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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER,
PATERNOSTER ROW,
oe
a ve at, APR NTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, x.
e nr "RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. =
. ¢
LIST
CON TRVB.U TORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Apvams, Dr. A. LeirH. Page
Exhibition of the Horns of, and remarks upon, a variety
of the Common Goat,.............- 2
Apams, Henry, F.L.S.
Descriptions of some new Species of Shells from various
Localities, also of a new Genus of Bivalves from Mauritius.
(a sca 9 ip RT eae el > ae ee Pen eae 584
Auuport, Morton, F.Z.S., F.L.S.
On the Introduction of Salmon to the Waters of Tasmania 206
Auston, Epwarp R., F.Z.S.
On a new Species of Pteropus from Samoa. (Plate XIV.) 96
Auston, Epwarp R., F.Z.S., and BLuackmorr, HUMPHREY
P., M.D.
On: Fossil Arvicolidte- 2. cohort. wits ahtea eat Nand 400
AnvErson, Dr. Joun, C.M.Z.S.
Note on a Macacus brunneus .........02-20200 00-22 O52
iv
Page
Bark ty, Sir Henry, C.M.Z.S. :
Letter from, respecting some animals intended for the
OLED. reed v. fing ei ptinia io = W's otalain grate 0 cop BIST s oe lees RO cae 152
Bartuett, A. D., Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.
Exhibition of a Rhinoceros-horn stated to be from Borneo 499
Bennett, Dr. Georece, F.Z.S.
Extract from a letter relating to Birds forwarded to the
SOGIELY Vic «j.'s Shel oan sro «st SEU walkie Vinee = aaa 186
Buiackxmore, Humpurey P., M.D., and Auston, Epwarp
R., F.Z.S.
On Fossil Arvicolide ..... PE Sere ee A Ciece 460
Buanrorp, W. T., Assoc. Roy. Sch. Min., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, Horns of the Wild
Goat of Persia (Capra egagrus), and of the same animal
frOMl Sued “oor. tere tts ets owe eee Dee 248
Description of two Uromasticine Lizards from Mesopotamia
and Southern Persia: «(Plate LXOR.)) . ose ba 3k im nate 656
On two Species of Herpestes, and a Hare collected by Dr.
Pe Dayim. Sad. -CPlite LEXAT.) o....5..506 5 sapere 661
Buanrorp, W. T., F.G.S., F.Z.S. and Dresser, Henry E.,
F.Z.S.
Monograph of the Genus Sazicola, Bechstein. (Plates
AXXVI=X RRR) s. Sore ere er er ere rs 213
BowerBaNnk, JAMES Scort, LL.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S8., &c.
Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade.
Part Vio (@Plates XL Vin we ey TE ere an peace ane
Brazier, Joun, C.M.Z.S., M.R.S.N.S.W.
Exhibition of a series of eggs of Megapodes .../...... 606
Descriptions of eleven new Species of Terrestrial and
Marine Shells from North-east Australia. (Plate LXXXIII.) 668
Vv
Page
Brooke, Sir Victor, Bart., F.Z.S.
On Sclater’s Muntjac and other Species of the Genus
Cervulus: (Plates VITISG UR ret ee eee Oe
On a new Species of Deer from Persia.............. «- 42
On a new Species of Gazelle living in the Society’s Mena-
Beriess IGP IMM MEL Meat Ss es Sak ee tec e: IAT
Remarks on the Identity of a certain Deer in the Society’s
Couerion ss ae ess sas ee oss RPE elece oh ae tain, 6 tna eee
Busxk, Grorce, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Notice of a new Polyzoon (Hippuraria egertoni).
REM WE) 5 chce salt « naa MigeeCd agi ain ithe 29
Note on the Cranial and Dental Characters of the Northern
and Southern Tigers and Leopards of China, as affording
Marks of their Specific Distinction. (Plates XXIV. &
5.25 Ree eee ek Meme ae cine ee mee aE ate na 146
Butier, Artuur G., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &.
List of the Species of Fulgora, with Descriptions of new
Forms in the Collection of the British Museum. (Plate XV.) 97
List of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the South-Sea Islands.
LEER a SURE) eo sR RR A Seen TR ES are erg oe 274
Descriptions of three new Species of Homopterous Insects 672
Butter, Artuur G., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. and Druce,
Hersert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
List of Butterflies of Costa Rica, with Descriptions of new
Bpecien) y:%... - ae teh afc Te EU See Altar Dap Mae otal seated eee 330
CamBrinGE, Rev. O. Picarp, M.A., C.M.Z.S.
On some new Species of Drassides. (Plates LI. & LII.) 370
On some new Species of Hrigone from North America.
SLA ESEL 6 RE ere RE pe te le IS Re Le 428
Copsotp, T. Spencer, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on
Parasites at the Middlesex Hospital Medical College.
Notes on Entozoa.—Part II. (Plate XVIII.) ........ 124
vi
Page
D’ Ausertis, Lure: Marta, C.M.Z.S8.
Characters of a new Species of Kangaroo (Halmaturus
luctuosus) from New Guinea.......- ong a Eben s cotabanlee
Dosson, G. E., B.A., M.B., C.M.Z.S., F.L.S.
Notes on the Respiration of some Species of Indian Fresh-
BU ERE ENASTTGS 5-35-04 «.a's on: sgeale 20.2 nie ela, ole pene ea
Dresser, Henry E., F.Z.S.
On the Nest and Eggs of Hypolais rama (Sykes).
CBlate LX OEDE.) oie tee aie Mea ie witag a5 Bez ve athe a
Dresser, Henry E., F.Z.S., and Bhanrorp, W. T., F.RB.S.,
F.Z.8., &e.
Monograph of the Genus Sawicola, Bechstein. (Plates
XXRVE. NTR. Diced. facgell.lges lectyen, | ona din eines
Drucr, Hersert, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
A List of Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. L. Layard
at Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee, Siam, with Descriptions
of new Species, | (Plate RV Ljancas ween aus > anieek spol
Druce, Herbert, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., and BurLer, ARTHUR
G., F.LS., F.Z.8., &e.
List of the Butterflies of Costa Rica, with Descriptions of
HOW SPECIES _\.2ccascasle Maree meeete lem eee pl eteve et wre Maem gpeiale 330
Finscu, Orro, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &c., Curator to the Bremen
Museum.
On an apparently new Species of Parrot from Eastern
| rrr PT chs ud oy te ee ye
On a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from the Pacifie Island
of Rapa or’ Opara. .:. ... ane «<6 ine ev its to onan so ape ee le
Description of anew Species of Penguin from New Zealand. 207
Forsyru, T. D.
Letter addressed to the President, containing an account
of Ovis poli and other animals observed in Kashgar........ 324
Garrop, Atrrep Hewry, B.A., F.Z.S., Prosector to the
Society.
On the Death of a Rhinoceros in the Society’s Gardens,
and on some Points in its Anatomy ........00+--- seers 2
Vii
Page
On certain Muscles of Birds and their Value in Classifi-
cation Paral. (Plate SVEN): cues mane casetaarasedy LLL
On some Points in the Anatomy of the Columbe@........ 249
On the “ Showing-off” of the Australian Bustard (Hupo-
PORE CURE INAS) oe, «in chat ene Ye wipes eae to To rape hae Cone ne 471
On Points in the Anatomy of the Parrots which bear on
the Classification of the Suborder. (Plates LXX. & LXXI.) 586
Further Note on the Mechanism of the “ Show-off” in
PHP MAB OR 2 6 Sark a als nial su enccsata oie eee oe FE
Gopwin-Avusten, Major H. H., F.R.G.S., C.M.Z.S., Deputy
Superintendent, Topographical Survey of India.
Descriptions of Ten new Birds from the Nagd Hills and
Muniptir Valley, N.E. frontier of Bengal. (Plates X.-XII.) 43
Descriptions of five new Species of Helicide of the sub-
genus Plectopylis, with Remarks on all the other known
Forms. (Plates LXXIITI. & LXXIV.) ..........+0.5-- 608
Gou.p, Joun, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Letter concerning the existence of a new Parrot in
Gilvensinnil. 2 ipep oko eceatere oss 2 les aaeageee) 408
Gray, Joun Epwarp, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On the Steppe-Cat of Bokhara (Chaus caudatus). (Plates
Ne Os WL) Fe Ar wretecotaen, an wish Tee ee SE. Pate 31
On Crocodilus madagascariensis, the Madagascar Crocodile.
GE FB 1 ENR Rie ges ee Lee 145
On Crocodilus johnstoni, Krefft. (Plate XXVII.)...... 177
Notice of communications on the very young of the Jaguar,
on the young of the Bosch Vark, and on the skulls of the
Leopard in the British Museum .................-2.0. 206
On the Short-tailed Armadillo (Muletia septemcincta).
iE be dD pala IR een el, tiie Bibi ere. lier yne Mer ie
Notice of a communication on the Species of Feline Animals
C0) 77) RSE ee rE Le a ba 307
Description of a new Species of Cat (Felis badia) from
Sarawak. > (Plate XLUX:). SP Pee TR ee eae 322
Vili
Page
Pu
Gruse, Dr. Epwarp.
Descriptiones Annulatorum novorum mare Ceylonicum
habitantium ab honoratissimo Holdsworth collectorum .... 325
GuLuiver, GeorGs, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Measurements of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of
Hippopotamus amphibius, Otaria jubata, and Trichechus ros-
Gintruer, AuBerT, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Notice of Remarks on the Introduction into this country
of the Ide (Leuciscus melanotus, var. orfus).........-.. 186
A Contribution to the Fauna of Savage Island. (Plate
MEVENs pt eects saree een ee eee eee h tees che ee ae 295
Description of some new or imperfectly known Species of
Reptiles from the Camaroon Mountains. (Plates LVI. &
Bg sy Ne ee eins Cue ce eae eee ign pees Ss oo ee
Description of a new Species of Kangaroo. (Plate
TARVIN), 22 sak. si Gens picis aja ree ate eit 653
Haast, Juuius, Ph.D., F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury
Museum.
On the Occurrence of a new Species of Zuphysetes (Euphy-
setes pottsii), a remarkably small Catodont Whale, on the
Ooastief New Zealand: «23.053. 250s spc capes ves be oes 260
Hartine, JAMES Epmunp, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On a new Species of Tringa from Alaska. (Plate XL.).. 242
On the Lapwing of Chili... yao ia. ee'nn's sitar 449
On the Eggs of some little-known Limicole. (Plate LX.) 454
Hector, James, M.D., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., Director of the
Geological Survey of New Zealand.
Extract from a Letter pointing out an error in his Paper
on .Onensornis Caleterans poate «tao sip ns = st) sia «caters <> oe
Hupson, WituiaAm Henry, C.M.Z.S.
Notes on the Procreant Instincts of the three Species of
Molothrus found in Buenos Ayres ...............+.... 153
1x
Page
On the Habits of the Burrowing Owl (Pholeoptynx cuni-
cularia) ...... . 308
Huxtey, Tuomas H., LL.D., Sec. B.S.
On the Structure of the Skull and of the Heart of Meno-
branchus lateralis. (Plates XXIX.-XXXII.) .......... 186
Irpy, Major Leonarp H. L., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of an apparently new Species of Raven from
Tangier, Morocco ........ 325
Kent, W. Saviute, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Note on a Gigantic Cephalopod from Conception Bay,
Neatgionndland. code hak hy wunainstiotos aeeat ee. wes 178
A further Communication upon certain Gigantic Cephalo-
pods recently encountered off the coast of Newfoundland .. 489
Locxineton, W. N.
Notice of a Communication from, containing notes on the
Mammals and Birds of California . . 129
M‘Intosu, W. CarmicuaEL, M.D., F.L.S.
Notice of a Memoir on British Annelida.............. 307
Notice of a Memoir on the Annelida collected during the
‘Porcupine’ Expeditions of 1869 and 1870.............. 307
Mivart, St. Georce J., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S.
Notice of a Memoir on the Axial Skeleton of the Séru-
TREN Os a chs RR NEE oN ohh ic! ors S 0h 8 ed ania sd COU
Moores, FrepeErIc, India Museum, London. .
List of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected in Cashmere Terri-
tory by Capt. R. B. Reed, 12th Regt., with Descriptions of
newmenermed. (Plate MGT). eck... ce ewe ke cweeutes SOM
Descriptions of New Asiatic Lepidoptera. (Plates LXVI.
& LE VAIL). 3 cies jeawnelcets mtn aad a ihaetg 2 tat sere 565
Morte, James, M.D., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
On the Nature of the Sacs vomited by the Hornbills.... 420
On the Skeleton and Lineage of Fregilupus varius.
(Plates LXV <8 LAA.) y 0:5 sigan io . 474
p<
Natron, Prof. WituraM, of Lima, Peru, C.M.Z.S.
On the habits of Spermophila simplex ........60.....+ 329
Newron, Atrrep, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Zoology
and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge.
Exhibition of two letters, the property of J. B. Wilmot,
Esq., M.D., referring to a live Dodo ............+ 005-0 307
Ona living Dodo shipped for England in the year 1628.. 447
Owen, Prof. Ricuarp, F.R.S. &c.
Notice of a Fifth Memoir on the Osteology of the Marsu-
700 EE Re aire oh SRR ce cake, See eR ARR 325
Peters, Dr. Wituram, Director of the Royal Zoological
Museum, Berlin, F.M.Z.S.
Extract from a letter relating to the locality of Poriodo-
gaster grayti .. pr /
Piers, Henry W.
Letter from, containing remarks on certain specimens of
HUOSDORBEN, 6:5 32 win Gang ap gee Meee sleet Seiten Soe
Ramsay, Epwarp P., of Dobroyde, New South Wales,
C.M.Z.S.
Letter addressed to the Secretary concerning a Cassowary
(Casuarius australis) intended for the Society’s Collection... 325
Descriptions of Five new Species of Birds from Queens-
land, and of the’ Egg of Chlamydodera maculata.....-.... 601
Ramsay, Lieutenant R. Warpuaw, F.Z.S.
Description of a new Species of Woodpecker from British
Burmah. (Plate XXXYV.)
Rrep, Epwyn C., C.M.Z.S.
On the Coleoptera Geodephaga of Chile. (Plate XIII.).. 48
Row.ey, Greorce Dawson, M.A., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of and remarks upon some rare Birds from New
Zealand atts). Meee ce) SA es We eon We A ace
Sr. Joan, Major Ottver Beaucuamp Coventry, F.Z.S.
Note on the Locality of Oryw beatriv........-.02.0-. 95
zal
Satvapori, THomas, M.D., C.M.Z.S., and Turati, Her-
cues, Count.
Description of a new Trogon of the Genus Pharomacrus. :
Satvin, Ospert, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., and Scuarer, P. L.,
F.R.S.
On Peruvian Birds collected by Mr. Whitely.—Part VIII.
Ee EME Ss oe cts DOF winnie cote entice teehee
Sanpers, Aurrep, M.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on Comparative
Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical College.
Notes on the Myology of the Phrynosoma coronatum . .
Sanpwitu, THoomas B.
Note on the occurrence of Capra egagrus in Crete .... .
SaunDERS, Howarp, F.Z.S.
Remarks on the Grey-capped Gulls, and on the Species
with which they have been confounded ......
Scuomspurek, Dr. Ricwarp, Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Adelaide.
Notice of a communication from, containing Notes on the
Nesting-habits of the Australian Coot..................
Scuater, Puiwie Lutuey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
the Society.
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Beccurmer Devon "Ce lnievkay a: tat t ccs ss eta seat
On the Species of the Genus Synallazis of the “PRN Den-
drocnlapiide. (Plates WT a\. exci ss «ose a, xan oe
Exhibition of two skulls of Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdi)
from Mexico ... Bc. Sea Ie Ss ae a ee
Exhibition of the horns of a male sd female pene Sheep
REIMER E Mets! Sn ioe Bits meee Goss of fs oe reece oe
Exhibition of a specimen of the Wild Ibex of Crete ....
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
ancy UBLAG ce tis Te a + the tio itkee Roa yee Wee eT
Extract from a letter addressed to him by M. Luigi M.
d’Albertis, C.M.Z.S., containing an account of a new Species
of Kangaroo (Halmaturus luctuosus) from New Guinea. .
Page
652
677
71
90
129
110
110
xii
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
February 1874 2... cee. ee eee cere eect eee eee ees
Ona small Collection of Birds from Barbadoes, West Indies
On Centropsar, an apparently new form of the Family
Teteride. (Plate XXVI.). ...0.2 ss ones
Announcement of the arrival in the Society’s Menagerie
of a Javan Rhinoceros. (Plate XXVIII.) ..............
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
March 1874. -( Plate SRI) Ae ae oa, sane oes
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Bier E874. “Papeete, fh. char ictnresns flee seerarn ee
Remarks on a Cassowary in the Society’s Gardens, received
from the Zoological Society of Amsterdam in 1871........
Announcement of the appointment of a Naturalist to
accompany the Astronomical Expedition to Kerguelen’s Land
Exhibition of a skin of Ciconia boyciana, and remarks
POU Nts MIGHT MNOM yet ars ise i ee Ri ete peice as Eek DES
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in May
FS 74. 00binte DATE saeaek ie aes eke at otis gees
Remarks upon two Species of Birds from New Guinea,
lately described in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ ..........
Descriptions of three new Species of the genus Synallazis.
Pinte SIWIEL) en ccmine cess 6. F cares nina we ORIN ae
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
June, July, August, and September 1874. (Plate LXIII.)
Remarks on some visits recently made to several Zoological
Gardens and Museums in France and Italy ..............
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
October 1874. isis Sos teeny Mote «lye hoes a oe
Exhibition of an egg of Pareudiastes pacificus ........
On the Black Wolf of Thibet. (Plate LXXVIII.)
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
November 1874, (Plate LXXXII.) ..........
248
306
323
419
445
494
496
605
605
... 654
. 664
xiii
Page
Remarks upon a Donation to the Society’s Library of a
MS. work on the Birds of India, by Col. S. R. Trickett .. 667
List of Humming-birds obtained by Mr. Whitely in High
BEM is Gals & a lovis Bae SAGA ow FG DOR Ho tyne Sle Stee LOE
Scuater, P. L., and Satvrn, OsBErRT.
On Peruvian Birds collected by Mr. Whitely.—Part VIII.
DEMS POE NIN era enhe WOE e on. deus weg aes are ye COLL
Saarrs, Richarp Bowp.er, F.L.S., F.Z.8S., &c., Senior
Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.
Descriptions of two new Species of Birds from Gabvoon.
PE ape Roe DULY slates a yet Lea Sian 6% 4s ee Pavan ws 204
On a small Collection of Birds from Bulama (one of the
Bissaros Islands); West Africas..2 0.5 :-<0.20<sccere se 305
On a new Genus and Species of Bird from the West Indies.
Ceeape RLV ae soe AE tee de ao ia Re alae a eal 427
Contributions to a History of the Accipitres, or Birds of
Prey. I. On the Females of the Common and South-African
CUS Cg gil ou (0g 1 Se A Re aR NS 580
Exhibition of two Megapode’s eggs from the Southern
Habiah Mew Manaaem sie) his (ie ee Pehl bes tote cane wee ws 607
A Study of the Larks of Southern Africa. (Plates
EV ee ot ASR PE ol RODS 614
Sowersy, G. B., Jun.
Descriptions of five new Species of Shells. (Plate LXXII.) 598
SroxiczKa, Dr. F., Naturalist to the Yarkund Mission.
Description of the Ovis poli of Blyth. (Plate LIII.).. .. 423
SuMMERHAYES, WILLIAM.
Letter from, respecting the Curassows met with near Aroa
mm Venezuela 3.2.03 aay ass a raha cy Nie CO eva a0
Swinuog, Rosert, F.Z.S., H.B.M. Consul at Ningpo.
On a small, Tufted, Hornless Deer from the mountains
neweeNinepos) GPlate WIR) 1 ase Ae To ae 452
Letter respecting some Bats obtained in China ........ 500
xiv
Page
Taczanowsk1, l., Conservateur du Musée de Varsovie,
C.M.Z.S8.
Description des Oiseaux nouveaux du Pérou Central.
Oblates KIX XE.) isc neccge eine tgp ead Hees 129
Notice of the occurrence of Ciconia boyciana in Eastern
ID CRIA <5 Dies aca = hs outgape apoio Ciao eae eee anaes 307
Description d’une nouvelle Espéce de Mustela du Pérou
@entral. (Plate KEW TEL.) (ee ge. fle ki ats eatin ya 311
Liste des Oiseaux recueillis par M. Constantin Jelski dans
la partie centrale du Pérou occidental. (Plates LXIV.& LXV.) 501
Turati, Count Hercutes, and Satvapori, Taomas, M.D.,
C.M.Z.S.
Description of a new Trogon of the genus Pharomacrus.. 652
Urwin, W. H., Captain, Bengal Staff Corps.
On the Breeding of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
in ‘North-western India ys, 956 92.1 i SER Ei 208
Wattuace, ALFRED Russet, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of some Rhinoceros-horns obtained by Mr.
HT VEretuni EGENED ie, .nc Se osm 2 ala sce ios cialis e.oieio yurn nee aia 498
Warp, Epwin, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two double hind feet of
a’ Fallow Deer-(Cervus dama)....:.... <0. san het ss oes 90
On a supposed new Species of Wild Sheep from Ladak ,. 143
Exhibition of a pair of Antlers of a Deer obtained by
Major Cathcart ‘in ‘the ‘Crimea’. 2. 090 2. Os ee SOO
Wuaitrty, H., C.M.Z.S.
Further Notes on Humming-birds collected in High Peru. 675
Waites, Rev. S. J., C.M.Z.S.
Letter relating to a Didunculus and two Curlews sent to
the Society’s Collection, and to the Habits of Pareudiastes
PALA in. odd ee tote Senet Me lah). diese ote «A: 183
. Letter from, concerning some Birds and a pair of Bats
sent to the Society from Samoa, -):.0h 602 <ceewini ets. O66
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate
Bap Ci Cr BOSCIA oon esate ik nnlagsgiens Yo gaia <ye sve «=
U. be 1. Synallaxis stictothorar .... 0). .cavseeesvvste
A SEMEL irciche ote fora nie Mi acai Auk aa « « PRE
IIL. Pa D Synallaite: howler wie iin isc wt ete Ae © 0's 2
Wiles P.O. CORBA oa: 5 os aac aston a iqnmiaptanee «the 69
IV. } Pig. 1s Symallaais subertstata, iiss, «ajc0,+ + jatet%
Oe a OUBRER OEE i sca cats wif 6 GER 9s ah ci8le
V5 ERD UR ITEC CBOTL ONG a. olan nchn acts she gh hd tax as
Ne AG itaisa ATI ie ses Nog aul aE ASE PL Se ee
WIT.» Skullof Ches camdatisai soo suse acts «oped eee a «
VIII. Cervulus selateri ..
NN TO er) ee
Be GOP Talat OLIN a 5 naka. bain n a yh Be es
XI. Trochalopteron cineraceum .....4.- 60.0 e eee ee ees
AL, Aetemarhares wardens oi ncsias) oA <a'n ope Ce ape 0B 4s vs os
XIII. New Chilian Coleoptera ...........0.csseeee cues
AY 5) PECrOPUS WHMEEE oe 6's Oak uu UR OER St THR
XV. New Species of Fulgora ......00niensceawss roe
AVI. New Siamese Lepidoptera ..........0<e0ee++ oes
XVII. Diagram of the Classification of Birds ....... émies <
XVIII. New or rare Nematode Entozoa «............. sieig's
XIX. ne 1. Microspingus trifasciatus ......6.+...+055 :
Fig. 2. Daenidea leucogastra........000cess soonns
AX, | Dale e meer 5 a cicaie eb. Saipan «aston « ohy-~ -
XXL esa Te, Dettnper aster Gr aaa Kgy.« «oie ocsiaiaieye a:b ey0b 06s a%e
Fig. 2. Metallura hedvige@ na icjesec ces easincsess cs
XXII. Gazella muscatensis..........0.000 Gite oe ictihs
XXIII. Crocodilus madagascariensis ......0.0ceeeeeeeeee
AALY. Odontogram of Vises ccwis «ktas.a som pode dtoces
XXV. Odontogram of Leopards......... AOS Oo odda-CKS
VA, ConA SAP SUNG ois 5 cha shoe's spc “is aaa t aden «
VEL: PR AS JONBSIONE 0508 Scs.cs aie ace, citha's + o°0 win ea ey Gorey:
XXVIII. Rhinoceros sondaicus ........ 00. ceeceeeees eee
ey Skull of Menobranchus..........00. cee cues sat-aede
XXXI. Siredon, Triton, Menobranchus, and Rana ........
SEXAV... Heart of Menobranchug: iiss vc. seu <s db were
XXXII. eon 1. Centropus anselle UPS eee I ae acing a
Fig. 2. Dryoscopus coronatus............ «> Bion?
PTY « £ Chrysotts Fins CHt ola ribetens eueh a uly «ge tie stile on he
XXXV. Gecinus erythropygius ........ ey 6 achs aes poe eT
Xvi
Plate Pp
XXXVI co Lic SGRECOL DONE 4 )s ah a eae ae he eee pai
“UBig. 2: Sasteola heaplinie sy. Gee Rosa asts ssc |
XXXVIIL ae 1& 2. Sazicola leucomelena Metin Meats er aoe
Fig. 3. Saxicola griseiceps ....0csesecscsccscecs ALS
XXXVIII "We. iL Samenl a pollae ooo a<caiaaiwase esl aoe cals
; igs 2. Saeieolacenstor >. sx. .vee sien ee cee car
Fig"). Sanieola dilita 100. cach scaewte. «veri: |
oats ee 2 (Saxicola schlegela: sso. ccs sc cn le omineeiers J
ML TG eb GA RES Sad BE Gs ett nan ete meee: 242
XLI. Muletia septemcincta .......0..0.ccececcesceues 244
ALI. Habasturus luctnosis 2.000000... los Bo does ee 247
XLII. New Cashmere Lepidoptera ..............000005 264
Fig. Le Bupleen pernyeiak vee sot. ch oa a te beer }
XLIV. \Pie 2. Diadema pidehrac. sees oes oe dite bens 00+ egies
Fig. 3. Diadema tatescensa: 02000. ose. ile ba one
XLV. e Mabouia lawesii........ 2.60. s eee e eee seen es \ 295
B. Platurus schistorhynchus .......... eerste sate
Figs. 1-5. Geodia carinata.....:.....c0cceeseese 7)
XLVI. Pie 6-13. Geodia imperfecta .............00-0:
Figs. 14-20. Geodia reticulata ........-......00. 7298
Figs. 1 & 2. Halispongia ventriculoides............ |
XLVIL. } Pe pans
Figs. 3 & 4. Halispongia mantelli..............+- }
ALVA” “Musiete mneawras, fica. ce oe oe eee ee ores 311
RS. Pelis hail. os. Magee ot os ee eee hess cre 322
LL. Nycterentes procyntides.. oo... vee ce ec aa oc so ils 323
ae New Species of. Drassides ........:0c.000-seseee 370
RAM": Geasipole Se eat Scat eee Pere ee hs ee 425
LVS “PROMCOMANES RONG Leien. cle cies nies ate oct) olorebaher ots) ea eia)als 427
LV. New Species of Hrigone from North America ...... 428
LiVilo> (Chameleon montium... o.0 > ce a + ole als» ce «+ oeials
LVI. ecg A, A’. Rampholeon spectrum. ..........0 0045 442
Big! Bi Bothroly cus aten.ves; «js\seresialaae vis weenie
LVIIL ae 1. Synallaxis pudibunda BHA aedtoco Aye O70 2 « 445
Fig. 2. Synallaxis graminicola ...........+++++++
LUX. Wophbivagus Michianusion. <n soe eee ant a iet ee 452
UX: Egesiof vareDimicole. ivr... oracle ee ese cee 454
LXI. : :
HSE goad 0Ogtn OOo COrnon ogo oo Tn 474
LXIL. Fregilupus varius 7
IGXDED.. CP elss serra, a voip «iterate ccietoi ure ets’ tuaiele pialists s.eterel a 496
ELXTV.' Purdue Wegricepe ic niacin a)ecce ns vc oe an 6 5 bres yim 501
LXV... Buarremon tricolor <2 00. ie = salve sce ees ve ws ele
Tea | New Asiatic Lepidopteta...2.0.-000000ecccseee 565
LXVIII. ap 1&2. Cerchneis PUPICOIA sooo en ces enees 580
Fig. 3. Cerchneis tinnunculus ......+0++02 eee eees
TAXON ONE WAD Dell Sikete itatarreicls sheterstalets a umerere i Wiel amie oe 584
Plate
LXX.
LXXI.
LXXII.
LXXIII.
LXXIV.
LXXV.
LXXVI.
LXXVII.
LXXVIII.
LXXIX.
LXXxX.
LXXXI.
LXXXII.
LXXXIlII.
LXXXIV.
——
XVii
Classification of Parrots. 3. ces sasis s erk ob woe
Pedigree-tree ‘of thie Pssttaet ooo. os... ccc c eens
iNew; Shellsiticeaa tates Wot kitei a lode «hang
New Species of Plectopylis: 5 ......0000% 63 une vee nee
Fig. 1. Mirafra fringilloides ..........., Be agacare
Big, 2. Mirafra damarensig (0.4.5.0 esecs ise cece
Fig. 1. Heterocorys breviunguis ..........0000 0005
Kies 2,, Ammominesgrayt /isc s/f eecued see esis és
Halmaturusiaptedlisi:... oa = eae mee wield wacayes oc avns
[GL CAD GE Ra ogo Aka Cae OGIO OUOIGCR Pid obo) DOrene
Nest and Eggs of on MONTE Na yevetoset eh teeta ot: <i ohete's
Uromastix microlepis. . Denton chs ceteris ats
Herpestes ferrugineus. . Sh Gecannoe
Dasyprocta antillensia Ceefel sear Were araPue ine srajahe Slee) or
New North-Australian Shells ...............
Nothoprocta taczanowskit 1.5.66 cee cd ccec we scse
wv
aa
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ae
el As
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: tat boii <= ee a oe tails erm
at ee Se. OT a eae
rep ina Owe + eager Aid
REE Pape ee eee spas
ar ge % ETT OED pw a + ee ee
rae Meatc iG: aeee ras oeght tol)”
Ay ee a Pe ste ieee ggg Ho aT ba Wa 7 Sot
iP Fate gl.) . ete? oe eeecres wisdom vtaneionthy: a
toh axe ‘a. E aeer otic Oe t, Aperary ts’ peal
Big, Sy La Ceyoryet ininas-da08t walt
pes ME ee et armen,
wi er pete 3 : : %
Ji ae « : abr ben =
ea) Se eae dl
fe ™ < Pg ¢ thebeg @:s >.< ens ST ol si ; ‘
= 2p . Megane cere’
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PELE. ioe a ; ote
: «& %y nape ae ae sae :
je a “ae ea, i
_ =
I a al
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 6, 1874.
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1873 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of December was 54, of which 4 were by
birth, 27 by presentation, 10 by purchase, 4 received in exchange,
and 9 received on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period by death and removals was 108.
Amongst the additions two only are of sufficient interest to call
for special remarks. These are :—
1. A female Onager, or Wild Ass of Cutch (Zguus onager), pre-
sented December 23rd by Captain Henry Lowther Nutt, Acting
Assistaut Political Agent in Kattagwar. The following extract from
a letter of Captain Nutt relates to this animal :—
“JT think I told you that I ran it down on the Runn of Kutch.
I was riding hard after it for 3 hours and 5 minutes; and the esti-
mated length of the chase was 40 miles. I rode two horses, as I
discovered from the ‘ puggies,’ or watchers near the Runn, that if
the animals were disturbed from where they were they would pro-
bably make for another place some 12 or 13 miles distant. I was
therefore able to post a fresh party of horsemen and a fresh horse
for myself at the place further on; and true enough the herd did
make for the spot indicated, so that the running was taken up and
continued with the fresh horses; and in this way the capture was
effected, but even then not until both my horses, which were in good
order at the time, had been ridden to a standstill. This will give
you an idea of the speed and endurance of these animals.
**T wrote an account of the chase; and it appeared in the June
number, I think, of the ‘Oriental Sporting Magazine,’ under the
head of ‘ Donkey-Hunting on the Runn of Kutch.’ ”
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. I. 1
2 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,-
2. A pair of the new Japanese Stork lately described by Mr.
Swinhoe in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ as Ciconia boyciana*, brought
home by Mr. Swinhoe, and presented to the Society by Mr. R. H.
Boyce, Chief of H.M. Office of Works at Shanghai.
This fine new Stork is readily distinguishable from its two allies,
C. alba and C. maguari (with which it has been placed in company
at the Gardens) by its larger size, and the naked red line which runs
through the eye. The billis black, as in C. maguari, the legs red.
The sketch exhibited (Plate I.) from Mr. Keulemans’s pencil will
give a good idea of this most interesting new bird.
Dr. A. Leith Adams, F.Z.S., exhibited the horns, and made
remarks on the appearance and habits, of a breed of the Common
Goat which had returned to wildness on the cliffs of the Old Head
of Kinsale, Ireland. The points remarked on were :—(a) the striking
similitude of the horns to Capra egagrus in comparison with the
usual twisted contour of domesticated varieties ; (4) the pronounced
similitude in habits to feral species; (c) unusual length of the horn,
Mr. A. H. Garrod, in drawing attention to the death on December
14th of the female Rhinoceros unicornis, which had lived in the
Society’s Gardens for more than twenty-three years, remarked that
the only pathological sign detected was the enlargement of the
lymphatic glands at the base of the heart. Mr. Garrod’s observa-
tions on the visceral anatomy of this Rhinoceros were quite confir-
matory of those of Professor Owen. In addition he mentioned that
there was a minute os cordis at the attached margin of one of the
aortic valves, and that in the Perissodactyla this bone is not always
absent, as by some supposed, he having found a large one in a
Sumatran Tapir. The remarkable difference between the arrange-
ment of the mucous membrane of the small intestine in the Indian
and Sumatran Rhinocerotes (that of the former being produced into
villi nearly an inch long through its whole length, whilst in the
latter these were represented by valvulze conniventes) was also illus-
trated from specimens in spirit.
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Species of the Genus Synallaxis of the Family
Dendrocolaptide. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D.,
F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.
[Received January 6, 1874.]
(Plates II., IIL., & IV.)
Having some apparently new Synallazes in my collection to describe,
I found it necessary to make a thorough re-examination of the nume-
rous species of this extensive genus, to which I had on several former
* See P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 513.
JGKeulemans lth
Mé& NHanhart. i pup
CICONIA BOYCIANA.
J Set hith .
io NALLAXIG
2.SYNALLAXIS
STICTOTHORAX
SCUTATA.
M&NHamnhart mp.
PZ. 51874 PLA.
J. Smut lith. 7 M&N.Hanhart.amp.
| 1. SYNALLAXIS KOLLARI
| 2. SYNALLAXIS CAND1.
fo lere PLT
J. Smit ith
M2N Hanhart.imp
I. SYNALLAXIS SUBCRISTATA
2eagY NALLAXIS, HYPOSTIC'
1874.} | MR. P. L., SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 3
occasions devoted some attention*. The result has been to establish
to my greater or less satisfaction the validity of some fifty-eight
species of the genus, of which I have examined specimens ; while
there remain a few others with which I think nothing can be done
without reference to the original types, if they are still in existence.
The principal collections examined for the purpose of this synopsis
are :-—
1. My own, which contains 121 specimens referable to forty-nine
species, those deficient being the nine marked with an asterisk in the
table at the end of this paper.
2. That of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, containing fifty-seven
specimens, amongst which is one of S. rujigenis, not in my own
collection.
3. That of Mr. G. N. Lawrence of New York, which that gentle-
man, with his accustomed liberality, sent over to me for examination.
4. A selection of specimens from the Bremen Museum, intrusted
to my care by Dr. Finsch.
5. A set of types from the Imperial Cabinet of Vienna, which the
Directors of that liberal Institution have transmitted for examination,
and which have been of the utmost importance, as being almost all
unique specimens.
These five series I have had before me constantly whilst preparing
this synopsis. But I have likewise examined :—
6. The specimens in the British Museum, amongst which are the
types of S. stictothorax, S. semicinerea, and S. seutata.
7. The specimens in the Berlin Museum, amongst which are
several important types of Lichtenstein and Cabanis.
8. The mounted and unmounted specimens in the Jardin des
Plantes. The latter M. Milne-Edwards most courteously allowed
me to bring over to London for comparison with my own skins.
This has been of the utmost service to me (although the greater part
of the synopsis was finished last summer, before I had seen them), as
the series contained many original specimens of D’Orbigny, Castelnau
and Deville, and other well-known collectors.
Before commencing my synopsis of the species of Synallazis I
propose to give a short chronological history of the genus, as
follows :—
_ (1819.) The genus Synallazis is established by Vieillot (N. Dict.
@H. N. xxxii. p. 309). The types given are 8. ruficauda and S.
ruficapilla.
(1820.) Temminck, in his ‘Manuel d’Ornithologie’ (preface,
p- Ixxii), establishes the genus Anabates with the “ Rouge-queue de
la Guiane” of Buffon for type, which = Synallawis guianensis.
(1824.) Spix (Aves Brasil. i. p. 85) uses the genus Synallaxis
for S. ruficauda, and makes another genus, Parulus, for his P.
ruficeps, which = Synallazis spixi.
(1825.) Vieillot (Gal. d. Ois. i. pl. 174) figures his S. ruficapilla
as representing the genus Synallazis, and his S.ruficauda under the
name Certhia cinnamomea.
* See papers P. Z. 8, 1859, p. 191, and 1869, p. 636. a
1
4 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
(1827?) Temminck (Pl. Col. 38th and 52nd livr.) writes upon
Synallaxis (which he places near Malurus), and describes and
figures five new species, S. rutilans, S. albescens, S. cinerascens, S.
tecellata, and S. setaria, all from Brazil. The last two are attri-
buted to Auguste Saint-Hilaire’s researches, the first three are
probably based on Natterer’s specimens.
(1830.) Kittlitz, in his article on certain birds from Chili (Mém.
pr. Ac. Sc. St. Petersburg), describes and figures two Chilian
species, S. Aumicola and S. egithaloides.
(1830.) P.Z.S. p. 30, Captain King describes S. anthoides from
Patagonia.
(1831.) P. Max. (Beitr. z. Nat. v. Brasil. ili, p. 683 e¢ seq.)
describes the Synallaxes met with by him in S.E. Brazil. These
are:—1, S. cinereus (=S. ruficapilla, Vieill.) ; 2. 8. pallidus, sp. opt. ;
3. S. caudacutus (=S. cinnamomea) ; and 4. S. torquatus, sp. opt.
(1837.) In their “ Synopsis Avium,”’ published in the ‘ Magasin
de Zoologie’ for this year, MM. Lafresnaye and d’Orbigny publish
an account of the Synallawes obtained by the latter during his cele-
brated journey in South America. Fourteen species are enumerated,
whereof nine are described as new. These species are again described
at fuller length in the fourth volume of D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage dans
l’ Amérique Méridionale,’ issued 1835-44.
The following table shows the results of my identification of
D’Orbigny’s Synallawxes as arranged in the last-mentioned work :—
Name of D’Orb. Page. Plate. Name adopted by P. L. 8.
1. S. dorsomaculatus ...... 237 | xiv. fig. 2. Phieocryptes melanops.
2. S. maluroides........+... 238 | xiv. figs. 3, 4.| S. malurotdes.
3. S. troglodytoides ...... apa bbe emeriiged Sp. dub.
4. S. phryganophilus...... 250N9 Ws: S. phryganophila.
5. S. ruficauda see...seeeee 240.) ndedes S. cinnamomea.
6. S. striaticeps ........+.0 241 | xvi. fig. 1. S. striaticeps.
He Ss \QIDTCEDS aan ccaupaee = san a) X¥de iS A S. albiceps.
8. S. fuliginiceps ...,....- 242 | xvii. fig. 1. | Leptasthenura fuliginiceps.
9. S. egithaloides ......... Aas Ameren Leptasthenura egithaloides.
10. S. leucocephulus......... Pls Bt a ee ones Sp. dub.
ll. S. humicola .........- 245 | xvii. fig. 2. | S. orbigniz.
12. S. ruficapilla ...........- GABE? “encemees S. frontalis.
NBR USE LORE oho CeO 00 eee, ae eeaay Sp. dub. (=frontalis ?).
14, S. maximiliani ......... 247 | xv. fig. 1. S. maximiliani.
15. S. dorquatus ........000. 248 | xv. fig. 2. S. torquata.
16. S. patagonica............ 249 “dice S. patagonica.
(1838.) Rev. Zool. p. 165. Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny describe
S. candai from Cartagena.
(1839.) Rev. Zool. p. 105. Lesson describes S. sordida from
Chili.
(1840.) In the third volume of the ‘ Zoology of the Voyage of
the Beagle’ eight species of Synallaxis are included as having been
met with in South America. Four are described as new—S. major
(=Anumbius acuticaudatus), S. rufogularis (=S. anthoides), S.
flavogularis (=S, sordida), and S. brunnea (=S. sordida, jr.).
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 5
(1843.) Revue Zoologique, p. 290. Lafresnaye describes five new
species of Synallawzis in an article upon new Columbian birds :—S.
unirufa, fuliginosa, brachyura, gularis, and cinnamomea. These
are all good species except S. brachyura, which I cannot make out.
In 1859 I changed the name cinnamomea to lemosticta, as there
was already a S. cinnamomea (Linn.).
(1846.) Mr. G. R. Gray gives a list of thirty-five (then) described
species of Synal/axis in Gray and Mitchell’s ‘ Genera of Birds.’
(1847.) Sir W. Jardine describes S. terrestris from Tobago.
Ann. N. H. xix. p. 80.
(1848.) Cabanis, in Schomburgk’s ‘ Reisen in Britisch Guiana’
(iii. p. 689), mentions only two Synallaxes, S. ruficauda (i.e. 8.
cinnamomea) and S. ruficapilla, which is =S. frontalis.
(1850.) Bonaparte, in his ‘ Conspectus,’ gives a list of thirty-two
species of Synallawis.
(1850.) Sir W. Jardine (Contr. Orn. p. 82, pl. 56) describes and
figures 8. flammulata from Ecuador.
(1851.) Eyton describes two new Synallaves in ‘ Contr. to Orn.’
p- 150, S. olivascens (=S. ruficapilla) and S. modesta.
(1852.) Reichenbach, in his ‘ Handbuch d. Speciellen Ornitho-
logie,’ gives his account of Synal/axis. Being a mere compilation,
with little reference to actual specimens, it is, like the rest of this
author’s work, replete with gross errors. The true Synallazes are
scattered amongst the (so-called:) genera Synallaxis, Leptasthenura,
Bathmidura, Melanopareia, Cranioleuca, Asthenes, Leptoxyura, and
Stptornis. In the middle of these are placed the Australian Ortho-
nyx and the Clitonyx (sive Mohoua) of New Zealand! The new
species described are Leptoryura semicinerea and Bathmidura
@ orbignii, both which (specific) names are adopted here.
(1854.) Burmeister gives an account of the Brazilian Synallazes in
his ‘Syst. Uebersicht d. Thiere Brasiliens.’ Two species of Melano-
paria and eight of Synallaxis are given; but several of these were
not met with by the author personally.
(1855.) P.Z.S.p.75. I describe S. erythrothorax from Central-
American skins.
(1856.) Ann. N. H. xvii. p. 466. I describe S. castanea from
Venezuela.
(1856.) Burmeister, in his ‘Syst. Uebersicht d. Thiere Brasiliens’
(vol. ili. p. 37 et seg.), gives an account of the S.E. Brazilian
species, but introduces S. mazimiliani, which does not oceur in
Brazil, referring it and its near ally S. torquata to Melanopareia,
Reich. The species met with by Burmeister himself appear to have
been only S. torquata, S. spixi (sub nom. S. albescens), S. pallida,
and S. cinnamomea (called S. mentalis). These, however, are not
very clearly distinguished in every case.
(1856.) P. Z.S. pp. 25,97. I describe four new species of Syn-
allaxis—S. elegans, 8. mesta, S. spivi, and S. caniceps. Of these,
S. elegans=S. frontalis, v. Pelzeln.
(1857.) P. Z.S. p. 273. I describe S. muléostriata from speci-
mens in the Jardin des Plantes. But this =S. fammulata, Jardine.
6 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
(1858.) P. Z. 8. p. 62. In my account of a collection from the
Rio Napo two supposed new species of Synallaxis are described as
S. albigularis and S. brunneicauda. The former I now refer to
S. albescens.
(1858.) P. ZS. p.457. I describe S. antisiensis from Ecuador.
(1859.) P. Z. 8. p. 191. I describe as new S. pudiea, S. sticto-
thorax, and S. scutata, and give a complete list of the known species
and a table of their geographical distribution.
(1859.) Pelzeln (Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 101 e¢ seg.) describes
the Synallazes in the Imperial Cabinet collected by Natterer. S.
propinqua, S. alopecias, and S. hyposticta are described as new.
(1859.) Cabanis and Heine (Mus. Hein. ii. p. 27) give four
species of Synallawis as represented in Heine’s Museum. One, S.
ruticilla, is described as new, and Buffon’s ‘ Pl. Enl.’ 686. fig. 2 is
identified, whereby it is shown that Anabates= Synallazis.
(1860.) P. Z. 8. p. 66. I describe as new S. erythrops from
Keuador.
(1861.} Burmeister, in the second volume of his ‘ La-Plata Reise,”
enumerates the Synallaves of the Argentine Republic. These he
makes eight in number, namely :—
Synallaxis humicola (=S. orbignit of my nomenclature).
flavigularis (=S. sordida).
ruficapilla (=S. frontalis).
Suliginiceps (= Leptasthenura fuliginiceps).
—— phryganophila.
— egithaloides (=Leptasthenura egithaloides).
— striaticeps.
—— melanops (=Phleocryptes melanops).
(1866.) P. Z. 8. p. 183 et seg. Sclater and Salvin record the
Synallaces obtained by Mr. E. Bartlett on the Ucayali. Two are
described as new, S. ¢erricolor and S. vulpecula. But, as subsequent
investigations show, the former = S. propinqua, and the latter is
hardly distinct from S. vulpina.
(1867.) The Chilian Synallazes are enumerated by Sclater in an
article.on Chilian birds, P. Z.S. p. 324, and those of Whitely’s col-
lections in Western Peru, idid. p. 985. But the species from the last
locality named S. orbignii is wrongly determined, and = S. arequipe.
(1868.) In their article on Mr. Hudson’s Buenos-Ayrean col-
lection (P. Z. 8. pp. 140 & 141), Sclater and Salvin include four
Synallaxes.—N.B. S. albescens, p. 140, is a lapsus calami for Lepta-
sthenura egithaloides. See P. Z.S. 1869, p. 632.
(1868.) Ann. L. New York, p. 105. Lawrence describes S.
rufigenis as new, and includes two other species in his list of
Costarican birds.
(1868.) P. Z. 8. p. 636. Burmeister describes S. sulphurifera,
and notes occurrence of S. spixi near Buenos Ayres.
(1869.) P. Z.S. p.417. 8S. arequipe (previously referred to S.
orbigny?) is described by Sclater and Salvin. Iéid. p.636. S.curtate
is described and figured by Sclater.
1874.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 7
(1870.) P. Z.S. p. 840. S. wyatti is described by Sclater.
(1871.) P. Z. S. p. 85. Remarks on Synallaxis candei by
Sclater.
(1872.) P. Z. S. p. 543 et seg. Mr. Hudson gives an account
of the Synallazes met with during his excursion to the Rio Negro of
Patagonia—six species in all, which are determined by Sclater.
(1872.) Lawrence (Ann, Lyc. N. Y. x. p. 186) describes S.
maculata (=stictothoraz, mihi).
(1873.) Journ. f. O. p. 319. Cabanis describes three new Syz-
allaxes from Jelski’s Peruvian collections—S. humilis, S. albicapilla,
and Schizoeaca palpebralis. A new genus, Schizoeaca, is made for
the last species.
(1873.) P. Z.S. p. 269. In their article on the birds of Eastern
Peru, Sclater and Salvin mention five species of Synallazis.
The subdivision of the species of Synallazis into minor groups 1s
a task of no ordinary difficulty. Of the numerous genera into which
it has been proposed by some authors to arrange them I adopt only
Oxyurus, Phleocryptes, and Leptasthenura, which alone seem to me
to present sufficient structural differences for recognition. This
leaves a mass of nearly sixty species in Synallazis, which may be
separated into two sections according as the rectrices are ten or
twelve in number.
I commence with the first of these subdivisions :—
Div, A. Synallaxes normales, rectricibus decem.
Sect. a. Species pileo alis et cauda rufis.
1. SYNALLAXIS RUFICAPILLA.
Synallaxis ruficapilla, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxxii. p. 310 (1819),
et Enc. Méth. p. 622, et Gal. Ois. pl. 174; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
p- 97, et 1859, p. 192; Cat. A. B. p. 150; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii.
p- 38; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 116; Orn, Bras. p. 35.
Sphenura ruficeps, Licht. Doubl. p. 42.
Synallaxis cinereus, Max. Beitr. ili. p. 685.
Synallaxis olivascens, Eyton, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 150.
Fusca: pileo toto, alis extus et cauda rufis: striga postsuperciliart
flavicante : subtus cineracea, lateribus et crisso fusco perfusis :
subalaribus pallide cervinis : long. tota 6, ale 2°2, cauda 3 poll.
Hab. S8.E. Brazil, prov. S. Paulo (Natt.).
' The true Synallazxis ruficapilla of Vieillot is confined to the
southern part of the wood-region of S.E. Brazil. It is easily distin-
guishable from its congeners by the extension of the rufous head
over the front, and the slight yellowish stripe behind the eye,
which separates the rufous cap from the dark cinereous sides of the
head.
I have examined the typical specimens of S. olivascens in Mr.
Eyton’s collection. They belong to this species.
8 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
2. SYNALLAXIS FRONTALIS.
Synallavis frontalis, Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 117 (1859),
et Orn. Bras. p. 35; Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Camp. p. 194.
Synallazxis ruficapilla, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 246; Burm. La-Plata
Reise, ii. p. 468; Darw. Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 79 ; Cab. in Schomb.
Guian. iii. p. 685.
Synallaxis azare, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 246.
Parulus ruficeps 2, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 85, t. 86. fig. 2.
Synallaxts elegans, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, pp. 25, 98, and 1859,
pp- 141, 191 (nec Lesson) ; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 21.
Synallazis ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 553.
Synallaxis elegantior, Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 151 (1862).
Synallaxis poliophrys, Cab. J. f. O. 1866, p. 307.
Fusca: pileo rufo, fronte fusca: alis extus et cauda rufis: striga
superciliari albescenti-cinerea: subtus cineracea: ventre medio
albicante : hypochondriis et crisso fusco lavatis: long. tota 6,
ale 2°2, caude 3°2.
Hab, America tropica a Columbia ad remp. Arg.; Bogota (Mus.
P. LE. 8.); Ecuador (Fraser); Western Peru (Jelski); Bolivia
(D’ Ord.) ; Guiana (Schomé.); Brazil, Bahia (Wucherer) ; Goyaz
and Cujaba (Natt.); Corrientes, rep. Arg.(D’ Oré.); Parana(Burm.).
Obs. Sp. a precedente fronte fusca distinguenda.
After examining a large number of specimens of this form from
different localities, I have come to the conclusion to unite them under
v. Pelzeln’s appropriate name. My name elegans was first given,
founded upon Bogota skins, but changed to elegantior in 1862, on
account of there being a Synallazis elegans of Lesson. In the
mean time, however, v. Pelzelu had bestowed the term /ronéalis upon
Bolivian specimens.
Amongst the skins from the Jardin des Plantes intrusted to me
for examination I find one of D’Orbigny’s (Valle Grande, 1834),
agreeing sufficiently well with the characters assigned to his 8. azarae.
These are, however, in my opinion hardly sufficient to warrant
specific distinction.
3. SYNALLAXIS MGESTA.
Synallaxis mesta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 26, and 1859, p. 193;
Cat. A. B. p. 152.
Obscure brunnea fere unicolor, subtus magis cinerascens : pileo, nisi
in fronte, alis extus et cauda rufis : rostro forti, pedibus crassis :
long. tota 5°5, ale 2°5, caude 2°8.
Hab. Columbia int. et rep. Aiquator.
Obs. A S. frontali, rostro forti, pedibus crassis, cauda brevi et
colore corporis obscuro satis diversa.
4, SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDA.
Synallaxis ruficapilla, Jelski, MS.
Synallaxis brunneicaudalis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, pp. 62, 457,
and 1859, p. 192; Cat. A. B. p. 152.
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 9
Fusco-rufescens, pileo toto usque ad frontem et alis extus rufis :
cauda luridiore rufa: subtus fusca, in gutture cineraceo perfusa :
long. tota 6, ale 2°7, caude rectr. med. 2°8, ext. 0°9.
Hab. Rio Napo (Verreaux) ; vic. of Tarma, Western Peru (Jelski).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Obs. Species admodum fortis, cauda brevi graduata, colore rufo
ad frontem extenso, necnon cauda luride rufa distincta.
I am a little doubtful whether my skin from Zamora, Ecuador
(P. Z. S. 1859, p. 192), should be referred here cr to S. mesta, as
it is quite immature.
Sect. 6. Species pileo et alis extus rufis ; cauda fusca.
5. SYNALLAXIS SPIXI.
Parulus ruficeps, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 85, pl. 86. f. 1.
Synallaxis ruficapillus, Reichb. Handb. p. 158.
Synallaxis spixi, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 98, et 1859, pp. 192,
196, et Cat. A. B. p. 151; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 117,
et Orn. Bras. p. 35; Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Camp. p. 193; Burm.
P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 536; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 632.
Synallaxis albescens, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 39 ; Cab. et Hein.
Mus. Hein. ii. p. 27.
Fusca: pileo usque ad frontem et alis extus rufis: subtus cinerea,
ventre medio dilutiore, hypochondriis et crisso fuscescentibus :
long. tota 6°5, ale 2°1, caude 3°5.
Hab. Bras. merid. or. et rep. Arg. prov. S. Paulo (Naté.);
Campos of Minas Geraes (und); Buenos Ayres (Hudson).
This appears to be the species figured by Spix as the male of his
Parulus ruficeps, whence I named it S. spizi. It is not uncommon
in collections from Rio, but does not appear to go much further
north. Southward it extends to the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, where
Mr. Hudson has obtained specimens.
6. SYNALLAXIS ALBESCENS.
Synallazis albescens, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. f. 2; Sclater, P. Z. 8.
1849, p. 192; Cat. A. B. p. 151; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 183,
1868, p. 167, 1869, pp. 252 & 598; Salvin, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 143;
Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 118, et Orn. Br. p. 36.
Synallaxis albigularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, pp. 63, 456, and
1859, p. 192, and Cat. A. B. p. 151; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p-. 183, 1868, p. 141, and 1873, p. 269.
Fusca: pileo, nisi in fronte, alis extus et cauda rufis: subtus
dilutior, gula et ventre medio albis: long. tota 6, ale 2:1,
caude 2°7.
Hab. Veragua et inde Am. merid. usque ad remp. Arg. ; Veragua
(Arcé) ; Bogota (Mus. P.L.S.) ; Ecuador, Zamora (Fraser) ; Vene-
zuela (Goering); Trinidad (Mus. P.L, S.); Guiana (Mus. Berol.) ;
Nauta and Upper Ucayali (Bartl.); Pebas (Hauawell) ; Cosnipata,
W. Peru (Whitely) ; S.E. and Central Brazil and Lower Amazonia
(Natt.); Mendoza (Weisshaupt) ; Buenos Ayres (Hudson).
Obs. Differt a S. spizi fronte fusca et gula albescente.
10 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. (Jan. 6,
Of this Synallazis I was for some time inclined to recognize two
forms, a northern (8. albigularis) and a southern representative (S.
albescens). Further investigation, however, has convinced me that
it is better to reunite these, and to regard the whole as belonging to
one rather variable species.
7. SYNALLAXIS HYPOSPODIA, Sp. Nov.
Fusca: pileo, nisi in fronte et alarum teetrictbus extus rufis: subtus
pallide cinerea, gutturis plumarum apicibus et ventre medio albis:
hypochondriis et crisso fuscescentibus : cauda plumis latis, fuscis,
apicem versus obscurioribus : long. tota 5°7, ale 2°2, caude 3.
Haé. in Brasil. merid. prope Bahia (Wucherer).
Mus. P.L.S. et $.-G.
This form is common in collections from Bahia, but cannot be
referred to any described species. From S. albescens it differs in
the ashy plumage below, and from S. suépudica in its shorter and
broader tail-feathers. iS. pudica is nearly uniform dark cinereous
below, and has more extended red on the outer wings.
8. SYNALLAXIS SUBPUDICA, Sp. nov.
Fusca: pileo, nisi in fronte, cum nucha, tectricibus alarum et remig?-
bus extus ad basin rufis: subtus pallide cinerea, gutturis plumis
basin versus nigricantibus, hypochondriis et crisso fusco perfusis :
cauda elongata, fusca unicolori: long. tota 6'5, ale 2°2, caud@ 4°2.
Hab. in Columbia int.
Mus. P.L.S. et 8.-G.
I have two “ Bogota”’ skins of this form; and a third is in the
collection of Salvin and Godman. I was at one time inclined to refer
it to the young of S. pudica, but cannot satisfy myself that this
would be correct. The distinguishing feature of the species is the
long tail (measuring from 4:0 to 4:4) and the narrowness of the
rectrices. The colour below is not uniform dark cinereous as in S.
pudica, but more nearly resembles that of S. hypospodia, being pale
cinereous, with the throat-feathers dark at their bases and silvery
white at their tips, and the middle of the belly nearly white.
9. SYNALLAXIS PUDICA.
Synallaxis pudica, Sclater, P. Z. 8.1859, p. 191, and 1860, pp. 88,
278, 294; Cat. A. B. p. 151; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 354.
S. brunneicaudalis, Lawr. Aun, L. N. Y. vii. p. 319.
S. nigrifumosa, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 180; Salv. P. Z. 8.
1867, p. 143.
Supra fusca, pileo nisi in fronte et alis extus rufis: subtus obscure
cinerea fere unicolor : long. tota 6°7, ale 2°2, caude 3°3.
Hab. Columbia, Aquatoria, Panama et Costa Rica; Bogota
(Mus. P. L. 8.) ; Ecuador, Nanegal et Babahoyo (Fraser) ; Panama
(M‘Clellan) ; Chiriqui (Arcé) ; Costarica (Carmiol).
I originally established this species on a Bogota skin, from which
Fraser’s Ecuador specimens will hardly bear separation. The Panama
and northern skins (S. xiyrifumosa, Lawr.) are generally rather
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 11
darker and more uniform below, but hardly more so than in two
Bogota skins in Salvin and Godman’s collection.
Sect. e. Species pileo fusco ; alis extus et cauda rufis.
10. SYNALLAXIS GUIANENSIS.
Rouge-queue de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. 686. fig. 2.
Motacilla guianensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 988.
Synallawis guianensis, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 27.
Sphenura cinnamomea, Licht. Doubl. p. 42.
Synallaxis inornata, Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xx. p- 161, &
xxxiv. p. 120; Orn. Br. p. 36; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 194.
Supra fusca : alis extus et cauda rufis : subtus valde dilutior, gutture
et ventre medio albescentibus : long. tota 6, ale 2°3, caud@e 3.
Hab. Guiana, Amazonia inferior et Columbia interior: Cayenne
(Buf.); Surinam (C. Bartlett); Para (Layard); Borba and Rio
Negro (Natt.); Bogota (Mus. P. L. S.).
There can, I think, be little doubt that this bird is the « Rouge-
queue de Cayenne” of Buffon, and therefore the true type of
Temminck’s genus Anabates, as has been shown by Cabanis and
Heine. I have examined the specimens in the Berlin Museum (from
Para and Cayenne) marked Sylvia (serius Sphenura) cinnamomea.
I have also a typical example of Pelzeln’s Synallaris inornata,
which I think cannot be distinguished from other skins from Para,
Cayenne, and Bogota.
11. SyNALLAXIS ALBILORA.
Synallaxis albilora, Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xx. p- 16, &
xxxiv. p. 120; Orn. Br. p. 37; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p- 193.
Synallaxis modesta, Natt. MS.
Supra fusca: alis extus et cauda rufis: subtus cinnamomea ventre
dilutiore, gutture et loris albescentibus : long. tota 6, ale 2-4,
caude 3.
Hab. in Brasil. int. prov. Cuyaba et Matogrosso (Natt.) ; Bolivia
( Bridges).
This species, of which I have a typical example received from
Vienna, is very closely allied to S. guianensis. The white lores are
not a sufficient distinction, as they are quite as white in some speci-
mens of the latter. “ But the body below is cinnamomeous in the
present bird, and it is possible that the two species may be reall
distinct. A Bolivian skin (collected by Bridges) in the British Mu-
seum appears to be referable to this species.
12. SYNALLAXIS CINERASCENS.
Synallaxis cinerascens, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. fig. 3; Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras. p. 36.
Supra murino-fusca unicolor : alis extus et cauda (luridiore) rufis :
subtus cinerea, lateribus et crisso fuscescentibus ; gule plumis ad
basin nigris, ad apicem albescentibus : long. tota 5*1, ale 2:1,
caudeé 2°6,
12 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. (Jan. 6,
Hab. Brasil. merid. orient. prov. S. Paulo et Parana (Natt.).
This is a rather small and weakly formed species, obtained, so far
as I know, only by Natterer. I have one of his typical specimens,
and have seen others in the Museums of Berlin and Vienna.
13. SYNALLAXIS PROPINQUA.
Synallaxis propinqua, ‘Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 101, et
Orn. Bras. p. 37.
Synallawis terricolor, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 183, and
1873, p. 269.
Anabates pulvericolor, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 62 (ex MS. Lafr.) ?
Supra murino-fusca : alis extus et cauda luride rufescentibus : subtus
albida fusco perfusa, gutturis plumis ad basin nigricantibus :
rostro elongato: pedibus validis : tarsis elongatis: long. tota 6,
ale 2°2, caude 2°8: tarsi 0°95.
Hab. Rio Madeira (Natt.) ; Amazonia sup. (HZ. Bartlett).
After comparing the type of Synallaxis propinqua (kindly lent to
me for that purpose by the authorities of the Imperial Cabinet of
Vienna) with examples of S. ¢erricolor (founded by Mr. Salvin and
myself on Mr. Bartlett’s Upper-Amazonian specimens), I have come
to the conclusion that they must be referred to the same species.
The typical specimen of S. propinqua is slightly tinged with rufes-
cent above, but is otherwise scarcely different.
14, SYNALLAXIS STICTOTHORAX. (Plate II. fig. 1.)
Synallawis stictothoraz, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 191.
Synallaxis maculata, Lawr. Aun. L. N.Y. x. p. 186 (1872).
Murino-brunnea, uropygio rufescente: alis caudaque intus nigricanti-
brunneis, extus rufo late limbatis : superciliis a fronte et lateribus
cervicis albidis, nigro obsolete punctatis : subtus alba, lateribus et
ventre imo rufescentibus : pectore toto maculis triangularibus
nigricantibus asperso: rostro nigro, basi alba, pedibus fuscis ;
long. tota 4°75, ale 2, caude 2°25, tarsi 0°75.
Hab. Aiquatoria oce.
Mus. Brit. ex Guayaquil (Barclay) ; Gul. Jardine Bart. ex Aiqua-
toria.
The figure of this Synallazis is from the typical specimen in the
British Museum. In the Jardin des Plantes are four skins—three
sent from Guayaquil by Mr. Rémy, and the fourth collected by
Eydoux on the island of Puna.
15. SYNALLAXIS SEMICINEREA.
Leptoxyura semicinerea, Reich. Handb. d. Sp. O. p. 170, t. Dxx1.
fig. 3610 (1853).
Synallaxis caniceps, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 98, and 1859, p. 194.
Dorso alis extus et cauda rufis: pileo pallide cinereo: corpore
subtus lactescenti-albo : rostro et pedibus flavidis : long. tota 5°5,
ale 2°4, caude@ rectr. med. 2°2, eat. 1°1.
Hab. Bolivia, Valle Grande (D’Ord.).
Mus. Dom. Eyt.
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 13
My acquaintance with this species was made in 1856 from speci-
mens in the British Museum and in Mr. T. C. Eyton’s collection.
I have again examined these examples, and have recognized their
identity with Leptoxyura semicinerea of Reichenbach, whose prior
specific name is now adopted accordingly. An imperfect skin of
this bird in the Jardin des Plantes was obtained by D’Orbigny in
the Bolivian province of Valle Grande.
Synallaxis semicinerea is at once recognizable by its pale ashy
head and uniform red back, wings, and tail, and in colour is quite unlike
any other known species. Both specimens examined appear to have
only ten rectrices. Mr. Eyton’s skin was purchased of Parzudaki,
and is labelled “ Bahia.”
16. Synauuaxis scurata. (Plate II. fig. 2.)
Synallavis scutata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p- 191.
Supra murino-brunnea ; dorso toto, alis extus et cauda rufis ; super-
ciliis ante oculum albis, post oculum magis cinnamomeis 3 remigum
parte interna nigricante ; subtus alba, pectore cinnamomeo lavato,
plaga distincta quadrilaterali in cervice antica nigra: rostro
plumbeo, basi pallidiore; pedibus pallide brunneis: long. tota
5°75, ale 2:25, cuude 2°75, tarsi 0'8.
Hab. Brasilia.
Mus. Brit.
The single example in the British Museum is the only specimen
of this well-marked species that I have met with. It was obtained
along with other birds from the Sudbury Museum in 1843, and is
said to have been received from “ Brazil.’
Sect. d. Species supra ruf@ aut castanee unicolores.
17. SYNALLAXIS CINNAMOMEA.
Certhia cinnamomea, Gm. S. N. i. p- 480; Vieillot, Gal. Ois. i.
p- 283, pl. 173.
Synallaxis cinnamomea, Burm. Th. Bras. iii. pp- 41, 42; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. p. 37.
Leptoxyura cinnamomea, Reichb. Handb. i. p. 170; Cab. et Hein.
Mus. Hein. ii. p. 28; Sclater, Cat. A. B. p- 154; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S.
1866, p. 183, 1867, p: 978, and 1873, p- 269.
Synallaxis ruficauda, Vieill. N. D. xxxii. p- 310 (1819), et E. M.
p- 623; D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p- 240; Cab.in Schomb. Guian. iii. p: 689 ;
Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 84, pl. 85. fig. 2; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p: 37; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 213; Sel. P. Z.S. 1859, p- 193.
Leptoxyura ruficauda, Reichenb. Handb. p- 170.
Sylvia russeola, Vieill. N. D. ii. p. 217, et E. M. p- 463.
Sphenura mentalis, Licht. Doubl. p. 42.
Synallaxis mentalis, Burm. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 41.
Synallaxis caudacutus, Max. Beitr. iii. p- 692.
Supra ferruginea, pileo alis extus et cauda plerumque rufescenti-
oribus : subtus alba, gula flavo tincta : rectricum apicibus exsertis
acutis: long. tota 5:5, ale 2°3, caude 2°6.
Hab. America merid. tropica a Columbia ad remp. Argentinam.
14 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
I have examined skins of this bird from Bogota, Venezuela
(Goering), Trinidad, Guiana, Cayenne, Ceara in N. Brazil, Bahia
(Wucherer), and other localities, and believe them to be all referable
to one species. Several authors distinguish two, S. cinnamomea and
S. ruficauda, the former having the back uniform with the wings,
tail, and head, and the latter the back more or less fuscous, with the
wings and tail rufous. But I find many intermediate forms between
these two extremes.
18, SyNALLAXIS MUSTELINA.
“* Synallaxis cinnamomea, Gm.,”’ Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 37.
“ Synallaxis mustelina, Natt. Cat. MS.,’’ Pelz. l.s.c.
Supra unicolor castanea, remigum parte apicali intus nigricante :
subtus alba unicolor: long. tota 5, ale 2°3, caude 2: rostro
elongatiore, rectricibus acuminatis.
Hab. Rio Madeira (Natt.); Pebas, E. Peru (Cast. § Dev.).
Obs. Diversa a S. cinnamomea corpore supra intensius ferrugineo
et menti macula nulla, sed ejusdem forme.
I cannot agree with H. v. Pelzeln in referring this species to the
Certhia cinnamomea of the older authors, and have therefore adopted
the MS. term mustelina as its title. Besides one of Natterer’s
specimens, kindly lent to me from Vienna, I have seen only three
skins, collected by Castelnau and Deville at Pebas.
19, SYNALLAXIS VULPINA.
Synallaxis vulpina, Pelzelu, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xx. p. 162, &
xxxiv. p. 122, et Orn. Bras. p. 37; Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 194,
et Cat. A. B. p. 152.
Synallavis alopecias, Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 101.
Synallazvis vulpecula, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 184, and
1873, p. 269.
Supra saturate ferruginea, uropygio fuscescente : superciliis albis :
subtus pallide fusca, gutture et pectore albicantioribus : long. tota
5:2, ale 2:7, caudeé 2°3.
Hab. Brasil. int. prov. Matogrosso, Rio Madeira et Amazonia inf.
(Natt.); Amazonia superior (Bartleté).
After comparing together typical specimens of the three species
above mentioned I have come to the conclusion that they may be
united. An Upper-Amazonian skin in my collection agrees very
fairly with the type of S. alopecias, whereas the skins from the
same district upon which S. vulpecula was founded agree better
with S. vulpina. At the same time further comparison should be
made of specimens of this form from different localities.
20. SYNALLAXIS UNIRUFA.
Synallaxis unirufa, Lafr. P. Z. S. 1843, p. 290; Sclater, P. Z. 8. -
1855, p. 141.
Castanea unicolor, cauda elongata, rostro et pedibus nigris : long.
tota 7, ale 2°4, caudeé 3°8.
Hab. Columbia int.
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 15
This species is occasionally met with in collections from Bogota.
Mr. Salmon has recently sent skins from Antioquia, showing that its
range extends to that district of Columbia.
21. SyNALLAXIS CASTANEA.
Synallaxis castanea, Sclater, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 2, xvii.
p- 466 (1856) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 193; Cat. A. B. p. 152;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 627, and 1870, p. 781.
Castanea, gutture medio nigro : rostro et pedibus nigris : long. tota
7'5, ale 2°3, caud@ 4.
Hab. Venezuela; Caracas (Levraud); Merida (Goering).
This Synallavis is of the same form as the preceding, but easily
known by its black throat. It is not uncommon in Venezuelan
collections.
22. SyYNALLAXIS KOLLARI. (Plate III. fig. 1.)
Synallazis kollari, Pelzeln, Sitz. Ak. Wien, xx. p. 158 (1856),
et Orn. Bras. p. 36.
Supra castanea, pileo fuscescente: subtus dilutior, ventre medio
albicante: gutture nigro, plumis albo singulatim punctatis: long.
tota 5°6, ale 2°2, caude 2°7.
Hab. Guiana int. Rio Brancho (Natt.).
I am not aware that any other specimens have been obtained of
this well-marked species since the original examples were collected
by Natterer near Fort S. Joachim on the Rio Brancho in 1831 and
1832.
23. SYNALLAXIS CAND&I. (Plate III. fig. 2.)
Synallaxis canda@i, Lafr. et D’Orb. R. Z. 1838, p. 168; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 213; Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 85.
Castanea: pileo et capitis lateribus sordide nigris : mento et gule
lateribus utrinque albis: gula media nigra: ventre medio albo :
cauda castanea, rectricibus mediis nigricante terminatis : long.
tota 6, ale 2°3, caude rectr. med. 3, lat. 1°2.
Hab. Cartagena (Candé) ; Rio Hacha (Del.) ; Savanilla (Ashurst).
__ This well-marked species seems to be restricted to the northern
littoral of Columbia. The figure is from a fine specimen collected
by Mr. Bell at Cartagena, which Mr. Lawrence has most kindly
presented to me.
24. SYNALLAXIS LEMOSTICTA.
Synallaxis cinnamomea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 290 (nec Gm.) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 141.
Synallaxis lemosticta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 192.
Obscure ferruginea: gula nigra, albo punctata: ventre medio cin-
namomeo, nigricante obsolete striato: long. tota 5°5, ale 2°2,
caude@ 2°7.
Hab. Columbia int.
This Synallazis is occasionally received in collections from Bogota,
but is not very common.
16 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
25. SYNALLAXIS TERRESTRIS.
Synallaxis terrestris, Jard. Aun. & Mag. N. H. xix. p. 80
(1847); Bp. Consp. p. 213; Sciater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 192;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167.
Obscure ferruginea : subtus magis brunnescens : gutture albo: pec-
tore et ventre medio albis fusco flammulatis : long. tota 5:8, ale
2°2, caude 2°5.
Hab. Tobago (Kirk); Venezuela (Goering).
Obs. Sp. gutture albo et pectore flammulato a preecedente forsan
vix distincta.
26. SYNALLAXIS GULARIS.
Synallaxis gularis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 29; Bp. Consp.
p. 213; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 141, 1859, p. 192, and 1860,
p- 89; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 781.
Cinnamomea, cauda rufa: fronte et superciliis albis : subtus dilutior
(interdum cinerascens), gula alba: long. tota 5, ale 2°4,
caude 2.
Hab. Venezuela, Columbia int. et Aquatoria.
Three skins of this bird now before me from Bogota collections
have the under surface more or less cinereous, whereas in two
Ecuador skins (and in others I have seen) the under plumage is cin-
namomeous, rather paler than the back. But a fourth Bogota skin
resembles the Ecuadorian form; and even if the localities favoured
the idea of separation, the difference would hardly be sufficient, in
my opinion, for specific distinction.
27. SYNALLAXIS FULIGINOSA.
Synallavis fuliginosa, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 290; Bp. Consp.
p- 213; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 141, 1856, p. 26, and 1859,
p. 192.
Supra brunnea: superciliis et corpore subtus cinereis : mento albo :
cauda elongata, rectricibus rigidiusculis, gracilibus, harum po-
goniis angustis et tenuibus: long. tota 6'8, ale 2°5, caude 4,
Hab. Columbia int.
This Synallaxis is only met with in Bogota collections. It is
remarkable for its long tail, composed of narrowly webbed and rather
stiffened rectrices.
28. SYNALLAXIS PALPEBRALIS.
Schizoeaca palpebralis, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 319.
Supra obscure rufa: annulo oculari lato albo: subtus cinerea, late-
ribus et crisso fuscescentioribus: macula gulari rufa: caude
rectricibus duodecim, rigidiusculis e plumis filamentosis compositis :
long. tota 7°2, ale 2°4, caude rectr. med. 4°3, ext. 1.
Hab. Peruvia oce., Maraynioc (Jelshz).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Obs. Proxima S. fuliginose ex Columbia, et cauda simili, sed
annulo oculari albo et macula gulari diversa. .
1874.] | MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 17
29. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROTHORAX.
Synallaxis erythrothoraz, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p- 75, pl. 86,
1856, p. 288, and 1859, p. 192; Sel. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p< 17;
and 1860, p. 35; Scl. Cat. A. B. p- 153; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.
1870, p. 837.
Synallazis cinerascens, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 118 (?).
Supra fusca: alis extus castaneis: cauda luride rufa: subtus
castanea, gutture nigro, in parte superiore albo punctato : ventre
toto et crisso fuscis, illo medialiter albescente : long. tota 6°3,
ale 2°3, caude 2:8. Jr. fusca fere unicolor, subtus dilutior,
gutture et ventre cinerascentibus: alis extus et cauda rufis.
Hab. Mexico et Am. centr.: Cordova (Sallé); Guatemala, Vera
Paz (Salvin) ; Honduras (Whitely).
This well-marked species is the only representative of the genus
in Mexico and Guatemala.
Sect. e. Species pectoris torque nigro.
30. SYNALLAXIS TORQUATA.
Synallaxis torquata, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 697 ; D’Orb. Voy. Ois.
p- 248 ; Bp. Consp. p. 213; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 193; Cat. A. B.
p- 153; Pelzeln, O. B. p. 36; Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Camp. p. 195.
Melanopareia torquata, Reichb. Handb. p. 164; Burm. Syst.
Veb. iii. p. 37.
Synallaxis bitorquata, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 24; D’Orb.
Voy. Ois. t. xv. fig. 2.
Supra rufescentifusca, collo postico castaneo : loris et capitis
lateribus torque pectorali conjunctis nigris : superciliis elongatis
cinnamomeis nigro miztis: subtus cinnamomea, lateraliter fusces-
centior: alis et cauda brunneis: cauda brevi : long. tota 5,
ale 2, caude 2°2.
Hab. Brasil. int. et Bolivia; prov. S. Paulo (Naét.) ; Lagoa Sta.
(Iund) ; Bolivia, Chiquitos (D’Ord.).
31. SYNALLAXIS MAXIMILIANI.
Cola aguda pardo collar negro, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 264.
Synallaxis torquata, Lafr. et D’Orb, Syn. Av. p. 24; D’Orb. Voy.
Ois. t. xv. fig. 11.
Synallaxis maximiliani, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 248.
Melanopareia maximiliani, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 37.
Similis precedenti, sed colore abdominis castaneo et striis corporis
et cervicis albis distinguenda : long. tota 6, ale 2:1, caude 2-6.
Hab. Paraguay (Azara) ; Bolivia, Yungas (D’ Oré.).
Mus. Brit.
Sect. f. Species cauda longissima: interscapulio striato.
32. SYNALLAXIS PHRYGANOPHILA.
Horqueta tricolor, Azara, Apunt. ii. p. 255.
Sylvia phryganophila, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xi. p. 207, et Enc.
Méth. p. 460; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 15.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1874, No. II. 2
18 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
Synallaxis phryganophila, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 239 ; Bp. Consp.
p- 213; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 193, et Cat. A. B. p. 152; Pelz.
O. B. p. 36; Burm. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 469.
Synallaxis tecellata, Temm. Pl. Col. 311. f. 1.
Fusca : dorso superiore fronte et alis extus nigro striatis : tectri-
cibus alarum minoribus cum pileo summo rufis : subtus pallide
fusca; mento flavo : plaga gutturali nigra ; cauda elongata fusca,
rhachibus nigricantibus : long. tota 8°5, ale 2:4, caude 4°6.
Hab. Corrientes, rep. Arg. (D’ Ord.) ; Parana ( Burm.) ; Paraguay
(Azara) ; Monte Video (Sellow) ; Cuyaba (Natt.).
This well-marked species stands quite by itself as regards plumage
and form. The rectrices are much graduated, the small outer pair
measuring only 1:4 inch from the insertion.
Sect. g. Species cauda breviuscula nigricante: rostro fortiusculo.
33. SYNALLAXIS RUTILANS.
Synallazis rutilans, Temm. Pl. Col. 227. f. 1; Bp. Consp.
p- 213; Pelzeln, Sitz. Akad. Wien, xxxiv. p. 119, et Orn. Bras.
p- 36; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 193; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,
pp. 574, 750, and 1873, p. 269.
Brunnea: fronte, alis extus et corpore subtus castaneis: gutture
nigro: ventre medio et crisso fuscescentibus : cauda nigricante :
long. tota 5°3, ale 2°3, caude 2°6. Jr. obscure fusca ; gutture
nigricante ; alarum tectricibus castanets.
Hab. Brasilia int. et Amazonia: prov. Goiaz et Matogrosso
(Natt.); Para (Wallace); Rio Negro (Natt.); Xeberos, Chami-
curos, and Chyavitas, E. Peru (Bartlett).
This is also a well-marked species, which seems to stand by itself.
It has rather a wide distribution, as will be seen by the list of
localities.
Div. B. Synallaxes abnormales, rectricibus duodecim.
Sect. a. Species pileo, alis extus et cauda tota rufis.
34. SYNALLAXIS PALLIDA.
Synallaxis pallida, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 691; Bp. Consp. p. 213;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 192, et Cat. A. B. p. 150; Pelz. O. B.
p- 38; Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Camp. p. 192.
Synallaxis pusilla, Mus. Berol.
Fusca: superciliis elongatis albis: pileo, alis extus et cauda tota
rufis: subtus dilutior : long. tota 6, ale 2°5, caud@ 2°8.
Hab. Brasil. merid., Campos Geraes (Maz.); Rio et S. Paulo
(Natt.).
35. SYNALLAXIS ANTISIENSIS. 4
Synallaxis antisiensis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 457, and 1859,
p: 1925 Catv Ay B: ps 151.
1874.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 19
Fusca: loris et superciliis albis: pileo, alis extus et cauda rufis :
subtus cinerascenti-alba : long. tota 6, ale 2°8, caude 3.
Hab. Rep. Aquat. Cuenca (Fraser).
Obs. A S. pallida crassitie majore, rostro et pedibus fortioribus et
corpore subtus cineraceo diversa.
36. SYNALLAXIS CURTATA.
Synallaxis curtata, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 636, pl. xlix. fig. 1.
Fusca: subtus paulo dilutior : pileo summo, alis extus et cauda tota
rufis: long. tota 5, ale 2°6, caude 2°3.
Hab. Columbia int. et Peruvia occ.
Obs. Affinis S. pallide, sed superciliis albis nullis.
Mus. P. L. S. et Varsoviano.
A skin collected by M. Jelski in Western Peru, near Tarma, seems
not different from my Bogota specimens.
37. SYNALLAXIS ERYTHROPS,
Synallaxis erythrops, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 66; Cat. A. B.
p- 151; Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 105; Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1870,
p. 191.
Fusca : pileo cum capitis lateribus, alis extus et cauda tota rufis:
subtus paulo dilutior : long. tota 5:7, ale 2°8, caude 3.
Hab. Rep. Aquat.; Pallatanga (Fraser); Loxa (Mus. Gould) ;
Veragua (Arcé) ; Costa Rica (Carm.).
Obs. A preecedentibus colore capitis rufo oculos cingente distincta.
38. SYNALLAXIS RUFIGENIS.
Synallaxis rufigenis, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 105 (1868) ;
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 191.
Fusca : pileo antico, alis extus et cauda tota rufis : capitis lateribus,
cervice antica, ventre medio et crisso cinnamomeis : long. tota 5:5,
ale 2°6, caude 2°9.
Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol).
Mus. Salvino-Godmannico.
Obs. Sp. affinis preecedenti, sed colore capitis lateralis et ventris
medii cinnamomeo diversa.
There is a single specimen of this species in Salvin and Godman’s
collection, of which Mr. Salvin has spoken J.s.c, It appears to
agree well with a skin belonging to Mr. Lawrence ; and I have no
doubt the species is valid.
39. SYNALLAXIS STRIATICOLLIS.
Synallaxis striaticollis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 290; Sel.
P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 141; Bp. Consp. p. 213.
Sittasomus flammulata, Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 315 (2).
Siptornis fammulata, Reich. Handb. p. 171, t. px1.2=pcr.
(1851).
Fusca: superciliis albis: pileo, alis extus et cauda tota rufis:
Q*
20 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. (Jan. 6,
remigibus interne nigris: subalaribus cinnamomeis: gutture et
collo antico albu maculatis: long. tota 4°5, ale 2°5, caude 1°9.
Hab. Columbia int.
I have only met with this species in Bogota collections. It appears
to be the Siptornis flammulata of Reichenbach ; but I think it very
doubtful whether it is the Sittasomus flammulata of Lesson.
40. SyNALLAXIS HYPOsTICTA. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)
Synallaxis hyposticta, Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 102, et
Orn. Bras. p. 38.
Fusca : pileo, alis extus et cauda tota rufis: subtus valde dilutior
pectore maculis crebris nigris, ventrem versus evanescentibus,
aspersa : mento flavo tincto: rostro valido elongato : long. tota
56, ale 2°8, caude 2°4.
Hab. Rio Negro (Natt.) ; Pebas, Peru (Cast. et Dev.) ; Yura-
cares, Bolivia (d’Ord.).
H. v. Pelzeln has kindly sent me his unique specimen of this
curious bird for examination. It was obtained by Natterer on the
Rio Negro, opposite Boavista, in December 1830. It is rather a
strongly formed species, but must, I think, be retained in the genus
Synallaxis.
Among the skins in the Jardin des Plantes are three of this
species—an adult and a young specimen obtained at Pebas by
Castelnau and Deville, and an adult obtained by D’Orbigny in the
province of Yuracares, Bolivia.
The figure (Plate IV. fig. 2) is taken from the typical example
of Natterer. In the young bird the spots below are barely visible,
and the throat and neck are suffused with rufous.
Sect. 6. Species pileo dorso concolori, striato aut substriato: alis
extus et cauda rufis.
41. SyNALLAxIs suBcRisTATA. (Plate IV. fig. 1.)
Synallaxis inornata, Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1868, p. 167 (err.).
Olivaceo-brunnea : pileo subcristato obscuriore, paulum striato : alis
extus cum remigum marginibus externis rufis: subtus dilutior ;
tectricibus subalaribus et remigum marginibus internis cinnamo-
meis: rostro flavicante, pedibus pallide fuscis: long. tota 5:8,
ale 2°1, caud@ 2°7.
Hab, Venezuela, prope urbem Caracas (Goering et Dyson).
Mus. Brit. et P. L.S.
One of Mr. Goering’s Venezuelan collections contained a single
example of this species, which, however, was erroneously determined
by Mr. Salvin and myself as S. inornata. There is one skin of the
same species in the British Museum, also obtained near Caracas, by
Dyson, and two in the Jardin des Plantes transmitted by M. Le-
vraud from the same locality.
The nearest ally of the present bird is S. ruticilla, from which it
may be distinguished by the want or very slight indication of the
white eyebrows, by the red colour of the wings extending over the
1874.] MR. P.L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 21
outer edges of the primaries and secondaries, by the crested head and
stronger bill.
42. SYNALLAXIS RUTICILLA.
Sphenura ruticilla et S. guajacina, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Synallazis ruticilla, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 27 (1859).
Synallazis fitis, Pelz. Sitz. xxxiv. p. 123 (1859), et Orn. Bras.
. 38.
. Leptoxyura obsoleta, Reich. Handb. p. 171 (?).
Fusca, cauda tota et alarum tectricibus rufis: loris et superciliis
longis albis : fronte et capitis lateribus albidis, fusco subobsolete
striatis : subtus ochracescenti-alba, gula media flavicante tincta :
ventre et lateribus cinereo indutis : long. tota 5°8, ale 22,
caude rectr. ext. 1°4, med. 2°9.
Hab. Brasil. merid. et Monte Video (Sellow) ; Curytiba, prov.
Parana (Natt.).
Mus. Berol.
Obs. Species haud dissimilis S. pallide, sed fronte albido fusco
striato et pileo non rufo, distinguenda.
Hr. v. Pelzeln having sent me for examination one of the types of
his S. fitis, I have little hesitation in associating it with S. ruéicilla, of
which I have examined the typical examples in the Berlin Museum.
Hr. v. Pelzeln is probably correct in referring Reichenbach’s
Leptoxyura obsoleta to the present bird; but Sylvia obsoleta of the
Berlin Museum (whence Reichenbach’s name was originally derived)
belongs to the next following species.
43. SYNALLAXIS STRIATICEPS.
Synallaxis striaticeps, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av.i. p. 22; D’Orb.
Voy. Ois. p. 241, pl. 16. f. 1; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 193;
Burm. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 469.
Phleocryptes striaticeps, Hudson, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 544.
Sylvia (sive Synallaxis) obsoleta, Mus. Berol.
Supra cinerea, pileo nigro striato: superciliis albis: alis fuscis,
harum tectricibus extus cum cauda tota rufis : subtus lactescenti-
alba: rostro longo, gracili, incurvo : long. tota 5°7, ale 2°3,
caudeé 2°4.
Hab. Rep. Argentina et Uruguay, Corrientes (D’Orb.); Buenos
Ayres and Rio Negro of Patagonia (Hudson) ; Monte Video (Sellow) ;
Mendoza (Burm.).
Sect. c. Species pileo albo: alis extus et cauda rufis.
44. SYNALLAXIS ALBICEPS.
Synallaxis albiceps, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. i. p. 23; D’Orb. Voy.
p- 241, pl. xvi. fig. 2.
Supra cum alis et cauda rufa: pileo albo: capitis lateribus nigri-
cantibus : subtus olivacea, gula albicante : long. tota 5'8, ale 2-5,
caude rectr. med. 2°5, ext. 1°5.
Hab. Sicasica, Bolivia (D’Ord.).
Mus. Brit.
22 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. [Jan. 6,
45. SYNALLAXIS ALBICAPILLA.
Synallazis albicapilla, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 319.
Oleaginea, pileo summo lactescenti-albo : cauda tota et tectricum
alarium marginibus rufis : subtus pallide terreno-fusca, medialiter
albescens, gula capite fere concolori: rostro brevi, recto: pedibus
crassis : tectricibus subalaribus et remigum marginibus interiori-
bus cervinis : rectricibus duodecim: long. tota 6, ale 2°8, caude
rectr. med. 2°8, ext. 1°6.
Hab. Peruvia occ. Maraynioc (Jelski).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Sect. d. Species supra unicolores : cauda rotundata, nigro-rufa aut
Susco-rufa: gula nigro punctata aut rufo maculata.
46. SYNALLAXIS HUMICOLA.
Synallazvis humicola, Kittl. Mém. prés. 4 VAc. Pétersb. 1830,
p- 185, pl. 6; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, ui. p. 75 ; Bp. Consp. p. 212;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 193, 1867, p. 324; Cat. A. B. p. 153;
Phil. et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 12.
Supra cineraceo-fusca: tectricibus alarum minoribus rufis: super-
ciliis albis : subtus dilutior, albicantior, gula alba nigro punctata :
hypochondriis, crisso et tectricibus subalaribus ferrugineis : cauda
nigricante, rectricibus lateralibus in pogonio exteriore rufescente
tinctis: long. tota 6°8, ale 2°3, caud@ rectr. med. 2°9, ext. 1°9.
Hab. Chili, near Valparaiso (Darwin); Valparaiso (D’ Ord. et
Gaudichaud in Mus. Paris).
47. SYNALLAXIS ORBIGNII.
Synallazxis humicola, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 245, t. 17. fig. 2; Burm.
La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 468.
Synallaxis crassirostris, Landb. J. f. O. 1868, p. 401.
Bathmidura @ orbignyti, Reichb. Handb. d. sp. Orn. p. 163.
Synallaxis orbignii, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 986.
Supra cineraceo-fusca, alarum tectricibus et secundariis extus rufis :
loris albidis : subtus lacteo-alba: gula media rufa: hypochondriis,
crisso et subalaribus necnon secundariorum dimidio basali rufis :
cauda media nigra, rectricibus duabus utrinque lateralibus et his
proximarum basibus rufis: long. tota 6°5, ale 2°6, caude 3. .
Hab. Bolivia, Palca (D’ Orb.) ; Rep. Arg. Mendoza (Weisshaupt) ;
Parana (Burm.).
Oés. Sp. a precedente gulee macula, secundariorum basibus rufis
et rectricibus lateralibus rufis prorsus distinguenda.
Although D’Orbigny collected at Valparaiso specimens of the true
S. humicola, the species figured under that name in his work is
clearly distinct, as was first pointed out by Reichenbach.
I have compared one of D’Orbigny’s skins of this species in the
Paris Museum (collected at Cochabamba in 1834, and marked “ 8.
humicola”’) with a specimen in my own collection obtained near Men-
doza by Weisshaupt. I therefore do not doubt that I am correct in
referring Landbeck’s S. crassirostris (established on examples from
the same locality) to this species.
1874.] MR. P, L, SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 23
48. SYNALLAXIS AREQUIPA.
Synallazis orbignii, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 986 (excl. syn.).
Synallazxis arequipe, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 417.
Supra fusca, pileo parum obscuriore, uropygio rufo: alis extus fusco-
nigris, tectricibus et secundariis fusco indistincte marginatis :
cauda nigra, rectrice una utringue extima fere omnino et duabus
utrinque proximis in pogonio exteriore rufis : subtus lacteo-alba,
macula gulari, tectricibus subalaribus, hypochondriis et crisso
rufis: rostro obscure corneo, pedibus nigris: long. tota 6°8,
ale 2°7, caude 3, tarsi 1.
Hab. Peruvia occ. prope Arequipa (Whitely).
Obs. Sp. gula, sicut in preecedente, rufa, sed secundariis nigris,
neque extus et in dimidio basali intus rufis, distincta.
49. SYNALLAXIS MODESTA.
Synallaais modesta, Eyton, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 159; Scl. P.Z.S.
1867, p. 324, 1872, p. 544.
Synallazis flavigularis, Burm. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 468.
Synallaaxis sordida, Ph. et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 13.
Supra cineraceo-fusca: superciliis indistincte albidis: alis fusco-
nigris fusco limbatis, remigum parte interiore in dimidio basali
et subalaribus lete fulvis : subtus valde dilutior, pallide ochraceo-
cinerea, gule macula rufescente : cauda nigra, rectricibus evternis
fulvo externe limbatis : long. tota 6, ale 2°3, caude 2°5.
‘ Hab. Rio Negro of Patagonia (Hudson); Mendoza (Burm.) ;
Chili (Reed).
Obs. Sp. a Synallazi sordida cauda pictura distinguenda.
I have compared my specimens of this species with the type in
Mr. Eyton’s collection.
Mr. Salvin has a skin, obtained by Burmeister at Mendoza, marked
S. flavigularis, which certainly belongs to this species, not to S.
sordida.
50. SYNALLAXIS HUMILIS.
Synallaxis humilis, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 319.
Supra fusca: alis caudaque nigricanti-fuscis rufescente extus lim-
batis : rectricibus lateralibus in centro pallidioribus et rufescente
tinctis : subtus ochracescenti-alba : superciliis longis, capitis
lateribus et gutture toto albis fusco striolatis: macula gulari
rufa: subalaribus et macula magna ad basin remigum rufis:
rostro elongatiore, recto: caude rectricibus duodecim: long.
tota 6, ale 2°8, caude recir. med. 2°6, ext. 1°8.
Foem. mari similis, sed minor.
Hab. Peruvia occ., Junin (Jelski).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Obs. Similis S. modeste, sed marginibus rectricum rufis caret et
rostro fortiore necnon superciliis distincta.
51. SYNALLAXIS SORDIDA.
Synallaxis sordida, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105 ; Bp. Consp.
24 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. (Jan. 6,
p- 213; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 193, 1867, p. 324; Cat. A. B.
p- 153; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 543.
Synallavis flavigularis, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Zool. iii. p. 78, pl. 24;
Ph. et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 12.
* Synallaxis rufa, Landb. MS.,”’ Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 324.
Synallazis brunnea, Gould, Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 78 (jr.).
Supra cineraceo-fusca : alis fusco-nigris rufescente limbatis : remi-
gum parte interiore in dimidio basali et subalaribus fulvis : subtus
valde dilutior, pallide ochraceo-cinerea, gule macula rufescente :
caude rectricibus tribus externis omnino rufis, ceteris nigris, parte
tertia extus anguste rufo limbata: long. tota 6, ale 2°3,
caude 3. Junior macula gulari caret.
Hab. Rep. Argentina, Mendoza (Burm. et Weisshaupt) ; Conchitas
near Buenos Ayres and Rio Negro of Patagonia (Hudson); Port
Desire, Bahia Blanca, and Sta. Cruz (Darwin).
Obs. Species a S. modesta rectricibus duabus externis omnino rufis
distinguenda.
I have skins of this species from the first three localities men-
tioned, and have examined Darwin’s specimens in the British
Museum. Amongst the last are typical examples of S. flavigularis
and S. brunnea.
Sect. e. Species supra unicolor: cauda graduata acuminata: gule
macula lutea.
52. SYNALLAXIS SULPHURIFERA.
Synallaxis sulphurifera, Burm. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 636; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 632; Hudson, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 544.
Supra fusca, alarum tectricibus et remigum fascia basali rufis:
cauda graduata: rectricibus valde acuminatis, lateralibus rufis :
mediis fuscis : subtus alba, gule macula lutea : pectore hypochon-
driis, crisso, et subalaribus fulvescentibus : long. tota 6, ale
2°2, caude rectr. med. 3°2, ext. 1: rostro elongatiore, incurvo.
Hab. Rep. Argentina et Patagonia bor.: Buenos Ayres (Burm.) ;
Rio Negro (Hudson).
This interesting species should perhaps be placed near to S. striati-
ceps, which it approaches as regards its graduated tail and slightly
incurved bill. But it agrees with the last group in having a distinct
gular patch. In habits, according to Mr. Hudson, it resembles
Limnornis curvirostris rather than its congeners.
Sect. f. Species supra unicolor: cauda rotundata: gule
macula nulla.
53. SYNALLAXIS PATAGONICA,
Synallaxis patagonica, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 249; Hudson, P, Z. S.
1872, p. 544.
Supra murino-fusea : subtus dilutior, pallide cineracea: tectricibus
subalaribus et remigum marginibus cervinis, ventre hoc colore per-
Suso: cauda brevi rotundata, rectricibus nigris, harum una utrin-
que extima in pogonio externo rufescente, ceterarum etiam latera-
1874.] MR. P, L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 25
lium marginibus externe rufescentibus : long. tota 6, ale 2°2,
caude@ rectr. med. 2°8, ext. 1°8.
Hab. Rio Negro of Patagonia (D’ Ord. et Hudson).
This is a peculiar species, with the tail (comparatively) short, and
the rectrices broad and rounded at their ends. I have compared
Mr. Hudson’s skins with D’Orbigny’s typical specimens.
Sect. g. Species supra nigro variegate aut striate: rectricibus
acuminatis.
54. SyYNALLAXIS ANTHOIDES.
Synallaxis anthoides, King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 30; Bp. Consp.
p- 213; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 193, 196, 1867, p. 324; Cat.
AB. py '53.
Synallazis rufogularis, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Zool. iii. p. 77, pl. 23;
Phil. et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 12.
Sphenopyga rufigularis, Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 28.
Supra fusca nigro striata et variegata: subtus dilutior: gule
macula rubra: fascia lata ad remigum basin rufa: subalaribus
rufescentibus : caud@ rectricibus mediis nigris fusco marginatis,
lateralibus rufescentibus ad basin nigris: long. tota 6, ale 2°5,
caude rectr. med. 2°5, lat. 1°5.
Hab. Chili, near Valparaiso, East Falkland, and valleys of southern
Patagonia (Darwin); Chili (Reed).
In my American catalogue I gave “Bolivia (Bridges)” as a
locality for some examples of this Synallaxis. I have now no doubt
that these skins were really from Chili, as they agree exactly with
others received from that country, and I have found other Chilian
skins of Bridges marked “ Bolivia.”
55. SYNALLAXIS HUDSONI, sp. nov.
Synallazis anthoides, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 141.
Supra fusca nigro striata et variegata: subtus pallide ochracea,
medialiter albescentior, hypochondriis et crisso nigro striolatis :
gula flavicante: remigum fascia basali rufa: subalaribus et re-
migum marginibus interioribus cinnamomeis: caud@ rectricibus
mediis dorso concoloribus, ceteris ad basin nigris ad apicem fus-
cescenti-cinnamomeis : long. tota 7°5, ale 3°3, caude rectr. med.
3°5, ext. 2.
Hab. Rep. Arg. Conchitas prope Buenos Ayres (Hudson).
Mus. P. L.S.
Obs. Similis preecedenti, sed valde major, et gula flavicante necnon
corpore subtus cinnamomeo diversa.
56. SYNALLAXIS WYATTI.
Synallavis wyatti, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 841; Wyatt,
Jbis, 1871, p. 330.
Supra fusca, nigro striata : tectricum alarium marginibus et remi-
gum macula magna basin occupante cum subalaribus rufis : subtus
pallide ochracea, pectore paulo obscuriore et punctis paucis nigris
asperso, gula alba flavicante tincta: caude rectricibus duodecim,
26 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. ([Jan. 6,
tribus lateralibus rufis, scapis nigris, ceteris nigricantibus rufo
paulum variegatis : rostro elongato, acuto, corneo, ad basin palli-
diore : pedibus fuscis : long. tota 6, ale 2, caude rectr. lat. 1°6,
med. 2°8, rostri a rictu 0°7.
Hab. Paramo of Pamplona, Columbia (Wyatt).
Obs. Aff. preecedenti, sed alis extus et caudee rectricibus laterali-
bus rufis prorsus distinguenda.
57. SYNALLAXIS FLAMMULATA,
Synallaxis flammulata, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 82, pl. 56;
Sclater, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 194, and 1860, p. 76.
Synallaxis multostriata, Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 273; 1869, p. 636.
Supra fuscescenti-nigra, albo striata: pilei antici plumis rufo strio-
latis : tectricum alarium marginibus et fascia remigum basali lata
rufis ; subtus alba, nigricante variegata : mento albo, fulvo tincto:
subalaribus fulvis : cauda nigra, rectricibus lateralibus rufescente
variegatis : rectricum apicibus elongatis, acutis; long. tota 6,
ale 2°7, caude@ rectr. med. 3, lat. 1°6.
Hab. Columbia, Aquatoria et Peruvia: Bogota (Mus. Paris) ;
Panza, Ecuador (Fraser) ; Loxa, Ecuador (Mus. J. Gould) ; Maray-
nioc, Centr. Peru (Jelski).
Like the preceding, this is a high-ranging Andean species. Fraser
obtained it at Panza, situated at an altitude of 14,000 feet on the
slope of Chimborazo.
58. SyNALLAXIS MALUROIDES.
Synallazis maluroides, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 238, pl. 14. f. 3, 4;
Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 77; Bp. Consp. p. 213 Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 193; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 141.
Supra pallide fusca nigro variegata, pileo antico rufo : subtus alba:
fascia pectoris indistincta, lateribus et crisso pallide fulvis, parce
nigro striolatis: fascia ad basin remigum et rectricibus caude
lateralibus pallide rufescentibus : alis brevibus: rectricum media-
rum apicibus longis acuminatis : long. tota 6, ale 1°8, caude
rectr. lat. 1°5, med. 3.
Hab. Rep. Argentina et Uruguay; Maldonado (Darwin) ; vic. of
Buenos Ayres (Hudson et D'Orb.).
This is a small short-winged species with long pointed middle
tail-feathers, and easily recognizable by its red head.
AppenpiIx oF Dousrrut SPECIEs.
1. SyNALLAXIS BRACHYURA, Lafr. R. Z. 1843, p. 290; Sel.
P; Z.8., 1855,p. 0a,
Hab. Bogota.
It is possible this short description may be intended for a young
specimen of S. mesta ; but ‘‘ cauda obscura” is not applicable.
2. SYNALLAXIS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. p. 24;
D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 244.
Hab. Patagonia, Rio Negro, visa sed non capta !
1874.] MR. P.L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS. 27
3. SYNALLAXIS TROGLODYTOIDES, D’Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 239.
Hab. Bahia de San Blas, Patagonia (D’Orb.).
I have not been able to find any specimen of this species in the
Jardin des Plantes.
4. SYNALLAXIS sTRIATA, Ph. et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863,
p. 119.
Hab. Arica, Peru (Frobeen).
I know of no species exactly resembling that here described.
In conclusion I will offer a few remarks upon the geographical
distribution of the Synallazes.
The area occupied by this genus is nearly that of the whole Neo-
tropical region from southern Mexico to Patagonia. In Mexico and
Central America generally but one species is found, S. erythrothoraz.
It is not until we get to Costa Rica and Veragua that we meet with
others, S. albescens and S. erythrops, intruders from the south, and
S. rufigenis, an apparently endemic species. In the Columbian and
Peruvian Andes Synallaxis appears to attain its greatest development,
as many as fourteen species occurring in Columbia, and ten or more
in Peru. In Guiana, Amazonia, Brazil, and eastern South America
generally they are more thinly scattered, each district only showing
about half that number of endemic species. In the southern part
of South America a set of species occur belonging to a section of
the twelve-tail-feathered division, which, in the northern part of the
continent, is only met with at a high elevation in the Andes.
The subjoined Table will show the facts of distribution, so far as
they are hitherto known, at a glance.
1 ie She Set eea bs |G Nl 7. 8. e910. TT: | PIS | ss lTe lane Vanes
wal ala| (4,
gia.| ¢ <All 8 CoCo rates | bet : : 3
ealgela (ei eie lala lezie)2/ 4) 2/2/3814
gales) a} e/a) 2) 4) eles) )/a) a) 2) a) el
ao[E|S B/E) Bl Elo EEE |e)" | ayaa
o i=) | FI
>
1. ruficapilla ...) ... | . Sane
2. frontalis ...... wee | eee || | |_| —_}—_|-_ |_| —_ | _
3. moesta......... —_|—
4, brunneicauda| ... a
ESDISE ..305:<:. en yeoe —_|—— —_|——_—
6. albescens...... eee | | | | ______—_ |_| |_—|_e_
7. hypospodia...| ... —_—-
8. subpudica .. |
9. pudica......... 2. [——|—|-—
10. guianensis ...) ... | ... |——] ... |... |... |---|}
11. albilora ...... pags Wendt ode tl Wiseatli beset |) «s2pslaethud decepitndag ee il
BPMCRNERASCONS |. 652 || vc | sos | sos | lave. | ‘oes, [i'ese: ||. eae | teen -—
13. propinqua ...| ... ed
14. stictothorax | ... | .. |... |-——
27.
*28.
29.
30.
*31.
32.
33.
. semicinerea...
. scutata
. cinnamomea
. mustelina ...
. vulpina .
. unirufa
, Kollartstcstccce
. candsei
. lemosticta ...
. terrestris......
. gularis
. antisiensis ..
. curtata
. rufigenis
. striaticollis...
. hyposticta
. subcristata ...
. ruticilla ......
. striaticeps ...
. albiceps ......
. albicapilla ...
. humicola
. orbignyii......
. arequipe......
. humilis ...
. sordida
. patagonica ...
. anthoides ...
. hudsoni
. wyatti.........
. flammulata...
. maluroides...
28
MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE GENUS SYNALLAXIS.
Mexico and
Guatemala.
Costa Rica and
Veragua.
Colnmbia.
eeeeee
seneee
castanea
teeeee
fuliginosa .
palpebralis...
erythrothorax
torquata......
maximiliani | ...
phryganophila} ...
rutilans ......] .
pallida
erythrops....
seeeee
eee
modesta ......
sulphurifera
Ecuador.
10
[Jan. 6,
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ee a al eulemled
3 3 ; |8m/ ® mm ; 6
B/E i Hie las|/e |e /£]
Ay aed Pete) —Q Pa} | on
S iH 5 & 35 5 7 | a £
fe
Bl eB|.E Bela | 4 a
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14. | 15. | 16.
to |
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10} 6 | 4
* Of the nine species marked with an asterisk I have no specimens, and the
characters are taken from examples contained in the Museums mentioned under
the head of each species.
1874.] MR. G. BUSK ON A NEW POLYZOON. 29
2. Notice of a New Polyzoon (Hippuraria egertoni).
By Grorce Busx, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &c.
[Received November 26, 1873.]
(Plate V.)
The subject of the present communication is so peculiar in its con-
formation and in several respects so widely different from any other
Polyzoon with which I am acquainted, that it seems desirable that some
notice of it should be placed on record, although I am unable from
want of materials to give a full account of its structure. This can
only be made out from the examination of fresh or perfect specimens
that have been preserved in spirit.
The only specimen at present available is not sufficient for the
purpose, owing to its having been dried and reexpanded. I am
indebted for it to Sir Philip Egerton, who discovered the species
growing upon the carapace of a Gonoplax angulatus dredged up at
Berehaven in the course of last summer. It will, no doubt, when
once made known, be found in sufficient abundance ; and the examina-
tion of it, in the living or recent state, will well reward the observer.
The specimen, which is preserved in the British Museum, consists
apparently of only a portion of a larger growth. It is about a 7
of an inch in length, and consists of a central tubular stem upon
which are four nodular enlargements at nearly equal distances apart.
From each of these nodes spring on all sides numerous slender
transparent tubes, about 0'°13 long, each of which supports at the
extremity a pyriform zooccium about 0:04 in length.
The central stem is a hollow, thick-walled, chitinous tube, ob-
scurely jointed between the nodosities (Plate V. fig. 2). The latter, in
the present condition of the specimen, are quite opaque ; and conse-
quently it is impossible to make out their exact relations to the
tubular stem, or the precise mode of origin of the celliferous tubules
which spring from them.
The tubules or peduncles, as they may be called, of the zoocecia
are slender and very transparent, about =4+, of an inch in diameter,
and smooth on the exterior. Internally they exhibit what appears
to be an irregularly spiral filament; but the real nature of this
structure has yet to be ascertaind. The zoocecia are seated at the
extremities of the tubules, to which they appear to be connected by
a joint. I have been unable to make out whether there is any
communication between the tube and the cavity of the zoocecium.
The zooecia or cells are of an elegant pyriform shape, somewhat
gibbous on one side, which may be termed the dorsal, whilst on the
opposite or anterior the zoocecium at first sight appears to be
furnished with a wide aperture closed with a thin membrane similar
to that which is met with in very many of the Cheilostomata
(as Bicellaria &c.), in which area is placed the true mouth with
its movable lip. Nothing of the kind, however, appears to exist in
Hippuraria ; and the apparent aperture represents the outline of a
distinct smaller compartment of the zoocecium, placed as it were on
30 MR. G. BUSK ON A NEW POLYZOON. [Jan. 6,
the front of the larger or hinder one, and about half its length. The
external walls of both compartments are very thin and transparent,
and marked with fine irregular transverse lines.
The orifice through which the polypide is protruded appears to
belong chiefly, if not entirely, to the smaller compartment, in which
may be perceived a dark opaque body probably representing the
contracted remains of the polypide, from which in several of the
zoocecia the usual contractile, muscular fasciculus proceeds. The
two compartments seem to be separated by an obliquely vertical
septum, in which may be obscurely perceived a circular opening*,
through which the retractile muscle appears to pass to the bottom
of the hinder compartment. Besides these structures there may be
seen traces of other, probably muscular, bands in the larger compart-
ments; but the whole of the internal economy has yet to be
satisfactorily made out.
In most of the zoocecia the remains of the protruded polypide may
still be seen projecting from the apical orifice. I have been unable
to discern any fringe of sete, but have no doubt that it will be
found that, when the polypide is protruded, its base is surrounded
with at least a membranous fringe, as is the case in many of the
Ctenostomata.
Some idea of the appearance presented by the Polyzoon when alive
may be formed from fig. 3 in the accompanying Plate, taken from a
sketch made by Sir Philip Egerton. From this it would seem that
the zoocecium, at any rate on occasion, is capable of being flexed to
a right angle upon its peduncle, although in the dead specimen all
the zoocecia are continued in a straight line with it.
For this interesting production I propose the name of Hippurarva
egertoni, with the following diagnosis :—
Suborder CrTENOSTOMATA.
Fam. HipruraArtAp&, n. fam.
Gen. Hipruraria, n.g.
Stem jointed, nodular, whorls of celliferous tubules arising from
the nodes. Zoowcia two-celled.
Sp. HippuraRIA EGERTONI, 0. sp.
The only species.
Hab. Berehaven, Ireland (parasitic on Gonoplax angulatus). _
DESCRIRTION OF PLATE V.
Fig. 1. Hippuraria egertoni, nat. size.
2. Enlarged about ten times,
3. Appearance when alive.
4, Anterior aspect of zoocecium.
5. Posterior aspect of zoocecium.
6. Portion of the central stem between two nodes,
* This opening may probably represent that by which the zooecia in the
other Ctenostomata communicate with the tube from which they spring.
Bo 1s PLY.
M&M Hanhart imp
M&N Hanhart imp.
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1874.] DR.J.E. GRAY ON THE STEPPE-CAT OF BOKHARA. 31
3. On the Steppe-Cat of Bokhara (Chaus caudatus).
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
[Received November 21, 1873.]
(Plates VI. & VII.)
The Zoological Department of the British Museum has lately re-
ceived the skin and skull of a cat which is labelled “Felis servalina
Cocan.” On the other side of the ticket is a Russian note, which
Mr. Ralston has kindly translated for me as follows :—‘‘ Bokhara
Steppe-cat (with skull), near the river Dyanan, 19th November, 1857,
Saliko.””
Saliko is probably the name of the collector. Mr. Ralston also
informs me that Daria means river; and I see by the atlas that
Cocan, or Khokan, is situated on the Sir Daria ; and I suppose that
Dyanan is a branch of the river Sir, which falls into the sea of Aral.
Mr. Dresser has kindly lent to me an essay, in Russian, on the
animals of Turkestan, which has not yet been received by the Library
of the British Museum or of the Zoological Society. It is by
N. A. Syevertzov, and is entitled ‘‘An Essay on the vertical and
horizontal Distribution of Turkestan animals,’’ from the Transactions
of the Imperial Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology
and Ethnography, vol. viii. part ii. (Moscow, 1873).
In the list of Turkestan animals, the name of Felis servalina
occurs, and possibly it is the same as Felis servalina on the label of
the specimen. M. Syevertzov does not describe or figure it as a new
species, but prints the name as he does those of all the well-known
species, not in italics as he does those which he considers new. He does
not give any authority for the species; and therefore it is impossible
to make out which of the cats that bear the name of Felis servalina
he considers it to be. There are no less than three species so named
in the collection of the British Museum, viz. :—
1. Felis servalina of Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 4, from Sierra
Leone, W. coast of Africa.
2. Felis servalina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401, from India. Now
called Felis herschelii, Cat. Carniv. B. M. p. 28.
3. Chaus servalinus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones B. M. p. 65, which is
a synonym of Felis serval of W. Africa.
But Chaus caudatus is undoubtedly distinct from all these.
The cat is, I believe, a species not yet inscribed in the catalogues
of the genus Chaus. It has the close soft fur and general colouring
and pencilled ears of that genus; but instead of having the short
tail only reaching to the hocks or heels of the hitherto known species
of that genus, its tail is elongate-cylindrical, reaching to the ground.
I therefore propose to call it Chaus caudatus.
Cuaus caupatus, n. sp. (Plate VI.)
Fur close, soft, pale yellowish, blackish brown at the base, with
32 DR.J.E. GRAY ON THE STEPPE-CAT OF BOKHARA. [Jan. 6,
very numerous small irregular spots. The spots are smallest and
rou ndest on the dorsal line, oblong on the sides, and forming inter-
rup ted lines on the shoulders and thighs, which are most distinct on
the outside of the fore legs, and especially forming four broad cross
streaks on the front edge of the thighs. Tail cylindrical, reaching
to the ground, spotted at the upper part of the base, and with eight
or nine narrow interrupted rings on the upper part of the remaining
portion, and with a black tip. Nose brown, with short hair. Fore-
head and cheeks like the back, but with smaller spots, and without
any distinct dark streaks from the back edge of the eye. The ears
ovate, acute, pale brown externally, with a terminal pencil of blackish
hairs, and whitish on the edge within. Chin, hinder parts of the
upper lip, under part of the head, throat, chest, belly, inside of legs
and hind feet whitish brown, the chin being whitest and the inside
of the hind legs and feet darkest. There is a large blackish spot on
the upper part of the inside of the fore legs, and two small cross
streaks on the front edge of the inside of the hind thighs. The
hinder part of the hind feet to the heel blackish.
Length of body and head 233 in.; tail 123 in.; height at shoulder
12 in.
Hab. “Cocan,” Bokhara.
The skull (Pl. VII.) is 34 in. long, and 24 wide at the zygomatic
arch ; the lower jaw is 22 in. long, and 27 in. wide at the condyles.
It has a short face, with a round well-developed brain-cavity and
large orbits.
This species is most like Chaus ornatus; but that differs in the
spots being round and distinct and in the tail being shorter.
It differs from the Felis chaus from the shores of the Caspian,
known all over Southern Asia as the Jungle-Cat, figured by Giilden-
stadt in the ‘Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop.’ xx. p. 483, t. 14, in the
tail being much longer and the fur distinctly spotted. The pale
brown colour of the outer side of the ears at once distinguishes
it from the red-eared Chaus catolynz, and the Cape-Cat, Felis
caligata. It has nothing to do with the Felis euptilura, described
and figured by Mr. Elliot in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 759,
t. Ixxvi., from a skin in a bad state belonging to Mr. Bartlett, “ stated
to come from Siberia,’ and now in the British Museum. Mr. Elliot
describes his species as coming from North-western Siberia, and
thinks it is the same as a cat from Amurland figured as Feliz undata?
by Radde (Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien, 1862, p. 106, t. iv.).
I do not know what is the authority for Mr. Elliot’s statement as to
the part of Siberia in which this animal is said to be found; Mr.
Bartlett does not give any, and M. Radde travelled in Hast Siberia.
