length by about 3 in width—a quantity, as it will

be seen, amply sufficient to demonstrate accurately the structural

characters and relations of the two species. The fragment of sponge

is apparently from the surface of the specimen, as it is enveloped in

the remains of a rather stout brown membrane. After examining

the specimen in water, I disintegrated about half of it, and mounted

the spicula in Canada balsam, and then mounted the remaining por-

tion in the same, material, in the state in which I had received it.

The results of my examinations of it were most satisfactory. In the

1867.] DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. 903

piece mounted in its natural state the structure of the skeleton was

distinctly exhibited, exactly resembling, in the forms of its component

spicula and in the mode of their arrangement, those of the skeleton

of the spongeous base of H. mirabile. In the disintegrated portion

I found no less than eight forms of spicula which exist in the basal

sponge of H. mirabile, and which I have figured in the plates illus-

trating my paper on that species (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 18).

The spicula found were those represented in Plate V. by figures 2,

4, 6, 7, 8, 9,18, and those of the skeleton. The only difference

between the forms of spicula found in Prof, Bocage’s specimen and

those from H. mirabile is that those of the former are rather more

slender in their proportions, indicating a young and not fully deve-

loped state of its organization.

The skeleton-spicula of H. lusitanicum are of about the same

length as those of H. mirabile, but somewhat less in their diameter,

and they have the same malformations of their anices that so com-

monly occur in those of the last-named species. In truth, the spi-

cula of H. lusitanicum are so identical in form with those of Hi. mi-

rabile that, without knowing whence they came, it would be impos-

sible for an observer to say from which species they had been ob-

tained. With these slight differences in the organization of the two

specimens under consideration, there is little doubt in my own mind

that they belong to one and the same species ; and the slight discre-

pancies now apparent in the structure of H. lusitanicum will probably

disappear when other perfect and more fully developed specimens

are hereafter obtained and compared with H. mirabile; and in the

consideration of these slight differences of structure the influence of

their widely separated localities must also be taken into consideration.

Another strong argument against H. lusitanicum being a species

distinct from H. mirabile is, that no form of spiculum can be de-

tected in the spongeous base of the former that is not abundantly

present in the corresponding parts of the latter, Ag regards organic

structure, there is no true specific distinction existing between them.

Their differences amount only to those of development and such as

may naturally arise from variations in climate and locality.

I have seen the specimen of Hyalonema lusitanicum in'the British

Museum that was presented by Prof. Bocage, through the sides of

the glass tube in which it is carefully preserved. It is 217 inches

long, and has 10 inches of the distal portion of the column covered

with corium. The specimen is about 22 lines in diameter. There

is the same paucity of sand in the crust that is observable in Mr,

Lee’s specimen, described by me in the Society’s « Proceedings’

(1867, p. 350) ; and, as in that case, each osculum is situated in an

elongate-oval area, in which, by the aid of a lens of 2 inches focus, the

radiating fibres are readily to be seen. The oscula are none of them

elevated to the same extent as in the Japanese specimens, but, like

those in Mr. Lee’s one, they project very slightly. The oval areas

do not all coalesce at their respective boundaries; in some there is

a small space of smooth corium Separating them from each other.

Having disposed of his new genus Hyalothriz, Dr. Gray proceeds

904 DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LusITANICUM. [Nov. 28,

to reiterate his belief that “‘ Hyalonema is a type of a peculiar family

of Corals, formed by zoanthoid polypes, characterized by forming for

their support a siliceous axis formed of many thread-like spicules

coiled together into a rope-like form, each formed ef numerous con-

centric laminze, and surrounded and separated from one another by

the corium of the community of polypes.’ I should not have

noticed this reassertion of his opinions if he had not endeavoured to

establish certain laws which are in themselves essentially false, and

on which he bases his reasonings in favour of his own theory. In

the first of these Dr. Gray asserts, ‘‘ Silica is not exclusively secreted

by sponges, as the advocates of the sponge-theory seem to believe,

but is found mixed with corneous matter (as it is mixed in Hyalo-

nema and Euplectella) in Gorgonia and Antipathes, and with calca-

reous matter in Madrepores.”

In the first place, no one, to my knowledge, has ever asserted that

silica is exclusively secreted by sponges; nor is the silica to be ob-

tained from Corals and Gorgonias in the same state as it is in Hya-

lonema and Euplectella. In the former two it has never been dis-

covered in an organized condition, while in the latter two it is always

in that state.

Dr. Gray quotes the analysis by Mr. Children of Gorgonia flabel-

lum, in which he found silica enough to form ‘a globule before the

blowpipe ;’ and the Doctor says, “‘This proves that silica is found

in the coral of Aleyonaria or polypes with pinnate tentacles.”

But the results of this analysis by Mr. Children do not bear

effectively on the point in dispute, which is whether polype-bearing

animals secrete silex as well as carbonate of lime in an organized

form as portions of their bony skeletons. There is no doubt that

corals, Gorgonias, and zoophytes living in waters continually charged

with minute grains of sand and with silex in solution would receive

and retain within their fine pores numerous grains of that substance

which would only be liberated and recognized by the chemical disso-

lution of those bodies. But this adventitious acquisition of silex by

creatures whose organic structures are essentially calcareous is no

proof of their power to secrete and organize silex as well as carbo-

nate of lime ; and Dr. Gray does not produce a single example of any

polypiferous animal, either among the bony corals, the Gorgoniadz,

or zoophytes, secreting and organizing silex as part of their skeleton-

structure. The difficulty of the purely siliceous structure of all parts

of the skeleton and internal siliceous organs of Hyalonema, con-

sidered by Dr. Gray a coral, still remains to be solved by him;

and among all the beautiful siliceous organized forms so familiar to

microscopists of the present day there is not one that can be assigned

to any polype-bearing animal, described or undescribed ; and I be-

lieve that the animal power of organizing siliceous matter to form

either an internal or an external skeleton will be found to be strictly

confined to the great subkingdom of the Protozoa.

The secoad law that Dr. Gray enunciates is, ‘‘ The structure of

the siliceous spicules of sponges is very similar to, almost identical

with, the structue of the axis of Gorgonia among the sclerobasic

1867.] DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. 905

peracid, and of Antipathes among the sclerobasic zoanthoid po-

ypes.”

The fact of the general law of increment by means of concentric

layers being common to the spicula and fibres of sponges and to the

horny axes of the Gorgoniade, upon which the author lays so much

stress, no more proves their relationship to each other than it would

to the trees and herbs of the vegetable kingdom, or to the bones of

the mammalia; and the reasonings deduced from this aphorism are

so inconsequential as to render it quite unnecessary to pursue this

portion of the subject any further.

The third position assumed by the author is, that ‘‘ The spicules

of sponges are only covered with sarcode ; while the spicules of the

Hyalonema are each surrounded by a layer of corium exactly like

the inner surface of the bark or corium of the polypes.”’

The law thus attempted to be laid down is essentially incorrect,

and could never have been enunciated by any one even moderately

acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiade. In

all Halichondroid sponges, where the spicula are connected with each

other the junctions are formed not by sarcode, but by masses of

keratode closely enveloping the adjoining points of the spicula, much

after the fashion of a plumber’s joint; and in some genera, as in

Chalina, the spicula are entirely immersed in the keratose fibres of

the sponge, as represented in figures 262 and 263, pl. 13, vol. i.

of ‘Monograph of the British Spongiade.’ The same structure

obtains in the genus Diplodemia, as represented in pl. 14. f. 273,

and also in the genera Desmacidon aud Raphyrus, represented by

figs. 264 and 265, pl. 13, of the same work. The premises attempted

to be established by the author thus being proved to be essentially

false, it is unnecessary to follow him through the series of reasonings

which he has based upon them.

The fourth position assumed by the author is, that ‘‘ The essential

character of a sponge is, that it is permeated by canals for the circu-

lation of the water, which is emitted by oscules ; and there is no such

structure in Hyalonema.”

This law, as far as it concerns the structure of a sponge, is cor-

rect ; but as regards the assertion that ‘‘there is no such structure

in Hyalonema,” I must leave my readers who are acquainted with

the papers of Professors Brandt and Max Schultze and myself to

form their own opinions on the subject.

The author’s fifth law is, that ‘‘ The attachment to the sponge ap-

pears to be the habit of a single species ; for the Portuguese species,

which agrees with the Japanese in most of its essential characters,

lives free in the sea, and has the small end of the coral, which in the

Japan species is sunk in the sponge, covered with polypes like the

rest of the surface.”

This position, after our knowledge of the acquirement by Prof.

Bocage of a specimen of his H. lusi¢anicum with the basal mass of

sponge attached to it, is effectually negatived by the inexorable logic

of facts.

Dr. Gray, in his paper on “ Hyalonema lusitanicum,” read January

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LVIII.

906 DR. BOWERBANK ON HYALONEMA LUusITANICUM. [Nov. 28,

24th, dismisses the consideration of my paper on “ Hyalonema mi-

rabilis,’ read on the 10th of January, in not the most courteous

style imaginable. Ina short note to his paper (p. 120) he observes,

«Dr. Bowerbank has written a long and diffuse paper to attempt to

prove his position, when a cut in the polype-cell would have settled

the question. It is a pity he did not recollect King Charles’s ques-

tion about the fish and the water.” This style of pooh-poohing

disputed facts in natural history is neither just nor gentlemanly, and

in the present case it is at variance with the truth. Dr. Gray was

invited by me to be present at the reading of the paper on the 10th

of January, but he declined to appear on that occasion. Had he

been there he would have known that I had, not once only, but re-

peatedly, cut into his supposed polype-cells, and that the results of

their examinations were duly described and their anatomical pecu-

liarities figured in illustration of the descriptions of them. Neither

then, nor since, has Dr. Gray attempted to disprove a single fact

advanced by me in that paper.

In conclusion I may observe that, since the reading of a short

supplemental paper on March 28th, entitled “ Additional Observa-

tions on Hyalonema mirabile,” I have been fortunate in obtaining

from Mr. Jonathan Couch, of Polperro, several dried specimens of

Zoanthus couchii, in which the polypes were living when dredged up

at Shetland, and in which the motive fibres passing from the polypes

have their distal extremities attached in a circle to the inner surface

of the polype-case of the animal. The terminal portions of these

fibres have a stout, dilated-cylindrical, and very fleshy appearance.

They are attached to the imner surface of the mouth of the polypi-

dom’ by their apices only ; and from these points they pass inward

to the upper part of the polype to which their bases are attached,

and down the sides of which each of them may be traced for a con-

siderable distance, gradually diminishing in diameter as they pass

downward on the body of the animal.

As the end to be attained by means of these organs, in both

Zoanthus and Hyalonema, is precisely the same, that of opening

and closing a purse-like orifice on the apex of a cylindrical tube,

Nature, as might have been expected, has adopted nearly the same

mode of action in either case—that of a series of motive fibres, the

distal ends of which are attached in a circle around the orifice to be

contracted ; and there is just that difference in their structure and

mode of disposition that is appropriate to the conditions of each

separate animal.

In Hyalonema, destitute of polypes, they are imbedded between

the outer and inner tissues of the corium of the organ on which they

are destined to operate; while in Zoanthus they are not immersed

in the tissues of the case or polypidom of the animal, but are parts

of the enclosed polype within it, and their distal ends only are at-

tached to the oral opening of the external case, while the remaining

portions of these organs are attached to the outer integument of the

retractile polype within the polypidom.

These organs in Zoanthus are few in number, and very much

1867.] MESSRS. ADAMS AND ANGAS ON A NEW LAND-SHELL. 907

stouter than those of Hyalonema. No tentacles of the Zoanthus

could be detected, the skin of the polype and the motive organs only

remaining within the polypidom in a favourable condition for obser-

vation.

4. Description of a New Species of Land-shell belonging to

the Genus Celiaris, H. Ad. and Angas. By H. Apams,

F.L.S., and G. F. Aneas, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.

(Plate XLII.)

In a paper read at the Meeting of the Society on the 10th J anuary,

1865, we gave a description of a new species of Land-shell from the

Cape of Good Hope, for which the subgeneric name Celiaxis was

proposed. Adult specimens of a second species, possessing a con-

tinuous peritreme and distinct parietal plate, have since been re-

ceived by us from the Solomon archipelago, from which it would

appear that Celiawis must be considered a distinct genus, having

more affinity with Gibbulina and Ennea than with Subulina, to

which we at the time referred it. Of the species upon which Celiazis

was founded, only two examples, in the British Museum Collection,

have the apertures at all complete. In one of these there is no trace

of any parietal plate; while in the other, which is rather more ma-

ture, a callosity or tubercle, considered at the time accidental, exists,

thus rendering it probable that in quite mature examples of this

species the parietal plate will also be found distinctly developed, and

the peritreme of the aperture continuous.

Genus Ca:iraxis, nob. (char. emend.),

Testa umbilicata, turrita, oblique costulata ; spira plerumque

decollata; apertura plica parietali vel tuberculo munita; perist.

continuum, simplex, rectum.

Ca@:Liaxis Ex1Gua, nob. (Pl. XLIII. figs. 16, 17, p. 890.)

C. testa anguste et profunde umbilicata, cylindraceo-turrita,

tenui, oblique costulato-striata, pallide fulva; spira decol-

lata, superne attenuata; anfr. superst. 11, subplanatis, ultimo

costa basali suleum interiorem angustum formante ; aper-

tura subverticali, rhomboidea, plica parietali spirali in medio

posita; perist. simplici, continuo, soluto, margine columellari

expanso.

Long. 17 mill., diam. 4 mill., ap. 4 mill. longa.

Hab. Solomon archipelago.

908 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

5. On a New Genus and some New Species of Marine Mol-

lusca from Port Jackson, New South Wales. By Groner

Frencu Aneas, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S.-&c.

(Plate XLIV.)

Genus Aricra, Angas.

Shell inequivalve, transversely ovate, thin, slightly compressed,

not gaping; beaks entire, interior subnacreous. Hinge composed

of a posterior more or less prominent callus in the right valve, fitting

into a corresponding depression in the left valve, and an anterior

elongated marginal lamellar tooth or ridge; cartilage internal, situ-

ated perpendicularly under the umbones, and covered by a large tri-

angular ossicle. Muscular impressions moderate; pallial line si-

nuated.

This genus has much the appearance externally of Periploma, but

the ossicle is large and triangular as in Zyonsia. It differs from both

genera in the cartilage not being supported by projecting spoon-

shaped processes, and in its being perpendicular to the umbones.

Auici1A ANGuSTATA, n. 8s. (PI. XLIV. fig. 1.)

Shell elongately oblong, white, surface of valves (under the lens)

very finely decussated, inequilateral; anterior side five-sixths the

length of the shell, rounded at the extremity, the dorsal margin

slightly convex ; posterior side truncate at the extremity, the dorsal

margin incurved, umbonal slope angulated; ventral margin almost

straight. The hinge with the posterior callus in the right valve

prominent and tooth-like, and the corresponding depression in the

left valve bordered by a slightly raised ridge. Pallial sinus deep,

extending to half the length of the shell.

Long. 63, alt. 3, lat. 13 lines.

Hab. Port Jackson. Dredged inside South Head Reef.

ALICIA ELEGANTULA, nh. 8. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 2.)

Shell oblong, white, obsoletely concentrically plicate, very minutely

decussated, inequilateral ; anterior side three-fifths the length of

the shell, rounded; posterior side roundly truncate, the dorsal mar-

gin concave, umbonal slope angulated ; ventral margin convex. The

hinge with the posterior callus almost obsolete. Pallial sinus deep,

extending to the umbones.

Long. 54, alt. 3, lat. 14 lines.

Hab. Port Jackson. Dredged between Watson’s Bay and “ Sow

and Pigs”? reef.

THRACIA MODESTA, n. 8s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 3.)

Shell ovate, thin, white, rather ventricose, surface of valves irre-

gularly conceiftrically striate, inequilateral, beaks posterior ; anterior

side rotundate ; posterior side obliquely truncate, the dorsal margin

C Sowerby lith - M &N Hanhart imp

NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS,

i Se

rer a yet |

= {

1867.] MR.G. F. ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 909

nearly straight, the umbonal slope angulated ; ventral margin convex.

The hinge with the cartilage processes small. Pallial sinus extend-

ing beyond the umbones.

Long. 7, alt. 43, lat. 24 lines.

Hab. Dredged off Ball's Head, Port Jackson, in 15 fathoms.

Dosinta PUELLA, ns. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 4.)

Shell small, orbicular, rather thick, moderately convex, whitish,

finely and closely irregularly concentrically striated ; umbones some-

what produced and approximate ; ligamental area but slightly exca-

vated ; lunule small, superficial, not impressed.

Long. 6, alt. 6, lat. 3 lines.

Hab. Botany Bay, New South Wales.

SUNETTA ADELIN#, n.s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 5.)

Shell smooth, elongately ovate, anterior side rounded, posterior

slightly truncate ; ventral margin somewhat bulged in the middle, a

little tumid towards the umbones, whitish, painted with angular cho-

colate markings along the posterior slope, with a few of the same

description, but fainter, proceeding downwards from the umbones,

and covered towards the margins with a very slight pale olive epi-

dermis ; ligamental area narrowly excavated ; lunule strongly defined

and narrow, with the lips projecting beyond the line of the dorsal

slope ; interior white, tinged with flesh-colour, edges of the valves

finely crenated within.

Long. 8, alt. 6, lat. 3 lines.

Hab. Dredged in deep water near Port-Jackson Heads.

This species differs from Meroé hians, Reeve (from Cochin China),

in being smaller, much less tumid, more rounded at the ventral mar-

gin, and somewhat truncate posteriorly ; the lunule also is prominent

and projecting, whereas in M. hians it is flat; and the dark purple

spot so characteristic of the interior of the latter is wanting in the

species described above.

SPISULA CRETACEA, 0.8. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 6.)

Shell triangularly ovate, solid, rough, chalky-white, rudely con-

centrically striated ; umbones nearly central, acute, approximate ;

basal margin arcuate ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side slightly

angled, and obtusely keeled from the umbones; the dorsal area

broad, with the margin slightly arcuate; lateral teeth elongate and

strongly cross-ribbed on both sides.

Long. 9, alt. 63, lat. 5 lines.

Hab. Dredged at Port Stephen, off Tarlee.

SPIsuLA pRopUCTA, n.s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 7.)

Shell small, rather solid, ovately cuneiform, white, finely irregu-

larly concentrically striated, and covered with a thin membranaceous

epidermis towards the sides and basal margin ; umbones tumid, acute,

approximate; anterior side rounded, shorter; posterior side pro-

910 MR.G. F.ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

duced, somewhat beaked, obtusely keeled from the umbones ; lateral

teeth finely serrated.

Long. 7, alt. 5, lat. 3 lines.

Hab. Johnson’s Bay and Parramatta River, Port Jackson.

This species resembles in external appearance the Mactra late-

ralis of Say, from South Carolina; it is, however, flatter and less

sharply keeled, with the posterior dorsal slope longer and straighter,

and the umbones closer together, whilst the serrated character of the

lateral teeth would alone distinguish it from the American shell.

LorIPEs ASSIMILIS, n. Ss. (PI. XLIV. fig. 8.)

Shell somewhat triangularly orbicular, rather inflated, slightly

superficially excavated at the anterior side, solid, whitish, concen-

trically very finely elevately striated throughout ; margins crenate ;

cartilage in an oblique groove of the hinder hinge-margin.

Long. 6, alt. 6, lat. 33 lines.

Hab. New South Wales; and Hobson’s Bay, Port Philip.

This species differs from L. ieterica, Reeve, in being more solid

and inflated, more strongly concentrically ridged, and in the absence

of the diverging radiate strize of the latter.

Mysra (Fevania) ApAmsI, n. 8s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 9.)

Shell depressly orbicularly elongate, white, shining, covered with

a very thin transparent horny epidermis ; concentrically very finely

irregularly striated, smooth and polished at the umbones; lunule

very small; margins simple. Hinge with two teeth in each valve,

one of which is bifid.

Long. 6, alt. 63, lat. 34 lines.

Hab. Port Jackson. Dredged in deep water.

Mys1a (FELANIA) JACKSONIENSIS, n, 8. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 10.)

Shell triangularly depressly orbicular, posterior side rounded, an-

teriorly somewhat obliquely produced, pale rosy flesh-colour, covered

with a light-green shining epidermis; umbones produced, approxi-

mate; concentrically finely irregularly striate, the lines of growth

strongly impressed at intervals ; interior pinkish.

Long. 4, alt. 43, lat. 23 lines.

Hab. Dredged in deep water in Port Jackson.

Lerron apamst,n.s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 11.)

Shell triangularly ovate, rather convex, inequilateral, milky white,

somewhat transparent, thin, shining; surface of valves finely con-

centrically striated, and minutely shagreened anteriorly and poste-

riorly, smooth in the middle; anterior side short, rounded ; poste-

rior side ovate, widely plicate towards the margin; umbones pro-

minent and slightly oblique; superior margin convex; the inferior

margin straight.

Long. 63, alt. 5, lat. 22 lines.

Hab. Port Jackson.

f se

h My 1G ej

1867.) MR. G. F. ANGAS ON NEW AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 911

MoprowariA BARBATA, n. 8. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 12.)

Shell small, oblong-ovate, more or less convex, whitish, covered

with a yellowish-green horny epidermis, which becomes long, thick,

and fibrous posteriorly ; the valves very finely concentrically irregu-

larly striated, and decussated with elevated radiating ribs, which are

obsolete near the middle.

Long. 5, alt. 2, lat. 1} lines.

Hab. Botany Bay, New South Wales.

OsTREA VIRESCENS, n.8. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 13.)

Shell solid, orbicular, inequivalve, with the margins of the valves

crenulately frilled. Superior valve smaller, flattened, radiately

plicate, and laminately scaled, whitish, irregularly striped with

purplish brown; inferior valve larger, the cavity deep; interior

greenish olive, paler at the margins; cardinal area large, triangular,

and flattened.

Long. 13, lat. 1} inch.

Hab. Attached to rocks and madrepores at low spring tides at

Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson.

CROSSEA CONCINNA, n.s. (Pl. XLIV. fig. 14.)

Shell narrowly umbilicate, turbinate, rather solid, white, semipel-

lucid; spire raised, suture distinct ; whorls five, rounded, the first

three transversely ribbed and longitudinally striated, the remainder

transversely punctate-striate ; umbilicus bordered by a rounded cal-

lus; aperture circular, with a channelled angular projection in front;

outer lip simple, the margin acute.

Diam. 2 lines, height 13.

Hab. “Sow and Pigs” reef, Port Jackson, from 2 to 4 fathoms.

This species has much the form of C, bellula, A. Ad., but differs

in size, being considerably larger, and in the sculpture of the whorls;

the angular projection of the aperture also is not so strongly deve-

loped. The only two species of the genus hitherto known were ob-

tained by Mr. Arthur Adams from the Gotto Islands in Japan.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIV.

Fig. 1. Alicia angustata, p. 908. Fig. 8. Loripes assimilis, p. 910.

2. elegantula, p. 908. 9. Felania adamsi, p. 910.

3. Thracia modesta, p. 908. 10. Jjacksoniensis, p. 910.

4. Dosinia puella, p. 909. 11. Lepton adamsi, p. 910.

5. Sunetta adelina, p. 909. 12. Modiolaria barbata, p. 911.

6. Spisula cretacea, p. 909. 13. Ostrea virescens, p. 911.

le producta, p. 909. 14. Crossea concinna, p. 911.

912 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Noy. 28,

6. A List of Species of Marine Mollusca found in Port Jack-

son Harbour, New South Wales, and on the adjacent

Coasts, with Notes on their Habits &. By Guorcs

Frencu Anaas, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S. &c.—Part II.*

[The length, as given in inches or lines, must be understood to represent the

extreme measurement of the shell.

Those species marked with an asterisk (*) have been described from speci-

mens in my own collection.—G. F. A.]

Class CONCHIFERA.

Order PHOLADACEA.

Fam. GASTROCHAENID.

1. Bryopa (Dacosra) AUSTRALIS.

Clavagella australis, Sow.

Found burrowing in sandstone rocks, at very low tide, near Port-

Jackson Heads. The tube, which is simple, projects outwards from

1 to 2 inches. The valves are hidden in the dilated hinder part of

the tube, below the surface of the rock.

2. HuMPHREYIA STRANGEI.

Aspergillum strangei, A. Ad. P. Z. 8, 1852, p. 91, pl. 15. f. 5.

Of this singular form three or four specimens were obtained by

the late Mr. F. Strange, and one by myself, at Watson’s Bay, Port

Jackson. The tube, which is merely an expansion and modification

of the valves, is curved and obtusely carinated on each side. It is

found attached to the flat surface of rocks at the bottom of pools,

projecting upwards amongst the pebbles and sand, at extremely low

spring tides. Length of the tube 2 inches 4 lines,

Fam. SoLENIDz.

3. SOLEN SLOANII.

Solen sloanii, Gray, in Brit. Mus., Hanley, Sp. of Shells, p. 12.

? Solen philippianus, Dunker.

A pretty species, mottled with purplish flesh-colour like S. vagi-

noides, Lam., from Tasmania ; it is, however, a narrower shell, and

not curved like the latter. Length 37 inches. Burrowing in the

sand at Middle Harbour &c.

4, CULTELLUS AUSTRALIS.

Cultellus australis, Dunker, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 423.

Dredged in Lane-Cove River, Port Jackson. Length 1} inch.

Found also at Moreton Bay and Port Curtis, where it attains the

length of 3 inches.

* Continued from p. 233.

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 913

Fam. SAXICAVID.

5, SAXICAVA AUSTRALIS.

Saxicava avstralis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 153.

Found amongst crevices of rocks at low water in Port Jackson.

It is extremely variable in form, like the other species of the genus.

Length 10 lines.

Fam. CorBuLIDz.

6. CoRBULA TUNICATA.

Corbula tunicata, Hinds, P. Z. 8. 1843.

This fine species has the left valve, which is much the largest,

deeply grooved over its entire surface. The right valve is grooved

near the umbo only. Dredged in 5 to 7 fathoms in Port Jackson.

Also from the Philippines (Cuming), and the Straits of Macassar

and L’Agulhas Bank (Hinds). Length 1 inch.

7. CoRBULA NASUTA.

Corbula nasuta, Sow. P. Z. 8. 1833.

It is impossible to separate this species from C. nasuta, Sow.,

which comes from the Gulf of Nicoya. Dredged in Port Jackson.

Length 10 lines.

8. CoRBULA SCAPHOIDES.

Corbula scaphoides, Hinds, P. Z. 8. 1833.

Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 6 lines.

9. CoRBULA ZELANDICA.

Corbula zeylandica, Quoy et Gaim. Voy. de l’Astrol.

2 C. catlowa, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1844.

Dredged in Middle Harbour. Length 6 lines. It occurs also in

New Zealand and at Moreton Bay.

Fam. ANATINID.

10. ANATINA CRECCINA.

Anatina creccina, Valenciennes, MS. in Mus. Cuming; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. Anatina, pl. 2. f. 12.

In this species the posterior portion of the valves is widely gaping

and curved upwards. It is found in sandy mud at Illawarra Lake,

Port Stephen, and Port Jackson. Length 1 inch 10 lines,

11. ANATINA TASMANICA.

Anatina tasmanica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Anatina, pl. 3. f. 20.

More ovate than the preceding, with the umbones nearly central.

From sandy mud in Port Jackson, Length 2 inches.

914 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Noy. 28,

12. ANATINA PROLONGATA.

Anatina prolongata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Anatina, pl. 4. f. 28.

A thin narrow species, with the valves produced posteriorly and

ridged throughout. Dredged in sandy mud near Spectacle Island,

Parramatta River. Length 9 lines.

13. *ALICIA ANGUSTATA..

Alicia angustata, Angas, anted, p. 908, Pl. xx1v. f. 1.

In this genus the ossicle is large and triangular as in Lyonsia ; but

the cartilage is not supported by projecting spoon-shaped processes,

and is perpendicular to the umbones. The shells externally some-

what resemble periploma, and are thin, white, and abruptly truncate

at the posterior side. Dredged inside South Head reef. Length

64 lines.

14. *ALICIA ELEGANTULA.

Alicia elegantula, Angas, anted, p. 908, Pl. xxv. f. 2.

More rounded than the preceding species, with the umbones more

central. Dredged between Watson’s Bay and the ‘‘ Sow and Pigs”

reef. Length 53 lines.

15. THRACIA ANATINOIDES.

Thracia anatinoides, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Thracia, pl. 3. f. 12.

Roundly ovate, thin, and convex, shortly angled posteriorly, and

broadly rounded in front. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 1 inch.

16. THRACIA AUSTRALICA.

Thracia australica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Thracia, pl. 3. f. 13.

A somewhat depressed species, with the aspect of a periploma.

Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 9 lines.

17. *THRACIA MODESTA.

Thracia modesta, Angas, anted, p. 908, Pl. xutv. f. 3.

A small ovate species, with the posterior side very obliquely trun-

cate. Dredged off Ball’s Head, Port Jackson, in 15 fathoms.

Length 7 lines.

18. Nezra (RHINOMYA) RUGATA.

Rhinomya rugata, A. Ad. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. vol. xiii.

p- 207.

An elegant little shell, largely rostrate, and concentrically ridged

throughout. Dredged at the “ Sow and Pigs” reef. Length 33 lines,

The type specimen of this species was dredged by Mr. A. Adams at

Tabu Sima, in Japan.

19. THEORA NITIDA.

Theora nitida, Gould, ‘ Otia,’ p. 162.

A thin, hyaline shell, with the valves attenuate posteriorly ; the

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 915

hinge with a small spoon-shaped process projecting inwards. Dredged

in Port Jackson, in deep water. Length 6 lines.

20. Myopora CRASSA.

Anatina crassa, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ. v. p. 100, Tab. Suppl.

43. f. 5, 6.

A thick, triangular species, with both valves transversely ribbed.

Dredged in Middle Harbour. Length 6 lines.

21. MyoporA PANDORZFORMIS.

Anatina pandoreformis, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ. v. p. 99, Tab.

Suppl. 43. f. 3, 4.

The strize on the right or flattened valve are very fine and smooth.

Dredged in Middle Harbour on a sandy bottom. Length 10 lines,

22. Myopora ovata.

Myodora ovata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Myodora, pl. 1. f. 4.

Shorter than the preceding species, with the strize on both valves

raised and prominent. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 7 lines.

This species occurs in Port-Adelaide Creek, South Australia; and

also in the Philippines, according to Cuming.

23. Myopora BREVIS.

Anatina brevis, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ. v. p. 99, Tab. Suppl. 43.

f. 1, 2.

A very elegant, thin, triangular-shaped shell, with the left valve

flexuously striated anteriorly. Dredged in Lane Cove, Farm Cove,

and Mossman’s Bay. Length 1 inch.

24. MyocHAMA ANOMIOIDES.

Myochama anomioides, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ. v. pl. 42. f. 1-4.

This remarkable shell is usually found attached to the living shells

of Trigonia lamarcki. It varies in form, is of a pinkish colour, and

in its sculpture partakes somewhat of that of the shell on which it

is parasitic. Dredged near the “Sow and Pigs” reef, in Port Jack-

son. Length 9 lines.

25. MyocHAMA STRANGEI.

Myochama strangei, A. Ad. P. Z. 8. 1852, pl. 15, f. 2.

An oblong, wrinkled species, of a blackish colour, found attached

to stones or dead shells. Dredged in Port Jackson (inside the North

Head), but of very rare occurrence. Length 1 inch.

26. CHAMOSTREA ALBIDA.

Chama albida, Lam.

Cleidotherus chamoides, Stutchbury, Zool. Journ. p. 98, Tab.

Suppl. 42. f. 5-8; Sow. Gen. of Shells, f. 1-3.

This curious genus, of which one species only is known, is pecu-

916 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

liar to Australia. The valves are connected internally by an ossicle

in the cartilage, are rough outside, and somewhat pearly within.

The left valve is nearly flat and triangular; whilst the right one is

convex, and attached by its front slope to the upper surface of flat

sandstone rocks which are laid bare at low water. It occurs near

Port-Jackson Heads. I have also procured fine large specimens from

Port Lincoln, in South Australia. Length 2} inches.

Order VENERACEA.

Fam. Mactrip.

27. TRIGONELLA CONTRARIA.

Mactra contraria, Desh. P. Z. S: 1854; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

Mactra, pl. 17. f. 86.

Somewhat like M. rufescens, Lam., but flatter and more beaked

at the sides, with the umbones smooth, and stained with two violet

rays. Rare in Port Jackson. Length 1? inch.

28. TRIGONELLA LUZONICA.

Mactra luzonica, Desh. P. Z. S. 1854; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

Mactra, pl. 16. f. 81.

A neat species, more or less rayed with brown, and tinged with

purple at the umbones. Dredged in Middle Harbour on a sandy

bottom, also in Botany Bay. Length 1 inch 3 lines.

29. TRIGONELLA PUSILLA.

Mactra pusilla, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 226.

A pretty, little, shining species, either white or rayed with brown.

Dredged in Middle Harbour along with the foregoing. Length

7 lines.

30. *SprsULA CRETACEA.

Spisula cretacea, Angas, anted, p. 909, Pl. xx1v. f. 6.

A dull-white, chalky-looking shell, not unlike in form to the Bri-

tish S. subtruncata. Dredged in Port Stephen. Length 10 lines.

31. SpPISULA CORBULOIDES.

Mactra corbuloides, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854; Reeve, pl. 19. f. 103.

? Mactra rostrata, Spengler, Skrift. Nat. Selsk. v. p. 115.

A stout, gibbous, trigonal species, strongly keeled from the um-

bones, and covered with a pale greenish-olive epidermis. Dredged

in Illawarra Lake. Length 11 lines. A dwarf variety is found

in Rushcutter’s Bay, Port Jackson, and also at Moreton Bay; it

measures 5 lines in length.

32. *SPISULA PRODUCTA.

Spisula producta, Angas, anted, p. 909, Pl. xxiv. f. 7.

A small, whitish, triangular, somewhat compressed species, pro-

1867. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 971

duced posteriorly. Found in the mud at Johnson’s Bay, and on the

banks of the Parramatta River. Length 7 lines.

Subfam. Lurrariinz&.

33. LurRaRIA DISSIMILIS.

Lutraria dissimilis, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854; Reeve, Conch. Icon.

Lutraria, pl. 2. f. 8.

Like L. rhynchena, Jonas, but less curved and gaping. In sandy

mud, Middle Harbour. Washed up on the beach at Edward’s Bay

occasionally after storms. Length 3 inches 9 lines.

34. ?STANDELLA OVALINA.

Mactra ovalina, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 104.

A smooth, ovate, whitish shell, rather gaping posteriorly, with the

hinder slope narrowly keeled. Dredged in Middle Harbour. Length

] inch 5 lines. This species occurs also at Port Phillip.

35. ZENATIA ACINACES.

Lutraria acinaces, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de lAstrol. iii. p. 545,

t. 83. f. 5,6; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lutraria, pl. 4. f. 14.

A large, oblong, compressed shell, resembling a flattened Lutraria,

with the umbones anterior ; covered at the sides with an olive-brown

epidermis. Botany Bay, very rare. Length 4 to 5 inches. Also

from New Zealand, according to Quoy, Earl, and Dieffenbach.

Fam. TELLINID.

36. Gari (PSAMMOCOLA) TOGATA.

Psammobia togata, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 318.

A large ovately transverse shell, obliquely truncate posteriorly,

white, and clothed with a strong olive-green epidermis, more or less

eroded at the umbones. Length 3} inches. Port Jackson, Port

Essington, and the Philippines.

Externally this shell has somewhat the aspect of a Glauconomya,

and may be regarded as the type of a distinct group of the family

Tellinide.

37. GARI MALACCANA.

Psammobia malaccana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 6. f. 42.

A shining white species, delicately sculptured with oblique grooved

strie, which suddenly terminate on the posterior side. Length

1 inch 3 lines. Dredged at Lane Cove, Port Jackson; also Port

Denison, and Malacca (Cuming).

38. GARI ZONALIS.

Psammobia zonalis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 182.

A compressed species, of a pale livid-brown colour, rayed with

white. Length 1 inch. Middle Harbour; also Tasmania.

918 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

39. Gari (AMPHICHZNA) MENKEANA.

Psammobia menkeana, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 6. f. 43.

A pretty little species, somewhat resembling the British P. ¢elli-

nella, Lam., of a yellowish or purplish white, faintly rayed with pale

rose-colour. Length 11 lines. Dredged near the “Sow and Pigs”

reef and in Middle Harbour.

40. H1ATULA EPIDERMIA.

Soletellina epidermia, Desh. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 3.

A somewhat rounded species, livid purple or orange near the um-

bones, and covered with an olive epidermis. Length 23 inches.

This species ranges commonly from Port Jackson to Swan River.

41, HiaTuLa BIRADIATA.

Solen biradiatus, Wood, Gen. Conch. pl. 33. f. 1.

Flatter and more elongated than the preceding species, zoned with

livid purple, with two white rays posteriorly and an olive-green epi-

dermis. Length 1 inch 9 lines. Middle Harbour. This is a com-

mon species in the South-Australian gulfs.

42, HiATULA FLORIDA.

Psammobia florida, Gould, Expedition, Shells, Proce. Boston Nat.

Hist. Soc. 1846.

Soletellina donaciotdes, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 3. f. 11, 1857.

A transversely oblong thin species, livid purple, paler anteriorly,

with two faint posterior rays, and covered with a dark transparent

horny epidermis. Length 15 lines. Dredged in Illawarra Lake in

brackish water.

43, TeLuina (TELLINELLA) DELTOIDALIS.

Tellina deltoidalis, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 206.

T.. lactea, Quoy.

A flattened, rounded, white shell, beaked posteriorly. Dredged

in Illawarra Lake and Botany Bay. Length 13 inch. This species

varies greatly in size and aspect, and has a wide range over the

southern portion of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. All the

specimens obtained in the Illawarra Lake are tinged with flesh-colour.

44, *TELLINA (ARCOPAGIA) ELLIPTICA.

Tellina elliptica, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 39. f. 223.

A small, white, ovate, and somewhat flattened species, with the

posterior side the shorter. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length

5 lines.

45. *Tevuina (? Macoma) suBELLIPTICA.

Tellina subelliptica, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 39.

£22005

1867.] MR. G. F, ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 919

Rounder and more inflated than the preceding, with the umbones

central ; finely concentrically ridged ; white or livid purple. Dredged

at Watson’s Bay in 3 fathoms. Length 5 lines.

46. *Tevuina (Mra) semirorta.

Tellina semitorta, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 39, f. 221 a,b.

A small, elongately ovate, bean-shaped species, very short poste-

riorly, and finely concentrically grooved throughout, pale yellowish

or pinkish white. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 6 lines.

47. TeLiina (ANGULUS) TICAONICA.

Tellina ticaonica, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 358.

A nearly smooth, pale rose-coloured, shining species. Dredged

at Lane Cove. Length 5 lines. Found also in the Philippines.

48. *TELLINA TENUILIRATA.

Tellina tenuilirata, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 39. f. 219 a, 6.

A small elegantly shaped shell, somewhat beaked and truncate

behind, and finely lirate throughout, white and shining, some-

times carnelion-red. Dredged at the “ Sow and Pigs” bank. Length

6 lines.

49. *Tevuina (ANGULUS) UNIFASCIATA.

Tellina unifasciata, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 29. f. 156.

A thin flattened species, smooth and shining anteriorly, and deli-

cately one-rayed, with pink at the posterior slope. In aspect very

like T. ewilis, Lam., from Japan, which is pink, with two white rays

posteriorly. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 52 lines.

50. TeLuina (ANGULUS) LILIUM.

Tellina lilium, Hanley, P. Z. 8. 1844; Thes. Conch. Tellina,

pl. 58. f. 85.

A pure-white species, nearly smooth, with the posterior area

grooved. Dredged at Lane Cove. Length 8 lines.

51. *TELLINA SEMIPLANA.

Tellina semiplana, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, pl. 39. f. 2224, 6.

A smooth, flattened, white Species, with but little character.

Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 1 inch.

52. *TELLINA SEMIFOSSILIS.

Tellina semifossilis, Sow. in Conch. Icon. Tellina, phAl: £. 237,

A rough-looking, somewhat ovately formed species, more or less

eroded at the umbones, yellowish white, here and there rudely con-

centrically ridged. Johnson’s Bay, Port Jackson, on mud at low

water. Length 9 lines.

920 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

Subfam. Donacinz.

53. Donax (LaToNA) DELTOIDES.

Donax deltoides, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 241.

D. epidermia, Lam.; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Donaz, pl. 1. f.4 4, d.

This fine species is abundant on most of the sandy beaches of

Australia which are exposed to the surf. It ranges from Swan

River to Moreton Bay. In colour it varies from greenish olive to

purple, and sometimes orange-yellow. Outer Manly Beach, in sand

at low water. Length 23 inches.

Subfam. Paraiin#.

54. DoNACILLA ELONGATA.

Mesodesma elongata, Desh.; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mesodesma,

Pied le tone.

Triangularly elongated, and at the posterior side short and trun-

cated; covered with a shining yellowish-olive epidermis. Buried in

sand at low tide. Botany Bay. Length 1 inch 1 line. This species

has a wide range to South Australia, Tasmania, and Swan River.

55. *DoNACILLA OBTUSA.

‘Mesodesma obtusa, Crosse & Fischer, Journal de Conch. 1864,

p- 350.

An ovate species, of a waxy white, roundly truncate behind, and

compressed and wedge-shaped in front, with a light-brown epidermis

towards the margins. From the Sand-spit, Middle Harbour.

Length 9 lines. This species is common at Port Lincoln, in South

Australia.

Fam, VENERIDA.

Subfam. VENERIN&.

56. VENUS LAQUEATA.

Venus laqueata, Sow. Thes. Conch. xi. pl. 153. f. 15; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. Venus, pl. 6. f. 20.

This noble species is characterized by the concentric ridges form-

ing erect crenated frills, the interstices between which are regularly

longitudinally ribbed. Colour pale fulvous, sometimes rayed with

four indistinct brown bands. Dredged in sandy mud in Port Jack-

son. Length 3 inches. Found also at Moreton Bay.

57. CHIONE STRIATISSIMA.

Venus striatissuma, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 44, pl. 157. f. 103-105;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Venus, pl. 26. f. 135.

A pretty little pointed ovate species, cancellated with concentric

waved ridges and longitudinal strie ; in general aspect somewhat

like the British VY. ovata, Penn. Dredged at Watson’s Bay We.

Length 8 lines.

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, 921

58. Corone (CiRCOMPHALUS) ROBORATA.

Venus roborata, Hanley, P. Z. 8. 1844, p. 161; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. Venus, pl. 23. f. 113.

A solid, rounded species, less inflated than V. calophylla, of a

waxy-white colour, with the concentric ridges very numerous, thick-

ened, and curved inwards. A single example only of this shell was

dredged at the “Sow and Pigs” bank, Port Jackson; in Tasmania

it is of frequent occurrence. Length 1 inch 2 lines*.

59. Curone (CIRCOMPHALUS) CALOPHYLLA.

Venus calophylia, Hanley, Recent Shells, App. p. 361, pl. 16.

f. 26; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Venus, pl. 23. f. 114.

A very elegant species, with distant, thin, erect frills, the surface

of the valves between which is smooth; white or pale flesh-colour.

Dredged in black mud at the mouth of Lane Cove, and at Port

Stephen. Length 1d inch. This shell may at once be distinguished

from the still more beautiful V. Jamellata, Lam. (from South Au-

stralia), by its rounded form, smaller size, and the erect frills being

nearly smooth, and not grooved on their undersides.

60. Cutone (CrRCOMPHALUS) ALATUS.

Venus alatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Venus, pl. 18. f. 83.

A solid, nearly smooth species, broadly rayed with pale brown,

with a few erect ridges at the posterior side. ‘The young shells are

more or less distantly ridged throughout. From deep water on the

coast, at Wollongong, Port Stephen, &c. Length 2 inches 3 lines.

I obtained several specimens of this species on the beach at Porirua,

Cook’s Straits, New Zealand.

61. Cutonr (TimocLEA) AUSTRALIS.

Venus australis, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 48, pl. 157. f. 111, 112;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Venus, pl. 22. f. 107.

A pretty, ovate species finely ridged and cancellated, and blotch-

rayed with chestnut. Interior rose-purple. Dredged at Watson’s

Bay. Length 1 inch 3 lines. It occurs also in South Australia and

at Swan River.

62. Curone (MARCIA) FUMIGATA.

Venus fumigata, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 102, pl. 159. f. 152-155;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Z'apes, pl. 7. f. 31.

A somewhat inflated, ovate species, acuminately produced poste-

riorly, smooth, and of a light olive-grey colour throughout, with the

posterior slope of the dorsal margin grooved. Dredged in Illawarra

Lake. Length 14 inch.

* The Venus isabellina, Phil. (Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 23. f. 112), stated to come

from “ Sydney,” I have never met with there. My specimens are from Port

Curtis. It seems to be intermediate between /. calophytla, Hanl., and V’. dysera,

Chemn., the latter a well-known Chinese species, which Mr. Reeye curiously ignores.

Proc, Zoot, Soc.— 1867, No, LIX,

922 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

63. Curone (MarciA) L&VIGATA.

Venus levigata, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 103, pl. 159, f, 156-158.

Flatter and less beaked than the preceding species, painted with

two or three zigzag rays from the umbones, and wanting the charac-

teristic grooving of the posterior dorsal slope. Dredged in mud in

Port Jackson and Port Phillip (Hobson’s Bay). Length 13 inch.

64. CALLISTA DISRUPTA.

Cytherea disrupta, Sow. Thes. Conch. p. 117, pl. 163. f. 208, 209.

A transversely ovate shell, with the dorsal margin arched ; smooth,

or very finely concentrically striated, yellowish, and painted with

purplish-brown zigzag bands and flames. Dredged at Watson’s Bay

&e. Length 1} inch. Found also at Moreton Bay, on the banks

off Stradbroke Island.

65. CALLISTA RUTILA.

Cytherea rutila, Sow. Thes. Conch, p. 116, pl. 163. f. 205.

More rounded and larger than the preceding species, smooth, and

painted with irregular interrupted bands of chestnut, and tinged with

rose-colour round the posterior side and ventral margin. Dredged

at Watson*s Bay, and found on the beach at Cabbage-tree Cove,

outside the north head of Port Jackson. Length 1 inch 9 lines.

I have received specimens from the east coast of Tasmania 2 inches

3 lines across.

66. TrvELA UNDULOSA, var.

Venus undulosa, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 370.

V. variabilis, Sow. P. Z. 8. 1835; Thes. Conch. Venus, pl. 158.

f. 142-146.

This species varies considerably in shape and markings. At Swan

River, where it is very abundant, the shells are richly rayed and

marked with angular and undulating brown lines; occasionally they

are white. The Port Jackson specimens, which are of rare occur-

rence, are smaller, more trigonal, painted sparingly with narrow ful-

minating lines, and clothed with a thick, silky, fibrous epidermis.

Dredged at Watson’s Bay. Length 1 inch.

67. *SUNETTA ADELINE.

Sunetta adeline, Angas, anted, p. 909, Pl. xxv. f. 5.

A pretty little species, less tumid than Meroé hians of Reeve (from

Cochin China), with the lunule pinched outwards and projecting.

Length 8 lines. Dredged in deep water near Port-Jackson Heads,

68. CrRCE UNDATINA.

Cytherea undatina, Lam.; Sow. Thes. Couch. Circe, pl. 138.

f. 22-26,

A fine species, more ventricose than C. seripta, Limn., and ele-

gantly painted with broad rays, blotches, bands, and zigzag lines of

1867. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 923

brown on a whitish ground. Dredged off Spectacle Island, Parra-

matta River, Port Jackson, in sandy mud. Length 2 inches.

‘Subfam. Dosinrinm.

69. Dostnia SCULPTA.

Artemis sculpta, Hanley ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Artemis, f. 52.

This species may readily be distinguished by its concentric strize

being decussated at the sides by fine radiating lines. Dredged in

Port Jackson. Length 1 inch. At Moreton Bay it attains a larger

size. Some of the Port Jackson specimens are slightly tinged with

rose-colour at the umbones.

70. DosinrA SCABRIUSCULA.

Artemis scabriuscula, Phil. Abbild. und Besch, Conch. ii. p. 230;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Artemis, pl. 3. f. 14.

I have only met with young examples of this fine species in Port

Jackson. Japan, Ceylon, and North Australia are cited as its habi-

tats. Full-grown shells measure nearly 2 inches across.

71. *DostnIA PUELLA.

Dosinia puella, Angas, anted, p. 909, Pl. xurv. f. 4.

A small, solid, orbicular species, with the lunule superficial, and.

the valves finely concentrically ridged. Length 6 lines. Botany

Bay.

72. CLEMENTIA MORETONENSIS.

Clementia moretonensis, Deshayes, P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 18.

A transversely oblong species of a dull white hue, with the surface

of the valves rudely concentrically plicate. Length 1 inch 9 lines.

Dredged at Mossman’s Bay and off Spectacle Island. This species

was first obtained by the late F, Strange at Moreton Bay ; hence its

name by Deshayes.

Subfam. Tapesinz.

73. TAPES INFLATA.

Tapes inflata, Desh. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 8, pl. 19. f. 3.

A fine ovately transverse species, irregularly concentrically sul-

cated, and smooth at the umbones; of a rufous fawn-colour, more

or less radiately mottled with grey, and shining. Dredged in mud,

at the mouth of Lane Cove and Parramatta River. Length 23 inches.

Allied to 7’. sulcosa, Phil., but much more ventricose and polished,

with the sulcate ridges obsolete in the young shells.

74. TAPES UNDULATA, var.

Venus undulata, Born.

Tapes rimosa, Phil. Abbild. t. 7. f. 7.

This is a curious variety of the well-known 7’. undulata from the

924 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

China seas, in which the prevailing colour of the valves is greenish

olive, passing into purple on the ventral margins, where alone the

zigzag markings are visible. The dorsal area is strongly crossed with

purple lines. Dredged in mud in the Parramatta River. Length

2 inches.

75. TAPES TURGIDA.

Venus turgida, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 353.

? Tapes turgidula, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 8.

A fine species, more or less finely concentrically ribbed, of a pale

brown colour, ornamented with zigzag purplish lines, or three faint

bands. Length 3} inches. In mud at low water, Middle Harbour,

Rose Bay, and Parramatta River.

76. RuPELLARIA MITIS.

Venerupis mitis, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1853, p. 5.

A small species, not unlike /. irus of Europe. Length 8 lines.

Botany Bay.

77. RUPELLARIA CRENATA.

Venerupis crenata, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 164.

A fine species, imbricately sculptured, and laminately frilled at the

posterior side. It may be recognized by its peculiar chalky appear-

ance blotched here and there with pale lilac, Found in crevices of

rocks at low water in various bays in Port Jackson. It occurs also

in Tasmania, and in South Australia, at the roots of mangrove trees.

Length 13 inch.

Fam. Perricouip 2.

78. *CHORISTODON RUBIGINOSUM.

Naranio rubiginosa, A. Ad. & Ang. P. Z, S. 1863, p. 425, pl. 37.

This very interesting species is a thin ventricose shell, finely di-

varicately sculptured, rayed with brown and purple at the umbones,

passing into white towards the ventral margin. I only obtained one

living specimen and a single valve; the former was enclosed in a

nodule of clay, dredged at 4 fathoms in Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson.

Length 10 lines.

Fam. GLAUCONOMYIDZ.

79. GLAUCONOMYA ANGULATA.

Glauconome angulata, Reeve, P. Z. 8.1844; Conch. Icon. Glau-

conome, pl. 1. f. 5.

A much smaller species than G. rugosa, Hanley (which is found

at Moreton Bay), in which the green epidermis is peculiarly shri-

velled and wrinkled in the middle, whilst in G. angulata it lies in

ridges parallel to the lines of growth. From sandy mud at low water,

1867.] MR, G.'F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, 925

Parramatta River and Lane Cove. Length l inch. Both these

species occur also at the Philippine Islands.

Fam. Carpup2.

80. CaRprium (PAPyYRIDIUM) PAPYRACEUM.

Cardium papyraceum, Chem. Conch. Cab. vi. p.190, pl. 18. f.184;

Reeve, Conch. Icon. Cardium, pl. 2. f.9.

_ A thin whitish species, faintly mottled with flesh-colour, and

tinged with deep purple at the umbones; the valves are radiately

impressedly striated, and minutely granulated anteriorly, thus distin-

guishing it from C. muticwm, which the elder Sowerby has figured as

a variety in his ‘Conch. Illustr. f. 55, Dredged in Middle Har-

bour. Length 14 inch.

81. Carprum (PAapyriIDIUM) TENUICOSTATUM.

Cardium tenuicostatum, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vi. p. 372 ; Reeve,

Conch. Icon. Cardium, pl. 10. f. 50.

A thin, light, somewhat ventricose shell, radiately very numerously

finely ribbed, the epidermis bristling along the summit of the ribs;

more or less waved with flesh-coloured painting, and purple at the

umbones. Dredged in Port Jackson, Botany Bay, &c. Length

13 inch.

82. CARDIUM PULCHELLUM.

Cardium pulchellum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Cardium, pl. 8. f. 42.

C. striatulum juv., Sow. Conch. Ill. f. 45.

This beautiful little species is finely striated and armed with sharp

tubercles posteriorly ; its colour is whitish, handsomely rayed with

orange. C. striatulum, Sow., from Cook’s Straits, New Zealand, is

very similar in its sculpture, but it is a much larger shell, and wants

the characteristic orange rays. Dredged inside Port-Jackson Heads

in deep water. Length 7 lines.

83. CARDIUM AUSTRALIENSE.

Cardium australiense, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1844; Conch. Icon. pl. 5.

f. 24.

A singular form of the genus, having much of the aspect of a

Donaz externally. Length 1 inch 6 lines, Deep water, Broken

Bay, Port Stephen, and Moreton Bay.

Fam. CHAMIDA,

84. CHAMA SPINOSA.

Chama spinosa, Brod. Trans. Zool. Soc. i. p. 305, pl. 38. f. 8, 9.

A pretty little species, concentrically frilled with rows of short,

irregular, imbricate spines; white, tinged with brick-red. Found

attached to rocks at low spring tides. Length 1 inch.

926 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

Order LUCINACEA.

Fam. Lucinipz.

85, LuciINA SIMPLEX.

Lucina simplex, Reeve, Conch. Icon, pl. 3. f. 11.

A neat white species, finely concentrically ribbed, and cancellated

with very fine longitudinal strie. Botany Bay. Length 9 lines,

In North Australia this species attains the size of 15 to 18 lines.

86. Lucrna (CoDAKIA) RUGIFERA.

Lucina rugifera, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 1. f. 1.

A solid elaborately sculptured species, allied to L. ¢igrina and L.

ewasperata, white within and without. Found at low water amongst

the rocks at Watson’s Bay and Middle Harbour, Port Jackson ; and

at Wollongong and other rocky places along the coast. Length

23 inches.

87. Lucrna (CoDAKIA) PARVULA.

Lucina parvula, Gould, ‘ Otia,’ p. 174.

This little species is somewhat produced anteriorly, concentrically

ridged, and divaricately sculptured at the sides: yellowish white.

Dredged in Port-Jackson and Botany Bays. Length 4 lines, The

localities of Gould’s types are China and Japan.

88. LorIPES TUMIDA.

Lucina tumida, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lucina, pl. 5. f. 22.

An orbicular, swollen, thin shell of a dull white colour, super-

ficially concentrically striated, and covered at the sides with a very

fine epidermis radiately wrinkled here and there. Dredged in Port

Jackson. Length 1 inch.

The Lucina ovulum of Reeve appears to be only the young state

of this species.

89. LoripEs OVUM.

Lucina ovum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lueina, pl. 5. f. 21.

Less inflated than the preceding species, more truly orbicular in

outline, and of a clear yellowish white. Dredged in Botany Bay.

Length 11 lines.

90. LorIPES ICTERICA. Z

Lucina icterica, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Lucina, pl. 10. f. 60 a, 6.

A small white species, finely concentrically and (under the lens)

radiately striated. The ligament, in this as well as in the following

species, is situated in an oblique internal pit. Botany Bay ; also in

St. Vincent’s Gulf, South Australia. Length 5 lines.

91. *LoRIpPES ASSIMILIS.

Loripes assimilis, Angas, wanted, p. 910, Pl. xiv. f. 8.

1867. | MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, 927

More solid and inflated than the preceding, with the concentric

ridges stronger, and the radiate sculpture wanting. New South

Wales and Port Phillip. Length 6 lines.

Fam. UNGULINID&.

92. Mysia sPHERICULA.

Diplodonta sphericula, Deshayes.

A thin, smooth, globular species, very much swollen towards the

umbones, pearly white, covered with a fibrous olive epidermis towards

the margins. Dredged in the Parramatta River and mouth of Lane

Cove, in black mud in 3 or 4 fathoms. Length 102 lines.

93. Mys1A GLOBULOSA.

Diplodonta globulosa, A. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 226.

A rounded species, of a dirty-white or horn-colour, not unlike

D. janeirensis, Reeve. Dredged in Port Jackson. Length 7 lines.

94, *Mysia (FELANIA) ADAMsI.

Mysia (Felania) adamsi, Angas, anted, p. 910, Pl. xurv. f. 9.

A depressed, orbicularly elongate, shining white species. Length

6 lines. Dredged in deep water. Port Jackson.

95. *Mysia (FELANIA) JACKSONENSIS.

Mysia (Felania) jacksonensis, Angas, anted, p. 910, Pl. xurv.

10.

Of a pale rosy flesh-colour, covered with a light-greenish epidermis.

Length 4 lines. Dredged in Middle Harbour.

Fam. LAsE1p2&.

96. LASEA SCALARIS.

Poronia scalaris, Phil.

A minute shell, broadly concentrically ribbed, having somewhat

the aspect of a Venus. Length 2 lines. Gregarious, in crevices of

rocks at low water in Port Jackson.

97. LASEA AUSTRALIS.

Poronia australis, Souv. Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 287, pl. 12,

E78:

Larger than the preceding, nearly smooth, and tinged with rose-

violet at the margins. Length 3 lines. In crevices of rocks, at low

water, Port Jackson; New Caledonia (Montrouzier).

98. KELLIA ROTUNDA.

Erycina rotunda, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 181.

A small, horny, triangularly orbicular species. Length 4 lines.

Port Jackson; Newcastle, New South Wales; and Moreton Bay.

928 MR, G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MoLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

99, KrLLIA CYCLADIFORMIS.

Erycina cycladiformis, Desh. Trait. Elém. pl. 11. f. 6-9.

More oblong than the preceding, pearly white, with a thin oliva-

ceous epidermis. Length 5 lines, Port Jackson.

Fam. LErPTONIDz.

100. *LrpTon ADAMSI.

Lepton adamsi, Angas, anted, p. 910, Pl. xxiv. f. 11.

A very beautiful species, triangularly ovate, of a pearly white, with

the anterior and posterior sides finely shagreened and smooth in the

middle ; the posterior margin widely plicate. Length 63 lines. Port

Jackson.

Fam, GALEOMMID&.

101. ScrNTILLA STRANGE.

Scintilla strangei, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 181.

A thin, semipellucid, white, shining, transversely ovate shell.

Found nestling under rocks and stones at very low spring tides in

Port Jackson. Length 9 lines. This is one of the largest species

of the genus Sezntilla, which was founded by M. Deshayes, and now

includes nearly fifty species.

102. ScINTILLA ANOMALA.

Scintilla anomala, Desh. P. Z. 8S. 1855, p. 181.

A small, rounded, and somewhat flattened, thin, shining, trans-

parent white species. Found under stones at low water. Length

= lines. M. Deshayes’s types in the Cumingian collection are from

orneo,

Tam. ASTARTIDE.

103. *GoULDIA AUSTRALIS.

Gouldia australis, Angas, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 459.

A little subtriangular shell of a purplish-fawn colour, sometimes

faintly two-rayed, with the umbones darker, having externally the

aspect of a minute Venus. Dredged in Port Jackson in 5 fathoms,

Length 3 lines.

104. MyrrnicarDIA EXCAVATA.

Cardita excavata, Desh. P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 100, pl. 17. f. 1-3.

An elongately transverse shell, broadly radiately ribbed, the ribs

armed with vaulted projecting scales. Found under stones at low

water. Length 1 inch 2 lines.

Fam. Mytriip2.

Subfam. Myrininz.

105. Mytrnus (AuLAcomyYA) HIRSUTUS.

Mytilus hirsutus, Lam. Anim. sans Vert. vii. p. 38; Reeve, Conch.

Icon, Mytilus, pl. 3. f. 8.

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 929

Dark brown, elevately radiately striated throughout, and clothed

with a long fibrous epidermis, the shafts of which are beset with

small prickly spines. Amongst rocks and under stones at low water.

Length 23 inches. This species is found also in South Australia

and New Zealand. The interior is iridescent green and purple.

106. Myrinus punKERI.

Mytilus dunkeri, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Mytilus, pl. 5. f. 17.

? Mytilus planulatus, Lam,

This species is so like M. galloprovincialis, Lam., that it may be

regarded as its southern analogue. Length 2? inches. New South

Wales, Port Philip, and Tasmania.

Subfam. CreneLuin.

107, Crenetia (Mopionartia) sTRIGATA.

Modiola strigata, Hanley, P. Z.S. 1844, p. 15.

A pretty species, of a greenish horn-colour, richly painted with

zigzag purplish-brown markings, and radiately striated at the ante-

rior and posterior sides. Length 6 lines. Dredged in sandy mud

in Port Jackson. Mr. Reeve, in the ‘ Conch. Icon.’ has erroneously

given the description and figure of a totally distinct shell as repre-

senting Mr. Hanley’s M. sérigata; it is a species of Volsella from

the Philippine Islands, for which I would propose the name Vol-

sella reevet. M. coneinna, Dunker, is probably a variety of M, stri-

gata. ;

108. *CreENELLA (Mopiorarra) BARBATA.

Modiolaria barbata, Angas, anted, pet ELAPlL wer. f., 12.

A small oblong ovate species, with the epidermis long, thick, and

fibrous posteriorly, having somewhat the aspect of Modiola opifer,

Say, from Brazil. From the ‘ Seven-mile” beach, Botany Bay.

Length 5 lines.

109. PERNA AUSTRALIS.

Modiola australis, Gray, Appendix to King’s Voy.; Reeve, Conch.

eon. ‘pl. o:°f22T;

Not unlike M7. ¢ulipa, Lam. The young shells are prettily tinted

with yellow and crimson. Common on the Australian coasts gene-

rally. Length 3 inches.

110. PERNA GLARERRIMA.

Volsella glaberrima, Dunker, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 363.

Modiola glaberrima, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Modiola, pl. 8. f. 48.

A somewhat triangularly elongated, shining, thin, horny shell,

banded and lined with bronze-purple and green. This species spins

a sort of nidus, in which it dwells in black mud in Parramatta River.

Dredged at 6 fathoms. Length 2 inches.

930 MR. Gs F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

Fam. VULSELLIDZE.

111. VULSELLA TASMANICA.

Vulsella tasmanica, Reeve, Couch. Icon. Vulsella, ple 1. f. 3.

A rusty-brown species of irregular growth, covered with minute

flattened scales arranged in concentric ridges. In sponges &c.,

Port Jackson. Length 1 inch.

Fam. MopioLAaRcipé.

112. Mop1ioLARcaA SUBTORTA.

Modiolarca subtorta, Dunker, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 365.

Modiola subtorta, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 10. f. 70.

A small, brown, trapezoid shell, with the valves unequal and

slightly twisted. Cook’s River, Botany Bay. Length 4 lines.

Fam. AvICULID&.

113. AvICULA PULCHELLA.

Avicula pulchella, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Avicula, pl. 8. f. 22.

A semitransparent, horny species, painted with more or less inter-

rupted reddish flames radiating from the umbones. Attached to

sea-weed, in deep water, Botany Bay and Middle Harbour. Length

1 inch.

114, MARGARITIFERA FIMBRIATA.

Avicula fimbriata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Avicula, pl. 9. f. 25.

A very variable species, both in colour and sculpture. Sometimes

it is nearly smooth, at others broadly furbelowed towards the margin

with long spout-shaped laminar scales. It is flattened, very broad

at the upper part, and squarely ovate. The colour varies from dark

horn or purple to whitish, more or less rayed with irregular purple

bands and blotches. The interior is brilliantly nacreous. The Avi-

cula placunoides, Reeve (Conch. Icon. pl. 17. f. 68), is probably only

a variety of this species. Found under pieces of rock at low water,

at Middle Harbour and Watson’s Bay. Length 3 inches.

115. MALLeus ALBUS.

Ostrea malleus-albus, Chem.

The ordinary ‘‘ Hammer-oyster” of Australia, which ranges from

Port Lincoln to Moreton Bay. It occurs on the sandy flats in Broken

Bay; and I obtained a young specimen in Middle Harbour, Port

Jackson.

116. PInNNA ZEYLANICA.

Pinna zeylanica, Gray, Appendix to Dieffenbach’s Travels,

This common Australian species is found at Brisbane Water.

1867.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 931

Order PECTINACE®,.

Fam. TrRiGonrip#.

117. TRIGONIA PECTINATA.

Trigonia pectinata, Lam. Aun, du Mus. iv. p- 355, pl. 67.

Trigonia lamarchi, Gray.

This beautiful shell, so remarkable for the brilliant purple, silver,

or orange nacre of the interior of its valves, was at one time easily

obtained by the dredge on the ‘‘ Sow and Pigs” bank, in Port Jack-

son. The wreck of a coal-laden vessel has, however, interfered with

its favourite resort, and it is now more difficult to procure than

formerly. Length 1 inch 2 lines.

The valves both of this species and 7’. margaritacea, Lam. (from

Bass’s Straits), are manufactured into elegant brooches and ear-orna-

ments by the London jewellers.

118. TRIGONIA STRANGEI,

Trigonia strangei, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1852, p- 91.

An extremely rare species, at once distinguished by the wart-like

nodules which cover the ribs. It was dredged near the entrance to

Port-Jackson Heads, in deep water, by the late Mr. Strange, whose

name it bears. A few odd valves, much worn, have been washed

ashore at Long Bay and on the beach at Wollongong. Length

13 inch.