Perhaps it is only a mistake in writing.
Radde collected his Felis undata in the Amurland; he believes
(J. ¢c. p. 113) that it is identical with the cat I described as Felis
chinensis, Gray (Mag. Zool. 1837) ; but evidently he had never seen
Felis chinensis from S. China, any more than he had seen Felis
undata of Desmarest ovr Felis minuta of Temminck from Java,
after which he names his cat on the plate. If he had, he must have
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1874. | SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. 33
considered them distinct unless he believed all the small Asiatic
spotted cats to be of one species.
Pallas, in the ‘ Zoographia Russica,’ vol. i. p. 29, describes the
Lynxes found in the Caucasus ; but they all have a short tail. The
skins-of the wild cat from there (p. 27) have four longitudinal black
streaks on the forehead, three on the nape, and one dorsal streak.
4, On Sclater’s Muntjac and other Species of the Genus
Cervulus. By Sir Vicror Brooks, Bart., F.Z.S.
[Received January 6, 1874.]
(Plates VIII. & IX.)
In a letter accompanying the specimens of Cervulus sclatert which
are mentioned by Mr. Swinhoe in his description of that species
(P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 813), he expresses his desire that I should describe
the species more fully and exhibit the specimens to the Society.
The latter part of Mr. Swinhoe’s request I have great pleasure in
fulfilling this evening; the former Mr. Swinhoe has rendered very
difficult, his description of the species being almost as exhaustive as
the materials would admit.
It has, however, occurred to me that this may be a fitting oppor-
tunity for putting together in a concise form all that is known con-
cerning the genus Cervulus, so as to form a basis for future obser-
vation and research.
In the Prox furcata from the province of Schlesien (Steinheim),
described and figured by Hensel (Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geolog.
Gesellsch. 1859, xi. 251-279, T. 10, 11), we have the earliest
geological occurrence of this form of Deer. The original specimens
described by Hensel consisted of nearly the entire left frontal bone,
with pedestal and horn complete, and of part of the superior maxillary.
There is in the British Museum a cast of the former, which I have
examined carefully ; and the close similarity between it and a corre-
sponding portion of the skull of Cervulus muntjac has astonished me,
so much so that I have no hesitation in saying that, if the Miocene
Muntjac’s claim to specific distinction depended solely upon the
characters afforded by this specimen, its claims would rest upon a
very slender foundation. It cannot, however, I think, be doubted
that the discovery of other parts of the skeleton of Prox furcata
would reveal trenchant and interesting differences between this ancient
form and the existing Muntjacs.
The distribution of Cervulus, as represented by existing species, is,
with perhaps the exception of Cervulus sclateri (which appears to
extend into the north-western Palearctic Region), confined to and
coextensive with the Indian or Middle Palzotropical Region of
Sclater.
So far as the materials at my command have enabled me to form
an opinion, there are but three definite and persistent modifications
Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. IIE. 3
34 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. [Jan. 6,
of this form—Cervulus muntjac, Cervulus reevesi, and Cervulus
sclateri. - Of these Cervulus muntjac has the most southern, Cer-
vulus selateri the most northern, and Cervulus reevesi, the inter-
mediate range. This being so, analogy would lead us to look for
intermediate structural characters in the species of intermediate range ;
but such is not the case in the present imstance, Cervulus sclateré
being intermediate in size and character to the other two species.
In the three species the size of the frontal and suborbital glands
increases in inverse ratio to the size of the species ; hence the principal
differences exhibited by their skulls, that of Cervulus reevesi bemg
much more compressed from above downwards, and, if measurement
be taken from the most outwardly projecting parts of the maxille,
much wider in comparison with its length than that of either of the
other species. These characters Cervulus selater’ exhibits in a
degree intermediate between Cervulus reevesi, and Cervulus muntjac.
Mr. Swinhoe has sent home a young specimen* of Cervulus, which
he identifies as the young of Cervulus sclatert ; inthe upper part of its
back and sides it is dappled with distinct yellowish spots, this specimen
is stuffed in the British Museum (1620 c, Gray, Hand-list, p. 165).
In the British Museum there is also a specimen of a very young
Cervulus reevesi, said to have been sent from Amoy by Mr. Swinhoe
(1524 d, l.c. p. 165): this specimen shows no sign of spots, the fur
being annulated as in the adult. The young of Cervulus muntjac
is spotted ; it would therefore appear that, in the fact of having the
young spotted, Cervulus muntjac and Cervulus sclateri agree together
and differ from Cervulus reevesi. I must, however, confess that, until
an opportunity offers of examining a larger series of the young of
“all three species, this can hardly be considered satisfactorily es-
tablished. The skin of a very young specimen of Cervulus sclatert
sent home by Mr. Swinhoe, the skull of which shows only the first
true molar in place, being spotless, leads me to believe that these
markings in the Muntjacs are lost at a very early age; it is there-
fore not impossible that the spotless stuffed specimen of Cervulus
reevesi in the British Museum may represent that species at an age
when the spots are lost.
Correlated, apparently, with the long persistence of this form, I
find in the reduction of the number of parts remaining permanently
separate in the tarsal joint a more advanced stage of specialization
than that exhibited by any Artiodactyle, with the exception of two
probably equally ancient forms—namely, the simple horned Cervus
pudu ot Chili, and Hyomoschus aquaticus. In the typical tarsus of
the Pecora, specialization has proceeded two steps in advance of that
shown in the Suinze ; the navicular and cuboid have become united
into one bone, as have also the second and third cuneiforms*, the
first cuneiform being represented by a small separate bone. Thus.
the typical adult tarsus of the Pecora (fig. 1 c} presents five separate
* See P.Z.8. 1872, p. 813.
+ Professor Flower informs me that Dr. Kowaleysky has shown him con-
vincing proof that the large bone between the cuboid and internal cuneiform im
the Pecora represents the second and third cuneiform united.
1874.) SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. 35
Astr
Ideal type.
ape [et ayy
3 2/1
ies
Cervulus. Cervulus (young). Cervus (young).
Diagram showing the condition of the tarsus in Cervulus as compared with the
typical Mammalian tarsus and that of Sws and the ordinary Pecora.
C, caleaneum; Astr, astragalus; Cub, cuboides; N, naviculare; 1, 2, 3, cunei-
formia; I, IJ, III, IV, V, metatarsals, .
3
36 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. [Jan. 6,
bones—the astragalus (Astr), the confluent navicular and cuboid bone
(N & Cub), that of the second and third cuneiform (3, 2), and the
first cuneiform (1). In the adult tarsus of Cervulus (fig. 1d), in
several specimens which I have examined, there are but four separate
bones; these bones are the calcaneum, the astragalus, and then a
large nearly square bone (fig, 1 d, Cub, N, 3, 2) with a small space
cut out of its interno-posterior surface for the reception of a very small
bone (fig. 1 d, 1), which appears, from its relation to the surrounding
parts, unquestionably to represent the first cuneiform. Nor can there,
I think, be much doubt that the large square bone of the tarsus of
Cervulus represents the naviculo-cuboid bone of the ordinary Pecora,
plus the confluent second and third cuneiforms. The order of the
successive steps of the anchylosis of these separate parts appears to
me of considerable interest ; I find in the skeleton of the very young
specimen of Cervulus sclateri above mentioned (fig. 1 e), that the
distal row of the tarsus consists of two nearly equal-sized bones
(Cub & N, 2, 3), and the very small first cuneiform (1). Anchy-
losis appears to be just commencing between the two larger bones.
In the skeleton of a Fallow Deer of similar age (fig. 1 /) the navicular
and cuboid present a condition similar to that exhibited by these
two large bones in the tarsus of Cervulus. It would therefore
appear that the unusual condition of the anchylosis of the navicular
and confluent second and third cuneiforms obtains in Cervulus at an
earlier age than the ordinary condition, amongst the Cervidee, of the
confluence of the navicular and cuboid bones. An interesting question
naturally follows, and one which paleontology will doubtless one day
answer. Is the history of the tarsus of the individual an epitome of
that of the entire form? If so, Cervulus and Cervus will be found
segregated far into the geological past ; and in considering the genea-
logy of the latter, no species need be taken into consideration that
exhibits the cervuline tarsus—the converse obtaining with equal force,
no species presenting a cervine tarsus being likely to have held a
place in the pedigree of Cervulus.
The tarsus of Cervus pudu resembles that of Cervulus. In Hyo-
moschus the second and third cuneiforms are either suppressed or
anchylosed to the proximal end of the third metatarsal.
In the Cervide the reduction of the second and fifth metacarpals
appears to have followed two distinct paths. In one the reduction
takes place from above downwards, the proximal ends of these
bones disappearing, the distal ends remaining articulated by synovial
joints with their respective phalanges (fig. 2a). Following this
method I have observed Alees, Rangifer, Moschus, Hydropotes,
Cervus capreolus, Caassus, Cariacus, and Cervus pudu. In the
other, reduction appears to have crept from below upwards, the
proximal ends of the bones remaining separated consequently from
their phalangeal extremities (fig. 2 6). Following this second method
are Rusa, Hyelaphus, Cervus dama, Cervus magaceros, Cervus ela-
phus and its allies, Elaphurus davidianus, and Cervulus. Oervulus,
however, in this respect (see fig. 2, c), as well as in the condition of
the tarsus, shows an advance in specialization, all the phalanges of
1874. ] SIR Y. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. 37
Fig. 2.
a 6 c
Alces, Rangifer, &e. Rusa, Hyelaphus, &e. Cervulus.
Diagram showing the two paths followed by the Cervide in the reduction of the
second and fifth metacarpals, and the loss of the phalangeal extremities of
these digits in Cervulus.
38 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. [Jan. 6,
the fourth and fifth digits on both fore and hind extremities having,
as far at least as the specimens examined by me are concerned, en-
tirely disappeared. In this respect Cervulus stands alone amongst
the Cervidee.
The Muntjacs are small animals, solitary in habits, rarely even
two being seen together. They are fond of hilly grounds covered
with forest, and, in common with all deer, exhibit much partiality to
particular spots. Their alarm-ery is a sharp shrill bark ; when
attacked by dogs the males use their sharp exserted canines with
extraordinary severity, inflicting upon their opponents deep and, at
times, even dangerous wounds, These teeth being very loose in
their sockets, it has been imagined by some that the animal possesses
the power of moving them, so as to give greater effect to the blow
when striking with them. I have never examined the matter for
myself ; but the presence or absence of muscular fibre connected
with the canines would at once decide the question. Mr. Swinhoe
(P. Z.S. 1872, p. 816) describes a similar looseness in the canines
of Hydropotes inermis.
Genus CERVULUS.
1816. Cervulus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Phil. p. 74.
1827. Styloceros (subgenus), Ham. Smith, Griff. Cuv. An. Kingd.
vol. v. p. 319.
1836. Prox, Ogilby, P. Z.S. p. 135.
Stature small. Hair smooth and short. Cutaneous frontal glands
present. Suborbital glands large. Notarsal glands. Limbs short.
Back arched, high behind. Frontals developing, in the male, long
processes for the support of the horns, each process sending down-
wards from its root a supraorbital ridge, which serves to protect the
frontal glands. Horns short, possessing short brow-antlers, which,
as well as the points of the horns themselves, project inwards.
CERVULUS MUNTJAC.
1780. Cervus muntjak, Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. Band ii. p. 131.
1781. Rib-faced Deer, Penn. Hist. Quadr. sec. edit. p. 107.
1785. Cervus muntjak and C. vaginalis, Bodd. Elench. anim.
vol. i. p. 136.
1788. Cervus muntjac, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 180.
1811. Kijang, Marsd. Hist. Sum. 3rd. edit. p. 117, cum fig.
1816. Cervus moschatus, Blainv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Phil. p. 77.
1824. Cervus muntjac, Horsf. Zool. Res. Java.
1839-1844. Cervus muntjac, Mill. & Schl. Verh. Nat. Gesch.
= 220»
f 1827. Cervus muntjak and C. moschatus, Ham. Smith, Griff. edit.
Cuv. Anim. Kingd. vol. v. pp. 319, 320.
1852. Styloceros muntjacus, Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 85.
1855. Cervus muntjac and C. styloceros, Wagn. Saugeth. p. 388.
1867. Cervulus aureus, Jerd. Mamm. p. 264.
1869. Cervulus vaginalis, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. p. 652.
1873. Cervulus moschatus, Gray, Hand-list Rum. Mamm. p. 163.
1874. | SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. 39
1873. Cervulus amostylis, Gray, ibid. p. 165.
1873. Cervulus tamulicus, Gray, ibid.
Anterior parts of the face, from the muzzle to between the eyes,
brown, a blackish line running up the inside of each frontal pedestal.
The rest of the pedestals, upper parts of the forehead, and occiput
foxy red. Fore legs, from the shoulder downwards, line in front of
the hind legs, starting from the patella, and all the limbs from the
tarsal joints downwards, dark bluish brown. Chin, throat, inside of
hind legs and under surface of tail white. The rest of the body of
a brilliant yellowish red, darker in the upper parts of the back—the
hairs on the sides being grey below, strongly tipped with yellow,
those on the back being also ringed with. black.
Bigs 3.
Skull of Cervulus muntjac,
Skull. Depression in the lachrymal bone for the reception of the
suborbital gland not occupying the entire bone, a portion of the
lachrymal falling in a vertical direction between the frontal bone, the
anteorbital vacuity, and the gland.
Height about 26" at the shoulder.
Hab. British India, Burmah, Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
Hainan; Banka, Borneo (Sch. § Miill.).
In a large collection of the skins, skulls, and horns of this species,
which I have received from all parts of India and Burmah, and in
a considerable number of living specimens which I have examined,
I have observed amongst adult animals so much difference in size
and intensity of coloration, that I have found it impossible to retain
the Muntjac of Java and Sumatra as a distinct species. The Munt-
jacs from the south of India are, as a rule, decidedly smaller than
those from the north, as is also the case with the Axis and Indian
Antelope. But even this rule is subject to many exceptions ; I have
received from Northern India perfectly adult and even slightly aged
specimens of both Muntjac and Axis inferior in size to the average
as presented by these species in Southern India. These small races
40 SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. (Jan. 6,
are always connected with particular areas, and are doubtless the
result of conditions sufficiently unfavourable to prevent the species
reaching the full luxuriance of growth and beauty of which it is
capable, though not sufficiently rigorous to prevent its existence.
CrervuLus scuATERI. (Plate VIII.)
1873. Cervulus sclateri, Swinhoe, P. Z.S. p. 813.
3 adult. The entire forehead, occiput, and outside of ear-conchs
yellow. The intensity of the yellow varies in different specimens, but
is always sufficiently strong to form a very conspicuous character in
the appearance of the males of this species. A line running up the
inside of the horn-pedestals, starting from the frontal glands, jet-
black, this marking contrasting strongly with the yellow of the
forehead. Cheeks, anterior of neck and throat, belly, and upper
surface of tail foxy red. Chin, a line running down the anterior of
the tibial portion of the hind limbs, and under surface of tail white.
The rest of the body bluish brown speckled with red.
Fig. 4.
Skull of Cervalus sclateri.
Skull. Depression in lachrymal for suborbital gland occupying
nearly the entire bone. Nasals more prolonged backwards than in
the other species. Parts anterior to the orbits also more prolonged
and tapering gradually from the orbits to the pramaxille.
Height 19" at the shoulder.
Hab. “ Abounding in the hills to the back of Hangchow city”
(Swinhoe).
Mr. Swinhoe says, “the female of this species may easily be con-
founded with the female of C. reevesi; but the brighter colour of
the latter, and her pure white chin and throat will serve as distin-
guishing characters for the skin.’ He describes C. sclateri as more
porcine in appearance than C. reevesi. I am astonished at this, as
it is hard to imagine a Deer more pig-like, or, rather, more peccary-
like in shape and gestures than C. reevesi. The form of the skulls
of the two species would lead me to expect the more high-bred and
refined appearance in the new species.
1874. | SIR V. BROOKE ON THE GENUS CERVULUS. 4\
CERVULUS REEVESI. (Plate IX.)
1838. Cervus reevesi, Ogilby, P.Z.S. p. 105.
1862. Cervulus reevesi, Swinhoe, P. Z.S. p- 361.
1870. Cervulus reevesi, Swinhoe, P.Z.S. p. 644.
1873. Cervulus reevesi, Gray, Hand-list Rum. Mamm. p. 165.
Anterior parts of the face below the eyes brown ; between the eyes
the hair becomes more scanty, strong black lines running from each
frontal gland up the inside of the horn-pedestals. Upper parts of
the forehead become gradually rufous from the mixture of red hairs,
the rufous becoming more intense on the occiput and ending in a
strongly defined line between the ears. Posterior of neck, back,
and sides grizzly rufous, a line running down the centre of the neck
and back and forearms bluish brown. Cheeks, throat, belly, and
upper surface of tail rufous. Chin and under surface of tail white.
Fawn without spots.
Fiz. '5.
Skull of Cervulus reeves.
Skull. Depression for the reception of the suborbital gland, of ~
immense size, modifying all the surrounding bones, and giving the
parts of the skull anterior to the orbits a compressed appearance
from above downwards, the floor of the suborbital fossa being much
flattened and pulled out laterally. The pedestals of the froutal
bones, in all the specimens examined by me, much more parallel
than in the two other species. Frontal supraorbital ridges very
strongly developed. Parts anterior to the suborbital gland com-
pressed from side to side and very short,
Height scarcely 13" at the shoulder.
Hab. Southern China, from the latitude of Canton, as far north
as Ningpo ; Formosa.
Females hornless. Canines in the males long, pulp-cavity non-per-
sistent. Suborbital fossa deep, anteorbital vacuity small. Tarsus with
the navicular, cuboid, external, and middle cuneiform bones united.
Phalanges of second and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals absent.
The figure (Plate 1X.) is taken from a specimen living in the So-
ciety’s Gardens since August 1867. See Rev. Cat. Vert. p. 109.
P.S. (Feb. 27).—Since reading this paper I have seen the type of
Cervulus lacrymans, figured and described by M. Alphonse Milne-
Edwards in his ‘ Recherches pour servir 4 l’ Histoire Naturelle des
42 SIR V. BROOKE ON A NEW DEER FROM PERSIA. [Jan. 6,
Mamm.’ (pl. 64), and am nearly convinced that this specimen, which
was obtained in Moupin by Pére David, is of the same species as
Cervulus sclateri. If this be so, the former name being the older,
must be retained. I may also mention that M. A. Milne-Edwards
informs me that, out of a very large number of Cervulus muntjac
born in the Jardin des Plantes, he has never seen the young
spotted ; and several specimens preserved in the Museum are without
any sign of spots. On the other hand, a very large young Muntjac,
obtained in Sumatra, is distinctly spotted. If it were not that there
exists in the British Museum a young spotted Muntjac (Hand-list,
p- 163, 7012), sent by Mr. Hodgson from Nepal, I should be inclined
to think that after all the Cervuli of India, and of Sumatra and
Java, may be specifically distinct. The matter requires more inves-
tigation, based upon a large number of fresh specimens.
5. On a new Species of Deer from Persia. By Sir Victor
Brooke, Bart., F.Z.S.
[Received January 6, 1874. ]
Amongst a large number of very interesting specimens of natural
history received a short time ago from Major Jones, H. B. M.
Consul at Tabreez, in Persia, are the frontlet and horns of a deer,
which appear to me of great interest, representing as they do, not
Horns of Cervus caspicus.
J Smit lth . M.&NHanhart imp.
GARRULAX GALBANUS.
M&N Hanhart up
J. Smit hth,
TROCHALOPTERON CINERACEUM.
OURS
1874.] ON NEW BIRDS FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 43
only a new species, but a type which I should have least expected
to find occurring in Persia. It will be seen that these horns, which
I have the pleasure of exhibiting this evening, belong to a member
of the Rusine section of the Cervide, and on the whole resemble
more nearly those of the Axis than those of any other species. The
small amount of hair which remains below the burrs is also of the
same colour as that found surrounding the pedestals of the Indian
Axis. As far, however, as it is possible to judge from such a small
fragment of the skull, the new Persian deer is decidedly larger than
the Axis, and the horns present characters which, taken in con-
nexion with the locality from which they were obtained, lead me to
believe that they represent a well-defined and unknown species. In
the Axis the outermost of the two upper tines is always, in normal
specimens, the longest. In the new species the corresponding tine
is the shortest, as obtains in all normal specimens of the Cervus hip-
pelaphus of Java. In Cervus aristotelis, on the contrary, no character
of distinction is afforded by the relative length of these upper tines ;
and, as far as it is possible to judge from a single specimen, I think
it not at all improbable that this will be found to be the case with
this Persian species. In their general texture, in their superior
massiveness in comparison with their length, in their wide set, and in
a quantity of small details which are very striking to the eye, but
appear trivial upon paper, these horns differ from those belonging
to any species with which I am acquainted. I therefore propose
provisionally to confer upon this species the name of Cervus caspicus,
the specimen having been procured from the district of Talisch, on
the south-west coast of the Caspian Sea.
The horns possess strong brow-antlers rising immediately above
the burrs, a long massive beam, and two upper points, the outer of
which is the shortest.
Their measurements are as follows :—
Length round the outside curve............ 26!
Tuenetiy of brow-amtlers 2k one nee een 83"
Largest span from horn to horn............ 30"
Carcumference, Of BEAM .. 2. 6s jfsi0 «ame Sanne 4i"
6. Descriptions of Ten new Birds from the Naga Hills and
Muniptr Valley, N.E. Frontier of Bengal. By Major
H. H. Gopwin-Auvsten, F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., &e.
[Received January 5, 1874.]
(Plates X., XI. & XII.)
The new birds from which the following descriptions have been
drawn up were obtained by me during the field-season of 1872-73,
while employed in charge of the Boundary Survey operations along
the main watershed of the Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy rivers.
In presenting this paper I must not omit to acknowledge the
very cordial and able assistance that has been given me by Viscount
44 MAJOR H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON NEW [Jan. 6,
Walden, and the great use his fine collection has proved in the
correct determination of so many of the birds I obtained.
Several birds from the same part of India yet remain to be
identified ; and I may mention the discovery of a Bambusicola,
allied to B. fytchii, Anderson, with which my specimen agrees very
closely, but the dimensions differ much. Thus :—
Length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill at front.
in. in. in. in. in.
Yunan bird .... 12°0 58 4:2 1°58 0°86
Khasi bird .... 14°5 6°25 5°0 1-2 0°90
If this should prove distinct on comparison of the specimens, I propose
to name it B. hopkinsoni, after the able officer so long the Com-
missioner of Assam, and who took so great an interest in our survey
operations.
The presence of this bird so far west, even if it should prove
identical with Anderson’s bird, is a point of very great interest in
the distribution of some of the forms from Western China.
Cypselus subfurcatus, Blyth, identical with specimens from Amoy
and Malacca, I also found breeding at Shillong in June, in the
precipices that bound the Umiam valley—Cypselus infumatus, Sclater
(tectorum of Jerdon), being another Swift having an equally extended
range and discovered about the same time ; and the presence of other
genera on this elevated promontory of the Garo, Khasi, and Naga
Hills, south of the alluvial valley of the Brahmaputra, marks most
distinctly the extreme limit of the very marked Indo-Chinese and
Malayan fauna, across which narrow belt many do not extend.
SITTA NAGAENSIS, 0. Sp.
Description.— Above slaty blue, palest on neck and head ; two
centre tail-feathers, shoulder of wing, and secondaries same colour
rather brighter ; quills brown-black ; outer tail-feathers black, with a
white patch on the inner web of the four outer, increasing outwards
and in the outermost extending diagonally to the other web, all tipped
grey and terminating in black ; a black streak from lores through eye
to ear-coverts and down side of neck. Beneath dull sordid white,
purer on chin and throat, with a few white feathers bounding the
ear-coverts ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts rusty chestnut, all
the latter with a terminal white spot.
Bill black above, grey below; legs greenish black; irides dark
brown.
Length 4°9 inches, wing 3°0, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°68, bill at front
0°58, extent of foot 1°2.
Inhabits the Naga Hill-ranges, and was not uncommon.
GARRULAX GALBANUs, n. sp. (Plate X.)
Description.—Above pale pure olivaceous on head, with a brown
tinge on the back ; tail pale ashy brown; the four central feathers
tipped umber-brown and barred ; the four outer of the same colour in
middle and broadly tipped with white; wing concolorous with
1874. ] BIRDS FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 45
back ; quills pale umber-brown, edged grey. Very narrow frontal
band; base of lower mandible, lores through eyes and ear-coverts
rich black ; beneath dull yellow, purer on the throat, passing into
olivaceous on the flanks ; under tail-coverts white.
Bill black ; legs ash-grey ; irides red brown.
Length 9 inches, wing 3°65, tail 4-1, tarsus 1°35, bill at front 0°8.
I first obtained this very handsome bird in the Munipir valley,
under the Koupru range, in February 1873. It associates in large
flocks of from fifty to eighty or more, very noisy, following each other
in along string through the high grass, which they seem to frequent
and prefer to the denser forest. When on the flight their white tail-
feathers and under tail-coverts of the same colour make them very
conspicuous. I observed it also on the head-waters of the Barak and
other streams that flow into the Muniptr valley on the north-east.
The nearest allied species is G. gularis, M‘Clelland, which is also
yellow on breast ; but is dark slate-grey above, with rufous on upper
tail-coverts, flanks, abdomen, and vent.
GARRULAX ALBO-SUPERCILIARIS, n. Sp-
Deseription—Above, head and forehead reddish umber-brown,
paling on back of neck into dull olivaceous brown on the rump and
whole of the wing ; tail pale red-brown; lores, a patch below eye,
under ear-coverts, and supercilium, which extends backwards for
1°5 inch from the lores, white; upper portion of ear-coverts
dark brown; chin and throat ruddy brown, paling on the breast
into very pale dingy olivaceous, and into pale earthy ochre on
abdomen and flanks ; under tail-coverts rufous.
Bill black ; legs fleshy brown; irides dull red.
Length 9 inches, wing 3°8, tail 4°2, tarsus 1°38, bill at front 0-7.
One specimen obtained in the Muniptr valley, near Kaibi.
This dull-coloured Garrulaz is very similar in coloration to G.
rufifrons, Sw., of Java, which is a larger bird, and has no white
superciliaries or lower ear-coverts. Another similar form is G.
cinereifrons, Blyth, from Ceylon.
TROCHALOPTERON CINERACEUM, 0. sp. (Plate XI.)
Description.—Above pale ashy olivaceous, greyer on the tail,
which is black for 0°7" at the terminal end, then tipped broadly white.
Wing: quills pale black, edged hoary grey; the secondaries tipped
black, and their square tips edged white, in keeping with the tail.
Primary coverts near the bastard wing black, forming a wing-spot.
Top of head black, extending in a narrow line down back of neck ;
lores and a broad band over eyes and ear-coverts dingy white ; a few
pure white feathers below eyes merging into ear-coverts ; a narrow
black line extends from posterior corner of eye over the ear-coverts,
and a moustachial streak of the same colour merges into indistinct
spots. Chin white, with a few hairy black streaks; breast and
underparts sullied white, with a slight vinous tinge on the
former, and a dash of ruddy rufous on side of neck ; ochraceous on
belly and under tail-coverts. (
46 MAJOR H, H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON NEW [Jan. 6,
Bill pale yellow shaded dark above; legs fleshy brown; irides
pale ruddy ochre.
Length 8°75 inches, wing 3°22, tail 4:0, tarsus 1°25, bill at
front 0°68.
In general coloration this bird approaches 7’. variegatum, Vigors.
Its yellow bill and much smaller weaker legs and feet make it a
very marked form of this genus.
TROCHALOPTERON VIRGATUM, Ni. Sp.
Description —Head dark rufous brown, olivaceous on back, paler
and greyer on rump; tail olive-brown, with aslight tinge of rusty on
basal half, finely and indistinctly barred ; wing, first three quills grey
on outer web, the rest and secondaries pale ferruginous merging into
rich chestnut at their base; coverts of the latter colour, narrowly
tipped ochre; feathers of winglet conspicuously white-centred, and
lores chestnut, a white supercilium ; ear-coverts pale rusty ; chin and
throat rich dark chestnut; breast and abdomen bright ochraceous ;
under tail-coverts darker brown. As viewed from below, the tail is
grey brown, each feather faintly tipped with white.
All the feathers of the head, upper back, flanks, and breast are
centred white or pale ochre; and those of the head and neck are
rigid.
“Bill black ; legs pinky grey ; irides pale brown.
Length 9 inches, wing 3°5, tail 4°85, tarsus 1°3, bill at front 0°6.
Obtained a single specimen near the village of Razimi, Naga
Hills, under the Kopamedza ridge, 5000 feet.
This strikingly plumaged species is very close to 7. setiferum,
Hodgs., with which I compared it ; but differs very materially. 7’. li-
neatum, Vigors, is another allied form.
ACTINODURA WALDENI, n. sp. (Plate XII.)
Description.—Head full-crested, extending back for more than an
inch, hoary grey, edged pale; back rich brown with a greenish hue,
becoming more rufous on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; base of
tail-feathers chestnut, for half their length narrowly barred with
black, then black for terminal inch, the three outer tipped white;
quills black, outer web chestnut at base, then barred with black, and
the narrow terminal portion grey ; primary coverts black, the wing-
let-feathers grey, barred black; ear-coverts hoary; side of head
hair grey ; chin, breast, and abdomen rufous brown, paler on chin
and throat, the whole having a streaky appearance, the feathers being
centred with a darker shade.
Bill grey ; legs and feet fleshy brown ; irides pale grey.
Length 8 inches, wing 3°48, tail 3°45, tarsus 1*2, bill at front 0°62.
I first shot this bird on the Peak of Japvo, at about 9000 feet, on
the Burrail range, Naga Hills.
This is a small form of A. egyertoni, which occurs in the same
locality, every character being repeated in the two forms, yet each
distinct ; no better example of a gradual change in size and colora-
tion could be shown.
1874.] BIRDS FROM THE NAGA HILLS. 47
Matacocercus (LAYARDIA) RUBIGINOSUS, N. sp.
Description.—Above rich rusty brown, darker on the head, with
black shafts to feathers; wings and tail of same colour, the latter
distinctly barred; lores white, beneath pale rufescent, nearly white
under chin, and pale on centre of abdomen.
Bill black, well curved ; legs pale corneous or dull grey brown ;
irides nearly white.
Length 9°5 inches, wing 3-0, tail 4°8, tarsus 1°16, bill.at front 0°62.
I first shot this bird in long grass near the Logtak Lake, Munipur,
and again obtained specimens near Kaibi in the same valley. It is
essentially a grass-bird, with all the habits of M. terricolor, Hodgson.
They associate about a dozen together, flying through the grass one
after the other in a scattered line, never abiding long in one place.
By the kind assistance of R. B. Sharpe, Esq., of the British
Mvseum, I have been able to examine a near ally of this bird
marked Malacocercus subrufus, from Malabar, which is not so
intensely rufous, has no white on the throat, is greyish on the head,
and has a yellow lower mandible.
PRINIA RUFULA, 1. Sp.
Description.—Above, the head ashy brown, becoming more russet
on back and pale rufous on rump and upper tail-coverts ; tail brown,
indistinctly barred, tipped white on the outer tail-feathers, with a
subterminal dark spot; wing dark brown, with pale rusty brown
edgings to primaries and secondaries; lores, round eye and ear-
coverts pale ashy ; below chin sullied white, greyer white on breast ;
ochraceous on abdomen; flanks and thighs pale brown.
Bill black, both above and below; legs pale corneous, with darker
claws ; irides ruddy ochre.
Length 4°75 inches, wing 1°82, tail 2°4, tarsus 0°75, bill at front 0°4.
This species was common in the Naga Hills and Munipir, and
replaces P. hodgsoni, Blyth, on the Khasi-Hills side. It is quite
distinct from P. gracilis, which has a marked rufous forehead, and
can be distinguished at a glance from the former bird, which is
remarkably ashy, with dark ear-coverts.
CIsTICOLA MUNIPURENSIS, Nn. Sp-
Description.—Above dark umber-brown, feathers margined pale
ochre on head, broader and more rufous on back ; upper tail-coverts
plain rufous brown ; the feathers on nape are paler rufous and dark
shafting subdued ; tail dark umber, the two centre feathers mar-
gined rufous brown, viewed from below tipped whitish, with sub-
terminal dark spots; white on chin, throat, and centre of abdomen
rufescent on breast and flanks. Pale round eye.
Bill black above, pale beneath ; legs fleshy brown.
Length 4:25 inches, wing 2°0, tail 1°65, tarsus0°76, bill at front 0°40.
I obtained four specimens of this species in the reedy sides of the
Logtak Lake, Munipér valley. It differs on comparison with C.
scheenicola, Bonap., and C. ruficollis, Walden, which I also obtained,
and is intermediate in coloration, and may be known at once by
48 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
the dark edging along the shafts of the centre tail-feathers, which in
C. ruficollis are wholly dark, and in C. seheenicola are banded broadly
rufous, terminating black and white. It is very near to C. rustica,
Wallace, from the Island of Bouru, which is more rufous on the head
and breast.
MounlA SUBUNDULATA, 0. Sp.
Description.— 3 above pale umber-brown, darker on the head,
pale grey on rump, a few feathers edged paler; the upper tail-
coverts dull yellow; tail-feathers olivaceous umber-brown, faintly
edged with the same yellow tint; quills pale chestnut on outer web,
umber-brown on inner, and indistinctly barred. Sides of head umber-
brown, becoming dark chestnut on chin and throat; breast and.
flanks white, feathers very narrowly barred or margined rufous-
brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, the latter
sparingly streaked with brown; feathers of the back finely pale-
shafted.
Bill dark grey ; feet plumbeous ; irides red.
Length 4:3 inches, wing 2°1, tail 1-7, tarsus °55, bill at front 0°45.
@ is duller brown above, with no white shafts to the feathers, a
distinct green tinge upon the tail-feathers, otherwise as in M.
undulata. Change of coloration in young males commences om
centre of the throat, extending towards the base of bill into the dark
chestnut, and towards breast into the undulated -colouring of those
parts.
Obtained in the Munipir valley both on Lake Logtak and the
head of the Barak river. It is very nearly allied to, but distinct
from M. undulata, Latham, in which the undulations are broad,
the general coloration more rufous, and the tail more pointed. It
is also near to M. nisoria from Java and Malacca; but in that
bird the tail-coverts are grey, with no trace of the fulvescent common
to the two continental forms. Lord Walden was the first to notice
this species as distinct, in specimens from Burmah, in his collection,
which are identical with my own from Muniptr: he has kindly’
allowed me to now describe it.
7. On the Coleoptera Geodephaga of Chile.
By Epwyn C. Rezp, C.M.Z.8.
[Received January 6, 1874.]
(Plate XIII.)
In this attempt to enumerate the Chilian species of the Coleop-
terous families Cicindelidee and Carabide the first difficulty is to
define the area under consideration. The governmentsof Chili, Bolivia,
and the Argentine Confederation have been trying for some years
past to settle the question of the boundaries of their respective States.
Chili claims dominion over the strip of country between the Andes
(i. e. the line of water-parting) and the Pacific, from 24° S. to Cape
A-T.Hollick.
Mintern Bros. imp
NEW CHILIAN COLEOPTERA.
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 49
Horn, and has, as far as I can see, every right to it; but it seems
that in Patagonia the Andes disappear, and there is therefore no
definite boundary. Again, on the north, Dr. Philippi found during
his journey in the desert of Atacama that the great South-American
backbone was utterly dislocated there; and in place of a continuous
chain with a well defined water-parting, he found a plateau of con-
siderable height and isolated mountain cones; and as no rain falls
just there, the dividing line cannot be found.
One zoological region, however, which I may call Chili Proper, is
very well defined,—the desert of Atacama, in which a dozen species
of Coleoptera have not yet been found, being the northern boundary
(24°8.), the archipelago of Chonos (about 45°S.) the southern,
the Pacific the western, and the snowy Andes the eastern.
The interruption of the Andean chain in Atacama has no importance
with regard to the insect fauna, as no species appears to be able‘to
cross that arid region.
We have therefore to deal with a long narrow strip of land, extending
twenty-one degrees from north to south, with a width of but two and
a half degrees in its widest part, and presenting more climatic pecu-
liarities than, probably, any other part of the world of equal extent.
In addition to the Andes, a coast-range runs through Chili
from north to south, with many peaks from 4000 to 5000 feet in
height. Between the Andes and the coast-range lies the “central
plain”’ of Chili, with a height above the sea of 1800 feet at Santiago,
thence southwards sloping down to the sea-level at Port Montt, and
rising northwards to form the high tablelands of Atacama and Bolivia.
_ With regard to climate, most travellers agree that it rains some-
times in the desert of Atacama; but a difference of opinion exists
about the amount ; some state that it rains there nearly every year,
while Dr. Philippi states that it probably has but few showers in a
century.
About Valdivia, on the other hand, little difference of opinion can
exist, as a week of dry weather is an exception to the rule. About
one hundred and twenty inches may be taken as the average yearly
rainfall of Valdivia.
This abundant rainfall in the south naturally produces a varied
and rich flora; but, strange to say, Chili is far from rich in insects,
either in species or individuals. About four thousand species of
vascular plants are recorded, while the Coleoptera scarcely pass two
thousand species; and many of these appear to be very rare.
Gay, the author of the ‘ Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile,’ after
collecting assiduously for many years, described only about 1500
species of insects of all orders; and in this number he included all
previous descriptions that he was acquainted with, and introduced
many insects erroneously into the Chilian Fauna.
On my arrival in Chili, in 1866, some 3000 species of all orders
were known; and even now they scarcely reach 4000, and new
species are not as easily obtained as formerly.
Owing to the gradual transition of climate in Chili it is difficult to
divide the country into districts or “centres;’’ but if this latter
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. IV. 4
50 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. _ [Jan. 6,
word may be used in a limited sense, and applied to parts where
a number of species are most common and whence they become
fewer on all sides, then we may define three “centres” or districts
in Chili. These I have already pointed out, in a communication to the
Bristol Naturalists’ Society on the Botany of Chili (November, 1873).
‘Northern Chili” extends from Atacama to Coquimbo, and is little
else than the southern border of Atacama. Its characteristic
Coleoptera are a few genera of Tenebrionidz, such as Callyntra and
allies. Ctcindela peruviana is peculiar to this district. I have
never collected there myself; but from small collections that I have
received from Mr. Thomas King and others, I consider it to be very
poor in species.
Gay, in his work above alluded to, appears to have taken a large
number of species there ; but both Dr. Philippi and myself are con-
vinced that the greater part of these are not correctly referred to that
locality.
“Central Chili’’ may extend from Coquimbo to Arauco (36° S.).
It is most rich and varied botanically ; and near the celebrated baths
of Chillan more species of animals and plants occur than probably
at any other place in Chili; here too we find the northern limit of
the genus Carabus in Chili; C. chilensis and Cicindela chilensis
are peculiar to this district. Near Chillan and to the south dense
forests occur. The province of Arauco has never been explored, as
the Indians render it very unsafe ; when it is, many fine species will
surely be found there.
“Southern Chili,” consisting of the provinces of Valdivia and
Llanquihue, is one dense forest on the coast and for some forty miles
inland, while the central plains are well watered and covered with
bush. The species found in this province appear to have a wider
range than any other in Chili. The island of Chiloe and part of
Chonos must be included in this district. In 1870-71 1 was com-
missioned by the Chilian Government to explore Chonos; and the
results of my journey convinced me that nearly all the species
occurring there are stragglers from Valdivia, the number of species
rapidly decreasing in the south. Few new forms are met with; and
amongst these are a very few Magellanic species.
A few of the insects peculiar to this district are Cicindela gormazi,
Systolosoma brevis, all the Chilian Carabi except C. chilensis and C.
suturalis, Pachyteles biguttatus and marginicollis, Lecanomerus
marginatus, Lebia azurea, &e.
About four hundred miles west of Valparaiso is situated the island
of Juan Fernandez. I carefully explored this island in 1872, and
found that a number of its natural productions were similar to those
of Chili, but that many new forms occurred. Of the six species of
Carabidze found there, three are also found in Chili, viz. Pristony-
chus chilensis, Bembidium punctigerum, and B. inconstans; the
others are peculiar, viz. Trachysarus (gen. nov.) pallipes, Trechus
femoralis, and Variopalpus crusoei (sp. nov.). The neighbouring
island, Mas-a-fuera, has, I believe, never been explored entomo-
logically ; as a new species of Humming-bird has recently been found
there, we may reasonably expect to find some new Coleoptera.
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 51
The remaining region, viz. the west coast of South America south
of Chonos, appears to furnish but few species; but these are of the
highest interest. Amongst the genera I may mention Migadops,
Brachyceelus, and Antarctonomus.
Owing to the number of exploring expeditions that have visited
Magellan, each obtaining a few species and describing them as new,
I fear that some names that figure in the list are only synonyms.
I have, however, reduced them as much as possible.
In conclusion I would call attention to the absence of tropical and
subtropical forms from Chili. Crossing the Andes from Santiago to
Mendoza, say one hundred miles mean distance, one finds the fauna
entirely different, Brazilian forms, especially of Copridee, occurring
commonly there ; but these cannot pass the lofty Andes, with the
exception of some half dozen species that inhabit the higher regions
and are found on both sides, and the Chilian fauna has more resem-
blance to the Australian than to that of any other part of South
America. This has already been pointed out by various observers,
especially Lacordaire, while Dr. Giinther mentions two species of
fish, viz. Mordacia mordax and Geotria chilensis, as occurring in
both countries.
My best thanks are due to Mr. H. W. Bates for the kind assist-
ance he has given in determining my species; and any merit that
this paper may contain is chiefly due to him.
CICINDELIDZ.
Subfamily Manticorin2.
AGRIUS FALLACIOSUS.
Agrius fallaciosus, Chevrolat, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1854, p. 666,
pl. 19. fig. 1.
Picnochile magellanicus, Motsch. Etud. Entom. 1856, p. 33, pl. 1.
fig. 11.
Polyagrus schythei, Philippi, Ann. Univ. Chile, 1862, xxi. p. 408.
Sandy Point, Straits of Magellan.
Subfamily CrcinpELIN&.
CICINDELA PERUVIANA.
Cicindela peruviana, Lap. Etud. Entom. p. 35, et Sol. in Gay,
Hist. Chile, Zool. iv. p. 115.
Occurs, but not commonly, on the southern border of the desert of
Atacama ; I believe this species has never been taken in Peru, despite
its name.
CICINDELA CHILIENSIS.
Cicindela chiliensis, Aud. et Brullé, Arch. du Mus, i. p. 133, t. 9.
f. 1.
Cicindela chilensis, Sol. 1. c. p. 117.
Not uncommon on the banks of the Mapocho, near Santiago.
4*
52 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
CICINDELA GoRMAzI. (Plate XIII. fig. 3.)
Cicindela gormazi, Reed, Entom. Monthly Mag. viii. 1871, p. 77.
Besides the characters mentioned in my description, this species
is distinguished from C. chiliensis by its broad apical lunule, the
upper lobe of which is short and rounded ; in C. chaliensis the upper
lobe always forms a hook curved upwards and outwards.
A variety of C. gormazi occurs, in which all the white marks of
the elytra are much broader, the lunules coalescing on the sides with
the base of the middle sinuous band.
Taken by Captain Vidal Gormaz, of the Chilian Navy, in the
province of Llanquihue*.
CARABIDZ.
Subfamily Micaporinz.
MiGapops BIMACULATUS, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 7.)
Oblongus, subdepressus, niger nitidissimus ; elytris irideis, utrinque
macula reniformi rufa ante apicem et versus suturam ; capitis
vertice macula rufa; thorace transversim quadrato, postice
haud angustato, angulis anticis et posticis productis, acutis,
margine laterali explanato et valde reflexo ; elytris vix striatis.
3. Tarsorum anticorum articulis quatuor dilatatis, subtus spon-
giosis; intermediorum articulis tribus subtus spongiosis, sed
vie dilatatis.
Long. 6 lin.
The perfectly glabrous four basal joints of the antennz, simple
fourth tarsal joint, and large median tooth of the mentum show that
this very remarkable insect belongs rather to Migadops than to any
other of the genera into which the anomalous family Migadopidee
has been divided.
The unique specimen of this species, figured on Plate XIII. fig. 7,
was taken by Dr. Pendavis, of the Chilian Navy, on the banks of
the river Aysen.
MIGADOPS DARWINII.
Migadops darwinii, Waterhouse, Ann. & Mag.N.H. 1842, ix.p. 138.
Straits of Magellan.
MiGapors NIGROCEHRULEA, Waterh. J. c. p. 138.
Straits of Magellan.
Mieapoprs ovatus, Waterh. /. c. p. 139, t. 3. f. 3.
Straits of Magellan.
BRACHYCG@LUS VIRESCENS.
Brachyceelus virescens, Waterh. /. c. p. 136, t. iil. fig. 2(Migadops).
Brachycelus duponti, Chaudoir, Bull. Mosc. 1842, p. 848.
Straits of Magellan.
* Tetracha chilensis has been erroneously introduced into the Chilian lists;
I have never met with a specimen found in the country.
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 53
Mono.osus TEsTAcevs, Sol. J. ¢. PessoeteB. £5,
A specimen of this species, taken by the late Dr. Jerman Krause,
at Corral, in Valdivia, is in the collection of H. W. Bates, Esq.
ANTARCTONOMUS PERONI.
Antarctonomus peroni, Chaud. Bull. Mose. 1861, ii. p. 519.
Straits of Magellan.
Subfamily Tracnypacuinz.
SysToLosoma BREvE, Sol. J. c. p. 242 (1849).
Notiozxenus bilunulatum, Motsch. Et. Entom. bSo7; pelll ewe 9.
Common near the coast in the province of Valdivia and in Chiloe,
running rapidly in the sunshine.
Subfamily CaraBinz.
CARABUS PSITTACUS.
Carabus psittacus, Gerstaecker, Linnea Entom. xii. p. 425, t.iy. f.1,
Southern Chili, “ Unique, in the Berlin collection.”
There is a Carabus in the National Museum of Chili that, to a
certain extent, resembles this species. It differs, however, in its
longer elytra and slightly in marking ;~ and as this species was
described from a single specimen, I hesitate to describe a closely
allied species without seeing more specimens. The specimen in the
Museum was taken many years ago in the “Cordillera Pelada,” in
Valdivia; and although I have searched assiduously in the same
locality, I have not been able to obtain more.
CaraBus syBarita, Gerst. J. c. p.-426, fa dy. f,.2.
Southern Chili, “ Unique, in Dohrn’s collection,”
CARABUS BUQUETII.
Carabus buquetii, Cast. Etud. Entom. i. p. 158, et Gerst. lc.
p. 428, t. iv. f, 4-11.
Carabus chilensis, Guér. Gen. d. Ins. ii. No. L, pl. 3
Carabus dorsiger, Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1865, iv. p- 284.
Carabus chiloensis, Hope, Trans. Entom. Soc. ii. p- 128.
This species is very variable in size, in the form of the thorax,
and in the degree of development of the “chain strie” of the
elytra ; but it may always be distinguished from its nearest allies by
the coarse punctation of the underside of the thorax. I have met
with an extreme form which I was at first inclined to consider a
separate species ; it may be thus characterized :—
CARABUS BUQUETII, var. ELEGANTISSIMUS. (Plate XIII. fig. 5.)
Rather smaller and more slender than the ordinary form; similar
in colour except that the thorax is much darker, and its golden
margin narrower or imperceptible. In form it is distinguished by the
strikingly narrower thorax, the greatest width of which is near the
54 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. (Jan. 6,
anterior angles, whence the sides are gradually sinuate-angustate to
the base, the hind angles being remarkably acute. In some
examples the “chain striee”’ of the elytra are very strongly marked,
the oblong raised intervals of these strize being smooth and blackish.
The type form of Carabus buquetii is the commonest Chilian
Carabus, but, strange to say, is not mentioned in Gay’s work. It
is found everywhere in Southern Chili. The var. elegantissimus
is probably its most southern form, and was taken near Tres Montes
(46° S.)
Carasus GLoriosus, Gerst. /.c. p. 429, t. iv. f. 6.
Carabus chilensis, var. 3, Solier, /.c. p. 126.
Carabus carinulatus, Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1865, iv. p. 284.
Occasionally found in the province of Valdivia.
CaraBus MOCH&, n. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 4.)
C. glorioso (Gerst.) afinis, elongato-ellipticus, modice convexus ;
supra subopacus, cuprescenti-niger ; elytris rubro-cupreis, sutura
limboque laterali nigro-violaceis, interstitiis elevatis undique
interruptis, alternis elevatioribus ; corpore subtus cuprescentt-
nigro.
Long. 11-12 lin.
The thorax in this species is always narrower than that of C.
gloriosus, and rather more cordate in form, having its greatest width
at a short distance from the anterior angles. The elytra are elon-
gate-elliptical. All the depressed portions of their surface are
opaque, without distinct striz ; and the narrow raised interstices are
interrupted by innumerable transverse impressions, which cause them
to appear as rows of shining tubercles. The alternate interstices,
however, are more continuous.
Var. In some examples the elytra are dark green in colour, with
the suture and a lateral border coppery. :
I discovered this fine species on the island of La Mocha, situated
some twenty-three miles from the coast of Chili, in lat.38°S. This
island is of Tertiary formation, similar to the coast in front of it, and
was evidently at one time connected with the mainland ; but I feel
sure that my species does not occur on the mainland.
CARABUS VALDIVIA.
Carabus valdivie, Hope, Trans. Entom. Soc. ii. p. 128; Gerst.
lc. p. 431, t..iv. f. 7-13.
Carabus chilensis, Sol. l.c. p. 126, t. i. f. 1.
Small examples of this species resemble very closely robust
individuals of C. duquetii; but they may always be distinguished by
the perfectly smooth undersurface of the thorax.
This species is, after C. buquetiz, the commonest Valdivian species.
CaRABUS CHILENSIS.
Carabus chilensis, Esch. Zool. Atlas, i. p. 9, t. vill. f. 75 var. a,
Sol. l. ec. p. 126.
1874.] MR. E, C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 55
The most northern form of Carabus in Chili; it is only found, as
far as I know, near the baths of Chillan.
CaARABUS DARWINII, Hope, Trans. Entom. Soe. ii. p. 129.
Carabus indiconotus, Sol. 1. c. p. 127, t. i. f. 4.
One of the rarest of our Carabi, sometimes found on the island of
Chiloe and to the south.
CaRABUS SUTURALIS.
Carabus suturalis, Fab. Sys. Ent. p. 238; Gerst. J. e. p. 436.
Carabus reichei, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 297.
Straits of Magellan.
CaraBus seeciosus, Gerst. J. c. p: 438, t. iv. f. 3.
I have an example which agrees perfectly with Gerstaecker’s de-
scription, except in the colour of the elytra, which is golden-coppery
like that of the head and thorax, instead of green with coppery
suture and margins.
CARABUS MELANOPTERUS, Gerst. /. c. p- 439.
I have never seen this species.
Carabus 1nsuLaris, Hope, Trans. Entom. Soc. ii. p. 129.
The type of this species is in the collection of Mr. Grut, who
considers it a variety of C. buquetii.
CaLosoma vaGans, Dej. Spéc. Gén. v. p. 564.
This species is common throughout Chili from Atacama to Ma-
gellan. I know no other Chilian species of Carabidee with such a
wide distribution.
Subfamily Ozanina.
PacHYTELES BIGUTTATUS, Sol. J. c. p. 182 (Tropopsis).
On the sea-coast in Southern Chili.
PACHYTELES MARGINICOLLIS.
Pachyteles marginicollis, Sol. l.c. p. 181, t. iii. f. 3 (Tropopsis).
With the preceding. I consider the 7. wnicolor, Fairm., a var.
of this species.
PACHYTELES GRACILIS.
Pachyteles gracilis, Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg. xi. 1868,
p- 69
I have never met with this species.
Subfamily Broscinz.
CaSCELLIUS EYDOUXU, Guér. Voy. Favor. t. cexxv. f. 7.
Cascellius kingii, Curtis, Linn. Trans. xviii. p- 189.
Southern Chili, on the coast.
56 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
+
CASCELLIUS ZNEONIGER.
Cascellius eneoniger, Waterh. Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1841, vi. p. 256.
Cascellius niger, Blan. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. iv. p. 19, t. i. f. 13.
CASCELLIUS GRAVESII, Curtis, 7. c. p. 183.
CASCELLIUS NITIDUS, Waterh. Ann. N. H. 1841, vi. p. 255.
Tierra del Fuego.
CascELLIUS TROBERTI, Sol. J. c. p. 201.
Southern Chili.
This species may be identical with one of the three preceding ;
but I have never seen it.
BARIPUS CLIVINOIDES.
Baripus clivinoides, Curtis, Linn. Trans. xviil. p. 185, t. xv.
f. 100 (Cardiophthalmus).
Tetraodes levis, Blan. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. iv. p. 36, t. iii. f. 6.
Straits of Magellan.
BaRIPUS PARALLELUS.
Baripus parallelus, Guér. Voy. Favor. Mag. Zool. ix. t. ecxxvil. f. 1.
Baripus subsulcatus, Sol. l.c. p. 240.
Southern Chili. Rare.
CNEMALOBUS DARWINII.
Cnemalobus darwinii, Waterh. Mag. N. H. 1840, iv. p.356 (Odon-
toscelis).
Odontoscelis curtisii, Waterh. J. c. p. 356.
This species is very distinct from the other Cnemalodi, and may
be at once known by the reflexed borders of the thorax. The type
of C. darwinii is bottle-green, while C. curtisii is black ; I can see
no other difference between them. ‘They were probably taken in
the Straits of Magellan.
CNEMALOBUS OBsCURUS, Brullé, Hist. Ins. iv. p. 374 (1834).
Odontoscelis tentyrioides, Curtis, Linn. Trans. xviii. p. 187,
t. xv. f. d.
Baripus aterrimus, Chaud. Bull. Mosc. 1835, p. 445.
Cnemalobus cyaneus, Brullé, l. c. p. 373.
Cnemalobus cyathicollis, Sol. l. c. p. 194.
Cnemalobus germaint, Putzeys, Stett. Zeitschr. 1868, p. 365.
Cnemalobus gayi, Putz. l.c. p. 366.
Cnemalobus abbreviatus, Putz. l.c. p. 366.
Cnemalobus sulciferus, Philippi, Ann. Uniy. Chile, 1864, p. 461.
This very variable species is common on the Andes and the coast-
range, at an elevation of from 3000 to 8000 feet s.m.; and despite the
number of synonyms that I have given, I believe I have omitted
several others. On several occasions I have captured it by thousands
1874. ] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 57
and found specimens agreeing more or less with all the above de-
scriptions, but so connected by intermediate links that I feel com-
pelled to unite them. The two following may be distinct, but I
doubt it.
CNEMALOBUS sTRIATUS, Waterh. Mag. N. H. 1840, iv. p. 358
( Odontoscelis).
CNEMALOBUS suBsTRIATUS, Waterh. J. c. p. 359 (Odontoscelis).
Subfamily Licininz.
EvToGENEIvs ruscus, Sol. /.c. p. 255, t. iv. f. 8.
The only specimen I have ever seen of this species was found in
Valdivia, and is in the National Museum of Chili.
Subfamily SpHoprin#,
PRISTONYCHUS CHILENSIS.
Pristonychus chilensis, Gory, Ann. Soc. Entom. Fr. 1833, p. 232;
Sol. d.c. p. 228.
This species is placed by recent authors as a synonym of the
European P. complanatus. I can see little or no difference between
them; yet I have hesitated to unite them. Common in Chile and in
the island of Juan Fernandez.
Subfamily ANCHOMENIN#.
ANCHOMENUS DISTINCTUS, Sol. J. c. p. 203 (Agonum).
.ANCHOMENUS DEJEANHI, Sol. /.c. p. 205 (Agonum).
ANCHOMENUS CoRDICOLLIS, Sol. /. c. p. 206 (Agonum).
ANCHOMENUS Gayt, Sol. /.c. p. 207 (Agonum).
Northern Chili.
ANCHOMENUS AmBIGuUS, Sol. /.c. p. 209 (Agonum).
The name ambiguus was preoccupied by Erichson for a Tasmanian
species ; as this, however, proves to belong to a distinct genus
(Cyclothorax, W. Macleay), Solier’s name may stand. This species
is found in Southern Chili.
ANCHOMENUS CHILENSIS.
Anchomenus chilensis, Dej. Spéc. Gén. v. 724; Sol. lc. p.
208 (?) (Agonum).
The commonest species of the genus in Central and Southern Chili.
ANCHOMENUS MELAS, Sol. 7. c. p. 210 (Agonum).
Nearly as common as the preceding in Central Chili.
ANCHOMENUS CirRCUMDATUS, Erichson, Meyen’s Reise, Ins.
p- 348.
Searce. Southern Chili.
58 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [ Jan. 6,
TROPOPTERUS GIRAUDYI, Sol. /.c. p. 212.
TROPOPTERUS DUPONCHELII, Sol. l. c. p. 213.
TROPOPTERUS NITIDUS, Sol. J. c. p. 213.
TROPOPTERUS MONTAGNET, Sol. J. c. p. 214.
1 have met with but one species of this genus, Tropopterus nitidus.
The genus, which seems to be unknown to European coleopterists,
is closely allied to Colpodes, being similar in shape to such species
as C. grandicollis. 'The antenne thickened towards the apex, and
the grooved sternum, may suffice to keep it distinct. The fourth
joint of the anterior tarsi in the ¢ is as broad as the preceding.
Southern Chili.
Subfamily ANTARCTIINZE.
Hasropvs CARNIFEX, Fab. Sys. El. i. p. 195.
Metius splendidus, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 297; Sol. Ze.
p. 184.
This species varies in colour from coppery-red to nearly green.
It is found from Valdivia to Magellan, and perhaps at Buenos Ayres.
ANTARCTIA FEMORATA, Dej. Spec. Gen. iii. p. 535.
In the neighbourhood of Santiago.
ANTARCTIA LEUCOSCELIS, Putzeys, Mém. Soc. Roy. d. Liége.
ANTARCTIA ANDICOLA, Dej. Spéc. Gen. v. p. 806.
Apparently closely allied to 4. malachitica, which is not a Chilian
insect, although given as such by Gay (J. c. p. 251), but from the
Falkland Islands. Found “in the Andes of Chile’ by Lacordaire,
ANTARCTIA ANTIQUA, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1865, iv. p. 275.
Very similar to 4. flavipes, but with shining bronze-coloured
elytra. Said to have been taken in Chiloe.
ANTARCTIA FLAVIPES, Dej. J. c. p. 533.
The commonest species of the genus in Chili, occurring every-
where.
ANTARCTIA BREVICORNIS, Putz. J. c. p. 15.
Described from a single male in the collection of Baron Chaudoir,
taken by M. Germain.
ANTARCTIA CHILENSIS, Dej. J. c. v. p. 805.
ANTARCTIA ANNULICORNIS, Curtis, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 193.
A species from Port Famine, nearly allied to A. chilensis, but
larger (43 to 5 lines).
ANTARCTIA COQUIMBANA, Sol. J. c. p. 245.
1874. ] MR. E, C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 59
ANTARCTIA BLANDA, Dej. Spéc. Gén. iii. p. 529.
Specimens of this species taken near Valdivia do not not differ in
the slightest from others received direct from the Falkland Islands,
with which I have compared them.
ANTARCTIA EURYPTERA, Putz. 1. c. p. 25.
A large species distinguished by its broad and depressed elytra ;
said to have been found on Mas-a-fuera Island.
ANTARCTIA LATIGASTRICA.
Antarctia latigastrica, De}. 1. c. p. 258; Sol. dc. p. 250.
Common near Santiago.
ANTARCTIA LATICOLLIS.
Antaretia laticollis, Sol. l.e. p. 253; Putz. 7. ¢. p. 30; Motsch.
Bull. Mose. 1865, xxxviii. pt. 2. p. 270.
The description agrees with that of Solier, as far as it goes; and
although Motschulsky does not quote that author, I think his is
the same species.
ANTARCTIA PUNCTICOLLIS, Putz. /.¢. p. 31.
ANTARCTIA COMPLANATA, Blan. Voy. Péle Sud, Zool. iv. p. 37.
Apparently closely allied to A. latigastrica, and possibly synony-
mous with A. harpaloides, Curtis.
ANTARCTIA CHALYBEA, Blan. /. ¢. p. 38.
ANTARCTIA GLAUCA, Blan. /. ¢. p. 39.
Subfamily PrerosTICcHINZ&.
TRIRAMMATUS UNISTRIATUS.
Trirammatus unistriatus, De}. l.c. p. 232 (Pecilus); Sol. lc.
p- 237 (Feronia).
Pterostichus prasinus, Curtis, l.c. p. 192.
Var. Trirammatus fulgidus, Chaud. Ann. Soc. Entom. France,
1835, p. 446.
A very common species in Central and Southern Chili.
FERONOMORPHA ZREA.
Feronomorpha erea, De}. 1. c. p. 279 (Feronia (Omaseus)) ; Sol.
lc. p. 224.
Omaseus marginalis, Curt. l. c. p. 191.
Very common and widely distributed in Central and Southern
Chili.
FERONOMORPHA LucIDA, Curtis, /. c. p. 192.
Nortes suL@neus, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1864, p. 249.
FrRoONOMORPHA FISCHERI, Sol. J. c. p. 222.
60 MR. E. C, REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
Frronomorpna sutcata, Sol. . ¢. p. 223.
FERONOMORPHA RUFESCENS, Sol. J. c. p. 225.
LAGARUS CHILENSIS.
Lagarus chilensis, Dej. 1. c. p. 251 (Feronia (Argutor)) ; Sol. le.
p- 232 (Feronia).
This species has the metathoracic episterna long and narrow, the
prosternum distinctly margined at the end, the hind tarsi grooved
at the sides ; but the elytra have a long scutellar striole, unlike the
typical Lagari. The thoracic fovez are single on each side and
sulciform, similar to the North-American Lagarus erythropus.
Common in Central Chili.
PTEROSTICHUS ERRATICUS.
Pterostichus erraticus, Guér. Mag. Zool. 1838, t. 225. f. 3.
(Platysma).
Pterostichus rufipalpis, Curtis, 1. c. p. 192, 1838.
Pterostichus bonellit, Waterh. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1841, vii. p. 123.
PTEROSTICHUS TENUESTRIATUS, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1864,
p- 262 (Parhypates).
PrEROSTICHUS PROFUNDESTRIATUS, Motsch. /.c. p. 263 (Parhy-
pates).
PERCUS ALIENUS, 0. sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 8.)
Elongatus, subparallelus, niger subnitidus, palpis piceis ; capite
postice haud angustato, oculis vir prominentibus ; antennis
paulo compressis ; thorace elongato quadrato-cordato, postice
gradatim sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis rectis, basi levi,
foveis profundis ; elytris humeris rotundatis, postice paululum
dilatatis, apice late rotundatis sinuatis, supra punctato-siriatis,
interstitiis paulo convexis, tertio unipunctato.
Long. 9-93 lin. oo Q.
This species offers all the chief characters of the European genus
Percus, of which it has also the facies, resembling a small, slender
P. siculus. The elytra are destitute of basal fold, the scutellum
lying on the depressed pedicle; behind, the margins are a little ex-
planated before the sinuation, and have there two marginal striz
exterior to the row of large punctures. There are no humeral
carine ; and the striz are rather loosely and not deeply punctured ;
a rudiment of basal striole exists in the form of a fovea on each side
of the apex of the scutellum. The fovea on each side of the base of
the thorax is distant from the angle, broad and deep; the dorsal
line also terminates behind in a deep impression.
This species is possibly the Feronia (Platysma) convewxipennis,
Fairmaire, Coléop. Chil. pt. i. p. 1; but as that author places it in
the section Platysma, to which it has not the slightest resemblance,
and does not mention the absence of basal fold to the elytra, which
is the most conspicuous feature of the species, the identity is much
open to doubt. Even if it be the same, Fairmaire’s name cannot be
1874. ] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 61
adopted, as his description has never been published, his paper not
being obtainable by the usual means through commerce, and there-
fore not admissible according to the rules established by Zoological
Congresses.
This species was taken by the late Dr. Krause at Corral, in
Valdivia.
FortTaxX METICULOSA.
Feronia meticulosa, Dej. Spéc. Gén. vy. p. 762; Sol. 7. c. p. 234
(Feronia).
Fortax meticulosa, Motsch.
Feronia obscuripennis, Sol. l. c. p. 236.
Common in Central Chili.
ForTAx BLANDA.
Feronia (Steropus) blanda, Erich. Meyen’s Reise, Ins. p. 348.
Feronia marginata, Waterh. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1841, vil. p. 124.
? Feronia parvula, Sol. l. c. p. 236.
Differs from F. meticulosa in its smaller size (33 to 4 lines),
shining elytra in both sexes, and reddish legs. Occurs with the
preceding, but is much less common.
Subfamily HarpaLinz.
PoLPocHILA CHILENSIS.
Polpochila chilensis, Chaudoir, Bull. Mose. 1837, vii. p. 19
(Melanotus).
Polpochila parallela, Sol. 1. e. p. 217 (1849).
This genus has received four names, in the following order of
date : —Melanotus, Dej., 1831 (name preoccupied in Coleoptera) ;
Polpochila, Solier, 1849; Cratocara, Leconte, 1863; and Phyma-
tocephalus, Schaum, 1864.
In Gay’s work this species is stated to be 13 line long and 2 lines
wide, and to have been found in Valdivia. My specimens, however,
are 6 lines long, and were found in Central Chili.
PARAMECUS LEVIGATUS.
Paramecus levigatus, Dej. Spéc. Gén. iv. p. 45; Sol. 7. c. p. 197.
Common throughout Chili. The two following appear to be
varieties of this variable species :—
PARAMECUS PARALLELUS, Chaud. Bull. Mosc. 1843, iv. 779.
PARAMECUS NIGER, Cast. Etud. Entom.i. p. 68; Sol. 7. c. p. 198.
ANISOTARSUS LEVIS.
Anisotarsus levis, Curtis, Linn. Trans. xlvili. p. 194 (Harpalus).
Harpalus equilatus, Sol. 1. c. p. 258.
Very common in Central Chili.
ANISOTARSUS PUNCTOBASIS, Sol. J. c. p. 259 (Harpalus).
I have not seen this species, and am not sure that it belongs to
the genus.
62 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
ANISOTARSUS CHTLENSIS, Dej. ive p. 294 (Harpalus).
This species, which varies much in colour, is common in Valdivia.
ANISOTARSUS AMG@NUS, Sol. J. c. p. 260 (Harpalus).
ANISOTARSUS RUFUS, Brullé, D’Orb. Voy. Ins. p. 35 (Anisodac-
tylus).
Chilian specimens agree with those from the Pampas, except that
the thorax is less rounded on the sides, and the row of punctures on
the third, fifth, and seventh interstices is less distinct and regular.
Although the mentum has a distinct tooth, and the soles of the tarsi
are ‘spongiose,” this species cannot be an Anisotarsus, its head
having the form of that in Geopinus and allied genera. I do not
propose a new generic name, in the doubt whether it may not belong
to the little-known genus Cylloscelis of Curtis.
LECANOMERUS MARGINATUS, N. sp.
Nigro-piceus, nitidus, elytris eneo-tinctis ; palpis, antennis pedi-
busque flavotestaceis ; thoracis margine exteriore elytrisque
margine lato posteriore rufescentibus ; thorace elytris dimidio
angustiore, subquadrato, postice vix angustato, angulis rotun-
datis, supra levi, foveolis latis vix impressis ; elytris postice
paulo dilatatis, ante apicem sinuatis, subtiliter striatis, striis
suturali, octava et nona per totam longitudinem, ceteris apice
solum impressis.
Long. 3lin. ¢ 2.
? Nemaglossa brevis, Sol. l. c. p. 215.
This species agrees very well with Solier’s description of his Ne-
maglossa brevis; but the generic characters he gives are quite at
variance with our insect. He describes the ligula as very narrow,
and the paraglosse as broad and attached to it; but the ligula of
the species above described is elongate-quadrate, and the paraglossze
are narrow and spring from the lower part of the side of the lingua,
curving away from it.
The only structural difference I can find between our species and
the type of the Australian genus Lecanomerus is the rather larger
basal joint of the anterior tarsi in the male. In the mode of dilata-
tion of the second and third joints of the four anterior tarsi, their
clothing, the form of the palpi and mentum, and in the facies of the
species there is the greatest similarity.
Occurs in Southern Chili, but is by no means common.
TRACHYSARUS, NOV. gen.
(rpaxvs, rough, capos, brush).
Four anterior tarsi of the male with four joints moderately dilated,
the fourth subbilobed, and all furnished beneath with a brush of
coarse scaly hairs, not arranged in pairs as in the true Harpali, nor
as a fine even brush as in the Anisodactyli. Palpi, terminal joint
fusiform, attenuated and truncated at the apex, not hairy, except a
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 63
few bristles at the apex of the penultimate joint. Mentum with a
pointed tooth in the emargination. Surface of the body impunctate.
TRACHYSARUS PALLIPES. (Plate XIII. fig. 6.)
Acupalpus pallipes, Germ. An. Univ. Chile, 1855, p. 387.
This species, peculiar to the island of Juan Fernandez, was first
taken by M. Germain, and described by him as Acupalpus pallipes ;
but, as I have shown, it is not an Acupalpus ; and even if it were, the
Specific name pallipes was preoccupied by Dejean for a species from
Dalmatia. During my visit to Juan Fernandez I took a dozen under
stones on the beach.
TRACHYSARUS ANTARCTICUS, n. sp.
Oblongus, fusco-eneus, nitidus; antennis, tibiis, tarsis elytro-
rumque margine postico et palpis rufo-piceis, his apice pallidis ;
thorace parvo, quadrato, postice perparum subsinuatim angus -
tato, angulis posticis obtusis sed distinctis, foveis basalibus,
latis, punctulatis ; elytris parallelis, postice viv sinuatis, supra
acute striatis ; interstitiis subplanis, tertio post medium uni-
punctato, secundo ad basin dilatato ibique striola brevi.
Long. 3lin. ¢ 9.
The male tarsi are only moderately dilated, the joints broad and
short, the fourth bilobed, and all densely hairy on the sides, with
the squamulz irregular. The epistome has two fovez on the sides,
in each of which is a sharp line curving to the margin of the eye.
The antennz are rather long, with the third joint densely pubescent,
and some hairs on the second. The palpi have no short hairs. The
central tooth of the mentum is short and acute. The scutellar striole
is sometimes long, and sometimes reduced to a fovea at the extreme
base. All the striz are distinct, the seventh, eighth, and ninth
much broadened at the apex.
I took half a dozen specimens of this species in Valdivia,
BraDYCELLUS IMPRESSIFRONS, Sol. J. c. p- 265 (Acupalpus).
I am not sure that this species is not a Tachycellus. The middle
tarsi of the male are very slightly dilated, and their fourth joint is
broad and subbilobed ; but I cannot detect any squamule on their
soles. There is a tooth in the emargination of the mentum ; the
thorax has distinct hind angles, and the scutellar striole is absent.
From the neighbourhood of Santiago.
BRaDYCELLUS RUFICOLLIS, Sol. J. ¢. p. 267 (Acupalpus).
Closely allied to B. impressifrons, but with the thorax bright-red
instead of black. I have seen only females.
Central Chile.
BRADYCELLUS UNISTRIATUS.
Bradycellus unistriatus, Dej. Spéc. Gén. v. p- 851 (Acupalpus) ;
Sol. 2. ¢. p. 269 (Acupalpus).
I have not seen any Chilian specimens of this species exactly
agreeing with Dejean’s description, but have taken an insect dif-
fering only in colour, being of a dark brassy-green hue. It has
64 MR. E. C., REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [Jan. 6,
distinct hind angles to the thorax; and the sutural and ninth striz
only are deeply impressed throughout. In some examples there is
a long and fine scutellar striole exterior to the sutural strie. Dejean
had only one example.
Southern Chili.
BRADYCELLUS TIBIALIS, Sol. J. c. p. 268 (Acupalpus).
Very similar to B. unistriatus, but much smaller, with black
femora and rounded hind angles to the thorax,
Central Chili.
BRADYCELLUS CHILENSIS.
Bradycellus chilensis, Dej. l. c. p. 850 (Acupalpus); Sol. 1. ¢.
p- 271 (Acupalpus).
Common throughout Chili.
BrapDYCELLUS ARCcoBASIS, Sol. J. ce. p. 270 (Acupalpus).
Differs from B. chilensis almost solely in its larger size. Equally
common.
Obs.—All the above species have a distinct tooth in the emargi-
gination of the mentum, and therefore belong to the genus Brady-
cellus of modern authors, and not to Acupalpus. The males have
the anterior tarsi only very slightly dilated; and when there is a
scutellar striole, it is always exterior to the first stria.
AcupaLpus (?) PALLIDUS, Sol. 7. c. p. 264.
Acupaupus (?) B1FossuLATUuS, Sol. /. c. p. 266.
I have not been able to recognize either of the above among the
large series of this group which I have collected in Chili; I do not
know, therefore, whether they really belong to the genus Acupalpus.
Subfamily TRecHINz.
MERIZODUS ANGUSTICOLLIS, Sol. /. c. p. 186.
This genus is very closely allied to Odpterus of New Zealand ; and
I am informed by Mr. H. W. Bates that his Odpterus maceyi, from
the Falkland Islands, is a Merizodus, having a bifid tooth to the
mentum ; in Odpterus this tooth is simple.
This species is not uncommon in Southern Chili.
TrECHUS CHLOROTICUS, Putzeys, Stett. Zeit. 1870, p. 19.
TRECHUS FERRUGINEUS.
Trechus ferrugineus, Brullé, D’Orb. Voy. Ins. p. 43; Putz. J. ¢.
p- 20.
TRECHUS RUFICOLLIS, Putz. /. c. p. 31.
TRECHUS OBSCURICORNIS, Putz. /. ¢. p. 32.
TrECHUS CycLopTERvs, Putz. /. c. p. 40.
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 65
TRECHUS DEPRESSICOLLIS, Putz. J. ce. p. 47,
Trecuus HOoLo.issus, Putz. J. ¢. p. 153.
TRECHUS POLITUS.
Trechus politus, Brullé, 1. c. p. 43; Putz. l. c. p. 167 (nee Solier,
a. ¢. p. 154).
TRECHUS L&vissimus, Putz. J. c. p. 169.
TRECHUS PROXIMUS, Putz. l. c. p. 169.
TRECHUS PARVICOLLIS, Putz. J. c. p. 170.
TRECHUs SCAPULARIS, Putz. J. c. p. 170.
TRECHUS AXILLARIs, Putz. l. c. p. 171.
TRECHUS ANGUSTATUS, Sol. J. c. p. 155; Putz. J. c. p. 191.
TRECHUS MONOLCUS, Putz. J. c. p. 191.
O6s.—Many of the above species described by Putzeys being from
the collection of M. Germain, who brought to Europe many insects
from the Argentine Pampas, as well as from Chili, it is very possible
that some may not be really Chilian. Indeed I observe that Putzeys
cites sometimes as a locality “‘ Pampas de Chili,” a strange geogra-
phical confusion, there being no Pampas in Chili. Species so mentioned
I have excluded from the above list. I have only met with 7’. sca-
pularis, politus, monolcus, and levissimus.
TRECHUS NITIDUS.
Trechus ntidus, Germain, Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 1855,
p- 387.
TRECHUS PUNCTIVENTRIS, Germ. J. c. p. 358.
TRECHUS DEPREssUS, Germ. J. c. p. 388.
TRECHUS FEMORALIS, Germ. J. c. p. 389.
From the island of Juan Fernandez. This is a very distinct
species, not mentioned by Putzeys. Allied to 7. antarcticus.
THALASSOBIUS TESTACEUS, Sol. J. c. p. 157.
Supposed to have been found at Valdivia.
ARMALODERA LIMBATA, Sol. . ¢. p. 152.
Var. centromaculata, Sol. 1. ¢. p. 152.
Var. fumosa, Sol. /. ¢. p. 152.
Found on the sea-coast in Southern Chili.
JEMALODERA DENTOMACULATA, Sol. J. c. p. 151,
With the preceding.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. V.
[by]
66 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. __[Jan. 6,
Subfamily Bemprpimnx
TacHys HYDROPHILUS, Germ. J. c. p. 389 (Bembidium).
From the description, this species no doubt belongs to the almost
universally distributed genus Tachys.
PERICOMPSUS CIRCULIFORMIS, Sol. /. c. p. 165 (Bembidium).
Common in Central Chili. An undoubted Pericompsus.
BemprpiuM (PHILocuTuvs) NiGRiTUM, Sol. J. ¢. p. 167.
Bemprprum (PerypHus) MACULIFERUM, mihi (Gemm. & Har.
Cat.).
Bembidium maculatum, Sol. 1. e. p. 163 (name preoccupied ).
Bempipium (PEeRYPHUS) sPINOLA, Sol. J. c. p. 161.
Southern Chili.
BemsBipiIumM (PERYPHUS) CHILENSE, Sol. /. c. p. 162.
I have met with no Peryphus so small as the present one, stated by
Solier to be only 14 line long. The description in other respects
applies to some specimens of P. spinole; and as the sizes given in
Gay’s work are seldom exact, I believe this insect is a variety of P.
spinole.
BEMBIDIUM DERBESII, Sol. /. c. p. 163.
The affinities of this species are towards the European B. pallidi-
penne and kusteri ; but it has narrower elytra.
Central Chili.
Bemsipium (LopHA) ELEGANS, Sol. 1. c. p. 164.
Bemprpium (NoTAPHus) PUNCTIGERUM, Sol. l. c. p. 166.
Common on the mountains of Aculeo.
Bemprpium (NoTapPHus) SERVILLET, Sol. /. ¢. p. 174.
Bempipium (Notaruvs) auBel, Sol. 1. c. p. 174.
Found on the banks of the river Mapocho, in Central Chili. I
have seen it under the MS. name of B. nivale; but I believe that it
has never been redescribed under that name.
BEMBIDIUM VARICOLOR, mihi.
Bembidium convexiusculum, Sol. 1. c. p. 171 (1849), nec convext-
usculum, Motsch. 1846.
This species approaches the true Bembidia (B. impressum &c.)
in form; but it does not belong to the same group, the eighth and
ninth strie being close together. The colour is variable, bright
brassy, dark bronze, and bluish green.
Common in Southern Chili.
BeMBIDIUM CHLOROSTICTUM, N. sp.
Quoad formam B. paludoso simillimum, sed striis 8" et 9" approx-
1874.] MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 67
tmatis. Cupreum vel nigro-cupreum, nitidum ; antennis, palpis
pedibusque nigris ; sulcis frontalibus latis ; thorace transversim
quadrato, postice perparum angustato, angulis posticis fere
rectis, fovea utringue basali magna punctulata, plicayue elevata
elongata gucta angulum ; elytris striis omnibus paulo impressis,
punctatis, interstitio tertio punctis duobus impressis et vittulis
duobus nigro-eneis levissimis.
Long. 2 lin.
The form of the thorax and the discoloured shining streaks on the
third elytral interstice, near the punctures, give this species a strong
resemblance to B. paludosum and its allies; but the closely approxi-
mate eighth and ninth strie (united near their bases) show that it
does not belong to the same group.
Taken on the sea-coast of the Island of Chiloe.
BEMBIDIUM MANDIBULARE, Sol. J. c. p. 161.
This species seems to be variable in regard to the proportion of
brassy black and pale testaceous markings on the elytra; and I sus-
pect the insect known in some collections under the MS. name of
B. fryi is only a variety of it.
Southern Chili.
BeMBIDIUM SOLIERI, mihi, Gemm. & Har. Cat.
B. incertum, Sol. 7. c. p. 168 (name preoccupied).
BEMBIDIUM MARGINATUM, Sol. J. c. p. 169.
BreMBIDIUM FISCHER], Sol. /. c. p. 170.
BEMBIDIUM SEXFOVEOLATUM, Germ. l.c. p. 389.
Common in Central Chili, especially in the mountains of Aculeo.
BemsBipium scituLum, Erich. Nov. Act. Leop. Carol. 1834,
Suppl. p. 225.
B. fabricii, Sol. l.c. p. 176.
In the neighbourhood of Santiago.
BEMBIDIUM MELANOPODES, Sol. /. ¢. p. 177.
BeMBIDIUM INCONSTANS, Sol. /. ¢. p. 172.
Subfamily Dromiin&.
Crossonycuus viripis, Dej. Spéc. Gén. v. p. 356 (Dromius) ;
Chaudoir, Bull. Mose. 1848, p. 97.
This species varies much in colour, from clear brassy green and
coppery to dull olive-green, and in shape of thorax and strength of
striation of elytra; and as all gradations exist, it is impossible to
separate the following extreme forms as species :—
Dromius eneus, Dej. l.c. p. 357=Coptodera enescens, Motsch.
Bull. Mose. 1864, p. 223 = Coptodera incerta, Sol. l.c. p. 145 (?).
CrossoONYCHUS CHLOROPTERUS, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1864, p. 223.
This species is common throughout Chili.
5*
68 MR. E. C. REED ON CHinIAN COLEOPTERA. (Jan. 6,
Mimopromivus cCyANIPennis, Brullé, Hist. Nat. des Ins. iv.
p- 195, t. 6. f. 4 (Dromius).
Calleida cyanoptera, Sol. l.c. p. 137.
Mimodromius cyanipennis, Chaud. Berl. Entom. Zeit. 1873, p. 55.
I have found this species under bark of Salix babylonicus, near
Santiago.
Mimopromtvs cuiLEnsis, Sol. /.¢. p. 137 (Calleida).
Mimopromivs PHiuiprii, n.sp. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)
Major, elongatus, depressus, castaneofuscus, nitidus; elytris
utringue ante medium macula rotundata fulvo-testacea.
Long. 5 lin.
This fine species is very similar to M. chilensis, but with the elytra
broader and flatter. The head is similarly elongated and tapering
behind the eyes, and at the end of the narrowing constricted into a
distinct neck. The thorax is relatively small, subcordate, with the
hind angles produced and acute. The elytra are widened behind,
and very obtusely but broadly truncated at the apex; their surface
is faintly punctato-striate, with the interstices punctulate.
A few specimens have been taken near the baths of Chillan.
MimMopROMIUS NIGROFASCIATUS, Sol. /. ce. p. 135 (Calleida).
Common throughout Chili.
MimoproMIivs GuTTULA, Sol. 7. ¢. p. 136 (Calleida).
Less common than the preceding. I have only taken it at from
4000 to 8000 feet s.m., in the Andes of the central provinces.
Obs.—The genus Mimodromius was proposed by Baron Chaudoir in
the Berliner entom. Zeitschrift, 1873, p. 55, but without characters.
These are as follows:—Head elongated, narrowed behind. Men-
tum trilobate; side lobes triangular, acute. Ligula narrow and
scarcely more corneous than the broad paraglossze, which are adhe-
rent; apex bisetose. Palpi truncated, the labials having their ter-
minal joint tumid and subsecuriform. Legs slender ; penultimate
joints of the tarsi sharply emarginate but not bilobed ; claws slender
and finely pectinated.
This genus is well distinguished from Calleida by the penultimate
joints of the tarsi not being bilobed, and by the slender form of the
same members, together with their claws.
PLAGIOTELUM IRIDEUM, Sol. l. ¢. p. 133.
Calleida iridea, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1864, iii. p. 238.
Southern Chili; scarce.
Lostus cyanervus, Dej. J. c. p. 355, et Sol. /. c. p. 139 (Dromius).
Lobius cyaneus, Motsch. Bull. Mose. 1864, iii. p. 230.
A common species in Southern and Central Chili.
Losivus niGroviripis, Motsch. /. c. p. 230.
1874. ] MR. E. C, REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. 69
Lostus (?) eryTHROPUs, Sol. J. c. p. 139 (Dromius).
Obs.—The genus Lodius is well distinguished from Dromius and
its allies by the rather long, linear, and sharply truncated apical
joints of the palpi. The mentum has a rather large tooth in its
centre.
Dromtvs sutcatuuus, Sol. J. ¢, p. 139.
Dromivus niGRorestaceus, Sol. J. c. p. 142.
Common in Central Chili.
Obs.—Dromius pictus, Sol. 1. c. p- 141, is no doubt a Mimodro-
mius, and not a Chilian, but a Pampa species. The following I
do not know :—
DRomtIvs CHILENSIs, De}. 7... p..358.
Dromivs macrocepuatvs, Sol. /.c. p. 140.
OxorpEs ogscurus, Sol. J. c. p- 148.
I have never met with this insect. According to Solier it is dis-
tinguished from Dromius by the terminal joints of the palpi being
tumid and oval; the labials briefly truncated, the maxillaries acute.
In these characters Dromius suleatulus approaches it rather closely.
The description of the species coincides pretty well with small ex-
amples of D. sulcatulus ; and I strongly suspect it to be nothing more
than the male of that species.
VARIOPALPUS CRUSOEI, D. Sp.
V. humerali forma similis ; at differt oculis multo magis promi-
nentibus, thorace rufo, elytrisque distincte striatis. Depres-
sus, nigropiceus, palpis, pedibus elytrisque utrinque maculis °
duabus fulvo-testaceis ; capite nigropiceo, collo rufescente ;
thorace breviter cordato, angulis posticis productis rectis paulo
explanatis, lobo basali distincto ; elytris striis omnibus integris
late impressis : macula prima magna paulo obliqua ab humeris
striam primam attingente, macula secunda apicali ; margine
laterali pallido.
Long. 13 lin.
I found this species under stones at an elevation of 1000 feet on
the Island of Juan Fernandez.
VARIOPALPUS HUMERALIS, Sol. /. c. p. 149.
A common insect in Central Chili.
VARIOPALPUS BREVICOLLIS, Germ. Ann. Univ. Chile, 1855, p.386
(Cymindis).
Differs from V. humeralis in the rather more robust antenne and
in the shorter thorax. The elytra are shining piceous, with obsolete
strize ; the head black; the rest of the body pale rufo-testaceous.
I do not know whence Germain obtained this insect.
Obs.—The genus Axinopalpus, Leconte, two years posterior in date
70 MR. E. C. REED ON CHILIAN COLEOPTERA. [ Jan. 6,
to Variopalpus, does not differ from the latter, which is therefore a
group generally distributed in America, being found in the Atlantic
_ States, in California, in New Granada, Brazil (undescribed species),
and in Chili.
_OMOSTENUS MACULIPENNIS, Sol. J. ¢. p. 130.
If I am right in my determimation of this species, it is nothing
but a Dromius with the shoulders of the elytra very narrow. One
specimen, taken by Dr. Krause, is in the collection of H. W.
Bates, Esq.
Subfamily CyMinDINz&.
CyANOTARUS ANDINUS, Germ. An. Univ. Chile, 1855, p. 386
(Dyscolus). (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)
This species differs much from Cymindis in the thicker posterior
part of the head; more elongate, cordate thorax, with straight hind
margins; rounder shoulders of the elytra; very short metasternum,
and hairy palpi. Hence it is necessary to form a new genus for its
reception.
It occurs in the high Andes, in Central Chili, and is rare.
Subfamily CaLLetwiIn&.
Evuproctus rasciatvus, Sol, /. ¢. p. 132.
Occurs in the Andes.
Caueipa TIBIALIs, Brullé, D’Orb. Voy., Ins. 15.
Baron Chaudoir states that he received a Chilian specimen of this
insect from Solier.
Subfamily Lesunz.
Leia AzuREA, Sol. /. c. p. 146.
Appears to be very rare. I have seen but two specimens of this
species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.
. Mimodromius philippit, n. sp., p. 68.
. Cyanotarus andinus, p. 70.
. Cicindela gormazi, p. 52.
Carabus moche, n. sp., p. 54.
. Carabus buquetit, var. elegantissimus, p. 53.
Trachysarus pallipes, p. 63.
. Migadops bimaculatus, p. 52.
. Percus alienus, p, 60.
Fig.
—
TOMI CrP DOTS
1874.] MR. A. SANDERS ON THE MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 71
8. Notes on the Myology of the Phrynosoma coronatum.
By Aurrep Sanpers, M.R.C.S., F.Z.S., Lecturer on
Comparative Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical
College.
[Received November 27, 1873. ]
From several specimens of lizards, for which I was indebted to
the courtesy of Mr. Garrod, I selected the subject of the present
memoir, thinking, and as the event proved, correctly, that the sin-
gularity of its external form might be correlated with equal singu-
larities in its muscular arrangements. According to Duméril and
Bibron * the genus Phrynosoma comprises three species. Of these, a
figure of one, P. harlanii, is given in Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom by
Griffiths, under the name of Agama cornuta, and of another by
Wiegmannt, P. orbiculare ; but neither of these figures corresponds
exactly with my specimen, differing as they do in slight details ;
but the description of the third species, P. coronatum, agrees
better than either, and it is therefore this name which is adopted in
the following pages.
This animal, as well as Liolepis belli, a memoir on the myology of
which I had the honour of presenting to the Zoological Society last
year {, belongs to the family of the Iguanas. As will be seen, the
arrangement of its muscles differs considerably from that of Iguana
tuberculata, an exhaustive treatise on which was read by Mr. Mivart
in 1867§.
Platysma myoides (fig. 1, P.M.). This muscle resembles the one
which occurred in Liolepis belli. Its anterior fibres run transversely
from one ramus of the mandible to the other superficially, being
inserted into the inner edge for the whole length, with the exception
of a small portion anteriorly ; the posterior fibres are inserted into
the connective tissue at the side of the neck. At the outer edge of
the muscle a few fibres are separated from the remainder by a small
interspace ; but in the mid line they are all continuous ; the posterior
border is situated slightly in front of the anterior edge of the muscles
of the shoulder. This muscle appears to correspond to the thin
plane of muscular fibre marked by Mr. Mivart in the memoir above
referred to as mylo-hyoid in front, and platysma myoides behind ;
but in the present subject it is one continuous muscle. That it is not
the mylo-hyoid is plain ; for it has no attachment to the hyoid bone ;
moreover the true mylo-hyoid, which is absent in Phrynosoma, is to
be found in Liolepis belli, which also possesses the homologue of
this platysma. If the above interpretation be correct, on the re-
moval of this muscle we immediately come to the
Genio-hyoglossus (fig. 1, G.H.), which arises from the distal ex-
tremity of the thyro-hyal and its second segment for about half
its length ; the superficial fibres pass forward and are inserted inta
* Erpétologie Générale, tom. iv. p. 314.
+ Herpetologia Mexicana, tab. viii. fig. 1.
t P. ZS. 1872, p. 154. § Ibid. 1867, p. 766,
72 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE (Jan. 6,
the symphysis of the mandible, while the deeper fibres are inserted
into the outer edge of the tongue. The part of this organ to which
these fibres are attached is separated from the central portion by a
deep furrow; this is the case on each side, so that this animal
appears to have three tongues—a central one broad, fleshy and blunt,
which is flanked by a pair, smaller and pointed.
Hyoglossus (fig. 1, H.G.), slightly overlapped by the last, arises
from the distal extremity of the thyro-hyal ; the fibres pass obliquely
forward and inward, and partly join those of its fellow of the opposite
side by means of a raphe; some of the other fibres are inserted into
the glosso-hyal, while the remainder pass into the lower side of the
central part of the tongue, in the substance of which they pass for-
ward to its anterior extremity. The two preceding muscles do not
appear to be represented in the Iguana*.
Cerato-hyoid arises from the whole length of the thyro-hyal and
the segments which together form the posterior cornu of the os
hyoides ; the internal and deeper fibres are inserted into the proximal
end of the anterior cornu (cerato-hyal) for two thirds of its length ;
the external and more superficial fibres pass on to be inserted into
the side of the mandible in front and dorsad of the insertion of
the nguro-mandibularis, extending forward for nearly half its length ;
an additional bundle of fibres arises from the extreme distal end of
the cerato-hyal to join the last-mentioned fasciculus. Whether this
corresponds to the cerato-mandibular I am not sure from the memoir
on Iguaua ; but on referring to the description of the myology of
Chameleon parsonii by the same authort, I find that it does not
exactly agree with any of the muscles of the throat in either of
those species.
Omo-hyoid (figs.1, 2 ,& 3, O.H.) arises from the inner surface of the
scapula, from a line going obliquely from the anterior to the posterior
edge ; and passing forward and ventrad, its superficial fibres are in-
serted into the posterior edge of the basihyal, while the deeper fibres
spread out and are attached to about two thirds of the distal end of the
thyro-hyal and the proximal end of its second segment; the muscles of
the two sides meet in a point at the middle line.
There are two sterno-hyoids, as in L. belli. The one, very narrow,
arises from the sternum ventrad of the sterno-mastoid, and, passing
forward in front of the sterno-hyoideus profundus, is inserted into
the dorsal surface of the thyro-hyal close to its articulation with the
basihyal. The other, which appears to correspond to the sterno-hyoi-
deus profundus in LZ. belli, although in its origin it is more superficial
than the former, arises from a space on the ventral surface of the
sternum left vacant by the pectorales majores, extending for about one
third its length from the anterior edge of that bone. The muscles of
both sides meet in a point posteriorly in the mid line ; anteriorly each
spreads out into a broad and thin expansion, which is inserted into the
external half of the thyro-hyal. The single sterno-hyoid of P. ja-
ponicus t appears to correspond to the latter of the two preceding
muscles.
* Loe, cit. t P. Z. 8, 1870, p. 850. ¢ Ibid. 1870, p. 414.
1874.] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 73
Fig. 1.
Superficial muscles on the ventral aspect of the anterior half of the body. x 3.
74 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE [Jan. 6,
Sterno-mastoid (figs. 1 & 3, S.M.) arises from the anterior end of
the articular surface between the sternum and the clavicle, and from
the extremity of the cross piece of the interclavicle ; it passes forward
and dorsad to be inserted into the posterior surface of the cranium,
between the origins of the digastric and the complexus.
Neuro-mandibularis (fig. 3, N.) in this species runs obliquely
downward and forward, instead of directly downward as in L. belle
and P. japonicum. It arises from the outer edge of the complexus, as in
those lizards, and from the fascia of the back at the level of the scapula,
and is inserted into the posterior point of the mandible. This
muscle does not appear to be represented in Jguana*.
Ectopterygoid is very small, and only corresponds to the internal
part of the same muscle in L. belli and P. japonicum ; it is covered
by the muscles of the hyoid arch, and arises from the external edge
of the pterygoid, and is inserted into the inner surface of the angle of
the mandible.
Temporalis is a much less extensive musele than*in either P.
japonicum or L. belli. It is triangular, and arises from what appears
to be the squamosal and postfrontal, anterior to the quadrate ; it is
inserted into the upper surface of the mandible, in front of the arti-
culation of that bone with the quadrate.
Entopterygoid (fig. 3, En.P.) is the principal muscle for moving
the lower jaw. It arises from the posterior apophysis of the parietal,
from the squamosal, and also from the anterior side of the quadrate,
and is inserted into the upper edge of the mandible for about one
third of its length, in front of the articulation with the quadrate.
A muscle which I interpret as being homologous with the tensor
tympani does not appear to be present in Iguana ; it arises from the
columella, and from the anterior and upper point of the prootic,
covered by both pterygoids, and is inserted into the pterygoid bone ;
it was found in both P. japonicus and L. belli as well as in the present
subject.
Digastric (fig. 3, Di.) arises from the point where the squamosal
and exoccipital meet, and descends to be inserted into the posterior
end of the mandible immediately above the insertion of the neuro-
mandibularis. This appears to represent the posterior part of the
digastric of the human subject.
The dorsal muscles appear to follow the usual arrangement. The
sacro-lumbalis commences in the tail, and is partly inserted into the
ilium, from which bone it takes a fresh origin. The longissimus dorsi
is not distinguishable from the spinalis dorsi; they both commence
in the caudal region. The complexus resembles that of L. belli;
neither a trachelo-mastoid nor a transversalis colli could be found.
A small muscle arises from the transverse process of the axis above
the insertion’ of the levator scapulee, and is inserted into the basi-
occipital ; this differs from the rectus posticus of L. belli, and perhaps
represents a rectus lateralis.
Rectus anticus major resembles the same muscle in L. belli, but
in addition arises from the four cervical and three anterior dorsal ribs.
* P.Z. 8. 1867, p. 766.
1874. ] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 75
Rectus abdominis has the same attachments as in L. belli. Its
anterior portion is extremely thin, and is covered by a connective
tissue loaded with pigment-cells, which tissue also covers over the
sacro-lumbalis.
It is a singular fact that there is not the slightest trace of a tra-
pezius in this lizard.
Latissimus dorsi (figs. 2 & 3, L.D.) has an extraordinary arrange-
ment in this subject. It arises from the spines of the third and fourth
dorsal vertebrae, as a narrow muscular band which passes straight
across the back, over the posterior end of the scapula, until it reaches
the second dorsal rib, from which it takes a fresh and more extensive
origin ; the external fibres of this part of the muscle arise more
posteriorly, from the third, fourth, and fifth dorsal ribs. The whole
passes forward and ends in a flat tendon, which is inserted as usual
into the posterior surface of the humerus just behind the insertion
of the teres minor. It sends off a tendinous slip to join the inner
-head of the triceps—an arrangement which occurs also jn Iguana,
according to Mr. Mivart*. That part of the muscle which is situ-
ated between the scapula and the vertebral column was so closely
attached to the skin as to be with difficulty dissected from it.
Levator scapule (fig. 3, L.S.) arises from all that portion of the
suprascapula which is not occupied by the infraspinatus, with the
exception of a small portion situated at the junction of the dorsal
with the posterior border ; it passes forward to be inserted into the
transverse process of the axis.
Sterno-coracoidalis resembles in every respect the corresponding
muscle of L. belli.
Sterno-coracoidalis externus (fig. 2, Se.e.) arises from the inter-
nal surface of the coracoid, close to its lower or articular edge, and a
short distance from its anterior point, and passing backward is in-
serted into the outer angle of the sternum covered by the ligament
of the triceps. ‘There are three serrati (fig. 2, S.d. 1, 8.4.2, &
S.P.) precisely resembling those of Z. belli.
Supraspinatus (fig. 1, 8.8.) arises from the anterior margin of,
and from the membrane covering the coracoid fenestra, and is inserted
into the anterior and outer point of the humerus in front of and
nearer the head of the bone than the infraspinatus.
Lufraspinatus (fig. 3, I.8.) arises from the central portion of the
outer surface of the scapula and suprascapula, and from the anterior
edge of that bone at the seapulo-clavicular articulation ; it is inserted
into the outer edge of the humerus, just beyond the insertion of the
supraspinatus.
Teres minor (fig. 3, Ts.M.) arises from the inner edge of the sca-
pula at its point of junction with the coracoid ; it passes beneath the
clavicle, and being, as usual, bound down by a tendon from the long
head of the triceps, is inserted by muscular fibres into the humerus,
commencing immediately within and just behind the anterior border
of the insertion of the infraspinatus, and extending obliquely
* P. ZS. 1867, pp. 768, 780.
76 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE {Jan. 6,
backward and ventrad to the base of the tuberosity of the humerus,
extending beyond the insertion of the last.
Muscles on the inner aspect of the arm. xX 3.
The supraspinatus corresponds to the muscle named by Mr.
Mivart epicoraco-humeral in Jywana, and subclavius in Chameleon
parsonii. The infraspinatus does not appear to be represented in
Iguana, but might correspond to one of the suprascapulars in
Chameleon. Teres minor corresponds to infraspinatus in Iguana,
but is not found in Chameleon. In my two former papers I took
the liberty of differing from Mr. Mivart in the interpretation of
these three muscles, and explained my reasons for so doing ; but
perhaps it will save the trouble of referring to those memoirs, if I
briefly recapitulate those reasons in the present place. First, as to
the insertions, they are all inserted on the outer side of the
humerus, or close to it, at a point which corresponds to the greater
tuberosity ; these insertions occur in the following order, viz. the
supraspinatus nearest the head of the bone, the infraspinatus next, and
the teres minor* furthest off—an arrangement which closely agrees
with that found in the human subject. Next, with regard to the origins
of these muscles : supraspinatus arises from the coracoid bone together
* In a lizard, however, which I have recently dissected, a species of the sub-
genus Tropidolopisma, this muscle ends in a tendon which winds round the
humerus to be inserted close to the head of the bone, quite on the inner side,
being covered by the internal head of the triceps.
1874.] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 77
with the epicoracoid and precoracoid, which might well represent
the supraspinous fossa; the infraspinatus arises from the surface of
the scapula proper, which might be taken to represent the infra-
spinous fossa, while the teres minor arises from the edge of the bone ;
all these facts appear to me to point in the same direction. In a
paper entitled “On the homologies of certain muscles connected
with the shoulder-joint ’*, Prof. Rolleston points out that the epi-
coraco-humeral [my supraspinatus] is homologous with the sub-
clavius. In a memoir which was published in the same volume of
the Transactions of the Linnean Society, “On the Myology of the
Orycteropus capensis,’ Mr. Galton showed that the subclavius in
that animal has, among other insertions, one into the fascia covering
the supraspinatus ; and, seeing that the nerve which in anthropo-
tomy supplies the supraspinatus arises from the same cord of the
brachial plexus as, and close to, the one which supplies the sub-
clavius, we have a body of evidence to show that, although the
ingenious line of argument adopted by Prof. Rolleston satisfactorily
proves that the muscle in question represents the subclavius, yet
it is quite possible that it is partly homologous with the supra-
spinatus also, viz. in its insertion.
Subscapularis (fig. 2, S.) arises in two portions—one from the
whole of the inner surface of the coracoid (with the exception of a
small part on the inner edge) and from a small portion of the scapula
adjacent, the other from the surface of the scapula close to its junc-
tion with the suprascapula. These two sections join together at
rather more than a right angle, and are inserted into the inner side
of the head of the humerus and into the capsular ligament of the
shoulder-joint.
Deltoid (figs. 1 & 3, D.) arises from the ventral half of the
clavicle and from the interclavicle, and is inserted into the outer
side of the humerus just beyond the head of that bone. This ap-
pears to represent the clavicular portion only of the muscle, and the
part marked D1 by Mr. Mivart in Iguana.
Pectoralis major (fig. 1, P.) has the usual arrangement.
Biceps (fig. 1, B) arises, as usual, by a broad musculo-tendinous
origin from about the anterior and inner third of the outer surface
of the coracoid ; it passes down the arm and is inserted by a broad
tendon into the contiguous surfaces of both the radius and ulna in
conjunction with the
Brachialis anticus (figs. 1 & 3, B.A.), which arises from the
outer surface of the humerus for about two-thirds of its length,
commencing just beyond and outside the insertion of the pectoralis
major; its insertion joins that of the biceps.
Coraco-brachialis longus (figs. 1 & 2, C.B. 1.) arises narrow and
fleshy from the posterior point of the coracoid, and is inserted into
about the distal third of the inner side of the humerus and into the
ventral surface of the inner condyle.
Coraco-brachialis brevis (fig. 1, C.Br.), short and broad, arises
from the whole surface of the coracoid ventrad of the coracoid
* Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. xxvi. pt. 3.
78 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE [Jan. 6,
fenestra, and is inserted into the ventral surface of the humerus
for about half its length, commencing at the head.
Triceps (figs. 1 & 3, Tr. e.) in this species has four origins. The
outer head arises from the external surface of the humerus for nearly
its whole length, commencing immediately within the insertion of
the infraspinatus.
The long head (figs. 2 & 3, Tr. 1.) arises from the posterior
border of the scapula just above the glenoid cavity, and gives a
tendon which passes across the teres minor in the usual manner to
be inserted into the humerus close behind the anterior level of the
insertion of the infraspinatus.
The inner head (fig. 2, 7’. 7.) is divided into two distinct por-
tions: one part arises by muscular fibres from nearly the whole
length of the inner surface of the humerus ; at about the junction of
the distal with the middle third it joins the other portion, which
arises by a narrow tendon from a ligamentous band, which goes from
the external angle of the sternum to the inner surface of the scapula,
dorsad of its point of junction with the coracoid; at the point of
insertion the tendon spreads out into a broad expansion, one end of
which is attached to the above-mentioned ligament, while the other
end is connected to the posterior angle of the coracoid close to the
origin of the coraco-brachialis longus. All four heads join together,
and developing a sesamoid bone in the substance of their common
tendon are inserted into the proximal end of the ulna. The ar-
rangement of this muscle in this species is just opposite to that
found in P. japonicum, in which lizard the outer head, and not the
inner head, is the one which is divided into two parts*.
Extensor carpi ulnaris (fig. 3, E.C.U.) arises by two heads—one by
a flat tendon from the outer condyle of the humerus, the other fleshy
from the proximal end of the ulna; it is inserted by a narrow tendon
into the base of the metacarpal bone of the fifth digit.
Supinator longus (figs. 1 & 3, S.L.) arises from the external
condyle of the humerus, and is inserted into the whole length of the
radius.
Extensor longus digitorum (fig. 3, E.L.) arises from the outer
condyle close to the last; half of it goes to join that muscle at about
the distal third of the radius; the remainder develops three short
tendons, which are inserted into the base of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
metacarpal bones ; the tendon for the fourth digit is given off higher
up than the other two.
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis (fig. 3, H.M.) seems very con-
stant; in this species it is a triangular muscle precisely resembling
that of L. delli.
Extensor brevis digitorum (fig. 3, E.B.) consists of five short
muscular slips which arise from the dorsal surface of the carpus ;
each of these slips ends in a tendon which is inserted into the ter-
minal phalanx of its respective digit.
There are two muscles which have the attachment of pronators of
the forearm. The first may be called
* Loc. cit. p. 416.
1874. ] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 79
Pronator radii longus (fig. 1, P.R.L.) ; this arises from the
inner condyle of the humerus, and passing obliquely down the arm
is inserted into the distal extremity of the radius; the second,
Fig. 3.
Superficial muscles on the dorsal aspect of anterior half of the body. x 3.
Pronator radii brevis (fig. 1, P.R.6.): this arises from the outer
side of the internal condyle covered by the last, and is inserted into
the lower end uf the proximal third of the radius. This latter appears
to correspond to the pronator accessorius of the Iguana tuberculata,
in which species, according to Mr. Mivart, both muscles are repre-
80 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE [Jan. 6,
sented; in L. belli the longus only occurred ; but neither were found
in P. japonicum.
Flexor carpi ulnaris arises by two heads—one from the inner con-
dyle in conjunction with the extensor digitorum perforans, the other
from the proximal end of the ulna; this part is in timate connexion
with the extensor carpi ulnaris ; the whole is inserted into the pisi-
form bone and into the flexor surface of the base of the metacarpal
bone of the fifth digit.
Flexor carpi radialis (fig. 1, F.C.R.) arises from the inner
condyles, also in conjunction with the flexor perforans, and is inserted
into the radial side of the first digit, being closely attached to the
scaphoid in its passage across the carpus.
Flexor perforatus digitorum arises, as usual, from a tendinous
band across the wrist ; it gives off a slip for each digit, the tendons
dividing for the passage of the perforans.
Flexor perforans digitorum arises from the internal condyle and
from about two thirds of the proximal end of the ulna; it forms a
broad tendinous expansion in the palm, which receives a muscular
slip from the ulnar side of the carpus, and then divides into five
tendons, one for each digit.
The superficial muscle on the ventral aspect of the thigh does not
extend so forward as the one in L. belli or P. japonicum; I there-
fore conclude that the first muscle in those species, viz. the sartorius,
is absent from P. coronatum, and that the muscle met with imme-
diately beneath the skin represents the more posterior and deeper
muscle, viz. the ;
Gracilis (figs. 4 & 6, G.), which arises from a small portion of
the posterior end of the ischio-pubic ligament*, from the pubic
symphysis by means of a thin aponeurosis, and from the ventral
angle of the ischium ; it becomes more contracted in descending the
thigh, and is inserted by a narrow tendon on the inner surface of
the tibia not far distad of the knee-joint.
Transversus perinei (fig. 4, Tr. P.) is well marked in this spe-
cimen ; it arises as in L. belli, from the cartilaginous rod which is
the continuation backward of the ischio-pubic symphysis, and, form-
ing a broad plane of muscular fibre, is inserted into the ilio-ischiatic
ligament, or that ligament which extends from the ischium on the
ventral surface to the posterior point of the ilium dorsad. This
muscle is placed in front of the cloacal aperture; it appears to cor-
respond to the transversus perinei in Iguana, but not to the muscle
described under the same name in Chameleon. Behind it are several
small muscles devoted to the office of opening or closing this orifice ;
of these the
Dilatator cloace (fig. 4, D.C.) arises from the connective tissue
beneath the hypapophyses of the 5th and 6th caudal vertebre ; and
passing forward in the central line, it divides into two branches, like
the letter ¥, which are inserted, one on each side of the cloacal aper-
ture, into the connective tissue of its posterior lip.
* Which is the tendinous band extending from the hamular process of the
pubis to the ischium.
1874. ] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 81
Sphincter cloace (fig. 4, Sp. C.).—The fold of skin which forms
the posterior boundary of the cloacal aperture encloses a muscular
band, which appears to perform the function of a sphincter, although
it is not homologous with the sphincter ani; it arises from the ilio-
ischiatic ligament behind the transversus perinei, and then passes
behind the cloaca to be inserted on the opposite side in the same
manner and at the corresponding place.
Retractor cloace (fig. 4, R.C.) arises by two origins from the
transverse processes of the sixth and seventh caudal vertebree, which
pass forward and unite together into one muscular fasciculus, the
superficial fibres of which are inserted into the posterior border of
the last a short distance on the outside of the mid line, while its
deeper fibres pass beneath to be inserted into the outer edge of the
cloaca ; some of the fibres also spread out over the anterior margin of
the same.
Constrictor cloace (fig. 4, C.C.) arises from the transverse pro-
cess of the third caudal vertebra, and is inserted near the apex of the
cartilaginous rod which is attached to the posterior end of the sym-
physis ischii, above the posterior part of the origin of the trans-
versus perinei; its fibres are attached to the side of the cloaca in
their course, so that they are capable of constricting it.
Intertransversalis caude (figs. 4 & 5, Ié. C.) is a muscle which
runs along the extremities of the transverse processes of the six
anterior caudal vertebrze; posteriorly it blends with the ordinary
caudal muscles; anteriorly it unites with the under surface of the
sacro-lumbalis, and is attached to the posterior end of the ilium.
Adductor magnus (fig. 4, 4.M.) arises by a flat tendon from the
ilio-ischiatic ligament beneath the origin of the gracilis, and is inserted
fleshy into the internal condyle of the femur and into the interarticular
cartilage of the knee-joint. No muscle corresponding to this was
found in either P. japonicum or Liolepis belli: neither is it mentioned
by Mr. Mivart as occurring in Iguana. There appears to be a muscle
somewhat like it in Chameleon ; but, from the description, I should
imagine that it does not extend so far as the condyles.
Pectineus (fig. 4, Pc.) arises from a point of the ischium behind
and internal to the acetabulum, and from the deep surface of the
aponeurosis which covers the lower surface of the pubis and ischium.
Its origin is a broad expanse of muscular fibre ; it is inserted into the
ventral surface of the femur, occupying one fourth of its length on
the proximal side of the central point. I am uncertain whether to
call this pectineus or an adductor; the point in favour of its being
pectineus is, that its insertion is more towards the ventral surface
than would be the case if it corresponded to an adductor.
Pelvo-tibialis (fig. 4, P.T.) may be described as arising by two
heads, one from the anterior division of the flexor femoris, the other
from the outer and anterior edge of the pubis, in front and rather to
the inside of the origin of the rectus femoris ; each bead is an elon-
gated narrow muscular ribbon, which proceeds down the thigh; the
two joining together form a short tendon, which penetrates the knee-
joint and is attached to the tendon of the semimembranosus, which
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. VI. 6
82 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE (Jan. 6,
is inserted into the outer edge of the tibia between it and the fibula.
This muscle therefore resembles the corresponding one of L. belli in
having two heads and being inserted into the tibia, but differs in the
two heads being closer together, in the tendon passing through the
Fig. 4.
Superficial muscles on the ventral aspect of the posterior extremity. X 3.
joint, and in joining the semimembranosus ; it differs from the same
muscle in P. yaponicum by being double and joining the semimembra-
nosus, but resembles it in passing through the joint. Mr. Mivart
has figured this muscle both in Iguana and Chameleon under the
name of tibial adductor.
Pyriformis (fig. 4, Py.) resembles the same muscle in L. belli and
P. japonicum in general appearance, but differs slightly in origin, inas-
much as it is not attached to the centre of the caudal vertebre, but only
to the inner end of the under surface of the transverse processes of
the sixth to the first inclusive ; it passes as usual through the pulley
formed by the ilio-ischiatic ligament, and is inserted into the femur at
the posterior border of the pectineus. The tendon, which passes down
the thigh, is inserted into the interarticular cartilage of the knee-joint,
1874.] MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 83
and does not join any muscle of the leg, as it does in L. delli, where
this tendon, after joining that of the gastrocnemius, is inserted into
the back part of the head of the fibula, In that memoir * I was
induced to consider this muscle homologous with the pyriformis
by reason of its general aspect. It arises from the under surface of
the caudal vertebrze, a surface which is continuous with the under
surface of the sacrum? ; its tendon passes out of the pelvis over a
pulley, as it were, formed by a ligament which goes from the posterior
end of the ilium to the outer and posterior augle of the ischium, and
which I have ventured to name the ilio-ischiatic ligament. Now this
ligament appears to occupy the position of the greater sacro-ischiatic
ligament in the human subject. These facts give this muscle quite the
facies of a pyriformis. Meckel was so struck with this resemblance
that he remarked that it “entspricht dem birnférmigen Muskel des
Menschen” t. It corresponds to the muscle termed femoro-caudal §
by Mr. Mivart in the Iguana and Chameleon ; the muscle termed
pyriformis in the former appears to be partly represented in my spe-
cimen by a muscle which I have termed coccygeus externus. Asa
figure of the pyriformis was given in my memoir on L. belli, I did
not consider it necessary to repeat it.
Coecygeus externus (figs. 4 & 5, C.E.) arises from the lower edge
of the outer extremity of the transverse processes of the first and
second caudal vertebre, and is inserted into the ilio-ischiatic ligament
at a point corresponding to the origin of the semitendinosus and
behind the quadratus femoris.
Coccygeus inferior (fig. 4, C.I.) or internus (ischio-caudal in
Chameleon) resembles that muscle in L. belli in every thing except
that it arises only from the fifth and sixth caudal vertebre instead
of from the tenth to the third.
Iliacus arises from the lower surface of the symphysis ischii and
from the inner end of the same aspect of the pubis; the fibres con-
verge and are inserted into the summit of the trochanter of the femur,
It resembles the same muscle in Z. belli, and corresponds to the
second and third part of the pectineus as figured in Mr. Mivart’s
paper on the Iguana. My reasons for considering this to be homo-
logous with the iliacus in anthropotomy are as follows :—In the first
place the insertions agree ; for it appears to me that there can be no
doubt that the trochanter of the femur in lizards is the tibial tro-
chanter, and therefore corresponds with the trochanter minor in
human anatomy. Secondly, although the fibres are not derived
from the right bone, they face as it were the right direction, viz.
towards the ventral surface of the body. That the muscles termed
* Loe. cit. p. 173.
t In the Tropidolepisma referred to above, I found that the anterior fibres
of this muscle actually arise from the under surface of the second vertebra of
the sacrum.
t Vergleichende Anatomie, Theil iii. pp. 152, 153.
§ The Rey, Prof. Haughton has described this muscle in the Crocodile, under
the name m. extensor femoris caudalis, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1868; it is also men-
tioned by Dr. Giinther in his memoir on tho lizard Hatteria, in Trans. Roy.
Soc. 1867.
6*
84 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE [ Jan. 6,
iliacus in Iguana are wrongly so interpreted will appear upon the
consideration that they are situated on the outer side of the limb
instead of the lower or ventral side, and that the fibres face dorsad
instead of ventrad. As the latter muscle arises from the same bone
as the iliacus in my specimen, that point need not be discussed.
Iliacus externus is simply a dismemberment of the iliacus, but has
a distinct origin and insertion ; it arises from the whole length of the
posterior edge of the pubis, and is inserted into the front part of the
trochanter beyond the iliacus and extending between it and the
insertion of the pyriformis. It differs from the same muscle in
L. belli only in not being connected with the origin of the pelvo-
tibialis ; it corresponds with pectimeus No. 1 in Iguana.
Obturator externus arises from the ventral or lower surface of the
ischium, extending from the mid line as far outward as the external
angle of the same, and is inserted into the posterior and outer surface
of the femur, behind the trochanter and close to the head. This
nearly resembles the same muscle in L. delli, except that it does not
cover the ischio-pubic foramen. This is figured in my paper on
L. belli, and also in fig. 17 of Mr. Mivart’s paper on Iguana.
The muscles on the dorsal or upper aspect of the ischium and
pubis are not so complicated as in L. delli ; neither are they connected
in so intimate a manner ; instead of four there are only two muscles
in this species, the flexor femoris and flexor tibialis not being repre-
sented, or rather one muscle combining the properties of the two;
it may therefore retain the name of
Flexor femoris (figs. 4 & 5, F.F.). This arises from the inner half
of the dorsal surface of the pubis, and from the external half of its
ventral surface and also from its anterior edge. The part from the
anterior edge becomes merged into the pelvo-tibialis ; while the pos-
terior portion is inserted into the anterior and inner surface of the
femur close to the head of that bone, passing behind the origin of
the rectus and in front of the vastus externus; this corresponds to
the second section of the iliaeus in Iguana. A muscle figured in my
paper on LZ. deli, and there termed flexor tibialis, appears to corre-
spond to the first part of the iliacus in Iguana.
Obturator internus arises from the dorsal surface of the whole
length of the ischium and from the posterior two thirds of the ischio-
pubic ligament ; it passes out of the pelvis behind the last, and ends
in a narrow tendon which is inserted into the posterior surface of the
femur a short distance from the head ; this corresponds to the third
portion of the iliacus in Zgwana, while a muscle not found in this
specimen, but figured in L. e/di under the name of flexor profundus
femoris, appears to be the same as the fourth section of the iliacus
in Iguana.
Rectus femoris (figs. 4 & 5, R.F.) in this species has only one
origin, from the edge of the pubis in front of the acetabulum ; it ends
in the usual manner to coalesce with the two vasti to form the qua-
driceps or, rather, in this case, the triceps extensor femoris, and is
inserted by means of the ligamentum patellze into the head of the tibia,
Vastus externus commences in a point close to the head, covering
1874. ]} MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 85
the tendon of the obturator internus. The vastus internus is, as usual,
much the smaller, and occupies only the distal half of the femur ; the
Fig. 5.
Superficial muscles on the dorsal aspect of the posterior extremity. x 3.
externus is situated more anteriorly, and the internus more posteriorly.
The crureus cannot be separated as a distinct muscle.
86 MR. A. SANDERS ON THE [Jan. 6,
Gluteus maximus (fig. 5, Gl. Mz.) is more distinct from the rectus
than in L. Gelli, and still more so than in P. japonicum. It arises from
the whole length of the posterior apophysis of the ilium, and joins
the vastus externus at about the centre of the thigh. This is the
same as gluteus maximus in Iguana, but not in the Chameleon.
Biceps femoris (fig. 5, B.F.) arises from near the posterior end of the
posterior apophysis of the ilium by means of a narrow tendon, and,
passing down the thigh, is inserted into the outer side of the fibula
a short distance beyond the head of the bone ; its tendon is crossed by
that of the peronzeus ; this corresponds to the ilio-peroneal in Iguana.
Semimembranosus (figs. 5 & 6, Sm.) arises fleshy from the postero-
external angle of the ischium and from the ventral end of the ilio-
ischiatic ligament ; its belly forms an elongated cone, which becomes
at the distal half of the thigh a long thin tendon, which receives the
tendon of the pelvo-tibialis, and is inserted into the outer edge of the
head of the tibia, passing through the knee-joint on its way. In
this species the semimembranosus of L. deli and the principal
section of that muscle in P. japonicum appear to be absent ; but this
muscle would seem to represent that section of the semimembranosus
which in P. japonicum was inserted between the tibia and fibula, close
to the insertion of the pelvo-tibialis, and corresponds to the second
portion of the semimembranosus in Iguana.
Semitendinosus (figs. 5 & 6, St.) arises immediately behind the
last, from the posterior part of the ilio-ischiatic ligament, extending
nearly as far as the posterior end of the ilium. It ends in a long thin
tendon, which is inserted into the external edge of the head of the
tibia close to the insertion of the pelvo-tibialis ; it also gives off two
supplementary tendons, one of which goes to the inner side of the
tibia, close to the insertion of the gracilis, the other goes down the
leg along the inner edge of the soleus; this clearly corresponds to
the biceps in Iguana. I am still of opinion that the interpretation
of these three muscles is in the main correct. With regard to their
origins they maintain the relations found in the human subject
(semimembranosus arising ventrad of the others) both in the present
specimen and in L, belli and P. japonicum, where, moreover, the two
latter muscles are inserted into the inner side of the head of the tibia.
With regard to the ilio-peroneal, both its origin and insertion appear
to me to agree very well with those points in the biceps; and Prof.
Rolleston in the memoir above referred to remarks that “this muscle
is clearly one of the series made up of the biceps &c.,” which opinion
might perhaps justify me in adhering to my former interpretation.
Gluteus medius (fig. 5, Gl. Md.) arises fleshy from the outer side
of the anterior two thirds of the ilium, covered by the gluteus
maximus, and is inserted into the outer and posterior side of the
femur for nearly half its extent beyond the head and behind the
origin of the vastus externus.
Quadratus femoris (fig. 5, Q.F.) arises from the posterior point
of the ilium behind the biceps femoris and iu front of the semitendi-
nosus ; it is inserted into the proximal end of the femur dorsad of the
insertion of the pyriformis.
1874. | MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. 87
Scleus (fig. 6, So.), the most superficial muscle on the back of
the leg, arises from the posterior surface of the head of the tibia; the
semitendinosus is inserted close to its origin, and gives off a tendon
which borders its inner edge. The muscle in question terminates in
a broad thin membranous tendon which is lost over the tarsus, but
is more particularly attached to the cuboid and outer side of the
metatarsal bone of the fifth digit ; this appears to be the tibial head
of the soleus, the gastrocnemius not being represented. This muscle
Arrangement of the tendons surrounding the knee-joint. x J.
is not present in LZ. deli, but is met with in P. japonicum, where it
was named extensor tarsi, and where its origin accords more with one
head of the soleus of anthropotomy in arising from the middle of the
shaft instead of from the head of the tibia.
Flexor perforatus digitorum (fig. 5, F.S.) arises from the outer
condyle of the femur. It ends in two bellies, one of which joins the
deep flexor ; the other expands into a broad tendon, which is attached
on one side of the tarsus to the cuboid, and on the other to the
tibial side of the astragalo-caleaneus. From this broad tendon two
muscles continue on to the sole: these are perforated for the passage
of the perforans tendon, one being inserted on each side of the base
of the first phalanx of the first digit, the other on each side of the
base of the first phalanx of the second digit. The third digit also has
a perforatus; but this arises independently from the cuboid, and is
inserted like the other two: the fourth and the fifth digits have no
perforatus.
Peroneus primus (fig. 5, P.P.), like that of Z. belli, arises from
the external condyle of the femur by a flat but narrow tendon,
expands in the leg into an elongated muscular mass, and terminates
in a long thin tendon which is inserted .into the cuboid,
88 MR. A, SANDERS ON THE MYOLOGY OF PHRYNOSOMA. [Jan. 6,
Peroneus secundus (fig. 5, P..S.) arises from the distal four fifths
of the fibula, and is inserted into the posterior edge of the cuboid.
Flexor perforans digitorum arises from rather less than the proximal
fourth of the fibula; it receives a muscular slip from the perforatus,
and terminates in a broad tendon in the sole, which, passing over the
tarsus, receives a musculo-tendinous slip from the tibialis posticus ;
the tendon for the fifth digit is given off first as usual, in this case oppo-
site the proximal end of the cuboid; four other tendons subsequently
arise, which are inserted into the distal phalanx of their respective
digits. A muscular slip arises from the cuboid to be inserted into
the fibular side of the broad part of the tendon. Four muscular slips,
which together form a Flexor accessorius, arise from this part of the
tendon ; that for the fourth digit, from the superficial surface, ends in
a long tendon inserted into the third phalanx of that digit ; the three
others are derived from the deep surface, and are inserted respectively
into the base of the first phalanx of the second, third, and fourth
digits.
Tivialis posticus resembles the muscle of that name in L. belli.
Extensor longus digitorum (fig. 5, E.L.) arises as usual from the
front part of the external condyle of the femur by a tendon which
passes through a groove formed by the head of the fibula and that
of the tibia; it terminates by two tendons, which are inserted, one
into the fibular side of the base of the third, and the other into the
corresponding side of the fourth metatarsal bone.
Tibialis anticus (fig. 5, T.A.) resembles that muscle in L, belli,
except that it has no supplementary tendon.
Extensor brevis digitorum (fig. 5, E.B.) resembles the same
muscle in L. belli, but is not so complicated. It arises from the
cuboid, and gives a slip to each of the digits from the first to the
third; the fourth has an extensor muscle to itself, which, together
with an abductor for the same digit, arises from the cuboid.
In the sole there is an adductor digitorum, consisting of three
slips, which, crossing the sole obliquely, are inserted respectively
into the base of the first phalanx of the hallux and the second and
third digits. There are also three palmar interossei, but no appear-
ance of lumbricales,
LIST OF EXPLANATORY LETTERS USED IN THE WOODCUTS.
They are the same in all,
A.M. Adductor magnus. E.M. Extensor metacarpi pollicis,
B.A, Brachialis anticus. En.P. Entopterygoid.
B.F. Biceps femoris. F.C.R. Flexor carpi radialis,
C.B.1. Coraco-brachialis longus. FF, Flexor femoris.
C.B.br. Coraco-brachialis brevis. FS, Flexor perforatus or subli-
C.C. Constrictor cloace. mis.
C.E. Coceygeus externus. G. Gracilis.
C.I. Coccygeus internus, G.H. Genio-hyoglossus.
D. Deltoid. Gl.Md. Gluteus medius.
D.C. Dilatator cloace. Gl.Ma. Gluteus maximus.
£.B. Extensor brevis digitorum. H.G. Hyoglossus.
E.C.U. Extensor carpi ulnaris. in.c. Interarticular cartilage of
. Extensor longus digitorum.
knee-joint.
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A WILD IBEX. 89
i.p. Ischio-pubic ligament. S. Subscapularis.
IS. Infraspinatus. S.A} &* Serrati.
Tlio-ischiatic ligament. S.C.e. Sterno-coracoidalis exter-
C. Intertransversalis caudz. nus.
L.D. Uatissimus dorsi. S.H. Sternohyoideus.
L.S. Levator scapulz. S.H. Sternobyoideus profundus.
N. Neuro-mandibularis. S.L. Supinator longus.
0.H. Omohyoid. S.M. Sterno-mastoid.
P. Pectoralis major. Sm. Semimembranosus.
Pe. Pectineus. So. Soleus.
P.M. Platysma myoides. S.P. Serratus posticus.
P.P. Peronzus primus. Sp.C. Sphincter cloacz.
P.R.b. Pronator radii brevis. S.S. Supraspinatus.
P.R.1. Pronator radii longus. St. Semitendinosus,
P.S. Peronzus secundus. T.A. Tibialis anticus.
P.T. Pelvo-tibialis. Tr.e. Triceps external head.
Py. Pyriformis. Tr.i. Triceps internal head.
Q.F. Quadratus femoris. Tr.l. Triceps long head.
.C. Retractor cloacz. Ts.M. Teres minor.
RC
R.F. Rectus femoris. Tr.P, Transyersus perinei.
January 20, 1874.
Prof. Newton, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Sclater exhibited two skulls of Baird’s Tapir (Tapirus bairdi)
_which had been forwarded to him by Mr. Constantine Rickards of
Oaxaca, Mexico, as obtained in that district, and which he had de-
posited in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.
In one of them (2932 £ of Mus. Cat.), in which the last molar
teeth were not yet in place, the nasal septum characteristic of this
Tapir was manifest, although not completely ossified; in the other
the nasal bones and septum were unfortunately imperfect.
It appeared therefore certain that Baird’s Tapir extended from
Panama through Central America into Southern Mexico, and was
probably the only species of this genus to be met with north of the
Isthmus of Panama*.
Mr. Sclater also exhibited the horns of a male and female Arkar
Sheep (Ovis arkar) transmitted to the Society by General Poltarski,
Military Governor of Semipalatinsk. They were those of animals
killed (the male in the winter of 1871 in the Altai, and the female
in the autumn of 1872) about 60 versts from Semipalatinsk. General
Poltarski had transmitted the skins of these fine sheep as well; but
these had not arrived in a good state of preservation.
Mr. Sclater also exhibited the stuffed skin of one of two specimens
of the Wild Ibex of Crete, presented to the Menagerie by Mr. Thomas
B. Sandwith, H.B.M. Consul, May 21, 1873. In an article pub-
lished in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1872 (p. 689) and elsewhere,
* See previous remarks on this subject, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 473.
90 DR. O. FINSCH ON A NEW PARROT. [Jan. 20,
this species had been called Capra picta, Erhardt*. But there seemed
to be little doubt, upon further examination, that the Wild Goat of
Crete and the Cyclades, known since the days of the Odyssey tT, was
not really separable from Capra egagrus (Pallas) of Western Asia.
Mr. Busk had kindly examined the skull of the present specimen,
and quite agreedwith this identification. Blasius(‘Siugeth. Europas,’
p. 483) had spoken of the Wild Goat of Crete and the Cyclades as
Capra beden, but without giving any authority for this statement.
Mr. Sandwith had furnished the following note on the occurrence
of Capra egagrus in Crete :—
«The Cretan Ibex is found on the slopes of Mount Ida and on
the White Mountains, both of which attain a height of 8000 feet.
« Living amidst inaccessible rocks at an elevation of 4000 feet and
upwards, they are seldom molested, being only occasionally shot by
shepherds ; and the island being free from beasts of prey, man is the
only enemy they have to fear. The female sent to the Society’s
Gardens was procured from the White Mountains when a few weeks
old; the two males were from Mount Ida, also taken when quite
young. At first they were very wild, but soon grew tame, being fed
chiefly on mulberry-leaves, and afterwards on barley and oats.
«Two of these animals have recently been sent to Berlin.”
Mr. Edwin Ward, F.Z.S., exhibited two double hind feet of a
Fallow Deer (Cervus dama), and read the following remarks :—
« Amongst a herd of about 150 Fallow Deer belonging to Lady
Churchill, of Cornbury Park, Oxon, there has existed a doe pos-
sessing a malformation consisting of double bind feet.
«This doe has for several successive years dropped a fawn with the
same malformation of double hind feet as her own.
«The keepers state that the doe had been served by different bucks
each year. The hind feet of her progeny never differed, but always
partook of the shape of the mother’s.
«‘The division occurs in the upper part of the tarsus, which gra-
dually diverges into two separate tarsi and two separate feet.”
The following papers were read :—
1. On an apparently new Species of Parrot from Eastern
Peru. By Orro Fryscu, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., &c., Curator
to the Bremen Museum.
[Received November 29, 1873.]
PsITTACULA ANDICOLA, Sp. Novy.
Diagn. Viridis unicolor, subtus dilutior ; mento olivaceo-flavido ;
rostro canescenti-corneo.
Description.—Upper parts beautiful dark grass-green, rump and
upper tail-coverts somewhat brighter; the feathers on the occiput
* See Rev. Cat. Vert. p. 90, + See Odyssey, ix. 118 and 154.
1874.] DR. O. FINSCH ON A NEW PARROT. 91
and hind neck show under certain lights their tips shining olive-
brownish yellow; front, lores and cheeks, and all the under surface
yellowish grass green, brighter than the upper parts; crop and breast
washed very faintly with olive; chin and upper part of throat
changing into olive-yellow ; quills dark grass-green, a little darker
than the back; the primaries on the inner web sooty blackish, on
the outer web dull greenish blue, with narrow but distinct green
margins; the tectrices of primaries on the outer web towards the
base also washed with dull blue ; under wing-coverts grass green, like
the vent; quills from beneath dull malachite-green like the under-
surface of the tail-feathers, which from above are dark grass-green ;
the first primary beneath exhibits a narrow margin of olive-yellow.
Bill horn- grey, with yellowish tip, mandible yellowish, with grey
basal portion; feet and claws brownish.
Long. rectr. rectr. Alt. Latid. Long. dig.
tot. ale. intern. ext. culm. rost. rostr. tars. ext.
ce. 63" A" wi oN Ae 9" Rie 53" Aut Bil Gi (poll. Angl.).
Ha6é. Eastern Peru. ;
The specimen from which the above description was taken was
collected by the well-known explorer of Peru, Mr. H. Whitely,
at Paucartambo, a village east of Cuzco, in the Andes, at an ele-
vation of 9400 feet. As I learn from a letter of Dr. Sclater, who
kindly forwarded to me this specimen for inspection and descrip-
tion, Mr. Whitely unfortunately collected only this single speci-
men, which has no label of sex, but is certainly mature. The sexual
differences are therefore still to be ascertained ; and it seems to be
possible that the male may exhibit a brighter coloration, although
I incline to believe that both sexes will prove to be alike. In
respect of the generic position, there can be no doubt, according
to my views, that the species must be placed in the genus Psit-
tacula, although there are some differences; but these show clearly
that Psittacula andicola unites the true Psittacule of South America
(Ps. passerina, celestis, &c.) with those usually distinguished under
the generic term Urochroma, Bp. (surda, melanonota, &c.). From
the latter it differs in the more rounded, although short, tail with
more pointed feathers, as in the true Psittacule; besides, the tail-
coverts are less elongated; the wings are quite the same as in the
true Psittacule, but do not reach to the end of the tail, as in the mem-
bers of the subgenus Urochroma. The bill much resembles that of
Psittacula; but the lateral margins of the upper mandible show no
emargination, and the bill in general is more bulky and corresponds
rather with that of Bolborhynchus, Bp. (B. monachus, aymara, &c.),
which, however, are easily distinguished by their long, cuneated tail-
feathers. Psittacula andicola stands quite alone in its uniform
green coloration, and cannot be confounded with any of its allies.
92 DR, 0. FINSCH ON A NEW [Jan. 20,
2. On a new Species of Fruit-Pigeon from the Pacific Island
of Rapa or Opara. By Oro Finscu, Ph.D., C.M.ZS.,
&c., Curator to the Bremen Museum.
[Received November 30, 1873.]
PTILONOPUS HUTTONI, Sp. Noy.
Diagn. Major; pileo usque ad occiput pulchre violascenti-pur-
pureo; macula mandibulari hine inde violascenti-purpurea ;
mento pallide purpureo; capite reliquo, collo toto, guttureque
virescenti-cinereis ; macula pectorali magna obscure purpureo-
violacea, lateribus viridibus ; ventre crissoque obsolete flavis ;
subcaudalibus violacescenti-purpureis ; dorso, tergo, uropygio,
tectricibus alarum et caude@ olivaceo-viridibus ; secundariis di-
stinctius viridibus, pogonio externo anguste flavo marginato ;
scapularibus ultimis macula triangulari anteapicali lilacina ;
cauda obscure viridi, apice anguste albida; rostro plumbeo,
apice flavido ; pedibus flavescentibus.
Front and crown of a beautiful purplish violet-red, as well as a
patch at the base of the lower jaw; the chin, between the rami of
the lower jaw, also red, but much paler than the crown; the red of
the crown surrounded very indistinctly by a narrow line of green ;
occiput, nape, sides of head, neck, throat and crop ashy grey, washed
faintly with green; the feathers on the throat and crop bifurcated,
and dull olive-green on the centre, which gives these parts a more
green appearance ; middle of the upper part of throat pale yellowish,
with the bases of the feathers white, forming an indistinct pale longi-
tudinal patch just below the chin; breast covered by a very large
patch of dark purplish violet, with dark olive-green at the base of
feathers; sides of breast, vent, and flanks, and the upper part of
vent dark olive-green ; lower part of vent, anal region, and the hind
part of thighs dirty yellow, with the base of the feathers white ;
under tail-coverts purplish violet-red, like the crown, with yellowish
basal portion ; feathered tarsus and under wing-coverts dark greenish
ashy ; back and upper parts dark olive grass-green ; quills black on
the inner web, ou the outer web dark shining green, margined very
narrowly with yellowish, which on the primaries is nearly invisible ;
apical portion of quills under certain lights with strong coppery re-
flections ; tectrices of secondaries dark green, with broader and more
distinct yellowish margins along the outer web; larger shoulder-
coverts with a triangular spot of dull lilac; wing beneath blackish-
grey ; tail-feathers dark shining green, like the quills, on the inner
web black, with a very narrow apical margin of yellowish white ;
under certain lights the margins of the outer web and the apical
portion with coppery reflections; underside of tail blackish; bill
horny-grey, with yellowish apical portion; feet pale (apparently
yellow in the living bird) with horn-coloured nails; “eye pink”
(collector’s note).
1874. ] SPECIES OF FRUIT-PIGEON. 93
Long. rostr. _rostr. dig.
tot. ale. caud., afront. arict. tars. med, ung.
F220 670 ABO “750. VIS! 1-908 495° +35. (poll Angl.).
Hab. Island of Rapa or Opara, South Sea.
The unique specimen of this bird was forwarded to me through
the kindness of my friend Capt. F. W. Hutton, now Professor of Na-
tural History and Geology in the University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand, after whom I have the pleasure of naming it.
The specimen is marked in the collector’s handwriting “female.”
It may be expected that the male would exhibit a somewhat
brighter coloration, although we know that in the members of the
genus Péilonopus the plumage of both sexes is nearly exactly alike.
Pt. huttoni is one of the most extraordinary Ptilonopi known.
In the pattern of its coloration it shows some resemblance to P¢,
roseicapillus, Less. (Pt. purpureocinctus, Gray), and Pt. mercieri,
having, as in these species, a red spot on the base of the lower jaw;
but it is easily distinguishable from all the other Polynesian Fruit-
Pigeons by its pale purplish-red chin, and the extraordinarily large
pectoral patch of dark purplish violet. But far more than by these
peculiarities of colours, P¢. huttoni is distinguished by its large
size and the unusually long and strong bill, as will be seen in the
accompanying drawing of the head, of its natural size. The bill, in-
Head of Pzilonopus huttoni.
deed, differs very much from that of the typical Ptilonopi, and re-
sembles rather that of the true Columba, but is still more elongated
and slender. The first primary shows the peculiar attenuation on
the terminal portion; and the two basal thirds of the tarsus are
feathered, as in true Ptilonopus ; the tail is proportionally longer,
even at the end, and has 14 rectrices.
The island of Rapa, erroneously called on our maps Opara, is
situated in 272° S. latitude, and 144° W. longitude, about 700 miles
S.E. of the Society group, and some 40°S. of the tropic of Capri-
corn, and as nearly as possible two thirds of the distance between
Panama and Wellington. It was first discovered by the English
navigator Vancouver, and is now under the protectorate of the
French. During the time when a direct steamer-line was running
from Panama to New Zealand, it was selected as a coal-station and
port of call, possessing a harbour. A full account of the island has
94 DR. FINSCH ON A NEW SPECIES OF FRUIT-PIGEON. [Jan. 20,
been given by Captain John Vine Hall*, whose interesting and
instructive paper may be referred to for further information.
In respect of animal life on Rapa, Capt. Vine Hall only tells us
that wild goats are in abundance, as well as rats; of the birds he
says only, “there are a few fowls wild in the bush, some widgeon,
and of course sea-gulls ;” but he does not mention pigeons. I am
not aware whom we have to thank for the discovery of this re-
markable Péilonopus ; but I think I am not wrong in suspecting that
the specimen was obtained during the period when the Panama and
New-Zealand line of steamers was running. This line was stopped
some time ago; so that it will now be very difficult to get more spe-
cimens of this bird.
The geographical distribution of the Fruit-pigeons in the numerous
islands of the Pacific is very interesting, and confirms the rule that
insular regions produce a great quantity of species, peculiar in
many cases to very small islands. Thus we find only Ptilonopus
perousit generally distributed over the Central Polynesian island-
groups, 7. e. the Friendly, Navigators’, and Feejee groups. Pt. fas-
ciatus, Peale, is found on the Feejees, Navigators’, and the small
island Uea of the Wallis group. All the other groups possess their
peculiar species :—the Friendly Islands, Pt. porphyraceus, Forst. ;
the Society Islands, Pt. purpuratus, Gmel., and Pt. chrysogaster,
Gray; the Marquesas, Pt. merciert, Des Murs, and Pt. dupetit-
thouarsi, Neboux; the Paumotu group, Pt. coralensis, Peale; the
Hervey (Cook) Islands, P¢. rarotongensis, H. & F., and the very
unsatisfactorily known Pé. chalcurus, Gray ; the Pelews, Pt. pelew-
ensis, H. & F.; the Mariannes, Pt. roseicapillus, Less.; the New
Hebrides and New Caledonia, Pt. grayi, Gray, and Pt. holoseri-
ceus, Temm. Although some of these are nearly allied to each
other, they are nevertheless valid species, which keep their distine-
tive characters always exact. At least, after a long acquaintance
with most of them, I can declare that I have never found speci-
mens which would lead to the belief that there exist interme-
diate forms between them. It must be remarked as a singular
fact that in those island groups where two species occur, these are
totally different and confined in their distribution to certain loca-
lities. Thus in the Society Islands we find Pt. purpuratus only on
Tahiti, Pt. chrysogaster on Huaheine. As very prominent features
in the geographical distribution of the genus Ptilonopus in the
Pacific, we must further notice the total absence of Pigeons on the
Sandwich Islands, and the occurrence of very peculiar species on
certain remote and isolated islands. Thus the beautiful Chrysena
victor, Gould, is confined to Taviumi, one of the smallest islands
of the Feejee group, whereas Chryseena luteovirens, H. & J., lives
in Viti-Levou and Ovalau, and now we learn that so small an
island as Rapa produces one of the most remarkable species of the
genus. In considering all these points we shall find it extremely
difficult to explain what has caused such extraordinary phenomena
* «On the Island of Rapa” in Trans. and Proceed. of the N. Z. Inst. vol. i.
(1869), pp. 128-134.
1874.] MAJOR O. B. C. ST. JOHN ON ORYX BEATRIX. 95
in geographical distribution ; and, to confess the truth, we must allow
that we are still far off from understanding these questions satisfac-
torily, and that hypothesis only will serve us to answer them.
3. Note on the Locality of Oryx beatrix.
By Major O. B. C. Sr. Joun, F.Z.S.
[Received December 3, 1873.]
In November 1864 I was at Maskat with Colonel Lewis Pelly,
H.M.’s Resident in the Persian Gulf. Breakfasting at a country
house of the Imam’s, some five or six miles trom the town, we were
told that a rare animal, described as a wild cow, was kept there as
a curiosity. On going into the yard where it was confined I recog-
nized it at once as an Oryx, and from its pure white colour I sup-
posed it to be a Leucoryx (Oryx leucoryx), in which idea I was
strengthened by finding in an illustrated book of natural history
that the habitat of that species is South Persia and Arabia. The
specimen we were looking at, a full-grown female, was immediately
offered for Colonel Pelly’s acceptance, and was shortly afterwards
sent by him to the Botanical Gardens at Poonah. Tt had been
brought, I was told, from the country on the other side of the high
mountains to the south of Maskat, which could not be reached
under a week’s camel-ride. As it is not, I believe, mentioned by
any of the travellers in Central Arabia, it is probably confined to
the comparatively fertile highlands of South-Eastern Arabia, the
richest but least-known region of that country.
On visiting this Society’s Gardens in 1867, on my return to
England, I saw at once that the Leucoryx there exhibited from
Western Africa was not identical with my Maskat specimen ; nor was
I able to find out to what species the latter should be referred. In
1869, being again in the Persian Gulf, I begged Colonel Pelly to
obtain more specimens from Maskat, and, visiting him the next
year, found that he had procured a pair. Of these the male, the horns
of which were imperfect, was accidentally killed ; and the female was
sent to England*. There was little difference in size between the
sexes, and, so far as could be seen, none in the length of horn. Both
the animals were extremely tame, being allowed perfect liberty to
wander about in the vicinity of Colonel Pelly’s country house near
Wushire.
Is there any Member of the Zoological Society at Aden who would
ee inquiries as to the occurrence of this Antelope in that part of
rabia ?
* See notice of the arrival of this animal, P. Z, 8. 1872, p. 603.
96 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON A NEW PTEROPUS. [ Jan. 20,
4. On a new Species of Pteropus from Samoa.
By Epwarp R. Atston, F.Z.S.
[Received December 4, 1873.]
(Plate XIV.)
The Rev. Canon Tristram has kindly sent me for examination a
small collection of Bats, which has been forwarded to him from
Samoa by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee. It consists of four specimens
preserved in spirits—one of Emballonura semicaudata? (Peale)*,
two young examples of a Pteropus, apparently referable to P. fla-
vicollis, Gray t, and an adult male Fruit-Bat of a distinct species.
After a careful investigation I believe this last to be an undescribed
form, and have much pleasure in naming it (at Canon Tristram’s
suggestion) in honour of Mr. Whitmee, who has devoted much
attention to the elucidation of the Samoan fauna.
PreRoPUS WHITMEEI, sp.n. (FI. XIV.)
Face and cheeks dark grey, grizzled with yellowish hairs ; crown of
the head and occiput pale yellow; nape, sides of neck, and shoulders
bright golden bay ; back between the wings rich brown-black, ramp
slightly washed with rufous ; chin black ; lower surface of the body
grizzled rufous, the shorter fur being brown and the longer hairs
reddish yellow ; limbs and flying-membrane dark brown; arms and
thighs thinly clad both above and below with long hairs. Measure-
ments :— ee
Levigthy of head sisi taj. 25,0004 vials Pree Wn Se 2°15
> CAT), PSRRGLS ia cline alot tt Wiens eters tenet *85
55 FOLEATIN. «3, aeie Weis y) HOR wise Ae eeAAD
& thumb vrcdorgch ashe dine, wie he Se Peale aa
Pe firstfin gery, 2.5/0 kia:k MoS Jo aa etak 3°15
5 Seeond Aneer, dt asic aa gals tad State 7°35
Pr third Ae Gr < 13. sts bate'd odd» iole clue 6°05
Az fourth finger ..... gctals leeds (Oo
Of the described species of Fruit-Bat, this is most nearly allied to
P. vitiensis, Gray t, from the Feejees, of which it may probably be
regarded as the Samoan representative; but it is at once distin-
guished from that species by its black back, by the totally different
shade of the bay of the nape, and by the absence of the conspicuous
yellow border across the shoulders. The present specimen is also
considerably smaller than the type of P. vitiensis in the British
Museum, and the first upper premolar is markedly larger. P.
samoensis, Peale §, is a much larger animal, and has the back uniform
in colour with the lower parts.
* Vespertilio semicaudatus, Peale, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exp. (1848), p. 23; Hm-
ballonura fuliginosa, Tomes, P. Z.8. 1859, p. 77 (ef. Peters, Monatsb. Akad.
Berlin, 1867, p. 480).
+ Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-Bats (1870), p. 107.
{ Cat. Monkeys, &c. p. 109. § Zool. U. 8, Expl. Exp. p. 20.
wie
“oe
es
Mintern Bros imp
G.H.Ford
ROPUS WHITMEEI.
4
PIE
PiZ.S 1874: PIR
R Mintern del. et lith Mintern Bros . imp -
NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA.
1874.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA. 97
5. List of the Species of Fulgora, with Descriptions of New
Forms in the Collection of the British Museum. By
ArtHur G. Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
[Received December 9, 1873.]
(Plate XV.)
Dr. Stal has very rightly restored the designation Fulgora to the
group of Homopterous insects comprising the genus Hotinus of
Amyot and Serville; this genus is confined to the Old World, most
of the species occurring in the Eastern Archipelago.
The following list contains the whole of the species at present
known to science, with descriptions of three beautiful new species in
the National Collection; the number of species now amounts to
twenty-eight.
Sect. 1. Species with (whén dead) orange wings.
1. FULGORA CANDELARIA.
Laternaria candelaria, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 153. n. 2;
Act. Stockh. p. 63, pl. 1. figs. 1, 5, 6 (1746).
Fulgora candelaria, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 70. n. 33 ; Roesel,
Ins.-Belust. 2, Loc. 189, pl. 30 (1749).
Flata candelaria, Germar, Mant. Ent. iii. p. 189. n. 1.
Pyrops candelaria, Spinola, Ann® Soc. Ent. France, viii. p- 233.
n. 1 (1839).
Hotinus candelarius, Amyot & Serville, Hist. Nat. Hém. p. 490.
n.d,
Hong-Kong (Bowring) ; Cambodia. B.M.
2. FULGORA CYANIROSTRIS.
Fulgora cyanirostris, Guérin, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 2nd ser. iii.
Bull. Ent. p. 96.
Hotinus cyanirostris, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 265. n. 2
(1851).
Java,
3. FuLGORA BREVIROSTRIS, 0. sp. (Plate XV. fig. 1.)
Closely allied to F. candelaria; tegmina black, with the nervures
and spots bright ochreous, disposed as in F. candelaria; wings
orange-ochreous, the apical third black; rostrum short, curved,
ascending, testaceous, with paler spots; prothorax much compressed
in front, with a central longitudinal ridge and two strongly impressed
black punctures; testaceous, with a black lateral patch ; the rest of
the body luteous above, mesothorax maculated with black ; abdomen
below black, the margins of the segments testaceous ; legs pitchy ;
the coxz, and the femora of the last pair, dirty testaceous. Length
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. VII. 7
98 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA. ([Jan. 20,
of body, including rostrum, 1 inch 2 lines, rostrum 6 lines ; expanse
2 inches 6 lines.
Penang (Bowring). B.M.
Perhaps a local race of F. candelaria, but unquestionably more di-
stinct than F. viridirostris and F. nigrirostris. An example, labelled
“India,” from Mr. Saunders’s collection, differs from the type in
having the rostrum of a pitchy colour. The rostrum in this species
is shorter than in F. viridirostris.
4. FULGORA VIRIDIROSTRIS.
Pyrops viridirostris, Westwood, Orient. Entom. pl. 3. fig. 4
(1848).
Hotinus viridirostris, Walker, List Homop. Ins. ii. p. 265. n. 3
(1851).
Assam (Warwick). B.M.
5. FULGORA NIGRIROSTRIS.
Hotinus nigrirostris, Walker, Ins. Saund. p. 29 (1858).
Pachebon (Mouhot). B.M.
6. FULGORA SPINOL.
Fulgora spinole, Westwood, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 118
(April 1842) ; Orient. Ent. pl. 36. fig. 1 (1848).
Hotinus spinole, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. il. p. 266. n. 4
(1851).
Silhet (Stainsforth, Sowerby, Leadbeater). B.M.
7. FULGORA LATHBURII.
Fulgora lathburii, Kirby, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 450. n. 97;
Guérin, Icon. Régn. Anim. Ins. pl. 58. fig. 2.
Flata lathburit, Germar, Thom. Arch. ii. 2, p. 46 (1830).
Hotinus lathburii, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 266. n. 5
(1851).
Hong-Kong (Bowring). B.M.
Sect. 2. Species with white wings.
8. FULGORA CLAVATA.
Fulgora clavata, Westwood, Linn. Trans. xviii. p. 139. n. 7, pl. 12.
fig. 1; Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 3. fig. 1 (1848).
Hotinus clavatus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 267. n. 12
(1851).
Silhet (Stainsforth) ; Assam (Warwick) ; N. India, E. India.
B.M.
The rostrum of this insect has a perfeetly ludicrous resemblance to
a “vesuvian”’ cigar-light.
9. FULGORA PONDEROSA.
Hotinus ponderosus, Stil, GEfv. Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl.
xi. p. 244 (1854).
Hindostan, sp. ead. ? B.M.
1874.) MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA. 99
I believe this to be merely a faded specimen of one of the many
varieties of F. clavata; we have an example from Silhet, and a
second without a locality, which agree very fairly with Stil’s de-
scription.
Sect. 3. Species with red and whitish wings.
10. Futgora ocuLata.
Fulgora oculata, Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 142. n. 13,
pl. xii. fig. 5; Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 36. fig. 2 (1848).
Hotinus oculatus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins, ii. p. 267. n. 9 (1851).
Malacca. B.M.
11, FuLGora suBOCELLATA.
Fulgora subocellata, Guérin, Rev. Zool. (1839) ; Delessert, Souv.
Voy. Inde, p. 66, pl. 16. fig. 1 (1842).
Hotinus subocellatus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii, p. 267. n. 10
(1851).
Penang. B.M.
Possibly a variety of F'. oculata.
12. FuLGORA SULTANA.
Hotinus sultanus, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 83; Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 204 (1847).
‘Forest of Borneo near Tampasook,” 4. Adams; ‘Corea’ (A.
Adams). B.M.
Mr. Walker states in his catalogue that our example is from
Borneo. It is registered as from Corea with other insects from that
locality ; Borneo, however, is written upon the label attached to the
specimen : the latter differs slightly from the example described.
13. FULGORA GIGANTEA, n. sp. (Plate XV. fig. 2.)
Closely allied to F. suléana, but altogether larger ; corium of teg-
mina black, area beyond dirty testaceous ; veins ochreous, base bright
ochreous ; two parallel series of transverse oval pale ochreous spots ;
ten or eleven indistinct ochreous spots with whitish zones beyond
corium ; wings with apical two fifths pitchy, paler at apex; basal
three fifths rosy to centre, and then becoming pale testaceous to ab-
dominal margin; rostrum reddish luteous above, bright testaceous
at tip and below, rest of the body testaceous. Length of body, in-
cluding rostrum, 2 inches; of rostrum 10 lines; expanse 4 inches
6 lines.
Sarawak (Wallace). B.M.
The example upon which I have founded the present species
formerly stood in Mr. Saunders’s Collection as the Hotinus sultana
of White; it is, however, quite distinct ; it is the largest species yet
described.
Sect. 4. Species with blue-green wings.
14. FuLGoRA PYRORHYNCHA.
Fulgora pyrorhynchus, Donovan, Ins. Ind. Hom. pl. 7. fig. 1.
7*
100 MR. A.G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA. [Jan. 20,
Hotinus pyrorhyncus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 267. n. 8
(1851).
Fulgora pyrorhina, Westwood, Donoy. Ins. Ind. 2nd edit. p. 13.
Fulgora rajah, Guérin, Rev. Zool. p. 183 (1839).
Nepaul (Hodgson). B.M.
15. FuLGoRA DUCALIS.
Hotinus ducalis, Stil, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. vol. i. p. 576. n. 2
(1863).
Cambodia (Mouhot). Type, B.M.
16. FULGORA C@LESTINA.
Hotinus celestinus, Stil, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. vol. i. p. 576.
n. 1 (1863).
Cambodia (Mouhot). B.M.
17. FULGORA MACULATA.
Fulgora maculata, Olivier, Enc. Méth. vi. p. 568. n. 5 (1791) ;
Stoll, Cic. p. 98, pl. 26. fig. 143.
Flata maculata, Germar, Thon, Arch. ii. 2, p. 46 (1830).
Hotinus maculatus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. 11. p. 266. n. 7
(1851).
Var. Hotinus fulvirostris, Walker, 1. c. Suppl. p. 41 (1858).
Ceylon (Paul & Cuming). B.M.
18. FULGORA INTRICATA.
Hotinus intricatus, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. p. 142. n. 13
(1857).
Borneo ; Sarawak (Wallace).
Attached to our specimen was a label, bearing the designation 7’.
tetrachroma, Walker ; but it appears to be a MS. name.
19. FuLGora sTELLATA, n. sp. (Plate XV. fig. 3.)
Closely allied to F. intricata, Walker, darker in colour ; the teg-
mina shorter, with more arched costal margin; the three basal bands
broken up into ochraceous spots; wings deeper-coloured, the green
area rather smaller. Length of body, including rostrum, 1 inch 8
lines, of rostrum 9 lines; expanse 3 inches 1 line.
Labuan (Collingwood). Two specimens, B.M.
A third discoloured example from Mr. Saunders’s cabinet is also
in the Collection; like the discoloured examples of F. maculata
(Hotinus fulvirostris, Walker), it has the wings pale testaceous at
base ; I suspect that all such specimens have come over in spirits,
20. FULGORA DELESSERTII.
Fulgora delessertii, Guérin, Rev. Zool. 183 (1839); Delessert,
Souv. Voy. Inde, p. 66, pl. 16. fig. 2 (1842).
Malabar coast (Ward). B.M.
This species has a short and somewhat compressed rostrum.
1874.] MR. A.G. BUTLER ON NEW SPECIES OF FULGORA. 101
Subgenus. Rostrum much compressed from near base to apex.
21. FuLGorA GUTTULATA.
Fulgora (Pyrops) guttulata, Westwood, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ix. p. 119 (1842).
Fulgora (Hotina) guttulata, Westwood, Orient. Ent. pl. iii. fig. 3
(1848).
Pyrops guttulata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 269. n. 4
(1851).
India. B.M.
The wings are bright green in fresh specimens, not cream-coloured,
as in Westwood’s figure.
22. FuLGORA GEMMATA.
Pyrops gemmatus, Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. pl. 3. fig. 2(1848).
Hotinus gemmatus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 267. n. 13
(1851).
Darjeeling, N. India, E. India. B.M.
Sect. 5. Species with scarlet wings.
23. FuLGORA COCCINEA.
Hotinus coccineus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl. p. 42 (1858).
Ceylon (Cuming). B.M.
24, FULGORA DECORATA.
Fulgora decorata, Westwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. p. 141. n. 12,
pl. xii. fig. 4 (1841).
Prolepta decorata, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 270. n. 2
(1851).
* Java” ( Westwood).
Certainly not a Prolepta, but very close to the Hotinus coccineus
of Walker.
25. FuLGoRA GUTTIFERA.
Hotinus guttifer, Stal, GEfvers. Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. xv.
p- 448. n. 1 (1859).
* Ceylon” (Stal); sp. ead.? Shanghai. B.M.
The description of this species is rather vague :—‘ tegminibus
carneis, nigro conspersis, guttis compluribus minoribus anguste nigro-
cinctis ornatis.”’ It is difficult to imagine the colour of the smaller
spots ; in our insect they are Jarger than the black spots, orange,
and edged with black.
26. FuLGoRA pyRRHOCHLORA.
Hotinus pyrrhochlora, Walker, MS. ? *
Sarawak (Wallace). B.M.
* Mr. Walker believes that he has described this species; but I have not suc-
ceeded in finding the description.
102 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. [Jan. 20,
The same form as F’. virescens, but the tegmina greener, with less
numerous orange spots and with a yellow costal margin ; wings scarlet.
Length of body, exclusive of rostrum, 9 lines, of rostrum —?; ex-
panse 2 inches 3 lines.
Sect. 6. Species with pale greenish wings (subhyaline).
27. FULGORA VIRESCENS.
Fulgora (Pyrops) virescens, Westwood, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ix. p. 119 (1842).
Fulgora (Hotina) virescens, Westwood, Orient. Ent. pl. iii. fig. 5
(1848).
Pyrops virescens, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. ii. p. 269. n. 5
(1851).
Hotinus semiannulus, Walker, List Homopt. Ins. Suppl. p. 42
(1858).
Cherra; N. India. B.M.
28. FuLGORA CULTELLATA.
Hotinus cultellatus, Walker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zoél. i. p. 143.
n. 14 (1857).
Borneo.
Seems allied to F. virescens of Westwood.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XV.
Fig. 1. Fulgora brevirostris, p. 97.
2. —— gigantea, p. 99.
3. stellata, p. 100.
6. A List of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. L.
Layard at Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee, Siam, with
Descriptions of new Species. By Hersert Druce,
F.LS., F.Z.S.
[Received December 23, 1873.]
(Plate XVI.)
This collection is interesting because it contains several species
that we have only previously known from the Malayan region. It
appears that Chentaboon is a most prolific locality. It is a moun-
tainous and thickly wooded district 200 miles from Bangkok, on the
east coast of the Gulf of Siam. All the butterflies from this place
were collected during the month of September 1872. Those from
Nahconchaisee, a flat clayey district, 18 miles from Bangkok, covered
with long yellow grass, were obtained during the last few months of
1872.
The collection contained seventy-nine species (six of which I have
described as new), representing 4 families, 6 subfamilies, and 40 genera,
of which 38 species are from Chentaboon, and 24 from Nahcon-
P.Z.5 1874. PL XVI.
A.G.Butler del. et lith Feb.1874. Mintern Bros imp .
NEW SIAMESE LEPIDOPTERA.
sd
1874.] MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. 103
chaisee, leaving 17 species common to both localities. The new
species described are—Euplea layardi, Neptis noluna, Miletus irro-
ratus, Cupido agnata, Ixias verna, and Taractrocera lineata.
Family I. NympHauip&, Westw.
Subfamily I. Danarn, Bates.
Genus Danats, Lak.
1. D. uimniace, Cram. (Pap. L.) Pap. Ex. i. t. 59 p, £ (1779).
Chentaboon.
2. D. srmixis, Linn. (Pap. 8.) Mus. Ulr. p. 299 (1764).
Nahconchaisee.
3. D. pLexippus, Linn. (Pap. P.) Mus. Ulr. p. 262 (1764).
Chentaboon.
4. D. MELANipPus, Cram.(Pap. M.) Pap. Ex. ii. t.127 a, B(1779).
Chentaboon.
5. D. curysiprus, Linn. (Pap. C.) Mus. Ulr. p. 263 (1764).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus Eupiaa, Fabr.
1. E. poa@sus, Butler, P. Z. 8S. 1866, p. 270, n. 3.
Chentaboon. The type was from Penang.
2. E. caMARALZEMAN, Butler, P.Z.S. 1866, p. 271, pl. xxix. f. 1.
Chentaboon.
3. E. mopesta, Butler, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 273. n. 13.
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
4, E. ménétrriesi, Feld. Wien, Ent. Mon. iv. p. 389. n.15 (1860).
Chentaboon. One specimen.
5. E. staMENsIs, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p.341, t.41. f. 6 (1867).
Chentaboon.
6. E. marearira, Butl. P. Z. 8. 1866, p. 279. n. 34.
Chentaboon. Two specimens.
7. E. mrpamus, Linn. (Pap. M.) Mus. Ulr. p. 251 (1764).
Chentaboon.
8. E. RHADAMANTHUS, Fab. (Pap. Rad.) Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 42.
n. 127 (1793).
Chentaboon. One specimen.
9. E. payarpI, n.s. (Plate XVI. fig. 1.)
Upperside brown, paler round the outer margin, fore wing with
two whitish spots at the end of the cell, and a double row of white
spots round the outer margin. Hind wing with a band of oval-
104 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. [Jan. 20,
shaped white spots crossing it from the anal angle to the anterior
margin, and a submarginal row of small white spots. Underside as
above, except that all the white spots are plainer. Exp. 4 in.
Chentaboon. In Coll. H. Druce.
Subfamily II. Sarxrin2#, Bates.
Genus Menanitis, F.
1. M. tena, Linn. (Pap. L.) Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 773. n. 151 (1867).
Chentaboon. Three specimens.
Genus Mycatesis, Hiibn.
1. M. orrea, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 314 a, B (1782).
Chentaboon.
2. M. waxassis, Hew. Ex. B. iii. Myc. t. 6. f. 35 (1864).
Nahconchaisee. One specimen.
Subfamily II]. Exymniuna, Herr.-Schaff.
Genus Erymnias, Hibn.
1. E. unpuxaris, Drury, (Pap. Un.) Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 10. f. 1,
2 (1773).
Nahconchaisee and Chentaboon.
2. E. wars, Cr. (Pap. L.) Pap. Ex. ii. t. 110 4, B (1779).
Nahconchaisee.
Subfamily IV. Morpuin2, Bates.
Genus AmatuusiA, Fab.
1. A. puipippus, Linn. (Pap. P.) Syst. Nat. 1. 2. p. 752 (1769).
Chentaboon. One specimen.
Subfamily VIII. Nympnarin#, Bates.
Genus Cernosta, Fab.
1. C. cvane, Drury, (Pap. C.) Til. Ex. Ent. i. t. 4. f. 1 (1778).
Chentaboon. One specimen. The smallest I haveseen. Exp. 2in.
Genus Crrrocuroa, Doubl.
1. C. panxa, Moore, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 557.
Chentaboon.
2. C. rascraTA, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 49. f. 9, 10 (1867).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus Messaras, Doubl. ;
1. M. erymantuis, Drury, (Pap. E.) Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 15. f. 3,
4 (1773).
Chentaboon. Four specimens, all of which are very dark in colour.
1874.] MR.H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. 105
Genus ATELLA, Doubl.
1, A. pHatanta, Drury, (Pap. P.) Ill. Ent. i. 21. f. 1, 2(1773).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
Genus Junonta, Hiibn.
1, J. pemonias, Linn. (Pap. L.) Mus. Ulr. p. 277 (1764).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
2. J. traomenrA, Linn. (Pap. L.) Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 772 (1767).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
3. J. asTerte, Linn. (Pap. A.) Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 769 (1779).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus ErcGotis, Boisd.
1. E, artADNE, Linn. (Pap. A.) Syst. Nat. i, 2. p. 778. n. 170
(1767)
Nahconchaisee.
Genus Neptis, Fab.
1. N. tevcoTHoEr, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 296 E, F (1782).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee. The Nahconchaisee specimens
are very bright in colour.
2. N. curnra, Moore, P.Z.S. 1872, p. 563, pl. xxxii. f. 8.
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee. The type was from Bengal.
3. N. HARDONIA, Stoll, (Pap. H.) Suppl. Cram. t. 33. f. 4, 4D
(1790).
Chentaboon.
4. N. NOLANA, Ni. Ss.
Upperside dark brown, all the bands and spots rufous orange.
Anterior wing with a longitudinal band from the base to beyond the
cell, with a broad band from the costal margin to the anal angle
curved inwards and narrower in the middle, with a narrow band
round the outer margin. Posterior wing crossed by three rufous-
orange bands, the first and third narrow. Underside as above, only
much paler in colour, with all the bands indistinctly marked.
Exp. 27 in.
Chentaboon. In coll. H. Druce.
Genus Atuyma, West.
1. A. LeEucorHog, Linn. (Pap. L.) Mus. Ulr. p. 292 (1764).
Chentaboon, Nahconchaisee.
Genus Diapema, Boisd.
1. D. pourna, Linn. (Pap. B.) Mus. Ulr. p. 295 (1764).
Chentaboon, Nanconchaisee.
106 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. [Jan. 20,
2. D. mistppus, Linn. (Pap. M.) Mus. Ulr. p. 264 (1764).
Chentaboon.
Genus LesapeEa, Feld.
1. L. 1smpne, Doubl. Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 34. f. 2 (1850).
Chentaboon,
Genus Apo.tas, Boisd.
1. A. LUBENTINA, Cram. (Pap. L.) Pap. Ex. ii. t. 155 C, D (1782).
Nahconchaisee. One specimen.
2. A. GaruDA, Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 186 (1857).
Nahconchaisee.
3. A. LepipeA, Butl. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.i. p. 71 (1868).
Chentaboon.
Genus CHAraxes, Ochs.
1. C. arHamas, Drury, (Pap. A.) Ill. Ex. Ent. i. t. 2. f. 4 (1773).
Chentaboon.
Family III. Lycanrip2.
Genus Miuetus, Hiibn.
1. M. IRRORATUS, n. s.
Upperside dark glossy brown, with a whitish spot at the end of
the cell of anterior wing. Underside very like MW. melanion, Felder,
but differs from it in having the light markings less clearly defined,
and the white lines more indistinct.
Nahconchaisee. Coll. H. Druce.
Genus Currpo, Schrank.
1. C. rostmon, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 523. n. 341 (1775).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
2. C. ernton, Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 76. f. 3 (1852).
Nahconchaisee.
3. C. straBo, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 287 (1793).
Nahconchaisee.
4. C. agnata,n.s. (Plate XVI. figs. 2, 3, 4.)
Upperside (male) bluish white, with the outer margin of the an-
terior wing slightly dusky. Underside pale greyish brown, anterior
wing crossed beyond the cell with six irregular white bands; poste-
rior wing with eight, the first two close to the base; two black spots
near the anal angle surrounded with orange. Upperside (female)
bluish white, anterior wing with the apical half pale brown, broadest
at the costal margin, posterior wing from the base to the apex brown,
extending to the middle of the cell, outer margin brown, crossed by
a band of white lunular markings, underside same as the male.
Exp. 13 in.
Nahconchaisee. In coll. H. Druce.
1874.] | MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. 107
Genus Apunaus, Hiibn.
1. A. tonrra, Horsf. (Amb. L.) Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p- 107. n. 39
(1829).
Chentaboon.
Genus SitHon, Hiibn.
1. S. rriaa, Fab. (Hesp. F.) Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 263. 0.19 (1793).
Chentaboon.
Genus Myrina, Fab.
1. M. arymnus, Cram. (Pap. A.) Pap. Ex. iv. t.331 D, E (1 782).
Chentaboon.
Genus Devporrx, Hew.
1. D. prrosrris, Hew. Ill. D. L. p. 22, t. 9. f. 30, 31 (1863).
Chentaboon.
Genus Curires, Hiibn.
1. C. mvsuxarts, Horsf. Cat. Lep. E. I. C. p. 125 (1829).
Chentaboon.
Genus AmBtypopr1a, Horsf.
1. A. cenTaurus, Fab. (Pap. C.) Syst. Ent. p. 520 (1775).
Chentaboon and Nahconchaisee.
2. A. p1aRDI, Hew. Cat. Lyc. B. M. p- 9. n. 43, t. 5. f. 41, 42
(1862).
Nahconchaisee.
Family IV. Papitionipz.
Subfamily Prerin#, Bates.
Genus Pontra, Fab.
1. P. xrpHta, Fab. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 43. n. 180 (1781).
Chentaboon ; Nahconchaisee. The specimens are very small.
Genus TrrtAs, Swainson.
1. T. necase, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 249 (1764).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus Picris, Schrank.
1. P. supiru, Fab. (Pap. J.) Mant. Ins. ii. p. 22 (1789).
Chentaboon. One specimen.
2. P. nerissa, Fab. (Pap. N.) Syst. Ent. p.471. n. 123 (1775).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus Tacuyris, Wall.
1. T. ausina, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 480 (1836).
Chentaboon.
108 MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. [Jan. 20,
Genus De.ias, Hibn.
1. D. nrerte, Hiibn., var. rvpica, Wall. Trans. Ent. Soc.
ser. iil. vol. iv. p. 351 (1867).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus EroniA, Hiibn.
1, E. vatertA, Cram. (Pap. V.) Pap. Ex. i. t. 85 A (1779).
Chentaboon.
Genus Cauuipryas, Boisd.
1. C. pyrAnTHE, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 77 (1819).
Chentaboon ; Nahconchaisee.
2. C. crocaLE, Cram, (Pap. C.) Pap. Ex. i. t. 55 C, D (1779).
Chentaboon ; Nahconchaisee.
Genus Hrsomora, Hibn.
1. H. eravciper, Linn. (Pap. G.) Mus. Ulr. p. 240 (1764).
Chentaboon ; Nahconchaisee.
Genus Ix1as, Hibn.
1. I. verna,n.s. (Plate XVI. figs. 5, 6.)
Upperside (male) yellowish white, with the base of the anterior
wing greyish; apical half broadly black, bordered on the inner
margin with bright yellow, with a large subapical orange band. Pos-
terior wing, over the outer magin broadly black, extending from the
apex to near the anal angle; abdominal margin sulphur yellow.
Underside the same as I. pyrene, Linn.
The female chiefly differs from the male in having all the dark
margins much broader, and the subapical orange band smaller and
paler-coloured. Underside the same as the male.
Exp. ¢ 23 in., 9 2 in.
Nahconchaisee. In coll. H. Druce.
Genus OrniTHOPTERA, Boisd.
1. O. RHADAMANTHUS, Boisd. Sp. Gén. i. p. 180. n. 8 (1836).
Chentaboon, 1 ¢; Nahconchaisee, 1 d.
Genus Papiuio, Linn.
1. P. acAmemnon, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 202 (1764).
Chentaboon.
2. P. erirHontvs, Cram. Pap. Ex. ili. t. 232 A, B (1782).
Nahconchaisee.
3. P. pEmoxron, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 89 A, B (1779).
Chentaboon.
4. P. votytes, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 186 (1764).
Chentaboon, 4¢, 39; Nahconchaisee, 2¢, 39.
1874.] MR. H. DRUCE ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM SIAM. 109
5. P. cHaon, West. Arc. Ent. ii. t. 72. f. 1, 1* (1845).
Chentaboon, 4¢,19.
6. P. castor, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 37 (1824).
Chentaboon, 1 9°.
7. P. memnon, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 193 (1764).
Chentaboon ; Nahconchaisee.
P. MEMNON, var. ACHATES, Cram. Pap. Ex. iii. t. 243 A (1782).
Chentaboon.
8. P. preHitus, Esp. Ausl. Schmett. t. 40 B. f. 1 (1785-1798).
Nahconchaisee, 1 specimen.
Family V. Hesprrip#, Leach.
Genus Pampuita, Fab.
1. P. maruras, Fab. (Hesp. M.) Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798).
Nahconchaisee.
2. P. averas, Linn. (Pap. A.) Syst. Nat. i. 2. p. 794 (1767).
Nahconchaisee.
3. P. maro, Fab. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 432 (1798).
Nahconchaisee.
Genus PLesioneura, Feld.
1. P. rotus, Cram. (Pap. F.) Pap. Ex. iv. t. 74. f. (1779).
Chentaboon.
Genus Taracrrocera, Butler.
1. T. urngata, n. 8. (Plate XVI. fig. -7.)
Upperside dark brown, fore wing with three minute cream-coloured
spots near the middle on the costal margin, and a broken band of
nine spots crossing the wing from near the apex to the inner margin.
Posterior wing with four spots near the middle. Underside with all
the nervules light cream-colour, and the spots as above.
Exp. 1 in.
Nahconchaisee. In coll. H. Druce.
Genus Tacirapes, Hibn.
]. T. aprastus, Cram. (Pap. A.) Pap. Ex. iv. t. 319 F, G (1782).
Nahconchaisee.
2. T. ravi, Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1865, p. 779.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XVI.
Fig. 1. Euplea layardi, p. 103. Fig. 5, 6. Ivias verna, p. 108.
2, 3, 4. Cupido agnata, p. 106. 7. Taractrocera lineata, p. 109.
110 LETTER FROM MR. L. M. D ALBERTIS. [Feb. 3,
February 3, 1874.
Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of January, 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of January 1874 was 96; of which 2 were
by birth, 29 by presentation, 45 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and
18 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period, by death and removals, was 78.
The most noticeable additions during the month were as follows :—
1. A female of the Chinese Water-deer (Hydropotes inermis,
Swinhoe) purchased January 1, making a pair of this rare animal now
in the Society’s Gardens.
2, A pair of Pink-headed Ducks (Anas caryophyllacea) purchased
January 12, being the first living examples of this Indian Duck ever
received by the Society.
3. A Dusky Monkey (Semnopithecus obscurus) purchased Janu-
ary 26.
1 am not aware that any example of this rare Malaccan Monkey
has been previously brought alive to Europe.
4, Two Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Numida vulturina) presented
January 8, by Dr. J. Kirk, C.M.Z.S.
The Secretary read an extract from a letter addressed to him by
Mr. Luigi M. d’Albertis, C.M.Z.S., dated Sydney, N. S. W., Decem-
ber 1, 1873, and containing an account of a new species of Kanga-
roo from New Guinea, proposed to be called Halmaturus luctuosus,
of which he had obtained a living specimen from a sailor of H.M.S.
‘Basilisk.’ The specimen was described as follows :—
“Length from the nose to the occiput 43 inches; length of the
ears 12 inch; length of the thigh 52 inches; length of the tarsus,
including the nail, 4? inches ; length of the tail 113 inches; total
length, from the nose to the tip of the tail, 2 feet 5 inches. Its
weight is 73 pounds.
«The fur is short; its general colour dark ashy brown, with a
silvery tinge, white at the roots ; chin, throat, and chest white, with
two horizontal ashy stripes under the pouch ; on the top of the head a
silvery-whitish spot ; the thighs more grey ; feet dark, almost black ;
the arm white inside; the hand black. The tail moderately strong, of
a similar colour to the body, but white and bare of hairs for about an
inch at the extremity. The lips are barely covered with fur ; the eye-
brows are puffed, almost naked, and provided with eyelids so fine as
not to be readily seen at first sight. Habitat, S. E. of New Guinea.”
The following papers were read :-—
Table trom which the arrangement
of the thigh muscles in different Struthio_ Dromeus
Rhea
birds may be ascertained.
Birds with the ambiens muscle are
to be found in the left-hand semicircles,
those without it,m the right:
Otididze _
Phenicopterus BXY” <
Serpentarus
Cartama
Galline _
BX
|
|
Podicipide
Musophagi d
Cuculidze
-Pre
Gruide
\Charadri
Colymbidee
/ Spheniscida
Anatidz
B ABX
Fulmaride
AB
Fregata”
Macrochires
Falconide
(inel. Vulturidz) A
Strigide
MYOLOGICAL
P.Z.S. 1874. Pl. XVI.
The temoro-caudal is denoted by... A;
the accessory femoro-caudal by B;
the semitendinosus by Ke
the accessory semuitendinosus (Gisee VG
The absence of any of these ts indicated
by the absence from the formula of
us representative letter.
:
lide Ror
coats Psittaci
we Sa
~-- Cuculidze | Bucerotide
> =f Charadriide | Upupide
Laride | . Piearie
1
: i » Passeres
Z ~. Meropidze
AMIS te ¥
7 _ Galbula
or vad ‘ ~~ Caprimulgide
Pelar gi io te
cg - : rs | Coracide
|
Picine ~ /Cathavtide
Dicrurus —
i - b
_ Urogalba
| Herodiones._
a Phzethon ™ ©
j
~--Herodiones
Cancroma
a
a
P Trogonide
xc athartidze
XY
wee
Alcedinidze
| Steatornithide
,
Edw? Weller
ULA OF BIRDS
1874.] | MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 111
1. On certain Muscles of Birds and their Value in Classifi-
cation. Part II. By A. H. Garrop, B.A., Fellow of
St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society.
[Received January 6, 1873].
(Plate XVII.)
The facts contained in the former part of this communication
(P. Z. S. 1873, p. 626) being in an expanded form, it is not easy to
appreciate their full significance at a glance, nor without considerable
difficulty. To obviate this inconvenience I have constructed the
following table, which is so arranged that by a very simple method,
it is possible to tell without further reference which of the five
muscles—the ambiens, the femoro-caudal, the accessory femoro-
caudal, the semitendinosus, and the accessory semitendinosus—are
present or absent. To obtain this result the names of the muscles
themselves have been omitted, and single letters of the alphabet
used in their stead.
The femoro-caudal is represented by .......... A
The accessory femoro-caudal ae ce AA aie!
Rhe semitendinosas. 2705. - 320 ee es X
The accessory semitendinosus ................ Y
When these four muscles are present in a bird the formula
AB. XY expresses the fact; when any one is absent, that such is
the case is indicated by the omission of the letter representing it.
Thus the formula A. X Y indicates that the accessory femoro-caudal
muscle only is absent ; A B. X that the accessory semitendinosus is
missing ; A. X that the femoro-caudal and semitendinosus only are
to be found ; and A that the femoro-caudal alone is present. These
formule may be termed myological formule. No bird is known in
which all these four muscles are deficient.
In the accompanying diagram (Plate XVII.) all those birds which
have the same myological formula are included together in one circle ;
and the circles are so placed in relation to one another that, if they
were drawn on the surface of a sphere, there would be only a single
operation of addition or subtraction necessary to move from any one
to any of its immediate neighbours.
Of the four letters A, B, X, and Y the following are the sixteen
possible combinations.
AB.X¥Y AB Ba ee
AB. X Be eae 5 xX
AB ¥ ae Wee Y
A, XY A B 0
Those printed in italics are those which, if considered as myo-
logical formule on the nomenclature above given, have been
found amongst birds; in other words, there are eight different
112 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3,
types of muscular arrangement in the thighs of birds, as far as the
four muscles now under consideration are concerned.
Each of the circles in the diagram is divided into two halves by
a vertical line, so that the names of all those birds which are found
to possess the ambiens muscle may be distinguished from those in
which it is absent. The birds in which the ambiens is present are
placed in the left-hand semicircles; those in which it is absent are
to be found in the right-hand semicircles.
A few examples may illustrate the method of employing this table.
Taking the Musophagide, for instance, they being found in the circle
AB. X Y evidently possess all the four muscles—the femoro-caudal,
the accessory femoro-caudal, the semitendinosus, and the accessory
semitendinosus; and being on the left side, have also the ambiens.
The Strigide being on the right side of the circle with the formula
A, possess only the femoro-caudal, the ambiens being also absent ;
and so on. Those birds whose names appear partly in both semi-
circles may or may not possess the ambiens muscle in their different
genera.
Before going further it will be necessary to show what degree of
constancy is, as a rule, to be expected in the myology of birds.
Respecting this point my experience is that individuals of a species
agree precisely in their muscular arrangement. Many specimens of
a considerable number of species have passed through my hands,
and I have frequently dissected them one after ancther in order to
detect, if possible, any individual variations; such, however, have
not been forthcoming. It is true that in a single specimen of (di-
enemus grallarius the ambiens, instead of crossing the knee, ended on
the inner side of the ligamentum patelle; however, the muscle,
though imperfectly developed, was undoubtedly there. The only
other instance of an unexpected and abnormal individual structure
was the presence in a specimen of Pomatorhinus temporalis, on one
side only, of an accessory femoro-caudal, which I have not once seen
in any other of at least 100 passerine birds that I have examined.
From these observations it is evident that individuals of a species
all agree in the arrangement of the muscles of the thigh at least—
so much so that any peculiarity observed in a specimen dissected for
the first time may be taken to be characteristic of the species itself.
The same remarks apply to the species of a genus. Of several
genera I have had the opportunity of dissecting many species, seven
of Bubo, six of Ardea and Columba, five of Buceros, Francolinus
and Ibis, four of Chrysotis, Brotogerys, and Geopelia, three of a large
number, and two of many more. In all these genera the myology
of the species does not vary, and its constancy is sufficient to justify
the suspicion that when there are muscular differences between the
species of an accepted genus, it is because genera have been com-
bined which ought to be kept distinct. Such is evidently the case
with Conurus, in which genus those without the red tail differ from
those possessing it (Pyrrhura), the ambiens muscle being present in
the former and absent in the latter. There are also other anatomical
differences between them. The genus Conurus, therefore, as at pre-
1874.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 113
sent generally defined, is too extensive, and from it must be sepa-
rated off the genus Pyrrhura of Bonaparte.
In Euplocamus there is an apparent slight exception to the
uniformity in generic myology. In some species, as 2. erythroph-
thalmus, E. albocristatus, and EF. horsfieldii, the femoro-caudal is
present, though very small indeed; in a specimen of £. weilloti,
-however, it could not be found at all. This tendency to the entire
disappearance of an almost obsolete muscle, however, can have but
little weight in generalizations of the character under consideration.
Ascending to the next zoological grade, in the families of birds
there may be myological differences, though in some, such as the
Anatide, the Accipitres proper, the Strigidee, and most of the smaller
families, none have yet beenfound. The femoro-caudal is the muscle
which seems to be the mosi susceptible of variation. Amongst the
Cathartide it is present in Cathartes and absent in Sarcorhamphus
and Gyparchus. Amongst the Galline it is absent in Pavo and
Meleagris, very small or absent as above mentioned in Huplocamus,
and well developed in Gallus and Argus. The various genera of
Columbee and Psittaci may or may not possess the ambiens, as is the
case with Conurus and Pyrrhura mentioned above. Amongst the
Cuculide, the Ground-Cuckoos (Centropus, Guira, Phenicophaus)
differ from Cucudus and its allies in having the accessory femoro-
caudal developed, whilst it is absent in the latter, their respective
formule being AB. X Y and A.X Y. This peculiarity, when added
to those in the pterylosis, justifies the division of the family into two
subfamilies, which may be termed the Centropodine and the Cuculine.
In the same way the Pici differ among themselves in possessing or
being deficient of the accessory semitendinosus, Picus being one of
the latter, whilst Gecinus, Leuconerpes, &c. are of the former.
It may be inferred from the above statements that in the families
of birds, though there may be myological differences amongst the
genera, these differences are never more considerable than such as
consist of the absence of one muscle from the typical arrangement of
the family, or, in other words, from the modification of one element
of the typical formula. When, therefore, it is found that under any
accepted arrangement there are subfamilies differing from one
another by more than a single muscular peculiarity, there is reason
to expect that these subfamilies would be further separated in a
natural arrangement. ‘The Accipitres furnish an example; the
myological formulz of its subdivisions are subjoined, + and — in-
dicating the presence or absence of the ambiens muscle :—
Falconide A+
Vulturide A+
Cathartide A. X Y+ or X Y+
Strigide A—
Serpentariide B.X Y+.
This table makes it evident that the Falconide and Vulturide
are widely separated from the Cathartide@ and the Serpentaride,
and that it is perfectly impossible to unite in any intimate way these
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. VIII.
114 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3,
two latter families with the two former, or with one another. In
fact the Accipitres, as generally defined, are not a natural group at
all; and the Cathartide are not the least more nearly related to the
Vulturide than to the Falconide.
Respecting families it may therefore be said that myological pecu-
liarities which do not involve more than a single structural change
from the typical arrangement of the family are frequent, and that
further differences indicate a more distinct relationship.
The various opinions held by different ornithologists as to the
correct division of the Orders of the Class Aves are so numerous
that they make it impossible in this stage of the inquiry to discuss
the myological features which they present. An inspection of
Plate XVII. is sufficient to show that the formula of a bird is not
of direct value in estimating ordinal characters.
Looking at the whole subject from another point of view, it may now
Le asked, What does the arrangement in the muscles above described
teach as to the major divisions of the Class Aves? The remainder
of this communication will be an attempt to answer this question.
A mere glance at Plate XVII. is sufficient to show that the facts dis-
closed by a study of the myology of birds do not, without extraneous
assistance, place the different families in their true relationship to
one another. Because the same muscles are present in two families
of birds, it cannot therefore be said that their kinship is extremely
close, or the reverse ; if such were the case we should have to put
the Ardeide with the Passeres, and to separate the Auks from the
Gulls, both of which results would be strongly in opposition to the
teaching of osteology. It is therefore necessary to look around to
find, if possible, myological characters which have some definite rela-
tions to equally well-marked pterylographic, visceral, or osteological
peculiarities.
Before going further it will be necessary to clearly understand a
principle which is of much assistance in working out the details of
classification from a large number of unarranged facts. It is this:
when any certain structure is found to exist in an unmodified form
in several clearly separable members. of any well-marked larger divi-
sion of the Animal Kingdom, that structure must be considered
typical of the division ; in other words, that structure, or the poten-
tiality for producing it, must have existed in the common ancestor
of the division under consideration ; and those of its members who
are wanting in the particular structure are so because they have lost
it in process of time, not because the others have separately acquired
it; for the probability, if it were only a matter of probability, is very
little that several distinct and different species should separately
acquire a single identical structure ; whilst it is infinitely more likely
that several distinct species should all lose a common character.
That all Mammalia should acquire branched horns is improbable ;
but that many which possess branched horns should have them
broken off whilst rushing through a wood, whatever species they
belong to, is much more to be expected.
Employing this argument with regard to the facts under discussion,
1874.] MR. A.H.GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 115
the ambiens muscle is present in many not closely related birds.
It is found in genera so distant as Struthio, Gallus, Musophaga,
Cuculus, Anser, Aquila, Ciconia, and Thalassidroma. This muscle
must therefore be considered typical in birds ; it, or the full poten-
tiality for acquiring it in time, must have existed in the ancestral
bird. Consequently those birds in which it is absent may be set
down as having possessed the muscle in their ancestral form, as
having lost it, and, what is more, as having lost all power ever to
recover it—because the probability that exactly the same structure
should be reproduced as the result of the influence of forces different
from those by which it first originated, especially when acting on
the body modified upon its previous condition, is infinitely little. I
find no tendency to atavism in any structure once fully specialized.
The modification of the tarso-metatarse of the Penguin cannot be
included in the same category. The bird is hatched, as are others,
with an incipient potentiality to develop separate metatarsals; a
modification of its early nutrition, together with peculiarities in its
habits of life, prevent the metatarsals from blending into a cylindrical
bone; and so they take on a semi-ancestral form. Therefore, and
nevertheless, the Penguin is nonearer the Reptilia than any other bird.
It is a true bird, derived from the Avian ancestor only, which is the
same thing as saying that it has no special Reptilian affinities, although
its terrestrial and aquatic habits may have caused it to be acted on by
forces somewhat similar, and therefore to appear, but only to appear,
to have a somewhat similar conformation. The-same argument
applies to all the members of the class. The Ostrich and Tinamou
are no nearer to reptiles than is the Sparrow or the Parrot; they are
birds, and therefore they cannot be any thing else. However similar
any individuals of two families which separated off two centuries ago
and have never intermarried may be, no one thinks of claiming any
nearer relationship for the similar individuals than for the other
members of the families. Why then should it be said that some birds.
are Reptilian and others not? Reptiles and birds can never have
interbred, therefore there can be no relationship between them.
To return to the subject. There are some families of birds, such as
the Columbe and the Psittaci, in which different genera vary in pos-
sessing or not having the ambiens muscle developed. Those in which
it is absent must, from previous considerations, have lost it since the
families differentiated off ; and therefore those families may be classed
with the others in which the ambiens is present. The Columbe are
further complicated in the same way with regard to the czeca of the
intestine ; some have czeca, others have not; they must evidently be
classed with birds possessing ceca. And generally, if exceptions to
a rule are found, when they are in the direction of the loss of any
_ given structural peculiarity, such exceptions are not of much detri-
ment to an argument if other conditions are favourable. But positive
exceptions, such as the reappearance of a lost character in minor
divisions in the major division of which it is supposed to be absent,
are not to be allowed under any consideration whatever.
For nearly the last two years I have been on the watch for a
Q*
116 MK. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3,
structural character or a combination of characters to turn up which
would give clear indications of the most important divisions of the
bird class. My search has, to my own mind, been fairly satisfactory
in its results; for the classification at which I have arrived appears
- to have a practicability about it which is decidedly promising.
The oft-named ambiens muscle is, in my idea, the key to the
whole. In some families it is present, in others absent. By com-
bining all those in which it is found into one subclass, to be subse-
quently termed Homalogonate (typically kneed, because the ambiens
runs in the tendon of the knee), and al] those in which it is absent into
a second, to be subsequently termed Anomalogonate (abnormally
kneed), a primary division is the result which the following facts will in
great measure justify. It may be stated at once, however, that there
are a few undoubtedly homalogonatous birds in which the ambiens
muscle is absent; there cannot be any anomalogonatous birds in
which it is present.
The following table (Table I.) contains the names of the various
most important divisions of the Class of Birds, arranged according
as they are homalogonatous or anomalogonatous. Those homalogo-
natous divisions with an asterisk (*) against them do not possess the
ambiens muscle in any of their genera; in those with a dagger (+)
it is wanting in certain genera only.
Taste I.
Class AVES.
Subclaas HOMALOGONAT &.
Order I. GALLIFORMES,
Cohort (a2) STRUTHIONES.
Family 1. StruTHIONID.
Subfamily 1. Struthionine.
ss 2. Rheine.
Family 2. Casuariip& (*).
>, oo APTERYGID.
>» 4. TINAMIDA.
Cohort (8) GALLINACER.
Family 1. PALAMEDEID&.
» 2. GALLINE.
» o§ RALLIDE.
» & Orrin.
Subfamily 1. Otidine.
a 2. Phenicopterine.
Family 5. Musopuacip.
» 6. CucuLIps.
Subfamily 1. Centropodine.
Be 2. Cuculine.
Cohort (y) Psirracti (+).
Order II. ANSERIFORMES.
Cohort (a) ANSERES.
Family 1. ANATID2.
1874.]| MR. A, H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS.
Family 2. SpHENISCIDE.
» 93& COLYMBIDZ.
» 4. Popicrerp (*).
Cohort (6G) NasuTz.
Family 1. PRoceLLariipD# (+).
» 2 FULMARIDE.
Subfamily 1. Fulmarine.
Bs 2. Bulweriine.
Order III. CICONIIFORMES.
Cohort (a) PELARGI.
» (8) CATHARTIDA.
» (vy) HERopionsEs (*).
» (6) STEGANOPODES.
Family 1. PHAETHONTID#.
>», 2 PELECANIDE.
», o. PHALACROCORACID.
» 4. FREGATIDA.
Cohort (ec) ACCIPITRES.
Family 1. Fatconip2.
» 2. STRIGIDS (*).
Order 1V. CHARADRIITFORMES.
Cohort (a) CoLUMB (+).
Family 1. CotumBipz.
> 2. PrEROCLID.
» (6) Limico.ua.
Family 1. CHarapriipé.
>» 2 GRuUIDe.
> 3d LARIDA.
a) 42 Aucip2 (*).
Subclas ANOMALOGONAT&.
Order I. PICIFORMES.
Family 1. Picariz.
Subfamily 1. Picide.
fs 2. Ramphastiae.
es 3. Capitonide.
Family 2. Upupip2.
>» 3. BUCEROTID.
» 4. ALCEDINID.
Order II. PASSERIFORMES.
Family 1. PassERes.
. Buccon1p4 (‘).
. TROGONIDA.
. MEROPID#.
. GALBULIDiE.
. CaAPRIMULGID.
. STEATORNITHID.
» 8. Coracirps#.
Subfamily 1. Coraciine.
NTS Or & O LO
117
118 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3,
Subfamily 2. Momotine.
3 3. Todine (°).
Order III. CYPSELIFORMES.
Family Macrocuires.
Subfamily 1. Cypseline.
‘ 2. Trochiline.
There are peculiarities in the arrangement of the ceca of the
intestine and of the tuft of feathers on the oil-gland which are corre-
latable with this presence or absence of the ambiens muscle. Some
birds possess ceca to the intestine at the same time that the oil-
gland is tufted (1); others have czeca and a nude oil-gland (2),
others a tufted oil-gland and no ceca (3), whilst a few have no ceca
and a nude oil-gland(4); the genera Didunculus, Goura and Treron
amongst the Columbe, have no ceca and no oil-gland, wherein
they differ from all other birds. Now it is a curious fact that it is
only amongst the homalogonatous birds that the first of the above-
named conditions is found, namely a tufted oil-gland combined with
czeca to the intestine ; and what is more, they nearly all agree with it.
The following table (II.) contains the names of those birds in which
a tufted oil-gland is combined with ceca to the intestine, an asterisk
indicating the families in which there are certain exceptions.
Taste II.
Struthiones*. Gruide.
Crypturt. Anatide.
Galline*. Spheniscide.
Otide*. Colymbide.
Pheenicopteride. Procellariide *.
Palamedeide. Ciconude.
Rallide. Ardeide (one cecum).
Limicole. Steganopodes.
Laride. Faleonide.
Alcide. Vulturide.
Respecting the exceptions, it may be mentioned that the Stru-
thiones and Otis have no oil-gland ; but as in their nearest allies it is
tufted, they may be included amongst those in which it is so also.
Amongst the Galline I have always found the oil-gland nude in the
Megapodide (Talegalla and Megacephalon). The Storm-Petrels
have no ceca, and the Ardeide have only one.
It is therefore evident that from the whole list of birds termed
homalogonatous, only the Musophagide, Psittaci, Columbe, Cucu-
lide, and Cathartide are exceptions to the above-stated rule, the first
two having no ceeca, the next two a nude oil-gland, and the last
neither ceca nor a tufted oil-gland.
Another myological fact comes in here to assist. A reference to
Plate XVII. in comparison with Table I. will show that no anomalogo-
natous bird has been found to possess the accessory femoro-caudal ;
that is, B never enters into its myological formula. Such being the
case, when a bird has a formula with B in it, at the same time that
1374.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 119
either the ambiens muscle is absent, or has a nude oil-gland in com-
bination with intestinal ceeca, it is certain to bea homalogonatous bird.
That the formula‘of the Musophagide is A B. X Y, and the ambiens
is present, therefore more than counterbalance the exception presented
by the arrangement of their ceca and oil-glands. The same remarks
apply to the Cuculide. The Cathartide possess the ambiens, which,
in conjunction with many other Ciconiine characters, leaves no doubt
about their position; and the Psittaci cannot, from the presence of
an ambiens in some of them, be placed with the Anomalogonati, to
which they otherwise present many points of similarity.
Excluding the Macrochires, which have a nude oil-gland and no
cca, all the other anomalogonatous birds have either a nude oil-
gland and ceca, or a tufted oil-gland and no czeca; and this definite
set of features makes it easy to divide them up into two main orders,
the Piciformes and the Passeriformes.
Piciformes, Passeriformes,
with tufted oil-gland and no cxca. _ with nude oil-gland and cxca.
Prici. Passeres.
Capitonide. Bucconide (?).
Ramphastide. Trogonide.
Upupide. Meropide.
Bucerotide. Caprimulgide.
Alcedinide. Steatornithide.
Coraciide.
| Momotide.
The position of the Macrochires is uncertain. In so far as the
mouth tends to get very broad it resembles some of the Passeriformes.
As before remarked, none of the Anomalogonatze possess the
accessory femoro-caudal muscle. In them also the posterior margin
of the sternum is more perfectly formed than in the Homalogonatz.
Scansorial feet are found in both divisions; but whilst those of the
Parrots and Cuckoos exhibit a similar arrangement of the tendons of
the toes, the Toucans, Woodpeckers, and Jacamars follow a quite
different type.
All the birds which present the palatal characters expressed by
Prof. Huxley’s term Schizognathous, and the nasal characters
expressed by my term Schizorhinal, are homalogonatous. All non-
struthious birds with a truncated vomer are anomalogonatous.
As to what appear to me to be the main divisions of the homalo-
gonatous birds, the myology of the thigh does not give more than a
certain amount of assistance. In list I. it will be seen that large
brackets precede the names of the smaller divisions or families, sepa-
rating them into what to me are worthy of the dignity of orders.
From these it is evident that I would divide homologonatous birds
into four orders, I. Galliformes, II. Anseriformes, III. Ciconiiformes,
and IV. Charadriiformes (Schizorhine). These must be considered
separately,
The Galliformes include all the birds in which there is any
approach in structure to the common Fowl. With the exception of
120 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [Feb. 3,
the Psittaci (which in other points also are peculiar), and the Cucu-
line from amongst the Cuculidze, they all possess the accessory
femoro-caudal (B) well developed. The semitendinosus (X) and
the accessory semitendinosus (Y) are always present, and, except in
‘asuarius, Dromeus, and some Psittaci, the ambiens is to be found
well developed.
The presence of both the accessory femoro-caudal and the acces-
sory semitendinosus (that is, of both B and Y in their myological
formula) is the most characteristic feature which they have in
common, giving the formula B. X Y as typical.
The Anseriformes include most of the web-footed birds. ‘Their
most marked characteristic is the presence of the accessory femoro-
caudal (except in Bulweria), whilst the accessory semitendinosus is
absent, except in the Storm-petrels. With the exception of the Podi-
cipide, the femoro-caudal is present ; so that their formula is nearly
always AB. X. Excluding Podiceps and a Storm-petrel in the case
of one specimen examined, I have always found the ambiens present.
The Ciconiiformes are less easily defined than the other groups.
The czeca coli are never long; the accessory femoro-caudal is never
present; and the obturator externus is frequently more developed
than in other birds, to replace it in action. It is im the pectoral
region that these birds most closely agree. The strong short anterior
costo-coracoid ligament, the bowed space between the superior
margin of the second pectoral muscle and the furcula, and the fre-
quently complicated arrangement of the great pectoral, whereby it is
developed in a superficial and a deep layer (in which, by the way,
the Procellariide agree with them), all point to a not far distant
relationship. The Ardeide are the most aberrant of the order, the
ambiens muscle being always absent in them at the same time that
there is only one colic caecum.
The Charadriiformes correspond to the Schizorhinz, so named by
me on account of a peculiarity in the structure of the nasal bones,
which is sufficiently special in my estimation to justify the separation
of all those birds in which it ‘is found into a single order by
themselves. There are considerable myological differences amongst
its families according to their habits, the only uniform character
being the presence of the femoro-caudal muscle. The ambiens is
absent in the Alcide (Alea, Uria) aud some Columbe.
The minor divisions of the orders above defined must now engage
our attention.
The order GALLIFORMEs may be divided into three main divisions
or cohorts—a. the Struthiones, (3. the Gallinacee, and y.the Psittaci.
a. The Struthiones are peculiar in the structure of the palate ;
and in them the sciatic nerve and artery always perforate the fibres of
the accessory femoro-caudal in a manner not found in any other birds.
They are divisible into four families, the first three of which have
no oil-gland :—
1. Struthio and Rhea, which form each the type of a separate
subfamily. In common they have the formula B. X Y, the ambiens
muscle present, and long sacculated czca coli, which in Struthio are
1874.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 121
situated peculiarly far from the cloaca. There is no aftershaft to the
contour feathers. Struthio has two carotids, Rhea only the left.
2. The genera Casuarius and Dromeus. They have the formula
AB.X Y and B. XY respectively. The ambiens muscle is absent,
the ceca coli are short, and there is a very large aftershaft to the
contour feathers. There are two carotid arteries.
3. Apteryx, in which there is an extra femoro-caudal muscle, the
formula otherwise being A B. X Y. The ambiens is large; the ceca
coli are well developed ; and there is only one carotid, the left.
4. The Crypturi, with a formula A B. X Y. The ambiens muscle is
large ; the ceca coli are well developed ; and an oil-gland is present,
well tufted. The aftershaft may or may not be present on the
contour feathers.
(. The Gallinacee all comprise B. X Y in their formula; the
ambiens is present in all; and except in the Musophagide there are
always ceca to the intestine.
They are divisible into six families : —
1. The Palamedeide, with formula A B, X Y, the ambiens present,
czeca sacculated as in Séruthio and Rhea only, two carotid arteries,
no aftershaft or a very small one, and a tufted oil-gland.
2. The Galline, with formula A B. X Y or B. XY. The ambiens
is always present, as are cxeca coli, an aftershaft, and a third pectoral
muscle beneath the second ; the oil-gland may be strongly tufted, or
the tuft may be very weak; in the Megapodide it does not exist.
The second pectoral is very long ; and there is a characteristic shape
about the sternum. In the Megapodide there is only one carotid,
the left ; in all the others both are present. Neither Turnizx nor
Péerocles are included in this family.
3. The Rallide, with formula A B.X Y, the ambiens and ceca
present, two carotids, an aftershaft, a tufted oil-gland, and a charac-
teristic sternum. Parra is not included.
4. The Otidide, including the Otidine, Gidicnemus, Serpentarius,
and Cariama (and perhaps the next genus, Phenicopterus). The
formula is B. X Y; the ambiens and ceca are present, as is the after-
shaft; there are generally two carotids, though in Otis denhami the
right only is present, and in Tetraz the left ; the oil-gland when pre-
sent, as in all but Otis, is tufted, except in Cariama and Chunga.
5. The Musophagide, with formula A B. X Y, an ambiens muscle,
two carotids, an aftershaft, a tufted oil-gland, and no ceca.
6. The Cuculide, with an ambiens muscle, two carotids, nude oil-
gland, and ceca. They form two subfamilies :—
The Centropodine, or Ground-Cuckoos, with formula A B. X Y.
The Cuculine, or true Cuckoos, with formula A. X Y.
y- The cohort Psittaci presents in many points intermediate cha-
racters between the homalogonatous and the anomalogonatous birds.
With a constant formula A. X Y, no ceca or gall-bladder, an oil-
gland tufted or absent, the ambiens may or may not be present, and
the carotids may exhibit peculiarities in their arrangement *.
The order ANSERIFORMES may be divided into two cohorts—a.
the Anseres, 3. the Nusute.
* See P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 465.
122 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. [ Feb. 3,
a. The Anseres include four families, (1) the Anatide, (2) the
Spheniscide, (3) the Colymbide, and (4) the Podicipide. With the
exception of the Podicipidee, they agree in having a formula A B. X,
an ambiens muscle, czca to the intestine (except Mergellus, in which
there is only one small czecum), two carotids, a very elongate great
pectoral muscle, which meets its fellow of the opposite side above the
symphysis furculee in a median raphe, and a tufted oil-gland. The
Podicipide have for formula B. X; the ambiens is absent, as is
frequently the semimembranosus ; the left carotid only is present ;
there are czca coli and a tufted oil-gland.
f. The Nasute, including the Storm- and true Petrels. I have
not dissected Diomedea. ‘They are divisible into two subfamilies :—
1. The Storm-petrels, with formula A B. X Y, no ceca, a tufted
oil-gland and a peculiar sternum. The ambiens does not seem to
be always developed. The great pectoral is double.
2. The Fulmaride, with formula A B. X, the ambiens muscle
present, two short czeca, a tufted oil-gland, and a characteristic
sternum. Bulweria is exceptional in having its formula A. X, and
therefore quite different from that of the Storm-Petrels. The great
pectoral is double.
The order Crcont1rorMeEs may be divided into five cohorts of
somewhat different importance :—
1. The Pelargi, with formula A. X Y, an ambiens muscle, a
tufted oil-gland, intestinal czca, and a double great pectoral
muscle.
2. The Cathartide, with formula A. X Y, an ambiens muscle,
no czeca, a nude oil-gland, and a double great pectoral muscle.
3. The Herodiones, with formula A. X Y or X Y, no ambiens
muscle, a single czecum coli, and a tufted oil-gland.
4. The Steyanopodes, which do not form so natural a family, in
my eyes, as in those of many ; for their myological formula is not
the same in all, being
In Phaethon A. X Y,
In Sula and Phalacrocorax A. X,
In Fregata A,
from which it may be inferred that Phaethon approaches the Cico-
niidee and Fregata the Accipitres. They all possess the ambiens,
ceeca, a tufted oil-gland, and the four toes included in a web, which
is but imperfectly developed in some. Sula and Phalacrocoraz,
with Plotus, form one family, Phaethon another, Fregata a third,
and Pelecanus a fourth.
5. The dccipitres proper include the Falconide and the true
Vultures (between which there is not even any subfamily structural
difference), together with the Strigide. Their formula is A; the
ambiens is present (except in the Strigidz), as are ceca, a tuft to
the oil-gland, and an aftershaft (except in Pandion).
The order CHARADRIIFORMES, including all the Schizorhinal
birds, is a large one, and may be divided into two cohorts—a. the
Columba, and B. the Limicole. They all, except Arctica alle,
have two carotids.
1874.] MR.A.H.GARROD ON THE MUSCLES OF BIRDS. 123
a. The Columb@, including the Pteroclide, have a formula
A B.X Y (except in Lopholemus, in which it is apparently A. X Y).
The ambiens muscle is-sometimes present, sometimes absent. The
oil-gland, if present, is nude; czeca may or may not be present ;
and the pterylosis is a very diffused one.
f. The Limicole have a tufted oil-gland and ceca; they form
four families at least :—
1. The Charadriide, with formula A B. X Y and A. X Y, and an
ambiens muscle.
2. The Larida, with A. X Y formula, and an ambiens muscle.
3. The Gruide, with formula A B. X Y, and an ambiens muscle.
4. The Alcide, with formula A B. X, and no ambiens muscle.
The ANomaLocgonatous birds form three cohorts—a. the Pas-
- seriformes, 3. the Piciformes, and y. the Cypseliformes. They are
divisible into the following families ; —
a. Passeriformes.
1. The Passeres, with a formula A. X Y (except in Dicrurus, in
which it is A. X), a characteristic palate and sternum (except in
Pteroptochus), a left carotid only, and a characteristic tensor patagit
brevis muscle (to be described on a future occasion).
2. The Bucconide, of which I have not dissected any example,
but which most probably come here.
3. The Trogonide, with formula A. X, a left carotid only, and a
very passerine pterylosis.
4. The Meropide, with a formula A. X Y, and a left carotid only.
5. The Caprimulgide, with a formula A. X Y, and two carotids.
6. The Steatornithide, with a formula X Y, and two ecarotids.
7. The Ooraciide, in which the Coraciine and Momotine are com-
bined, on account of their not presenting family differences. They
have a formula A. X Y, and two carotids.
8. The Galbulide, with a formula A. X Y or A. X, two carotid
arteries, and a scansorial foot.
{. Piciformes.
1. The Picaria, to include the Pici, the Ramphastide, and Ca-
pitonide, these three not in any point presenting family differences.
‘hey may be divided into two subfamilies, the Pici forming the
one, the Ramphastide together with the Capitonide forming another.
The formula is A. X Y (except in the Picine among the Pici) ; the
form of the sternum and of the tensor patagii brevis is characteristic.
The foot is scansorial.
2. The Upupide, with formula A. X Y, a characteristic pterylosis,
a left carotid only, and a passeriform foot.
3. The Bucerotide, with formula A. X Y, no fat found on the
body, a characteristic sternum, and one or two carotids.
4. The Alcedinide, with formula A. X, and two carotids.
y. Cypseliformes, including the Cypselide and Trochilide, between
which the differences are only of subfamily importance. The
formula is A ; the tensor patagii brevis and the pterylosis are charac-
teristic, as is the sternum; and there is only a left carotid (except
in Cypseloides).
124 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. [ Feb. 3,
2. Notes on Entozoa. Part II. By T. Spencer Coxsoxp,
M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Lecturer on Parasites at the
Middlesex Hospital Medical College.
[Received January 2, 1874.]
(Plate XVIII.)
Whilst engaged in writing the concluding portion of my first set
of “notes,” I received for examination a nematode parasite, some
brief account of which will appropriately commence the present
series.
4, Finarra GrAcixis, Rud. (Plate XVIII. figs. 1-4.)
On the 20th of August, 1873, Mr. Samuel Smith, M.R.C.S., of
Clifton, transmitted an example of this entozoon, with a request that
I would identify it. Finding that the specimen was a male, and
unaware that the males of this species ever attained a length of 20
inches, I at first supposed that we had to deal with a new form.
However, on subsequently analyzing its characters, I became satis-
fied that the worm was really only an unusually fine male F’. gracilis.
The frequency of the occurrence of this nematode in the abdominal
cavity and other parts of the trunk of Monkeys is a matter of com-
mon observation. I remounted no less than four preparations,
representing numerous examples of this Worm, for the Museum of
the Royal College of Surgeons. Some of the Hunterian specimens
were originally obtained by Professor Owen from the cavity of the
pleura of a Capuchin Monkey, others having been removed by him
from the thorax of an Orang-outang. From Mr. Smith I have learnt
that the present example formed one of a group of five Worms, all
of which were found lying between the folds of the omentum of a
Spider Monkey (Afeles). My informant also remarks that one of
the Worms was enclosed in a ‘false sac, formed by a twisting of
that portion of the serous membrane which is immediately connected
with the inferior curvature of the stomach.” It further appears
that the example in question was the smallest of the five, although
I found it to measure upwards of twenty inches without any stretch-
ing. Whilst the Vienna helminthologist, Diesing, only allowed an
extreme length of four inches for the-male worm, the French
authority, Dujardin, stated that specimens had been reported up to
a length of 124 inches. Females have been recorded as reaching a
a length of 5 feet.
Not being acquainted with any satisfactory representation of this En-
tozoon, I have thrown the parasite into a series of folds so as to enable
me to display its full length and general appearance (Plate XVIII.
fig. 1). I have also added an enlarged and accurate outline represen-
tation of the head and neck (fig. 2). ‘The description of the Worm
by Dujardin leaves little or nothing to be desired. Speaking of the
tail, he observes that the extremity is furnished with two or three
papillee, serially disposed in front of or above the point. I examined
Pee tele Fl XxVill,
TSC delt JSmit. lith.
Mé&N Hanhart. imp
NEW OR RARE NEMATODE
ENTOZOA.
1874.] DR. T.S.COBBOLD ON NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. 125
these minute prominences carefully (fig. 3). There were two short
conical papillz placed within about the ;3, of an inch from the
actual extremity, the point itself being furnished with an excessively
minute prominence, whose base scarcely exceeded the ;>iy5 of an
inch in diameter. There was a very distinct appearance of a cen-
trally placed duct (which I regarded as the tubular extension of a large
caudal gland), the end of which had apparently become detached
from the interior of the minute terminal papilla. As already
remarked by Dujardin, the lateral lines of the body are brown-
coloured and very conspicuous. I was particularly struck with the
remarkable distinctness of the contents of the seminal tubes, whose
separate particles could readily be seen through the thick integuments.
Unwilling to injure the specimen, which I afterwards returned to Mr.
Smith, I merely inserted the point of a fine needle into the main
channel, and thus obtained a large quantity of the spermatozoa.
These small particles, notwithstanding their long immersion in strong
spirit, presented a tolerably characteristic appearance—the larger and
fully formed corpuscles giving a long diameter of ;{y5 of an inch
(fig. 4). I may add that several of the corpuscles displayed, more
or less perfectly, the well-known flask-shaped envelopes so often de-
scribed in connexion with this group of parasites,
5. SPIROPTERA TURGIDA, Duj. (Plate XVIII. fig. 5.)
On the 15th of April, 1873, I examined the contents of a small
phial in which were two Worms that I had long previously received
from Dr. Murie. They were sent to me during the time of his
official connexion with the Society's Menagerie. The smaller
parasite, as was stated on a label, came from the stomach of an
Opossum (Didelphys azare). The worm was evidently a female,
but, unfortunately, not in a satisfactory state of preservation. It
measured more than an inch in length by)" in breadth. The accom-
panying figure may be useful (fig. 5); but the minute characters
were mostly either lost or obscured. The mouth was round, and
certainly furnished with several minute teeth, the number of which
could not be accurately ascertained.
6. Ascaris cuspipaTa, T.S.C. (Plate XVIII. fig. 6.)
The larger of the two Worms above mentioned appears to be new
to science. Dr. Murie labels it as having been obtained from the
stomach of a Green Monkey. I have little doubt that his record
refers to one of the Monas (Cercopithecus). The Worm is a true
Ascaris, and, although a male, measures fully 33 inches from head
to tail. Owing to imperfect preservation, the spicules have been
lost. The three oral lobes are particularly prominent. The caudal
extremity is furnished with a very fine spine, or cusp, formed by an
extension of the epidermis (fig. 6). This minute cusp curves back-
wards, and measures only ;,'55 inch in length by the z)55 inch in
breadth at the narrowest part. The anal aperture is placed at a
distance of =}; inch from the extremity of the tail. The eggs have
a long diameter of about the 53, of an inch.
126 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. [Feb.3,
7. Ascaris MacuLosa (Rud.). (Plate XVIII. figs. 7-10.)
On the 9th of October, 1873, I received a letter from Dr. J.
Alexander Macdonald, of Woburn, Bedfordshire, stating that he had
forwarded to me a pigeon which had been found dead on the previous
morning. It seems that the owner of the bird had erected a large
pigeon-house, and had imported a number of Antwerp Smerles, these
birds all continuing in a perfect state of health until about a week
before the above-mentioned date, when, to use Dr. Macdonald’s
words, “first one and then arother was attacked, and so on, until
four or five of the pigeons had died after a few hours’ illness.” The
suddenness of these attacks not unnaturally suggested poisoning ;
and, accordingly, says my informant, the owner “had the curiosity
to open one of the birds, when, to his astonishment, he found the
intestines stuffed with worms.”
Under these circumstances I was invited to make an accurate in-
spection of the pigeon forwarded to me, likewise to report the results
of my examination, and to suggest any remedial or prophylactic
measures which might be likely to prove useful.
“Two days later I received a letter from Dr. Macdonald stating that
several others of the flock had died, and it further appeared to him
probable that the daily list of sick and dying would continue to
increase. On the 14th of the month my informant reported that
three more of the birds were dead ; but this mortality still left twenty-
five birds in the owner’s possessson, some of which were affected.
Under these circumstances I lost no time in forwarding a full report
of the facts observed, together with the recommendation that a few
grains of santonine should be mixed with the food. Speaking of the
birds seen on the !4th October, Dr. Macdonald says that “‘ one which
appeared in a hopeless state was at once treated (by the owner) to
two grains of santonine ;”” and when my informant saw the bird in
the afternoon of the same day “‘it had so far recovered as to be
hopping about and picking up food.” On the 4th of the following
November the same correspondent obligingly informed me that the
epidemic had been “at last mastered.’’ It seems that altogether
twelve birds had perished, the remainder now appearing perfectly
healthy.
It is not stated whether the final and satisfactory result appeared
to be due to the administration of the remedies I had recommended ;
but, in any case, the cessation of the disorder following so close upon
the employment of santonine is worthy of being noticed. I had
almost hoped that my report, in the interests of science, would
be published; but, so far as I am aware, such has not been the
ease. In regard, however, to the dissection (upon which that report
was mainly based), I have felt sure that the scientific and practical
data it supplied were of sufficient interest to be placed on permanent
record. The necessary dissections and microscopic examinations
were made on the 9th and 10th of October, whilst the bird was per-
fectly fresh. The blood, muscles, and cellular tissues, and every
organ of the body, apart from the digestive apparatus, were found to
be thoroughly healthy ; and it was only when the alimentary canal
1874.] DR. 1.8. COBBOLD ON NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. 127
had been laid open that I found any visible traces of parasitic disease.
From the lower opening of the crop downwards to the termination of
the small intestine the canal was more or less crowded with nematode
entozoa, all of them being referable to the above-named Species. In
spite of this state of things, and notwithstanding, also, that the small
intestine was inflamed throughout (showing several large ulcerated
patches, which here and there measured fully an inch in length), the
body of the pigeon exhibited no traces of emaciation. From this it
was evident that the parasites had developed rapidly, and that the
malady had a correspondingly rapid formation. The local distribu-
tion of the parasites themselyes was especially noteworthy. One
specimen, two inches long, extended from the crop to the proventri-
culus. The cavity of this latter organ and also that of the gizzard
were crammed with worms, which completely blocked the passage
between the two. Three of the worms had also placed themselves
within the pyloric opening, their bodies partly lodging within the
upper part of the duodenum. The duodenum itself was crowded
with these Ascarides ; but their numbers somewhat decreased towards
the lower folds of the small intestine. I removed 36 worms from
the cesophagus, proventriculus, and stomach, besides 166 others
from the intestinal canal, thus obtaining a total of no less than 202
nematodes from this solitary avian bearer. Considering the com-
paratively large size of these entozoa, this high degree of infec-
tion must be pronounced remarkable. The largest female worms
measured 23 inches in length. One of the most interesting facts—
serving to exemplify a well-known habit of lumbricoid worms gene-
rally—consisted in the circumstance that two of the parasites had
succeeded in perforating the horny lining membrane of the gizzard.
The injuries had evidently been accomplished during the life of
the host, since the walls of the gizzard were inflamed opposite the
perforations made by the heads of the parasites. There was a little
half-digested and green food within the stomach, the débris of which,
when placed under the microscope, showed several characteristic
nematode ova. There were no free embryos anywhere discernible ;
neither had the development of the freed eggs proceeded beyond the
coarsely granular stage of yolk-segmentation. Free eggs were also
found both in the small and large intestine. The eggs measured
about 45 inch by =), inch in diameter (fig. 7). An admirable
description of the adult parasite has been given by Dujardin; but
since the published figures of Rudolphi, Goeze, and Bremser are
incomplete, I have thought it desirable to supplement them with
others. Thus fig. 8 gives a magnified view of the head of a small
female Ascaris maculosa, and shows especially the crenulations or
transverse strize on the ale or lateral membranous appendages. These
are veritable annulations, or fine circular striz, and not merely con-
tractions of the integument as some have supposed. Dujardin speaks
of the alee as scarcely visible; but I always found them more or less
well marked and semielliptic in shape, as Rudolphi originally de-
scribed them. Another sketch (fig. 9) shows an enlarged view of
the tail of the male; and, on the whole, this representation agrees
128 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. [Feb. 3,
very well with Bremser’s figure of the same part. The arcuate
spicules, however, are not so sharp at their tips as his illustration
implies, and they are certainly more uniform in thickness. Dujardin
remarks that Rudolphi has represented the spicules as being straight,
whereas he himself always found them curved. Rudolphi, however,
was scarcely in error, since I have repeatedly noticed that these
arcuate organs are very nearly straight in their perfectly retracted
condition. Like Dujardin (and without having previously consulted
his description), I was particularly struck with the appearances
presented by certain large perivisceral corpuscles, the presence of
which originally suggested the specific name of the worm. Dujardin
very appropriately calls them corpuscules orbiculaires diaphanes,
but compares them, somewhat unfortunately, to little acephalocysts.
These bodies, as he says, are many times larger than the ova. For
my own part, I believe they are nutritive in character, and, like the
fluid in which they float, are, I suspect, chemically comparable to the
juice of flesh. At all events, Dr. Marcet has proved that the peri-
visceral fluid of the large lumbricoid worm of the horse (Ascaris
megalocephala) partakes of this character; and it is no uncommon
thing to notice similar corpuscles in the bodies of other nematode
worms. Dujardin himself refers to similar bodies in an Ascaris from
the Perroquet. I have purposely represented a few of the eggs along
with the nutritive corpuscles, side by side, in order to show their
relative sizes (fig. 10).
Notwithstanding the facts thus set forth in connexion with the
parasitic epidemic affecting the Antwerp Smerles, the entozoa in
question do not appear to be verycommon. Dujardin has remarked
that Heister, at Rostok, and Gebauer, at Breslau, found this parasite
abundant at the beginning of the 18th century; but, according to
examinations conducted at Vienna, the worm was found in the
Common Pigeon in only 11 instances out of 245, and thrice only in
38 examples of the Ring-Dove ; moreover the examination of 87
other pigeons and doves of different species yielded entirely negative
results. These data are of high practical interest, and they serve to
throw light upon questions of epidemiology. I may add that the
Dublin helminthologist, Bellingham, long ago noticed the occurrence
of this parasite in Ireland.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.
. Filaria gracilis: male, nat. size.
. The same: head and neck, enlarged 40 diam.
. The same: tail, mag. 70 diam.
. The same: spermatozoa, mag. 350 diam.
Spiroptera turgida: nat. size.
. Ascaris cuspidata: tail, enlarged.
. Ascaris maculosa: egg, mag. 330 diam.
The same: head of female, mag. 20 diam.
. The same: tail of male, mag. 35 diam.
. The same: eggs and nutritive corpuscles, enlarged.
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1874.] M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 129
February 17, 1874.
George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
A communication was read from Mr. W. N. Lockington, of
Myrtle Cottage, Rolmerville, Humboldt co., California, containing
notes on the Mammals and Birds met with in that part of the
State of California.
A communication was read from Dr. Richard Schomburgk, Di-
rector of the Botanic Gardens, Adelaide, containing an account of the
nesting-habits of a pair of Australian Coots (Fulica australis) as
observed in those Gardens.
The special point of interest was that a few days prior to the
hatching of the eggs by the female, the male made a new nest some
distance off for the reception of the young birds. This new nest
was used by the young brood occasionally in the day-time, and
always at night.
The following papers were read :—
1. Description des Oiseaux nouveaux du Pérou central.
Par L. Taczanowski, Conservateur du Musée de
Varsovie, C.M.Z.S.
[Received February 3, 1874.]
(Plates XIX., XX., & XXI.)
M. Constantin Jelski, pendant son séjour au Pérou central, dans
le courant des trois derniéres années, a receuilli et déposé au Musée
de Varsovie une collection ornithologique composée de 500 espéces.
Ii les a recueillies aux environs de Lima, 4 Huanta et Monte-Rico,
ensuite aux euvirons de Tarma, et principalement 4 Amable-Maria
(colonie dans la Montana de Vitoc), 4 Maraynioc et aux alentours
du lac Junin. Toutes ces contrées ont été explorées par Tschudi, a
Yexception de Monterico, qui n’a pas été visité par ce voyageur.
Comme M. Jelski a interrompu pour le moment ses explorations
dans les contrées que je viens d’indiquer, pour les entreprendre au
nord et ensuite au sud de ce vaste pays, j’ai l’intention de publier
une liste compléte des oiseaux qu’il y a trouvé, aussit6t que me par-
viendra son dernier envoi, qui est déja en route.
En attendant je publie les descriptions d’une partie des espéces
nouvelles ; les autres ont été décrites par le Dr. Cabanis, et publides
dans le ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie ’ *.
* Les espéces décrites par le Dr. Cabanis sont les suivantes :—Hylophilus
flaviventris, sp. nov., J. f. O. 1873, p. 64; Dacnis modesta, sp. nov., ibid.; Coni-
rostrum cinereum, Lafr, et d’Orb., ibid.; Hypocnemis subflava, sp. nov., p. 65;
Thamnistes rufescens, sp. nov., p. 65; Lochmias obscurata, sp. nov., p. 65; Phil-
ydor subflavescens, sp. noy., p. 66; Lpoborus (Automolus) stictoptilus, sp. nov.,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. IX. 9
130 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON NEW [Feb. 17,
J’ai tiché, autant qu’il était possible, de conserver 4 ces espéces les
noms imposés par M. Jelski, qui posséde des notions trés-impor-
tantes sur les oiseaux du pays qu’il explore.
Tous les types de ces descriptions, ainsi que de celles du Dr.
Cabanis, sont déposés au Musée de Varsovie, a part quelques-uns, en
petit nombre, qui se trouvaient en doubles, et quiont été envoyés au
Musée de Berlin.
Je suis heureux de pouvoir exprimer ici ma reconnaissance a Mr.
Sclater pour le bienveillant empressement avec lequel il m’a ouvert
Vaccés de sa riche collection d’oiseaux d’Amérique, ainsi que pour
l’obligeance qu’il a mise 4 m’aider dans mes travaux pendant mon
séjour 4 Londres.
1. CisTOTHORUS GRAMINICOLA, Jelski, MS.
Rufo-brunneus, pileo fusco fulvoque striato ; macula magna inter-
scapulari nigra, striis fulvis notata ; remigibus rectricibusque ru-
fescente nigroque transversaliter fasciatis ; gula et medio abdo-
mine albis; vitta superciliari fulva ; subalaribus albidis: rostri
brunnei mandibula et pedibus pallide carneis ; iris fusco-brunnea.
Long. tota 10°5; ale 45, caude 47, tarsi 22, restri a commissura
15 mill.
Male adulte et jeune oiseau, tués le 16 Juin, 4 Maraynioc.
L’oiseau le plus voisin de Cistothorus polyglottus (Viell.), mais
différent par les proportions et la force du bec, ainsi que du tarse ;
sa tache interscapulaire est moins grande; la couleur de la partie
postérieure du dos et du croupion plus foncée.
L’oiseau jeune en premier plumage a la couleur dorsale plus
foncée ; les stries de l’occiput peu apparentes ; la tache interscapu-
laire moins prononcée, d’un brun noiratre a stries fauves plus sombres
et moins distinctes; la couleur des cétés du dessous plus pale; le
blane de la gorge et du milieu du ventre moins pur.
2. THRYOTHORUS CANTATOR, Jelski, in litt.
Supra cinnamomeus, pileo griseo, dorso brunneo tincto ; genis obscure
griseis ; gula alba, pectore et ventre grisescenti-fulvis ; remigibus
Jfusco-nigricantibus cinnamomeo limbatis ; rectricibus grisescenti-
rufis nigre fasciatis : rostri nigricantis mandibula flavida ; pedi-
bus iridibusque brunneis. Long. tota 150; ale 70, caude 63,
tarsi 22, rostri a commissura 20 mill.
. 66; Sclerurus alivascens, sp. nov., p. 67; Euscarthmus rufigularis, sp. nov.,
p. 67; Phyllomyias cinereicapilla, sp. nov., p. 67; Capsiempis orbitalis, sp. nov.,
p. 68; Hadrostomus audax, sp. noy., p. 68; Xenodacnis parina, sp. et gen. nov.,
p. 812; Turdus gigantodes, sp. nov., p. 315; Basileuterus diachlorus, sp. nov.,
p-316; Myiothlypis striaticeps, sp. nov., p. 316 ; Iridornisjelskzz, sp.nov., p. 316;
Pecilothraupis lacrimosa (Du Bus), p.317 ; P. ignicrissa, sp. nov., p.317 ; Presbys
peruanus, sp. nov., p. 317; Déglossa pectoralis, sp. nov., p. 318; Chlorospongus
(Hemispongus) auricularis, sp. noy., p. 318; Hypsibamon andicolus, sp. nov.,
p- 318; Cillurus rivularis, sp. nov., p, 319; Synallaxis humilis, sp. noy., p. 319 ;
8. albicapilla, sp. nov., p. 319; Schizwaca palpebralis, gen. et sp. nov., p. 819;
Mitrephorus ochracetventris, sp. noy,, p. 320,
1874.] BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 131
Deux miles, tués le 9 Février 1872, 4 Amable Maria (Montana
de Vitoc).
Espéce la plus voisine de Thryothorus coraya.
3. Dacnis XANTHOPHTHALMA, Jelski, in litt.
Supra grisea, subtus albida, lateribus grisescentibus, subalaribus
albis, crisso subcaudalibusque fulvis: rostro nigricante ; pedibus
brunneis ; iridibus flavis. Long. tota 130; ale 67, caude 65,
tarsi 18, rostri a commissura 13 mill.
Femelle unique, tuée 4 Maraynioe, le 3 Juillet 1871.
Cette espéce a le bee plus mince que les autres Dacnis, mais moins
conique que les Conirostrum, 4 mandibule supérieure légérement
courbée 4 l’extrémité ; elle constitue donc le passage entre ces deux
groupes. Sa queue est aussi plus longue que dans la plupart des
Daenis. Sa coloration est trés-simple, d’un gris foncé 4 une légére
nuance brunatre en dessus, et d’un blanc sale en dessous ; ces deux
couleurs sont parfaitement tranchées sur la téte et le cou, les cotés
de la poitrine et du ventre sont grisatres, passant insensiblement au
blane du milieu de ces parties du corps; le bas du ventre et les sous-
caudales sont fanves. Les ailes et la queue sont de la couleur du
dos, les remiges primaires sont finement liserées de blanchatre.
DacnipEA, 0. g.
Dans son ensemble ce genre a beaucoup d’analogie avec le genre
Dacnis, mais le bec est plus court et beaucoup plus fort, a l’aréte de
mandibule supérieure beaucoup plus convexe, et aux bords des deux
mandibules plus rentrants en dedans. Les pattes ressemblent beau-
coup a celles des Dacnis ; mais le tarse et les doigts sont considérable-
ment plus épais, ils sont vétus comme dans ces derniers. La
troisiéme remige est la plus longue, la deuxiéme plus courte que la
quatriéme, qui est presque égale a la troisiéme. La queue est
médiocre, 4 toutes les rectrices d’égale longueur. Le plumage est
de méme nature que celui des Dacnis; les formes du corps plus
trapues.
4. DacniIDEA LEUCOGASTRA, sp. nov. (Plate XIX. fig. 2.)
Supra grisea ; capite cinerascente, dorso plus aut minus olivaceo
tincto ; vitta superciliari a naribus ducta alba; subtus albida,
lateribus grisescentibus, crisso subcaudalibusque fulvis, medio
abdomine pure albo ; genis albo griseoque variis ; remigibus rec-
tricibusque fuscis, olivaceo limbatis ; subalaribus albis: rostro
plumbeo ; pedibus brunnescenti-griseis ; iride obscure brunnea.
Long. tota 136; ale 63, caude 65, tarsi 20.
Deux males, tués en Juillet 1871 4 Maraynioc.
La teinte olivatre du dos n’est pas également prononcée sur les
deux exemplaires; sur l’individu tué au commencement de Juillet
elle est beaucoup plus faible, de maniére que la couleur de la partie
postérieure différe trés-peu de celle de la téte, et l’olive n’est dis-
tinctement prononcé qu’au croupion.
g*
132 M, L. TACZANOWSKI ON NEW ({Feb. 17,
MIcROSPINGUS, 0. g.
Ce genre sera intermédiaire entre les Nemosia et Chlorospingus ;
Poiseau pour lequel je le propose a le bee aussi mince que les espéces
du premier de ces genres, mais plus court, et ressemblant plus par
sa forme générale 4 ceux du second. En général il a les formes
plus sveltes que les Chlorospingus, un pareil mode de coloration, la
queue plus longue, a rectrices égales, excepté les externes, qui sont
plus courtes que les autres, les ailes plus longues et moins obtuses 4
3°, 4°, et 5° remiges les plus longues et presque égales entre elles.
5. Microsptneus TRIFASCIATUS, Jelski, in litt. (Plate XIX.
fig. 1.)