Fam. Arcip&.

Subfam. Arcinz.

119. BARBATIA FASCIATA.

Arca fasciata, Reeve, P. Z. 8.1844; Conch. Icon. pl. 15. £. 99.

A remarkably flattened species, rust-stained, and with an erect

bristly epidermis at the posterior end. Found under stones and in

the crevices of rocks at low water. Length 1 inch 9 lines,

120. Barpatra (ACAR) PusILLA.

Arca pusilla, Sow. P. Z. 8. 1833.

A small whitish species, belonging to the same group as 4. di-

varicata. Common under stones at low water about Watson’s Bay

and Middle Harbour. Length 6 lines.

121. ANOMALOCARDIA TRAPEZIA.

Arca trapezia, Desh. Mag. de Zoologie.

Area lobata, Reeve, P. Z. 8S. 1844; Conch. Icon. pl. 3. f. 19.

This is the common “ Mud-cockle” of the colonists. It is

found abundantly half buried in the mud in most of the sheltered

bays of Port Jackson, at low water, especially in Wooloomooloo

and Rush-cutter’s Bays, and along the Parramatta River. Length

3 inches.

932 MR. G. F, ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

Subfam, AXINIINA.

122. AXINIA HOLOSERICA.

Pectunculus holosericus, Reeve, P. Z.S. 1843 ; Conch. Icon. pl. 4.

f. 18.

This species is covered with an olive epidermis of a peculiar close

velvety softness. Dredged at Watson’s Bay and inside the South

Reef, &c. Length 2 inches.

123, AXINIA GRAYANA.

Pectunculus grayanus, Dunker, P. Z. §. 1856, p. 357.

Somewhat resembling the European A. glycimeris in character,

but more globose, with the valves superficially longitudinally striated.

Newcastle, Port Stephen, and cast ashore on the sands at the mouth

of the Manning River. Length 1 inch 9 lines.

124, AxrnraA (PECTUNCULUS) TENUICOSTATUS.

Pectunculus tenuicostatus, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1843; Conch. Icon.

Pectunculus, pl. 6. f. 35.

The valves of this species are covered with thread-like ribs, the

interstices of which are finely grooved, the roots of epidermis spring-

ing from them in rows. I have only hitherto met with young shells

of this species in Port Jackson, my adult specimens being from

Moreton Bay. Dredged off the “Sow and Pigs” reef. Length of

adult examples 1 inch 4 lines,

Fam. Nucu.ipz.

125. NucuLa STRANGEI.

Nucula strangei, A. Ad. Thes. Conch. pl. 229. f. 125.

A very oblique species, of a pale olive-green colour, smooth and

shining. Dredged in Port Jackson and Port Stephen. Length

5 lines.

126. *NucuLA CONSOBRINA.

Nucula consobrina, A. Ad. & Angas, P, Z. 8. 1863, p. 427.

sp. ll. :

Less oblique than the preceding, of a dull yellowish olive, with

the valves more or less concentrically ridged and finely crenate.

Dredged in Parramatta River and Port Stephen. Length 33 lines.

Fam. Lrepip&.

127. LeDA DOHRNI.

Leda dohrni, Hanley.

A pretty little horn-coloured species, with the valves nearly smooth

anteriorly, and ridged, keeled, and birostrate posteriorly. Dredged

on the “ Sow and Pigs”’ bank. Length 3 lines.

1867. ] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. 933

Fam. Pecrintp2.

128. Pecren TEGULA.

Ostrea tegula, Wood, Index Test. Supp. p. 7, pl. 2; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. pl. 30. f. 136.

This fine species is distinguished by the irregular foliaceous scales

that ornament the ribs. It varies considerably in colour, from yel-

lowish orange, purplish grey, and dull red, to a fine rich chocolate-

brown, with whitish scratch-like lines towards the umbones. Found

amongst rocks and under stones at low water in Port Jackson.

Length 2} inches. It is also met with at Moreton Bay and New

Caledonia.

129. VoLa ruMATA.

Pecten fumatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. Fecten, pl. 7., 532.

The right valve is very convex and broadly ribbed ; and the left

valve concavely flattened, rayed with twelve narrow, raised, rather

distant ribs, and immersed in the right valve. The deep smoky-

purple colouring and the produced recurved beak of the right valve

are peculiar. Dredged in sandy mud in Lane Cove and Middle

Harbour. Length 3} inches.

Fam. Raputip2.

130. Rapuxa tra.

Ostrea lima, Linn.

Lima squamosa, Lam. ; Sow. Thes. Conch. pl alif. 17, 18.

This widely distributed species is not uncommon amongst rocks

and under stones at low water in Port Jackson, and at Wollongong

and Port Stephen, &c. Length 2 inches.

131, Rapuxa (LimatuLA) BULLATA.

Ostrea bullata, Born.

Lima fragilis (var. b), Lam.; Sow. Gen. of Shells, f. 3.

A narrow, inflated, nearly equilateral, white shell, longitudinally

ridged, with the} ears almost equal. Under large stones and slabs

of rock at low water in Watson’s Bay and Middle Harbour &c.

Length 14 inch.

The animals of L. bullata form a sort of nest amongst the frag-

ments of broken shells and corals in the rock-pools, where they

dwell gregariously.

Fam. ANomirp2,

132, Pracunanomra (Monta) 10NxE.

Placunanomia ione, Gray.

This fine species differs from P. macrochisma, Desh. (from the

Gulf of Tartary), in having the plug large and triangular. It is

found attached to the under surface of rocks at low water near Port-

934 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA. [Nov. 28,

Jackson Heads. Length 2 inches 4 lines. The interior of the lower

valve is of a peculiar horny green colour.

Fam. OsTREID&.

133. OsTREA PURPUREA.

Ostrea edulis, var. purpurea, Hanley, Conch. Miscel. pt, 3.

This is the common “ Mud-oyster,” which supplies the Sydney

markets. Mr. Hanley regards it as a variety of Ostrea edulis, Linn.,

a species that varies extremely according to its station in salt or

brackish waters. On careful comparison of the Port Jackson shells

(especially the young) with those of Europe, I am of opinion that

the former may be separated as a distinct species under the name

purpurea. The laminate scales are much larger, more regularly

frilled, and the valves are dentate at the margins; the purple

colouring prevails more or less throughout, and in the young shells

exhibits a radiate style of painting. It occurs in various parts of

Port Jackson and the other harbours of New South Wales. My

largest specimen is from Johnson’s Bay, and measures 6 inches

across.

134. OsTREA MORDAX.

Ostrea mordax, Gould, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soe. iii. p. 346;

United States Exploring Expedition (Mollusca), pl. 43. f. 575 a, 6.

The “ Rock-oyster’’ of the colonists. ‘The horizontal digita-

tions of the upper valve fitting into the erect canine teeth of the

lower valve, together with the denticles within, and the black elevated

cicatrice, may serve to identify this species.” —Gould. The interior

is white, stained with blackish purple towards the margins. It is

excellent eating and of a delicious flavour. Common everywhere,

attached to rocks between tide-marks. Length 2 inches; breadth

1 inch 7 lines.

135. OsTREA CIRCUMSUTA.

Ostrea circumsuta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soe. iii. p. 346 ;

United States Exploring Expedition, pl. 43. f. 576 a, b.

This is a species of rare occurrence; it is of a narrow elongated

form, denticulated and tinged with violet around the margin. The

interior is pearly white, with the scar of the adductor muscle violet.

Botany Bay. Length 2 inches; breadth | inch.

136. *OsTREA VIRESCENS.

Ostrea virescens, Angas, anted, p. 911, Pl. xxiv. f. 13.

A handsome species, very orbicular, frilled round the margins,

with the cardinal area large, flat, and triangular, and the interior of

a peculiar green hue. Attached to rocks and madrepores at low

tides in Watson’s Bay. Length 13 inch.

1867.] SURGEON F, DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS, 935

Class BRACHIOPODA.

Fam. TEREBRATULIDE,

Subfam. TEREBRATULINZ,

137. WALDHEIMIA FLAVESCENS.

Terebratula flavescens, Lam. Anim, sans Vert. vii. p. 330.

T. australis, Quoy et Gaim.

This fine species varies considerably in form and sculpture. It is

found gregarious, attached to the under surface of flat-shelving rocks

at low tide, in many parts of Port Jackson, especially at that extre-

mity of the Government domain known as “Lady Macquarrie’s

Chair,” where I have obtained a large number of specimens, Length

14 inch,

Subfam. Macasin.

138. MaGas CUMINGI.

Terebratella? cumingi, Davidson, P. Z, 8. 1852, p. 78, pl. xv.

f. 10-16.

Dredged in deep water outside Port Jackson Heads. Length

5 lines. [New Zealand (Cuming).] An interesting recent analogue

of a fossil form abundant in the sandstone cliffs of the Murray.

139. KRAUSSIA LAMARCKIANA.

Kraussia lamarckiana, Davidson, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 80, pl. xrv.

£,, 22523.

This pretty little species, which is strongly radiately ribbed, occurs

attached to the under surface of stones in most parts of Port Jackson.

Length 4 lines.

Fam. LInGULIDZ.

140. LinGuLa HIANS.

Lingula hians, Swainson, Zool. Illus. ii. pl. 2.

This species may be distinguished by its sharply pointed, elevated,

widely gaping beaks; the valves are semitransparent, horny, and of

a bright pale green tinged with rust-colour. In sandy mud, Middle

Harbour. Length 1} inch. It occurs also at the Figis, New Cale-

donia, China, and the Philippines.

7. On some New or imperfectly known Fishes of Madras.

By Surgeon Francis Day, F.Z.S., F.L.8., Principal

Medical Storekeeper, Madras Army, &ce.

Among the fishes lately brought to me here at Madras several

appear to be new or imperfectly described species; and I accord-

ingly beg permission to lay detailed descriptions of them before the

Society.

936 SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. [Noyv. 28,

APOGON NOTATA, Sp. nov.

B. vii. D.6|t. Pig. Vii/s.0 A. 2/16. C.17. Lr. 20.

Length of Epee sens up to 3 inches.

Length of head ,4,, of pectoral +, of base of first dorsal 1, of base

of hal” quot Gadel V of the total length, Height of head t, of body 3 1,

of first dorsal +} vo of second dorsal 4 4, of ventral 4 ay Ok, anal 4 4 of the

total length.

Eyes circular, diameter 3 of length of head; 3 a diameter apart,

2 of a diameter from end of snout.

Body rather elongated and compressed. Mouth moderately wide,

lower jaw slightly the longest ; the posterior extremity of the maxilla

reaches to beneath the centre of the orbit. No spines around the

margin of the orbit. Angle of preeoperculum rather produced and

rounded, lower limb with a single line of serrations just above the

lower edge of the horizontal limb, which, however, is entire. Oper-

culum without a spine, but ending in a soft prolongation.

Teeth villiform, in numerous closely set rows in both jaws, but

smallest in the upper; a row of rather larger teeth in the palatines,

and a small patch on the vomer.

Fins. First dorsal with very weak spines, the third of which is the

longest, whilst the interspinous membrane is rather deeply emargi-

nate. A short interspace exists between the two dorsal fins; the

second dorsal highest anteriorly. First anal spine nearly half the

length of the second, which is two-thirds that of the first ray.

Scales deciduous.

Lateral line nearly straight.

Colours. White, with a pink tinge along the abdomen and on the

fins. A rather large black finger-mark on the lateral line at the root

of the caudal fin. Opercles silvery.

In Malabar I never procured an Apogon, but the Ambassis abounds.

In Madras, on the contrary, the former appear to be numerous,

whilst the latter are comparatively rare.

PRISTIPOMA NEILL, sp. nov.

Bevo DulZl4s Pel7es Viel/3) wAla/7. 2 Creer Gara

i, tr. 10/15.

Length of specimen 7 inches.

Length of head 3, of pectoral 4 - of base of dorsal spines rather

more than 4, of base of dorsal rays 4, of base of anal +, of caudal +

of the total deneth, Height of head } 4, of body rather more than 2 -

of dorsal spines +, of dorsal rays 4, of ventral +, of anal spines 5%,

of anal rays + of the total length.

ce Upper margin near “the profile, diameter 4 of length of

head; ? of a diameter apart, nearly 1 diameter from end of snout.

Body ovoid, moderately compressed. A rather considerable rise

from the snout to the base of the dorsal fin.

Jaws of about equal length, a deep groove under the symphysis of

the lower jaw, with a small facet on either side of its anterior portion,

1867.] | SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. 937

The posterior extremity of the maxilla extends nearly as far as to

beneath the anterior margin of the orbit. The posterior limb of the

intermaxillaries extends to opposite the anterior margin of the orbit.

Preeorbital two-thirds as wide as the orbit. Preeoperculum a little

emarginate, its angle slightly produced, serrated in its whole extent,

but coarsest at the angle, the lower limb two-thirds as long as the

vertical one, and with some few serrations along its posterior part.

Teeth villiform, in several rows anteriorly, becoming a single one

posteriorly, some also on vomer and palate.

Fins. Dorsal spines strong, every alternate one broadest, inter-

spinous membrane slightly emarginate; fourth spine the longest ;

last spine three-fourths as high as the first ray. Pectoral pointed.

Ventral spine not very strong, its first ray with a short filamentous

prolongation. First anal spine weak, and one-third as long as the

second, which is strong and one-fourth longer than the third, which

is striated anteriorly and laterally, and has a smooth keel anteriorly

half the width of the spine. Caudal slightly lunated.

Scales in horizontal rows, except to the first seven dorsal spines,

to which they ascend irregularly upwards and backwards. ‘There

are some fine scales between the dorsal and anal rays.

Lateral line follows the course of the back.

Colours. Greyish, becoming white along the abdomen. A brilliant

yellow band passes along the centre of a row of scales from opposite

to the centre of the orbit to the centre of the base of the caudal fin.

A similar one passes a short distance along the centre of the row above

it. Dorsal and caudal fins greyish, soft dorsal with a light margin.

Pectorals, ventrals, and anal yellowish. Eye golden.

I have named this species after my esteemed correspondent A. C. B.

Neill, Esq., F.Z.S.

PRISTIPOMOIDES AUROLINEATUS, sp. nov.

B. vi. D.10/14. P.19. V.1/5. A. Oy ier, 15.6 T 1, 72.

L. tr. 8/16.

Length of specimen 3,5; inches.

Length of head +4, of pectoral 4, of base of dorsal spines 1, of base

of dorsal rays 4, of anal ;4,, of caudal rather above + of the total

length. Height of head +, of body 2, of dorsal spines 4, of dorsal

rays -'z, of ventral 1, of anal spines 34, of anal rays 5; of the total

length.

Kyes circular, upper margin close to the profile, diameter 1 of

length of head ; # of a diameter apart, }.a diameter from end of snout.

Body rather elongated and compressed; head slightly depressed.

Mouth anterior, lower jaw the longest ; posterior extremity of the

maxilla rather wide, extending to beneath the anterior third of the

orbit ; the posterior limb of the intermaxillaries likewise extends back-

wards in the central line to opposite to the same place. Preeorbital

long, narrow, and at least three times as long as wide, and with ele-

vated strize upon it. Praeoperculum wide, its horizontal wider than

its vertical limb ; both striated at their edges, and irregularly serrated,

Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1867, No. LX.

938 SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. [Noy. 28,

Operculum with a moderately strong spine. Two rows of scales

upon the cheeks. No pores on the lower jaw, but a long very shallow

central groove under the symphysis.

Teeth villiform, in one or two rows, the outer being the largest

and rather recurved, especially about the centre of both jaws; none

in the centre of the upper jaw, nor on the vomer or palate.

Fins. Dorsal spines weak, third and fourth the longest ; interspi-

nous membrane very slightly emarginate ; rays all about equal length.

Pectoral rather pointed, reaching to opposite to the anus. Ventral

pointed. First anal spine one-quarter the length of the second,

which is of equal strength, but slightly shorter than the third.

Caudal deeply lobed, the lower being the largest and longest.

Scales ctenoid ; a few present along the base of the dorsal and anal

fins, which have shallow grooves, also on the caudal almost to its

termination.

Lateral line in the upper fourth of the body, following the curve

of the back.

Colours. Above the lateral line a beautiful light lake, whilst from

the eye to the root of the tail proceeds a brilliant shining golden

band three scales deep near the head, decreasing in width to one at

the base of the tail; below this band the colours are pinkish white.

Ventrals white, the other fins pinkish white, the caudal being tipped

with black.

UpENEOIDES GUTTATUS, sp. Nov.

Bee Ov iene help, Mel Ay Dee

Lytr. 3/5.

Length of specimens to 454; inches.

Length of head rather above 7, of pectoral +, of base of first

dorsal +, of base of second dorsal +, of base of anal 75, of caudal +

of the total length. Height of head 4, of body 4, of first dorsal 3,

of second dorsal 4, of ventral nearly 7, of anal { of the total length.

Eyes transversely oval, the upper margin near the profile, dia-

meter 2 by + of length of head; 14 transverse diameter from end of

snout, nearly 1 transverse diameter apart.

Body rather elongated, and with a considerable rise from the snout

to above the orbits.

Snout rather obtuse; the posterior extremity of the maxilla extends

to beneath the anterior margin of the orbit. The barbles extend

to beneath the posterior margin of the preeoperculum, which last is

entire. Przeorbital entire, its width equal to the transverse diameter

of the orbit.

Teeth in five villiform rows in either jaw, on vomer and palate.

Fins. First dorsal triangular, the second spine the longest, inter-

spinous membrane very slightly emarginate. Four rows of scales

between the termination of the first and the commencement of the

second dorsal fins, the latter of which is twice as high anteriorly

as posteriorly, its spime half the height of the first ray. First

anal spine minute; the second more than half as long as the first

1867.] | SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. 939

ee the fin twice as high anteriorly ag posteriorly. Caudal deeply

obed. ;

Scales in parallel horizontal rows.

Lateral line follows the curve of the back, in the upper fourth of

the body. It consists of a single tube in each scale, with branching

roots, which are most distinct superiorly.

Air-bladder absent.

Colours. Chestnut along the back, becoming golden on the abdo-

men. Head reddish; a silvery stripe from the eye to the centre of

the caudal fin, with a row of red spots above it, and another below it.

Two reddish bars cross both the dorsal fins. Caudal with four oblique

reddish bars across the upper lobe, whilst the lower is reddish and

without bars. Pectorals, ventrals, and anal fins yellowish. Eye silvery.

Oro.iruus ANEvS, Bloch.

Beye D, 10/5. BP. 1Z,. V, 1/6,, Aa 9/7. C19. “TE Ee,

L. tr. 9/15.

Length of specimens up to 8,5, inches.

Length of head 2, of pectoral 2, of base of first dorsal 2, of base

of second dorsal 2, of base of anal zp of caudal + of the total length.

Height of head %, of body nearly 2, of first dorsal 2, of second dorsal

zy of ventral 4, of anal zr of the total length.

Lyes. Diameter { of length of head ; 1 diameter apart, 1 diameter

from end of snout. .

Body rather compressed, and about equally convex along both its

dorsal and abdominal profiles.

Mouth oblique, the posterior extremity of the maxilla extending

to beneath the centre of the orbit ; interorbital region rather convex.

Both vertical and horizontal margins of the praeoperculum crenulated,

angle slightly rounded. Two weak spines on operculum.

Teeth. An external row of ten or twelve conical and rather re-

curved teeth in the upper jaw, and an internal row of villiform teeth

which are strongest in the posterior portion of the jaw. Also villi-

form teeth in the lower jaw with some conical ones intermixed, which

are largest opposite to the symphysis. There are no large canines as

in the O. ruder.

Fins. First dorsal somewhat triangular ; the second dorsal parallel

to the back. Pectoral pointed, extending to opposite to the third

or fourth dorsal ray. The anal commences under the posterior third

of the second dorsal. Caudal cut rather square. Dorsal spines

weak, the first short, second and third the longest ; interspinous

membrane very slightly emarginate. Dorsal rays only branched in

their upper third. Second anal spine the longest, but rather weak ;

it is two-thirds the length of the first ray.

Scales over head, opercles, cheeks, and przorbitals passing in rows

backwards and upwards above the lateral line, and in much the same

direction below it.

Lateral line in upper fourth of body, in single tubes with branch-

ing roots superiorly, and extending along the tail to its extremity.

940 SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. [Nov. 28,

Colours. Silvery grey, becoming dirty white along the abdomen.

First dorsal tipped with black ; second dorsal greyish, lightest along

its centre. Pectorals, ventrals, and anal yellowish. Caudal tinged

with grey.

I have referred this to Bloch’s species, although he gives the

dorsal formulary as follows:—D.8|=; but his engraving shows

D.9 | ” and the first short spine is evidently omitted. This would

give D.10|3, as I find to be the case at Madras. His specimen

was received from Tranquebar.

Gopgius BREVIFILIS, C. & V.

Biix.” D. 6h Redz (VG Ao 1/9. Seiad

Ls, tr. W2.

Length of specimens to 4 inches.

Length of head 3, of pectoral 4, of base of first dorsal nearly +, of

base of second dorsal 1, of base of anal 4, of caudal + of the total

length. Height of head 4, of body 3, of first dorsal 7, of second

dorsal +, of ventral 1, of anal +1; of the total length.

Eyes. Diameter + of length of head; 2 of a diameter from end of

snout, + of a diameter apart.

Body rather compressed; profile from the snout to above the

orbit forming almost one-fourth of a circle.

Gape of mouth rather wide, and cleft deep, the posterior extre-

mity of the maxilla extending to beneath the anterior third of the

orbit. Snout obtuse, rounded. Interorbital space very narrow, and

slightly concave. Occipital crest indistinct. Posterior limb of pree-

operculum almost vertical, and not quite so long as the horizontal

one; angle rounded and entire.

Teeth in several pointed villiform rows in both jaws; an external

row of larger recurved teeth in the anterior third of either jaw.

Fins. Base of pectoral wide; all the rays branched, the central

ones the longest. ‘The second spine of the first dorsal elongated and

filiform, as is also the third, but not to so great an extent; inter-

spinous membrane moderately emarginate. Rays of the second

dorsal fin of about equal height along its whole extent. Eight rows

of scales between the posterior extremity of the second dorsal and

the base of the caudal. Ventrais united. Anal low, its last ray

slightly elongated; and seven rows of scales between its base and

that of the caudal, which last is wedged-shaped, the central rays

being the longest.

Scales finely ctenoid, none on the head.

Colours. Buff clouded with black; a large black blotch extending

from between the two dorsals to the middle of the body, three more

under or just beyond the second dorsal, and a large black blotch at

the root of the tail. First. dorsal with two rows of black spots ;

second dorsal with three rows. Caudal irregularly spotted, and with

a dark margin. Pectorals buff-colour. Ventrals slate-colour. Anal

buffy brown, edged with black.

1867.] | SURGEON F. DAY ON NEW FISHES OF MADRAS. 941

APOCRYPTES PUNCTATUS, sp. nov.

B iy. D.. 5/25)" R215. Vias AS 24.) O15:

Length of specimens up to 6 inches.

Length of head +, of pectoral 4, of base of first dorsal zi, of base

of second dorsal 2, of base of anal 4, of caudal ; Of the total length.

Height of head # of body 1, of first dorsal 2, of second dorsal 4, of

ventral }, of anal 5. of the total length.

Eyes elevated, interorbital space concave ; 14 diameter from end

of snout, nearly 1 diameter apart.

Gape of mouth wide, cleft deep; the posterior margin of the

maxilla extending to beneath the posterior margin of the orbit.

Lower jaw broad, elevated at the symphysis. No crest on the head.

Opercles unarmed. On either side of the snout the skin is extended

into a slight lobe.

Teeth in a single row in the lower jaw, directed outwards and

curved upwards at their extremities. A single row also in the upper

jaw, with four to six canines in the centre, the external of which on

either side is the largest.

Fins. Ventrals united, unattached to abdomen, except at their

base ; they arise under the middle of the operculum. Pectoral with

a broad fleshy base ; it commences posterior to the opercles ; its outer

rays are shorter than its central ones, which are the longest. The

first dorsal consists of elongated, filiform spines, witha deeply emar-

ginate interspinous membrane. The distance between the posterior

end of the first dorsal and the commencement of the second dorsal

equals the length of its base. The first five rays of the second dorsal

shorter than the remainder ; its last ray extends as far as the base

of the caudal fin. Anal rays all branched and short. Caudal with

very short external rays, its central ones being the longest.

Scales minute over head, and rather smaller in the anterior than

in the posterior half of the body.

Colours. Greenish, with seven or eight black vertical bands de-

scending from the back as low as the abdomen, which is of a reddish-

brown colour. The whole of the body covered with opaque but

bright blue spots, which are sinaller and rounder on the head and at

the base of the pectoral fins. Dorsal fins spotted in the same manner,

those on the second dorsal being larger than those on the first.

Pectoral orange, with a black edge. Caudal and anal blackish.

Ventrals with a purplish tinge.

This fish climbs up rocks, and even on to pieces of wood; living

in shallow estuaries, it is drowned in deep water. On land it pro-

gresses rapidly by means of its pectoral fins and tail, and snaps at

anything which is placed near it. It is not uncommon.

PLATACANTHUS MACULATUS, sp. noy.

B. iii. D. 3/27. P.+. V. 8) As3/6. ©. 21.

Length of specimen 2 inches.

Length of head /*;, of pectoral 2;, of base of dorsal 4, of base of

942 MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FisHEs. [Noyv. 28,

anal +, of caudal 4 of the total length. Height of head 1, of body 4,

of dorsal 1, of ventral 1, of anal 4 of the total length.

Eyes. Diameter + of length of head; nearly 1 diameter apart, 2

diameters from end of snout.

Body elongated and slightly compressed, the upper profile ascends

considerably from the snout to the commencement of the dorsal fin.

No raised adipose keel along the back.

Mouth inferior, overhung by the snout. One pair of cirri on

snout, as long as the orbit; two pairs on maxille, and two on the

lower jaw. A free, bifurcated suborbital spine under the anterior

third of the orbit. Anterior nostril tubular, divided by a valve from

the posterior.

Fins. Pectoral arises under the operculum ; it is as long as the

head, and terminates at a distance equal to that from the snout to

the posterior margin of the orbit from the commencement of the

ventral, which does not quite reach the anal. Dorsal arises rather

anterior to the termination of the pectoral, and ends just before the

commencement of the anal. Dorsal fin highest anteriorly, with an

elevation about its centre. Caudal nearly square, but with a slight

emargination from its third to its sixth ray. Internal pectoral ray

bony, with an enlarged extremity.

Scales minute, covering the body.

Colours. Greyish, becoming dirty white below the centre of the

body. A dark line passes from the eye to the centre of the tail ;

along its first half are six black spots, whilst the whole extent of the

back is irregularly lineated. Fins yellowish. Dorsal with four dark

bands along it. Caudal with three bands, and a black margin. A

black mark at the base of the tail, with a smaller one above and

another below it.

This pretty little Loach was kept upwards of a month in a vase

of water. When at rest it usually remained on the sand or rock-

work supported by its two pectoral and its anal fins, its abdomen

not touching the ground. When frightened it burrowed under the

sand with great rapidity. It consumed animal or vegetable food

indifferently, and grew considerably whilst in confinement.

8. Descriptions of some New Australian Freshwater Fishes,

By Gerarp Krerrt, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Curator and

Secretary of the Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S. W.

Fam. Percip2z.

MIoNORUS, nN. g.

Seven branchiostegals; all the teeth villiform, without canines ;

teeth on the vomer and on the palatine bones ; tongue smooth. ‘Pwo

dorsals ; the first with six, the anal with two spines. The leaves of

the head without denticulation. Operculum without spines; scales

moderate.

1867.] MR. G. KREFFT ON NEW AUSTRALIAN FISHES. 943

MIonoRrvUS LUNATUS.

B.7. D.65. A.z.

The height of the body is equal to one-third of the total length

without caudal; cleft of mouth obliquely running upwards, as in the

genus Huro; the length of the head is contained twice and one-half

in the total length ; the diameter of the eye is less than the length of

the snout, and equal to the space between the eyes. The pectorals

are rather narrow at the base, with eleven rays, situated just above

the ventrals, which are furnished with one spine and five rays. The

anal has two spines and nine rays. There are only six spines in the

first dorsal, the first of which is the smallest, the last being about

as long again as the first; the third spine is the longest, and is but

slightly larger than the diameter of the eye. A short space, about

the length of the last spine, divides the first from the second dorsal,

which has one spine and nine rays. The scales are of moderate size,

thirty on the lateral line.

Coloration uniform brownish; all the scales dotted with small

black spots forming crescent-shaped and triangular marks on the

sides. Caudalis truncated.

Hab. Cox’s River, County Philip, New South Wales.

DULES VIVERRINUS.

Dy. A.G P.15. V.>, L. lat. 58 to 60.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without

caudal fin) ; the diameter of the eye is equal to the length of the

snout, as iong as the space between the eyes, and nearly one-fourth

of the length of the head. There are two spines on the operculum,

the lower one with two points. Caudalis truncated ; the fourth and

fifth dorsal spine longest.

Coloration uniform silvery on the sides; the lateral line divides

the brownish and silvery hues; all the scales dotted with fine black

spots, those of the sides having a free space in the centre. Fins

black-dotted, and the first ray of the ventral fin tapering into a long

filament, which is equal to the length of the head.

Hab. Murray River and its tributaries.

Fam. GALAXI2.

GALAXIAS WATERHOUSII.

Drdhe As ld. Bedi os

Body stout, its depth in front of the dorsal fin being nearly one-

eighth of the total length without caudal. The length of the head

is one-sixth of the total without caudal, and equal to the height of

the body. Eye of moderate size, one-fourth of the length of the

head, and equal to the extent of the snout. The length of the pec-

toral fin is one-third of the space between its root and that of the

ventral; the ventrals are of the same length, and almost in the

middle between the vent and the root of the pectorals. The anal, if

944 CAPT. T. HUTTON ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL [Nov. 28,

laid backwards, does not reach the base of the caudal. The distance

between the dorsal and caudal fin is much greater than the least

depth of the tail.

Coloration uniform brownish ; back and sides finely black-dotted.

Operculum with a golden tint.

Total length 7 inches.

Hab. Creeks in South Australia.

9. On the Geographical Range of Semnopithecus entellus.

By Capt. T. Hurron, C.M.ZS.

The particular species of Monkey to which the name of Hoo-

noomaun now more especially and properly applies is known to

naturalists as the Semnopithecus entellus ; and notwithstanding the

frequent and dogmatic assertions of travellers as to its occurrence

throughout all India, from Cape Comorin to the Himalaya, the

species is entirely and absolutely restricted within narrow limits to

the hot tropical plains of the south-western Gangetic provinces,

where, from the degree of protection which its imputed “ odour of

sanctity” is so well calculated to cast around it, as well as from the

numbers in which it frequently occurs, it becomes a perfect nuisance

in those parts ef the country where the superstitious veneration for

it most strongly prevails. In many places, where the natives from

religious motives are in the habit of feeding and protecting them,

the roofs of the village huts are at certain hours of the day literally

crowded with them, and the depredations committed in grain-shops,

gardens, and among the neighbouring crops are most destructive

and unsaintlike.

Mr. Blyth speaks of the frequent occurrence of troops of these

Monkeys around Kishnagur in Lower Bengal, and observes that he

never met with them eastward of the Hooghlee ; this is a slight error,

as Kishnagur is itself to the eastward of that river. If he meant to

say that they were not in their natural habitat to the eastward of

the Tooghlee he would be correct, as the animal was purposely

introduced into Kishnagur by devotees. The fact is that Mr. Blyth

confounds the Hooghlee with the Jellinghee river, the former ori-

ginating only in the junction of the Bhagiruttee and Jellinghee a

little below Kishnagur, and thence proceeding to Calcutta and the

sea. Kishnagur itself is situated on the left bank of the Jellinghee,

which bounds the eastern side of the island of Cossimbazaar or

Moorshedabad ; and the Bhagiruttee bounds the western side,—both

these Gangetic offshoots forming a junction to the south of the

island a little below Kishnagur, and about sixty miles or so above

Calcutta. The Entellus having been purposely introduced into that

locality some years ago proves that the animal is not a native of that

side of the river, but is wholly confined by nature to the right banks

of the Ganges and Hooghlee. Mr. Blyth likewise remarks with

reference to the Entellus ;—“ I know of one locality where the whole

1867.] RANGE OF SEMNOFITHECUS ENTELLUS. 9415

numerous community of Bengal Hoonoomauns appears to consist of

males only of different ages, from half-grown or less to adults ; and the

natives of that part say that furious battles are frequent among them ;

whereas the great majority are females in the other locality that has

been spoken of, and it is understood that each male attached toa

flock of females allows no other male, even half-grown, to approach

them. Though a stream navigable for boats passes through the

jungle inhabited by the latter community, or probably series of

communities, with plenty of Hloonoomauns on each side of it, the

natives of the place informed me that they had never known one to

pass across, or, in fact, to enter the water’’*.

There is in this an abundance of credulity on the one side, and

of fiction on the other! Cross the water they will not—a proof

that Nature restricts them to the range I have herein pointed out.

But if all the males remain on one side of a stream and all the

females on the other, as this statement would seem to imply, how

does Mr. Blyth propose to carry on the great work of Nature?

The story is evidently one of those tales in which native shortsight-

edness is clearly apparent; nay, it contradicts itself; for Mr. Blyth

states that in one flock the majority were females, thus admitting

the presence of several males, and yet alleges that each male attached

to a flock will ailow no other male, not even half-grown, to approach

the females. The fact appears to be that the troop on one side has

evidently been introduced to the locality, while the other is on its

proper side, and is prevented by the stream from crossing to the

bank where Nature never intended it to reside. ‘The entire account

as given by the natives is opposed to the habits and manners of the

genus; for at Bindrabun, Muttra, and various other places where I

have seen them the males and females are promiscuously intermixed ;

and although quarrels will sometimes occur, yet as a general rule

the whole community lives together in peacefulness. With the

Himalayan species the custom is the same, the males and females

remaining together at all seasons, even when the females have young

ones at the breast, or are followed by yearlings. The only approach

to a separation at any season consists in the males of a troop keep-

ing together and the females doing the same if there are very young

ones among them ; but the two divisions form but one troop; and I

am not even yet quite sure that such a trifling division really takes

place.

According to the same authority we learn that Dr. Jerdon, of the

Madras Army, has stated of the Kntellus that, on the western side

of India, ‘‘it is peculiar to the dense forests of the western coast.

It abounds at the base of the Nilghirries, in Malabar, Travancore,

&e., living in small troops, and has the usual loud ery of the others

of this genus. ‘The true Entellus,’”’ he adds, ‘I have found chiefly

in the neighbourhood of large towns, frequenting groves—alse,

however, in forest in Goomsoor, and open jungle in the Deccan.”

Colonel Sykes speaks of the animal as being common in the Western

Ghauts, where the Mahrattas call it Makar, and do not venerate it.

* J. A.S. B, vol. xii. p. 174.

946 CAPT, T. HUTTON ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL _ [ Noy. 28:

As there can be no doubt but the forest is the natural haunt

of this and other species, the fact of its being now so frequently

found in groves in the vicinity of towns and villages is owing chiefly,

if not entirely, to the veneration which often prompts the supersti-

tious natives to introduce the creature into such places, where they

are sure to be well fed and protected. This is clearly enough seen

in the case of the Kishnagur Monkeys above mentioned by Mr.

Blyth, which were introduced to that place many years ago by de-

votees, and have now increased and multiplied to such an extent

as to have become a perfect pest. This fact was lately reported in

‘The Delhi Gazette’ of the 2nd of March, 1867, wherein a letter

from a Calcutta correspondent states that a petition was presented

by a large number of the native community praying that measures

might be taken by the municipality to destroy some of the too nu-

merous Monkeys that infested the station, causing fearful havoe

amongst the fruit and grain. An order was issued, and five hun-

dred Monkeys were killed. ‘There must be many thousands,”

continues the writer ; ‘and all are descended from one pair originally

brought to Kishnagur and let loose. ‘This was soon succeeded by

another petition from a different section of the native population,

for the cancelment of the order to kill what they described as their

long-deceased ancestors.”

The true Entellus does not occur at all in Ceylon, although such

has been stated to be the fact, but is entirely confined to the main-

land, the name of Hoonoomaun being applied in Ceylon to another

species, as it is on the continent of India to several others—and

hence, in part, the confusion that prevails in regard to the true range

of the Entellus.

Sir Walter Elliot gives the measurements of an adult male from

the Southern Mahratta country as being, “from the muzzle to the

insertion of the tail 1 ft. 103 in.; length of the tail 3 ft, 23 in.;

height from heel to crown 3 ft. 24 in.; weight 22 lbs.” To this

Mr. Blyth adds the colours as “ constantly black hands and feet ;

the forearm, and leg externally, with the croup are of a pale chocolat-

au-lait colour, extending more or less over the back, humerus, and

thigh; and the rest is of a light straw-colour, or pale isabelline,

with occasionally a tinge of ferruginous on the belly.”

With regard to the distribution of the Entellus, the species is

entirely restricted by nature to the right or southern banks of the

Rivers Ganges and Jumna, the latter, as I think, bounding its northern

range. It thus occupies parts of the southern Gangetic provinces,

the Dukhun, and the Carnatic, down to the Malabar coasts, which

form together a wide triangular geographical area. It has, indeed,

been said to occur in Assam, which would earry it far across the Ganges

to the eastward ; but there is, I believe, no reliable instance on record

of its having been procured from that eastern province. All that Mr.

Blyth ventures to say on the subject is, that he has been “assured of

its occurrence in Assam, though he never saw a specimen from that

provinee.” Lam therefore inclined to think that some other species,

probably Semnopithecus pileatus, has there been mistaken for it,

1867.] RANGE OF SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS. 947

since there is among all these black-faced and long-tailed species so

great a general resemblance, that it would be quite impossible, at

any distance, for a mere casual observer to say with any degree of

certainty what the animal seen might be. Moreover it is this very

confounding of several distinct species in different parts of the

country, under the long venerated title of Hoonoomaun, that has

led compilers of works on natural history to declare that the range

of that species extends from the sea-coast of the southern peninsula

up to the northern ranges of the Cis-Himalaya. If, then, the En-

tellus has ever been seen in Assam, it is not because that province

forms part of its natural range, but because, as elsewhere, it has been

purposely introduced from religious motives; but, from all that re-

cent writers on Assam and Bhotan have observed, I strongly doubt

even whether any such introduction of the species has there occurred.

The grounds on which its occurrence in Assam has been asserted I

shall presently expose to view. How far up the country in a

northerly direction the animal may be found is not easily determined,

although I am inclined to doubt its occurrence indigenously higher

than Allahabad, at the junction of the Jumna with the Ganges,

through which point I would draw as nearly as possible a straight

line across the country to the westward, as far as a little below Boon-

dee, as the northern limit of its range. South of Boondee, and a few

miles above Neemuch, the animal used to occur in a grove surround-

ing some Hindoo temples; but as I never heard of its occurrence

elsewhere in the neighbourhood, I suspect it to have been introduced

there from Muttra or Bindrabun.

That the Entellus has sometimes occurred abundantly at Bindra-

bun and also at Muttra does not militate against this view, inasmuch

as, both being holy cities with hosts of bigoted devotees and fakirs,

the animal has been purposely introduced to those localities, where

it has always been held in great veneration, and has sometimes mul-

tiplied into many thousands in the gardens and groves surrounding

the temples, while in the outlying neighbourhood it does not occur

at all, except as an occasional straggler from the sacred band. That

it is not indigenous there is proved by the fact that, although it has

often been introduced, it never lives long in those localities, but from

time to time dies out altogether. Johnson, in his ‘Indian Field

Sports,’ tells us that when he visited Bindrabun there were then no

monkeys of this species, but only the common brown Bunder or Rhe-

sus. Here, then, we have a proof that the animal had been previously

introduced and had died out; for Johnson’s book was published in

1839; while in the spring of 1836, only three years before, when I

passed a day at Bindrabun, they were numerous.

Turner in 1800 wrote that he had seen the Entellus at Muttra ;

in 1836 I also saw it at Bindrabun; yet in 1839, when Johnson’s

book was published, there were none left. In 1843 it was again

brought into Muttra, and died out in a couple of years, while lam

informed by a gentleman now residing in Muttra that at present, in

the current year of 1867, while the Rhesus swarms there, the En-

tellus is altogether absent.

945 CAPT, T. HUITON ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL —[Nov. 28,

This clearly shows that the animal cannot bear even so slight a

change of climate northward as Muttra and Bindrabun, and that it

is certainly not indigenous in the neighbourhood ; it accounts like-

wise for the difficulty of preserving the animal alive for any time in

Europe.

These facts might be allowed to settle the question of range; for

it is certain that the Entellus does not voluntarily cross the Jumna,

or the Ganges, and therefore cannot wander up to the Himalaya

mountains—besides that it could not live in such a climate, being

seldom able even to round the Cape of Good Hope, and never long

surviving its arrival in Europe.

The itinerant showmen from Meerutt declare that the Entellus

may be seen at present in small parties between that place and Delhi,

and that there are a few at Agra; but then, at the same time, they

candidly acknowledge that the animal has been recently introduced

there by fukirs and devotees.

In the extensive province of Oudh, stretching far along the left

bank of the Ganges, the Entellus does not oceur indigenous. This

I have ascertained from several natives of that country, who declare

that, if ever seen, it is near some temple where the fakirs have intro-

duced them. One man informed me that, when he was quite a boy,

he once saw one of these animals which was supposed to have crossed

the Ganges accidentally on some boat or uprooted tree, the animal’s

advent being regarded by the natives as an auspicious event, and

crowds assembling to see and to salaam to it. This appears to prove

that the left bank of the Ganges is not the natural habitat of the

species, since no notice would have been taken of the arrival of a

single solitary individual had the species been common in the pro-

vince. The long-tailed monkeys sometimes seen in the Nipal Terai

are nothing more than the Himalayan Lungoor, a totally distinct

species, known as Semnopithecus schistaceus; and, indeed, another

native of Oudh informs me that, while the common Bunder is abun-

dant throughout the province, the Entellus does not cecur there, and

that the long-tailed monkey sometimes seen in the Nipal Terai, or

forest at the foot of the mountains, was the Hill Lungoor, and the

only one of the genus to be met with.

There is, again, good reason to think that much of the confusion

which prevails in regard to the geographical range of the species may

have arisen from the fact that many of the natives have got into a

habit of applying the name of Hoonoomaun to the common Rhesus,

which actually does extend from Bengal, not exactly into the Hima-

laya, but up to the outer or southern boundary of the Dehra Doon,

at perhaps a distance from the mountains of twenty-five to thirty

miles.

In the Punjab, again, the Entellus does not occur; and I am

inclined to restrict its range, somewhat loosely perhaps, to between

10° and 25° of north latitude, and 75° to 88° of east longitude,

forming with the line drawn across the country from Allahabad to

Boondee, a triangular range entirely south of the Rivers Jumna aud

Ganges. It does not, therefore, approach the foot of the Southern

1867.] RANGE OF SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS. 949

Himalaya within 200 miles of their outlying ranges known as the

Siwaliks.

With regard to its alleged occurrence in Ceylon, Cassell, in his

‘ Popular Natural History,’ has been completely misled by trusting

too implicitly to the lying legends of the Ramayau, in which the

exploits of Hoonoomaun, in that island, are recounted. The species

which in that locality bears this name is not, as we learn from the

indefatigable labours of Mr. Blyth, the continental Entellus, but the

Semnopithecus thersites, Elliot, a totally distinct species, which is

restricted to that island; and the only other Monkeys there found,

if we except those which may have been imported as captives, are the

S. cephalopterus, 8. priamus, 8. ursinus, and Macacus pileatus*.

Then, again, as to its alleged occurrence in Nipal and Bhotan,

Cassell erroneously informs us (and not Cassell only, for Mr. Ogilby

long since did the same before him) “ that, though a native of the

hot plains of India, it is able to sustain the rigors of a much colder

climate.”

I have shown, however, above, that it cannot bear even the slight

change to Muttra and Bindrabun. ‘‘ The monkeys of this species,”

continues Cassell, “‘ ascend the Himalaya wherever wood is to be had;

they are found in Nipal, a lofty mountain ridge, a great portion of

which is always covered with snow, for its most elevated peaks are

the highest mountains on the globe; and Turner even informs us

that he met with these monkeys on the Alpine Plains of Bhotan.”

Yet all this, although somewhat confident and high sounding,

becomes in reality perfectly worthless when we call to mind the fact

that Turner was no naturalist, and has evidently fallen into the

fashionable error of confounding with the Entellus of the plains

either the mountain Lungoor, or the Semnopithecus pileatus, or S.

barbet (the two latter restricted to the south-eastern mountains )—an

error from which Cassell evidently could not relieve him, and which

has been repeated since Turner’s day, by more competent observers,

when the above-mentioned species had not, as now, been all recog-

nized as distinct. : r

Now it was this very tenderness of constitution and inability of |

the Entellus to bear up against great changes of climate and tem-

perature that made me, several years ago, contend in epistold, with

certain naturalists, against supposing the mountain S. schistaceus to

be identical with the lowland Hoonoomaun, as likewise that the

Rhesus should, on the score of climate, be held to be distinct from

the supposed diminutive Rhesus of the mountains. My reasoning

was not then admitted as conclusive ; and as my opponents were men

of weight, I temporarily gave in and bided my time. Yet the Lun-

goor is now acknowledged to be distinct from the Entellus, and I

have acquired the means of proving the Rhesus of the plains to be

equally distinct from the Bunder of the mountains, Nipal, however,

is not exactly “‘a mountain ridge, a great portion of which is always

covered with snow,” but is, on the contrary, a rather warm valley

of no great elevation, situated far to the south of the snowy ridge,

* J. A.S. B. xvi. p-1271; Cat. Mamm. Mus, As. Soc. Bengal.

950 CAPT. T. HUTTON ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL [Noy. 28,

with a wide belt of mountain-forests between them ; and the Entellus,

as previously observed, being entirely restricted by nature to the

warm lowland regions below Allahabad, and to the right or southern

bank of the Ganges, cannot very well ascend to the snowy ranges.

The late Dr. Griffiths, who accompanied Captain Pemberton’s

mission to Bhotan in 1837-38, does not throw much light on this

subject, as he merely says, speaking of the animals, “ Monkeys, as

usual, abound on the lower ranges, on which the Hoolock of Assam

likewise occurs. Some long-tailed monkeys occurred above Bulphai,

at 8200 feet above the sea; and in January I likewise saw a flock

of noble ones not far from Tongsa, at an elevation of 5800 feet ; these

were white, and in form and size resembled the Lungoors’’*,

This is all very loose writing, and not a single species is deter-

mined—besides that the name of Lungoor is applied to more than one

species, although Dr. Griffith being a Madras officer may have had

the Entellus in his mind. The matter is thus left in doubt, and we

know not to what species he alludes, to say nothing of the fact that

neither the Entellus nor the Lungoor of the north-west is “ white’’+,

the colour of adults in the latter species being of a dark slate-colour,

while the Entellus is of a rusty chocolat-au-lait. Moreover the

north-western Lungoor is not by any means likely to occur in the

hot regions where the Hoolock of Assam is common, especially

when, in the latitude of 30° north, it does not descend lower than

2000 feet even in the depth of winter.

Dr. M°Clelland, who visited Assam in 1839, makes no allusion

whatever to the Entellus, although he notices the Hoolock and a

species of monkey allied to the Rhesus, under the name of Macacus

assamensis.

All things considered, then, I am inclined to regard the species

seen by Turner on the heights as neither the Entellus (which as-

suredly does not occur there) nor the mountain Lungoor, but a

totally distinct animal, which Mr. Blyth has described in the ‘Journal

of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,’ vol. xii., under the appropriate

name of Semnopithecus pileatus, which “abounds on the skirts of

the Tipperah hills, retirimg far into the interior during the rains, and

is common also on the Naga hills and mountainous regions of Sylhet

and Chittagong.’’ It is, therefore, by no means difficult to perceive

that the next step would carry it to the adjacent region of Bhotan

itself; and as Turner was no naturalist, he would in all probability

have been deceived by a general resemblance in colouring.

When speaking of the Entellus, Mr. Blyth remarks that M. Du-

vaucel observes, ‘that the appearance of that species in Lower

Bengal takes place principally towards the latter end of winter ;”? upon

which, Mr. Martin notes that it appears to migrate from the upper

to the lower provinces of this part of India. I can only state, con-

tinues Mr. Blyth, “that I have found them equally numerous in

July and January in the particular locality adverted to, and I have

seen them in June close to Calcutta on the opposite side of the river.

* J. A.S. B. viii. p. 722.

+ S. darbei has shoulders and arms externally silvery !

1867.] RANGE OF SEMNOPITHECUS ENTELLUS. 951

With regard to the alleged migration of the Himalayan species also,

Captain Hutton mentions that ‘this species is found at Simla all

the year through; but when the snow falls during the winter it

seeks a warmer climate in the depth of the khuds, returning again

to the heights as it melts away.’ I have seen them, however, on a

fine sunshiny day, even with the snow on the ground, leaping from

tree to tree up and down the hill of Jakti at Simla, which is about

8115 feet. Royle is mistaken when he says that the Entellus alone

ascends in the summer months as high as 9000 feet. I have seen

them at Nagkunda in August at that elevation, and in winter on

Hattti Mountain, which is 10,655 feet—and in winter at Simla, with

snow 4 or 5 inches deep and hard frosts at night, as high as 8000

feet. The Macacus rhesus was also repeatedly seen during the

month of February, when the snow was 5 and 6 inches deep, at

Simla, roosting in the trees at night on the side of Jaki, and appa-

rently regardless of the cold”’*,

There is in all this a great deal of error, for part of which I am

responsible, and which it is high time should be corrected.

‘In the first place, then, I am fully convinced, as Mr. Blyth also

appears to be, that there is no true migration of the Entellus, in the

proper sense of the word, from the upper to the lower districts of

Bengal. The animal will vary in numbers at different seasons,

according as food is scarce or plentiful; and wherever this is most

abundant and most palatable, there it is probable will the Entel-

lus be found in abundance also. I have already shown that the

animal’s constitution will not permit it to live long even at Muttra

and Bindrabun, and consequently that its existence in the Himalaya

is utterly impossible. At the time when I, and Dr. Royle before

me, confounded the Entellus with the Himalayan Lungoor, the

species were not admitted by naturalists to be distinct ; for although

I stated my own doubts of their identity, yet I had, in 1837, against

me the weighty authority of Mr. Hodgson in Nipal and of Dr. J. E.

Gray in England ; so that, being myself but a tyro, I was compelled

to give in. The same error arose also in regard to WZ. rhesus, which

is not found within the mountains. My remarks, as it now appears,

refer to more than one species of Bunder, which are distinct from

the Rhesus and confined to the Himalaya.

It was necessary to say thus much regarding the Entellus in order

to correct the erroneous notion that prevails respecting its occurrence

in the Himalaya, the base of which it does not approach within

several degrees. In the north-western portion of those hills it is

replaced by the so-called Lungoor, while to the south-east occur the

species now known as Semnopithecus pileatus and S. barbei, it being

very doubtful, from what I can learn, whether the Lungoor extends

its range so far to the eastward, or, indeed, beyond the eastern fron-

tier of Nipal.

And now a word, in conclusion, as to the alleged occurrence of the

Entellus in Assam. The error in this respect appears to have en-

tirely originated in the unauthorized change of a name used by M.

* J. A.S. B. xii. p. 174.

952 LETTER FROM DR. J. KIRK. [ Dee. 12,

Duvaucel. Mr. Ogilby, in his ‘ History of Monkeys,’ when remark-

ing upon M. Duvaucel’s adventures with the Entellus, informs us

that by ‘‘ Gouptipara,” the name of the place where the animal was

shot, ‘‘ he appears to mean the city of Goalpara.”” On the contrary,

however, he appears to mean nothing of the kind; for he distinetly

states that the city of Gouptipara, where he shot the animal, was a

holy place with many temples, and situated on the river Hooglee,

somewhere near Chandernagore in Lower Bengal, and therefore not

far from Calcutta; whereas Goalpara is situated on the Burham-

pooter river in Assam, about 200 miles away. The fact is that Mr.

Ogilby, being better acquainted with menageries than with the geo-

graphy of India, took upon himself to alter the names of the places,

and by so doing gave rise to the erroneous idea that the Entellus

occurs in Assam. But besides giving us the River Hooglee and

Chandernagore as guides to the locality, M. Duvaucel likewise

plainly speaks of his having been thwarted by ‘the Bengalese,”’ who

constantly scared away the monkeys; whereas, had he alluded to

Goalpara, he would have called the people ‘* Assamese.”

Hence the error in this respect appears to be entirely owing to

Mr. Ogilby’s ignorance of the geography of the country, and to his

unwarrantable alteration of the name furnished by M. Duvaucel.

The remarks now made, founded upon long and patient research

into the history of the animal, will, 1 trust, not prove unacceptable

to my brother naturalists in Europe.

December 12th, 1867.

Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the Se-

eretary by Dr. John Kirk, C.M.Z.S., dated Zanzibar, Sept. 7th :—

‘In the collection of animals in spirits now ready for transmis-

sion to England by the first opportunity, I have placed several spe-

cimens of the Galago of the island of Zanzibar; which, I can now

assure you, is very different from that of the opposite coast. I have

kept specimens of both here: the colour, form of snout, size of ears,

&e. are very distinct. The species of the coast is, no doubt, G.

crassicaudatus, while I presume the island one is G. agisymbanus,

of which there are no specimens in England. {

«Tam not satisfied regarding the little Antelopes of this island,

whether there are not two species; the texture of the fur varies

much, also the size of ears; but I have not had an opportunity of

comparing a sufficient number of specimens to be certain.

*T have only three species of Bats from Zanzibar ; this is singular,

1867.] | MR. P. L. SCLATER ON OREAS CANNA. 953

as in Zambezia there are so many. Of Butterflies I have not col-

lected above forty kinds; but some of these are very fine.

«From Mozambique I have a valuable collection of Snakes and

Insects, perhaps nothing new, but representing rare species.

‘This has not been to me a year productive in’ specimens of

natural history ; but I hope in two months to get off for a few days

to Lamoo, where are the Numida vulturina and other nice things.

A tame hen of this Numida lived for some time at the French Con-

sulate here, but has been stolen lately ; it was an extremely hand-

some bird. They seem to be common at Lamoo. When the ‘ Syria’

was there the ofticers saw several in the market, and killed them for

the table, keeping only the skin. I had asked them to look out for

it; but they mistook the bird when they saw it, thinking they were

to seek for something much more rare.”

Dr. Peters communicated a note on the relation of the tympanic

bone to the mandible in the Marsupials, stating that he had found

in a young Halmaturus bennettii (84 millim. long without tail) and

in a young Didelphys, that the former bone is inserted into the

cavity formed by the angle of the latter. He considered that this

temporary glenoid surface is to be compared with the permanent

glenoid cavity in birds, or at least to a part of it, as it is well known

that relations which are permanent in lower animals are often re-

presented by a temporary condition during the period of evolution

in higher classes. In the author’s opinion this observation tends to

confirm the view that so important and constant a bone as the tym-

panic is in the Mammalia does not disappear at once in other verte-

brates. It also obviates one of the principal objections urged against

the homology of the os ¢ympanicum with the quadrate bone of birds

and reptiles, viz. that it is never united to the lower jaw; at the

same time it explains the peculiar form of the angle of the lower jaw

in the Marsupials.

Mr. Sclater called attention to the important fact of a fat male

Eland (Oreas canna), bred by Lord Hill, at Hawkstone, Shropshire,

being exhibited at the cattle-show of the Smithfield Club, and being

about to be offered for sale at the close of the show for the market

—the first event that had ever happened of this kind. The animal

was stated to be a male, aged six years and seven months, and to

weigh alive 1760 lb.

In answer to some inquiries on the subject made last summer, Lord

Hill had forwarded to Mr. Sclater the following communication :—

«J wish I could send you an account of the Elands I have bred

and disposed of since I purchased the pair from the Zoological Gar-

dens, as the return would be most satisfactory. Unfortunately I have

kept no record, which I have often regretted ; but I can state that I

have not had a single case of disease among them, that the females

have bred as regularly as possible, except on one occasion (when I used

too young a male, about a year and a half old), and that the losses

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXI.

954 MR.W.H. FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS aquatTicus. [Dec. 12,

by accident have been very trifling. The male I originally pur-

chased at the Gardens I fattened and shot. Its meat I thought ex-

cellent. The female that came at the same time died in the park,

from overeating dried leaves. Another male injured his shoulder,

and I was obliged to make away with him. One calf also, this last

year, broke its hind legs by some means ; and another died soon after

its birth about two years ago. These are all the casualties I can

recollect, and I really am not able to tell you how many I have dis-

posed of; but I have parted with several pairs to Zoological Socie-

ties on the Continent, and others in England. I have now five

females remaining (all, I believe, in calf), and three others born last

summer, with two males—the one I got from the Gardens about two

years ago, and an older one which I shall be glad to dispose of;

he is feeding well, and would either do for the butcher or for stock-

purposes.

“It has long been a surprise to me that nobody else has taken a

fancy to the Eland. It is unquestionably a noble animal, and re-

quires no more attention than a cow, living well upon the same food,

out the whole year with merely a shed to run under, and acclimatized

as much as any animal can be. I am very sorry I cannot send you

a more detailed statement; but any questions you may ask I shall

be happy, if possible, to answer.”

The herd of Elands in the Society’s Gardens was stated to consist

at this time of seven individuals, namely :—

| No. | Sex.

1. | Female ......... | Born in the Gardens............... Dec. 20th, 1861.

2. |Female ....:.... Born in the Gardens............... Feb. 22nd, 1866.

oo siMalel ote Born in the Gardens............... | Feb. 28th, 1866.

4. | Female ......... Presented by Lord Egerton...... | Oct. 24th, 1866.

Dn neal eee Been Born in the Gardens............... | April 13th, 1867.

6. |Female ......... Born in the Gardens............... | May 8th, 1867.

lis

Female ......... Born in the Gardens............... | Dec. 5th, 1867.

The following papers were read :—

1. Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Hyomoschus aquaticus.

By W. H. Frower, F.R.S. &c., Conservator of the Mu-

seum of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Of the aberrant family of the Tragulide, situated on the confines

of the great order Rumrnant1a, and leaning strongly in the direction

of the ARTIODACTYLA OMNIvoRA, the African genus Hyomoschus

has generally been considered the most aberrant and pig-like form.

This opinion has been founded chiefly upon the structure of the ex-

tremities, as the visceral anatomy is at present entirely unknown.

It was with much interest, therefore, that I availed myself of the

opportunity of investigating certain points connected with the orga-

nization of this animal, afforded by the acquisition, by the Museum

1867.] MR. W. H+ FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. 955

of the Royal College of Surgeons, of the body of a young female

Hyomoschus aquaticus, which died in June last, in the Gardens of

this Society.

The animal was not quite full-grown, the milk-teeth being still in

place, with the first and second permanent molars. The various

organs were compared during the examination with those of a speci-

men of Tragulus javanicus of the same age and sex.

The tongue is 3} inches long, and 55; inch in average breadth,

rather fleshy, with sides nearly parallel, flat above, and obtusely

pointed at the tip. Along the anterior half is a median linear de-

pression. Numerous white, flat-topped, circular, circumvallate pa-

pillee are scattered irregularly over all parts of the surface, those at

the hinder part being rather larger than the others. Quite at the

root is a group of large, closely set, sharp-pointed, conical papille.

These seem to be of the same class as the minute pointed papille

with which the entire surface of the organ is beset developed to an

unusual degree. On each side of the upper surface, near the poste-

rior end, is a long, narrow, and deep groove, ;3; inch in length, placed

obliquely, so that the posterior end inclines towards the middle line.

The edges of this groove are thickened, white, and free from papille ;

and within it is a linear papillary elevation, with a faintly notched

free border, projecting slightly above the level of the surrounding

parts. This, which appears to be a modification of a circumvallate

papilla, occurs also in Tragulus javanicus.

The larynx presents a peculiarity in its construction which is not

met with in Tragulus, or, as far as my knowledge extends, in any

other ruminant. ‘The whole organ is remarkably large and promi-

nent—a circumstance mainly caused by the extraordinary develop-

ment of the thyroid cartilage (a, fig. 1, p. 956). This is formed as

usual, by two broad lateral plates united at a very salient angle in front.

The entire length of the cartilage in the middle line is 1,7; inch.

Its upper border has tirree distinct triangular projections—one in the

middle line, broader and shorter than the others, and one on each

side, attached to the inferior cornua of the hyoid. The lateral mar-

gins, 355 inch in length, are gently and regularly excavated, and ter-

minate below in a short, pointed triangular process for articulation

with the cricoid cartilage. Below this point the thyroid is continued

downward ; and instead of being open below as usual, its sides are

united across the middle line, so as to form a considerable, rounded,

compressed pouch, placed in front of the commencement of the

trachea.

In Tragulus javanicus the whole vertical depth of the thyroid is

but +5 inch, and it is widely open below, and presents no anterior

prominence. In the larynx of the Sheep there is a well-marked pro-

jection of the anterior edge of the thyroid rather below the middle,

but offering only a slight indication of that which is so remarkably

developed in Hyomoschus.

The cricoid cartilage (4) forms a strong shield behind, ;%, inch

in length, and the same in breadth. Its thickened upper margin is

hollowed in the middle line, and on each side presents a large oblique

956 MR. W.H. FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS AQuaTicus. [Dec. 12,

articular surface for the corresponding arytenoid cartilage. The

lower border has a long pointed median prolongation. From each

side stands out a short triangular process for articulation with the

lateral processes of the thyroid; and from the same part descends,

very obliquely downwards and forwards, a long, rather slender pro-

longation of the cartilage, which, meeting its fellow in the middle

line in front, completes the ring.

Side view of larynx of Hyomoschus aquaticus. Nat. size.

a. Thyroid cartilage. 4. Cricoid cartilage. c. Arytenoid cartilage. d. Hpi-

glottis. ¢. Thyrohyal. f. Basihyal. g. Stylohyal.

The arytenoid cartilages (¢) are flattened plates almost quadri-

lateral in figure, 54; inch in diameter; the aryteno-epiglottidean

ligament is attached to the middle of their upper margin, the

thyro-arytenoid ligament (vocal cord) to the antero-inferior angle ;

and they are articulated to the cricoid cartilage by their posterior

inferior angle.

The cavity in the interior of the larynx may be divided into two

parts—a direct uninterrupted passage to the trachea posteriorly, and

in front of this a capacious but laterally compressed pouch or diver-

ticulum, situated within the expanded thyroid cartilage. Owing to

1867.] MR. W. H. FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. 957

the great antero-posterior breadth of the base of the arytenoid car-

tilages and their distance apart, the vocal cords are placed nearly

vertically in the sides of the larynx; and thrown unusually far from

its posterior wall, so that when they are brought into contact a cylin-

drical tubular air-passage remains open behind them, but the com-

munication between that passage and the thyroid pouch is shut off.

‘These cords are exactly 4 inch in length, and tolerably prominent.

There are no lateral membranous pouches or sacs connected with

the larynx.

Knowing little of the habits of the animal during life, I am un-

able to throw any light upon the mode in which this singular modi-

fication of the vocal organ is related to its economy.

Each lung consists of a single lobe, of general triangular form,

with a flattened tongue-shaped projection arching forwards from the

apex. This projecting lobule is much larger on the right side than on

the left, and has a distinct bronchial branch from the trachea, given

off + inch above the bifurcation, wanting on the left side. The

right lung has, moreover, a small accessory lobule projecting for-

wards from the internal border just below the root of the lung.

The lungs thus conform in the general principle of their construc-

tion with those of Tragulus javanicus ; but in the latter they are

rather more subdivided by notches, and the upper and lower ac-

cessory lobules of the right lung are relatively larger and more

distinct.

The heart presents nothing unusual: the great vessels arise from

the arch of the aorta as in Tragulus: viz., the first, nearly ? inch

long, gives off the right subclavian, and then divides into the right

and left common carotid; the second branch, arising close to the

last, is the left subclavian.

The stomach (fig. 2, p. 958) consists of three principal compart-

ments, as in Tragulus. The cesophagus (a) opens directly into the

middle compartment or reticulum (c), which is a pyriform or egg-

shaped sac, with the small, obtusely pointed end turned forwards and

to right. When moderately distended it is 4 inches long and 2? inches

wide at the base. The honeycomb-like reticulations are distinctly

seen all over this compartment, from the exterior, as faint white

lines forming hexagons, very much larger at the pointed free end

than near the base. ‘The broad end or base is directly continuous

with the rumen (6), being only marked off from it by a slight con-

striction. The last-named cavity is a long cxcal pouch, having a

sigmoid flexure, and being partially divided, by constrictions at the

concavities of the bends, into three compartments. Its greatest

length (in this folded state) is 9 inches. # inch to the right of the

entrance of the cesophagus the true digestive stomach or abomasus

(e) commences by a very constricted tube not more than +} inch in

diameter. This speedily dilates into an elongated tubular sac, largest

near its proximal end, and gradually narrowing towards the pylorus.

In its natural state this stomach is sharply curved upon itself, and

puckered at its upper border or lesser curvature; but when the

membranes are detached this curvature and all the foldings disappear,

958 MR.W.H. FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS AQuaTicus. [Dec. 12,

except one natural rectangular bend upwards near the pyloric end.

The leneth of this compartment when straightened is 7 inches, its

cs z p 5

greatest diameter 2 inches.

Anterior surface of stomach of Hyomoschus aquaticus. One-fourth of nat. size.

a. @sophagus. 4. Rumen. c. Reticulum. d. Rudiment of psalterium.

e. Abomasus. jf. Biliary duct. g. Spleen.