Capitis atri area mediana olivascenti-grisea; vitta superciliari
a naribus usque ad nucham ducta flavicanti-albida ; dorso et
uropygio obscure olivaceis ; subtus rufescenti-fulvus, mento al-
bido, medio abdomine luteo: tectrices alarum dorso concolores
fasciis binis fulvis transverse notate ; remiges primari subtili-
ter flavido limbati. Rostri nigricantis mandibula inferior pallide
cornea ; pedes carnei; irides obscure brunnee. Long. tota 135 ;
ale 70, caude 70, tarsi 22, rostri a commissura 13, a naribus
7 mill.
Male unique, tué le 29 Juillet 1871, & Maraynioc.
Il ressemble le plus 4 Chlorospingus castaneicollis, Sclater, mais
il a le bee beaucoup plus mince.
6. CHLOROSPINGUS CINEREOCEPHALUS, Jelski, MS.
Capite nuchaque fusco-cinereis, regione suboculari nigricante ; dorso
toto tectricibusque alarum olivascenti-viridibus ; gula flavescenti-
albida; pectore abdomineque medio albis, lateribus flavo-viridibus ;
subalaribus albis, flavo lavatis ; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis,
olivaceo limbatis. Rostri nigricantis mandibula pallida; pedes
cinereo-cornei ; iris pallide cinerea. Long. tota 125; ale 65,
caud@é 53, rostri a commissura 17, a naribus 8 mill.
Femelle unique capturée 4 Chilpes, le 17 Aout 1871.
C’est une forme voisine de Chlorospingus albitemporalis, Lafr.=
C. ophthalmicus, Cab., mais 4 bec plus épais; elle n’a point de tache
blanche derriére !’ceil et de nuance verte sur la poitrine.
7. SPERMOPHILA SIMPLEX, Jelski, MS.
Supra olivascenti-grisea, subtus albida, lateribus pectoreque gri-
sescentibus, medio abdomine flavescente lavato ; ale fasciis binis
speculoque albis variegate. Rostrum rubescenti-corneum ; pedes
brunnei ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 110; ale 61, caude
50, tarsi 17, rostri a commissura 10, altitudo rostri 7 mill.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes et jeunes, tués en Janvier 1870,
aux environs de Lima.
Les deux sexes, dont la coloration est complétement identique,
ont la partie supérieure de tout le corps d’une couleur gris-olivatre,
Vinférieure blanchatre, enduite de grisatre sur la poitrine et sur les
1874.] BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 133
cotés du ventre et lavée d’une teinte jaunatre trés-faible au ventre.
Les ailes sont traversées de deux larges bandes blanches, formées par
les extrémités des deux derniers rangs de couvertures, et d’un petit
miroir blanc, composé de la réunion des bordures de la barbe externe
des remiges primaires dans leur partie basale. Les remiges sont
bordées d’un fin liseré olivatre, excepté les trois scapulaires, qui sont
entourées d’une large bordure blanc-grisétre. Les subalaires sont
blanches, lavées légérement de jaunatre au bord de Vaile.
Les jeunes dans le premier plumage different des adultes par une
teinte légerement brunatre des parties sup¢rieures, qui domine aussi
sur les parties blanchatres inférieures ; les bandes blanches alaires
sont moins prononcées et enduites d’une teinte roussatre, ainsi que
les bordures des remiges scapulaires.
Dans la collection de Mr. Sclater j’ai vu une paire de ce Spermo-
phila, envoyé par Mr. Nation, de Lima, sans indication de sexe.
8. SycaLis RAIMONDII, Jelski, MS.
S. luteiventri simillima: dorso cinerascenti-griseo, fusco striato ;
uropygio viz flavescente tincto ; collo, pectore medioque abdomine
luteis, lateribus grisescentibus ; fronte et vitta superciliari flavo
virescentibus. Rostrum plumbeo-corneum ; pedes sordide carnei ;
iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 115, ale 75, caude 45, tarsi 17,
rostri a commissura 10 mill.
Trois males et une femelle, tués en Janvier et Fevrier de 1870 aux
environs de Lima.
Forme trés-voisine de Sycalis luteiventris, est cependant bien dis-
tincte. La couleur du dos est gris-clair (sans nuance verdatre),
variée de flamméches brun-noiratres, beaucoup moins larges et moins
prononcées que dans l’espéce citée ; le croupion est légérement en-
duit de jaune-verdatre. Le front, une large raie sourciliére et un
demi-collier au cou sont teints de jeune-verdatre, encadrant l’occiput,
qui est d’une couleur analogue 4 celle du dos, mais a stries trés-peu
distinctes. La gorge, le devant du visage, le milieu de la poitrine,
du ventre et des subcaudales sont jaunes, tandis que les cétés du
corps sont gris. Les ailes et la queue sont comme dans le S. lu-
teiventris, excepté qu’il n’y a point de teinte verdatre 4 la base des
remiges secondaires, le devant seulement de l’aile est légérement
coloré de verdatre. Les subalaires sont blanches légérement teintes
de jaune par devant, tandis qu’elles sont d’un jaune uniforme dans
Poiseau cité plus haut.
La femelle différe du male en ce que le jaune des parties inférieures
est plus faible et plus restreint sur le milieu du corps; le jaune
verdatre du front et des sourcils est beaucoup moins prononcé, et
complétement nul au cou.
La premiére remige est la plus longue, dépassant de trés-peu la
deuxiéme, la quatriéme est considérablement plus courte.
9. OcHTH@CA THORACICA, Jelski, MS-
Schistacea, vitta superciliart a fronte ducta candidissima, area
pectorali ferruginea. Rostrum et pedes nigri; iris fusco-
134 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON NEW [Feb. 17,
brunnea. Long. tota 116, ale 67, caude 58, tarsi 18, rostri a
commissura 15 mill.
Male unique, tué le 17 Aout 1871, a Chilpes.
Elle ressemble en général 4 Ochtheca cinnamomeiventris (Lafr.),
de Bogota, mais elle a le bec beaucoup plus court ; la couleur ferru-
gineuse trés-foncée forme comme dans la O. lessoni une grande tache
bien tranchée de la couleur schistacée foncée du ventre; la raie
sourcilitre blanche s’étend beaucoup plus loin en arriére, et derriére
ceil elle devient trés-mince, tandis qu’elle est plus large par devant
et se joint au front & sa congénére par un trait transversal. La
partie postérieure du milieu du ventre est tant soit peu colorée de
blanchatre, ainsi que les grandes couvertures subalaires; le bord
interne des remiges est liseré de roussatre.
10. MuscisaxICOLA RUFIPENNIS, Jelski, in litt.
Fusco-grisea, dorso uropygioque fuscis ; medio abdomine albo,
crisso et subcaudalibus fulvescentibus ; alis caudaque fuscis, po-
goniis internis remigum et rectricum ad basin late rufis, pogoniis
externis rectricum lateralium albis ; subalaribus fulvis : rostro
pedibusque nigris ; iride pallide brunnescenti-cinerea. Long.
tota 205, ale 132, caude 95, rostri'a commissura 27, a naribus
14, tarsi 29 mill.
Femelle unique, tuée 4 Maraynioc le 1 Juin 1871.
Cette grande espéce est d’une couleur grise en général, plus foncée
en dessus qu’en dessous, et prenant un ton plus sombre et tirant un
peu sur le brundtre au dos et au croupion. Le milieu du ventre est
blane pur, tandis que les subcaudales ont une légére nuance fauve.
Les ailes et la queue sont noiratres. 4 barbes internes d’une belle
couleur rousse dans leur partie basale, s’étendant dans les secondaires
jusque pres de l’extrémité, tandis qu’elle finit beaucoup plus tot
dans les primaires. Les rectrices sont de la méme couleur rousse
dans les trois quarts de leur barbe interne, excepté les médianes,
qui sont noirdtres en entier. Le bord des rectrices latérales est
blanc, ainsi qu’un mince liseré a Pextrémité de toutes ; il y a aussi de
pareils liserés au bout des remiges. Le fauve des couvertures sub-
alaires est plus intense que celui des subeaudales. Le bec et les
pattes sont noires ; liris d’une couleur gris-brunatre claire, piqueté
de points plus foncés.
Par la mode de coloration cet oiseau a beaucoup d’analogie avec
les Myiothere, wais il s’en distingue par son bee beaucoup moins
fort et les pattes plus élevées et plus minces.
11. Lerrorocon aurirus, Jelski, M.S.
Dorso viridi, capite fuscu-cinereo, macula auriculari obscuriore,
circulo auriculari albo :; subtus flavus, pectore olivascente tincto ;
alarum fuscarum tectrices rufo vivide maculate, remiges tertiarit
rufo latissime limbati. Rostrum nigrum ; pedes plumbei ; iris
Jfusco-brunnea. Long. tota 120, ale 65, caude 55, tarsi 15, rostri
a commissura 17 mill.
1874.] BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 135
L’unique exemplaire, dont le sexe n’est pas indiqué, tué 4 Amable-
Maria en Décembre 1871.
Cette espéce est voisine de L. pecilotis, mais elle a le bec consi-
dérablement plus long; les taches rousses rangées sur les couvertures
alaires en deux bandes réguliéres; les remiges sont liserées de fines
bordures vertes excepté les tertiaires, dont les bordures sont larges et
dune belle couleur roussatre ; la bordure interne dans toutes les re-
miges est aussi roussdtre. Sa calotte est d’une couleur schistacée ;
Pceil est entouré d’un cercle blanc composé d’une rangée de petites
plumes; quelques plumes blanches forment aussi une ligne assez
distincte en arriére de l’ceil et une tacheture irréguliére sur les cotés
du visage ; la tache auriculaire est moins foncée que dans I’éspéce
citée. Les subalaires sont d’une belle couleur jaune roussitre ; les
rectrices bordées de vert ; la poitrine est olivatre ; la gorge grisatre ;
le ventre jaune-pale, & cdtés légérement teints de vert olivatre.
12. PoGoNoTRICCUS OPHTHALMICUS, sp. nov.
Viridis, pileo fusco-cineraceo, macula auriculari nigra, annulo ocu-
lari albo ; tectrices alurum viridi-olivacee binis fasciis flavidis
notate ; subtus virescenti-flavus, pectore olivacescente tincto ;
remiges et rectrices fusci, viridi marginati. Rostri nigricantis
mandibula pallida ; pedes pallide cornet; iris brunnea. Long.
tota 105, ale 55, caude 50, tarsi 15, rostri a commissura 13 mill.
Male et femelle tués en Février et en Mars 1872, aux environs
d’ Amable-Maria.
Cet oiseau ressemble au P. eximius (Temm.) du Brésil, mais il
lui manque de teinte verte au sommet de la téte; le tour de l’wil
est dans notre espéce blanc, tandis qu'il est jaune dans l’espéce
brésilietine ; les taches des couvertures alaires sont différentes;
le bee plus long. 11 ressemble aussi au P. plumbeiceps, de Bogota,
_mais il est plus petit, et son bee présente une différence plus
grande que celui de l’espéce citée plus haut. En mode de colora-
tion il a beaucoup d’attinités avec les Leptopogon, surtout avec
le L. pecilotis et avec celui que je viens de décrire sous le nom de
L. auritus ; il a les cétés de la téte également tachetés de blanc, une
pareille tache foncée sur l’oreille, les couvertures alaires également
variées, ainsi que la bordure des remiges scapulaires plus large et plus
claire que sur les autres.
Do riorntis, gen. nov.
Le bel oiseau pour lequel je constitue ce genre est trés-voisin
du genre Carpornis, Gr., mais s’en distingue en plusieurs détails,
qui me paraisseut suffisants pour motiver une séparation géné-
rique. Le bec est considérablement plus court, moins fort, médio-
crement large a la base et graduellement atténué vers sons ex-
trémité; la mandibule supérieure dépassant la mandibule infé-
rieure est plus courbée au bout que dans les Pipreola; Varéte est
arrondie et peu prononcée. Les narines sont roudes et dénudées.
Les remiges primaires sont subaigués, sans étre atténuées; les 7° et
5° égales et les plus longues, 3° et 6° égales entre elles et un peu
136 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON NEW [Feb. 17,
plus courtes que les précédentes, la 2° égale dla 7°. La queue est
médiocre, large, coupée presque carrément a lextrémité. Tarse
médiocre et faible. Le plumage est abondant, long et soyeux ; le
sommet de la téte est comme dans la plupart des Tyrans et d’ Elaineas,
garni sur les cétés de longues plumes noires, tandis que celles du
milieu sont plus courtes et d’une couleur tout-a-fait différente.
13. DoLiorNIs SCLATERI, n. sp. (Plate XX.)
Occipite medio vivide rubro-cinnamomeo, lateribus oecipitis cum
fronte nigris ; dorso brunnescenti-fusco ; mento, collo genisque
cineraceis ; pectore et ventre brunneis, hoc postice dilutiore ; sub-
caudalibus cinnamomeis ; remigibus rectricibusque nigricantibus,
primariis externe albido tenuissime limbatis : rostro pedibusque
nigris ; iridibus sordide violaceo-fuscis. Long. tota 190; ale
100, caude 90, rostri a commissura 21, a naribus 9, tarsi 25
millim.
Male unique de Maraynioc, tué le 9 Juin 1871.
14. CorytHoris HUMIvAGANS, Jelski, MS.
Dorso olivaceo, pileo caudaque obscurioribus ; subtus alba, pectore
nigro striato, lateribus olivaceis. Rostri nigricantis mandibula
albida ; pedes cornei ; iris brunnea. Long. tota 125; ale 67,
caude 73, tarsi 27, rostri a commissura 19 mill.
Male unique tué & Amable-Maria le 12 Février 1872.
Cette espéce ressemble beaucoup & C. anthoides, Cuv., mais elle
est un peu plus grande, A bec un peu plus long et plus mince. La
couleur des parties supérieures est plus foncée, celle du dessus de la
téte et de la queue se distingue évidemment de la couleur du dos,
tandis que dans l’espéce citée toutes ces parties sont presque conco-
lores. Du reste, la gorge et le milieu du ventre sont de méme blancs
purs; les taches noires en forme de pinceau sont également conton-
dues au-devant de la poitrine pour former une grande tache presque
uniforme, et ensuite elles sont éparses.
15. HerpstILOcHMUS MOTACILLOIDES, Jelski, in litt.
Pileo nigro albo maculato, fronte rufescente, dorso griseo; sub-
tus albus, flavido tinctus; vitta superciliari alba, postoculari
nigra. Tectrices alarum nigre, albo maculate ; remiges fusco-
nigricantes, griseo limbati ; rectrices mediane nigricantes, late-
rales albe. Rostrum et pedes nigricanti-plumbei ; irides fusco-
brunnee. Long. tota 128; ale 55, caude 60, tarsi 20, rostri
a commissura 11 millim.
Une paire tuée 4 Maraynioce en Février et en Mars 1872.
Le dessus de la téte de cet oiseau est noir, tet de roussatre au
front et varié sur le milieu du vertex de taches blanches donnant deux
rangées longitudinales. Le dos est d’une couleur grise uniforme.
Tout le dessous de l’oiseau et les couvertures subalaires sont d’une
couleur blanche lavée de jaunatre, plus prononcée au milieu de la
poitrine et du ventre. Au-dessus de langle antérieur de Vceil
commence une raie sourcilitre blanche qui s’etend jusqu’a la nuque
1874. ] BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 137
en s’élargissant graduellement, et bordée en-dessous d’une raie noi-
ratre qui prend naissance 4 l’angle postérieur de l’ceil. Les couver-
tures alaires sont noires et terminées de blanc; elles forment trois
bandes transversales, dont les deux postérieures sont presque con-
tinues, et la troistéme incomplete ; le poignet de l’aile est nuancé de
gris. Les remiges sont noiratres 4 bordures grises assez fines, mais
dont la réunion donne une couleur dominante grise sur l’aile pliée ;
les bordures des remiges tertiaires sont plus larges et blanches. Les
deux rectrices médianes sont noirdtres en entier, les suivantes ter-
minées seulement par une petite tache blanche, celles de la troisiéme
paire ont plus de blanc A l’extrémité et un liseré aux bords dans la
moitié terminale ; sur les trois autres le blanc prédomine, de maniére
que la rectrice externe n’a de foncé qu’a la naissance de sa barbe
interne.
Cette espéce est trés-voisin de H. atricapillus, mais elle s’en dis-
tingue principalement par la tacheture de Pocciput.
16. MyrMorHEeRvLa ATROGULARIS, sp. nov.
Fusco-cinerea, gula nigra; tectrices alarum nigre albo guttate,
Mas subtus cinereus, postice fulvo indutus. Femina subtus rufes-
centi-fulva, gula nigra albo maculata. Rostrum et pedes nigri-
cantes ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 96; ale 54, caude 35,
tarsi 17, rostri a commissura 17 millim.
Un male tué 4 Amable-Maria le 6 Février 1872, et une femelle de
Monterico tuée le 30 Avril, 1870.
La couleur des parties supérieures du mile est d’un cendré foncé
uniforme, celle des parties inférieures et des cdtés du visage est
beaucoup plus claire; la partie postérieure du ventre et les sous-cau-
dales sont enduites d’une teinte roussatre ; le plastron gulaire est d’un
noire intense. Les couvertures alaires sont noiratres, terminées
chacune d’une petite tache ronde; les subalaires sont d’un blanc jau-
natre claire ; la bordure interne des remiges est blanchatre.
La femelle différe du mile par la couleur du dos légérement enduite
de roussatre, ce qui lui donne une teinte grisatre moins foncée et
moins pure que celle du male; le front et le croupion sont plus for-
tement enduits de roussatre. Les parties inférieures sont d’un fauve
roussatre ; le plastron gulaire noir est varié de grosses taches blanches.
Les ailes comme dans le male.
17. THRIPADECTES SCRUTATOR, Jelski, MS,
Th. flammulato similis, sed rostrum longius ; dorsum rufescenti-
brunneum fere immaculatum, uropygium cinnamomeum; caput
nuchaque nigra et grisescenti-fulva, gula collumque nigro rufoque
striata ; subtus omnino pallide brunneus, striis Sulvis subtiliter no-
tatus ; ale caudaque cinnamomeo-rufe ; pogonits internis remigum
nigricanti-rufo marginatis. Rostrum nigerrimum ; pedes brunnei ;
iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 220; ale 94, caude 105, tarsi
28, rostri a commissura 32 mill.
Femelle unique tuée & Maraynioc le 22 Juin 1871.
Cet oiseau ressemble beaucoup au Th. Slammulatus (Eyt.), mais son
138 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON NEW [Feb. 17,
bec est plus long, a lextrémité de la mandibule supérieure plus
crochue. Quant asa coloration, les stries claires du milieu des plumes
sont moins pures et moins prononcées, ne s’étendant pas aussi loin
en arriére, elles sont 4 peine marquées sur la partie antérieure du dos ;
moins pures en-dessous, sur le ventre plus courtes et plus minces, sans
bordures noires.
18. ScyraLopus sytvxstris, Jelski, MS.
Capite, collo pectoreque schistaceis; dorso, cauda alisque fusco-
brunneis ; uropygio, lateribus crissoque rufo undulatis. Rostrum
nigrum ; pedes brunnescentes ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 110;
ale 55, caude 42, tarsi 22, rostri a commissura 17 mill.
Oiseau adulte tué 4 Pallaypampa le 8 Mars ves et jeune tué
a Maraynioc le 1 Juin 1871.
L’oiseau adulte a la téte, la gorge et la poitrine d’une couleur schis-
tacée, la plus foncée au sommet de la téte, et la plus claire sur la gorge,
sur la poitrine légérement ondulée de plus clair a certaines directions
de la lumiére ; le dos, les ailes et la queue sont d’un brun trés-foncé ;
le croupion est ondulé de roux ; les couvertures alaires et les rémiges
scapulaires finement liserés de la méme couleur. Le milieu du ventre
est blanchatre; les cétés et la partie postérieure du ventre bruns,
ondulés de roux.
L’oiseau jeune en premier plumage differe principalement en ce que
la couleur cendrée presque uniforme occupe toute la téte, le devant
du dos, les couvertures alaires et tout le dessous jusqu’au bas-ventre ;
les stries transversales brunes sur le croupion sont plus fines ; la
couleur rousse prédomine au bas-ventre; les remiges scapulaires sont
plus distinctement variés de roux et de noir.
Cet oiseau ressemble au S. griseicollis, Lafr., mais il s’en distingue
au premier coup d’ceil par l’ondulation transversale de la partie pos-
térieure du corps ; sa couleur générale est plus foncée, et il est plus
grand.
19. THALURANIA JELSKII, Sp. nov.
Th. tschudii simillima, sed minor, cauda breviore et minus furcata,
capite uropygioque cupreo nitentibus. Rostrum nigrum; pedes
nigricuntes ; iris nigricans. Long. tota 90; ale 57, caude 35,
rostri a commissura 20 mill.
Male unique tué a Soriano le 10 Aout 1871.
Complétement semblable a Th. tschudii, mais considérablement
plus petite, elle différe principalement par sa queue beacoup plus
courte, moins fourchue, a rectrices considérablement moins larges.
Sa coloration est tout-a-fait analogue, excepté qu’elle a une nuance
bronzée assez caractéristique sur la téte et la nuque, ainsi que sur les
sous-caudales ; les sous-caudales sont bordées de blanchatre.
20. HELIANTHEA DICHROURA, Jelski, MS.
Capite pectoreque viridibus, dorso cupreo, ventre fulvo-rufescente,
macula jugulari violuceo-sapphyrina, fronte splendidissime sma-
ragdinea, crisso albo; caude basi fulvo rufescente, apice cupreo.
1874. | BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. 139
Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnescentes; iris fusca. Long. tota
. 145; ale 80,.caude 52, rostri a commissura 42 mill.
Oiseaux de différents ages de Maraynioc, capturés en Juillet 1871.
L’oiseau adulte a la téte, la gorge et la poitrine d’un vert luisant ;
le dos cuivreux, le plus foncé et le plus intense sur les couvertures
alaires ; le ventre et les subcaudales sont d’un fauve nankin sans
éclat métallique, les cotés seulement sont légérement teints de vert
metallique ; la région anale est blanche pure. En bas de la gorge
se trouve une belle tache ovale bleue changeant en violet étince-
lant ; le front est occupé par une tache triangulaire émeraude beau-
coup plus luisante que les parties environnantes. Les remiges sont
brunes a reflet violacé, l’externe est bordée d’un fin liseré roussatre ;
les rectrices sont d’un fauve nankin dans leur moitié basale et d’un
vert cuivreux dans la terminale, excepté les deux médianes, qui sont
de cette derniére couleur dans toute leur longueur. Les subalaires
sont cuivreuses, le bord de l’aile roussatre.
L’oiseau jeune différe de l’adulte par le manque complet des taches
brilllantes jugulaire et frontale; léclat cuivreux au dos et sur les
tectrices alaires est moins fort et moins brillant; les extrémités
mémes des rectrices latérales sont d’un fauve grisatre.
Les oiseaux en transition qui ont déja la tache jugulaire dans tout
son éclat ne possédent pas de trace de la tache frontale, mais cette
partie est de la méme couleur que tout le sommet de la téte.
21. MreTALLURA HEDVIG&, sp. nov. (Plate XXI. fig. 2.)
Viridi-cuprea, area gulari oblonga splendidissime rubro-ignea or-
nata ; cauda supra corport concolor, sapphirino micans, subtus
cupreo-viridis ; crissum albidum. Rostrum nigrum ; pedes brunnet ;
iris nigra. Long. tota 102; ale 66, caude 75, rostri a com-
missura 15 mill.
Plusieurs individus tués 4 Maraynioc en Septembre 1871.
La couleur générale de ce bel oiseau-mouche est d’un vert cuivreux
foncé, A éclat metallique assez fort ; la base de toutes les plumes est
d’un gris brunatre avec une raie transversale claire devant la partie
métallique. La gorge est ornée d’une grande tache longitudinale
d’un rouge doré fort étincelant. Le dessus de la queue est de la
couleur générale changeant en bleu d’acier assez intense; le cdté
inférieur des rectrices est d’un vert bronzé beaucoup plus luisant que
le reste du plnmage. Les remiges sont noiratres a un faible éclat
violacé ; la premiére finement bordée de blanchatre dans sa moitie
basale ; les subalaires externes sont bordées d’une large raie rousse,
dont la réunion forme une ligne ondulée tout le long du bord anté-
rieur de l’aile. La région anale est blanchatre; les couvertures sub-
caudales roussatres.
Je dédie ce splendide oiseau-mouche a Madame la Comtesse Hed-
vige Branicka.
22. ERIOCNEMIS SAPPPHIROPYGIA, Jelski, MS.
Viridi-enea, supra cupreo nitens, subcaudalibus splendide sapphi-
rinis, pedibus albo vestitis, cauda subcyanea. Rostrum et pedes
140 M. TACZANOWSKI ON BIRDS FROM CENTRAL PERU. [Feb. 17,
nigri; iris nigricans. Long. tota 110; ale 67, caude 50,
rostri a commissura 27 mill.
Trois individus de Maraynioc, capturés en Juin et Aott 1871.
Couleur générale vert trés-brillant, surtout en-dessous, 4 reflets
cuivreux en-dessus, le plus fort sur la téte, ensuite sur les couvertures
alaires, faible au dos; le croupion et les sus-caudales sont d’un vert
pure. Les sous-caudales sont d’un saphire trés-brillant. Les pattes
sont garnies d’une abondante touffe blanche pure. Les ailes sont
noires 4 un faible reflet pourpré ; la queue bleue foncée.
Cet oiseau est voisin de FE. cupreiventris, Gould; mais outre plu-
sieurs différences de coloration il a le bec plus long et plus fort, la
queue plus longue et moins fourchue, 4 rectrices considérablement
plus larges.
LAMPRASTER, DOV. gen.
Ce nouveau genre, que je propose pour une nouvelle espéce du
Pérou central, se caractérise par le bec de moitié plus long que la téte,
droit dans toute sa longueur; la queue aussi longue que le corps,
large, profondémenté chancrée ; les couvertures sous-caudales dépas-
sant la moitié de longueur des rectrices; le tarse vétu de petites
plumes jusqu’a la naissance des doigts ; le mode de coloration sem-
blable 4 celui du genre Pheolema et Heliodoxa.
23. LAMPRASTER BRANICKII, sp. nov. (Plate XXI. fig. 1.)
Splendide viridis, scutello gulari splendidissime rubineo vittaque
mediana occipitali vivide smaragdinea ornatus ; remiges secundarit
cinnamomei, fusco terminati; subcaudales et crissum pure albe.
Long. tota 105 ; ale 68; caude 40; rostro a commissura 26.
Male unique tué 4 Monterico, aux environs de Huanta par M.
Constantin Jelski, qui explore ce pays depuis trois ans, avec des suc-
cés tres-importants pour la science.
La couleur générale de ce bel oiseau est verte metallique, 4 éclat
beaucoup plus brillant sur les parties inférieures du corps ; une raie
verte fort brillante, changeant en bleu traverse le milieu de la calotte
en commencant a la naissance du bee, tandis que le haut de la gorge
est occupé par un écusson fort brillant d’un rose rubiné prenant un
léger ton violacé sous certaines directions de la lumiére, et une nuance
dorée dans sa partie supérieure, qui touche au vert brillant couvrant
le menton. Les remiges sont noiritres, excepté les secondaires, qui sont
d’une belle couleur rousse-cannelle A extrémité noiratre ; les rectrices
sont aussi noiratres 4 un faible éclat violacé, excepté les deux médi-
anes, qui sont vertes. Les sous-caudales, le bas-ventre et les plumes
du tarse sont d’un blane pur, ainsi qu’une petite strie en arriére de
Peeil.
Je suis heureux de pouvoir dédier ce magnifique oiseau-mouche &
M. le Comte Constantin Branicki, aux soins duquel le Musée de
Varsovie est redevable de son développement, et dont les moyens em-
ployés avec justesse ne cessent de procurer a la science d’importantes
nouveautés dans presque toutes les branches zoologiques.
hart.imp
nh.
He.
N
1874. ] SIR V. BROOKE ON A NEW GAZELLE. 141
2. On a New Species of Gazelle living in the Society’s
Menagerie. By Sir Vicror Brooks, Bart., F.Z.S.
[Received January 14, 1874.]
(Plate XXII.)
The Society has lately received from Muscat* a pair of Gazelles
(male and female), which differ distinctly from the Gazella arabica
of Hemprich and Ehrenberg, of South-western Arabia. This species,
at the time I read my paper on this group (P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 535),
I believed to be the only representative of the genus Gazella found
in Arabia to the south of 28° N. lat.
Horns of Gazella arabica.
Instead of the massive, nearly straight, non-lyrate horns of Gazella
arabica (see figure)t, the horns of the Muscat Gazelles are rather
slender, compressed from side to side, and distinctly lyrate, their
points being turned boldly forwards and inwards, the form being
thus excluded from the non-lyrate subsection 6! of my analytical
list (J. ec. p. 537), which contains Gazella arabica, and placed in
the subsection a’, which contains the species with lyrate or semi-
lyrate horns.
- In their general appearance, also, the Muscat Gazelles differ
* [The male was presented by Major C. B. Evan Smith, 15th August, 1873,
The female was deposited by Mrs. Harris,{26 September, 1873.—Ep. |
t See also the specimen from Mocha figured by Mr. Blanford (Geol. and Zool.
Abyss. p. 261, pl. 1. fig. 3).
142 SIR V. BROOKE ON A NEW GAZELLE. [Feb. 17,
decidedly from Gazella arabica. In the latter the hair is short,
close-set, and of a rich grizzled bay ; whilst the coats of the Muscat
Gazelles are remarkably long and soft, and of a very beautiful silvery
grey colour. In size they are inferior to G. arabica, and in delicacy
of form and beauty even exceed that lovely species. From G. dorcas,
to which species they bear more resemblance, the Muscat Gazelles
differ in their smaller size, in their very different and much darker
colour, and in the intensity of the facial and lateral markings.
These differences can be appreciated at a glance in the Society’s
Menagerie, where the two species are represented in adjoining
ards.
I propose to confer upon this species the name of Gazella musca-
tensis.
For the explanation of the terms used in the following description,
and for the exact value I attach to the term ‘‘species”’ as applied
to the different modifications of Gazella, I must refer to my former
paper on the genus.
GAZELLA MUSCATENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate XXII.)
Hair very soft and long. Central facial band rufous fawn on the
forehead, becoming darker as it descends, forming a distinct dark
nose-spot. Light facial streaks very distinct, running over and
stopping immediately above the eye, white; dark facial streaks
distinct, black, becoming more rufous as they approach the angles of
the mouth. Spot under and behind the eye, space round the muzzle,
chin, throat, breast, belly and rump white. Dark lateral band very
distinct, grizzly black. Knee-brushes and tail black. Neck and limbs
below the carpal and tarsal joints fawn-colour, this colour being
almost rufous on the limbs. Back, sides, and haunches silvery grey.
Horns rather slender, compressed laterally, strongly and ‘closely
annulated, with their points in both sexes turned inwards and
forwards. Ears long. Size inferior to that of Gazella dorcas.
Hab. Muscat.
A large number of skeletons of Gazelles received lately by Mr.
Edward Gerrard from North-eastern Africa (which specimens Mr.
Gerrard, with his usual kindness, has given me every facility for
examining) have shown me an error in my former paper which I am
anxious to take this opportunity of correcting. At page 552, I thus
write :—“ In no existing Gazelle have I as yet been able to discover
the smallest trace of the external digits im either extremity.” I
now find from an examination of rough uncleaned specimens that in
Gazella semmeringit, G. levipes, and G. isabella, long filamentary
second and fifth metacarpals are present, but no sign of the corre-
sponding metatarsals. The unequal phalanges of the external digits
of the hind extremities appear to be also represented. The delicacy
and rudimentary condition of these bones causes them to be fre-
quently lost in Museum specimens.
1874. | MR. E. WARD ON A NEW SHEEP. 143
3. On a supposed new Species of Wild Sheep from Ladak.
By Epwin Warp, F.Z.S8.
[Received January 20, 1874.]
The head and horns of the sheep I now exhibit, and for which I
propose the name of “ Ovis brookei,” differs, in the opinion of the
late Mr. Blyth, Sir Victor Brooke, myself, and others, from all heads
of wild sheep with which it has been compared.
It is therefore believed that this head belongs to an undescribed
animal, as the following measurements of the skull as well as those of
the horns and character of the same may serve to show.
Fig. 1.
Front view of head of Ovis brookei.
The length of the skull of O. brooke: from between the horns to
end of the preemaxille is 11 inches, that being an inch and a quarter
longer than in the two specimens named O. vignei in the College of
Surgeons, and also in that of O. vignei here exhibited for comparison.
The width between the eye-orbits measures 432 in., that of O. vignet
4?in. The horns of this specimen of O. brooke, although belonging
to a young animal (as evinced by the teeth and the four pro-
- gressive annual stages of the horns), measure 333 ia. in length, the
circumference at base is 132; that of O. vignei, eight years old, is
313 in. in length, whilst round the base it is only 103 in., O. brookei
being therefore 3 in. the larger in circumference, as also 2 in. longer,
although a much younger animal.
I find by an examination of the skull and horns of O. vignez in the
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons as before referred to, which
are marked “3778” and described as “ Ladak Argali (O. vignei)
144 MR. E. WARD ON A NEW SHEEP. [Feb. 17,
presented by Captain Strachey,” as also of the specimen marked |
“3778 a,” presented by Dr. Sclater, April 1868 (a figure of which
appears in this Society’s Proceedings for 1860, p. 127), that these
specimens differ from O. brooke: still more than the large specimen
of O. vignei which I now exhibit.
Fig. 2.
Horns of Ovis brooket.
In all the specimens Sir Victor Brooke and I have examined, we
found that the suborbital fossze in this species (O. brookez) are not
nearly so deep or suddenly tucked in below the orbits as in O. vignei
and O. cycloceros, as a glance at the skulls of these species which
I exhibit will show. In this respect Ovis brookei more closely
resembles Ovis ammon and O. arkar.
Again, the orbits also project much less, and the width of the parts
below the orbits is greater in comparison to the length of the skull,
in the new species than in either of the above. Likewise the greatly
increased length of face gives altogether a very different outline,
especially when viewed from the front.
Thus the new species shows generally a greater affinity to O. ammon
of the Himalayas (or Ovis hodgsoni, as I believe it is now designated)
than to any other form. And it may be said that in O. brooke: the
horns are not only more graceful, but also more largely and boldly
ribbed and figured than even those of its gigantic and near ally ;
the length of the row of molar teeth also far exceeds the length of
those of O. vignei.
Sir Victor Brooke, who is now visiting the chief museums of the
continent of Europe, will, it is to be hoped, on his return to England,
be enabled to favour us with further information concerning the
species of Ovis.
*
.
a’
: Ay
'
Pe
genet
duxt *soig Ute}UT\L
nein
x Id VASl S Zc
1874. ] DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW CROCODILE. 145
Indeed, I may here remark that I have proposed the name Ovis
brookei out of respect to the assiduous labours undertaken by that
gentleman, who is now engaged in the production of a monograph
of the sheep, illustrated by Mr. Wolf.
The head of this new Sheep now exhibited is believed to have been
obtained by Sir Morrison Barlow some years since at Leh, in Ladak.
It was parted with to a friend, from whom it subsequently passed,
upwards of two years since, into my possession.
The late Mr. Blyth, who was so high and excellent an authority on
sheep, was very desirous of describing the specimen which I have
this evening brought before the Meeting; but I preferred to defer his
doing so till I had obtained other heads. This I have not yet been
able to accomplish; I, however, hope to do so shortly, and thus to
be further enabled to supplement my remarks in support of this new
species.
4. On Crocodilus madagascariensis, the Madagascar Crocodile.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
[Received January 30, 1874. ]
(Plate XXIII.)
Cuvier, in the ‘Ossemens Fossiles,’ p. 44, mentions a specimen
of a Crocodile from Madagascar, brought by M. Havet, and con-
siders it the same as the one from continental Africa; I was in-
clined to do the same with two specimens of the young in spirits,
which the Museum received as coming from Madagascar. Lately
the British Museum has received a rather larger specimen direct from
Mr. Lormier, who collected in Madagascar ; and on comparing this
specimen and the other two with specimens of C. vulgaris from con-
tinental Africa, of about the same size, I find that they all have the
beak rather longer and slenderer compared with its breadth, and with
straighter sides. At the same time, the sides of the lower jaw of all
the specimens from Madagascar are pale and marbled with darker
spots, and the sides of the abdomen of the larger stuffed specimens
are marked with dark rounded spots placed in oblique cross lines—two
peculiarities which I have not observed in any of the specimens from
continental Africa. I am therefore inclined to think they indicate
that the Crocodile which inhabits Madagascar is distinct from that
which inhabits continental Africa ; and I propose to call it Crocodilus
madagascariensis.
I have seen it somewhere observed that the Crocodile of Madagas-
car is like the Crocodile from America, Molinia acuta; but this is a
mistake ; for although its head somewhat approaches in shape and
proportion to that of Molinia acuta, its skull and the shields of the
body are those of a true Crocodile.
The true Crocodiles have a cross series of four or six small occipital
shields in a line, aud a nuchal disk behind them of six larger keeled
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. X. 10
146 PROF. G. BUSK ON THE TIGERS [Feb. 17,
shields. The back has six regular longitudinal ridges of keeled shields,
with one or two more or less distinct series of smaller keeled shields
on the outside of the six larger ones. The two central keels of the
shields are continued down the base of the tail to about the middle ;
the two lateral series of keeled shields are distinct for thirteen or
fourteen cross series to just before the thighs, and at the fourteenth
or fifteenth they are continued in a single series on each side of the
tail, becoming much enlarged in the middle of the upper part of the
tail, and then united into one central series of larger more compressed
scales to the end of the tail.
The genus Molinia is known from Crocodilus by the dorsal shields
being much more irregular. There are generally only two, rarely four,
occipital shields, forming a cross line, the outer ones, when present,
being smaller. The nuchal disk is formed of six large oblong keeled
shields. The dorsal disk is formed of six longitudinal series of keeled
scales: the two central series are the largest, but with bluntest keels ;
and they are continued to the base of the tail, when the keel becomes
obliterated. The two lateral series are irregular, the inner one the
largest, and it is continued over the top of the thighs, and down the
side of the tail; the outer one is very irregular, interrupted, and with
one or two small shields on the outside of it. This genus is at ence
known by the second series of shields on each side being continued
along the side of the tail, and not the second and third on each side
uniting and being continued along the side of the tail.
CROCODILUS MADAGASCARIENSIS. (Plate XXIII.)
The beak slender, elongate, with a slight ridge on each side of the
central line, united just behind the nostrils. Sides of the lower jaw
pale, with large irregular black spots.
C. vulgaris, var., Cuvier, Oss. Foss. p. 44; Gray, Hand-list Sh.
Rept., p. 135. Specimens “o” and “ p.”
Hab. Madagascar. B.M.
There are three specimens of this Crocodile in the British Mu-
seum :—two in spirits, one (63. 5. 21.4) purchased of the Zoological
Society as Crocodilus vulgaris, and one (65.3. 4. 5) of Mr. Stevens ;
also one stuffed 353 in. long (73. 11. 10. 1), purchased of Mr.
Higgins, collected by Mr. Lormier, who was lately accidentally burnt
to death in Madagascar.
5. Note on the Cranial and Dental Characters of the Northern
and Southern Tigers and Leopards of China as affording
Marks of their Specific Distinction. By Grorer Busx,
WV PZB:
[Received February 17, 1874.]
(Plates XXIV. & XXV.)
Mr. Robert Swinhoe has brought with him from China two Tiger
skulls, one of which is, I believe, a unique specimen in Europe of the
- PZ.S. 1874..PL XXIV
. .
FREER AG
i A Ne
Be Zieeeee SRESUESSES ;
seer : Se
SHS SN Se :
. SSSoeos sens seecuns
oO
1S)
is)
ioc}
=
1
~
INES
Southern
ee
Northern .
| inca
jis [Ss S|
W. West & C2 Lith.
of alge ers.
Odonto gram
Indian Leopards.
’
Baaae
a
1 |
aa
on
ae
ae
W. West & C° Lith.
Leopards.
of
Odontogram
1874.] AND LEOPARDS OF CHINA. 147
skull of the long-haired Mantchurian Tiger, and the other that of
the form inhabiting the southern parts of the empire.
He has also procured skulls of the Leopards met with. in the
corresponding countries, and has been good enough to place the
collection in my hands for comparison, and in order that the Society
may have an opportunity of viewing them.
1. Skulls of Felis tigris.
One of these, upon which the soft parts in a dried state still
remain so as somewhat to interfere with the examination, but not
materially, is from Fychoo, 120 miles inland from Ningpo in the
south of China; and the other, that of a Mantchurian Tiger, from
Kirin, in the north of the empire. The latter was taken out of a
long-haired skin, procured by the Governor of the port of New-
chwang; so that, as Mr. Swinhoe states, there can be no doubt of its
genuineness.
That from Fychoo belonged to a short-haired animal undistin-
guishable, in Mr. Swinhoe’s opinion, from the Bengal Tiger.
He also states that the long-haired variety is so far adapted to a
cold climate that in the winter it is observed to live in burrows under
the snow.
The closest comparison I have been able to make between these
two externally distinct varieties fails to indicate any thing approaching
a specific distinction between them; nor, again, do they appear in
any respect to differ, so far as the cranial and dental characters are
concerned, from the Indian species.
2. Skulls of Felis leopardus.
The same may be said of the two Leopard skulls submitted to my
inspection by Mr. Swinhoe.
One of these skulls is that of the species (or of a species) inhabiting
the mountains near Ningpo, and regarded by Mr. Swinhoe as iden-
tical in every respect with the Indian Leopard; whilst the other
was procured at the port of Newchwang from a native of the country.
The latter, Mr. Swinhoe remarked to me, might probably be the Felis
Sontanieri of M. Alphonse Milne-Edwards* ; but this is perhaps an
erroneous impression. However this may be, in the cranial and
dental characters at all events there is no appreciable distinction
between the northern and southern forms brought by Mr. Swinhoe ;
and as further comparison of these skulls with that of the Indian
Leopard only serves fully to confirm Mr. Swinhoe’s opinion as to
their identity with Felis leopardus of India, we are compelled to the
conclusion that that species inhabits both the northern and southern
parts of China, and is, like the Tiger, capable, with some modification
* Ann. des Sc. Nat. 5™© sér. tom. viii., and ‘ Recherches pour seryir 4 l’his-
toire naturelle des Mammiféres,’ p. 208, 1872.
10*
148 PROF. G. BUSK ON THE TIGERS [Feb. 17,
of its fur, of enduring the rigours of the severe winter in the former
region.
iv Alphonse Milne-Edwards describes his Felis fontanieri from
the neighbourhood of Pekin as possessing much longer and thicker
hair than the common species, and a remarkably bushy tail. But
more important distinctive characters adduced by him are those pre-
sented by the skull: he states that in F. fontanieri the cranium is
much more arched in the antero-posterior direction than it is in the
African and Indian Panther, and that the brain-case proper is com-
paratively more developed, especially in width; the fronto-nasal
region is more elongated, the posterior border of the palate deeply
notched within the tubercular teeth, and the opening of the posterior
nares short and wide. As none of these characters applies to the
Newchwang Leopard’s skull as compared with that from Ningpo, it is
clear that we cannot regard the former as FP’. fontanieri, A. M.-Edw. ;
and we may perhaps, in the absence of fuller information respecting
the latter, be led to the conclusion suggested by M. A. Milne-
Edwards that there are two distinct species of Leopards in China,
both of which, according to M. Fontanier, are found in the neigh-
bourhood of Pekin.
In order to render the evidence clear upon which I have gone, I
have subjoined a Table showing the comparative measurements of
the skulls and teeth in the Chinese as contrasted with the Indian
Tigers and Leopards*.
I have also appended (Plates XXIV. & XXV.) odontograms, or
graphic representations, of the dimensions and proportions of the
teeth in the various forms—a glance at which will alone suffice to
show how close the resemblance in these essential particulars is in
the respective species, the slight differences observable being clearly
merely individual variations}.
To judge from the figure of the skull of Leopardus chinensis,
Gray (P. Z.S. 1867, p. 264), and the brief description accompanying
it, that species would appear to have a strong resemblance to those
brought by Mr. Swinhoe—the principal difference, so far as I can
perceive, being the comparatively rather smaller size of L. chi-
nensis.
* Comparison of the various dimensions of the skull of F. fontanieri given
in Table II. would lead to the conclusion that that species does not materially
differ from F’. leopardus.
+ The construction of these figures will be found explained in the ‘ Proc. Roy.
Soe.’ no. 122, vol. xviii. p. 544, But to save trouble [ would merely remark
that each horizontal line represents the length and breadth of the antero-poste-
rior and transverse diameters of a tooth, the latter diameter being indicated by
the dark shade. The scale is divided into 4ths of an inch (0''-05).
1874.] AND LEOPARDS OF CHINA. 149
Taste I1.—Table of Cranial and Dental Measurements of Tigers
and Leopards. (Measures given in hundredths of an inch.)
1 he 3
8 5 es | 38 | 8 Sis
Pe a | el mae Sse 3 a s 3
£5 Sip || ss ie jos Ss ay Ge 1
aie [8l8 |SiZISie | 8 | 88.4] 2 &
Animals. & [ES Sr |e; Fi(eie | 5 aa -lal=
Bu Big jails] 3 by 3 oo &|
2|96 Sj |}a/2/ 2 FI Ba iie| Be [5
2 | ele .fJ2/2/3 |e Sa Se) Shes
gids} #8] olas/ 218/46 /3 a3 ag ga] os la:
2 )s) |S S82) 3181S bss] he we | tm] Bs [St
BS) 5 15 aS) ee lea) ga g& |e] g& (Fa
AiR |HIFE |e ale | 6 4 oH} 4 — |
Mantchurian Tiger ...... 1350 1210) 370 | 880 | 440 | 240 | 270 | 225 | 280 |440 x 220/380 x 260)] 600 |250 x 320] 530
Fychoo Tiger...............,1870 1210) 360 | 880 | 480 | 250 | 270 | 240 | 250 |480 x 220 ? 610 ? 550
Bengal Tiger (4512 0,
CLAUDE wont dncosdasdxs=ny 1410) ... |... | «ee | vee |. | 290] ... | 250 |450 x 230/330 x 260] 600 |250 x 350! 540
Bengal Tiger (G.B.)...... 0} 0/370/950| 0} 270/285] 0| 275 |460 x 230|367 x 270]! 600 |270 x 340} 530
Ningpo Leopard ......... 730) 715) 235 | 500 | 300} 150 | 140 | 170 | 162 |230x 120/180 x 140]| 325 |150 x 210} 300
Newchwang Leopard ...| 740) 685) 250 | 520 | 310 | 150 | 185 | 155 | 170 |230 x 180/180 x 120)| 300 |140 x 220) 300
India, g (4561, R.C.8.).| 850) 760) 230 | 530 | 325 | 155 | 145 | 165 | 175 |260 x 140/210 x 160
India, 9 (4562, R.C.S8.) | 760) 670 225 | 480 | 275} 160] 135 | 150 | 165 |230 x 120/190 x 130] 300 |140 x 210) 300
India ?, ¢ (4541, R. C.8.)) 730, 680) 220) 500 | 300 | 175 | 141 | 150 | 165 |225 x 125/190 x 140] 310 |120 x 190] 310
? (45414, R.C.8.)........ | 940, 830) 235 | 575 | 330 | 175 | 160 | 170 | 190 |260 x 140/200 x 165|| 370 |162 x 225] 330
? (4541 B, R.C.8.)........ 810 710) 230 | 510 | 315 | 175 | 140 | 155 | 170 |245 x 180)220 x 150)| 320 |135 x 210) 320
W.C. Africa (4540,R.C.8.
FR pardus) ..r..cccccsseee 970, 850) 266 | 540 | 340 | 132) 150 | 190 | 190 |8300 x 150/240 x 162)| 420 |185 x 205} 330
1 He} a
i Aliss oa |r
[3] i) 1 a a
aie] 8 a |e [2a
Animals. rales 3 tee Nea BS
Salad) 8 3 dla else
ETE eg Pe ae ee a er iste
Sales] ¢ | 3 A d F ; ests SS
E la Ss) 5 ay a a a iA fe
110X85| 32x25 | 90x45|145x70| 35x23 || 875 | 435 | 780
110X85| 85x25 | 92x50] 142x72| 35x27 || 875 | 440 | 7380
oho eaneeeercr 390] ... | 55x41 | 12083) 3025 | 95x45 | 15075} 50X25 || 850 | 460 | 820
Bengal Tiger (G. B.) ...|390|170| 50x42 | 125x87| 30x20 | 10047 |150x75| 55x25 || 880| 520 | 810
Ningpo Leopard ......... 195| 85| 28x21 | 48x40] 20x15 | 60x32! 91x50} 32x15 || 500} 240 | 440
Newchwang Leopard ...|210} 86| 25x20 | 47x37] 20x15 | 57x30] 95x50] 30x15 |/ 465 | 250] 450
India, $ (4561, R.C.8.) | .,. | 100) 85x25 | 60x45] 22x15 | 60x30] 95x50| 80x15 || 530 | 260] 475
India, 2 (4562, R.C.8.) | 205) 80) 22x22 | 50x40) 20x16 | 57x25] 90x40] 30x15 || 470 | 240] 430
India?,g (4541, R. O.8.)| 200] 98] 80x20 | 50x40] 20x15 | 56x30] 90x45] 25x10 ||500}240| 440
? (45414, R.C.S.) o0...... 240/105) 27x24 | 65x45] 25x17 | 67x31] 95x50} 32x15 |/570|310| 550
? (4541 B, R.C.8.) ......... 208/100} 28x25 | 6045) 25x15 | 65x37] 95x50] 30x15 || 500] 270] 475
W.C, Africa (4540, R.0.8.
FY PArdus)-...eecceseecre 230} 100) 35x22 sales 0 75X35 | L00X57| 35X15 || 630 | 310} 520
i ed
150 PROF. BUSK ON TIGERS AND LEOPARDS OF CHINA. [Feb. 17,
Tasxe I. (continued).
a b=)
palesdl es 3
S/S lela]. =
Animals. alse ae aeons g 8
I no] mn o > 2 Q
> | oH | me | oe S) 5 3.
eee epee 3
Ee & a 3 5 f 3
[|e ete Bo dk eee | dee
m1e8/S/8)8 3 s a $.8
eee (el, 5 a Y a |6
Mantchurian Tiger ...... 215 | 130 |320 |220 | 140| 37x30 | 11070} 65X33 | 93x45 | 10550 |19°5
Fychoo Tiger ...........0055 ? |130/360?/220 | 185! 33x30 |110x75| 70x85 | 95x42) 105x50419°5
Bengal Tiger (4512 c,
SGATS A tea Socceectaceo 210 | 120 320 |220 | ... | 85x35 |110x70| 70x35 | 97x50) 110x55| ?
Bengal Tiger (G. B.) ...| 210} 100 280 |235 | 135 | 40x30 | 122x75| 74x34 | 105x50|117x56} ?
Ningpo Leopard .........) 110} 60/150 |110 | 65) 20x15 | 45x35) 46x24 | 70X35] 62x30] 9:0
Newchwang Leopard ...|115} 55/137 |120 | 70| 20x15 | 47x35) 45x26 | 68x35| 70x35] 9°8
India, $ (4561, R.C.S.) | 120] 60/160 |125 | 80} 26x16 | 65x40/ 45x24 | 70x35] 76x32
India, 9 (4562, R.C.8.)|110| 50/145 |110 | 60] 26x15 | 52x35! 45x20] 68x30] 65x27
India?, ¢ (4541, R.C.8.)} 110} 60|145 |175?} 70| 20x15 | 52x35) 40x22 | 60x30] 60x28
? (4541 A, R.C. 8.) ....00- 130} 61|170 |140 | 80} 25x17 | 60x40) 50x25 | 72x35) 75x30
? (4541 B, B.C. 8.) ......... 120} 50/150 }180 | 70; 26X16 | 57x388)| 48x24 | 72x88] 76x31
W.C. Africa (4540, R.C.8.
Fr. pardus) .iccccceseerses 125} 80/200 }142 | 80) 17X17 | 65x50/ 50x25 | 80X35) 75x37
TaBeE II.—Principal Dimensions, noted by M. A. Milne-Edwards,
of Felis fontanieri (4. M.-Edw.), with some others for compa-
vison. (Measures in millimetres.)
= ' ’ 4 i
3 sls ‘ ei) Se S28, |g.
4S ige8 g/Gle | gly [ee | 8 (Bes lee
w (Eos Sl eae do Ps 2\2 |og ws |256 a
o |S 85 Sipe cr | 108 = 8 219 lao So \Bae |3-8
alges |S/2 (318 |2\2.] (3/8 (Fel | a lee ee
Animals. & ae alee lied ies = Es a 3 8 = a =) aBee fo
= 36 ms | —E A 3 a) oe 2 mo a 22) 5 ° >
efedg/|S/els.|e lee 2/3 (8 fz] 8) Reeeay
A leSesla la | slags i8sl tle leeles| 2] a hele ss
Slt akl tH! Ss 9/iSs| 2 le8| g S fale! & 2 18 N+ lh,8'o
Slasas|al|s | 6 iss] 3 Sel S| PPS wea! a £ lagss|gae
Kw lo oD Lal etn? o |2olor! oO avOCo|g ar
a |A HIFIAF |8 68 |2l/8e & la! ea la A
Chinese, Northern ...... 187 161 78 | 38 | 75 | 50 | 34 | 60 | 45 | 118} 65 | 27 | 44 | 73 64 67
Chinese, Southern......... 185 163 82 | 38 | 71 | 51 | 36 | 61 | 47 | 124] 52 | 26 | 45 | 68 70 71
F. fontanieri. visccececescee 180 153 80 | 39 | 73 | 51 | 32 | 60 | 47 | 120) 55 |} 23 } 45 | 75* 64* 63*
Indian Leopard (4561)...!215] 177 | 90 | 389 } 70 | 56 | 36 | 65 | 47 | 134) 65 | 26 | 47 | 77 70 79
Indian Leopard (4562)...| 192 152 78 | 40 | 71 | 50 | 34 | 65 | 42 | 118; 60 | 26 | 44 | 71 60 72
Leopardus chinensis
CORBY) roasscavcssssencewevas 175 116
} { |
| Width at zygomata.
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 151
March 3, 1874.
Dr. E. Hamilton, Vice-President, in the Chair.
The following report by the Secretary on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1874 was read :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of February 1874 was 54, of which 4 were by
birth, 16 by presentation, 20 by purchase, 3 by exchange, and 11
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the
same period, by death and removals, was 91.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A Malayan Hornbill (Buceros malayanus), purchased Feb-
ruary 17, 1874; new to the Society’s collection, this fine species
not having been previously received alive.
2. A Python (Python molurus), transmitted to the Society by Mr.
Charles James Noble, of Hong-kong, having been caught in his
garden on the Chinese mainland, about two miles from Hong-kong.
3. A young male Deer from Northern China, purchased Feb-
ruary 27th, 1874. This Deer is evidently the representative in
China of Cervus sika of Japan, which it resembles in general habit,
though the present example is slightly smaller in stature. It is
readily distinguishable, however, from its Japanese ally by its dark
reddish face and perfectly white tail and buttocks. Mr. Swinhoe
communicated to us a description of this species in June last year,
along with that of Cervus kopschi (see P. Z.S. 1873, p. 572). Sub-
sequently he requested me to withdraw the description, not being
quite certain as to its distinctness from Cervus sika of Japan. There
can, however, I think, be little doubt of the species being distinct
from Cervus sika, although it is certainly very closely allied to the
smaller form of Cervus mantchuricus, which we have lately received
specimens of from Japan. I therefore gladly adopt for it as a tem-
porary designation Mr. Swinhoe’s name, Cervus ewopis, under which
it has already been distinguished in the printed minutes of this
Society of the 17th of June last.
Mr. Swinhoe has favoured me with the following notes on this
Deer :—
“In Mr. Vraard’s gardens at Shanghai, in an enclosure with a doe
C. sika from Japan, was a horned brown buck, which on first glance
I took for a buck of the same species in winter coat. Mr. Vraard
assured me that the animal was from Newchwang ; he had had it
three years, and it never got spotted in summer, its hair merely
changing to a shorter coat of polished brown. This was on the 27th
of March of last year, when its pile was long and somewhat shaggy
at the throat; its eye large, and well open towards fore canthus,
with scarcely any lachrymal slit; the muzzle large, and confluent
with the upper lip; the head short, narrow at the snout, broad at
the eyes, with large ears, pale round eyes and on forehead, abound-
ing in long bristles about snout above and below, and about eyelids
152 LETTER FROM SIR HENRY BARKLY. [ Mar. 3,
above and below. The horns were four-pronged, slender, and short
in spaces between snags. The general coat was dark brown, with a
darker line down back terminating in a white patch on rump and a
white tail. The tarsal patch was large, and consisted of close short
hair. A black spot occurred below each lower lip, uniting by a
central line with a similar spot on the chin. The animal had a wiry
active look, and, I was told, was a fine runner and jumper when out
of the enclosure.
“TI was convinced it was a new species, and sent home a descrip-
tion of it to the Secretary of this Society, in company with that of
Cervus kopschi from Kiukiang. Meanwhile, on learning the name of
the gentleman who was said to have procured it at Newchwang, I
sent to ascertain whether such an animal had been noticed at that
port. Noone knew any thing about it; and the gentleman himself
declared that he did not recollect the purchase. I feared then that
there might be some mistake, and that this specimen was merely an
individual variety of C. sika. I wrote this to the Secretary, and
begged him for the present to cancel my species.
“The other day I heard from my friend Mr. A. Michie, at
Shanghai, that he had been so fortunate as to procure two bucks of
the same Deer, which had just arrived in a ship from Tientsin, and
that he had at once shipped them for England in the steamer
‘Deucalion.’ One died on the passage ; the other arrived safe and
well, and has been acquired by the Society, in whose Gardens it is
now to be seen.”
4. Two males of the beautiful Falcated Teal (Querquedula falcata),
which arrived along with the Deer above mentioned, and are, I
believe, quite new to European collections.
A letter was read from Sir Henry Barkly, Corresponding Member,
dated Government House, Cape Town, January 26, 1874, stating
that he had obtained from Robben Island, in Mossel Bay, a pair of
young Eared Seals, Otaria pusilla, and proposed to send them to
the Society by the next Union Company’s steamer.
Sir Henry was also hoping to get an Elephant Seal (Morunga
proboscidea) from the Crozettes, having arranged with Professor
Wyville Thomson, who had proceeded there with the ‘ Challenger ’
Expedition, to endeavour to procure one, and send it up either alive
or dead.
As regards the White Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros simus), concerning
which the Secretary had been in correspondence with him, Sir Henry
almost despaired of getting one, on account of the vast distance in
the interior from which such an animal could now only be procured.
The following papers were read :—
1874.] MR. HUDSON ON THE MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 153
1. Notes on the Procreant Instincts of the three Species
of Molothrus found in Buenos Ayres. By W. H. Hup-
son, C.M.Z.S.
[Received January 9, 1874.]
About three years ago I wrote two letters to the Secretary on the
habits of the various species of the genus Molothrus found in this
country.. Since that time I have continued my observations on these
interesting birds, and have now great pleasure in submitting to the
Society the following notes regarding their procreant instincts.
I. “ Mistakes and imperfections” of the instinct of Molothrus
bonariensis.—1. The M. bonariensis frequently wastes its eggs by
dropping them upon the ground. 2. They also occasionally lay
eggs in old forsaken nests: this I had often observed; and, to make
assurance doubly sure, last summer I fixed several old nests up in
trees and bushes, and found that eggs were laid in them. 3. They
also frequently lay in nests where incubation has actually begun.
When this happens the egg of the M. bonariensis is lost if incuba-
tion is very far advanced ; but if the eggs have been sat on three
or four days only, then the parasitical egg has a good chance of
being hatched, and the young bird reared along with its foster-
brothers. I have often found nests of the Yellowbreast (Pseudo-
leistes virescens) and of the Scissor-tail (Milvulus violentus) contain-
ing fledged young of both species.
4. One female will often lay several eggs in the same nest, instead
of laying but one, as does, according to Wilson, the Molothrus pecoris
of North America. I conclude that this is the case from the fact
that in cases where the eggs of a species vary considerably in form,
size, and markings, each individual of the species lays eggs precisely
or nearly alike. So when I find two, three, or four eggs of the
M. bonariensis peculiar in form and size, also alike in coloration and
disposition of spots, in one nest, and yet, in half a hundred eggs out
of other nests, cannot find one to match with them, it is impossible
not to believe that the eggs found together, and possessing so strong
a family likeness, were laid by the same bird.
5. Several females often lay in one nest; so that the number of
eggs in it frequently makes incubation impossible. It occurred to
me this sammer (December 1572) to count the eggs of M. donari-
ensis in several nests, in order to ascertain the average number depo-
sited in each nest—thence the wasted eggs; for more than one bird
is seldom reared. I obtained ten nests of Milvulus violentus and
give the result (see page 154).
It is worthy of remark that the Milvulus lays in October or early
in November, and rears but one brood in the season; consequently
these ten nests, obtained late in December, are of birds whose first
nests had been lost. Probably three fourths of the lost nests of the
Milvulus are abandoned in consequence of the confusion caused in
them by the Molothrus bonariensis.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XI. 11
154 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
Nests of Mil- | woos in each Of Milvulus Of Molothrus
vulus violentus. Bee cae” violentus. bonariensis.
LStise da Secce eset 9 1 8
DUG rvosss cesses 3 3 0
STs eeraaceceoer 2 0 2
Athi xt wocsectees fi 2 5
AI eeanay iene) eos 3) 1 4
Gilorccsecssees 3 3 0
TA ease aoc OBA + 0 4
toy alge RReP Ee SICee 6 1 5
this vaeesdhogens 4+ 0 +
10th 4 1 3
47 12 35
Thus of forty-seven eggs found in ten nests thirty-five were para-
sitical !
6. The female M. bonariensis, and sometimes the male, destroy
many of the eggs in the nests they intrude into, by pecking holes in
the shells, breaking, devouring, or stealing them. This is the most
destructive habit of the bird, and is probably possessed by individuals
in different degrees; for sometimes one nest appears exempt whilst
others are completely ruined by it. I have often carefully examined
all the parasitical eggs in a nest, and after three or four days dis-
covered that these eggs had disappeared, others newly laid being
found in their places. The large number of Scissor-tails’ nests con-
taining no eggs of the Scissor-tail, even after incubation has began,
shows how many eggs must be removed or devoured; for the M.
bonariensis destroys indiscriminately the eggs of its own species and
those of others.
Il. Advantages of this instinct.—After a perusal of the preceding
note one might ask, If there is so much that is defective and
irregular in the reproduction of the M. bonariensis, how can the
species maintain its existence, and even increase to such an amazing
extent? for it is certainly more numerous, over an equal area, than
other parasitical species. For its being more abundant than other
species with analogous but apparently more perfect instincts, there
may be many reasons unknown to us. The rarer species may be less
hardy, have more enemies, be exposed to more perils in their long
migrations, &c. But for its being able to maintain its existence there
is a very obvious reason, viz. in the many circumstances giving its
ege and young an advantage over the eggs and young of the species
it is parasitical on. Some of these favourable circumstances are
derived from those very habits of the parent bird that at first sight
appear most defective; others from the character of the egg and
embryo, time of evolution, &e.
1. The egg of the M. bonariensis is usually larger, and almost
invariably (the one exception I know being the eggs of the Yellow-
breast) much harder-shelled than are the eggs with which it is
placed. Now the greater hardness of the shell of its own eggs
considered in relation to the destructive egg-breaking and -stealing
1874. } MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 155
habits of the bird, gives its own egg the best chance of being pre-
served ; for though the Molothrus never distinguishes its own eggs,
of which indeed it destroys many, those with soft shells have the
poorest chance of being preserved whenever several in the nest are
indiscriminately broken.
2. The vitality or tenacity of life appears greater in the embryo
M. bonariensis than in other Species; this circumstance also, in
its relation to the egg-breaking habit and to the habit of laying many
eggs in a nest, gives it a further advantage. I have examined nests
of the Scissor-tail containing a large number of eggs, after incu-
bation had began, and have been surprised at finding all the eges
of the Scissor-tail addled, even when they were placed most advan-
tageously in the nest for receiving the heat of the sitting bird ; whilst
those of the M. bonariensis contained living embryos, even when
under all the other eggs, and, as frequently happens, glued im-
movably to the nest by the matter of broken eggs spilt over them
before incubation had commenced.
3. The comparatively short time the embryo takes to hatch gives
it another and a great advantage ; for, whereas the eges of other
small birds require to be sat on from fourteen to sixteen days, that
of M. bonariensis hatches in eleven days and a half from the moment
incubation commences; so that when the female VM. bonariensis
makes so great a mistake as to lay an egg with others that haye
already been sat on, if incubation is not far advanced, her ege
has still a chance of being hatched before or contemporaneously
with the others ; but even if the others hatch before it, the extreme
hardiness of the embryo serves to keep it alive with the modicum
of heat which it still receives from the foster-bird.
4. Whenever the UW. éonariensis is hatched together with the
young of its foster-parents, if these are smaller than the parasite
(and in most cases they are smaller), soon after exclusion from the
shell they disappear, and the young M. bonariensis remains sole occu-
pant of the nest. How the latter succeeds in expelling or destroying
them, if he indeed does destroy them, I have not been able to learn.
To all these circumstances favourable to the M. bonariensis may
be added another of equal or greater importance. The M. bonarien-
sis never being engaged with the dilatory and exhaustive process of
rearing its own young, and for this reason continuing in better con-
dition than other birds, and moreover being gregarious and practising
promiscuous sexual intercourse, must lay a vastly greater number of
eggs than other species. In our domestic fowls we see that hens
that never become broody frequently lay many dozens of eggs more
in a season thar others. Some of our small birds rear two, others
but one brood in a season—building, incubation, and tending the
young taking up much time, so that they are usually from two to three
months anda half employed. But the M. bonariensis is like the fowl
that never incubates, and continues dropping eggs over four months
and ahalf. From the beginning of September till the end of J anuary
the males are seen incessantly wooing the females; and during most
of this time the eggs are found. I find that small birds will, if de-
is
156 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
prived repeatedly of their nests, lay and even hatch four times in the
season, thus laying, if the full complement be four, sixteen eggs.
Probably the M. bonariensis lays at least twice (perhaps four times)
that number. Before dismissing the subject of the advantages this
species possesses over those that are its dupes, and of the real or
apparent defects of its instinct, some attention should be given to
another circumstance, viz. the new conditions introduced by civi-
lized man, and their effect on the species. The effect of these altered
conditions has been to make the species more numerous, and, by the
removal of certain extraneous checks, to increase excessively those
irregularities that must be concomitants of a parasitical instinct like
that of this Molothrus.
The procreant habits of M. bonariensis do in reality appear
different in wild regions (where they were formed) from what they
do in cultivated ones. In the former the birds are much rarer ; and
it is, in such regions, an uncommon thing to find its eggs, and nests
are there probably never overburdened with them, But in cultivated
regions the birds congregate in orchards and plantations in great
numbers, and avail themselves of all the nests, ill concealed as they
must ever be in the clean and open-foliaged trees planted by man.
III. Diversity in colour of eggs.—An extraordinary circumstance
in connexion with the reproduction of M. bonariensis is the diver-
sity in the coloration of its eggs; I have heard of no other species
laying eggs so varied. Perhaps as many as half the eggs, or nearly
half, are pure unspotted white, like the eggs of most birds that lay in
dark holes. Others there are sparsely marked with such exceedingly
smooth specks of pale pink or grey, as to appear quite spotless until
very closely examined. After the entirely white, the most common
variety isan egg with white ground thickly and uniformly spotted or
blotched with red. Perhaps the rarest variety is an egg entirely of a
fine deep red. But between this lovely marbled egg and the white one
with almost imperceptible specks, there is an infinite number of
varieties; for there is no such thing as “ certain characteristic mark-
ings” in the egys of this species, though, as I have already in-
ferred, the eggs of the same individuals closely resemble each other. I
will mention two more of the beautiful varieties :—one pure white
with a few large or variously sized chocolate spots ; another, not
uncommon, with a very pale flesh-coloured ground, thickly and
uniformly marked with fine characters, that appear as if inscribed on
the shell with a pen.
This summer (1872-3) I have found five nests of the Yellow-
breast (Pseudoleistes virescens). The first three nests were abandoned
soon after being completed, owing to the confusion caused by the
M. bonariensis, that began laying and breaking eggs in the nests
before the Yellowbreast had laid any. The fourth nest was in a
cardoon bush, and contained nine eggs, four of the Yellowbreast
and five of the M. bonariensis: two of the parasitical eggs were
pure white; the others were mottled. The fifth nest, also in a
cardoon bush, contained five eggs—two of the Yellowbreast, and three
parasitical. These three were of the variety most thickly mottled
1874.] MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 157
with red and consequently closely resembling the eggs of the Yellow-
breast. I was surprised to find five more eggs of M. bonariensis
on the ground, near together and about three feet from the bush ;
these five eggs were all pure white and spotless. Naturally I asked,
How came these eggs on the ground? They had not fallen from the
nest, which was very deep; this one contained few eggs, and was
scarcely 30 inches from the ground. Then they were all white, while
those in the nest were mottled. That the eggs had been laid in the
nest I was quite sure; and the only way | can account for their
being in the place I found them, is that the Yellowbreast itself
removed them, taking them up in the bill and flying to the ground.
If Iam right we must believe that this individual Yellowbreast
had strongly developed an instinct unusual to the species, by which
it is able to distinguish, and cast out of its nest, eggs very different
from its own—an instinct, in fact, the object of which would be to
counteract the parasitical instinct of the Molothrus. What would
be the effect of such an instinct should the species acquire it ?
Doubtless it would be very prejudiciai to all the parasitical birds
that laid white eggs, but those that laid mottled eggs would be
preserved. This would be natural selection operating in a very
unusual manner; for the Yellowbreast, or other species, would im-
prove another to its own detriment, because the more the parasitical
eges resembled its own the better chance would they have of being
preserved. But, it may be added, if besides the Yellowbreast
some one other species laying very different eggs (a Zonotrichia or
Tyrannus for instance) should also acquire this distinguishing- habit
and eject all eggs differing greatly from its own from its nest, the
instinct in two species would ultimately cause the extermination of
the parasite. Some light might be thrown on this obscure subject
by examining for two or three summers a large number of nests, to
ascertain if the nests of the Yellowbreast are often found without
any white eggs, or if the same proportional number of white (para-
sitical) eggs are found in the nests of the Yellowbreast, Scissor-tail,
Sturnella, and other species.
IV. Habits of young M. bonariensis.—Little birds of all species
when just hatched closely resemble each other; after they are
fledged the resemblance is less, but still comparatively great; grey
interspersed with brown is the colour of most of them, or at least of
the upper exposed plumage. There is also a great similarity in their
cries of hunger and fear—shrill, querulous, prolonged, and usually
tremulous notes. It is not to be wondered at, then, that the foster-
parents of the young M. bonariensis so readily respond to its cries,
understanding the various expressions denoting hunger, fear, or pain,
as well as when uttered by their own offspring. But the young
Molothrus never understands the language of its foster-parents as
other young birds understand the language of their real parents,
springing up to receive food when summoned, and concealing them-
selves or striving to escape when the warning note is given. Again
the young Molothrus does not learn to distinguish, even by sight,
its foster-parents from any other bird approaching the nest. It gene-
158 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE | Mar. 3,
rally manifests no fear even at a large object. On thrusting my fingers
into any nest, I find the young birds, if still blind or but recently
hatched, will hold up and open their mouths expecting food; but in
a very few days they learn to distinguish between their parents and
other objects approaching them, and to show alarm even when
not warned of danger. Consider the different behaviour of three
species that seldom or never warn their offspring of danger. The
young of Synallacis spivii, though in a deep domed nest, will throw
itself to the ground, attempting thus to make itsescape. The young
of Mimus patagonicus sits close and motionless with closed eyes
mimicking death. The young of our Dove, even before it is fledged,
will swell itself up and strike angrily at the intruder with beak and
wings; and by making so brave a show of its inefficient weapons it
probably often saves itself from destruction. But any thing approach-
ing the young Molothrus is weleomed with fluttering wings and
clamorous cries, as if all creatures were expected to minister to its
necessities.
December 24, 1872.—To-day I found a young Molothrus in the
nest of Spermophila ornata ; he cried for food on seeing my hand
approach the nest; I took him out and dropped him down, when,
finding himself on the ground, he immediately made off, half-flying.
After a hard chase I succeeded in recapturing him, and began to twirl
him about, making him scream so as to inform his foster-parents
of his situation; for they were not by at the moment. I then put
him back in, or rather upon, the little cradle of a nest, and plucked
half a dozen large measure-worms from an adjacent twig. The worms
I handed to the bird as I drew them from the cases ; and with great
greediness he devoured them all, notwithstanding the ill-treatment he
had just received, and utterly disregarding the wild excited cries of
his foster-parents, just arrived and hovering within three or four feet
of the nest.
Last summer (1871-2) I noticed a young M. bonariensis in a
stubble-field, perched on the top ofa slender dry stalk; as it was
clamouring at short intervals, I waited to see what bird would come
to it. It proved to be the diminutive Polioptila dumicola; and I was
much amused to see the little thing fly directly to its great foster-
offspring and, alighting on its back, drop a worm into the upturned
open mouth. After remaining a moment on its singular perch the
Polioptila flew away, but in less than half a minute returned and
perched again on the young bird’s back. I continued watching them
until the Molothrus flew off, but not before I had seen him feed seven
or eight times in the same manner.
In the two foregoing anecdotes may be seen the peculiar habits
of the young M. bonariensis. As the nests in which it is hatched,
from those of the little Serpophaga and Wren to those of Mimus,
vary so much in size and materials, and are placed in such different
situations, the young I. bonariensis must have in most of them a
somewhat incongruous appearance. But in the habits of the young
bird is the greatest incongruity or inadaptation. When the nest is
in a close thicket or forest, though much too small for the bird, and
1874. ] MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 159
although the bird itself cannot understand its foster-parents, and
welcomes all things that, whether with good or evil design, come
near it, the unfitness is not so apparent as when the nest is in open
fields and plains.
The young J. bonariensis differs from the true offspring of its foster-
parents in its habit of quitting the nest as soon as it is able, trying
to follow the old bird, and placing itself in the most conspicuous
place it can find, such as the summit of a stalk or weed, and there
demanding food with frequent and importunate cries. Thus the
little Polioptila had acquired the habit of perching on the back of its
charge to feed it, because parent birds invariably perch above their
young to feed them ; and the young JZ. bonariensis prevented this by
always sitting on the summit of the stalk it perched on. The habit
is most fatal on the open and closely cropped pampas inhabited by
the Cachila (dnthus correndera). In December, when the Cachila
rears its second brood, the Milvago chimango also has young, and
feeds them almost exclusively on the young of other, chiefly small,
birds. At this season the Chimango destroys great numbers of the
young of the Cachila and of Anumbius rufigularis. Yet these birds
are beautifully adapted in structure, coloration, and habits to their
station. It thus happens that in districts where the Molothrus is
abundant, their eggs are found in a majority of the Cachilas’ nests :
and yet to find here a young M. bonariensis out of the nest is a rare
thing ; for as soon as they are able to quit the nest and expose them-
selves they are all or nearly all carried away by the Chimango.
V. Nidification of Molothrus badius.—A pair of Lejateros
(Anumbius acuticaudatus) have been nearly all the winter building a
great nest on a locust-tree within sixty yards of the house. This nest
is about 27 inches deep and 16 or 18 in circumference, and appears
now nearly completed. ‘To-day (September 28, 1872) I saw a bay-
winged JMolothrus on the nest; it climbed about it, deliberately in-
specting every part, taking up and rearranging some sticks and
throwing others down. Whilst thus engaged, two Blackbirds (JZ.
bonariensis), male and female, came to the tree; the female dropped
into the nest, and began also to examine it, peering curiously into the
entrance and quarrelling with the first bird. After a few minutes she
flew off followed by her consort. The Bay-wing continued its strange
futile work until the owners of the nest appeared, whereupon it hopped
leisurely to one side, sung for a few moments, and then flew away.
The similarity in the behaviour of the two birds struck me very
forcibly ; in the great interest they take in the nests of other birds,
especially in large covered nests, the two species are identical. But
when the breeding-season has come their habits begin to diverge:
then the M. donariensis lays in nests of other species, abandon-
ing its eggs to their care; whilst the Bay-wings usually seize on
the nests of other birds, and rear their own young. Yet, as they
do occasionally build a neat elaborate nest for themselves, the habit
of taking possession of nests of other birds is probably recently
acquired ; probably also its tendency is to eradicate the primitive
building-instinct,
160 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
October 8, 1872.—This morning, whilst reading under a tree, my
attention was attracted by a shrill note, as of a bird in distress, issuing
from the Lefatero’s nest ; after having heard it repeated at intervals
for more than twenty minutes I went to ascertain the cause. The
Bay-wings flew up from the ground under the nest ; and on searching
in the rank clover that grew under the tree I discovered the female
Lenatero with plumage wet and draggled, tumbling and appearing
half dead with the rough treatment she had experienced. I put her
in the sun ; and in about half an hour’s time, hearing her mate calling,
she managed to flutter feebly away and joined him. The persecutors
had evidently dragged her from the nest, and probably would have
killed her had I not come so opportunely to the rescue. Since
writing the above I have watched the nest every day. Both the Bay-
wings and Lenateros had left it ; within a week’s time the owners of
the nest returned and resumed possession. Three or four days
afterwards the Bay-wings also came back; but on finding the nest
still occupied they took possession of an unfinished oven of the
Oven-bird on a separate tree within twenty yards of the nest, and
immediately began carrying in materials to line it with. After
having left them time sufficient to finish laying, 1 took their five eggs,
at the same time throwing down the oven, and waited to see what
the next move would be. They remained on the spot singing inces-
santly and manifesting anxiety when approached. I observed them
four days, and was then away from home as many more; on return-
ing I found the Lefateros had disappeared and their great nest was
again held by the Bay-wings. I also noticed that the latter had opened
an entrance at the side of the nest and near the bottom; for the
receptacle of the eggs is placed at the lower extremity, and is reached
by a narrow covered passage from the top. It was now about the
end of October, the height of the breeding-season, and numbers of
Blackbirds constantly visited the nest; but I was particularly in-
terested ina pair of the MW. rufoazillaris that had also begun to
grow fond of this nest, the theatre of so much contention, and I
resolved to watch these birds very closely. As these last birds
spent so much of their time near the nest, showing great solicitude
whenever I approached it, I thought perhaps they would take
possession and breed in it could the Bay-wings be driven out. I
therefore waited patiently, giving the Bay-wings time to lay the full
complement of eggs; for I did not wish to shoot them, and believed
that when they found themselves deprived a second time of their eggs
they would certainly decamp.
In a few weeks time I climbed to the nest, and found, very much to
my astonishment, ten eggs, instead of four or five as I had confidently
expected. All these eggs were of the Bay-wings, and I concluded
that the two females were laying together ; for, as I said in a former
communication on the subject, more than one female will sometimes
lay in the same nest. After taking the ten eggs the Bay-wings still
remained; and I observed them a great deal, but could never see
more than one pair about the nest. The next time I climbed to the
nest it contained five eggs; these I also took, and thought that the
1874. ] MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 161
bird that laid the additional five eggs before had gone away on find-
ing herself robbed. The birds still remained ; and when I had reason
to believe that they had commenced to lay the fourth time, I visited
the nest and found two eggs in it ; I left them, and returned in three
days expecting to find five eggs, but found seven! Certainly more
than one female had on this occasion laid in the nest. I have in-
vented several theories to account for the additional eggs ; but they
are not satisfactory, and it is useless to record conjectures. After
taking the last eggs, the Bay-wings left ; and though the Molothri ru-
JSoazillares continued to make rather frequent visits to the nest, to my
great disappointment they did not lay init. Last summer (1871-2) I
found one nest of the Bay-wings ; it was deep and nicely made of long
dry grass and fibrous roots. All the other pairs I observed bred in
nests of other birds, most of them in Lenateros’ nests. This summer
(1872-73) all the pairs of Bay-wings I have observed have laid in
the nests taken from other birds.
VI. Habits of Molotbrus rufoaxillaris—This species is by no
means rare, though not so abundant as the others ; probably its close
resemblance to the I. donariensis kept it so long unknown to orni-
thologists. Like the IZ. badius, it remains with us the whole year.
The MM. rufoavillaris is never seen alone; nor are they strictly
gregarious, but in winter go in parties never exceeding five or six in
number. One of its most noteworthy traits is an exaggerated hurry
and bustle it throws into allits movements. When passing from one
branch to another it goes by a series of violent jerks, smiting its
wings loudly together ; and when a party of them return from the
fields they rush wildly and screaming to the trees, as if pursued by a
Falcon. Their language is as abrupt as are their motions. They are
not singing birds ; but the male sometimes, though rarely, attempts a
song, and utters, with considerable effort, a few brief and unmelodious
notes. The chirp with which he invites his mate to fly has the sound
of a loud aud smartly given kiss. His warning or alarm note when
approached in the breeding-season has a soft and pleasing sound ; it
is his only mellow expression. This most common as well as re-
markable vocal performance is a cry beginning with a hollow-sound-
ing internal note, and swelling into a sharp metallic ring ; it is uttered
with tail and wings spread and depressed, the whole plumage raised
like that of a strutting turkey-cock, whilst the bird hops briskly up
and down on its perch as if dancing. From its manner of puffing
itself out, and from the peculiar nature of the sound it produces, I
believe that, like the Pigeon and other species, it has the faculty of
filling its crop with air, using it as a “chamber of resonance.” The
note I have described is quickly and invariably followed by a scream,
harsh and impetuous, uttered by the female, though both notes always
sound as if proceeding from one bird. Frequently, when the flock is
on the wing, these screaming notes without the prelude are uttered
by all the birds in concert. The plumage of this species has a strong
musky smell ; the cesophagus is remarkably wide. It lives almost
exclusively on seed; but sometimes a large caterpillar or spider is
also found in the stomach.
162 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
VII. The M. rufoaxillaris is parasitical on the M. badius.—
April 12, 1873.—To-day I have made a discovery, and am as pleased
with it as if I had found a new planet in the sky. The mystery of
the Bay-wings’ nest twice found containing over the usual comple-
ment of eggs is cleared up, and I have now suddenly become
acquainted with the procreant instinct of M. rufoazillaris. I esteem
it a great piece of good fortune; for I had thought that the season
for making any such discovery was already over, so near are we now
to winter. The Bay-wings are so social in their habits, that they
appear reluctantly to break up their companies in the breeding-
season ; no sooner is this over, and when the young birds are still
fed by their parents, than all the families about a plantation unite
into one flock. About a month ago all the birds about my trees had
associated in this way together, and wandered about in a scattered
party, frequenting one favourite spot very much, about fifteen
minutes’ walk from the house. The flock was composed, I think, of
three families, about fifteen or sixteen birds in all: the young birds
are indistinguishable from the adults; but I know that most of these
birds were young hatched late in the season, from their incessant
strident hunger-notes. From the time of my first seeing them
together before the middle of March, I never observed the flock
closely till to-day. A week ago I rode past the flock and noticed
among them three birds with purple spots on their plumage. They
were at a distance from me; and I of course concluded that they
were young of JZ. bonariensis casually associating with the Bay-
wings. It surprised me very much at the time; for the young male
M. bonariensis always acquires the purple plumage before March.
To-day while out with my gun I came upon the flock and observed
four of the birds assuming the deep-purple plumage, two of them
being almost entirely that colour; but I also noticed with astonish-
ment that they had bay wings like the birds they followed, also that
those that had least purple on them were marvellously like the Bay-
wings in the mouse-coloured plumage and blackish-brown tail. I
had seen these very birds a few weeks ago and before the purple
plumage was acquired, and there was not the slightest difference
amongst them; now they appeared to be undergoing the process of
a transmutation into another species!’ I immediately shot four of
them along with two genuine Bay-wings, and was delighted to find
the purple-spotted birds to be the young of M. rufoazillaris.
I must now believe that the extra eggs twice found in the nest of
the Bay-wings were those of M. rufoasillaris, that the latter species
has a particular predilection for laying in the nests of the former,
that the eggs of the two species are identical in form, size, and
coloration, and that, stranger still, the mimicry is as perfect in the
young birds as in the eggs.
The I. rufoaxillaris is the fourth Molothrus with the procreant
habits of which we are now acquainted ; for besides the three Buenos-
Ayrean and the single North-American species, I know not that the
habits of any others have been ascertained. There is a network of
affinities in the nesting-habits, colour of plumage and the changes it
1874. | MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 163
undergoes, and in the peculiar language and gestures of these four
species that is complex enough ; but the complexity will probably be
much increased when we become familiar with the instincts of the
other members of the genus. We may wait to hear something out
of the common in their nesting-habits, as confidently as we expect
to find pale green eggs in the nest of a Coceyzus or feathers in the
stomach of a Grebe.
April 15, 1873.—This morning I started in quest of the Bay-wings.
As soon as I got near them (for they were in the usual place) I ob-
served one bird, that had somehow escaped detection the day before,
assuming the purple plumage. This bird I shot ; and after the flock
had resettled a short distance off, I crept close up to them under the
shelter of a hedge to observe them more narrowly. One of the
adults was closely attended by three young birds ; and they all, whilst
I observed them, fluttered their wings and clamoured for food each
time the parent bird stirred on her perch. One of the three young
birds was spotted with purple; and this bird I brought down, together
with its foster-parent and one of its foster-brothers. These last two
specimens (for I could see no more) were more interesting than the
others I had obtained, as they had fewer purple feathers ; and it may
be seen in them how closely at first these birds resemble their foster-
brothers the young of MZ, badius. The hunger-cry of the young
AL. badius is quite different from that of the young IL. bonariensis.
The cry of the latter is a shrill two-syllabled note, the last syllable
being lengthened out into a continuous squeal when the foster-
parent approaches to feed it. The hunger-cry of the young
MM. badius is short, somewhat. strident, tremulous, and unin-
flected. The resemblance of the young JZ. rufoaxillaris to its
foster-brothers in language and plumage is the more remarkable
when we reflect that the adult Jf. rufoazillaris in all its habits,
gestures, and notes, as well as in its purple plumage, comes vastly
nearer to MW. bonariensis than to W. badius. It seems impossible
for mimicry to go further than this. A slight difference in size is
quite imperceptable when the birds are flying about ; but in language
and plumage the keenest ornithologist would not detect a differ-
ence. But it may be questioned whether this is in reality a case of
an external resemblance of one species to another acquired by natural
selection for its better preservation. Is it not as reasonable to be-
lieve that the young of WZ. rufoavillaris in the first stage of its
plumage exhibits the ancestral type (that of the progenitor of both
species), that it has not supplanted the unvatying and consequently
unimproved descendants (JZ. badius), simply because its elective
parasitical instinct has made its existence dependent on that species ?
Did the MW. badius belong to some other group, Sturnella or Pseudo-
leistes for instance, it would not then be possible to doubt that the
resemblance of the young JZ. rufoavillaris to its foster-brothers
resulted from mimicry ; but as the two species belong to the limited
group MJolothrus the resemblance might be ascribed to community
of descent.
VIII. Probably Molothrus badius always hatches its own eggs.
164 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE | Mar. 3,
—Formerly I believed that though the IZ. éadius is constantly
observed to nidificate, they also occasionally dropped their eggs in the
nests of other birds (see P. Z. S. 1870, p. 671). I could not doubt
that this was the case after having seen a couple of their young fol-
lowing a Yellowbreast and being fed by it. But later and more
careful observations, together with the discovery I have just recorded,
have made me alter my opinion. What then appeared to be proof
positive is now no proof at all; the young birds I observed were
erhaps those of MW. rufoazillaris. Indeed it is much more proba-
ble that they should have belonged to this than to the other species,
since the Bay-wings are constantly seen to rear their own young,
whereas I have never found a nest of IZ. rufoaxillaris, and believe
they are altogether parasitical.
IX. Reasons for believing that the M. rufoaxillaris is parasitical
almost exclusively on M. badius.—I have spoken of the many
yarieties of eggs M. bonariensis lays. Those of the M. badius
are a trifle less in size, in form elliptical, very thickly and uni-
formly marked with small spots and blotches of dark reddish
colour varying to dusky brown; the ground-colour is white, but
sometimes, though rarely, a very pale blue. It is not possible to
confound the eggs of the two species M. donariensis and M. badius.
Now, ever since I saw, many years ago, the Yellowbreast already
mentioned tending the young Bay-wings, I have looked out for the
eggs of the latter species in other birds’ nests. I have found many
hundreds of nests containing eggs of M. donariensis, but never one
with an egg of M. badius, and, [ may now add, never with an egg of
M. rufoaxillaris. It is wonderful that M. rufoawillaris should lay
only in the nests of M. dadius ; but the most mysterious thing is
that M. bonariensis, which apparently lays in as many nests as
ever it can find, never, to my knowledge, drops an egg in the nest of
M. badius! It will be hard for naturalists to believe this; for if
the M. badius is so excessively vigilant and jealous of all other birds
approaching its nest as to succeed in keeping out the subtle, silent,
grey-plumaged, ever-present M. Gonariensis, why does it not also
keep off the rarer, noisy, bustling, rich-plumaged M. rufoazillaris?
But this bird may enter the nest forcibly. The M. dadius may also
possess sagacity sufficient to distinguish the eggs of M. bonariensis
from its own and cast them out of the nest. This point must remain
unsettled.
X. Comparative perfection of the parasitical instinct of Molothrus
rufoaxillaris.—It is with a considerable degree of repugnance that we
regard the parasitical instinct in birds: the reason it excites such a
sensation is manifestly because it presents itself to the mind, in the
words of a naturalist who lived a hundred years ago and believed the
Cuckoo had. been created with such a habit, as “‘a monstrous outrage
on the maternal affection, one of the first great dictates of nature ””—
an outrage, since each creature has been endowed with the all-powerful
affection for the preservation of its own, and not another, species ;
and here we see it by a subtile process, an unconscious iniquity,
turned from its original purpose, perverted, and made subservient to
1874.] MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 165
the very opposing agency against which it was intended as a safe-
guard! The formation of such an instinct seems indeed like an un-
forseen contingency in the system of nature, a malady strengthened,
if not induced, by the very laws established for the preservation of
health, and which the vis medicatrix of nature is incapable of elimi-
nating. Again, the egg of a parasitical species is generally so much
larger, differing also in coloration from the eggs it is placed with,
whilst there is such an unvarying dissimilarity between the young
bird and its living or murdered foster-brothers, that, unreasoning
as we know instinct, and especially the maternal instinct, is, we
are shocked at so glaring and flagrant an instance of its blind stu-
pidity. In the competition for place, the struggle for existence,
said with reason to be most deadly between such species as are most
nearly allied, the operations are imperceptible, the changes so gra-
dual, that the diminution and final disappearance of one species is
never attributed to a corresponding increase in another more favoured
species over the same region. It is not as if the regnant species had
invaded and seized on the province of another, but appears rather as
if they had quietly entered on the possession of an inheritance that
was theirs by right.
Mighty as are the results worked out by such a process, it is only
by a somewhat strained metaphor that it can be called a struggle.
But even when the war is open and declared, as between a raptorial
species and its victims, the former is manifestly driven by necessity.
And in this case the species preyed on are endowed with peculiar saga-
city to escape its persecutions ; so that the war is not one of extermi-
nation, but, as in a border war, the invader is satisfied with carrying
off the weak and unwary stragglers. Thus the open, declared enmity
is in reality beneficial to a species; for it is sure to cut off all such
individuals as might cause its degeneration. But we can conceive no
necessity for such a fatal instinct as that of the Cuckoo and Molo-
thrus, destructive to such myriads of lives in their beginning. And
inasmuch as their preservation is inimical to the species on which
they are parasitical, there must also here be a struggle. But what
kind of struggle? Not as in other species, where one perishes in the
combat that gives greater strength to the victor, but an anomalous
struggle in which one of the combatants has made his adversary turn
his weapons against himself, aud so seems to have an infinite advan-
tage. It is impossible for him to suffer defeat ; and yet, to follow out
the metaphor, he has so wormed about and interlaced himself with his
opponent that as soon as he succeeds in overcoming him he also must
inevitably perish. Such a result is perhaps impossible, as there are
sO many causes operating to check the undue increase of any one
species ; consequently the struggle, unequal as it appears, must con-
tinue for ever. Thus, however we view the parasitical habit, it
appears cruel, treacherous, and vicious in the highest degree. But
should we attempt to mentally create a perfect parasitical instinct
(that is, one that would be thoroughly efficient with the least pos-
sible prejudice for or injustice towards another species ; for the pre-
servation of the species on which the parasite is dependant is neces-
166 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
sary to its own), by combining in imagination all known parasitical
habits, eliminating every offensive quality or circumstance, and at-
tributing such others in their place as we should think fit, our con-
ception would probably fall far short in simplicity, beauty, and com-
pleteness to the real instinct of the M. rufoavillaris. Instead of
laying its eggs promiscously in every receptacle that offers, it selects
the nest of a single species ; so that its selective instinct is related to the
adaptive resemblance in its eggs and young to those of the species on
which it is parasitical. Such an adaptive resemblance could not exist
if it laid its eggs in the nests of other species, and it is certainly a
circumstance eminently favourable to preservation. Then, there not
being any such incongruity and unfitness as we find in nests into which
other parasitical species intrude, there is no reason here to regard
the foster-parent’s affection as blind and stupid; the similarity is
close enough to baffle the keenest sagacity. Nor can the instinct
here appear in the light of an outrage on the maternal affection ;
for the young M. rufoazillaris apparently possesses no superiority
over his foster-brothers. He is not endowed with greater strength
and voracity to monopolize the attentions of the foster-parents and
to eject or otherwise destroy the real offspring; but being in every
particular precisely like them, he has only an equal chance of being
preserved. What the most philosophical of naturalists has remarked
concerning the architecture of the hive-bee may be applied to this
parasitical instinct :—‘‘ Beyond this stage of perfection natural selec-
tion could not lead ;” for it seems absolutely perfect.
XI. Occasional aberrant procreant habits.—When considering
the parasitical procreant habits of birds, every irregularity in
the breeding-habits of other species becomes interesting. I there-
fore introduce a note on the occasional habit of wasting eggs
of some species, and of more than one female laying in the same
nest. The Dolothrus bonariensis wastes many eggs; so also do our
two species of Rhea; but in the former the parasitical habit is the
immediate cause of the occasional habit. Birds that build and ob-
serve seasons in laying do not finish their nests precisely at the time
when they are ready to drop their eggs, but some little time, often
two or three or more days, beforehand ; if the nest is destroyed, the
growth of the ova is arrested till a new nest is completed. Every
summer we see here pairs of parasitical Martins (Progne tapera)
breeding in November ; these birds have succeeded, immediately after
arriving, in possessing themselves of ovens of the Furnarii, in which
alone they breed; but in all the birds that have failed in their
attacks on the Oven-birds and do not breed till December and
January, the ova, though large, are in abeyance, and only become
fully developed when the birds have seized on the ovens about which
they have been long fluttering.
This beautiful provision is not necessary in the Molothrus ; indeed
it is obvious that it would prove fatal to the species in a few genera-
tions did they possess it. Only when the egg is already in the ovi-
duct and the time for its exclusion approaches, the bird begins to look
about for a receptacle ; its failing to find one, or its being repulsed
1874. | MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 167
from it when found, is a contingency for which no provision has
been made; consequently the egg is wasted. In the Rheas all the
females in a flock lay in one nest, a male incubating the eggs after-
wards. But as each bird lays a large number of eggs, and as they
do not begin laying at the same time, long before they have all
done laying the male becomes broody and drives them away. This
is probably the cause of their wasting so many eggs; for all the
females that are ready to lay when the male begins to incubate are
compelled to drop them upon the plain. But how can we account for
the habit of occasionally wasting eggs in another species—the Urraca
(Cyanocoraz pileatus) for example ; for this bird builds an elaborate
nest in which but one female lays? In a paper on the habits of this
species (P. Z.S. 1870, p. 749) I said that they sometimes built such
frail nests that all the eggs dropped through them ; but I did not then
know that they also wasted a surprising number of eggs. A flock of
about sixteen of these birds passed the winter of 1872 in thetrees about
my house ; on the approach of warm weather they began to scatter,
incessantly screaming and chattering as their manner is when about
to pair and breed. I observed these birds very attentively, but could
not detect them building. At last I found three broken eggs on the
ground, and on examining the tree overhead discovered an incipient
nest, merely a dozen or so of little sticks laid crossways, upon, or
rather through, which the eggs had been dropped. This was in
October; and till January no other attempt at a nest was made ; but
eggs in abundance were wasted, for during four months I con-
stantly found them about the orchard. Early in January another
nest was made, but with less materials than a Cuckoo would have
employed ; five or six smashed eggs were on the ground beneath it.
Towards the end of January two large nests were built, deep and
well-lined with green leaves ; in these nests fourteen or fifteen birds
were hatched. In this case we see one essential link in the chain
of procreant instincts struck out and the whole made abortive ;
but the cause of the loss or suspension for a time of the architectural
habit seems very mysterious.
Besides the Rhea, I know of no species in which two or several
females unite habitually to lay in one nest ; but there are many spe-
cies in which two or more females occasionally lay together. This
is often the case with Dendrocygna fulva, Vanellus cayennensis, and
Nothura maculosa. I can give but one case of two birds of different
species laying together: this was the Teal (Querquedula flavirostris)
and the common Partridge or Tinamou (Nothura maculosa). The
nest was in a thistle-bush ata distance from the water, and contained
the full complement of eggs of both birds.
XII. Conjectures as to the origin of the parasitic instinct in M. bo-
nariensis.—The assertion that the “immediate and final cause of the
Cuckoo’s instinct is that she lays her eggs not daily, but at intervals of
two or three days”’ (‘ Origin of Species’), carries no great appearance
of probability with it ; for might it not just as reasonably be said that
the parasitic instinct is the immediate and final cause of her laying
her eges at long intervals? If it is favourable to a species with the
168 MR, W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
instinct of the Cuckoo (and it probably is favourable) to lay eggs at
longer intervals than other species, then natural selection would avail
itself of every modification in the reproductive organs that tended to
produce such a result, and make the improved structure permanent.
It is said (‘ Origin of Species,’ chapter on instinct) that the American
Cuckoo lays also at long intervals, and has eggs and young at the
same time in its nest, a circumstance manifestly disadvantageous.
Of the Coccyzus melanocoryphus, the only one of our three Cuckoos
whose nesting-habits I am acquainted with, I can say that it never
begins to incubate till the full complement of eggs are laid—that its
young are hatched simultaneously. But if it is sought to trace the
origin of the European Cuckoo’s instinct in the nesting-habits of
American Coccyzi, it might be attributed not to the aberrant habit
of perhaps a single species, but to another and more disadvantageous
habit common to the entire genus, viz. their habit of building exceed-
ingly frail platform nests from which the eggs and young very fre-
quently fall. By occasionally dropping an egg in the deep secure
nest of some other bird, an advantage would be possessed by the
birds hatched in them, and in them the habit would perhaps become
hereditary. Be this as it may (and the one guess is perhaps as wide
of the truth as the other), there are many genera intermediate be-
tween Cuculus and Molothrus in which no trace of a parasitic habit
appears ; and it seems more than probable that the analogous instinct
originated in different ways in the two genera. As regards the origin
of the instinct in Molothrus, it will perhaps seem premature to found
speculations on the few facts here recorded, and before we are
acquainted with the habits of other members of the genus. That a
species should totally lose so universal an instinct as the maternal one
and yet avail itself of that affection in other species to propagate
itself, seems a great mystery. Nevertheless I cannot refrain from
all conjecture on the subject, and will go so far as to suggest what
may have been at least one of the many concurrent causes that have
produced the parasitic instinct. The apparently transitional nest-
ing-habits of several species, and one remarkable habit of M. bonari-
ensis, seem to me to throw some light on a point bearing intimately
on the subject, viz. the loss of the nest-making instinct in this spe-
cies. The hypothesis will perhaps be considered very fine-spun
indeed ; nevertheless, when a larger body of facts have been got
together, it may be of some use to future inquirers ; the facts here
adduced will also have their value.
Instincts vary greatly. It would be almost a truism to say that
were it not so they would not be so well adapted to external condi-
tions as we find them, unless the conditions themselves were un-
varying, which is not the case; for whilst a species is well adapted
to its station in its instincts or inherited habits, it is frequently not
so well adapted to them in its relatively inimitable structure. Thus
we have in Buenos Ayres a Zringa that avoids the wet, and has all
the habits of a strictly upland Plover, a Sparrow (Ammodromus ma-
nimbé) with the manners of a reed-loving Synallawis, likewise a
Tyrant (Pitangus bellicosus) that in winter subsists chiefly on mice
1874. ] MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 169
when they are abundant. It hovers over the grass, and pounces hawk-
like on its prey; but this does not suffice, the mouse being too large
to be swallowed entire and the bird’s bill too straight and weak to
tear it in pieces. To remedy this defect or want of structural adap-
tation to its requirements, it has acquired a supplementary habit,
and, carrying its prey to a tree and dexterously swinging it by its
hind feet or tail, beats it with violence against a branch until it is
bruised into a soft pulp. But however much the instincts of a
species may have become altered—the habits of a species being
widely different from those of its congeners, also a want of corre-
spondence between structure and habits (the last being always more
suited to conditions than the first) being taken as evidence of such
alteration—traces of ancient and disused habits frequently reappear.
Seemingly capricious actions too numerous, too vague, or too insigni-
ficant to be recorded, improvised definite actions that are not habi-
tual, apparent imitations of the actions of other species, a perpetual
inclination to attempt something that is never attempted, and attempts
to do that which is never done—these and other like motions are, 1
believe, in many cases to be attributed to the faint promptings of
obsolete instincts. ‘To the same cause many of the occasional aber-
rant habits of individuals may possibly be due—such as of a bird that
builds in trees occasionally laying on the ground. If recurrence to
an ancestral type be traceable in structure, coloration, language, it is
reasonable to expect something analogous in instincts. But even
if such casual and often harmless motions as I have mentioned
should guide us unerringly to the knowledge of the old and disused
instincts of a species, this knowledge of itself would not enable
us to discover the origin of present ones. But assuming it as a
fact that the conditions of existence, and the changes going on in
them, are in every case the fundamental cause of alterations in
habits, I believe that in many cases a knowledge of the disused
instincts will assist us very materially in the inquiry. I will illus-
trate my meaning with a supposititious case. Should all or many
species of Columba manifest an inclination for haunting rocks and
banks and for entering or peering into holes in them, such vague
and purposeless actions, connected with the facts that all Doves
build simple platform nests (like Columba livia and birds that build
on a flat surface), also lay white eggs (the rule being that eggs
laid in dark holes are white, exposed eggs coloured), also that one
species, C. livia, does lay in holes in rocks, it would be easy to
believe that the habit of this species was once common to the
genus. We should conclude that an insufliciency of proper breed-
ing-places, i. e. new external conditions, first induced Doves to build
in trees. The C. livia also builds in trees where there are no rocks ;
but when able, returns to the ancestral habits. In the other species
we should believe the primitive habit to be totally lost from disuse,
or only to manifest itself in a faint uncertain manner. Still it will be
asked, what, in faint and uncertain habits of species or in the occasional
actions of individuals, is the criterion to distinguish those due to the
laws of variation from those due merely to recurrence! I presume that
Proc. Zeou. Soc.—1874, No. XII. 12
170 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
the two kinds of divergence, essentially different in origin, may be di-
stinguished in much the same way as in divergences from type in
structure, colour, &c. A horse clothed with hair 6 inches long
would afford an instance of divergence arising from the laws of vari-
ation; for not one circumstance in the history of the genus could in-
cline one to believe it an instance of reversion of type*. But the
stripes on the dun horses and on mules are attributed to recurrence
to an ancestral type, because other species of Hquus are striped. In
the following instances we have, I think, examples of these two kinds
of divergence.
All the wild Pigeons of La Plata (four in number), when feeding,
walk upon the ground in asomewhat leisurely manner. The Zenaida
maculata of Patagonia, which in its other habits so closely resembles
the La-Platan Zenatda when feeding hurries about, snatching up its
food with such marvellous rapidity that the most animated motions
of other birds that feed on the ground in flocks seem languid in
comparison. This lively habit of the Patagonian Pigeon, in which
it differs so much from its congeners, is, I believe, due to the
conditions of life. The barren soil and scanty vegetation of the
region it inhabits requires in an exclusively seed-eating species that —
goes in large bodies a far greater activity than is necessary in the
rich fertile regions further north. When pursued by a bird of prey
or by a man on horseback, the Nothura maculosa escapes into the
burrows of the Vizcacha or Armadillo. To take refuge in burrows is
not, I believe, a habit of any other gallinaceous species, but in every
thing (structure, colour, and habits) they all appear to be beautifully
adapted to elude their enemies on the exposed surface of the earth ;
so that the habit of the Buenos-Ayrean Partridge seems very incon-
gruous. Such a habit can only be due to the special conditions in
which the bird is placed—that is, to the shelterless plains with nu-
merous burrows in which alone it can find security from persecution.
One of the common Pampas butterflies, the Pyramets carye, has a
remarkable habit : when not feeding, it alights on the bare ground
rather than on plants; and immediately on alighting it opens its
wings and turns itself rapidly about till placed in such a position that
the sun shines directly on the sloping surface of the wings and body.
On cold days, when other species of Lepidoptera sit with closed
wings amidst the leaves and appear weak and languid, the P. carye
basks with open wings upon the barren ground, and is then just as
shy and lively as when the weather is warm. This sun-loving habit
is identical in one of our birds, the Cyanocorax pileatus, described
in a former paper. Every year many individuals of P. carye survive
the winter ; and their extreme hardiness is perhaps attributable to
the heat-catching habit. Two other Lepidopteres also possess the
habit ; but it is far less perfect in them, and they never live through
the winter. This habit of our Pyrameis and Cyanocorax I am
also inclined to attribute to variation induced by the conditions of
life.
* The hide of a long-haired variety of the horse was brought by the Tehuelcho
Indians to the settlement on the Rio Negro of Patagonia a few years ago.
1874.] MOLOTURI OF BUENOS AYRES. 171
The Patagonian Thrush (Turdus falklandicus) is not a singing
bird ; occasionally, however, in spring, an individual is heard to sing.
I believe the singing in this case is a recurrence to a disused habit,
because most Thrushes sing, also because the La-Platan Thrushes never
sing in winter or during high winds in summer (high winds prevail
all summer in Patagonia, though the winter is calm), also because
the song of 7. falklandicus, when it does sing, is like a laboured
imitation of the song of 7. rufiventris of La Plata, the species which
it most closely resembles.
The following also appears to be an example of recurrence to an
ancestral instinct. A physiological study of the Ophidians has, I be-
lieve, afforded some reasons for supposing that these reptiles or their
progenitors were all originally aquatic in their habits. The extreme
readiness with which land-snakes enter the water, their apparent
fondness for it, as if it were their native element, and the facility with
which they swim give greater strength to the supposition. Last
summer (December 1872) I noticed a Coronella anomala on the
border of a stream where I was fishing, with its body so much dis-
tended that, curious to learn what it had swallowed, I killed and
opened it. There were in it fifteen little fishes, varying in size from 2
to 34 inchesin length. A few of the fishes had begun to decompose ;
but they had evidently all been taken that day, showing in what
marvellous perfection this individual possessed the fishing instinct.
Yet the C. anoma/a (our commonest snake, though until lately un-
described) abounds everywhere on dry elevated plains where there is
never any standing water. This snake was a full-grown male 143
inches long; the female differs in colour, and is much larger. From
the number of leaves that had been swallowed along with the fishes
it was evident that the snake had lain among the rotting leaves of the
floating water-lilies to watch for its prey ; and indeed the colour of
the body, the stem-like raised neck, and still watchful habit seem to
adapt it for preying on fish in the water rather than on mice, birds,
&e. on dry land.
The last case of recurrence, or what appears such, will pro-
bably seem less obvious than the preceding ones; it refers to Molo-
thrus bonariensis, and a strange purposeless habit of that species
already mentioned ina former paper. Before and during the breed-
ing-season the females, sometimes accompanied by the males, are seen
continually haunting and examining the domed nests of some of the
Dendrocolaptidze. This does not seem like a mere freak of curiosity,
but their persistence in the habit is precisely like that of birds that
habitually make choice of such breeding-places. It is most surpri-
sing that they never do in reality lay in such nests, except when the
side or dome has been accidentally broken enough to admit the light
into the interior. Whenever I set up boxes in my trees, the first
bird to visit them is the female M. bonariensis. Sometimes one
will spend half a day loitering about and inspecting a box, repeatedly
climbing round and over it, and always ending at the entrance,
into which she peers curiously and, when about to enter, starting
back as if scared at the obscurity within. But atter retiring a
12*
172 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE [ Mar. 3,
little space, she will return again and again, as if fascinated with
the comfort and security of such an abode. It is amusing to see
how pertinaciously they hang about the ovens of the Oven-birda,
apparently determined to take possession of them, flying back to
them after a hundred repulses, and yet not entering them, even
when they have the opportunity. Sometimes one is seen follow-
ing a Wren or a Swallow to its nest beneath the eaves, and then
clinging to the wall beneath the hole into which it disappeared.
I could fill many pages with instances of this habit of the M. bo-
nariensis, which, useless though it be, is as strong an affection as the
bird possesses. That it is a recurrence to a long disused habit, I
can scarcely doubt ; at least, to no other cause, that I can imagine,
can it be attributed ; and, besides, it seems to me that if the M. bo-
nariensis, when once a nest-builder, had acquired the semiparasi-
tical habit of breeding in domed nests of other birds, such a habit
might conduce to the formation of the instinct which it now possesses.
In my former letter on the M. bonariensis I mentioned that twice I
had seen birds of this species attempting to build nests, and that on
both occasions they failed to complete the work. So universal is the
nest-making instinct that one might safely say the M. bonariensis had
once possessed it, and that in the cases I have mentioned it was a re-
currence, too weak to be efficient, to the ancestral habit. Another in-
teresting circumstance may be adduced as strong presumptive evidence
that the M. bonariensis once made itself an open exposed nest as
M. badius occasionally does—viz. the difference in colour of the male
and female; for whilst the former is rich purple, the latter has what
naturalists consider an adaptive resemblance in colour to the nest
and to the shaded interior twigs and branches on which nests are
usually built. How could such an instinct have been lost? To say
that the M. donariensis occasionally dropped an egg in another bird’s
nest, and that the young hatched from these accidental eggs pos-
sessed some (hypothetical) advantage over those hatched in the
usual way, and that so the parasitical habit became hereditary, sup-
planting the original one, is an assertion without any thing to sup-
port it, and seems to exclude the agency of external conditions.
Again the want of correspondence in the habits of the young parasite
and its foster-parents would in reality be a disadvantage to the
former; the unfitness would be as great in the eggs and other cir-
cumstances. For all the advantages the parasite actually pos-
sesses in the comparative hardness of the egg-shell, rapid evolution
of the young, &c., already mentioned, must have been acquired
little by little through the slowly accumulating process of natural
selection, but subsequently to the formation of the original parasitical
inclination and habit. I am inclined to believe that M. bonariensis
lost the nest-making instinct by acquiring that semiparasitical habit,
common to so many South-American birds, of breeding in the large
covered nests of the Dendrocolaptidee. We have evidence that this
semiparasitical habit does tend to eradicate the nest-making one. The
Synallaxes build great elaborate domed nests; yet we have one
species (S. egithaloides) that never builds for itself, but breeds in the
1874. | MOLOTHRI OF BUENOS AYRES. 173
nests of other birds of the same genus*. In some species the nesting
habit is in a transitional state. Machetornis rivosa sometimes makes
a shallow elaborate nest in the angle formed by twigs and the bough
of a tree, but prefers, and almost invariably makes choice of, the
the covered nest of some other species or of a hole in the tree. It
is precisely the same with our Wren, Troglodytes fuscus. The Sycalis
pelzelni invariably breeds in a dark hole or covered nest. The fact
that these three species lay coloured eggs, and the first and last very
darkly coloured eggs, inclines one to believe that they once invariably
built shallow exposed nests, as the M. rixosa still occasionally does.
It may be added that these species that lay coloured eggs in dark
places construct and line their nests far more neatly than do the species
that breed in such places, but lay white eggs. As with the M. rixzosa
and Wren, so it is with the Bay-winged Molothrus ; it lays mottled
eggs, and occasionally builds a neat exposed nest; yet so great is the
partiality it has acquired for the domed large nests, that whenever it
can possess itself of one by dint of fighting, it will not build one for it-
self. Let us suppose that the JZ. donariensis also once acquired the
habit of breeding in domed nests, and that through this habit its
original nest-making instinct was completely eradicated, it is not diffi-
cult to imagine how in its turn this instinct was also lost. A diminution
in the number of birds that built domed nests, or an increase in the
number of species and individuals that breed in such nests, would in-
volve the M. bonariensis in a struggle for nests, in which it would
probably be defeated. In Buenos Ayres the Common Swallow, the
Wren, and the Sycalis chloropsis prefer the ovens of the Furnarius
to any other breeding-place, but to obtain them are obliged to
struggle with the Progne tapera; for this species has acquired the
habit of breeding exclusively in the ovens. They cannot, however,
compete with the Martin ; and the increase of one species has thus
deprived three other species of their favourite building-place. Again,
the Machetornis rizosa prefers the great nest of the Anumbius; and
when other species compete with it for the nest, they are inva-
riably defeated. I have seen a pair of Machetornis after they had
seized a nest attacked in their turn by a flock of six or eight
Bay-wings; but, in spite of the superior numbers, the fury of the
Machetornis compelled them to raise the siege. Thus some events
in the history of our common Molothrus have perhaps been ac-
counted for, if not the most essential one—the loss of the nest-mak-
ing instinct from the acquisition of the habit of breeding in the
covered nests of other birds, a habit that has left a strong trace
in the manners of the species, and perhaps in the pure white un-
marked eggs of so many individuals; finally we have seen how this
habit may also have been lost. But the parasitical habit of the
M. bonariensis may have originated when the bird was still a nest-
builder. The origin of the instinct may have been in the occasional
habit, common to so many species, of two or more females laying
* The nest in which Darwin (Voy. of Beag. iii. p. 79) found this Synallazis
breeding, and which he naturally supposed to have been built by the bird, was
probably a nest of S. modesta.
174 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS FROM BARBADOES. [ Mar. 3,
together; the progenitors of all the species of Molothrus may have
been early infected with this habit, and inherited with it a facility
for acquiring their present one. M. pecoris and M. bonariensis,
much as their instincts differ in some points, are both parasitic
on a great number of species—M. rufoaxillaris on M. badius ;
and in this species two or more females frequently lay together.
Supposing such a habit as of two or more females very frequeutly
laying together in the M. donariensis when it was a nest-builder,
or incubated its own eggs in the nests it seized, the young of
those birds that oftenest abandoned their eggs to the care of an-
other would probably inherit a weakened maternal instinct. The
continual intercrossing of the birds with weaker and stronger in-
stincts would prevent the formation of two races differing in habit ;
but the whole race would become deteriorated and decline,
and would only be saved from final extinction by some indivi-
duals laying occasionally in the nests of other species, perhaps
of a Molothrus, as M. rufoacillaris still does in the nest of M.
badius, rather than of birds of other genera. Certainly in this way the
parasitic instinct may have originated in the M. bonariensis with-
out that species ever having acquired the habit of laying and incu-
bating in the covered dark nests of other birds. 1 have supposed
that they once possessed it merely to account for their strange
partiality for such nests, appearing, as it does to me, so much like
recurrence to an ancestral habit.
2. On a small Collection of Birds from Barbadoes, West
Indies. By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secre-
tary to the Society.
[Received February 5, 1874.]
I have the honour of exhibiting a small collection of birds from
Barbadoes, West Indies, which has been transmitted to me in spirit
by Sir Graham Briggs, F.Z.S. The only authority on the birds of
this island at present is the unsatisfactory nominal list given by Sir
Robert Schomburgk in his ‘ History of Barbadoes’ (London, 1847),
p. 680*.
The collection forwarded by Sir Graham Briggs contains speci-
mens of the following species.
1, Denpra@ca PETECHIA (Linn.).
A well-known Antillean species.
2. CERTHIOLA MARTINICANA (Gm.).
The Certhiola of Barbadoes appears to agree best with that of
Martinique and S. Lucia, but shows hardly any of the characteristic
white on the middle of the throat, as do my specimens from the
last-named island. As, however, my single skin from Barbadoes has
* Cf. P. Z.S8. 1871, p. 267.