On opening the cavities the villi on the internal surface of the

rumen were seen to be long and narrow, especially towards the base

of the compartment; they measured mostly 34; inch im length. In

the reticulum the villi are very sharp-pointed, as usual. The passage

along the top of the reticulum from the cesophagus to the orifice

leading to the true stomach is smooth, 3 inch long, and bounded by

thick but not very prominent folds of membrane. This orifice is

3 inch in diameter. The part which immediately follows the ori-

fice (¢), though it cannot be called a distinct compartment as in

ordinary ruminants, is ;°; inch in length, slightly dilated and marked

off by a faint constriction from the remainder of the abomasus, from

which, moreover, it is most distinctly separated by a thick opaque

epithelium with short villi, like those covering the lamin of the

psalterium in other ruminants ; there are also indications of longi-

tudinal plications of the mucous membrane.. The remainder of the

last cavity has (as usual) a smooth soft lining membrane, free from

villi.

There is thus a decided indication or rudimentary condition of

the psalterium or third compartment of the ruminant’s stomach ;

and contrasting this with the statement by Alph. Milne-Edwards, in

his valuable monograph on the Chevrotains, that in the genus Tra-

1867.]| MR. W. H. FLOWER ON HYOMOSCHUS AQUATICUS. 959

gulus, “Ce dernier estomac [the abomasus] nait directement du

bonnet [reticulum] sans qwil y ait 4 son origine, dans aucune des

quatre espéces que jai disséquées, le moindre indice de lexistence

d'une partie comparable au feuillet {psalterium] des Ruminants or-

dinaires’’*, it might be inferred that in the structure of the sto-

mach Hyomoschus formed a link between Tragulus and the true ru-

minants, instead of inclining in the opposite direction as commonly

supposed. But the Tragulus javanicus, which I dissected for com-

parison with the present animal, showed precisely similar indications

of a rudimentary psalterium ; and the same may be observed in a

preparation of the stomach of a Trragulus kanchil in the College

Museum, No. 554, Physiological Series, thus correctly described in

the Catalogue+ :—‘ The passage leading from the cesophagus to the

third cavity is bounded by two low parallel ridges ; the longitudinal

lamella, which are the characteristics of this cavity in other rumi-

nants, are wanting ; but as it appears to have had a cuticular lining,

we may regard it as a rudimentary form of this cavity, and distinct

from the fourth cavity, from which it is partially separated by a

semilunar fold.”

The stomach of Hyomoschus presents, therefore, no obvious cha-

racter by which it can be distinguished from that of a member of

the allied genus Tragudus. The same may be said to be the case

with all the other portions of the alimentary canal.

The small intestine is about 16 feet in length; the large intestine

6 feet, not sacculated, scarcely wider than the small intestine, ave-

raging rather less than 3 inch in diameter when fully distended. In

the last foot of its length it gradually widens, attaining nearly 1 inch.

The czecum is perfectly simple, 34 inches long.

The spleen lies on the diaphragmatic surface of the stomach, in

the groove which divides the reticulum from the rumen (fig. 2, g).

It is flattened and pyriform, the largest end being turned forwards

and to the right. Its length is 2 inches, its greatest breadth # inch.

On the left margin, rather behind the middle, is a deep notch; the

portion behind this is thinner and flatter than that in front.

The liver presents a smooth upper surface, irregularly oval in out-

line, the broadest end to the right, 4} inches long from side to side

and 22 inches in greatest antero-posterior width, undivided, except

by a notch on the anterior border separating a smaller left from a

larger right lobe. On the under surface the left lobe has no further

subdivisions. The right lobe has two accessory lobes :—the smaller,

but most distinct, pointed and tongue-like, close to the longitudinal

fissure, near the centre of the organ; the other, broader and with

the free extremity more obtuse, close to the right lateral margin.

The transverse fissure lies between these. ‘The gall-bladder is large,

and projects freely beyond the anterior margin of the right lobe.

* ‘Recherches Anatomiques, Zoologiques, et Paléontologiques sur la famille

des Chevrotains, Paris, 1864, p. 62.

+ ‘Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Physiological Series of Com-

parative Anatomy contained in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,’

London, vol. i. 2nd edit. 1852, p. 168.

960 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID&. [ Dec. 12,

The liver is thus formed on the same general principle as that of

Tragulus, but it is rather more simple ; the fissure between the right

and left lobe and that for the gall-bladder are less deep. The middle

accessory lobe is broader and shorter and less distinctly marked off

from the rest of the organ; and, especially, the right accessory lobe

is relatively larger.

[ Postscript.—Since these notes were communicated to the So-

ciety, I have had an opportunity, through the kindness of Professor

Huxley, of examining the body of an adult female Hyomoschus, sent

to him in spirit from the west coast of Africa. In all its principal

anatomical characters it agreed perfectly with the specimen above

described. The larynx was of the same form and dimensions. In

the stomach the rudimentary psalterium, as distinguished from the

abomasus by the different character of its lining membrane, was

equally distinct. The vagina was 4 inches in length; the uterus

34 inches to the point of bifurcation, sharply bent back on itself

near the upper end, and terminated in a pair of rather short, closely

curled cornua.—February Ist, 1868. ]

2. Additional Notes on the Osteology of the Lemuride. By

Sr. Grorce Mrvart, F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative

Anatomy at St. Mary’s Hospital.

When, in November 1864, I had the honour of laying before the

Zoological Society my notes on the crania and dentition of the Le-

muride*, I regretted my inability to determine certain points, owing

to the want of the requisite specimens.

During a recent yisit to Paris I have had, through the kindness

of Professor Milne-Edwards and of his son M. Alphonse Milne-

Edwards, the opportunity of supplying some of these omissions by

an examination of the specimens preserved in the National Collections

at the Jardin des Plantes. In addition to this, since my return,

M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards has had the great kindness to have

extracted from the skin and sent to me the bones of a specimen of

the Cheirogaleus furcifer of Isid. Geoff. St. Hilaire, including the

tarsus—a part I so much regretted, three years ago, not being able

then to examine.

The specimen in question forms part of the extremely valuable

collection lately brought from Madagascar by M. Alfred Grandidier,

a gentleman to whom science is very much indebted already, but who,

in spite of the attractions of a Society he is so well calculated to

adorn, has just again set out for three years’ more labour in the same

interesting field of biological research.

Amongst the zoological rarities preserved at Paris, and as yet ab-

sent from our own collections, is the skeleton of Hapalemur. This

* P.Z.S. 1864, p. GI. :

1867.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDZ. 961

I found to exhibit all those cranial and dental characters detailed in

my former paper, except certain trifling differences resulting from

the immature condition of the specimen. This immature condition,

however, enables me now to affirm that there zs no interparietal bone,

and that the preemaxilla 7s exceedingly small.

The cervical region is elongated, and the dorsal region is short ;

but the neural lamine of the cervical vertebrzee do not exceed those

of the dorsal vertebree in antero-posterior extent. The atlas has but

one continuous posterior articular surface for the axis ; its transverse

processes are not large; and it has no neural spine.

The axis vertebra has a considerable spinous process, but it is

not produced backwards. All the other cervical vertebra have small

neural spines.

There are twelve dorsal and seven lumbar vertebree, and these

much resemble the corresponding vertebree of Lemur.

The scapula closely resembles that of the last-named genus; the

carpus is provided with an os intermedium ; and the fourth digit of

the manus is the one extending furthest forwards.

The ilium is very much like the ilium of Lemur; its posterior

inferior (the inferior anterior of Man) spinous process is well marked.

The femur has a slight indication of a third trochanter, and the

patella is elongated.

The tarsus is short, and decidedly less than one-third the length

of the tibia, showing no approximation to the structure presented

by Microcebus pusillus, still less to that of Galago.

The fourth digit of the pes projects most.

inches

Biatiethpon Sue semer. cco tas tn ans 1d eis. 2 0 4°70

— ORGPIE, LTDA 2 ti, cctayoucte ks x. w ahetkat 4°3

@rihe OSlealeise..~e one sc ac ets 93

Me CLD OIG ESE miata 2 ota t ae

At the Jardin des Plantes are also preserved the skeletons of Chei-

rogaleus milii and of Microcebus pusillus.

The former is the typical specimen of the genus Cheirogaleus ;

and the latter is the type of the genus Microcebus, being the speci-

men which was ultimately named Microcebus rufus by Geoffroy St.

Hilaire*.

In my former paper I expressed a doubt as to whether the genus

Microcebus would not have to be merged altogether in the older

genus Cheirogaleus}. The examination, then, of these two typica!

specimens should go far to decide this question ; for if they show

well-marked and not inconsiderable differences, then the generic di-

stinction may be provisionally retained, unless some other species be

found to exhibit so completely intermediate a structure as to do away

with the value of the differential characters.

Now, on comparing these two specimens, I find that not only is

* Cours de l’Hist. Nat. Mamm. lecon vi. p. 26, 1828. That author had, how-

ever, previously named it puszl/us (see Mag. Encye. i. p. +8, 1776).

7 P. ZS. 1864, p. 619.

962 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDE. [Dec. 12,

it true that there is in C. milzi, as De Blainville remarks*, a certain

elongation of the astragalus as compared with the other tarsal bones,

but the naviculare is quite short. comparatively, instead of being

much elongated as it isin M. pusillus. Indeed, in the latter species,

the naviculare is absolutely as well as relatively longer, although in

it (7. e. in M. pusillus) the length of the dorsal and lumbar regions

together is only 2°75 inches, while the same part in C. milii is

51 in length.

5 mches in leng C. milii, M. pusillus.

inch. inch.

Lengiliwfenteaht- Oyo ens e se | “16

Oe OROSICHILIS Dee Ce eee sere 36

2 of dorsum of naviculare .... °17 -20

—_ of astragalus.............. 35 *20

The dimensions of the tarsal bones of M. myozinus are almost the

same as those of M. pusillust. In addition to this distinction in

the tarsus, the palate has no defects of ossification in C. miliz; the

fifth cusp of the hindmost lower molar is rudimentary, instead of

being distinct ; there is a small malar foramen, while in M. pusillus

there is none. The carotid foramina on the dasis cranii are also

very conspicuous, instead of being almost hidden by the auditory

bulle ; the pterygoid fossz are also larger; and, lastly, the first

upper premolar is slightly caniniform and considerably longer than

the second one, instead of being smaller and slightly shorter than

the second one as in M. pusillus.

On the other hand, C. milii agrees with M. pusillus in having the

palate prolonged, the posterior palatine foramina large, a distinct

interparietal bone, in the absence of any enlargement of the mastoidal

region of the periotic, and in the other characters before assigned to

Microcebust.

In both skeletons there are thirteen dorsal and seven lumbar yer-

tebree ; but neither the axial nor the appendicular skeletons present

any noteworthy characters in either specimen.

The close affinity of the M. myoxinus of Peters§ to M. pusillus

being as unquestionable as is their specific distinctness, it is desirable

to know if it presents any characters tending to bridge over the gap

separating the last-named species from C. milit.

Now M. myoxinus differs from M. pusillus, besides external cha-

racters (as has been pointed out by Dr. Peters||), in its shorter and

less-pointed muzzle, in the greater production forwards of the pre-

maxille, the larger size of the openings in the palate, and also, pos-

sibly, in the somewhat longer symphysis of the mandible. More-

over the contour of the anterior nares, viewed in profile, is less con-

cave, aud the palate is less prolonged backwards. Again, the first

premolar is quite as extended, vertically, as is the second, instead of

-.* Ostéographie, Lemur, p. 12.

t Professor Peters has been kind enough to send me the exact length of the

tarsal bones of his M. myoxinus,

t P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 640.

§ Reise nach Mossambique, p. 14. | Ibid. p. 19.

1867.) | MR.ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID, 963

being somewhat less so, as is the case in M. pusillus. This short-

ness of the first premolar is not the effect of immaturity, as I before

thought might be the case, as the typical specimen of M. pusillus

is fully adult. The predominance in size, on the other hand, of the

first over the second upper incisor is greater in M. myoxinus than in

pusillus. Finally, the tarsus, which, in M. pusillus, is only as 11°7

to the length from the snout to the root of the tail, taken at 100, is

in M. myoxinus 14:6 to the same dimensions similarly estimated.

Thus in the greater inequality of size between the two upper in-

cisors on each side, and in the greater equality of length of the first

two upper premolars, M. myoxinus is intermediate between M. pu-

sillus and C. milii ; but these differences are slight in comparison to

the points of resemblance between it and M. pusillus, its tarsal

structure (as has been said) agreeing, in size and the proportions of

its parts to one another, altogether with that of the last-named

animal.

With regard to Cheirogaleus furcifer, part of the skeleton of which,

as I before said, has been so kindly transmitted to me by M. Al-

phonse Milne-Edwards, I find that its skull and dentition agree (as

far as the worn condition of the grinders permits comparison) with

the imperfect specimen in the British Museum as to the characters ,

enumerated in my former paper*, except that there is a small malar

Fie. ie

Cheirogaleus furcifer. Scale twice nat. size.

foramen on each side, that the angle of the mandible is decidedly

produced downwards as well as backwards, and that there is no trace

of a fifth cusp to the last inferior molar.

I find also conspicuous carotid foramina placed, as in C. milii, near

* P. ZS. 1864, p. 622.

964 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID®. ([Dee. 12,

together, and not at all hidden by the auditory bulle. The ptery-

goid fossa also is much elongated from behind forwards, but very

narrow from side to side, the true pterygoids extending back much

more nearly to the same distance, as do the ectoptery goid plates,

than is the case in the smaller species (J/. minor). Compare fig. 2

with the figure of the latter species in Si Z. 8. 1864, p. 615.

Cheirogaleus furcifer. Sele twice nat. size.

The extent of the pramaxilla cannot be ascertained, the suture

being completely obliterated. As regards the skull, then, C. furecifer

agrees altogether with C. mi/ii, and even carries still further those

characters (length of first upper premolar and smallness of last lower

molar) in which the latter species differs from M. pusillus and M.

myoxinus. .

Fig. 3.

Cheirogaleus furcifer, Scale twice nat. size.

1867.] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDE. 965

Cheirogaleus furcifer. Scale twice nat. size.

As regards the tarsus, however, there is a great difference, as the

following dimensions show :—

inches.

dixtrente. leneth er tie tibia. oss. .)mes Bees se 2°40

Extreme length of the cuboides ................ 0:27

Extreme length of the os calcis ...<........--.- 0°74

Length of dorsum of naviculare .... ogi nine OO

Length from proximal end of calcis to distal end of

Heyicdiard es tou: a sir th mi eiks ot) 10 ggg

her tiy: OF AStrare se wa. accor ain 2 cpatea Cm = Smo 0°37

Breadth of os calcis and naviculare, measured across

UIeIY WARTOWEMIOMALG <n one te ae wel nla ngyes 0°22

Thus, instead of the dorsum of the naviculare being a little less

than half the extreme length of the astragalus, it nearly equals it ;

while the latter bone is only half the length of the os calcis, instead

of being equal to about two-thirds of its length ; moreover the cuboid

is considerably shorter than the dorsum of the naviculare, instead

of being somewhat longer than the latter. In all these respects the

tarsus of C. furcifer closely resembles that of M. pusillus*, aud

differs widely from the tarsus of C. milit. The distinction therefore

between Cheirogaleus and Microcebus, based upon tarsal structure,

falls to the ground, unless C. furcifer be placed (as I placed in

18647) in the latter genus along with M. pusillus and M. myoxinus.

But since I have examined the skin and skeleton of C. milit I can

no longer be satisfied with such an association, as there can, I think,

be no doubt but C. milii and C. furcifer are very closely allied

forms.

It will nevertheless be possible (and perhaps even useful) still to

retain, provisionally at least, the distinction between Cheirogaleus

* As I anticipated that on investigation it would turn out to do (P. Z.S.

1864, p. 623).

+ Guided by its apparently elongated foot, as seen in the mounted skin in the

British Museum.

966 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDE. [Dec. 12,

and Microcebus, though reposing mainly, if not exclusively, on a

few cranial and dental characters. Perhaps, however, the newly

described species M. coqguereli* may furnish grounds for the aban-

donment of this distinction.

I find in C. furcifer a distinct os intermedium and the ulnar con-

dyle of the humerus perforated.

There remain to be noticed the three forms described by Dr.

Gray under the names (1) Galago minor+ (or Lepilemur murinust),

(2) Cheirogaleus smithii§, and (3) Chetrogaleus typicus \\.

The first of these, the skull of which has been figured in the

‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society’, agrees completely with

Dr. Peters’s M. myowxinus, except in the reduplication of the palatal

defects of ossification, and in a slightly less degree of backward pro-

longation of the palate. It also agrees with J. myoxinus in points

by which that species differs from M. pusillus, and which have been

enumerated above.

The tarsus EF have not been able to examine; but it, no doubt, is

also similar.

The two skins of Galago minor (my Mizrocebus minor) in the

British Museum agree with M. myowinus, and differ from M. pu-

sillus, in the greater size of the ears; and Dr. Gray remarks**,

“The figure of Dr. Peters agrees pretty well with our specimen ;

but the whole colour of the fur is rather darker, and the ears are

larger.”” The latter difference is trifling indeed, considering the

contraction of the ears in drying-—a distortion the frequent occur-

rence of which, as also of its converse “ stretching,” Dr. Gray pro-

ceeds almost immediately afterwards to notice.

M. minor, however, is very much less red than M. myoxinus, being

a “pale grey,’’ whereas the usual colour in the last-named species,

according to Dr. Peters, is rusty brown ;. and this difference is so

striking that for the present it will be better to treat these forms as

specifically distinct.

As regards Cheirogaleus smithii, the typical specimen (which is

in the British Museum) differs from M. myoxinus and agrees with

M. pusillus in the following points :—in the smaller size of the ears,

and in having the first upper premolar rather less vertically extended

than the second. It may therefore be the case that C. smithii is

nothing else than M. pusillus (Le Rat de Madagascar)—and the

more probably so, as Dr. Gray himself remarks}+ that Buffon’s

figure of that animal well represents his (Dr. Gray’s) C. smithit.

On the other hand, in C. smithii the upper incisors are as unequal

as in M. minor or as in M. myowinus.

Dr. Gray describes the type of his C. smithii as being “ pale bay,”

* Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar, par M. H. Schlegel et M. Francois

P. L. Pollen, (Leyden, 1867) p. 12, pl. 6.

t+ Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, x. p. 257.

t P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 148. § P. Z. S. 1863, p. 143.

|| P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 142.

{| 1860, p. 144, and 1864, p. 615.

** P. ZS. 1863, p. 144. tt P. ZS. 1863, p. 143.

1867.| | MR.ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THD LEMURID&. 967

whereas the usual colour of M. pusi/lus is a very red brown. But

all the specimens in the Paris Museum are not alike in colour, and

one especially is very pale. The difference in colour alone should

not, therefore, I think, prevent the union of C. smithii with M. pu-

sillus ; but, on account of the incisors, I think it better to keep the

two forms distinct for the present, till it is proved that the propor-

tions of the incisors are subject to a certain individual variation as

they are in Indris brevicaudatus*.

The specimen in spirits in British Museum, which was named by

Mr. Waterhouse ‘* Microcebus pusillus’’ + (but which is now labelled

Cheirogaleus smithii, and has been described by Dr. Gray under that

namef), has the upper incisors subequal, and in all probability was

rightly named at first.

The third form, Cheirogaleus typicus, the typical specimen of

which is also in the British Museum, agrees with C. milii of Geoffroy

in the caniniform first upper premolar, in the great predominance

in size of the first over the second upper incisor, also to all appear-

ance in the relative shortness of the tarsus, and, finally, in the short

ears. It is described by Dr. Gray§ as ‘reddish brown; cheeks,

throat, and beneath white.”’

The Paris specimens, on the other hand, have the underparts

white, but the back is of a delicate fawn-brown; but the difference

does not seem to me of such moment as to render it other than

probable that C. ¢typicus and C. milii are one and the same species.

The fact that the typical specimen of C. ¢ypicus is not quite adult

should not be forgotten, as age may produce some change in the

colour. In size it very nearly indeed equals the specimens of C.

milii of Paris.

Thus it may be that the seven species which | before enumerated

(bat which separate enumeration I stated to be only provisional, and

by no means intended to imply my conviction of their specific di-

stinctness ||) will have to be reduced in number if the approximations

above indicated turn out to be really necessary. Taking M. pusillus

as the type of Microcebus, M. minor and M. myoxinus will be the

second and third species of that genus.

C. furcifer, on the other hand, will range itself side by side with

C. milit in the genus Cheirogaleus, where it was placed by Isidore

Geoff. St.-Hilaire ]—an approximation evidently natural when the

two skins are viewed side by side, and not to be disputed by any one

unprepared to erect C. furcifer into a new and distinct genus, on the

ground of its very elongated first upper premolar and its before de-

scribed tarsal structure. But even M. pusillus and M. myoxinus

differ from each other as to these points (though in a less degree) ;

so that if the new species (M. coquereli of Pollen) presents another

* See P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 154, note *.

+ The specimen came from the Museum of the Zoological Society, and while

there was so labelled by Mr. Waterhouse (see Cat. of Mus. of Zool. Soc. 2nd edit.

p- 12. no. 89).

¢ Loc. cit. p. 145. § L.c. p. 142.

|| P. Z. S. 1864, p. 637. q Cat. mes Primates, p. 7

968 MR. ST. GEOKGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID&. [Dec. 12,

intermediate condition, then those who would make C. furcifer the

type of a new genus on such grounds may find themselves logically

compelled to make a separate genus of each species.

This new form has recently been described and figured by MM.

H. Schlegel and Francvis P. L. Pollen (in the first number of their

Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar, 1867, p. 12, pl. 6). The

authors remark that it is “ plus voisine du Mierocebus typicus de

Smith que des autres espéces;’’ but add that Dr. Peters found it,

although similar in size, to differ from the latter species by its tail

washed with black, by the absence of the black circles about the

eyes, and by the length of its ears, which are one-third longer than

those of the so-called M. typicus. The skull, unfortunately, is not

yet figured; and in the absence of any description of it, or of the

dentition, it is impossible to say definitively whether it should be

placed in the genus Cheirogaleus or in Microcebus. Its resemblance

to the British-Museum specimen, however, would suggest its loca

tion in the former genus; and, as before said, it may be that its

characters may justify (if they offer a certain intermediate structure )

the fusion of the two genera into one by the abolition of the term

Microcebus altogether.

The next form to be noticed is one of great interest, namely Lepi-

lemur, a genus still absent (as far as I know) from all the collections

in this country. In Paris there is a skin (the type of the genus and

species) of L. mustelinus, also the skull extracted from it, and a

skull of the new species (L. rujieaudatus) recently characterized *

by M. Alfred Grandidier.

Lepilemur mustelinus has recently been described and figured by

Messrs. Schlegel and Pollen (in their work above referred to, at p. 10,

pl.4). L. rufieaudatus is as yet unfigured.

In the skulls of both these species there is no trace of any upper

incisor; and the specimens show the correctness of M. Gervais’s

Lepiiemur mustelinus.

Copied from Gervais’s ‘ Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes.’

* Rev. Zool. July 1867, p. 256.

Cinerco-rufescens, capite nigrescente ; artubus posterioribus pallide cine-

reis. Cauda rufa. Jugulo fulvescente, abdomineque albido,

Long. tot. 56”, corp. 31”, cand. 25”.

1867. ] MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDE. 969

figure * as regards the large fifth tubercle to the .ast lower molar,

the shortness of the palate, and the inconspicuousness of the poste-

rior palatine foramina. But not only do they differ from Microcebus

and Cheirogaleus as regards the two points last mentioned; they

differ also both from Lemur and Hapalemur in that the mastoidal

region of the periotic is enlarged and inflated.

As in Microcebus and Chetrogaleus, each upper premolar has but

one external cuspt; but the third upper premolar is relatively larger

than in those genera, so that each upper dental series increases in

size from before backwards to the penultimate molar in a more gra-

dual manner.

The skull, when viewed from above, is seen to be broadest between

the outer margins of the orbits, and the cranium proper to be so

just behind the posterior roots of the zygomata.

The muzzle is louger than the antero-posterior extent of the ante-

ior margin of the wide orbit. The upper surface of the skull is

concave between the orbits; there is a more or less marked sagittal

ridge ; and a rather deep depression exists on each side of the muzzle

immediately in front of the lachrymal foramenf, which last is placed

well upon the cheek.

The sphenoidal fissure and the foramen rotundum are together

represented by a single opening. ‘There is no carotid foramen in

the Jasis cranit; and the malar foramen is very minute. The poste-

rior palatine foramina are small, and there are no defects of ossifica-

tion on the palate ; but. the anterior palatine foramina are large. The

posterior margin of the palate extends but little backwards, its middle

being in a line with the anterior end of the posterior third of the

upper penultimate molar. The postglenoid process is large, and

behind it is a postglenoidal foramen.

The premaxilla is (as might be expected from the absence of

upper incisors) very small, and quite, or all but, invisible when the

skull is viewed in profile ; yet it sends up a small process which joins

the nasal; and the latter bone is separated, on each side, from the

Jachrymal by an ascending process of the maxilla. There is no par-

occipital process. The mandible has a lofty coronoid process, and

the angle is produced downwards as well as backwards.

The dentition may be expressed by the formula :—

0 i pst

ie 2»? C. 1=12 P.M. 3—3? M. 3_3? = ga 82.

The upper canine is very large, with a strongly marked vertical

internal groove and a posterior basilar process. The three upper

premolars decrease (from before backwards) in vertical extent, but

increase in breadth. Each of the first two upper molars consists of

two well-marked external cusps, of a very large antero-internal cusp,

connected with the postero-external one by an oblique ridge, and of

* Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres, p. 170.

+ As noticed by Messrs. Schlegel and Pollen, 7. c. p. 11.

¢ A similar depression exists in C. mélii and C. furcifer, and is relatively

deeper and still more sharply defined in M. minor.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXII.

970 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURIDE. [Dec. 12,

a rudimentary postero-internal cusp. There is also an external cin-

gulum. Perhaps, however, the molars may be better described as

consisting each of three cusps (one internal and two external) con-

nected by ridges, and supplemented externally by a cingulum, and

internally, except the last one, by an internal cingulum placed be-

hind the internal cusp and resembling a postero-internal one.

In the lower jaw the incisors and canines have the form and ar-

rangement common in the Lemuride. ‘The first lower premolar is

very large and caniniform, but with a strongly marked process pro-

jecting from its anterior margin. The second and third lower pre-

molars are exceedingly like the second lower premolar of Indris la-

niger (see P. Z.S. 1866, p. 157. f.4). Each has only one external

cusp.

The first two lower molars consist each of two internal and two

external cusps, with a rudiment of a median fifth posterior cusp.

The antero-external cusp is considerably larger than, but not so high

as, the antero-internal cusp. The postero-internal cusp is much

smaller than the external one.

The last lower molar is nearly similar to the two teeth in front of

it; only the fifth cusp has become very large and distinct.

Its tarsal structure is unknown to me; but the tarsus appears to

be but little elongated.

As to the affinities of Lepilemur, it is, I think, impossible to say

that it has any marked relationship to any other genus. Perhaps,

as MM. Gervais, Schlegel, and Pollen concur in remarking, it

rather approximates to Hapalemur than to any other form. ‘The

production of the anterior margin of the first lower premolar, as also

the form of the two following teeth, recalls to mind (as has been said)

the teeth of Indris laniger.

The structures exhibited on the one hand by Lepzlemur, and on

the other by C. furcifer, render necessary some slight changes in the

characters before given of the groups to which they are allied.

Thus, if the genus Lepilemur is to form part (as I think it must)

of the subfamily Lemurine, it will be necessary to expunge from the _

characters of that group the non-inflation of the mastvidal region*,

and the characters of Lepilemur, Cheirogaleus, and Microcebus will

be as follows :—

LEePILEMURf.

Ov =I Ss Se Se

Lz, Gaye Be Ms SE a = ae

Tail shorter than the body; muzzle longer than the orbit ; first

upper premolar more vertically extended than the others ; premolars

with only one external cusp ; last lower molar with a large fifth cusp ;

praemaxille very small; an interparietal bone; palate very short ;

* P. Z. 8. 1864, pp. 638 & 639.

+ Isid. G. St.-Hil. Cat. des Prim. p. 75; Dahlb. Studia Zool. p. 220; Gray,

P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 144; Wagner, Schreber, Supp. v. p. 147; St. Geo. Mivart,

P. Z. 8. 1864, pp. 625 & 642; A. Grandidier, Rev. Zool. July 1867, p. 256;

Pollen and Schlegel, Rech. sur la Faune de Madagascar, p. 10. pl. 4.

1867.] MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID&. 971

posterior palatine foramina small; a small malar foramen ; sphenoidal

fissure and foramen rotundum together represented by a single open-

ing; no conspicuous carotid foramen on the basis cranii; angle of

mandible produced downwards as well as backwards ; mastoidal re-

gion of periotic inflated ; tarsus short ; number of dorsal and lumbar

vertebrae ?

Hab. Madagascar.

1. I. mustelinus. From the north-west of Madagascar. Native

name “ Fitiliki.”’

2. L. ruficaudatus*, Native name ‘ Bovenghé.’’

CHEIROGALEUST.

1. =, C. SS, P.M. SS, M. SS, =3=36.

4 3—3? 18

Upper incisors very unequal, the anterior pair much the larger ;

third upper premolar very much smaller than the first molar, and

with only one external cusp ; first upper premolar decidedly, some-

times very greatly, exceeding the second in vertical extent ; upper

molars with an oblique ridge from the postero-external to the large

internal cusp, the postero-internal cusp being very small or absent ;

fifth cusp of last lower molar obsolete or rudimentary ; palate much

prolonged beyond the last molars, with no defects of ossification ;

premaxille largely developed, joining the nasals for more than a

quarter of their (the nasals’) extent ; an interparietal bone; a small

malar foramen; carotid foramen conspicuous on basis cranii; pte-

rygoid fossz elongated; ectopterygoid plates subparallel; angle of

mandible bent downwards, or not so bent ; seven lumbar vertebrze.

Hab. Madagascar.

1. ©. miliit. First upper premolar decidedly, but not very greatly,

exceeding the second in vertical extent; lower incisors not as long

as the mandibular symphysis; angle of mandible not produced

downwards ; muzzle not much elongated ; length of dorsum of navi-

culare less than half the length of the astragalus; astragalus about

two-thirds the length of the os calcis ; cuboides somewhat longer

than the dorsum of the naviculare.

From the east coast of Madagascar.

2. C. furcifer§. First upper premolar exceedingly long, like a

shorter second canine; lower incisors as long as the mandibular

* Rey. Zool. July 1867, p. 256.

+ Geoff. St.-Hil. Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat. t. xix. p. 171; Isid. G. St.-Hil.

Cat. des Prim. p. 76; Wagner, Schreber, Suppl. i. p. 273, and y. p. 147; Dalhilb.

Studia Zool. p. 221; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 142; St. Geo. Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864,

. 642.

3 + Geoff. St.-Hil. Cours sur les Mamm. 1828, p. 25; Isid. G. St.-Hil. Cat. des

Prim. p. 77; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 142; St. Geo. Mivart, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 642.

Cheirogaleus typicus? A. Smith, S. Afr. Journ. ii. p. 50; Gray, P. Z. S. 1863,

. 142. '

§ Isid. Geoff. St.-Hilaire, Cat. des Prim. p. 77. Lepilemur furcifer, Gray,

P. Z. S. 1863, p. 145. Microcebus furcifer, St. Geo. Mivart, P. Z. S. 1864,

pp- 621 & 642; Pollen and Schlegel, /oc. cit. p. 8, pl. 5.

972 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID&. [ Dec. 12,

symphysis; angle of mandible produced downwards; muzzle elon-

gated ; dorsum of naviculare nearly equal in length to the astragalus;

astragalus only half the length of the os calcis; cuboides consider-

ably shorter than the dorsum of the naviculare.

From the west of Madagascar. One native name “ Walouwy.”’

3. C. coquereli*. From the forests of Congony, inside the bay

of Passandava. Called by some of the natives ‘ Sietui.”

Microcrsust.

2—2 i= 3—3 S85) sepa

I. pe? C. i=) P.M. 33? M. 3-3? == 36.

Upper incisors unequal, the anterior pair the larger ; third upper

premolar very much smaller than the first molar, and with only one

external cusp ; first two upper premolars of subequal vertical extent ;

upper molars with an oblique ridge from the postero-external to the

large internal cusp, the postero-internal cusp being rudimentary or

absent ; fifth cusp of last lower molar distinct ; palate more or less

prolonged beyond the last molars; posterior palatine foramina very

large; palate with defects of ossification; preemaxillee largely deve-

loped, joining the nasals for more than a quarter of their (the nasals’)

length ; an interparietal bone; no malar foramen; carotid foramen

not very conspicuous, but more or less hidden by the eustachian

process of the auditory bulla; pterygoid fossee very short; ecto-

pterygoid plates diverging widely backwards ; angle of mandible not

bent downwards; seven lumbar vertebre; tarsus always with the

naviculare more elongated than the cuboides.

Hab. Madagascar.

1. M. pusillust. First pair of upper incisors very slightly larger

than the second pair; first upper premolar not quite so extended

vertically as the second; defects of ossification in palate very small ;

snout much produced; profile of anterior nares very concave.

Colour bright red-brown.

From the east coast of Madagascar.

2. M. smithii§? First upper incisor much larger than the second.

Colour pale bay.

3. M. myowinus||. First upper incisor much larger than the

second; first upper premolar quite as vertically extended as the

* Pollen and Schlegel, doc. cit. p. 12, pl. 6.

+ Geoff. St.-Hil. Cours sur les Mamm. 1828, lec. vi. p. 26; Isid. Geoff. St.-Hil.

Cat. des Prim. p. 79, &e.

$ Lemur pusillus, Geoff. St.-Hil. Mag. Encye. 1796, i. p. 48. Microcebus rufus,

Geoff. St.-Hil. Cours de I'Hist. Nat. lecon yi. p. 26; Isid. Geoff. St.-Hil. Cat.

des Prim. p. 80. Galago madagascariensis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 149. MM.

pusillus, Waterhouse, Cat. of Mus. of Zool. Soc. 2nd edit. p. 12. no. 89; and St.

Geo. Mivart, P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 641.

§ Cheirogaleus smithit, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1842, x. p. 257, and P. Z. 8.

1863, p. 143.

|| Peters, Reise nach Mossambique, p. 14, and St. Geo. Mivart, 1864, p. 640.

Lepilemur myoxinus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 144.

1867.| | MR. ST.GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID#. 973

second; defects of ossification in the palate large, one on each

side; profile of anterior nares only slightly concave. Colour rusty

brown.

From the south-west coast of Madagascar. Native name

« Tsitsihi.”

4. M.minor*. First upper incisor much larger than the second ;

first upper premolar quite as vertically extended as the second; de-

fects of ossification in the palate large, two on each side; profile of

anterior nares only slightly concave. Colour grey.

In addition to the foregoing, it may also be remarked that the

distinctness of the Galagos from the Lemurine is somewhat lessened

by the discovery of a genus of the latter family (namely Lepilemur)

in which the mastoidal region of the periotic is inflated, also by the

fact that the foot in Cheirogaleus furcifer has such an elongated navi-

culare and os calcis that the length of these bones compared to their

breadth differs but little from the proportions in some Galagos.

Still the proportion of the cuboides both to the os calcis and to the

naviculare in C. furcifer is greater than even in Galago crassicau-

datus, a species in which the naviculare is relatively less elongated

than in the species before selected for comparison with Microcebus.

Fig. 6. Fig. 7.

Fig. 6. Tarsus of C. furcifer.

7. Tarsus of G. crassicaudatus.

A. Caleaneum. B. Cuboides. C. Nayiculare. The caleaneum and cuboides

are together represented of the same total length, and also of the same length

-as the tarsi of Microcebus and Galago formerly figured (P. Z. S. 1864, p. 624).

Moreover, even in C. furcifer, the os calcis does not exceed

one-third of the length of the tibia, as it appears constantly to do in

_* Galago minor, Gray, Ann, & Mag. N. H. 1842, x. p. 257. Lepilemur mu-

rinus, Gray, P. Z. 8.1868, p. 143. Microcebus minor, St. Geo. Mivart, P. Z. 8.

1864, p. 640. '

974 MR. ST. GEORGE MIVART ON THE LEMURID&. [Dee, 12,

Galago. I find in G. crassicaudatus the dimensions to be as

follows :—

inches

Length of tibia (i2c"_28, ts does Rie es ae 3°40

= of. tarsus se ele ee, Soe oe eee 1°65

——- of os caleis .....-....00-. Sl tA eat 1°25

= === Of CU bOIGES BEL sen IEE EGE ee a ec oe 0°40

from proximal end of os calcis to distal end

of cuboidesss \y <ket- iser a iam Sb ro stqimona 1°50

of astragalus.!.0F eeaos.. vi eats et 0°59

of dorsum of naviculare ................ 0°71

Least transverse dimensions of both os calcis and na-

vichlaterse }ediein. cohet ee mone rt ne ose 0°33

I am not disposed to consider the elongated tarsus of C. furcifer

a sign of any really close affinity between that form and Galago ;

for a still more elongated tarsus distinguishes the genus T'arsius

(remote enough from either Cheirogaleus or Galago), and the Cheiro-

gale, so closely allied in other respects, differ greatly in the propor-

tions of this part. Moreover the distinction as to geographical dis-

tribution between Cheirogaleus and Galago is very striking, although

it may be remarked that C. furcifer is an inhabitant of the west coast

of Madagascar. Finally, the difference which, according to Dr. Peters,

exists in the position of the gall-bladder must not be forgotten.

It is interesting to note the great variation as to tarsal structure

exhibited by these nearly allied species from Madagascar, compared

with which the differences exhibited by the various species of Ga/ago

are quite trivial. There are overwhelming reasons for believing that

in Madagascar we are near (or at least probably nearer than in any

other land now above the sea-level) to the locality where the original

forms of the whole suborder Lemuridea first arose. Subsequent mo-

difications, however, such as the exaggerated tarsus now found only

in Africa on the one hand, or in Borneo and Celebes on the other,

might have arisen in some more or less remote locality. The co-

existence, however, of closely allied forms, in Madagascar, differing

so much from one another in tarsal structure, seems to me to indi-

cate that this peculiar conformation of the tarsus (unknown in any

other group of animals) also took its rise in the same region, and

that modified descendants, diverging east and west, there carried still

further this remarkable peculiarity, which culminates, and is accom-

panied by the maximum of lemurine abnormalities, in the most

remote region to which any species of the Lemuroidea has, as far as

yet known, ever extended.

The inflation of the mastoidal region of the periotic, which causes

Lepilemur to differ from the other Lemurine, and assimilates it to

Galago, is not, I think, a character of any great importance. It

exists in the Nycticebine as weil as in Galago ; and in the genus

Indris an enlargement above the posterior root of the zygoma (which

seems to answer to the mastoidal swelling of Ga/ago) is present in

I. laniger, while it is absent in I. brevicaudatus*.

* P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 160.

1867. ] MR. J. GOULD ON A NEW CLIMACTERIS. 975

Before concluding this paper I wish to call attention to the new

and fourth species of Indris, lately discovered by M. A. Grandidier*,

and described and figured by him, under the name Propithecus ver-

reauxi, in a publication entitled ‘Album de Vile de la Réunion,’

1866-67. It is from the arid south and south-west coasts of Mada-

gascar, and is called by the natives “‘ Sifak.”’

A fine specimen of this animal has been recently acquired by the

British Museum from Paris. Its anterior teeth (the only ones visible)

agree with those of the other Indrisine, especially with those of J.

diadema, the anterior pair of upper incisors being considerably larger

than the posterior pair. That agreement I fully expect will be found

to extend through its whole organization; but before long M. Al-

phonse Milne-Edwards will supply us with full information on the

subject. The more I have of late considered the species of Indris,

the more I am disposed to think that the great peculiarities of the

dentition, the remarkable structure of the carpus (without an os

intermedium), and of the pelvis and vertebral column may hereafter

be found to accompany other differences, together warranting the

elevation of the group to the rank of a distinct family of the Lemu-

roidea. But on this question we shall be able soon to form a well-

grounded judgment, as amongst the treasures lately brought by M.

A. Grandidier from Madagascar is a specimen of the group pre-

served in spirit. It is a matter of congratulation that so interesting

an object should have fallen into the able hands it has; and thus a

form closely allied to that originally described by Bennett under the

name Propithecus diadema+ will, like Cryptoprocta ferox (also ori-

ginally described and named by the same naturalist {), receive its

full elucidation from the labours of M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards §.

3. On the Australian Genus Climacteris, with a Description

of a New Species. By Joun Govtp, F.R.S. &c.

Few of the genera constituting the avifauna of Australia are more

distinct and remarkable than that named Climacteris, the members

of which, like the Certhia familiaris of our own island, are especially

adapted for creeping over the surfaces of large trees; they are, how-

ever, as structurally distinct from our well-known Creeper as they

are from the Sitt@ or Nuthatches, of both of which genera no species

has yet been found in Australia. Their food principally consists of

insects, which they procure among the interstices in the bark of the

trees, or on the ground around the base of their boles.

* T have now (February 1868) received letters from M. Alphonse Milne-Ed-

wards and from M. A. Grandidier, informing me of the discoyery by the latter

gentleman of a new Lemuroid, which has been named by him Cheirogaleus sa-

matt. The species is remarkable for an immense accumulation of fat in the tail,

—recalling to mind the well-known African Sheep.

t PB. Z. 8. 1832, p. 20.

¢ Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 137, pl. 21.

§ Memoir by Messrs. A. Milne-Edwards and A. Grandidier, Ann. des Se. Nat

1867, vol. vii. series 5, p. 321.

976 MR. J. GOULD ON A NEW CLIMACTERIS. [Dees 12,

The species are :—

CLIMACTERIS SCANDENS.

Generally distributed over the south-eastern portions of Australia.

CLIMACTERIS RUFA.

Inhabits the neighbourhood of Swan River, Western Australia.

CLIMACTERIS ERYTHROPS.

The interior of New South Wales.

CLIMACTERIS MELANOTA.

The Gulf of Carpentaria.

CLIMACTERIS MELANURA.

The north coast of Australia.

CLIMACTERIS LEUCOPH ZA.

New South Wales.

Thus every colony of that vast country, with the exception of ‘Tas-

mania, is inhabited by a species of this singular form. When I com-

menced the study of the Australian birds, now nearly thirty years ago,

only two species were known, namely C. scandens and C. leucophea.

In the interval the four others above named have been discovered; and

I now give the description of a fifth, from a skin sent to me two years

since by Mr. E. P. Ramsay of Dobroyde, in New South Wales, and

which I should have characterized earlier, but for an impression that

it was an example of C. leucophea in an abnormal state of plumage ;

I now venture to do so in consequence of a second inquiry from Mr.

Ramsay as to what I have called the red-rumped Climacteris.

The name I propose for it is

CLIMACTERIS PYRRHONOTA.

Crown, forehead, and wings brown, the feathers of the former

edged with a lighter tint of the same colour; some longitudinal tear-

drop-like streaks of buffy white on the scapularies; wings crossed

by a band of light buff; rump and upper tail-coverts rust-red, form-

ing a conspicuous mark ; throat and chest white ; on the hinder part

of the cheeks a patch of rust-red ; centre of the abdomen buffy white ;

flanks deep brown, with the centre of each feather greyish white ;

under tail-coverts fawn-white, each feather crossed by two irregular

lines of black ; tail grey, the five outer feathers on each side centred

with black and tipped with greyish white.

Total length 54 inches, bill 3, wing 33, tail 23, tarsi 3.

In favour of its being distinct, I may remark, first, that I found

the C. leucophea very common in New South Wales, and killed

many examples of both sexes without finding a trace of red on their

rump-feathers ; secondly, that we rarely find rust-red to be the pre-

cursor of the fine blue-grey of a subsequent change ; and thirdly,

that rust-red is a prevailing tint in some of the other species of the

genus. It assimilates in size and general appearance (except in the

PERGNO

yTO LA

M&N.Hanhart bmp.

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS, 977

rust-red of the lower part of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts)

to the female of C. lewcophea, even to the rusty spot on the cheeks.

Mr. Ramsay’s specimen has “ Springfield, Jan. 1, 1865,’ marked

on the label attached to it.

An apparently immature example of this bird is in the collection

at the British Museum.

4. List of Birds collected at Pebas, Upper Amazons, by Mr.

John Hauxwell, with Notes and Descriptions of New

Species. By P. L. Sctarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and

Ossert Satvin, M.A., F.ZS.

(Plate XLV.)

After several years of inaction as regards zoological pursuits, Mr.

Hauxwell has again transmitted to this country one of his beautifully

prepared series of bird-skins from the Upper Amazons. Having been

recently engaged on Mr. Bartlett’s collections from the same neigh-

bourhood, it has been of great interest to us to examine Mr. Haux-

well’s series, which embraces examples of 135 species. These are

all from the vicinity of Pebas, a town situated on the north bank of

the main Amazons, some way below the mouth of the Napo. Four

of them appear to be new to science, namely Oryzoborus melas,

Tyranniscus gracilipes, Percnostola fortis, and Porzana fasciata.

The following is a complete list of the species, the nomenclature

adopted, where no additional reference is given, being that of Sclater’s

‘American Catalogue,’ except in the case of the Trochilide, which

have been determined by Mr. Gould, and are named according to

the catalogue in the Introduction to his Monograph of that family :—

TROGLODYTID2. 12. Euphonia melanura.

1. Microcerculus marginatus, 13. - rufiventris.

2. Thryothorus coraya. 14. Calliste yeni.

15. schranki.

HirunpDINIDs&. 16. —— wanthogastra.

3.¢Hirundo equatorialis. V7 boliviana.

Pre 18. Ramphocelus jacapa.

‘ : Re 19. nigrogularis. 2

4. Vireosylvia agilis. 20. Tachyphonus cristatellus.

CaREBID. 21. Nemosia pileata.

22. Saltator magnus.

. Dacnis cayana.

3 23

6 melanotis. ae a ae

7. flaviventris. 24. Cissopis media.

8. Chlorophanes atricapilla. Regents.

9. Cereba cerulea.

10 patel 25.¢ Oryzoborus melas, sp. nov.

: 26. —— torridus.

TANAGRIDA. 27. Spermophila castaneiventris.

11. Procnias occidentalis. 28. Coturniculus peruanus.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

IcrERID.

. Ostinops cristatus.

. Cassiculus solitarius.

. Xanthosomus icterocephalus.

. Cassidix oryzivora.

Corvib2.

Cyanocorax violaceus.

DENDROCOLAPTID&.

Furnarius torridus (?)*.

Leptoxyura cinnamomea.

Philydor pyrrhodes.

Dendrornis ocellatat.

ForRMICARIID&.

Cymbilanius lineatus.

Thamnophilus melanurus.

radiatus.

Dysithamnus schistaceus§.-

Cercomacra cinerascens || .

43.>¢Percnostola fortis, sp. n.

44.+Myrmelastes plumbeus.

45.

51.

52.

53.

54.

Myrmotherula cinereiven-

tris q.

axillaris.

pygmea.

. Hypocnemis cantator.

myiotherina**,

. Grallaria brevicauda.

TYRANNID&E.

Fluvicola albiventris.

Arundinicola leucocephala.

Todirostrum maculatum.

Mionectes oleagineus.

55. Tyranniscus gracilipes, sp.n.

- Tyrannulus elatus.

. EHlainea pagana.

caniceps.

, Sp. ign.

. Myiozetetes cayennensis.

. Pitangus sulphuratus.

“| See antea, p. 756.

tt See Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 144.

§§ Cf. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 141.

62.

63.

64.

MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 12,

Rhynchocyclus megacepha-

lus.

——-, sp. ign.

Myiodynastes solitarius.

65.>+Muscivora castelnaudi.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

Pyrocephalus rubineus.

Empidochanes fuscatus.

Myjiarchus, sp. ign.

Tyrannus melancholicus.

Milvulus tyrannus.

CoTINGID&.

. Pachyramphus niger.

atricapillus.

. Pipra auricapilla.

cyaneocapilla.

. Macheropterus striolatus.

. Chiromacheris manacus.

. Pheenicocercus nigrigularis.

. Cotinga cayana.

ALCEDINID®.

. Ceryle torquata.

amazona.

americana.

superciliosa.

GALBULID&.

83. Galbula tombacea.

88.

89.

90.

91.

* See Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 183.

§ See ante, p. 756.

leucogastra.

5. Brachygalba inornata.

. Galbaleyrhynchus leucotis.

Bucconip#&.

. Monasa nigrifrons.

TROGONID®.

Trogon melanurus.

CAPRIMULGID&.

Podager nacunda.

Nyctidromus albicollistt.

Hydropsalis trifurcata§§.

t See antea, p. 575.

|| See P. Z. S. 1866, p. 186.

** See antea, p. 757.

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS. 979

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99:

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

Le:

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

TROCHILID.

Glaucis affinis.

Threnetes cervinicauda.

Phaéthornis oseryi.

malaris.

nigricinctus.

Campylopterus equatorialis.

Lampornis mango.

Tolema schreibersi.

Thalurania nigrofasciata.

Florisuga mellivora.

Polemistria verreauzi.

Gouldia langsdorfi.

Heliothriz auritus.

Clytolema aurescens.

Heliomaster longirostris.

Leucippus chlorocercus*.

Thaumantias fluviatilis.

Chrysuronia josephine.

Eucephala cerulea.

Hylocharis sapphirina.

Chlorostilbon napensis.

CucuLID&.

Piaya melheri.

rutila.

Coccyzus melanocoryphus.

CAPITONIDE.

Capito amazonicus.

Picip&.

Chrysoptilus speciosus.

PsITTACID&.

118.

119:

Ara severa.

Brotogerys xanthopterus.

ACCIPITRES.

120. Ibycter ater (Vieill.).

121. Urubitinga schistacea

(Sund.).

122. Harpagus bidentatus

(Lath. ).

123. Gampsonyx swainsoni, Vig.

HERODIONES.

124. Ardea cocoi (Linn.).

125. Nyeticorax pileatus(Lath.).

126. Tigrisoma brasiliense(Linn.).

Ratt.

127. Eurypyga helias (Pall.).

128.}Porzana fasciata, sp. 0.

129. Heliornis fulica (Bodd.).

LimMicoL2.

130. Hoplopterus cayanus(Lath.).

131. Actiturus bartramius(Wils.).

132. Tringites rufescens (Vieill.).

133. Totanus solitarius (Wils.).

Larip2.

134. Sterna magnirostris, Spix.

ANSERES.

135. Catrina moschata (Linn.).

The following notes refer to the species marked with an +.

3. HrrunpDo &QUATORIALIS, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 400.

Several examples of this form of H. albiventris are in the collection.

As far as we can tell from specimens before us, it appears to be readily

distinguishable. We should doubt, however, whether it really occurs

near Quito, as stated by Mr. Lawrence.

25. ORYZOBORUS MELAS, Sp. nov.

Nitenti-niger: speculo alari, tectricibus subalaribus et rectricum

duarum mediarum macula basali albis: rostro albo: pedibus

Suscis : long. tota 6 poll. Angl., ale 2°7, caude 2°4. 2. Cine-

rascenti-fusca, subtus fulvescentior, gula albicante: rostro et

pedibus fuscis.

Hab. in Peruv. orient. Pebas (Hauzwell).

* Cf. Gould, P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 194.

980 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS. { Dec. 12,

Obs. Affinis O. crassirostri, sed rostro multo minus crasso ; crissi

plumis intus non albo notatis et speculo alari latiore.

43. PERCNOSTOLA FORTIS, sp. nov. (Pl. XLV.)

Nigricanti-cinerea, fere unicolor, pileo subcristato et corpore

subtus ad medium pectus nigris: campterio alari albo : long.

tota 7:3, ale 3°3, caud@ 2°7, tarsi 1°4, rostri a rictu 1°15.

2. Obscure cinerea, pileo alis et cuuda extus ferrugineis, dorso

et hypochondriis fulvescentibus : campterio albicante.

Hab. in Peruvia orient. Pebas (Haurwell) ; Chyavetas (Bartl.).

Obs. Forma et habitu P. funebri affinis, sed differt statura majore

et alis extus immaculatis.

Perenostola fortis.

Two skins, those of an adult male and young male, of this species

are in the collection, and have enabled us to make out the female of

this species which was in Bartlett’s last collection, and which we

were previously unable to determine. The form is more nearly that

of Percnostola funebris than any other bird of the group with which

we are acquainted, but it is larger and stronger. The wings are short

and rounded, the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries

being nearly equal, and forming the wing-end. The tarsi are not quite

so strong as in typical Thamnophili, and are proportionally longer.

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON AMAZONIAN BIRDS. 981

44, MyrMELASTES PLUMBEUS.

Recent researches have convinced us that Gould’s Thamnophilus

hyperythrus is the female of this species. As, however, the term

hyperythrus is only applicable to one sex, it will be more convenient

to use the more recent name. A pair of this species are in the pre-

sent collection, procured on the same day, and with the sex of each

marked.

55. TYRANNISCUS GRACILIPES, sp. nov.

Tyranniscus gracilipes, Sclater, MS.

Olivaceus, pileo obscure cinereo : loris albidis : alis nigris, secun-

dariis et tectricibus flavo marginatis: cauda nigricante, oli-

vaceo extus marginata: subtus pallide flavus : rostro nigricante,

pedibus plumbeis : long. tota 4:3, ale 2, caude 1:9, tarsi *55.

Hab. in Peruv. orient. Pebas (Hauawell).

Three specimens of this species agree with an indifferent skin in

Sclater’s collection (No. 1317 of his ‘ American Catalogue’), said to

be from Venezuela. Twoof them are somewhat shorter in the wing

than the described specimen, which is marked male. The nearest

described species seems to be 7. parvus, Lawrence (Ibis, 1862,

p- 12), which is of about the same size, but has the throat and breast

white.

65. Musctvora CASTELNAUDI.

Onychorhynchus castelnaudi, Deville, R. Z. 1849, p. 57.

A single specimen of this bird is in the collection, but does not

appear quite adalt. It presents some of the distinctive characters

pointed out by M. Deville ; but we should prefer to see further speci-

mens before guaranteeing the species as distinct from M. regia.

128. PorZANA FASCIATA, sp. nov-

Corethrura, sp., Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200.

Castanea: dorso et alis extus brunnescenti-olivaceis : ventre toto

cum hypochondriis et subalaribus nigro transfasciatis : rostro

nigro, pedibus rubellis: long. tota 6°8, ale 38, caude °9,

tarsi 1°6, rostri a rictu °9.

Hab. Peruvia orient. Pebas et Chamicurros (Hauxwell); fl. Uca-

yali (Bartlett). :

Obs. Similis P. castanee, Cuv., sed ventre fasciato diversa.

A single specimen of this Rail was in Mr. Bartlett’s Ucayali col-

lection and is now in the British Museum. In the same collection

is a second example, obtained some years ago by Mr. Hauxwell at

Chamicurros.

The species appears to be unnamed, but it is a very distinct one,

and belongs to the group Ruj/irallus of Bonaparte. We propose to

give a figure of it in a forthcoming number of our ‘ Exotie Orni-

thology.’

982 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. | Dec. 12,

5. On Peruvian Birds collected by Mr. H. Whitely. By

P. L. Sctater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Osserr

Satvin, F.Z.S.— Part I.

(Plate XLVI.)

The present paper contains an account of the first, collection of

birds formed by Mr. Henry Whiteley, junior, during his new expe-

dition to South-western Peru.

The following are extracts from several of Mr. Whitely’s letters,

relating to his journey and the countries visited :—

(Letter I., Islay.) ‘I left Southampton April 2nd of the present

year, and, after a fine voyage, arrived at Islay, vid Panama, on the

evening of the 6th of May. I went out on the following day and

shot my first bird in Peru, which in habits was very similar to our

Wheatear*. In a few days I intend to make sonie excursions to

the hills after Humming-birds, as the Gulls and Terns are all away

from here at this season. From the residents of Islay I have re-

ceived the greatest kindness and assistance.

“I have made two trips to the ‘ Lomas.’ These ‘ Lomas’ are

hills about six miles from Islay. Between them are valleys in

which there are running streams of water. In these valleys there is

plenty of vegetation, small flowering shrubs, fir trees, olive-trees, &c.,

which are frequented by numerous species of birds. Here also I

obtained nearly all the specimens of Humming-birds sent in the first

collection.”

(Letter II., Arequipa.) “TI left Islay for Arequipa at 12 a.m.

on the 19th, being accompanied part of the way by some good friends

from Islay. We parted company at a house on the hills, and I then

went on with my guide. I had two horses with me for the journey.

My luggage will be sent up on mules.

“« After making a gradual ascent up the hill for about 3000 feet,

we came to a large plain, which extends for about forty-five miles.

As soon as you get on this plain you can see the voleano of Arequipa,

which is covered with snow at the top—and also some of the high

peaks of the Andes, which are also covered with snow,

“In the centre of the plain there is a very respectable sort of aninn,

kept by an Englishman. We arrived here at 6 o’clock in the even-

ing; I had some refreshments, and then went to bed and slept five

hours, and left the inn at half-past one in the morning. We galloped

along the plain until we got to the foot of the hills, which we reached

at half-past three a.m. I then slept until six o’clock, and started

for Arequipa. In the plain there are some most peculiar mounds

of sand in the shape of a horseshoe, which must have been blown

from a considerable distance, as there is no sand of the same colour

anywhere on the plains. The colour of the sand on the mounds is

a dark lead, whilst the sand of the plains is of a reddish colour.

“« After ascending and descending several times, we at last caught

* It was Muscisazicola mentalis (Lafr. et D’Orb.).—P. L. S.

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 983

a glimpse of Arequipa. What a glorious sight it was, with its white

stone houses, and the green fields extending for miles round the

city. Arequipa is 7800 feet above the sea, and a distance of ninety

miles from Islay. The journey took me twenty-four hours, and I

was rather tired when I arrived.”

(Letter IV., Arequipa.) ‘On the 15th of July Mr. Gibson and

myself started for a trip to Salinas, a salt-lake at an elevation of

14,000 feet. We had three servants with us and two pack-mules.

At some distance from Islay we commenced to ascend, and arrived

the first day at the village of Chihuata, at an elevation of 9000 feet.

Here we were hospitably received in the house of one of the resi-

dents, and slept the night. The next morning we started early ; and

now commenced the worst part of the journey, the road being a

gradual ascent of mountains for 5300 feet. The way, however, was

enlivened by the sight of numerous birds, and especially, for some

2000 feet, by the movements of the Giant Humming-bird (Patagona

gigas).

**On arriving at the highest part of our journey, a glorious sight

burst on our view, the volcano being in active eruption, and vast

volumes of smoke coming up from the crater and spreading over

the country. We had now to descend about 300 feet, and came

upon the lake, which was nearly all dried up, and was quite dazzling

to the sight, the whole surface being covered with layers of salt.

After a ride of about six miles round the lake, we came to some

Indian huts, and also a small chapel, where we intended to sleep.

By this time it was getting dark and very cold. The next day we

had some shooting, and got some Ducks and also three Flamingos,

but unfortunately they had the hind toe*. I will not trouble you

with all details; it is sufficient to say we shot altogether ninety-five

birds, out of which I selected the best for preserving.

‘We stayed here two days, and then returned to Chihuata, slept

there the night, and the next morning I was out early and shot a

large Humming-bird (Patagona gigas), the dark one with the patch

of green upon the throat (Metallura cupreicauda), and the one with

the green throat and chestnut patch on the belly (Ovreotrochilus

estella). We returned the same day to Arequipa.’

The specimens of birds collected by Mr. Whitely at Islay and

Arequipa and during the above-mentioned excursion to Salinas be-

long to fifty-eight species, of which a list is subjoined. Although

mostly species of great interest and some rarity, there is little actually

new to science amongst them.

They are mostly species described in D’Orbigny’s well-known

‘ Voyage,’ and in Tschudi’s ‘ Fauna Peruana.’ Many Chilian species

also extend thus far north; and the general aspect of the avifauna

of Western Peru is decidedly Chilian, having no features in common

~ with the eastern wood-region of Peru. We reserve, however, our

general remarks on this subject until the receipt of further collections,

which will give us more materials for forming a judgment on it.

* I had particularly requested Mr. Whitely to look out for Phenicopterus an-

dinus, which has no hind toe.—P. L. S.

984 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 12,

1. Turpvus cHiGguanco, D’Orb. et Lafr.

Islay and Arequipa, May and June, several specimens varying a

little in size. ‘Bill bright yellow; eye reddish hazel ; legs, toes,

and claws bright yellow.”

2. TrRoGLopYTES TESSELLATUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Mag. de Zool.

1836, p. 25; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 232.

Arequipa, several examples.

3. AnTHUS RUFUS (Gm.); Baird, Rev. A. B. i. Pil 56.

Two specimens from Islay.

4. Hirunpo anpicota, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de

Zool. 1837, p. 69.

Two examples from Arequipa, May. These skins are the first

we have seen of this distinct species. The feet are proportionally

small, and the middle toe adheres to the outer fully to the end of

the basal joint. The nostrils are lateral, and partially overhung.

The tarsi are quite nude. The tail is very nearly square, the middle

rectrices being barely shorter than the outer. The species does not

appear to fit any of the subdivisions given by Baird, R. A. B. p. 271.

5. ATTICORA CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.); Baird, R. A. B. p. 310.

Petrochelidon cyanoleuca, Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 40.

Two specimens of this widely distributed species from Arequipa.

6. ControstruM CINEREUM, D’Orb. et Lafr. Mag. de Zool.

1838, p. 25; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 374, t. 59. f. 1; Cassin, Pr. Acad.

Phil. 1864, p. 272.

Arequipa, many specimens of both sexes. The females are of a

browner and more olivaceous tinge. The bird figured by D’Orbigny

appears to be a male. We cannot quite agree with Mr. Cassin in

considering Selater’s C. fraseri identical with this bird. C. fraseri

has the superciliaries and body below of a pale rufous, and the head

is much darker. But the two species are certainly near allies. The

irides of this species are noted “ dark hazel.”’

7. DiGLossA BRUNNEIVENTRIS, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 318;

Des Murs, Icon. Orn. t. 43; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Ph. 1864, p. 274.

Chihuata, alt. 9000 feet; one example, July 1867, marked male.

See Sclater’s remarks upon Des Murs’s incorrect locality for this

bird, antea, p. 322.

8. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.

Several examples of this species from Arequipa. ‘‘ Eyes pinkish

hazel.”

9. PurucTicus CHRYSOGASTER (Less.).

Two examples, from Arequipa and Islay (May and June), appa-

rently immature male and female, of this species.

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 985

10. PuryGiius arriceps (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

One example from Chihuata, in the plumage figured by D’Orbigny,

but marked female.

11. PHryGiILus FRvTICcETI, Kittl.

Specimens of both sexes of this species, from Chihuata and Are-

quipa. D’Orbigny has already recorded its occurrence in La Paz

under the name Lmberiza luctuosa (Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.

1837, p. 80).

12. Puryemus ALaupinus (Kittl.).

Several specimens from Islay and Arequipa (May and June), with

the head striated, as in the female, perhaps a seasonal variation.

*¢ Bill yellowish brown; eyes dark brown; legs and toes light chrome-

yellow.”

13. ParyGILus SPECULIFER (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Diuca speculifera, Sclater, C. A. B. p. 111.

Four specimens from Salinas. ‘‘ Eye dark hazel.”

14. Zonorricuta prLeata (Bodd.).

Many specimens from Islay and Arequipa.

15. Carysomirris CApitatis, Cab. J. f. Orn. 1866, p. 160.

Many examples (from Islay and Arequipa) of this western form

of C. icterica, agreeing with Sclater’s examples from Ecuador.

16. StuURNELLA BELLICOSA, De Filippi.

Many specimens from Arequipa. MM. Philippi and Landbeck

have lately redescribed this bird as Leistes albipes (Wiegm. Arch.

1863, p. 128).

17. Geosrrra cunicuLarta (Vieill.).

Islay, May. Two examples, agreeing with specimens from Chili.

18. CincLopes Fuscus (Vieill.).

A single skin of this species from Chihuata, rather whiter below

than others in Sclater’s collection, but not otherwise different. A

skin, belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, from Conchitas,

Buenos Ayres, is also undistinguishable, which shows that Azara’s

bird is the same.

19. CrincLopEs niGRiruMOsus (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Two specimens from Islay, September. “Eye dark hazel.”

20. SYNALLAXIS HGITHALOIDEs (Kittl.).

Two examples from Islay. ‘‘ Legs and toes black ; bill black ;

eye dark hazel.”

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1867, No. LXIII.

986 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [ Dee. F2,

21. SyNALLAXIS.oRBIGNI (Reich.).

Synallaxis humicola, Lafr. et D’Orb. Mag. de Zool. 1836, p. 24;

D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 245, t. 17. f. 2.

Bathmidurus d’ orbignyi, Reich. H. d. Sp. Orn. p. 163.

Synallaxis crassirostris, Landb. J. f. O. 1865, p. 401.

This species has been wrongly referred by Lafresnaye and D’Or-

bigny to the S. Awmicola of Kittlitz. It is readily distinguishable on

comparison by its thicker bill, rufous throat-spot, and the clear rufous

colour of the outer webs of the external tail-feathers. _D’Orbigny’s

specimens were from the ravine of Falea, Western Bolivia. Those

described by Landbeck as 8. crassirostris were obtained by Leybold

in the vicinity of Mendoza. Mr. Whitely sends us two examples

from Arequipa. Sexes (as marked) alike.

22. OcTHOECA LEUCOPHRYS.

Fluvicola leucophrys, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool.

1837, p. 60; D’Orb. Voy. p. 345, t. 38. f. 1.

Octhoéca leucophrys, Sclater, P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 28; Cab. et Hein.

Mus. Hein. i. p. 48.

Two examples of this fine species from Islay and Chihuata. ‘ Eyes

dark hazel; bill and feet black.’’ In Sclater’s ‘Catalogue’ Fluvi-

cola leucophrys is wrongly referred to a very different bird—the

Tyrannula setophagoides of Bonaparte.

23. MuscIsaAxICOLA ALBIFRONS.

Ptyonura albifrons, Tsch. F. P. p. 167, t. 12. fee

Muscisazicola albifrons, Ph. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1865, p. 78.

One example of this bird from Salinas shows that Sclater has been

in error in uniting it to Tenioptera alpina, Jard., of Ecuador*.