HVS COM INGO
1874. ] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CENTROPSAR. 175
been in spirit, I should not venture to distinguish the Barbadian
form until further specimens are received for comparison.
3. LoxietLua Noctis (Linn.).
Also found in Martinique and S. Lucia.
4. PHONIPARA BICOLOR (Linn.).
This is the “ Parson Sparrow” of Barbadoes. I cannot now
distinguish the forms of the various islands, Venezuela, and
Columbia, and unite them all (including P. omissa, Jard.) under this
name. P. marchii, Baird, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1863, p. 297, of Jamaica
and St. Croix is perhaps distinct.
5. QUISCALUS FORTIROSTRIS, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1868,
p- 360.
My single specimen is apparently a female of the species recently
described by Mr. Lawrence. :
I have lately come to the conclusion that the species of this genus
from S. Lucia and Martinique, which in my paper on the birds of
the former island (P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 271) I referred to the conti-
nental Q. dugubris, must stand as distinct, having a longer and more
incurved bill, and a drown female, whereas in Q. lugubris the sexes
are similar in plumage. In order to avoid giving it a fresh name
I call it Q. inflexirostris, Sw., though the bill certainly does not
quite agree with Swainson’s figure (An. in Menag. p. 300).
6. Exarnea MARTINICA (Linn.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 271.
7. EULAMPIS HOLOSERICEUS (Linn.).
8. ORTHORHYNCHUS CRIsTaTus (Linn.).
9. CHAMAPELIA PASSERINA (Linn.).
3. On Centropsar, an apparently new Form of the Family
Icteride. By P. L. Scuatrer, M.A., Ph.D., F.RS.,
Secretary to the Society.
[Received February 23, 1874.]
(Plate XXVI.)
In a large collection of bird-skins which has lately passed through
the hands of Mr. Edward Bartlett, and of which he has kindly sub-
mitted a selection to my examination, I find a single example of a
form that is quite new to me, as also to other ornithologists to whom
I have shown it. Judging by the beak and wings, it would appear
to belong to the family Icteride, or Starlings of the New World;
but its feet are slender, and have a straight elongated hind claw, and
the rectrices are stiffened, so that it cannot be referred to any known
genus of that family. I therefore propose to introduce it to science
under the new generic title Centropsar (xévrpov, calcar, et Wap,
sturnus), with the following characters.
176 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CENTROPSAR,. [ Mar. 3,
Head, wing, and foot of Centropsar mirus.
CENTROPSAR, genus nov. ex familia Icteridarum.
Rostrum tenuiusculum, elongatum, subulatum, dente nullo, omnino
icterinum. Ale breviuscule, rotundate ; remigibus primariis
decem, horum tertio quarto et quinto longissimis, primo secun-
darios @quante. Pedes parve, debiles, acrotarsiis obsolete
divisis, ungue postico elongato, recto, acuto. Cauda vix rotun-
data, e rectricibus duodecim rigidis et ad apices attritis com-
posita.
The single known species of this anomalous genus will stand as
follows :—
CENTROPSAR MIRUS, sp. noy. (Plate XXVI.)
Supra cinereus, subtus cineraceo-albus: capite toto cum collo
medialiter in pectus extenso, caude tectricibus superioribus et
inferioribus et cauda ipsa nigris: alis fusco-nigris ; remigibus
Susco anguste, secundarits et tectricibus albido latius limbatis ;
rostro obscure corneo, mandibula utrinque ad basin plumbea:
long. tota 7'5, ale 3°3, caude 3°1.
Hab. Mexico occidentalis.
Mus. P.L.S.
The collection which contained this singular bird is said to have
been formed in Western Mexico and Australia. If, as I believe,
Centropsar is an Icterine form, the specimen must have been
obtained somewhere in the former country. Other scarce Mexican
species in the same collection were Catharus mexicanus, Centurus
hypopolius, Trogon mexicanus, and Panyptila melanoleuca.
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TIAXX Id PLZEL S Zd
1874. | DR. J. E. GRAY ON CROCODILUS JOHNSTONI. Aa
4, On Crocodilus johnstoni, Kreftt.
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
[Received February 17, 1874.]
(Plate XXVII.)
Mr. Krefft has kindly sent to the Museum a cast in plaster of
Paris of the head and dorsal shield of a Crocodile discovered by
Mr. Johnston, of Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queensland. It is,
as I decided P. Z. S. 1873, p. 334, from the examination of a
photograph, a Crocodile, but differing from all other Crocodiles in
the form of its head and teeth.
This Crocodile has had various names given to it. When Mr.
Krefft sent me a photograph of the skull in 1871, I proposed to call
it Tomistoma krefftii; but that name was never published, and the
examination of the skull has shown that this Crocodile is not a
Tomistoma.
Mr. Krefft, in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1873, p.335, describes
it under the name of Crocodilus johnsont, and says it was discovered
by Mr. Johnson; but in a letter to me of the 15th of May, 1873,
he says, “I call it Orocodilus johnstoni,” not “ johnsoni;” and I
suppose the name should be that of Mr. Johnston of Cardwell, and
not Johnson, as mentioned in Mr. Krefft’s paper in the ‘ Proceedings.’
This species agrees with the Crocodiles of the Old World in the
possession of four nuchal shields in a cross line at the back of the
head, and in having a rhombic cervical disk of six keeled shields, the
lateral ones being smaller and opposite the suture between the front
and hinder pair. The dorsal disk is formed of six longitudinal series
of nearly equal keeled scales, with one or two more or less distinct
rows of smaller shields on each side, the inner one of which does not
reach the hinder thighs, and the outer one is much shorter and
smaller. The keels of the two outer series of dorsal shields unite
together, and form one keel just before the front of the thighs, which
is extended down the side of the tail, as in the African Crocodiles.
The toes are webbed, and the hinder sides of the legs and feet have
a fringe of elongated triangular scales.
The African and Australian Crocodiles differ from the Molinie
of Central America in the head being only slightly or not enlarged
in front of the lower canines.
The form of the head of the Australian Crocodile is so different
from the form of the head of the African and Madagascar species that
I am inclined to make them into two sections or subgenera.
1. Crocopitus.
The head depressed, rather broad, tapering in front ; the forehead
and upper part of the face flat, shelving on the sides.
1. Crocopitus vuearis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. part ii. p. 15.
Continental Africa, North, West, East, South. B.M.
178 MR. W.S. KENT ON A GIGANTIC CEPHALOPOD. [Mar.3,
2. CROCODILUS MADAGASCARIENSIS, Gray, P. Z. S. 1874, p.145,
pl. xxiii.
Madagascar. B.M.
2. PHInas.
Head elongate, slender, conical. Forehead flat before and between
the eyes, with a slight convex narrow ridge in front to the middle of
the beak; face rounded on the sides from the central line; nose
subcylindrical.
Puitas JoHNSTONI. (Plate XXVII.)
Crocodilus johnstoni, Kreift, MS.
Crocodilus johnsoni, Krefft, P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 334.
Tomistoma krefftii, Gray, MS., fide Krefft.
Australia, Queensland, Cardwell (Johnston, Bloxland, Krefft).
The head nearly twice and a half as long as broad; specimen
7 feet long.
5. Note on a Gigantic Cephalopod from Conception Bay,
Newfoundland. By W. Savitte Kenz, F.L.S., F.ZS.,
some time Assistant in the Natural-History Depart-
ment of the British Museum, and late Curator of the
Brighton Aquarium.
[Received February 17, 1874.]
The ‘American Sportsman’ for December 6, 1873, for which
I am indebted to the Editor for a separate copy sent me, contains a
well authenticated account of a huge Cephalopod lately encountered
in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, one of the longer arms of the
same having been secured and deposited in the St. John’s Museum.
The full description of the monster as contributed by the Rev. M.
Harvey of St. John’s, may be thus condensed* :—
Two fishermen, while plying their vocation off Great Belle Island,
Conception Bay, October 26, 1873, suddenly discovered, at a short
distance from them, a dark shapeless mass floating on the surface of
the water. Concluding that it was probably part of the cargo of
some wrecked vessel, they approached, anticipating a valuable prize,
and one of them struck the object with his boat-hook. Upon re-
ceiving the shock the dark heap became suddenly animated, and
spreading out discovered an intelligent face, with a pair of large
prominent ghastly eyes, which seemed to gleam with intense ferocity,
the creature at the same time exposing to view, and opening, its
parrot-like beak with an apparently hostile and malignant purpose.
The men were petrified with terror, and for a moment so fascinated
by the horrible sight as to be powerless to stir. Before they had
time to recover their presence of mind, the monster, now but a few
* See also Mr. Harvey’s letter to Principal Dawson, reprinted in the ‘ Annals
& Magazine of Natural History’ for January 1874.
1874.] MR. W.S. KENT ON A GIGANTIC CEPHALOPOD. 179
feet from the boat, suddenly shot out from around its head several
long arms of corpse-like fleshiness, grappling with them for the boat
and seeking to envelop it in their folds. Only two of these reached
the craft, and, owing to their length, went completely over and
beyond it. Seizing his hachet with a desperate effort, one of the men
succeeded in severing these limbs with a single well-delivered blow ;
and the creature finding itself worsted, immediately disappeared
beneath the waters, leaving in the boat its amputated members as a
trophy of the terrible encounter. One of the arms was unfortunately
destroyed before its value was known; but the other, when brought
to St. John’s and examined by the Rev. M. Harvey, was found to
measure no less than nineteen feet ; and the fisherman who acted as
surgeon declares there must have been at least six feet more of this
arm left attached to the monster’s body. This separated member is
described by Mr. Harvey as being livid in colour and pointed at its
extremity, where alone it is covered with rows of cartilaginous horny
suckers, each about the size of a quarter-dollar. Unfortunately, the
fishermen were too much frightened during the short time the
adventure lasted to form a reliable opinion of the length of the
animal’s body ; under the influence of terror, they set it down at
forty feet, an estimate which, notwithstanding the extraordinary
dimensions of the arm secured, must be received as a considerable
exaggeration.
Mr. Harvey’s supposition that this monster probably belonged to
the Teuthidee, or that section of the Dibranchiate Cephalopoda in-
cluding the Squids and Calamaries, distinguished by the possession
of eight sessile arms and two additional tentacula of much greater
length, is entirely borne out by the description communicated ; and
fortunately we are in possession of other substantial evidence which
proves beyond doubt the existence of a species of Calamary as formi-
dable in point of size as the one just described. In the vaults of the
British Museum, in fact, there has been long since preserved a single
arm of a huge cephalopod, measuring from one end to the other no
less than nine feet ; the circumference at its base is eleven inches;
and thence it gradually tapers off, terminating in a fine point. The
suckers, which cover the whole of the under surface of this arm,
are distributed in two alternating rows, numbering from 145 to 150
suckers to each row, those at the base having a diameter of half an
inch, and gradually decreasing in size as they approach the further
attenuate extremity. No authenticated record of the circumstances
attending the capture of this remarkable specimen, or of the locality
whence obtained, appears to have been preserved; but it is believed
to have come from the South-American coast.
The fact that the suckers of this colossal arm are all peduncula-
ted or attached through the medium of a slender stalk, instead of
being sessile as in the Octopus, has been already mentioned by my-
self * as indicating that the creature belonged to the ten-armed Teu-
* Article on the “Octopus” in the Official Guide-book to the Brighton
Aquarium, by W. Saville Kent, then curator, lst edition, Brighton, 1873, also
in 2nd edition since published, with the author’s name excised.
180 MR. W. S. KENT ON A GIGANTIC CEPHALOPOD. [ Mar. 3,
thide, which, when living, must have possessed two additional ten-
tacula, in all probability at least twice the length of the preserved
member. That this last-named specimen again is only one of the
shorter arms, is made evident by the disposition of the suckers in
two rows throughout its length ; and the information now supplied
by Mr. Harvey establishes, in a most gratifying manner, the correct-
ness of the conclusions already drawn concerning it. Both these
arms, indeed, now under discussion must have appertained to a body
of the most closely approximating proportions, and belong probably
to one and the same species. The shorter member in the British
Museum has evidently been detached close to its base ; but at the
same time it is reasonable to infer that prior to its exposure to the
contracting influences of the spirit, wherein it is now immersed, it
measured some two or three additional feet; these added, give a
length of precisely half the longer tentacle in the St. John’s Museum
when perfect, which proportionate dimensions were estimated, while
yet unproved, in the reference already given.
Although it does not appear that the body of any Cephalopod
possessing arms and tentacles of such huge dimensions as the fore-
going has up to the present time been secured for scientific examina-
tion and identification, there is yet abundant evidence that such
exist. Several well authenticated accounts of these are contained in
Gwyn Jeffreys’s ‘ British Conchology,’ article Cephalopoda, vol. v.
p- 124. One example, stranded on the west coast of Shetland, is re-
ported to have had tentacles measuring 16 feet long, arms of half
that length, and a mantle-sac 7 feet long terminated with fins. A
sucker of this specimen, the only part preserved, examined by Prof.
Allman, was ? of an inch in diameter. Among several monsters cast
up on the Danish coast, chronicled by Prof. Steenstrup, one is said
to have possessed a body measuring 21 feet, and tentacles 18, or a
total length of 39 feet. This specimen is referred by its chronicler
to a species of Architeuthis, his A. dux, two allied forms re-
ceiving from the same authority the provisional title of Architeuthis
monachus. Unfortunately, however, no portions of these animals,
sufficient for establishing a scientific diagnosis, or for the purposes
of positive reidentification, appear to have been preserved. The
following reliable account, which has already appeared in many
recent natural-history treatises, may be accepted as additional testi-
mony in proof of the existence of true ocean monsters:—On the
30th of November, 1861, about 20 miles to the north-east of Tene-
riffe, the French dispatch-boat ‘Alecton,’ Captain Bouyer, en-
countered a huge Cephalopod floating, apparently exhausted, on the
surface of the water. The endeavour was immediately made to effect
its capture, shots being fired at and harpoons plunged into it without
any result, the latter being unable to take any hold in its soft yielding
flesh. In the end a running noose was successfully cast over the
creature’s tail; but on endeavouring to haul it on board, the rope
cut through the animal’s body, completely severing the tail-piece,
which was drawn on deck, the remaining portion at the same time
slowly sinking away from view in the depths of the ocean. This
1874.] MR. W.8. KENT ON A GIGANTIC CEPHALOPOD. 181
adventure lasted fully three hours, an interval which sufficed for one
of the officers on board, Monsieur Rodolphe, to make a hasty sketch
of the scene, a fac simile of which is represented in the admirable
marine text-book ‘Das Meer,’ lately published in Berlin by Dr.
Schleider. The commander of the ship, Captain Bouyer, and Consul
Sabin Berthelot, then with him, additionally testify to the gigantic
size of this creature, to the body alone of which they assigned a length
of from 15 to 18 feet, the arms, according to the sketch, measuring
something less. Satisfied as to the truth of this account, Crosse
and Fischer have conferred upon this animal the name of Loligo
bouyert. No portion of this last example having been preserved ;
the same difficulty is attached to the determining of its exact specific
identity with any other form encountered before or since, as seems
to apply to Prof. Steenstrup’s Architeuthis monachus and A. duz.
The two fragments now preserved in the British and St. John’s Mu-
seums, in fact, apparently constitute the only substantial material at
present available to work upon; and of the two, that obtained for the
latter institution is calculated to prove the more important. Especial
value attaches itself to the form and mode of distribution of the
suckers on the clubbed extremity of the two longer tentacles; and
Mr. Harvey will render a great service to science by making a second
careful examination and report in this direction on the example that
has lately passed through his hands. In his brief account already
given, no mention is made of horny uncini or claws in association
with these suckers, a fact which suffices to indicate that the animal
must not be classed with Onychoteuthis, Euoploteuthis*, or other of
the armed Calamaries, but rather with Loligo, Sepioteuthis, and its
allies, having only simple suckers. The evidence supplied by the
shorter arm preserved in the British Museum points to a similar
conclusion.
The evidence already adduced seeming to indicate that this mighty
Cephalopod will scarcely be found, upon more intimate acquaintance,
to accord sufficiently with Loligo proper as to be placed in the
same genus, I propose, provisionally, to create for it the new
generic title of Megaloteuthis (megalos, huge; and teuthis, a cala-
mary), and to further distinguish the particular species, of which
there is now sufficient material for reidentification in the tentacle
deposited in the St. John’s Museum, as Megaloteuthis harveyi, in
grateful acknowledgment of the source to which we are indebted for
this most interesting and important accession to our previous know-
ledge of these formidable Mollusca.
ADDENDA.
Since the composition of the foregoing, an interesting article cor-
roborating the Rev. Mr. Harvey’s account, and furnishing additional
* Tn the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons is an arm of a species of
this genus, #. waguiculata, found by Banks and Solander during Cook’s first yoy-
age, supposed to have been 6 feet long when perfect. The natives of the Poly-
nesian Islands, who dive for shellfish, have a well-founded dread of these formi-
dable animals. ( Owen.)
182 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITION TO THE MENAGERIE. [Mar.17,
evidence of similar monsters encountered in the vicinity of New-
foundland, has appeared in the pages of ‘ Appleton’s Journal’ for
January 31, 1874. Among the latter the Rev. M. Gabriel has
stated that in the winter of 1870-71 two entire Cuttlefish were
stranded on the beach near Lamalien, which measured respectively
forty and forty-seven feet ; while more recently an example became
entangled in a herring-net near Logie Bay, whose body is said to
have measured nine feet, the shorter arms six feet, and the two longer
tentacula twenty-two feet. Steps are reported to have been taken
to preserve this last-named specimen. In connexion with the St.-
John’s tentacle, a rough woodcut has been published in the ‘ Annals
and Magazine of Natural History ’ for January last ; and in the more
minute description given by Mr. Harvey in a letter to Principal
Dawson, there reprinted, the form and arrangement of the suckers
at its clubbed extremity are described. These consist, in the first
place, of a double row of very large suckers, measuring each 1 7 inch
in diameter, with twelve suckers to each row, occupying the centre
of the club-shaped expansion ; supplementing each extremity of this
double row is a cluster of smaller suckers, the group at the proximal
end containing fifty, and that at the distal one as many as seventy of
these. The smaller suckers are further distinguished from the larger
ones by their denticulated edges, those of the latter being smooth.
The additional characters furnished by this more complete account
will be of high importance for further identification, and serve to
distinguish this animal from its nearest allies Loligo or Ommatostre-
phus, in which the tentacular club is armed with four rows of suckers.
We await, however, still fuller details before attaching a positive
diagnosis.
March 17, 1874.
Professor Newton, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary called the attention of the Meeting to an important
addition that had been made to the Society’s Menagerie since the
last Meeting. On the 7th inst. the Council had purchased of
Messrs. Cross and Jamrach, for the sum of £800, a young male Javan
Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)* imported from Batavia.
This was believed to be the first example of this Rhinoceros that
had ever been brought alive to Europe, although Mr. Blyth
(J. A. 8. B. xxxi. p. 152) had put forward a theory that one of the
Indian Rhinoceroses exhibited in England some time since had
belonged to this species.
This addition raised the representatives of the genus Rhinoceros
in the Society’s Gardens to four in number, viz. Rh. unicornis, Rh.
* The specific term sondaicus of Desmarest (Mamm. p. 399, 1820) appears to
be the earliest for this species. In 1824 javanicus was published by Geoffroy
St.-Hilaire and Frederick Cuvier in the Hist. Nat. des Mamm. pl. 509, and
was subsequently adopted by Cuvier in his ‘ Régne Animal,’ by Schreber, and
by other authors.
— ni eh
M &N. Hanhart imp
J. Wolf del & J.Smtlith
IOCEROS
RHI}
1874. | LETTER FROM REV. S. J. WHITMEE. 183
sondaicus, Rh. lasiotis (belonging to the Asiatic series), and RA. bi-
cornis (belonging to the African).
A drawing of this interesting animal by Mr. Wolf was exhibited
(Plate XXVIII.) ; and the differences which distinguish it from Rh.
unicornis were pointed out*.
The following letter addressed to the Secretary by the Rev. S. J.
Whitmee, C.M.Z.S., and dated Samoa, South Pacific, Dec. 12th,
1873, was read :—
**T am sending to Sydney a Didunculus strigirostris and two Cur-
lews (Numenius, sp.) to be forwarded to London for the Zoological
Society. The Curlews are from Quiros Island, in lat. 11° 2'S., and
long. 171° W. The bird is occasionally seen in Samoa.
“The Didunculus is a young bird which I purchased in June last.
It was then just from the nest and unfledged. It must have been
hatched in May. This proves the breeding-season to be earlier in
the year than I previously thought it was. I once procured an un-
fledged bird in September and I have seen several young ones about
September and October; so we may safely regard the breeding-sea-
son as extending from May to September.
** We fed the Didunculus for more than a month by placing small
pieces of bread-fruit, taro, bread, &c. in its mouth, which was always
open for the reception of contributions when any one was near it. In
a little more than a month it began to peck for itself. It is now
almost an omnivorous feeder. The first plumage was a mottled
brown, almost black. The teeth in the bill were scarcely perceptible.
The bird looked so little like the adult Didunculus when I bought
it that it was pronounced by some gentlemen on board one of H.M.
men-of-war which was in port, and also by some residents here, to
be a different bird. This was fortunate for me; for it was taken to
the said naval zoologists before it was offered to me, in the hope of
getting a higher price from them than I would give.
“The plumage, legs, and beak of the bird are now assuming the
colours of the adult state. But I think they will not be fully
developed until the bird is a year old; for I previously kept one ten
months from the nest, and it was not then perfectly developed. I
believe the bird I now have is a male. It is exceedingly savage.
When any one approaches its cage it ruffles its feathers, trembles
apparently with rage, and tries to bite. If he gets hold of one’s
finger I know from experience that he gives a severe gripe. The one
I previously kept was just as savage. This one is in a cage alone:
that was in a large aviary with a number of other birds, and he was
lord of the place—would only allow them to feed when he had
finished, and drove them about in a very savage manner.
* The lateral shoulder-fold in R. sondaicus is continued upwards over the
back of the neck, so as to cut off an independent shield which covers the nape
of the neck and is shaped something like a saddle. In R. unicornis this nape-
shield is continuous with the larger shield which covers the shoulders, the lateral
shoulder-fold being lost on the upper part of the scapula. R. sondaicus is also
much inferior in size to R. wnicornis,and has a much longer extensile upper lip.
184 LETTER FROM REV. S. J. WHITMEE. [ Mar. 17,
“ It strikes me that the Didunculi are increasing in numbers. Long
ago the Samoans used to ‘preserve’ them. A chief would have a hut
in the bush, not far from his house, where the birds were fed daily ;
they were then very numerous and very tame. The introduction
of cats (and, I believe, also rats) by European vessels led almost to
the extinction of the bird. But within a recent period it must have
increased considerably. Only a few years ago I had a native on the
search for a Didunculus for months before he found one. Now the
same native will go into the bush any day and almost certainly find
at least one. Something may be allowed for a knowledge of the
haunts of the bird; but this will not wholly account for the compa-
tive ease with which it may now be found. I believe the habit of
the bird has in a great measure changed—that instead of feeding
almost exclusively upon the ground as formerly, it now feeds almost
exclusively upon high trees, and that it now roosts and builds higher
than formerly. I have questioned the natives who have brought me
birds ; and the almost uniform testimony is in favour of this view.
Hence ‘natural selection’ seems now to be operating for the pre-
servation of this once almost extinct bird.
«From the description of the Pareudiastes pacificus by Drs. Hart-
laub and Finsch, in P. Z. 8. for 1871, p. 26, I see they have no ac-
count of the habits of that bird. Perhaps a few notes on this sub-
ject may be interesting to you.
“T have long known the Pareudiastes by the report of the natives
of these islands ; but I first saw the bird last year. I think it was
in September 1872 when one was brought to me. It was alive, but
only just alive; for the native who brought it to me had had it in
his possession three or four days and had been trying to feed it with
vegetable food, which plainly did net suit it. It died a few hours
after I first saw it. I did not know at the time whether it had
been described or not, as I had not then received the Society’s ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for 1871. I sent the specimen in spirits to Rev. Canon
Tristram. I have since then procured another specimen, and have
now an egg which is said by the man who found it to be that of this
bird.
«Knowing something of the habits of the Pareudiastes, I was much
pleased with the following remark in the paper by Drs. Hartlaub
and Finsch :—‘ The eyes seem to be uncommonly large ; and this,
as well as the other peculiarities, give some right to suspect that
this remarkable form will exhibit also interesting peculiarities in
respect to its habits.’
“The Sanoans always speak of the Pareudiastes as the ‘bird which
burrows like a rat.’ Again and again when I have put the question
to a native, ‘Do you know the Puna’e?’ the reply has been, ‘No,
I have never seen it; but that is the bird of which the old people
speak that it used to be very plentiful long ago, and that it burrows
like a rat and lives underground.’ It is very rarely that I have met
with any one who has seen the bird; but I have met with two persons
who have actually taken it in its burrow. The first is a man well
known to me, and in whose veracity I have faith. He says that
1874.] LETTER FROM REV. 8S. J. WHITMEE. 185
about four years ago he was one of a large party hunting feral
pigs in the mountains of Upolu, when they came upon a burrow
which one of the party pronounced to be the hole of a Puna’e. My
informant says that he put his arm into the hole, and at its extremity
(which he could barely reach) he found the bird. He drew it out,
and, taking it home, tried to tame and feed it; but it would not
eat, and soon died. The other man lives on Savaii. He is the son
of a noted old bird-catcher long since dead, one who, before fire-arms
were known in these islands, made bird-catching his profession. He
tells me that his father taught him when he was a youth where to
find the Puna’e, and he has frequently taken it out of its burrow.
He describes the burrow as being about 3 or 4 feet in length, curv-
ing downwards and then rising to near the surface, where the nest
is placed. It is only a few days since I first met with this man. I
have commissioned him to try and find out the haunts of the bird ;
and if possible I will try and examine its burrow for myself.
« The testimony of the Samoans has been so general in favour of the
burrowing of the Pareudiastes that I have long felt convinced of the
correctness of this view, which the observation of Drs. Hartlaub and
Finsch tends to confirm ; but within the past month I have received
some contrary evidence, which, if correct, shows that at least some
individuals of the species build upon the surface and not in a burrow.
«* A few months ago I showed the plate of the Pareudiastes in
P. Z. S. for 1871 to the Rev. George Brown, a missionary of the
Wesleyan Society, residing on Savaii, where I believe the bird is
more plentiful than on Upolu. Mr. Brown intimated to the natives
his wish to procure specimens of the bird and of its eggs; and a few
weeks ago a living bird and two eggs were taken to him. The man
who took them to him declares that he caught the bird on the nest
with the two eggs in question under it. This nest, he says, was on
the ground, and composed of a few twigs and a little grass. Mr.
Brown has kindly given one of the eggs to me, and I forward it to
you for your inspection.
*“T confess that when I first examined the egg I concluded it to be
one of our Porphyrio which the man had represented to be that of
the Pareudiastes in order to get a higher price for it. A closer in-
spection, however, and comparison with the only egg of the Porphyrio
which I now have by me, leads me almost to believe that this is the
ege of the Pareudiastes. The eggs of the Porphyrio vary in shape and
colour; but the egg in question is of much less breadth, longer, and
lighter in colour than any Porphyrio eggs I have seen here, if I mis-
take not. Should I be able shortly to procure some eggs of the
latter bird I will send them to you for comparison.
“The Pareudiastes evidently feeds upon insects. The Samoans
are very clever at taming and feeding birds; but I believe they have
never yet succeeded in keeping this bird alive more than a few days.
The man who caught the one I sent to Canon Tristram last year
tried to feed it on vegetable food ; but it died in a fewdays. Another
lately procured on Savaii died in the same way on a vegetable diet.
But one caught two months ago, after being fed by cramming with
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XIII. 13
186 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. 17,
vegetable food for three or four days, was bought, apparently in a
hopeless state of starvation, by one of M. Godeffroy’s collectors. He
offered it some insects, which it eat readily, and on which diet it
soon recovered its health. It was fed for a fortnight upon beetles,
grubs, &c., and was thriving well; but, unfortunately, it escaped
from its cage one day while it was being fed.
“The native name of the Pareudiastes is not Pune, as given in
the Society’s ‘Proceedings’ for 1871 on the authority of Mr. Kubary,
but Puna’ e, best spelt for those unacquainted with the Samoan dialect,
Punahe. It is found both on Upolu and Savaii, but is apparently
more common on the latter island than on the former. I have never
heard of it being seen except some distance inland amongst the
mountains.”
The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the Secre-
tary by Dr. G. Bennett, F.Z.S., dated Sydney, January 16th, 1874,:—
«On the 7th inst. I received a letter from the Rev. Mr. Whitmee,
dated Samoa, South Pacific, December 15th, 1873, in which he says,
«I take the liberty of sending to your care, to be transmitted to the
Zoological Society of London, one living Didunculus strigirostris
and two Quiros-Island Curlews. The Didunculus is a young bird
which I had unfledged from the nest, and eats ravenously almost any
thing of the vegetable order. The Curlews also have long been
accustomed to vegetable food. They may all be fed on rice, biscuits,
&c. on board a ship.’
“These birds arrived in excellent health and condition and continue
so to the present day. I have them at my home under Mrs. Bennett’s
care, which I considered would be better than sending them to the
Aviary in the Gardens; and fortunately Broughton is in Sydney in the
‘Paramatta,’ and I shall request him to take charge of them for you.
“The ‘ Paramatta’ will leave for England early in February.”
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., made some remarks on the introduction
of the Ide (Leuciseus melanotus, var. orfus) into this country.
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Structure of the Skull and of the Heart of Meno-
branchus lateralis. By T. H. Huxuey, Sec.R.S.
[Received March 17, 1874.]
(Plates XXIX.-XXXIT.)
I. The Skull.
In 1835, Mayer, in his ‘ Analecten fiir vergleichende Anatomie,’
published a brief account of the anatomy of Menobranchus lateralis.
Under the head of ‘‘ Osteologie”’ (p. 82), he remarks :—
‘The skull has a singular form, which results from the brevity of
the mandible and the direction of the long quadrate bone obliquely
P.Z 8.1874. Pl. XXIX.
— ag Mé&WN Hanhart imp
MENOBRANCHUS.
POL: L674. PI ARK.
M&N Hanhart amp.
MENOBRANCHUS.
P.Z.S.1874.P1 XXX.
P. Z.S.1874. Pl. XXXL
M&N Hanhart imp.
MENOBRANCHUS.
ee
1874. | PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 187
forwards and downwards.” “As in Menopoma, the rami of the
mandible are not ankylosed together, though the three pieces of each
ramus are more closely united than in Menxopoma. In the skull are di-
stinguishable:—the articular portions of the occipital bone (4), which,
below, appear not to be separate from the sphenoid (Keilbein) and
vomer ; above, however, they do not extend to the top of the skull.
The parieto-temporal bones (Scheitelschlafenbeine) (c’), which are
broad and arched, forming laterally the roof of the vestibule. ‘The
frontal bones (c). The long and bent quadrate bones (m). The
pterygoid bones (m), with their teeth. Between them the great opening
for the fifth pair (w).”’ ‘‘ The nasal bones are wanting. The maxillze
(#) and the preemaxille (f).’”’ A fair figure (tab. vil. fig. 2) accom-
panies this short notice, from which it is clear that Mayer’s
“ maxilla ”’ are the vomers, and his “ quadrate”’ the squamosal.
A short description of a skull of Menodranchus in the Museum of
the Royal College of Surgeons is to be found in the first volume of
the ‘Catalogue of the Osteological Series,’ p. 116. The prominent os-
sification of the epiotic bears the number appropriated to the “ mas-
toid” by Professor Owen. Fischer (‘ Anatomische Abhandlungen
iiber die Perennibranchiaten und Derotremen,’ 1864) has given an
excellent description and figure of the hyoidean and branchial arches
of Menobranchus. The fullest account, and the best figure, of the
skull of Menobranchus which I have met with, however, are con-
tained in Van der Hoeven’s ‘ Ontleed- en Dierkundige Bijdragen tot
de Kennis van Menobranchus, published in 1867. Van der Hoeven
distinguishes the following bones:—the lateral occipitals (exocci-
pitals mihi), the os sphenoideum (parasphenoid), the os pterygoi-
deum (pterygopalatine), the os petrosum (epiotic and opisthotic), the
os parietali-frontale (parietal), the os frontale anterius (frontal), the
os frontale posterius (prootic), the vomers, the os tympanicum (squa-
mosal), and the os jugale (quadrato-jugal) ; in the mandible, the os
dentale (dentary), and the os angulare (splenial).
In his deseription of the hyoidean and branchial arches, Van der
Hoeven agrees with Fischer. As to the manner in which the hyoid
is connected with the suspensorium, the latter writer observes that
the ascending branch of the hyoidean cornu is connected by ligament
with the posterior surface of the ‘‘ostympanicum.” ‘In Hypochthon
a second strong ligament extends from the dorsal apex of the hyoidean
cornu to the lower jaw. In none of the other genera [of Perenni-
branchiata and Derotremata] have I observed this second attachment
to the lower jaw. A tendon, which, in Mexobranchus, runs external
to the posterior point of the hyoidean cornu, parallel with the latter,
downwards and forwards, belongs to the second portion of the
digastric muscle.” Nevertheless it will be seen that this second
ligament exists no less in Menobranchus than in Proteus. It is also
to be found in Siren and Siredon. None of the authors cited mentions
the cartilaginous framework of the skull *.
The cranium of Menobranchus viewed from above (Plate XXX.
* Stannius observes (‘ Handbuch. Die Amphibien,’ p. 38), ‘Bei den Proteidea
[Proteus and Menobranchus] sind die niedrigen Seitenwinde der beiden yorder-
13*
188 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. 17,
fig. 1), presents the form of a pentagon, with a deeply excavated base,
and with the angle opposite the base truncated. This truncated
angle corresponds with the ends of the premaxillary bones; the
lateral angles are occupied by the extremities of the suspensoria, or
peduncles to which the mandible is attached; the posterior angles
answer to the epiotic processes of the skull of an osseous fish. As
these project beyond the level of the occipital foramen, they give rise
to the excavated contour of the base of the pentagon. The occipital
condyles lie one on each side of and below the occipital foramen ;
and their slightly convex free surfaces look inwards and backwards.
In a side view (Plate XXIX. fig. 1), the skull is seen to be much
flattened from above downwards. The suspensorium is inclined
downwards and forwards at an acute angle with the cranio-facial
axis. The ramus of the mandible is proportionally stout and thick,
and the hyobranchial apparatus, though almost wholly cartilaginous,
is massive and large relatively to the skull.
The skull consists of a cartilaginous framework, in and upon
which certain ossifications have been developed. The former is
what is commonly termed the ‘primordial cranium ;” but, as it is
preceded by a membranous structure, it would be better termed the
“chondrocranium,” while the bony skull may be called the “ osteo-
cranium.”
The osteocranium consists of the following bones :—
1. The exoccipitals (H.O).—These lie on each side of the
occipital foramen, and bear the condyles. They do not come into
contact either above or below; but the small space left between them
is covered by the parietal bones in the former region, and by the
parasphenoid in the latter.
2. The epiotics (Hp.O).—I term these interesting ossifications
*‘epiotic”’ for brevity’s sake. In reality they represent not only the
epiotic but the opisthotic ossifications of other Vertebrata. They
are conical caps of bone, which are separated by narrow cartilaginous
interspaces from the pro-otics (Pr.O) in front, but closely unite with
the exoccipitals behind and below. As usual, they shelter the pos-
terior part of the organ of hearing; and the fenestra ovalis, with its
stapes (S¢), is situated in the unossified interspace between the an-
terior and inferior (or opisthotic) part of the bone and the pro-otic.
3. The pro-otic ossifications (P.O) occupy their ordinary place
in the front part of the capsule of the organ of hearing, and are
covered above by the parietals (Pa.), and externally by the squa-
mosals (Sq.).
4. The parasphenoid (P.Sph) is a very wide and thin bone,
which extends from the lower margin of the occipital foramen,
posteriorly, to a point beyond the middle of the length of the vomers,
anteriorly. It underlies the exoccipitals, the epiotics, and the pro-
sten Segmente der eigentlichen Schedelcapsel nicht ossificirt,” and that they have
an abortive cartilaginous antorbital process. He also mentions that the liga-
ment which extends from the premaxilla to the suspensorium contains particles
of cartilage (eingesprengte Knorpel). I haye not noticed these in my specimen.
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS, 189
otics behind, while, in front, the vomers underlie it on each side. Its
anterior extremity is truncated, and slightly concave forwards.
5. The vomers (Vo) are much elongated, flattened, broader
behind than in front, and have a sigmoid curvature, which is
especially manifested by their inner edges, As the vomers come
into contact only by their anterior extremities, while their inner
edges diverge from one another backwards, there is left between
them a wide space, increasing in breadth posteriorly, which is occupied,
for the greater part of its extent, by the parasphenoid, but, in front
of the truncated anterior termination of this bone, by a part of the
chondrocranium. A series of teeth is set along the outer edge of
each vomer; and its posterior excavated extremity articulates with
the palatine bone.
6. The parietal bones (Pa) which are broad and flat, cover over
the greater part of the epiotic and pro-otic bones. They meet in a
median sagittal suture, which is about half as long as the whole
skull. Auteriorly, each parietal bone presents three processes. The
innermost of these (Pa') is the proper continuation of the bone;
uniting with its fellow, it gives rise to the anterior half of the sagittal
suture, and extends forwards, as a long triangular tongue, which is
interposed between the two frontals (fr). The second (Pa’) and
third (Pa*) processes start from a common root. The inner, very
long and slender, runs along the outer edge of the frontal bone,
widening a little as it goes, and ends at the posterior boundary of
the olfactory foramen (1). The third process (Pu’) is short, passes
downwards and outwards, and rests, in a manner to be described
presently, upon a cartilage connected with the suspensorium*.
7. The frontal bones (Fr), separated behind by the conjoined
parietals, unite, in front, in a long frontal suture, and terminate,
anteriorly, in pointed processes, which are received between the
ascending processes of the premaxillary bones. Between the latter
and the olfactory foramen, each frontal is continued into a plate of
bone (F7’), which lies on the sides of the snout. The anterior,
pointed, extremity of this plate fits in between the ascending process
of the premaxilla and the vomer, while its posterior prolongation
passes, below the olfactory aperture, to the cartilaginous antorbital
process of the skull.
8. A quadrate ossification (Qu) of irregular form, occupies the
distal end of the cartilaginous suspensorium.
9. The paluto-pterygoid (Pl. Pt) is a flattened plate of bone,
rounded and spatulate in front, where it articulates with the exca-
vated posterior end of the vomer ; truncated behind, where it under-
lies the suspensorium.
10. The premazille (Pmz). These are relatively strong bones,
each composed of a horizontal “‘body”’ bounding the gape in front,
and of a strong ascending process, which passes back on to the top of
the skull, at an acute angle with the body of the bone. The “ body”
tapers off to a point posteriorly ; and, in the specimen the skull of
* Professor Owen considers that this process represents “the so-called
columella of Lizards” (/.c. p. 116).
190 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. _ [Mar. 17,
which I examined, there was no maxilla whatever, mere fibrous
tissue connecting the end of the preemaxilla with the outer extremity
of the antorbital process, and bounding the posterior nasal aperture
externally. But in the skeleton of Menobranchus prepared by
Hyrtl, now in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, there
is, on the right side, a minute bone bearing three teeth, which seems
to be a rudimentary maxilla.
11. The squamosals (Sq) are long slender bones, which extend
from near the extremity of the epiotic processes to the articular
surface for the mandible on the extremity of the suspensorium.
The whole bone is shaped somewhat like a boomerang—the half
which lies against the outer side of the suspensorium being bent at
an obtuse angle to the half which is connected with the pro-otic,
parietal, and epiotic bones, and which runs parallel with the axis of
the skull. Where the cranial and suspensorial portions of the bone
meet, there is given off, from its posterior margin, a short osseous
process, which is directed towards the stapes, covering over the
ligamentous fibres which connect the stapes with the suspensorium.
12. The dentary (D) occupies the whole length of the mandible,
rising up on its outer side into a high plate, curving inwards to the
symphysis in the middle line, and extending as a shelf, grooved above,
beneath Meckel’s cartilage, which is received into the groove. Four-
teen conical teeth are borne by this bone, and are ankylosed with it.
13. The splenial (Spl, Plate XXXI. fig. 7) lies on the inner side
of Meckel’s cartilage, and bears six teeth.
14. The only other ossified member of the cranial, or facial, series
present in Menobranehus is the second basibranchial (Bé", Plate XXX.
fig. 2), a styliform bone, broader in front than behind, which lies
in the middle line, and articulates, in front, with the two anterior
cerato-branchials (€d').
The ehondrocranium, in and upon which the bones now enu-
merated and described are developed, is a structure of an exceedingly
remarkable character. The whole extent of the chondrocranium was
ascertained by decalcifying the skull, macerating it afterwards in
glycerine containing caustic potash, and then, partly, viewing it as a
transparent object, and, partly, examining sections.
In the side walls of the depressed cranial cavity, between the para-
sphenoid and the second process of the parietal bone (Pa’J, there lies
a rod of cartilage, which, at the anterior boundary of the orbit, is
connected with the tapering antorbital process (4.0). It then
bends inwards (on the inner side of the olfactory sac); and, meeting
its fellow in the middle line, the two proceed, parallel with one
another, to the end of the snout, their free extremities being
embraced by the preemaxille.
The antorbital process is separated from the chief mass of this
rod, which corresponds with one of the ¢rabecule of the ordinary
embryonic vertebrate cranium, by a line of fibrous tissue. In the
internasal region, on the other hand, the anterior ends of the cartila-
ginous rods (which answer to the cornua of the trabeculz) become
fused together.
1874. ] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 191
Posteriorly, each trabecula passes into the floor of a cartilaginous
mass, which is formed, above, by the auditory capsule, and, behind,
by the exoccipital, and which has undergone pattial ossification.
But, in spite of careful search, I could find no cartilage either in the
supraoccipital, or in the basioccipital, region, but only a dense con-
nective tissue. In the midst of this, in the basioccipital region, the
conical extremity of the notochord is imbedded.
The large oval space included between the trabecule, their sub-
auditory continuations, and the inferior and internal edges of the ex-
occipitals, is floored by fibrous tissue, in which the parasphenoid is
developed, just as the roof of the skull is constituted by the fibrous
tissue in which the parietals and frontals are formed. The side
walls of the cranial cavity are constituted, behind, by the exoccipitals
and auditory capsules, in front of these, by the trabeculz; and,
external to them, by the second processes (Pa*) of the parietal bones.
The suspensorial cartilage presents, anteriorly and below, an oval,
concave, articular facet for the articular end of Meckel’s cartilage.
Just above this, on the inner side, is a small elevation (p, Plate XX XI.
fig. 4), which is all that represents the palato-pterygoid process of
other Amphibia. Still higher up, on the inner side, the suspenso-
rium gives off a broad, tongue-shaped, “ascending process” (a,
Plate XXX. fig. 1), which mounts beneath the “third process” of
the parietal bone, and applies itself to the outer side of the trabe-
cular cartilage. The orbito-nasal (ophthalmic) division of the tri-
geminal nerve (V’) passes beneath this tongue of cartilage, which
therefore, morphologically speaking, ascends higher than the eye,
inasmuch as the orbito-nasal nerve, as it passes forwards, runs above
the optic nerve (Plate XXIX. fig. 1 and Plate XXXI. fig. 4).
The orbito-nasal nerve actually leaves the skull by a considerable
foramen, common to it and the other divisions of the fifth (V**),
which lies between the trabecula internally and below, the pro-otic
externally and behind, and the parietal bone above. And this fora-
men is undivided ; but, as the ascending process of the suspensorium
passes between the orbito-nasal nerve on its inner and anterior side,
and the second and third divisions of the fifth on its outer and
posterior side, it looks as if the process in question divided the
foramen of exit of the trigeminal nerve into two parts.
The ganglia of the trigeminal and of the seventh nerves are
situated, close together, above the trabecula, where it passes into the
floor of the auditory capsule—the Gasserian ganglion lying in front
of the anterior wall of the capsule, while the ganglion of the seventh,
which is very closely connected with the auditory nerve, is placed
rather on the ventral side of the anterior end of the capsule (Plate
XXXI. fig. 4). Immediately in front of these ganglia, the trabecula is
- produced externally, and becomes continuous with the suspensorium
by the process (m), which thus affords the middle and chief attach-
ment of the suspensorium to the skull, and may be named the
“pedicle of the suspensorium.” Finally, the external and posterior
angle of the suspensorial cartilage is produced upwards and _back-
wards, on the exterior of the auditory capsule, with which it is
192 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. !7,
closely adherent, into an ofie process (0, Plate XXXI. fig. 4). The
posterior division of the seventh nerve (which answers to what is
commonly called the facial nerve, and may be termed the hyo-man-
dibular division of the seventh) runs directly in front of the auditory
capsule, and beneath the otic process of the suspensorium. The
anterior division (palatine or Vidian division) of the seventh, on the
contrary, passes directly forwards, close to the pedicle of the suspen-
sorium, parallel with the orbito-nasal, and below but external to it.
Meckel’s cartilage (Mck.) is very thick at its articular end, but
rapidly tapers off to a point beyond the coronoid enlargement, to
which the elevators of the jaw are attached. The termination of
Meckel’s cartilage lies at a considerable distance from the symphysial
end of the ramus of the mandible (Plate XXIX. fig. 1 and Plate
XXXI. fig. 7).
The hyoidean arch has already been well described and figured by
Fischer. It is entirely cartilaginous and fibrous. It consists (Plate
XXX. fig. 2) of a long and stout ceratohyal cartilage (C.4), and a
small hypohyal (H.h). The two hypohyals are united with one
another by fibrous tissue, which represents the basihyal. Fibrous
tissue connects the proximal half of the ceratohyal with the suspen-
sorium and with the otic region of the skull ; and a strong ligamen-
tous band, the Ayo-suspensorial ligament (h.s./, Plate XXIX. fig. 1),
passes from the ceratohyal, at about the junction of its middle and
upper thirds, to the middle of the posterior edge of the suspenso-
rium. From this point another strong fibrous bundle, the suspen-
sorio-stapedial ligament (s.s.l), is continued upwards and backwards
to the stapes. The hyo-mandibular branch of the seventh nerve
(VII.p) passes above this ligament to its distribution, just as it passes
above the columella auris in the Frog.
Rather above the attachment of the hyo-suspensorial ligament,
another strong band of fibrous tissue arises from the ceratohyal, and,
passing down on the inner side of the former, is inserted into the
angle of the mandible. This may be termed the mandibulo-hyoid
ligament, and answers to the interopercular element of the osseous
fishes’ skull (Plate XXIX. fig. 1 and Plate XXXI. fig. 7, m././).
The branchial apparatus is composed of two median pieces, the
first and second basibranchials (Bb, Bb’); of which the former is
cartilaginous, pointed in front, where it is connected with the fibrous
representative of the basihyal, broad behind, where it unites with the
two ceratobranchials (C6’).
The second basibranchial is the only portion of the branchial
apparatus which is ossified, and has been deseribed above.
The stout anterior ceratobranchials (Cb')* meet in the middle
line, between the first and second basibranchials. The broad, dorsai
end of each articulates with the correspondingly broad, ventral end of
the first epibranchial (Ep.t'), which is curved, and tapers to a
point at its dorsal extremity.
* Fischer (/. c. p. 19) considers that these represent the anterior and posterior
ceratobranchials coalesced ; but I see no evidence that such a process has taken
place.
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 193
The posterior ceratobranchial (Cb*) is a mere nodule of cartilage,
which is connected, externally, with the anterior ceratobranchial and
first epibranchial, and on its dorsal side articulates with the enlarged
ventral end of the second epibranchial (Zp.d*). The slender, slightly
curved, third epibranchial( Zp.65) articulates with the enlarged ventral
end of the second. There is no trace of a fourth epibranchial.
On comparing the cranium of Menobranchus with that of other
Amphibia, one is at once struck (as Van der Hoeven has already
remarked) by its many resemblances to that of Proteus.
In Proteus, the skull is similarly elongated and narrow, especially
in the nasal and maxillary regions. The epiotic processes are pro-
minent ; and the suspensorium is inclined downwards and forwards at
a like angle. The nasal, maxillary, and jugal bones are absent in
Proteus, as in Menobranchus ; the vomers and the palato-pterygoids
have a similar disposition. In the general form and mode of attach-
ment to the skull, in the rudimentary condition of the posterior
ceratobranchial, in the presence of only three epibranchials, the
hyoid and branchial apparatuses of Proteus closely accord with those
of Menobranchus, though those of Proteus are much more exten-
sively ossified. In both genera the epiotic and opisthotic regions
ossify and give rise to a distinct bone, the summit of which forms the
eplotic process. Moreover, the chondrocranium of Proteus is, in all
essential respects, similar to that of Menobranchus, though the tra-
beculze are partially ossified where they lie between the nasal sacs.
In possessing prominent epiotic ossifications, which project as strong
conical processes from the occipital region of the skull, Menobranchus
and Proteus differ from all other existing Amphibia, and agree with
the extinct Labyrinthodonts*. In the absence of the fourth epi-
branchial, Proteus and Menobranchus differ from Siren, Siredon,
Menopoma, and Amphiuma. In the rudimentary condition of the
second ceratobranchial they approach Amphiuma, in which this
element is absent.
In the structure of the chondrocranium, Menobranchus and
Proteus differ from the Frog and from Siredon (the only Amphibia
in which the chondrocranium has as yet been thoroughly examined)
in the persistence, throughout life, of a far more embryonic type of
structure. In fact, the skull of even the Lamprey is, in some
respects, less embryonic than that of Menobranchus, the floor and
roof of the occipital region having acquired a more complete chondri-
fication in the Marsipobranch.
It is to the embryonic condition of the vertebrate skull, especially
in the class to which Menobranchus belongs, that we must have
recourse for an explanation of the structure of its primordial cranium.
If the cartilaginous skull of a tadpole, before it has lost its
external gills, be compared with the persistent chondrocranium of
Menobranchus, the general correspondence of the two becomes
obvious (Plate XXXI. fig. 3). There is a very large pituitary space,
bounded by the trabeculz (Z') at the sides. In front, the latter
* Siren and Amphiwma have epiotic processes of a different form.
194 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. 17,
converge and coalesce into the internasal prolongations, which give
rise to the mesethmoid of the adult Frog. But, in the tadpole, at
this stage of its development, the “‘ parachordal cartilages,’ which
have been developed at the sides of the notochord, have united with
one another and with the trabecule, and thus the pituitary space is
much shorter than in Menobranchus. The cartilaginous skull of a
tadpole of this age, in fact, has already obtained a higher develop-
ment than it ever reaches in Menobranchus.
The auditory capsules are rounded behind, in the tadpole, and do
not extend backwards as pointed processes beyond the level of the
exoccipitals ; in which respect the tadpole’s skull is more frog-like,
and less fish-like, than that of the adult Menobranchus.
In the tadpole’s skull, the suspensorium is attached to the trabecula
of its side, close to the point at which the latter passes into the para-
chordal cartilage. The cartilaginous band (m, Plate XX XI. fig. 3), in
fact, which passes into the trabecula, is the dorsal end of the mandi-
bular arch, and corresponds with the pedicle of the suspensorium in
Menobranchus, having the same relations to the ganglia and branches
of the fifth and seventh nerves. In the adult Frog, the pedicle of the
suspensorium has been carried outwards by the lateral growth of the
auditory region of the skull, and is articulated by a joint* with the
cartilage of this region, close to the outer extremity of the transverse
arm of the parasphenoid. The inner process of the pterygoid lies on
its ventral side, closely applied to it.
The elbow (0) by which the suspensorium of the tadpole abuts
against the anterior and external face of the auditory capsule
evidently corresponds with the otic process of the suspensorium of
Menobranchus. In the adult Frog, the suspensorium, which is
ossified only at its mandibular end, forks, at its cranial end, into two
branches or crura, the interspace between which is filled by fibrous
tissue (Plate XXXI. fig. 6). These crura, and the fibrous tissue
which connects them, form the front wall of the tympanic cavity :
the dorsal crus, which answers to the otic process, passes into the
tegmen tympani, or roof of the tympanum, which is furnished by
the outgrowth of the auditory capsule ; the ventral crus is the pedicle
of the suspensorium just mentioned.
Passing between the two crura (as Dugés long since pointed out)
the seventh nerve enters the tympanum, closely applied to the inner
wall of which (but not included in any Fallopian canal) it passes,
above the level of the fenestra ovalis, over the columella auris. It
takes, in fact, exactly the same course as in a mammal, except that
it runs round the auditory capsule, instead of being included in a
canal by the growth of the latter round it.
Some remarkable consequences appear to flow from the observed
metamorphoses of the cranial end of the mandibular arch in the
Frog. If the ossification which has already set in in the mandibular
* My friend Mr. Parker, F.R.S., in his remarkable memoir on “The Struc-
ture and Development of the Skull of the Common Frog” (Philosophical
Transactions, 1871), has given a different account of the origin of this singular
articulation ; but I believe I may say that he now agrees with me.
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 195
end of the suspensorium extended up into its dorsal crus, or otic
process, we should have a quadrate bone, exactly like that of a Che-
lonian reptile. On the other hand, if the ventral crus became ossified
continuously with the inner process of the pterygoid, and the basi-
sphenoid were developed, we should have such a connexion of the
pterygoid with the basisphenoid as exists in many Lizards and
Birds *. Whence it appears to follow, that this part of the ptery-
goid represents the, morphologically, dorsal end of the mandibular
arch, and that the dorsal end of the os quadratum is a secondary
development of that arch, which becomes applied to the outer face
of the auditory capsule.
The articular surfaces for Meckel’s cartilage are corresponding
points in both Menobranchus and the Frog’s tadpole; but the
palato-pterygoid process (p), which is rudimentary in the Meno-
branchus, and far apart from the antorbital process (4.0) (the inter-
mediate space being occupied only by membrane, bone, and connective
tissue) is, though equally short, completely fused with the antorbital
process in the tadpole.
There remain to be compared the orbital process (Or.) of the
suspensorium of the tadpole and the ascending process (a) of the
suspensorium of Menobranchus.
It is clear that the orbital process, if it grew upwards and inwards
towards the dorsal side of the trabecula, might very well cover in the
orbito-nasal branch of the fifth nerve, as it actually does in Meno-
branchus. But then it would also cover in the third division of the
fifth and the levator muscle of the mandible, internal and anterior
to which it lies in Menobranchus.
For these reasons I do not identify the ‘orbital process”’ of the
tadpole’s suspensorium with the “ascending process’”’ of that of
Menobranchust, though in some respects they are analogous.
In the tadpole, the tissue on each side of the notochord is so
largely chondrified that it has formed a complete floor to the occipital
and interauditory region of the skull, has roofed in the occipital
region, and has coalesced with the auditory capsules; and the skull
has attained this condition at a much earlier stage than that to which
reference is here made f.
But I know of no condition of the skull of the Frog which is
* Stannius (‘Handbuch d. Zootomie,’ 2te Auflage: ‘‘Die Amphibien,” p. 36)
remarks, in giving the general characters of the skull in the ‘ Amphibia Dipnoa,”
that the more or less cartilaginous pterygoid arcade in these animals is always
connected with the rest of the skull in three places:—1, with the suspen-
sorium; 2, with the sphenoidal region of the skull; 3, with the lower part of
the anterior and outer wall of the orbital cavity. Of these ‘the connexion with
the sphenoidal region answers to the articulation of the pterygoid with the basi-
sphenoid in most S¢reptostylica [Lacertilia and Ophidia], Birds,&e.; the connexion
with the lower part of the anterior wall of the orbit corresponds with the union
of the pterygoid with the maxilla and jugal by means of an os transversum in
Streptostylica and Crocodiles.”
ag A corresponding process exists in Proteus, Siredon, Menopoma, and Am-
phiuma.
£ See my Croonian Lecture (Proc. Roy. Soc. 1858), and, for full details, Mr.
Parker’s Memoir in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1871, already referred to,
196 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS.~ [Mar. 17,
quite so instructive in its bearing on that of Menobranchus as is the
skull of a Triton about the period at which it leaves the egg * (Plate
XXXI. figs. 2, 2a), or that of a larval Axolotl (Plate XXXI. fig. 1).
Here the notochord occupies the centre of the future basis cranii,
terminating in front in a rounded apex. The parachordal tissue
exhibits no trace of chondrification; but it is very interesting to
observe, on each side of it, the indication of an intermuscular septum,
separating two myotomes, and thus indicating, so far, a segmentation
of this region.
The auditory capsules are spherical sacs, which he, quite isolated,
on each side of the notochord, at some distance from it, and are not
yet chondrified. The trabeculze abut against the notochord pos-
teriorly, but are wholly separate from any other structure. In front,
they have begun to coalesce and to give rise to the broad internasal
plate which is characteristic of the Salamandridea. On each side of
them are seen the nasal sacs, with the minute posterior nares opening
into the cavity of the mouth. Behind, and external to, each trabecula
is a stout cartilaginous rod, which obviously represents the sus-
pensorium ; but the dorsal end of this cartilage (m), though it lies
close to the trabecula, has not yet coalesced with it, and the mandi-
bular arch is therefore quite free. The external angle (0) corresponds
in its relation to the auditory capsule with the part similarly marked
in the Frog’s tadpole and in Menobranchus. At (q) is the articular
surface for Meckel’s cartilage (Mck) ; but neither “orbital,”’ ‘‘ascend-
ing,” nor “ palato-pterygoid”’ processes are as yet developed.
The hyoidean arch (Hy, figs. 2, 2 a) is as distinct and independent
as are the mandibular and trabecular arches ; it is an unjointed carti-
lage with a pointed dorsal end, which lies close to the auditory capsule.
At its ventral extremity it coalesces with its fellow; while, behind,
it is continuous with a median cartilage, which represents the basi-
branchials and ends in a long spatuliform style. From the sides of
the median cartilage two ceratobranchials proceed, and are continued,
the anterior into the first epibranchial, the posterior into the three
other epibranchials. None of these parts are distinctly articulated,
the future joints being, at most, faintly indicated. Sundry ossifi-
cations are visible in the fibrous tissue contiguous to the cartilages ;
thus the dentary (D) and splenial (Spl) pieces of the mandible,
the squamosals (Sq), and the preemaxillee (Pm) (already one bone)
have made their appearance.
The vomers (Vo), each of which bears two teeth, lie far apart, on
the inner side of each nasal opening, aud beneath the anterior end of
the trabecula. Behind these are two dentigerous ossifications of
the fibrous roof of the mouth, broad and rounded in front, but drawn
out behind into a sort of tail, which is directed towards the suspen-
sorium, though it does not reach the latter. These bones correspond
with the anterior moieties of the palato-pterygoids of JMJenobran-
* The observations on which the following statements respecting Triton rest,
were made in 1858; but I did not publish them, as I could not then obtain the
materials for completing the history of the development of the Triton’s skull,
Perhaps I shall be more fortunate this spring.
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 197
chus, and they occupy the same position as the palatines of the
higher Vertebrata. But these bones, in fact, undergo very singular
changes of position in the Salamanders. In the young Siredon
(Plate XXXI. fig. 1) they have the general form and relations which
they exhibit in all known Salamandrine larvee ; and, so long as Sire-
don retains its branchize, no important change takes place; but in
the abranchiate Siredon (Amblystoma) and in Améblystoma caroline
dentigerous bones, obviously identical with these, occupy the position
of the palatine bones of the Frogs, lying transversely to the axis
of the skull immediately behind the posterior nares *.
In the common Tritons and Salamanders, on the other hand, these
bones, as Dugés originally observed, gradually incline backwards and
inwards parallel with the base of the skull, coalesce with the vomers,
and become the long dentigerous tail-like prolongations of the
vomers, which adhere to the under surface of the parasphenoid. It
can hardly be doubted that the so-called ‘“ sphenoidal” teeth of
Plethodon and other Salamandridea are of the same nature.
Whatever direction the palato-dentary plates may take, however,
they lose their primitive connexion with the pterygoid in all the
Salamandridea, the anterior end of that bone and of its supporting
cartilage moving outwards, and coming into connexion with the maxilla
as it does in the Frogst. The posterior nostril is, usually, bounded
only by cartilage, or ligament, representing the antorbital process.
As the development of the Triton advances, chondrification takes
place in the base of the skull on each side of the notochord ; it ex-
tends backwards, to give rise to the occipital condyles, upwards, to
form the occipital arch, and inwards, to constitute the basioccipital
region; and the auditory capsules coalesce with the posterior ex-
tremities of the trabeculz and with the parachordal cartilage thus
developed. Moreover the internasal or mesethmoidal cartilage
gives off expansions above and below the nasal sacs, which become
the roofs and floors of the nasal chambers. But a large membranous
fontanelle persists between the trabeculz in the basi- and presphe-
noidal regions; and it is only in the Frogs that this intertrabecular
or “pituitary” space appears to become completely chondrified.
Thus the chondrocranium of Menobranchus presents a little
advance upon that of the larval Triton just leaving the egg, in so
far as it possesses parachordal chondrifications, and in so far as the
mandibular arch and the auditory capsules have coalesced with them
and with the trabeculee ; but it is inferior to the chondrocranium of
Stredon and of the ordinary Salamanders in the absence of subnasal
- and supranasal alze, and in the want of a complete cartilaginous
occipital segment.
No known Elasmobranch, Ganoid, or Teleostean fish presents so
incompletely developed a chondrocranium as that of Menobranchus.
* Profs. A. Duméril and O. C. Marsh have already noticed the change of posi-
tion of these bones in Axolotls which became metamorphosed into Amblystoma.
t In the adult (branchiate) Sredon it is interesting to observe that the apex
of the pterygoid cartilage already lies a little outside the outer margin of the
palatine bone.
198 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. 17,
On the other hand, the latter is much like that of a Lamprey, if
we leave the ossifications of the Menobranchus skull, and the accessory
cartilages of the Petromyzon, out of consideration. And this fact,
taken together with the curious resemblances in development between
the Lampreys and the Amphibia (which are much closer than those
between any of the higher Fishes and the Amphibia) *, suggest to
my mind the supposition that, in the series of modifications by which
the Marsipobranch type has been converted into that of the higher
fishes, the most important terms must have been forms intermediate
in character between the Dipnot and the Marsipobranchs. The
skeleton of such a fish as Ceratodus, if it had a Menobranchus-like
chondrocranium, would approach that of the Lampreys more than
that of any fish known at present; and it is not difficult to imagine
the steps by which such a fish might be built up upon the “ lines”
of a Lamprey.
The bearing of the structure of the chondrocranium in Menobran-
chus, the larval Triton and Siredon upon the theory of the skull is
obvious.
It is plain that three morphologically distinct elements enter into
the composition of the cranium in these animals :—
1. The parachordal elements or ‘‘ investing masses”’ of Rathke,
which stand in the same relation to the notochord, in the skull, as
the formative tissue out of which the bodies of the vertebra are
developed, in the spinal column.
2. The pleural elements or visceral arches, which are divisible into
trabecular, mandibular, hyoidean, and branchial.
3. The paraneural elements or capsules of some of the organs of
the higher senses.
The brain-case is a complex structure, formed by the coalescence
of elements belonging to all three classes; the face, by the meta-
morphosis of visceral arches only.
The occipital portion of the chondrocranium, which lies behind
the auditory capsules, and which, by its ossification, gives rise to the
proper exoccipitals in Amphibia, and, in addition, to the basiocci-
pital and supraoccipital in Osseous Fishes and the higher Vertebrata,
appears in all cases to result from the metamorphosis and ossification
of parachordal elements.
bn the other hand, that portion of the chondrocranium which lies
in front of the auditory capsules is, in the Amphibia, formed by the
coalescence and metamorphosis of the trabecule. It is by their
vertical growth that the relatively high lateral walls of the cranium
of the Frog are formed; it is by their coalescence in the ventral
median line that the pituitary space becomes completely floored with
cartilage in the same animal; and it is by the outgrowth of alary
processes from the coalesced internasal, or mesethmoidal, portions of
the trabecule, that the roof and floor of the Frog’s nasal capsules are
produced.
Menobranchus is exceptional among the Amphibia in presenting no
ossification of the substance of the trabeculze in front of the pro-otic.
* Unfortunately we know nothing of the development of the Dipnoz.
1874. ] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 199
In all the other genera, so far as I am aware, these structures are ossi-
fied to a greater or less extent in front of the exit of the optic nerves.
In Proteus, the ossification is internasal only; in Stredon and
Menopoma, it is interorbital only ; in Siren, there are two extensive
interorbital ossifications, which send median prolongations into the
internasal septum, and thus afford a transition to the fully developed
sphenethmoid (or “os en ceinture”’ of Cuvier) of the Frogs.
I see no reason for doubting the homology of the paired inter-
orbital ossifications of Siredon with the orbito-sphenoids of the higher
Vertebrata; in which case, that portion of the basis of the skull
which arises out of the coalescence of these parts of the trabeculz,
and is ossified into one mass with them, in the Frogs, must represent
the presphenoid ; and if this be so, the floor and side-walls of the
skull, between the interorbital ossification and the pro-otic bones,
must answer to the basisphenoid and the alisphenoid; while that
which lies in front of the interorbital ossification must correspond
with the median and lateral ethmoids of the higher Vertebrates.
In the Amphibia all these parts are formed by the gradual exten-
sion and subsequent metamorphosis of the trabeculz. All the steps
of gradual enlargement, apparent outgrowth, and metamorphosis of
these primitively rod-like cartilages can be followed; and no part of
the chondrocranium in these regions is formed independently of them.
This is all I intend to convey by the expression that the sphenoidal
and ethmoidal regions of the skull are products of the growth and
metamorphosis of the trabecule. If the questions be raised, Have
the trabeculz, when once formed, a quasi-independence? and do they
grow into the adjacent tissues, as a tree pushes its roots into the soil ?
Or does not their extension and apparent growth arise rather from a
chondrification of the preexisting tissue in the immediate neighbour-
hood of the trabecular cartilage? it seems to me that no definite
answer can be given to them.
In the larval Triton and Siredon, at the stage of development
described above, for example, there is no complete cartilage either
at the sides of the notochord, behind the trabeculee, or in the eth-
moidal region, in front of the trabecule. And it would seem that
the cartilage which eventually exists in both these regions, arises
in the same way—namely, by gradual chondrification of the tissue,
beginning in that part which is in contact with the trabecula, and
extending backwards, or forwards, as the case may be. And it may
be said that if the apparent growth of the trabecula into the para-
chordal region is not to be described as a backward growth of the
trabecula, so neither is the alisphenoidal, or orbito-sphenoidal, carti-
lage in the side-wall of the skull to be described as an upward
growth of the trabecula; and this view would receive support from
any cases in which the orbito-sphenoids, or alisphenoids, take their
origin by independent development in the side-walls of the skull.
The same difficulty arises when we attempt to determine the
nature of the cartilaginous walls of the nasal chambers. To all
appearance these, in all Amphibia which possess them, grow out of
the coalesced trabecule. But if it be said that they are independent
200 PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [Mar. 17,
chondrifications of the capsule of the olfactory sac, like those which
certainly take place in the case of the eye and of the ear, and that
the appearance of outgrowth from the trabeculee is simply due to the
fact that this independent process of chondrification begins in con-
tiguity with the trabecula and extends outwards, I do not know
that there is any means of deciding the question at present.
No doubt the perfect independence of the sclerotic and of the
wall of the primitive auditory sac, lends countenance to the hypo-
thesis that the olfactory sacs are provided with similar proper walls.
And it is easy to imagine that the antorbital process and the
ethmoidal ale, taken together, may represent the sclerotic and the
periotic cartilages ; but it is very difficult to find proof of the fact,
and, until such proof is produced, it may be better to enumerate the
auditory capsules, alone, among the paraneural elements of the skull.
Il. The Heart.
The heart of Menobranchus has been described by Mayer and by
Van der Hoeven in the works already cited.
According to the former writer (/. ec. p. 83),
‘The heart is shaped like that of Proteus anguinus, and lies free
in the pericardium. It consists of a ventricle and an auricle with
two appendices (Herzohren), one on each side. The ¢runcus arte-
riosus arises, as in the Batrachians, from the right corner of the
ventricle. Upon each side, a saccus venosus appears beneath the
appendix of the auricle of its side, and receives the corresponding
superior vena cava. But in the pericardial chamber there are two
inferior cavee, formed by the division of the main trunk, which euters
the pericardium at the upper edge of the liver. The right saccus
venosus finally opens into the left; and out of this an aperture leads
into the simple auricle, which, however, as has been said, presents
two appendices.
‘‘ Near the sinu-auricular aperiure the auriculo-ventricular opening
(ostium venosum) leads into the ventricle. There are two auriculo-
ventricular valves, with an interposed cleft. The ventricle is simple,
but partially divided above by a median projection of its fleshy wall.
The dulbus aorte gives off two branches on each side; these pass
towards the branchial arches; and the posterior again divides. The
three branchial arteries thus produced run along the anterior edges of
the branchial arches to the branchial plumes; from these the
branchial veins pass along the posterior edges of the branchial
arches, and, after uniting into a single trunk on each side, give rise
to the aorta descendens. The existence of an anastomosis between
the trunks of the artery and that of the vein of each branchia was
indistinct ; but small branches went to the branchial filaments.
‘*The pulmonary arteries arise from the trunk into which the
branchial veins unite on each side. The pulmonary veins open, on
each side, into the corresponding inferior vena cava. In addition, I
found, but only on the left side, that a vein arose from the posterior
vesicular end of the lung, which, uniting with a superior ovarian vein,
passed directly into the vena cava inferior, as Rusconi has represented
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 201
to be the case in Proteus anguinus. On the right side, a vein from
the stomach opens into the pulmonary vein.”
Van der Hoeven adds to this description a more precise account
of the éruncus arteriosus (which be terms arterial trunk, “ slagader-
lijken stam”), and its terminal dilatation into an elongated oval
bulbus arteriosus (Il. c. p. 30):—‘‘ At the origin of the ¢runcus
arteriosus lie three semilunar valves, and higher up beneath the
bulbus three more. In the buldus itself is a freely projecting solid
plate, by which its cavity is almost divided into two semicanals.”
He further states that the auricle “ is divided by an imperfect sep-
tum ;’? but he gives no account of the form or structure of this
septum.
In the specimen dissected by me, the heart (Plate XXXII. figs. 1
to 6) was lodged in an oval pericardial cavity, situated between the
styliform second basibranchial and the curious chondrification of the
linea alba and of the adjacent parts of the intermuscular septa,
which Mayer (J. c. p. 85) justly interpreted as the sternum. Thick
masses of longitudinal muscular fibres lie on each side of the peri-
cardium, and represent the sterno-hyoid muscles.
The heart consists of a dorsal division, composed of the sinus venosus
(S) and of the auricles (4), and of a ventral division, consisting of the
ventricle (/”) and the truncus arteriosus (T.a). The sinus venosus lies
immediately over the posterior half of the ventricle, and is formed by
the junction of the two inferior caval trunks described by Mayer.
The right and left superior cavee (R.s.v.c, L.s.v.c.) open into these
at their passage into the sinus venosus, and might fairly be said
to communicate directly with the latter. The sinu-auricular aper-
ture is situated in the right half of the posterior wall of the spacious
auricular cavity. Though its lips project somewhat into the auricular
cavity, they can hardly be regarded as truly valvular.
The auricular chamber is very spacious, and extends forwards nearly
as far as the anterior end of the pericardium. It lies above the
truncus arteriosus in front, and the anterior half of the ventricle
behind. On each side, it is produced into a saccular dilatation, which
extends over the ¢rwncus and ventricle to the ventral wall of the peri-
eardium on the left side, but is much less developed on the right
side, where it leaves the ventricle uncovered. The wall of the right
dilatation presents three or four longitudinal folds.
On the dorsal face of the sinus venosus, between the two superior
cavee and the diverging inferior caval trunks, lies the pulmonary
vein (P.v. fig. 4). It is very narrow posteriorly, but dilates in front,
and, turning to the left, opens into the posterior part of the auri-
cular cavity, to the left of the middle line.
The existence of the anomalous arrangement of the pulmonary
veins in the specimen described by Mayer is therefore rendered
doubtful, though I am unwilling to suggest that so accurate an
observer was altogether mistaken.
The right wall of the dilatation of the pulmonary vein is continued
downwards, forwards, and to the left side, nearly as far as the dorsal
lip of the auriculo-ventricular aperture, as a delicate plate formed
Proc. Zooxu. Soc.—1874, No. XIV. 14
202 PROF, T. He. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. [ Mar. 17,
of muscular fibres, coated, on each side, by a layer of the cardiac
epithelium. This plate represents the auricular septum; but it
extends for but a very short distance forwards, and then, as it were,
frays out into separate branched muscular bands, each of which is
invested by its own epithelial cells. On the dorsal side, these bands
proceed to be attached to the wall of the auricle about midway
between its anterior and its posterior ends; but the ventralmost
band makes an arch across the auriculo-ventricular aperture, and
passes into a single muscular pillar, which is attached on the ventral
side of that aperture. Anteriorly, this column branches out, and its
divisions attach themselves to the left wall of the auricle and unite
with the ramifications of the muscular bands proceeding from the
dorsal side of the auriculo-ventricular opening (figs. 4 & 5).
The “plate,” the ‘‘pillar,”’ and the branched muscular bands which
proceed from them, which have just been described, are all that
represent the septum of the auricles, which therefore can have but
little efficacy as a partition between the pulmonary and the systemic
venous blood. These two kinds of blood must mix freely through
the wide meshes of the network of fibres invested by epithelium ; and
it is only above and behind, where the meshes become closer and the
network gradually passes into the impervious “ plate,”’ that the pul-
monary blood can be guided to the auriculo-ventricular aperture by a
special channel *.
The auriculo-ventricular valves are mere narrow folds of the
endocardium, bounding the margins of the auriculo-ventricular aper-
ture, which is triradiate, in consequence of a notch in its ventral lip.
The ventricle is oval in form ; its cavity is small, directed trans-
versely, and bounded by thick, spongy, muscular walls. The left end
of the cavity communicates with the auricle ; the right end opens into
the elongated truncus arteriosus. The moiety of this ¢runeus which
lies nearest the heart is a tube, divided by a slight transverse con-
striction into two but little-marked dilatations.
As Van der Hoeven has stated, there are three semilunar valves
set in a transverse row in the first dilatation, just above the aperture
of communication with the ventricle, while three other such valves
are disposed across the middle of the second dilatation. The divi-
sion of the ¢runcus arteriosus which contains these valves may be
* Stannius (‘ Handbuch,’ p. 216, note) states that, according to his own and
Hyrtl’s observations, the separation of the auricles is apparently incomplete
(anscheinend unvollkommen) in Proteus, Menobranchus, and Siren. Asregards
Proteus, in the only specimen I have dissected I have failed to find any trace
of a septum; but in Siren I have found it complete, and extending between the
auriculo-ventricular valves to terminate with a free edge, just as in the Frogs.
According to Fritsch (“Zur yvergleichende Anatomie der Amphibienherzen,”
Archiv fiir Anatomie, 1869), the septum is sometimes very imperfectly developed
in adult (miassig kraftige) specimens of Rana temporaria and R, esculenta. A
series of Frogs examined in the spring of 1860 exhibited this condition. But
in these cases the septum was reduced to a fold of the auricular wall, while in
the specimen of Menobranchus here described the septum extends nearly to the
auriculo-yentricular aperture, but is perforated. I have not met with the con-
dition of the septum described by Fritsch in adult Frogs.
1874.] PROF. T. H. HUXLEY ON MENOBRANCHUS. 203
termed the “ pylangium”’*. The bulb-like termination of the ¢runcus
arteriosus, on the other hand, is divided into four canals by two septa
disposed at right angles to one another, and is clearly formed by the
coalescence of the aortic arches. It may therefore be termed the
“ synangium.”
Throughout the Amphibia these two constituents of the ¢runcus
arteriosus are readily distinguishable, though they vary very much in
form and proportions, the pylangium being longest in proportion to
the synangium in the Anura, shortest in the Peromela. Moreover,
in the higher Urodela and the Anura, the pylangium becomes com-
plicated by the development of a longitudinal septum, which extends
from the anterior to the posterior set of valves, and imperfectly
divides the cavity into two chambers.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
Puats XXIX.
Fig. 1. Side view of the skull of Menobranchus lateralis.
2. Ventral view of the same.
Pratt XXX.
Fig. 1. Dorsal view of the same, all bony matter being removed from the left
half of the skull.
2. Ventral view of the hyoidean and branchial apparatus.
All the figures of the skull are magnified three times. In all, carti-
lage is coloured blue, and cartilage-bone ight brown. Membrane-bone
is left uncoloured.
The signification of the letters is the same throughout.
Cartilage-bones.—E. O, exoccipital; Hp.O, epiotic and opisthotic;
Pr.O, prootic ; Qu, quadrate; Sz, stapes; B27, second basibranchial.
Membrane-bones.—Pa, parietal, with its three processes Pa!, Pa?, Pa?;
Sq, squamosal; Fr, frontal, with its antero-lateral prolongation, Fr. 1 ;
Pmx, premaxilla; Vo, yvomer; Pa, Pé, coalesced palatine and ptery-
goid; P.S, parasphenoid; D, dentary ; Sp, splenial.
Chondrocranium.—Tr, trabecula ; A.o, antorbital process; g, quad-
rate process ; p, pterygoid process; @, ascending process; 0, otic pro-
cess; m, pedicle of the suspensorium; Mck, Meckel’s cartilage; Hy,
hyoid arch; Hh, hypohyal; Ch, ceratohyal; £2’, first basibranchial ;
Cb’, first ceratobranchial ; Hpd', first epibranchial ; Cb?, second cerato-
branchial ; Hpé?, Hpb?, second and third epibranchials.
LTigaments.—m.h.l, mandibulo-hyoid; 4.s./, hyo-suspensorial ; s.s./,
suspensorio-stapedial.
Nerves and foramina for nerves; I, olfactory foramen; V, orbito-
nasal branch of the trigeminal ; V*»*, second and third division of the
trigeminal ; VII.p, posterior division of the portio dura.
Prats XXX.
Fig. 1. Chondrocranium of a larva of Siredon. Fig. 2, of Triton, ventral
setts fig. 2 a, hyoidean and branchial apparatus of the same T7zton-
arva.
In these larve the walls of the auditory capsules were not yet
chondrified. Letters as before, except NV, nasal sac; Ch, notochord.
3. Chondrocranium of a tadpole, dorsal aspect. V, trigeminal ganglion;
VII, ganglion of the seventh nerve.
4. The suspensorium of Menobranchus; and fig. 5, that of Rana esculenta,
* rudy, a gate, and ayyetoy a vessel.
14*
204 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON NEW BIRDS FROM GABOON. [Mar. 17,
with the adjacent parts decalcified, In Rana the dorsal crus, or otic
process, has been removed to show the course of the posterior division
of the seventh nerve (VII.p) over the columella auris, C.a. VII.a,
the anterior division, palatine or Vidian nerve; Sy, commissural cord
(sympathetic ?) connecting the ganglion of the glossopharyngeal and
pneumogastric (VIII, IX) with the coalesced ganglia of the fifth and
seventh nerves (V, VII).
Fig. 6. A transverse section of the left half of the decalcified skull of Rana
esculenta, to show :—m, the inferior crus or pedicle of the suspensorium ;
0, its superior crus continuous with the tegmen tympani, 7. ¢, and the
posterior division of the seventh nerve, VII.p, passing between these ;
V, VII indicate the place occupied by the conjoined ganglia of the
fifth and seventh nerves.
7. The left ramus of the mandible of Menobranchus, viewed from within.
Puate XXXII.
Vig. 1 ventral, fig. 2 left lateral, fig. 3 right lateral view of the heart of Meno-
branchus lateralis. Fig. 4. Dorsal aspect of the heart, with the auricles,
sinus venosus, and cave laid open. Magnified 4 times.
5. Enlarged view of the septum of the auricles, from the left side.
6. The truncus arteriosus, with transverse sections (q, , ¢), and laid open to
show the posterior pylangial valves (d).
S, sinus venosus ; 4, auricular segment; J’, ventricle; 7.a, truncus
arteriosus ; Ls.v.c, R.s.v.c, left and right superior vene cave; L.v.c,
inferior vena cava; S.a, sinu-auricular aperture ; P.v, pulmonary vein ;
p.v.a, opening of the pulmonary vein into the left auricle ; Pm, pylan-
gium; Sn, synangium,
2. Description of two new Species of Birds from Gaboon. By
R. Bowpter Snuarps, F.L.S., F.Z.S8., &c., Senior Assis-
tant, Zoological Department, British Museum.
[Received February 23, 1874.]
(Plate XX XIII.)
Mr. Henry Ansell has forwarded to the Museum a small collection
of birds formed by him in the vicinity of the river Danger, Gaboon,
during his leisure moments ; and although most of the birds are well
known, there appear to me to be two which are new to science.
One of them is a Centropus, which I shall call, after its discoverer,
CENTROPUS ANSELLI, sp.n. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 1.)
Adult, Head and neck black, the former slightly glossed with
greenish, the latter with purplish-blue shades, less distinct on the
interscapulary region and upper back, which are dusky black ; lower
back and rump deep fulvous, with indistinct cross lines -of black ;
upper tail-coverts black, with cross lines of fulvous; whole of the
wing chestnut, darker on the coverts, the primaries dusky black at tip,
the inner secondaries entirely blackish ; tail black, the middle fea-
thers with a few indications of fulvous cross lines at base; sides of
face black like the head; entire under surface pale chestnut, the
under tail-coverts barred with black and pale fulvous ; under wing-
coverts pale fulvous. Total length 23 inches, culmen 1-6, wing
7°5, tail 11°5, tarsus 1°9.
1874.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON NEW BIRDS FROM GABOON. 205
The measurements of this bird show that it is one of the largest of
the African Centropi, finding its nearest ally in C. francisct. Indeed
I suspect that the young birds from the Camma, doubtfully referred
by Mr. Cassin to the latter species, are really the young of C. anselli ;
and thus it is probable that C. francisci is confined to the Gold
Coast.
C. anselli wants the black throat of C. francisci, and is therefore
easily recognizable. Its large size, black tail, and the fulvous colour
of the lower back and rump sufficiently distinguish it from C. senega-
lensis and C. monachus. ‘The discovery of this new species renders
the table given by me (P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 617) imperfect; and I
therefore revise it.
a. Abdomen whitish or buffy white.
a'. Throat white or buffy white.
a''. With no perceptible superciliary streak.
a", Head ereenish: black ....5....s-scoscveresseessscacses 1. senegalensis.
bo", “Head purplish blue ..........502.-.ccescsessaseereseses 2. monachus.
6", With a broad whitish eyebrow ......sseseseeeeeeseeees 3. superciliosus.
pie Mibroatiblaek: o. sdiccc conte es caetsscen oss tocsesemceenaawesesccacs 4. francisei.
6, Abdomen chestnut.
Cy) Hareer~ throutiChestnut,......0s<+0-cn-0ssenssssensensacet>ans 5. anselli.
spmiallers throat! Dlack, \<.ccce.sececetcoesscsccsenscecssacseses 6. epomidis.
c. Abdomen black.
e'. Wing-coverts barred with black.
ce’. Centre tail-feathers barred with fulvous ............... 7. nigrorufus.
ad". Centre tail-feathers black ............0:0...eessceeessoeeee 8. grilli.
f. Wing-coverts rufous, not barred .........ssceeecseceseeees 9. toulou.
The other species discovered Mr. Ansell is, so far as I can make
out, perfectly new to science, being a Dryoscopus with a rufous crown.
I therefore propose to name it
Dryoscorus CORONATUS, sp. nu. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 2.)
Above glossy black, with a slight greenish gloss, the quills entirely
black, the greater wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a broad
wing-band, which is continued down the wing by means of a narrow
white edging to the inner secondaries ; head and nape chestnut ; fore-
head and a narrow superciliary line fulvous ; lores, sides of face, and
ear-coverts glossy black ; cheeks and entire throat and breast clear
chestnut fawn-colour ; abdomen, thighs, sides of body, and under
wing- and tail-coverts pure white; bill and feet black. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1, wing 3°65, tail 3°7, tarsus 1°3.
Besides the two above described, Mr. Ansell has sent me the fol-
lowing birds :—
A specimen of Coccystes jacobinus. When I wrote my paper on
African Cuckoos I was not aware of any instance of the capture of
this species in Western Africa. The Museum, however, now con-
tains two examples, as we have received it through M. Bouvier,
from Dakar in Senegal, and now Mr. Ansell sends it from Gaboon.
Among the remaining skins forwarded by the latter gentleman
are the following interesting species :—Caprimulgus fulviventris, Cos-
sypha cyanocampter, Rallus oculeus, Musophaga gigantea, Astur ma-
croscelides, Accipiter melanoleucus, Polyboroides typicus.
206 MR. ALLPORT ON ACCLIMATIZATION OF SALMON. [Apr. 21,
April 21, 1874.
The Viscount Walden, F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Me-
nagerie during the month of March 1874 was 55, of which 5 were
by birth, 24 by presentation, 19 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and
5 were received on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period by death and removals was 76.
The most noticeable additions during the month of March were
as follows :—
1. A male Javan Rhinoceros, purchased March 7th for the sum of
£800. Avspecial report on this animal was read at the last meeting
(see p. 182).
2. A specimen of a rare and little-known Parrot, Finsch’s
Amazon (Ohrysotis finschi, Sclater), presented by Mrs. Chivers,
March 9th.
I originally described this species in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’
for 1864 (p. 298) from a single specimen in the British Museum.
It would seem that Souancé’s upper figure of C. wiridigenalis
(Icon. Perr. t. 31), of which we have also two specimens living in
the Gardens, may be intended for it. C/. Finsch, Papag. il. p. 545.
The only second example of C. finschi which I have met with is
a skin in the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, collected by
Rébouch at Putla, in Western Mexico.
It is therefore with great interest that I was able to determine
the Amazon presented by Mrs. Chivers on the 9th ult. as belonging
undoubtedly to this rare species, of which I now exhibit an accurate
coloured figure by Mr. Smit (Plate XXXIV.).
Communications were read from Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., “On
the very young of the Jaguar, Felis (Leopardus) onca;” “On the
young of the Bosch Vark, Potamocherus africanus, from Madagas-
car;” and “On the skulls of the Leopard in the British Museum.”
Mr. Edwin Ward, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks upon a pair
of antlers of a large Deer obtained by Major Cathcart in the Crimea,
which appeared to be those of the Persian Deer (Cervus maral), -
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Introduction of Salmon to the Waters of
Tasmania. By Morton Aurrort, I'.Z.S.
[Received February 25, 1874.]
On the 4th of December, 1873, a Grilse (Salmo salar) fresh
run from the sea, measuring 19 inches in length, and weighing two
pounds fourteen ounces, was left in a small tide-pool in the estuary
J. Sumit ith
Mé&N Hanhart imp
1874.] DR. O. FINSCH ON A NEW PENGUIN. 207
of the river Derwent in’ Tasmania, about thirteen miles below the
head of the tideway.
As this fish had arrived at comparative maturity, there was not
the same difficulty in determining its species as was experienced in
the case of the Salmonoids which have frequently been caught during
the last five years in the lower waters of the Derwent ; and the Tas-
manian Salmon Commissioners, after careful investigation, had no
hesitation in pronouncing it to be a true salmon.
Well preserved in spirits, this specimen now graces the museum of
the Royal Society of Tasmania at Hobart Town, and furnishes incon-
testable proof of the success of the greatest experiment in acclimatization
that the world has yet seen; for it is certain that this fish must have
been bred in the colony, the last salmon smolt from an English ovum
having left the ponds at the river Plenty on its seaward journey in
the month of October 1868.
2. Description of a new Species of Penguin from
New Zealand. By Dr. O. Finscu, C.M.Z.S.
[Received March 7th, 1874.]
Eupyrtuia ALBOSIGNATA, I. Sp.
All the upper surface, from the nostrils, along the temporal region
and the sides of the neck, to the edge of the humerus, and along the
sides of the body to the tibia, dark slate-coloured; the crown and
middle of back darker, more slaty blackish ; the hind neck and sides
of the body brighter, more slaty bluish ; all the feathers of the upper
surface are slate-blue along the shaft, which is black; the loral
region, sides of head, temporal region, and the upper half of the
sides of neck are covered by a broad smoky-grey longitudinal stripe,
which changes gradually into the dark colour of the upper parts, and
on the lower parts also into the white which covers the whole under
surface ; upper surface of wing slate-black, but bordered anteriorly
and posteriorly broadly with white, leaving thus only a dark median
stripe ; under surface of wing uniform white; tail-feathers white, with
brownish shafts, and covered by a white patch, which is formed by
the longest upper tail-coverts. Bill horn-black, the lower mandible
reddish transparent ; feet reddish brown; nails blackish.
Long. alz rostri Alt. Long. dig.
tot. tot. cubitus. manus. afronte. arictu. rostr. tars. med. ung.
ec. 15" 5! gu 1" qu 9" 5 q" fener 9" y" 6" 11" y 4u" 6" (poll. Angl.).
Two specimens of this species (male and female, which are alike)
were forwarded to me through the kindness of Dr. Haast under the
name Eud. minor. They had been captured near Akaroa on the
South Island in September.
This species is easily distinguishable from Eud. minor, Gm.
(= #. undina, Gould), by the broad white edge which borders the
wing anteriorly and posteriorly, and by the white patch on the upper
208 CAPT. W. H. UNWIN ON THE BREEDING (Apr. 21,
tail-coverts. The billis stouter and has a much more strongly marked
and deeper sulcus. I have examined many specimens of Hud. minor
and the so-called Hud. undina, but I never observed the pecu-
liarities above mentioned, which, in my opinion, are of specific
value.
3. On the Breeding of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaétos)
in North-western India. By W. H. Unwin, Captain,
Bengal Staff Corps.*
[Received March 16, 1874.]
On the 13th of May, 1871, three Goorkhas, soldiers of the regi-
ment to which I belong, brought me a large dark-coloured Eagle,
which they told me they had shot near its nest on one of the higher
mountain-ranges near the cantonment of Abbottabad, in the Hazara
district of the Punjab. They produced at the same time a young
bird, also evidently an Eagle, which they stated they had taken out
of the nest after shooting the old one. [ at first sight supposed the
latter to be a large 4. imperialis in its dark or mature stage of plu-
mage; but a close examination and comparison with the scientific
description induced me to alter this opinion, and to believe that the
Eagle before me was no less than a specimen, and a very fine one, of
A, chrysaétos. I was further confirmed in this belief by correspon-
dence with better ornithologists than myself, and also by data which
I obtained while watching the gradual growth of the young bird,
and which, at the risk of being tedious, I have given as fully as pos-
sible below. These data, though very roughly put together, are, in
my opinion, of some value, as they serve to prove most indubitably
that the Golden Eagle does (occasionally, at least) not only visit but
actually breed within the geographical limits of India.
Before entering on a description of the young Eagle and his
gradual development in growth and plumage, I think it well to
give a short description of its parent, the situation and structure of
her nest, and the general features of the country in which it was
found. The Hazira district lies at the north-eastern corner of the
Punjab, contiguous to and on the left bank of the Indus, and sub-
jacent to the high mountains which separate the Kashmir valley and
its dependencies from the plains. It consists of a number of valleys
of different elevations, sloping up gradually from the plains and sur-
rounded by ranges of hills and upland plateaux, which are drained
by streams and small rivers falling into the Indus. These lower
ranges of hills are of various elevations, from 2000 to 6000 feet ; and
they and their interlying valleys are overlooked in the upper part of
the district by mountains ranging from 7000 to 15,000 and 16,000
feet in height. These different elevations give great variety of situa-
tion and climate; and the district thus becomes a sort of debatable
land on which the birds of hill and plain both meet, while the hilly
and wooded nature of the country and its near proximity to Kdshmir
* Communicated by Mr. R. B. Sharpe, F.Z.S.
1874. ] OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE IN INDIA. 209
and Afghdnistén make it a resort for many species of birds not often
met with in other parts of India.
It is unnecessary for me to give any detailed description of the
plumage of the adult Eagle; suffice it to say that it corresponded in
every point most exactly with the account of 4. chrysaetos given in
Dr. Jerdou’s work.
The site of the nest (which I visited on a subsequent occasion)
was well chosen for retirement and impregnability. A deep rugged
gorge or ravine ran almost perpendicularly down the eastern face of
a mountain nearly 9000 feet high. Its sides were steep and difficult
of access, with precipitous cliffs and walls of rock, among the clefts
and shelves of which deodars and pine trees of various kinds had
succeeded in finding soil enough to cling to. This sort of ground
was varied in places by steep slopes, slippery with dry grass and
withered pine-needles, and generally ending in a perpendicular drop.
The watercourse which formed the bed of the ravine below was
quite inaccessible; and the mountain-sides above and around were
clothed with dense pine-forest. Guided by the Goorkhas who had
brought me the birds, I climbed with much difficulty down the face
of the right bank of the ravine until I arrived at the tree which
supported the nest. This was a large deodar, growing from a ledge
which here ran along the face of the precipice, and overhanging a
perpendicular drop of some 150 feet ; the tree was of large size and
destitute of lower branches, and, especially in such a situation, very
difficult to climb ; one of my Goorkhas, however, had succeeded in
getting up by a small deodar which grew close by and almost touch-
ing the large one. In spite of the assistance this afforded the task
was a very dangerous one; and the risk was greatly increased by the
hostile attitude of the old birds (for both male aud female were pre-
sent), who came closer and closer to the climber with angry swoops,
and would doubtless have attacked him had it not been for his com-
panions at the foot of the tree, one of whom at length shot the
female eagle as she sailed close past him.
The nest, which was about 30 feet up in the tree, was a solid
though rough-looking structure, built of dry and withered pine-
branches and other wood. Some of these were of a much greater
size than any Eagle would be deemed capable of lifting; and some,
from their appearance, must have been broken off the trees in their
green state. The whole formed a mass about 6 feet high and 4 feet
broad at top, and must have weighed several hundredweight, It
rested against the main trunk of the tree, and was supported
by and interlaced with the branches in its neighbourhood. The
top was littered roughly with grass and roots, which formed a kind
of lining for the young bird to rest on.
The latter when first brought to me was not, as far as I could
judge, more than ten days old. He was as large as a moderate-sized
fowl, and entirely covered with white down, the cere and feet yel-
low, bill and claws black, irides dark brown.
His gradual progress is noted below in the form of the rough
journal which I kept at the time, viz. :—
210 CAPT. W. H. UNWIN ON THE BREEDING [Apr. 21,
May 31.—The young Eagle has now been here 18 days, and has
grown a good deal in the time. A few dark brown feathers are be-
ginning to sprout among the downy coat on the shoulders, back, and
wing-coverts. He eats freely, his food consisting of small birds,
which are shot for him daily ; they are cut to pieces, and given with
the feathers still adhering to them.
June 15th.—Great increase in dark brown plumage. Quills and
rectrices are developing rapidly ; and the lanceolate golden-chestnut
feathers characteristic of A. chrysaétos are beginning to show on
the nape and occiput. Is much increased in size and strength, and
appears to thrive well generally, but is very impatient of the heat,
which has now set in.
July 1st.—Plumage rapidly developing, everywhere showing an
exact similitude to that of the mother, with the exception of the
tail, which begins to show the white basal ring typical of the Golden
Eagle in its first plumage. The central quill-feathers have also
their basal half quite white on both webs; this becomes gradually
mottled till it passes into the dark brown of the terminal half of the
feather. Similar feathers in the mother have their basal halves of
a dark grey, densely clouded and spotted with blackish brown.
Claws and feet have much increased in power ; and the golden brown
hue of the head, occiput, and shoulders is becoming very distinct.
The bird is now up in the hills with me, and appears to enjoy the
cool climate immensely. He frequently utters a loud continuous
discordant cry, very difficult to imitate or describe in writing ; it is
something like chee-aw, chee-aw, chee-aw, repeated quickly for half
an hour at a time. I observe that this cry becomes louder and
more strenuous if he sees any Kite or other raptorial bird passing
overhead. Is very quiet and gentle with people who go near him,
but made a fierce rush at a small terrier who came within his reach.
Is now quite capable of tearing up birds for himself, and gets through
a great number in the course of the day.
August 1st.—Has grown a great deal during the past month, and
has everywhere assumed the dark brown plumage shown in his
mother, except on the inner and lower parts of the thighs and tarsi,
where a good deal of white down remains uncovered. ‘The head has
assumed its full covering of lanceolate golden-chestnut feathers ; and
the same colour is apparent on the shoulders and in front of the
thigh-coverts. It is everywhere of a darker and richer shade than
in the mother, owing probably to its not having been exposed to the
weather. The claws are very large and powerful for so young a
bird. Feet bright wax-yellow ; cere and lips lemon-yellow ; irides of
a much brighter and clearer brown than when first taken ; the tail is
large and well grown, with white basal ring well developed. Plumage
generally sleek and glossy. Disposition shy and timid, as a rule ; but
every now and then he shows signs of a fierce temper. I have tried
him with various kinds of birds in feeding him, and find that he
shows considerable discretion. Any kind of Dove or Pigeon, or
Partridge is at once recognized and devoured ; he will also accept,
1874. | OF THE GOLDEN EAGLE IN INDIA. 211
but less readily, Crows *, Jays +, and Mainas ¢, and such like; but
any thing in the shape of raptorial birds, such as Kites, Buzzards,
&c., is rejected at once, thereby proving the truth of the proverb
that ‘“‘ Hawks pyke not out hawk’s een.”
September 1st.—Has grown considerably during the past month,
and plumage now appears fully developed; no changes of any im-
portance have occurred in his appearance and habits.
October 1st.—No changes in plumage, but steadily increases in
size. Occasionally shows a savage temper with any one who ap-
proaches him. The dogs keep at a respectful distance ; but a fowl
who ventured within his reach was caught and killed instantly. I[
‘occasionally give him a chicken as a treat, and am much struck by
his mode of killing it: having seized the victim in his powerful
gripe, he makes no attempt at using his beak, but remains with
head erect, looking in a defiant manner at any one standing near him,
and meanwhile killing the fowl by the simple compression of his
powerful talons. Having completely killed it in this fashion, a pro-
cess which does not take more than a minute, he turns away, still
holding it in his grasp, and endeavours to shield it from the sight of
observers by spreading his wings over it (this is a peculiarity of all
Falcons) ; and finally, using his beak for the first time, he tears it in
pieces and swallows them till not a vestige, except a few of the larger
feathers, is left.
November Ist.—Is evidently still growing, and is getting more
savage in his temper. The cry before alluded to has ceased ; and the
bird appears to enjoy the cold weather which has now set in.
January Ist, 1872.—No change in size or plumage has occurred
during the past two months. The bird thrives well, but is getting
very savage and aggressive in his temper.
March Ist.—Nothing worth noting since last observations were
recorded.
May Ist.—Is now nearly a year old, has not grown to any appre-
ciable extent since last autumn; and plumage remains unchanged ;
no signs of moulting at present. Temper very savage, and I have
been obliged to secure him by a strong cord fastened to a strap on
one of his legs; he generally rushes to the full length of the cord,
and attempts to seize people who approach him. ‘The man in
charge of him has no sinecure; and the office of carrying him from
the tree under which his perch is placed for the day to the verandah
where he is kept at night is one of considerable danger. He would
be more awkward to handle and approach than he is were it not that
he appears to regard his claws as his only weapons of offence, not
dreaming of using his very formidable beak. This peculiarity is
shown, as I have said before, in the act of killing a fowl, which he
never touches with his beak until it is to all appearance dead from
the pressure of his talons. The loud cry that had ceased last
autumn has recommenced, and his impatience of confinement is
* Corvus splendens and C. culminatus. Common in Hazara.
t Garrulus lanceolatus and G. himalayanus. Common in Hazara.
¢ Aeridotheres tristis. Common in Hazara.
212. ‘LIEUT. R. W. RAMSAY ON A NEW WOODPECKER. [Apr. 21,
much greater, probably caused by the presence of spring and the
increasing heat.
August Ist.—The bird has not shown any remarkable changes of
any sort since last notes were made.
September Ist.—Escaped from confinement about a fortnight ago,
and, though pinioned, managed to get lost down a steep hill-side
covered with pine-forest. He was ultimately, after a week’s absence,
caught and brought back by a villager, who found him sitting in a
ploughed field at some distance from the hill he had escaped down.
I fear the bird has received some injury during this escapade, as he
pines and often refuses his food, and seems weaker, and smaller almost,
than he used to be. His plumage has fallen off and become more
draggled during the past two or three months. I partly attribute
this to moulting, and partly to confinement being more irksome in
the summer than in the winter months.
4. Description of a new Species of Woodpecker from British
Burmah. By Lieutenant R. Warptaw Ramsay, F.Z.S.
[Received April 1, 1874.]
(Plate XXXV.)
The following is the description of what appears to me to be an
entirely new species of Woodpecker. I obtained examples of both
sexes in a teak-forest, about six miles to the north of Tonghoo, in
British Burmah.
GECINUS ERYTHROPYGIUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV.)
Male. Head, sides of face, ear-coverts, and occipital crest black,
with a red patch on the crown; a superciliary streak running from
the top of the eye to the nape whitish, but gradually blending into
the yellow of the neck.
Throat, neck, and upper part of breast yellow, with a green tinge
throughout. Back, wing-coverts, and upper tail-coverts green ;
lower back and rump bright crimson, with some of the feathers green
at the base.
Quill-feathers brown, the outer web of the primaries slightly suf-
fused with green, and the outer web of the secondaries wholly green
on the upper surface. Each feather with eight or nine white spots
on either web.
Tail dark brown, with one or two white spots at the base of the
feathers. Two centre feathers margined green on both webs. Whole
under surface dusky white, each feather with two faint scale-shaped
brown lines, which are broader and more distinct on the thighs and
lower tail-coverts. Lower wing-coverts white, with two irregular
brown bars across each feather, and edged pale green.
The female differs from the male in having the head entirely
black, and by wanting the superciliary streak. ‘The markings of the
wings and underparts are also less boldly defined.
és) .
GECINU
a
ne]
ERYTHROPYGIUS.
M
2.
K
h
{.Hanhart imp
J.G Keulemansg lith
LW
N
SAXICOLA
SAXICOLA
BOTTAs
HEUGLINI
L
N Har
art ump
PZ S 1874 PIXXXVII
M&N Hanhart mp )
|.G Keulemans Jilh
}.G Keuleman
1874.] MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON SAXICOLA. Zle
Iris yellow; bill dark greenish brown ; legs greenish plumbeous.
Dimensions in the flesh.
Bill at Bill at
Length. Wing. Tarsus. Tail. gape. front.
Gwar vow 6°5 1-2 imperfect 1°55 13
Oreos L 675 1-2 5°5 1°5 1-25
5. Monograph of the Genus Sazicola, Bechstein. By W. T.
Buanrorp, F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c., and H. E. Dresser,
F.Z.S. &e.
(Plates XXXVI.-XXXIX.)
[Received April 21, 1874.]
The following pages contain an attempt to reduce into something
like order the excessively confused nomenclature of the species com-
posing the genus Swxicola. Having had the advantage of a very
large number of specimens for comparison, and having examined
most of the original types described by Ehrenberg, Riippell, Tris-
tram, Salvadori, Cavendish Taylor, Hartlaub, and Finsch, we are
enabled in many cases to state positively what are the species named
by those naturalists.
This paper was commenced more than a year ago, under the
following circumstances :—One of us was engaged in working out
the names of the birds of Europe, and with this intent had collected,
by the kindness of several friends, a large series of different Chats ;
the other had just returned from Persia bringing with him a con-
siderable number of species of the same group. Amongst the united
collections (which, besides those of the writers, comprised extensive
suites from the cabinets of Lord Walden, Canon Tristram, Messrs.
Sharpe, Howard Saunders, Shelley, Cavendish Taylor, and Hargitt)
were representatives of all the forms known from the Palearctic
region and of a large majority of the African species ; and we soon
ascertained that several alterations were necessary in the received
nomenclature, many forms being known by incorrect names, whilst
others had been separated on account of differences which were
due to age or sex. As it was necessary for each of us to study
several species for our own works, we agreed to take up the entire
genus together and endeavour to determine the nomenclature of the
whole. ‘he task proved more tedious and more difficult than we
had anticipated; but the synonymy of several of the species was
sufficiently determined some months since for their names to be
published in the ‘ Birds of Europe.’ In the names given in the
earlier numbers of the same work some errors occur, which will be
found corrected in the present paper; and corrected sheets will be
issued in that work. To all the gentlemen who have thus liberally
assisted us by the loan of their collections we are greatly indebted ;
and we are equally obliged to Dr. Cabanis of the Berlin Museum, Dr.
Finsch of Bremen, and Count Salvadori of Turin, all of whom, besides
214 MESSRS, BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON (Apr. 21,
showing us every possible attention, and affording us all the assistance
in their power on the occasion of our visits to their Museums, most
kindly allowed us to take away typical specimens for comparison.
To Dr. Finsch we are still further indebted for his having lent to us
the whole of his manuscripts relating to Savicola and its allies, con-
taining most valuable notes and identifications.
Besides the museums above mentioned, we have visited those of
Paris and Frankfort, and examined the fine series of skins in the
British Museum.
So far as regards the species of the genus found in the Palearctic
region, the numerous described types which we have had the advan-
tage of examining, and the extensive series of specimens which we
have been able, by the kindness of our friends, to compare, have
given us great advantages in the study of the different forms, the
majority of which, moreover, had been personally collected by one
or the other of us in different parts of Europe, Persia, India, or
Abyssinia. We feel far less confidence in our determinations of the
South-African Saxicole, both because they are less known to us, and
because many of the species, founded on figures and descriptions in
the works of the older authors, the types of which are unknown,
render identification most difficult. This is especially the ease with
the species usually known as S. monticola, Vieill., S. cinerea, Vieill.
(S. tractrac, Boie), and their allies; and we think it not impro-
bable that some forms, which, for want of sufficient information,
we have kept distinct, may be merely different phases of the same
species, the distinctions being due to age or sex.
It is exceedingly difficult to define accurately the limits of the
genus Sazicola, and to decide which of the numerous genera into
which it has been divided by systematists are really entitled to sepa-
ration. It is almost impossible to express in words the distinctions
between generic groups which, although the typical forms are well
marked, are connected by so many links as those which are found
in the Sazicoline and other subdivisions of the great natural
family which comprises the Thrushes and Warblers. In the genus
Sazicola, as defined by us, we have species which seem nearly as
closely allied to Pratincola, Ruticilla, Thamnolea and Monticola as
they are to Sawvicola cenanthe.
There is no important characteristic structural distinction, so far
as we know, between several of these allied genera. If any character
is more constant than the rest in Sazicola, it is the pale or white
coloration of the feathers at the base of the tail; yet we feel obliged
to admit some species in which this is wanting, and to omit others
which exhibit it.
In the forms which we include, besides the species closely allied
to Saxicola enanthe, are those for which the generic name Dromolea
was proposed by Cabanis (the type being S. monticola, Vieill.), and
those referred to Campicola of Swainson (type S. pileata, Gm.).
At the same time we consider that Pratincola (type P. rubetra, L.),
which has muscicapine affinities, Cercomela (type C. melanura,
Riipp.), which leads to Ruticilla, Agricola (type A. infuscatus,
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 215
Smith), Myrmecocichla (type I. formicivora, Vieill.), Thamnolea
(type Th. cinnamomeiventris, Lafr.), and Oreicola (type O. pyr-
rhonota, Vicill.) are fairly distinguishable as separate generic
groups, though all closely allied to the true Sazicole.
The genus Sazicola was originally established by Bechstein, in
1802 (Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und fir Deutschland,
p- 216), and comprised S. wnanthe, S. rubetra, and S. rubicola.
The two latter species were separated as Pratincola by Koch in
1816 (Baier. Zool. p. 190, pl. v. a, fig. 38), P. rubetra being the
type. Inthe same year the generic name Vitiflora was given by
Leach to Saxicola enanthe in his ‘Systematic Catalogue of the
British Museum,’ p. 21 ; whilst a third generic term, Ginanthe, was
given also in the same year by Vieillot (‘ Analyse Nouv. Orn. Elém.’
p- 43). Vieillot added a large number of species taken from the
works of Levaillant and others in the ‘ Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ His-
toire Naturelle,’ vol. xxi. Art. Motteux. In 1827 Swainson pro-
posed the genus Campicola, with Le Traquet imitateur of Levaillant
(S. pileata) as the type. This is a somewhat stouter form than
typical Saxicola ; but there is so complete a passage from one to the
other that we cannot separate them.
Meantime a large number of forms had been added to the genus
by Lichtenstein, Hemprich, Ehrenberg and others, until the number
of species assigned to it by Mr. G. R. Gray in his ‘ Genera of Birds’
(1849), p. 179, amounted to 33. In the course of the 20 years
which elapsed between the appearance of the ‘ Genera’ and that of
the ‘ Hand-list,’ that number, including the species referred to
various subgenera, had swollen to 69; and a few additional species
have been described since. In the present monograph we have
reduced the number to 37; but we exclude from the genus 12 of
the species included in Mr. Gray’s first work, and 15 of those
enumerated under various subgeneric groups in the second.
We have prefaced the descriptions of the species belonging to our
genus by an analytical synopsis, in which all the forms are classed
according to the coloration of the males, or of the birds supposed to
be males.
In the synonymy we have only included, as a rule, a quotation
from the first proposer of each different specific name. We have
endeavoured, to the best of our power, to disentangle the confused
nomenclature which exists ; and we think it will be found that we
have considerably diminished the list of nominal species. Something
more in this direction perhaps remains to be done amongst the
South-African forms.
The genus Sazicola, as understood by us, ranges throughout
Europe, Western and Central Asia, and the whole of Africa. One
species extends to North America; but the genus is unrepresented in
the remainder of the American continent, Australia, and the Indo-
Malay region, such species as are included in the Indian fauna being
found in the central and north-western parts of the Indian peninsula
in winter only. There is a remarkable difference between the Pale-
arctic forms and those found in the Ethiopian region: the former
216 MESSRS, BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
are without exception migratory ; the latter, excepting a few which
pass the summer in Europe, Northern Africa, or Asia, and the
winter in tropical Africa, are non-migratory, and many of them
appear to be very locally distributed.
SAXICOLA.
Sazicola, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 216 (1802).
Bill straight, rather broad at the base, rather longer than the middle
toe with claw, compressed, decurved, and more or less indented at the
tip. Nostrils basal, supernal, and oval. Gape furnished with a few
bristles. First primary very short, second shorter than the third and
fourth, third or fourth the longest; coverts and scapulars short.
Tail nearly even, the basal portion nearly always white or rufous.
Tarsus long, covered in front by one long scale, to which succeed two
or three shorter ones. Claws compressed, strong, and moderately
curved ; the outer toe partly united to the middle toe ; lateral toes
equal or subequal.
Section I. Back and shoulders in the males black or blackish.
A. Uropygium rufescent.
22. lugubris, Riipp. Throat and breast black.
7. mesta, Licht. Breast white.
B. Uropygium white.
a. All the under parts white.
3. vittata, Ebr. A dark band from the lores to the shoulders.
6. Abdomen white ; throat entirely black.
12. albonigra, Hume. Head entirely black ; sexes alike ;
wing 3°9 inches.
13. picata, Blyth. Head entirely black; sexes dissimilar ;
wing 3°5.
10. Zeucomela, Pall. Head whitish above; sexes alike; under
tail-coverts rufous; inner quill-webs white ; outer tail-
feathers black-tipped.
11. morio, Ehr. Head whitish above ; sexes alike ; under tail-
coverts white or pale buff; inner quill-webs black ; outer
tail-feathers black-tipped.
14. monacha, Riipp. Head above white; sexes dissimilar ; bill
elongate ; outer tail-feathers white.
c. Lower parts, except crissum, entirely black.
16. leucura, Gm. Head always black; general colour dull
black ; central rectrices white at base ; female sooty brown.
Culm. 0°91, tarsus 1°08.
15. leucopyga, Br. Crown in adult white; general colour jet-
black ; central rectrices white at base; female similar to
male.
23. atmort, Tr. Head black ; general colour sooty black ; cen-
tral rectrices black throughout (distinguished from S.
leucura by blacker rump and more black on the rectrices).
Wing 4:1.
1874.]
17.
25.
26.
27.
29.
30.
31.
THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 217
opistholeuca, Strickl. Similar to S. leweura, but smaller.
Culm. 0°6, tarsus 0°9.
Section II. Back in the males black; shoulders white.
24.
monticola, Vieill. Entirely black, except abdomen and
shoulders.
arnotti, Tristr. Supercilium white ; crown white and black
intermixed ; entire underparts black.
leucomelena, Burch. Crown grey ; rump, upper and under
tail-coverts, base of rectrices, and abdomen white.
griseiceps, sp. nov. Head and nape ashy grey; otherwise
not unlike the preceding species.
Section III. Back in the males cinereous.
. enanthe, L. A black mark through the eye; underparts
whitish ; wings black; sexes dissimilar.
cinerea, Vieill. No black mark through the eye; throat
and breast pale cinereous ; rump and outer edges of all
tail-feathers, except central pair, white ; second primary
emarginate at tip.
pollux, Hartl. No black mark through the eye ; throat and
breast cinereous ; rump similarly coloured to the back;
external edges of outer rectrices white ; second primary
emarginate at tip.
castor, Hartl. No black mark through the eye; underparts
cinereous throughout ; rump and basal portion of all tail-
feathers, except the two central pairs, white; second
primary not emarginate at tip.
. diluta, sp. nov. No black mark through the eye; upper
parts to the rump pale cinereous; rump and basal portion
of all tail-feathers except central pair white; shoulders
white or whitish ; second primary not emarginate.
Section IV. Back in the males neither black nor cinereous.
A. Interscapulary region in adult white in breeding-plumage, ru-
fescent or greyish in winter; wings blackish; sexes dissimilar.
a, Underparts white in breeding-plumage.
2.
stapazina, L. Black band through the eye ; throat white.
6. Throat black.
4,
5.
6.
rufa, Brehm. Black on the throat not extending far down
the throat ; upper parts white in summer, rufescent in
winter.
melanoleuca, Gild. Black on the throat extending very far
down, to the top of the breast ; upper parts white in summer,
rufescent in winter. ;
erythrea, Khr. Black extending to the upper breast, and
joining that colour on the flanks; upper parts white in
summer, greyish in winter.
B. Feathers on the interscapulary region intermixed black and
rufescent ; wings black.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XV. 15
218 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
37. bifasciata, Tem. Brown; throat and upper breast black ;
supercilium, lower breast, and abdomen rufous ; tail en-
tirely black.
C. Interscapulary region similarly coloured to wing-coverts.
a. Throat black.
9. deserti, Riipp. Upper parts sandy brown; lower parts
from breast rufescent white ; terminal half of outer tail-
feathers black ; tail-coverts whitish.
8. xanthoprymna, Ehr. Upper parts cinereous brown; lower
parts from breast whitish ; tips of outer tail-feathers alone
black ; tail-coverts ferruginous.
b. Throat white ; breast and crown black.
36. pileata, Gm. Back reddish brown; rump ferruginous ;
abdomen whitish.
ec. No black on underparts.
32. albicans, Wahlb. General colour pale isabelline grey above,
white below ; tail-coverts and base of all the tail-feathers
white ; second primary not emarginate at the tip.
33. schlegeli, Wahlb. General colour pale isabelline grey above,
white below; outer edges of external rectrices white ;
rump white ; second primary emarginate at the tip.
18. isabellina, Riipp. Sandy brown above, isabelline below ;
tail-coverts and base of outer tail-feathers white.
20. botte, Bon. Dull dark brown above; throat white; breast
and abdomen ferruginous ; base of outer tail-feathers
white. Wing 3°75.
21. heuglini, Finsch. Dark brown above ; throat white ; breast
and abdomen ferruginous; base of outer tail-feathers
white. Wing 3°35.
19. chrysopygia, De Fil. Hair-brown above, brownish white
below ; tail-coverts rufous; base of outer rectrices ferru-
ginous ; first long primary not emarginate.
34. galtoni, Strickl. Upper parts dark brown, lower parts pale
brown ; tail-coverts and base of outer rectrices ferru-
ginous ; first long primary not emarginate.
35. sinuata, Sund. Upper parts brown, lower parts pale ashy
brown; rump and extreme basal portion of rectrices ru-
fous ; first long primary very deeply emarginate near the
tip.