The present species is much larger in size, in fact the giant of the

genust. The upper coloration is also paler, and the head slightly

rufescent, instead of being darker than the back. The front is white

in M. albifrons, which is not the case in M. alpina; and the outer

webs of the outer tail-feathers are distinctly edged with white. The

species from Ecuador will therefore stand as M. alpina (Jard.).

The eyes of M. albifrons are noted as “ dark hazel.”

24, Muscisax1coLa MENTALIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).

Skins from Islay. ‘Female: eye dark hazel; legs, toes, and

claws black.”’

25. MuscisaxIcoLa RUBRICAPILLA, Ph. et Landb. (PI. XLVI.)

Muscisaxicola albilora, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 60 (7).

Muscisaxicola rubricapilla, Ph. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1865,

p- 90; Sclater, Ibis, 1866, p. 58.

Supra fuscescenti-cinerea, loris et regione oculari albescentibus ;

* See P. Z. S. 1860, p. 78, and Ibis, 1866, p. 57.

+ M. albifrons: long. tota 9:0, ale 6-0, caude 3°8.

M. alpina: + 6:8;.1,;5:5705,. a, se

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. | 957

vertice obscure rubro: alis extus dorso concoloribus, remigibus

obscurioribus: caude tectricibus superioribus fuliginosis :

cauda nigra, rectricibus duabus externis albo extus margi-

natis: subtus grisescenti-alba fere unicolor ; tectricibus sub-

alaribus albis : rostro et pedibus nigris : long. tota 7:0, ale 4:6,

caudeé 3°1, tarsi 1:15, rostri a rictu 0°8.

Hab. in mont. Peruviee occident. merid. et reipubl. Chilensis.

Two examples of this species of Muscisaxicola were obtained at

Salinas in July 1867. The eye is noted as “dark hazel.” The

species is nearly related to M. rufivertex of Lafresnaye, but is evi-

dently distinct, and forms a second species of the red-head section.

See Sclater’s synopsis of the genus, ‘ Ibis,’ 1866, p- 97.

We are inclined to consider that Lafresnaye’s M. albilora is pro-

bably identical with this species.

26. CENTRITES NIGER (Bodd.).

One example, male, from Salinas. “ Eyes dark hazel.”

27. PyRocEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.).

Several specimens, obtained in the Catarindos valley, a little south

of Islay. These are quite as large as some eastern examples of P-

rubineus, and induce us to believe that the supposed western form

P. nanus is not really different.

28. AN&ZRETES ALBOCRISTATUS (Vig.).

Two examples from Arequipa, agreeing well with D’ ital? s

figure of Culicivora reguloides. Eyes marked “ dark hazel.’’ °

29. ANTROSTOMUS #£QUICAUDATUS (Peale); Sclater, P. Z.S

1867, p. 342.

A single skin of this species from Islay, obtained September 13th.

30. OREOTROCHILUS ESTELL® (D’Orb. et Lafr.) ; Gould, Mon.

mt: 70.

One example from Chihuata, alt. 9000 feet, July 19th, ¢.

31. Myrtis rrancesc# (Less.) ; Gould, Mon. ii. t. 151.

Two examples, a female and a young male, from Islay.

32. THAUMASTURA CoR# (Less.) ; Gould, Mon. iii. t. 153.

Many specimens from Islay and Arequipa.

33. RHopopis VESPER (Less.).

Many examples from Islay and Arequtpa, and two from Chihuata.

Eyes in one marked “ dark hazel.”

34. MerraLLuRA CUPREICAUDA, Gould, Mon. iii. t. 191.

Two specimens of this fine species, from Chihuata (alt. 9000 feet).

“* Byes dark hazel.”

988 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 12,

35. PrrasopHora 1oLATA, Gould, Mon. iv. t. 226.

A young bird, probably referable to this species, from Arequipa.

36. Paracona eres (Vieill.) ; Gould, Mon. iv. t. 232.

Three skins from Arequipa.

37. CONURUS AURIFRONS (Less. ).

One example from Chihuata, of a nearly uniform green, apparently

a young female of this species.

38. CATHARTES AURA.

Arequipa, one skin. ‘‘ Eyes white.”

39. MiLvaGo MEGALOPTERUS, Meyen.

Adult and young bird in change, of this species, agreeing well. with

D’Orbigny’s figure and description of Phalcobenus montanus. We

have compared them with Chilian specimens alluded to by Sclater

(anted, p. 329), and cannot distinguish them in any way. The points

of distinction given by Von Pelzeln between his proposed new spe-

cies M. crassirostris and M. montanus are very slight, and they do,

not appear to hold good with our specimens. For example, in Mr.

Whitely’s adult specimen the first primary is decidedly shorter,

than the sixth. This is given by Von Pelzeln as a distinguishing

characteristic of the Chilian “ M. crassirostris.”

40. Burro eryTHRONOTUS (King).

One skin in the immature plumage, called by Gould Buteo varius,

from Arequipa. ‘‘ Female, eyes white.”

41. HyporriorcHis FEMORALIS (Temm.).

Arequipa, a single female. “‘ Eyes dark hazel.”

42. TINNUNCULUS SPARVERIUS (Linn.).

Arequipa, one skin belonging to the variety without the red patch

on the crown. ‘Eyes chocolate-colour.”

43. Circus potioprerus, Tsch. F. P. Aves, p.113, t. 3; Schlegel,

Mus. d. P.-B. Circi, p. 6.

A single skin of an adult female. “ Eyes bright yellow.” - Ob-

tained near Arequipa. Schlegel (Mus. de P.-B. Circi, p. 6) sug-

gests that C. megaspilus, Gould, may be the young of this species ;

but by a recent inspection of the type specimen in the British Mu-

seum we have ascertained that such is not the case, and that C. me-

gaspilus is a long-winged bird, probably referable to the young

dress of the C. macropterus.

44. Srrix pERLATA, Vieill.

Arequipa. “ Eyes dark hazel, nearly black.”’

‘

1867.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 989

45. PHotuoprynx CUNICULARIA (Mol.).

Catarindos valley. “Eye light yellow.”

46. GLavucipium INFUSCATUM (Temm.).

Arequipa, one specimen, marked female.

47. ZENAIDA AURICULATA, Gray; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 82.

A single example from Arequipa, marked “male: eyes dark

brown.”

48. Merrioperia aymara, Knip et Prev. ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 76.

One skin of this searce species, from Salinas.

49. CHAM#PELIA ERYTHROTHORAX (Meyen).

Two specimens from Arequipa. “‘ Eyes dark blue.” | We believe

that this species, which has been hitherto called Chamepelia andis

(Less.)*, has an older name in Columba erythrothorax, Meyen, Acta

Leopoldino-Car. vol. xvi. Suppl. p. 98, t. 16 (Chamepelia monticola,

Tsch. F. P. pp. 45, 276; Columbula erythrothorax, Bp. ii. p. 80).

The only discrepancy to be discovered is that Meyen’s figure does

not show the naked eye. Meyen's specimen is stated to have been

obtained from the Andes above Arequipa.

90. CHAMZPELIA CRUZIANA (Knip et Prev.); Sclater, P..Z. S.

1866, p. 100.

Columbula eruziana, Bp. Consp. ii. p- 80.

Several examples of both sexes from Arequipa.

51. Tinamortis PENTLANDI, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 79; Gray

& Mitch. Gen. of B. t. 138.

One skin of this remarkable bird from Arequipa.

52. OREOPHILUS RUFICOLLIS (Wagl.).

Charadrius ruficollis, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 653.

Oreophilus totanirostris, Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. iii. ps JS).

A single male specimen in adult plumage, from Islay.

53. THINocoRUs RUMICIVoRUs, Eschscholtz.

A specimen of this bird from Islay is much smaller in dimensions

than Chilian and Argentine examples, and agrees in this respect with

a skin recently received by Sclater from Lima (Prof. Nation). It

is also rather paler in colouring.

‘5A, Tutnocorvus ORBIGNYANUS, Geoffr. et Less. Cent. Zool.

p- 137, t. 48, 49.

Three examples of this species, from Salinas. Eyes of male speci-

men marked “ dark hazel.’’

* Cf. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 100.

J90 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 12,

Tschudi has described a Thinocorus inge (Av. Consp. p. 387, et

Faun. Per. pp. 48, 279), from the highlands of Peru, which we be-

lieve to be the same as the present species. We are not able to

distinguish Mr. Whitely’s skins from other examples from Chili

and La Plata. Tschudi lays stress upon the presence of a black

breast-band in his 7’. ing@ ; but this band is also present in southern

specimens. He also states that the white throat is peculiar to 7’.

d orbignyanus ; but this is also present in one of Mr. Whitely’s

specimens.

55. RALLUS RYTHIRHYNCHUS, Vieill.

Rallus rythirhynchus, Vieill. N. D- xiii. p. 521, et E. M. p. 1060

(ex Azara, sp. 372).

Aramides rythorhynchus, Burm. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 504.

Rallus cesius, Tsch. F. P. Aves, pp. 52, 301;. Schlegel, Mus. d.

P.-B., Ralli, p. 8; Cassin, Gilliss’s Exp. 11. p. 194.

Rallus sanguinolentus, Sw. An. in Men. p. 335; Bridges, P. Z.S.

1843, p. 118; Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iil. p. 133 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1867, p. 333.

Rallus bicolor, Guy, Faun. Chil. Aves, p. 434.

Aramides zelebori, Pelzeln, Novara-Reise, Vog. p. 133 (?).

After comparing Mr. Whitely’s example of this Rail with speci-

mens of Rallus sanguinolentus of Chili, and skins of the Rallus

rythirhynchus of Buenos Ayres, we have come to the conclusion

that they all belong to one rather variable species. The. present

example is shorter-billed than Mr. Salvin’s specimen from Leybold,

alluded to P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333. We suspect that Von Pelzeln’s

A, zelebori is the same species from Southern Brazil.

Rallus rythirhynchus must, however, be carefully distinguished

from R. nigricans (= R. cesius), with which some authors have

confounded it, being at once recognizable by its incurved bill and

the red spot at the base of the lower mandible.

56. ANAS CRISTATA (Gm.).

Anas pyrrhogaster, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl. p. 119, t. 25.

Several skins of both sexes of this fine species, which are coloured

alike, obtained at Salinas (alt. 14,000 feet).

57. QUERQUEDULA OXYPTERA.

Anas oxyptera, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl. p. 121, t. 26.

Querquedula oxyptera, Tsch. F. P. pp. 55, 309.

Querquedula angustirostris, Ph. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863,

p- 202.

One example from Salinas, the receipt of which has enabled us to

clear up the confusion alluded to by Sclater in his notes on Chilian

birds, anted, p. 335. There are two closely allied species of Quer-

quedula—the present bird and Q. flavirostris (Vieill.). | Messrs.

Philippi and Landbeck have correctly pointed out the differences

between them ; but they have renamed the present species, not under-

1367.) DR. HECTOR ON THE EGG OF GREAT MOA. 991

standing that it is the true oryptera of Meyen, who obtained his spe-

cimens in the highlands of Southern Peru, the same locality as that

of Frobeen’s specimens, and of the bird now before us. Q. flavi-

rostris is the oldest name for the species better known as Q. eree-

coides (King). Its synonyms are correctly given by Burmeister (La

Plata-Reise, ii. p. 516), if we strike out “‘dnas oxyptera, Meyen.”

58. Larus BeELcHeERrt, Vigors.

Leucopheus belcheri, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 232.

Skins of this species from the coast near Islay. A female is

marked “ bill at the base light yellow, at the point black tipped with

red; eyes dark hazel; legs and feet yellowish green.”

6. Notice of an Egg of the Great Moa (Dinornis gigantea),

containing remains of an embryo, found in the province

of Otago, New Zealand. By Dr. Hecror, F.R.S., Go-

vernment Geologist.

This highly interesting specimen was discovered last year by a

party of workmen when excavating the alluvium of the Upper Chitha

Plains, near the township of Cromwell in Otago, aud was secured by

Mr. Charles O’ Neal, who transmitted it to the Colonial Museum.

When found the egg is reported to have been perfect, but was ac-

cidentally broken in the process of removal from the sandy loam in

which it was imbedded at a depth of 2 feet below the surface.

At about 1 foot distant and 3 inches deeper was discovered another

egg of equal size, but too far decomposed to admit of its removal.

Many of the fragments, both of the shell and of the contained

bones, were unfortunately lost in consequence of the friable nature of

the specimens, not more than half the shell having been preserved.

The fragments, about twenty in number, when fitted together, com-

prised nearly one complete side of the egg. Its dimensions (as

restored) are as follows :—

Long diameter 8°9 inches, short diameter 6-1 inches.

The texture of the shell is chalky and pulverable, the external

surface having been a good deal eroded by the solvents in the soil,

so that it has a rough granular surface, but still showing distinctly

the characteristic linear pores of the Moa egg-shell.

A portion of the shell was analyzed, and was found to contain only

0-9 per cent. of organic matter, while a fragment of a recent Emu’s

egg-shell analyzed at the same time gave 7°89 of organic matter,

thus showing approximately the changes which the Moa’s egg has

undergone in the soil.

The bones of the chick, which were contained in the egg, are of a

rich brown colour, and have an extremely light spongy texture ;

they adhere to the tongue, and are completely free from traces of

membranes, ligaments, or other attached organic matters.

992 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW ATELES. | Dee. 12,

In the Museum there is a specimen of an Emu’s egg containing

the chick-bones at about the same stage of development.

On comparing these two specimens, the principal difference con-

sists in the dense brittle character and white colour of the Emu

bones as compared with those of the Moa chick, and in the enor-

mous disproportion in the massiveness and form of the bones of the

extremities in the latter case, with the very slight difference in the

size of the cranium and total relative height of the embryos.

The specific gravities of these bones are respectively—

Moaichicke: .dsos- 288: 1°538

Emu chick ....:..... 1°577

Bone of old Moa ...... 1-700 to 1:979

The comparative length of the principal bones of these chick-ske-

letons are as follows : — Moa chick. Emu chick.

inches. inches.

CTARIUIE 1.5. 5 ic. eee Rune 2°1 2:0

Pelviesbones: Wee eerva tse eee 2°6 1°6

Femar. 2... 2c. fees 17 1:2

(Diameter of shaft °35 in.) (Diameter of shaft 28 in.)

Tibia... ..« +; sicgeecerean Teel 3°0 271

(Diameter of shaft *35 in.) (Diameter of shaft -16 in.)

Fibula; 4.10 te interfer eke 2°0 15

Tarso-metatarsus .......... 1-9 18

Probable total length of Moa chick 14°5 inches.

Probable total length of Emu chick 13-0 inches.

Weight of bones of extremities and pelvis—

In the Moa chick .......... 167-0 grains.

In the Emu chick .......... 40-5 grains.

Or in the proportion of 4 to 1.

7. Description of Ateles bartlettii, a New Spider Monkey

from the River Amazons. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,

V.P.Z.S. &e:

(Plate XLVII.)

One of the most important zoological results of Mr. Edward Bart-

lett’s exploring excursion up the River Amazons has been the disco-

very of a new Spider Monkey *, which differs from all the species. of

this usually lugubrious genus in the brightness and beautiful dis-

position of its colours. Mr. Wolf has made a beautiful drawing of

this specimen, which is now in the British Museum collection.

ATELES BARTLETTIL, sp. nov. (Pl. XLVII.)

Fur abundant, long, and soft. Black; the cheeks white; a band

across the forehead over the orbits bright reddish yellow ; the chest,

* See Mr. Bartlett's notice of the discovery of this species, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 2.

Fag I 2

caret

1W)

BAR

TERE

< ke Pr lg 4

DI KSioy

M&N Hanhar

1867.] DR. J. E, GRAY ON CATILLUS. 993

belly, inner side and front and back part of the limbs, and the side

and under surface of the tail yellow.

Hab. Eastern Peru, near Xeberos (2. Bartlett ; Brit. Mus.).

The black part of the hands and legs near the yellow colour is

varied with more or less abundant yellow hairs.

I have named this fine species after Mr. A. D. Bartlett, the Super-

intendent of the Society’s Gardens, and his son Edward (who dis-

covered it).

8. Notes on Catillus, Humphrey, or Navicella, .Lamarck,

with Descriptions of Two New Genera. By Dr. J. E.

Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., F.L.S., &e.

Linneus and Bory St. Vincent referred this shell to the genus

Patella. Chemnitz properly removed it to Nerita; and De Roissy

considered it a species of Crepidula of Lamarck. Other authors

have regarded it as the type of a genus. - Thus Humphrey called it

Catillus, Schumacher Sandalium, Férussae Septaria, and Lamarck

Navicella,

Lamarck and Férussac divided their-shells into two or three spe-

cies :—the one having an oval, convex, more or less thick, solid shell,

and more or less acute spire, which was called N. elliptica, Lamk.,

and Septaria borbonica, Férussac; the other a narrow oblong thin

shell, more or less rounded at each end, called NV. lineata, Lamk.,

and Septaria nuvicula, Férussac. These two species are the types

of two forms, each of which has been divided into several species.

The forms are generally distinctly marked; but there are a few spe-

cimens which seem to be more or less completely intermediate be-

tween them.

Mr. Lovell Reeve, in his ‘ Conchologiea Iconica,’ has divided the

specimens into thirty-three species, or pseudo-species (most, if not

all, of them figured from specimens in Mr. Cuming’s collection),

separated from each other by slight modifications in the form of the

shell and of the inner lip, and in the distinctness .and distribution

of the colours. I think I may state, without any fear of contradic-

tion, that.it is utterly impossible to distinguish a large proportion of

the species proposed in this work by the specific characters, or even

by the figures given. Such characters and figures are merely’ to

satisfy the rule that a species is not established unless it is charac-

terized ; but surely that implies that it shall be characterized so that

it may be distinguished ; otherwise, as in this case, it is a mere pre-

tence, and therefore best avoided. j

Mr. Reeve does not give figures of or describe the operculum of

any of the species, which is the less excusable as Mr. Cuming’s

collection, from which the figures are taken, contains the opercula

of more than a third of the shells which he has regarded as species ;

and the opercula of the different specimens present such modifica-

994 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CATILLUS. [ Dec. 12,

tions of form and structure that they at once distinguish the species,

and serve to divide them into most natural groups. The non-

attention to such particulars greatly diminishes the value of the

‘Conchologica Iconica,’ and removes it from the category of scien-

tific works. It is the less excusable, as the opercula could in this

and in very many cases have been added with scarcely any appre-

ciable additional trouble. The fact is that I suppose Mr. Reeve

intended it for a mere shell-dealer’s catalogue, and not a scientific

conchological and malacological work.

The species that are in a perfect condition (that is to say, that

are accompanied by their opercula) in Mr. Cuming’s collection may

be arranged as in this essay. An operculated shell without its

operculum is in a very imperfect condition, as the operculum is most

important in the organization and economy of the animal, and it

often affords most important characters for the distinction of the

species and the determination of the genus to which the animal and

shell is to be referred ; so that an operculated shell not accompanied

by its operculum must be regarded as wanting one of its most

important organs.

Messrs. H. & A. Adams, in their ‘Genera’ (p. 386), divide Na-

vicella into three subgenera, according to the position of the nucleus

of the spire:—I. Apex of spire straight, on the edge of shell.

II. Septaria: Apex of spire submarginal, entire, as N. cookii.

Ill. Elana: Apex slightly elevated above the edge, and recurved

laterally, as N. /apeyrousit. These characters appear to me of very

slight importance ; and the form of the apex of the spire varies in

specimens from the same locality, which I should be inclined to re-

gard as the same species. ‘The operculum of the genus is described

by them as quadrangular. ‘This would exclude Navicedla lineata,

which these authors referred to the second subgenus. These sub-

genera are adopted by Chenu in his ‘ Manual’ (p. 338).

Adams figures the animal of Catillus lineatus (t.42.f.4) and the

shell and operculum of Catillus porcellanus (t. 42.f.4 a, b,c).

The family Nerrrinip& may be thus divided into two tribes :—

I. Neririnrna. Aperture of shell moderate; spire conical; oper-

culum the size of the aperture of the shell, horny, with a shelly

plate nearly of the same size as the horny operculum.

Il. Catiuiina. Aperture of the shell very large, ovate; spire ru-

dimentary ; operculum small, horny, with a shelly plate pro-

duced beyond the edge of the horny operculum, which with the

operculum is much smaller than the aperture of the shell.

The operculum of Catillina, as in other shells which are said to

have a shelly operculum, consists of two parts :—1, the horny plate,

which is affixed to the hinder part of the foot of the animal; 2, the

shelly part, which is on the outer side of the horny plate, or rue

operculum, and which, as it increases in size, is produced beyond the

end of the foot; the free end is generally bifid, with a produced

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON CATILLUS. 995

marginal process. The outer surface of the shelly part of the oper-

culum is generally radiately and concentrically striated, and furrowed

with two more or less distinct ribs radiating from the nucleus to the

outer edge; the ribs across the middle of the plate generally end in

a rounded lobe; that on the right margin of the plate is much more

distinct, narrow, linear, and ends in a projecting spine. The inner

surface of the plate is smooth, or with a few concentric marks show-

ing how the shelly matter was deposited as the plate increased in

size and thickness. The shelly plate of the operculum in the larger

number of species is more or less quadrangular, with the horny

operculum oblong, occupying the broadest part of the base and

forming a fringe to that edge. In others the shelly plate is oblong

elongate, with the horny operculum triangular, and occupying one

of the halves of the lower half of the entire operculum.

Tribe I. Carrunina. Operculum subquadrangular ; the horny

(true) operculum oblong, transverse, occupying the broader

end; the other more or less dilated, two-lobed, the marginal

lobe acute, linear. Shell elliptical, mouth wide.

1. CATILLUS.

Shell elliptical, mouth wide; inner lip flat, shelving, transverse,

or slightly regularly arched; operculum shelly plate subquadran-

gular,

A. The operculum as broad as long ; the right rib well marked, se-

parated from the margin by a granular space, which is broader

near the nucleus ; the right edge near the base denticulated ;

the nucleus rugose, granular ; the terminal lobes unequal—

one broad, the other linear, spine-like. (Vigs. 1a, 16.)

Fig. La. Outer surface. Fig. 10. Inner surface.

* Operculum large, thick, dark coloured.

1. CariLLus JANELLI, Reeve, Icon. f. 1. (Operculum, Fig. t.)

Hab. Philippines.

** QOperculum moderate, thin. Eiana.

2, CATILLUS CLYPEOLUM, Reeve, Icon. f. 24.

Catillus affinis, Reeve, Icon. f. 15.

Hab. Philippines.

996 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CATILLUS. [ Dee, 12,

3. CatTiLuLus cookt., Récluz; Reeve, f. 14.

Hab. Philippines.

4, CaTILLUS ORBICULARIS, Sowerby; Reeve, f. 5.

Hab. Philippines.

5. CATILLUS LAPEYROUSII, Réeluz.

Hab. 2

6. CATILLUS SUBORBICULARIS.

Habs-——"

7. CATILLUS BOUGAINVILLIF, Récluz; Reeve, Icon. f. 30.

Catillus ornatus, Adams and Angas.

Hab. New Ireland.

8. CaTILLUS VARIABILIS.

Hab. ——?

9. CATILLUS MACROCEPHALUS, Reeve, f. 28.

Hab. Feejee Islands.

10. CaTiLLus pepressus, Lesson; Reeve, f. 3.

Hab. Tahiti.

11. Carititus maGniricus, Reeve, f. 16.

C. scarabeus, Reeve, f. 12.

? eapuloides, Reeve, f. 19.

Hab. Australian Seas; Harmond’s Islands.

12. CaTiLLus HAusTRUM, Reeve, f. 18.

Hab. New Caledonia.

13. CaTILLuS sANGUISUGA, Reeve, f. 17.

Hab. New Caledonia.

14. CaTILLUS PORCELLANUS, Reeve, Icon. t. 2. f. 6.

Patella porcellana, Linn.

Septaria borbonica, Férussac.

Sandalium pictum, Schum.

Navicella bimaculata, Reeve, Icon. t. 1. f. 2.

N. elliptica, Lamk.

Hab. Mauritius; Isle of France, Bourbon.

B. Operculum moderate, as long or longer than broad, thick ; upper

lobes subequal, obtuse or acute; the right rib indistinct and

separated from the margin by a granular space, which is widest

in the middle of the edge ; nucleus obscure, punctured. Laodia.

(Figs. 2a, 2 6.)

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON CATILLUS, 997

Fig. 2 6.

Fig. 2a. Outer surface. Fig. 24. Inner surface.

15. Catinius cumineianus. (Operculum, Fig. 2.)

Navicella cumingiana, Récluz; Reeve, f. 7.

N. luzonica, Schlegel; Reeve, f. 11.

Hab. Philippines.

The opercula of this species are very variable in shape: some are

much longer than broad, and have very acute lobes; this is espe-

cially the case in the smaller specimens.

There are several other species figured by Mr. Reeve that pro-

bably belong to this species; but as they are destitute of opercula

it is not possible to determine their true place in the system, or their

affinity to the other species. . Like other fluviatile shells, they are

liable to great variations in size, form, and colour.

2. Paria, n. g.

Shell elliptical, mouth wide; inner lip flat, shelving upwards,

produced and truncated in the middle, with a roundish noteh on

each side near the margin of the cavity ; operculum —shelly plate

subquadrangular, lower edge straight, transverse, with a flexible flap,

the upper edge with two lobes, the marginal lobe elongate, linear.

* Shelly plate of operculum broad, flat, thin.

1. Paria FREYCENETI.

N. freyceneti, Récluz; Reeve, Icon. t. 1. f. 4.

fab. New Hebrides.

** Shelly plate of operculum narrow, high, solid, thick.

2. PARIA PSITTACEA.

N. psittacea, Récluz; Reeve, Icon. f. 23:

Haé. Australian Islands.

Tribe II. Srenopomrina. The operculum oblong ‘elongate, nar-

row; the horny (true) operculum triangular, very oblique as

regards the axis of the shelly plate (occupying the triangular

right half of the hinder half of the entire operculum), acute

near the nucleus, and rounded at the end; shelly plate of the

operculum elongate, thin, with two elongated ridges on the

upper end, the marginal one produced into a spine, with a

998 DR. J. E. GRAY ON CATi!LUS. [ Dec. 12,

notch on its left margin (Figs. 3a, 3b). Shell elongate, mouth

elongate, narrow.

Fig. 3a. Fig. 3b.

Fig. 8a. Outer surface. Fig. 34. Inner surface.

The operculum has a very thin brittle shelly plate, which is sepa-

rated from the horny (or true) operculum by a distinct straight line

running from the centre of the right side of the operculum to the

outer side rather above the base. The outer surface of the shelly

plate is slightly convex, smooth, very finely concentrically striated,

with a diverging rib from the nucleus to the upper edge, and with

another more distinct linear rib on the right margin, which ends in

a slender spine; the space between the diverging ribs is depressed

and striated, like the rest of the surface. According to the figure

of the animal in Adams’s ‘ Genera’ (p. 386, t. 42. f. 4), the end of

the operculum is produced beyond the end of the foot.

STENOPOMA, n.g.

STENOPOMA LINEATUM. (Operculum, Fig. 3.)

Navicella lineata, Lamk. E. M. t. 456. f. 2; Reeve, t. 8. f. 31.

N. tessellata, Lamk.; Reeve, t. 6. f. 27.

Septaria navicula, Férussac, Bull.

Hab. Philippine Islands.

Lamarck divided these shells into two species, according to the

coloration, calling one /ineata and the other tessel/ata ; but the two

systems of coloration gradually pass into each other in the different

specimens ; and some specimens present the two kinds of coloration

each well marked: for example, one was C. lineata when young,

and became C. ¢essellata afterwards ; so that the upper part of the

shell is of one species, and the margin of the other.

The specimens from the same locality present considerable varia-

tion in the general form of the shell, some being much narrower and

more convex than others, and also in the form, position, and extent

of the hinder lip.

These shells have a general external resemblance to the com-

pressed Limpets (Patelle), that live in the cavities which they eat

out at the base of the roots of Alge, or on the cylindrical stems of

those plants. They do not appear to derive their form, like those

shells, from adapting themselves to the form of the body to which

they happen to be attached; and, indeed, Mr. Cuming states that

the specimen which he procured in the Philippines lived on stones,

like the Catilli. Though they are compressed and oblong, the base

of the cavity is flat and even, as much so as the circumference of

1867.] DR. 5 E. GRAY ON CATILLUS. 999

the cavity of the ovate Catilli; while the compressed Limpets have

the base arched; that is to say, the side of the shell that embraces

the cylindrical stem, or fits into the concavity in the roots of the

large Fuci, is produced to fit the form of the body to which it is

attached. The Limpets, when placed on a flat board, rock from end

to end.

The small thin shell of the small species that lives in Calcutta

differs from the others in having the side of the cavity rather pro-

duced, like the Limpet above described. They are said to have been

obtained in the Botanic Gardens and in the ditches near the city ;

but it is not stated if they live on stones, or if they live on the stems

of the plants ; if the latter, that may explain the peculiarity of their

form.

The following species probably belong to this or the following

genus ; but their opercula have not been observed or kept :—

|. NAviceLLA ENTRECASTEAUXTI, Récluz, Rev. Zool. 1841,

p- 380; Reeve, t. 8. f. 32.

Hab. Australia, Point Entrecasteaux, King George’s Harbour.

2. NAVICELLA ORIENTALIS, Reeve, Icon. t. 8. f. 33.

Navicella cerulescens, Reeve, Icon. t. 7. f. 29.

Hab. India: Caleutta, in the Botanic Gardens (on plants”).

3. NAviceLLa extra, Reeve, Icon. t. 6. f. 26.

Navicella reticulata, Reeve, Icon. t. 5. f. 20.

Hab. Ceylon (F. Layard).

Tribe ITI. OrtTHoromtna. Operculum oblong, rather elongate :

horny (true) operculum triangular, rather oblique as regards

the axis of the horny plate; shelly plate half oblong, rather

narrowed above and rounded at the upper edge, with a very

slight fold diverging from the nucleus to the left upper mar-

gin; the anterior cartilaginous flap large, broad (Figs. 4a, 46).

ORTHOPOMA, n. g.

Shell ?

This form is described from a single operculum which was found

separated from the shells in the drawer of Navicella in Mr. Cuming’s

collection. I have no doubt it belongs to some shell in the col-

lection, and most likely one named and figured by Mr. Reeve.

Mr. Cuming, fortunately, in some instances attached an operculum

1000 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW GENUS OF MOLLUSKS. [Dec. 12,

(and sometimes two or three) to the cavity of one or more shells of a

species, so that there is no doubt of the operculum belonging to that

species ; but in general, as he kept his shells lying loose on cotton-

wool, so he placed the opercula on the cotton-wool under the shells

to which they belonged. Unfortunately, under these circumstances,

an operculum becomes easily separated from its shell, as must have

occurred in this case. Sometimes he preserved more opercula than

specimens of the shell; but in this case there is only one operculum

of the form in the drawer. The operculum is no accidental varia-

tion of either of the other forms; it is destitute of the two diverging

rays which are so characteristic of each of them. In the angularity

of the lower edge, compared with the rest of the shelly plate, it is

between the two forms before described. In its very wide cartilagi-

nous flap it is like the second form, or that of the genus Stenopoma.

9. Description of Saulea, a New Genus of Ampullariade from

Sierra Leone. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.8., &e.

The British Museum has received a specimen of Ampullaria from

Sherboro, near Sierra Leone, where it was collected. It differs from

all the species of the family in being beautifully variegated, and

more like a terrestrial Bu/imus than a freshwater shell. It is, at

the same time, peculiar for the thinness of the shell and operculum,

these not being thicker than thin writing- paper.

The regularity of the colouring shows that it is not an accidental

variation, but a normal state of the species.

The species is also well marked by its form, having a more pro-

duced conical spire than most of the species of the genus, and the

upper whorls of the spire are peculiar for being obscurely keeled.

The keel gradually becomes less visible, and the later ones regu-

larly rounded.

Saulea vitrea.

SAULEA.

Shell ovate, subglobose, very thin, parchment-like, elastic, dark-

coloured, covered with a very thin, hard, olive periostraca. © Spire

1867.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON HYALONEMA LUSITANICUM. 1001

conical, whorls rapidly enlarging ; upper whorls minutely keeled, the

others rounded ; axis imperforate. Aperture ovate, periostraca thin.

Opercules ovate, size of the aperture, shelly, thin, elastic like the

shell, concentrically striated externally, nucleus near the margin of

the middle of the columella side.

Hab. Africa.

This shell differs from all the other Ampulariade in its extreme

thinness and elasticity, in the keeled upper whorls, and in the sur-

face being variegated. The substance of the shell contains so much

animal matter that when bruised a depression, and not a hole, is

formed in the surface.

I have named this genus of beautiful shells after my friend Miss

J. Saul, who has the finest private collection of shells in the country.

SAULEA VITREA.

Shell ovate, subglobose, very thin and light, smooth, blackish

brown, variegated with bright yellow blotches from interrupted flexu-

ous transverse bands ; spire conical, about two-thirds the length of

the aperture; apex rounded ; upper whorls obscurely keeled; last

whorls regularly rounded ; axis imperforate; peristome thin; oper-

culum shelly, very thin, with the nucleus near the middle of the

inner or columellar margin.

Helix vitrea, Born, Mus. 383, t. 15. f. 15, 16; Chemn. xi, 282,

t. 210. f. 2072, 2073.

Ampullaria vitrea, Reeve, Conch. Icon. f,

Hab. River Sherboro, Sierra Leone, é B.M,

10. Observations on Dr. Bowerbank’s Paper on Hyalonema

lusitanicum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.ZS.,

P.GS.; &e:

Dr. Bowerbank read a paper at the Society’s Meeting on the 28th of

November in which he concludes, “ from microscopical examination,

that Hyalonema lusitanicum, which has lately been elevated to the

rank of a genus by Dr. Gray, and proposed to be called Hyalothriz,

is not even specifically distinct from H. mirabile of Japan.”

When Dr. Bowerbank prepared and read that paper, he had not

seen, much less microscopically examined, the specimen on which

my genus Hyalothrix was established, which is the only specimen of

Hyalonema lusitanicum in this country.

It appears that he had examined a part of the sponge that was

found attached to one out of the twelve specimens of this coral that

M. Bocage had obtained. Finding that sponge very similar to that

attached to the Japanese Hyalonema, he pronounced the two corals

to be of the same species.

Admitting that the sponge, the twisted axis, and the polypes are

one sponge, which Dr. Bowerbank believes, though it is against the

universal opinion of all other zoologists, it surely is a very rash

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1867, No. LXIV.

1002s pr. 5. FE. GRAY ON HYALONEMA LusiTanicum. [Dec. 12,

proceeding to pronounce that the specimens from Lisbon and from

Japan are the same, after simply examining and comparing one part

of the specimens, viz. the sponges attached to their bases, more espe-

cially since M. Bocage has shown that the spicules of which the

rope-like axis is formed, and the palythoid animal on the bark, are

differently constructed.

It is to be observed that my genus Hyalothrix was established on

characters quite independent of the sponge examined by Dr. Bower-

bank ; for at the time it was proposed no specimen of the coral with

a sponge attached to it had been obtained ; and the similarity or

non-similarity of the sponge of the Portuguese and Japanese speci-

mens can have no influence on the generic or specific characters of the

two corals, part of the characters being the difference in the number

and disposition of the tentacles (that Dr. Bowerbank will not see),

characters sufficient to separate the animal into genera, whether the

animal is a parasitic Palythoa, or is the animal that forms the rope-

like siliceous axis. They are characters observed not by me, but by

M. Bocage; so that, in fact, Dr. Bowerbank’s attempt, in which he

says ‘he has smashed me,”’ does not bear very heavy on my head.

I have seen Palythoe affixed on shells contaming Bernhard

Crabs, from several localitities at a distance from each other; I have

never seen these Palythoe on any other habitat. No one can believe

that the three were one. animal, as is Mr. Bowerbank’s theory with

regard to Hyalonema.

The Palythoa, the shell, and the Bernhard Crab (Pagurus) from

each locality are peculiar, and always of the same species—the shell,

crab, and Palythoa being the species peculiar to the locality, viz.

Great Britain, United States, Sierra Leone, and Australia; so that

the fact of animals living in the same communities and circumstances

in different countries is no proof they are of the same species.

Dr. Bowerbank, when he came to see the specimen of Hyalonema

lusitanicum the day after the paper was read, observed that he had

not been able to find one kind of spicula in the Portuguese sponge

that is found in the Japan one; so that probably the result of Dr.

Bowerbank’s paper will be to show that there are two species of

sponges belonging to the genus Carteria, one Portuguese and the

other Japanese, instead of proving that the Japanese and Portuguese

Hyalonema are of one species. That is, if we can place reliance in Dr.

Bowerbank’s microscopical examinations ; for, as, when he heard

that a sponge had been found attached to one of the Portuguese

specimens, he had predicted that it would be found to be the same

as the Japanese one, he is as desirous to find that it is so, for fear

he may loose his character as a prophet, as he is not to see the ten-

tacles and gonidia in the animal of Hyalonema, which, therefore,

he does not see! though Brandt, Schultze, and Boeage have seen,

described, and figured them, and many other microscopical observers

have seen them at the late soirée of the Microscopical Society. Such

capricious faculties of seeing and not seeing make one lose one’s

faith in Dr. Bowerbank’s later observations.

Mr. Lee has kindly shown me the specimen of Hyalonema sie-

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID&. 1003

boldit on which Dr. Bowerbank made his observations, stating that

the bark was smooth and the polypes of an oblong form as in A. lu-

sttanicum. It is simply a specimen of the Japanese coral from which

the bark has been stripped off, and then again artificially attached

to the axis, the bark having lost its external granular coat in the

process, so that only the smooth inner layer of the bark is shown.

The external form of the polypes has been altered in the manipula-

tion ; and I am convinced, from the irregular form that they exhibit,

that if the specimen were soaked in water the animal would assume

its regular circular form, and be exactly like the animal of the other

Japanese specimen. I haye seen some others similarly artificially

altered. They are very unlike the close, regular, oblong-shaped

animal of H. lusitanicum; and I am convinced that if Dr. Bower-

bank had seen the type specimen of the latter before he wrote his

paper he would not have made such a mistake.

11. Observations on the Preserved Specimens and Skeletons

of the Rhinocerotide in the Collection of the British

Museum and Royal College of Surgeons, including the

Descriptions of Three New Species.. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.

The Rhinocerotes of Asia and Africa are known by the conforma-

tion of their jaws. The African species are easily distinguished by

the form of the head and of their nose-horns. The species of Asia,

on the other hand, are very difficult to separate from each other by

any external character, and are only to be characterized by the form

of their skulls and the locality which they inhabit, each zoological

district having a peculiar species; and very probably there are yet

species to be described, as the Rhinoceroses of China, of Beloochistan,

and other countries have not been examined by zoologists.

The British Museum contains a good series of preserved specimens

of this family, and a large series of skeletons, skulls, and horns;

and there is also a very rich collection of skulls from different loca-

lities in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons,—the two

collections affording good materials for the revision of the species of

this group. I have to thank the Council of the College of Surgeons,

and Mr. Flower, the energetic Curator of their Museum, for their

kindness in allowing me to examine the skulls in their collection.

In the British Museum there are specimens of five species, viz.

one R. unicornis and two R. javanicus from Asia, and four speci-

mens from Africa (viz. two 2. bicornis, one R. simus, and one R.

keitloa), the three latter species being the animals that were collected

and preserved under the superintendence of Sir Andrew Smith.

The Indian species (R. wnicornis) has been often figured from

life, amongst others by Dr. Parsons, in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ 1742,

1743, t. 1, 2; R. sumatranus by Mr. Bell from life in the ‘ Philoso-

1004 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. _—[Dec. 12,

phical Transactions ;’ and R. javanicus, by Dr. Horsfield ; and the

two latter also by Solomon Miller, in his ‘ Verhandlung,’ who gives

good figures of the adult and young. ‘

Three African species have been well figured by Dr. AndrewSmith,

in his ‘ Illustrations of the Animals of South Africa,’ and two of

them by Capt. Cornwallis Harris, in his ‘ Portraits of the Wild Ani-

mals of South Africa,’ t. 16 & 19; so that the external appearances

of these animals are well known.

The osteology of the species has been well represented by Camper,

by Pallas (in ‘Nov. Com. Petrop.’ 1777), by Cuvier (in the second

volume of his ‘Ossemens Fossiles’), and further illustrated in De

Blainville’s valuable ‘ Ostéographie.’

In the British Museum there are three skeletons and ten skulls

of the Asiatic species, and four skulls of the African Rhinocerotes.

The osteological collection in the British Museum is quite a modern

creation, and has been made under great difficulties and with very

limited funds. The Trustees at first objected to have any skulls or

other bones; but it was proved to them that mammalia and other

vertebrates could not be studied without a collection of skulls. The

fact was, one of the Trustees, Sir R. Inglis, was also a Trustee of the

Hunterian Collection (certainly offices that are not incompatible with

each other; for my uncle, Dr. E. W. Gray, one of my predecessors

in my present office, was, on the purchase of the Hunterian Col-

lection, named one of the Trustees) ; and he stated to me that he

was urged to prevent the collection of osteological specimens in the

- British Museum, as being a rival and injurious to the collection at

the College of Surgeons. ‘The difficulty was to a great extent re-

moved when Mr. Bryan Hodgson offered the Museum his very large

collections of skins and skeletons from the Himalayas, which were to

be accepted together or declined together. Since that time the col-

lection has rapidly increased, and, though it was much depreciated

by Professor Owen in his evidence before the Royal Commissioners

on the affairs of the British Museum, was then, and I believe is now,

the best-determined and largest osteological collection in Europe.

As to the rivalry, if any exists, it is to the benefit of both collections,

for it is conducive to the activity of the Curator of each; but I have

always felt, and the present Curator of the Museum of the College

of Surgeons believes, that they are able greatly to assist each other.

I only know that I take almost as much interest in the collection of

the College as in that under my own care.

In the British Museum there is a skull belonging to the Indian

one-horned type ; it is the skull of a young animal with premolars

of the milk series and the first permanent grinder appearing. It is

considerably larger than the skulls of the Indian species of the same

age, and therefore indicates a species fully as large as that animal.

The skull is so different from that species in its compressed form

and proportion that there can be no doubt that it belongs to a very

distinet species, which has not before been observed. There are also

two skulls from Borneo, which belong to a distinct and hitherto

undescribed species.

1867.] DR. J. E, GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1005

The Museum of the College of Surgeons contains two skeletons

and thirteen skulls of the Asiatic and three skulls of the African

Rhinocerotes. One of these skulls is very interesting ; it belongs to

the one-horned Indian group, and is much like that of R. unicornis

in general characters. It is an adult skull, with all the permanent

teeth ; and it is so much smaller than the skull of the adult or even

a half-grown animal of that species, that it indicates an animal not

more: than half, or perhaps one-third, of the size of the common

Indian Rhinoceros.

There are generally one or more skulls of the animals of the genus

to be seen in the larger local museums, as, for example, at Man-

chester, Leeds, and York. If these skulls could be collected together

and compared, they would form a most interesting collection for

study ; unfortunately they are generally without any certain history

as to habitat &c.

Cuvier, in his essay above quoted, has given an excellent résumé

of the history of the former knowledge of the animals; and I have

only to observe that he did not discover that the skull figured by

Camper, which he copied (t. 2. f. 7) and regarded as the skull of

the adult Rhinoceros bicornis, is the skull of the Rhinoceros keitloa.

He mentions R. sémus as a distinct species, from M. de Blainville’s

note on the animal (from Mr. Burchell’s MS.) in the ‘Journal de

Physique.’

The horns of these animals attracted the attention of Dr. Parsons,

who figured several of them in a paper in the ‘ Philosophical Trans-

actions’ for 1742 and 1743, among the rest the horns of some Afri-

can species, which have, since Gavier’ s time, been determined, chiefly

by the form of the horn, to be distinct species. Some of these

horns are still in the British Museum.

t. 3. f. 4, 5. Rhinoceros bicornis, in B. M.

t. 3. f. 6. Rhinoceros simus, in B. M.

t. 3. f. 7. Rhinoceros oswellii, in B. M.

t. 3. f. 8, 9. Rhinoceros keitloa?

In the British Museum and in the Museum of the College of

Surgeons there is a large series of the horns of both the Asiatic and

African species.

Fam. 3. RHINOCEROTID.

Nose simple. Upper lip subprehensile, with one or two horns

on the central line. ‘Toes three or five, united: into a broad clavate

foot, each with a separ ate broad Le pee hoof. Teeth :—Incisors

variable or wanting, C. + = = Bp, M. = > M. ; s=») =28. Mbolar teeth

with distinct roots.

Rhinocerina, Gray, Ann. Phil. 1825; Cat. Mamm. B. M. 186.

Rhinoceroten, Giebel, Saugeth. 191.

Rhinoceratide, Owen, Odont. 587; Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. 332,

1845.

Rhinoceratina, Bonap. Prodr. Mast. 11.

Rhinocerosidie, Lesson, N. Tab. R. A. 1858

1006 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDH. [ Dec. 12,

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

I. The skin divided into shields by well-marked folds. Skull with

the intermaaillary free, elongate; upper cutting-teeth long ;

nasal bones produced, conical. Asiatic Rhinocerotes.

1. Rutnoceros. Horn single, anterior. Lumbar- and neck-folds

of the skin well developed. Part of the occipital bone, near the

occipital condyle, and the condyles themselves prominent.

2. CERATORHINUS. Horns two, one behind the other. Lumbar and

‘neck-folds of the skin rudimentary. Occipital end of the skull

flat. Condyle not prominent.

Il. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horns two. Skull :—

internasal cartilaginous ; intermaxillary free, very small ;

upper cutting-teeth none ; nasal bones broad, rounded. African

Rhinocerotes.

3. Ruinaster. Head short, compressed; upper lip with a central

prominence. Skull short behind; occiput erect; nasal bones

rounded in front ; lower jaw thick in front; grinders small, in

arched series.

4. CeRATOTHERIUM. Ilead elongate, truncated; upper lip square.

Skull elongate and produced behind; occiput erect, produced

above; nasal bones broad, convex, truncated, and sharp-edged

in front ; lower jaw tapering in front ; grinders large, in straight

lines.

Ill. Skin uniform, not divided into shields. Horn single. Skull :—

- internasal bony; nasal, internasal, and intermasillary: all

united into one mass. Asia and Europe.

5. Ca@LODONTA.

I. The Astatic Rurnocerores. Shin divided into shields, sepa-

rated by distinct folds. Nose-horn single, or with a small

second hinder one; nasal bones produced, conical, acute ; in-

ternasals cartilaginous ; intermazxillary well developed, free ;

upper cutting-teeth two, compressed, well developed. Lower

jaw attenuated in front, with a straight lower edge. Teeth

34: OS. PMS. M.S.

* 0-0" 4—4 3-3

Rhinoceros § 2, Giebel, 205.

Rhinoceros, Gray, List of Mamm. B. M. 1840.

Rhinocéros munis de dents incisives, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 89.

The British Museum has a series of skulls of the four Asiatic

species, showing the form of the skull in the different ages of the

animal, from the just born to the adult or senile state.

There i is a considerable difference in the form of the skull between

the species which has one and that which has two horns, especially

in the form of the occipital end of the skull and in the size of the

occipital condyles. The difference is well represented in Bell’s

figure of the skull of the Sumatran animal.

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1007

I at first had a difficulty in distinguishing the difference between

the skulls of the Javan and Sumatran species ; but this arose from

the British Museum having received from the Leyden Museum,

through M. Franks, a skeleton of the Javan species under the name

of R. sumatranus. But when I received a skull of the two-horned

species from Pegu, the mistake in the name of the skeleton was soon

discovered.

Some of the specimens of skulls of R. unicornis and R. javanicus

in the British Museum have the foramen in the front of the eye over

the front and others over the hinder edge of the second premolar.

In both the specimens of R. sumatranus it is over the back edge of

the first premolar.

The first premolar in the three adult specimens of &. wnicornis is

smaller than the same tooth in R. javanicus, and appears to be

earlier shed ; for in two of the skulls it has entirely disappeared with

the alveolus that contained it, and in the other one the tooth is

there, but it is nearly rootless and the alveolus is nearly absorbed.

The two large lateral lower cutting-teeth have a sharply keeled

inner edge ; but the teeth often wear almost entirely away, so that

this form is lost.

The grinders of the milk or first series have much larger and more

equal folds on the outer side than those of the permanent set ; in the

latter the front fold is linear and near the front margin of the tooth.

The teeth in some specimens appear to be rather smaller than in

others, but there is a difference in the comparative size of the teeth

with regard to each other in the series.

The presence or absence of small central lower incisor-teeth seems

to be liable to considerable variation. In one adult skull from India

there are two incisor-teeth ; and in another there are two holes, but

they are crowded together and are closing up.

In three specimens of R. javanicus there are no central lower in-

cisor teeth, nor space for them; between the two large ones in the

two other skulls, which are from younger animals, the central lower

incisor teeth are well developed and cylindrical, being much the

largest in the smaller and younger specimen.

The lachrymal bone varies in the different species, and is very

characteristic. In R. javanicus and R. nasalis it is large, roundish,

nearly as wide as high. In R. unicornis and R. stenocephalus it is

narrow, oblong, erect, about twice as high as wide. In Ceratorhinus

sumatranus it is very large, rather irregular-shaped, forming a con-

siderable part of the cheeks of the skull. It differs a little in size

and form in the specimens of the same species, but retains its general

and distinctive forms.

There is a considerable variation in the size and form of the cavity

under the zygomatic arch in the skulls that appear to belong to the

same species. Thus in the four specimens of R. unicornis, which

are nearly adult, two of them have the cavity short and broad, and

two long and narrow. The same may be observed in the skulls of

R. javanicus and R. nasalis. The aperture is widest, compared with

its len.th, in the oldest specimens. This may probably be a sexual

distinction. One of the skulls with a short wide opening is known

1008 DR.J.E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. _[ Dec. 12,

to have belonged to a male. The size and form of the cavity is, no

doubt, greatly influenced by the age of the animal. The masseter

muscle becomes thicker and shorter as the animal increases in age,

the transverse width of the skul] under the muscles becoming less as

the animal becomes more aged (see some measurements, showing the

fact, under R. javanicus). The same is shown to be the case in the

series of skulls of R. unicornis.

Mr. Edward Blyth has published a memoir on the living Asiatic

species of Rhinoceros, with figures of some of the skulls in the Mu-

seum of the Society, which may be consulted with advantage (see

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p.151); but

unfortunately I have not had the power of comparing the skulls with

those in the London collections :—

Rhinoceros indicus: narrow type of skull, t. 1. f. 1, t. 2. f. 1.

R. sondaicus: broad type of skull, t. 1. f. 2, t. 2. f. 2, from the

Bengal Sundarbans, and Tenasserim ; t. 1. f. 3, t. 2. f. 3, aged, from

Java.

R. sumatranus, t. 3. f. 1, 2, male; t. 3. f. 3, female.

R. sumatranus, Tavoy, t. 4. f. 1-4.

The figures are from photographs, and they show the form of the

occiput in the three species, confirming the fact that the occiput of

the two-horned species is always flat and erect.

1. RHINCCEROS.

Skin divided into distinct shields by deep folds. Lumbar fold

well marked, and extending from the groin to the back. Horn one,

short, conical. Upper lip with a central prominence. Skull :—fore-

head broad, flat, or only slightly rounded ; the occipital end shelving

from the occipital condyle to the occipital crest; the occipital con-

dyles large, oblong, very prominent ; lachrymal bone moderate.

The skulls of the larger number of species of this genus have the

forehead and the upper surface of the nose flattened; this is seen in

the living animal. But one species, of which there is only a single

skull of a young animal in the British Museum, has the forehead

and nose subeylindrical (that is, high on the central line and arched

on the sides), as is the case with the Sumatran and the African Rhi-

nocerotes. This character, I have no doubt, is equally visible in the

living animal.

A. Forehead and nose behind the horn flat.

Nose square on the sides above ; nasal short. R. javanicus.

Nose shelving on the sides above ; upper jaw

slightly contracted before the grinders.

Nasal broad, elongate ............ R. unicornis.

Nawal narrows short th. ese. Fe ee R. nasalis.

Upper jaw much contracted before the

grinders ; nasal narrow, short ........ R. floweri.

B. Forehead and nose subcylindrical, shelving on

the sides above; uasal elongate ........ R. stenocephalus.

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1009

A. The forehead and the nose behind the base of the horn flat, both

in the living animal and skull. Eurhinoceros.

* Upper jaw slightly contracted in front of the grinders.

1. RwINOCEROS JAVANICUS. Javan Rhinoceros. B.M.

Skull broad; forehead behind the horn broad, flat, or slightly

concave, obscurely keeled on the sides near base of horn; intermaxil-

lary bone elongate, slender, straight, without any upper process ;

lachrymal bone roundish, nearly as wide as high; nasal bones not

quite two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown.

Rhinoceros javanicus, F. Cuv. et Geoff. Mam. Lith.; Gray, Cat.

Mamm. B.M.; Solom. Miiller, Verh. t. 33, ¢ 2.

R. javanus, Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 1 (skeleton), t. 2 (skull, adult and

jun.), t. 7 (teeth).

R. sondaicus (R. unicorne de Java), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 33, t.14.

f. 2 (skull), t. 17, 18 (skeleton); Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. ;

Horsf. Zool. Java, t. (animal); Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

xxxi. 1862, p.151, t. 1. f. 2, 3, t. 2. f. 2, 3 (skull ?).

Hab. Java. Skull of type from Mus. Leyden.

In the British Museum there are three skulls belonging to this

species :—

. 1. A skeleton of an adult animal with a skull, purchased from the

Leyden Museum, from Java.

2. An adult skull, received from the Zoological Society.

3. A skeleton with the skull of a half-grown animal, received from

the Leyden Museum through M. Franks as . sumatranus, from

Sumatra. The skull agrees in all particulars, especially in the form

of the occiput and the concavity and breadth of the forehead and

nose, with the adult skull of R. javanicus from Java; so that there

must have been some mistake in the name and habitat ; perhaps the

wrong skeleton was sent.

There is also an adult skull which has had the nasal bone cut off

(722), which was received from the Zoological Society under the

name of R. unicornis; but I have little doubt it is a R. javanicus,

perhaps from Sir Stamford Raffles.

In the oldest skull (723d) the aperture under the zygoma is

3 inches 7 lines wide in the widest part and 4 inches 9 lines long.

In the adult skull 723 a, the aperture is 3 inches wide and 6 inches

1 line long. In the skull of the young specimen (723 e) the aper-

ture is 2 inches 2 lines wide and 4 inches 7 lines long. The greater

width is produced by the skull under the zygoma becoming so much

narrower as the animal becomes aged. In 723d this part is only

4 inches 7 lines, and in 723 a it is 5 inches 9 lines wide.

In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there are five

skulls that appear to belong to this species, but one or two of them

are in a bad condition (nos. 2970 and 2971, the rest are not num-

bered).

Camper, who paid great attention to this species of Rhinoceros,

in a letter to Pallas, printed in the ‘ Neue Nord. Beytrage’ (vii. 249),

1010 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. _[ Dec. 12,

first pointed out that there were two Asiatic one-horned Rhinoce-

rotes with upper incisors. His specimen, by the misfortunes of war,

fell into the hands of Cuvier, and was described by him in the

‘Ossemens Fossiles’ (ii. 26). Cuvier regards the height of the

occipital arch and the want of the apophysis on the upper edge of

the intermaxillary as the chief character of the Javan species; but

the apophysis is generally absent in the Indian species, it appears

only to be found in the skulls of the very old males of that kind.

2. RuINocEROS UNICORNIS. Indian Rhinoceros. B.M.

Skull :—forehead broad, flat, concave ; nose behind the horn con-

vex, subcylindrical, rounded at the sides ; lachrymal oblique, longi-

tudinal, oblong, rather four-sided ; intermaxillary bones broad, thick,

with a bony process on the middle of the upper edge; nasal bones

short, broad, about two-fifths of the entire length of the nose and

crown; zygomatic arch of the adult rather convex.

Rhinoceros unicornis, Linn. 8. N. i. 104; Gray, List Mamm.

B. M. 186; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 286; Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii.

t.4. f.1; Blainv. Ostéog. t. 2 (skull, adult).

R. asiaticus, Blumenb. Handb. 10, Abbild. t. 7 B.

R. indicus, Cuv. Mém. Mus. t. ; Oss. Foss. ii. 5, t. 1-4 (bones) ;

F. Cuv. Mamm. Lithogr.t. ; Schinz, Syn. 333 ; Owen, Cat. Osteol.

R. C.S. 513, nos. 2975 to 3074.

Indian Rhinoceros, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742-43, p. 525, t. 1, 2

(from life).

Rhinoceros inermis, Lesson, Cat.

Hab. India.

The skull figured by Cuvier and by De Blainville for the skull of

R. unicornis, probably from the same skull in the Paris Museum,

has a broad bony process on the middle of the upper edge of the

intermaxillary bones. The skeleton and skull in the British Museum

(722 g), from an adult male specimen that lived for several years in

the Zoological Gardens, has this bony process well marked ; so that

it seems common in the species, if not a peculiar character of it.

Mr. Blyth thinks that ‘the adult male Rhinoceros that lived in

the Zoological Gardens for several years, stated to have been ecap-

tured in Arakan, was R. sondaicus.’ He proceeds, ‘The two Asi-

atic one-horned species, indeed, resemble each other a great deal

more nearly in external appearance than the published figures of

them would lead to suppose; certainly no sportsman or ordinary

observer would distinguish them apart, unless attention had been

specially called-to the subject.”,—Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxi.

1862, p. 132. This explains how the species, now described for the

first time, may have been overlooked.

In the British Museum there is the skeleton (722g) with the

skull of an adult animal that lived for several years in the Zoological

Gardens, referred to by Mr. Blyth, and a skull from a just born

animal, which was presented by Mr. Bryan Hodgson from Nepal.

There are in the British Museum other skulls which have been

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1011

received from various persons without any special habitat that can

be relied on, which appear to belong to this species. They are

all without the process on the upper edge of the large thick inter-

maxillary bones.

1. A fully adult skull (722d), marked “ India?”’.

2. An adult skull (722/) that was purchased of a dealer, without

any specified locality.

In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is the

skeleton of an adult animal (no. 2969 a) that formerly had the long

front horns of an African Elephant placed on its nasal bones, which

Mr. Flower, the present Curator, has properly removed.

There are also skulls of half-grown or female animals, with the

seventh grinder just showing itself, of this species (nos. 2975, 2976),

with a large oblong erect lachrymal.

All these skulls have thick intermaxillaries, and the front of the

upper jaw, at the base of the intermaxillaries, is not suddenly con-

tracted. In the three adult skulls it is 3 inches 9 lines wide; in the

younger skull in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) it is 3 inches

3 lines. The width of the diastema between the cutting-teeth and

the front premolar is 2 inches 6 lines in all the specimens.

There is a stuffed specimen and a mounted skeleton of a young

animal, just showing the horn, in the Free Museum at Liverpool,

and the skull of a second of the same age. These two animals died

on the voyage from Calcutta to Liverpool, were named R. sondaicus

by Mr. Blyth, and preserved by Mr. Moore, the energetic Curator

of that Museum. Mr. Blyth informs me there is a skeleton of R.

sondaicus in the Anatomical Museum of Guy’s Hospital, called R.

indicus.

The Indian Rhinoceroses are long-lived. Mr. Blyth speaks of a

pair that lived about forty-five years in captivity in Barrackpoore

park: they were exactly alike in size and general appearance; they

never bred ; there is no difference in the horns or form of the skulls

in the two sexes (Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxxi. 155).

The fcetal skull of R. unicornis (no. 722 D) in the British Mu-

seum, received from Mr. Bryan Hodgson, is short ; the brain-case is

oblong, ovate, swollen, and convex behind ; the nasal bones are about

as long as they are broad at the hinder edge, transversely convex above

in the middle of their length and in the deep central groove in front

above; the nasal cavity is long, high, and wide; the nasal bones are

three-eighths of the entire length to the occipital crest ; the length

of the skull from the nasal to the front of the orbit is two-fifths of

the entire length to the occipital condyles. The intermaxillaries are

well developed, rather thick and short ; they each bear two blunt

teeth, scarcely raised above the alveolus, the first on each side is

much larger and thicker than the hinder one, which is small and co-

nical. There are three grinders developed on each side, the second

and third being rather more developed than the small front one.

There appears to have been a fourth tooth on each side more or less

developed ; but it and the cavity have been lost. The palate is nar-

row and deeply concave, nearly of equal width, but the sides are less

1012 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. _[Dec. 12,

erect and more expanded behind than in front ; the front edge of the

hinder nasal aperture is narrow, and rather in front of a line even

with the hinder edge of the third grinder; the length of the palate

from the front edge of the intermaxillaries is rather longer than

from the end of the palate to the suture between the basal sphenoid

and the basal occipital bone. The vomer is compressed, and forms

a well-marked broad ridge, which is much higher in front, and divides

the internal nostrils. The lower jaw has the incisors just developed,

and slightly projecting beyond the alveolus; they are oblong, with a

rather sharp edge on each side. There are cavities for four grinders

on each side; the small first ones are lost; the second and third are

equally developed, just projecting and with smooth enamel edges ;

and the fourth are being developed, the crown being sunk rather

below the alveolar edge.

Rhinoceros cucullatus (Wagner, Schreb. Siugeth. vi. 317; Giebel,

Saugeth. 202), described from a specimen in the Munich Museum,

appears to be only a specimen of R. unicornis, with a second horn

added by the preserver.

3. RaINocEROS NASALIS. (Figs. 1, 2.) B.M.

Skull elongate, the forehead and nose flat above, nose rounded

on the sides in front ; the nasal bones narrow, tapering, short, about

two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the nasal to the

occipital crest; the zygomatic arch flat; lachrymal bone narrow,

oblong, erect ; the upper jaw only slightly contracted in front of

the grinders (37 inches wide).

Hab. Borneo.

There are two not quite adult skulls in the British Museum

(nos. 7236 and 723c) which appear to belong to this species. They

slightly differ from each other ; but this may be sexual. They agree

with R. unicornis in the flatness of the crown, forehead, and. nose,

and in the nose being rounded on the sides, and also in the slight

contraction of the upper jaw in front of the grinders, and in the

comparative flatness of the zygomatic arch. They chiefly differ from

the skull of that species of the same age,—l1, in the greater length

of the skull; 2, in the breadth and flatness of the forehead; 3, in

the line of the forehead not being so concave; 4, in the compara-

tive slenderness and shortness of the nasal bones, they are only

two-fifths of the entire length of the skull from the end of the nasal

to the occipital crest, while in the skull of R. unicornis, nearly of

the same age, in the College of Surgeons (no. 2975) the nasal bones

are at least four-ninths of the entire length. The nasal bones are

narrower and more tapering, being about once and one-half the length

of the breadth of the base. The upper jaw behind the internasal is

only slightly contracted. They are at once known from R. javanicus

by the greater length and narrowness of the skull, and the rounded

form of the upper part of the nose, but they agree with the non-

adult skull of that species in the shortness of the nasal bones.

The two specimens rather vary from each other in the width of

the nasal. 7236 is a not quite adult animal; it is just showing

1867.]

DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDA.

Skull of Rhinoceros nasalis.

1013

1014 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. _ [ Dec. 12,

Skull of Rhinoceros nasalis.

1867.) DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDZ, 1015

the last or seventh grinder, but it wants the intermaxillaries. It was

purchased of a dealer, and has been marked “R. sondaicus, Cuvier,

Java,”’ by some previous possessor, The habitat may depend on the

person having decided it to be R. sondaicus. The skull differs from

723c in the nasal being broader and more gradually tapering.

723¢ is nearly in the same state of dentition, as the seventh

molar is just appearing. This was purchased of a dealer, who said

that he received it direct from Borneo. The forehead, nose, and

especially the nasal bones are narrower than in the preceding.

These skulls, from their size, indicate a species about the size or

rather smaller than 2. unicornis.

** Upper jaw much contracted and very narrow in front of the

grinders.

4. Rurnoceros FLoweEr!. (Figs. 3, 4.)

Skull :—the forehead and nose flat above, the nose rounded on the

sides in front ; the nasal bones very slender, rather more than two-

fifths of the entire length of the nose and crown; the zygomatic

arch convex, arched outwards, having a very large roundish cavity

for the temporal muscles; lachrymal bone elongate, expanded on

the cheeks; the upper jaw suddenly contracted and very narrow

(only 23 inches wide) in front of the grinders; the diastema very

long, longer than in the adult R. unicornis, being 27 inches long.

Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Owen, Cat. Osteol. Prep. Mus. Coll.

Surg. 506, no. 2934.

Tennu, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 164.

Hab. Sumatra (Raffles). Skull, Mus. Coll. Surgeons, no. 2934.

A skull of this species is in the Museum of the Royal College of

Surgeons, described by Professor Owen as above cited, who calls it

the cranium of a male Sumatran Rhinoceros (presented by Sir Stam-

ford Raffles, P.Z.S.), observing that ‘‘the cranium offers no indica-

tion of the short hinder horn of this two-horned species.’ It is so

distinct in form and size that I have no doubt of its belonging to

a most distinct species. I propose to designate it after the energetic

Curator of the Museum of the College of Surgeons, who in the few

years that he has had charge of the collection has wonderfully im-

proved it and increased its usefulness, not only to the zoological stu-

dent, but for professional studies.

The skull is at once known from all the others I have examined

by the convex prominent form of the zygomatics, and the contraction

of the front of the upper jaw behind the cutting-teeth, It indicates

a small species, not more than half the size of the common Indian

Rhinoceros (R. unicornis).

The skull no. 2934 is that of an adult animal with all its perma-

nent teeth. It was named R. sumatrensis by Professor Owen: but

it certainly is not a skull of that species ; for the occipital end of the

skull is projected and the condyle produced, and, though the skull

is that of an adult animal, there is no mark of the root of the second

[ Dec. 12,

DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID&.

1016

Skull of Rhinoceros floweri.

1867. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDA.

Fig. 4.

Rhinoceros floweri,

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1867, No. LXV.

1017

1018 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. [Dec. 12,

horn, which is always well marked in the adult skull of that species.

It is also distinguished from that species, as it is from R. unicornis

and R. javanicus, by the convexity of the zygomatic arch and the

size of the cavity for the temporal muscles.

It has been suggested that this skull may have belonged to an

Indian Rhinoceros that had been kept in a menagerie, and so very

poorly fed that it never arrived at its full growth. The skull shows

no sign of disease of any kind; the teeth are well worn down, as if

it had had abundant food. Starvation is not likely to produce any

such change in the proportions of the parts as this skull presents,

when it is compared with the skull of the adult R. unicornis, or even

when compared with the skull of a young R. wnicornis of nearly

the same size. Starvation is not likely to have decreased the growth,

and at the same time to have extended the size and thickness of

the temporal muscles, which is so characteristic of this interesting

species.

This skull having formed part of the collection of Sir Stamford

Raflles renders it probable that the animal was a native of Sumatra.

Sir Stamford had in his collection a few specimens from other loca-

lities—some obtained from Singapore, that being the general entre-

port for the productions of the Malay peninsula and islands. There

being in this collection only the upper jaw preserved, goes far to prove

that it is not the skull of a menagerie specimen as has been sug-

gested.

The skull has no character in common with the species to which

Professor Owen has referred it, except its small size and probable

habitat. It is to be regretted that, as well as writing a technical

description of it, describing what every one can see in the specimen,

he did not give more particulars of its history, and show by com-

parison the peculiarity of the skull as compared with others in the

collection ; but this would have required careful study. The want

of more accurate details of the origin and history of the specimens

is the general defect of this series of catalogues.

Sir Stamford Raffles observes, ‘‘There is another animal in the

forests of Sumatra never yet noticed, which in size and character

nearly resembles the Rhinoceros, and which is said to bear a single

horn. The animal is distinguished by having a narrow whitish belt

encircling the body, and is known to the natives of the interior by

the name of Tennu. It has been seen at several places ; and, the

description given of it by several persons unconnected with each

other corresponding generally, no doubt can be entertained of the

existence of such an animal” (see Linn. Trans. xiii. 269; Blyth,

l.c. 164). I have little doubt that the skull here described is that

of the Tennu.

B. The forehead and nose subcylindrical, rounded on the sides.

Rhinoceros.

5. RHINOCEROS STENOCEPHALUS. B.M.

Skull (half-grown) like that of R. wnicornis of the same age, but

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID 2, 1019

Fig. 5.

Rhinoceros stenocephalus,

narrower and compressed : the forehead is narrow and subcylindrical ;

the nose much narrower and more slender ; the nose is semicylindrical

at the base of the horn; the nasal bones narrow, gradually tapering

in front, more than twice the length of the width at the base of the

1020 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDEH. —[Dec. 12,

Fig. 6.

Rhinoceros stenocephalus.

nasal, more than four-fifths of the length of the forehead from the

internasal suture to the occipital crest ; lachrymal narrow, oblong,

erect, about twice as high as wide.

Hab. Asia. se:

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDZ. 1021

There is a single skull of a half-grown animal of this species in

the British Museum (722 e), which was received from the Zoolo-

gical Society, without any special habitat. In the roundness of the

nose it shows some affinity to the skull of R, sumatrensis; it is

different from that species in many particulars, in the prominence

of the occipital portion of the skull, and especially of the occipital

condyles. When placed by the side of a R. unicornis of the same

size and condition of teeth it stands rather higher, and is imme-

diately known by the length and slenderness of the nose and nasal

bones.

The following fossil species probably belong to this genus :—

1. RurNocEeROS LEPTORHINUS, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 71, t. 9, 10,

11; Blainv. Ostéogr. t.

Rhinoceros cuviert, Desm. Mamm. 402.

Hab. Fossil.

2. RHINOCEROS INCISIVUS, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 89, t. 6. f. 9,

10; Blainv. Ostéogr. 1.

Hab. 2

Cuvier (Oss. Foss. ii. 71, t. 9. f. 7) figures a fossil skull of a spe-

cies of this genus from a drawing made at Milan by M. Adolphe

Brongniart. See also an imperfect skull figured by Blainville (Os-

téographie, t. 14, figure at left upper corner of the plate).

2. CERATORHINUS.

Skin divided into shields by deep folds, the lumbar fold rudimen-

tary, short, only occupying the middle of the space between the

groin and the back. Horns two: front longer, curved backwards ;

hinder small, conical. Skull:—forehead narrow, flat; the upper

part of the nose on each side of the horns narrow, rounded, sub-

cylindrical ; the occipital region erect, the part near the condyles

rather concave, the occipital condyle short, broad, oblong, placed

obliquely inferior, scarcely prominent; lachrymal bone very large,

irregular-shaped.

1. CERATORHINUS SUMATRANUS. B.M.

R. bicorne de Sumatra, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 27, t. 4, ni. 42, t. 78.

f. 8.(from Bell, skull).

Rhinoceros sumatrensis, Cuvier; Blainy. Ostéogr. t. 2 (skull 2),

t. 7 (teeth).

Rhinocéros de Java, F. Cuvier, Mam. Lithog. t. (not good).

Sumatran Rhinoceros, W. Bell, Phil. Trans. 1793, p. 3, t. 2, 3, 4;

Home, Phil, Trans. 1821, p. 270, t. 21, 22.

Rhinoceros sumatranus, Raffles, Linn. Trans. xiii. 268; Blainv.

Ostéogr. t. (skull); Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 282; Miller,

Verhand. t. 35 (old and young); Blyth, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 306,

1862, p. 1; Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxi. 1862, p. 151, t. 3.

Foals 25S),

1022 "DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. __[ Dec. 12,

Rhinoceros crossii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 270 fig. (horns) ; Ger-

rard, Cat. Bones B. M. 282.

Hab. Sumatra (Bell); Tavoy, near Siamese frontier (Blyth) ;

Pegu (Theobald, B. M.).

There are two skulls of this species in the British Museum :—

1. Adult, with a roughness on the forehead and nose made by the

roots of the horns, from Pegu. 2. A skull of a two-thirds-grown

animal, with the seventh grinder just appearing ; it has the forehead

and nose smooth. This was received from the Zoological Society, and

is probably from Sir Stamford Raffles’s collection from Sumatra.

The horn in the British Museum named R. crossii, I have no

doubt, from the figure that Mr. Blyth gives of the skull (Journ.

Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1862, t. 4), he is right in referring to this

species,

When I described this horn I was told by several persons that it

was only the horn of an African Rhinoceros that had been artificially

prepared and bent back after being boiled; but the colour and

structure of the horn showed that that could not be the case, and

that it was the horn of a Rhinoceros which I had not before seen.

In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons there is a beau-

tiful skeleton (no. 2938) of this species, received from Sir Stamford

Raffles. There are also three skulls of adult or nearly adult age,—

viz. nos. 2935, 2936, and 2938; the latter is cut open longitudinally

to show the brain-cavity. From the roughness on the forehead in

the adult skull, the hinder horn must be situated further back in

this species than in the African Rhinocerotes; the centre of the

roughness is over the orbit. One of the skulls shows a rudimentary

canine on one side of the upper jaw, placed in the front edge of the

intermaxillary suture ; this animal was just obtaining its first per-

manent molar.

The skull figured by Bell, and copied by Cuvier, represents the

erect form of the occipital plane, as also does De Blainville’s figure

of the skull of a female. Mr. Blyth, who has seen these animals

alive, thinks the horn that I provisionally described as R. crossiz is

the horn of an adult male C. suwmatranus. He says that the horns

of the females are smaller than those of the males—observing, at the

same time, that there is no difference in size in the horns of the two

sexes of R. unicornis of India. In Bell’s figure of the skull the

intermaxillaries are represented as curved downwards. This may

have been an individual peculiarity ; they are more or less bent down

obliquely in the skulls I have seen, but always straight.

The Rhinocéros de Java of M. F. Cuvier (Mamm. Lithogr.) is

only a better figure of the R. sumatrensis.

M. Cuvier, in the first edition of the ‘Régne Animal,’ says the

Rhinocéros de Java is smaller than the R. sumatranus; but in the

second edition he refers to his brother’s figures in the ‘Mamm.

Lithogr.,’ and alters his description; so that both R. sumatrensis

and R. javanensis are established on the Sumatran Rhinoceros.

This species is erroneously called by Jardine, in the ‘ Naturalist’s

Library,’ “R. sumatrensis, the Lesser one-horned Rhinoceros.”

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDZ. 1023

The horns of the Rhinoceros are exceedingly difficult to procure ;

they are eagerly bought up at high prices by the Chinamen, who

not only value them as medicine, but carve them into very elegant

ornaments (Blyth, /. c. 158).

2. CERATORHINUS MONSPELLIANUS.

R. de Montpellier, Marcel de Serres.

R. monspellianus, Blainv.

Rhinoceros megarhinus, De Cristol; Gervais, Zool. et Paléont.

Frang. ii. 43, ili. t. 2.

Fossil, Hérault, France.

This species chiefly differs from R. sumatranus in the nose behind

the base of the front horn being prolonged and subeylindrical. This

species has been mixed up with R. ¢ichorhinus (see Gervais, /. ¢.).

The Arrican Rarnocerotes. The skin uniform, without any

strong fold, except at the junction between the head and body.

Nose with two horns, one behind the other, front longest.

Skull :—occiput and condyles not produced. Nasal bones free,

produced, broad, rounded in front. Intermazillaries rudi-

mentary, very small. Upper eutting-teeth none. Lower jaw

arched below, thick. Teeth 28:—I. ea Ge =. PM =.

gig 0o—0

Rhinaster, Gray, List Mamm. B. M. 1840; Gerrard, Cat. Bones

B. M. 281.

I am not aware that any adult African Rhinoceros has been seen

living in this country ; and the external appearance of the species is

chiefly known by the excellent figures given by Dr. Andrew Smith,

in his ‘Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa,’ who figures

Rhinoceros bicornis, R. simus, and R. keitloa. The specimens of

these three species, which he collected and had stuffed by M. Ver-

reaux under his own superintendence, are in the British Museum.

There are two well-marked forms of these animals, characterized

by the shape of the head and skull. The first (or short, blunt-

headed, narrow-nosed group) includes two, and the second (or long-

headed, broad, square-nosed group) includes one well-marked species,

and probably another distinguished by the form of the horns, of

which only the horns are known.

There is a not quite adult skull of R. bicornis, and two adult

skulls and two very young skulls of R. simus, in the British Museum ;

but the skull of R. keitloa is only known from the description and

figure of Camper. Cuvier figured two of these skulls, but considered

them the adult and young of the same species. Unfortunately,

R. oswellii is only known from the horns; I am not aware that any

skin or bones of the species have been brought to Europe. There

is a large number of the horns of each of the species in the Museum

collection ; and they were known to Parsons, who figured them in the

1024 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDZ. _[Dec. 12,

‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1742 and 1743; and the specimens

which he figured are now in the British Museum.

There is considerable divergence of opinion among travellers re-

specting the horns of the African Rhinocerotes. Sir Andrew Smith

observes, “I do not think that the horns of the same species of

African Rhinoceroses are subject to any great variations in respect to

relative length.”’—A. Smith.

Capt. Cornwallis Harris, on the contrary, after describing the

horns of CO. bicornis as unequal, says ‘the horns are sometimes

nearly of the same length.’ Further on he observes “ that some-

times accident or disease renders the front horn the shortest of the

two.” Perhaps Capt. Harris had not such a good knowledge of

species as Sir Andrew Smith.

«The relative length of the horns varies a little in different indi-

viduals of R. bicornis ; but the hindermost one in both sexes is inva-

riably much the shortest, and in young specimens it is scarcely visible

when the other is several inches in length.’””—A. Smith.

“In R. keitloa the young have horns of equal length.” — 4. Smith.

3. RurnasterR. Black Rhinoceros.

Head short, high ; forehead convex ; nose rounded in front. Upper

lip with a central conical process. Horns two, unequal. Skin

smooth, not divided into shields by plaits. Skull short, high; the

portion of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh

grinder not so long as the portion in front of it, the occiput erect,

the upper margin only slightly produced over it; forehead concave,

shelving; nasal bones on the sides convex, subspherical above,

rounded in front. Tooth-line curved, bent up at each end. Lower

jaw thick in front. Shoulder with a more or less developed hunch.

* Living in herds; a ‘browser,’ feeding on leaves and young

shoots of trees. It frequents forest and bush country, avoiding

grassy plains.”’—Kirk, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 655.

a. Horns cylindrical, conical, front recurved, hinder short ; head

short and high, swollen in front; upper lip subtruncate ;

shoulder-hump rudimentary. Rhinaster.

1. RaINasTerR BicorRNIs. Bovili. B.M.

Horns unequal, cylindrical at the base, and conical, blunt, the

hinder smaller, front recurved; shoulder-hunch rudimentary, neck-

grooves well marked. ‘ Pale brown; upper lip truncated, scarcely

produced in the centre.

Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1743, t. 3. f. 3, 4.

Rhinoceros bicornis, Linn. 8. N. i. 104; Sparrm. K. Vet. Akad.

Handl. 1778, t. 9; A. Smith, Ill. Z. S. Africa, t. 2.

Rhinocéros bicorne du Cap, part., Giebel, 200 ; Cuvier, Oss. Foss.

ii. 29, t. 4. f. 7, t. 16. f. 10; Blainv. Ostéogr. Onguligrades, t. 3, 4

(skull &e.).

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID&, 1025

R. africanus, Desm. Mamm. 400; Harris, Portraits of Wild Ani-

mals of S. A. 81, t. 11 (horns at p. 85); Duvernoy, Arch. du Mus,

vil. t. 8.

R. brucei, Blainv.

Rh. niger, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. 335.

Rhinaster bicornis, Gray ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. 282.

In the British Museum there is the skull of a nearly adult animal,

In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine

skull of an adult of this species (no. 2941), and the upper jaw co-

vered with skin (no. 2942) and with the two horns attached to it,

The horns are both circular at the base, and regular, conical, and blunt

at the tip.

Schinz, who compiled a Monograph of this genus, in his Synopsis

named a species &. niger, after Capt. Alexander’s description of the

Black Rhinoceros in his ‘ Travels into the Interior of South Africa.’

B. Nose rounded in front ; upper lip acute in the middle. Skull :—

Jace short—that is, from front of orbit to nasal, not so long as

Jrom same point to occipital condyle ; nasal rounded in front.

Keitloa.

2. RHINASTER KEITLOA. The Keitloa or Ketloa. B.M.

Upper lip with a central prominence, acute ; horns elongate, hinder

compressed, sharp-edged, often as long as the front one, front one

rather compressed, recurved; shoulder without any hunch; skin

pale yellow brown; skull short; face short from front edge of the

orbit to the end of the nasal, not so long as from the front edge of

orbit to occipital condyle.

Var. 1. Keitloa. The horns of nearly equal length; the hinder

compressed, sharp-edged before and behind; the front one rather

compressed, broad and flat in front.

Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. lvi. 32, t. 2. f. 8,9. B.M.

Rhinoceros ketloa or keitloa, A. Smith, Cat. S. A. Mus. pt 7,

1837; Illust. Zool. S. A. t. 1; Schinz, Syn. Mam. 337.

Rhinaster keitloa, Gray, List Mamm. B. M.; Gerrard, Cat. Bones

B. M.

Var. 2. camperi. The horns both compressed and sharp-edged

in front and behind, the front one twice as long as the hinder ; upper

lip with acute central prominence.

Rhinoceros bicornis capensis, P. Camper, Act. Petrop. 1777, ii.

193, t. 3, 4, 5, 6 (copied Blumenbach, Abbild. t. 7. f. a).

Rhinoceros bicornis (adult), Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. t. 4. f. 5 (skull

copied from Camper).

Rhinoceros , Sparrman, Voy. ii. t. 3.

KR. camperi, Schinz, Syn. Mamm. ii. 335 ; Monogr. t. 1.

Black Rhinoceros, Baker, Albert Nyanza, ii. 275; Nile Tributaries,

fig. at p. 365 (head and horns).

Hab. South Atrica (Dr. A. Smith's type in B. M.).

1026 DR. J. E.GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDS. [Dec. 12,

I have not seen the skull of this species, nor do I know any spe-

cimen existing in museums, unless the one described by Camper

still exists.

‘* The length of the head of R. keztloa, in proportion to the depth,

is very different from that of R. dicornis. Upper lip distinctly pro-

duced ; inside of the thigh black. The horns are of equal length

and development in the young animal.’’—4. Smith.

This species is peculiar for the length of the hinder horn; but

Schinz describes the front horn as very long, and the hinder short,

conical.

Peter Camper, in ‘Act. Petrop.’ (1777, part 2, p. 193), described

the head of a two-horned Rhinoceros which he received from the

Cape of Good Hope. He figures the head and the skull in great

detail. The upper lip has a distinct central process, or prehensile

lobe; and the horns are both compressed and sharp-edged before

and behind, the front one is the longest and regularly curved, the

hinder well developed and elongate. The end of the nose of the

head and skull is rounded and not square, and the nasal bones are

not truncate, as in the skulls of R. s¢mus in the British Museum.

I believe Camper’s to be the first description of R. keitloa of Dr. A.

Smith.

Schinz gave the name of R. camperi to a species which he says is

R. bicornis of authors, and which is figured by A. Smith under that

name in the ‘ Illustrations of South Africa ;’ but he describes the front

horn as very long and recurved, and the hinder horn as small, tri-

quetrous, compressed ; while the hinder horn of R. dicornis is always

conical, subcylindrical, with a circular base. Schinz’s R. eamperi

appears to be a compilation from the figures of Sir A. Smith’s R. d7-

cornis and Camper’s description and figure of the head of R. keitloa.

P. Camper, in giving the figures of this species, properly made

the drawings like a diagram, without attending to the rules of per-

spective, so that the compass can be applied to any part. He gives

a particular name to these figures, and calls them Catograph.

In Camper’s figure the length from the back edge of the seventh

molar to the front edge of the small intermaxillary is considerably

greater than the distance behind the hinder edge of the last molar to

the occipital condyle. In De Blainville’s figure of R. simus, and in

the two specimens in the British Museum, the length from the hinder

edge of the seventh molar to the front edge of the small intermaxil-

lary is rather less, or about the length behind the hinder edge of

the seventh molar to the outer part of the occipital condyle.

The Keitloa is recognized as a species distinct from R. dicornis

by the tribes of natives; they have a different name for the two

species.

If Cuvier had had a series of the skulls of R. bicornis, or had seen

a preserved specimen of the two animals, he would never have

thought that the skull figured by Camper was the adult of R. :-

cornis. The skulls of the different species alter very little in form

during the growth of the animal, when they have passed the very

youngest, nearly feetal, state.

1867. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1027

4. CERATOTHERIUM.

Head elongate, produced behind ; forehead flat ; nose very broad,

square at the end; upper lip bovine, rounded. Horns two, very

unequal, hinder small. Skin smooth, not divided into shields.

Shoulder with a well-marked hunch. Skull elongate; the portion

of the skull behind the hinder edge of the last or seventh grinder as

long as the one in front of it; occiput erect, the upper margin much

produced behind the condyle; forehead concave; nose straight,

rounded ; nasal bones very broad, convex above, truncated, with a

sharp edge in front; lower jaw thick, tapering in front; molars

large ; teeth-line straight.

The skull of the very young animal has a very convex, nearly he-

mispherical prominence on the nasals, and is broad and rounded in

front ; but the prolongation of the hinder part of the skull is shown

in the fcetal skull in which the milk-grinders are only just appear-

ing, the proportion of the hinder and anterior portion being nearly

the same as in the adult skulls; the occiput is erect, without any

marked projecting crest.

“The first animal that disappears before firearms.” — Kirk,

P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 655.

‘Gentle and a ‘grazer ;’ living in open plains, feeding on grass.”

—A. Smith.

1. CeRATOTHERIUM simMuM. Mahoohoo. B.M.

The front horn very long, slender, subcylindrical, recurved ; hinder

very small, conical; nose broad, high, square. ‘‘ Pale grey brown;

shoulder, buttocks, and belly darker.’’ The face of the skull from

the front edge of the orbit longer than the portion of the skull behind

this place.

Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1743, t. 3. f. 6

(front horn).

Rhinoceros simus, Burchell; Blainv. Journ. de Phys. Ixxi. 163,

t. (head, horns bad); Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 28; Burchell, Travels,

ii. 75; A. Smith, Zool. S. A. t. 19 (animal); Cat. S. A. Mus. 9,

1837; Blainy. Ostéogr. Onguligrades, t. 4 (skull &c.) ; Duvernoy,

Arch. du Mus. vii. t. 2, 3 (skull), t. 8 (skull, junior); Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 100.

R. burchellii, Desm. Mamm. 401.

R. simus (Chicore), A. Smith, Rep. 68, 1836; Harris, Sports in

8. Africa, p. 371.

R. camus, Ham. Smith; Griffith, A. K. v. 746.

Rhinaster simus, Gray, List Mam. B. M. 1840; Gerrard, Cat.

Bones B. M. 282.

? Rhinoceros gordonii, Blainv.

The Square-nosed or White Rhinoceros (R. simus), Harris, Por-

traits of Wild Animals of 8. A. 97, t. 19 (horns at p. 101).

White Rhinoceros or Witte Rhinaster, Colonists, Cape G. H.

Chickore or Mohoohoo, Bukeiana and Matabite.

Hab. South Africa (Burchell ; Dr. A. Smith, type spec. B. M.) ;

Central Africa (Kirk).

1028 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID#. ([Dec. 12,

There is a well stuffed young specimen of this species in the

British Museum, and two skulls of adult and two of very young

animals.

In the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is a very fine

adult skull of this species (no. 2960 a) with the two horns attached

to the skin. It was obtained from Mr. Gordon Cumming’s collection.

It is 35 inches long from the end of the nasal to the occipital crest.

The front horn is very long, slender, straight, and recurved; the

front edge of the horn is worn by the animal rubbing it on the ground.

De Blainville obtained, when he was in London, from Mr. Burchell

the drawing of the head of this species (engraved in the ‘ Journ. de

Physique’); but the horns were added after it passed out of Bur-

chell’s hands, and are not the horns of the species.

In the British Museum there are two skulls of very young animals

of this species that were received with the adult skulls in the collec-

tion; the milk-grinders are being formed, but could only just have

been seen through the gums. The skulls are elongate, subcylindrical,

and have a rounded nose, with a large nearly hemispherical promi-

nence near the end of the upper surface for the support of the front

horn. The grinders are very large compared with the size of the

skulls, and occupy a great part of the cavity of the mouth ; the hinder

one is placed in the centre of the length of the underside of the skull

vom the nose to the condyles. The larger of these young skulls

(1003 6) is very like the smaller one, but there is a fourth grinder

being developed behind the third one; it is not elevated above the

edge of the alveolus, and has no smooth enamelled edge. The small

first grinder is only very little more developed than in the smaller

skull. The line of grinders occupies 63 inches. The intermaxil-

lary bones are deficient. The palate ends, as in the smaller skull,

in a line even with the back edge of the third grinder. The hinder

part of the skull has lengthened more rapidly than the part in front

of the edge of the palate. The nasal is slightly longer compared

with the length of the skull than in the smaller specimen; they are

41 inches long, the entire length being very nearly 14 mches—that

is to say, nearly three-tenths of the entire length. The front of

the nasal is more dilated on the sides, aud becoming broader and

more truncated as in the adult skulls.

The lower jaw of this specimen is considerably longer than the

other ; and there is little difference in the state of the teeth, except

that the second and third grinders on each side are higher out of

the gums, rather more worn on the edge, and the first and fourth

grinders are rather more developed and larger, the first on the two

sides not being quite equally developed, but one more exposed than

the other.

The smaller specimen (1003 ¢) has three grinders appearing ; the

smallest front one is least developed, hardly raised above the alveoli,

and not showing any smooth enamel ; the second and third grinders

are nearly equally developed, the ridges being high and edged with

enamel, the rest of the teeth are minutely rugulose; the hinder

edge of the third grinder is on a line-even with the front edge of the

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. 1029

hinder nasal opening. The skull is 12 inches from the intermaxil-

lary to the convexity of the condyle; the teeth-line is 4} inches

long. The facial portion (that is, the skull from the front of the

intermaxillary to the front edge of the internal nostril) is only two-

fifths of the entire length; it is the same length as from the front

edge of the internal nostril to the suture between the basisphenoid

and the basioccipital bone. Length from intermaxillary to front

edge of internal nostril or end of palate 4 inches 7 lines, from end

of palate to convexity of occipital condyle 73 inches. The inter-

raxillary of one side is lost; the other has a narrow lower edge,

not showing any appearance of cutting-teeth. The nearly hemi-

spherical prominence on the nose is hollow, with thin even parietes ;

the cavity extends far back, and is open behind. The face, from

end of nasal to the front edge of the orbit, is shorter than the

part of the skull behind it, being from front end of nasal to front

edge of orbit 5 inches 4 lines, from front edge of orbit to occi-

pital crest 7 inches 2 lines. Nasal bones short and broad, being

about two-sevenths of the entire length of the skull to the occipital

crest.

The lower jaw shows four grinders and a cavity behind the fourth ;

the second and third grinders are most developed, raised above the

alveolus, and furnished with a smooth enamel edge; the first small

grinder is just showing, as is also the ease with the fourth grinder,

which is rather more developed than the front one; neither of these

teeth is raised above the edge of the alveolus. The front edges

marked with two or three series of small circular pits ; but no cutting-

teeth are visible.

In the Free Museum at Liverpool is the head of a large speci-

men, collected by Mr. Burke in Lord Derby’s exploring party. The

skin of the head is stuffed, and the skull kept separate.

An adult skull without the lower jaw is in the Museum of the

London Missionary Society in Bloomfield Street, London, E.C., that

was obtained by the Rev. John Campbell.

The Rev. John Campbell gives a figure of the head of this animal

before the skin was removed in his work entitled ‘ Travels in South

Africa, Second Mission’ (2 vols. 8vo, London, 1822), where it is

called the “head of a Unicorn killed near the City of Mashow”

(plate at p. 294 of the second volume). The artist has added a

regular series of nearly equal-sized square teeth all along both

aws.

This figure is copied in Froriep’s ‘ Notizen’ for 1822, at vol. ii.

p- 98; and a notice of the skull is given at p. 152 of vol. i. of the

same journal.

2. CERATOTHERIUM OSWELLII. Kobaaba. B.M. (horn).

The front horn very long, thick at the base, bent back and then

forward at the end, the front of the tip worn flat.

Trés-grande corne de Rhinocéros, Buffon, N. H. x. t. 8. f. 5.

/BIS

1030 DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTIDE. [Dec. 12,

Rhinoceros horn, Parsons, Phil. Trans. 1742, 1743, t. 3. f. 6.

Rhinoceros oswellii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 46, f. (horn) ; Ann.

and Mag. N. H. xv. 145.

Rhinoceros oswelli, Andersson, Lake Ngami, p. 386, f. (head),

p- 388, f. (horn).

Kobaaba, Baines, Land and Water, July 28, 1866, f.

Hab. South Africa.

I have not seen the skull of this species, and I do not believe there

is one in any European Museum.

Camper probably knew R. oswellii. He observes, ‘‘ Cornu ante-

rius A D in hoe specimene ineurvum adeo fuit ut alterum E F H,

tamquam inutile reddiderit. Verum non ita in omnibus; possideo

alterius cranii partem, cujus cornu anterius rectum, et antrorsum

inclinatum est.”’— Camper, 1. c. 186.

Mr. Baines gave a foetus of the Kobaaba to the Royal College

of Surgeons (killed 3rd of June, 1862). He has shown me a series

of drawings of the recently killed Kobaaba. One group represents

the R. simus and R. oswellii side by side. The horns of the two

are very different in appearance.

Mr. Baines says Mr. Chapman was informed by the natives that

they had never seen a young Kobaaba= R. oswellii. Mr. Baines

says that it is possible that the horn, being worn away at the end by

the constant friction on the front as it passes through the bushes,

may bend forward in the older specimens. The Kaffirs make the

horns of the cattle bend by scraping them on the sides towards

which they wish them to turn.

Schinz gives the name of nzyer to the Rhinoceros horn figured by

Andersson ; but he describes it as curved back, in the same words as

he described the horns of the other African species.

Camper compares the labial process to a finger, and says it is not

unlike the lobe at the end of the trunk of the Elephant.

See M. F. Fresnel’s ‘Sur l’existence d’une espéce unicorne de

Rhinocéros dans la partie tropicale de |’ Afrique’’ (Comptes Rendus,

xxvi. 1848, p. 281). See also A. Smith’s ‘ Illust. Zool. S. A.’ t. 1,

where he says the natives mention a one-horned African species.

Ill. Skin smooth, even. Skull ? Internasal bony, short; the

nasal, internasal, and the intermaxillaries united into one mass.

Asia and Europe, fossil.

5. C@LODONTA.

Nose with two horns. Skull elongate; face rather produced ;

nasal bones broad, rounded in front ; cutting-teeth none; intermax-

illaries very short; internasal bony, uniting the nasals, the inter-

maxillary, and maxillze into one mass. Asia, Europe, Africa.

Rhinocéros & narines cloisonnées, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 64.

Celodonta, Brown, 1831.

1867.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON THE RHINOCEROTID. 1031

C@LODONTA PALLASII.

Rhinoceros, Pallas, Acta Acad. Petrop. 1777, ii. 210, t. 9; Nov.

Com. Petrop. xiii. 447, t. 9, 10.

Rhinoceros tichorinus, Cuvier, Oss. Foss. ii. 64, t. 7. f. 1 (skull),

t. 8, 9, 11, 14 (bones) ; Blainv. Ostéogr. t. 13 (from Pallas).

R. pallasiit, Desm. Mam. 402.

R. antiquitatis, Blainv.

Rhinocéros de Sibérie, Cuv. Ann. Mus. xii. 19, t. 1, 3, 4.

Hab. Siberia, in the ice; Fossil, Himalaya &c.

The following measurements are given in inches and lines, taken by

a pair of callipers ; so they are a straight line (or chord) from point

to point indicated, and not a line over or along the surface. I be-

lieve they are sufficient for all zoological purposes ; but it is the

fashion of some zoologists and comparative anatomists to give mea-

surements with three, and sometimes even four places of decimals,

this arising from their taking a metre, about 39 inches, for the

unit, which requires one decimal place for any measured or part of a

measured inch or space under 39 inches, two for any similar mea-

surement under 4 inches, and three for any under 5 lines. Others,

to avoid this evil, write of 20 or 130 mm. (millimetres) ; but this is

as inconvenient, as the latter unit is as much too small as the other

is too large.

On pointing out this evil to a naturalist, who has published long

tables with such admeasurements, he replied, did it not look very

scientific? I fear, unfortunately, there is a desire to mystify general

readers, and a quackery in natural history as in other less ennobling

studies.

I have never yet met with a naturalist, even German or French,

that could show me the size of a bone marked in the French metrical

system ; few cannot do this with considerable accuracy when marked

in inches or feet. The having a measurement of well-known different

lengths, as yards, feet, inches, or lines, which bear a relation to some

parts of our own bodies, is a great advantage not found in the me-

trical system.

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1033

APPENDIX.

LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE

Jan.

. 1St. John’s Monkey, Macacus sancti-johannis, Swinhoe. Pur-

29.

30.

DURING THE YEAR

1867.

1 Indian Civet. Viverricula indica (Geoff.). Purchased.

1 Ocelot. Felis pardalis, Linn. Purchased.

2 Mexican Guans. Penelope purpurascens, Wagl. Purchased.

1Serval. Felis serval, Schreb. Presented by Mrs. Duncan

Campbell.

1Common Badger. Meles taxus (Schreb.). Presented by Henry

Elwes, Esq., F.Z.S8.

1 Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Presented by Money

Wigram, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 g Upland Goose. Chloéphaga magellanica (Gm.). Purchased.

chased.

- 1 Formosan Pig. Sus taivanus, Swinhoe. Presented by —

Gregory, Esq., H.M. Vice-Consul at Tamsuy.

. lL pair of Black-winged Peafowl. Pavo nigripennis, Sclater.

Presented by Charles Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 pair of White Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn., var. alba.

Presented by Charles Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 pair of Common Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn. Presented

by Charles Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.

» 1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Born.

- 1 Common Bittern. Botawrus stellaris (Linn.). Presented by

the Rey. Benjamin Ruck Keene.

» 1 Regent Bird. Sericulus chrysocephalus. Presented by Dr.

Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

1 g Formosan Deer. Cervus tatvanus, Blyth. Purchased.

1 Turtle. Chelonia imbricata, Schw. Purchased.

1 Common Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.). Presented by

the Rey. R. Smith.

1g Emu. Dromeus nove-hollandia, Vieill. Received in ex-

change.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Mrs. Smith.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXVI.

APPENDIX.

1 Long-eared Owl. Otus vulgaris, Flem, Presented by Edward

Greey, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey. Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.). Presented

by Douglas Marsh, Esq. :

. 2 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroos.. Petrogale xanthopus, Gray.

Born.

. 1 Naked-throated Cotinga. Chasmorhynchus nudicollis (Vieill.).

Presented by Dr. John A. Palin, C.M.Z.S.

1 Kagu. Rhinochetus jubatus, Verr. et Des Murs. Purchased.

2 Green-tailed Lories. Lorius chlorocercus, Gould. Purchased.

. 1 Grey-cheeked Monkey. Cercocebus albigena (Gray). Pre-

sented by Capt. James Erskine, R.N., of H.M.S. ‘Speedwell.’

1 Mangabey Monkey. Cercocebus ethiops (Kuhl). Presented

by Capt. James Erskine, R.N., of H.M.S. ‘Speedwell.’

1 Viverrine Cat. Felis viverrina, Bennett. Purchased.

. 1 Cinereous Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Presented

by A. Pryor, Esq.

. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is. Geoff. Received

11,

in exchange.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by W. W. Cowslade, Esq.

1 Mooruk. Caswarius bennettw, Gould. Presented by Commander

Sir W. 8. Wiseman, R.N., H.M.S. ‘Curacoa.’

2 Australian Cranes. Grus australasiana, Gould. Presented by

Commander Sir W. 8. Wiseman, R.N., H.M.S. ‘ Curacoa.’

2 Bronze-winged Pigeons. Phaps chalcoptera (Lath.). Presented

by Commander Sir W. 8S. Wiseman, R.N., H.M.S. ‘Curagoa.’

2 Spotted-eared Owls. Bubo maculosus (Vieill.). Presented by

Commander Sir W. 8. Wiseman, R.N., H.M.S. ‘ Curacoa,’

1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.) Presented

by J. Gurney Hawes, Esq.

. 1KangarooRat. Bettongia—? Presented by C.J. Foljambe, Esq.

. 2 Senegal Parrots. Pwocephalus senegalensis (Linn.). Presented

by Capt. Maule.

. 1 Banded Ichneumon. Herpestes fasciatus, Desm. Presented

by Mrs. Keep.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Col. Clinton.

2, 1 pair of Russian Bullfinches. Pyrrhula rubicilla, Pall. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by W. Burney Wood, Esq.

. 1 pair of Yarrell's Curassows. Crax carunculatus,Temm. Re-

ceived in exchange.

. 1 Great Kangaroo, Macropus giganteus (Shaw). Born.

1 Barred Owl. Syrniwm nebulosum (Forst.). Presented by A.

Downs, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Canada Jay. Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). Presented by A.

Downs, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Dusky Duck. Anas obscura, Gm. Presented by A. Downs,

Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linn.).

Presented by A. Downs, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Lineated Buzzard, Buteo lineatus (Gm.). Presented by E. C.

Newcombe, Esq.

1 Common Kestrel. Tinnunculus alaudarius, Briss. Presented

by E. C. Newcombe,Esq.

Mar. 3.

11.

22.

23.

25.

26.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1035

3 Common Boas. Boa constrictor, Linn, Presented by Robert

Goodwin, Esq., of Pernambuco.

. 1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandii, Is. Geoff. Purchased.

1 Black-faced Spider Monkey. Atelesater,F.Cuv. Purchased.

1 Kaleege. Euplocamus melanotus (?). Received in exchange.

. 1 Love-bird Parrakeet. Agapornis pullaria (Linn.). Presented

by Miss Armitstead.

. 1 Barbary Ape. Inuus sylvanus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Moustache-Monkey. Cercopithecus cephus, Erxl. Purchased.

2 Mona Monkeys. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl. Purchased.

2 Prairie Marmots. Arctomys ludovicianus, Ord. Purchased.

1 Boatbill. Caneroma cochlearia, Linn. Purchased.

1 Superb Tanager. Cadliste fastuosa (Less.). Purchased.

] Black Lemur. Lemur niger, Geoff. Purchased.

1 Black-fronted Lemur. Lemur nigrifrons, Geoff. Purchased. °

1 Yellow-fronted Lemur. Lemur flavifrons (Gray). Purchased,

- 1 Cuvier’s Podargus. Podargus cuvierii, Vig. et Horsf. Pur-

chased.

. 1 ¢ African Sheep. Ovis aries, Linn., var. Born.

. 1 Crested Guan. Penelope cristata, Gm, Presented by Lady

Cust.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua galerita (Lath.).

Deposited.

1 Concave-casqued Hornbill. Buceros bicornis, Linn. Purchased,

1 Grey Crow. Strepera anaphonensis (Temm.). Purchased.

1 Carpet-Snake. Morelia variegata, Gray. Purchased.

1 Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris (Briss.). Purchased.

. 1 § Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

. 1 $ Giraffe. Camelopardalis giraffa, Gm. Born.

. 1 2 Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

1 Peruvian Boa. Boa eques, Kyd. et Soul. Presented by Prof.

Wu. Nation, of Lima, C.M.Z.S.

. 1 Ursine Dasyure. Dasyurus wrsinus (Harr.). Purchased.

1 Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes, Briss. Purchased.

. 1 Short-headed Phalanger. Belideus breviceps (Waterh.). Born.

2 Raccoons. Procyon lotor (Linn.). Presented by Henry Jubber,

Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Iceland Falcon. alco islandicus, Briinn. Purchased.

3 Wood-Pigeons. Columba palumbus, Linn. Presented by Ro-

bert H. Mitford, Esq.

2 Turtledoves. Turtur auritus, Ray. Presented by Robert H.

Mitford, Esq.

2 Hybrid Turtledoves. Turtur auritus and T. risorius. Presented

by Robert H. Mitford, Esq.

1 Seychellean Tortoise. Sternotherus subniger, Gray. Presented

by Edward Newton, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 White-headed Sea-Eagle. Haliaétus leucocephalus (Linn.).

Presented by — Whittle, Esq.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Mrs. Lea.

1 Australian Thick-knee. Cdienemus grallarius (Lath.). Re-

ceived.

1 Wanderoo Monkey. Macacus silenus (Linn.). Presented by

General Sir Henry G. A. Taylor, F.Z.S.

3 Wild Turkeys. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. Purchased.

. 1 Talapoin Monkey. Cercopithecus talapoin, Erxl. Presented

by the Rev. Dan. Greatorex.

1036

Mar. 29,

30.

April 2.

10.

11.

12.

18.

15.

16,

17,

21.

24.

25,

APPENDIX.

1 Pallas’s Paradoxure. Paradoxurus pallasit, Gray. Presented

by R. R. Liddle, Esq.

1 Masked Paradoxure. Paradoxurus larvatus, Gray. Purchased.

1 young male Orang-Utan. Simia satyrus, Linn. Deposited.

1 pair of American Bisons. Bison americanus (Gm.). Deposited.

1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua sulphurea (Gm.).

Presented by Miss Atkinson.

1 pair of Goosanders. Mergus merganser, Linn. Purchased.

2 Wood-Pigeons. Columba palumbus, Linn. Presented by

Thomas Worthington, Esq. :

1 Turtledove. Turtur auritus, Ray. Presented by Thomas

Worthington, Esq.

1 White Dove. TZurtur risorius (L.), var. alba. Presented by

Thomas Worthington, Esq.

1 $ Yak. Bos grunniens, Linn. Born.

1 Coati (Red variety). Nasua nasica (Linn.). Presented by

the Earl of Dundonald.

1 Spotted Eagle. Aguila nevia (Gm.). Purchased.

1 Chestnut-bellied Squirrel. Sciwus castaneoventris. Purchased.

4 Common Adders. elias berus, Merr. Presented by Dr.

Brushfield.

. 3 Moorhens from the Island of St. Denis, Seychelles. Gallinula

chloropus, Linn. Presented by Edward Newton, Esq.,C.M.Z.S.

1 Painted Dove. TZurtur picturatus (Temm.). Presented by

Edward Newton, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Praslin Parrakeet. Coracopsis barklyi, Newton. Presented

by Swinbourne Ward, Esq., Civil Commissioner of Seychelles.

. 1 Lyre-Bird. Menura superba, Day. Purchased.

2 Varied Hemipodes. Turnix varia (Lath.). Purchased.

2 Brush Turkeys. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Presented by F. J.

Owen, Esq.

1 Yellow-shouldered Weaverbird. Pentheria macroura (Gm.).

Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

Miss Lockhart.

2 White Rats. Mus decumanus, Linn. Presented by — Vau-

drey, Esq.

2 Kingfishers. -Alcedo ispida, Linn. Purchased.

1 g Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.

2 $ Formosan Deer. Cervus taévanus, Blyth. Purchased.

1 Pig-tailed Monkey. Macacus nemestrinus (Linn.). Presented

by W. D. Garside, Esq.

3 Green-winged Doves. Chalcophaps indica (Linn.). Presented

by W. D. Garside, Esq.

1 Marimonda Spider Monkey. Ateles belzebuth (Briss.). Re-

ceived in exchange.

1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo. Cacatua leadbeatert (Vig.). Re-

ceived.

1 Q Japanese Pig. Sus lewcomystar,Temm. Presented by Messrs.

Vanner, Prest, and Syth.

2 Proteus. Proteus anguinus (Shaw). Presented by Major

R. H. H. Jary, F.Z.S.

2 pees Lizards. Trachydosaurus rugosus, Gray. Pur-

chased.

1 Bennett’s Wallaby. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh. Born.

1 Boatbill. Cancroma cochlearia, Linn, Received in exchange.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1037

Apr. 25, 2 Ka-Ka Parrots. Nestor hypopolius (Forst.). Presented by the

27.

29,

30.

May 1.

2. 1 Green Monkey. Cercopithecus callitrichus, Is. Geoff. Pre-

Acclimatization Society of Canterbury, New Zealand.

1 Dingo Dog. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Presented by James

Anderson, Esq.

2 Seed-eaters. Crithagra —. Presented by Miss Charlotte

Boyle.

1 West-African Lark. Presented by Miss Charlotte Boyle.

3 West-African Weaverbirds. Presented by Miss Charlotte

Boyle.

1 Rasaval: Felis caracal, Schreb. Purchased.

39 Mud-Frogs. Pelobates fuscus. Received in exchange.

4 Maja Finches. Mania maja (Linn.). Purchased.

4 Javan Maja Finches. Munia ferruginea (Sparrm.). Pur-

chased.

4 pairs of Unaulated Parrakeets. Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw).

Purchased.

12 Common Teal. Querquedula crecca (Limn.). Purchased.

1 Garganey Teal. Querquedula circia (Linn.). Purchased.

12 Fournier's Capromys. Capromys pilorides, Say. Presented

by Francis Fesser, Esq., of Havana, Cuba.

1 Frugivorous Bat. Pteropus argentatus, Gray. Purchased.

1 Markhoor. Capra megaceros, Hutton. Born.

1 Viscacha. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. Born.

1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Presented by

Miss Amy Chester.

2 pairs of Black-bellied Sand-Grouse. Pterocles arenarius,

Pall. Presented by Capt. R. C. Beavan, H.M.I.A., C.M.Z.S.

1 Spur-winged Goose. Plectropterus gambensis (Linn.). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Compton Robert.

2 pairs of Many-coloured Parrakeets. Psephotus multicolor

(Brown). Purchased.

6 Spotted Salamanders. Salamandra maculosa (Linn.). Pre-

sented by F. Coleman, Esq.

4 Green Tree-Frogs. Hyla viridis. Presented by F. Coleman,

Esq.

1 Natterjack Toad. Bufo calamita, Laur. Presented by F.

Coleman, Esq.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. Presented by Miss Smee.

sented by Henry M. Spalding, Esq.

2 Virginian Colins. Ortyx virginianus (Linn.). Presented by

L. H. Smith, Esq.

1St. Helena Seed-eater. Crithagra butyracea (Limn.). Pre-

sented by Capt. R. C. Beavan, H.M.I.A., C.M.Z.S,

1 Red-headed Weaverbird. Euplectes madagascariensis (Linn.),

Presented by Capt. R. C. Beavan, H.M.I.A., C.M.Z.S.

4 Indian Siskins. Chrysomitris spinoides (Vig.). Presented by

Capt. R. C. Beavan, H.M.LA., C.M.Z.S.

» 1 Napu Musk-Deer. Zragulus javanicus (Pall.). Purchased.

7 Swinhoe’s Pheasants. Huplocamus swinhoii, Gould. Hatched.

» 2 Yarrell’s Curassows. Craxv carunculatus, Temm. Presented

by Ed. Thornton, Esq., H.B.M. Minister, Rio de Janeiro.

1 Razor-billed Curassow. Pauaxi mitu (Linn.). Presented by

Ed. Thornton, Esq., H.B.M. Minister, Rio de Janeiro.

2 Cayenne Lapwings. Vanellus cayennensis,Gm. Presented by

George Wilkes, Esq.

1038

May 4.

a |

10,

11.

APPENDIX.

1 Indian Civet Cat. Viverricula indica (Geoff.). Presented by

H. Morgan, Esq.

1 Common Wolf. Canis lupus, Linn. Presented by — Bolckow,

Esq.

4 Fishes from Calcutta. Presented by Capt. Gideon.

. 3 Variegated Sheldrakes. Casarca variegata (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Chestnut-bellied Squirrel, Seiwrus castaneiventris, Gray.

Purchased.

. 1 Common Adder, Pelias berus, Merr. Presented by Edgar E.

Larking, Esq.

1 § Ground-Hornbill. Bucorvus abyssinicus (Gm.). Presented

by Charles B. Mosse, Ksq.

1 Spur-winged Goose. lectropterus gambensis (Linn.). Pre-

sented by. Charles B. Mosse, Esq.

. | Bennett’s Wallaby. Halmaturus bennettii (Waterh.). Born.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. (from Jamaica). Presented by

W.T. Hearn, Esq.

1 pair of Saffron Finches. Sycalis brasiliensis (Gm.). Pur-

chased.

2 Common Hares. Lepus timidus, Linn. Presented by Dr.

R. R. Sewell.

. 19 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.

2 Indian Poreupines. Hystrix leucura, Sykes. Born.

2 Common Adders. elias berus, Merr. Presented by Dr.

Brushtfield.

. 1 Black-necked Swan. Cygnus nigricollis (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by C. E. Gill, Esq.

1 Slow Loris. Nycticebus tardigradus (Linn.). Presented by

John R. Forrester, Esq.

5 Dusky Ducks. -Anas obscura (Gm.). Hatched.

1 Young Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.).

Presented by Thomas Lancaster, Esq.

1 Turtledove. Turtur auritus (Ray). Presented by Dr. Page.

1 2 Banksian Cockatoo. Calyptorhynchus banksti (Lath.). De-

posited.

2 Eyton’s Tree-Ducks. Dendrocygna eytonii (Gould). Presented

Dr. Geo. Bennett, F.Z.S.

1 Q Australian Bustard. Otis australis, Gray. Presented by

Dr. Geo. Bennett, F.Z.S.

2 Beautiful Parrakeets. Psephotus pulcherrimus, Gould. Pur-

chased.

1 ee Lemur. Lemur flavifrons, Gray. Pur-

chased.

1 Boa. Boa—? Presented by Dr. John A. Palin, C.M.Z.S.

2 Wedge-tailed Eagles. Aguila audax, Lath. Presented by

ee Commissioners of South Australia to the French Exhi-

ition.

1 Australian Thick-knee. Cdicnemus grallarius (Lath.). Pre-

sented by the Commissioners of South Australia to the French

Exhibition.

1 Black-faced Kangaroo. Macropus melanops, Gould. Presented

by the Commissioners of South Australia to the French Ex-

hibition. ©. :

1 Derbyan Wallaby. Halmaturus derbianus, Gray. Presented

re i Commissioners of South Australia to the French Ex-

ibition.

May 11.

13.

14,

15.

18.

19.

21.

22.

23.

24,

25,

26.

27,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1029

1 pair of Hairy-nosed Wombats. Phascolomys latifrons, Owen.

Presented by the Commissioners of South Australia to the

French Exhibition.

2 Common Crowned Pigeons. Gowra coronata (Linn.). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Bacon.

1 pair of Common Sheldrakes. Tadorna vulpanser, Flem, Pur-

chased.

1 Jelarang Squirrel. Sciwrus bicolor, Sparrm. Presented by

Mrs. Williams.

3 Leaf-green Tree-Frogs. Hyla phyllochroa,Giinther. Purchased.

2 Hooded Night-Herons. Nycticorax cucullatus (Licht.). Pur-

chased.

1 Himalayan Bear. Ursus tibetanus, F. Cuv. Deposited.

1 pair of Egyptian Geese. Chenalopex egyptiacus (Briss.). Pre-

sented by Frederick Powell, Esq.

1 pair of Common Geese. Anser ferus, Linn., var. domestica.

Presented by Frederick Powell, Esq.

1 g Cuvier’s Gazelle. Gazella_cuvierti, Ogilby. Presented by

Rear-Admiral Sir William Hall.

1 Common Sturgeon. Acipenser stwrio, Linn. Presented by

Thomas Grove, Esq.

2 Grey Ichneumons. Herpestes griseus, Geoff. Presented by

S. H. Browne, Esq., 77th Regiment.

1 Ourebi Antelope. Oreotragus scoparius (Schreb.). Presented

by Charles B. Mosse, Esq.

1 ¢ Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

3 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched.

7 Ruddy Sheldrakes. Casarca rutila (Pall.). Hatched.

1 Q Barbary Deer. Cervus barbarus, Benn. Born.

2 Spotted Hyzenas. Hyena crocuta, Erxl. Presented by José

Tanuel de Freitas Branco, Esq.

2 Black Squirrels. Sevwrus niger, Linn. Presented by C. Leve-

son Lane, Esq., Royal Fusiliers.

1 Grey Squirrel. Sciurus cinereus, Linn. Presented by C,

Leveson Lane, Esq., Royal Fusiliers.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia gray’, Gould. Born.

3 Ashy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga poliocephala, Gray. Hatched.

2 Palm-Squirrels, Scvwrus palmarum, Linn. Presented by Mrs.

Tytler.

12 ie Lizards. Lacerta viridis, Linn. Presented by —

Tollemache, Esq.

13 American Turkeys. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. WHatched.

1 Silky Monkey. Hapale rosalia (Linn.). Presented by Colin

A. Campbell, Esq.

8 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamus lneatus (Lath. MS.),

Hatched.

7 Pallas’s Eared Pheasants. Crossoptilon auritum (Pall.).

Hatched.

1 Purple Kaleege. Fuplocamus horsfieldii, Gray. Hatched.

1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.). Deposited,

1 Yellow-rumped Parrakeet. Platycercus flaveolus, Gould,

Peurhased.

1 Long-winged Kite. Milvus iswrus, Gould. Purchased.

2 Tasmanian Jerboa Kangaroos. Bettongia apicalis, Gould.

Purchased.

1 Spotted-tailed Dasyure. Dasywrus maculatus (Shaw). Pure

chased.

1040

May 27.

June 1.

12.

14.

. 2 Land-Tortoises.

APPENDIX.

1 Young Brown Howler. Mycetes ursinus(Humb.). Purchased.

2 Red-billed Tree-Ducks. Dendrocygna autumnalis (Linn.).

Presented by Capt. J. M. Dow, C.M.Z.S.

Ploseniad by C. A. Fairbridge, Esq.

3 Allen’s Porphyrios. Porphyrio allenit, Thomp. Purchased.

. 1 Egyptian Lizard. Uromastix spinipes (Daud.). Presented by

John D. Carmichael, Esq.

. 2 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Francis N. Smith, Esq.

1 Blue-crowned Conure. Conwrus hemorrhous, Spix. Deposited.

4 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus(Lath.). Hatched.

. 1 Q Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Born.

2 Chimpanzees from the Congo. Troglodytes niger, Geoff. Pur-

chased.

1 Weeper Capuchin. Cebus capucinus, Geoff. Received in ex-

change.

. 4 Ruddy-headed Geese. Chloéphaga rubidiceps, Sclater. Hatched.

3 Mauge’s Doves. Greopelia mauye@i (Temm.). Purchased.

1 Quebec Marmot. Arctomys empetra (Schreb.). Received in

exchange.

1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). Presented by

Capt. A. Ruck Keene.

. 1 Black Francolin. Francolinus vulgaris, Steph. Received in

exchange.

1 Burchell’s Zebra. Equus burchellii, Gray. Born.

1 g Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. Purchased.

1 Demoiselle Crane. -Anthropoides virgo (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Trumpeter Swan. Cygnus buceinator, Rich. Purchased.

2 Fulvous Tree-Ducks. Dendrocygna fulva (Gm.). Purchased.

1 Rosy-billed Duck. Fuligula peposaca (Vieill.). Purchased.

2 White-backed Bateleur Kagles. Helotarsus ecaudatus (Daud.),

var. leuconota. Purchased.

2 Waxwings. Ampelis garrulus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Arabian Bustard. Otis arabs, Less. Purchased.

1 Senegal Bustard. Otis senegalensis, Vieill. Purchased.

2 Ring-necked Parrakeets. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). . De-

posited. ;

. 1 Bahama Duck. Peedonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Deposited.

. 1 § Japanese Deer. Cervus sitka, Temm. Born.

6 Summer-Ducks. dix sponsa (Linn.). Hatched.

. 5 Australian Wild Ducks. Anas superciliosa, Gm. Hatched.

. 7 Black-backed Kaleeges. Euplocamus melanotus (Blyth).

Hatched.

1 Japanese Pheasant. Phasvanus versicolor, Vieill. Hatched.

3 Common Chameleons. Chameleon vulyaris, Daud. Presented

by E. W. Underwood, Esq.

9 Wild Turkeys. Meleagris gallopavo, Linn. Hatched.

6 Great Cyclodus Lizards. Cyclodus gigas (Bodd.). Born.

1 Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by the

Rey. J. Climenson.

1 Hobby. Hypotriorchis subbuteo (Linn.). Purchased.

9 Pallas’s Eared Pheasants. Crossoptilon auritum (Pall.).

Hatched.

1 pair of Bennett’s Wallabies. Halmaturus bennettii, Waterh.

Presented by William Euduby, Esq.

June 14

15.

18.

19.

20.

21.

23.

24,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 1041

. l pair of Black Swans. Cygnus atratus, Lath. Presented by

John P. Gassiot, Esq., jun., F.Z.S

1 pair of Formosan Deer. Cervus taévanus, Blyth. Presented

by John Fleming, Esq., F.Z.S.

2 Common Kingfishers. -Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by

Capt. C. A. Delmar.

1 Long-billed Butcherbird. Barita destructor, Temm. Pur-

chased.

1 Pennant’s Parrakeet. Platycercus pennantii (Lath.). Presented

by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

1 Fitzinger’s Snake. Oxyrrhopus fitzingeri. Presented by Prof.

Nation, of Lima, C.M.Z.S.

1 Black-fronted Spider Monkey. Ateles frontatus, Gray. Pur-

chased.

1 Dorsal Squirrel. Scezwrus dorsalis, Gray. Purchased.

1 Common Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn, Presented

by Capt. Salvin.

2 Impeyan Pheasants. Lophophorus impeyanus (Lath.). Hatched.

1 Levaillant’s Amazon. Chrysotis levaillantii, Gray. Presented

by C. M. Jones, Esq.

7 Green Woodpeckers. Picus viridis, Lim. Purchased.

1 pair of Equine Deer. Cervus equinus, Cuv. Purchased.

1 tirssiaai Hydrocherus capybara, Erxl, Purchased.

1 Golden Tiger-Cat. Felis aurata,Temm. Purchased.

1 $ Ganga Cockatoo. Callocephalon galeatum (Lath.). Pur-

chased.

1 Blue-fronted Amazon. Chrysotis amazonica (Gm.). Purchased.

2 NRE TE Pigeons. Starnanas cyanocephalus (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

2 Rufous Pigeons. Columba rufina,Temm. Purchased.

1 Tyrantbird. Megarhynchus pitangua (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Cow-bird. Molothrus pecoris (Gm.). Purchased.

1 Black Tanager. Tachyphonus melaleucus (Sparrm.). Purchased.

1Grison. Grisonia vittata (Schreb.). Purchased.

1 Hybrid Lemur. Born.

1 Kite. Milvus niger, Briss. Hatched.

2 Cinereous Eagles. Haliaétus albicilla (Linn.). Presented by

His Grace the Duke of Athole.

2. 1 Javan Peafowl. Puvo muticus, Horsf. Hatched.

5 Bahama Ducks. Peecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched.

1 pair of Barred-tailed Pheasants. Phasianus reevesti, Gray.

Purchased.

1 Oystercatcher. Hematopus ostralegus, Linn. Presented by

J. B. Williams, Esq.

3 Cheer Pheasants. Phasianus wallichii, Hardw. Hatched.

2 Lineated Pheasants. Euplocamuslineatus (Lath. MS.). Hatched.

3 Swinhoe’s Pheasants. Luplocamus swinhoet, Gould. Hatched.

5 Cape Doves. Cina capensis (Linn.). Presented by Mrs. Ross,

2 pairs of Nonpareils. Cyanospiza ciris (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Barraband’s Parrakeet. Polytelis barrabandit (Sw.). Pur-

chased.

2 Carolina Conures. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.). Purchased.

1 pair of White-breasted Doves. Peristera jamaicensis (Linn.),

Purchased.

1 Mona Monkey. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl. Purchased.

. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua galerita (Lath.).

Presented by Mrs, Tanqueray.

1042

June 25

26.

27.

July 1.

16.

APPENDIX.

. 1 Long-eared Owl. Otus vulgaris (Linn.). Presented by Howard

Saunders, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Ocelot (from Buenos Ayres). Felis pardalis, L. Received in

exchange.

1 Smooth Snake. Coronella levis, Lacép. Presented by —

Penny, Esq.

10 Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor, Vieill. Hatched.

1 Mona Monkey. Cercopithecus mona, Erxl. Purchased.

4 Hawk’s-billed Turtles. Caretta imbricata (Schw.). Presented

by Capt. Cooper.

1 Angola Vulture. Gypohierax angolensis (Gm.). Purchased.

1 Blue-rumped Parrakeet. Pstttinus malaccensis (Lath.). Pur-

chased.

1 Red-footed Squirrel. Xerus erythropus, Geoff. Purchased.

28. 6 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

3 Rattlesnakes. Crotalus durissus (Daud.). Purchased.

2 American Black Snakes. Coluber guttatus, Linn. Purchased.

1 Nightingale. Philomela luscinia (Linn.). Presented by —

Boswell, Esq.

1 pair of Chinese Geese. -Anser cygnoides, Linn, Presented by

Charles Shaw, Esq.

1 Mortier’s Waterhen. TZribonyx mortier’, Dubus. Purchased.

. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua galerita (Lath.).

Presented by J. R. Cameron, Esq.

. 1 New-Zealand Owl. <Athene nove-seelandie (Gm.). Presented .

by — Arminger, Esq.

. 7 Getulian Ground-Squirrels. Xerus getulus (Linn.). Presented

by Sir John H. Drummond-Hay, K.C.B., C.M.Z.S.

. 1 Black Rat (from a Manilla ship). Mus—?P Presented by

Frederick Bond, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 2 Black Rats (from a Manilla ship). Mus—? Presented by

R. McLachlan, Esq.

1 Coquetoon Antelope. Cephalophus rufilatus, Gray. Purchased.

. 1 Kingfisher, Alcedo ispida, Linn. Presented by Capt. C. A.

Delmar.

. 2Common Seals. Phoca vitulina, Linn. Purchased.

2 Chestnut Cuckoos. Centropus rufipennis, I. Purchased.

1 Rat-Snake. Ptyas mucosa (Linn.). Purchased.

. 4 Turtles. Presented by Henry Jones, Esq.

. 2 Varied Hemipodes. Zurnix varia (Lath.). Hatched.

. 2 Hybrid Goats, ¢ & 9. Between Markhor and Cretan (Capra

megaceros, Hutt., and C. beden, Forsk.). Born.

3 Andaman Pigs. Sus andamensis, Blyth. Born.

1 Sun-Bittern. Eurypyga helias, Pall. Hatched.

2 Cheer Pheasants. Phasianus wallichii, Hardw. Hatched.

2 Common Seals. Phoca vitulina, Linn. Purchased,

1 Ringed Seal. Phoca fetida, Mill. Purchased.

1 g Japanese Deer. Cervus sika,Temm. Born.

2 Stock-Doves. Columba enas, Linn. Hatched.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. Presented by Mortimer All-

frey, Esq.

3 Weaverfish. Trachinus draco, Don. Presented by Robert

Elwes, Esq.

3 Soles. Solea vulgaris, Cuv. Presented by Robert Elwes, Esq.

1 Hlounder. Platessa fletus (Linn.). Presented by Robert Elwes,

sq.

July 16,

17.

18,

19,

20,

22,

28.

29.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1043

2 Long-spined Cottus. Cottus bubalis, Presented by Robert

Elwes, Esq.

1 Pipefish. Presented by Robert Elwes, Esq.

4 Black-fronted Lemurs. Lemur nigrifrons, Geoff. Purchased.

1 Common Cassowary. Casuarius galeatus (Vieill.). Hatched.

1 Black-crested Cardinal. Gubernatrix cristatella (Vieill.).

Hatched.

1 White-crowned Pigeon. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Hatched.

1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Yuriur vinaceus (Gm.). Hatzhed.

1 Common Zebra. Equus zebra, Linn. Purchased.

1 Common Magpie. Pica caudata, Flem. Presented by F. S.

Hoblyn, Esq.

1 Dingo. Canis dingo, Blumenb, Presented by Dr. Mueller,

C.M.Z.S.

2 Bahama Ducks. Pecilonetta bahamensis (Linn.). Hatched.

1 Common Otter. Lutra vulgaris, Linn. Presented by the Hon.

Rowland Hill.

7 Noisy Frogs. Rana clamata, Daud. Presented by A. Downs,

Ksq., C.M.Z.S.

1 White Rat. Mus decumanus, Linn., var. alba. Presented

by Lady Cust.

1 Rufous Tinamou. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn, Presented by R.

L. Bristow, Esq.

1 White-fronted Capuchin Monkey. Cebus albifrons, Geoff.

Purchased.

1 Jackal Buzzard. Buteo jacal (Daud.). Purchased.

4 Red-bellied Waxbills. Estrelda rubriventris (Vieill.). Pur-

chased.

1 Indian Crocodile. Crocodilus bombifrons, Gray. Presented by

Edmund Penning, Esq.

. 1 Vulpine Phalanger. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Born.

1 young 2 Giraffe. Camelopardalis giraffa (Gm.). Purchased.

2 Common Seals. Phoca vitulina, Linn. Purchased.

2 Black-headed Buntings. Emberiza melanocephala, Scop. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Anaconda. Eumectes murinus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Downy Owl. Athene torquata (Daud.). Purchased.

. 1 Bartlett’s Pigeon. Phlogenas crinigera, Puch. Hatched.

1 Common Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus, Linn. Presented by the

Rey. J. B. Sweet.

. 7 Sommering’s Pheasants (3 ¢,4 9). Phasianus semmeringii.

Presented by Lieut. Duncan Stewart.

2 pairs of Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor, Vieill.

Presented by Lieut. Duncan Stewart.

1 Chinese Lark. Melanocorypha mongolica (Gm.). Presented

by Lieut. Duncan Stewart.

1 Ariel Toucan. Ramphastos ariel, Vig. Purchased.

1 West-African Riverhog. Potamocherus penicillatus, Gray.

Born.

1 Palm-Squirrel. Sciwrus palmarum, Linn. Presented by

Christian G. Wraz, Esq.

2 Rose-breasted Grosbeaks. Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linn.).

Purchased.

1 Nutmeg-bird. Munia undulata (Lath.). Purchased.

1 Crimson Finch. Estre/da phaéton, Homb. et Jacq. Purchased.

1044

July 29.

30.

31.

Aug. 1.

APPENDIX.

1 Chestnut-eared Finch. Amadina castanotis, Gould. Purchased.

1 Chestnut-breasted Finch. Donacola castaneothorax, Gould.

Purchased.

2 Short-headed Phalangers. Belideus breviceps, Waterh. Born.

6 Japanese Pheasants. Phasianus versicolor, Vieill. Hatched.

3 Toads (from Russia). Bufo, sp. Presented by H. Poole, Esq.

1 Frog (from Russia). ana, sp. Presented by H. Poole, Esq.

1 Common Jackal. Canis aureus, Linn. Presented by Edmund

A. Ankers, Commander of the ship ‘ Pandora.’

1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented

by Jas. R. Thompson, Esq.

. LIguana. Iguana —? Presented by Robert H. Macauly,

sq.

1 Wises Colobus. Colobus ursinus, Ogilb. Purchased.

1 Mangabey Monkey. Cercocebus ethiops (Kuhl). Purchased.

1 Diana Monkey. Cercopithecus diana (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Moustache-Monkey. Cercopithecus cephus, Erxl, Purchased.

3 Malbrouck Monkeys. Cercopithecus cynosurus, Desm. Pur-

chased.

1 Gambian Pouched Rat. Cricetomys gambianus, Waterh. Pur-

chased.

2 Brazilian Hangnests. Icterus yamacat. Purchased.

. 1 gd Persian Deer. Cervus maral, Gray. Born.

2 Tibetan Wolves. Canis laniger, Hodgs., var. nigra. Presented

by Lieut. A. A. Kinloch and Lieut. J. Biddulph.

1 Indian Badger. Arctonyzx collaris, Hodgs. Presented by Dr.

J. Anderson, C.M.Z.S.

1 Slow Loris. Mycticebus tardigradus (Linn.). Presented by

Dr. J. Anderson, C.M.Z.S.

1 Panolia Deer. Cervus eldi, M‘Clell. Presented by A. Grote,

Esq., C.M.Z.S.