1. Pauaarcric Spectes (all migratory).
1. SAXICOLA GNANTHE.
Motacilla cenanthe, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, vol. i. p. 332. no. 15
1766).
Motacilla vitiflora, Pall. Zoog. Ros.-As. i. p.472. no. 112 (1811).
Cnanthe cinerea, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 418 (1818).
Le Motteux de Sénégal, Buff. Ois. vi. p. 136, pl. 583. fig. 2 (1783).
Motacilla leucorhoa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 966 (ex Buff.) (1788).
Saricola rostrata, Ehr. Symb. Phys. Ay. fol. aa (1829).
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 219
Saxicola libanotica, Ehr. Symb. Phys. Av. fol. 64 (type ex-
amined) (1829).
Saxicola septentrionalis, grisea et cinerea, Brehm, Végel Deutschl.
pp. 403, 405 (1831).
Saxicola enanthoides, Vigors, Zool. Blossom, p. 19 (1839).
Vitiflora enanthe et major, Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 224 (1855).
Sazicola leucorhoa, Hart]. Ornith. W. Afr. p. 64. no. 192 (1857).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. Upper parts to the rump ashy
grey ; forehead and superciliary line pure white; a line through the
eye from the lores to the ear-coverts jet-black; wings blackish
brown ; central rectrices black, basal third white, remaining rectrices -
white, broadly tipped with black; rump and upper tail-coverts pure
white; underparts white to buff, often distinctly rufous on the
throat and lower tail-coverts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
mixed black and white. Culmen 0°75, wing 3°8, tail 2°35, tarsus 1:1.
Male in winter plumage. Upper parts more or less brown; the
eye-stripe less distinct ; lower parts more rufous than in the summer
plumage; secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged with rufous.
Young males resemble the female.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Upper parts dull brown;
wings hair-brown; tail as in the male, except that the terminal
portion is brownish, not black; underparts light reddish brown,
darkest on the breast, and becoming whitish on the abdomen and
under tail-coverts.
Adult female in winter. Similar to the above, but with the
secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged with rufous.
Had. Europe generally; Persia, Syria, Arabia, and Turkestan,
Africa north of the equator, Greenland, and Eastern North America ;
Behring’s Straits.
2. SAXICOLA STAPAZINA.
Red or Russet-coloured Wheatear, Edw. Nat. Hist. p. 31, pl. 31
(1743, partim).
Ficedula vitiflora rufescens, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 457. no. 36, pl. 25.
fig. 4 (1760).
Ficedula vitifora rufa, Briss. tom. cit. p. 459. no. 37 (1760,
partim).
Motacilla stapazina, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 331. no. 14 (1766,
ex Edw.).
Vitiflora rufa, Steph. Gen. Zool. x. p. 569 (1817).
(Enanthe albicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 424 (1818).
Saxicola aurita, Temm. M. d’Orn. i. p. 241 (1820).
Sylvia rufescens, Savi, Orn. Tose. i. p. 223 (1827).
Sazicola amphileuca, Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. 66 (1829).
Sazicola aurita, var. libyca, Ehr. tom. cit. pl. aa (1829).
Vitiflora assimilis, C. L. Brehm, tom. cit. p. 224. no. 7 (1850).
Adult male in breeding-plumage. A narrow frontal line, lores,
region round the eye, auricular space, including a large patch on
the side of the neck, wings, scapulars, and wing-coverts jet-black ;
15*
220 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON (Apr. 21,
crown, neck, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, throat, and entire
underparts white, faintly clouded with pale rufous on the breast
and back; central tail-feathers white on the basal third, otherwise
jet-black, the outermost feathers half white; remaining rectrices
white, very broadly tipped with black; under wing-coverts black ;
legs and bill black ; iris brown. Culmen 0°62, wing 3°5, tail 2°65,
tarsus 1.
Adult male in winter. Differs from the specimen last described in
having the centre of the crown, nape, and back rich pale creamy
rufous to rufous brown, the breast being of the same colour, but
somewhat paler, and the entire underparts being washed with a
rufescent tinge.
Adult female in summer. Differs from the male in having the
crown, nape, and back dull brownish grey, the patch on the side of
the head and wings much duller, being brownish black, not black ;
upper wing-coverts slightly tipped with rufous; underparts white,
marked with rufous on the breast.
As is the case with all the Chats of this group, the present
species often has the white on the back and breast obscured or
replaced by a rich rufescent cream-tinge, which appears to form its
winter livery, and in all plumages there is some slight trace of this
colour either on the back or the breast.
Hab. Southern Europe, Asia Minor, Persia, and northern Africa.
There is no doubt that this is the bird described by Linnzeus as
S. stapazina, although that name has been generally applied to S.
rufa. The description in the ‘Systema Nature’ is the following: —
« M. ferruginea, area oculorum alis caudaque fuscis,”’ which can only
apply to the present species. The first reference is to Edwards’s
plate, on which both forms are figured.
3. SAXICOLA VITTATA.
Sazicola. vittata, Ehrenb. Symb. Phys. fol. ce (1829) (type
examined).
Savicola leucolema, Antinori & Salvadori, Att. R. Accad. Sci. Tor.
Vill. p. 32 (1872).
Saxicola melanogenys, Severtz. Turk. Jevotn. p. 120 (1873).
Sazicola melanotis, Sev. tom. cit. pl. viil. figs. 5, 6.
Saxicola leucolema, Salvad. & Ant. Annal. Mus. Civ. Genova, iv.
p- 101, tab. ii. (1873).
Adult. Crown, nape, and upper part of back greyish white ; back
and wings black ; rump and upper tail-coverts white ; quills brownish
black, secondaries and larger wing-coverts slightly tipped with dirty
white; central rectrices white on the basal third, otherwise black,
remaining rectrices white, terminated with black, on the outermost
pair this colour extends on the outer web along the terminal half;
lores and a broad band passing through the eye and joining the
base of the wing jet-black ; chin, throat, and underparts generally
pure white. Culmen 0°7, wing 3°9, tail 2°55, tarsus 0°7. Sex un-
determined.
The above is the description of the type specimen in the Berlin
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 221
Museum, obtained by Hemprich and Ehrenberg at Moileh in Arabia,
this being the only specimen we have examined. According to
Severtzoff, the female resembles the female of S§. morio, but has a
white throat.
Hab. Bogos, Northern Abyssinia; Arabia; Turkestan,
4, SAXICOLA RUFA.
Red or Russet-coloured Wheatear, Edw. Nat. Hist. p- 31, pl. 31
(1743), partim.
Ficedula vitifiora rufa, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 459. no. 37 (1760),
partim.
Sylvia stapazina, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 530. no. 80 (1790, partim,
nec Linn.).
Gnanthe stapazina (L.), Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 428 (1818,
nec Linn.).
Saxicola stapazina (L.), Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 239 (1820,
nec Linn.).
Vitifora rufa, C. L. Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 406 (1831).
Vitifiora stapazina (L.), C. L. Brehm, Vogelfang, p. 224 (1850,
nec Linn.).
? Vitiflora paradoxa, C. L. Brehm, ut supra (1850).
Adult male in summer. Crown, back, rump, and upper tail-
_coverts, basal portion of tail, breast, and abdomen white, remainder
of the plumage black; crown marked with grey; back and breast
slightly washed with rufous cream-colour ; the black on the throat
does not extend nearly so far down as in S. melanoleuca; secon-
daries slightly tipped with dirty white ; central rectrices black,
except at the base, where they are white; remainder white, broadly
terminated with black, this colour extending on the outermost along
the outer web and obliquely across the inner web nearly to the centre
of the feather; beak and legs black; iris brown. Culmen 0°68,
wing 3°65, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°95.
Adult male in winter. The upper parts are pale ferruginous,
often with a brownish tinge on the head ; the breast the same but
lighter ; abdomen and under tail-coverts washed with dull rufous ;
there are rufous edges to the wing-coverts and secondaries, and the
quills are brownish ; the black of the throat is partly obscured by
white edgings to the feathers.
Adult female in breeding-plumage. Upper parts to the rump
earthy brown; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail as in the
male; quills dark brown; throat with the ear-coverts blackish, the
feathers with pale edges; remainder of lower parts white, with ‘a
rufous tinge, which is more marked on the breast.
Adult female in autumn. Upper parts to the rump dull rufous ;
the secondaries and wing-coverts with rufous margins ; lower parts
pale dull rufous, deepest on the breast ; throat-feathers black at the
base, the feathers edged with whitish.
It is highly probable that old females of this species resemble-the
male ; but the series at our disposal does not enable us to determine
222 - MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON (Apr. 21,
this with certainty. The same remark applies to several other
species, especially S. melanoleuca, erythrea, and deserti.
Hab. South-western Europe, including Italy and north-western
Africa. It is occasionally found in Germany, and occurs as a
straggler in Egypt and the Levant.
5, SAXICOLA MELANOLEUCA.
Muscieapa melanoleuca, Giild. Nov. Com. Petr. xix. p. 468,
pl. 15 (1775).
Sazxicola xanthomelena, Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. aa (1829).
Saxicola eurymelena, Ehr. tom. eit. fol. 66 (1829).
Saxicola albicilla, V. Mill. Naumannia, 1851, iv. p. 28.
Saxicola hendersoni, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 480.
Saxicola talas, Severtzoff, Turkest. Jevotn. p. 119, pl. viii. figs.
1, 3, 4 (1873). ,
In plumage this species passes through the same changes as its
close ally S. rufa, and only differs from that bird in having the
black on the throat extended much further down; and as a rule the
males have the white portions of the plumage much purer. In
many old males the feathers on the crown and sometimes on the
back are considerably worn, the blackish grey basal portion showing
very distinctly.
Hab. South-eastern Europe as far west as Malta; North-
eastern Africa; Asia Minor, Persia, and Yarkand.
6. SAXICOLA ERYTHR/A.
Saxicola erythrea, Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. ec (1829).
Sazicola halophila, Trist. Ibis, 1859, p. 59.
Saxicola libanotica, Trist. Ibis, 1867, pp. 91-94, nec Ehr.
Saxicola finschit, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 350. no. 299 (1869).
Adult male. Crown, nape, dorsal region, rump, and upper tail-
coverts, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pure white ;
sides of the head and neck, throat and upper part of the breast,
wings, scapulars, wing-coverts and wing-lining black ; quills brownish
black ; secondaries slightly tipped with dull white; central tail-
feathers white on the basal half and black on the terminal portion :
other rectrices white, broadly terminated with black, and finally very
narrowly tipped with dirty white; bill and legs black ; iris dark
brown. Culmen 0°7, wing 3:4, tail 2°35, tarsus 1°05.
Young male. Crown, nape, back, and scapulars white, obscured
by dull isabelline ; wings as in the adult female ; tail, throat, and
underparts generally as in the adult male.
Adult female. Crown, back, and scapulars dull brownish grey or
dust-colour; rump and upper tail-coverts white; quills blackish
brown, narrowly margined with dull fulvous; wing-coverts similar,
but blacker; tail as in the adult male, but rather duller in colour ;
superciliary region lighter than the rest of the head; throat, sides of
the neck, and auriculars black, considerably obscured by light dusty
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 223
brown and dirty white edges ; rest of the underparts white; under
wing-coverts black; legs and bill black ; iris brown.
Young female. Similar to the adult female, except that the upper
parts are paler in colour, and that the throat is not blackish.
Hab. Algeria, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Arabia, and Persia.
7. SAXICOLA MGSTA.
Saxicola mesta, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 33 (1823) (type ex-
amined).
Saxicola philothamna, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 58 (type examined).
Adult male (summer). Crown and nape white, washed on the
former with dirty grey ; back black; rump and upper tail-coverts
rufescent white; outer rectrices bright rufous at the base, terminal
half blackish brown ; quills dull brown, with paler margins; lores,
throat, sides of the head, and neck jet-black ; breast and abdomen
white; under tail-coverts pale rufous. Culmen 0°8, wing 3°8,
tail 2°9, tarsus 1-2.
Adult female (November). Upper parts sandy isabelline, darker
on the back; quills dark brown, with isabelline. margins ;_ tail
blackish brown, basal half of outer rectrices bright rufous; tail-
coverts, both upper and under, pale rufous ; underparts buffy
white.
In winter the general colour of the plumage is duller and greyer,
the head and nape of the male being dull brownish grey.
Hab. Algeria, Egypt.
8. SAXICOLA XANTHOPRYMNA.
Saxicola xanthoprymna, Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. dd. (1829).
Saxicola erythropygia, Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 61.
Saxicola mesta, Sharpe & Dresser, B.of Eur. part 16, Feb. 1873,
nec Licht.
Adult male. Crown, nape, back, and wing-coverts dark brownish
grey ; forehead and a broad superciliary line extending to the nape
white; wings greyish brown, narrowly tipped with dirty white;
lower part of back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright rufous ; tail
white at the base and to one third of its length on the central, in-
creasing to about two thirds on the outer rectrices, remainder
blackish, tipped with white; throat, sides of the face, and neck
black ; underparts dull white, washed with rufous on the flanks;
under wing-coverts black ; under tail-coverts rufous. Total length
6°2 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 3°7, tail 2°7, tarsus 0°95.
Female or young male. Much duller and paler in colour than the
male, the eye-streak duller ; throat with whitish edges to the feathers,
the black basal portions showing through here and there; under-
ie smoky white ; rump, upper and under tail-coverts dull orange-
red.
Hab. N.E. Africa; Arabia Petrzea.
Scarcely any Chat is so little known as the present species; and
we only know of three specimens existing in Europe, two of which
224 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
are in England, the third being the type in the Berlin Museum.
When part xvi. of the ‘Birds of Europe’ was published, it was
believed that S. masta, Licht., was identical with this species; and
only when we visited the Berlin Museum, taking with us Canon
Tristram’s and many other types, did we discover that this was not
the case. We then likewise ascertained that Hemprich and Ehren-
berg’s specimen of S. aanthoprymna is merely a young bird of this
species, which therefore will bear their name.
9. SAXICOLA DESERTI.
Saxicola stapazina, Licht. in Eversm. Reise nach Buchara, p. 128.
no 12 (1823), nee Linn.
Sazicola deserti, Riipp. in Temm. Pl. Col. pl. 359. fig. 2 (1825)
(type eee
Samicola isabellina, Temm. tom. cit. pl. 472. fig. | (1829).
Saxicola pallida, Riipp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 80 (1835-40), nee
Atlas, pl. 34. fig. a (type examined).
Sazicola atrogularis, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 130
1847).
( Saxicola salina, Eversm. Bull. Soc. Mose. xxiii. pt. il. p. 567, pl. 8.
fig. 2(1850).
Savicola atrigularis, Bp. Consp. Gen. Av. i. p. 304 (1850).
Sazicola gutturalis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 35 (1854) (type ex-
amined).
Saxicola homochroa, Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 59 (type examined).
Saxicola montana, Gould, B. of Asia, pt. xvil. (1865).
Sawvicola atrogularis, id. 1. c.
Savicola albomarginata, Salvad. Att. Soc. Tor. 1870, p. 507 (type
examined).
Adult male in breeding-plumage (Algerian Sahara). Crown, nape,
and back sandy isabelline, the crown tinged with grey ; rump, with the
upper tail-coverts, pure white ; quills black, narrowly margined with
whitish; inner secondaries brownish black, broadly margined with sandy
isabelline ; scapulars and larger wing-coverts pale isabelline ; median
and lesser coverts black, narrowly tipped with white; tail black,
white at the base; sides of the head and neck, and entire throat to
the breast glossy black ; forehead and a superciliary line dull white ;
breast and abdomen white, on the breast and flanks washed with
pale rufous isabelline; under wing-coverts white ; axillaries black,
tipped with white. Total length 5°25 inches, culmen 0°75, wing
3:5, tail 2°6, tarsus 1°1.
Adult male in winter (Egypt). Differs from the specimen last
described in being rather greyer on the back, the black on the
throat being somewhat obscured by creamy white margins to all the
feathers ; and the light margins and tips on the wing-feathers are
much more fully developed.
Adult female (Etawah, N.W. India, 19th Jan.). The upper
parts are duller and greyer than in the male; the white frontal line
and supercilium are scarcely visible ; the rump and upper tail-coverts
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 225
are washed with rufous isabelline; and the black throat is absent, the
entire underparts being sandy isabelline, rather greyer on the neck ;
wings dull dark brown, tail as in the male.
Saxicola isabellina, Temm. nec Ripp., S. pallida, Riipp., and 8.
homockhroa, Tristr. l. c., are all females of this species ; the remaining
names apply to the male. S. pallida, Rupp. Atlas, pl. 34. fig. a, is
the female of S. monacha, q. v.
Hab. South-eastern Russia; Southern and Central Asia as far
east as Central India and Yarkand; Northern and North-eastern
Africa.
10. SaxIcoLA LEUCOMELA.
Motacilla leucomela, Pall. Nov. Com. Petr. xiv. p. 584. no. 6,
pl. 22. fig. 3 (1770).
Muscicapa leucomela, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 469. no. 7 (1790).
Sylvia leucomela (Pall.), Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 138 (1815).
Qnanthe pleschanka, Vieill. N. Dict. xxi. p. 423 (1818).
Saxicola leucomela (Pall.), Temm. Man. d’Orn. 1. p. 243 (1820).
Sazvicola lugens, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 33 (1823) (type ex-
amined).
Vitiflora leucomela (Pall.), Bp. Comp. List B. of Eur. & N. Am.
p. 16 (1838).
Sawicola atricollis, v. Mull. Naumannia, 1851, iv. p. 28, “« Abys-
sinia.’
? Sawxicola capistrata, Gould, B. of Asia, part xvii. (ptil. hiem.),
1865.
Adult male (Egypt). Crown and nape white, the former strongly
tinged with brownish grey ; back, scapulars, throat to the upper
part of the breast, sides of the head and neck, including a narrow
line above the eye, upper part of the flanks, under wing-coverts, and
axillaries glossy jet-black; wings duller black than the back,
secondaries narrowly tipped with whitish; rump and upper tail-
coverts pure white ; tail as in 8. morio, but narrowly tipped with
white ; breast and abdomen pure white; crissum and under tail-
_coverts pale rufous; bill and legs black; iris dark brown. Cul-
men 0°7, wing 3°8, tail 2°75, tarsus 1°05.
Female. Similar to the male.
Hab. Southern and South-eastern Hurepe, Northern Africa, and
Western Asia as far east as Persia.
11. SaxIcoLa MORIO.
Saxicola morio, Ehr. Symb. Phys. fol. aa, ‘‘ Egypt and Arabia’’
(1829).
Saxicola Jeucomela, Gould, B. of Asia, part xvill. (1865).
Sazicola leucomela, Jerd. B. of I. ii. p- 131 (1863, nee Pall.).
Saxicola capistrata, Hume, Ibis, 1868, p. 233 (nee Gould).
Adult male (Lahore). Crown and nape greyish white, with the
faintest wash of brown ; mantle, throat, and upper part of the breast,
226 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
including the throat and sides of the face and the feathers immediately
over the eye, jet-black ; quills dark hair-brown; terminal half of
central and the tips of the outer tail-feathers blackish brown ; rump,
upper and under tail-coverts, lower part of the breast, and abdomen
white ; under wing-coverts black; under surface of wing dull sooty.
Culmen 0°65, wing 3°6, tail 2°65, tarsus 1,
The under tail-coverts in some specimens are tinged with-rufous.
Female. Probably similar to the male, but browner on the back.
But little is as yet known respecting the changes of plumage due to
age and sex in this or the preceding species.
The present species appears as a rule to have the crown much
greyer than is the case with S. lewcomela; and the crissum is almost
always white: the chief and most constant characteristic, however, is
the colour of the inner webs of the primaries, which is black or blackish,
generally the former ; but in one or two specimens it is dull, smoky,
blackish grey, while in Sazxicola leucomela the inner webs of the
primaries are invariably white. One single specimen of S. morio,
from Lahore, in Dresser’s collection, has the under tail-coverts faintly
washed with rufous, but the inner webs of the primaries are very
distinctly smoky black. All the rest of the specimens have the
crissum and under tail-coverts white. A specimen from Mongolia,
in Canon Tristram’s collection, has the quills dull brownish and the
feathers on the back edged with brown.
Mr. Hume (Ibis, 1868, p. 233) states that he has ascertained be-
yond doubt that this bird is the young male of S. picata, Blyth. He
states that, out of 20 specimens collected, none were either females
or old birds, that he has intermediate forms, and that females shot in
company with both forms were identical. We have certainly no
specimens of S. morio marked as females; but if S. picata be the
adult, it is singular that no specimens of this form should have been
procured by Hemprich and Ehrenberg, and also that no correspond-
ing phase of the closely allied S. Zugens should be known. We can
only say that further evidence is necessary.
We have a male specimen of S. morzo, shot in Persia in June,
when it must have been fully adult ; and the bird has been found in
the same stage in Turkestan.
Hab. Eastern Europe, North-eastern Africa, and Western and
Central Asia, extending to North-western India.
12. SAXICOLA ALBONIGRA.
Saxicola alboniger, Hume, Stray Feathers, i. pp. 2, 185 (1872).
Adult male (December). Head, neck, and upper parts, as far
as the lower portion of the back, throat to the upper part of the
breast, and axillaries jet-black ; quills, central rectrices, except at the
base, and tips of outer rectrices brownish black ; remainder of the
plumage pure white. Culmen 0°8, wing 3:8, tail 2°6, tarsus 1.
Female. Similar to the male.
Young. Differs in having the black more sooty in tinge.
Hab. South-eastern Persia, Baluchistan, Sind.
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 227
13. SAXICOLA PICATA.
Sazicola picata, Blyth, J. A. 8. Bengal, xvi. p. 131 (1847).
Dromolea picata (Bl.), Gould, B. of Asia, part xvii. (1865).
Adult male. Similar to S. alboniger, except that it is smaller, and
the black extends further down on the lower back. In some spe-
cimens the outer rectrices are almost pure white. Culmen 0°75,
wing 3:5, tail 2°55, tarsus 1.
Adult female. Upper parts to the rump, wings, central rec-
trices, except at the base, and tips of the outer rectrices hair-brown ;
ear-coverts with a slight tinge of rufous; throat pale greyish
brown ; breast very pale brownish white, passing into white on the
abdomen. Culmen 0°73, wing 3°25, tail 2°25, tarsus 0°98.
According to Hume, Sazicola morio (capistrata, Gould, apud
Hume) is the young male of this species (see S. morio).
Hab. Persia, Baluchistan, N.W. India.
14. SaAxICOLA MONACHA.
Saxicola monacha, Rupp. in Temm. Nouv. Ree. PI. Col. pl. 359.
fig. 1 (1825).
Saxicola pallida, Rupp. Atlas, Taf. 34 (1826) (type examined).
Saxicola pallida, id. Neue Wirbelth. p. 80, av. hornot. (1835-40).
Saxicola gracilis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 54 (1854) (type ex-
amined).
Adult male. Crown, including the upper part of the orbital
region, nape, rump, upper tail-coverts, and lower parts from the
breast pure white; mantle, wings, throat, sides of neck, and
breast jet-black ; central rectrices with the terminal half to two
thirds dark brown; basal portion and the whole of the outer rec-
trices pure white, except that on some of the outer rectrices there
are occasional brown spots towards the tip. Culmen 0°92, wing 4°1,
tail 3°2, tarsus 0°95.
Adult female. Upper parts to the rump hair-brown; quills and
terminal portion of central rectrices rather darker brown; rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail, except as above, pale yellowish rufescent,
often, as in the male, with brown spots on the terminal portion of the
outer rectrices ; underparts isabelline white.
Hab. North-eastern Africa, Palestine, and Baluchistan ; probably
also throughout South-western Asia, in the desert region.
Obs. We have examined the types of S. monacha and S. pallida
in the Frankfort Museum, and of S. gracilis in the Berlin Museum.
The type of S. pallida, figured and described in Riippell’s ‘ Atlas,’ is
a female of the present species. In the ‘Neue Wirbelthiere’. Riippell
refers to this figure as that of an immature bird, and adds that the
adult of S. pallida is the bird figured by Temminck (PI. Col. pl. 472.
fig. 1) under the name of S. isadellina. This figure, however, re-
presents a female of S. deserti ; and two specimens, both apparently
females of S. deserti, are in the Frankfort Museum labelled as the
female and young of S. pallida. From the above it will be seen that
we agree with Ehrenberg and Von Heuglin’s identification of S. pal-
228 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
lida. Dr. Finsch, who looked on S. pallida as a distinct species, had
not the opportunity of examining so large a series of S. monacha as
we have been able to compare.
15. SAxICOLA LEUCOPYGA.
Sazicola leucura (Gm.), Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 32 (1823), nec
m.
Vitiflora leucopyga, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 225 (1855).
Vitifiora leucuros, C. L. Brehm, ut supra (1855), partim.
Lutucoa leucocapilla, Paul v. Wiirtt., fide C. L. Brehm, ut supra
(1855).
Dromolea leucocephala, A. E. Brehm, Journ. f. Orn. 1858, p. 62.
Dromolea leacopygaia, A. E. Brehm, tom. cit. p. 66.
Dromolea leucopygia, Br., Tristram, Ibis, 1859, p. 297.
Dromolea monacha, Loche, Exp. Scient. de l’Alg. 1. p. 199 (1867),
nec Riipp.
Dromolea nigra, Loche, tom. cit. p. 200 (1867).
? Saxicola leucuroides, Heuglin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 358. no. 308
(1869).
? Saxicola syenitica, Heuglin, tom. cit. p. 358. no. 309 (1869).
Sazicola cursoria, Savig. Desc. de l Eg. xxiii. p. 347, pl. 5. fig. 1
(nec Vieill.), fide Heugl. ut supra (1869).
Adult male (Nubia). Crown, nape, rump, upper and under tail-
coverts, anal region, and all the rectrices except the two central ones,
white ; rest of the body above and below, including the feathers
above the eye, glossy jet-black ; terminal half of the central tail-
feathers and two thirds of their shafts black, remainder white.
There are occasionally a few black spots on the tips of the outer
rectrices. Culmen 0°82, wing 4°1, tail 2°9, tarsus 1:1.
Female. Similar to the male.
Young birds have the crown of the head black.
Hab. Northern Africa and Palestine.
Obs. The “Traquet coureur ou Traquet acallotte et queue blanches”’
of Levaillant (pl. 190), Gnanthe cursoria, Vieill. (N. Dict. xxi.
p- 431), might possibly be this species ; but Levaillant, in his plate,
figures it with the rump and upper tail-coverts jet-black, which debars
us from adopting the name*.
16. SAXICOLA LEUCURA.
White-tailed Thrush, Lath. Syn. iii. p. 49, ‘‘ Gibraltar ”’ (1783).
Turdus leucurus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 820 (1788, ex Lath.).
Enanthe leucura, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 422, ‘Spain, Southern
France’’ (1818).
Saaicola cachinnans, Temm. Man. d’Orn. i. p. 236, ‘ Southern
Europe”? (1820).
Dromolea leucura, Cab. Mus. Heinearium, i. p. 9 (1850).
Vitiflora leucuros, C. L. Brehm, Vogelf. p. 225, “ N.E. Africa and
S. Europe” (1855), partim.
* Compare Sundevall, “ Om Levaillant’s Ois. d’Afr.,” Kong. Sv. Vet. Akad.
Handl. ii. no. 3, p. 45.
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 229
Adult male (Algeria). Entire head and body black, excepting the
upper and under tail-coverts, which are pure white ; wings brownish
black ; terminal half of the central rectrices and tips of remaining
rectrices black ; rest of the tail white. Culmen 0°91, wing 3°66,
tail 2°92, tarsus 1:08.
Female. Much duller in colour than the male, being dull brownish
black, instead of black.
Hab. Southern Europe and North-western Africa.
17. SAXICOLA OPISTHOLEUCA.
Saxicola leucura, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xvi. p. 131 (nec Gm.),
Saxicola opistholeuca, Strickl. Jard. Contr. to Orn. (1849)
p- 60. n. 10.
Saxicola leucuroides, Jerdon, Birds of India, vol. ii. p. 130 (nec
Guér.).
Dromolea opistholeuca (Str.), Gould, B. of Asia, part xvii.
$ only (1865).
Adult male. Head and body glossy black, except the rump, upper
and lower tail-coverts, and lower part of the abdomen, which are
pure white; wings blackish brown, lighter on the inner webs, cen-
tral rectrices white on the basal third, the rest black, remaining tail-
feathers white, broadly terminated with black. Culmen 0°6, wing
3°65, tail 2°8, tarsus 0°9.
Female. Sooty black wherever the male is pure black.
Hab. North-western India.
18. SAXICOLA ISABELLINA.
? Motacilla strapazina, Pall. Zool. Ros.-As. i. p. 474, nec stapa-
zina, Linn. (1811).
Saxicola isabellina, Rupp. Atlas, p. 52, t. 34 b (1826), type ex-
amined.
Saxicola saltator, Ménétr. Cat. Rais. p. 30 (1832).
Sawxicola saltatrix (Mén.), Keys. et Blas. Wirbelth. Europ. pp. lix
et 192 (1840).
Saxicola enanthe f, id.
Saxicola squalida, Evers. Add. ad Zool. p. 16 (1842).
Sawicola valida, Licht. Nomencl. p. 35, nomen nudum (1854),
type examined.
Saxicola opistholeuca Q (nec ¢), Gould, Birds of Asia, part xvii.
Saxicola enanthe, Jerdon, B. of India, ii. p. 132 (1863), nec
Linn.
Adult male. Upper parts to the rump dull greyish isabelline or
sandy brown, a white superciliary stripe from the base of the bill,
extending back over the ear-coverts ; lores black ; ear-coverts brown ;
natrow space on the rump and upper tail-coverts white ; basal por-
tion of all rectrices white, tips black ; the latter colour extending
over half or rather more of the central rectrices and about one third
of the remainder; quills brown, the tips rather darker ; edges and
tips of the secondaries pale; lower parts isabelline, whitish on the
230 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
chin and darkest on the breast; wing-lining white; bill and legs
black. Wing 3°95, tail 2°45, tarsus 1°18, culmen 0°6.
Adult female only differs in having the black on the lores less
distinct. In winter the colours are a trifle duller, and the pale
edgings on the wing-coverts and secondaries broader.
Hab. South-eastern Europe ; Eastern and North-eastern Africa,
and Western Asia as far east as North-western India.
19. SaAxICOLA CHRYSOPYGIA.
Savicola chrysopygia, De Filippi, Ann. Zool. Genova, ii. p. 381
1863).
: Saxyoola kingi, Hume, Ibis, 1871, p. 29.
Adult. Upper parts to the rump greyish earthy brown ; lores
dark grey; a greyish white superciliary line from the nostril over
the eye ; ear-coverts rufescent brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
pale rufous; base of tail-feathers bright ferruginous ; terminal por-
tion (about one half of the central and one fourth of the remain-
ing rectrices) dark brown; quills very little darker than the back.
Young birds (and adults in winter plumage?) have broad rufescent
margins to the secondaries and wing-coverts, and pale rufescent tips
to the quills and rectrices; chin and upper throat greyish white ;
breast brownish grey; abdomen paler and more rufescent; lower
tail-coverts buff; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; iris dark
brown; bill and legs white. Wing 3°5, tail 2°25, tarsus 1°02, cul-
men 0'7. Sexes alike.
Hab. Persia; Baluchistan ; North-western India.
There can, we think, be no question that this bird is the S. chryso-
pygia of De Filippi, as it was collected by Mr. Blanford in Persia
and agrees with De Filippi’s description. Unfortunately no speci-
men was preserved by the describer. It agrees perfectly with Mr.
Hume’s description of S. kingi.
2, ArHIOPIAN SPECIES (non-migratory).
20. SaxicoLa BoTTH. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 1.)
Saxicola botte, Bp. Comptes Rendus, 1854, p. 7 (type examined).
Sawicola ferruginea, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. no. 234 (descript.
nulla).
Saxicola frenata, Heugl. Jour. f. Ornith. 1869, p. 158.
Upper parts to the rump dull brown; a black line through the
eye from the lores to the ear-coverts ; narrow line above lores, upper
tail-coverts, and basal portion of rectrices white; terminal half of
outer tail-feathers, and a much larger proportion of the central ones,
black ; quills dark brown ; chin and throat white ; breast dull ferru-
ginous ; abdomen and lower tail-coverts the same but paler. Wing
3°75, tail 2°35, tarsus 1*2, culmen 0°63. Sexes alike.
Hab. Highlands of Abyssinia; Sennaar, Nubia ?
21. SAXICOLA HEUGLINI. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 2.)
Saxicola intermedia, Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 26. no. 239 (1855),
desc. nulla.
1874. ] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 231
Savicola leucorhoides, Heugl. J. f.O. 1862, p. 291 (nec Guér.),
desc. nulla.
Sazicola heuglini, Finsch & Hartl. Vig. N.O.-Afr. p. 259 (1870)
(type examined).
Type. Upper parts dull dark blackish brown, some of the feathers
on the back margined with dull rufous; quills narrowly tipped,
secondaries and wing-coverts broadly margined and tipped with
dull rufous ; central rectrices black, except at the base, where they
are white; rest of tail-feathers white on the basal and black on the
terminal half, narrowly tipped with white ; underparts white on the
breast, lower part of the throat, flanks, and under tail-coverts
washed with bright rufous ; upper tail-coverts white ; over the eye an
indistinct whitish line. Wing 3°35, tail 2°45, tarsus 1°05, culm. 0°52.
Hab. Highlands of Abyssinia.
22. SAXICOLA LUGUBRIS.
Saxicola lugubris, Rupp. Neue Wirbelth. p. 77, pl. 28. fig. 1
(1840) (type examined).
Saxicola brehmii, Salvad. Att. Ac. Tor. 1870, p. 508 (type ex-
amined).
? Saxicola leucuroides, Guér. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 162.
Adult male. Crown and nape brownish grey, feathers with black
shafts; rump and upper tail-coverts and basal portion of all the
rectrices rufous, amounting to about half the length of the central
and two thirds of the remaining rectrices; centre of abdomen
whitish ; under tail-coverts buff ; rest of plumage jet-black. Culm.
0°7, wing 3°3, tail 2°4, tarsus 0°9.
Adult female. Is said not to differ from the male in plumage, but
is slightly smaller (fide Von Heuglin).
The head is very much darker in some specimens than in others,
being sometimes scarcely paler than the back ; and in one skin thus
coloured there is no white on the abdomen. Such a specimen, we
think, must have been the type of S. leucuroides, which has hitherto
always been identified with S. opistholeuca, Strickland (q. v.). But
Guérin’s description of S. Zeucuroides runs thus :—“ Tota atra, cauda
basi uropygioque imo rufescenti-albidis.’’ Now the tail is, so far as
we know, never rufescent at the base in S. opistholeuca; and that
species, moreover, has not been found by any observer in Abys-
sinia, whence the bird described by Guérin was brought by Ferret
and Galinier. No type of Guérin’s species exists in the Paris
Museum.
The base of the tail-feathers is occasionally white ; and this is the
form described by Salvadori under the name of S. brehmii.
Hab. Abyssinian highlands.
23. SAXICOLA ATMORI.
Saxicola atmorii, Tristram, Ibis, 1869, p. 206.
Type. Head and body above and below smoky black, upper tail-
coverts white; central rectrices black, outer rectrices white, tipped
232 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
with black, which extends to some distance up the outer web of the
outer feather on each side. Nothing is known of the sexual dif-
ferences in this species.
Hab. Damara Land, South Africa.
24. SAxXICOLA MONTICOLA.
Le Traquet montagnard, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. iv. p. 105, pl. 184.
fig. 2 (1805).
Gnanthe monticola, Vieill. N. Dict. xxi. p. 434 (1818, ex Levaill.).
Vitifora rupicola, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 320.
Grillivora capensis, Swains. Classif. of B. ii. p. 238 (1837).
Dromolea equatorialis, Hartl. Journ. f. O. 1861, p. 112.
Dromolea monticola, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1867, p. 151.
Adult male. Shoulders, rump, abdomen, lower breast, upper tail-
coverts, and the basal portion of all rectrices, except the central pair,
white ; a narrow streak from the base of the bill to above the eye
grey, or mixed white and black ; remainder of plumage black. The
quills and greater coverts are brownish black, and the thigh-coverts
thesame; and some black is mixed with the white of the under tail-
coverts. On the pair of rectrices next to the central pair the white
extends about halfway from the base ; on the other rectrices only the
tip is black, but this colour extends on the outermost pair some
distance up the outer web. Culmen 0°9, wing 4°25, tail 2°85,
tarsus 1°25.
In some specimens the second and third rectrices on each side are
entirely white, and the least wing-coverts nearest to the carpal joint
are black with white edges. In younger specimens the abdomen is
mixed white and black.
? Female. Very dark brown throughout, except the rump, lower
abdomen, tail-coverts, and basal portion of outer tail-feathers, which
are white, the under tail-coverts mixed white and brown, and the
distribution of white on the tail-feathers as in the male. Culmen
0°85, wing 4°35, tail 2°95, tarsus 1°25. In some specimens, pro-
bably younger birds, the whole abdomen is brown.
Hab. South Africa.
We think it highly probable that the bird last described may be
the female of S. monticola. That it is a female we know, because we
have seen two specimens carefully sexed by the late Mr. Anderson,
and one by Mr. F. Buckley ; but we require much additional in-
formation as to the phases of plumage of South-African Stone-Chats.
Obs. We have examined specimens which agree fairly with
Levaillant’s figure above quoted, upon which Vieillot’s species was
founded. Levaillant figures on the next plate (185) two birds as
immature specimens of this species. These we identify with S. leuco-
melena (fig. 2) and S. castor (fig. 1); but as this plate is not
referred to by Vieillot, and as we think it probable that the three
figures represent three distinct species, there can be no question that
the name of S. monticola must be retained for the present species.
Of course, as we judge merely from the somewhat meagre materials
at our disposal, we may be in error; but as all three forms have
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 233
received distinct names, and appear to us to possess good distinctive
characters, we have deemed it best to keep them separate. Mr.
Layard only quotes plate 184. fig. 2 of Levaillant ; but he describes
the young as grey. The specimens which we have identified with
S. castor and S. leucomelena have every appearance of being fully
mature birds.
25. SAXICOLA ARNOTTI.
Sazicola arnotti, Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 206, pl. vi.
Male. Head and body jet-black, a few white feathers on the
crown; forehead and supercilia white, wings blackish brown, shoulders
white, tail entirely black. Bill from the gape 0°8, wing 3°9, tail 3,
tarsus 1°1,
Hab. Adam Kok’s New Land, 8. Africa (teste Layard).
We have not seen a specimen of this species, and copy the above
from Mr. Tristram’s original description.
26. SAXICOLA LEUCOMELENA. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 1 & 2.)
Sazicola leucomelana, Burchell, Travels in 8S. Afr. vol. i. p. 335,
note (1822).
Saxicola leucomelena, Strickland & Sclater, Jard. Contr. 1852,
p- 146. no. 27.
Dromolea albipileata, Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. 1867, p. 151.
? Sazicola alpina, Chapman, Travels in S. Afr. App. p. 399 (1868),
desc. nulla.
Adult male. Head, nape, and hind neck white, with a greyish
tinge ; shoulders, rump, and upper tail-coverts, abdomen, and basal
portion of all except the two central rectrices white ; thigh-coverts
and under tail-coverts mixed white and black ; rest of the plumage
black, glossy black on the back and breast, quills brownish black ;
the black on the sides of the head includes the lores and the feathers
immediately above the eye. On the outer tail-feathers the white
often extends quite to the tip, a black spot only being left on the
outside of each web; on the outermost tail-feather the black extends
much further up the web than on the next two or three. In one
specimen the outer tail-feather on each side is pure white, therein
agreeing with Professor Barboza du Bocage’s description of S. albi-
pileata. Some specimens (? winter plumage) have the head French
grey, the feathers having a dark central streak; and in one, which
may be immature, the whole abdomen is black. Culmen 0°9, wing
4°25, tail 2°85, tarsus 1°2.
Hab. South Africa, Damara Land.
27. SAXICOLA GRISEICEPS, sp. nov. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 3.)
S. capite nuchaque cinereis ; humeris, uropygio, supracaudalibus,
rectricibus externis omnibus, nisi ad apices, abdomineque albis ;
collo, dorso, alis, rectricibus mediis, apicibus rectricum cetera-
rum, loris, regione auriculari, gutture, pectoreque nigris. Culm.
long. 0°9, ale 4:4, caude 2'8, tarsi 1°25.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XVI. 16
234 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON (Apr. 21,
Adult male. Head and nape ashy grey ; shoulders, rump, upper
tail-coverts, basal portion of all the outer rectrices, and abdomen
white ; back, wings, central rectrices, and tips of the outer rectrices,
lores, ear-coverts, throat, and breast black; on the outermost tail-
feathers the black extends further up the outer than the inner web ;
but on the third and fourth rectrices from the outside the reverse
is the case ; the penultimate rectrices are entirely white (and in some
specimens the two outer rectrices on each side are entirely white).
In immature specimens the head is dusky, the feathers dark-
shafted, the abdomen is black, with a few white edges to some of the
feathers, and the lesser coverts near the carpus are mixed white and
black.
In the adult birds there is a rudimentary supercilium. Culmen
0-9, wing 4°4, tail 2°8, tarsus 1°25.
Female? Upper parts to the rump dark cinereous, shoulders
white, a few of the median coverts dark-shafted ; quills brownish
black ; tail as in the male; underparts uniform cinereous.
Hab. South Africa, Colesburg, Natal, and Transvaal.
Obs. Of the above species we have examined eight specimens—
five in the plumage described as that of the male, and three in that
of the female. Of the former, we have two phases of plumage cor-
responding to precisely similar phases in the birds we have identi-
fied with S. monticola and S. leucomelena. In one the entire
abdomen is white, and in the other white and black mixed ; the first
we suppose to be the adult, and the otherthe young. We therefore
do not think that the present can be the young of S. monticola ;
and some of the specimens described have certainly no appearance of
immaturity. We have examined four examples of what we consider
to be the male of S. leucomelena—also two of what we consider to
be the male of S. monticola, and five of the female ; and the plumage
is so constant in every case that we cannot but believe that we have
before us three well-marked species.
22, SAxICOLA DILUTA, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 1.)
S. capite insuper dorsoque pallide cinereis; humeris uropygio
supracaudalibusque albis ; rectricibus mediis nigrescenti-fuscis,
ceteris albis nigro terminatis, extremis extus apicem versus ple-
rumque nigro marginatis ; remigibus nigrescenti-fuscis ; latert-
bus capitis gastreoque perpallide cinereis ; abdomine albescente,
infracaudalibus ex albo cum nigro mixtis. In nonnullis ex-
emplis vertex nuchaque pallescunt, et ad medias plumas inter-
scapulii, tectricumque minorum alarum strie fusce adsunt.
Culm. long. 0°8, ale 4°1, caud@ 2°55, tarsi 1°22, poll. Angl.
Adult male. Upper parts to the rump pale cinereous ; shoulders,
rump, and upper tail-coverts white ; central pair of rectrices blackish
brown, outer rectrices white with black tips, the black usually run-
ning some distance up the external web of the outer pair; quills
brownish black ; sides of the head and underparts very pale cine-
reous, becoming whitish on the abdomen; under tail-coverts white
and black mixed. In some specimens the head and nape are paler
1874.) THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 235
grey than the back, and the interscapulary feathers have dark shafts,
there are also dark shafts on some of the lesser wing-coverts near
the carpus.
We were at first disposed to look upon this form as the female of
S. leucomelena ; but as we have now seen three specimens marked
as males in Mr. Sharpe’s collection and two in the British Museum,
we can but conclude that it is a distinct species.
Hab. South Africa, Damara Land.
29. SAXICOLA CINEREA.
Le Traquet tractrac, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. pl, 184. fig. 1 (1805).
Gnanthe cinerea, Vieill. N. Dict. xxi. p. 437, 1818, ex Levaill. (nec
(En. cinerea, ibid. p. 418).
Motacilla tractrac, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 320.
Saxicola levaillanti, Smith, Zool. of S. Afr. notes to pl. 28 (1849).
Adult. Upper parts to the rump brownish cinereous ; wings
brown, the coverts and secondaries with pale edges; lower rump
and upper tail-coverts white; tail-feathers dark brown, the outer
webs of all except the central pair white, the quantity increasing on
the outermost feathers; lower parts pale isabelline grey; chin whitish;
abdomen and under tail-coverts white; ear-coverts pale hair-brown.
Culmen 0°8, wing 3°85, tail 2°6, tarsus 1°15.
Hab. South Africa.
Vieillot, it is true, used the same name Ginanthe cinerea iu a pre-
vious page of the same work for the common Wheatear ; but as both
names were published at the same time, and the first in position
cannot be used, it does not appear necessary to change the received
nomenclature.
30. Saxicona poLLUx. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 1.)
Saxicola pollux, Hartl. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 747.
Adult. Dark ashy grey; greater wing-coverts and quills dusky
black ; the smaller coverts with grey edgings, the larger coverts and
secondaries with whitish edgings ; tail-feathers black, the four outer
feathers on each side with a bread white external margin, which
extends to the tip of the outermost feather and diminishes gradually
on the three next, till on the fourth feather from the outside it only
extends over the basal half of the feather ; underparts lighter
Brey, fading almost to white on the abdomen and lower tail-coverts ;
axillaries white; the first long primary deeply emarginate on the
inner web at the tip. Culmen 0°75, wing 4:1, tail 2°85, tarsus 1-3.
Hab. South Africa.
The only two specimens we have examined are labelled Beaufort
and Karroo.
31. Saxicoxa castor. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 2.)
Sawicola castor, Hartl. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. “47.
Adult male. Upper parts dark ashy grey ; rump and upper tail-
coyerts white ; wings and four central rectrices dusky black; onter
16*
236 MESSRS, BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
rectrices white at the base, with a black tip, which is much broader
in the fourth from the outside than in the others; underparts very
little paler than the back, fading a little on the abdomen ; axillaries
and under wing-coverts same colour as the breast ; no emargination
in the inner webs of primaries. Culmen 0:9, wing 4°3, tail 3°05,
tarsus 1°3.
Female. Sooty brown above, rather browner below; ear-coverts
hair-brown ; rump and tail as in the male. This appears to be di-
stinguished from S. tractrae by having the four central tail-feathers
blackish brown throughout.
Hab. South Africa, Colesburg, Eland’s Post.
32. SAXICOLA ALBICANS.
Sawicola albicans, Wahl. CEfv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1855, p. 213.
Sazicola stricklandii, Bp., Gurney in Anderss. B. of Damara Land,
p- 105 (1872, nec Bp.).
Male. Upper parts to the rump greyish isabelline ; rump, upper
tail-coverts, and entire under surface of body white, with a faint
isabelline tinge ; quills dusky brown, with whitish margins and tips;
CE
LP
tie
YN
\\
Tail of Savicola albicans.
secondaries much paler, with broader margins; rectrices white at
the base and dusky brown on the terminal portion, with whitish tips
and margins, the latter broader on the outer feathers; the dusky
terminal portion extends nearly halfway up the central rectrices, but
only to about one fourth of the outer ones. Culmen 0°8, wing 3°7,
tail 2°05, tarsus 1°2.
Hab. Damaraland.
Obs. This species closely resembles S. schlegeli, but is distin-
guishable by being a little paler in colour, by not having the first
long primary emarginate at the tip, and by having the entire basal
portion of the tail white.
33. SAXICOLA SCHLEGELI. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 2.)
Erithacus schlegelit, Wahl. GEfv. K. Vet. Ak. Forh. 1855, p. 213.
Saxicola modesta, Tristram, Ibis, 1869, p. 206 (type examined).
1874. ] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 237
Adult male. Upper parts ashy grey ; rump and upper tail-coverts
white; wings and tail dusky black; secondaries and wing-coverts
with pale margins; the four outer rectrices with white margins ex-
tending to the tip in the outermost, and gradually diminishing till
in the fourth the white does not extend over half the basal portion ;
underparts ashy white, fading to white on tle abdomen; the first
long primary deeply emarginate on the inner webs Culmen 0°8,
wing 3°65, tail 2°5, tarsus 1:2.
Tail of Saxicola schlegelt.
Female. Precisely similar to the male, except that the first long
primary is attenuated but not emarginate.
Hab. Damaraland ; South Africa.
S. schlegeli, var. minor. This bird, of which we have two speci-
mens, is smaller in size and paler and more sandy in colour than the
specimens above described ; but one example of the larger form is
equally pale, and all are from the same locality. The measurements
of the small variety are as follows:—culmen 0°68-0°7, wing 3°4,
tail 2°3, tarsus 1°].
34. SAxICOLA GALTONI.
Erythropygia galtoni, Strickland, Jardine’s Contributions, 1852,
147.
Saxicola sperata, Layard, Birds of S. Africa, p. 107 (nec Lath. ?).
Saxicola familiaris, Gurney, in Andersson’s Birds of Damara Land,
p-.103 (mec Stephens).
Upper parts to the rump hair-brown ; quills the same ; ear-coverts
rather brighter ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and basal portion of all
the tail-feathers, except the central pair, ferruginous ; central tail-
feathers and tips of the others brown ; remainder of the outer tail-
feathers ferruginous, the brown colour running some distance upon
the external web of the outer pair ; lower parts rather paler brown
238 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr- 21,
than the back; chin and middle of abdomen still lighter in colour ;
axillaries isabelline ; lower tail-coverts rufous. Culmen 0°65, wing
3°35, tail 2°35, tarsus 1.
Hab. South Africa.
Note.—This species has been identified by most modern writers
with either Saxicola sperata, Lath., or S. familiaris, Stephens. We
are unable to agree with either identification. S. sperata of Latham
(Ind. Ornith. ii. p. 523) was founded on the Traquet du Cap de
Bonne-Espérance of Buffon, Ois. vi. p. 123, described as having the
upper part of the body, including the upper part of the neck and
head, of a very brown green (‘d’un vert trés-brun”’), the two central
rectrices blackish brown, the two laterals marked obliquely with
brown on a tawny ground, the more so as they approach the outside
(«les deux latérales sont marquées obliquement de brun sur un fond
fauve et d’autant plus qu’elles sont plus extérieures). This is not
very intelligible ; but the word ‘deux ”’ may have been inserted by
mistake, and it may mean that there is more brown on the outer rec-
trices and that the quantity diminishes gradually towards the middle,
the central pair being blackish brown throughout. This description
can scarcely apply to S. galtoni, in which the back has no green
tinge and the outer rectrices are ferruginous, not tawny or ful-
vous.
S. familiaris, Stephens (Shaw, Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 241), was founded
on Le Traquet familier of Levaillant’s ‘ Oiseaux d’ Afrique,’ pl. 183.
We quite agree with Mr. Gray in excluding this from the genus
Sazicola. Mr. Gray refers it to Aédon; and Levaillant’s plate
certainly agrees better with A. Jeucophrys, V., than with any Chat,
the breast being represented as spotted. The description of the
habits given by Levaillant may very possibly apply to S. galtoni;
but Stephens’s name can only be referred to the figure.
It will be gathered from the above that we doubt whether the
bird referred to by Mr. Gurney, in the note to S. familiaris in
Andersson’s ‘ Birds of Damara Land,’ p. 104, should be called S.
sperata. We have seen but a single specimen of the form men-
tioned by Mr. Gurney, and which, as he says, is distinguished from
S. galtoni (his S. familiaris) by the whitish colour of the rump.
The distribution of the colours on the rectrices also appears to us
different in the two forms. We consider the pale-rumped form
undescribed, but we shall not apply a new name on the evidence of
a single skin.
35. SAXICOLA SINUATA.
Luscinia sinuata, Sundevall, Om Levaillant’s Ois. d’Afr., Kong.
Sv. Vet. Akad. Hand. ii. no. 3, p. 44, note (1857).
Saxicola sinuata, Layard, Birds of South Africa, p. 106.
Adult. Upper parts dark hair-brown, rufescent towards the rump,
which latter with the upper tail-coverts is rufous; quills dull black,
the secondaries and coverts with pale rufous margins ; tail-feathers
blackish brown, the basal portion and margins very pale rufous, the
amount of the latter colour increasing on the external rectrices,
“wa
1874. } "THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 239
on the central pair only occupying the extreme base, and on the
outer pair covering half of the inner and the whole of the outer
web ; lower parts pale ashy brown, becoming whitish on the abdomen,
darker and rufous on the flanks; ear-coverts similarly coloured to
the upper parts ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white; the ter-
minal portion of the first long primary is extremely narrow and
slightly curved. Culmen 0°63 inch, wing 3°15, tail 1-97, tarsus 1°1.
Hab. South Africa.
36. SAXICOLA PILEATA.
Motacilla pileata, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 965. no. 94, ex Lath. (1788).
Le Traquet imitateur, Levaillant, Ois. d’ Af. pls. 181, 182 (1805).
Ginanthe imitatrix, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxi. p. 422 (1818).
Campicola livingstonii, Tristram, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 888.
Male. Forehead and superciliary stripe running back to the nape
white ; crown black, passing on the nape into the rufous or cinnamon-
brown of the back, which becomes ferruginous towards the rump ;
lower rump and upper tail-coverts white; quills hair-brown, with
narrow pale margins and pale tips to the secondaries; central tail-
feathers black, outer feathers white on the basal half or rather more,
terminal portions black ; sides of the head and neck, including the
lores, space under the eye, and ear-coverts, and a broad band occu-
pying the greater portion of the breast, black; chin and throat
white; abdomen rufescent white ; flanks ferruginous; lower tail-
coverts pale rufous. Culmen 0:8, wing 3°5, tail 2°65, tarsus 1°35.
S. livingstonii is considered a good and distinct species by Finsch
and Hartlaub (Vég. Ost.-Afr. p. 251). They say that the white of
the forehead and black of the crown are less extensively developed,
that the pectoral band is much narrower, and the size smaller. The
band across the chest is certainly less developed ; but its breadth is
variable in Cape specimens; and as with a series before us we can
detect no other distinction, we doubt if S. livingstonii be worthy of
separation.
Hab. South Africa generally.
37. SAXICOLA BIFASCIATA.
Saxicola bifasciata, Temm, PI. Col. 472. fig. 2.
Sazicola spectabilis, Hartl. P, Z.S. 1865, p. 428, pl. 23.
Campicola bifasciata (Temm.), Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 10.
? Le grand Motteux ou cul-blane du Cap de B.-Espérance, Buff.
Ois. vi. p. 135 (1783). .
? Motacilla hottentotta, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 965 (1788, ex Buff.).
? Sylvia hottentotta (Gm.), Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 531. no. 82
(1790).
Adult male. A narrow frontal line and broad supercilia extend-
ing backwards along the sides of the head yellowish buff; crown
and nape blackish brown; back the same, with brown edges to the
feathers ; scapulars, sides of the back, and rump isabelline or yel-
lowish buff; wing-coverts and tail black ; quills blackish brown ;
240 MESSRS. BLANFORD AND DRESSER ON [Apr. 21,
lores, ear-coverts, and sides of the head, chin, and throat black ;
lower part of the neck, extending to the scapulary region, breast,
and abdomen, rufous isabelline; under wing-coverts, axillaries, and
thigh-coverts black. Culmen 0°85, wing 3°75, tail 2°6, tarsus 1°3.
Younger males have the crown, nape, and back browner ; scapu-
lars and rump more rufous; lower parts from the breast pale ferru-
ginous; wing-coverts and scapulars with pale rufous margins.
Female. Upper parts to the rump hair-brown with an umber
tinge, the central portions of the feathers darker, especially on the
crown; wings blackish brown, the coverts and secondaries with
broad rufous margins; rump and upper tail-coverts pale ferru-
ginous; tail black ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts hair-brown ; lower
parts rufous isabelline, whitish on the throat, all the feathers with
more or less distinct dark central streaks. Culmen 0°72, wing 3°45,
tail 2°4, tarsus 1°25.
Hab. South Africa.
We find it quite impossible to determine whether this is Buffon’s
“Grand Motteux”’ or not.
As it may probably be useful to working naturalists to know to
which species the various Chats enumerated by Mr. G. R. Gray in
his well known Hand-list (i. pp. 224-226 ) belong, we give the follow-
ing review of them, viz. :—
3205. S. enanthe is the type of the genus Sazicola, and is the
common European Wheatear.
3206. S. albicollis stands as S. stapazina.
3207. S. stapazina = S. rufa.
3208. S. leucomela is the species inhabiting South-eastern Europe
and Northern Africa, whereas
3209. S. capistrata is the eastern form and stands as S. morio.
3210. S. lugens = S. leucomela, no. 3208.
3211. S. atrogularis is referable to S. deserti.
3212. S. deserti.
3213. S. pallida = S. monacha 9.
3214. S. stricklandi =S. albicans.
3215. S. lugubris.
3216. S. isabellina.
3217. S. philothamna = S. mesta, 3228.
3218. S. eurymelena = S. melanoleuca.
3219. S. amphileuca = S. stapazina.
3220. S. libanotica = S. erythrea.
3221. S. rufocinerea is a Monticola and not a true Chat.
3222. S. enanthoides = S. enanthe, 3205.
3223. S. gutturalis = S. deserti, 3212.
3224. S. montana = S. deserti.
3225. S. sordida is a Ruticilla or a Pratincola, but not a true
Chat.
3226. S. halophila = S. erythrea juv.
3227. S. homochroa = S. deserti 2.
1874.] THE GENUS SAXICOLA. 241
3228. S. mesta.
3229. S. castor,
3230. S. pollux.
3231. S. leucorrhoa = S. cenanthe.
3232. S. rostrata also = \S. aenanthe. The type of this species ,
which should be inthe Berlin Museum, is missing
there; but there are other specimens from the locality
named, collected by Hemprich and Ehrenberg, which
are absolutely identical with our S. ananthe, though
some have the beak rather stout and long.
3233. S. leucuroides = S. lugubris, 3215.
3234. S. arnotti.
3235. WS. atmorii.
3236. S. schlegelii.
3237. S. modesta = S. schlegeli, 323 6.
3238. Campicola pileata = S. pileata.
3239. C. livingstonit = S. pileata.
3240. C. bifasciata = S. bifasciata.
3241. C. botte = S. botte.
3242. Cercomela melanura.\ We do not regard these as true
3243. C. fusca. } Saxicole.
3244. C. lypura = C. melanura.
3245. C. erythrea is not a Cercomela, but a true Sazicola, and
stands as S. erythrea.
3246. C. frenata = Savicola botte.
3247. C. heuglini is a Sazicola and not a Cercomela.
3248. Dromolea monticola = S. monticola.
3249. D. cinerea.
3250. D. leucura = S. leucura.
3251. D. picata = S. picata.
3252. D. monacha = S. monacha.
3253. D. leucopygia = S. leucopyga.
3254. D. leucocephala = S. leucopyga.
3255. D. opistholeuca = S. opistholeuca.
3256. D. equatorialis = S. monticola, 3248.
3257. D. chrysopygia = S. chrysopygia.
3258. D. albipileata = S'. leucomelena.
3259. D. incompta we have failed to identify.
3260. D. monacha (Loche nec Riipp.) = S. leucopyga.
3261. D. cursoria we have failed to identify.
3262 to 3273 we do not include in the genus Sazicola.
242 MR. J. E. HARTING ON A NEW TRINGA. [Apr. 21,
6. On a new Species of Tringa from Alaska.
By J. E. Harrine, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
[Received March 26, 1874.]
(Plate XL.)
Through the kindness of Professor Spencer Baird, I received some
months ago a specimen of a Sandpiper from St. Paul’s Island,
Alaska, with a request that I would examine and report upon it.
It resembled at first sight a very large Dunlin, Tringa alpina, in
partial summer plumage, and with the breast more or less spotted
with black; but its superior size showed at once that it could not
belong to that species. The only other Tinga at all resembling it
with which I was then acquainted being Tringa crassirostris of
Temminck and Schlegel, from China, Japan, the Malay countries,
and Australia, I hastily but erroneously came to the conclusion that
it should be referred to that species ; and without waiting to institute
any comparison of specimens, I wrote to Professor Baird accordingly.
This was unfortunate; for on subsequently making a more careful
examination, and comparing the bird in question with specimens in
my collection of both 7. alpina and T. crassirostris, I found to my
surprise that it differed materially from both, being much smaller
than 7’. crassirostris although considerably larger than 7’. alpina, and
in several other respects, as I shall presently point out, holding an —
intermediate position between these two species. I have now no
hesitation in saying that it may be regarded as a new and hitherto
undescribed bird, and I accordingly propose to name it Tringa gra-
cilis.
It may be described as follows :—
TRINGA GRACILIS, sp. nov.
T. similis alpinee sed conspicue major. Notai plumis nigris, late
rufo-marginatis; pileo fuscescente, rufonigroque striolato; capitis
et colli lateribus dilute rufescentibus, maculis minutis fuscis ;
uropygio nigro; gula et fronte albis ; macula pectorali magna
nigra; abdomine crissoque albis; tectricibus alarum pallide
fuscis, albido limbatis; remigibus fuscis, scapis pure albis ;
subalaribus albis; rectricibus lateralibus pallide fuscis, albo-
limbatis; rostro et pedibus nigricantibus. (Ptil. estiv.) Long.
tot. 10 poll., rostr. 1°5, ale 5°d, tars. 1, dig. med. cumung. 11.
Hab. St. Paul’s Island, Alaska.
The specimen from which the above description is taken was most
kindly presented to me by Professor Baird, with the information that
it had been obtained with several others on the island above
mentioned in the month of July 1872. It is evidently in summer
plumage; and being at this season black-breasted, like the Dunlin,
Tringa alpina, we may fairly assume that in winter, like that species,
SIULSOUISSVHO L6 SZ 'SITIOVYUD L 94+ “VNICIV TOM e Se T
“dur qreyuey N PIN URL Sweuraeyy ¢
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»
1874. ] MR. J. E. HARTING ON A NEW TRINGA. 243
it loses all trace of black upon the breast, and has the whole of the
underparts pure white. The same has been ascertained to be the
case with Tringa crassirostris.
In order to give a better idea of the size of this new Sandpiper, I
subjoin the following measurements of bill, wing, tarsus, and middle
toe, as compared with the same parts in the two better-known
species to which it is allied :—
Entire length. Bill, Wing. ‘Tars. Midd. toe.
in, in. 1n. in. In.
TI. crassirostris ...... 11 1‘7 7 1°4 a2
MINOR ACHES it | cnn aLO 15 5°5 al 11
Denne. Secs sels uc 1°4 4° 1 0-9
In T. crassirostris (Plate XL. fig. 7) the bill is unusually deep at
the base, and laterally much compressed ; the wings long, with broad
and powerful flight-feathers ; the tail (fig. 9) almost square ; the tibia
for some portion of its length bare ; the tarsus (fig. 8) longer than the
middle toe; the toes comparatively short, stout, and well margined,
as in Tringa canutus*, while the nails are long and curved.
In T. gracilis, as in T. alpina (see Plate XL.), the bill (fig. 4) is
more slender and less compressed at the sides ; the wings, though long,
have narrower and more feeble flight-feathers ; the central feathers of
the tail (fig. 6) are prolonged beyond the rest; the tibia is feathered
nearly to the tarsal joint ; and the tarsus is somewhat shorter than the
middle toe and nail. The toes (fig. 5) are thus comparatively longer,
and, besides being more slender, are not margined to the same extent
as in 7’. crassirostris, although this feature is more noticeable in
T. gracilis than in T. alpina, which may be said to be almost devoid
of any emargination, while the nails are shorter and weaker.
A considerable difference is observable in the contour of the tail
in these three species, as may be seen from the accompanying figures
(Plate XL. figs. 3, 6, 9).
In the letter which accompanied the specimen now before me,
Professor Baird likened the species to Tringa maritima, but remarked
that he had received “ specimens in which the black pectoral spot is
much more distinct and better defined” [than in the specimen he
sent me], “resembling somewhat that of 7. alpina, only situated
considerably further up on the breast.’’ In some respects no doubt
the bird in question does resemble 7’. maritima, as, for instance, in
having the tibia more or less feathered, in having the tarsus if any
thing shorter than the middle toe, and again in the contour of the
tail. But it differs entirely from 7’. maritima in the character of the
nuptial plumage, as also in the colour of the soft parts—the legs
* Several naturalists who have met with 7. crasstrostris for the first time, as
Messrs. Hume, Swinhoe, Blakiston, and others, have likened it, from its robust
size, tothe Knot, 7. canutus; and Mr. Swinhoe has named it the Chinese Knot.
There can be little doubt, however, from the character of its seasonal changes of
plumage, as well as from certain similarities of structure, that its affinities are
with the Dunlin, 7. a/pina.
244 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MULETIA SEPTEMCINCTA. [Apr. 21,
and toes in T.maritima, as also the base of the mandibles, being of a
yellowish clay colour, while the same parts in 7. gracilis, as in T.
alpina, are black.
The discovery of this new species of Sandpiper will be as gratifying
to ornithologists as it was unexpected, and I feel much indebted to
Professor Baird for having afforded me an opportunity of bringing it
to their notice. Although it has only been met with hitherto upon
St. Paul’s Island, Alaska, there is no reason to suppose that it has a
very restricted range. On the contrary, being capable, like all its
congeners, of powerful flight, I should at least expect to hear of it
on the mainland on both sides of Behring Sea, and probably as far
northward as the Arctic Circle.
Moreover, it is not unlikely that on the west coast of North
America it may have been mistaken for Tringa alpina, var. ameri-
cana, Cassin. It should be observed that in comparing the dimen-
sions of the species above named, I have preferred to take an average
specimen of 7’. alpina without reference to locality (it happens to
have been obtained in England), rather than select, as I might have
done, an American example, which would only differ in having the
bill equal to, or slightly longer than, that of 7. gracilis; for this
long-billed variety, as I have before pointed out (P. Z.S. 1871,
p- 115), is not confined to the American continent.
PS. (June 20, 1874).—Since the foregoing remarks were written,
I have been in correspondence with Dr. Elliott Coues on the subject
of a Tringa recently described by him as Tringa ptilocnemis in an
“Appendix”? to Mr. H. W. Elliott’s ‘Report on the Prybilov
Islands.’ This “ Appendix’? I have not yet seen, although Dr.
Coues has most kindly forwarded proof-sheets of the body of the
work ; but I have no doubt, from his letters to me on the subject,
that his bird is the species now under notice.
Dr. Coues informs me that the work referred to, although dated
1873, was not actually published until either January or February
of the present year.—J. E. H.
7. On the Short-tailed Armadillo (Muletia septemcincta).
By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
[Received March 12, 1874.]
(Plate XLI.)
The British Museum has received a skeleton, frontal and dorsal
disk, and tail of the Short-tailed Armadillo, made from an adult
specimen, which I believe was alive in the Society’s Gardens *.
* The specimen from which the skeleton was prepared was presented to the
Society by Mrs. Mackinlay, July 18th, 1873, along with another of the same
species. Other examples had previously been received from the same donor.
See Tatusta hybrida, Revised List of Vert. p. 110.—P. L. 8. ;
P. Z.S.1874. Pl. XL.
———————S ee CC
i
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Mintern Bros.imp.
MULETIA SEMPTEMCINCTA.
NAT. SIZE.
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4
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1874.] DR. J. E. GRAY ON MULETIA SEPTEMCINCTA. 245
The animal is peculiar in having only six free regular dorsal rings,
and a seventh ring that is partly separated from the hinder dorsal
disk on the lower part of the sides.
The tail is short, conical, thick, and depressed at the base, rather
more than half the length of the dorsal disk, and composed of
thirteen or fourteen rings, each consisting of two series of fessere.
The ears are small aud covered with very minute scales.
The skeleton agrees very much in the form of the greater number
of bones with that of the Tatou noir (Tatusia peba), figured by
Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. partii. t. x.), and differs chiefly from it in the
breadth of the ribs, in the shortness of the tail, which is not two
thirds of the length of the body, the shortness of the thirteen ver-
tebree of which it is composed, and in the great width of the lateral
processes of the first six caudal vertebre, the first of which is as
broad as the sacrum; they gradually diminish in breadth as they
proceed towards the end.
The tail of the Tatou noir (Tatusia peba) consists of twenty-two
or twenty-three vertebree, and has much smaller lateral processes,
and is much longer than the body and head.
The skull is 2 inches 8 lines long, and 1 inch 2 lines wide at the
zygomatic arch. The lachrymal bone is triangular, the lower side
forming the front part of the keel of the zygomatic process. The
nasal bones are slender, attenuated behind. The upper jaw has
six teeth on each side, the front one slightly directed forwards; the
lower jaw has seven teeth on each side, the two front ones more
slender and directed forwards.
Cuvier, in his ‘Ossemens Fossiles’ (vy. p. 118) refers to this
species the Armadillo noticed by Belon (Observations, p. 467) and
Aldrovandi (Quadrup. Digit. p. 489); but I much doubt their
knowing a species that appears to be confined to the pampas of South
America, and believe that the resemblance depends on the rudeness
of old figures and descriptions.
Schreber, in his ‘Saugethiere,’ 1775, describes a species which he
considers to be the Dasypus septemcinctus of Linnzeus (Syst. Nat.
p- 54), and he refers to a plate, t. Ixxii., which is marked by mistake
D. sexcinctus, Linn., quite different from the species which he figures
under the same name in t. Ixxi. B. The figure moderately well
represents this species; but the body has been elongated in stuffing,
and the tail is too slender at the base; but this occurs also in the
specimen in the Museum.
D’ Azara (Hist. Nat. Quadrup. 1801, ii. p. 186), under the name
of Tatou moulet, says it is called Tatou m’ bouriqua, on account of its
having straight and parallel ears like a mule, but observes the ears
are not so large as in the other species. M.Desmarest, who inserted
it in the scientific catalogues, gave it the Latin name of Dasypus
hybridus, I suppose as a translation of Azara’s name; but why it
should be called a mule or hybrid I cannot conceive, as no species
can be more distinct in external appearance and anatomical cha-
racters. It cannot be a mule or hybrid between any two known species,
as D’Azara justly observes.
246 DR. J. E. GRAY ON MULETIA SEPTEMCINCTA. |Apr. 21,
Mr. Martin, in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1837, p. 13, on ac-
count of the unsatisfactory account of Dasypus hybridus (the Tatou
mulet) given in scientific works, gave a more complete description of
this species than he had previously met with, from aspecimen presented
to the Society by Mr. C. Darwin; and Darwin gives a good account
of the habits of the animal in the ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ i. p, 92.
I am inclined to form a genus for Dasypus septemcinctus, which
may be called Muletia, and characterized by the short tail, depressed
at its base, the small number of caudal vertebree and caudal rings,
and the small ears.
I would divide the Tatusiide thus :—
I. Tail with smooth caudal rings. Hinder part of palat. convex,
with a groove on each side, which is wider behind.
1. Tarusta. Tail cylindrical, elongate, as long as or longer than
the body, of many rings and numerous caudal vertebrae. Ears
large. Dorsal disk with 9-7 free bands. Tatusia peba &c.
2. Mutetra. Tail short, depressed at base, not so long as the
body, with thirteen rings and thirteen caudal vertebre. Ears
small. Dorsal disk with six free bands. Muletia septem-
cincta &e.
Il. Tail with the hinder edge of the tessere of the basal caudal
rings prominent. Hinder part of the palate broad, concave,
with a raised edge on each side.
3. Praopus. Tail about the length of the body, rather thick at
the base. Praopus kappleri.
In the ‘Hand-list of Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Ruminant
Mammals in the British Museum,’ I described seven species of
Tatusia and one of Praopus, and figured the skull of each of the
kinds; but at that time the collection did not contain any specimen
of the Short-tailed Armadillo (Tatusia septemeincta) from Paraguay.
The number of teeth seems to vary in this genus; the skulls in
the Museum of 7. peba (Hand-list, t. i. f. 1), 7. leptorhinus (t. i.
f. 3), T. mexicana (t. ii. f. 3), and 7. boliviensis (t. iii. f. 4) have
seven teeth on each side of the upper jaw. 7’. granadiana (t. 1i.f. 1),
T. brevirostris (t. iii. f. 2), and T. leptocephala (t. v. f. 3) have
eight teeth on each side of the upper jaw, as is also the case with
Praopus kappleri (t. iv. f. 2 & 3).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.
Fig. 1. Vertebral column and pelvis of Muletia septemeincta,
2. Upper surface of skull.
3. Under surface of skull.
4. Side view of skull.
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"SNSONLONMT SIVElILLYALLVH
HL SeUTo May f
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 247
May 5, 1874.
Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during April 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of April was 119; of which 11 were by birth,
51 by presentation, 45 by purchase, and 12 received on deposit.
The total number of departures during the same period by death
and removals was 61.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A male Vigne’s Sheep (Ovis vignii, Blyth), presented by Captain
Archibald, April 7th, being the first example of this animal brought
alive to Europe.
2. A White-cheeked Flying Squirrel (Pteromys leucogenys, Tem-
minck) from Japan, presented by Mr. A. Gower, H.B.M. Consul at
Hiogo, Japan, April 15th ; likewise the first example received.
3. The typical example of Halmaturus luctuosus of D’ Albertis
(described anted, p. 110), deposited by Signor L. M. D’Albertis,
C.M.Z.S., April 17th.
This is certainly a new and most interesting form of Kangaroo,
remarkable for its narrow elongated face, short ears, and the naked
extremity of the tail, with which alone it touches the ground in
moving. It will probably be found to belong to a new genus ; but
an examination of the teeth is necessary to decide the point.
The drawing by Mr. Keulemans, which I exhibit (Plate XLII.),
will render its external form easily recognizable.
The single known specimen, as previously mentioned, was obtained
by H.M.S. ‘ Basilisk’ at the southern extremity of New Guinea, and
brought to Sydney, where it was purchased by M. D’Albertis.
4, Four Bladder-nosed Seals (Cystophora cristata), brought from
the Arctic Seas, and presented by Captain D. Gray, of the S.S.
‘Eclipse,’ and Captain Alexander Gray, of the S.S. ‘ Labrador,’
April 24th. One of them is a fine male, larger than any we have
yet had, supposed to be about two years old.
Mr. Sclater called the attention of the meeting to the Cassowary
in the Society’s Gardens, received from the Zoological Society of
Amsterdam in 1871*, and described and figured in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ for 1872 (p. 147, pl. ix.) under the name Casuarius kaupi,
which was now a fine adult bird. It now appeared, from Professor
Schlegel’s remarks in the recently published part of the ‘ Musée des
Pays-Bas,’ and from Hr. v. Rosenberg’s article in the ‘ Journal fiir
Ornithologie’ for 1874 (p. 390), that there could be no longer any
doubt that the name Casuarius kaupi of Rosenberg had been
founded on a young example of C. uniappendiculatus. It remained,
therefore, to find another name for the present bird. Mr. Sclater had
* See P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 627.
248 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON CAPRA £GAGRUS. [May 5,
at first supposed it might be referred to C. papuanus ; but, judging
from the description of this species given by Schlegel (/.s.c.), such
could not be the case. He had therefore designated it Casuartus
westermanni, after the distinguished Director of the Zoological
Gardens at Amsterdam, through whom the Society had received
their unique specimen.
Mr. Sclater announced that H.M. Government had acceded to
the request of the Royal Society to send out a naturalist to
Kerguelen’s Land to accompany the astronomical expedition to that
island for the observation of the transit of Venus, and that the Rey.
A. E. Eaton had been selected for the post.
Mr. W. T. Blanford exhibited some horns of the wild Goat of
Persia (Capra egagrus), and also for comparison two pairs belonging
to the same animal from Sind, lent by Mr. E. Ward. He pointed
out that these were identical, and that it appeared probable that the
wild Goat of Northern Persia, Asia Minor, and Crete was the same
as that of Southern Persia and Sind; but hitherto he had been
unable to compare heads. Of the Persian horns exhibited, all of
which had been collected by Major St. John, R.E., one pair was
from Shirdz, and the remainder, two pairs and an odd born, from
Isfahan. Compared with the figure of C. @gagrus in Blasius’s
‘Wirbelthiere Europa’s,’ the only perceptible difference was that the
horns there figured were rather more curved inwards towards the
points. These latter horns were probably from Asia Minor or the
Caucasus ; but no locality was assigned.
The Goat of Northern Persia was undoubtedly the 4gagrus of
Pallas, Capra egagrus of Schreber. An earlier name perhaps was
Capra bezoartica of Linneus ; but it was impossible to identify the
Persian Wild Goat, or any other known Persian ruminant, with
Linneeus’s description, ‘ cornibus teretibus arcuatis totis annulatis,
gula barbata.” The description of the bearded throat alone agreed
with that of the Persian Wild Goat; the account of the round,
arcuate, and annulate horns must have been taken from some other
ruminant, probably from the Persian Gazelle. But the name bezo-
artica was probably intended to apply to C. @gagrus, from which
the true bezoar, so widely famed in medizeval times as an antidote to
poison, was obtained. Bezoars, it was true, occurred in the stomachs
of many ruminants; but those obtained occasionally from the Persian
Wild Goat long enjoyed a surprising and superstitious reputation,
which still exists amongst the Persians, who consider these calcareous
secretions a kind of universal remedy.
The name of Antilope bezoartica had been incorrectly applied
by several naturalists to the Common Indian Antelope, the proper
name for which was Antilope cervicapra (Linn.), it being the Capra
cervicapra of Linnzus.
The following papers were read :—
1874.] MR.GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF THE COLUMBEH. 249
1. On some Points in the Anatomy of the Columbe. By
A. H. Garrop, B.A., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cam-
bridge; Prosector to the Society.
[Received March 19, 1874.]
In the present communication it is not my intention to describe
in detail the anatomy of any single kind of Pigeon, because that can
be, most of it, learnt from the dissection of any common species ;
but, from the opportunities which are presented to me in the per-
formance of my prosectorial duties, it will be my endeavour to point
out those peculiarities which I have been able to recognize in the
soft parts of the large number of generic forms of the Columbeze that
have passed through my hands. It is my hope that those natu-
ralists who have opportunities of examining genera and species
which it has not been my good fortune to obtain, will record their
observations, not omitting those points on which I shall endeavour
to lay stress on the present occasion.
That there is not a perfect constancy in the pterylosis and visceral
anatomy of the Pigeons has been known for some time. Nitzsch, in
his work on Pterylography, incidentally mentions that in the genus
Goura there are no ceca to the intestine, and that the gall-bladder
is absent. The same facts are noted by Hunter*. The former
naturalist also refers to the absence of the oil-gland in the same
genus. Prof. Owen sayst that the gall-bladder is constantly defi-
cient—a statement which, as will be seen further on, requires some
qualification. The fact that all the European species of Doves
belong to the genera Columba, Turtur, and Péerocles has caused
zoologists to estimate the characters of the whole suborder more
from these than from the much larger number found in extra-Euro-
pean countries; and the results arrived at from a more extended
study tend considerably to modify the prevailing impression as to
the constancy of certain characters.
The differences observable in the following structures have engaged
my attention :—
1, The number of rectrices.
2. The presence or absence of the oil-gland, which is never other-
wise than nude.
3. The presence or absence of ceeca to the intestine, which in no
genera, except in Pterocles and Syrrhaptes, exceed half an inch in
length.
4. The presence or absence of the ambiens muscle, which does
not seem as yet to have engaged the attention of naturalists, so far
as this suborder of birds is concerned.
I. The number of tail-feathers in the different genera of the
Columbee. x;
Nitzsch divides the Pigeons into those with 12 and those with
* Essays and Observations, vol. ii. p. 291.
+ Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. ii. p. 177.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XVII. 17
250 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 5,
16 rectrices, and does not refer to any other numbers. Different
authors have recorded the number of tail-feathers in some of the
genera. Twelve, fourteen, sixteen, and twenty are the numbers which
I have been able to find in the different species which I have been
able to examine, though in Calenas one specimen had only ten rec-
trices in the perfect tail, whilst most have twelve. Inspection of the
following list will show that in some of the genera there are peculi-
arities in the number of the tail-feathers which indicate difference of
more than specific importance ; for instance, in Carpophaga fourteen
is the typical number of the rectrices, but C. nove-zealandie differs
from all its congeners in possessing only twelve :—
Name of genus and species. larson ‘
Caleenas nicobariea occ. Sledeascccwsecss.) U2
Chalcopelta pucilal see J. cedtias edo. avd oA?
Chalcophaps chrysochlora .. .....4-2..000055 12
Chamepelia talpacoti ..... Pe ee 12
Columba (all the species examined) .......... 12
Ketopistes migrdatorius, se sos... dee ws Seca ce) U2
Leptoptila erumenifera . so sisiss oss coe iveesies AZ
Lopholemus antarcticus ..s0c0..seccsece ees 12
Macropygia phasianella ...... 0... 0. e eee eee 12
Metriopelia melanoptera...... 2.0.2 ceeeeeee 12
Starnenas cyanocephala............ Seley st 12
Turtur (all the species examined) ............ 12
Lympanistria bicolor, . ic... 6 cicics cies atievees 12
Zenuida mariimicana 2./2.iocdads teds seek. ox 12
Carpophaga (all species examined* except C. nove-
Ben andice)s Spd. fa sess Ohi SE Fiaks 10 14
Didunculus strigirostrisy. i. 6 is03 aes wads 14
Geopelia (all species examined) .............. 14
Deucosarcia pietas «05 630 alee Sheihe a. (ult
Ocyphaps lophotes . 2. 2 «s::c'xislesiaieis.s) sok o> oo D4
Phiegenns craentate: iss dds oi wldanwis wees A
CRUUTETA uk eae ee elete ets jarvedele cretatea de 14
Ptilonopus (all species examined except one spe-
cimen in Brit. Mus., marked P. occipitalis 2,
with 16.); eas. meee biases ence oa ela verte 14
Treron (all species examined) .............000 14
Zenaidura marginata ...... aie aielaleretohets Susie ela
Gouna corenate. % <2 oie. So SOs See le
VICOTUE eisai ile stapindoctarecwrs LG
Plane ehaleopeer te sisis ai Peictaiisieissesterale 43 «ieee 16
Pterocles alchata. 22 dus needs 68 Us coke 16
QTENATIUS secesees PaO eon sc tile eer -anakG
Otidiphaps nobilis ...... 2.6.4. ST RE ccc ack: 20
It will be observed, as has been remarked by Prof. Baird, that,
with the exception of Zenaidura, all the North American Columbe
possess 12 rectrices.
* Tacluding C. spilorrhoa, of which I haye examined several examples.
1874.]
ANATOMY OF THE COLUMB. 251
II. The presence or absence of the oil-gland in the genera of the
The oil-gland is present in most of the Pigeons; it is very small
in the genus Péilonopus.
present, it is never tufted.
It need hardly be remarked that, when
The oil-gland is present in all the specimens examined by me of
Calenas,
Carpophaga,
Chalcopelia,
Chalcophaps,
Chamepelia,
Columba,
LEctopistes,
Geopelia,
Leptoptila,
Leucosarcia,
Lopholemus,
Macropygia,
Metriopelia,
Ocyphaps,
Phaps,
Phlogenas,
Ptilonopus (2 ia P. melano-
cephalus),
Pterocles,
Turtur,
Tympanistria,
Zenaida,
Zenaidura.
The oil-gland is absent in all my specimens of
Diduneulus,
Goura,
Starnenas,
Treron.
III. The presence or absence of ceca to the intestine in the genera
of the Columbee.
My dissections lead to the result that the intestinal ceca are
absent in more genera of Pigeons than they are present in, being found
in only 7 out of 26.
When present they never exceed a quarter of
an inch in length (except in the Pteroclidze), and are frequently not
half that size. In Turtur they are generally shorter than in
Columba.
Czeca are present in
Columba,
Ectopistes,
Macropygia,
Phlogenas,
Cezeca are absent in
Calenas,
Carpophaga,
Chalcopelia,
Chaleophaps,
Chamepelia,
Didunculus,
Geopelia,
Goura,
Leptoptila,
Leucosarcia,
Pterocles,
Starnenas,
Turtur.
Lopholemus,
Metriopelia,
Ocyphaps,
Phaps,
Ptilonopus,
Treron,
Tympanistria,
Zenaida,
Zenaidura.
252 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 5,
IV. The presence or absence of the ambiens muscle in the genera of
the Columbe.
This muscle, of which the slender tendon runs in such a peculiar
manner obliquely across the knee, arising from the supero-anterior
margin of the acetabulum, and inserted into the muscular fibres of
the flexor perforatus of the toes, is found in the greater number of
the Pigeons I have examined, being present in about three fourths
of the genera.
The ambiens muscle is present in
Calenas, Lopholemus,
Carpophaga, Macropygia,
Chalcopelia, Metriopelia,
Chalcophaps, Ocyphaps,
Chamepelia, Phaps,
Columba, Pterocles,
Didunculus, Turtur,
Ectopistes, Tympanistria,
Leptoptila, Zenaida,
Leucosareia, Zenaidura.
The ambiens muscle is absent in
Geopelia, Ptilonopus,
Goura, Starnenas,
Phlogenas, Treron.
The combination of the above-collected facts ought to be of con-
siderable service in any attempts at classification ; for, leaving the
number of rectrices out of the question for the minute, of the eight
possible variations of the three remaining characters, there are seven
which are found to exist ; in other words there are Pigeons known—
(1) With an oil-gland, czeca, and an ambiens muscle, viz. Columba,
Ectopistes, Macropygia, Pterocles, and Turtur.
(2) With an oil-gland, no czeca, and an ambiens muscle, viz. Ca-
lenas, Carpophaga, Chalcopelia, Chalcophaps, Chamepelia, Lepto-
ptila, Leucosarcia, Lopholemus, Metriopelia, Ocyphaps, Phaps,
Tympanistria, Zenaida, and Zenaidura.
(3) With no oil-gland, no ceca, and an ambiens muscle, viz. Di-
dunculus.
(4) With an oil-gland, ceca, and no ambiens muscle, viz. Phlo-
genas.
(5) With no oil-gland, ceca, and no ambiens muscle, viz. Star-
noenas.
(6) With an oil-gland, no ceca, and no ambiens muscle, viz. Geo-
pelia, Ptilonopus.
(7) With no oil-gland, no czeca, and no ambiens muscle, viz. Tre-
ron, Goura.
The only combination not found being that (8) in which, of the
three structures concerned, the oil-gland only is wanting.
The relative value of these different structural peculiarities is the
point on which their value in classification evidently hinges. The
number of rectrices being the most variable of them, its importance
1874.] ANATOMY OF THE COLUMB&. 253
dl
is most probably the least. Next, with regard to the oil-gland, it is
evident that genera such as 7'reron and Ptilonopus are not very far
separated, notwithstanding that there areimportant differences between
them; yet the former wants the oil-gland and the latter possesses it,
though but feebly developed in P. jambu and P. maria, and absent
(apparently) in P. melanocephalus. It is also known that among
the Psittaci this structure may or may not be developed. These
considerations lead me to think that less stress should be laid on the
oil-gland than on the two following characters.
The constancy of the ceca, as a point of more than family import-
ance in all other birds, would lead me to consider their presence or
absence as more significant than that of the oil-gland.
In my last communication to this Society * I gave reasons to show
that the presence or absence of the ambiens muscle was a very signi-
ficant fact in the classification of birds generally. This would lead
me to lay considerable stress on the same point in any order or sub-
order in which it is found to vary.
Assuming then, as in my last paper, for reasons there stated,
that the ancestral Pigeon possessed the ambiens muscle, and, on the
same grounds, that it had ceca coli and an oil-gland, it is evident
that the Pteroclide, together with Columba, Turtur, Macropygia,
and Ectopistes have departed least from the ancestral type. The
Pteroclidze have branched off in another direction, as will be subse-
quently shown; and therefore Columba, Turtur, Ectopistes, and
Macropygia (together with those undissected genera unmistakably
allied to them) may be considered to be the least modified, and
therefore most typical of the Columbe.
From these, if the peculiarities of the ambiens muscle have the
importance which I assign them, a branch sprang, in which the
ambiens was undeveloped. This includes at the present day Star-
neenas, Phlogenas, Geopelia, Ptilonopus, Treron, and Goura, most
of which possess 14 rectrices, and are confined to the Malay archi-
pelago. This Treronine division, as it may be termed, seems to be
preserved in its primitive form in PAlogenas, in which no further
structures are lost. Starncenas, which, notwithstanding its peculiar
distribution, must be considered as a member of it, loses the oil-
gland, and Geopelia, as well as Ptilonopus, the ceeca, whilst Treron
and Goura are deficient in both.
The main stem seems to have shortly given off a second branch,
in which the caeca coli were alone wanting. This Phapine branch is
now represented, without further complication, by Calenas, Carpo-
phaga, Chaleopelia, Chalcophaps, Chamepelia, Leptoptila, Leuco-
sarcia, Metriopelia, Ocyphaps, Phaps, Tympanistria, and Zenaida ;
whilst from it has sprung Didunculus, without any oil-gland and
with its quaint beak and remarkably long intestinal canal, which
would indicate that its diet was usually one of fish, or more probably
molluscat.
* P.Z. 9. 1874, p. 111.
t It is through the kindness of Prof. Newton that I have had the opportu-
nity of dissecting a specimen of this rare bird.
254 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 5,
Respecting Lopholemus, it may be mentioned that the only oppor-
tunity I have had of dissecting it has been through the kindness of
Mr. Edward Gerrard, who lent me two specimens, not well pre-
served, in spirit*. In these I could not find the least trace of the
accessory femoro-caudal muscle, which is well developed in all other
Pigeons. This peculiarity, when taken in connexion with the fact
that, like Carpophaga only amongst the Phapinze, it possesses a gall-
bladder, makes me disposed to make it an independent minor branch
from the Carpophagine stem.
Most ornithologists seem to be very unwilling to place the Ptero-
clide along with the true Pigeons in a single group, notwithstanding
the evidence brought forward by Nitzsch, and the statement of
M. Blanchard. My own observations tend to show that the two
families are most intimately related, and that they must be most
certainly included in the same suborder, though forming two quite
independent families.
Commencing with the osteological evidence on this point, which
has been very fully discussed by Mr. Parker and Prof. Huxley,
the skull presents strong Columbine features. The pterygoid bones
are peculiarly curved, in a manner seen nowhere else but among the
Pigeons; and as in them, and not in the Fowls, the basipterygoid
facets are situated midway between their two extremities. The nasal
bones are, no doubt, peculiar; they are not at all typically schizo-
rhinal, but present the extreme degree of modification of that type,
probably the result of the shortness and breadth of the beak. There
is, however, a nasal turbinal bone, partly occluding the osseous
external nares, as in the Pigeons, whilst the premaxillary process of
the nasal bone is also of considerable length. The palatine bones
are perfectly Columbine in some species (e. g. Pterocles arenarius),
and are not much modified in others, never so much so as are those
of Didunculus. In the lower jaw there is no produced and upturned
angle, like that in the Galline. The cranial articular end of the
quadrate bone is also strongly bifurcate. The whole skull seems to
be that of a Pigeon modified by the effects of a Grouse-like life.
The furcula has no median symphysial plate or hypocleidium.
The sternum is perfectly Columbine, the similarity extending to the
direction taken by the costal processes and the non-development of
any true manubrial rostrum, in both which points the Gallinz are so
different.
The head of the humerus presents an important character. From
any number of birds’ humeri those of the Columbee may be identi-
fied, if those of the Psittaci are excluded, because the pectoral
lamina or the ridge for the insertion of the great pectoral muscle is
peculiar. In most birds the second pectoral muscle is inserted into
* An additional specimen has come into my hands since the above was
written, by which the accuracy of my previous dissections of the species is con-
firmed. No accessory femoro-caudal was present; there were no cxca coli;
there was a large elongated gall-bladder and a small oil-gland. The gizzard
was remarkably small, with irregular pads, one of which somewhat resembled
that of Ptilonopus.
1874. ] ANATOMY OF THE COLUMBA. 255
the proximal end of this ridge, or into a prolongation of it. In the
Columbe, Psittaci, and Alcide this is not the case; for in them it
has quite an independent place of insertion into the general surface
of the head of the bone at some distance from the pectoral ridge.
An oval roughness indicates the spot. It is at the angle formed by
the pectoral ridge and the main part of the bone in the Galline, but
nearer the other side of the bone in the Columbe. A glance at the
bone itself or the accompanying drawing of it (fig. 1) will explain
the point more than any amount of description. It will also be
Fig. 1.
Heads of right humerus of :—a. Pterocles arenarius; b. Gallus bankiva ;
e. Columba livia.
found that the pectoral ridge in the Columbz and some of the Psit-
taci ends proximally in a point, peculiar to them. The Pteroclidz
agree exactly with the Pigeons in all these points, and differ widely
from all the Gallinz.
In all important features the pelvis of the Pteroclidz differs with
the Columbz from the Gallinz, as in having no strongly marked
fossa on the inner surface of the ischium; but in the slight deve-
lopment of the transverse processes of some of the sacral vertebree
it is peculiar.
The general proportions of the muscles in the Pteroclide are per-
fectly Columbine. The pectoral muscles are similarly disposed, and
the crop rests on the proximal surface of the great pectoral in a
similar manner. In the leg the same resemblance maintains. Among
muscles the ambiens, the femoro-caudal (A), the accessory femoro-
caudal (B), the semitendinosus (X), and the accessory semitendinosus
(Y) are all present in Columbze and in Gallinz, which prevents any
difference in myological formula* from assisting in distinguishing
them. In the obturator internus muscle a well-marked contrast
between the Pigeons and Fowls is observed, which also shows that
Pterocles is one of the former. In Columéa and the whole suborder
this muscle is small, narrow, and elliptical; but in Gallus and all its
* See P.Z. 8. 1874, p. 111.
256 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [ May 5,
allies it is triangular and very large at its base. The similar number
of carotid arteries in the Columbidze, Pteroclidze, and Galline pre-
vents any inference being drawn from them; and the same may be
said of the cesophageal crop.
In the czeca of the intestine in the Pteroclidz there is, no doubt,
a strong likeness to the Galline ; for whilst, as above shown, they
are very short or absent in the Columbee, they are voluminous and
long in the Sand-Grouse and Fowls, being in the former between
4 and 5 inches from end to end. As in all the Gallinz and some
Columb (Carpophaga and Ptilonopus), the Pteroclidee possess a
gall-bladder.
The following Table gives the length of the intestine, from the
gizzard to the cloaca, in the species named. The most peculiar
point to be noticed is its excessive length in Didunculus :—
Name of bird. Leone
ft. in.
Carpophaga nurora®) Jo. sen sce. at LO
CON CU. ry eene oer ara eeiaas.«. © pate SLO
Chalcopelia chalcospilos............4. 1b
Chalcophaps chrysochlora............ 1 8
Columbameaculosa (20.5. s< cies sceuiee 2 8
Didunculus strigirostris .........4.. 7 O
Ectopistes migratorius ..... ss....5- 2 6
Geapeliafeunpriie.s 326.222 Fanci bt 3 0 83
ems IPRS Pee ca eas SOT 1-0
Pla wahisies Pun he ns pee Lil
OETA oars says bots Snake in 8 2 0 113
GOUTE CREE, Sc ve anin te, Bs. e os > 1
PROTON UE i, 20 amie ha 6s SS. Wg 8 4 0
Lopholemus antarcticus ...... a acreetaprea Pens: F
Macropygia phasianella .....2.+46.. 2 8
Metriopelia melanoptera .........+.. 2 0
Ocyphaps lophotes.. 0... 6+++++eee0es 2 3
PRG CRALCOPEELE As 2 oot a sais 8 235 'e au, Leo
Pi erccles Gkehaed siates, isin, stoic + oc bids ie 1 6
AP ORATIUS ols Bettas olse's 3 542 dee ee A
PRlonopys GOMOU saan.» oc5 a wc wee 2 ives V0
LOW AES SE Sh chee sama cae a Urdlh
melanocephalus.....0-. 00-0005 0G.-9
Starneenas cyanocephala ............ 2 10
MCEGR COE re. stots Site cates 4 ee 2 43
Turtur aldabranus........ 0.0.55 anew tie
CORONER lwo wie. ye Eien < vie eta 3%. © Wes
Zenaida martinicand .........e.000-- ie!
Zenaidura carolinensis .............. 2 0
In nearly all Pigeons the gizzard is well-developed after the ordi-
nary type; in some the pad on which the food is triturated is lon-
gitudinally grooved or plicated, whilst in others it is smooth; its
1874.] ANATOMY OF THE COLUMB. 257
ossification in the Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica) has already
attracted attention*. In Carpophaga the stomach is very feebly
muscular, not being more powerful than in strictly fruit-eating birds,
such as the Hornbills. It is in the genus Péilonopus that a form
of gizzard is developed such as is not found in any other bird. In
P. marie, P. melanocephalus, and P. jambu it is exactly the same,
being composed of four pads instead of two. A horizontal section
of an ordinary gizzard presents the well-known section represented in
fig. 2, 6, it being composed of two muscular masses, which push the two
pads together in a manner which I have explained elsewhere +. But
in Péilonopus the section is much more elaborate, in a direction to
which no other gizzard is known to approach ; so that by the gizzard
alone the genus whence it came could be determined with certainty.
The accompanying figure (a) represents the section made exactly in the
Fig. 2.
Horizontal section of the gizzard of :—a. Ptilonopus gambu; b. Treron calva.
same direction as in the former case; and from it the four longi-
tudinal muscular masses, which are here seen cut across, are well
displayed, leaving a cruciform cavity between them, through which
the food passes whilst being triturated. This gizzard is small in
proportion to the size of the bird. No approach to a like condition
is to be observed in T’reron, the section of the gizzard in that genus
being quite of the ordinary form figured above.
It is generally said that the gall-bladder is absent in the Columbe ;
and this is so in most of them; but besides being developed in the
Pteroclidz, it is found in all the species of Ptilonopus, Lopholemus,
and Carpophaga. In this point also Ptilonopus therefore differs
from Treron.
The following Table contains the names of the different genera of
the Columbze arranged in the manner suggested above. As a classi-
fication of the suborder it is not at all my desire to put it forward as
an ultimate one, but simply as the expression of the known facts of
* See Prof. Flower’s observations, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 333, and Mr. Bartlett's
note, 1b. p. 99.
t+ P.Z.S. 1872, p. 525.
258 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 5,
their structure. A more extended series of observations may indi-
cate reasons for modifying the stress laid on some of the points; but
it cannot, if my dissections are correct, change the facts themselves.
As an instance of the direction in which alterations may be shown
to be required, the case of the relation of Ptilonopus and Treron may
be taken; for, notwithstanding their general similarity in structure,
these two genera present important points of difference. In the
possession of a gall-bladder by the former, it resembles Carpophaga ;
and it is quite possible that the similarity of the two genera under
consideration is the result of similarity in habit only, and that whilst
the latter (Treron) sprang from the Treronine stem direct, the
former (Ptilonopus) may have descended from the Phapine stock.
This appearance of the gall-bladder in these genera is very diffi-
cult to explain, except on the supposition that in those in which it
is absent it has been lost very lately, or that Carpophaga and Ptilo-
nopus are very intimately related forms: The uncertainty of its ap-
pearance in closely related genera of Mammalia reduces its value as
a character of classificational importance among them ; but its very
general absence in the Columbz makes it almost impossible not to
lay considerable stress, in classification, on its presence. In the
accompanying Table Péilonopus is placed in the same division with
Treron because of their similarity in the points there laid stress on ;
but it requires a very inconsiderable amount more evidence to
necessitate its being removed from there into close proximity with
Carpophaga and Lopholemus. ‘he fact that two forms in many
respects so similar should differ so much in others is of itself a
strong argument in favour of their separation; for the probability
that forces which tend to produce marked external resemblances
should simultaneously develop internal differences is, to say the
least, extremely small.
Suborder COLUMBZ. Schizorhinal birds with a characteristic
pterylosis, humerus-head, and sternum ; with the fourth gluteal
muscle, which in other schizorhinal birds covers the femur-
head, undeveloped ; with the oil-gland nude, when present, and
with the gall-bladder generally absent.
Family Couumsi1p#. Columb in which the intestinal ceca
never exceed half an inch in length.!
Subfamily Cotumpinz. Columbidee possessing the ambiens
muscle, intestinal czeca, an oil-gland, no gall-bladder, and
12 rectrices.
Genus Columba.
» Lurtur.
» Macropygia.
», Lctopistes.
Subfamily Puarinz. Columbide possessing the ambiens
muscle and zo intestinal ceca.
1874.] ANATOMY OF THE COLUMBZ. 259
Division a. The oil-gland present, no gall-bladder.
Genus Chamepelia.
» Metriopelia.
» Zenaida.
» Zenaidura.
s, Calenas.
», Chalcopelia. t
> Lympanistria. y
» Ocyphaps. Old-World.
5, Leucosarcia.
»» Phaps.
Division 8. The oil-gland and gall-bladder present.
Genus Carpophaga.
Division y. The accessory femoro-caudal muscle absent (it
being present in all other Columbze) ; the oil-gland and
gall-bladder present.
Genus Lopholemus.
Division 6. The oil-gland and gall-bladder absent.
Genus Didunculus.
American.
Subfamily TrRERon1nz&, Columbide wanting the ambieus
muscle.
Division a. With intestinal ceeca and an oil-gland; no gall-
bladder.
Genus Phlogenas.
Division (3. With intestinal ceca, no gall-bladder, and no oil-
gland.
Genus Starnenas.
Division y. With an oil-gland, no gall-bladder, and no intes-
tinal czeca.
Genus Geopelia.
Division 6. With no intestinal czeca, no oil-gland (or a very
small one), and scutellated tarsi.
Genus Treron.
», Ptilonopus.
Division e. With no intestinal ceca, no oil-gland, no gall-
bladder, and tarsi reticulate.
Genus Goura.
Family Prerocxiip#. Columbe in which the intestinal ceca
considerably exceed half an inch in length.
Subfamily Prerociin. Pteroclide possessing the ambiens
muscle, a gall-bladder, and an oil-gland.
Genus Pterocles.
» Syrrhaptes.
260 DR. J. HAAST ON A NEW [May 5,
2. On the Occurrence of a new Species of Euphysetes (Euphy-
setes pottsii), a remarkably small Catodont Whale, on the
Coast of New Zealand. By Juzius Haast, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., Director of the Canterbury Museum.
[Received March 26, 1874.]
Amongst the specimens lately added to the collections in the
Canterbury Museum, either new to science or at least to New Zealand,
none is more interesting than that of a remarkably small Catodont
Whale, allied to Huphysetes grayii, which was stranded amongst the
rocks in Governor’s Bay near Ohinitaki, the residence of T. H.
Potts, Esq., F.L.S., by whom it was secured and presented to the
Canterbury Museum.
As far as I am aware, only another species of the genus Huphy-
setes exists in the Australian Museum, obtained in 1851 in Port
Jackson, of which a description was given in Wall’s ‘ History of a
New Sperm Whale,’ 1851, 8vo, p. 37, t. 2 (skeleton), but which,
according to Krefft, was entirely written by the eminent zoologist
W. Sharpe MacLeay (see British-Museum ‘ Catalogue of Seals and
Whales,’ p. 218 e¢ seq.).
The specimen under review was found by some fishermen amongst
the rocks on the 17th of August of this year, when it tried in vain
to regain the sea, but was easily secured.
As Mr. Potts was kind enough to send immediately a telegram
from Lyttleton, the taxidermist of the Museum, Mr. F. R. Fuller,
was enabled to proceed at once to the spot, by which not only all
necessary measurements were secured before the animal was cut into
for procuring the oil, but also both skin and skeleton were obtained
in perfect order.
The animal on examination proved to be a female, apparently full-
grown, and had the following dimensions :—
ft. in.
SEGRE ACT age aa: ce pas prensa pieces & Paps
bir ue cit 7B. 7) ga Me appari a ernest 1 43
Around body behind pectoral fins ........ 4 23
es ao. WEMIMGOVEs ci <<)s ann cee votes 33
55 »» before dorsal fin .......... 3 10
Pectoral. fin, denethis. banituada asp AA os Un)
a breadthyiittiee fe cxs nie G crake 0 32
Colour black, belly greyish white.
There is only one single valve covering the blow-holes, the slit
being 2 inches long, of which 1} inch lies on the left and § an inch
on the right side of the top of the head. The skin surrounding the
valve is raised in a lunate form rather conspicuously on the left side,
open posteriorly ; the left side of the valve is far more developed
and stronger than the right one. The animal, however, was unfor-
tunately too much disfigured on the top of the head by blows or
other causes, so that it was impossible to ascertain whether the small
1874.) SPECIES OF EUPHYSETES. 261
channel of the right blow-hole had an opening of its own so that it
could throw out a separate jet of water, or, what is more likely, could
only add a minute quantity to the main jet thrown out by the left
blow-hole, of which more anon.
The form of the dorsal fin, also, could not be well ascertained, as
the hind edge, which is described by MacLeay as nearly perpendi-
cular and concave, had in our specimen been torn away previously,
the wound being well scarred.
The small eyes situated so low down the broad head, the pectoral
fins of such inconsiderable size, the small mouth being placed, like
that of a shark, well back, give to this animal a strange appearance.
When first examining the anatomical characters of the skull, it at
once became evident that, if not identical with Huphysetes grayii, it
would be closely allied to it.
ft. in.
Entire leneth offerantam ja <)2) je 0do0,3 ee o-jsiec ply tS
Greatest breadth of cranium (at parietal
HEPIGW)) 48 Scag Ap wuories ‘at mas, ofa baal & qed 11-2
Beak from notch, length........ 5:2
Beak, breadth at notch ............0. 61
Length of beak at occipital bone.......... 5°5
Breadth of beak at occipital bone ........ 6°8
From these measurements it will be seen that the beak is shorter
than broad, but not quite so much truncated and blunt as in Gray’s
whale.
However, the most characteristic feature in the skull is the
asymmetry of the bones, which makes it appear at first sight that we
have a remarkable case of deformity before us.
MacLeay has given a masterly description of those anomalies, and
has shown how, by the great development of some bones, such as the
right intermaxillary, and by the stunted form of others, these
striking contortions are brought about, by which that remarkable
asymmetry is caused—to which I can add nothing, as his description
agrees entirely with our New-Zealand skull.
The blow-holes are exceedingly disproportionate in size, the right
one being scarcely the tenth of an inch in diameter, whilst the left
is nearly fifteen times as large, of an oblong form, being 14 inch
long and 14 inch broad. The rami of the lower jaw are very thin
and fragile, and have, like Gray’s whale, scarcely any condyles. It
agrees also with the latter, except in the position of the teeth,
having 13 on each side, which are described by MacLeay as pro-
jecting horizontally and being curved upwards. In the New-
Zealand species they have the same slender conical form, but stand
out sideways with their points curved inwards, the last tooth on
each side, however, being curved forward, its hook nearly touch-
ing the preceding one ; the first two teeth on each side stand
nearly perpendicular to the jaw, whilst the rest incline slightly
backward, with the exception of the last tooth, which has again a
perpendicular position. All these teeth fit into sockets on both
262 DR. J. HAAST ON A NEW [May 5,
sides of the roof of the mouth, provided for their reception in the
gums.
However these minor deviations would not constitute such a
specific difference as to separate it from the Australian species did
not the rest of the skeleton present such marked differences.
MacLeay states that Gray’s Euphysetes has 52 vertebrae; but I
find that there must be some mistake in the enumeration of the
different forms of vertebree, because when added they only amount
to 51, viz. :—7 cervical, 14 dorsal, 9 lumbar, 21 caudal (of which
13 have chevron bones attached together) ; total 51.
The number of the vertebrae of the New-Zealand Huphysetes is
one less, namely 50; moreover they are differently arranged. Its
seven cervical vertebree are soldered together and have all the
peculiar characteristics of the Australian species, whilst it has only
12 dorsal (instead of 14), 11 lumbar (instead of 9), and 20 caudals
with 8 chevron bones attached (instead of 21).
The Australian species has 14 ribs, whilst the New-Zealand species
has only 12, of which the first one is broad and flat and has, like the
second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, two articulating surfaces, whilst,
according to MacLeay, the Australian species has only one articu-
lating surface on the first rib; the second rib still exhibits a
considerable breadth, whilst the succeeding ones become gradually
narrower ; the last six ribs, which assume a rounded shape, possess
only one articulating surface.
Thus, even supposing that the minor differences in the form of the
skull might possibly be due to sex, the number, arrangement, and
form of the vertebree and ribs alone would prove the distinct spe-
cific character of the New-Zealand specimen, for which, therefore,
I wish to propose the specific name of Huphysetes pottsii, in honour
of T. H. Potts, Esq., F.L.S., by whom the specimen was secured to
science.
The contents of the stomach consisted of a dark slimy matter
from which no clue could be obtained as to the usual food of the
species under review ; but we may conclude, from the absence of the
horny beaks of Cephalopods, of which some years ago we obtained
nearly half a bushel in the stomach of Berardius arnouwit, that this
species does not feed on them; moreover the position and smallness
of the mouth shows that this animal is probably a ground-feeder,
existing perhaps on the smaller Hydroid Zoophytes.
Before concluding I wish to draw attention once more to the
remarkable asymmetry of the cranium of this new whale, which,
probably more than any other known catodont cetacean, shows this
so conspicuously. We are so accustomed to observe almost invari-
ably in the skeletons of the vertebrates a perfect bilateral symmetry,
that any deviation from this rule is generally regarded, if not as a
monstrosity, at least as a deformity. It is therefore very striking
to find, in a whole and important cetacean section, the Denticete,
the upper surface of the skull, with very few exceptions, unsym-
metrical, amongst which the family of the Catodontidee is the most
conspicuous. This family, amongst other characteristics, is distin-
1874.] SPECIES OF EUPHYSETES. 263
guished by the nostrils being enormously disproportionate in size,
the left one being the largest; at the same time the nasal bones, as
those of the face, are generally unsymmetrical and distorted.
Of them, the genus Huphysetes may be said to possess this un-
symmetrical distortion of the skull and the difference in the size of
the nostrils in the highest degree.
Systematic zoologists have generally hitherto had little time to do
more than to fix the so-called generic and specific characters, without
being able to examine into the causes why certain animals exhibit
such peculiar forms and colours and why their skeletons have
assumed the distinct morphological characteristics by which they
are distinguished from all others.
We can understand that the use or disuse of certain limbs of an
organism may develop them to a more or less degree, or stunt their
growth, by which other portions of the skeleton will in their turn
become differentiated.
Thus, to give only one instance, the disuse of the wings of the
Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) has also altered the form of the
sternum (which has such a very prominent keel in the whole Parrot
tribe) to such an extent that it is only feebly marked ; but in this case,
as in most others, the symmetry of the skeleton is not interfered with.
In some other cases (as, for instance, in the Pleuronectidz or flat-
fishes) we can easily trace the asymmetry of their skeleton to
adaptation, viz. to their mode of obtaining food and at the same
time preserving themselves from their enemies. If in the struggle
for existence they had not in the course of ages assumed their
present form, they would doubtless have long become extinct.
Moreover we know that the flatfishes are symmetrical in the young
state, and as they grow older the skull not only becomes distorted
but one eye actually crosses gradually from one side to the other to
take its place close to the other eye.
However in the instance of the Toothed Whales, at least at first
sight, such vital considerations do not appear to exist ; the blow-holes
or naso-palatine breathing-passages, situated on the very top of the
head, by which the cetaceans have to expose only a very small
portion of their body when they rise to the surface for expelling the
pulmonary discharge of used-up air, by which the spout is generally
formed, and for oxygenizing again the blood by inhaling a great
quantity of atmospheric air, do not receive more protection by being
so remarkably unequal in size. Moreover it appears to me that an
animal would breathe as freely and effectually if the blow-holes were
of equal size, of course always provided that the quantity of air to
be inhaled and of the pulmonary vapour to be expelled found the
same amount of room for passing to and fro. Thus in the skull of
the Epiodon chathamiensis described by Hector, and of which we
possess a fine skeleton in the museum, the blow-holes, although
twisted considerably to the left, are of the same size; but the
asymmetry of the upper portion of the skull is produced by the
right intermaxillary bone being far more developed than the left
one, and, moreover, rising as a broad ridge to the very summit of
264 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [May 5,
the skull, and forming there a crest of considerable size on the right
side only.
Unfortunately I have not access to all the necessary works of
reference to inquire if this question, as to the causes, growth, and
uses of asymmetry in the Toothed Whales, has already been treated
by naturalists in the northern hemisphere; but it is evident, from
an examination of the drawings representing the three views of the
foetal Cachalot (Catodon) in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, that the remarkable asymmetry exists already in that early
stage of existence.
On the other hand I may ask, why should the Balenide have a
symmetrical skull, breathing, as they do, exactly in the same manner
as the Toothed Whales? Eschricht, who has described the impor-
tant changes which the skulls of the Balenide undergo, has shown
that they are in the fcetal state quite symmetrical, although later
on slight inequalities in the maxillze are sometimes discernible.
As far as I am aware, no cognizable reason can be given to account
for this asymmetry in the skull of the Toothed Whales, and we are
therefore almost led to assume that some of their remote-ancestors
were deformed by some accident and that thus this asymmetry of
the skull was inherited by their progeny to a more or less extent,
because it is difficult to believe that in the struggle for existence, in
the adaptation to altered eireumstances and a different mode of life,
this strange asymmetry could be of any vital importance.
The study of the ontogeny of this species and of the phylogeny
of the family to which it belongs, and of its extinct ancestors is
therefore of the highest importance in considering the question of
the origin of species; because every step in that direction is a clear
- gain to science.
It may be possible that this point has already been treated at
length by some naturalists ; but I am not aware that this is the case ;
and my wish to draw the attention of my brother naturalists in New
Zealand, and other countries where an opportunity is offered by
acquiring specimens of Toothed Whales in all stages of growth to
study this striking fact in osteology, has been my only motive for
alluding here more fully to it than I should otherwise have done.
3. List of Diurnal Lepidoptera collected in Cashmere Terri-
tory by Capt. R. B. Reed, 12th Regt., with Descriptions
of new Species. By Frepreric Moore, India Museum,
London.
[Received March 27, 1874.]
(Plate XLIII.)
The only notices hitherto published of the species of Lepidoptera
known to inhabit Cashmere are those by Kollar in Hiigel’s ‘ Kash-
mir,’ and recently by Capt. Lang of a small collection made at
Goolmurg by the late Dr. Jerdon.
Mintern Bros. imp
| GHFord & R Matern
RE LEPIDOPTERA
a
NEW CASHMI
1874.] LEPIDOPTERA OF CASHMERE. 265
Capt. Reed says, in litt.:—‘I was on the whole much disap-
pointed with Cashmere as a field for the entomologist ; by Cashmere
I mean the valley itself, where the only butterflies seen are of the
commonest species. My best hunting-grounds were the ranges of
hills crossed en route from the plains to the valley, viz. the Pir
Punjal range (11400 feet), the Ruttun Pir (8200 ft.) ; and Soona-
murg, a beautiful plateau on the Ladak road, and some 7000 feet
high, afforded good sport.’’
Fam. NyMPHALID.
Subfam. DANAIN&.
. Danats aGuea, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 377. f. E.
. DANAIS LIMNIACA, Cram. /. ec. t. 377. f. C, D.
. DANAIS cHRysIpPPus, Linn.; Cram. J. c. t. 118. f. B, C.
. DANAIS PLEXIPPUS, Linn. ; Cram. J. ec. t. 206. f. C, D.
o f- WO DO =
. Evpta@a core, Cram. /. c. t. 266. f. EB, F.
Subfam. Satyrinz.
6. Lerue pyrta, Feld. Reise Novara, Lep. iii. p. 497.
7. AMECERA scHAKRA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 446, t. 15.
f. 3, 4.
8. EprnepuILE maiza, Lang, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1868, p. 36, 2.
(Plate XLIII. fig. 6, 3).
Male. Upperside dark brown: fore wing with a small, scarcely
perceptible ocellus. Underside ferruginous brown: fore wing with
the discal portion clear ferruginous, traversed by the dark veins and
crossed by an angular discal band ; a small subapical ocellus, distinct,
iris yellow, white-pupilled: hind wing with a small subbasal fer-
ruginous patch, and an irregular transverse discal series of yellowish
spots.
‘ Female differs only in having two small distinct ocelli on upperside
of fore wing, each with bright yellow iris, but without white pupil.
Exp. 13 inch.
Hab. Goolmurg ; common.
9. EPINEPHILE NEOZA, Lang, /. c. p. 35.
Hab. Goolmurg.