8 Water-Tortoises. mys, sp. var. Presented by Dr. J. An-

derson, C.M.Z.S.

2 Indian Pelicans. Pelecanus mitratus (Licht.). Presented by

the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

4 Demoiselle Cranes. Anthropoides virgo (Linn.). Presented by

the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

2 2 Peacock Pheasants. Polyplectron chinguis,Temm. Presented

by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.8.

1 Bronze Pigeon. Carpophaga enea, Jerd. Presented by the

Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.8.

1 Singing Pigeon. Treron sphenura (Vig.). Presented by the

Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 White Fruit-Pigeon. Carpophaga luctuosa (Temm.). Pre-

sented by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 Entellus Monkey. Semnopithecus entellus (Linn.). Presented

by the Babu Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

1 Slow Loris. MNyetieebus tardigradus (Linn.). Presented by

A. Grote, Esq., C.M.Z.8.

1 Fighting Hemipode. Turnix pugnax (Temm.). Presented

by A. Grote, Thsq.; C.M.Z.8.

- 1 2 Blessbok Antelope. Damaiis albifrons, Burch. Born.

1 Coati. Nasua nasica (Linn.). Presented by William Archi-

bald, Esq., jun.

1 Vervet Monkey. Cercopithecus lalandit, Is. Geoff. Depo-

sited,

Aug. 8.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Wife

19.

20.

21.

22.

24.

27.

29.

30.

Bl.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1045

19 Gayal. Bos frontalis, Lambert. Presented by the Babu

Rajendra Mullick, C.M.Z.S.

19 Gayal. Bos frontalis, Lambert. Presented by William

Dunn, Esq., C.M.Z.S.

1 Bengal Fox. Canis bengalensis, Shaw. Presented by E. Fane,

sq.

. 83 Common Chameleons. Chameleo vulgaris, Daud. Presented

by Miss H. E. Gautrez.

3 Silk Fowls. Gallus domesticus, Linn., var. Presented by Mrs.

Wambey.

4 Barred-tailed Pheasants. Phastanus reevesii, Gray. Hatched.

5 Superb Tanagers. Calliste fastwosa (Less.). Purchased.

1 Common Chameleon. Chameleon vulgaris, Daud. Presented

by J. W. Howard, Esq.

5 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Turquoisine Parrakeet. Euphema pulchella (Shaw). Hatched.

1 Rufous-necked Weaverbird. Hyphantornis textor (Gm.).

Hatched.

1 Common Peafowl. Pavo cristatus, Linn. Presented by Mrs.

Wambey.

1 Coati. Nasua nasica (Linn.). Presented by Arthur George

Walker, Esq.

1 Marmoset Monkey. -Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Deposited.

1 River-Jack. Clotho rhinoceros, Schl. Purchased.

1 Pinche Monkey. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Ceram Lory. Lorius garrulus (Linn.). Deposited.

1 Macaque Monkey. Macacus cynomolgus (Linn.). Presented

by Francis Lambert, Esq.

5 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus, Temm. Pre-

sented by the Acclimatization Society of Canterbury, New

Zealand.

1 New Zealand Owl. Athene nove-seelandie (Gm.). Presented

by the Acclimatization Society of Canterbury, New Zealand.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn, Presented by Mortimer All-

frey, Esq.

1 pair of Reeves’s Muntjacs. Cervulus reevestt, Ogilby. Depo-

sited.

1 White-faced Paradoxure. Paradoxurus larvatus (Gray). Pur-

chased.

1 West-African Hornbill. Buceros elatus, Temm. Purchased.

1 Hyacinthine Maccaw. Ara hyacinthina (Lath.). Purchased.

Two Scemmering’s Antelopes. Gazella semmeringii (Cretzsch.).

Purchased.

1 Spotted Cavy. Celogenys paca (Linn.). Presented by Miss

. Shaw Lefevre.

2 White-crowned Pigeons. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Hatched.

1 Vinaceous Turtledove. Turtur vinaceus (Gm.). Hatched.

2 Indian Wild Pigs. Sus indicus, Gray. Presented by Capt.

Gildea, 21st Fusiliers.

1 Marimonda Spider Monkey. Afeles belzebulth, Linn. Purchased.

2 Pinche Monkeys. Hapale edipus (Linn.). Presented by

William Leir, Esq.

1 Black Leopard. Felis leopardus, Linn., var. nigra, Presented

by Major John Pearse.

4 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

2 Garden Dormice, Myovxus nitela, Schreb. Presented by John

Lee, Esq.

14.

16.

Wife

18.

19.

21.

23.

24,

APPENDIX.

1 Brush Turkey. Talegalla lathami, Gray. Hatched.

1 Bonnet-Monkey. Macacus radiatus (Shaw). Presented by

J. Conolly, Esq.

2 Great Eagle-Owls. Bubo maximus (Aldrov.). Presented by

— Nerdrum, Esq.

. 1 pair of Greek Partridges. Caccabis saxatilis, Bechst. Pre-

sented by G. Jackson Eldridge, Esq.

. 1 Goliath Heron, Ardea goliath,Temm. Presented by F. G.

Mercer, Esq.

1 Common Adder, Pelias berus, Merr. Presented by W. R.

Tate, Esq.

. 1 S$ Brahmin Calf. Bos indicus, Linn., var. Born.

. 1 Q Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born.

3 Crested Ground-Parrakeets. Calopsitta nove-hollandie (Gm.).

Hatched.

. 1 Grey Ichneumon. Herpestes griseus (Geoff.), Presented by

G. P. Coffin, Esq.

. 1 2 Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

. 3 Rufous Tinamous. Rhynchotus rufescens (Temm.). Hatched.

1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.), Presented by

Lewis Joel, Esq.

1 Kinkajou. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (Pall.). Presented by

H.E. the Hon. A. Gordon, Governor of Trinidad.

1 Hairy-eared Bear. Ursus piscator, Puch. Presented by W.

Scott Stonehewer, Esq.

1 Malayan Bear. Ursus malayanus, Raffl. Presented by T.

Pandorf, Esq.

1 Black Rat. Mus rattus, Linn. Presented by C. P. Jerocold,

Esq.

2 juidnth Porcupines. Hystrizx leucura, Sykes. Born.

1 g Coati. Nasua nasica (Linn.). Presented by Reginald G.

Tootal, Esq.

1 pair of Black-backed Geese. Sarcidiornis regia (Gm.). Pur-

chased.

2 Madagascar Tree-Ducks. Dendrocygna major, Jerdon, Pur-

chased.

1 Houbara Bustard. Otis houbara, Gm. Purchased.

1 Indian Porcupine. Atherura fasciculata. Purchased.

1 White-lipped Peccary. Dicotyles albirostris, Presented by

Wm. Summerhayes, Esq.

1 Marmoset Monkey. Hapale jacchus (Linn.). Purchased.

1 Humboldt’s Lagothrix. Lagothrix humboldtii (Geoff.). On

approval.

1 Moustache-Monkey. Cercopithecus cephus, Erxl. Presented

by J. J. Monteiro, Esq.

5 Common Dormice. Myoxrus muscardinus (Linn.). Presented

by J. Dorey, Esq.

1 Indian Antelope. Antilope cervicapra, Linn. Presented by

the Officers of the 51st Light Infantry.

1 Formosan Deer. Ursus formosanus, Swinhoe. Presented by

Robert Swinhoe, Esq., F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Amoy.

1 2 Swinhoe’s Deer. Cervus swinhoii, Sclater. Presented by

Robert Swinhoe, Esq., F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Amoy.

2 ae of Japanese Teal. Querquedula formosa(Gm.). Purchased.

2 Nuthatches. Sitta cesia, Meyer. Purchased.

2 Red-backed Shrikes. Enneoctonus collurio(Linn.). Purchased.

Sept. 25.

27.

28.

Oct. 1.

> BS

Je)

10.

11.

12.

14,

16.

19.

21.

23.

25.

26.

28.

29.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1047

3 Wagtails. Motacilla alba, L. Purchased.

1 Poé Honey-eater. Prosthemadura nove-hollandie (Gm.),

Presented by William Saunders, Esq.

1 Rose-crested Cockatoo. Cacatua moluccensis (Gm.). Presented

by Miss Ann E. Wimbolt.

3 Common Sheldrakes. Tadorna vulpanser, Flem. Presented

by Lord Francis Conyngham.

1 Coypu. Myopotamus coypus (Mol.). Presented by Capt.

Leeke.

1 West-Indian Snake. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.,

F.ZS.

1? Wapiti Deer. Cervus canadensis, Briss. Born.

1 Great Anteater. Myrmecophaga jubata, Linn. Presented by

Dr. J. A. Palin, C.M.Z.S.

2 young Wood-Pigeons. Columba palumbus, Linn. Presented

by John Gould, Esq., V.P.Z.S.

» 1 Lanner Falcon. Falco lanarius, Schl. Purchased.

6 Puft-Adders. Clotho arietans. Presented by F. G. Clark,

Esq.

1 g Cashmere-shawl Goat. Capra hircus, Linn., var. Born.

3 Tyrantbirds. Megarhynchus pitangua (Linn.). Purchased.

4 Formosan Pigs. Sus faivanus, Swinhoe. Born.

1 pair of Red-crested Cardinals. Paroaria cucullata (Lath.).

Purchased.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Presented

by the family of the late Rev. Ed. Selwyn.

1 Chameleon. Chameleon vulgaris, Daud.” Presented by Miss

Stedolph.

1 Dingo. — Canis dingo, Blum. Presented by Wm. Tucker, Ksq.

1 Piping Crow. Gymnorhina leuconota, Gould. Deposited.

1 Black-fronted Spider Monkey. Ateles frontatus, Gray. Pre-

sented by Capt. Acklom, 6th Regiment.

1 Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus, Linn. Presented

by A. K. Dale, Esq.

1 Barbary Ape. Macacus inuus (Linn.).

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo, Bettongia grayi (Gould). Born.

1 Black-footed Penguin. Spheniscus demersus (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

1 Mauge’s Dasyure. Dasyurus maugei, Geoff. Presented by

J. T. Luce, Esq.

1 Laughing Kingtisher. Dacelo gigantea (Lath.). Presented

by J. T. Luce, Esq.

1 Young Crocodile. Crocodilus —? Presented by Robert

Barter, Esq.

3 Siamese Pheasants, 2 ¢,19. Euplocamus prelatus (Bonap.).

Received in exchange.

6 Axolotls. Stredon mexicanus (Shaw). Received in exchange,

1 St. John’s Monkey. Macacus sancti~johannis, Swinhoe. Pre-

sented by T. J. Fawcett, Esq.

1g Hog Deer. Cervus porcinus, Zimm. Presented by Capt.

H. T. Thompson, 57th Light Infantry.

1 Canadian Beaver. Castor canadensis, Kuhl. Presented by Sir

Charles M, Lampson, Deputy-Governor, Hudson’s Bay Com-

pany.

2 Seis Mephitis mephitica, Presented by the Hudson’s Bay

Company.

1048

Oct. 29.

eA BO?

APPENDIX.

2 Cape Crowned Cranes. Balearica regulorum, Licht. Pur-

chased.

1 Molucea Deer. Cervus moluccensis, Miill. Born.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo. Petrogale swanthopus, Gray.

Born.

1 2 Sambur Deer. Cervus aristotelis, Cuv. Presented by Capt.

Clinck, ship ‘ Petunia.’

1 Black-headed Partridge. Caccabis melanocephala (Riipp.).

Purchased.

1 pair of Crested Colins. Eupsychortyx cristatus (Linn.). Pur-

chased.

1 Bourke’s Parrakeet. Euphema bourkii, Mitch. Purchased.

2 Red-billed Hornbills. Toceus erythrorhynchus,Temm, Pur-

chased.

. 1 Varying Hare. Lepus timidus, Linn. Purchased.

Noy. 1.

1 g Walrus, Trichechus rosmarus, Linn. Purchased. |

2. 1 Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn. Presented by Mrs. Mears.

12.

14,

bb.

16.

1 Russian Frog. Rana, sp. ign. Purchased.

. 1 Suricate. Suricata zenik (Gm.). Presented by D. P. Blaine, Esq.

1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented by

Geo. Marshall, Esq.

. 1 Egyptian Fox. Canis niloticus, Geoff. Presented by W. Tay-

lor, Esq.

- 1 Cinereous Vulture. Vultur cinereus, Linn. Presented by G.

F. Moss, Esq.

1 Short-eared Owl. Brachyotus palustris (Bonap.). Presented

by Dr. Bree.

1 South-African Porcupine. Hystrix africe-australis, Peters.

Presented by Capt. Samuel Loram.

. 1 Great Anteater. Myrmecophaga jubata (Linn.). Presented

by Percy Brandon, Esq.

2 Common Chameleons. Chameleon vulgaris, Daud. Presented

by J. K. Lord, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Rough-legged Buzzard. Archibuteo lagopus (Gm.). Presented

by Charles Gordon, Esq.

1 Common Rhea. Rhea americana, Vieill. Purchased.

. 1 Rattle-Snake. Crotalus durissus (Daud.). Born.

1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.). Presented

by J. P. Spring, Esq.

1 Chacma Baboon. Cynocephalus porcarius (Bodd.). Presented

by Lieut. Booth.

5 Indian Siskins. Chrysomitris spinoides (Vig.). Received in

exchange.

1 Red Fox. Canis fulvus, Desm. Presented by Capt. David

Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S,,

1 Virginian Eagle-Owl. Bubo virginianus (Gm.). Presented

by Capt. David Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S.

1 St. John’s Buzzard. Archibuteo sancti-johannis (Gm.). Pre-

sented by Capt. David Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S8.

1 Rhesus Monkey. Macacus erythreus (Schreb.). Presented

by Major Hutchinson, Bengal Staff Corps.

1 Common Rhea. Rhea americana, Vieill. Purchased.

12 Pewets. Vanellus cristatus, Meyer. Purchased.

1 Common Seal. Phoca vitulina, Linn. Purchased.

2 igi Grebes. Podiceps minor,Lath. Presented by Lieut.-Col.

C, T. Cox.

Nov. 16.

19.

22.

23.

26.

28.

30.

20.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 1049

1 Western Night-Parrakeet. Geopstttacus occidentalis, Gould.

Presented by Dr. Mueller, C.M.Z.S.

1 Cinereous Vulture. Vultur cinereus, Linn, Presented by Sir

S. Lakeman.

1 Griffon Vulture. Gyps fulvus (Gm.). Presented by Sir 8.

Lakeman.

1 Viscacha. Lagostomus trichodactylus, Brookes. Born.

1 White-headed Parrot. Pionus senilis (Spix). Purchased.

1 Guinea-Baboon. Cynocephalus papio, Desm. Presented by

Mrs. Wilson.

1 Squirrel Monkey. Callithrix sciureus (Linn.). Presented by

F. Forrome, Esq.

1 Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, Linn. Presented by C.

H. Akyroyd, Esq.

1 Montagu’s Harrier. Circus cineraceus (Mont.). Presented by

Geo. Dawson Rowley, Esq.

1 Cross-Fox. Canis fiudvus, Desm., var. decussata. Presented

by Capt. David Herd, H.B.C.S., C.M.Z.S.

1 Springbok. Gazella euchore (Forst.). Deposited.

1 Douroucouli. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus. Purchased.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet. Paleornis torquata (Linn.). Pre-

sented by the Rey. T. K. Gaskell.

. 1 2 Eland. Oreas canna (Pall.). Born.

. 1 Fraser’s Barn-Owl. Strix poénsis, Fraser. Purchased.

1 Crested Honey-Buzzard. Pernis cristatus, Cuv. Purchased.

2 Common Boas. oa constrictor, Linn. Presented by J. Len-

non Hunt, Esq., H.B.M. Consul, Rio de Janeiro.

. 2 Musquash. J%ber zbethicus (Linn.). Presented by F. W.

Grant, Esq.

2 American Thrushes. Turdus migratorius, Linn. Presented

by F. W. Grant, Esq.

1 Water-Rail. Rallus aquaticus, Linn. Presented by the Rey.

G. B. Davies Cooke.

. 3 Young Common Sturgeons. <Aeipenser sturio, Linn. Pur-

chased.

. 1 Wood-Pigeon. Columba palumbus, Linn. Presented by W.

B. Tegetmeier, Esq., F.Z.S.

. 1 9 Temminck’s Tragopan. Certornis temminckii (Gray). Re-

ceived in exchange.

1 Elegant Galidia. Galdia elegans, Is. Geoff. Purchased.

. 3 Pallas’s Hared Pheasants. Crrossoptzlon auritum (Pail.). Pre-

sented by the late Sir Eric R. Townsend Farquhar, Bart.

. 1 Mauduyt’s Crested Eagle. Sprzaétus ornatus (Daud.). Pur-

chased.

. 1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo. Petrogale xanthopus, Gray.

Born.

1 Gray’s Jerboa Kangaroo. Bettongia grayi (Gould). Born.

1 Spotted Owl. Bubo maculosus (Vieill.). Presented by Lieut.

b. H. Jackson, 88th Regiment.

1 Leopard (from Zanzibar). Felis leopardus, Linn. Presented

by Dr. HE. Perceval Wright, F.Z.5.

1 Seychelles Copsychus. Copsychus sechellarum, Newton. Pre-

sented by Dr. E. Perceval Wright, F.Z.S.

1 $ Cheer Pheasant. Phasianus wallichii, Hardw. Received

in exchange.

Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1867, No. LXVII.

1050

Dee. 21.

O89,

24,

28.

APPENDIX.

1 Douroucouli. Nyctipithecus trivirgatus (Gray). Deposited.

2 Crested Guinea-fowl. Nwmida cristata, Pall. Presented by

William M‘Coskey, Esq.

2 Black Oystercatchers. Hematopus niger, Cuv. Presented by

E. L. Layard, Esq., F.Z.S.

1 Q Sing-sing Antelope. Kobus sing-sing (Benn.). Purchased.

1 Crested Pigeon. Ocyphaps lophotes (Temm.). Hatched.

1 White-crowned Pigeon. Columba leucocephala, Linn. Hatched.

2 Hairy-nosed Wombats. Phascolomys ae Owen. Pre-

sented by the Governor of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

2 Vulpine Phalangers. Phalangista vulpina (Shaw). Presented

by the Governor of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

1 Dingo. Canis dingo, Blumenb. Presented by the Governor

of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

1 Wedge-tailed Eagle. Aguila audax (Lath.), Presented by

the Governor of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

1 Mallee Bird. Letpoa ocellata, Gould. Presented by the Go-

vernor of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

4 Black-backed Porphyrios. Porphyrio melanotus,Temm. Pre-

sented by the Governor of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide.

1 Caracal. Felis caracal, Schreb. Presented by N, C. Smith,

Esq.

Aaptos

adriatica, 519.

Abila

freyerit, 523.

levis, 539.

Abramis

cotio, 17.

Abraxas

capitata, 613.

compositata, 653.

wrorata, 652.

lapsariata, 652.

leopardinata, 651.

martaria, 651.

metachromata, 653.

pardaria, 652.

picaria, 652.

tenebraria, 652.

tigrata, 651.

Abrostola

subapicalis, 62.

Acalle

recurvata, 552.

Acalles

drouetti, 377, 387,

391.

Acanthella

acuta, 512.

obtusa, 512.

Acanthochites

carinatus, 224,

costatus, 224.

seutiger, 224.

Acanthomys

leucopus, 598.

Acanthurus

matoides, 858.

triostequs, 858.

velifer, 858.

Acara

morosella, 667.

Acarnia

cliftoni, 515.

Acarnus

innominatus, 544,

Accipiter

equatorialis, 175.

INDEX.

Accipiter

affinis, 171.

chilensis, 320, 329, 338.

collaris, 158.

coopert, 329.

cruentus, 170, 175, 176.

erythrauchen, 177,778.

Ftuscus, 280.

gabar, 178.

griseogularis, 175.

hyogaster, 173.

monogrammicus, 178.

muelleri, 175.

nisoides, 171.

pileatus, 329.

poliocephalus, 177.

rubricollis, 177.

rufitorques, 178,

sylvestris, 176.

tinus, 158.

torquatus, 176, 393,

394,

Achzxa

melicerte, '75.

subsignata, 67.

Achinoé

australis, 546.

Acidalia

erata, 643.

bicaudata, 643, 686.

contigara, 644.

gemmifera, GAA.

platyleucata, 647.

tephrosaria, 643.

Acmza

scabrilirata, 220.

subundulata, 220.

Acontia

olivea, 61.

signifera, 61.

tropica, 61.

Acritus

minutus, 362, 373.

Acronycta

flavala, 46.

indica, 47.

pruinosa, 46.

Actias

leto, 683.

Actinodoris

australis, 22').

Actitis

hypoleuca, 827.

Actiturus

bartramius, 979.

Acus

assimilis, 202.

bicolor, 202.

(Abretia) assimilis, 111,

117, 202.

( ) bicolor, 111, 117,

202.

(Euryta) ¢rilineata, 202.

Adamsia

adeluide, 192.

typica, 192.

Adelomyia

castaneiventris, 153.

Adenota

kob, 8.

leche, 7,8.

Adeorbis

angasi, 214.

Adocia

simulans, 522,

Adolias

adima, 673.

evelina, 673.

zva, 673.

Jjahnu, 673.

sancara, 673.

Adreus

fascicularis, 545.

J&gialites

collaris, 591.

falklandicus, 331, 339.

nivosus, 331, 339.

semipalmatus, 591,

A®gogropila

varians, 533.

/£gotheles

nove-hollandie, 454.

/Emene

taprobanis, 669.

1052

ZEolis

foulisi, 230.

macleayt, 230.

/®olus

melliculus, 365, 375.

moreleti, 375,

/Epyornis

grandidieri,

895.

maxima, 892.

Esopus

filosus, 111, 117, 195.

JEtobatis

narinari, 872.

Agabus

congener, 386,

dispar, 386.

godmanni, 370, 385,

391.

892,

niger, 385.

uliginosus, 386,

Agadina

cucullata, 309.

gouldi, 309, 315.

stimpsont, 309, 315.

Aganopis

subquadrata, 677,

Agathia

arcuata, 640.

catenaria, 639.

discriminata, 639.

hemithearia, 639.

hilarata, 639.

lycenaria, 639.

quinaria, 639,

Agathodes

diversalis, 90.

ostentalis, 90.

Agelasticus

thilius, 323, 338.

Aglenus

brunneus, 362, 372.

lossa,

argentalis, 89.

Agnidra

discispilaria, 619.

muscularia, 619.

specularia, 618, 686.

Agriopis

discalis, 57, 98.

lepida, 56.

Agriornis

livida, 325, 338.

maritima, 325, 338.

Agrisius

guttivitta, 677.

Agrotis

basiclavis, 55.

suffusa, 58.

Agyrtria

maculata, 584,

INDEX,

Agyrtria

“Millers, 584,

Akera

soluta, 227.

laba

phasianella, 113, 117,

210.

pulchra, 210.

Alamis

albicincta, 65.

brevipalpis, 65.

continua, 65.

glaucinans, 65.

optatura, 65.

Alavona

barbarella, 669.

Alauda

rufa, 135,

Alausa

microlepis, 17.

lea

impennis, 455,

torda, 430.

Alcyoncellum

aspergillum, 529, 530,

corbicula, 358, 359, 531.

gelatinosum, 530, 557 .

robustum, 527.

speciosum, 351,353, 358,

352, 354, 359, 580.

Aleyonium

arboreum, 494.

asbestinum, 494, 525.

aurantium, 541.

cranium, 548.

lyncurium, 541.

miilleri, 548.

ocellatum, 237, 511.

poculum, 524.

serpens, 239.

Alebion

australis, 534.

hyndmani, 584.

Aleochara

nitida, 362, 381.

puberula, 362, 381.

Aleuteres

scriptus, 869.

icia

angustata, 908,911,914.

elegantula, 908, 911,

Alligator

luctus, 776.

Aloa

lactinea, 682.

Alosa

méicrolepis, 17.

venenosa, 868.

Alphea

abdominalis, 682.

Alphea

Sulvohirta, 682.

Alphitobius

piceus, 361, 381.

Alyceeus

japonicus, 314.1

spiracellum, 314.

Alzelina

metagonaria, 647.

Amalda

marginata, 192.

oblonga, 193.

Amara

trivialis, 364, 368.

Amathina

bicarinata, 312.

nobilis, 312, 815.

tricarinata, 312.

Amathusia

amythaon, 673.

Amaurella

glabrata, 311.

semistriata, 311.

Amauropsis

morchi, 198,

Amazilia

riefferi, 156.

Ambassis

commersonii, 850,

dussumieri, 850.

ranga, 14.

urotenia, 850.

Amblychia

angeronaria, 625.

Amblypharhyngodon

Jjerdoni, 294.

Amblypodia

Sulgida, 675.

perimuta, 674.

guercetorum, 674.

rama, 675.

selimnus, 35.

Ambulyx

maculifera, 676.

substrigilis, 676.

Amerila

astrea, 682.

Ammonia

(Lituus) Zevis, 186.

Amniscos

morum, 542,

Ampedus

——?, 375.

Amphacanthus

margaritifera, 855.

Amphidasys

bengaliaria, 625.

Amphigonia

comprimens, 81.

Amphiperas

hordacea, 207.

Amphi

monacha, 4.

Amphisile

punctulata, 864.

Ampullacera

fragilis, 232. ,

Ampullaria

vitrea, 1001.

Ampullarina

fragilis, 231.

quoyana, 232,

myna

selenampha, 53.

spoliata, 53.

scandens, 15.

albocristatus, 987.

parulus, 327, 338.

Anaitis

medmaria, 664.

vastata, 649.

Anarsia

candida, 670.

Anas

cristata, 335, 340,

990.

erythrorhyncha, 827,

828.

iopareia, 320, 3835,

340.

melanocephala, 335,

340.

metopias, 335.

oxyptera, 335, 990,

991

oxyura, 335.

peposaca, G87.

pyrrhogaster, 335, 990.

specularis, 335, 340

spinicauda, 339.

superciliosa, 832,

Anaspis

humeralis, 381.

(Silaria) proteus, 381.

Anatina

brevis, 915.

crassa, 915.

creccina, 913.

pandoreformis, 915.

prolongata, 914.

tasmanica, 913.

Anchastus

rufivellus, 386.

Anchinoé

perarmata, 539.

Anchomenus

albipes, 363, 367.

aptinoides, 367, 389.

INDEX.

Anchomenus

elongatus, 385.

marginatus, 363, 367.

nichollsti, 367.

parum punctatus, 363,

367,

Ancillaria

marginata, 192.

oblonga, 193.

Ancistrops

lineaticeps, 750.

Ancorina

aaptos, 519.

crebra, 543.

virescens, 543.

Andropadus

flavescens, 825, 828.

Angasiella

edwardsti, 229,

Angerona

pallicostaria, 620.

poeusaria, 73.

Anguilla

amblodon, 868.

Anisodactylus

binotatus, 364, 368.

Anisodes

diffusaria, 641.

hyriaria, 641.

obliviaria, 640.

pallivittata, 641.

platycerata, 642.

pluristriaria, 640,

642

plynusaria, 641.

pyriniata, 77.

sanguinaria, 641.

stmilaria, 641.

vinacearia, 642,

Anisoneura -

hypocyana, 71.

a, rim

Anobium

domesticum, 362, 376.

paniceum, 361, 376.

striatum, 376.

tomentosum, 363, 376.

villosum, 365, 376.

gibba, 490.

harlandi, 492.

tenuis, 490.

Anomalocardia

trapezia, 931.

Anomis

fulvida, 64.

guttanivis, 64.

Anophia

acronyctoides, 67.

1053

Anoratha

costalis, 82, 98.

Anous

inca, 337, 340.

Antalis

erecta, 220.

Antennarius

leucosoma, 862.

marmoratus, 861.

multiocellatus, 862.

Antherea

roylei, 684.

Anthicus

floralis, 362, 381.

hispidus, 364, 381.

humilis, 381, 365.

Antho

involvens, 524.

Anthophila

henorrhoida, 61.

roseifascia, 61.

Anthrenus

varius, 363, 373.

Anthus

chit, 135, 569.

correndera, 321, 337.

parvus, 135.

raaltenii, 825.

rufus, 135, 984.

Anticlea

cuprearia, 656.

Antilope

defassa, 4.

gutturosa, 246.

harnieri, 5.

unctuosa, 4.

Antrostomus

equicaudatus, 342,

987.

nigrescens, 583.

parvulus, 343, 752.

Anuga

constricta, 62.

lunulata, 62.

Anyperodon

leucogrammicus, 846.

lividus, 362.

Apatela

radians, 666.

Apha

lanuginosa, 681.

subdives, 681.

Aphantochroa

gularis, 752.

Aphareus

cerulescens, 852.

furcatus, 852.

Aphnzus

ictis, 674,

1054

Aphodius

granarius, 362, 374,

lividus, 374.

Aphriza

virgata, 331, 339.

Aphrocallistes

beatria, 507.

Aphroceras

alcicornis, 558.

Aphusia

speiplena, 668.

icalia

scitula, 308, 315.

Apion

chalybeipenne, 364, 377.

Aplysia

tigrina, 228.

Aplysina

aerophoba, 509.

carnosa, 509.

Apoeryptes

punctatus, 941,

Apogon

cyanosoma, 850.

fasciatus, 850.

hyalosoma, 850.

notata, 936.

Aprion

virescens, 846.

Apsarasa

radians, 666.

Apteryx

australis, 424.

mantelli, 894.

Apurima

axanthogastrella, 666.

Aquila

audax, 393.

braccata, 329.

Ara

ambigua, 183.

ararauna, 587.

hyacinthina, 587, 595.

macao, 587, 753.

militaris, 183.

nobilis, 587.

severa, 979.

Aramides

cayennensis, 161, 280.

rythirhynchus, 990.

zelebori, 990.

Aratinga

perlata, 588.

Arca

divaricata, 931.

fasciata, 931.

lobata, 931.

pusilla, 931.

trapezia, 931.

Archea

mercatoria, 7d.

INDEX,

Architectonica

reevei, 201.

Arconaia

lanceolata, 491.

Arctia

imbuta, 682.

Arctonyx

collaris, 821.

Ardea

agamt, TDA.

atricapilla, 828.

cerulea, 280.

candidissima, 280, 334,

339.

cinerea, 437.

cocot, 319, 334, 339,

979:

comata, 823, 827.

egretta, 334, 339.

elegans, 823.

garzetta, 823.

gularis, 827, 828.

pusilla, 827.

sacra, 831.

virescens, 280.

Ardetta

erythromelas, 334.

exilis, 334, 339.

Argiva

caprimulgus, 72.

hieroglyphica, 72.

Argonauta

argo, 185.

oryzata, 185.

tuberculata, 185.

Argyris

insignata, 645.

mysticata, 645.

ocellata, 645.

ommatophoraria, 645.

Arichanna

maculata, 658.

marmorata, 659, 686.

plagifera, 658.

ramosa, 658.

ramosaria, 658.

tramesata, 658, 686.

Arius

australis, 103.

surinamensis, 103.

socrus, 680.

substrigosa, 680.

emon

aurantiirostris, 140.

silens, 572, 595.

Artaxa

digramma, 680.

guttata, 680.

Justicie, 680.

subfasciata, 680.

Artemis

scabriuscula, 923.

seulpta, 923.

Artynes

compressa, 55D.

Arundinicola

citreola, 820, 326.

leucocephala, 978.

Aspergillum

stranget, 912.

Aspilates

falconaria, 649.

obliquaria, 649.

susceptaria, 619.

uvaria, 649.

Astrospongia

polypoides, 514,

Astrostoma

bowerbankii, 514.

Astur

albus, 179.

approximans, 177, 393.

cristatus, 178.

cruentus, 170, 176.

griseiceps, 178.

griseogularis, 174.

henicogrammus, 174.

indicus, 178.

mirandollei, 759.

nove-hollandie, 179.

(Leucospiza) nove-hol-

landie, 179.

radiatus, 177, 393.

rayit, 179.

trinotatus, 172.

trivirgatus, 178.

trivirgatus griseiceps,

78.

(Lophospiza) ¢rivirga-

tus, 178.

Astura

punetiferalis, 96.

Asturina

magnirostris, 158, 589,

753

nitida, 589.

Asychis

Jibulata, 539.

variantia, 539.

Asynonychus

godmanni, 378, 389,

391.

Ateles

bartlettiz, 992.

Atella

egista, 673.

sinha, 673.

Athene

cunicularia, 339.

Atherina

affinis, 8638.

Atherina

afra, 863.

pectoralis, 863.

pinguis, 863.

Athous

obsoletus 2, 363, 375.

Athyma

ranga, 673.

Athyrma

divulsa, 76.

polyspila, 75.

tessellata, 76.

Atkinsonia

clerodendrella, 672.

Atomaria

munda, 362, 372.

Attacus

guerini, 683.

Attagis

gayi, 331, 339.

Attalus

miniatocollis, 375, 387,

391.

ruficollis, 375, 387.

Atteva

niveigutta, 669.

Atticora

cyanoleuca, 749, 984.

fasciata, 569, 749.

Attila

citreopygius, 146.

sclateri, 146.

thamnophiloides, 577.

Auchmis

perspicillaris, 49.

sikkimensis, 49, 97.

Aulacorhamphus

ceruleogularis, 130,157.

Aulica

marmorata, 193.

Auliskia

bowerbankii, 510.

Auricula

australis, 231.

Automolus

cervinigularis, 143.

pallidigularis, 143.

sclateri, 750.

Auxima

debitaria, 624.

restitutaria, 624.

trilineata, 624.

Auzea

apicata, 617.

torridaria, 617.

Avicula

Jfimbriata, 930.

placunoides, 930.

pulchella, 930.

. Axinella

cannabina, 514,

INDEX,

Axinella

cinnamomea, 238, 513.

foveolaria, 514.

polypoides, 238, 514.

verrucosa, 238, 514.

Axinia

glycimeris, 932.

grayana, 932.

holoserica, 932.

(Pedunculus) Zenwicos-

tatus, 932.

Axos

cliftonii, 546.

Axus

clifftoni, 526.

Azazia

rubricans, 78.

Bagrus

vacha, 16.

Balenoptera

bonaérensis, 707, 709,

710, 711.

rostrata, 478, 480, 481,

482, 708, 710, 711.

Balistes

niger, 869.

Balitora

brucei, 348.

Bankivia

purpurascens, 216.

varians, 216.

Barbatia

Fasciata, 931.

(Acar) pusilla, 931.

Barbala

magnifica, 491.

Barbus

carnaticus, 292,

sophore, 16.

Bargosa

fasciata, 634, 686.

Barilius

bakeri, 295.

(Pachystomus) cocoa,

rugosus, 282, 204.

Barsine

linga, 677.

Basiana

bilineata, 676.

superba, 676.

Basileuterus

delattrii, 136.

mesochrysus, 136.

rufifrons, 136.

semicervinus, 136.

uropygialis, 136, 749,

754

Bathmidurus

@ orbignyi, 986.

1055

Baza

subcristata, 392, 393.

Bazisa

detecta, 680.

Bela

mitralis, 202.

Belone

cancila, 302.

Bembidium

cupreo-encum, 385.

dubium, 369.

hesperus, 385.

(Leia) hesperus, 369.

letum, 385, 369.

rufescens, 364.

(Ocys) rufescens, 369.

schmidtii, 364.

(Lopha) schmidtii, 369.

Beregra

replenens, 73.

Bergia

catenularis, 239,

serpens, 239.

Bernicla

antarctica, 320, 334,

339.

chiloénsis, 320, 335.

dispar, 320, 334.

magellanica, 334.

melanoptera, 320, 334,

339.

Berta

chrysolineata, 638.

Bertula

brevivittalis, 87.

chalybealis, 87, 98.

hishonalis, 87.

stigmatalis, 87.

Biemna

peachit, 538.

Binsitta

niviferana, 670.

Bittium

granarium, 208.

lacertinum, 208.

Bivonia

quoyi, 211.

Bizone

arama, 678.

signa, 678.

Blaps

gages, 364, 380.

similis, 362, 380.

Blechrus

glabratus, 367.

maurus, 367.

Boa

eques, 315.

Boarmia

alhidaria, 630.

alienaria, 630.

1056

Boarmia

combustaria, 631.

comparataria, 631.

contiguata, 631.

gelidaria, 630.

imparata, 630.

znconclusa, 632.

mucidaria, 631.

objectaria, 625.

ol literata, 630.

perspicuata, 630.

propulsaria, 631.

reparata, 630.

sublavaria, 630.

transcissa, 630.

trispinaria, 630.

vicaria, 630.

Bocana

basalis, 88.

murinalis, 89.

quadrilinealis, 88.

turpitalis, 89.

viridalis, 88.

Bodianus

guttatus, 847.

Bolone

annulata, 867.

Bombyx

bengalensis, 683.

cresi, 683.

fortunatus, 683.

hearseyana, 685.

religiose, 683.

sanguinea, 682.

sherwillii, 683.

sinensis, 683.

spectabilis, 685.

textor, 683.

wallichit, 685.

Bornella

hermanni, 229.

Bos

frontalis, 819.

Botyodes

asialis, 96.

flavibasalis, 96.

Botys

amyntusalis, 96.

caletoralis, 97.

concatenalis, 97.

damoalis, 96.

evazalis, 96.

flexissimalis, 91.

illisalis, 96.

incisalis, 96.

incoloralis, 97.

luciferalis, 92.

maccalis, 97.

megapteralis, 96.

monesusalis, 97.

multilinealis, 96.

INDEX.

Botys

patulalis, 97.

phanasalis, 97.

plagalis, 96.

punctiferalis, 96.

scinisalis, 96.

silhetalis, 89.

subtessallalis, 97.

tullalis, 97.

unitalis, 96.

zealis, 97.

Brachygalba

tnornata, 582, 595, 978.

Brachypteryx

cruralis, 834.

Bradycellus

distinctus, 363, 369.

Brahma

certhia, 685.

whitei, 685.

Briada

bolinoides, 67.

cervina, 66.

precedens, 66.

varians, 66, 97.

Brihaspa

atrostigmella, 666, 686,

Bruchus

azoricus, 378, 390.

breweri, 379, 389.

jugularis, 753.

notatus, 588.

pisi, 363, 378.

tuipara, 588.

virescens, 588, 595.

xanthopterus, 979.

Bryopa

(Dacosta) australis,912.

Bryophila

albistigma, 45.

Buarremon

brunneinuchus, 140.

castaneiceps, 140.

crassirostris, 140.

mesoxanthus, 140.

Bubaris

vermicularis, 522.

Bubo

crasstrostris, 539.

virginianus, 339.

Buccinulus

affinis, 225.

solidulus, 225.

Buccinum

adelaidense, 189.

amygdala, 191.

assimile, 187.

Jiliceum, 190.

jacksonianum, 190.

pauperatum, 190.

scutulatum, 208.

Buccinum

semiconverum, 194.

succinctum, 191.

suturale, 190.

Buzco

collaris, 582, 751.

hyperrhynchus, 582,

594, 595.

macrodactylus,594,751.

napensis, 582.

pulmentum, 582.

tamatia, 582, 595.

tectus, 582.

Buceros

atratus, 890.

bicornis, 890.

elatus, 817, 890.

rhinoceros, 890.

Bucorax

abyssinicus, 473.

Bucorvus

abyssinicus, 891.

Bufo

spinosus, 845.

tuberosus, 846.

Bulimulus

(Ena) puszllus, 307,315.

Bulimus

mastersi, 39.

(Mesembrinus) gealei,

09, 315.

Bulla

angasi, 227.

arachis, 226.

australis, 226.

brevis, 227.

coreanica, 227.

hirundinina, 116.

lauta, 225.

lineata, 225.

magdelus, 227.

oblonga, 226.

ovulum, 227.

physis, 225.

punctulata, 226, 227.

quadripartita, 227.

scabra, 225.

solida, 226.

tenuis, 2277.

Bullina

lineata, 225.

Bursa

(Apollon) Jewcostoma,

189.

Butalis

triocellata, 670.

Buteo

erythronotus, 329, 338,

988.

ghiesbreghtit, 158.

kaupi, 589, 590.

Buteo

varius, 988.

Buteogallus

nigricollis, 749.

Butyrinus

glossodontis, 868.

Buzura

multipunctaria, 625,

Cabera

margarita, 647.

platyleucata, 647.

Cacatua

cristata, 184.

ducorpsti, 184.

galerita, 443.

ophthalmica, 184.

philippinarum, 184.

sanguinea, 184.

triton, 184.

Caccabis

melanocephala, 818,

890.

Cacicus

chrysocarpus, 323.

hemorrhous, 573.

microrhynchus, 142.

persicus, 573.

Cacospongia

cavernosa, 509.

mollior, 509.

scalaris, 508.

Czereba

carneipes, 137.

cyanea, 137.

lucida, 137.

Cxesio

maculatus, 852.

striatus, 852.

Caica

barrabandi, 7538.

hematotis, 158.

melanocephala, 588,

753.

vulturina, 588, 595.

Cairina

moschata, 979.

Calamotropha

atkinsoni, 668

Calandra

granaria, 361, 377.

oryz@, 361, 377.

Calathus

flavipes, 363, 367.

Sulvipes, 367.

mollis, 363, 367.

Calcispongia

botryoides, 555.

ciliata, 554.

compressa, 595.

inflata, 554.

INDEX.

Calcispongia

nivea, 556.

Calesia

comosa, 75.

gastropachoides, 75.

Calicula

exempta, 67.

Calidris

arenaria, 339.

Caligula

thebeta, 684.

Callene

albiventris, 833,

834.

frontalis, 833.

rufiventris, 833.

Calliphlox

amethystina, 752.

Callispiza

frantzii, 188.

Callista

disrupta, 922.

rutila, 922,

Calliste

boliviana, 571, 595,

flaviventris, yale

francisce, 138.

gyroloides, 138,

749,

icterocephala, 138.

schranki, 749, 977.

xanthogastra, 977.

yeni, 749, 977.

Callomphala

lucida, 190.

Callopistria

exotica, 61.

Callyna

monoleuca, 66.

siderea, 66.

Callyodon

viridescens, 865.

Calogramma

festiva, 52.

picta, 52.

Caloptera

ocellata, 645.

Calornis

kittlitzii, 830.

Calosoma

azoricum, 365, 366.

madere, 365.

olivieri, 367.

Calpe

minuticornis, 63.

Calymnia

panopus, 675.

Calyptra

adamsii, T47.

alveolata, 747.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1867, No. LXVIII.

1057

Calyptra

balanoides, 747.

cancellata, 747.

cepacea, 747.

cicatricosa, 747.

cornea, 747.

cyathella, 747.

depressa, T47.

diaphana, 747.

dormitoria, 747.

equestris, 747.

jfibulata, 747.

hipponiceformis, 747.

layardi, 746.

martiniana, 747.

ossea, 747.

papyracea, 747.

porosa, T47.

radiosa, 747.

saccharimeta, T47.

scabies, 747.

seutulum, 747.

stallonia, 747.

stella, 747.

tectum-sinense, 747.

tortilus, 747.

tubifera, 747.

umbo, 746, 747.

uncinata, 747.

vanikorensis, 747.

varia, 747.

Calyptrea

adspersa, 741.

aurita, "742.

bilobata, '745.

chinensis, 740.

comma-notata, 736.

concamerata, 744.

conica, 741.

corrugata, 746.

dilatata, 736.

extinetoria, 749.

fastigiata, 741.

levigata, 743.

lamarcki, 211.

lichen, 742.

lividum, 743.

maculata, 736, 746.

mamillaris, 741.

morbidum, 743.

pectinata, 744.

pellucida, TAL.

pileus, 739.

poculum, 742.

radiata, 744.

scutella, 745.

serrata, 743.

solida, 742.

striata, 745.

unguis, 742.

verrucosum, 745.

1058

Caminus

vuleani, 549.

Campephilus

albirostris, 586, 595,

753.

guatemalensis, 157.

hematogaster, 157.

magellanicus, 328,

matherbii, 157.

trachelopyrus, 586, 595,

753.

Campicola

livingstont?, 888.

pileata, 887, 888.

Camptostoma

flaviventre, 577.

Campylopterus

equatorialis, 752,

largipennis, 584, 594.

obscurus, 584, 594,

595.

Cancellaria

australis, 208.

granosa, 208.

levigata, 208.

spirata, 189.

undulata, 208.

Cancilla

stranget, 194.

Cancroma

cochlearia, 473, 475.

anis

laniger, 819.

Canna

pulchripicta, 61, 97.

Cantharus

grandoculis, 853.

(Tritonidea) asstmilis,

187

(——,) wnicolor, 110,

117, 187.

Canthiridus

tiberianus, 215.

Capito

amazonicus, 586, 598,

979.

aurovirens, "753.

maculicoronatus, 157.

peruvianus, 753.

Caprilia

specularia, 649, 686.

vesicularia, 649,

650.

Caprimulgus

equicaudatus, 342,

343.

andinus, 320, 328.

europeus, 453.

exilis, 328.

INDEX.

Caprimulgus

longipennis, 821.

parvulus, 343.

Capulus

violaceus, 114, 117, 212.

Caracal

melanotis, 277.

Caracara

montanus, 329.

Caranx

armatus, 860.

bajad, 860.

crumenophthalmus, 858.

Sulvoguttatus, 860.

hasseltiz, 860.

helvolus, 859.

macrophthulmus, 859.

malabaricus, 860.

mauritianus, 858.

melampygus, 860.

nigrescens, 704.

plumieri, 858.

riippellii, 860.

sansun, 860.

speciosus, 859, 860.

venator, 859.

vomerinus, 860.

canthurus, 860.

Caranxamorus

sacrestinus, 852.

Carcharius

acutus, 869.

bleekeri, 870.

(Prionodon) dleekeri,

870.

Carcinops

pumilo, 362, 373.

14-striatus, 373.

Cardita

excavata, 928.

Cardium

australiense, 925.

muticum, 925.

papyraceum, 925.

pulchellum, 925.

striatulum, 925.

tenuicostatum, 925.

(Papyridium) papyra-

ceum, 295.

( ) tenwicostatum,

925.

Carduelis

stanley?, 322.

Carmia

floria, 537.

macilenta, 537.

Carolia

couchii, 239,

Carpophaga

enea, 821.

luctuosa, 819.

Carpophaga

eae 830.

Carpophilus

dimidiatus, 361, 371.

mutilatus, 361, 371.

Carteria

japonica, 540.

Cassiculus

prevosti, 142.

solitarius, 978.

Cassicus

oseryi, 755.

Cassidix

oryzivora, 279, 578,

978.

Cassidula

parva, 306, 315.

zonata, 231.

Cassis

achatina, 196.

paucirugis, 197.

yrum, 197.

zeylanica, 197.

Casuarius

australis, 242, 473,

482,

bennetti, 179.

galcatus, 179, 242, 483.

gohnsonit, 242, 483.

Catellina

pectinatum, 743.

Catephia

linteola, 66.

Cathartes

atratus, 328, 338, 589.

aura, 328, 338, 440, 463,

589, 753, 988.

californianus, 463.

fetens, 463.

urubitinga, 589.

Catharus

fuscater, 132.

griseiceps, 132.

mexicanus, 132.

Catillina

pectinata, 744.

Catillus

affinis, 995.

clypeolum, 995.

cookii, 996.

cumingianus, 997.

Janell, 995.

lineata, 998.

lineatus, 994.

porcellanus, 994.

tessellata, 998.

Catinus

zonalis, 199.

Catocala

dotata, 68.

nepcha, 68.

Catolynx

Sher ibis, 268.

marmoratus, 267.

Caustoloma

ennomosaria, 619.

Cavolina

gibbosa, 186.

globulosa, 186.

Cebus

capucinus, 482.

Celeopicus

jumana, 758.

multifasciatus, 556.

rufus, O87.

Celerena

divisa, 679.

Celesdera

schistifusata, 650.

Celeus

cinnamomeus, 586.

citreopygius, 586, 753,

758, 759.

citrinus, 753, 759.

jumana, 586, 594, 595,

759.

multifasciatus, 595.

rufus, 587.

Centrites

niger, 326, 3838,

987.

Centropristis

dispilurus, 99.

phebe, 99.

Centropus

monachus, 826, 828.

superciliosus, 826.

Centurus -

pucherant, 280.

subelegans, 157.

tricolor, 157.

Cephalopterus

glabricollis, 129, 150.

ornatus, 150, 581, 593,

751.

Cerace

onustana, 668.

stipatana, 668.

Ceratorhinus

monspellianus, 1023.

sumatranus, 1007, 1008,

1021, 1022.

Ceratotherium

oswelli, 1029.

simum, 1027.

Cercomacra

cinerascens, 750, 978.

tyrannina, 145.

Cercyon

centromaculatum, 364,

370.

inquinitum, 364, 370.

INDEX.

Cereyon

littorale, 364, 370.

obsoletum, 362, 370.

Cerithium

australe, 208.

ebeninum, 208.

granarium, 208.

Cerostoma

albofasciella, 669.

rugosella, 669.

Certhia

brasiliensis nigricans,

familiaris, 975.

Certhilauda

cunicularia, 323, 324.

frobent, 320.

tsabellina, 320, 323.

nigrifasciata, 324.

Certhiola

chloropyga, 570.

guianensis, 570.

luteola, 137.

Cervus

dimorphe, 842.

duvauceli, 565.

eldi, 759, 821.

frontalis, 842.

hippelaphus, 760.

lyratus, 842.

schomburgki, 565.

swinhoit, 818.

Ceryle

amazona, 152, 279, 581,

americana, 152,581,978.

cabanisi, 152, 280.

inda, 581.

stellata, 327, 338.

superciliosa, 581, 751,

978.

torquata, 280, 327, 581,

978.

Cetola

dentata, 682.

Ceuthorhynchus

nigroterminatus, 363,

Cheetodon

orbicularis, 861.

pentacanthus, 861.

setifer, 852.

trifasciatus, 852.

zanzibarensis, 852.

Cheetopleura

rugosa, 223.

Cheetura

brachycerca, 752, 758.

zonaris, 752.

Chalciope

lycopodia, 77.

Chaleosia

adalifa, 678.

zehma, 678.

Chalina

oculata, 512.

seriata, 515.

Chalybura

carmioli, 153.

tsaure, 131, 152.

melanorrhoa, 131, 152.

albida, 915.

spinosa, 925.

Chameepelia

amazilia, 753.

anais, 989.

cruziana, 989.

erythrothorax, 989.

passerina, 591.

rufipennis, 159,

talpacoti, 591.

Chameepetes

goudoti, 159, 160.

unicolor, 159, 160.

Chamostrea

albida, 915.

Champsodon

vorax, 102.

Chanda

ranga, 14.

Chanos

chloropterus, 868.

Charadrius

brevirostris, 591.

geoffroyt, 827.

hiaticula, 827.

pluvialis, 426, 427, 428.

ruficollis, 989.

virginicus, 331, 334.

Charaxes

calydonia, 874.

Charnidas

litura, 680.

Chasmina

cygnus, 50.

Chasmorhynchus

niveus, 580.

nudicollis, 452.

tricarunculatus, 130,

150.

Chaus

Jacquemontit, 275.

libycus, 261, 273, 275.

ornatus, 275, 876.

servalina, 272, 401.

Cheeupa

fortissima, 60, 97.

Cheilinus

fasciatus, 865.

punctatus, 865.

trilobatus, 865.

1060

Cheirogaleus

furcifer, 960, 963, 964,

965, 966, 967, 968,

969, 970, 971, 973,

974,

milii, 961, 962, 963,

964, 965, 967, 969.

samati, 975.

smithsii, 966, 967, 972.

typicus, 966, 967, 971.

Chela

argentea, 301.

Cheletropis

hucleyt, 231.

Chelidonura

adamsii, 116, 117, 227.

hirundinina, 227.

Chelidoptera

brasiliensis, 594.

tenebrosa, 583, 594, 752.

Chilena

similis, 684.

Chilocorus

bipustulatus, 363, 380.

hione

striatissima, 920.

(Circomphalus) alatus,

921.

( ) calophylla, 921.

(——) roborata, 921.

(Marcia) Eats dag 921.

(——) levigata, 922

(Tarn polon)ausdvicis 921.

Chionis

minor, 891.

Chiromacheris

manacus, 580, 751, 978.

Chironectes

leprosus, 862.

multiocellatus, 862.

Chiroxiphia

lanceolata, 150.

linearis, 150.

melanocephala, 150.

pareola, 580.

Chiton

antiquus, 223.

apparata, 223.

australis, 221.

carnosus, 222.

cimolius, 224.

concentricus, 221.

elenensis, 223.

Sruticosus, — 22.

glaucus, 222

incanus, 223.

incei, 223.

jugosus, 222.

Tada 222.

longicymba, 222.

magellanicus, 223.

INDEX.

Chiton

muricatus, 222.

oculatus, 224.

petholatus, 224.

piceus, 223.

proteus, 222,

quoy?, 222.

striatus, 224.

viridis, 222.

velox, 224.

Chitonellus

striatus, 224.

Chloéphaga

dispar, 335, 339.

poliocephala, 335, 339.

Chlorolampis

assimilis, 156.

Chloronerpes

caboti, 157.

cecilie, 157.

erythropis, 594.

flavigularis, 587,

594.

hematostigma, 587, 595,

753.

tephrodops, 587.

Chlorophanes

atricapilla, 749, 977.

spiza, 137.

Chloropipo

sp. ign., 751, 758.

Chlorospingus

flaviqularis, 750.

Chlorospiza

erythronota, 320.

plumbea, 320, 322.

Chlorostilbon

napensis, 979.

Chnaura

octavialis, 90.

Cheerocampa

elpenor, 676.

pallicosta, 676.

Cheerodes

embolophora, 545.

nucula, 545.

testaceata, 615.

Chordeiles

rupestris, 583, 593.

Chorinemus

toloo, 861.

Choristodon

rubiginosum, 924.

Chorodna

erebusaria, 613.

metaphearia, 613.

muricolaria, 614.

pallidularia, 613,

plagidotata, 614.

rectata, 614.

vulpinaria, 614.

Chroicocephalus

ichthyaétus, 166.

Chrysococe

auratus, 826, 828.

Chrysomitris

atrata, 322, 323.

barbata, 320, 322,

338

capitalis, 985.

acterica, 985.

magellanica, 322.

marginalis, 322.

uropygialis, 322, 338.

Chrysophanus

timeus, 674.

Chrysophrys

grandoculis, 854.

sarba, 854.

Chrysoptilus

speciosus, 979.

Chrysotis

amazonica, 753.

farinosa, 588, 595.

Chrysuronia

Josephine, 752, 979.

Ciconia

maguart, 334, 339.

Cidaria

arian) 660,

686.

anette 661, 686.

aurata, 664.

calamistrata, 662, 686.

cervinaria, 664.

chalybearia, 663.

cinereata, 662.

inextricata, 560.

interplagata, 660.

obscurata, 663, 686.

reticulata, 662.

russata, 662, 663.

signata, 661.

subapicaria, 663,

substituta, 660.

trisignata, 663.

viridata, 661.

Cimicodes

castanearia, 616, 686.

costalis, 616.

cruentaria, 616.

Cinclodes

ardesiacus, 134.

bifasciatus, 324,

Suscus, 985.

minor, 324, 338.

nigrifumosus, 324, 338,

rs) 324, 338.

Cinclus

ardesiacus, 134.

mexicanus, 134.

Cingulina

cireinata, 201.

Cinnyris

bianconit, 825.

discolor, 825.

Ciocalypta

penicillus, 26, 27, 522.

Circe

undatina, 922.

Circus

assimilis, 393.

cinereus, 330, 338.

jardinit, 393.

macropterus, 319, 330,

338, 988.

megaspilus, 330, 988.

poliopterus, 330, 338,

988.

Cirredia

variolosa, 64.

Cirrhina

dussumieri, 17.

dyocheilus, 16.

Cissopis

media, 750, 977.

Cisticola

schenicola, 825.

Cistothorus

fasciolatus, 321.

platensis, 321, a5Y 6

Cithara

guimeti, 155, 752.

Clanculus

clanguloides, 214.

gibbosus, 215.

maugeri, 214.

omalomphalus, 214.

Clarias

batrachus, 15.

magur, 15.

Clartithella

reticosa, 203.

zonulata, 203.

Clathria

compressa, 513.

coralloides, 513, 533.

oroides, 520.

Clathrina

sulphurea, 557.

Clathurella

zonulata, 113, 117.

Clavagella

australis, 912.

Cleidothzrus

chamoides, 915.

Clementia

moretonensis, 923.

Cleora

albidentata, 629.

INDEX.

Cleora

decussata, 628, 686.

jimbriata, 628.

megaspilaria, 629,

pannosaria, 629.

rufomarginata, 628.

semiclarata, 629.

venustularia, 628.

Climacteris

erythrops, 976.

leucophea, 976, 977.

melanota, 976.

melanura, 976.

pyrrhonota, 976.

rufa, 976.

scandens, 976.

Cliona

alderi, 526.

carpentert, 525,

celata, 525.

corallinoides, 525.

globulifera, 525.

gorgonoides, 525.

gracilis, 525.

howset, 525.

lobata, 526.

mazatlanensis, 525,

vastifica, 525.

vermifera, 526.

Clupea

fasciata, 861.

indica, 17.

telara, 17.

Clupeilarus

Suscescens, 315.

Clypeola

corrugata, 735.

magellanica, 735.

tenuis, 735.

Clypicterus

osery2, 750, 755.

Clytolema

aurescens, 752, 979.

Clytus

erythrocephalus, 365.

griseus, 379.

4-punctatus, 362, 379.

webbii, 379.

Cnipolegus

unicolor, 577.

Cobitis

dario, 17.

Coccinella

7-punctata, 363, 379.

11-punctata, 363, 379.

variabilis, 363, 380.

Coccothraustes

vulgaris, 452.

Coceyzus

melanocoryphus, 752,

ov.

1061

Cochlolepas

antiquata, 211.

subrufa, 212.

Cocytodes

cerulea, 66.

immodesta, 66.

modesta, 66.

Ceeliaxis

exigua, 890, 907.

Ceelodonta

paillasi, 1031.

Ccelopoma

japonicum, 313, 314,

315.

Ceereba

cerulea, 570, 749, 977.

cyanea, 570, TA9.

gutturalis, 824.

nitida, T49, 977.

Coius

nandus, 14.

Cojus

cobojius, 15.

Colaptes

pitius, 328, 338.

Colina

coarctata, 308.

gracilis, 308.

pygmed, 308, 315.

Collingsia

sarniensis, 541,

schmidtii, 541.

Collocalia

fuciphaga, 829.

vanicorensis, 829.

Colopterus

galeatus, 577.

pilaris, 147.

Columba

araucana, 330, 339.

erythrothorax, 989.

meridionalis, 330, 339.

nigrirostris, 280.

palumbus, 434.

rufina, 159, 591.

speciosa, 590, 753.

vinacea, 590.

Columbella

albomaculata, 195.

australis, 194.

corniculata, 195.

dermestoides, 195.

lentiginosa, 195.

lincolnensis, 195.

pulla, 195.

rosacea, 194.

saccharata, 194.

tessellata, 195.

versicolor, 194.

(Amycla) dermestoides,

195,

1062

Columbella

ree lentiginosa,

195.

(Mitrella) albomaculata,

111, 117, 195.

(ese) australis, 194.

(——) lincolnensis, 195.

(——) pulla, 195.

Columbula

cruziana, 989.

strepitans, 330, 399.

Colymbetes

pulverosus, 363.

(Rhantus) pulverosus,

369.

Comibena

chalybeata, 639.

divapala, 638.

Sfenestraria, 639.

hyalinata, 638.

maculata, 638.

sanguilineata, 638.

Cominella

adelaidense, 189.

Jilicea, 190.

Conirostrum

cinereum, 984.

fraseri, 984.

Conosomus

pubescens, 382.

sericeus, 364, 382.

Contopus

brachytarsus, 578.

Conurus

eruginosus, 587, 588.

astec, 280.

aureus, 587.

aurifrons, 988.

chrysogenys, 587, 588.

chrysophrys, 588.

cyanolyseus, 328, 338.

cyanopterus, 753.

lepidus, 588.

luteus, 587.

ocularis, 588.

perlatus, 588, 595.

smaragdineus, 328, 338.

souancei, 753.

virescens, 588.

xantholemus, 588.

Conus

anemone, 204.

grayi, 205.

jukesi, 204.

maculatus, 204.

maculosus, 204.

Copsychus

rostratus, 344.

Copurus

leuconotus, 146,

) semiconvexa, 194.

278, 279.

INDEX.

Coracias

caudata, 824, 828.

Coracina

scutata, 471.

Coracopsis

barklyt, 346, 473.

Corallium

johnsoni, 125, 127.

rubrum, 125, 126.

Corbitella

speciosa, 530, 558.

Corbula

catlowe, 913.

nasuta, 913.

scaphoides, 913,

tunicata, 913.

zelandica, 918.

Coremia

mediovittaria, 656.

Corinea

niveiguttella, 669.

Coriocella

nigra, 199,

Coris

annulata, 865.

cuviert, 865.

formosa, 865.

Coriscium

orientale, 671.

Corotia

cervinaria, 625, 686.

Corticaria

curta, 373.

Ffulva, 362, 373.

maculosa, 364, 373.

serrata, 361, 373.

Corticium

candelabrum, 544.

Corvus

corax, 451.

coronoides, 565.

Corybas

lobata, 537.

Coryphenia

hippurus, 861.

Corytholophus

sublevipennis, 363, 371.

Corythopis

anthoides, 577, 594.

calcarata, 594.

Cosmophila

xanthindyma, 64.

Cosmopteryx

eneella, 672.

asiatica, 672.

semicoccinea, 672.

Cossyphus

neilli, 560.

Cotinga

cerulea, 580.

cayana, 580, 751, 978.

Coturniculus

manimbe, 572.

peruanus, 750, 977.

Cotuza

deficiens, 74, 98.

drepanoides, 74.

umminia, 74.

Cotyle

uropygialis, 278.

Crambus

consociellus, 667.

Crax

globicera, 433, 434, 455.

Craxirex

unicinctus, 158,

Crella

elegans, 521.

Crenella

(Modiolaria) Jdarbata,

( ) strigata, 929.

Creophilus

maxillosus, 382.

Crepidula

aculeata, 737.

aplysioides, 738.

arenata, 738.

californica, 737.

dilatata, 736.

echinus, 737.

excavata, '738.

exuviata, 738.

Simbriata, 739.

Soliacea, 736.

fornicata, 738.

glauca, 738.

hepatica, 739.

hystrix, 737.

incurvata, 739.

lessonit, 739.

lirata, 738.

marginalis, 738.

nautiloides, 736.

navicelloides, 738.

nivea, 738.

onyx, 738.

pallida, 736.

peruviana, 736.

plana, 740.

porcellana, 738.

rostrata, 739.

rugosa, 738.

rugulosa, 736.

sitchana, 738.

squama, 738,

strigata, 736.

tomentosa, 211.

unguiformis, 211, 738.

walshit, 740

Crepipatella

dilatata, '736.

Crepipatella

dorsata, 737.

foliacea, 736.

lingulata, 737.

Cribrella

elegans, 521.

hamigera, 536.

Crithagra

brevirostris, 323.

Crocalis

angularia, 622.

bivittaria, 622.

lentiginosaria, 622.

obliquaria, 622.

Crocodilus

vulgaris, 715.

Crossea

bellula, 911.

concinna, 911.

Crossochilus

latius, 17.

reba, 17.

Crotophaga

ani, 585.

major, 585.

sulcirostris, 280.

Crucibulum

auriculatum, 746.

corrugatum, 745.

ferrugineum, 745.

hispidum, 746.

imbricatum, 745.

lignaria, 745.

maculatum, 746.

rugosum, 745.

scutellatum, 743, 744,

745.

spinosum, 746,

tenuis, 745.

trigonale, 745.

tubiferum, 746.

umbrella, 745.

violaceum, 746.

Cryphalus

aspericollis, 364, 377.

eed 211, 737.

costata, 737.

hepatica, 739.

incurva, 739.

lessont, '739.

percellana, 738.

sitchana, 738.

(Crepipatella) aculeata,

PAR

(Ianachus) wnguiformis,

vis, 362, 372.

cellaris, 362, 372.

dentatus, 362, 372.

211.

Cryptophagus

atin

INDEX,

Cryptophagus

punctipennis, 362, 372.

saginatus, 362, 372.

schmidti, 362, 372.

Cryptoplax

gunn, 225.

rostratus, 225.

striatus, 224, 225.

Cryptoprocta

ferox, 975.

Cryptopterus

latovittatus, 16.

Cucullia

tenuis, 60.

Cuculus

canorus, 444, 894.

cayanus, 758.

melanogaster, 758.

Culicivora

fernandeziana, 319.

reguloides, 987.

Cultellus

australis, 912.

Curzus

aterrimus, 328, 338.

Cyamon

vickersit, 546.

Cyana

detrita, 677.

Cyanocorax

violaceus, 750, 978.

Cyanospiza

ciris, 142.

Cyanotis

azare, 327, 338.

omnicolor, 327, 340.

Cyclidia

metaphearia, 613.

muricolaria, 614.

patulata, 614.

plagidotata, 614.

rectata, 614.

substigmaria, 613.

Cyclophorus

halophila, 314.

herklotst, 314.

Cyclopsitta

coxent, 182.

diophthalma, 182.

Cyclorhis

guianensis, 569, 594.

ochrocephala, 594.

Cyclosia

Suliginosa, 678.

subcyanescens, 678.

virginalis, 678.

Cyclostomus

scaber, 306.

(Tropidophora) mauri-

tianus, 305, 515.

( ) seaber, 315.

1063

Cyclotus

campanulatus, 314.

fortunei, 314.

Cydalima

conchyalis, 94.

laticostalis, 93.

Cydonium

barretti, 548.

muelleri, 548.

Cygnus

bewickii, 13.

buccinator, 8, 9, 11, 12,

13.

coscoroba, 334, 339.

nigricollis, 334, 339.

passmori, 8, 9, 11, 12,

13:

Cylichna

arachis, 226.

Cyllene

lactea, 191.

Cyllo

krishna, 673.

Cymbilanius

lineatus, 144, 978.

Cymindis

cayanensis, 590.

Cynzlurus

semmeringit, 277.

Cynthia

huntera, 365.

Cyphanta

xanthochlora, 682.

Cyphorhinus

modulator, 749.

Cypriea

annulus, 206.

asellus, 205.

australis, 206.

bicolor, 206.

caput-serpentis, 205,

206

carneola, 206.

clandestina, 205.

erosa, 206.

errones, 206.

felina, 206.

Jimbriata, 206.

macula, 206.

moniliaris, 205.

piperata, 206.

umbilicata, 205,

vitellus, 205.

xanthodon, 206.

Cyprinus

bacaila, 17.

cotio, 17.

latius, 17.

mola, 17.

pangusia, 16.

rasbora, 17.

1064

Cyprinus

fae If

sophore, 16.

Cyprovula

umbilicata, 205,

Cypselus

apus, 453, 887.

barbatus, 887.

gutturalis, 887.

inquietus, 829.

melba, 886, 887.

parvus, 823, 828.

squamatus, '752.

Cytherea

disrupta, 922.

rutila, 922.

seripta, 922.

undatina, 922.

Dabarita

subtilis, 56.

Dacelo

gaudichaudi, 185.

gigantea, 447.

tyro, 1865.

Dacnis

cayana, 570, 749,

977.

flaviventris, 977.

melanotus, 749, 977.

Dactylocal

loner ane 507.

prattit, 506.

pumicea, 357, 506,

558.

pumiceus, 506.

subglobosa, 506, 558.

Dactylosternum

abdominale, 364, 370.

Dedalion

candidum, 179.

Dafila

bahamensis, 335, 340.

oxyura, 335, 340.

Dalima

apicata, 615, 686.

schistacearia, 615.

Damo

biclavata, 539.

Daphnella

erebriplicata, 203.

lymneformis, 203.

Darapsa

hypothoiis, 676.

Dasycephala

livida, 320.

maritima, 320.

Dasychira

convergens, 680.

grotet, 680.

maruta, 681.

INDEX.

Dasytes

nobilis, 361.

Debis

bhairava, 674.

kansa, 674.

nada, 674.

scanda, 674.

sinoriz, 674.

Decetia

capetusaria, 618.

Dendoryx

incrustans, 535,

Dendrocincla

Sumigata, 574.

Dendrocolaptes

cayennensis, 575,

vie

concolor, 755.

guttatus, 575.

ocellatus, 575, 755.

radiolatus, 750, 755.

sancti-thome, 144,

755.

Dendrocygna

eytoni, 686.

fulva, 687.

Dendreeca

estiva, 136.

atricapilla, 337.

blackburnia, 136.

pennsylvanica, 136.

Dendroica

atricapilla, 320, 321.

striata, 321.

Dendroplex

picus, 575.

Dendrornis

erythropygia, 144.

eytont, 575, 595.

lacrymosa, 144, 278,

279.

ocellata, 575, '750, 755,

978.

rostripallens, 575.

sp. ine., 750.

Dentalium

erectum, 220,

Depressaria

ricinella, 670.

ricini, 670.

zizyphi, 670.

Dercitus

bucklandi, 542.

Dermestes

frischii, 362, 365,

373.

vulpinus, 373.

Deroptyus

accipitrinus, 588.

Derranus

hoevenii, 847.

Desmacidon

egogropila, 533.

constrictus, 538.

Sruticosus, 536.

Jeffreysii, 351, 589.

peachii, 538.

Deva

conducens, 63.

Diacope

erythrina, 849.

Diagramma

affine, 850.

centurio, 851.

gaterina, 851.

griseum, 850.

pardalis, 851.

punctatissimum, 851.

Dichromia

orosialis, 81.

triplicalis, 81.

Dicotyles

labiatus, 692.

torquatus, 692.

Dictyocylindrus

fascicularis, 545.

hispidus, 519.

pumilis, 519.

ramosus, 519.

rugosus, 519,

stuposus, 545,

ventilabrum, 519.

vickersti, 546.

Didunculus

strigirostris, 162,

?, 179.

Didus

Diglossa

brunneiventris, 322,

984.

Dilipa

morgiana, 673.

Dilopterus

nevius, 585.

Dinornis

gigantea, 991.

geganteus, 894, 895.

maximus, 891.

robustus, 891.

Diodon

reticulatus, 869.

Diomeda

exulans, 431.

Diphtera

atrovirens, 45.

discibrunnea, 46, 97.

nigroviridis, 46.

pallida, 46, 97.

prasinaria, 46.

vigens, 46.

Diplodemia

vesicula, 553.

Diplodonta

globulosa, 927.

Janeirensis, 927.

sphericula, 927.

Diplommatina

exigua, 314.

Diplopterus

nevius, 156.

Dipterygia

indica, 51.

Dispotea

auriculata, 746.

bilobata, 745.

cancellata, 745.

spectrum, 745.

striata, 745.

tubifera, 746.

Diuca

grisea, 322, 337.

speculifera, 985.

Docirava

equilineata, 649.

Dodona

adonira, 39, 674.

dipea, 39, 674.

onida, 38, 39.

Dolabella

callosa, 228.

rumphit, 228.

scapula, 227,

Doliche

gelida, 677.

Dolichosomus

illustris, 376.

nobilis, 363, 376.

Dolium

kieneri, 197.

variegatum, 197.

Donacilla

elongata, 920,

obtusa, 920.

Donacobius

atricapillus, 568.

Donalia

aurantium, 541.

Donax

deltoides, 920.

epidermia, 920.

(Latona) deltoides,

920.

Dorifera

ludovicie, 153, 154.

veragquensis, 154.

Doris

arbutus, 229.

atromarginata, 229.

carneola, 229.

chrysoderma, 229.

denisoni, 229.

nodulosa, 229.

pantherina, 229.

' Doris

INDEX.

variabilis, 228.

Doryfera

Johanne, 752.

Dosilia

baileyi, 551.

plumosa, 551.

Dosinia

puella, 909, 911, 923.

seabriuscula, 923.

sculpta, 923.

Drapetodes

mitaria, 642.

Dreata

hades, 681.

Drepanodes

argentilinea, 617.

circulitaria, 617.

fenestraria, 618.

phyllosaria, 617.

quinaria, 618.

scitaria, 77.

trilinearia, 618.

Drillia

angasia, 203.

beraudiana, 203.

coxt, 118, 117, 203.

metcalfei, 113, 117, 203.

radula, 202.

vexillum, 203.

(Crassispira) oweni,202.

Dromzus

nove-hollandie, 405,

413, 422.

Dromius

maurus, 363.

Drulia

batesii, 552.

brownii, 552.

coralloides, 552.

Dryoscopus

affinis, 825.

lineatus, 586.

major, 826.

orientalis, 825, 828.

picatus, 826.

sublacteus, 825.

Dules

fuscus, 850.

viverrinus, 943.

Dunstervillia

corcynensis, 558.

tessellata, 557.

Duseideia

fragilis, 511,

nus

Tie 539.

Dysallacta

negatalis, 97.

Dyschemon

neda, 679.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXIX.

1065

| Dysidea

fragilis, 511.

kirkii, 511.

papillosa, 25, 237.

Dysithamnus

ardesiacus, 750, 756.

plumbeus, 576.

punceticeps, 144.

schistaceus, 750, 756,

978.

semicinereus, 144,

Dysporus

piscator, 831.

sula, 831.

Eburna

australis, 189.

(Zemira) australis, 189.

Echana

plicalis, 86, 98.

Echeneis

naucrates, 861.

Echidna

variegata, 869.

Echiothrix

leucura, 599, 600.

Echites

antidysenterica, 94.

Eciomemia

acervus, 542.

compressa, 542.

ponderosa, 542.

Ectyon

carpenteri, 515,

fascicularis, 515.

sparsus, 515.

Edwardsia

vestita, 240.

Egnasia

ephyrodalis, 80.

trimantesalis, 80.

vaga, 80.

Elzocarpus

serratus, 77.

Elainea

albiceps, 327.

caniceps, 978.

chiriquensis, 130, 147.

griseiqgularis, 327.

modesta, 327, 338,

751. ae

agana, 978.

peer 130, 147.

subpagana, 147.

sp. ign., 978.

Elanoides

Ffurcatus, 158, 162.

Elanus

axillaris, 393.

leucurus, 330, 338.

melanopterus, 823,

1066 INDEX.

Elasmognathus | Ennea Erylus

bairdi, 240, 878, (Gulella) modesta, 305, mammillaris, 549.

885. 315. Erythreenas

Elastrus Ennomos pulcherrima, 344.

dolosus, 866, 375, 386, testacearia, 623. Erythrogaster

391. viridata, 628. togaster, 173.

rufo-brunneus, 386. Enome Erythronota

Hlenchus anupla, 681. edvardi, 155.

apicinus, 215. Entomogramma niveoventris, 129, 155.

badius, 215. fautriz, 73. Erythrospiza ;

leucostigma, 216. HEphydatia griseoqularis, 173, 174.

Hleotriodes capewelli, 550. trinotata, 170, 172.

cyanostigma, 862. fluviatilis, 550. Eschata

Eleotris leidyt, 550, gelida, 666.

cyanostigma, 862. meyenit, 550. Esomus

fusca, 862. Epibulus malabaricus, 299.

ophiocephalus, 862, insidiator, 865. (Nuria)maderaspatensis,

soarest, 862. Epicles 300.

Hlibia radiatus, 521. Espera

dolichus, 675. Epilecta calix, 520.

Elphos pulcherrima, 54, 97. Esperia

hymenaria, 635. Episparis anceps, 533.

pardicellata, 635. sejunctalis, 81. basillaris, 533.

parisnathi, 625. signata, 81. bauriana, 533.

Elysia tortuosalis, 81, 98. bowerbankit, 533.

coodgeensis, 230. varialis, 81. contaventi, 532.

Emarginula Epistemus foraminosa, 533.

aspera, 219, gyrinoides, 362, 373. lorenzi, 533.

dilecta, 219. Epizoanthus massa, 533.

rugosa, 219. papillosus, 237. modesta, 538.

stellata, 219, Equula nodosa, 533.

(Clypidina) -s¢el/ata, carak, 861. syring, 539.

219. fasciata, 861. tunicata, 533.

(Hemitoma) rugosa, jiligera, 861. typica, 532.

219. longispinis, 861. volutata, 533.

Emberiza Equus Etelis

huttont, 832. zebra, 692. carbunculus, 846,

luctuosa, 985. Erastria Eterusia

unicolor, 322. venulia, 61. pulchella, 678.

Emberizoides Ercheia raja, 678.

macrurus, 572, 594. tenebrosa, 66. risa, 678.

sphenurus, 573, 594, Erebomorpha tricolor, 678.

Embernagra fulguraria, 624. Eubolia

chloronota, 142. fulgurita, 624. reciproca, 664.

conirostris, 142. semiclusaria, 613. Eucephala

striaticeps, 142. Ereunetes cerulea, 584, 752, 979.

Empidochanes petrificatus, 592. hypocyanea, 584, 593.

fuscatus, 578, 594,751, | Ergea Euchelus

757, 978. walshi, 740. baceatus, 215.

olivus, 578, 594, Eriopus scabriusculus, 215,

757. exotica, 61. Euchera

sp. ign., 751. Erismatura substigmaria, 613.

Emplocus ferruginea, 335, 340. Eucometes

tridens, 535. vittata, 320, 335, cassiniz, 139,

Endropia Erosia cristata, 139,

bastpuncta, 621. cervinaria, 646. spodocephala, 139.

Engraulis Erycina . Eucometis

boelama, 868. cycladiformis, 928. albicollis, 571.

telara, 17. rotunda, 927. penicillata, 571.

Enispe Erygia Eudioptis

cycnus, 673. apicalis, 67. indica, 98.

Eudioptis

traducalis, 93.

Eudromias

modesta, 331, 339.

Euglyphis

fulvidorsalis, 95.

procopialis, 95.

ulima

acicula, 201,

mucronata, 201.

proxima, 201,

Eumelea

aureliata, 640.

feliciata, 640.

rosalia, 640.

rosaliata, 640.

Eunapius

carter, 552.

paupercula, 552.

Eupetomena

macrura, 583.

Euphema

bourkii, 818.

cupreiceps, 156.

Eupherusa

niveicauda, 156.

Huphonia

anne, 137, 138, 140.

cayana, 570.

crassirostris, 138,

humilis, 138.

melanura, 977.

minuta, 138, 749,

rufiventris, 749, 977.

rufivertex, 137.

Eupithecia

costipannaria, 654.

ferruginaria, 654.

semicirculata, 654.

Euplectella

aspergillum, 26, 27, 351,

352, 353, 358, 528,

529.

cucumer, 351, 358, 354,

528, 529.

speciosa, 529.

Euplectes

jae 826.

Huplexia

albovittata, 57, 97.

discisignata, 57, 97.

striatovirens, 58.

Euplocia

membliaria, 677.

Euplea

alcathoé, 673.

Euproctis

gamma, 680.

lunata, 680.

madana, 680.

melanophila, 680.

INDEX.

Euproctis

metamelana, 680.

Eupsilostoma

pusillum, 342.

Euptychia

egrota, 109.

ambigua, 105.

angularis, 106, 109.

argyrospila, 109.

armilla, 108, 110.

binalinea, 106.

byses, 110.

camerta, 104.

erigone, 104,

erycina, 109.

fumata, 109, 110.

gemmula, 109.

grimon, 106.

hiemailis, 109.

Junonia, 109.

lethe, 109.

libyoidea, 109.

liturata, 107, 110.

metagera, 109.

mima, 109.

modesta, 109.

myncea, 104.

nebulosa, 105, 107,

109.

nossis, 107.

obscura, 109.

ochracea, 107, 109.

ocnus, 109.

pagyris, 109.

periphas, 110.

picea, 109.

philippa, 109.

polyphemus, 109.

pronophila, 107, 110.

pyracmon, 109.

renata, 107.

saundersiz, 109.

similis, 109.

straminea, 106, 109.

themis, 104, 109.

undulata, 108.

usitata, 104.

variabilis, 106, 107.

vastata, 109.

vesper, 108, 110.

vestigiata, 105, 110.

westwoodii, 109,

Eurois

auriplena, 58.

crassipennis, 58.

Euryades

notabilis, 546.

| Eurymene

inustaria, 620.

Euryphylle

dubia, 527.

1067

Euryphylle

latens, 527.

Eurypon

clavatum, 521.

Eurypyga

helias, 475, 979.

major, 161.

Euryta

trilineata, 202.

Euscarthmus

spicifer, 751, 757.

Euschema

flavescens, 679.

| EKusemia

amatria, 676.

aruna, 676.

basalis, 676.

proxima, 676.

vetula, 677.

Huspiza

americana, 142.

Eustephanus

galeritus, 328, 338.

Eutelia ?, 62.

Euthymus

minor, 536.

shadbolti, 586.

Eutrochus

scitulus, 215.

Eutropia

rosea, 213.

sanguinea, 213.

ventricosa, 212.

(Tricholia) Aochii, 213.

( ) rosea, 114, 117,

(——) virgo, 115, 117,

213.

Eutropiichthys

ae 16. 7

Eutropius

taakree, 564.

Eutoxeres

aquila, 180, 152.

Eyarzia

ozararia, 648.

Exoceetus

affinis, 868.

evolans, 868.

solandri, 868.

Falagria

obscura, 362, 381.

Falco

albus, 179.

anatum, 158.

clarus, 179.

griseiceps, 178.

hiogaster, 173.

leucaétus, 179.

lunulatus, 895, 394.

1068

Falco

melanogenys, 393.

nigriceps, 330.

nove-hollandia, 179.

peregrinus, 330, 338.

radiatus, 177.

soloénsis, 172.

torquatus, 176.

trinotatus, 172, 178.

virgatus, 171.

Farrea

orca, 507.

Fascellina

chromataria, 79, 619.

muscularia, 619.

specularia, 618.

viridis, 79, 98.

Felinia

spissa, 77.

terminigera, 77.

Felis

affinis, 275, 875, 876.

antiquorum, 263.

armillata, 270.

aurata, 265, 815, 816.

bengalensis, 260, 268,

269, 273, 274, 399,

401.

brasiliensis, 404.

out 273, 275, 397,

ddagods 275, 398, 399,

75.

calomitli, 272.

canadensis, 276.

capensis, 272.

caracal, 277, 834.

catolynx, 275, 875.

catus, 274, 874.

celidogaster, 268, 272,

394, 395, 396.

chalybeata, 263, 272,

395.

charltoni, 268.

chati, 271, 404.

chaus, 275, 398, 402,

834, 874, 875, 876.

chinensis, 274, 400.

chrysothria, 265.

colocolla, 272.

concolor, 265.

cultridens, 260.

diardii, 266, 267, 269,

274.

discolor, 265.

domestica,2

275, 399, 402, 874.

dongolensis, 275.

eyra, 261, 272.

fasciata, 276.

fearonis, 277.

710,278, 274, ,

INDEX.

Felis

Ffulva, 265.

fusca, 264.

gueopardus, 272.

geoffroyii, Be 2.

grifithsii, 2

grisea, 270, OT.

guigna, 271,

guttata, 277.

himalayana,

268, 404, 405.

huttonii, 275, 276.

inconspicua,

398.

indica, 398, 399.

irbis, 262.

isabellina, 276.

jacquemontii, 275, 875.

Jjaguarondi, 261, 272.

javanensis, 274, 400,

Jerdonii, 274, 401.

jubata, 277.

katas, 275.

kutas, 875.

leo, 263.

leopardus, 263.

leopardus, var. niger,

817.

libyca, 275.

longicaudata, 267.

lupulina, 276.

lybicus, 398.

lynx, 276.

macrocelis, 260, 261,

266.

macroceloides, 266.

macroura, 260, 271,404.

maculata, 277.

maniculata, 274, 397,

398, 875.

manul, 275, 874.

margay, 271.

marginata, 275.

marmorata, 259, 260.

marmoratus, 267, 268.

megalotis, 275.

megatherion, 260.

melanura, 271, 408.

melas, 264.

mexicana, 272.

minor, 263.

minuta, 273, 274.

mitis, 271, 404.

moormensis, 265.

murmensis, 261, 265.

nebulosa, 266.

neglecta, 272, 394, 396.

nepalensis, 260, 261,

274, 275, 400, 401.

nigra, 264.

nigripectics, 261, 275.

276, 267,

273, 397,

Felis

nigripes, 273, 397,398.

migropectus, 874.

obscura, 398.

ogilbii, 267.

onca, 264, 271,402, 404.

ornata, 275, 397, 401.

876.

pajeros, 270.

paleopardus, 263.

panthera, 262, 263, 264.

pardalis, 270, 271.

pardina, 260, 276, 403.

pardinoides, 400.

pardochroa, 274, 400,

401.

pardochrous, 261, 273,

400.

pardoides, 403.

pardus, 262, 263.

picta, 271.

planiceps, 260, 269, 399.

pecilura, 263.

pulchella, 274, 397, 398.

puma, 265.

rubiginosa, 269, 275,

399, 401.

rufa, 277.

riippelli, 274.

rutila, 272, 395.

senegalensis, 273, 395.

serval, 272.

servalina, 272, 395,

401

smilodon, 260, 265.

subrugosa, 260.

sumatrana, 273, 400,

401.

syriaca, 274.

temminckii, 265.

tenasserimensis, 400.

tigrina, 271, 404.

tagris, 263.

if ee be 273, 276, 396,

397, 399 , 401, 876.

tulliana, 262.

uncia, 260, 262, 263.

uncioides, 262.

undata, 273, 274.

unicolor, 272.

varia, 263.

venatica, 277.

viverriceps, 261, 268,

397.

viverrina, 260, 267, 268,

269,273,275,395,396,

99, 405.

wagati, 400.

wiedit, 271, 404.

Ficulina

ficus, 525.

Filodes

Ffulvidorsalis, 95.

nigrolinealis, 95.

octomaculalis, 95.

Fissurella

concatenata, 218.

incei, 218.

indusica, 218.

lineata, 218.

reticulata, 218.

Fissurellidxa

concatenata, 218.

nigrita, 219.

scutella, 219.

trapezina, 219.

Fistularia

serrata, 864.

Flabellina

tanthina, 230.

newcombi, 230.

ornata, 230.

Florisuga

mellivora, 155, 584,752,

979.

Fluvicola

albiventris, 577, 594,

leucophrys, 986.

pica, S94.

Fodina

oriolus, 76.

pullula, 76.

Fonteia

anomala, 544.

Formicarius

analis, 145, 146, 751.

crissalis, 576.

hoffmanni, 145.

moniliger, 145.

rufipectus, 145.

Formicivora

grisea, 576, 595.

Fossarina

patula, 312, 209.

picta, 312, 315.

Foudia

fusco-brunnea, 346.

sechellarum, 346.

Francolinus

kirkii, 827, 828.

pileatus, 827.

Fringilla

arvensis, 323.

barbata, 320.

campestris, 322.

diuca, 322.

Fulica

armillata, 334, 339.

chilensis, 320, 338, 334.

chloropoides, 320, 333,

334,

INDEX.

| Fulica

leucopyga, 333, 339.

rufifrons, 320, 333.

stricklandi, 334, 339.

Fuligula

peposaca, 335, 340.

ulix

affinis, 167.

marila, 167.

Funchalia

woodwardi, 895.

Furnarius

roseus, 133.

torridus, 978.

Gadinia

conica, 115,117, 220.

pentigoniostoma, 220.

Galago

agisymbanus, 952.

crassicaudatus,952,973,

974.

minor, 966, 973.

Galaxias

waterhousii, 943.

Galbaleyrhynchus

leucotis, 978.

Galbula

albirostris, 582, '751.

cyaneicollis, 582, 595.

leucogastra, 582, 978.

melanogenia, 151.

rufo-viridis, 581, 594,

595.

tombacea, 978.

viridis, 581, 594.

Galeocerdo

tigrinus, 870.

Galeoscoptes

carolinensis, 278.

Galerus

chinensis, 211, 736.

extinetorius, '743.

lividus, '743.

pellucidus, 211.

Gallinago

media, 160.

paludosa, 332, 339.

paraquaie, 332, 339.

wilsont, 280.

Gallinula

crassirostris, 333.

galeata, 339.

Gambetta

flavipes, 332, 339,

592

melanoleuca, 332, 339.

Gampsonyx

swainsoni, 979.

Gandaritis

Alavata, 660.

1069

Garzeus

specularis, 623, 686.

Gargetta

costigera, 683.

Gari

malaccana, 917.

(Amphichena) men-

keana, 918.

(Psammocola) togata,,

917

zonalis, 917.

Garnotia

adunca, 739.

Garra

alta, 349.

gotyla,

347

Jerdoni, 282, 288.

malabarica, 288.

Garrulus

glandarius, 163.

Gaurena

florens, 47.

florescens, 47.

Gazalina

apsara, 681.

venosata, 681.

Gazella

dorcas, 246.

semerringt, 817.

Gazza

minuta, 861.

Gecko

versus, 417.

Geckoella

punctata, 99.

Gelechia

hibisci, 670.

pubescentella, 670.

simpliciella, 670.

Jugosus, 538.

robustus, 538.

Gemmaria

sulcata, 238.

Gena

auricula, 218.

lutea, 218.

strigosa, 218.

Genusa

bigutta, 679.

comparata, 679.

delineata, 679,

Genyoroge

bengalensis, 848.

civis, 849.

notata, 702.

rivulata, 848.

sebe, 848.

282, 288,

Geobamon

fasciata, 320, 328.

1070

Geodia

barretti, 26, 548.

caribea, 548.

carinata, 548,

conchilega, 548.

gibberosa, 548,

gigas, 548.

macandrewit, 548.

placenta, 548,

tuberosa, 548,

zetlandica, 548.

Geometra

albiangularia, 639.

avicularia, 636,

decoraria, 636.

dentata, 636.

dentisignata, 636.

dissita, 637.

haliaria, 636.

lycenaria, 639.

pennisignata, 636.

plagiata, 636.

usta, 636.

viridiluteata, 636.

Geopelia

maugei, 687.

Geopsittacus

occidentalis, 891.

Geositta

cunicularia, 323, 338,

85.

fasciata, 323, 338.

isabellina, 328, 338.

maritima, 323.

Geothlypis

sea 340, 569,

wie 569, 594,

Geotriton

genet, 696.

Geotrochus

ambrosia, 889, 890.

coxianus, 889, 890.

eros, 888, 890.

gamelia, 888, 890,

mendana, 889, 890.

Geotrygon

caniceps, 130.

chiriquensis, 130, 159.

cristata, 130.

montana, 591, '753.

veraguensis, 159,

Geranoaétus

melanoleucus, 329, 338.

Geronticus

spinicollis, 600.

Gerres

argyreus, 867.

lineolatus, 867.

poeti, 867.

waigiensis, 867. '

INDEX,

Gibbula

coxi, 115, 117, 217.

picturata, 217.

preissiana, 217.

strangei, 217,

sulcosa, 217.

Gibbus

Senne nevilli, 304,

315

(Gonidomus) newtont,

305, 315

Ginea

removens, 74,

Glanycus

insolitus, 681.

Glaucidium

?, 158.

infuscatum, 989.

nanum, 338.

Glaucis

affinis, '752, 979.

Glauconome

angulata, 924.

Glauconomya

angulata, 924,

chinensis, 490.

primeana ?, 490.

rugosa, 924.

Glaucus —— ?, 230.

Globiocephalus

melas, 686.

svineval, 477, 478.

Glottula

dominica, 50.

radians, 666.

Glyphidodon

celestinus, 864.

septemfasciatus, 864.

sordidus, 864.

Glyphodes

actorionalis, 92.

cesalis, 92.

diurnalis, 92.

gastralis, 93.

lacustralis, 93, 98.

lora, 92.

luciferalis, 92.

stolialis, 92.

univocalis, 93.

vagalis, 93.

Glyphorhynchus

pre Peake 750.

cuneatus, 574, 595.

Glyptosternum

lonah, 285.

Gnophos

combustaria, 631.

muscosaria, 635.

obtectaria, 635.

Gobio

pangusia, 1G.

Gobius

brevifilis, 940.

caninus, 862.

giuris, 14. e

enterstinctus, 862.

ornatus, 862.

ventralis, 862.

Gogrius

sykesii, 563.

Goniodoris

atromarginata, 229.

bennetti, 229.

crossei, 229.

daphne, 229.

erinaceus, 229,

festiva, 229.

loringi, 229,

splendida, 229.

verrucosa, 229.

Gonitis

guttanivis, 64.

Gonophora

indica, 44.

Gonorhynchus

macrosomus, 17.

Gorgonia

flabellum, 120, 904.

Gortyna

cuprea, 50, 97.

Gouldia

australis, 928.

conversi, 154.

langsdorffi, 752, 979.

Gracilia

pygmed, 362, 379.

Gracillaria

auricilla, 671.

falcatella, 671.

gemoniella, 671.

nitidula, 671.

quadrifasciata, 671.

resplendens, 671.

terminalia, 671.

ustulatella, 671.

Graculus

elegans, 320, 336.

Grallaria

brevicauda, 978.

guatemalensis, 146.

persprcillata, 146,

Grallaricula

costaricensis, 146,

Grammodes

ammonia, 76.

mygdon, 76.

notata, 76.

stolida, 76.

Grantia

?, 556.

asperum, dd+.

hotryoides, 5d5.

Grantia

ciliata, 554.

clathrus, 555, 557.

compressa, 55D.

coralloides, 513.

coriacea, 556.

ensata, 555.

fistulosa, 556.

humboldtii, 554.

lacunosa, 555.

lieberkuhnii, 555.

multicava, 556.

nivea, 556.

pulverulenta, 554.

raphanus, 554.

setosa, DD4.

solida, 556.

striatula, 556.

tessellata, 557.

Grapelia

australis, 534.

Graphiphora

basistriga, 54.

cerastivides, 54.

C-nigrum, 54.

Fasciata, 54.

rubicilia, 55.

Grus

antigone, 430, 457, 762.

pavonia,

virgo, 819.

Gueparda

guttata, 27, 396.

Guira

piririgua, 589.

Guiraca

conereta, 141.

cyanoides, 141, 750.

Gygis

ae 832.

Gymnocephalus

calvus, 581, 593.

mnoderus

fetidus, 581, 593.

otus

kapirat, 17.

notopterus, 17.

Gyparchus

papa, 589, 753.

Gypogeranus

irae: 442.

oictinia

melanosternon, 393.

Gyrinus

dejeani, 366, 365, 370.

Habrocebus

diadema, 247.

Habrocerus

capillaricornis, 364,

382.

INDEX.

Hadena

albidisca, 59, 97.

albinota, 58.

atrovirens, 58.

auroviridis, 59, 97.

lanceola, 59.

megastigma, 58.

tenebrosa, 59.

Hadrostomus

minor, 579.

Hematoderus

militaris, 580.

Hematopus

ater, 331, 339.

palliatus, 339.

Halcrosia

afzelii, '715, '716, 717.

frontata, 715, 717.

Haleyon

albicilla, 828, 829.

chelicuti, 824.

saurophaga, 827.

striolata, 824, 828.

Haliaétus

vocifer, 823.

Haliastur

leucosternus, 393,

sphenurus, 393.

Halichondria

egogropila, 533.

albula, 536.

angulata, 540.

areolata, 511.

batei, 536.

caduca, 519.

candida, 539.

carnosa, 523.

celata, 516.

cervicornis, 545.

cinerea, 512.

coalita, 519.

corrugata, 539.

dickiei, 536.

distorta, 519.

farinaria, 519.

Jicus, 523.

glabra, 519.

granulata, 536.

hyndmani, 534.

incerta, 519.

inconspicua, 519.

incrustans, 535.

infundibuliformis, 513.

ingalli, 533.

inornata, 539.

irreqularis, 586.

Johnsoni, 538.

johnstonti, 547.

mammillaris, 27.

nigricans, 534.

1071

Halichondria

oculata, 512.

panicea, 27, 519.

pattersoni, 536.

pulchella, 539.

rigida, 545.

scandens, 534,

servosa, 519.

simplex, 519.

subdola, 519.

suberea, 523.

suberica, 523.

thompsoni, 539.

variantia, 539.

ventilabra, 516.

ventilabrum, 516.

Haliotis

cocco-radiata, 218.

nevosa, 218.

Haliplana

Suliginosa, 161.

Halisarca

dujardinii, 520.

Halispongia

cavernosa, 512.

ventilabra, 516.

Halmaturus

bennetti2, 953.

Halodroma

garnoti, 336, 340.

Haltica

ampelophaga, 363, 379.

Hamacantha

Johnsoni, 538.

Hamigera |

rubens, 536.

Haminia

brevis, 227.

Hamodes

aurantiaca, 73.

Hapalocercus

citreolus, 338.

flaviventris, 326.

Hapalotis

caudimaculata, 316,317,

597

personata, 318.

Haplochilus

playfairii, 868.

ara

malabarica, 347.

Harpagus

bidentatus, '753, 979.

Harpalus

distinguendus, 364, 368.

griseus, 363.

rotundicollis, 364,

365.

ruficornis, 363.

(Ophonus) rotundicol-

lis, 368.

1072

Harpalus

(Pseudophonus) g7i-

seus, 368.

( ) ruficornis, 368.

Hegeter

tristis, 364, 380.

Heliastes

cinctus, 864.

Heliodoxa

henryi, 154.

jacula, 154.

Heliomaster

longirostris,

979.

sclateri, 155.

stuarte, 155.

pallidiceps, 155.

Heliophobus

dissectus, 52.

Heliornis

fulica, ‘754, 979.

Heliothis

armigera, 60.

peltigera, 60.

Heliothrix

auritus, 584, 979.

barroti, 155.

purpureiceps, 155.

elix

albanensis, 723.

avidorum, 724, 725.

bombycina, 723.

ciliosa, 491.

cochlidiwm, 726.

cygned, 723.

diemenensis, 723.

grayi, 725.

hamiltoni, 722, 723.

tanthina, 230.

lampra, 722.

lamproides, 722,

marcescens, 724.

mucosa, 725.

pachystyla, 725.

pachystyloides, 725.

penolensis, 724.

pera, 725.

retipora, 39.

sericatula, 39.

stramineus, 213.

sublesta, 723.

terriculata, ‘724.

umbraculorum, 724.

violacea, 230.

vitrea, 1001.

wellingtonensis, 723.

Helmintherus

vermivorus, 135.

Helminthophaga

chrysoptera, 135.

peregrina, 135.

INDEX.

| Helops

azoricus, 380, 390.

vulcanus, 390.

Hemeroblemma

peropaca, 75.

Hemerophila

atrostipata, 627.

basistrigaria, 626.

creataria, 625.

cuprearia, 626.

humeraria, 627.

interruptaria, 626.

mauraria, 625.

nigrovittata, 626.

objectaria, 625.

retractaria, 627,

strixaria, 625.

Hemibagrus

punctatus, 284.

Hemicognathus

leptorhynchus, 328, 338.

Hemicorallium

Johnsoni, 127.

| Hemidacnis

albiventris, 749.

Hemiramphus

dispar, 868. .

dussumieri, 867.

georgii, 867.

Heniochus

macrolepidotus, 852.

Hepialus

nipalensis, 686.

Herculia

bractealis, 89.

Herdonia

osacesalis, 90,

Herminia

albirenalis, 85.

hadenalis, 85.

ochracealis, 85.

Hermonassa

consignata, 49.

Herodias

egretta, 749.

Herpa

venosa, 679.

Herpetotheres

cachinnans, 590, 753.

Herpysticus

pci 388.

Hesperia

erylus, 39.

freja, 34, 35.

tmolus, 35.

Heteroderes

atlanticus, 375.

azoricus, 365, 375,

396.

rufangulus, 375.

Heteropelma

amazonum, 579.

wallacit, 567, 579, 595.

Heterotella

corbicula, 531, 558.

Hiatula

biradiata, 918.

epidermia, 918.

florida, 918

Hieracidea

berigora, 393.

Himantopus

leucocephalus, 600.

nigricollis, 339, 591.

Hippon

Piao 211.

subrufa, 212.

Hippopotomus

amphibius, 601,

terrestris, 880.

Hircinia

dendroides, 510.

fasciculata, 510.

Jlavescens, 510.

hebes, 510.

hirsuta, 510.

panicea, 510.

typica, 510.

variabilis, 510.

Hirundo

equatorialis, 977, 979.

albiventris, 569, 979.

andicola, 984.

cyanoleuca, 321, 337.

erythrogastra, 340,

569.

fluminicola, 832.

leucopyga, 321.

meyent, 321, 337.

pacifica, 456.

riparia, 456.

rustica, 456.

urbica, 456.

Histiophorus

americanus, 857.

brevirostris, 856.

gladius, 856, 857.

endicus, 857.

Holacanthus

ignatius, 852.

Holocentrum

caudimaculatum, 855;

diadema, 855.

leve, 855.

rubrum, 855.

spiniferum, 855.

Holocentrus

caudimaculatus, 855.

Homalium

clavicorne, 364, 385.

pusillum, 362, 385.

Homaloptera

brucei, 347, 348.

Homalota

atramentaria, 362, 382.

atricilla, 382.

coriaria, 364, 382.

Jlavipes, 383.

longula, 364.

luridipennis, 364, 381.

mélanaria, 362, 382.

nigra, 362, 365, 382.

oblique-punctata, 364.

381.

putrescens, 382.

Homoptera

infligens, 65.

Hoplopterus

cayanus, 591, 979.

Hoterodes

cinerealis, 94.

Hulodes

caranea, 73.

drylla, 73.

inangulata, 73.

palumba, 73.

restorens, 73.

Humphreysia

strange, 912.

Hyalochieta

possieti, 118.

Hyalonema

affinis, 118.

lusitanicum, 20, 28, 117,

901, 902, 903, 905.

1001, 1002, 1003.

mirabile, 18, 19, 20, 21,

31, 32, 33, 350, 351,

901, 902, 903, 906,

1001.

mirabilis, 18, 118, 540,

901, 906

sieboldii, 18, 117, 118,

119, 901, 1002, 1003.

Hyalothrix

lusitanica, 119.

Hybla

constellata, 63.

JSirmamentum, 63.

puera, 63.

Hydaticus

zonatus, 386.

Hydatina

filosa, 225.

physis, 225.

Hydrecia

naxiaoides, 50.

Hydrocampa

crassicornalis, 90.

pulchralis, 90.

Hydrochelidon

Jissipes, 337, 340.

INDEX,

Hydrochelidon

plumbea, 337.

Hydrocicca

melanops, 333, 339.

Hydroporus

planus, 363, 365, 369.

Hydropsalis

trifurcata, 595, 583,

978.

Hylactes

castaneus, 338.

megapodius, 325, 338.

tarnii, 325, 338.

| Hylastes

ater, 362, 376.

Hylocharis

cyanea, 752.

sapphirina, 584, 752,

979.

Hylophila

chloroleuea, 668.

falcata, 668.

Hylophilus

cinereiceps, 137.

decurtatus, 137.

ochraceiceps, 570.

pusillus, 137.

rubrifrons, 567, 569,

570, 595.

semicinereus, 567, 570,

595.

viridiflavus, 137.

Hylotrypes

bajulus, 362, 379.

Hylurgus

ligniperda, 362, 376.

Hymedesmia

radiata, 521.

stellata, 544.

zetlandica, 537.

Hymeniacidon

albescens, 518.

armatura, 518.

aurea, 518.

brettii, 518.

bucklandi, 542.

carnosa, 528.

caruncula, 518.

celata, 525.

clavigera, 523.

cliftoni, 515.

coccinea, 518.

consimilis, 518.

crustula, 518.

dujardinti, 520,

fallaciosus, 518.

fallax, 518.

ficeus, 528.

floreum, 537.

fragilis, 518.

gelatinosa, 523,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXX.

1073

Hymeniacidon

lactea, 518.

lingua, 533.

macilenta, 537.

mammeata, 518.

membrana, 518.

pachyderma, 118.

perarmatus, 535.

perlevis, 518.

plumosa, 536.

reticulatus, 518.

sanguinea, 518.

suberea, 523.

thomasii, 518.

varantia, 539.

virgultosa, 518.

viridans, 518.

Hymeraphia

clavata, 521.

stellifera, 543.

vermicularis, 522.

verticillata, 516, 543.

Hyomoschus

aquaticus, 954, 955,

956, 958.

Hypetra

gammoides, 75,

noctuoides, 75.

Hypena

abducalis, 88.

basistrigalis, 84.

castanealis, 84.

cervinalis, 83.

conscitalis, 83.

costinotalis, 83.

divisalis, 84.

extensa, 83.

lacessalis, 83.

longipennis, 85.

rectivittalis, 84,

tenebralis, 83.

Hypera

variabilis, 363, 378.

Hyperecompa

imperialis, 682.

impleta, 682.

longipennis, 682.

plagiata, 681.

Hypernaria

discistriga, 78.

Hyperolius

insignis, 844.

toulsonii, 845.

Hyperythra

calcearia, 619.

ennomosaria, 619.

limbolaria, 619.

luteata, 619.

niguzaria, 619.

penicillaria, 619,

spurcataria, 619,

1074

Hyperythra

oe 619.

vitticostata, 619.

Hyphantornis

aurantius, 826.

royrei, 826.

subaureus, 826, 828.

Hypoborus

ficus, 368, 376.

Hypocala

deflorata, 67.

efflorescens, 68.

rostrata, 68.

subsatura, 68.

Hypochroma

basiflavata, 632.

boarmiaria, 632.

costistrigaria, 633.

dispensata, 632.

irrorataria, 632.

leopardinata, 634.

muscicoloraria, 632.

nyctemerata, 632.

tenebrosaria, 633.

varicolararia, 633.

viridaria, 632.

Hypocnemis

cantator, 750, 978.

elegans, 757.

melanopogon, 576.

melanosticta, 757.

i tee 750, 757

78.

therese, 750.

Hypolophus

‘sephen, 872.

Hyponomeuta

lineatonotella, 669,

686.

Hypopola

WF olebad 679.

Hypopyra

feniseca, 73.

mollis, 72.

ossigera, 73.

restorens, "Td.

unistrigata, 73.

vespertilio, 73.

Hypotriorchis

femoralis, 330, 338,590,

988.

rufigularis, 158, 590.

Fer, 677.

Hypselobagrus

cavasius, 285.

Hypsipetes

crassirostris, 344.

olivaceus, 344.

Hyrax

Tapert 692.

INDEX.

Hyria

bicolorata, 642.

ornata, 643.

pluristrigata, 643.

trilineata, 642.

Tanthina

bicolor, 230.

bifida, 231.

capreolata, 231.

casta, 230.

communis, 230.

decollata, 230.

depressa, 230.

exigua, 231.

(Lodina) eevee 251.

fragilis, 230

ianthina, 230.

penicephala, 230.

striulata, 280.

violacea, 230.

Ibis

falcinellus, 334, 339.

guarauna, 334.

melanopis, 339.

ordi, 334.

Ibycter

americanus, 589, 753.

ater, 589, 979.

Icterus

baltimorensis, 142, 279.

cayanensis, 573, 594.

gwaudi, 142.

mesomelas, 279.

prosthemelas, 279.

spurius, 142.

tibialis, 594.

Icthyura

Sfulgurita, 682.

Ictinia

plumbea, 158, 590, 753.

Idomon

alderi, 526.

Iguana

tuberculata, 766.

Tlerda

androcles, 674.

moorei, 674.

Indris

albus, 248.

brevicaudatus, 248, 249,

250, 252, 253, 254,

255, 967, 974.

diadema, 247, 248, 249,

253, 254, 255, 256,

248, 249, 250,

252, 253, 254, 256,

975.

laniger,

“ 970, 974.

| Ingallia

cupulifera, 537.

Ingura ~

recurrens, 62.

Todopleura

isabelle, 579, 595, 751,

758.

laplacii, 579.

pipra, 758.

Tophon

nigricans, 534.

scandens, 534.

Tolxa

amabilis, 310.

seitula, 310.

sculptilis, 310.

Tolema

schreibersi, 979.

Tolaus

longinus, 35.

pseudo-longinus, 30,

36.

Tontha

umbrina, 73.

Iphiteon

panicea, 506.

Trrisor

erythrorhynchus, 824,

828.

senegalensis, 824.

Tsaurus

tuberculatus, 234.

Tsis

nobilis, 126.

Tsodictya

anomala, 528.

cinerea, 512.

dissimilis, 5138.

edwardsii, 534.

Jimbriata, 537.

infundibuliformis, 513.

Jugosa, 538.

lobata, 537.

lurida, 512.

norman, O34.

palmata, 534.

paupera, 534,

robusta, 538.

simulans, 522.

varians, 522.

Istiophorus

gladius, 857.

Ixos

nigricans, 825, 828.

Jacamerops

grandis, 582.

Jana

pallida, 681.

Janus

sanguineus, 230.

Japonia

barbata, 314.

Japonia

citharella, 314.

Jaspis

johnstonii, 526.

Julis

lunaris, 865.

trilobata, 865.

Kellia

cycladiformis, 928.

rotunda, 927.

Kobus

ellipsiprymnus,4, 5, 6,7.

sing-sing, 3, 4, 5, 7.

Krananda

semihyalina, 648.

Kraussia

lamarckiana, 935.

Labeo

dyocheilus, 16.

kontius, 289.

pangusia, 16.

dussumiert, 290.

Labeobarbus

tor, 282, 290.

Labio

porcata, 216.

striolatus, 217.

Labrus

furcatus, 852.

Lacera

capella, 80.

Lacerta

alligator, 718.

Lemophleus

clavicollis, 364, 372.

Lagoptera

dotata, 4.

honesta, 74.

magica, TA.

Lagyra

Fees 616.

rigusaria, 616.

Laimodonxta

quoyi, 231.

suleata, 231.

Lamellaria

indica, 199.

perspicua, 199.

Lampania

australis, 208.

Lampornis

gramineus, 584.

mango, 584, 752, 979.

veraguensis, 153.

Lamprotornis

columbinus, 830.

Lanio

aurantius, 139.

leucothorax, 139.

INDEX.

Laothoé

verticillata, 543.

Laparocerus

azoricus, 360, 378, 388,

391.

Larentia

erata, 654.

variegata, 653.

Larus

argentatus, 315.

belcheri, 340, 991.

bridges, 336.

cinerco-caudatus, 320,

336.

dominicanus, 340.

franklini, 336, 340.

frobenii, 320.

FSuscescens, 315.

fuscus, 315, 416.

glaucotis, 340.

kittlitzii, 336.

modestus, 336, 340.

rissa, 430.

scoresbii, 336, 340.

Lasea

australis, 927.

scalaris, 927.

Lasiocampa

strigilis, 684.

vittata, 685.

Latiaxis .

nodosa, 192.

Latridius

minutus, 362, 373.

nodifer, 362, 373.

Laurion

circe, 678.

metallica, 678.

Lebeda

latipennis, 685.

nanda, 685.

undans, 685.

Leda

dohrni, 932.

Legatus :

albicollis, 148, 577.

Leiopyrga

peheraee 216.

Leiostraca

acutissima, 201.

Leistes

albipes, 320, 989.

guianensis, 573, 750.

Lelapia

australis, 557.

Lemur

diadema, 247.

laniger, 247.

pusilus, 972.

Len

pe hit 676.

1075

| Leo

africanus, 263.

gambianus, 263.

gogjerattensis, 263.

nobilis, 263.

persicus, 263.

Leopardus

auratus, 265.

brachyurus, 264, 266.

chinensis, 264.

concolor, 265.

ellioti, 269, 399.

griseus, 270, 403.

hernandesii, 402.

hernandezi, 265.

himalayanus, 267, 404,

405

inconspicuus, 273, 396.

japonensis, 264.

onca, 264.

pardus, 2638,

pictus, 271, 403.

sumatranus, 401.

tigrinoides, 271, 404.

Lepidopleurus

antiquus, 223.

longicymba, 222.

proteus, 222.

ustulatus, 222.

Lepilemur

furcifer, 971.

murinus, 966, 978.

mustelinus, 968, 971.

myoxinus, 972.

ruficaudatus, 968, 971.

Leptacinus

pusillus, 362, 383.

Leptasthenura

egithaloides, 324, 338.

Leptochiton

versicolor, 223.

epton

adamsi, 910, 911, 928.

Leptopogon

amaurocephalus, 757.

peruvianus, 751, 757.

pileatus, ‘757.

Leptoptila ——?, 159.

rufacilla, 591.

verreauxt, 159.

Leptosceles

mitchelli, 331, 339.

Leptoxura

cinamomea, 595.

Leptoxyura

cinnamomed, 574, 978.

Leptura —— ?, 362, 379.

Lepyrodes

geometralis, 91.

lepidalis, 91.

perspicualis, 91.

1076

Lethrinus

ceruleus, 854.

erocopterus, 854.

genivittatus, 853.

karwa, 558.

longirostris, 853.

nebulosus, 854,

ramak, 854,

striatus, 854,

Leucania

confusa, 48.

decissima, 48.

designata, 48.

exsanguis, 47.

exterior, 48.

extranea, 47.

pulcherrima, 48, 97.

venalba, 48.

Leucinodes

orbonalis, 90.

Leucippus

chlorocercus, 979.

Leucogypsia

algoensis, 557.

gossei, 557.

Leucoma

latifascia, 680.

Leuconia

Jistulosa, 556.

nivea, 556.

pumila, 556,

Leucophzeus

belcheri, 991.

Leucopternis

kaupi, 589.

kuhli, 589.

superciliaris, 589,

595.

Leucosolenia

botryoides, 555.

contorta, 555.

coriacea, 556,

lacunosa, 555,

pulchra, 556.

Leucospiza

nove-hollandie, 178,

179, 3938.

Leucotina

esther, 116, 117, 225.

Lichia

toloo-parah, 861.

Licinus

brevicollis, 363, 867.

Lieberkuhnia

agagrophla, 520.

calix, 520.

ciliata, 554.

Lima

bullata, 933.

fragilis, 933.

squamosa, 933.

INDEX.

Limacodes

apicalis, 685.

graciosa, 684.

Limnocorax

flavirostris, 827, 828.

Limosa

hudsonica, 382, 339.

Lingula

hians, 935.

Liotia

angasi, 214,

Lipaugus

cineraceus, 579.

holerythrus, 149,

279.

hypopyrrhus, 757.

lateralis, 751, 'T57.

rufescens, 149.

unirufus, 149, 279.

Litbada

sericearia, 624.

Lithocharis

apicalis, 363, 384.

debilicornis, 364, 384.

ochracea, 362, 384.

ripicola, 363, 384.

ruficollis, 364, 384.

tricolor, 384.

Lithocolletis

bauhinie, 672.

Lithosia

cramboides, 666.

servia, 677.

tetragona, 677.

vagesa, 677.

Lithospongia

torva, 506.

Littorina

australis, 209.

levis, 209.

mauritiana, 209.

pyramidalis, 209.

unifasciata, 209.

Lituus

levis, 186.

Lobipes

antarcticus, 332.

Locastra

cuproviridalis, 87.

phereciuscalis, 86.

Loepa

miranda, 684,

Lophospiza

griseiceps, 178.

trivirgata, 178,

Lophostrix

cristata, 590.

stricklandi, 158.

Lophyrus

australis, 221.

concentricus, 221, 222.

Lophyrus

glaucus, 222.

Jugosus, 222.

muricatus, 222.

smaragdinus, 115, 117,

Lorica

cimolia, 224,

Loripes

assimilis, 910, 911, 926.

icterica, 910, 926.

ovum, 926.

tumida, 926.

Lorius

chlorocercus, 183.

Lozostoma

flavofasciata, 671.

semisulphurea, 671.

Lucapina

(Glyphis) zncei, 218.

Lucina

exasperata, 926.

icterica, 926.

ovulum, 928.

parvula, 926.

simplex, 926,

tigrina, 926.

(Codakia) parvula, 926.

( ) rugifera, 926.

Lunella

undulata, 213.

Lurocalis

gouldi, 583.

nattereri, 583.

Lutodeira

chanos, 868.

chloropterus, 868.

Lutra

vulgaris, 181.

(Hydrogale) swinhoei,

182.

Lutraria

dissimilis, 917.

rhynchena, 917.

Lutronectes

whiteleyi, 180, 181.

Luxiaria

phyllosaria, 617.

Lycimna

polymesata, 624.

Lygniodes

ciliata, 69.

hypoleuca, 69.

Lymantria

aryama, 681.

beatriz, 681.

lineata, 681.

marginata, 681.

munda, 681.

cus

pee 276.

Lynceus .-

canadensis, 276.

erythrotis, 275, 875.

fasciatus, 276.

isabellinus, 261, 276.

lupulinus, 276.

maculatus, 277.

pardinus, 276.

rufus, 277.

Macacus

assamensis, 950.

inuus, 254.

rhesus, 951.

pileatus, 949.

MacAndrewia

azorica, 507.

Macaria

eleonora, 648.

emersaria, 648.

metagonaria, 647.

nora, 648,

permotaria, 648.

perspicuaria, 647.

streniataria, 648.

strenuataria, 648.

Macgillivrayia

spinigera, 231.

Macheropterus

striolatus, 751, 978.

Machephilus

dumerilli, 713.

Macrocheilus

japonicus, 311.

Macrochisma

sinensis, 312, 315.

Macrochlamys

minima, 303, 315.

perlucida, 303, 315.

Macrodipteryx

longipennis, 821,

822.

Macroglossa

triopus, 676

Macromerus

typicus, 247.

Macrones

cavasius, 16.

Macropteronotus

magur, 15.

Macropus

caixana, "758.

major, 476.

robustus, 476,

Macrosila

nyctiphanes, 675.

Mactra

contraria, 916.

corbuloides, 916.

lateralis, 910.

luzonica, 916.

INDEX,

Mactra

ovalina, 917.

pusilla, 916.

rostrata, 916.

rufescens, 916.

Madrepora

rubra, 126.

Magas

eumingi, 935.

Malachius

militaris, 364, 375.

Malacoptila

fusca, 588, 752.

rufa, 583.

Malleus

albus, 930.

Malurus

callainus, 302.

melanotus, 302.

splendens, 302.

Mamestra

albirena, 53.

albomaculata, 52.

chalybeata, 52.

infausta, 52.

metallica, 52.

pes Hale 52.

sikkima, 53.

suffusa, 52.

Manatus

americanus, 691.

Mangelia

letourneuxiana, 204.

icta, 204.

splendida, 309, 315.

Marcala

ignivorata, 651.

Mareca

americana, 167.

chiloensis, 335, 339.

penelope, 167.

Margarita

angulata, 217.

Margaritifera

Jimbriata, 930.

Margarodes

amphitritalis, 94.

conchyalis, 94.

laticostalis, 93.

pomonalis, 94.

psittacalis, 94.

Margaronia

amphitritalis, 94.

conchyalis, 94.

laticostalis, 93.

marthesiusalis, 94.

pomonalis, 94,

psittacalis, 94.

transvisalis, 94.

Margarornis

brunnescens, 143.

1077

Marginella

attenuata, 196.

muscaria, 196.

(Glabella) muscaria,

196.

0 vulum, 196.

(Cryptospira) ovulwm,

196.

simplex, 196.

translucida, 196.

turbinata, 196.

Marinula

xanthostoma, 231,

Marmorinia

shivula, 78.

singha, 78.

Marsenia

indica, 199.

Maruca

aquatilis, 93.

Mastacembelus

armatus, 284.

eryptacanthus, 102.

Mastygophora

scopigeralis, 86.

Maxula

tdonea, 73.

Mecaria -

divisaria, 642.

vagata, 642.

Mecodina

lanceola, 78.

Med

imberbis, 556.

Megapicus

hematogaster, 157.

Megapodius

eremita, 830.

senex, 830.

Megarhynchus

pttangua, 578,

Melampus

ovatus, 231,

Melanerpes

cruentatus, 587, 753.

Melania

cancellata, 491.

Melanippe

catenaria, 655, 686.

cupreata, 655.

Melanitis

lais, 674.

Melanotus

dichrous, 363, 375.

Melibza

australis, 229,

Meligethes

incanus, 363, 371.

tristis, 371.

Mellivora

capensis, 98.

1078

Mellivora

indica, 98.

leuconota, 98.

Melopelia

meloda, 330, 339.

Menapia

xanthophila, 682.

Menestho

sculptilis, 310.

Menura

superba, 591, 688.

Menyllus

ingalli, 533.

Mergana

equilinearia, 624.

bilineata, 624.

debitaria, 624.

restitutaria, 624.

Merganetta

armata,

Mergus

cucullatus, 167, 168.

Meroé

hians, 909, 922.

Merula

simillima, 834.

Mesapos

stellifera, 543.

Mesites

tardti, 361, 368, 377.

Mesodesma

elongata, 920.

obtusa, 920.

Mesoprion

argentimaculatus, 849.

erythrinus, 849.

erythrognathus, 849.

fulviflamma, 849.

gembra, 849.

lutjanus, 849.

machas, 849.

russelli, 701, 702.

vitta, 849.

Messaras

alcippe, 678.

Mestleta

abrupta, 78.

Metallura

cupreicauda, 983, 987.

Metania i

regaria, 5d1,

oman Dole

reticulata, 551.

Metriopelia

aymara, 989.

melanoptera, 330, 339.

Mezium

sulcatum, 364, 376.

Micra

hemirhoda, 61.

partita, 668.

INDEX.

Micrastur

gilvicollis, 590.

macrorhynchus, 759.

mirandollit, 753, 759.

Microcebus

coquerelt, 966, 967, 972.

Furcifer, 971.

minor, 964, 966, 967,

969, 978.

myoxinus, 962, 963, 964,

965, 966, 967, 972.

pusillus, 961, 962, 963,

964, 965, 966, 967,

9 9

rufus, 961, 972.

smithii, 972.

typicus, 968.

Microcerculus

leucostictus, 134.

luscinia, 134.

marginatus, 977.

philomela, 134.

Microchera

albo-coronata, 180, 181,

154.

parvirostris, 131.

Microciona

ambigua, 535.

armata, 535.

atrosanguined, 535.

carnosa, 535.

fallax, 521.

Jictitia, 535.

levis, 539.

spinulenta, 535.

icronia

aculeata, 646.

caudata, 646.

Ffasciata, 646.

gannata, 646.

obtusata, 646.

simpliciata, 646.

sparsaria, 646.

striataria, 646.

Microplax

gray, 224,

Micropterus

cinereus, 340.

Milionia

glauca, 678.

Milvago

chimachima, 589.

chimango, 329, 338.

crassirostris, 329, 988.

megalopterus, 329, 338,

988

Milvulus

tyrannus, 149, 578, 978.

vus

egyptius, 823.

affinis, 393.

Milvus :

isurus, 393, 687.

Mimus

thenca, 320, 337.

Minolia

angulata, 217.

vitiliginea, 217.

Mionectes

oleagineus, 147, 577,

751, 978.

Mionorus

lunatus, 948.

Miresa

brevilinea, 684.

itra

carbonaria, 198.

glabra, 194.

isabella, 194.

melaniana, 193.

nigra, 193.

solida, 194.

sordida, 194,

strangei, 110, 117, 194.

Mitrella

chinensis, 740.

pellucida, 741.

spinifera, 741.

subreflexa, "741.

Mniotilta

varia, 135.

Modiola

australis, 929.

concinna, 929.

glaberrima, 929.

opifex, 929.

strigata, 929.

subtorta, 930.

tulipa, 929.

Modiolarea

subtorta, 930.

Modiolaria

barbata, 911, 929.

Molothrus

sericeus, 573.

Momotus

brasiliensis, 150, 581.

lessoni, 150.

martii, 151, 751.

psalurus, 150.

subrufescens, 150, 151.

Menarcha

cinerascens, 830.

fulviventris, 830.

godeffroyi, 829.

inornata, 830.

rugensis, 829.

Monasa

flavirostris, 752.

nigrifrons, 583, 595,

978

peruana, 752.

Monilea

corrugata, 217.

Monocrepidius

posticus, 365, 375.

Monodonta

apicina, 215.

baccata, 215.

concamerata, 217.

Monoptygma

eingulata, 311.

concinna, 225.

Monotoma

quadricollis, 362, 372.

4-foveolata, 362, 371.

spinicollis, 371.

Morelia

variegata, 315.

Morphnus

guianensis, 753.

Mucronalia

mucronata, 201.

Mugil :

pen 863.

ceruleo-maculatus, 864.

parsia, 863.

troschelii, 864.

Mulloides

flavolineatus, 853.

Mullus

barberinus, 853.

ceyclostoma, 858.

cyclostomus, 853.

dispilurus, 858.

flavolineatus, 853.

fraterculus, 853.

luteus, 853.

oxycephalus, 853.

vittatus, 853.

Munia

oryzivora, 826.

Murena

chlorostigma, 868.

maculata, 302.

nubila, 868.

ophis, 869.

variegata, 869.

Murex

acanthopterus, 186.

(Pteronotus) acantho-

pterus, 186.

) angasi, 186.

costatus, 188.

nerei, 187.

olearium, 188.

palmiferus, 186.

a palmiferus,

parthenopus, 188.

spengleri, 188.

triformis, 186.

tritonium-australe, 187.

INDEX.

Murex

uncinarius, 186.

Murlida

lineosa, 685.

(Gymnomys) celebvensis,

598.

hirsutus, 318.

macropus, 316, 597.

rattus, 597.

avanthura, 598.

Muscicapa

oliva, 578.

Muscigralla

brevicauda, 326.

Muscipeta

fuscata, 578.

Muscisaxicola

albifrons, 986.

albilora, 986, 987.

cinerea, 326, 338.

flavinucha, 326, 338.

flavivertex, 326.

fluviatilis, 326.

macloviana, 326.

maculirostris, 326, 338.

mentalis, 326, 338, 982,

986.

nigrifrons, 326, 388.

rubricapilla, 326, 338,

986.

rufivertex, 326, 338,

987.

Muscivora

castelnaudi, 978, 981.

mexicana, 148.

regia, 981.

Mycale

grandis, 533.

lingua, 533.

Mycalesis

blasius, 718, 720.

clerimon, 720.

daidis, 721.

hesione, 720.

ata, 721.

martius, 720.

medus, 720.

melusina, 719.

miriam, 719.

moorei, 720.

nala, 720.

narcissus, 721.

perseus, 718, 719.

raesaces, 719.

samba, 720.

sanatana, 674.

sirius, 718, 721.

tabitha, 720.

terminus, 718, 720.

zacheus, 721.

1079

Mycetxa

hirta, 362, 373.

Mycteria

australis, 762.

Myiarchus

poe 578.

nigricapillus, 148, 278,

279.

nigriceps, 148, 578.

sp. ind., 578.

Myiobius

barbatus, 751.

erythrurus, 148, 578,

595, ‘751.

nevius, 148.

sulphureipygius, 148.

Myiodynastes

audazx, 578.

nobilis, 148.

solitarius, 751, 978.

Myioturdus

fuscater, 132.

Myiozetetes

cayennensis, 279, 577,

978.

columbianus, 148, 279.

granadensis, 278, 279.

guianensis, 279.

similis, 279.

texensis, 279.

Myle

carpenteri, 525.

Myliusia

callocyathes, 506.

Myobatis

celtenkee, 872.

Myochama

anomioides, 915.

strangei, 915.

Myodora

brevis, 915.

crassa, 915.

ovata, 915.

pandoreformis, 915.

Myonia

concinna, 225.

Myoxus

melitensis, 475.

Myrina

amyntor, 675.

freja, 36.

Jatfra, 3A.

onyx, O75.

syring, 675.

Myripristis

pralinius, 855.

Myrmeciza

hemimelena, 750, 757.

lemosticta, 145.

Myrmecophaga

jubata, 818.

1080

Myrmelastes

plumbeus, 751, 978,

981

Myrmotherula

axillaris, 576, 595, 756,

978.

brevicauda, 576, 595.

cinereiventris, 750, 756,

978.

hematonota, 750, '756.

hawexwelli, 576, 595,

750.

melena, 750.

menetriesi, 144.

pygmea, 750, 978.

Myrteta

planaria, 646.

Myrtis

francese, 987.

ysia

globulosa, 927.

sphericula, 927.

(Felania) adamsi, 910,

, 927.

(——) jacksoniensis,

910, 911, 927.

Mystus

kapirat, 17.

Mythimna

cervina, 47, 97.

Mytilicardia

excavata, 928.

Mytilus

dunkeri, 929.

galloprovincialis, 929.

hirsutus, 928.

planulatus, 929.

(Aulacomya) hirsutus,

928,

Myxilla

anvolvens, 524.

tridens, 585.

Myzomela

maor, 829.

rubratra, 829.

Nenia

chalybeata, 64.

cuprea, 64.

verticillata, 516.

Nandus

marmoratus, 14.

Nanina

concavospira, 307.

detecta, 307.

ravida, 490, 491.

redfieldi, 491.

(Rotula) conulus, 307,

315.

Naranio

rubiginosa, 924.

INDEX.

Nardoa

lacunosa, 555.

Naseus

brevirostris, 858.

Nassa,

compacta, 190.

incrassata, 190.

labecula, 190.

mangeloides, 190.

rufocincta, 190.

(Alectrion) jacksoni-

ana,

( ) suturalis, 190,

(Arcularia) labecula,

190,

Natica

chemnitzii, 198.

(Neverita) chemnitzii,

198

lamarckiana, 198.

(Neverita) lamarcki-

ana, 198.

marochiensis, 197.

melastoma, 198.

(Lunatia) melastoma,

plumbea, 197, 198.

(Lunatia) plumbea,197.

sordida, 19

stranget, 198.

(Lunatia) strangei,

198.

Naticina

nitida, 198.

umbilicata, 199.

Nausibius

dentatus, 361.

Nausilius

dentatus, 372.

Navicella

cerulescens, 999.

cookii, 994.

cumingiana, 997.

elliptica, 993.

entrecasteauxti, 999.

eximia, 999.

Freycineti, 997.

lapeyrousti, 994.

lineata, 993, 994, 998.

luzonica, 997.

orientalis, 999.

psittacea, 997.

reticulata, 999.

tessellata, 998.

Naviculina

cliftoni, 588.

Naxia

calefaciens, 75.

) mangeloides, 190.

(Hima) rufocincta,190.

(Niotha)pauperata,190.

Naxia

calorifica, 75.

circewmsignata, 75.

onelia, 75.

Nezra

(Rhinomya) rugata,

914.

Nectarinia

collaris, 824.

dussumieri, 344, 821.

gutturalis, 824, 825.

jardinii, 824.

natalensis, 824.

seychellensis, 344, 821.

Nelcynda

rectificata, 651.

Neleta

serrata, 743.

Nelicurvius

pensilis, 823.

Nemacheilus

denisoni, 287.

guentheri, 282, 285.

semiarmatus, 282, 286.

striatus, 347.

Nemosia

auricollis, '750.

pileata, 571, 977.

Neochera

dominia, 677.

marmorea, 677.

Neocnemis

occidentalis, 378, 389,

391.

Neofelis

brachyurus, 266.

macrocelis, 266.

Neomorphus

salvini, 156.

Neorina

krishna, 673.

Nephelium

litchi, 77.

Neptis

radha, 673.

soma, 673.

Nerice

pallida, 683.

Nerita

(Theliostyla) atrata,

212.

punctulata, 212.

Neritula

(Callomphala) /ucida,

190.

Nestor

hypopolius, 473.

Neurina

procopialis, 95.

Neviasca

varialis, 81.

Ninella

stramined, 218,

Nisus

approximans, 177.

(Urospiza) approwi-

mans, 177.

cirrhocephalus ceramen-

sis, 177.

cruentus, 170, 175.

(Urospiza) cruentus,

16.

erythrauchen, 177.

gularis, 171.

togaster, 173.

minutus, 171.

rhodogaster, 171.

sulaénsis, 176.

trinotatus, 172.

torquatus, 176.

(Urospiza) torquatus,

176.

virgatus, 171.

(Teraspiza) virgatus,

171.

pagans rhodogaster,

171.

Nitidula

colon, 362.

(Omosita) colon, 371.

obsoleta, 363.

(Epurzea) obsoleta,

371.

4-pustula, 362, 371.

Nobilia

turbata, 650.

Noctua

bubo, 72.

dioscoree, 68.

unuminia, 'T4.

Noicia

chinensis, '740.

Nonnula

frontalis, 752.