10. PARARGE CASHMIRENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 3.)
Male. Upperside ochreous yellow, brownish at the base ; cilia
yellowish white, spotted with black : fore wing with a black dentate
discocellular streak and a dark ochreous-black exterior border, the
imer margin of which commences one third before the apex and
curves half round a subapical white-pupilled black spot, and thence
attenuates to posterior angle: hind wing with a broad ochreous
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XVIII. 18
266 MR. F. MOORE ON THE {May 5,
brown exterior border with waved inner margin, contiguous to which
are three black spots, each with a white pupil, the middle spot being
the largest and the anterior the smallest.
Female differs in having two subapical spots and a broad disco-
cellular patch on fore wing, and a fourth smaller anterior spot on
hind wing.
Underside: fore wing paler ochreous, markings as in upperside,
but greyish brown and with three narrow brown transverse streaks
within the cell, and anirregular streak beyond it ; two bright white-
pupilled subapical spots, the upper one small, beneath which is a
white dot, all being encompassed by a brownish line: hind wing with
greyish- brown base and exterior border, the disk being whitish grey,
the division marked by a dark brown irregular zigzag inner line and a
wavy outer line; within this discal portion is a series of six round
bright black spots, each having a white pupil (the basal two) and
encircled by a yellow and a narrow brown outer ring, the second and
third anterior spots being small, the others of equal size.
Exp. ¢ 2, 2 25%, inches.
Hab. Goolmurg, Cashmere.
Note. The nearest ally to this species is P. eversmanni from
Central Asia, figured in the Moscow Bulletin for 1847.
11. CALLEREBIA DAKSHA, n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 1.)
Male and female. Upperside dark brown: fore wing witha small
subapical black-bipupilled ocellus : hind wing with a smaller subanal
black spot, having a single white pupil; a white dot beyond it on the
middle of the disk, some specimens showing also an intermediate dot.
Underside slightly paler, but uniform brown: fore wing with a
pale ferruginous ring encircling the subapical ocellus, beneath which
is a minute white dot: hind wing with a pale ferruginous ring en-
circling the subanal black spot ; a minute anal and a transverse dis-
cal series of five prominent white dots, which in some specimens
appear on a black spot with a ferruginous ring.
Exp. ¢ 18, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Goolmurg, Cashmere.
This is the smallest species of the genus yet described, and may be
distinguished on the upperside by the absence of the ferruginous ring
round the ocellus, on the underside by being of a uniform colour
and without mottlings on hind wings.
12, AuLocrera swawa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 14. f. 1,2.
These are brighter-coloured than specimens from Simla, and have
the maculated band on fore wing clear chrome-yellow.
13. AULocERA sarAswati, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 14.
£5354
14. AULOcERA WERANGA, Lang, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1868,
p. 247.
The smallest species of the genus.
Pa
1874. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF CASHMERE. 267
15. MELANITIS 1sMENE, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 26. f. A, B.
16. Mexanitis BexA, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. C.i. p. 223.
This is a very distinct species, and is confined to the N.W. Hima-
ayas.
Subfam. ACRZINA.
17. PAresBa vesTA, Fabr.; Donov. Ins. t. 30. f. 1.
Acrea anomala, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. pl. 3. f. 3, 4.
Subfam. NyMPHALIN&.
18. ATELLA PHALANTA, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. i. t. 21. f. 1, 2.
19. ARGYNNIS CHILDRENT, Gray, Lep. Nepal, t. 11.
20. ARGYNNIS KAMALA, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 156.
21. ARGYNNIS JAINADEVA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, t. 30. f. 1.
22. ARGYNNIS RUDRA, Moore, Catal. E. I, C. i. p. 157.
23. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linn. ; Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 14. f. B—E.
24. ARGYNNIS Iss#A, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, p. 11.
25. ARGYNNIS CASHMIRENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 4.)
Male and female. Upperside bright ferruginous, markings black
and very prominent: fore wing with the costa, base, and hind margin
brown; three lunular marks within and an outward curved streak
closing the cell ; a dentate lunule below the cell ; a transverse discal
confluent zigzag series of spots ; a suffused subapical patch ; a submar-
ginal recurved row of broad oval spots ; a marginal rowof dentate spots,
and narrow exterior line which is angled on the veins: hind wing with
the base brown, indistinctly streaked with black, and bordered by
a distinct black zigzag lunular band ; the‘outer portion marked as in
fore wing ; cilia alternate white and black.
Underside: fore wing fulvous, apex and exterior border streaked
with yellow; markings narrower and less defined ; anterior spots in
submarginal and marginal rows with white dots; a black patch at
base of hind margin: hind wing dark ferruginous ; disk clouded with
ellow; two small pearly-white streaks at base of wing, one above
the other below the cell; a small black narrow streak at base and a
white-bordered black spot within the cell; a curved median trans-
verse band with irregular black angulated borders, composed of three
pearly-white portions and yellow intervening spaces, the former dis-
posed thus—(1) between the costal and subcostal, (2) at end of
the cell and divided by the discocellular, (3) between the first and
second median, the first and third being much constricted; a sub-
marginal series of six white-centred black spots; a marginal row of
pearly-white quadrate spots, each well separated by a dark ferrugi-
nous streak, and bordered interiorly with a narrow blackish dentate
lunule. _ Body above blackish brown, beneath and legs dark yellow.
18*
268 MR. F. MOORE ON THE - [May 5,
Exp. ¢ 13, 2 18 inch.
Hab. Soonamurg, N.E. of Cashmere valley.
This species belongs to the “ Selene”’ group, and is allied to 4.
jerdoni, Lang, from Goolmurg, on 8.W. side of the valley.
26. Mexirza BALBITA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 5.)
Male. Upperside bright fulvous; markings prominent; cilia
pale yellow, alternating with black; costal edge and veins black ;
base of wings and hind margins fuliginous black ; both wings with a
broad exterior marginal black band, traversed by prominent fulvous
dentiform lunules: fore wing with a black constricted mark within
the cell, a streak at the end, a short longitudinal streak below it from
base of wing, and two transverse discal series of spots (the inner row
being the largest): hind wing with black subbasal irregular trans-
verse series of lunular marks.
Underside paler: fore wing with the veins fulvous; costa and ex-
terior margin yellow; markings not prominent; cilia as above:
hind wing with black veins ; a basal band, a prominent discocellular
spot, a broad curved discal band, and a marginal series of broad
lunules yellow, all bordered by a black line ; the discal band traversed
by a blackish irregular line, the interbasal space bright fulvous, and
the interdiscal space yellow, with bright fulvous spots ; extreme outer
margin and cilia yellow.
Female. Upperside dull, clouded fulvous ; cilia paler; markings
broader, confluent, the base of the wings more broadly dusky black,
the interdiscal space somewhat yellow, and the marginal den-
tiform lunules more or less yellow. Underside as in male, excepting
that the exterior marginal lunules of fore wing, and the basal, discal,
and marginal band of lunules, as well as the discocellular spot of
the hind wing is glossy yellow or dull silvery white.
Exp. ¢ 14, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Soonamurg, N.E. Cashmere.
The nearest European ally of this species is M. athalia.
27. SYMBRENTHIA HYPPOCLA, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 220. f.
C.D:
28. SYMBRENTHIA HysuDRA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 8.)
Male. Differs from S. hypselis (figured by Boisduval and
Doubleday) in being smaller, the hind wings more rounded exteriorly
and shorter hindward. On the upperside the bands are of an
orange-yellow, much broader and with irregular sinuous margins, the
band from the hind margin of fore wing being joined to the subapical
and extending thence inwards to the costa, from which a small
streak ascends to near the apex; on the hind wing the submarginal
band is narrower, has an even outer edge, and extends to very near
the anterior angle ; a narrow marginal line runs from anal to anterior
angle. On the underside the tessellations are different but promi-
nent ; the submarginal band on hind wing is formed of short black
transverse streaks, the second and third spaces only tinged with
1874. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF CASHMERE. 269
metallic greyish blue ; a short black anal spot and two greyish-blue-
streaked black-bordered lunules from caudal angle.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Cashmere.
29. SYMBRENTHIA ASTHALA, n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 9.)
Male. Differs from S. hypselis in being much smaller. On the
upperside the bands are of the same orange-red colour, but of a
different shape and broader, the oblique subapical streak of fore wing
being lengthened and extending nearly across the apex. On the
underside the colour is nearly uniform orange-yellow, the tessellations
somewhat different and the submarginal band composed of imper-
fectly formed conical lunules, partly dashed with metallic green ;
lunules from anal angle to tail similar to those in S. hypselis.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Cashmere.
30. VANESSA CASHMIRENSIS, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p- 442,
t. LW 3, 4.
31. VANESSA XANTHOMELAS, Denis, W. V. p. 175.
32. Vanessa cHARONIA, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. t. 15. f. 1, 2.
33. GRApTA c-aLBuM, Linn. S. N. i. p. 778.
34, PyraMets carput, Linn.; Esp. Schmett. i. t. 10. f. 3.
35. PyraMEIs inpica, Herbst, Nat. Schmett. vii. t. 180. f. 1,
2 (eallirhoé, Hiibn.).
36. Junonia Lemonias, Linn. ; Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 35. f.
D-F.
37. JUNONIA ZNONE, Linn.; Cram. J. c. i. t. 35. f. A-C.
38. Junonia orituyiA, Linn.; Cram. J. c. i. t. 19. f. C, D, t.
32) f.-E, EF.
39. JuNONIA ASTERIE, Linn. ; Cram. J. ¢. i. t. 58. f. D, E.
40. Junonia atmana, Linn.; Cram. J. c. i. t. 58. f. F, G.
41. Precis rpuira, Cram. J. ¢. iii. t. 209. f. C, D.
42. Precis wepau, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 437.
Precis hara, Moore, Catal. E. I. C. t. 3a. f. 1.
43. Katia 1nacuis, Boisd.; Cuv. Rég. Anim., Ins. ii. t. 139.
3
Kallima hiigeli, Kollar, Higel’s Kasch. iv. t. 9.
44. Cyrestis THyopamus, Boisd.; Cuy. Rég. Anim., Ins. ii. t.
138. f. 4.
Cyrestis ganescha, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 7. f. 3, 4.
270 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [May 5,
45. Drapema Bouin, Linn. Mus. Ulr. p. 295 (1764) ; Clerck,
Icon. t. 21. f. 2.
46. Diapema sacinTHA, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. 21. f. 1,
2 (1773), 2.
Diadema avia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1. p. 111 (1793).
47. Hestina nama, Doubleday, Gen. D. Lep. t. 39. f. 2.
48. Eurirvus constmitis, Westw. Gen. D. Lep. p. 281, 2.
Euripus hallirothius, Westw. 1. c. p. 293, 3.
49, LIMENITIS HYDASPES, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 2.)
Male and female. Upperside dark rufous brown; both wings
with a transverse discal series of small oval white spots, and two sub-
marginal rows of prominent dentate ochrey red spots, which are
parallelly jomed together by an intermediate row of dentate black
spots, the outer row being also bordered by a black lunule; a
narrow black and a white streak within, and a ochrey red streak
closing the cell; two ochrey white spots before the apex. Under-
side bright ochrey yellow, the discal maculated band and streak in
cell, as above, black-bordered ; middle of the wings, outside the dis-
cal band, and a marginal series of lunules ochrey red; two black
lunules near posterior angle of fore wing.
Exp. ¢ 22, 2 23 inches.
Hab. Common about Cashmere.
Nore. LZ. ligyes (Hewits.) may be distinguished from this
species in being of a dark or somewhat greenish-brown colour, the
discal maculated band being formed of larger spots, the submarginal
series of black dentate spots being bordered outwardly by a whitish
(sometimes slightly fulvous white) dentate spot, and outer or mar-
ginal hardly apparent blackish lunules ; the underside is paler, and
has more black diffused along the borders of the discal bands.
L. trivena (Moore) may also be known by its much paler brown
colour, and the very broad discal transverse band, which occupies
nearly one third of the wing, the underside being also of a very pale
yellow. L. ligyes is apparently confined to the Kumaon district, and
L. trivena to the Simla district of the N. W. Himalaya.
49*, LimeniTis paNAvA, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. p. 180,
t. 6a. f. 2.
50. Nepris anantA, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. p. 166, t.4 a.
foros
Hab. Ruttun Pir.
The male only of this species was hitherto known; the female in
no way differs from the male, except in being larger.
51. Neptis amsa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 7, t. 49. f. 4.
Hab. Ruttun Pir.
52. Neptis astoua, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 560.
1874.] LEPIDOPTERA OF CASHMERE. 271
53. AtHyMA LeucoTHo#, Linn.; Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. t. 203.
f. E, F.
54. Arayma opatina, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschm. iv. p. 427 ;
Moore Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i. t. 5 a. f. 2.
55. ApaATURA NAMOUNA, Doubleday, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1845, xvi
p- 178.
Apatura ambica, Kollar, /. c. t. 8. f. 3, 4.
56. Ditipa morG1aNnaA, Westw.; Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. i.
t. Caste 5:
57. CasTatia picuroa, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschm. iv. t. 8. f. 1, 2.
58. CHARAXES ATHAMAS, Drury, Ill. i. t. 2. f. 4.
Fam. Erycinip&.
Subfam. LisyTH2INz.
59. LisyrHea LepiTa, Moore, Catal. Lep. E. I. C. p. 240.
Subfam. NEMEOBIIN2.
60. Dopona pure, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 13. f. 3, 4.
Fam. Lycanip2.
61. CHrysopHANUS PHLa@AS, Linn.
Chrysophanus chinensis, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xii. p. 488.
62. CHRyYSOPHANUS PAVANA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. t. 5. f.
5; G:
63. CurysopHanus KasyApa, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 506, t.
31. f. 10.
64. CHRYSOPHANUS ZARIASPA, li. sp.
Male. Allied to C. kasyapa, but is a smaller insect and differs
on the upperside in having the black spots smaller and the marginal
borders broader, the latter being suffused inwardly with purplish
blue, this colour in certain lights pervading the entire wings. On
the hind wing the spots are preceded by bluish-black streaks pointing
inwards. On the underside the spots are also smaller, and the cop-
pery red bordering the three spots at the posterior angle is much
brighter.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Soonamurg, N.E. Cashmere.
65. Potyommatus ariana, Moore, P. Z. 8S. 1865, t. 31. f. 2.
66. Potyommatus GALATHEA, Blanch. Jacq. Voy. Inde. iv. t. 1.
fonbs..G.
Hab. Soonamurg.
272 MR. F. MOORE ON THE [May 5,
68. PotyomMaTus CHANDALA, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 504, t.
Slog De
69. ScOLITANTIDES CASHMIRENSIS, N. Sp.
Male. Upperside pale greyish blue, slightly glossed with purple ;
veins blackish ; both wings with a black discocellular lunule and a
blackish exterior margin, the latter bordered inwardly by whitish
lunules, which are most prominent on margin of hind wing, where
they encircle a series of black spots; cilia alternate white and black.
Underside pale cream-colour: fore wing with a pale black exterior
marginal series of narrow spots, a decreasing submarginal series
of darker spots, an irregular discal series of quadrate black spots, a
discocellular spot, two spots within the cell and a small spot below it,
disposed in a triangle: hind wing with a marginal double row of
black spots, which are joined together by an intervening parallel
series of bright orange spots ; a curved discal series of seven rounded
black spots, three spots on anterior margin, a discocellular lunule,
and two small subbasal spots.
Female. Upperside dark fuliginous black, with a purplish gloss and
blue scales scattered from the base.
Exp. ¢ 144, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Soonamurg, N.E. Cashmere.
Allied to S. hylas and S. vierama.
70. Tuecua pertiA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, t, 31. f. 11.
71. Drpsas ovata, Hewits. Ill. D. Lep. p. 66, t. 30. f. 13, 14.
72. Apunzxus ictis, Hewits. J. ec. t. 25. f. 8, 9.
73. Lyca{NaA B2&TICA, Linn. S. N. il. p. 789.
74. Lyczna pripora, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 506, t. 31. f. 8.
75. Lyc&na NARA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 421.
76. DrupORIX SELIRA, 0. sp.
Male and female. Upperside blackish brown, suffused with bluish
purple ; cilia dull yellow: fore wing with a large quadrate orange-
red discal patch: hind wing with a broad orange-red exterior mar-
ginal band crossed by the dark veins. Underside pale fawn-colour ;
both wings crossed by a brown discal narrow band with white outer
border: hind wing with a white marginal line, a small subanal black
spot borderedwith red, and a large black anal spot bordered with white.
Exp. ¢ 154, 2 1,4 inch.
Hab, Cashmere.
Allied to D. nissa, Kollar, and figured as its female in Hewits. III.
D. Lep. pl. 10. f. 44.
77. Deupori1x EpisjaRBAs, Moore, Catal. E. I. C.i. p. 32;
Hewits. Ill. D. Lep. t. 7. f. 16-18.
78. AMBLypop14 RAMA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschm. iv. t. 4. f. 1, 2.
“ary
1874. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF CASHMERE. 273
Fam. ParILIoNIpD&.
Subfam. Pierinz.
79. Terias HECABE, Linn.; Cram. i. t. 124. f. B, C.
’ - Terias prona, Horsf. Catal. E. I. C. (1829), p. 137, t. 1.
81. Preris NIpALENSIS, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nepal, t. 6. f. 13,
(1846).
82. Pieris Giicrria, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. t. 171. f. E, F.
83. Pieris asaka, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, pl. 31. f. 16.
84. Preris papuipice, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 760.
85. Pieris coronts, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 44. f. B, C.
86. EvcHioi papuHatis, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, pl. 31. f. 14.
87. Coxtas HYALE, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. p. 764.
88. Cotas FreLp1, Ménétr. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. p. 79, t. 1.
f, 5; Gray, Lep. Nepal, t. 5. f. 2.
89
90
Tayca EvcHartis, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. ii. t. 10. f. 5, 6.
TuHyca BELLADONNA, Fabr.; Donov. Nat. Rep. i. t. 35, Q.
Thyca horsfieldit, Gray ; H.-Schaff. Ex. Sch. f. 13, 3.
91.
100
101
102,
Meraporia NABELLICA, Boisd. Spéc. Gén. Lép. i. p. 509.
Subfam. PariLioniInz.
. ParNassIus HARDWICKI, Gray, Lep. Nepal, t. 4. f. 1.
. Papit1o macuaon, Linn.; Gray, /. ¢. t. 3. f. 1.
. PapiLio ERITHONIUS, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 232. f. A, B.
. Papitio CLoANTHUS, Westw. Arc. Ent. p. 42, t. 11. f. 2.
. PAPILIO SARPEDON, Linn.; Cram. t. 122. f. D, E.
. Papiuio pissim1Lis, Linn.; Cram. t. 82. f. C, D.
. Papitio paMMoN, Linn.; Cram. t. 141. f. B.
99.
Papitio potyctor, Boisd., Jacq. Voy. Ins. t. 1. f. 1, 2.
PapiLio PROTENOR, Cram. t. 49. f. A, B.
PapiLio PHILOXENUS, Gray, Ins. Nepal, t. 2.
Fam. Hesrerip&.
TAGIADES MENAKA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 778.
274 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
103. PyrGus CASHMIRENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 7.)
Upperside dark fuliginous black ; body and base of wings with long
grey hairs; cilia broad, alternate white and black : fore wing with an
irregular transverse discal series of eight small white spots, a white
streak at end of the cell and two narrow streaks above it: hind wing
with three scarcely visible pale narrow discal streaks.
Underside greyish brown, tinged with ochreous: fore wing with
spots as above ; costa greyish white: hind wing with anterior and
abdominal margins grey; a white triangular subbasal spot, a broad
transverse anterior discal patch with a small contiguous posterior
spot, and a submarginal irregular series of spots.
Exp. 1-2; inch.
Hab. Cashmere.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE XLIII.
Fig. 1. Callerebia daksha, p. 266. Fig. 6. Epinephile maiza 3, underside,
2. Limenitis hydaspes 6 , p. 270. p. 265.
3. Pararge cashmirensis g ,p.265. 7. Pyrgus cashmirensis, p. 274.
4, Argynnis cashmirensis 6, 8. Symbrenthia hysudra 8, p.268.
267 9. Symbrenthia asthala 8, p. 269.
p- A
5. Melitea balbita 3, p. 268.
4, List of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the South-Sea Islands.
By A. G. Burter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e.
[Received March 30, 1874.]
(Plate XLIV.)
Mr. W. Wykeham Perry (H.M.S. ‘ Pearl’) has recently sent
home a small collection of Butterflies recently taken by himself in
the South Seas. Of the seven species taken by him, two prove to
be new; and as we have other unnamed Batterflies from the same
region in the collection of the British Museum, I have thought it
would be useful to draw up the following list, with descriptions of
the new species.
Family NyMPHALIDS.
Subfamily Danarinz&, Bates.
Genus Danats, Latreille.
1. DANAIS SHENKII.
Danais shenkii, Koch, Indo-Austr. Lep. Fauna, p. 107 (1865).
New Caledonia (Koch).
Somewhat like D. pumila.
2. DANAIS PUMILA.
Danais pumila, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. Soc. France, p. 156. n. 6
(1859).
Danais mariana, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xvi.
p.397 (1865); P. Z.S. pl. 4. fig. 6 (1866).
New Caledonia. B.M.
R.Mintern del. et. lith.
1. EUPLOGA PERRYI.
2. DIADEMA PULCHRA.
3. DIADEMA LUTESCENS.
Mintern Bros imp
1874. ] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 275
3. DANAIS INSOLATA.
Danais insolata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v.
p- 360. n. 2 (1870); Cruise of the Curagoa, p. 468, pl. 48. figs. 1, 2
(1873).
South-Sea Islands (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
4. DANAIS OBSCURATA, DN. Sp.
Danais melissa, Butler (nec Cramer), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. v. p. 360, n. 3 (1870).
Euplea hamata?, Montrouzier (nec M‘Leay), Ann. Sc. Phys.
Nat. Lyon, p. 404 (1856).
3. Closely allied to D. australis, but larger, the spots more di-
stinctly separated, narrower and less green * ; secondaries red-brown,
the inner series of submarginal spots terminating before second sub-
costal branch, the first series only represented by three dots at anal
angle; basal two thirds of primaries below with ground-colour
bright red-brown, instead of black-brown. Expanse of wings 3 inches
10 lines.
Upolu (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
Two specimens of this species were taken by Mr. Brenchley ; the
wings were closed when I originally examined them, which occa-
sioned my mistake as to the species.
5. DANAIS MELITTULA.
Danais melittula, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 70. n. 8
(1869).
Upolu ( Herrich-Schiffer) ; Upolu(W. Wykeham Perry). B.M.
The description of this species is very poor; it would be better
described as a small representative of D. hamata, M‘Leay (D. aus-
tralis of Boisduval).
6. DANAIs NEPTUNIA.
Danais neptunia, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 349. n. 489,
pl. 43. fig. 1 (1867).
Fiji (Felder); Fiji. B.M.
I found one specimen of this well-marked species in the supple-
mentary drawers of the Banksian cabinet.
7. DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.
Papilio archippus, ee Ent. Syst. iil. p. 49, n. 151 (1793).
3, South Seas (Brenchley); 3, Tutuila Isl.; 2, Upolu (W. W.
Perry). B.M.
Genus Evreia@a, Fabricius.
8. EuPLa@A OROPE.
Luplea orope, Boisduval, Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, Lép. p. 100. n. 12
(1832); Sp. Gén. i. pl. 11. fig. 9 (1836).
“Taiti’”’ (Boisd.) ; Timor (Wallace). B.M.
* Tn the figure of D. australis the spots are represented as creamy white ; but
in all the examples that I haye seen they are as green as in D. leonora.
276 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
9. EUPL@A ELEUTHO.
Danais eleutho, Quoy & Gaimard in Freycinet’s Voy. pl. 83. fig. 2
(1815).
? Euplea transfixa, Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon,
p. 404 (1856).
South Seas (Brenchley). B.M.
Montrouzier describes his species as very like EH. cenobita of
Cramer (a Neptis) !
10. EvpLa@a TRIsTISs.
Euplea tristis, Butler, P. Z. 8. p. 284. n. 48 (1866).
Aneiteum (Cuming). Type, B.M.
11. EvPpL@A GREFFIANA.
Euplea grefiana, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 70. n. 5,
pl. ii. fig. 5 (Jan.—Mar. 1869).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer).
Nearly allied to L. iphianassa. HE. rumphit of Felder is alluded
to by Herrich-Schaffer as coming also from Vanua Valava; that
species, however, is at present unknown to science, not having been
described.
12. EuUpL@A IPHIANASSA.
Euplea iphianassa, Butler, P. Z.S. p. 287. n. 57, p. 286. fig. 3
(1866).
Euploea macleayii, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 320.
n. 436 (1867 2).
Euplea hisme’, Montrouzier, Ann. Se. Phys. Nat. Lyon, p. 403
(1856), but not of Boisduval.
Fiji (Felder) ; Aneiteum (Cuming). Type, B.M.
This is probably the species referred to by Herrich-Schiffer as
E.. nemertes, Hiibner, and as from Vanua Valava.
13. EvPLG@A FORSTERI.
Euplea forsteri, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 322. n. 440
(? 1867).
Fiji (felder).
Allied to E. saundersii, Boisduval*, and more distantly to EZ. tristis.
It may be the E. adyte of Boisduval.
14, EupL@a ApDyTE.
Euplea adyte, Boisduval, Bull. Ent. Soc. France, p. 156. n. 8
(1859).
New Caledonia (Boisduval).
15, EupLa@a SERIATA.
Euplea seriata, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 69. n. 1
(Jan.-Mar. 1869).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer).
* Bull. Ent. Soc. France, p. clvi. n. 8, obs, (1859)=Z. elewsina, Godart (nec
Cramer). z
v2
1874.] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 277
16. EupLa@a INCoMPTA.
Euplea incompta, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 69. no. 2
(Jan.—Mar. 1869).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer).
Allied to the preceding species.
17. EupLa@a IMIvTaTA.
Euplea imitata, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v.
p- 359, n.8 (1870); Cruise of the Curacoa, p. 466, pl. 47. figs. 1, 2
(1873).
South-Sea Islands (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
18. EupLa@A LORENZO.
Euplea lorenzo, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v.
p. 397. n. 7 (1870); Cruise of the Curacoa, p. 466, pl. 47. figs. 3, 4
(1873).
South-Sea Islands (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
19. Euvpiaa JESSICA.
Euplea jessica, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 20, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1870).
Fiji (Whitely). Type, Coll. Druce.
20. EupLa@a TREITSCHKEI.
Euplea treitschket, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 98.
n. 9 (1832); Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 11.
fig. 2 (1847).
New Ireland (Parzudaki) B.M.
21. EupLa@a sCHMELTZI.
Euplea schmeltzi, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p- 70. n. 4;
pl. ii. fig. 8 (Jan.-Mar. 1869).
Upolu (Brenchley). B.M.
22. EuPL@A VITELLA.
Euplea vitella? (Cramer), Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat.
Lyon, p. 403 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
Appears to be allied to 2. melina, and certainly is not the Papilio
vitellia of Cramer (which is a Dyctis), as evidenced by the deserip-
tion :—“‘ Wings black, paler at the extremity ; underside of upper
wings marked upon the costa by three points and a bifid streak, all
white, and at the sides by a border of points; underside of lower
wings spotted with white: upon the wings of the male a band of
dull black.” This last sentence proves it to be a true Euplea.
23. EUPL@A LAPEYROUSEI.
Euplea lapeyrousei, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, p. 97. n. 7.
(1832).
Aneiteum (Macgillivray). B.M.
278 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA {May 5,
It is just possible that this may not be Boisduval’s species, as the
type was said to come from Bouru; the present species was also
labelled #. paykullet in Mr. Saunders’s collection.
24. EvPL@A BRENCHLEYI.
Euplea brenchleyi, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v.
p- 357. n. 2 (1870) ; Cruise of the Curacoa, p. 464, pl. 46 (1873).
South-Sea Islands (Brenchley). Type B.M.
25. EupL@A ESCHSCHOLTZII.
Euplea eschscholtzii, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p. 345.
n. 480 (1867?) ; Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxx. pl. 2. fig. 9
(Jan.—Mar. 1869).
Fiji Islands; Aneiteum (Cuming). B.M.
Herrich-Schiiffer figures a very small example of this species.
26. EveLa@a HELCITA.
Euplea helcita, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 156 (1859).
Euplea montrouzieri, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p.345. n. 479
(1867 2).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). B.M.
Scarcely differs from the preceding species.
27. EvpL@a DISTINCTA, 0. sp.
Euplea eleutho, var., 2, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. xxx.
pl. 2. fig. 7 (Jan.—Mar. 1869).
Hab. 2
28. EupL@A PROSERPINA.
Euplea proserpina, Butler, P. Z. 8. p. 300. n. 90 (1866).
Euplea herrichii, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 344.
n. 477, tab. xxxix. figs. 3, 4 (? 1867).
Fiji. Type, B.M.
29. EvpLa@a PERRYI,n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 1.)
3. Allied to Z. eschscholtzii; primaries more elungated; all the
white spots smaller; central spot of postmedian oblique series sub-
pyriform, diffused internally; subanal spot absent; wings below
paler; primaries with all the spots well defined ; the second of ob-
lique postmedian series pyriform, notched in front ; no subanal spot ;
only five submarginal points ; the three or four lilacine spots at end
of discoidal cell absent; secondaries with one minute lilacine point
between subcostal branches, the others all absent; the submarginal
series of creamy white points wider apart ; expanse of wings 3 inches
3 lines.
Nieue or Savage Island, 4th Nov. 1873 (W. Wykeham Perry).
B.M
Nearly allied to, but clearly distinct from, EH. heleita and E.
eschscholtzit.
1874.] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS, 279
Subfamily Saryrin#, Bates.
Genus Mexanitts, Fabricius.
30. MELANITIS LEDA, Var. TAITENSIS.
Cyllo leda, var. taitensis, Felder, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.
in Wien, xii. (1862) ; var. 22, Butler, Ann. & Mag. xix. (1867).
Papilio leda, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292. fig. A (1782).
Tahiti (Felder) ; South-Sea Islands (Maegillivray). B.M.
31. MELANITIS LEDA, var. SOLANDRA.
Papilio solandra, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 500 (1775).
Cyllo solandra, Boisduval, Voy. dans VOcéanie, Ent. pt. 1, p. 142
(1832-35).
Cyllo helena, Westwood, in Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 361. n. 2(1851) ;
Butler, Ann. & Mag. 3rd ser. xix. vars. la, 26, 56, 19a, 20a (1867).
? Cyllo fulvescens, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ill. p. 465. n.
788 (1867).
Ovalau and Vanua Valava (H.-Schaéfer); Tutuila Isl. (Perry).
B.M.
Subgenus Hipro, Hiibner.
32. MELANITIS AMABILIS.
Cyllo amabilis, Boisduval, Voy. de l Astrolabe, Ent. pt. i. p. 140,
pl. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1832).
New Ireland (Boisduval)
Genus Xo1s, Hewitson.
33. XOIs SESARA.
Xois sesara, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. 3rd ser. ii. pt. 4, p. 282,
pl. 17. figs. 3, 4 (1865).
Acrophthalmia’ diophthalma, Prittwitz, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 274.
n. 31 (1867).
Viti Levu and Ovalau (Herrich-Schiffer) ; Fiji (Macgillivray &
Brenchley). B.M.
Subfamily Morruin#, Butler.
Genus Tenartis, Hiibner.
34, TENARIS CATOPS.
Drusilla catops, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 335, n. 3,
note (1851); Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. vol. iv. p. 181 (1858).
New Ireland (Westwood); Aru (Wallace). .M.
I rather doubt the identity of examples from New Ireland and
Aru.
35. TENARIS PHORCAS.
Drusilla phoreas, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. vol. iv.
p. 182, pl. 21. fig. 1 (1858).
New Hebrides? (Macgillivray). Type, B.M.
36. TENARIS MYL@CHA. ;
Drusilla mylecha, Westwood, ser. 2. vol. i. n. 5, p. 175 (1851);
280 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 2. vol. iv. p. 182 (1858); White, Voy. Rattle-
snake, App. p. 390, pl. 4. figs. 3, 4 (1852).
Louisiade Islands (Macgillivray). . Type B.M.
37. TENARIS ANABLEPS.
Drusilla anableps, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. iii. p. 40, pl. 1.
fig. 3, pl. 2. fig. 1 (1860).
Otaheite (Vollenhoven).
Very close to 7. phorcas, but paler in colour, with the ocellus of
secondaries above larger and margined externally by a dusky border.
Subfamily NymPHALIN», Bates.
Genus DotescHALiiA, Felder.
38. DoLESCHALLIA BISALTIDE ?
Nymphalis polibete (Godart), Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat.
Lyon, p. 403 (1856).
Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer), Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit.
p. 71. n. 10 (1869).
Woodlark (Montrouzier) ; Ovalau and Vanua Valava (Herrich-
Schiffer).
I think it doubtful whether this is the P. disaltide of Cramer.
M. Montrouzier remarks that the black spots on the secondaries are
blue-pupilled ; and Dr. Herrich-Schaffer notices the absence of any
silver spots on the under surface.
Genus CHAraxes, Ochsenheimer.
39. CHARAXES CAPHONTIS, _
Charaxes caphontis, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii., Char. pl. 3. figs. 14,
15 (1863).
Fiji (Hewitson).
Genus Neptis, Fabricius.
40. Nepris vENILIA ?
Limenitis venilia (Godart), Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat.
Lyon, p. 406 (1856).
Woodlark (Montrouzier).
I think it doubtful whether this is the P. venilia of Linneus;
there seem to be at least three distinct forms, all of which will have
to be separated. We have the typical form from Amboina, Ceram,
Mysol, and Waigiou.
41. Nepris? wooDLARKIANA.
Limenitis woodlarkiana, Montrouzier, An. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon,
p- 406 (1856).
Neptis woodlarkiana, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 242. n. 52
(1871).
Woodlark (Montrouzier).
1874. ] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 281
Genus Junonra, Hiibner.
42. JUNONIA VILLIDA.
Papilio villida, Fabricius, Mant. Ins. p. 35. n. 366 (1787).
Papilio velleda, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii. p. 91. n. 283 (1793);
Donovan, Ins. New Holland, pl. 25. fig. 3 (1805).
Vanua Valava and Ovalau (Herrich-Schiffer) ; Navigators’ Is-
lands. B.M.
Genus Diapema, Boisduval.
43. DIADEMA NERINA.
Q . Papilio nerina, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 509. n. 277 (1775);
Donovan, Ins. New Holl. pl. 27. fig. 1 (1805).
Q. Papilio iphigenia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 67. figs. D, E
(1779).
¢. Diadema lassinassa, Montrouzier (nec lisianassa, Cramer),
Aun. Se. Phys. Nat. Lyon, p. 406 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier); Australia. B.M.
We have this insect ( 2 ) also in the collection made by Dr. Hors-
field in Java; it scarcely differs at all from the Australasian type.
44. DIADEMA OTAHEIT2.
Diadema auge, Cram., var. otaheite, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
xil. p. 492. n. 185 (1862).
Taiti (Felder).
Evidently allied to the preceding, but considerably smaller.
45. DiaDEMA PULCHRA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 2.)
@. Primaries above black-brown; the interno-median area to
second median branch tawny; three or four oblique central sub-
costal pale blue dashes ; an oblique quadrifid white fasciole beyond
the cell; a trifid subapical spot and four discal internervular dots, all
white; a double submarginal series of geminate whitish dots, not
reaching the apex or anal angle; secondaries with base and outer
margin broadly dark brown ; central area tawny orange, crossed by a
broad angulated white belt; a double submarginal series of geminate
subochraceous spots; nervures dusky, lilacine on the white band ;
body olivaceous brown; head and prothorax spotted with whitish ;
wings below nearly as in D. nerina, but the white band of seconda-
ties broader. Expanse 3 inches 2 lines.
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). Type, B.M.
Allied to D. manilia, Cramer, 92 of D. listanassa, and reminds one
of Danais alcippus ; it is a small species.
46. DrapEMA MONTROUZIERI, N. sp.
3. Diadema lassinassa, Montrouzier (nec P. listanassa, Cramer),
Ann. Se. Phys. Nat. Lyon, p. 408 (1856).
2. Similar above to D. proserpina, Cramer *, excepting that it is
larger, that the apical area of primaries is tawny ochraceous, that
* A variety of D. nerina, Fabr. (2 of D. auge, Cramer).
Proc. Zoox. Soc.—1874, No. XIX. 19
282 MR. A, G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
there is no tawny spot on interno-median area, and that the central
spot of secondaries is smaller and always more or less shot with
purplish blue; wings below similar to D. manilia, Cr., but the sub-
marginal spots tinted with pale ochre. Expanse 4 inches 1 line.
Navigators’ Islands. Type, B.M.
47. DIADEMA PALLESCENS, 0. sp.
3 &. Diadema bolina, Butler (nec Linneus), Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v. p. 360 (1870); 9.Cruise of the Curacoa,
p- 468, pl. 48. figs. 3, 4 (1878).
Solomon Islands (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
Hitherto the whole of the Diademe of the Bolina group have
been looked upon as varieties of one species ; but having gone care-
fully over them with Mr. Frederic Moore, I have come to the con-
clusion that there are several distinct and well-marked species. Our
examples represent the following species :—
1. Diadema bolina, Linn. (Clerck’s Icones).
Silhet, Nepal, Moulmein, Ceylon. ¢ 9. Coll. B.M.
2. Diadema jacintha, Drury,=D. avia, Fabr.
N. India, Moulmein, Ceylon. ¢ 9. Coll. B.M.
3. Diadema un. sp.? 2 (? var. of next sp.).
Borneo. Coll, B.M.
4. Diadema philippensis, Butler,
Philippines. ¢ Q. Coll. B.M.
5. Diadema, nu. sp.
India, E. India. 6, 9. Coll. B.M.
6. Diadema, n. sp.?
Celebes. o. Coll. B.M.
7. Diadema alemene, Cramer.
Java, Australia. 3 9. Coll. B.M.
8. Diadema nerina, Fabr.,=D. auge, Cramer, =D. proserpina
(var.).
Java, Australia. og 9. Coll. B.M.
9. Diadema lisianassa, Cramer, =D. manilia, Cramer.
Ceram. <6 @. Coll. B.M.
10. Diadema pulchra, Butler.
New Caledonia. 9. Coll. B.M.
11. Diadema pallescens, Butler.
Solomon Islands. @. Coll. B.M.
12. Diadema montrouzieri, Butler.
Navigators’ Islands. o¢ 9. Coll. B.M.
13. Diadema, n. sp.
?Tasmania. @ 9. Coll. B.M.
This last species approaches D. diomea of Hewitson in character.
1874. | OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 283
48. DiapEMA ocrTocuLa.
2. Diadema octocula, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
vol. iii. p. 19. n.5, pl. 9. fig. 5 (Jan. 1, 1869), vol. vii. p. 447 (1871).
3. 'Diadema formosa, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p71:
n. 16, pl. 4. fig. 17 (Jan.—March 1869).
Totoya, Fiji (Butler); Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiiffer).
W. F. Kirby, in the ‘ Zool. Record’ for 1871, states that if my
D. octoculais=D. formosa, the latter specific name will take priority.
Upon what grounds he comes to this conclusion Iam unable to
imagine ; for it must be manifest to every reasoning being that the
Jan.—March number of the ‘ Stettiner Zeitung’ can only have been
procurable on the Ist of April at the earliest, whereas my paper
appeared on the Ist of January.
49. DrapEMA LUTESCENS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 3.)
~Q. Wings above chestnut-brown, becoming smoky brown to-
wards the middle; primaries with apical third and marginal area
dirty buff; a broad postmedian oblique paler buff band; seven
distinct rounded discal internervular white spots; outer margin
black-brown, edged internally at intervals with white scales ; second-
aries with external third pale buff; seven diffused discal inter-
nervular white spots ; outer margin broadly dusky, narrowly black,
intersected by two interrupted undulated pearly white lines ; fringe
varied with white ; body brown ; head and prothorax blackish, white-
spotted: wings below paler than above; basal two thirds smoky
instead of chestnut-brown ; apical third of primaries clearer, mar-
ginal whitish sealings defined, forming two submarginal lines as on
secondaries ; basal half of costa irrorated with white scales, three
black-bordered white subcostal spots within cell; eight discal white
spots in secondaries ; body brown, white-spotted ; palpi below white.
Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines.
Ovalau, Fiji (WV. Wykeham Perry). Type, B.M.
Allied to D. porphyria of Cramer.
Genus Cetuosia, Fabricius.
50. CeTHosta opscura.
Cethosia obscura, Guérin, Voy. Coq. pl. 15. fig. 4 (1829); Bois-
duval, Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, Lép. p. 111 (1832).
New Ireland.
Genus ATELa, E. Doubleday.
51. ATELLA GABERTI.
Argynnis gaberti, Guérin, Voy. Coq. pl. 16. fig. 3 (1829).
Melitea gaberti, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 116
(1832).
Taiti (Guérin). B.M.
52. ATELLA BODENIA.
Atella bodenia, M. R. Butler, P. Z. 8. p. 687 (1873).
19%
284 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
? Atella egista, Herrich-Schiffer (nec Cramer), Stett. ent. Zeit.
p- 71. n. 17 (1869).
Friendly Islands. B.M.
Herrich-Schiffer’s specimens were received from Upolu.
Genus Cynruia, Fabricius.
53. CYNTHIA, sp.?
3. Vanessa arsinoe, Montrouzier (nec Cramer), Ann, Sc. Phys.
Nat. Lyon, p. 405 (1856).
Q. Vanessa juliana, Moutrouzier (nec Cramer), Joc. cit. (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
This species is not likely to be C. arsinoe, as that species appears
to be strictly limited to Amboina and Ceram: it is probably more
nearly allied to C. ada (P. Z. 8. 1873).
Genus Pyramers, Hiibner.
54, PyrRaMEIS TAMMEAMEA.
Vanessa tammeamea, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 207,
pl. 5. figs. 8, a, 6 (1821).
Pyrameis cordelia, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lep.
pl. 25. fig. 3 (1837).
Sandwich Islands. B.M.
Family Erycinipz.
Subfamily LinytHrin.®, Bates.
Genus LinytHea, Fabricius.
55. LinpyTHEA ANTIPODA.
Libythea antipoda, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. elvii.
n. 9 (1859) ; Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 313. n. 423,
pl. 42. figs. 9, 10 (18677).
New Caledonia (Boisduval) ; Philippines (Felder). B. M.
I think it quite likely (since Mr. Wallace found characters by
which to separate the representatives of this species in Ceram and
Batchian) that the New-Caledonian and Philippine insects are
perfectly distinct.
Family Lycanipm.
Subfamily Lyczninz, Butler.
Genus Lampipes, Hiibner.
56. LAMPIDES CALEDONICA.
Lycena kandarpa, var. caledonica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
xii. p. 495. n. 209 (1862).
New Caledonia (Felder).
57. LAMPIDES TAITENSIS.
Lycena taitensis, Boisduval, Voy. de P Astrolabe, Lép. p. 771.
n. 1 (1832).
Taiti (Boisduval), Australia. B.M.
1874. ] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 285
58. LAMPIDES cyTA.
Catochrysops cyta, Boisduval, Voy. de V Astrolabe, Lép. p. 87
(1832).
New Ireland (Boisduval).
59. LAMPIDES ARGENTINA.
Lycena argentina, Prittwitz, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 274. n. 32
(1867).
Acrophthalmia? argentina, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 96. n. 4
(1871).
Samoa (Prittwitz) ; sp. ead.? Aneiteum. 3,B.M.
Closely allied to, if not identical with L. macrophthalma of Felder.
60. LAMPIDES SAMOA.
Lycena samoa, Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p- 73. n. 30
(1869).
Samoa (Herrich-Schiffer).
Probably the same as the preceding, but so carelessly described
(both sexes being described as females) that I cannot identify it
with certainty.
61. LAMPIDES CANDRENA.
Lycena candrena, Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 74. n. 34
(1869).
Viti Levu, Ovalau, Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer).
We have a species apparently allied to the above from the
Navigators’ Islands; but the description mentions no black margin
to the wings of the male, and gives hardly any idea of the under sur-
face, so that I dare not refer our insect to this species.
62. LAMPIDES DYOPA.
Lycena dyopa, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 75. n. 34
(1869).
Ovalau (Herrich-Schiffer).
Probably a variety of the preceding, from which apparently it
differs very little.
Genus Lyca&wa, Fabricius.
63. LycH/NA PH@BE.
Iycena phebe, Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. p. 107 (1873).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray) ; Tutuila Isl. (Perry). B.M.
64. LycaH/NA ALSULUS.
Lycena alsulus, Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 75. n. 36
(Jan.-Mar. 1869).
Upolu (Herrich-Schiffer).
Kirby quotes ZL. communis, H..Sch. (an undescribed species from
Vanua Valava), under L. lysimon of Hiibner.
286 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
65. LycmNA? CLEOTAS.
Lycena cleotas, Guérin, Voy. de la Coq. pl. 18. fig. 4 (1829).
Argus poeta, Boisduval, Voy. de Astrolabe, Lép. p. 90 (1832).
New Ireland (Guérin).
66. Lyc@na? CATOCHLORIS.
Lycena’ catochloris, Boisduval, Voy. de l Astrolabe, Lép. p. 78.
n. 3 (1832).
Taiti (Boisduval).
I suspect that this is a Danis.
Subfamily Toeciin#, Butler.
Genus Ambiyronta, Horsfield.
67. AMBLYPODIA MEANDER ?
Arhopala meander, Montrouzier (? Boisd.), Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat.
Lyon, p. 403 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
68. AMBLYPODIA PHRYxUS?
Arhopala pryzus (sic), Montrouzier (? phrycus, Boisd.), Ann. Se.
Phys. Nat. Lyon, p. 403 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
Family PaPILIONID&.
Subfamily Prerin#, Bates.
Genus Dexias, Hubner.
69. Dexias BAGoi.
Pieris bagoé, Boisduval, Voy. de lAstrolabe, Lép. p. 49. n. 1
(1832); Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. iv. p. 359. n. 36,
pl. 7. figs. 3, 3.@ (1867).
New Ireland (Boisduvat).
Genus Ex.opina, Felder.
70. ELODINA SIGNATA.
Elodina signata, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ser. 3, yol. iv.
p-319.n 8 (1867).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). Type, B.M.
Genus Trrt1As, Swainson.
71. TeRIAS HECABE.
Papilio hecabe, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 763. n. 96 (1766).
Terias hecabe, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 77. nu. 53
(1869).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer) ; Australia. B.M.
1874. ] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 287
Genus Cottas, Fabricius.
72. COLIAS PONTENI.
Colias ponteni, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Monatschr. iv. p. 33:
. | (1860); Eug. Reise, p. 351 (1871).
Sandwich Islands (Wallengren).
—
~
Genus Catorsizia, Hiibner.
73. CATOPSILIA LACTEA.
Callidryas lactea, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. v.
p- 361 (1870); Lep. Exot. p. 43, pl. 16. figs. 5-7 (1870) ; Cruise
of the Curagoa, p. 470, pl. 49. figs. 1, 2 (1873).
Solomon Islands (Brenchley). Type, B.M.
74, CaTOPSILIA GORGOPHONE.
Callidryas gorgophone, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 632. n. 26
(1836); Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 30. n. 4, pl. 12. figs. 1-4 (1870).
Vanua Valava, Ovalau (Herrich-Schiffer) ; Australia. B.M.
Genus Aprpras, Hubner.
75. APPIAS PSYCHE.
Pieris psyche, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 166. n. 143
(1867 ?).
New Caledonia (Felder).
76. Appras EGA, var. (Boisd.).
Pieris melania, var. caledonica, Felder, Verh. zool.-botan. Ges. xii.
p. 495. n. 207 (1862).
? Pieris albina, var. galathea, Herrich-Schiiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit.
p. 76. n. 42 (1869).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). B.M.
A, galathea of Feider occurs at Sambelong, A. aldina in the
Philippines.
77. APPIAS AMARELLA.
Tachyris amarella, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, ser. 3,
vol. iv. p. 373. n. 25, pl. 9. fig. 2 (1867).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). Type. B.M.
78. APPIAS ACRISA.
Pieris acrisa, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 156 (1859).
Woodlark Island (Boisduval).
79. APPIAS ATHAMA.
Pieris athama, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 336 (1852) ; Blanchard,
Voy. Pole Sud, p. 381, pl. 1. figs. 10, 11 (1853).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schiffer); New Caledonia (Macgil-
livray). B.M,
288 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON THE LEPIDOPTERA [May 5,
80. ApPIAS EUMELIS.
Pieris eumelis, Boisduval, Voy. de |’ Astrolabe, Lép. p. 50. n. 8
(1832).
New Ireland (Botsduval).
81. APPIAS LIBYTHEA.
Q. Papilio libythea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 471. n. 120 (1775).
3. Pieris jacquinotii, Lucas, Rey. Zool. p. 326 (1852).
New Caledonia (Lucas) ; Ceylon, &c. B.M.
Genus Betenois, Hubner.
82. BELENOIS NABIS (B. SCYLLARIA, Var.).
Pieris nabis, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 326 (1852).
Fiji (Lucas); Australia. B.M.
83. BELENOIS PERICLEA.
Pieris periclea, Felder, Reise der Novara, Lep. ii. p. 169. n. 151
(1867 ?); Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 76. n. 45, pl. 1.
fig. 4 (1869).
Aneiteum (Cuming). B.M.
84. BELENOIS PERISTHENE.
Pieris peristhene, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p- 155. n. 4
(1859).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray); New Ireland (Parzudaht) ;
Aneiteum (Cuming). B.M.
Subfamily Paprtion1n&, Bates.
Genus OrniTHOPTERA, Boisduval.
85. ORNITHOPTERA BOISDUVALII.
Ornithoptera boisduvalii, Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon,
p- 394 (1856).
Papilio oceanus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xiv. p. 290.
n. 13, p. 332. n. 10 (1864).
Woodlark Island (MMontrouzier).
86. ORNITHOPTERA URVILLIANA.
3. Papilio urvillianus, Guérin, Voy. Coq. pl. 13. figs. 1, 2
(1829).
Ornithoptera urvilliana, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 175. n. 2,
pl. 17. fig. 1 (1836).
New Irelaud (Guerin); ? 2, Lizard Island. B.M.
I think it just possible that the ? variety of O. cassandra, which
I have mentioned in the ‘ Cruise of the Curacoa,’ may be the female
of this species ; it is very similar in outline.
87. ORNITHOPTERA POSEIDON.
3. Ornithoptera poseidon, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
xix. p. 173 (1847) ; Westwood, Cab. Or. Ent. pl. 11 (1848).
1874.] OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. 289
Q. Papilio euphorion, G. R. Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i.
p- 4. n. 6, pl. 2. fig. 3 (1852).
Darnley Island, N.E. Australia. B.M.
There can be no question that the above are sexes of one species ;
it should perhaps, strictly speaking, hardly find a place in this list.
88. ORNITHOPTERA VICTORIE.
Q. Ornithoptera victoria, G. R. Gray, P. Z.S. p. 7, pl. 39
(1856).
“§. Pacific Ocean” (G. R. Gray). Type, B.M.
Mr. Gray remarks respecting the locality, that, from the insects
sent in the same box with this species, it ‘‘ 1s supposed (as no memo-
randum was sent with it) to be either Solomon Islands, Aneiteum,
New Hebrides, or the Fiji group.”” Some lepidopterists have sup-
posed that O. victoria might be the female of O. tithonus of De Haan
from Papua. ;
Genus Papriio, Linneeus.
89. PAPILIO HYPSICLES.
Papilio hypsicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Pap. pl. 9. fig. 29
(1868).
Aneiteum (Cuming). B.M.
Closely allied to P. canopus of Westwood.
90. PAPILIO GODEFROYI.
3 2. Papilio godefroyi, Semper, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3. vol. ii.
p- 469, pl. 24 (1866).
Upolu (Semper) ; Ovalau (Herrich-Schiffer); 2, Upolu (W.W.
Perry). B.M.
This handsome and rare Butterfly comes near P. capaneus, which
is probably the “? P. severus’’ of Montrouzier.
91. PApILio DUNALI.
3. Papilio dunali, Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon,
p- 396 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
Montrouzier also mentions P. ormenus, Boisd., as common at
Woodlark Island; but this is very unlikely; he may refer to
P. erectheus.
92. PapILio SCHMELTZI.
Papilio schmeltzi, Herrich-Schiffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 78. n. 57,
pl. 1. fig. 1 (1869).
Ovalau ( Herrich-Schiffer).
Nearly allied to P. godefroyi.
93. PAPILIO AMYNTHOR.
Papilio amynthor, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. elv. n. 3
(1859).
New Caledonia (Botsduval).
According to Dr. Boisduval, allied to P. ilioneus (figured by
290 ON LEPIDOPTERA OF THE SOUTH-SEA ISLANDS. [May 5.
Donovan); much smaller, the tail short; the spot of the lower
wings of a different form, not entering the anterior wings; no red
marginal spots ; under the red-brown anal spot one or two crescents
of greyish atoms.
94. PAPILIO GODARTII.
Papilio godartii, Montrouzier, Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat. Lyon, p. 398
(1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
Referred, with doubt, by Kirby to the P. onesimus of Hewitson ;
it cannot be that species. M. Montrouzier describes it as a male,
but the colour-characters appear to me to be rather those of a
female.
95. PAPILIO CHAUDOIRI.
Papilio chaudoiri, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. iv. p. 99. n. 53,
pl. 2. fig. 1 (March 1860).
Papilio ulyssinus, Westwood, Proc. Ent. Soe. ser. 2, vol. v. p. 73
(May 1860).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). 3. BM.
96. PapILio TELEMACHUS.
Papilio telemachus, Montrouzier, Ann. Se. Phys. Nat. Lyon,
p- 401 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
Seems only to differ from P. chaudoiri in having six instead of
four silky black patches on the external area of primaries above.
97. PAPILIO MONTROUZIERI.
Papilio montrouzieri, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 158
(1859) ; Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. i. p. 118. n. 88 (1865).
New Caledonia (Macgillivray). 3, B.M.
98. Papitio coprus?
Papilio codrus, Montrouzier (? Cramer), Ann. Sc. Phys. Nat.
Lyon, p. 402 (1856).
Woodlark Island (Montrouzier).
99. PAPILIO GELON.
Papilio gelon, Boisduval, Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 155 (1859).
New Caledonia ( Boisduva/).
100. Parinio sARPEDON ?
Papilio sarpedon, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 196 (1764).
“* Sandwich Islands (Beechy).”’ B.M.
I rather doubt the above locality, as we have cxamples not differ-
ing in the least from the single specimen (‘ var. ¢,”” G. R. Gray) from
Japan. It barely differs from the typical form.
aay
1874.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE GREY-CAPPED GULLS. 291
101. PAviLio AGAMEMNON.
Papilio egistus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 106. figs. C, D (1779)
**Woodlark Island’? (Montrouzier).
I suspect that Montrouzier’s insect is a distinct species.
Family Hesperiip&.
Genus Hesperia, Fabricius.
102. HesprRiA EXCLAMATIONIS.
Papilio (P. U.) exelamationis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 530. n. 373
(1775).
Hesperia exclamationis, Butler, Cat. Diurn. Lep. Fabr. p. 269.
n. 1, pl. 3. fig. 2 (1869).
Aneiteum (Cuming). B.M.
103. HespERIA DIRPHA.
Thymele dirpha, Boisduval, Voy. de l’Astrolabe, Lép. p. 162.
n. 8 (1832).
New Ireland (Boisduval).
Genus Pampuita, Fabricius.
104. PAMPHILA ANGUSTULA.
Pamphila angustula, Herrich-Schaffer, Stett. ent. Zeit. p. 79.
n. 19 (1869).
Vanua Valava (Herrich-Schaffer).
In the 5th Catalogue of the Museum Godeffroy, pp. 58, 59. Pieris
(Belenois) teutonia is reported as occurring in Viti Island, Pieris
(Appias) ada in the island of Yap, Pelew “Islands, and Callidryas
(Catopsilia) minna in Ovalau. I suspect the first of these three to be
B. peristhene, and the third C. lactea ; ‘A. ada’’ of the list is probably
distinct from the typical form, tachi we have,only from Aru.
In my list of the Lepidoptera collected in the South-Sea Islands
by Mr. Brenchley, I have included Acrea andromacha ; I think it
likely, however, that the single example in the collection was taken
on the Australian coast.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.
Fig. 1. Huplea perryi, p. 278.
2. Diadema pulchra, p. 281.
3. Diadema lutescens, p. 283.
5. Remarks on the Grey-capped Gulls and on the Species
with which they have been confounded. By Howarp
Saunpers, F.Z.8.
[Received March 31, 1874.]
In anticipation of a Monograph of the Laride, upon which I
have for some time been engaged, I offer a few remarks with the
object of clearing up the confusion which exists respecting the
292 MR. H, SAUNDERS ON THE GREY-CAPPED GULLS. [May 5,
Grey-capped Gulls for which Bonaparte formed the subgenus Cir-
rhocephalus (Naumannia, 1854, Heft iv. p. 213).
There are two closely allied species, which during the breeding-
season, and, as I believe, throughout a considerable portion of the
year, bear a hood of a pale French grey, slightly darker at the
margins, round the nape and throat, viz. :—
Larus pH#ocePHALuS, Sw. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 245, pl. 29
(originally written L. poiocephalus), a native of West Africa and the
interior up to Lake Ngami; and
LARUS CIRRHOCEPHALUS, Vieillot, N. D. xxi. p. 500; Gal. Ois.
ii. p. 223, pl. 289; the Gaviota cenicienta of Azara, found in Brazil
and the States of La Plata.
In their general appearance these Gulls closely resemble each
other; and both Blasius and Schlegel have considered them to be
identical—an opinion the value of which is somewhat impaired by
the fact of their having confounded one or both of these species
with others from which they are most certainly distinct. This has
doubtless arisen from the want of a sufficient series in which the
localities have been duly recorded ; for specimens of the birds in
question, and of those with which they have been confounded, are
extremely rare in collections; and it is only recently that I have
been able to obtain such a series as would justify my speaking with
some confidence on the subject.
First, as regards the distinctness of the African and the American
forms, I have before me the following specimens :—
LARUS PHZOCEPHALUS.
Senegambia, Swainson’s coll., Cambridge Mus. Believed to be
the type: ad.
Walvisch Bay (Andersson), probably in October. Ad. ; full hood.
Lake Ngami (Chapman, May 1863). Hood slightly imperfect.
Wing 12°5, tar. 1°8—2, middle toe and nail 1-7, bill 1-4. Colour
of legs and bill orange-red.
LARUS CIRRHOCEPHALUS.
Buenos Ayres, ¢ & 2 ad., several specimens, those killed in April
and November having the grey cap equally defined ; also immature
specimens obtained in April, and in which the grey hood is appearing,
although the dark bar to the tail and the brown feathers on the
shoulders still remain.
@. Chorillos, near Lima, lat. 12° 10'S.; the first recorded instance
of its occurrence on the Pacific coast. This was shot by a friend
resident at Lima, whom I had asked to collect Gulls &c.
Wing 13-13°5, tar. 2°2-2°4, middle toe and nail 2, bill 6:1.
Bill legs, and feet lake-red ; in a very old male of the brightest
crimson.
The same description would apply to either: the hood pale grey
with a dark margin; the wings and mantle rather darker than the
1874.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE GREY-CAPPED GULLS, 293
hood, but much lighter than the under wing-coverts, which are of a
deep smoke-grey; underparts and tail pure white. But it will be
observed that there is a considerable difference both in the size and
in the coloration of the soft parts of the two species; and this is
much more noticeable on handling the different specimens than can
be gathered from any mere description. It must be admitted that
Swainson in his original description states that the bill and feet of
the African bird are ‘‘ deep crimson ;”’ but, with every allowance for
fading, I cannot imagine the colour in those I have examined to
have ever been more than ‘‘orange-red,” very different from the
livid red or brilliant lake-colour of the American specimens. Of
course I am now alluding to adults only; but, as regards size, a
glance at the coarser and stronger feet even in the immature
American birds would enable me to distinguish them from the
African form. Without, however, insisting too strongly upon the
value of these differences, I consider that the two forms are at least
as much entitled to specific distinction as Z. glaucus and L. leuco-
pterus, or L. marinus and L. fuscus, to say nothing of the species
which surround Z. argentatus. This conclusion is in no way
influenced by the fact of the two species being found in different
continents; for I am at the present moment unable to separate the
Saddle-backed Gulls which, under the titles of L. dominicanus, vetula,
and antipodum, with other synonyms, inhabit both the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of South America, the south coast of Africa, New
Zealand, and many of the intervening islands. It would seem that
these Grey-capped Gulls are representative species on either side of
the South Atlantic, in the same way that LZ. Aeermanni on the west
coast of America replaces L. crassirostris, Vieill. (L. melanurus,
Temm.), in the Japan and China seas—not to quote other instances
which are not quite so evident.
But the question of the distinctness of these two forms is a mere
trifle to the maze of confusion in which both these and two totally
different species have been involved, and which I will do my best to
unravel. To do this it will be better to take them separately.
L. pheocephalus is identified by Bruch (J. f. O. 1855, p. 290)
with L. ridibundus ; but he could never have seen a true specimen.
Finsch and Hartlaub (Vég. Ost.-Afr. p. 825) describe the real bird
from Bissao with a grey head, but are probably wrong as regards the
specimen with a white head from the Cape of Good Hope, received
through Verreaux. Blasius again (J. f. O. 1865, p. 376) may pos-
sibly have had a specimen of the Grey-capped Gull in immature
plumage before him; but he goes on to confound it with L. hart-
laubi, Bruch, a species which that author places in his genus Gavia,
close to Gelastes. This latter species has a certain superficial re-
semblance to the former, and it also has the under wing-coverts of a
smoke-grey ; but it is altogether a smaller bird than L. pheocephalus,
the wing being only 11 inches and the tarsus 1°7 in length ; besides
which, it never has a hood. It is a coast resident, and breeds near
the Cape of Good Hope; it is, in fact, a member of the same group
as L. scopulinus, Forst., of New Zealand, L. nove hollandia, L.
294 MR. H, SAUNDERS ON THE GREY-CAPPED GULLS. [May 5,
jamesoni, and perhaps L. pomare, into whose specific distinctness
it is not my present intention to enter. Another point which di-
stinguishes it from L. pheocephalus exists in the seventh primary,
which has a broad dusky bar right across it and is altogether darker
in the grey-capped bird, whilst in LZ. hartlaubi it is uniform grey,
just fringed with smoke-colour on the inner web; the colour of the
legs and bill is also deep lake-red. Blasius says (loc. cit.) that, as
a rule, L. pheocephalus, Sw., figures as L. hartlaubi in collections ;
but according to my experience the reverse is the case ; and, with one
solitary exception in the British Museum, all the specimens which
I have examined marked ‘ L. pheocephalus”’ are really L. hart-
laubi. Layard (B. S. A. p. 368) has also confounded these two
species, having obtained both. -
When we turn to L. cirrhocephalus of South America we find a
different element of confusion, owing to the presence there of a
species which certainly has a hood, although in this case it is a
brown one, similar to that of our European ZL. ridibundus. Prince
Max. v. Wied first noticed its occurrence amongst the grey-capped
species (Beit. iv. p. 854), and was inclined to refer it to L. redi-
bundus; but it is undoubtedly L. glaucodes, Meyen, Obs. Zool.
p- 115—L. albipennis, Licht., Gavia roseiventris, Gould (I only
give the principal synonyms)—a species which ranges from the
south of Brazil down to the Falkland Islands, throughout Pata-
gonia, and for some distance up the coast of Chili. This is the
species of whose breeding near Buenos Ayres Mr. W. H. Hudson
(P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 4) has given an interesting account; but although
he distinctly calls it (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 802, and 1871, p. 258) the
black-headed gull, the very name we apply to our L. ridibundus,
yet he identifies it with L. cirrhocephalus, whose head, as I have
repeatedly remarked, is of a pale grey, and nothing approaching
either to black or brown. Excepting that to a casual observer
all Gulls of nearly the same size are much alike, it is difficult
to understand how the two species can have been confounded even
in immature plumage; for the smoke-colour of the under wing-
coverts so noticeable in L. cirrhocephalus is entirely absent in L.
glaucodes, to say nothing of the markings of the primaries, which
differ even in very young birds. That LZ. glaucodes itself should
have been subdivided is not at all surprising; for it requires a large
series to show how the primaries, which in the early stages have
merely a patch of white near the apex, gradually become barred
with black and white (in which stage the brown head of maturity
is assumed) and gradually lose all but a streak of black on the
outside of the inner web, so that the principal primaries appear to
be entirely white. Z. maculipennis of Burmeister, however, is L.
cirrhocephalus.
The sum of my observations is briefly this—that L. pheocephalus,
Sw., and &. cirrhocephalus, V., are fairly separable, that L. pheo-
cephalus is totally distinct from ZL. hartlaubi, Bruch, which never
has a hood of any colour whatever, and that L. cirrhocephalus has
been unnecessarily confounded with ZL. glaucodes. My warmest
P.Z. S$. 1874. Pl XLV.
Mintern Bros.imp.
GH Ford
A. MABOUIA LAWESII.
5.
B. PLATURUS SCHISTORHYNCHU
1874.] DR. GUNTHER ON THE FAUNA OF SAVAGE ISLAND. 299
thanks are due to Professor Burmeister, of Buenos Ayres, for
promptly furnishing me with sexed and dated specimens of both the
South-American species, and to Professor Newton for the loan of
Swainson’s (supposed) type of L. pheocephalus from the Cambridge
Museum.
6. A Contribution to the Fauna of Savage Island.
By Dr. A. Ginter, V.P.ZS.
[Received April 1, 1874.]
(Plate XLV.)
Professor Rolleston, F.R.S., has submitted to my examination a
small collection of animals made at Niue or Savage Island, a locality
rarely touched by vessels, and then for a very short time only. Of
the more recent accounts of visitors to the island, I refer especially
to the two following :—T. H. Hood, ‘ Notes of a Cruise in H.M.S.
* Fawn’ in the Western Pacific in the year 1862 (Edinb. 1863, 8vo),
pp- 9-27; and J. L. Brenchley, ‘ Jottings during the Cruise of
H.M.S. ‘Curacgoa’ among the South-Sea Islands in 1865’ (Lond.
1873, 8vo), pp. 16-35. The island is about 40 miles in circum-
ference, an upraised coral plateau, nearly of an equal elevation, about
250 feet above the level of the sea in its highest part. Vegetation
is abundant and varied; and some portions of the island are well
wooded. The notes of the two authors mentioned are of a rather
general character as far as the fauna is concerned. Hood states
(p. 25) :—* The fauna and flora are on a limited scale, and similar to
those of the larger islands to the north-west. Doves and Pigeons
abound ; and the large cocoa-nut-eating Crab (Birgus latro) is very
common and highly esteemed as an article of food by the natives.’’
Brenchley mentions ‘‘ a great Bat’ which he saw flying at a remark-
able height, “‘one indigenous mammifer, a small rodent of a size
between a water-rat and and a mouse,” ‘a few birds, among them
pigeons or doves of a green colour, parrots, a pretty little green bird
with white feathers under the tail, a small martin or swallow,” “a
great number of pretty little lizards, some handsome butterflies, a
large species of spider, and a grasshopper, three species of small
land-shells.”’
The isolated position of the island, which is distant four degrees of
longitude from the nearest point of the Tonga group, and five of
latitude from the Navigator’s Islands, renders its fauna and flora
objects of particular interest ; and I have no doubt that Prof. Rolles-
ton and his correspondent, the Rev. Mr. Lawes, will be encouraged
by the result of the examination of the present small collection to
obtain a complete set of the indigenous animals and plants.
The only mammal in the collection is a small species of Pteropus.
It appears to be identical with the species figured by Quoy and
Gaimard in the ‘ Voyage of the Astrolabe’ under the name of P¢é. ton-
ganus. Coloration, size, and habitat seem to point to identity
296 DR. GUNTHER ON THE FAUNA OF SAVAGE ISLAND. [May 5,
with this species, the typical specimens of which had been collected
in Tongatabu. But the dentition of our example does not agree with
the figure given by the French naturalists, which, however, does not
seem to be sufficiently accurate for the purpose of specific identifica-
tion. Peters places Pt. tonganus as a doubtful synonym under
Pteropus keraudrenit. As I shall have before long well authenticated
examples of the latter for comparison, I shall, perhaps, be able to
throw more light on this problematical species.
Of Reptiles the following were in the collection :—
1, ABLEPHARUS PEHCILOPLEURUS, Wiegm.
It appears to me that recent authors (more especially Stranch ¢ in
his monograph of this genus) have confounded two species under the
names A. boutonii and A. peroniti.
In the Mauritian species, for which the name doutonii must be
retained, the posterior frontals are scarcely in contact with each other,
the vertical almost touching the prefrontal. In specimens from
Australia, the islands of the Pagina! and eastern portion of the Indian
Ocean, the posterior frontals form together a broad suture, as has
been already represented by Wiegmann and Cocteau. The oldest
name for this form is Ablepharus pecilopleurus, Wiegm. I have
been able to convince myself of the constancy of this character, having
examined 10 specimens from the Mauritius, and, of the Pacific
species, 5 examples from the Sandwich Islands, 2 from Savage Island,
1 from Aneiteum, 4 from North Australia, 16 from Western Aus-
‘tralia, and 3 from Timor*.
2. GEHYRA OCEANICA, Less.
3. Magpoura Baupinit, D. & B.
This appears to be the most common species of the island, the
late Mr. Brenchley having collected numerous examples. Other
localities from which we have received this species are New Guinea
and San Christoval (Solomon Islands).
* T append here the description of another new species in the British Mu-
seum :—
ABLEPHARUS QUINQUETANIATUS.
This species belongs to the division Cryptoblepharus, and is allied to C. peci-
lopleurus, but may be readily recognized by its coloration. The upper and lateral
parts are deep black, with five well-defined narrow white lines—one along the
median line of the back, one from each superciliary along the side of the back,
the outermost from the infraocular through the tympanum to the loin. On the
tail the median line has disappeared, and the others are continued as zizgag
lines or series of spots. Lower parts greenish.
The eye is surrounded by a complete circle of granules; postfrontals united
by a broad suture ; central occipital confluent with anterior occipitals. Dorsal
scales very broad, in four series. Body surrounded by 24 series of scales; 63
scales in a longitudinal series between chin and vent. Two large pranal scales.
Toes very slender.
Two specimens (of the ordinary size of a C. peciloplewrus, and perfectly alike
in every respect) were presented to the British Museum by Capt. Parry, and
are said to be from the west coast of Africa.
1874.] DR. GUNTHER ON THE FAUNA OF SAVAGE ISLAND. 297
4, Masovia Lawes, sp. n. (Plate XLV. fig. A.)
Supranasals far apart ; postfrontals separated by the vertical, which
is produced forward into a point touching the preefrontal. Only one
anterior occipital. Ear-opening without lobules. Scales very small,
the body being surrounded by 55 series of scales, and there being
78 scales in a longitudinal series between the axil of the fore leg and
the vent. Nine preanal scales subequal insize. The fore leg, when
laid forward, reaches to the nostril. ‘Che upper parts are brown,
gradually passing into the greenish white of the lower parts. Small
dark-brown specks are scattered over the back and sides; but most
characteristic are yellowish white spots (each occupying one scale
only) with which the back of the body and tail are ornamented. On
the trunk they are irregularly distributed, but on the tail they are
arranged in more or less regular transverse series.
in. lin.
Distance of the snout from the ear........ 0 9
a if fore lee.... 1 3
35 45 VEN crescs 1 Oo, O
Lonsth or falleaS ioe ding. h ck ici. | G5 O
Total lengthy: Lc. Seid vaagee tol. ee C936
Hengeth-of foredess<.. .- ies lp dtensl? nib?
I have named this fine species after the Rev. Mr. Lawes, who has
been engaged in improving the condition of the inhabitants of this
island since the year 1861.
5. PLATURUS SCHISTORHYNCHUS, sp. n. (Plate XLV. fig. B.)
The rostral shield is transversely divided into two, the upper
portion forming an azygos shield between the nasals. Another
azygos shield between the posterior frontals. Scales of the front
part of the trunk in twenty-one longitudinal series. Ventral shields
from 190 to 199. Snout and side of the head black, separated from
the black crown of the head by a horseshoe-shaped yellow band which
sometimes joins the yellow ring round the neck. Body surrounded
by about twenty-two black rings, broader than the interspaces.
I have examined five examples of this species, all agreeing in the
peculiarity of the divided rostral combined with the black snout.
This snake appears to be common on the shores of Savage Island, as
Mr. Lawes states that it is constantly caught and handled by
children and that it never attempts to bite. The discovery of this
snake is another instance of the local occurrence of many species of
sea-snakes. The figure is of the natural size.
A small Scorpion preserved in the same bottles with the Reptiles
is, as Mr. Butler informs me, Ischnurus complanatus (Koch).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XX. 20
298 DR. J.S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADZ. [May 5,
7. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiade.
By J.S. Bowrrsank, LL.D., F.R.S., &e.—Part VI.
[Received April 4, 1874.]
(Plates XLVI. & XLVIL)
Gropra carrnata, Bowerbank. (Plate XLVI. figs. 1-5.)
Sponge sessile, coating stems of Gorgonia or Fuci. Surface
smooth, but furnished with numerous longitudinal carine. Oscula
simple, dispersed, few in number. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal
membrane thin and pellucid, furnished abundantly with multiangu-
lated cylindrical spicula. Skeleton—fasciculi multispiculous, com-
pact ; spicula attenuato-spinulate, bases coincident. Interstitial
membranes furnished abundantly with arborescent elongo-subsphero-
stellate retentive spicula, variable in degree of development. Ovaria
oval or kidney-shaped, component spicula slender and delicate.
Surface-rete very minute.
Colour in the dried state light fawn-yellow.
Hab. South Sea (Mr. Thos. Ingall).
Examined in the dried state.
I received the figured specimen of this singular species from my
late friend Mr. Thos. Ingall in 1854, and I then described and
named it in MS.; and subsequently the multiangulated cylindrical
spicula of the dermis were described and figured in my paper on the
«‘ Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiade,” in the Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society for 1858, p. 314, plate xxvi.
fig. 10, and also the arborescent elongo-subsphero-stellate reten-
tive spicula of the interstitial membranes in p. 308, plate xxv.
fig. 19 of the same part for 1858. Shortly after I had examined
and named the species I saw a similar specimen in the British
Museum arranged among the Corals; and I stated to Dr. Baird that
it was a sponge and told him the name I had assigned to it, and he
forthwith removed it from the case and placed it among the Sponges.
Subsequently I obtained a second specimen by purchase in the year
1864. The whole three specimens were similarly parasitical and
very closely resembled each other in their external characters, and
especially so in their singularly carinated striation. On taking
sections at right angles to the surface of the sponge, I found that
these elevated ridges were produced by the projection of lines of
skeleton-fasciculi through the dermal crust of the sponge to imme-
diately beneath the dermal membrane, but in no instance did they
appear to perforate that organ. The greater portion of these cari-
nated elevations were in a longitudinal direction ; but occasionally
short transverse ridges are found connecting the longitudinal ones
with each other.
The dermal membrane is thin and pellucid, and when in a fine
state of preservation it is literally crowded with immumerable minute
_
» P-Z.S.1874.P1 XLVI.
—————-
A A A a nen
TAT et reer meeng nat emeentcs tent eee ten:
W. West &C° imp.
—13, G. imperfecta.14:-20,G. reticulata.
1-5, Geodia carinata. 6
W.Lens Aldous del. tlith .
P. Z.$.1874. Pl XLVI.
W.Lens Aldous del etlith. ar ies J f W. West &C? ump.
1—2. Halispongia Ventriculoides. 3-4, H. Mantelh.
1874. ] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADZ. 299
multiangulated cylindrical retentive spicula; they are so minute as
to require a power of five or six hundred linear to render their
forms distinctly to the eye. The number of angles in these spicula
vary from two or three to six or seven; and in some cases the angu-
lation is very distinctly and regularly produced.
From the thin coating nature of the sponge the skeleton-arrange-
ment is not so readily demonstrable as in many other species of the
genus. - The fasciculi are abundantly spiculous and very compactly
constructed. The bases of the spicula are all coincident and
proximal, while all the apices are distal as regards the direction of
the fasciculi.
The interstitial membranes are in many parts literally crowded
with the arborescent elongo-subsphero-stellate retentive spicula, and
they are also dispersed in considerable quantities amongst the ovaria
in the dermal crust. These spicula are singular and very character-
istic organs. The specimen figured is a very fully developed one.
They vary in degree of development to a very considerable extent ;
and in some the central mass is very thin and elongate.
In the dermal crust of the sponge none but fully developed ovaria
are to be found ; but they are dispersed in considerable numbers on
all parts of the interstitial membranes, and in every stage of
development from an elongately oval loosely aggregated mass of
very minute spicula to the compact and fully matured organ. The
spiculous structure of these ovaria is very much finer and more
minute than in any other species of Geodia with which I am ac-
quainted.
GropIA IMPERFECTA, Bowerbank. (Plate XLVI. figs. 6-13.)
Sponge massive, tuberous, sessile. Surface smooth. Oscula
simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal mem-
brane unknown. Skeleton—fasciculi rather loosely constructed ;
spicula subfusiformi-acerate, rather stout and short. Connecting
spicula attenuato-patento-ternate; radii rarely perfectly developed,
distal terminations recurved, not very numerous. Interstitial mem-
branes—retentive spicula sphero-stellate with cylindro-subfoliate
radii, numerous; and attenuato-stellate, variable in form, occasionally
subsphero-stellate more or less. Ovaria oval, depressed.
- Colour in the dried state cream-white.
Hab. South sea.
Examined in the dried state.
I obtained four specimens of this species from a dealer in objects
of natural history ; they are each attached to the basal portion of a
specimen of Oculina rosea from the South Sea ; the figured specimen
is the largest of the four. The whole of them possess the same
description of tuberous massive form; the smallest two did not
exceed an inch in length by about half an inch in breadth. The
oscula are so small as to require the aid of a lens of two inches focus
to render them readily apparent. I could not find any remains of
the dermal membrane on either of the specimens. The connecting-
20*
300 DR. J. 8. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. [May 5,
spicula afford the most prominent specific characters of the species.
The normal form is that of a regular attenuato-expando-ternate
connecting spiculum, the three radii of wliich are as nearly as possible
equal ; but they are very rarely found in this state. Sometimes one
or two of the terminal radii are absent or only partially developed, or
one or more of them terminate hemispherically. If the radii are
completely produced, their apices are mostly recurved or they
assume various contortions. If I had had the type specimen only
for examination, I might have imagined that these malformations
and contortions of the radii were those of the individual only ; but I
carefully examined microscopically the other three specimens to see
whether their spicula agreed in the imperfect development of the
radii of the ternate connecting ones of the type specimen ; and I
found in all of them the same contorted or undeveloped condition
of their radii that forms so striking a character in the type one.
The interstitial membranes are abundantly furnished with the two
forms of stellate retentive spicula, which, from their structural pecu-
liarities, afford very efficient specific characters. The sphero-stellate
ones with cylindro-subfoliate radii are rather the more numerous of
the two forms: they do not differ to any great extent in their
diameter; a perfectly developed one measured extreme diameter
tsix inch. The attenuato-stellate ones vary considerably in their
amount of development ; many of them have comparatively a small
number of radii, and in such cases they are frequently subsphero-
stellate : but this does not appear in the fully developed forms, where
the radii are too numerous to be counted ; a large one of this descrip-
tion measured extreme diameter +555 inch.
The ovaria are more or less oval and are depressed to a consider-
able extent; their length is frequently nearly twice that of their
diameter. They are abundantly dispersed on the surfaces of the in-
terstitial membranes, and may be seen in every stage of development,
from a minute multistellate form to that of the adult ovarium.
GEODIA RETICULATA, Bowerbank. (Plate XLVI. figs. 14-20.)
Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth, minutely reticulated.
Oscula small, congregated irregularly. Pores inconspicuous, evenly
dispersed. Dermal membrane unknown. Skeleton—fasciculi com-
pact, abundantly spiculous ; spicula fusiformi-acerate, rather slender ;
connecting spicula attenuato-patento-ternate, stout and long, numer-
ous, radii moderately long; and recurvo-ternate long and rather
slender, numerous ; also, rarely, porrecto-ternate long and slender.
interstitial membranes—tension-spicula fusiformi-acerate small and
slender, often flexuous; retentive spicula attenuato-stellate very
numerous, radii few; also cylindro-stellate, exceedingly abundant
and very minute, radii rather numerous. Ovaria small, spherical,
rather numerous.
Colour in the dried state cream-white.
Hab. Mexico (Mr. Thos. Ingall).
Examined in the dried state.
I received this sponge from my late friend Mr. Thos. Ingall,
1874.] DR, J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. 301
labelled ‘‘ Mexico.”’ It is firmly based on the remains of the stem
of afucus. The surface, to the unassisted eye, has a minutely reti-
culated appearance, arising from the closely disposed and exceedingly
numerous porous depressions ; but in the living state it would most
probably be quite smooth. The oscula were congregated in an irre-
gular group near the basal attachment ; they are simple in structure
and very small, the largest of them scarcely a line in diameter. The
internal structure is remarkable for the abundant varieties of its
spicula. The skeleton-fasciculi are composed of numerous, somewhat
slender, fusiformi-acerate spicula; and the fasciculi are very much
strengthened near the surface of the sponge by the incorporation in
their substance of the shafts of the numerous connecting spicula,
those of the patento-ternate ones frequently being nearly twice the
diameter of those of the skeleton and considerably longer ; both the
patento-ternate and the recurvo-ternate ones are numerous; but the
porrecto-ternate forms are of rare occurrence and are frequently very
slender. The interstitial membranes are abundantly supplied with
the two forms of retentive spicula, and especially so with the smallest
of the two forms. A fully developed one, of the largest size, mea-
sured ;;/57 inch extreme diameter ; and two of the smaller descrip-
tion were 3,4;5 inch and =,4,; inch in diameter ; and the latter one
was not the smallest one in the field of view. The radii of the
largest form were always acutely terminated, while those of smaller
ones were truncated or slightly expanded at their distal termina-
tions. The retentive spicula are very characteristic of the species,
from their minuteness and great abundance on the interstitial
membranes; while, on the contrary, the tension-spicula are com-
paratively of rare occurrence.
The ovaria are abundantly dispersed on all parts of the interstitial
membranes in various stages of development.
HALISPONGIA VENTRICULOIDES, Bowerbank. (Plate XLVII.
figs. 1 & 2.)
Sponges from Otaheite, Ellis and Solander’s Natural History of
Zoophytes, p. 206, tab. 59. figs. 1, 2, 3.
Spongia otahitica, Esper, vol. ii. tab. of Sponges lxi. (copied
from Ellis and Solander).
Sponge cup- or fan-shaped, thin ; pedicle short and stout. Surface
rather prominently ridged or mammillated in lines radiating from
the base to the distal margin, ridges or mammz more or less
elongated, margin of cup thick and rounded. Dermis retiform;
rete abundantly arenulous. Oscula simple, minute, dispersed, few
innumber. Pores inconspicuous. Skeleton—primary fibres abun-
dantly arenulous ; secondary fibres rarely arenulous.
Colour in the dried state ochreous yellow.
Hab. South Sea, Otaheite.
Examined in the dried state.
The prevailing form of this species is the cup-shaped one, subject
to a considerable amount of variation. The specimen represented by
302 DR. J. Ss. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIAD. [May 5,
fig. 2, Plate XLVII., is very regularly cup-shaped, but with the addi-
tion of a small fan-shaped offset from its base ; and in a third cup-
shaped one in my possession numerous thin fan-shaped ridges are
projected from the outer surface, some of which are more than half
an inch in height: and I have had several fan-shaped ones of very
considerable dimensions : one in my possession is very little short of
14 inches in breadth; and many years since I gave a still larger one
to the British Museum. A remarkable circumstance, which seems to
prevail in the cup-shaped specimens, is that they all appear to have
an orifice near the bottom of the cup, as represented in fig. 1, Plate
XLVII.; but it does not always exhibit the same regularity ; in the
specimen represented by fig. 2, it is much larger and more irregular
in form. The ridged or mammillated surface-structure is the same
in every form or size of the species.
The dermal rete is a strong closely constructed network, so laden
with particles of sand that the keratose-fibres are rarely to be
distinctly seen. The oscula are situated on the mamme or ridges of
the exhalant or inner surface of the cup, and they are so minute as
to be scarcely visible without the aid of a 2-inch lens.
The primary fibres of the skeleton are mostly disposed at right
angles to the outer and inner surfaces of the sponge, and each fibre
has usually a single closely packed series of arenaceous particles of
nearly equal size; and the distal fibres of the skeleton may be fre-
quently seen projected beyond the outer surface, each terminated
with a single molecule of sand encased in a thin coat of transparent
keratode. The secondary or internal connecting fibres are mostly
destitute of arenaceous matters; a few short lengths of broken
sponge-spicula are occasionally found embedded in them; their
general line of disposition is at right angles to the primary fibres.
This species is especially interesting as exhibiting a very close
alliance with Dr. Mantell’s fossil species of Ventriculites radiatus,
described and published in his work on the Geology of Sussex,
p. 468, and figured in tables x., xi., xil., xiii, & xiv. of that work.
The author instituted the genus Ventriculites for the reception of
a series of fossil forms which were considered by him to be silicified
Alcyonia; and in p. 168 he gives the following as its generic and
specific characters :—
“* Generic character.—Body inversely conical, concave, capable of
contraction and expansion ; original substance spongious (?) or gela-
tinous (?), external surface reticulated ; internal surface covered with
openings or perforated papillee ; base imperforated, prolonged into a
stirps, and attached to other bodies.
“‘Specifie character.—Infundibuliform ; external integument com-
posed of cylindrical, anastomosing fibres, radiating from the centre
to the circumference ; inner surface covered with perforated papillee
formed by the open extremities of short transverse tubuli; stirps
fixed by radical processes.”
The learned author accounts for the great variety of forms
assumed by these animals as “‘ partly attributable to the various forms
of expansion and contraction in which the originals were introduced
1874.] DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADA. 303
into the mineral kingdom, and partly to the mode in which their
remains are occasionally preserved.” With our present knowledge of
the protean nature of the Spongiade, the great variety of forms
exhibited by these fossils may be naturally and more readily
accounted for than by imagining them to have possessed the
power of contraction and dilatation ; and the enveloping flint,
which affords no indication of the form or structure of the en-
closed sponge, is now known to be attributable to the ventriculite
sponge having, in its living state, been covered by a parasitical
spralee of sponge, the whole being subsequently fossilized as one
ody.
Specimens of Mantell’s Ventriculites radiatus embedded in flint
are by no means uncommon. If one of these exhibiting the natural
surface of either the internal or external surface be immersed in a
basin with water containing 10 or 12 per cent. of hydrochloric acid
until the whole of the calcareous matter has been removed, and then,
when dried, if it be examined by direct light with a linear power
of about 50, the silicified fibrous structure will be frequently found
in a beautiful state of preservation, and when compared with that of
the recent sponge Halispongia ventriculoides, the fibrous tissues of
the two are so much alike as almost to induce a belief that they be-
long to the same species under different circumstances,
I have two thin sections at right angles to the natural surfaces of
a specimen of Mantell’s Ventriculites radiatus from near the bottom
of the cup embedded in flint ; viewed by transmitted light with a
power of 50 linear, they present precisely the structural characters
we see in our recent Halispongia ventriculoides. There is the same
alrangement of the fibrous structure, the primary ones abundantly
arenulous ; and the internal secondary ones are destitute of sand, and,
what is strongly indicative of a close alliance, there are several fibres
projecting from the external surface terminated by a single grain of
sand as in the recent sponges ; and the external surface of the fossil
Sponge is as abundantly arenulous as that of the recent one.
In Ellis and Solander’s work there are neither generic nor specific
descriptions given of the sponges figured ; and Esper copies Ellis and
Solander’s figures and designates the specimen as Spongia otahitica.
I do not see that this specific designation has any pretensions to
stand ; and I have therefore named the species ventriculoides, as more
consistent with its ancient alliances, and as forming a bond of union
with the very closely allied species of Mantell’s Ventriculites radiatus.
HALisPponcia MANTELLI, Bowerbank. (Plate XLVIL. figs. 3&4.)
Sponge cup-shaped, thin; pedicel short. Surface, outer one
smooth and even; inner one furnished with depressed ridges, radia-
ting from the bottom of the cup to the distal margin; distal margin
attenuated. Dermis retiform, abundantly arenulous. Oscula simple,
dispersed, very minute, inconspicuous. Pores dispersed, visible by
the aid of a 2-inch lens. Skeleton—primary fibres abundantly
arenulous ; secondary fibres rarely arenulous.
Colour light ochreous yellow.
304 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON THE SPONGIADE. [May 5,
Hab. South Seas.
Examined in the dried state.
The specimen figured is the only one that I have seen. I ob-
tained it by purchase from a dealer, along with other sponges and
specimens of Oculina rosea from the South Seas. The external cha-
racters of this sponge at once separate it from the nearly allied
species H. ventriculoides. The outer surface exhibits but very
faint traces of the primary radial lines of the skeleton that are so
prominently exhibited in H. ventriculoides ; and on the inner surface
the radial lines are so much depressed as to be scarcely termed
elevated. The retiform dermis is abundantly supplied with arena-
ceous particles of nearly uniform size. The oscula are nearly all
obsolete ; the few seen by the aid of a lens of two inches focus were
minute simple orifices. The pores are readily to be seen by the aid
of the lens ; they are very numerous on the outer or inhalant surface
of the sponge, and are equally dispersed on all parts of its surface.
The primary lines of the skeleton are abundantly arenulous, the
grains of sand usually forming a single series very equable in size.
The secondary skeleton-fibres rarely ever contain sand particles ;
but a few small fragments of siliceous spicula are occasionally seen
in some of them, and they always appear to be disposed in accordance
with the axis of the fibre. This species appears to be closely allied
to Mantell’s Spongus Townsendi, p. 164, tab. xvi. fig. 9, ‘ Geology
of Sussex.’ The only portion of the ventriculite sponge in Man-
tell’s figure that is visible is the extremely thin distal margin of the
sponge; and in this character it closely resembles our recent speci-
men. I have not been fortunate enough to meet with a good spe-
cimen of Mantell’s S. Townsendi; but I have a portion of what is
apparently one of them completely immersed in flint ; and, as far as
can be judged by a polished section at right angles to its surfaces, it
is very similar in its structure to our recent specimen of sponge, and
there is a total absence of the sinuous outline that would be exhibited
by asimilar section of a specimen of Mantell’s Ventriculites radiatus.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES.
Prats XLVI.
Geodia carinata, Bowerbank.
Fig. 1 represents the type specimen of the species surrounding the remains of
the stem of a large Gorgonia, natural size.
2. Three of the multiangulated cylindrical spicula from the dermal mem-
brane, magnified 530 linear.
8. One of the attenuato-spinulate skeleton-spicula, magnified 123 linear.
4. A fully developed aborescent subsphero-stellate retentive spiculum from
the interstitial membranes, magnified 530 linear.
5 represents one of the ovaria, magnified 250 linear.
Geodia imperfecta, Bowerbank.
Fig. 6 represents the type specimen, parasitical on Oculina rosea, natural size.
7. An average-sized subfusiformi-acerate skeleton-spiculum, magnified
80 linear.
8, 9, 10, 11. Varieties of the undeveloped or malformed attenuato-patento-
ternate connecting spicula, magnified 80 linear.
1874.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON BIRDS FROM BULAMA. 305
Fig. 12. A fully developed sphero-stellate retentive spiculum with cylindro-sub-
foliate radii, magnified 530 linear.
13. A fully developed attenuato-stellate retentive spiculum, magnified
530 linear.
Geodia reticulata, Bowerbank.
Fig. 14 represents the type specimen parasitical on the remains of the stem of a
fucus, natural size.
15. One of the fusiformi-acerate skeleton-spicula, magnified 80 linear.
16. A well-developed attenuato-patento-ternate connecting spiculum, mag-
nified 80 linear.
17. A portion of one of the long and rather slender recuryo-ternate con-
necting-spicula, magnified 80 linear.
18. A portion of one of the porrecto-ternate connecting spicula, magnified
89 linear.
19. One of the attenuato-stellate retentive spicula, magnified 530 linear.
20. An _average-sized cylindro-stellate retentive spiculum, magnified
530 linear.
Piatz XLVII,
Halispongia ventriculoides, Bowerbank.
Fig. 1. A small but very perfect specimen of the species, with the remarkable
orifice at the base of the sponge, natural size.
2. A well-formed cup-shaped specimen of the species, with a fan-shaped
offset attached to its base, natural size.
Halispongia Mantelli, Bowerbank.
Fig. 3 represents the type specimen of the species, natural size.
4. A section of H. Mantelli at right angles to its external and internal
surfaces, exhibiting the reticular structure of the skeletun with the
embedded particles of sand at both surfaces: a, the external surface :
8, the internal one: magnified 60 linear.
8. On a small Collection of Birds from Bulama, one of the
Bissagos Islands, W. Africa. By R. Bowpier SHARPE,
F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Senior Assistant, Zoological Depart-
ment, British Museum.
[Received April 17, 1874.]
I am indebted to Major Bulger for the opportunity of examining
a small collection made by his brother Lieut. Bulger in Bulama
Island ; and as no one has before collected in the locality, I give a
short list of the species. * Major Bulger has sent me the following
note on the locality whence these birds come, which I cannot do
better than reproduce :—
“The Bissagos or Bijuga Islands lie on the west coast of Africa,
between 11° 40! and 10° 50! N. lat., and 15° 30! and 16° 30! Ww,
long., opposite the mouth of the river Bulola or Rio Grande. They
form a group of about twenty islands, enclosed by a reef. Most of
them are inhabited ; but some are uearly bare rock, and only visited
occasionally. The largest, Marshi, is above 15 miles long. The
islands Carache, Corbele, Cazegut, Gallinas, Orango, Canyabac and
Bulama are much smaller. On Bulama the English formed a settle-
ment in 1792; but it was abandoned in 1793 on account of its un-
306 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CICONIA BOYCIANA. [May 19,
healthiness. These islands, which are of volcanic origin, have an
excellent soil, composed chiefly of decomposed lava and vegetable
matter. They are mostly covered with wood; but there are some
natural savannas, and a few clear spaces, affording ample pasturage
for innumerable elephants, deer, buffaloes, and other wild animals.
The inhabitants cultivate some maize, and have plantations of bananas
and palms; but their chief wealth consists of cattle and goats. It
is remarkable that the hippopotamus is found in the straits which
divide the islands of Canyabac and Bulama from the continent ; there
is no freshwater river within several miles.”’ *
The avifauna of Bulama is, as might have been expected, thoroughly
Senegambian, as far as we can judge from so small a collection as the
present. The nearest point of Africa, Bissao, has been thoroughly
explored by M. Beaudouin and other French naturalists; but I am
not aware that any connected account of their collections has ever
been published.
1. Asturinula monogrammica. 11. Terpsiphone nigriceps.
2. Coracias abyssinica. 12. Pholidauges leucogaster.
3. Merops egyptius. 13. Euplectes flammiceps.
4. Corythornis cyanostigma. 14. Coliostruthus macrurus.
5. Schizorhis africana. 15. Hyphantornis luteolus.
6. Nectarinia cyanocephala. 16. Spermestes bicolor.
7. Nectarinia cuprea. 17. Estrelda rufopicta.
8. Nectarinia subcollaris. 18. Treron calva.
9. Laniarius barbarus. 19. Turtur erythrophrys.
10. Laniarius bakbakiri.
The collection contains a specimen of Laniarius bakbakiri, appa-
rently identical with South-African examples. This is the first time
that this species has been known to occur in West Africa ; and I was
inclined to doubt its Bulama origin. Major Bulger, however, believes
that it was collected with the other birds, but has kindly promised
to inquire into the matter on his brother’s return.
May 19, 1874.
Dr. E. Hamilton, V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a skin of Ciconia boyciana, Swinhoe (P.Z.S.
1873, p. 513, and 1874, p. 2, Pl. 1.), being that of one of the two
specimens recently living in the Gardens+, and stated that he had
received a communication from M. L. Taczanowski of Warsaw,
C.M.Z.S., from which it would appear that this species was the or-
dinary White Stork of Eastern Siberia. The following was an extract
from M. Taczanowski’s letter. After stating that M. Severtzow had
* Life of Capt. Beaver by Smyth ; and Capt. Belcher in the Journ, of the
Geogr. Soe.
t This specimen is now in Lord Walden’s collection.
1874.] MR. W. C. M‘INTOSH ON BRITISH ANNELIDA. 307
distinguished it as a new species, he continued :—‘ Le Dr. Dybowski
Pa rencontré en nombre assez considérable sur le fleuve Ussuri sous
le 48° de lat. bor., ow un certain nombre est resté pour Vhiver. I]
dit dans sa lettre du Novembre 1873, qu’elles se nourrissent pendant
cette saison de Salmo leucomenis, qui y ont péri en quantité aprés
avoir frayé, et leurs cadavres se sont accumulés dans la glace ou ont
été rejetés sur sa surface. Il] a envoyé une peau d’un mile tué le 17
Octobre 1873.”
An extract was read from a letter of Dr. W. Peters, Foreign
Member, in which it was stated that he had lately received from
Panama a specimen of the very rare and curious Lizard described
and figured in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1863 (p. 154, pl. xxi.)
as Poriodogaster grayi, Smith ; so that this would appear to be the
true patria of this species, and not Lower California, as suggested
by Dr. Gray.
An extract was read from a letter of Dr. J. Hector, C.M.Z.S.,
pointing out an error in his paper on Cnemiornis calcitrans (P. Z.S.
1873, p. 763). The words “weight” and “bulk” over the two
columns in the table at the bottom of the page have been acci-
dentally transposed, similar 4udkés of bone having been compared,
which produce varying weights.
The table should stand as follows :—
Ue Gnemiornss.). hes ccizen. saialeny eee 10 244
RiOny arma! sisi. ee eee oe 10 210
SDR rinmp iis 7 ida wih Wee 10 187
As UNESCO MER rae sale hes Pa tecaeinein LO 131
GLE eractiege .ceyte whee tenes 10 126
showing that the humerus of Cremiornis is by far the heaviest.
Prof. Newton exhibited and made remarks on two letters, the
property of J. B. Wilmot, Esq., M.D., written from Mauritius
18 June, 1628, by Emanuel Altham, referring to a live Dodo whic h
he was then sending to England.
A communication was read from Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., containing
a list of the species of Feline Animals (Felidae).
Mr. G. Busk, F.R.S., presented two communications from Mr.
W.C. M‘Intosh, of Murthly, Perthshire. The first of these was
entitled, ‘‘ Contributions to our knowledge of the British Annelida ;”
and the second contained the first portion of an account of the Anne-
lida collected during the ‘ Porcupine’ Expeditions of 1869 and 1870.
These papers will be printed in the Society’s ‘Transactions.’ _
The following papers were read :—
308 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE BURROWING OWL. [May 19,
1. On the Habits of the Burrowing Owl (Pholeoptynz cunt-
cularia). By W. H. Hupson, C.M.ZS.
[Received April 20, 1874.]
The Burrowing Owl is abundant everywhere on the open level
pampas of the Argentine Republic, and avoids woods but not districts
abounding in scattered trees and bushes.
It sees better than other Owls by day, and never affects conceal-
ment, nor appears molested by diurnal sounds and the glare of noon.
When a person passes near one it stares fixedly at him, following
him with the eyes, the round head turning about ason a pivot. If
closely approached, it drops its body in a somewhat playful fashion,
emitting a brief scream, followed by three abrupt ejaculations—and
if made to fly, goes but fifteen or twenty yards off, and alights again
with face towards the intruder ; and no sooner does it alight than it
repeats the gesture and scream, standing stiff and erect, and appearing
beyond measure astonished at the intrusion. By day it flies near the
surface with wings continuously flapping, and seldom goes far, and
invariably before alighting glides suddenly upwards for some distance
and comes down abruptly. It frequently runs rapidly on the ground,
and is incapable of sustaining flight long. Gaucho boys pursue
them for sport on horseback, taking them in fifteen or twenty minutes,
They live in pairs all the year, and sit by day at the mouth of the
burrow or on the Vizcacha’s mound, the two birds so close together
as to be almost touching; when alarmed they both fly away, but
sometimes the male only, the female diving into the burrow. Their
sitting on the ground may be more from necessity than choice, as
they usually perch on the summits of bushes where such abound.
These are the commonest traits of the Burrowing-Owl in the
settled regions, where it is excessively numerous and familiar with
man; but in the regions hunted over by the Indians it is scarce,
and in some of its habits quite a different bird. Shy of approach as
a persecuted game-fowl, it rises to a considerable height in the air
when the approaching traveller is yet far off, and flies often beyond
sight before descending again to the earth. This wildness of dis-
position is, without doubt, traceable to the active animosity of the
pampa tribes, who have all the ancient wide-spread superstitions
regarding the Owl. Sister of the Evil Spirit is one of their names
for it. They hunt it to death whenever they can, and, when tra-
velling, will not stop to rest or encamp on the spot where an Owl has
been seen. As soon as the plains are settled by whites, the bird
drops this wary habit, and becomes exceedingly tame. They are also
tenacious of the spot they live in, and are not, like the Pipit and
Spurred Lapwing, driven out by cultivation. When the fields are
ploughed up, they burrow on the borders of the ditches, and sit on the
wayside fences, and are so tame that a rider can easily knock thera
down with his whip. Several pairs live near my house ; and when a
person rides up to within three or four yards of a burrow the birds
only snap and hiss and ruffle up their feathers, refusing to fly away.
1874.] MR, W. H. HUDSON ON THE BURROWING OWL. 309
Occasionally the Owls are seen preying by day, especially when
any thing passes near, offering the chance of an easy capture:
often 1 have amused myself throwing bits of earth near one as it
sat by its kennel ; for the bird will immediately give chase, only dis-
covering its mistake when the stone is firmly clutched in its talons.
When rearing their young they are perhaps quite as active by day as
by night. On the hot days of November multitudes of two large
species of Scarabe@us appear; and the bulky bodies and noisy bungling
flight of these beetles invite the Owls to pursuit ; and on every side
they are seen chasing and striking down the beetles, and tumbling
upon them in the grass. Owls have a peculiar manner of taking
their prey: they grapple it so tightly in their talons that they totter
and strive to steady themselves by throwing out their wings this
way and that, and, often losing their balance, fall prostrate, and
flutter on the ground. If the animal captured be small, they pro-
ceed after a while to dispatch it with the beak ; if large, they usually
rise laboriously from the earth, and fly to some distance with it,
thus giving time for the wounds inflicted with their claws to do
their work.
How remarkable it is that the Tenioptera (so different in structure
from Owls) should resemble them in the peculiar manner of selzing
their prey !
The Tenioptera frequently darts upon a large insect on the
ground, and, grasping it with its feet, flutters and totters precisely
like an Owl. This habit I have observed in four Species of
Tenioptera.
At sunset the Burrowing Owls begin to hoot; a short followed
by a long note is repeated many times, with an interval of a second
of silence. There is nothing dreary or solemn in this performance ;
but it is rather soft and sorrowful, somewhat resembling the lowest
notes of the flute in sound. In spring they hoot a great deal, many
birds responding to each other.
In the evening they are often seen hovering at a height of 40
yards above the surface, and continuing a minute or longer without
altering their position. They do not drop the whole distance at
once on their prey, but descend vertically, tumbling and fluttering,
as if wounded, to within 10 yards of the earth, and then, after
hovering a few seconds more, glide obliquely upon it. They prey
on every living creature not too large to be overcome by them.
Sometimes they sever off and leave untasted the head, tail, and feet of
a mouse. The hind quarters of frogs and toads are almost invariably
rejected ; and inasmuch as these are the most fleshy and succulent
parts, this is a strange and unaccountable habit, They make an
easy conquest of a snake 18 inches long, and kill it by dealing
it blows with the beak, hopping briskly about it all the time, and
appearing to guard themselves with the wings. Many individuals
become destructive to poultry-yards, carrying off the chickens by
day. In seasons of plenty they destroy more prey than they can
devour ; but in severe winters they come, apparently starving, about
the houses, and will then stoop to carry off any dead animal food,
310 MR. W. H. HUDSON ON THE BURROWING OWL. [May 19,
though old and dried up as a bit of parchment. This I have often
seen them do. Though the Owls are always on familiar terms with
the Vizcachas, and occasionally breed in one of their neglected
burrows, they generally excavate their own burrows. The kennel is
crooked, and varies greatly in length, from 4 to 12 feet. The
nest is at the extremity, composed of wool and dry grass, often
exclusively of horse-dung. The eggs are five, white, and nearly
spherical. After the female has begun laying, the birds continue to
carry in dry horse-dung, until the floor of the burrow and a space
before it is thickly carpeted with this material. The following
spring the loose earth and rubbish is cleared out ; for the same bur-
row may serve them two or more years. It is always untidy, but
mostly so during the breeding-season and when prey is very abun-
dant, the floor and ground about the entrance being often littered
with excrements and pellets of hair and bones, wing-cases of
beetles, and feathers, hind quarters of frogs in all stages of decay, the
great hairy black spiders of the pampas, and remains of half-eaten
snakes and other unpleasant creatures they subsist on. But all
this carrion about the Owl’s disordered house reminds one forcibly
of the important part assigned to it in the natural economy. The
young birds ascend to the entrance of the burrow to bask in the
sun and receive the food their parents bring: when approached
they become irritated, snapping with their beaks, and appearing
reluctant to enter the burrow; but for some weeks after learning to
fly they make it their refuge from danger. Old and young birds
often live four or five months together. I believe nine tenths of the
Owls in this country make their own burrows ; but as thay occa-
sionally prefer breeding in the forsaken burrows of mammals to
mining themselves, it is probable they would almost always observe
this last habit did suitable burrows abound.
I have never seen any complete account of the North-American
form of this Owl, but presume its habits are now well known, as all
matters connected with science receive so much attention in that
country. From such stray notices of the bird as I have met, I learn
that it inhabits and invariably breeds in the kennels of the Prairie-
Marmot. The small, neat burrows of that mammal must be far
better suited to its requirements than the vast ones excavated by the
Vizcacha.
Probably the Burrowing Owl originally acquired the habit of
breeding in the earth in open level bare regions; and when this
habit (favourable as it could not but be in such shelterless places)
had become ineradicable, a want of suitable burrows would lead it to
clean out such old ones as had become half filled with rubbish, to
deepen such as were too shallow, and ultimately to excavate new ones.
In Buenos Ayres the mining instinct varies greatly in individuals.
In the birds that breed in Vizcachas’ burrows the instinct is doubt-
less weak ; they can hardly be said to possess it.
Some pairs, long mated, only begin their burrows when the
breeding-season is already on them; others make their burrows as
early as April—that is, six months before the breeding-season. Gene-
134 ob Pies
, A
ees 1nekeh Ah ee a0) Ue Sr
Yyaty yA fj
dat 4aeyUuey}
1874.] M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON A NEW PERUVIAN WEASEL. 311
rally both birds work, one standing by and regarding operations
with an aspect of grave interest, and taking its place in the burrows
when the other retires ; but sometimes the female makes the kennel
without any assistance from her partner. Some pairs work expedi-
tiously, and their burrows are deep and neatly made ; others go about
their task in a perfunctory manner, and begin and immediately
abandon perhaps half a dozen burrows, and then rest two or three
weeks from their unprofitable labours. But, whether industrious or
indolent, by September they all have their burrows made.
Most, if not all, the writers who have mentioned our bird err in
speaking of its burrowing-habits. Azara was perhaps the first to
say that it never constructs its own habitations. Molina (usually
judicious) flies to the opposite extreme, and asserts, on the authority
of P. Fuiellé, that it burrows to such an amazing depth in the
earth, that only the incomparable zeal and industry of Fuiellé him-
self has enabled us to know the nesting-habits of the bird.
Fuiellé’s profound investigations resulted in the discovery that the
eggs of the Burrowing Owl are speckled!
2. Description d’une nouvelle espéce de Mustela du Pérou
central. Par L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S.
[Received May 4, 1874. ]
(Plate XLVIII.)
MusTELA MACRURA, n. sp. (Plate XLVIII.)
Brunneo-castanea, capite obscuriore; subtus isabellina, pedes
cum corpore concolores ; cauda corpore paulo breviore, apice
nigro aut obscure brunneo.
Deux exemplaires, ¢ et ¢, récueillis en 1873 par M. Jelski aux
environs du lac Junin (Pérou central), et déposés au Musée de Var-
sovie, different spécifiquement de MV. agilis, Tsch. Leur taille est
considérablement plus forte; la queue est beaucoup plus longue,
égalant les deux tiers de la longueur du corps, tandis que celle de la
4M. agilis est plus courte que la moitié. Elle présente aussi plu-
sieurs différences en détails de la coloration. La couleur générale
est d’un brun marron uniforme, excepté la téte qui est plus ou
moins foneée, et l’extrémité de la queue qui est noire ou brun foncée
sur l’espace de deux pouces. Les oreilles sont garnies de poils de
méme couleur que les parties environnantes de la téte. Tout le
dessous en commencant du menton, ainsi qu’une bande sur le cété
postérieur des pattes antérieures, n’atteignant pas l’extrémité et une
bande sur la moitié antérieure du devant des cuisses sont d’une
couleur isabelle uniforme, nettement tranchée de la couleur du
dessus. Les pattes sont aussi foncées que le pelage général. Un
individu a au front un petit trait blanc, l’autre ne présente rien de
cette couleur. Le poil est gris brundtre 4 la base, et brun marron
dans la moitié terminale, sans anneau clair au miljeu dont parle
312 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE [ May 19,
Tschudi dans la description de la M. agilis. Le poil des parties
inférieures est unicolore. Les griffes sont blanchatres. Dimensions
en millimétres :
beat
Long. depuis le nez jusqu’a la naissance de la
MUENG Fac «hte BTR mIST+ ay'gerlelarasd ataye nae Os Ae
sx: de la qneue avec Je poll: ...-2 + 2... +2 185 27a
»» de la queue sans poil................150 178
és se Med astOler | nk .qcissetmieeek. 3 lye wage beeeterseeanes 60 60
9» du tarse avec les griffes 3.0.25. «+20 5] 51
C’est l’espéce la plus voisine de la M. frenata du Mexique; la
grandeur est presque la méme, ainsi que la proportion de la queue,
qui est aussi presque également velue, terminée en pointe et non pas
en pinceau comme dans la M. erminea.
Sans doute c’est l’animal mentionné par Tschudi*, il dit: ‘* Nous
supposons que plusieurs différentes espéces s’y trouvent, car nous
avons vu plusieurs fois une belette prés de deux pieds de longueur,
sans avoir eu le bonheur de la tuer. Les renseignements des Indiens
confirment notre supposition.”” Notre animal est plus petit, car il
n’a que 18 pouces, mais Tschudi a pu exagérer sa grandeur en
comparant avec M. agilis.
3. Notes on the Respiration of some Species of Indian
Freshwater Fishes. By G. E. Dosson, B.A., M.B.,
C.M.Z.S., HUES.
[Received April 20, 1874. ]
The following notes on the respiration of some species of Indian
freshwater fishes were derived from experiments made in the months
of April, May, and June last year upon several specimens from the
river Hooghly, near Calcutta. The number of species examined was
eleven, representing six families—namely, Siluride, Symbranchide,
Cyprinide, Labyrinthici, Ophiocephalidz, and Mastacembelidz.
Previous observers + of the habits of the freshwater fishes of tro-
pical countries had remarked that some species required atmospheric
air directly for the purpose of respiration, and if prevented from
obtaining it were suffocated, precisely as land animals would be. To
such species the term “aerial ’’ or “compound breathers”’ has been
applied, in contradistinction to that of “ water-breathers,” which is
applicable to most species of fishes.
* Fauna Peruana, Saugeth. p. ili.
+ To avoid entering upon an account here of what has been observed on the same
subject previously, it will be sufficient to refer to Mr. Boake’s paper on the fishes
inhabiting the Ceylon marshes, published in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1865, and to Mr. Francis Day’s paper entitled
“Observations on some of the Freshwater Fishes of India,” in P’ Z. 8. 1868,
pp. 274-288, in which, besides an account of many most interesting and original
experiments on the respiration of these fishes, the investigations of previous
observers are described or referred to.
1874. ] RESPIRATION OF FRESHWATER FISHES. 313
The following experiments were undertaken with the view of ex-
tending our knowledge in this direction, by determining what other
Species are compound breathers, and in what degree the direct use
of atmospheric air is necessary for their existence.
The manner of conducting the experiments was similar to that
adopted by Mr. Francis Day *, to whose investigations these notes
may be regarded as addenda.
The specimens experimented upon were recently taken and quite
uninjured. The temperature of the water during the period occupied
in making the following observations varied very slightly, from about
87° to 91° Fahr.
Exp. 1.—A specimen of Plotosus canius was placed ina large
cylindrical glass jar (of equal diameter throughout) nearly filled with
water, and having a metal plate, pierced throughout with large
openings, fixed 1 inch beneath the surface of the water. The
metal plate was fixed in this position immediately after the fish had
been observed to rise to the surface of the water. ‘Twelve minutes
afterwards the fish again rose and pushed violently against the plate,
but not succeeding in getting to the surface it sank slowly to the
bottom of the jar. Having remained thirteen minutes at the bottom
rapidly moving the gill-covers, it made a second attempt to reach
the surface, and dashed so strongly against the plate as to force it
upwards, and so. obtained access to the air. On sinking down
again, a large number of air-bubbles passed upwards from the gill-
openings.
The fish was then placed for the night in a large earthenware
basin, with a specimen of Ophiocephalus punctatus about the same
size. Next morning the latter had eaten the greater portion of the
barbels of the former, and had torn away the skin of the abdomen.
The greater portion of the anal fin was detached from the body and
eaten, but the fish seemed as lively as before. ‘Two other fish of
the same species had leaped out of another basin, and were found
dead on the floor. The Plotosus was again placed in the same glass
jar, having a diaphragm of net fastened 12 inch below the surface of
the water. It remained inactive for nearly half an hour, then sought
the surface, but being repulsed by the net struggled violently against
it, during which time several air-bubbles passed from the gill-openings
to the surface of the water. It died in one hour from the time of
being first placed in the jar, and in half an hour from first com-
mencing its struggles.
Exp. 2.—Placed four specimens of Macrones tengara at 10.40 a.m.
in the glass jar, the netted diaphragm being fixed as in Fixp. 1. In
another jar without a diaphragm two specimens were also placed.
At 3 p.m. the respiratory action of the fish in the jar with the
diaphragm became much excited; at 3.40 the largest individual,
which had been for some time swimming about, rose to the net and
pushed against it several times; at 4.40 all the fish had almost
* Loc. cit. p. 278, exp. 1 & 4.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXI. 21
314 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE [May 19,
ceased to respire, and lay at the bottom of the vessel. To show that
their deaths were not due to a deleterious condition of the water, it
was carefully drawn off (a small portion sufficient to cover the fish
being allowed to remain) and fresh substituted, without, however,
permitting the fish to reach the surface. The fresh water seemed
to produce no change in their condition. At 5 p.m. the largest
specimen lay on its side; at 7 P.M. all were dead. Both the speci-
mens in water with free access to the surface were alive at this hour ;
but one died at 10 p.m., probably from wounds it had received; the
other was found dead next morning *.
Exp. 3.—A specimen of Saccobranchus singio was placed in the
same jar, having the netted diaphragm similarly fixed 1 inch beneath
the surface of the water. It made but few attempts to reach the
surface, and died in four hours. Another specimen placed in the
jar afterwards swam about in a very lively manner, and made several
attempts to reach the surface of the water; it died in two hours.
The difference in the time required to cause suffocation was pro-
bably due to the greater exertions made by the second specimen,
which exhausted the supply of air faster.
Other specimens kept for observation in my aquarium with free
access to the air were observed, when approaching the surface of the
water, to discharge a considerable amount of air from the gill-openings,
immediately afterwards placing the muzzle above the water.