Nothura

cinerascens, 331.

punctulata, 331,

Notopterus

kapirat, 17.

pallasti, 17, 302,

Nucifraga

caryocatactes, 162, 164,

687.

Nucula

consobrina, 932.

strangei, 932,

Nudaria

margaritacea, 678,

margaritaria, 678.

eae 678.

Numeniu

Haat, 333, 339.

INDEX.

Numenius

brevirostris, 333.

hudsonicus, 333, 339.

microrhynchus, 320, 333,

pheopus, 827, 831.

Numida

vulturina, 958.

Nyctemera

cenis, 679.

interlecta, 679.

plagifera, 679.

Nyctibius

Jamaicensis, 454.

Nycticebus

tardigradus, 821.

Nycticorax

cucullatus, 687.

gardeni, 334,

obscurus, 334, 339,

pileatus, 749, 979.

Nyctidromus

albicollis, 752, 978.

Nyetipao

crepuscularis, 72.

exterior, 72,

gemmans, 72.

glaucopis, 72.

obliterans, 72.

Nymphalis

berenice, 873.

caledonia, 873.

calydonia, 873.

delphis, 673.

franck, 873.

Nysis

lata, 79.

Nyssia

herbifera, 684.

latifascia, 684,

Obeliscus

annulatus, 311.

Ochetorhynchus

ruficaudus, 324, 338.

Ochropleura

costalis, 56.

jflammatra, 55.

musiva, 56.

renalis, 55,

spilota, 55.

triangularis, 55.

Ocinara

lactea, 683.

Octhoéca

chilensis, 326.

leucophrys, 986.

Ocyalus

latirostris, 749,

wagleri, 142.

Ocypus

es 365, 383.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LXXI.

1081

Odagra

devestita, 680,

Odonestis

bheroba, 685.

Odontodes

bolinoides, 67.

Odontophorus

guianensis, 591,

leucolemus, 161,

melanotis, 161.

stellatus, 753.

veraguensis, 1380, 161.

Odontoptera

discospilata, 621.

Odostomia

kreffti, 200.

lactea, 112, 117, 200.

levis, 112, 117, 200

pascoei, 200.

(Evalea) lirata, 311.

( ) suleata, 311.

(Parthenia) Arefféi, 112,

117, 200.

( ) pascoei, 112,117,

Cicophora

200

subganomella, 670.

demia

nigra, 167.

perspicillata, 167.

lene

mendosa, 681.

Oligostigma

crassicornalis, 90.

tripunctalis, 90.

Olivella

leucozona, 192.

leucozonias, 192.

nympha, 192.

pardalis, 192.

Omiza

incitata, 650.

pachiaria, 620,

Ommatophora

luminosa, 72.

Omphalotropis

costellata, 306, 315.

picturata, 306, 315.

Onithochiton

incet, 223.

rugulosus, 115, 117,

223.

Onthophagus

taurus, 362, 374.

vacea, 362, 374.

Onychorhynchus

castelnaudi, 981.

Opalia

granulosa, 200.

Opatrum

hispidum, 364, 380.

1082

Operculatum

indicum, 228.

Ophicardilus

australis, 231.

quoyi, 231.

sulcatus, 231.

Ophideres

cajeta, 68.

fullonica, 68.

hypermnestra, 68.

materna, 68.

plana, 68.

salaminia, 68.

Ophiocephalus

gachua, 282, 283, 347.

indicus, 14.

lata, 14.

marulius, 282.

punctatus, 14,

stewartii, 14.

striatus, 282, 283.

Ophiodes

cuprea, 74.

separans, 74.

trapezium, 74.

triphenoides, TA,

Ophisma

attacicola, 78.

cunulifera, 75.

deficiens, 74.

gravata, TA.

letabilis, 75.

maturescens, 74.

umminia, TA.

Ophistospongia

australis, 515.

papilla, 515.

Ophiusa

achatina, 76.

albivitta, 76.

arctotenia, 76.

Sulvotenia, 76.

joviana, 76.

myops, 76.

obumbrata, 75.

rubricans, 78.

simillima, 76.

stuposa, 76.

umbrosa, 75.

Ophthalmodes

diurnaria, 635.

infusaria, 635.

Opilus

mollis, 362, 376.

Opisthocomus

cristatus, 164, 435,

585.

Oporabia

macularia, 653.

Oporornis

formosus, 136.

INDEX.

Oresia

emarginata, 63.

provocans, 63.

rectistria, 63.

Oreas

canna, 953.

Oreophilus -

ruficollis, 331, 339,

989.

totanirostris, 989.

Oreopyra

calolema, 153.

castaneiventris, 158.

leucaspis, 130, 153.

Oreotrochilus

estelle, 983, 987.

leucopleurus, 328, 338.

Oreta

extensa, 683,

obtusa, 683.

suffusa, 683.

Orina

angulata, 540.

Ornix

albifrons, 671.

Oroidea

adriatica, 520.

Orsonoba

medmaria, 664.

Ortalida

goudoti, 159, 160.

poliocephala, 161.

Orthosia

curviplena, 56.

externa, 56.

Oryzoborus

@thiops, 141.

crassirostris, 750, 980.

Sunereus, 141.

melas, 977, 979.

torridus, 572, 750, 977.

Oscilla

annulata, 311,

cingulata, 311.

circinata, 311.

lirata, 311.

suleata, 311.

Osica

undulata, 45.

Osicerda

dlienata, 650.

costimaculata, 650.

trinotaria, 650.

Osparius

bacaila, 17.

Osphromenus

olfax, 864.

Ossonoba

torpida, 64.

Ostinops

eristatus, '750, 978.

Ostinops

montezume, 279.

viridis, 573, 750.

Ostracion

arcus, 869.

Ostrea

bullata, 933.

circumsuta, 934.

edulis, vax. purpurea,

934.

lima, 933.

malleus-albus, 930.

mordax, 934.

purpurea, 934.

tegula, 933.

virescens, 911, 934,

Otaria

hookeri, 243.

Otiorhynchus

scabrosus, 363, 378.

sulcatus, 363, 378.

Otis

arabs, 687.

senegalensis, 687.

Otolithus

aneus, 939,

ruber, 939.

Otus

brachyotus, 339.

vulgaris, 441.

Ovulum

angasi, 207.

hordaceum, 207.

subreflecum, 207.

Oxyodes

clytia, 69.

Oxytelus

complanatus, 362, 384.

nitidulus, 362, 384.

sculptus, 362, 384.

y urus

spinicauda, 324, 338.

Pachyarches

amphitritalis, 94.

marthesiusalis, 94,

pomonalis, 94.

psittacalis, 94.

Pachymatisma

Johnstonia, 31, 547.

Pachyrhamphus

atricapillus, 751, 978.

cinereiventris, 149,

cinereus, 579.

niger, 978.

polychropterus, 579.

Pajeros

pampanus, 270.

Palzornis

alexandri, 346.

wardi, 346.

Pales

eliftoni, 235, 236.

Palythoa

axinelle, 238.

bertholeti, 234.

mammillosa, 238.

Panacra

assamensis, 675.

automedon, 675.

mydon, 675.

scapularis, 675.

truncata, 675.

variolosa, 675.

Panchax

argenteus, 706.

cyanophthalmos, 706.

lineatum, T05.

mclellandi, 706.

rubrostigma, T06.

(Apocheilus) rudrostig-

ma, 705.

(Esox) panchax, 705.

(Peecilia) latipes, 706.

Pandesma

quenavadi, 65.

Pandion

haliaétus, var. leucoce-

phalus, 828.

Panisala

truncataria, 620.

Panolia

acuticornis, 835, 842.

eldi, 835, 840, 841, 842.

platyceros, 835, 842.

Pantana

dispar, 679.

Panterpe

insignis, 153.

Panychlora

parvirostris, 154.

Papilio

aleippe, 673.

amyntor, 675.

blasius, 720.

bootes, 672.

clerimon, 719.

doris, 720.

dorothea, 719.

elephenor, 672.

evan, 672.

as, 672.

ati 720.

medus, 720.

megarus, 672.

melusina, 719.

miriam, 719.

narcissus, 721.

perseus, 719.

sirius, 721.

tabitha, 719.

terminus, 720.

INDEX,

Papilio

timeus, 674.

zacheus, 721.

Papillina

subera, 516.

Paradanio

aurolineatus, 282, 296,

347.

elegans, 297.

newlgherriensis, 281, 282,

296.

simplex, 364, 372.

Parasa

isabella, 684.

laleana, 684.

lepida, 684.

nararia, 685.

punica, 684.

unicolor, 685.

Parasia

apicipunctella, 670.

Pardalina

warwickii, 267, 405.

Paria

freycineti, 997.

psittacea, 997.

Parra

melanopygia, 161.

Parmella

olivieri, 308.

planata, 308, 315.

Parmophorus

elongatus, 219.

levis, 219.

Parnus

prolifericornis, 364,370.

Parotis

psittacalis, 94,

Parsaria

gularis, 572.

Passer

diffusus, 826, 828.

Patagona

gigas, 328, 338, 983,988.

Patella

aculeata, 211, 221, 737.

antiquata, 211.

auriculata, 746.

chinensis, 740.

costata, 221.

equestris, TAT.

fornicata, 738.

jacksoniensis, 220.

pentagona, 221.

porcellana, 738.

selleformis, 221.

squamifera, 221,

tectum sinensis, 747.

tramoserica, 221.

Patelloida

septiformis, 220,

1083

Patelloida

stellaris, 220.

Patula

boopis, 72.

macrops, 72.

Pecten

fumatus, 933.

tegula, 933.

Pectoglossa

persimilis, 698.

Pectunculus

grayanus, 932.

holosericus, 932.

tenuicostatus, 932.

Pelecanus ?, 819.

albigula, 336.

bougainvilli, 336.

brasilianus, 336.

cirrhatus, 336.

Ffuscus, 336.

gracilis, 336.

onocrotalus, 438.

purpurascens, 336.

thagus, 340.

thagus sive moline, 336.

trachyrhynchus, 336.

Pelicaria

scutulata, 208.

Pelopzeus

flavipes, 342.

Penzus

bocagei, 900.

caramote, 901.

edwardsianus, 897, 901.

foliaceus, 901.

longirostris, 900.

membranaceus, 900, 901.

siphonocerus, 900, 901.

Penares

helleri, 542.

Pencillaria

mammillaris, 527.

Penelope

aburri, 160.

nigra, 160.

pipile, 160.

rufiventris, 160.

Penora

silhetica, 680.

Pentadactylus

(Sistrum) chideus, 191.

tuberculatus, 191.

Pentapus

aurolineatus, 851.

Perameles

doreyana, 318,

nasuta, 318.

obesula, 318.

Perca

scandens, 15,

miniata, 847.

1084

Percnia

felinaria, 651.

Percnostola

fortis, 977, 978, 980.

funebris, 980.

Perdix

melanocephala, 890.

Pergesa

castor, 676.

velata, 676.

Peridrome

orbicularis, 677.

Perigea

apameoides, 53.

canorufa, 53.

illicta, 58.

tricycla, 53.

Perigonia

macroglossoides, 676.

Perinephala

ostentalis, 90.

Periophthalmus

kelreuteri, 862.

Peristera

afra, 827.

cinerea, 753.

Perna

australis, 929.

glaberrima, 929.

Petasophora

iolata, 988.

Petrochelidon

cyanoleuca, 984.

Peucea

estivalis, 2.

Phacocherus

eliani, 608, 692.

athiopicus, 692, 694.

Phegorista

catocalina, 677.

Pheochroa

cuwvieri, 153.

Phaéthornis

adolphi, 152.

bourcieri, 752.

cassinii, 152.

cephalus, 152.

emilie, 152.

longirostris, 152.

malaris, 752, 979.

nigricinctus, 979.

oseryi, 979.

Phakellia

robusta, 517,

ventilabrum, 516.

Phakellura

gazorialis, 93.

indica, 93.

indicalis, 93.

superalis, 93.

translucidalis, 93.

INDEX.

Phalacra

metagonaria, 79.

Phalacrocorax

bougainvillii, 340.

brasilianus, 340.

carbo, 439.

cirrhatus, 340.

gaimardi, 340.

purpurascens, 340.

Phalacrus

consimilis, 363.

coruscus, 363, 371.

(Olibrus) consimilis,

371.

Phalena

caudata, 646.

eleonora, 6A8.

hermonia, 72.

mygdonia, 72.

Phaliena-Noctua

pomona, 68.

virbia, T7.

Phalena-pyralis

procopialis, 95.

tyres, 95.

Phalangioides

negatalis, 97.

Phalaropus

fulicarius, 165, 166.

hyperboreus, 166.

wilsoni, 339.

Phalecobzenus

montanus, 329, 988.

Phalera

cossoides, 682.

grotei, 682.

sangana, 682.

Phaleria

bimaculata, 365, 380.

cadaverina, 381.

Pharomacrus

nucinno, 151. :

pavoninus, 583, 593.

Phascolaretus

cinereus, 815.

Phascolomys

angassi, 799.

lasiorhinus, 798.

latifrons, 798, 799, 800,

801, 802, 803, 804,

805, 806, 807, 808,

809, 810, 811, 812,

813, 814, 815.

magnus, 798, 815.

niger, 799.

platyrhinus, ‘198, 799,

800, 801, 802, 803,

804, 805, 806, 808,

809, 810, 811, 812,

813, 814, 815.

setosus, 799.

Phascolomys

wombat, 798, 800, 801,

802, 803, 804, 805,

806, 807, 808, 809,

810, 811, 812, 813,

814, 815.

Phasianella

kochit, 213.

mauritiana, 209.

sanguinea, 213.

ventricosa, 212.

Phassus

aboe, 686.

damor, 686.

Phauda

jlammans, 679.

Pheucticus

chrysogaster, 984.

Philampelus

sericceus, 675.

Philbydrus

lividus, 363, 370.

melanocephalus, 370.

Philine

angasi, 227.

Philippia

lutea, 201.

Philona

inops, 677.

Philonthus

eneus, 362, 383.

nigritulus, 364, 383.

proximus, 364, 383.

seybalarius, 362, 383.

sordidus, 362, 383.

umbratilis, 362, 383.

ventralis, 383.

Philotia

varians, 522.

Philydor

erythrocercus, 574.

Suscipennis, 148.

pyrrhodes, 978.

rufobrunneus, 143.

Phleocryptes

melanops, 324, 338.

Phleophagus

laurineus, 377, 387.

spadix, 364, 377.

suleipennis, 377.

tenax, 364, 377.

variabilis, 377, 387.

Phlogophora

indica, 57.

Phlogopsis

macleannani, 145,

nigromaculata, 576.

Pheenicocereus

carnifexr, 580.

nigricollis, 751.

nigrigularis, 978.

Pheenicopterus

andinus, 319, 334, 339,

983.

chilensis, 334.

igni-palliatus, 334, 339.

Pheenicothraupis

fuscicauda, 139.

rubica, 139, 749.

rubicoides, 139.

Pholeoptynx

cunicularia, 987.

Phonipara

pusilla, 142.

Phurys

obliqua, 80.

strigata, 80.

Phrygilus

alaudinus, 322, 337,

985.

atriceps, 985.

fruticeti, 322, 337,

985.

ayi, 322, 337.

Speculation. 985.

unicolor, 322, 337.

Phycodes

hirundinicornis, 63.

Phylloenistis

citrella, 672.

Phyllodes

consobrina, 68.

fasciata, 69.

ustulata, 68.

Phyllomyias

semifusca, 577.

Phylloscartes

ventralis, 577.

Physeter

macrocephalus, 823.

Phytotoma

rara, 327, 338.

Piaya

brachypiera, 758.

cayana, 585.

mehleri, 156, 280, 752,

758, 979.

melanogastra, 752, 758.

mexicana, 156.

minuta, 58d.

nigricrissa, 156, 758.

rutila, 979.

Pica

varia, 163.

Picus

canus, 449.

Jumana, 586.

lignarius, 328, 338.

major, 449.

medius, 449.

minor, 449.

viridis, 448, 449, 450.

INDEX.

Pida

apicalis, 680.

Pieris

seta, 673.

Pileopsis

mitrula, 211.

Pilidium

commodum, 312.

Pimelodus

cavasius, 16.

gogra, 558, 563.

seengtee, 16.

vacha, 16.

Pinacia

fulvidorsalis, 95.

Pinna

zeylanica, 930.

Pione

northumbrica, 525.

Pionus

menstruus, 158, 588,

595, 753.

violaceus, 588.

Pipra

aureola, 579, 594.

auricapilla,580,751 978

coracina, 149.

cornuta, 751.

eyaneocapilia, 149, 580,

593, ‘751, 978.

erythrocephala, 452.

fasciata, 579, 595.

jilicauda, 593, 579.

Jiavicollis, 579,594,595.

gutturalis, 149.

leucocilla, 149, 580,751.

leucorrhoa, 149.

sp. ign., 751.

Pissodes

notatus, 362, 378.

Pitalia

Frondiculata, 524.

Pitangus

lictor, 578.

sulphuratus, 578, 751,

978.

Pithys

albifrons, 576, 751.

bicolor, 145.

leucaspis, 576, 593, 751.

Pitta

mackiloti, 319.

strepitans, 319.

Pittasoma

michleri, 146.

Pitylus

albociliaris, 320.

brasiliensis, 572, 594.

erythromelas, 572, 595.

rossus, 141.

poliogaster, 141.

1085

Pitylus

viridis, 594, 572.

Placospongia

melobesioides, 128, 549.

Placunanomia

tone, 933.

(Monia) tone, 933.

macrochisma, 933.

Plagusia

marmorata, 867.

potodus, 561.

Planaxis

mollis, 210.

(Ninea) mollis, 210.

Platacanthus

agrensis, 287, 288.

maculatus, 941.

Platalea

aaa, 339.

Platax

orbicularis, 861.

teira, 861.

vespertilio, 861.

Platycara

australis, 348.

brucei, 348.

Platycercus

flaveolus, 687.

Platyrhynchus

superciliaris, 146,

Platystethus

spinosus, 364, 384.

Plaxiphora

petholata, 224,

Plecotrema

exigua, 307, 315.

Plectropoma

maculatum, 848.

susuki, 100.

Plerostichus

vernalis, 368.

Plethodon

glutinosus, 695, 697,

698.

persimilis, 695, 696,

697, 699.

Pleurocorallium

secundum, 126.

Pleurotoma

angasi, 205.

beraudiana, 203.

crebriplicata, 203.

letourneuxiana, 204.

lymneformis, 203.

owent, 202.

radula, 202.

verillum, 203.

Plocamophorus

imperialis, 229.

Ploceus

sakalava, 823.

1086

Plotosus

anguillaris, 867.

Plusia

agramma, 62.

aurifera, 62.

furcifera, 62.

gemmifera, 63.

inchoata, 62.

ornatissima, 62.

semivitta, 63, 97.

signata, 62.

verticillata, 62.

Plusiodonta

chalsytoides, 63.

Poaphila

hamata, 75.

Poculina

aurita, 742.

poculum, 742.

unguis, 742.

Podager

nacunda, 595, 583, 978.

Podargus

humeralis, 445.

Podiceps

antarcticus, 337.

calipareus, 340,

chilensis, 340.

leucopterus, 340.

minor, 828.

rollandi, 340.

Podylimbus

antarcticus, 337, 340.

brevirostris, 337.

Peecilocampa

undulosa, 685.

Peecilophis

variegata, 869.

Pogonoperca

ocellata, 848.

Polemistria

verreauxi, 752, 979,

Poliodetus

leucogaster, 393.

Polyborus

brasiliensis, 589.

tharus, 329, 338.

Polycera

cooki, 229.

Polychrus «

marmoratus, 776.

Polydesma

boarmoides, 65.

otiosa, 65.

scriptilis, 65.

Polymastia

bulbosa, 27.

mammillaris, 27, 359.

spinula, 27.

Polymastica

brevis, 527

INDEX,

Polymastica

bulbosa, 527.

mammillaris, 527.

ornata, 527.

radiosa, 527.

robusta, 527.

Polynemus

soni, 856.

Polyommatus

laius, 674.

Polyplectron

chinquis, 819.

Polytela

gloriosa, 50.

Polytmus

leucorrhous, 584, '752,

758.

wiridissimus, 584.

Pomacentrus

bankanensis, 864.

Pontius

melanampyx, 347.

Pontoporia

blainvillii, 484, 485,

488.

Poospiza

bonapartii, 341.

dominicensis, 341.

torquata, 341.

Porifera

calcarea, 553.

chalinida, 502.

keratosa, 502.

leuconida, 553.

silicea, 502.

Poronia

australis, 927.

scalaris, 927.

Porsica

ingens, 669.

Porphyrio

martinicus, 592.

parvus, 592.

Porzana

albigularis, 278, 280.

carolina, 343.

castanea, 981.

cayennensis, 592, 754.

erythrops, 343.

fasciata, 977, 979, 981.

Jamaicensis, 333, 339,

343.

Potamides

ebeninum, 208.

Potamogale

velox, 256, 258.

Potamophora

manlia, 69.

Pradiota

ennomocoides, 81.

sejunctaria, 81.

Priacanthus

fax, 850.

speculum, 850.

Prianos

amorphus, 520.

Prionirhynchus

platyrhynchus, 151,278,

279.

Pristipoma

leucurum, 850.

neilli, 936.

Pristipomoides

aurolineatus, 937.

Pristonychus

complanatus, 363, 367.

Procapra

gutturosa, 245, 246.

picticauda, 245, 246.

Procellaria

gigantea, 431, 457.

melanogastra, 336, 340,

oceanica, 336.

Procnias

occidentalis, 749, 977.

Prodenia

ciligera, 51.

glaucistriga, 51.

infecta, 51.

insignata, 51.

lectula, 51.

retina, 51.

Progne

dominicensis, 569.

Ffurcata, 321, 337.

leucogastra, 569, 749,

754.

tapera, 569, 595, 749.

Pronax

lobata, 526.

plumosa, 536.

Pronophila

phytanis, 107.

Propachys

fascialis, 665.

linealis, 665, 686.

nigrivena, 665.

Propithecus

diadema, 247, 975.

verreauxi, 975.

Prosimia

Jflavifrons, 596.

Prothoé

caledonia, 873.

Franchi, 873.

Psammobia

florida, 918.

malaccana, 917.

menkeana, 918.

tellinella, 918.

togata, 917.

zonalis, 17.

Psammodius

cesus, 375.

plicicollis, 363, 374.

porcicollis, 364, 374.

sabulosus, 364, 374.

Psaris

Fraseri, 'T57.

mexicana, 149.

Psetta

kultetee, 284.

Pseudomesa

quadriplagiata, 680.

Pseudoscarus

cyanognathus, 865.

dussumieri, 865.

falcipinnis, 865.

harid, 865.

janthochir, 865.

maculosus, 865.

nuchipunctatus, 865.

Psittacula

passerina, 749.

Psittacus

fuscicapillus, 826, 828.

hueti, 759.

Psophia

crepitans, 592, 594.

leucoptera, 592.

obscura, 592, 594.

ochroptera, 592, 593.

viridis, 592.

Psylliodes

chrysocephala, 363,

379.

vehemens, 364, 379.

Psyra

angulifera, 659.

cuneata, 659, 660.

similaria, 659, 686.

Ptenidium

apicale, 362, 371.

Pteroglossus

aracari, 586, 594.

bitorquatus, 586, 595.

erythropygius, 157.

flavirostris, 753.

humboldti, 753.

inscriptus, 586.

pluricinctus, 753.

torquatus, 157.

wiedi, 594, 595.

Pteroptochos

albicollis, 325, 338.

albifrons, 319, 325.

castaneus, 320, 325.

megapodius, 452, 472.

rubecula, 325, 338.

Pterostichus

aterrimus, 368.

nigerrimus, 364, 368.

vernalis, 363.

INDEX,

Ptilinus

pectinicornis, 363, 376.

Ptinus

testaceus, 361, 376.

Ptyonura

albifrons, 986.

Puffinus

carneipes, 336, 540.

opisthomelas, 832.

Pumex

adriaticus, 544.

Puntius

arulius, 294.

carnaticus, 282.

(Barbodes) carnaticus,

292.

( ) dubius, 291.

Jilamentosus, 293.

(Barbodes) gracilis,

290.

grayi, 282, 292.

(Barbodes) grayi, 293.

Pupa

lincolnensis, 39.

(Pagodella) ventricosa,

304, 315.

Pupinopsis

mindorensis, 314.

rufa, 314.

Purpura

amygdala, 191.

(Cronia) amygdala, 191.

chaidea, 191

granulata, 191.

marginalba, 191.

nassoides, 191.

(Stramonita) neglecta,

110, 117, 191.

rugosa, 191.

(Polytropa) succincta,

191.

tuberculata, 191.

Putilla

lucida, 312, 315.

Pycnarmon

abraxalis, 91.

aurolinealis, 92.

bistrigalis, 92.

discerptalis, 92.

jaguaralis, 91.

platusalis, 92.

virgatalis, 92, 98.

zebralis, 91, 98.

Pygarrhichus

albigularis, 324, 338.

Pygmornis

amaura, 'T52.

nigricinctus, 752.

Pygoptila

maculipennis, 750.

margaritata, 750.

1087

Pygospila

tyresalis, 95.

Pyralis

lucillalis, 89.

Pyranga

estiva, 139, 278.

albicollis, 571.

hepatica, 139.

Pyrausta

silhetalis, 89.

Pyrgita

spadicea, 826.

Pyriglena

atra, 576.

Pyrocephalus

nanus, 987.

rubineus, 751, 978, 987.

Pyrope

kitilitzti, 326.

Pyrrhococeyx

brachypterus, 758,

Querquedula

angustirostris, 320, 335,

990.

crecea, 436.

creccoides, 335,340,991.

eyanoptera, 335, 340.

flavirostris, 335, 990,

991.

formosa, 818.

oxyptera, 990.

torquata, 335, 340.

versicolor, 335, 340.

Querula

cruenta, 580, 595.

Radula

(Limatula) budlata, 933.

lima, 938.

Raia

djeddensis, 871.

Raja

asperrima, 871.

quinqueaculeata, 872.

sephen, 872.

Rallina

fasciata, 831.

Rallus

antarcticus, 333, 339.

bicolor, 333, 990.

cesius, 333, 990.

melanops, 333.

nigricans, 333, 990.

philippensis, 831.

ricordi, 333.

rufopennis, 333.

rythirhynchus, 990.

salinasi, 319.

sanguinolentus, 333,

1088

Rallus

uliginosus, 320, 333.

Ramila

marginella, 667, 686.

Ramphastos

carinatus, 156.

Ramphastus

ambiguus, 752.

approximans, 156.

ariel, 585, 594.

brevicarinatus, 156.

culminatus, 752.

cuvieri, 752.

erythrorhynchus, 585.

inca, 752.

osculans, 585.

piscivorus, 280,

toco, 585,

vitellinus, 586, 594.

Ramphocenus

cinereiventris, 145.

melanurus, 576, 595,

750.

rufiventris, 145.

semitorquatus, 145,

Ramphoceelus

dimidiatus, 138.

icteronotus, 139.

Jjacapa, 571, 749, 977.

nigrigularis, 571, 593,

977

passerinii, 138, 278.

sanguinolentus, 278.

Rana

anchiete, 8438.

bibroni, 844,

supraciliaris, 844,

Ranella

leucostoma, 189.

Rapana

(Laliaxis) odosa,

192.

Raphiophora

patera, 524.

Raphyrus

celatus, 516.

griffithsti, 516.

salia

viminalis, 522.

Rasbora

neilgherriensis, 298,

woolaree, 298, 347.

Raspailia

stelligera, 545,

Raspalia

Sreyerti, 523,

typica, 523.

viminalis, 522,

Recurvirostra

andina, 320.

INDEX.

Remigia

archesia, 77.

bifasciata, 77.

caliginosa, 82.

colligens, 73.

frugalis, 77.

optatura, 65.

perfidiosa, 75.

tetraspila, 65.

triangulata, 65.

Reniera

alba, 518.

ambigua, 520.

amorpha, 520.

aqueductus, 518.

calix, 520.

cratera, 518.

digitata, 520.

dura, 521.

Jibulata, 539.

Srondiculata, 524,

luxurians, 519.

nigrescens, 518.

palmata, 518.

semitubulosa, 519.

thomasii, 518.

Retina

rubrivitta, 679.

Rhea

americana, 421,

Rhimamphus

estivus, 136.

Rhinaster

bicornis, 1024, 1026.

keitloa, 1025, 1026.

Rhinobatus

djeddensis, 871.

levis, 871.

Rhinoceros

africanus, 1024.

antiquitatis, 1031,

asiaticus, 1010.

bicornis, 1003, 1005,

1028, 1024, 1025,

1032.

brucei, 1024.

burchelli, 1027.

camperi, 1025.

crossii, 1022.

cucullatus, 1012.

jloweri, 1008, 1015,

1016, 1017, 10382.

gordoni, 1027.

incisivus, 1021.

indicus, 1008, 1010,

1011.

inermis, 1010.

javanensis, 1022.

Javanicus, 1003, 1004,

1007, 1008, 1009,

1012, 1018, 1032.

Rhinoceros

Javanus, 1009.

keitloa,1003,1005,1023,

1024, 1026, 1032.

leptorhinus, 1021.

megarhinus, 1023.

monspellianus, 1023.

nasalis, 1007, 1008,

1012, 1013, 1014,

1032.

niger, 1024.

oswellii, 1005, 1028,

1030.

pallasi, 1031.

simus, 1008, 1005, 1023,

1026, 1027, 1030,

1052.

sondaicus, 1008, 1009,

1010, 1011, 1015.

stenocephalus, 1007,

1008, 1018, 1019,

1020, 1032.

sumatranus, 1003,1007,

1009, 1021, 1023.

sumatrensis, 1015,1021,

1022, 1032.

tichorhinus, 1023, 1031.

unicornis, 1003, 1005,

1007, 1008, 1009,

1010, 1011, 1012,

1015, 1018, 1082.

Rhinochetus

jubatus, 179, 475.

inochcerus

me, 885.

sumatranus, 884.

Rhinomya

rugata, 914,

Rhizobius

litura, 364, 380.

Rhodaria

concatenalis, 90.

Rhodinocichla

rosea, 133.

Rhodopis

vesper, 987.

Rhomboidichthys

pantherinus, 867.

Rhyacophilus

solitarius, 592.

Rhynchea

semicollaris, 339.

Rhynchaspis

maculata, 335.

Rhynchobalus

levis, 871.

Rhynchocyclus

sp. ign., 978.

brevirostris, 148.

flavo-olivaceus, 148.

megacephalus, 751, 978.

Rhynchocyclus

ruficauda, 578.

sulphurescens, 578, 751.

Rhynchops

melanura, 593.

melanurus, 754.

nigra, 340.

Rhynchotis

rufescens, 687.

Rhynchotus

cinerascens, 339.

perdicarius, 331, 339.

punctulatus, 339.

Rhyparia

ductaria, 651.

maculata, 651.

transectata, 651.

Ricinula

tuberculaia, 191.

Rilia

lanceolata, 681.

Rinaca

zuleika, 684.

Risella

lutea, 209.

nana, 209.

plana, 209.

Rissoina

eincta, 114, 117, 210.

smithi, 114, 117, 210.

turricula, 114, 117,

210.

variegata, 113, 117,

210.

Rollulus

superciliosus, 474.

Rucervus

duvaucelli, 835, 836,

837, 842.

schomburgki, 835, 837,

838, 839, 842.

uma

umbilicata, 199.

Rupela

degenerella, 666.

Rupellaria

crenata, 924.

mitis, 924.

Rupicola

crocea, 580, 593.

peruviana, 751.

Sabella

marsupials, 235, 236.

Saccobranchus

singio, 16, 347.

Saiga

tatarica, 240.

Salarias

fasciatus, 863.

uermiculatus, 863.

INDEX.

Salpornis

spilonota, 832.

Saltator

azare, 977.

intermedius, 140, 141.

isthmicus, 141.

magnoides, 140, 141.

magnus, 572, 750, 977.

mutus, 572, 595.

striatipectus, 141.

Samea

gratiosalis, 90.

Samus

anonyma, 526, 546.

Sapline

grantii, 526.

Sapphironia

ceruleogularis, 129,

Saprinus

apricarius, 364, 374.

cerulescens, 363, 374.

dimidiatus, 364, 374.

lobatus, 374.

nitidutlus, 374.

rugifrons, 363, 374.

semipunctatus, 374.

semistriatus, 363, 374.

Sarbanissa

énsocia, 60.

Sareidiornis

regia, 339.

Sarcorhamphus

gryphus, 328, 338, 463.

papa, 463,

Sarcotragus

fetidus, 510.

spinulosus, 510,

Saturnia

cidosa, 684.

lindia, 684.

pyretorum, 684.

Saucerottia

atala, 156.

Saulea

vitrea, 1000, 1001.

Sauria

decussata, 655, 686.

Saxicava

australis, 913.

cala

clathratulus, 200.

Jukesiana, 200.

lineolata, 199.

philippinarum, 199.

scalaris, 199.

(Gpalia) australis, 200.

Scalaria

australis, 200.

Jukesiana, 200.

lineolata, 199.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1867, No. LX XII.

1089

Scalaria

philippinarum, 199.

pretiosa, 199.

Searichthys

auritus, 865.

ceruleopunctatus, 865,

Schilbe

garua, 16.

Schilbichthys

garua, 16,

Schistura

dario, 17.

Schmidtia

clavata, 521.

dura, 521.

Jiciformis, 521.

Scheniclus

schinzii, 332.

Schcenobius

minutellus, 667.

punctellus, 668,

Scizena

argyrea, 867.

grandoculis, 854.

heptacanthus, 853,

Scintilla

anomala, 928.

strangei, 928.

Seirpophaga

auriflua, 666.

gilviberbis, 666.

Seiurus

getulus, 817.

Selerurus

albigularis, 574.

brunneus, 574.

caudacutus, 573, 750.

guatemalensis, 143.

mexicanus, 142, 574,

750, 755.

ruficollis, 574.

umbretta, 5T4.

Scolopax

magellanica, 332.

spectabilis, 332.

Scolopsides

pheops, 851.

Scolopsis

Srenatus, 851.

pheops, 851.

Scomber

crumenophthalmus, 858,

gladius, 856.

microlepidotus, 861.

sanson, 860.

Scopalina

lophyropoda, 535,

Scopelodes

venosa, 684.

Roary

choliba. 590.

1090

Scorpzena Bs

olyprion, :

posit 703.

venosa, 704,

Scotophilus

morio, 318.

Scotosia

angulifera, 659.

atrostipata, 627, 656.

lattivittaria, 657.

miniosata, 656.

obliquisignata, 657.

plagifera, 658.

quadrifera, 629.

ramosa, 658.

venimaculata, 657.

vitreata, 656.

Scutus

angustatus, 219.

elongatus, 219.

Scymnus

durante, 364, 380.

minimus, 363, 380.

Scypha

botryoides, 555.

confervicola, 555.

coronata, 554,

ovata, 554.

Scytalopus

fuscoides, 325, 338.

fuscus, 325,

magellanicus, 325, 338.

obscurus, 825.

senilis, 325.

Selasphorus

platycercus, 160.

scintilla, 129, 155.

Selenia

decorata, 621, 686.

Selenidera

gouldi, 586.

nattereri, 586.

reinwardti, '753.

spectabilis, 157.

Selenis

abrupta, 78.

irrecta, 78.

niviapex, 78.

Selidosema

semiclarata, 629.

Semiophorus

vevillarius, 821, 822.

Semnopithecus

barbei, 949, 950, 951.

cephalopterus, 949.

entellus, 821, 944.

pileatus, 946, 949, 950,

951.

priamus, 949.

schistaceus, 948, 949.

thersites, 949,

INDEX.

Semnopithecus

ursinus, 949.

Septaria

orbonica, 993.

navicula, 993, 998.

Seriatula

seriata, 515.

Sericia

parvipennis, 72.

Sericoderus

lateralis, 362, 371.

Seriolichthys

bipinnulatus, 560,

861

lineolatus, 559.

Serpophaga

cinerea, 147.

parvirostris, 327, 338.

Serranus

areolatus, 848.

chlorostigma, 848.

cyanostigmatoides, 847.

cylindricus, 848.

dispar, 847.

erythreus, 847.

flavo-ceruleus, 847.

gaimardi, 847.

grammicus, 700.

guttatus, 847.

hexagonatus, 847,

longispinis, 847.

louti, 847.

marginalis, 847.

miniatus, 847.

myriaster, 847,

radiatus, 699.

sonnerati, 847,

suillus, 847.

Serrodes

campana, 75.

Sesapa

decurrens, 677.

excurrens, 677.

Setophaga

ruticilla, 136.

torquata, 136.

Sidisia

barleei, 237.

Sigaretus

zonalis, 199.

Silaria

proteus, 364.

Sillago

sihama, 861.

Silurus

garua, 16.

singio, 16.

Silvanus

advena, 361, 372,

Singara

diversalis, 78.

Siphlopis

ee 687.

Siphonaria

atra, 233.

bifurcata, 232.

cochleariformis, 232.

denticulata, 282.

funiculata, 232.

scabra, 232.

Siphonia

typum, 509.

Sisyrophora

pfeiffere, 94.

Sitones

flavescens, 363, 378.

gressorius, 363, 378.

lineatus, 363, 378.

Sittace

lepida, 588.

Solarium

luteum, 201, 202.

reevet, 201.

Solen

biradiatus, 918.

philippianus, 912.

sloanii, 912.

vaginoides, 912.

Soletellina

donacioides, 918.

Solina

elegans, 546.

Somatina

pictaria, 645.

plurilinearia, 645.

Sophax

fallax, 521.

Soritia

leptalina, 679.

Sospita

echeria, 38.

Sylla, 38.

lydda, 38.

neophron, 38.

segecia, 38.

statira, 38.

susa, 38.

tantalus, 38.

wallacei, 38.

(Abisara) Aausambi, 38.

Sparus

lineatus, 851.

Sparvius

cirrhocephalus, 176.

niveus, 179.

Spatula

platalea, 335, 340.

Speiredonia

feducia, 71.

helicina, 72.

retrahens, 72.

zamis, 72

Spelerpes

(Cidipus) adspersus,

696.

cephalicus, 696.

lineolus, 696.

osculus, 696.

Spermestes

cucullata, 826, 828.

fringilloides, 826.

scutata, 826.

Spermophila

bouvronides, 572.

castaneiventris, 977.

collaris, 130, 141.

corvina, 278.

gutturalis, 572.

lineata, 572.

lineola, 572, 595.

luctuosa, 750.

semicollaris, 141.

telasco, 341.

Spheridium

bipustulatum, 362,

370.

Spherodon

grandoculis, 854.

Spheniscus

demersus, 818.

humboldtii, 337, 340.

Sphenopus

marsupialis, 235, 236.

Sphingomorpha

chlorea, 73.

sipyla, 73.

Sphyrena

commersoni, 863.

Jello, 863.

Spilomela

Jjaguaralis, 91.

Spilosoma

gopara, 682.

suffusa, 682.

Spinularia

tetheoides, 524.

Spirama

coherens, 72.

helicina, 72.

retorta, 72.

triloba, 72.

Spirula

levis, 186.

Spisula

corbuloides, 916.

eretacea, 909, 911, 916.

producta, 909, 911, 916.

subtruncata, 916.

Spizaétus

ornatus, 158, 753.

tyrannus, 590.

Spodoptera

cilium, D1.

INDEX,

Spongelia

avara, 511.

elegans, 511,

incrustans, 511.

pallescens, 511.

Spongia

aurea, 518.

botryoides, 495, 555.

calcarea, 493.

calyciformis, 513.

canabrina, 553.

cavernosa, 494.

ciliata, 554.

clathrus, 518.

complicata, 555.

compressa, 495,

coralloides, 552.

coriacea, 556.

coronata, 5d4.

crateriformis, 518.

equina, 508.

Pe 510.

foliacea, 555.

foliaceus, 517.

fragilis, 511.

hispida, 519.

inflata, 554.

infundibuliformis, 513.

keratosa, 493, 508.

levigata, 512.

_mammillaris, 527.

mollissima, 508.

nivea, 5D6.

octancyra, 124, 540.

officinalis, 508.

palmata, 495, 518.

panicea, 554.

patera, 524.

pencillus, 527.

perlevis, 518.

pilosa, 495, 543.

plumosa, 536.

pocillum, 513.

pulchella, 495, 508.

quarnerensis, 508.

rigida, 545.

sanguinea, 518.

scypha, 517.

semitubulosa, 519.

seriata, 515.

silicea, 493.

spinicrucis, 124, 540.

stuposa, var. damicenus,

545,

suberea, 237, 511, 523.

terebrans, 525.

tomentosa, 495.

ventilabriformis, 516,

ventilabrum, 516.

verrucosa, 238, 495, 514, |

541.

1091

Spongia

xerampelina, 516.

zetlandica, 516.

zimocca, 508.

Spongilla

alba, 553.

baileyi, 551.

batesii, 552.

brownii, 552.

capewelli, 550.

carteri, 552.

cerebellata, 553.

cinerea, 553.

coralloides, 552.

dawsoni, 553.

Sluwiatilis, 495.

Sriatilis, 552.

gregaria, 551,

lacustris, 552.

leidyi, 550.

lordii, 553.

paulata, 551.

paupercula, 552.

plumosa, 551.

recurvata, 552.

reticulata, 551.

Spongionella

pulchella, 508.

Squalus

obesus, 870.

Squatarola

helvetica, 827.

Standella

ovalina, 917.

Staphylinus

hesperus, 365, 383, 391.

Steganopus

tricolor, 332.

Steiria

inordinata, 67.

quadristrigata, 67.

subfasciata, 67.

Stelgidopter

ruficollis, 749,

Stellata

bogliett, 542.

discophora, 549.

dorsigera, 542.

grubti, 542.

helleri, 542.

mammillaris, 549.

pumex, 544,

wagleri, 542.

Stelligera

furcata, 545.

Stematumenia

bahamensis, 511.

Stenolophus

brunnipes, 363, 368.

dorsalis, 368.

luridus, 363.

1092

Stenolophus

teutonus, 364, 368.

(Acupalpus)lwridus,369

Stenopoma

Tineatum, 998.

Stenopsis

bifasciata, 328, 339.

parvulus, 342.

Stenus

guttula, 364, 384.

Sterna

antarctica, 336.

atro-fasciata, 320, 337,

340.

cassini, 336, 340.

comata, 320.

exilis, 336, 340, 344.

Frobenii, 320.

hirundo, 336.

inca, 337.

lorata, 320.

luctuosa, 320, 337, 340.

lunata, 831.

macrura, 336.

magnirostris, 593, 979.

meridionalis, 336.

superciliaris, 344, 593.

Sternothzxrus

subniger, 473.

Sterrha

sacraria, 649.

Stethojulis

strigiventer, 865.

Stictoptera

grisea, 67.

lucida, 67.

Stilicus

affinis, 362, 384.

Stoasodon

narinaria, 872.

Stoletellina

epidermia, 918.

Stomatella

imbricata, 218.

Strepsilas

interpres, 339, 831.

Strix

flammea, 823.

perlata, 339, 753, 988.

Strombus

aculeatus, 208.

floridus, 207.

luhuanus, 207.

mutabilis, 207.

(Canarium) loridus,

207.

luhuanus, 207.

Struthio

camelus, 420.

Struthioliria

oblita, 208.

INDEX.

Sturnella

bellicosa, 985.

ludoviciana, 142.

mexicana, 142.

militaris, 323, 338.

Sturnus

wulgaris, 168.

Stylifer

acicula, 201.

Styliola

subulata, 186.

Stylodonta

setiliris, 304.

suffulta, 304.

(Erepta) nevilli, 304.

315.

(——) rufocineta, 303,

315.

Styloptygma

Y nantiaca, 112,127,201.

Suberites

carnosa, 523.

clavigera, 523.

gelatinosa, 523.

suberia, 523.

sulphurea, 523.

Sula

cyanops, 336.

variegata, 336, 340.

Sunetta

adeline, 909, 911, 922.

Sunius

angustatus, 384.

gracilis, 364, 384,

Sus

japonensis, 692.

larvatus, 692.

leucomystax, 240.

scrofa, 692.

taivanus, 240.

Sybrida

inordinata, 683.

Sycalis

arvensis, 323, 338, 342.

aureiwwentris, 320, 323,

338.

brasiliensis, 573.

hilarii, 573.

luteiventris, 342.

luteocephala, 323.

Sycon

asperum, 554.

ciliata, 554.

humboldtii, 554,

raphanus, 554.

(Ute) papillosum, 555.

setosus, 554.

Sylvia

magellanica, 325.

Sylvicola

decurtata, 137.

Sylviorthorhyncus

desmursi, 324, 338.

pas al, 74, 77.

subunita, 74,

Synallaxis

egithaloides, 985.

albescens, 143.

anthoides, 324, 338.

crassirostris, 986.

erythrothorax, 143.

humicola, 324, 338, 986.

masafucre, 320.

modesta, 324.

nigrifumesa, 143.

orbignit, 986.

pudica, 143.

rufa, 324.

rutilans, 574, 750.

sordida, 324, 338.

striata, 320.

Synaptura

Jerreus, 562.

Synclera

retinalis, 93-

traducalis, 93.

Syngamia

octavialis, 90.

Syngnathus

biaculeatus, 869.

fasciatus, 869.

Syntomis

divisa, 679.

imaon, 679.

melas, 679.

ochsenheimeri, 678.

vitrea, 679.

Syphonota

keraudreni, 228.

Sypna

albilinea, 69.

celisparsa, 69.

curvilinea, 69, 97.

eyanivitta, 70.

rectilinea, 70.

Syrnium

hylophilum, 339.

perspicillatum, 280,590.

zonocercum, 590,

sp. ign., 753.

Tachypetes

minor, 831.

Tachyphonus

cassinii, 139.

cristatellus, 571, 977.

cristatus, 571.

delattrii, 140.

melaleueus, 571, 595.

napensis, 571, 754.

pheniceus, 749, 754.

Tachyphonus

rufiventris, 749.

surinamus, 571, 749,

754, '755.

Tachys

curvimanus, 369.

4-signatus, 364, 369.

Tachyspiza

soloénsis, 169, 172.

Tzenioptera

alpina, 986.

pyrope, 326, 338.

velata, 577.

Teniotes

scalaris, 365, 379.

caliginosalis, 82, 98.

Tanagra

abbas, 138.

celestis, 749.

cyanoptera, 452, 594.

darwini, 341, 984.

diaconus, 138.

episcopus, 571, 594.

melanoptera, 138, 749.

palmarwm, 571.

superciliaris, 572.

Tanysiptera

dea, 185.

nympha, 185.

Tapes

inflata, 923.

rimosa, 923.

sulcosa, 923.

turgida, 924.

turgidula, 924.

undulata, 923.

Tapirus

americanus, 240, 241,

473, 692, 695, 878,

879, 880, 881, 885.

anta, 880.

bairdi, 241, 473, 891.

bicolor, 884.

indicus, 878, 879, 884.

laurillardi, 881, 882,

883.

malayanus, 884.

malayensis, 240.

pinchacus, 879,882,884.

roulini, 884

suillus, 880.

sumatranus, 884.

terrestris, 879, 880,881,

883.

villosus, 884.

Tarphius

oblongus, 386.

wollastoni,37 2,386,391.

INDEX,

Tavia

albilinea, 71.

biocularis, 71.

caliginosa, 70.

catocaloides, 71, 98.

dubitaria, 70.

punctosa, 70.

submarginata, 71.

substruens, 70.

Taxila

decorata, 38.

drupadi, 37.

durga, 37.

egeon, 37.

orphna, 37.

pulchra, 38.

teneta, 37.

thiusta, 37.

Tchitrea

corvina, 345.

major, 345.

Tectarius

pyramidalis, 209.

Tectura

jacksoniensis, 220.

scabrilirata, 220.

septiformis, 220.

stellaris, 220.

Tedania

ambigua, 520.

digitata, 520.

Tegna

hybleella, 63.

Tellina

elliptica, 918.

lactea, 918.

lilium, 919.

semifossilis, 919.

semiplana, 919.

semitorta, 919.

tenuilirata, 919.

ticaonica, 919.

unifasciata, 919.

een) ticaonica,

peti unifasciata,

(Areopagia) elliptica,

918.

(Macoma) subelliptica,

918.

(Meera) semitorta, 919.

(Tellinella) deltotdalis,

918.

Tenebrio

obscurus, 361, 381.

Tephrosia

comparataria, 63).

dentilineata, 631.

mucidaria, 631.

seriptaria, 631.

1093

Teraspiza

minulla, 1'70, 171, 173.

rhodogaster, 171.

tinus, 171.

virgata, 171, 178.

Terastia

diversalis, 90.

Terebratula

australis, 935.

cumingi, 935.

davidsoni, 314, 315.

flavescens, 935.

uva, 314.

Tereus

Junbriatus, 537.

Tethea

collingsii, 541.

cranium, 26.

ingalli, 549.

lyncurium, 541,

robusta, 548.

schmidtii, 541.

spinularia, 524,

Tetheum

pulvinatum, dt.

Tetheya

lacunosa, 541.

Tethia

cavernosa, 541.

globosa, 541.

Tethya

aspestella, 541.

cranium, 5438.

hispida, 541.

morum, 542.

pumex, 544.

simillima, 543.

spherica, 541.

verrucosa, 541.

Tetrao

urogallus, 432.

Tetrodon

argenteus, 869.

immaculatus, 869.

laterna, 869.

stellatus, 869.

Teuthis

corallina, 854.

margaritifera, 859.

rostrata, 854.

tutor, 854.

Thalassidroma

gracilis, 336.

segethi, 320, 336.

Thalassodes

bifasciata, 637.

celataria, 637.

dissimulata, 637.

dissita, 637.

distinctaria, 637.

inaptaria, 637.

1094

Thalassodes

macariata, 637.

macruraria, 637.

ophthalmicata, 637.

sinuata, 637.

wrapteraria, 637.

Thalassoica

glacialioides, 336, 340.

Thalera

argutaria, 638.

bifasciata, 637.

glaucaria, 638.

Thalotia

zebrides, 215.

Thalurania

columbica, 158.

furcata, 584, 594.

furcatoides, 584, 594,

595.

gramineus, 584.

nigrofasciata, 979.

tschudii, ‘752.

venusta, 129, 153.

Thamnomanes

glaucus, 750.

Thamnophilus —— ?,

575.

amazonicus, 575, 595,

756

bridgesi, 130, 144.

cerulescens, 756.

caudacutus, 573, 574.

doliatus, 144, 575.

fuliginosus, 750, 755,

756.

hyperythrus, 981.

ee i 575, 595.

major, S75.

melanurus, 144, 750,

978.

murinus, 750, 756.

nevius, 144,

nigro-cinereus, 575,

595,

palliatus, 576.

radiatus, 576, 978.

transandeanus, 144,

Thaumantias

chionurus, 129,131,156.

cwpreiceps, 151.

fluviatilis, 752, 979.

Thaumantis

nourmahal, 673.

Thaumastura

core, 987.

Thecla

rama, 675.

muricata, 541.

INDEX,

Theophila

bengalensis, 683.

sherwillii, 683.

Theora

nitida, 914.

Therapon

servus, 850.

Thermesia

arenacea, 77.

consocia, 77.

creberrima, 77.

precipua, 77.

reticulata, 77.

transducta, 78.

vaga, 80.

Thinocorus

d orbignyanus, 990.

ing@, 331, 339, 990.

orbignyanus, 331, 339,

989.

rumicivorus, 331, 339,

989.

swainsoni, 331.

Thracia

anatinoides, 914.

australica, 914.

modesta, 908, 911, 914.

Threnetes

cervinicauda, 979.

Threskiornis

strictipennis, 600.

Thryophilus

ib 134.

leucotis, 568.

Thryothorus

albipectus, 568.

castaneus, 134.

corayd, 977.

galbraithi, 568.

leucostictus, 134.

leucotis, 568.

prostheleucus, 134.

rufalbus, 134.

rutilus, 134.

thoracicus, 134.

Thyatira

albicosta, 45.

batis, 45.

Thylacodes

decussatus, 211.

Thynnus

thunnina, 861.

Thyreus

elegantulus, 675.

Thyridospila

spheriphora, 79.

Tigris

regalis, 263.

Tigrisoma

rasiliense, 979.

cabanisi, 280.

Timandra

aventiaria, 644.

convectaria, 644.

subobliquaria, 644.

Timea

stellata, 544.

Tinamotis

pentlandi, 989.

Tinamus

parvirostris, 754.

robustus, 159, 425.

Tinea

longicornis, 669.

Tinnunculus

gracilis, 344.

sparverius, 151, 330,

338, 988.

Tityra

albitorques, 751,

Vioxts

cayana, 578.

fraseri, 757.

mexicana, 149.

personata, 149.

Tivela

undulosa, 922.

Toccolosida

rubiceps, 665.

Toccus

erythrorhynchus, 890,

891.

Todirostrum

cinereum, 147.

maculatum, 978.

Tomicus

saxesini, 868, 376.

Tonicia

carpentert, 116, 117,

223.

Topa

pyra, 593.

Topaza

pyra, 584,

Tornatina

Sfusiformis, 226.

Totanus

calidris, 166.

chilensis, 319, 382.

Alavipes, 166.

solitarius, 979.

stagnatilis, 332.

Toxocampa

costimacula, 65.

tetraspila, 65.

Trabala

leta, 685.

Trachynotus

baillonii, 861.

ovatus, 861.

Trachyscelis

- aphodioides, 365, 381.

Tragosia

dissimilis, 513.

infundibuliformis, 5138.

Tragulus

javanicus, 955,957,959.

kanchil, 959.

Trechichus

jimicola, 369.

Trechus

Jimicola, 364.

Trelania

radiata, '744.

Treron

delalandii, 827, 828.

sphenura, 821.

Triznodon

obesus, 870.

Triate

discophora, 549.

Tribolium

ferrugineum, 361, 381.

Tribonyx

gouldi, 817.

mortieri, 816, 817.

Trichechus

rosmarus, 818.

Trichogaster

fasciatus, 15.

Trichoglossus

massen@, 828.

multicolor, 393.

Trichopodus

bejeus, 15.

colisa, 15.

cotra, 15.

lalius, 15.

Triga

philippinensis, 239.

Trigonella

contraria, 916.

luzonica, 916.

pusilla, 916.

Trigonia

lamarcki, 915, 931.

margaritacea, 931.

pectinata, 931.

strangei, 931.

Trigonodes

gammoides, 75.

hyppasia, 77.

Tringa

bairdi, 332, 339.

bonapartit,332,339,591.

maculata, 754.

minuta, 165.

minutilla, 165, 591.

pectoralis, 332.

schinzii, 332.

temmincki, 165.

Tringites

rufescens, 754, 979.

INDEX.

Tringoides

macularius, 592.

Triopa

yatesi, 229,

Triphena

semiherbida, 54.

Triphoris

libiatus, 209.

nigrofuscus, 208.

Triptorhinus

paradoxus, 325, 338.

Triquetra

lanceolata, 491.

Triton

africana, 189.

australis, 187.

barthelemy?, 188.

cutaceum, 188.

doliarius, 189.

exaratus, 188.

Susiformis, 188.

leucostoma, 189.

lyratum, 188.

olearium, 188.

spenglert, 188.

succinctus, 188.

waterhousei, 188.

Tritonidea

unicolor, 187.

Tritonium

australe, 187.

boltenianum, 188.

fusiforme, 188.

(Cabestana) bolteni-

anum, 188.

(

(——) spengleri, 188.

(Gutturnium) exara-

tum, 188.

(Simpulum) oleariwm,

188,

Trivia

australis, 206.

Trochalopteron

Jerdoni, 834.

Trochella

calyptreformis, 736.

maculata, 736.

Trochilina

adspersa, 741.

conica, 741.

fastigiata, 741.

lichen, '742.

mamillaris, '741.

solida, 742.

Trochilus

castaneoventris, 129,

153.

Trochita

clypeolum, 735.

corrugata, 735.

) doliarium, 189.

1095

Trochita

pellucida, 211.

radians, 735.

spinulosa, 741.

spirata, 735.

(Haliotidea) calyptre

formis, 211.

Trochochlea

concamerata, 217.

multicarinata, 216.

porcata, 216.

teniata, 216.

Trochomorpha

partunda, 890,

Trochus

badius, 215.

calyptreformis,211,736.

cicatrosus, 209.

clanguloides, 214.

leucostigma, 216.

luteus, 209.

maugeri, 214,

multicarinatus, 216.

nanus, 209.

planus, 209.

radians, 735.

spirata, 735.

teniatus, 216,

tentoriiformis, 214.

tiberianus, 215.

urvillei, 214.

vitiligineus, 217.

Troglodytes

Survus, 340, 568.

hornensis, 321,

inquietus, 135.

magellanicus, 321, 337.

tessellatus, 135, 749,

754, 984.

Trogon

atricollis, 151.

aurantiiventris, 130,

151

caligatus, 151.

clathratus, 151.

massena, 151.

melanurus, 583, 752,

978.

pavoninus, 583.

reinwardti, 444,

tenellus, 151.

viridis, 583, 752.

Trogophlceus

corticinus, 364, 384.

riparius, 364, 384.

subtilis, 363, 385.

Trophon

hanleyi, 110, 117, 187.

paive, 187.

Trox

scaber, 362, 375.

1096

Truncatella

marginata, 40.

scalarina, 40.

Trygodes

divisaria, 642.

vagata, 642.

Trygon

forskalii, 872.

sephen, 872.

uarnak, 872.

Tryngites

rufescens, 165.

Tugalia

ossea, 219.

Turbo

lamellosus, 213.

scalaris, 199.

torquatus, 213.

undulatus, 213.

Turbonilla

nitida, 112, 117, 200.

Turdus

albiventris, 568.

amaurochalinus, 568,

749.

assimilis, 133.

atrosericeus, 133.

chiguanco, 984.

crotopezus, 133.

ephippialis, 568.

falklandicus, 320, 337.

fumigatus, 568.

furvus, 321.

Suscater, 320.

grayt, 132.

Jamaicensis, 133.

leucauchen, 132, 133.

luridus, 182.

obsoletus, 133.

pheopygus, 133, 568,

749, 754,

platensis, 321.

rufiventris, 321.

subcinereus, 321.

Turnix

pugnax, 821.

Turritella

(Haustator) stnuata,

210.

Turtur

albiventris, 827, 828.

erythrophrys, 827, 828.

rostratus, 344.

semitorquatus, 827.

Tyana

callichlora, 668, 686.

chloroleuca, 668.

superba, 668, 686.

Tympanistes

pallida, 49, 97.

testacea, 49, 97.

INDEX.

Typha

Nae 362, 373.

'yphis

angasi, 186.

Tyranniscus

gracilipes, 977, 978, 981.

parvus, 147, 981.

Tyrannula

setophagoides, 986.

Tyrannulus

elatus, 147, 751, 978.

Tyrannus

aurantio-atro-cristatus,

751, 757.

melancholicus, 148, 342,

578, 751, 978.

satrapa, 279,

Umbrella

indica, 228.

Uncia

irbis, 262.

Unio

douglasie, 490.

murchisonianus, 490.

nodosus, 491.

shanghaiensis, 490.

tenuis, 490.

tientsinensis, 491.

(Dysnomia) lampreya-

nus, 491, 492.

(Lampsilis) sudtortus,

491, 492.

Upeneoides

bivittatus, 702.

guttatus, 938.

wittatus, 702.

Upeneus

cyclostomus, 853.

flavolineatus, 853.

Upucerthia

albiventris, 320.

atacamensis, 319, 324.

dumetoria, 324, 338.

Uranoscopus

marmoratas, 702.

Urapteryx

crocopterata, 613.

ebullata, 612.

falcataria, 613.

margaritata, 612.

multistrigaria, 612.

podaliriata, 612.

quadripunctata, 613.

rufivinctata; 513.

sciticaudaria, 612.

triangularia, 612.

Uraspiza

approximans, 177.

cirrhocephala, 176.

cruenta, 174, 176.

Uraspiza

erythrauchen, 177, 178.

sulaénsis, 176, 177.

torquata, 176.

Urochroma

hueti, 753, 759.

purpurata, 589, 595.

Urogalba

amazonum,582,594,595.

paradisea, 582, 594.

Urogymnus

asperrimus, 871.

Uromys

macropus, 597.

Ursus

arctos, 818.

Sormosanus, 818.

tibetanus, 818.

lasiotus, 818.

piscator, 817, 818.

Urubitinga

anthracina, 280.

meridionalis, 589.

nigricollis, 589.

schistacea, 979.

unicineta, 329, 338.

zonura, 280, 589, 753.

Ute

capillosa, 554.

chrysalis, 555.

ensata, 555.

glabra, 554.

Uvanilla

tentoriiformis, 214.

Vanellus

cayanensis,331,339,591.

Vanikoro

deshayesiana, 212.

granulata, 212.

plicata, 212.

quoyana, 212.

recluziana, 212.

Varnia

ignita, 62.

enequalis, 62.

Velutina

coriacea, 312.

Venerupis

crenata, 924.

trus, 924.

mitis, 924.

Venus

alatus, 921.

australis, 921.

calophylla, 921.

dysera, 921.

Sumigata, 921.

tsabellina, 921.

ugata, 922.

lame” ‘1, 921.

Venus

laqueata, 920.

ovata, 920.

roborata, 921.

striatissima, 920.

turgida, 924.

undulata, 923.

undulosa, 922.

variabilis, 922.

Vermetus

decussatus, 211.

Verongia

Jistularis, 509.

zetlandica, 509.

Vibulinus

aculeatus, 545,

stuposus, 545.

Vindusara

compositata, 653, 686.

metachromata, 653.

Vioa

dissociata, 526.

duvernoyit, 526.

grantit, 526.

Johnstoni, 526,

strombi, 526.

viridis, 525.

Vireosylvia

agilis, 569, 749, 977.

ae weides 137.

Viverriceps

bennettiz, 268.

ellioti, 269.

planiceps, 269.

rubiginosa, 269.

ola

fumata, 933.

Volatinia

Jacarina, 142, 572, 750.

Volsella

glaberrima, 929.

reevei, 929.

Voluta

angasi, 193.

magnifica, 193.

marmorata, 193.

undulata, 193.

zebra, 193.

(Amoria) angasi, 193.

(Scapha) magnifica,193.

Volva

angasi, 207,

Volvaria

neglecta, 303.

(Volvavina) pusilla,303,

BLD:

PRINT™9 BY TAYLOR AND F

INDEX.

Vulsella

tasmanica, 930.

Waldheimia

flavescens, 935.

Wallago

attu, 284.

malabaricus, 284.

Xandrames

albofasciata, 635, 686.

dholaria, 634.

Xanthia

imparata, 61,

Xanthodes

imparata, 61.

impellens, 61.

innocens, 61,

tntersepta, 61.

transversa, 61.

Xantholinus

glabratus, 363, 383.

hesperius, 364, 383.

linearis, 383.

marginalis, 383.

punctulatus, 362, 383.

Xanthornus

cayennensis, 319, 325.

Xanthosomus

icterocephalus, 573, 978.

Xenomma

Jiliforme, 390.

melanocephala, 382,

390.

Xenops

approximans, 750, 755.

mexicanus, 143.

Xenospongia

patelliformis, 547.

Xerus

getulus, 817.

trivittatus, 817.

Xiphias

ensis, 857.

Xiphochilus

fasciatus, 101.

Xipholena

lamellipennis, 580, 594,

595,

pompadora, 580, 59°

594.

Xiphorhynchus

trochilirostris, 575.

Xylophasi»

Aavistiy ma, 50.

leucostigma, 51.

THE END.

QO 4

1097

Yphthima

hyagriva, 674.

narasingha, 674.

unx

torquilla, 450.

Zebronia

abracxalis, 91.

aurolinealis, 92.

bistrigalis, 92.

discerptalis, 92.

inseriptalis, 92.

Jaguaralis, 91.

perspicualis, 91.

plutusalis, 92.

salomealis, 96.

Zemira

australis, 189.

Zenaida

auriculata, 330, 339,

maculata, 591.

souleyetiania, 330.

Zenarchopterus

dispar, 868.

Zenatia

acinaces, 917.

Zenzera

conferta, 686.

leuconota, 685.

paucipunctata, 686.

Zethes

perturbans, 79.

xylochroma, 79.

Ziziphinus

scitulus, 215.

Zoanthus

alderi, 234.

couchii, 25, 237, 239,

906.

sociatus, 234.

sulcatus, 351.

Zomia

incitata, 650.

Zonotrichia

boucardi, 1.

pileata, 322, 337, 985.

Zosterops

euryopthalmos, 345,

modesta, 345.

poliogastra, 345.

semiflava, 345,

Zygena

cashmirensis, 676.

malleus, 870.

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A LIST OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS LIVING IN

THE GARDENS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON (Fourth Edition), 1866.

This List contains the scientific and vernacular names of all the species

of Vertebrates in the Society’s Collection arranged in systematic order,

and forms a complete record of all the specimens that have been exhibited

alive in the Society’s Gardens in the years 1863, 1864, 1865, and 1866.

The total number of the species is as follows: —Mammals 339, Birds 72],

Reptiles 73, Batrachians 25, Fishes 54; total 1212. Price 1s. 6d.

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Now ready, price £12: 12s., in one volume, bound in half-morocco,

containing 50 coloured plates,

The first Series of

ZOOLOGICAL SKETCHES

By JOSEPH WOLF.

THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,

FROM ANIMALS IN THEIR VIVARIUM.

EDITED, WITH NOTES,

By PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

THe series of Drawings, of which a selection of Fifty is given in the present

Volume, was undertaken with the object of preserving a faithful record of

the living characters of the most rare and interesting Animals in the Viva-

rium of the Zoological Society of London.

The present extent of the-Society’s Collection, and the prospects of in-

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mental waters of Europe.

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ginals. The Letterpress, prepared by the Editor, embraces all particulars

of interest relating to the general history, habits, distribution, and use of

the Animals illustrated in the Plates.

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A GUIDE TO THE GARDENS

OF THE

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Twenty-first Edition, corrected according to the present Arrange-

ment of the Gardens,

By PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,

SECRETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

London: Brapsury AnD Evans, 11, Bouverie Street; and at the Society’s

Gardens in the Regent’s Park.

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