Exp. 4.—A specimen of Amphipnous cuchia >t was placed in the
glass jar, which was more than half filled with fresh water. The
netted diaphragm was omitted, in order to observe its mode of respi-
ration. The habits of the animal while in the water were noted
during eight days, with the following results :—It was found that the
fish either lay in a semitorpid state at the bottom or remained sus-
pended in the water, keeping its head resting against the side of the
jar about 1 inch or less below the surface. The used-up air was
expelled from the gill-apertures, at first slowly, one bubble succeeding
another till four or five were discharged ; the remaining air was then
expelled by a single effort, the fish immediately sinking to the bottom
of the jar, most probably as the direct result of suddenly increased
specific gravity. Usually in about two minutes afterwards the animal
raised itself by muscular effort, placed the muzzle at the surface of
the water, separated the lips slightly (precisely as a snake does when
* I do not consider the above-described experiment as conclusively proving
this species to be a mixed air- and water-breather ; for although very many
specimens were procured by me for the purpose of examining their respiration,
the greater number died before I could find an opportunity for making the
necessary experiments; and even those examined were most probably in a
sickly condition, as shown by the death of the other two specimens, not confined
beneath the surface of the water, a few hours later. When placed in the
aquarium these fish invariably kept swimming round and round, having the
extremity of the muzzle at the surface of the water, or remained vertically sus-
pended with the mouth at the surface. This seems to me to indicate that
unmixed air was also required for the purpose of respiration.
+ For a description of the respiratory organs in this fish, see Owen’s ‘ Ana-
tomy of Vertebrates,’ yol. i. pp. 481 & 487.
1874. ] RESPIRATION OF FRESHWATER FISHES. 315
about to hiss), and took in air, the branchial sacs behind the com-
missure of the lips becoming inflated *.
The fish was, on the ninth day, removed from the water and placed
in a basket with some moistened grass. It lived there for five days
without water. Unlike other fish kept for experimental purposes,
it refused food of any description during the whole time it remained
alive.
Exp. 5.—A specimen of Lepidocephalicthys balgara was placed in
the glass jar, which was half filled with fresh water. No diaphragm
was used. The fish was observed to pass to the surface of the water
rapidly, and apparently blow off from the mouth some air-bubbles.
It immediately retreated to the bottom, and there the action of the
gill-covers was exceedingly rapid, so rapid as to be impossible to
count, perhaps 200 ina minute. It was seen but on two occasions
to go to the surface during the whole day ; but from the presence of
bubbles on the surface it was suspected that it went on many other
occasions when not observed.
The glass jar with the fish in it was taken for the night into my
bedroom. About one o’clock I was awakened by some noise, and
heard a sound between a grunt and a squeal. [I thought a Rat had
got into the room (a not uncommon occurrence in the East), and lit
a candle to see where the intruder was. On going to that part of
the room whence the sound proceeded, I was surprised to find that
my little fish was the cause of all the disturbance. He had leaped
out of the glass jar (the edge of which was 3 inches above the surface
of the water), and had fallen to the ground, a distance of 4 feet, [
found him wriggling about in the dust, occasionally uttering a squeal.
On taking the fish into my hand he again made the same noise, which
is very peculiar.
On the following evening the same fish remained in the glass jar
without water from 8 p.m. to 10.30 P.M., and on being again placed
in water appeared to have sustained no injury. When placed in
shallow water it remained suspended in the water, its head just
beneath the surface, respiring very rapidly. It Supported itself in
this position by resting on its tail and lying against the side of the
vessel, precisely as Amphipnous cuchia in Exp. 4.
On the approach of any object close to the side of the vessel, the
fish always turned its head towards the object, and the gill-covers
ceased to move, the animal regarding the intruder intently for some
time ; then, when satisfied that no immediate harm was to be feared,
the action of respiration was resumed, the gill-covers moving as
rapidly as before.
Two days after its attempt to escape at night the same fish (which
appeared quite as lively as when first obtained) was placed in the
same glass jar. A double net was stretched about half an inch
beneath the surface of the water. Fifteen minutes afterwards the
fish suddenly rose and attempted to reach the surface, then sank
* The branchial sacs in the inflated condition appear to act also as floats,
retaining the head of the animal near the surface of the water in a conyenient
position for capturing its prey.
Z1*
316 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE [May 19,
down, and again renewed the same attempt more vigorously. Five
minutes afterwards it rose again, and pushed strongly against the
net. Thirty minutes afterwards it swam about excitedly round and
round the vessel. Two hours subsequently, in some way I did not
perceive, it splashed water up through the double net violently, so
that some drops fell outside the jar, the mouth of which was nearly
4 inches above the surface of the water. Fifteen minutes afterwards
I saw the fish resting vertically on the extremity of the caudal fin,
having its head thrust through one of the meshes of the lower net,
and the extremity of the snout at the surface of the water through
a mesh of the upper net. The depth of the water was such that the
fish exactly reached the surface with the snout when suspended ver-
tically resting on the tip of the caudal fin.
The netted diaphragm was now raised | inch higher, and water
added, so that the net was | inch beneath the surface. In thirty-
seven minutes the fish again sought the surface, and succeeded in
thrusting its head and part of its body through the meshes of both
nets, so that its muzzle rested at the surface of the water. In this
position it remained quiet, apparently drawing in the unmixed air,
and would only leave its position when touched several times. Soon
afterwards it again forced its way through the net as before ; and two
minutes afterwards some bubbles of air passed from its mouth. On
shaking the vessel some air-bubbles passed upwards from the gill-
openings.
The net was now removed and a perforated tin plate substituted.
In forty-five minutes the fish swam about in an excited manner, and
then sank to the bottom. It made several attempts to reach the
surface, and at length managed to force itself through a somewhat
larger opening in the centre of the plate, which I had thought much
too small for it to get through. Immediately on reaching the surface
it discharged a large amount of air under water, as a great number
of bubbles came up about it. It remained in shallow water (about
half an inch deep) all next day, and appeared very lively in the
evening. On the following day I observed that soon after taking in
air at the surface and sinking to the bottom of the vessel, a large
amount of air passed upwards in bubbles from the anus.
The fish was removed to a larger jar, fresh water placed in it, and
atin plate pierced throughout with openings of an equal size, too
small to allow the animal to gain access to the surface. The fish
made many attempts unsuccessfully to reach the surface, and at
length sank to the bottom and remained quiet there, the gill-covers
moving, however, very rapidly. In twenty-four hours the fish was
evidently about to die; the dorsal fin had collapsed, and the gill-
covers had almost ceased to move. The diaphragm was removed,
and fresh water placed in the jar. The fish immediately recovered
strength, the dorsal fin became erect, and respiration proceeded as
before. On the following night he again leaped out of the jar, and
was found dead on the floor next morning.
Exp. 6.—Another specimen of Lepidocephalicthys balgara was
placed in the glass jar in about 3 inches of water without the
1874. ] RESPIRATION OF FRESHWATER FISHES. 317
diaphragm. It remained for a long time vertically suspended in the
water, with the extremity of the snout at the surface, taking in air,
which occasionally passed upwards in bubbles from the gill-openings
and from the anus.
On some occasions, on being disturbed, it would rise from the
bottom, quickly attain the surface, and almost immediately afterwards
discharge a considerable amount of air from the anus.
Exp. 7.—Two specimens of Anabas seandens*, the Common Climb-
ing Perch of India, were placed in a glass jar, and a diaphragm of
net fixed at about 1 inch beneath the surface of the water. Almost
immediately on being placed in the water the fishes rose and at-
tempted to reach the surface. They continued their attempts for
about five minutes, striking vigorously against the net; they then
sank down, and died in twelve minutes from the time they were pre-
vented from having access to the surface of the water.
Exp. 8.—A specimen of Trichogaster fasciatus was placed in the
same glass ; and immediately after it had been observed to rise to the
surface of the water the netted diaphragm was fixed half an inch
beneath the surface—at 12 noon. ‘Two minutes afterwards it again
attempted to rise, but, being repulsed by the net, swam about, seeking
for some weans of exit. During the suceeeding hour it frequently
rose towards the surface and struck violently against the net and the
sides of the vessel, the respiration becoming much affected, the gill-
covers moving very rapidly. At 3 p.m. the fish lay at the bottom of
the jar on its side; at 3.20 p.m. it again attempted to reach the
surface, but had lost the power of maintaining its equilibrium, and
moved convulsively about with the abdomen upwards; at 3.30 P.M.
it lay expiring at the bottom of the jar.
The net was now removed; and the fish succeeded by a violent
effort in reaching the surface of the water, when it quickly drew in
some air and again sank to the bottom. It appeared much revived,
but still lay with the abdomen upwards. Soon afterwards it rose
again to the surface, and remained suspended vertically in the water
with the extremity of the snout at the surface, and continued in this
position for some minutes. Again it sank downwards, but appeared
better able to maintain its equilibrium. After rising several times
to the surface the fish regained completely the power of maintaining
its equilibrium, appeared nothing the worse for what it had suffered,
and swam about as usual.
The same experiment was repeated with the same fish on the
following morning. It was placed in pure well-aerated water. The
same results took place; and it died in four hours and a quarter.
Exp. 9.—Placed a specimen of Ophiocephalus striatus, 11 inches
long, in the glass jar, and fixed the netted diaphragm 1 inch beneath
the surface of the water. After seven minutes the fish became
uneasy, and frequently rose towards the surface, but was repulsed by
the net. Five minutes afterwards it rushed with great force against
the net, burst one of the meshes, and passed through it to the sur-
* The accessory respiratory organs of this fish are described in ‘Owen's
‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. i. p. 487.
318 MR. G. E. DOBSON ON THE [May 19,
face. Having accomplished this it remained tranquil, resting on
the upper surface of the net.
The same fish was, on the following day, replaced in the same jar
and the net strengthened. The animal remained tranquil for five
minutes, then became uneasy and dashed about violently, several
bubbles of air passing upwards from the gill-openings. Occasionally
it would remain quiet at the bottom for one or two minutes, then
become very uneasy, and struggle powerfully against the net. Half
an hour after immersion the fish became even more energetic in en-
deavouring to break the net, but soon became weaker, and died in
1 hr. 10 min.
Repeated the same experiment with three smaller-sized specimens
of the same species. Immediately after the diaphragm had been
fixed the fish rose and attempted to reach the surface, striking vio-
lently against the net. They then sank to the bottom, and during
the first half hour frequently renewed their attempts to reach the
surface. One of the fishes thrust its head through one of the meshes
of the net and was retained in that position. The other two died at
the same time, in 1 hr. and 5 min. (lying at the bottom in 10 inches
of water); the third fish (which was retained in the mesh of the net
near the surface, above which it did not, however, get its mouth)
died twenty-five minutes afterwards.
The experiment was again repeated. Two specimens of the same
species were placed in about 6 inches of water, with a perforated
metal plate half an inch beneath the surface. They struggled in
precisely the same manner, and then lay at the bottom for some
minutes, the gill-covers moving slowly and with difficulty. Struggled
violently one hour after the diaphragm was fixed, and died in 1 hr.
35 min.
Exp. 10.—A specimen of Ophiocephalus punctatus, 4 inches in
length, was placed in the same glass jar at 1.55 p.M.; at 2.10 P.M. it
rose towards the surface and pushed against the net; at 3.30 P.M. it
feebly endeavoured to reach the surface, but soon sank down ex-
hausted. Respiration appeared to have entirely ceased; a large
bubble of air passed upwards from its mouth; and it died three
minutes afterwards.
Another specimen of the same species was subjected to the same
experiment. he fish became much excited after being placed in
the water, and swam about rapidly, striking against the netting for
about two or three minutes. It then sank to the bottom and remained
quiet. On being roused up ten minutes afterwards it again rose and
made many energetic attempts to reach the surface, during which
a bubble of air escaped from its mouth. It again sank to the bot-
tom and remained there, the gill-covers moving very slowly. Death
occurred in 4 hrs. 40 min. The mouth was widely opened towards
the time of death.
Exp. 11,—At 11 a.m. placed a specimen of Mastacembelus pan-
calus and one of Rhynchobdella aculeata in the glass jar, fixing the
netted diaphragm as in preceding experiments. Both the fishes made
several attempts to reach the surface; the R. aculeata nearly suc-
1874. | RESPIRATION OF FRESHWATER FISHES. 319
ceeded in pushing its body through the net at 3.30 p.m.: at 4 P.M.
the same fish remained in a vertical position, having its head thrust
through one of the meshes of the net, but not at the surface of the
water. At the same time the M. pancalus lay on its side, moving
the gill-covers with difficulty, and in fifteen minutes afterwards it
died ; twenty minutes afterwards, at 4.35 p.m., the Rh. aculeata
died also.
A specimen of M. pancalus placed in water with free access to the
surface was, at the time of death of the other two, as lively as in the
morning.
I kept specimens of both Anabas scandens and Trichogaster fas-
ceiatus in an aquarium in my house at Calcutta for many months, and
had constant opportunities for observing their habits. Two specimens
of the Anabas which had lived in the aquarium from September
1871, were in April 1872 sent by me to the Gardens of the Royal
Zoological Society of Ireland. Dr. Isidore Bourke, Surgeon H.M.
British Forces, kindly undertook the care of the fish on their way
home, and succeeded by great attention in bringing both alive to Dub-
lin. One died three months after arrival, from an injury ; the other
lived for nine months, and then succumbed to the cold. I am quite
satisfied that had the water of the aquarium in which the fish lived
in the Dublin Zoological Gardens been kept at a temperature of 75°
Fahr., or at least not permitted at any time to fall below 60°, the
surviving specimen would have lived (if otherwise uninjured) for
many years.
The habits of Anabas scandens and Trichogaster fasciatus are very
similar. Both suddenly rush to the surface, discharge the vitiated
air and take in a fresh supply instantaneously, immediately sinking
to the bottom, where one or two bubbles of air may often be seen to
escape from the gill-openings as if taken in excess. The action of
discharging the air from the branchial cavities and taking in a fresh
supply is accomplished so rapidly that it is impossible to say whether
the used-up air is discharged before the fresh supply is taken in, or
displaced by the incurrent stream of air. All that can be seen is,
that when the fish places its mouth at the surface of the water a great
quantity of air bubbles up about its head.
The Trichogaster appears to use the long filiform ray to which the
ventral fin is reduced as a tentacle, moving it about towards any
passing object. I have often seen one of these fishes move forward
this ray and touch with it another fish slightly in front and on the
same side, while the ray on the other side remained perfectly motion-
less directed backwards. Like the Anabantes they are fond of chasing
one another round and round ; and while so engaged the independent
action of the single-rayed ventral fins as tentacles may be well seen.
The number of visits to the surface appears to depend, as might
be expected, on the amount of muscular action accomplished by
the fish, and on the temperature of the water; thus, when actively
engaged in chasing one another, and in very warm weather, the visits
were very frequent, sometimes three or four times in five minutes.
Of all the fish experimented upon the Anabas went oftenest to the
320 MR. G. E, DOBSON ON THE [May 19,
surface, and consequently was soonest asphyxiated when retained
under water *.
The faculty of living out of water, or when the gills are kept in a
moistened condition only, not only for hours, but in some cases for
days, possessed by many species of Symbranchide, Labyrinthici, and
Ophiocephalide especially, is not alone a wonderful provision of nature
enabling these animals to resist the prolonged droughts of the coun-
tries they are found in, but is also of the greatest importance to the
inhabitants of these countries, who are well acquainted with their
vitality out of water, and take advantage of it in transporting them
long distances, and in being able to maintain their supply fresh till
required for use. Accordingly these fish, though not very delicate in
flavour, are highly esteemed by the people of Bengal, especially by
the poorer classes, and great quantities of Anabas scandens, Tricho-
gaster fasciatus, Ophiocephalus punctatus, O. striatus, and Amphi-
pnous cuchia are daily exposed for sale in the bazars.
The Anabas, which has the greatest vitality of all out of water
except the Amphipnous, is kept in closely woven baskets, about one
hundred individuals or more in each basket. Thus lying close
together, evaporation is greatly lessened and their gills are kept
moist. In this condition they live, I have been told by many native
fishermen, for four or five days. In very dry weather some water
is daily thrown on them, or the basket is immersed for a short time
in water.
A constant supply of fresh fish is thus afforded, the importance of
which can only be fully appreciated in tropical countries, where fish
taken in the morning are often unfit for use by breakfast time.
The experiments here recorded were but the commencement of
what I had intended to be a series, including every Indian freshwater
fish possible to procure alive. They were undertaken at the sug-
gestion of Mr. Francis Day, to whose most interesting paper on this
subject I have referred above. My investigations were suddenly in-
terrupted by my unexpected return to Europe; and as I now see no
prospect of revisiting the East Indies for some years, I think it may
be well to record the few observations made.
The following Table (p. 321) exhibits the results of the experiments
above described, and also of Mr. Day’s investigations. The species of
fish are arranged according to the time required to produce asphyxia
when deprived of access to the surface of the water. The position
of Amphipnous cuchia is uncertain.
* As remarked by Mr. Day (loc. czt. p. 279), some fishes which take in air at
the surface of the water (compound breathers), possess the power of remaining
in a state of semitorpidity at the bottom, and in this condition exist for many
hours without respiring. This will account for the difference of time required
to produce asphyxia in individuals of the same species noted in foregoing ob-
servations.
RESPIRATION OF FRESHWATER FISHES. 321
1874.]
Anabas scandens
Plotosus CANIUS .....200000:
Ophiocephalus striatus .........
PUN CTALUS i.e erecrcrererers
Saccobranchus singio .........
Trichogaster fasciatus .........
Amphipnous cuchia ........604.
Mastacembelus pancalus ......
Rhynchobdella aculeata ......
Platacanthus agrestis ... ....
Lepidocephalicthys balgara ..
Macrones tengard ...sccrcveeceee
PUNEUS StUGMA ...60..0ecensoenes
Amblypharyngodon jerdont ...
Time required to cause asphyxia.
Lived without water.
In foregoing observations.
12 minutes.
1 hour.
1 hr. 5 min. to 1 hr. 35 min,
1 hr. 38 min. to 4 hr. 40 min.
2 to 4 hours.
3 hr. 40 min. to 4 hr. 15 min.
Not determined.
5 hr. 15 min.
5 hr. 35 min.
Not determined.
24 hours,
8 hrs, 20 min.
Not determined.
In Mr. Day’s experiments.
Not determined.
1 hr. 21 min. to 1 hr. 28 min.
Not determined.
8 hours.
Not determined.
Water-breathers, not affected
by being prevented from
reaching the surface of the
water.
In. foregoing
observations.
Not determined.
Five days.
Not determined.
In Mr. Day’s
experiments.
24 to 26 hours.
Not determined.
16 hours.
3 hr. 25 min.
Not determined.
322 DR. J. E. GRAY ON A NEW CAT FROM BORNEO. [May 19,
4. Description of a new Species of Cat (Felis badia) from
Sarawak. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &e.
[Received April 29, 1874.]
(Plate XLIX.)
Mr. Wallace, in 1856, sent from Sarawak to the British Museum
the skin of a small Cat (unfortunately so torn in being taken off as
not to be able to be stuffed) and its skull.
I have been waiting, in the hopes of getting a skin in more perfect
condition ; but as none has arrived I think it as well to describe the
torn specimen, and draw the attention of naturalists to the existence
of a small long-tailed Cat, of a nearly uniform reddish-brown colour,
from that country.
The skull has the short rounded face, and the back of the orbit
interrupted, as in the restricted genus Felis, and belongs to an
animal that, though it was not aged, had reached nearly the adult
age.
othe skin is of a uniform or self-colour, like the Puma, the Eyra,
and the Jaguarondi of South America, and agrees with them in the
cheeks behind the eyes being coloured like the rest of the head, and
destitute of the two pale rays from the back of the eye, so particular
in most of the Cats of the Old World*.
Fexis BApiA. (The Bornean Bay Cat.) (Plate XLIX.)
Fur of a bright chestuut-colour, rather paler beneath, the limbs
and the tail being rather paler and redder. ‘The tail is elongate,
tapering at the end, with a white central streak occupying the hinder
half of the lower side, gradually becoming wider and of a purer white
towards the tip, which has a small black spot at its upper end. The
ears are rounded, covered with short blackish-brown fur at the outer
side, paler brown within, and with a very narrow pale margin. The
sides of the upper lip, a small spot on the front angle, and the edge
of the upper eyelid pale brown. The chin, edge of the under jaw,
and gullet whitish.
Hab. Borneo, Sarawak (Wallace). B.M.
This Cat has been thought to be a kitten of Felis temmincki of
Sumatra and Nepaul; but that is amuch larger species, and the skull
proves this to be a nearly full-grown animal. The difference of
the colouring of the head, with the two streaks at the back of the
eye, would distinguish even the kitten of F. temmincki from F.
badia.
The tail of F. temmincki agrees with that of F. badia in being
whitish on the underside at the end, but is not so decidedly and defi-
nitely white as that of F'. badia; and it has not the very character-
* Mr. Wolf, in the drawing of this Cat, indicates two palish streaks on the
cheeks, which I cannot make out in the specimen, which is in a rather bad
state.
WHE IST Pp FON
duat q2eYU ey NP
SEX Nel FARIS ee
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 323
istic black spot on the upper part of its tip; and the tail of F. dadia
tapers gradually towards the tip, while those of the specimens of F.
temmincki in the Museum are of the same width, and cylindrical,
the whole of the length to the tip ; but perhaps the tail of the very
young kitten of this Cat may be more tapering.
June 2, 1874,
Arthur Grote, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during May 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of May was 137, of which 62 were by birth,
31 by presentation, 18 by purchase, | received in exchange, and 25
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the
same period, by death and removals, was 102.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1, A Blue-faced Green Amazon Parrot, Chrysotis bouqueti (Bechst.),
obtained by purchase May 6th, and said to have been brought from
Honduras, though I think its more probable habitat is one of the
Antilles.
Dr. Finsch says of this bird that it is so rare that he has never
been able to examine a specimen, alive or dead.
2. A young male Koodoo (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), purchased
May 12th. ‘This animal is in very poor condition, but is progressing
favourably, and was thought a desirable purchase, as we have
already a fine female of the same species in the collection.
3. An example of the Raccoon-like Dog, Nyctereutes procynides
(Gray), purchased May 21st, said to have been brought from one of
the Russian settlements on the Amoorland, where v. Schenck has
noted its occurrence (Amur-Reise, i. p. 53).
Of this rare carnivore, of which the present specimen is the only
living example I have ever seen, I exhibit a water-colour drawing by
Mr. Keulemans (Plate L.).
4. The two Whimbrels announced as having been sent by the
Rey. 8S. J. Whitmee, C.M.Z.S., in his letter read at the meeting on
March 17th *, from Quiros Island. These birds are apparently refer-
able to Numenius femoralis, Peale, but cannot be certainly deter-
mined while alive.
The Didunculus sent by Mr. Whitmee on the same occasion
unfortunately died before reaching this country.
5. A Beisa Antelope, Oryx beisa (Riippell), obtained at Aden, and
presented to the Society by Admiral Arthur Cumming, of H.M.S.
‘Glasgow,’ Flag-ship at Bombay, May 28th.
We have never before had a specimen of this fine Antelope in the
* See antea, p. 183. ,
324 LETTER FROM MR. T. D. FORSYTH. [June 2,
Gardens; and I only recollect having seen one in any of the con-
tinental establishments.
6. A Guilding’s Parrot, Chrysotis guildingi (Vigors), kindly
purchased for the Society by Mr. G. H. Hawtayne of St. Vincent’s,
and received May 29th.
Mr. Hawtayne tells me that this Parrot is now scarce in St. Vin-
cent’s, and that he has only succeeded in obtaining the preseut
specimen after many inquiries. Mr. Hawtayne writes to me that
another species of Chrysotis occurs in S. Lucia, of which he kindly
undertakes to procure examples.
The Dominican Chrysotis is C. augusta*; but I do not know
what the S. Lucian species can be (unless it be C. bouquet ?).
The following letter, addressed to the President by Mr. T. D.
Forsyth, British Envoy to Kashgar, dated Kashgar, 27th January,
1874, was read :—
“My Lorp,—I have much pleasure in forwarding for your
information, and for that of the Members of the Zoological Society
of London, a note on the Large Wild Sheep, Ovis poli of Blyth,
which has been drawn up by Dr. F. Stoliczka, naturalist attached to
the present Mission to Kashgar and Yarkund?. I am indebted to
Lieut.-Col. Gordon for the sketch from life by which it is accom-
panied, as also for a drawing of the horns of the Maral Stag now
forwarded.
“‘ Although I anticipate considerable difficulty in conveying live
animals to India by the mountain route across the Karakorum, I am
attempting to make a collection. Besides the Fat-tailed Sheep and the
pushun-yielding goats of Eastern Turkestan, we have here the Gazella
gutturosa and a particularly fine stag, which is worthy of special
notice. This species is known here as the ‘ Maral,’ under which
name the Stag is spoken of in Persia. The animal now with the
Mission collection is only about four years old, and has been kept in
confinement from early days. The following measurements will
give an idea of its proportions:—The height at shoulder 42 feet
(approximate) ; from between hors to root of tail 74 inches (ap-
proximate).
“ Of birds, we have at present only secured the Ular ( Tetraogallus
tibetanus) and the Kiklak (Caccabis pallidus), which Hume sepa-
rates under a distinct name from both the Ladak and the South-
Himalayan Chukor. Many familiar European birds have been met
with since the Mission entered Kashgar territory ; and Dr. Stoliczka
hopes to send a note regarding those which have been collected
during the winter to ‘ Stray Feathers.’
“Trusting that these few notes may not be without interest,
“IT am, yours truly,
‘EdD. MORSYTH.
* See P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 437. + This paper is given below, p. 425.
1874. ] DR. E. GRUBE ON NEW ANNULATA. 325
The following extracts were read from a letter addressed to the
Secretary by Mr. E. P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S., dated Cardwell, Queens-
land, April 2, 1874 :—
“I find the Cassowary (Casuarius australis) by no means rare
here, and have secured a fine bird alive for the Society, which I
propose sending to you the first chance I have. I hope to be able
to get another soon. I have also the egg ; it closely resembles that
of Bennett’s Cassowary (C. dennetti), and is of about the same size.
The birds had only laid four eggs when the nest was found; it was
placed in a dense scrub at the foot of climbing palms (Calamus).
“I would have written before about the Cassowary ; but it was in
a very wretched state when I got it, and so weak that it could not
stand. I was afraid it would die, and, remembering the fate of the
young Lyre-birds which I had some years ago, was somewhat
superstitious. At present, however, at any rate, the Cassowary is all
right, and takes good care that no one shall interfere with its domain.
I have had a yard built for it here; it is very pugnacious, and kicks
and hisses violently at any strangers; it is very fond of bathing.
This species (C. australis) swims well, and the birds have frequently
escaped me by swimming across the creeks. I find they are not
rare on Hinchenbrook Island, and to get there must swim across a
distance of two miles from the mainland. The specimen I have is
about 3 feet 6 inches in height, and can reach over 6 feet, and, by
jumping, 10 feet high. I have known one in the possession of
Subinspector Johnstone of the Police to jump out of its enclosure
over a fence more than 6 feet 6 inches high. ‘This specimen was
only about 2 feet 6 inches in height and about half the size of my
bird, which is now just getting its helmet.”
Major Irby, F.Z.S., exhibited specimens of an apparently new
species of Raven, which he had lately obtained in the vicinity of
Tangier, Morocco, and which he was intending to describe under
the name of Corvus tingitanus.
Prof. Owen, F.R.S., read the fifth of his series of memoirs on
the osteology of the Marsupialia.
This paper will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. Deseriptiones Annulatorum novorum mare Ceylonicum
habitantium ab honoratissimo Holdsworth collectorum,
auctore Dr. Ep. Gruse.
[Received May 6, 1874.]
Inter Annulata ab honoratissimo Holdsworth in mari Ceylonico-
collecta, a me perlustrata, nonnulla erant mihi nondum cognita,
quorum descriptiones, quum de coloribus mensurisque animalium
326 DR. E. GRUBE ON NEW ANNULATA. [June 2,
viventium nihil mihi traditum esset, solum e speciminibus alcohole
servatis hoc loco in medium conferam.
CuLo#ta, Sav.
CHLO“IA CEYLONICA, N. sp. (an var. CAl. flave, Pall. ?).
Oblonga, subtus latior, antrorsum citius, retrorsum lentius magisque
attenuata, depressa, pallide carnea, stria dorsi media nigra,
angusta, pallide limbata, ad confinia segmentorum interrupta ;
segmentis 35, ad latera stria transversa nigra ante fasciculos
setarum decurrente, medio interrupta ornatis ; tentaculum impar
eirrique dorsuales nigri. Lobus capitalis ovalis, fronte biloba ;
caruncula segmento setigero primo et secundo affixa, usque ad
quintum patens, posteriora versus attenuata, parte horizontali
basali dense tenere plicata, crista supra nigra, utrinque paribus
foliolorum fere 30 ornata, tentaculo impari longior. Oculi 4 ;
tentacula superiora 2 impari breviora, inferioribus longiora et
hec tenuiora ; segmenta buccalia 4, segmenta medii corporis 5plo
fere vel Gplo latiora quam longa; branchie anteriores et pos-
teriores longitudine decrescentes, majores utrinque ramos fere
7 pinnatos mittentes, segmentorum anteriorum 3 nulle ; cirri
dorsuales ventralibus alterum tantum longiores, setas ventrales
superantes, ad fasciculum setarum primum, secundum, tertium
duplices, interiores albidi, exteriores, primo excepto, nigri ; cirri
ventrales longitudine 3 fere latitudinis ventris equantes ; cirri
anales digitiformes, dorsualibus proximis breviores, ventralibus
longiores; sete flavide, fasciculi dorsualis radiantes, minus
numerose, apice crenulato-serrato, inferiores multo longiores,
penicillum densum componentes, multo tenuiores, apice bifurco.
Longitudo 42 m., latitudo 8 m., cum fasciculis setarum corpori
appressis 13 m.
Nereis, L. (sens. str. Cuv.).
NEREIS FESTIVA, Sp. Nov.
Ex carneo flavescens, segmentis 96 supra fascia transversa angusta,
subtus simili lineari serieque transversa macularum nigrarum 4
ornatis, lingulis punctoque singulo ad basin inferiorem pinne
nigris ; segmentis mediis duplo fere latioribus quam longa. Lobus
capitalis ex hexagono suborbicularis, postice haud emarginatus,
parvus, longitudine segmenti buccalis, latitudine % ejus equante,
margine frontali punctis nigris 3, posteriore 2 infracta ; ocult
pene quadratum componentes ; tentacula alba, inter se distantia,
longitudine lobi capitalis ; subtentacula haud longius prominentia,
articulis eque longis, basali nigro maculato ; segmentum buccal
proximo paulo longius, fascia dorsuali medio dilatata; cirri
tentaculares superiores posteriores longitudine segmentorum fere
10, ceteri multo breviores. Pharyna exsertilis subbrevis ; pars
avalis subtus utringue arcubus linearibus paragnathorum tener-
rimorum, serieque media transversa striolarum transversarum
duplicium 4, ex paragnathis eque distinguendis compositarum
armata; mazille pallide flave, denticulis fere 6 munite, apice
1874. ] DR. E. GRUBE ON NEW ANNULATA. 327
nigro. Pinne breves, equales ; lingule longiuscule, obtuse,
superiores eque longe, inferiore magis prominentes ; labium phare-
tre inferioris lingula sua brevius latius, subpentagonum, a lin-
gula media distans ; pharetra superior inferiore viz minus lata,
labio distincto nullo; sete spinigere et falcigere, falce brevi,
numerose@, flabellum lutum efficientes ; cirrus dorsualis dupla
lingule sue longitudine, ventralis sua satis. minus prominens.
Cirri anales longissimi, cirros tentaculares longiores superantes.
Longitudo ad 51 m., latitudo maxima (circa segmentum 26%™)
2°5 m., pinnis additis 3°5 m.
Hee species Platynereidibus Kinbergi adnumeranda.
HEsIong, Sav.
HESIONE CEYLONICA, sp. nov.
Ex fulvescente rosea, splendens, leviter iridicolor, dorso medio e lon-
gitudine lineis fuscioribus subviolaceis fere 11 contiguis, postre-
mum versus evanesentibus striato, partibus lateralibus sepositis, e
longitudine sulcatis, segmentis 19 (setigeris 16), alterum tantum
latioribus quam longis, anterioribus et posterioribus 4 longitudine
et latitudine decrescentibus ; lobus capitalis transverse ovalis, pone
medium latior, bipartitus, segmento buccali penitus impressus, longi-
tudine seymenti setigeri primi ; tentacula brevissima 2 ; oculi 4, an-
teriores eque distinguendi ; segmentum buccale lobo capitali minus
prominens in confinibus pharyngis exsertilis utrinque puncto nigro
ornatum; cirri tentaculares superiores 4 longitudinis corporis
equantes vel superantes, inferiores plus dimidio breviores ; cirri
dorsuales, anterioribus postremis exceptis, subequales, latitudinem
corporis equantes, ut tentacularis dense transverse striati, cirri
ventrales cum setis pinnarum eque prominentes ; pinne subconice,
dense annulate, longitudine 3 latitudinis ventris equantes, utrin-
que decrescentes ; sete flave, plus vicene, falcigere, falee minus
elongata, apice bidente; seymentum postremum brevissimum ;
cirri annales lesi, crassitudine dorsualium proximorum.
Longitudo 25 m., latitudo maxima dorsi 4 m., pinnis additis (sine
setis) plus 5 m.
Species cum Hesione splendida, Sav., maxime congruens, sed dorso
fuscius lineato, haud transverse suleato, cirrisque tentacularibus
longioribus differens.
GLYCERA, Sav.
GLYCERA CINNAMOMEA, §p. nov.
Ex cinnamomeo carnea, anteriora versus minus, posteriora versus
sensim satis attenuata; segmentis 195 biannularibus, annulo pin-
nigero paulo crassiore duplo vel triplo latioribus quam longis,
anterioribus per se brevioribus ; lobus capitalis brevis, longitudine
segmentorum pinnigerorum proximorum 5, paulo longior quam latus,
annulis 11; tentacula A brevissima ; pinne. equales, papilla brevi
(cirro dorsali) ad basim labiisque 4 triangulis, et cirro ventrali,
omnes anterioribus 2: et posterioribus 20 ewxceptis longitudine
plerumque } latitudinis segmentorum equantes branchia dorsuali.
328 DR. E. GRUBE ON NEW ANNULATA. [June 2,
instructe, posteriores per se longiores ; labia anteriora inter se ut
posteriora eque longa, posteriora breviora; cirrus ventralis, tri-
angulus, basi latiore, cum labiis posterioribus fere eque prominens ;
branchia ad basin pinne prope papillam dorsualem oriens, a labiis
remota, erecta, digitiformis, simplex, rarissime bifurca, apicem
pinne attingens vel brevior, in pinnis anterioribus et posterioribus
longitudine maxime decreséens ; cirrorum analium | tantum con-
servatus, longitudine segmentorum proximorum fere 8; pharynx
exsertilis papillis brevissimis digitiformibus obtecta, sed pars
basalis sola exserta.
Longitudo 94 m., latitudo maxima (circa segmentum 75™™) 3 m.,
pinnis additis sine setis 4°5 m.
Species Glycere albe Miill. simillima, colore brunnescente lo-
coque originis branchiz basin pinnz proximo, haud super cirrum
ventralem. sito, distinguenda.
CuHzTOPTERUS, Cuv.
CH2TOPTERUS APPENDICULATUS, Sp. nov.
Subgriseus, segmentis fere 46, sectionis anterioris preter buccale 10,
media 4, posterioris fere 31; tentacula longitudine latitudinem
segmenti buccalis adequantia ; sectio anterior antrorsum paulo
angustior, longior quam lata; pinne anteriores 8, ad basin dor-
sualem appendice parva sacciformi obtusa interiore munite,
quarta sub paleis flavis fortiores 10 fere nigras gerens, decima
prelonga, longitudine sectionis anterioris ; sacci dorsuales sectionis
media, inprimis anterioris, tumidissimi ; uncini tororum ventra-
lium sectionis posterioris tenerrimi, denticulis brevissimis fere 20
armati ; cetera cum Cheetoptero variopedato conveniunt.
Longitudo ad 124 m., sectionis anterioris 25 m., mediz 31°5 m.,
posterioris 68 m.
Corpus animalis descripti minime integrum, sed fragmenta tantum
accepl, quorum unum sectionem anteriorem, dua mediam, tria con-
juncta posteriorem referebant ; quum vero hee omnia accuratissime
inter se convenirent, non dubito, quin ejusdem animalis partes sint,
fortasse post mortem demum dissolute *.
Tubus amplus perlongus diametro fere 22 m., longitudine 364 m.,
tuborum Chetopterorum natura, quem siccatum cum Annulatis hic
descriptis accepi, ad hanc speciem referendus sit. Cylindratus est,
utrinque paulo angustatus, ex stratis membranaceis materi chiti-
nose tenerrimis hyalinis compositus, superficie striis densissimis
rugulisque annularibus repleta, colore arenaceo.
SaBELLA, Gr. (sens. str., Sav.).
SABELLA FUSCO-TENIATA, Sp. nov. (an var. pheotenia, Schmd.?).
Gracilis, ex griseo lutea, scutis ventralibus ex pupurascente fuscis,
segmentis plus 70, sectionis anterioris longioris quam lata 8, triplo
* (Mr. Holdsworth informs me that Dr. Grube is correct in believing that the
fragments submitted to him composed the whole of this worm, and that it was
taken whole from the tube associated with it.—P. L. 8.]
1874.] MR. W. NATION ON SPERMOPHILA SIMPLEX. 329
fere, ceteris Aplo latioribus quam longa ; scuta ventralia alterum
tantum fere latiora quam longa, sectionis anterioris haud bipar-
tita. Branchie equales, pallide lutee, fasciis maculisve nullis,
semiorbes referentes, longitudine. segmentorum anteriorum 32,
lamina basali minus alta, + longitudinis branchiarum adequante ;
fila branchialia utrinque 13 (14) @que longa, apice nudo } lon-
gitudinis equante, utringue serie ocellorum punctiformium, a
media branchiarum altitudine adscendente, ante apicem desinente
instructe ; ocelli nigri, simplices, rhachi profunde tnserti, nume-
rosi, plus triceni; barbule filorum haud flexuosa, & longitudinis
eorum @equantes; membrana bases filorum conjungens, lamina
basali altior ; tentacula 4 altitudinis branchiarum paulo supe-
rantia; collare humillimum, annulare, margine ventrali medio vir
inciso, colore branchiarum. Tori uncinigeri sectionis anterioris
lati, posterioris angustissimi ; uncini aviculares, ordine simplict
collocati ; fasciculi setarum sectionis anterioris crassiores, poste-
rioris tenuiores, utringue setas capillares et paleas continentes,
primus ceteris latior ; sete capillares sectionis posterioris tener-
rime, haud limbate, leniter curvate, anterioris fortiores ; palee
disco suborbiculari, mucrone subtilissimo instructe, sectionis an-
terioris sub dene, distiche, posterioris quine.
Longitudo animalis haud completi 42°5 m., branchiarum 13,
sectionis corporis anterioris 4 m., posterioris 25°5 m.
Sabelle alticolli Gr. et S. pheotenie Schmd. simillima, sed in
descriptione hujus ocelli haud commemorantur, et branchiee fasciatze
sunt, basi collarique fusco, in S. a/¢icolli lamina basalis multo altior
est et ocelli minus numerosi. .
2. On the Habits of Spermophila simplez.
By W. Nation, C.M.ZS.
[Received May 15, 1874.]
This plain-coloured Spermophila (lately described by M. Tacza-
nowski *) is abundant near Lima, and, I believe, ranges a con-
siderable distance north and south of Lima along the coast.
It frequents shrubs and bushes bordering cultivated land and
watercourses, and gardens. It feeds upon the seed of the numerous
Malvacee which abound along the coast of Peru. In the breeding-
season it is found singly or in pairs, and in winter in small parties
with individuals of Zonotrichia pileata and Spermophila telasco.
The nest, which is placed upon a branch of a low bush, is com-
posed wholly of the fine twining stems and tendrils of Passiflora
minima, with a few horsehairs for a lining.
The eggs are three in number, greenish, blotched with pale brown,
interspersed with a few deep-brown blotches.
The habits, nest, and eggs of this bird differ considerably from
those of Spermophila. In Spermophila we find a slenderer form, a
* P. Z. 8, 1874, p. 132.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXII. 22
830 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
weaker bill, a slightly more rounded wing, and the claw of the hinder
toe weaker and longer.
Possibly other birds of this form may be found in South America ;
and then it will be necessary to form them into a distinct genus.
3. List of the Butterflies of Costa Rica, with Descriptions of
new Species. By Arruur G. Burtrr, F.L.S., F.ZS.,
Senior Assistant in the Zoological Department, British
Museum, and Hersert Drvcz, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.
[Received May 16, 1874]
The present list is founded chiefly upon the large collection brought
over to England a year or two ago by Dr. Van Patten, and which
was perhaps the most complete that ever has or will come from that
locality. It was, however, made entirely at or in the neighbourhood
of Cartago ; and therefore we may still look for novelties from other
parts of Costa Rica. Six new species are added in this paper.
A former communication on the collection made by Dr. Van
Patten was read before the Society in July 1872; but as we wished
to make it a complete list, and to add a few notes on some of the
species, it was subsequently withdrawn.
The Moths collected by Dr. Van Patten being almost all day-
fliers, would give but a poor idea of the Heterocerous fauna of
Cartago, not to speak of Costa Rica; and as we have neither time nor
inclination to collate the whole of the descriptions of species in this
suborder, we have not included any of them in the present paper.
Family NymMepHALID& (Westwood), Bates.
Subfamily Danain#, Bates.
Genus 1. Danarts, Latreille.
1. DANAIS CLEOTHERA.
Danais cleothera, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 185. n. 31(1819);
Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 12. fig. 2 (1847).
2. DANAIS ARCHTIPPUS.
Papilio archippus, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. p. 55. n. 243 (1781).
Papilio plexippus, Cramer (nec Linn.), Pap. Exot. 1. Divas:
figs. A, B (1775).
Genus 2. Lycorra, Doubleday.
3. LYCOREA ATERGATIS.
Lycorea atergatis, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen, Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 16. fig. 1 (1847).
Genus 3. Iruna, Doubleday.
4. ITUNA LAMIRUS.
Heliconius lamirus, Latreille, in Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii.
p- 126, pl. 41. figs. 7, 8(1811 7).
1874. ] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 331
Section Heliconoid Danaine.
Genus 4. Otyras, Doubleday.
5. OLYRAS INSIGNIS.
Olyras insignis, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p- 163. n. 1 (1869).
6. OLYRAS MONTAGUI.
Olyras montagui, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 490 (1870) ; Lep.
Exot. pl. 50. fig. 1 (1873).
Formerly received from Bogota.
Genus 5. Tuyrip14 *, Bates.
7. THYRIDIA MELANTHO.
Thyridia melantho, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 50. n. 87 (1866).
See Cist. Ent. pars vii. p. 151 (Oct. 1873).
Genus 6. CauuitHomta, Bates.
8. CALLITHOMIA HEZIA.
Ithomia hezia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 4. fig. 21 (1853).
Genus 7. Dircenna, Doubleday.
9. DirncENNA KLUGIT.
Ceratinia klugiit, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 801, 802
(1837).
10. DircENNA OLYRAS.
Ithomia olyras, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. pl. 44. figs. 5, 6
(°° 0865"");
11. DirceENNA LONERA.
Dircenna lonera, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 95 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 2 (1873).
12. DirCENNA RELATA.
Dircenna relata, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 95 (July 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 3 (1873).
The two preceding species are both allied to D. olyras.
13. DircCENNA GONUSSA.
Ithomia gonussa, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 16. fig. 100
(1855).
This has been confounded by some Lepidopterists with J. sosunga
of Reakirt ; the latter, however, belongs to the genus Hymenitis.
* Cramer's figure of T. psidii is that of acommon Thyridia, and quite distinct
from the species figured by Bates, which appears to be an undescribed Methona,
exactly copying it in coloration. The latter is in the British Museum; and the
name of ©. confusa has been given to it: this will prevent the necessity of con-
founding the two genera, as proposed by Mr. Kirby (Cat. p, 19).
22*
332 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
14. DirceNNA EUCHYTMA.
Ithomia euchytma, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 357. n. 507
(1865 ”’).
15. DrRCENNA XENOS.
Dircenna xenos, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 50. n. 88 (1866).
Genus 8. Preronymra, Butler & Druce.
16. PrERONYMIA AZARA.
Ithomia azara, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 4. fig. 23 (1853).
17, PreERONYMIA SIMPLEX.
Ithomia simplex, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p. 168. n. 10 (1869).
18. PrERONYMIA ARTENA.
Ithomia artena, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. 7th. pl. 8. fig. 48 (1854).
19. PreRONYMIA SALVINIA.
Ithomia salvinia, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 34. n. 19 (1864).
Obs. Seems to come very near to I. gedera of Hewitson.
20. PTERONYMIA PARVA.
Ithomia parva, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p- 168. n. 11 (1869).
21. PreRoONYMIA OLYRILLA.
Pteronymia olyrilla, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 96 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 6 (1873).
22. PrERONYMIA NOTILLA.
Pteronymia notilla, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 96 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 7 (1873).
23. PrERONYMIA FULVIMARGO.
Pteronymia fulvimargo, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 97 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 5 (1873).
24. PreRONYMIA LATILLA.
Ithomia latilla, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. pl. 6. fig. 32 (1854).
25. PreRoNYMIA TUTIA.
Ithomia tutia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. 7th. pl. 2. fig. 6 (1852).
Genus 9. Irsomta, Hiibner.
26. ITHOMIA ADELPHINA, var.
Ithomia adelphina, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 52.n. 91 (1866).
Ithomia virginiana (part), Hewitson, Ex, Butt. i. th. pl. 18.
fig. 111 (1856).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 333
27. IrHOMIA PATILLA.
Ithomia patilla, Hewitson, Ex. Butt, i. pl. 2. fig. 2 (1852).
28. IrHOMIA TERRA.
Ithomia terra, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 3. fig. 16 (1852).
29. IrTHOMIA HIPPOCRENIS.
Ithomia hippocrenis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 51. n. 89 (1866).
Allied to J. avella and diasia of Hewitson.
30. IrHOMIA PLAGINOTA.
Ithomia plaginota, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 95 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 4 (1873).
31. IrHOoMIA HERALDICA.
Ithomia heraldica, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 51. n. 90 (1866).
Genus 10. Hymenirtis, Hiibner.
32. HyMENITIs OTO.
Ithomia oto, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 7. fig. 39 (1854).
33. HyMENITIS NERO.
Ithomia nero, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. 2th. pl. 7. fig. 37 (1854).
34. HyMENITIS LYRA.
Ithomia lyra, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 169.
n. 13 (1869).
35. HyMENITIS NEPHELE.
Ithomia nephele, Bates, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. p, 548. n. 23
(1862).
36. HyMENITIS ANNETTA.
Heliconia annette, Guérin, Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. texte, p. 470
(1844).
37. HyMENITIS ZAVALETTA.
Ithomia zavaletta, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 9. fig. 49
(1854).
Genus 11. Leucoruyris, Butler & Druce *.
38. LeucoTHyYRIS VICINA. .
Tthomia vicina, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p-. 169. n. 12 (1869).
Allied to L. zea and L. makrena.
39. LEUCOTHYRIS VICTORINA.
Heliconia victorine, Guérin, Ic. Régne Anim. Ins. texte, p. 470
(1844).
Ithomia victorina, Hewitson, Ex. Butt.i. [th. pl. 13. fig. 75 (1855).
* This is one of the most easily recognized of all the genera of the Ithomia
group.
334 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE {June 2,
40. Lrevcornyris CAssorTIs.
Ithomia cassotis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 35. n. 21 (1864).
41. LrevucoTHyRIS RUBESCENS.
Leucothyris rubescens, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 97 (1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. 50. fig. 9 (1873).
Genus 12. Scapa, Kirby (Olevia, Bates).
42. SCADA XANTHINA.
Oleria xanthina, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 52. n. 92 (1866).
43. Scapa? EURIMEDIA.
Papilio eurimedia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 126. figs. C, D
(1779).
This species ought perhaps to form the type of a new genus; it
seems sufficiently distinct from Scada (Oleria, Bates).
Genus 13. Ceratrn1a, Hubner.
44, CERATINIA CALLISPILA.
Ceratinia callispila, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 85. n. 93 (1866).
45. CERATINIA FENESTELLA.
Ithomia fenestella, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. th. pl. 5. fig. 25
(1854).
Genus 14. NApPEOGENES, Bates.
46. NAPEOGENES EXCELSA.
Ithomia excelsa, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 415. n. 118
(1862); Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. pl. 44. fig. 13 (1867) [Cera-
tinia excelsa).
47. NAPEOGENES TOLOSA.
Ithomia tolosa, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Ith. pl. 12. fig. 72 (1855).
Genus 15. Mecuanirtis, Fabricius.
48. MECHANITIS ISTHMIA.
Mechanitis isthmia, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 247. n. 18, pl. 29.
fig. 1 (1863).
49. MECHANITIS DORYSSUS.
Mechanitis doryssus, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 33. n. 16 (1864).
50. MECHANITIS MACRINUS.
Mechanitis macrinus, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Mech. pl. 3. fig. 11
(1860).
Genus 16. Mrexinza, Hubner.
51. MELINA LILIs.
Mechanitis lilis, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 17.
fig. 4 (1847).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 335
502. MELIN@®A scynax.
Mechanitis scylax, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii.
p- 412. n. 33 (1871).
Genus 17. TirHorea, Doubleday.
53. TITHOREA DUENNA.
Tithorea duenna, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 56. n. 23 (1864).
54. TITHOREA IRENE.
Papilio irene, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 38. fig. 1 (1782).
Subfamily Saryrina#, Bates.
Genus 18. Tayceris, Hiibner,
5d. TAYGETIS MERMERIA.
Papilio mermeria, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 96. fig. B (1 4/9).
96. TAYGETIS CHRYSOGONE.
Taygetis chrysogone, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 60. fig. 4 (1851).
57. TAYGETIS LEUCTRA.
Taygetis leuctra, Butler, Cist. Ent. i. p. 19. n. 3 (1870); Lep.
Exot. pl. liii. fig. 3 (1873).
58. TayGETis THAMYRA.
Papilio thamyra, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 242, fig. B (1782).
59. TAYGETIS SATYRINA.
Taygetis satyrina, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 179. n. 72 (1865).
60. TAYGETIS UMBRACEA.
Taygetis umbracea, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 98 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. liii. fig. 2 (1873).
61. TayGrris IncERTA.
Taygetis incerta, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 98 (July 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. liii. fig. 1 (1873).
Genus 19. Evprycuia, Hiibner,
62. Euprycuta octrruoi.
Papilio ocirrhoé, Fabricius, Gen. Ins, p- 260. nn. 216, 217
(1776).
Oreas strigata ocyrrhoé, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1806-16).
63. EupTycuia CAMERTA.
Papilio camerta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iy, pl. 295. fig. F (1782).
336 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
64. Euprycuta PIERIA.
Euptychia pieria, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 463. n. 13, pl. 39.
fig. 3 (1866).
65. EuprycuHIA USITATA.
Euptychia usitata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 463. n. 11, pl. 39.
fig. 2 (1866).
66. Euprycuia DISAFFECTA, li. sp.
Wings above olivaceous brown, outer margin slightly darker,
fringe pale; secondaries with a well-defined subanal ocellus, white-
pupilled, with testaceous iris; two submarginal slightly undulated
blackish lines, and between the outer one and the margin a pale
brown line: head and thorax blackish, abdomen paler brown ; under-
side paler than above, densely but indistinctly irrorated with red-
brown; base greyish: two central nearly straight transverse red-
brown lines, slightly diverging to costa of primaries; area imme-
diately beyond them pale; two slightly irregular submarginal dark-
brown lines; outer margin black: secondaries with six small ocelli,
the fifth largest ; the first, second, and fifth black, white-pupilled,
with indistinet testaceous iris; the others brown, only visible with
the aid of a lens: body greyish brown. Expanse | inch 10 lines.
Nearly allied to #. variaéilis, but differing entirely in the central
lines on under surface, which are more like those of LZ. usitata; its
natural position will be between ZL. variabilis and #. angularis.
67. EuprycuiaA RENATA.
Papilio renata, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 326. fig. A (1782).
68. EuprycHIA FALLAX.
Neonympha faliax, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 177. n. 157
(1862).
69, EuprycHIA HERMES.
Papilio hermes, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 487. n. 195 (1775).
Oreas strigata canthe, Hiibner, Samm]. ex. Schmett. (1806-16).
70. EupryCHIA WESTWOODII.
Euptychia westwood, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 481. n. 68,
pl. 12. fig. 3 (1867).
71. EuprycHIA LIBYE.
Papilio libye, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. 1, i. p. 772. n. 146 (1766) ;
Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. p. 145, pl. 17. fig. 7 (1776).
72. EUPTYCHIA TIussa.
Euptychia tiessa, Hewitson, Equat. Lep. p. 37. 0. 67 (1869) ;
Butler, Lep. Exot. i. pl. 18. fig. 4 (1870).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 337
73. Evuprycuia arn aa.
Papilio arnea, Fabricius, Gen, Ins. p- 260 (1777).
Papilio ebusa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 292. figs. F, G (1782).
74. Evprycuia pyracmon.
Euptychia pyracmon, Butler, Proc, Zool. Soc. p. 499. n. 118
(1866), pl. 11. fig. 10 (1867).
75. Euprycuia 1rHama,
Luptychia ithama, Butler, Lep. Exot. i. pl. 4, fig. 4 (1869).
76. EupTycHIa ARGENTELLA,
Luptychia argentella, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. y. p. 98 (July1872).
77. Evptycuia Insouata.
Luptychia insolata, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. vy, p. 99 (July
1872).
Genus 20. Cauurrera *, Butler.
78. CALLITERA MENANDER.
Papilio menander, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii, pl. 38. fig. 3 (1782).
Genus 21. Herara, Fabricius.
79. HeT@ra DIAPHANA,
Hetera_diaphana, Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. de Ile
de Cuba (Insectes), p. 587 (1857).
A specimen of this species from Costa Rica, only differing from
ordinary examples in its slightly superior size, is in the collection of
H. Druce, Esq.
Genus 22. PIERELLA, Westwood.
80. PrereLua Luna.
Papilio luna, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 109. n. 336 (1793).
81. PrereLua HELVINA.
Hetera helvina, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. pl. xlii. fig. 4 (1860).
Genus 23. Pepatiopsgs, Butler.
82. PepatiopEs PERPERNA.
Pronophila perperna, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. i.
p- 16. n. 39 (1862),
83. PEpALIODES MANIS,
Pronophila manis, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. iii. p. 469. n. 799
(1867).
* In Kirby’s Catalogue, p. 36, this genus is sunk as a synonym of Citherias,
a genus equivalent to Hetera of Fabricius, and as such rejected in Westwood
and Hewitson’s ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ It contained four species
(the first and last of which are not Callitere), and possessed no certain type.
338 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
84, PEDALIODES HULDA.
Pedaliodes hulda, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 99 (July
1872).
85. PEDALIODES LITHOCHALCIS.
Pedaliodes lithochalcis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 100
(July 1872).
Genus 24. Oxroscuistvs, Butler.
86. OxEOSCHISTUS PUERTA.
Pronophila puerta, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 358. n. 3
note (1851); Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Pron. pl. 2. fig. 12 (1860).
87. OXEOSCHISTUS EURIPHYLE.
Oxeoschistus euriphyle, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 73 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. Ixii. fig. 6 (1874).
88. OxEOSCHISTUS SUBMACULATUS, N. Sp.
Closely allied to O. simplex, rather larger ; the tawny band above
broader, the ocellate spots obsolescent ; below the central band of
secondaries rather broader, and the dentate silvery area towards apex
more restricted, the external dentes not encroaching so far into the
marginal border. Expanse of wings 3 inches 1 line.
If the species of Oxveoschistus showed any tendency to vary, this
might be considered a variety of O. simplex.
89. OxEOSCHISTUS COTHON.
Ozxeoschistus cothon, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii.
p- 413. n. 37 (1869).
Genus 25. Drucina, Butler.
90. DrRUCINA LEONATA.
Drucina leonata, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 72 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. xlix. fig. 5 (1873).
This was one of the most remarkable of the novelties sent home
by Dr. Van Patten.
Genus 26. PrRonopHiLa, Westwood.
91. PRONOPHILA TIMANTHES.
Pronophila timanthes, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
vol. vii. p. 412. n. 36 (1869).
Genus 27. TistpHone, Hiibner.
92. TisIPHONE HERCYNA.
Tisiphone hercyna, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-24).
Genus 28. Caxrieo, Hibner.
93. CALIGO OILEUS.
Pavonia oileus, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 111. n. 106
(1861); Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 65. fig. 2 (1867).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 339
94. CaLIGo MEMNon.
Pavonia memnon, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. p. 454. n. 753
(1867).
95. Canico rvryLocuts.
Papilio eurilochus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 33, fig. A, pl. 34.
fig. A (1775).
96. Caxico BusBocuta.
Caligo bubocula, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 74 (Jan. 1872).
97. CaLIGO AUTOMEDON.
Papilio automedon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 41, figs. A, B
(1776).
Genus 29. Dynastor, Westwood.
98. Dynastor styGIaNus.
Dynastor stygianus, Butler, Cist. Ent. iy. p. 73 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. 47. fig. 1 (Jan. 1873).
Genus 30. OpsiPHANEs, Westwood.
99. OpsIPHANES CASSIM.
Papilio cassie, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr, p- 265 1764) ; Cramer,
Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 106. fig. A (1779).
Subfamily Morruina, Butler.
Genus 31. Morpno, Fabricius.
100. Morpuo aquarius.
Morpho aquarius, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 74 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. 41. fig. 1 (July 1872).
Morpho cypris and sulkowskyi, also in the collection, were, I
believe, obtained from Bogota.
101. MorrHo marinita.
S$ 2. Morpho marinita, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 75 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. 41. fig. 2 (July 1872).
102. Morpuo peteipgs.
Morpho peleides, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wien. math.-nat. Ol. i.
p. 356. n. 14 (1850).
103. Morpuo amatuontr.
Morpho amathonte, Deyrolle, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 211
(1860).
It seems doubtful whether this is distinct from M. menelaus.
104. Morpeuo HYDORINA:
S 2. Morpho hydorina, Butler, Cist, Ent. iv. p. 76 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. 42. fig. 2 (Oct. 1872).
Var. 3. Morpho l“impida, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p- 75 (Jan, 1872).
340 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Subfamily NympHa.in2, Bates.
Genus 32. SrpERONE, Hiibner.
105. SrIDERONE THEBAIS.
Siderone thebais, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 422. n. 132
(1862) ; Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 60. figs. 6, 7 (1867).
Genus 33. Papruta, Fabricius.
106. PAPHIA ELECTRA.
Paphia electra, Westwood, Gen. Diuru. Lepid. p. 319. n. 12,
note (1850); Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Paph. & Sider. figs. 1, 2
(1856).
107. ParvHIA XENOCLEsS.
Paphia xenocles, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 319. n. 11
note (1850).
108. PapHIA HERBACEA.
Paphia herbacea, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 100 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lx. fig. 3 (1874).
]09. PAPHIA GLAUCE.
Nymphalis glauce, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 119. n. 132
(1862).
110. PAPHIA INDIGOTICA.
Paphia indigotica, Salvin, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser, 4, vol.iv. p. 180.
n. 30 (1869).
111. PapHIA PROSERPINA 22.
gd. Paphia proserpina, Salvin, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p- 18]. n. 32 (1869). -
112. Papuia PITHYUSA.
Nymphalis pithyusa, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, p. 473.
n. 27 (1869).
Paphia eubena, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 50 (1870).
113. PapHiA CHRYSOPHANA.
Paphia chrysophana, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 152. n. 109
(1866).
114, PAPHIA TITAN.
Nymphalis titan, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. p. 447. n. 731,
pl. 60. fig. 4 (1867).
115. PApHIA CHZRONEA.
Nymphalis cheronea, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p.110. n. 104
(1861); Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 60. fig. 1 (1867).
1874. | BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 341
116. PapHIA RYPHEA.
Papilio ryphea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 48. figs. G, H (1779).
117. PAPHIA HELIE. :
Papilio helie, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 773. n. 152 (1766);
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 34. fig. 3 (1764).
118. PapHiA GLYCERIUM.
Paphia glycerium, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 50. fig 1 (1850).
119. PArPHIA AMENOPHIS.
Nymphalis amenophis, Reise der Nov. Lep. ili. p. 449. n. 735
(1867).
120. PapHia IPHIS.
Nymphalis iphis, Latreille, Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 80
(1811-23).
Nymphalis thamyris, Latreille, 7. c. pl. 36. figs. 3, 4 (1811-23).
121. PaPpHIA @NOMAIS.
Paphia enomais, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 51 (1870).
Genus 34. Protoconivs, Hiibner.
122. PROTOGONIUS CECROPS.
Protogonius cecrops, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 49. fig. 2 (1850).
Genus 35. Pycina, Westwood.
123. Pycrina ZAMBA.
Pycina zamba, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 48.
fig. 3 (1850).
Genus 36. AGanistuHos, Boisduval.
124. AGANISTHOS ODIUS.
Papilio odius, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 457. n. 60 (1775); Sulzer,
Gesch. Ins. pl. 13. fig. 2 (1776).
Genus 37. Mrcistanis, Westwood.
125. MEGISTANIS ACHERONTA.
Papilio acheronta, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 501. n. 249 (1775).
Papilio cadmus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 22. figs. A, B (1779).
Kirby has referred this species, perhaps rightly, to the genus
Aganisthos ; in general appearance it is more like 4. odius than the
other species of Megistanis; a careful examination of its structure,
however, will doubtless settle the question at once.
Genus 38. Prevona, Boisduval.
126. PREPONA AMPHIMACHUS.
Papilio amphimachus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 457.n. 59 (1775);
Boisduval, Cuv. Régne Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 139 bis. fig. 2 (1836).
342 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
127, PREPONA DEMOPHON.
Papilio demophon, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 215 (1764);
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 29. fig. 2, pl. 42. fig. 3 (1764).
128. PREPONA MEANDER.
Papilio meander, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 12. figs. A, B (1775).
Genus 39. ApaTura, Fabricius.
129. APATURA LAURENTIA.
Nymphalis laurentia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 376. n. 86
(1823); Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 68. fig. 2 (1835).
130. APATURA LUCASII.
Apatura lucasii, Doubleday and Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl.
45. fig. 2 (1850).
131. APATURA DRURYI.
Catargyria druryi, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-41).
132. APATURA PLESAURINA.
Apatura plesaurina, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 102 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lx. fig. 4 (1874).
An interesting mimic of Heterochroa plesaure. Dr. Boisduval
refers the tropical-American species to a new genus (Chlorippe) on
account of the green palpi; this character, however, fails in the
present species, and therefore is proved to be useless.
133. APATURA PAVONII.
Nymphalis pavonii, Humboldt, Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 197, pl.
18. figs. 3, 4 (18112).
Both sexes of this species came in Van Patten’s collection.
Genus 40. Hetrerocuroa, Boisduval.
134. HeTEROCHROA PLESAURE.
Adelpha plesaure, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 231, 232
(1823).
135. HrTEROCHROA BASILEA.
Papilio basilea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 188. fig. D (1779).
136. HeETEROCHROA IPHICLA.
Papilio iphicla, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 311 (1764); Cramer,
Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 188. fig. D (1779).
137. HeTEROCHROA EROTIA.
Heterochroa erotia, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p, 259,
pl. 20. fig. 3 (1847).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 343
138. HeTEROCHROA LERNA.
Heterochroa lerna, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 257,
pl. 20. fig. 4 (1847).
139. HreTEROCHROA FESSONIA.
Heterochroa fessonia, Hewitson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx.
p- 260, pl. 20. fig. 6 (1847).
140. HeTerRocHROA MELANTHO.
Heterochroa melantho, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 129. n. 57
(1864).
141. HerTEROCHROA DEMIALBA.
Heterochroa demialba, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 77 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. xii. pl. 38. fig. 3 (April 1872).
142. HeTEROCHROA TRACTA.
Heterochroa tracta, Butler, Lep. Exot. xii. pl. 38. fig. 6 (1872).
143, HETEROCHROA LACINA.
Heterochroa lacina, Butler, Lep. Exot. xii. pl. 38. fig. 5 (1872).
144. HeTeROCHROA FELDERI.
Heterochroa felderi, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 45 (1870).
Genus 41. Caracramm™a, Boisduval.
145. CATAGRAMMA PACIFICA.
Catagramma pacifica, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 135. n. 105
(1866).
146. CATAGRAMMA LYCaA.
Catayramma lyca, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl.
28. fig. 4 (1847).
147. CATAGRAMMA ATACAMA.
Catagramma atacama, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Cat. pl. 1. figs. 1
2 (1852).
148. CaATAGRAMMA FAUSTINA.
Catagramma faustina, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 134, n. 103
(1866).
149. CaTAGRAMMA TITANIA.
Catagramma titania, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p- 177. n. 25 (1869).
150. CaTAGRAMMA PATELINA.
Catagramma patelina, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Cat. pl. 2. figs. 13,
14 (1853),
>
344 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Genus 42. Catuicore, Hibner.
151. CALLICORE ASTALA.
Catagramma astala, Guérin, Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. texte, p. 479
(1844).
152. CALLICORE EUCLIDES.
Erycina euclides, Latreille in Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. i. p. 240,
pl. 24. figs. 3, 4(1811?).
153. CAaLLICORE EUPEPLA.
Callicore eupepla, Salvin and Godman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 146 (1868).
Quite distinct from C. metiscus.
Genus 43. Evsaets, Boisduval.
154. EuBAGis TITHIA.
Seronia tithia, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 391, 392 (1823).
155. KupaGis MYLITTA.
Papilio mylitta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 253. figs. D, E (1782).
156. EUBAGIS DYONIS.
Dynamine dyonis, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 871, 872
(1837).
157. EvBAGIS EGA.
Papilio egea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 496. n. 231 (1775); Do-
novan, Nat. Rep. i. pl. 12 (1823).
158. EuBAGIS SALPENSA.
Eubagis salpensa, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatschr. vi. p. 113. n. 97
(1862).
There are specimens in the British Museum from Bogota and
Venezuela.
159. EUBAGIS THALASSINA.
Eubagis thalassina, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 41 (1870).
Genus 44. Nica, Hiibner.
160. Nica FLAVILLA.
Nymphalis flavilla, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 406. n. 185 (1823).
Nica flavilla, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-24).
Genus 45. Ectima, Doubleday.
161. Ecrrma Lirta.
Papilio liria, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 239. n. 747 (1793) ;
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 37. fig. 5 (1800).
~ 1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 345
162. EcTIMA RECTIFASCIA, ni. sp.
Allied to Z. liria; differs in its greater size, in the narrower oblique
band of primaries, with a sharply defined uninterrupted inner edge ;
the ocelli of primaries larger and better-defined on both surfaces ;
the outer margin nearly straight; markings below broader and
deeper in colour. Expanse 2 inches 1 line.
A well-marked and interesting species, differing entirely from all
the known forms in the shape of the band of the primaries.
Genus 46. Amputrene, Hibner.
163. AMPHIRENE EPAPHUS.
Vanessa epaphus, Latreille in Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 74,
pl. 35. figs. 3, 4 (1811-19).
164. AMPHIRENE SUPERBA.
Amphirene superba, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 161. n. 61 (1864).
Some examples have a good deal of red towards apex of front
wings.
Genus 47. Vicrorina, Blanchard.
165. VicToRINA STENELES.
Papilio steneles, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 218 (1764);
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 35. fig. 2 (1764).
Genus 48. Marpesta, Hiibner.
166. MARPESIA PELEUS.
Papilio peleus, Sulzer, Gesch. Ins. pl. 13. fig. 4 (1776).
Genus 49. MreGaAtura, Blanchard.
167. MeGaLuRA CORESIA.
Nymphalis coresia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 359. n. 31 (1823).
Marpesia zerynthia, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. 1816-24.
168. MEGALURA CHIRON.
Papilio chiron, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 452. n. 40 (1775).
Papilio marius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iil. pl. 200. figs. D, E (1780).
169. MrGaLurRA BERANIA.
Timetes berania, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Tim. pl. 1. fig. 1 (1852).
170. MEGALURA MEROPS.
Tymetes merops, Boisduval, Cuy. Régne Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 139.
fig. 1 (1836).
171. MeGaLurRa corITA.
Timetes corita, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 263 (1850).
172. MEGALURA VALETTA.
2. Megalura valetta, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 101
(July 1872); Lep. Exot. pl. Ix. fig. 2 (1874).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXIII. 23
346 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
173. MEGALURA IOLE.
Papilio iole, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 38. fig. 2 (1782).
Genus 50. Hypanartis, Hibner.
174. HypANARTIA LETHE.
Papilio lethe, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 80. n. 250 (1793);
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 23. fig. 1 (1800).
175. HypANARTIA GODMANII.
Eurema godmanii, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 85. n. 44 (1864).
Eurema atropos, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iti. p. 397. n. 588,
pl. 51. figs. 5, 6 (1867).
176. HypaNaRTIA KEFERSTEINII.
Eurema kefersteinii, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 24. fig. 4 (1848).
177. HypANARTIA ARCEI.
Eurema arcei, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vil.
p- 415. n. 45 (1869).
Genus 51. Anartia, Hiibner.
178. ANARTIA FATIMA.
Papilio fatima, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 81. n. 252 (1793) ;
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 31. fig. 2 (1800).
179. ANARTIA JATROPHZ.
Papilio jatrophe, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 289 (1764);
Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 202. figs. E, F (1782).
Genus 52. Junonta, Hiibner.
180. JUNONIA PALLENS.
Junonia pallens, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. p. 401. n. 597
(1867).
Genus 53. Pyramets, Hiibner*.
181. PyRAMEIS CARDUI.
Papilio cardui, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 276. n. 1054 (1761).
182. PyRAMEIS CARYE.
Ham. dec. Carye, Hiibuer, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1806-16).
Genus 54. Eprpuite, Doubleday.
183. EpiIrpHILE ADRASTA.
Epiphile adrasta, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Epiph. pl. 2. figs. 9-11
(1861).
* This genus will probably become a synonym of Nymphalis. See Crotch in
Cist. Ent. iv. p. 60.
1874. ] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 347
184. EprreHILE GRANDIS.
Epiphile grandis, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 76 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. liv. fig. 4 (1873).
Genus 55. Temenis, Hubner.
185. TEMENIS ARIADNE.
Papilio ariadne, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 180. figs. E, F (1779).
Genus 56. Myscetia.
186. MyscreLia PATTENIA.
Myscelia pattenia, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 101 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. Ix. fig. 1 (1874).
Genus 57. Epicauia, Westwood.
187. EpicaLita NYCTIMUS.
Epicalia nyctimus, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 257. n. 1
(1850); Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Epic. pl. 2. figs. 5, 6 (1852).
188. EpICALIA PIERRETI.
Epicalia pierretii, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 29. fig. 4 (1850).
189. EprcaLia OBRINUS.
Papilio obrinus, Linnzus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 255 (1764) ; Clerck’s
Icones, pl. 31. figs. 2, 3 (1764).
Genus 58. AGEronra, Hiibner.
190. AGERONIA FERONIA.
Papilio feronia, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 283 (1764);
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 31. fig. 1 (1764).
191. AGERONIA FORNAX.
Ageronia fornax, Hubner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-24);
Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 10. fig. 1 (1847).
192. AGERONIA AMPHINOME.
Papilio amphinome, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 779. n. 176
(1766) ; Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 54. figs. E, F (1779).
193. AGERONIA NOE.
Ageronia enoé, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 26 (1870).
Genus 59. Diponis, Hiibner.
194. Drponis PASIRA.
Didonis pasira, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 31. fig. 2 (1848).
23%
348 MESSRS, BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Genus 60. Smyrna, Hiibner.
195. SMYRNA BLOMFILDIA.
Papilio blomfildia, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 84. n. 370 (1781);
Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-41).
Genus 61. Pyrruocyra, Hiibner,
196. PyRRHOGYRA EDOCLA.
Pyrrhogyra edocla, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 32. fig. 5 (1850).
197. PyRRHOGYRA OTOLAIS.
Pyrrhogyra otolais, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 126. n. 52
(1864).
P. neis of Felder seems identical with this species.
Genus 62. Microtta, Bates.
198. Microria ELVA. ;
Microtia elva, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 83. n. 39 (1864).
Genus 63. Puyciopes, Hubner.
199. PHycIODES CLAUDINA.
Acrea claudina, Eschscholtz, Kotzeb. Reise, iii. p. 212, pl. 8.
figs. 18 a, 6 (1821).
200. PuycIoDES NIVEONOTIS.
Phyciodes niveonotis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 100 (July
1872).
201. PuyciopEs? NIGRIPENNIS.
Eresia nigripennis, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv.
p- 170. n. 14 (1869).
202. PHycCIOoDES CRITHONA.
Melitea crithona, Salvin, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii.
p- 415. n. 46 (Sept. 1869).
203. PHyCIODES HERA.
Papilio hera, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 253. figs. F, @ (1782).
204. PHyCIODES ARDYS.
Eresia ardys, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. ii. Eres. pl. 5. figs. 35, 36
(1864).
205. PHyCIODES OTANES.
Eresia otanes, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iii. Hres. pl. 6. fig. 47 (1864).
206. PHYCIODES FULVIPLAGA.
Phyciodes fulviplaga, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 77 (1872) ; Lep.
Exot. pl. Ixiii. fig. 2 (1874).
This species is very distinct from any species previously known.
1874.] 2 BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 349
Genus 64. CLotuitpa, Blanchard.
207. CLOTHILDA INSIGNIS.
Clothilda insignis, Salvin, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 394. n. 4 (1869).
Genus 65. Eunica, Hibner.
208. EuNiIca ANNA.
Papilio anna, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 231. figs. A, B (1782).
209. Eunica auGusTa.
Eunica augusta, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 135. n. 106 (1866).
Genus 66. CycLoGramma, Doubleday.
210. CycLoGRAMMA PANDAMA.
Cybdelis pandama, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
p- 219, pl. 27. fig. 5 (1848).
Genus 67. Cutosyne, Butler.
211. CHLOSYNE LACINIA.
Araschnia lacinia, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 899, 900
(1837).
212. CHLOSYNE JANAIS.
Papilio janais, Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. iii. pl. 17. figs. 5, 6 (1782).
213. CHLOSYNE ERODYLE.
Synchloé erodyle, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 84. n. 41 (1864).
214. CHLOsyNE HIPPODROME.
Araschnia hinpodrome, Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schmett. figs. 863,
864 (1837).
215. CHLOSYNE NARVA.
Papilio narva, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 249. n. 775 (1793).
216. CHLOSYNE GAUDIALIs.
Synchloé gaudialis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 84. n. 40 (1864).
Genus 68. Euprrotzra, Doubleday.
217. EverorrTA HEGESIA.
Papilio hegesia, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 209. figs. E, F. (1782).
Genus 69. Dione, Hiibner*.
218. DIioNE MONETA.
Dione moneta, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-24).
Agraulis glycera, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 102. n. 75 (1861).
* All the species of this genus are congeneric, so that Agrazlis is a synonym.
Mr. Wallace’s* objection respecting the value of Hiibner’s descriptions has
no weight; it is enough that the genera were described.
350 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
219. DIoNE VANILLA.
Papilio vanilla, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 306 (1764);
Clerck’s Icones, pl. 40. fig. 2 (1764).
220. Dione JUNO.
Papilio juno, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 215. figs. B, C (1782).
Genus 70. Cota#nis, Hiibner.
221. CoLZNIS PHERUSA.
Papilio pherusa, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 293 (1764).
Papilio pherusa, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 130. figs. B, C
(1779).
222. CoLHNIS JULIA.
Papilio julia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 509. n. 281 (1775);
Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1806-16).
223. CoLZNIS DELILA.
Papilio delila, Fabricius, Syst, Ent. p. 510. n. 284 (1775).
Papilio cellene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iti. pl. 215. figs. D, E (1782).
Genus 71. Eresta, Boisduval.
224. ERESIA EUNICE.
Nereis fulva eunice, Hiibner, Samml. exot. Schmett. (1806-16).
225. ERESIA DISMORPHINA.
Eresia dismorphina, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 78 (Jan. 1872) ; Lep.
Exot. pl. Ixiii. fig. 1 (1874).
226. ERESIA ERANITES.
Eresia eranites, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. 1. Eres. pl. 2. figs. 8-10
(1857).
227. ERESIA NAUPLIA.
Papilio nauplia, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p- 309(1764) ; Clerck’s
Icones, pl. 46. fig. 1 (1764).
Subfamily Hericonin4, Bates.
Genus 72. Evriprs, Hiibner.
228. EUEIDES LINEATA.
Eueides lineata, Salvin and Godman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 145. n. 9 (1868).
229. EUEIDES VIBILIA.
Cethosia vibilia, Godart, Enc. Méth. ‘ix. p. 245. n. 6-(1819) ;
Hibner, Zutr. ex. Schm. figs. 449, 450 (1825) [Colenis vibilia].
1874. ] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 351
230. EVEIDES CLEOBEA.
Eueides cleobea, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schm. figs. 601, 602 (1832).
231. EvEIDESs VULGIFORMIS.
Eueides vulgiformis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 102 (July
1872). D
Genus 73. Hexiconwvs, Fabricius.
232. HELiconius CHARITHONIA.
Papilio charithonia, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 757. n. 65
(1767); Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 191. fig. F (1779).
233. HELICONIUS PACHINUS.
Heliconius pachinus, Salvin, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii.
p. 414. n. 42 (1871).
234. HELICONIUS GALANTHUS,
Heliconius galanthus, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 58. n. 29 (1864),
235. HeLiconius cypno.
Heliconia cydno, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 15. fig. 3 (1847).
236. Hexiconius RHEA.
Papilio rhea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 54. figs. C, D (1779).
237. HELICONIUS PETIVERANA.
Heliconia petiverana, Doubleday, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 103. n. 18
(1847).
238. HELICONIUS ERATO.
Papilio erato, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 231 (1764); Clerck’s
Icones, pl. 40. fig. 1 (1764).
239. HELICONIUS MONTANUS.
Heliconius montanus, Salvin, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.
vii. p. 414. n. 41 (1871).
240. Hexiconrius zuceiKa.
Heliconia zuleika, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Hel. pl. 3. fig. 10 (1854).
241, HELIconius rormosvs.
Heliconius formosus, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 87. n. 96 (1866).
242. HELIcoNnrus TELCHINIA.
Heliconia telchinia, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn, Lepid.
pl. 14. fig. 4 (1847).
243. HELICONIUS RosINA.
Heliconia rosina, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 29 (1870).
352 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Subfamily Acrx1n, Bates.
Genus 74. Actinote, Hubner.
244, ACTINOTE NOX.
3. Acrea nox, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 59. n. 33 (1864). .
Q. Acrea leucomelas, Bates, 1. c. n. 32 (1864).
Acrea orizava, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 243. n. 13
(1866).
Reakirt separated his A. orizava from A. leucomelas by characters
which are purely individual and not locally constant.
245. ACTINOTE THALIA.
Papilio thalia, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 230 (1764) ; Clerck’s
Icones, pl. 43. fig. 2 (1764).
Family Eryc1n1p#, Swainson.
Subfamily LisyTH21Nnz&, Bates.
Genus 75. LisytruHea, Fabricius.
246. LinyTHEA CARINENTA.
Papilio carinenta, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 108. figs. E, F (1779).
Subfamily Nemeosiin#, Bates.
Genus 76. Eurysia, Hibner.
247. EuRYBIA JUTURNA.
Eurybia juturna, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 288. n. 372
(1865 *):
Genus 77. MresosemrA, Hiibner.
248. MrsosSEMIA LAGORA.
Diophthalma lagora, Herrich-Schiffer, Ex. Schmett. figs. 43, 44
(1853).
249. MESOSEMIA TELEGONE.
Diophthalma telegone, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 21. fig. 2
(1836).
250. MresosEMIA FREQUENS. ;
Mesosemia frequens, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 104 (July
1872).
Subfamily Euryconin 2, Bates.
Genus 78. Eurycona (Boisd.), Westwood.
251. EURYGONA CHRYSIPPE.
Eurygona chrysippe, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 154. n. 114
(1866).
Eurygona labiena, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. vi. p. 226 (1870),
252. EURYGONA REGIPENNIS.
Eurygona regipennis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 103
(July 1872).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 353
253. EuRYGONA AURANTIA.
Eurygona aurantia, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 103 (July
1872).
Seems to mimic Nelo chrysomela, a new moth in the same col-
lection.
Genus 79. MerHoNELLA, Westwood.
254. METHONELLA CHRYSOMELA.
Methonella chrysomela, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 78 (Jan. 1872).
Previously in the collection of the British Museum from Bogota.
Subfamily Erycin1n#, Bates.
Genus 80. Lymnas, Blanchard.
255, LyMNAS PIXE.
Lymaas pixe, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 20. fig. 1 (1836).
Genus 81. Haprs, Westwood.
256. HapES NOCTULA.
Hades noctula, Westwood & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 435.
n. 1, note, pl. 72. fig. 3 (1851).
Genus 82. IrnHomets, Bates.
257. IrTHOMEIS EULEMA.
Ithomeis eulema, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. iv. Zrycin. pl. 2. fig. 1
(1870).
Genus 83. Estuemopsis, Felder.
258. EsTHEMOPSIS CLONIA.
Esthemopsis clonia, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 306. n. 414,
pl. 38. figs. 11, 12 (“ 1865”’).
Genus 84. Emesis, Fabricius.
259, EMESIS TENEDIA.
Emesis tenedia, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 99. n. 61 (1861).
260. EMESIS CYPRIA.
Emesis cypria, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon, v. p. 99. n. 62 (1861) ;
Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. pl. 36. figs. 12, 13 (“ 1865’).
261. EmEsiIs OLIV.
Emesis olive, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 103 (July 1872).
262. EmEsis FUROR.
Emesis furor, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 104 (July 1872).
Genus 85. Cuaris, Hibner.
263. CHARIS ARGYRODINES.
Charis argyrodines, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. ii. p. 154. n. 112
(1866).
354 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Genus 86. Lemonias, Westwood.
264. LEMONIAS ADELINA.
Lemonias adelina, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 79 (Jan. 1872).
Section Thisbe, Hiibner.
265. LEMONIAS IRENA.
Q. Papilio irenea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 328. figs. C, D
(1782).
3. Papilio belise, Cramer, 1. c. pl. 376. figs. E, F (1782).
Genus 87. NympuipiuM, Fabricius.
266. NyMPHIDIUM LYCORIAS.
Nymphidium lycorias, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Nymph. pl. 1. figs.
7, 8 (1852).
267. NyMPHIDIUM ASCOLIA.
Nymphidium ascolia, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Nymph. pl. 1. fig. 4
(1852).
Genus 88. Panpremos, Hubner.
268. PANDEMOS NYMPHIDIOIDES.
Pandemos nymphidioides, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 79 (Jan. 1872).
A very remarkable form brought home by Dr. van Patten; it is
quite unlike any species previously known.
Family Lyc#n1ip4, Stephens.
Subfamily Lycaznin&, Butler.
Genus 89. Eumaus, Hubner.
269. EUM2US MINYAS.
Rusticus (adolescens) minyas, Hibner, Samml. ex. Schmett.
(1806-16).
270. EUM2US TOXANA.
Eumeus toxana, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 13 (1870).
Genus 90. Lamprpes, Hubner.
271. LAMPIDES CASSIUS.
Papilio cassius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 23. figs. C, D (1775).
Lycena marina of Reakirt is evidently this species,
272. LAMPIDES ZACH EHINA.
Lampides zacheina, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 104 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. Ixvii. fig. 1 (1873).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 355
Subfamily Tueciin#, Butler.
Genus 91. Strymon, Hibner.
273. STRYMON PASTOR.
Strymon pastor, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 105 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 5 (1873).
274. StRYMON AGRICOLOR.
Strymon agricolor, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 105 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 4 (1873).
275. STRYMON C@LICOLOR.
Strymon celicolor, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 106 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 6 (1873).
Genus 92. Tmouus, Hibner.
276. TMOLUS TEMESA.
Thecla temesa, Hewitson, Descr. Lyc. p. 1. n. 2 (1868); Ill.
Diurn. Lepid. pl. 52. figs. 284, 285 (1869).
277. TMOLUS TALAYRA.
Thecla talayra, Hewitson, Descr. Lyc. p. 1. n. 3 (1868); Il.
Diurn. Lepid. pl. 52. figs. 286, 287 (1869).
278. Tmo.us? GAUNA.
Thecla gauna, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 16 (1870).
279. TMOLUS CROLINUS.
Tmolus crolinus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 107 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii- fig. 13 (1873).
280. TMoLUS INVISUS.
Tmolus invisus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 108 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 12 (1873).
281. TMOLUS HALCIONES.
Tmolus halciones, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 108 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 9 (1873).
282. TMOLUS ISOBEON.
Tmolus isobeon, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 108 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 2 (1873).
283. TMOLUS VESPASIANUS.
Tmolus vespasianus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 109 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 7 (1873).
284. TMoLus CHARICHLORUS.
Tmolus charichlorus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 109
(July 1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. LO (1873).
356 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
285. TMOLUS DENARIUS.
Tmolus denarius, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 109 (ouly
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 3 (1873).
286. TMOLUS VESULUS.
Papilio vesulus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 340. figs. I, K (1782).
Genus 93. Birnys, Hubner.
287. Biruys? THARA.
Thecla thara, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lepid. p. 83. n. 56, pl. 32.
figs. 45, 46 (1867).
288. BITHYS AZURINUS.
Bithys azurinus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 107 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 11 (1873).
289. BirHys HESPERITIS.
Bithys hesperitis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 107 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 14 (1873).
Genus 94. Miruras, Hubner.
290. MiITHRAS AUGUSTINUS.
Mithras augustinus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 106 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 8 (1873).
291. MiTHRAS TOLMIDES.
Pseudolycena tolmides, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 247. n.
288, pl. 31. figs. 13, 14 (“1865”).
292. MirHRAS DESDEMONA.
Thecla desdemona, Hewitson, Ill. Diurn. Lepid. p. 79. n. 37, pl.
45. figs. 189, 190 (1867).
Close to P. tolmides and egides of Felder.
293. MiTHRAS ZGIDES.
Pseudolycena egides, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 246. n.
286, pl. 31. figs. 3, 4 (1865).
294. Miruras? CALESIA.
Thecla calesia, Hewitson, Equat. Lep. p. 67. n. 121 (1870).
Genus 95. PanruiapEs, Hiibner.
295, PANTHIADES TOGARNA.
Thecla togarna, Hewitson, Il]. Diurn. Lepid. p. 85. n. 65, pl. 33.
figs. 52, 53 (1867).
296. PANTHIADES SITO.
Thecla sito, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 22. fig. 5 (1836).
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 357
Family PaPILIONID2.
Subfamily Prertn#, Bates.
Genus 96. Pereute, Herrich-Schaffer.
297. PEREUTE CHAROPS.
Euterpe charops, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 407. n. 3, pl. 18.
fig. 1 (1836).
Genus 97. Mytoruris, Hiibner.
298. MyLoTHRIS MALENKA.,
Pieris malenka, Hewitson, Ex. Butt. i. Pier. pl. 1. figs. 5, 6
(1852).
299. MyLoTuRIs ALETHINA.
Mylothris alethina, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 81 (Jan. 1872).
300. MyLorTHrRis VIARDI.
Pieris viardi, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 439. n. 3 (1836).
Genus 98. EuTEerre, Swainson.
301. EuTERPE TEREAS.
Papilio tereas, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. p. 38. n. 39 (1819).
Euterpe terea, Swainson, Zool. Ill. Ins. ii. pl. 74 (1831).
302. EvTERPE DISMORPHITES.
Euterpe dismorphites, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 80 (Jan. 1872).
Genus 99. Hesperocuaris, Felder.
303. HrsPpEROCHARIS CROCEA.
Hesperocharis crocea, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 49. n. 84
(1866).
304. HespEROCHARIS COSTARICENSIS.
Hesperocharis costaricensis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 49. n. 85
(1866).
Genus 100. Carasticra, Butler.
305. CaTASTICTA OCHRACEA.
Euterpe ochracea, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 31 (1864).
306. CATASTICTA NIMBICE.
Euterpe nimbice, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 409. n. 6 (1836) ;
Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pl. 5. fig. 1 (1847).
307. CaTasTICTA ARECHIZA.
Euterpe arechiza, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 244.
n. 15 (1866).
This species formerly stood in the Museum and several other col-
lections as the Z. teutila of Doubleday, near to which it is placed in
358 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Kirby’s Catalogue, p. 430 (see nos. 9 & 11); the latter, however, is
the male of C. sebennica. This error probably occurred in consequence
of the type not being marked ; whilst C. arechiza bore a label, in Mr.
White’s handwriting, with the name C. teutila inscribed thereon.
308. CATASTICTA POTAMEA.
Euterpe potamea, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 78. n. 22 (1861).
309. CATASTICTA THERESA, 0. sp.
Wings above sepia-brown ; primaries with a broad cuneiform patch
cut by the median nervure and its first and second branches, which
are broadly black-brown; two subcostal spots placed transversely
beyond cell, and a discal series of four to five squamose discal spots,
ochraceous clay-colour ; secondaries with central area to near base
(interrupted by black nervures), four additional small discal spots,
and three or four along anal margin ochraceous clay-colour: body
black-brown, a yellow spot on pterygodes; sides of abdomen white:
wings below altogether paler; primaries with all the spots enlarged,
whitish towards costa, streaked with sulphur-yellow towards apex ;
apex white; a marginal series of hastate yellow spots; secondaries
brown at base, interrupted by yellow streaks ; a cuneiform white spot
from preecostal nervelet ; a curved central white band, broadest on
costa, streaked with yellow and cut by the black nervures; area
immediately beyond forming an irregular ill-defined pale brown band
across end of cell ; a discal series of dark brown spots, on one or both
sides of which are yellow spots, and beyond which are some pearly-
whitish streaks; a marginal series of subtriangular yellow spots ;
base margined with scarlet ; body black-brown; venter white, with
blackish longitudinal streak. Expanse 1 inch 11 lines.
310. CATASTICTA SISAMNUS.
Papilio sisamnus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 44. n. 131 (1793).
Euterpe pitana, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. pl. 23. figs. 9, 10
(1865).
311. CATASTICTA ACTINOTIS.
Catasticta actinotis, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 80 (Jan. 1872);
Lep. Exot. pl. xliii. fig. 6 (1872).
312. CATASTICTA EMERIS.
Euterpe emeris, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 408. n. 5 (1836).
Genus 101. SpHanocona, Butler.
313. SpH&NOGONA MEXICANA.
Terias mexicana, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 655. n. 3, pl. 19.
fig. 1 (1836).
314. SpH#NOGONA LIMONEA.
Terias limoneus, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 84. n. 43 (1861).
1874. ] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. r 359
315. SpPHZNOGONA FABIOLA.
Terias fabiola, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 85. n. 44 (1861).
316. SpHHNOGONA CONSTANTIA.
Terias constantia, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 200. n. 205
(1865).
Genus 102. Trrtas, Swainson.
317. TERIAS EUTERPE.
Colias euterpe, Ménétries, Bull. Mosc. p. 299. n. 13 (1832);
Nouv. Mém. Mosc. iii. p. 121, pl. 11. fig. 4 (1834).
318. TERIAS WESTWOODII.
Terias westwoodii, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 666. n. 22
(1836).
Eurema dina, Hubner, Zutr. ex. Schm. figs. 951, 952 (1837).
319. TERIAS PERSISTENS.
Terias persistens, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 110 (July
1872).
320. TERIAS CALCEOLARIA.
Terias calceolaria, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 110 (July
1872).
321. TERIAS PALMYRA.
Terias palmyra, Poey, Mem. Cuba, pl. 24. figs. 4-6 (1851).
322. TERIAS EUGENIA, ? 9.
Terias eugenia, Wallengren, Wien. ent. Mon. iv. p. 33. n. 2
(1860).
323. TERIAS sINo#.
Pieris sinoé, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 138. n. 66 (1819).
324. TERIAS ALBULA, Var. MARGINELLA.
Terias marginella, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 97. n. 53 (1861).
325. TERIAS STYGMULA.
Terias stygmula, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép.i. p. 661. n. 15 (1836);
Lucas, in Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, vii. p. 505, pl. 16. figs.
1 & la (1856).
Genus 103. Pyrisir1a, Butler.
326. PyrRISITIA PROTERPIA.
Papilio proterpia, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 478. n. 152 (1775) ;
Lucas, Lép. Exot. pl. 38. fig. 1 (1835) [Terias proterpia].
327. PyRISITIA GUNDLACHIA.
Terias gundlachia, Poey, Mem. Cuba, p. 246, pl. 24. figs. 1-3
(1851).
360 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Genus 104. LerrornostA, Butler.
328. LerproPpHOBIA ELODIA.
Pieris elodia, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 529. n. 134 (1836) ;
Lucas, Ramon de la Sagra’s Hist. Cuba, vii. pl. 15. figs. 3, 3a
(1857).
329. LePpTroPHOBIA TENUICORNIS.
Leptophobia tenuicornis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 110
(July 1872); Lep. Exot. pl. xliii. fig. 4 (1872).
Genus 105. AmMynTH1A*, Swainson.
330. AMYNTHIA CLORINDE.
Colias clorinde, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix., Suppl. p. 813 (1823) ;
Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 19. fig. 4 (1836) [ Rhodocera clorinde].
331. AMYNTHIA MRULA.
Papilio merula, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 479. n. 157 (1775);
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 27. fig. 1 (1800).
Genus 106. Mrecanostoma, Reakirt.
332. MEGANOSTOMA CESONIA.
Papilio cesonia, Stoll, Suppl. Cr. pl. 41. figs. 2, 26 (1790).
333. MEGANOSTOMA HELENA.
Meganostoma helena, Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. ii. p. 358.
n. 2 (1863).
Genus 107. Cauuipryas, Boisduval.
334. CALLIDRYAS SENNZ.
Papilio senne, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1, ii. p. 764. n. 103 (1767);
Butler, Lep. Exot. viii. pl. 23. figs. 1-4 (April 1871).
335. CALLIDRYAS PHILEA.
Papilio philea, Linneus, Syst. Nat. ii. p. 764. n. 104 (1766) ;
Butler, Lep. Exot. ii. pl. 35. figs. 1-4 (1872).
A good series of P. melanippe, Cr. (both sexes), came with the
typical form in Van Patten’s collection.
Genus 108. Aprurissa, Butler.
336. APHRISSA STATIRA.
Q. Papilio statira, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 120. figs. C, D
(1779).
3. Papilio alemeone, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 143. fig. E
(1779).
* T find that the genus Rhodocera of Boisduval possesses characters which will
fully justify its separation from this group.
1874. ] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 361
Genus 109. Puasts, Hiibner.
Subgenus Pua@sts, Butler.
337. PHaBIs CIPRIS.
2. Papilio cipris, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 99. figs. E, F
(1779).
3. Papilio hersilia, Cramer, l. c. pl. 173. figs. C, D (1779).
Dr. van Patten brought a long series of this species in both sexes,
the white female being most common.
338. PH@BIS TRITE.
Papilio trite, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 248 (1764) ; Cramer,
Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 141. figs. C, D (1779).
The white female appears to be more common than the yellow.
Subgenus Merura, Butler.
339. PHa@BIs INTERMEDIA.
3 2. Callidryas intermedia, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 81 (Jan.
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. lv. figs. 5-8 (1874).
340. Pua@sis VIRGO.
3 Q. Callidryas virgo, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 9.n. 1 (1870);
Lep. Exot. x. pl. 29. figs. 1-4 (1871).
This species was common in the collection.
341. Puoa@sis RURINA.
Callidryas rurina, Felder, Wien, ent. Mon. v. p. 82. n. 36 (1861);
Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 194. n. 193, pl. 26. figs. 9-11 (“1865 ”’).
Only one female of this species came amongst several hundreds of
the males in Van Patten’s collection; Mr. Buckley also took hardly
any in Ecuador, although the males were exceedingly abundant.
Genus 110. Pieris, Boisduval.
342. PrERIS JOSEPHINA.
Pieris josephina, Godart, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 158. n. 136 (1819);
Hubner, Samm. ex. Schmett. (1819-1836) [ Cat. josephine].
343. PreRIS NOTISTRIGA.
Pieris notistriga, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 111 (July
1872).
344. PreRIS NOCTIPENNIS.
Pieris noctipennis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 111 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. xliii. fig. 7 (1872).
Genus 111. Appras, Hiibner.
345. APPIAS POEYI.
3 Q. Appias poeyi, Butler, P. Z.S. p. 49. n. 54 (1872).
Q. Pieris ilaire, Poey (nec Godart), Cent. Lep. (1833),
Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1874, No. XXIV. 24
362 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE [June 2,
Genus 112. Syncuio#, Hiibner.
346. SyNCHLO# MONUSTE.
Papilio monuste, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 237 (1764);
Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 141. fig. F (1779) [P. monusta}.
Genus 113. Dismorputia, Hiibner.
347. DISMORPHIA SORORNA,
3 2. Dismorphia sororna, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 82 (1872);
Lep. Exot. pl. xlvi. figs. 1, 2 (1873).
348. DisMORPHIA CORDILLERA.
¢. Leptalis cordillera, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 409.
n. 108 (1862); Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 145. n. 111, pl. 22.
fig. 11 (“1865”); Q Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 81 (1872).
349. DisMORPHTA DEIONE.
Leptalis deione, Hewitson, Ent. Mo. Mag. vi. p. 68 (1869); Ex.
Butt. iv. Lep. pl. 6. figs. 37, 38 (1870).
350. DisMoRPHIA AMPHIONE.
Papilio amphione, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 232. figs. E, F
(1782).
351. DisMoRPHIA HAGARESA,
Dismorphia hagaresa, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 82 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. xlvi. fig. 3 (1873).
352. DisMORPHIA LUBINA.
Dismorphia lubina, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 83 (Jan. 1872) ; Lep.
Exot. pl. xlvi. figs. 6, 7 (1873).
353. DisMORPHIA VIRGO.
Leptalis virgo, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 5. n. 9 (1864).
354, DisMORPHIA LUNINA.
Dismorphia lunina, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 111 (July
1872); Lep. Exot. pl. xlvi. figs. 8, 9 (1873).
355. DisMORPHIA NEMESIS.
Pieris nemesis, Latreille, Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 78,
pl. 35. figs. 7, 8 (1811-1819).
356. DisMORPHIA VIRIDIFASCIA.
Dismorphia viridifascia, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 83 (Jan. 1872) ;
Lep. Exot. pl. xlvii. figs. 4, 5 (1873).
Interesting on account of the unusual colouring of the male and
the dissimilarity of the female.
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. » 363
357. DismMORPHIA CITRINELLA.
Leptalis citrinella, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 77. n. 18
(1861).
358. DisMoRPHIA OTHO?.
Leptalis othoé, Hewitson, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 562.
n. 3 (1867); Ex. Butt.iv. Lep. pl. 5. figs. 26-28 (1870).
359. DisMORPHIA PALLIDULA, 0. Sp.
3 2. Wings above black-brown, more or less greyish towards
base of primaries and inner margin of secondaries; primaries with a
broad oblique subovate postmedian costal spot, two small discal
spots placed obliquely on each side of the lower radial, and a streak
on centre of inner margin, creamy white; secondaries with a broad
central patch, oval in male, subquadrate in female, creamy white ;
costal area of male with a large oval red-brown patch: wings below
pale green ; the white spots of upper surface indicated by a paler
tint, and margined with squamose brown streaks ; in the female the
white band of primaries (which is larger than in the male) is clearly
defined ; the discal area and upper half of cell are also black-brown,
and the base is greyish; body above greyish brown ; pectus, palpi,
and legs below clothed with white hairs; abdomen with pale yellow
ventral streak. Expanse, ¢ 1 inch 9 lines, 2 1 inch 10 lines.
A pretty little species, allied to D. othoé of Hewitson.
360. DismMORPHIA FORTUNATA.
Leptalis fortunata, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 55, pl. 3.
fig. 1 (1854).
Subfamily Parrtionin&, Bates.
Genus 114. Paptiio, Linnzeus.
361. PapILio IPHIDAMAS.
Papilio iphidamas, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 17. 0. 52 (1793).
Differs from typical form in having only three red spots on upper
surface of hind wings and two white spots on under surface of front
wings.
362. PAPILIO LYCIMENES.
Papilio lycimenes, Boisduval, Lép. Guat. p. 7 (1870).
Papilio iphidamas, Gray (nec Fabr.), Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M. i.
p. 44. n. 225, pl. 8. figs. 1, 2 (1852).
363. PAPILIO ERITHALION.
Papilio erithalion, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 295. n. 125
(1836); Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. i. p. 25. n. 15, pl. 16. fig. d
(1865).
364. PapiLio PHOTINUS.
Papilio photinus, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 415
(1844); Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. B. M.i. p. 65. n. 287, pl. 11. fig. 2
(1852).
24*
364 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE (June 2,
365. ParrL1o MYLOTES.
Papilio mylotes, Bates, Trans. Ent. Soc. ser. 3, vol. v. p. 346, note
(1861).
366. PAPILIO PHILENOR.
Papilio philenor, Linneeus, Mant. Plant. p. 535 (1771); Smith
& Abbot, Lep. Georg. i. pl. 3 (1797).
367. PApILIO POLYDAMAS.
Papilio polydamas, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 192 (1764);
Drury, Ill. Ex. Ent. i. pl. 17. figs. 1, 2 (17738).
368. PAptL1o CLUSOCULIS.
Papilio clusoculis, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 85 (Jan. 1872) ; Lep.
Exot. pl. lviii. fig. 2 (1874).
369. PapILio BRANCHUS.
. Papilio branchus, Doubleday, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii.
p- 373 (1846); Gray, Cat. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. i. p. 62. n. 277,
pl. 7. fig. 3 (1852).
Slightly larger than the type ; this species is almost exactly alike
in both sexes. It is represented in the collection of the British
Museum from Guatemala, Polochic valley, &c.
370. PAarILIo RHODOSTICTUS, N. Sp.
Wings above sepia-brown, fringes varied with creamy whitish, an
oblique bifid elongate cream-coloured spot crossing median nervure
at end of cell in primaries; a large quinquefid rosy patch just
beyond cell of secondaries, the two outer spots of the patch being
very small, also a spot of the same colour at anal angle ; body sepia-
brown ; head yellow-spotted; neck red-spotted: wings below alto-
gether lighter in tint, primaries becoming paler towards apex; a
trifid creamy transverse oblique patch, cut by the median nervure
and second median branch ; secondaries with an oblique postmedian
series of four rosy spots placed between the median branches and
the radials immediately beyond cell; a discal waved or subangulated
series of seven rosy spots, the first three parallel to margin, and
sinall, the fourth larger, the fifth and sixth large, irrorated with
whitish internally, and touching the postmedian series, the seventh
large, but divided by a central black bar into two small spots, the
apical spot irrorated with white ; fringe at anal angle reddish ; body
brown, thorax spotted with orange. Expanse 3 inches 5 lines.
Belongs to the P. anchisiades group.
371. PAPpiILio SERVILLEI.
Papilio servillet, Godart, Ene. Méth. ix. Suppl. p. 809 (1823).
Papilio columbus, Kollar, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, math.-
nat. Cl. i. p. 351. n. 1, pl. 42. figs. 1, 2 (1850).
1874. ] BUTTERELIES OF COSTA RICA. 365
372. PAPILIO ORABILIS.
Papilio orabilis, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 84 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. lviii. fig. 1 (1874).
This was the finest of the Papiliones collected by Dr. van Patten.
373. PAPILIO CALLISTE.
Papilio calliste, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 3. n. 5 (1864).
Papilio l’ Orze, Boisduval, Insect. Agric. p. 103 (1869).
374. PapiLio MARCHANDII.
Papilio marchandii, Boisduval, Sp. Gén. Lép. i. p. 350. n. 192
(1836).
375. PAPILIO PENTHESILAUS.
Papilio penthesilaus, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. i. p. 52. n. 40,
pl. LL. fig. C (1865).
376. PapiLio EPIDAUS.
Papilio epidaiis, Doubleday & Hewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid.
pl. 3. fig. 1 (1846).
377. PapILio THOAS.
Papilio thoas, Linneus, Mant. Plant. p. 536 (1771) ; Drury, IIl.
Ex. Ent. i. pl. 22. figs. 1, 2.(1773)..
378. PAPILIO EROSTRATUS.
Papilio erostratus, Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. y. p. 36, pl. 3.
figs. 2, 2* (1847).
379. PAPILIO LYCOPHRON.
Heraclides lycophron, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-
1836).
380. PapiLio POLYCAON.
Papilio polycaon, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 203. figs. A, B
(1782).
Differs from the typical form in the broader central band, the
spots of which touch the costa of front wings, and in having no spot
on the tail,
381. PAPILIO PANDION.
Papilio pandion, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. i. p. 79. n. 61
(1865).
382. PAPILIO IDZUS.
Papilio ideus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 16. n. 48 (1793) ;
Donovan, Ins. Ind. pl. 18. fig. 2 (1800).
383. PAPILIO SADALUS.
Papilio sadalus, Lucas, Rey. Zool. p. 133, pl. 10. fig. 4 (1852). —
366 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE ~ [June 2,
Genus 115. Pyrruosticta*, Butler.
384. PyrRRHOSTICTA LATITIA.
Papilio letitia, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 84 (Jan. 1872).
Pyrrhosticta letitia, Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. lvii. fig. 4 (1874).
385. PyRRHOSTICTA VULNERATA.
Papilio vulneratus, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 85 (Jan. 1872).
Pyrrhosticta vulnerata, Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. lviii. fig. 3 (1874).
Family Hesperip, Leach.
Genus 116. Gonrurvus, Hibner.
386. GONIURUS PROTEUS.
Papilio proteus, Linneeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p.333 (1764) ; Clerck’s
Icones, pl. 42. fig. 1 (1764).
387. GONIURUS SIMPLICIUS.
Papilio simplicius, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 39. figs. 6, 6 E (1790).
388. GonruRus aLczus ?
Eudamus alceus, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 3. n. 1 (1867).
389. GoNIURUS ZILPA.
Goniurus zilpa, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 109, pl. 40. fig. 2 (1872).
390. GoNIURUS ALBOFASCIATUS.
Eudamus albofasciatus, Hewitson, Descr. Hesp. p. 3. n. 2 (1867).
391. GonruRUS EXADEUS.
Papilio exadeus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 260. fig. C (1782).
Genus 117. Eupamus, Swainson.
392. EUDAMUS VECTILUCIS.
Eudamus vectilucis, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 109, pl. 40. fig. 6
(1872).
Genus 118. TeLeconvs, Hibner.
393. TELEGONUS FULGURATOR.
Papilio fulgurator, Walch, Naturf. vii. p. 115, pl. 1. figs. 2a, 6
(1775).
3. Hesperia mercatus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. 3, i. p. 332. n. 260
(1793).
* This genus can at once be detected by the serrated costa of the primaries in
both sexes ; none of the species has a well-defined tail to the secondaries. There
are, no doubt, plenty of characters by which Papilio may be subdivided: Mr.
Scudder has commenced with the N. American species; and it is to be hoped
that others will soon follow his example, and thus reduce this unwieldy genus to
something like a manageable compass.
1874.] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 367
394. TELEGONUS IMALENA.
Telegonus imalena, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 109, pl. 40. fig. 1
(1872).
395, TELEGONUS ALARDUS.
Papilio alardus, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. pl. 39. figs. 7, 7 E (1790).
396. TELEGONUS CRETEUS.
Papilio creteus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 284. figs. C, D (1782).
Papilio parmenides, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 364. figs. E, F
(1782).
397. TELEGONUS ANAPHUS.
Papilio anaphus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 178. fig. F (1779).
. Genus 119. Airu1iua, Hewitson.
398. ASTHILLA LAVOCHREA.
A&thilla lavochrea, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 110, pl. 40. fig. 4
(1872).
In the British Museum from Mexico.
Genus 120. ArtEeurortiaA, Butler & Druce.
399. ARTEUROTIA TRACTIPENNIS.
Arteurotia tractipennis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 112
(July 1872); Lep. Exot. pl. Ixiv. fig. 5 (1874).
Genus 121. Spatruivers, Butler.
400. SPATHILEPIA CLONIUS.
Papilio clonius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pl. 80. figs. C, D (1779).
401. SPATHILEPIA TERRANEA,
Spathilepia terranea, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 111, pl. 40. fig. 8
(1872).
In the British Museum from the Lower Amazons.
Genus 122. AuGr1aApeEs, Hiibner.
Section Phanus, Hiibn.
402. AUGIADES VITREUS.
Papilio vitreus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 365. fig. D (1782).
This appears to be a very common, widely spread, and variable
species.
Genus 123. PyrruopyGa, Hiibner.
403. PyRRHOPYGA THASUS.
Papilio thasus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 380. figs. M, N (1782).
368 MESSRS. BUTLER AND DRUCE ON THE (June 2,
Genus 124. Eryciprs, Hiibner.
404. ErycrpEs vipa.
Erycides vida, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 86 (Jan. 1872); Lep. Exot.
pl. Ixiv. fig. 4 (1874).
405. ERycrpEs soctus.
Erycides socius, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 112 (July 1872).
Genus 125. Carystus*, Eliibner.
406. CARYSTUS MINOS.
Hesperia minos, Latreille, Enc. Méth. ix. p. 756. n. 78 (1823).
407. CARYSTUS CORIDON.
Papilio coridon, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 533. n. 385 (1775);
Butler, Fabr. Cat. pl. 3. fig. 6 (1870).
408. CARYSTUS DECEPTUS.
Carystus deceptus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 112 (July
1872).
409. CaRYSTUS EPICINCEA.
Carystus epicincea, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 113 (July
1872).
410. CarYsTUS GEMMATUS.
Carystus gemmatus, Butler, Cist. Ent. iv. p. 86 (Jan. 1872); Lep.
Exot. pl. Ixiv. fig. 2 (1874).
A most beautiful and apparently rare species.
Genus 126. Prorreipes, Hiibner.
411. ProreIpEs IDAs.
Papilio idas, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 260. figs. A, B (1782).
412. PRoTEIDES EVADNES.
Papilio evadnes, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 343. figs. G, H (1782).
Genus 127. Paiesopes, Hiibner.
413. PHLEBODES JUSTINOIDES.
Phlebodes justinoides, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 113 (July
1872).
Genus 128. Pampuiwa, Fabricius.
414. PAMPHILA HALA.
Pamphila hala, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 504 (1870).
* This name has been recently adopted by Dr. Stal for a genus of Homopte-
rous insects.
1874,] BUTTERFLIES OF COSTA RICA. 369
415. PAMPHILA ZABULON.
Hesperia zabulon, Boisduval & Leconte, Lép. Am. Sept. pl. 76.
figs. 6, 7 (1833).
Hesperia hobomok, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 313, fig. 137 (1862).
Hesperia pocahontas, Scudder, Proc. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 171. n. 67
(1862).
Var. melan. Hesperia quadraquina, Scudder, Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist.
Soc. xi. p. 381. n. 76 (1861).
416. PAMPHILA ARES.
Hesperia ares, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xii. p. 477.
65 (1862).
417. PAMPHILA ATHENION.
Talides athenion, Hiibner, Samml. ex. Schm. (1816-41).
418. PAMPHILA VIBEX.
Thymele vibex, Hiibner, Zutr. ex. Schm. figs. 685, 686 (1832).
419. PAMPHILA UNIFORMIS.
Pamphila uniformis, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 113 (July
1872).
n.
i=
420. PAMPHILA INIMICA.
Pamphila inimica, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. vy. p. 114 (July
1872).
Genus 129. Pyreus, Hiibner.
421. Pyreus syRICHTUS.
Papilio syrichtus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 534. n. 394 (1775).
Papilio oreus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 334. figs. I-L (1782).
Pyrgus montivagus, Reakirt, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. p. 334.
n. 33 (1866).
Genus 130. PyrHonipes, Hiibner.
422. PyTHONIDES TRYXUS.
Papilio tryxus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 334. figs. G, H (1782).
423. PyTHONIDES SALLEI.
Leucochitonea salléi, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. p. 525.
n. 723, pl. 74. fig. 25 (1867).
Genus 131. TuHanaos, Boisduval.
424, THANAOS FUNERALIS.
Nisoniades funeralis, Scudder & Burgess, Ass. Hex. Ins. in Proc.
Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. xiii. p. 293 (1870).
Very similar to 7. tristis, Boisd.
425. THANAOS INVISUS.
Thanaos invisus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 114 (July 1872).
370 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
Genus 132. PLestoneuRA, Felder.
426. PLESIONEURA ELIGIUS.
Papilio eligius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 354. fig. H (1782).
Genus 133. Acuiyopes, Hibner.
427. ACHLYODES OBSCURUS.
Anastrus obscurus, Hubner, Samml. ex. Schm. (1816-41).
428. ACHLYODES OZOTES.
Achlyodes ozotes, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 515 (1870).
429. ACHLYODES OZEMA.
Achlyodes ozema, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. p. 515 (1870).
430. ACHLYODES SEMPITERNUS.
Achlyodes sempiternus, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 114
(July 1872).
431. ACHLYODES VIRIDICEPS.
Achlyodes viridiceps, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 115 (July
1872).
Genus 134. He tas, Fabricius.
432. HELIAS PHALENOIDES.
Urbanus vetus phalenoides, WHiibner, Samml. ex. Schmett.
(1806-16).
433. HELIAS LACTIFERA.
Helias lactifera, Butler & Druce, Cist. Ent. v. p. 115 (July 1872).
Genus 135. Anticonus. Hibner.
434, ANTIGONUS NEARCHUS.
Hesperia nearchus, Latreille, Humb. Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii. p. 135,
pl. 43. figs. 3, 4 (1811-23).
Since the above was written, Mr. Druce has received from Costa Rica
_ and described three new species—Papilio sadyattes, Eresia cela, and
Mesosemia ceropia (see Ent. Mo. Mag. 1874, pp. 36, 37).
4. On some new Species of Drassides.
By the Rev. O. P. Camsrinez, M.A., C.M.ZS., &c.
[Received May 6, 1874.]
(Plates LI. & LIT.)
Of the species (forty in number) described in the present paper
from types in my own collection, thirty-nine are believed to have
been hitherto unknown to science. Nineteen are from Egypt,
eleven from Bombay (one of these, also in great abundance, from
re Ze 1894. PT LL:
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New Species of Draceides
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New Species of Drassides.
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1874. | REV. O, P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 371
Ceylon), eight are European, one South-American, and one North-
American. The larger number were intended to have been included
in Dr. L. Koch’s work on the Drassides (‘ Die Arachniden-Familie
der Drassiden,’ Niirnberg, 1866); but that work having long since
_been discontinued before its completion, I have thought it best not
to delay their publication any longer. My thanks are especially due
to Dr. Koch for the kind readiness with which he has placed at my
disposal all the dissectional drawings made from the type specimens
for his own work ; these, supplemented with a few others drawn by
myself, form the materials of the Plates intended to illustrate this
paper. It will be observed that almost all the drawings are taken
from portions of the genital organs—the palpi in the males, the
genital aperture in the females. The form and structure of these
parts afford the best, and in some instances the sole reliable, criteria
for the determination of the species. The constant value of the palpi
and palpal organs of male spiders for this purpose was first pointed
out by our veteran araneologist Mr. John Blackwall; and it has
since been abundantly recognized by all araneologists of any note,
though, as far as I am aware, the credit of its discovery has not
been sufficiently awarded by continental writers to its discoverer.
The form of the genital aperture in female spiders as a specific
character was first, I believe, made use of by Dr. L. Koch in the
work on the Drassides above mentioned ; and it seems likely to
prove a most valuable differential character with respect to the
females of other groups as well as that of the Drassides. In re-
gard to them especially, it is not too much to say that, but for
this character, many species would be quite indeterminable, from
their great similarity in general form and colour to others nearly
allied. And the same remark applies to the males also, many of
which are with great difficulty recognizable as distinct species,
except by the form and structure of the palpi and palpal organs.
The Drassides are a very plainly coloured sombre-looking group ;
but few present any marked pattern or colouring ; and in the ab-
sence of these a well-defined and easily observed structural character
is peculiarly valuable. It is perhaps hardly necessary to say here
that these sexual and, as observed before, so strongly specific cha-
racters are not developed either in the male or female spiders until
the last moult or change of skin, when they become adult.
Family Drassrpzs.
Genus Gnapuosa, Latr.
GNAPHOSA HARPAX, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 1.)
Adult male, length 2? lines.
This Spider is of ordinary form. The cephalothorar is broad
oval, most pointed before, and somewhat depressed; the profile
slopes gradually in a curved line from the thoracic junction to the
eyes, and the lateral constriction forwards is but slight; its colour is
yellow-brown with blackish margins; the normal grooves and in-
372 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
dentations are well marked, and suffused with black-brown and dark
dusky yellow-brown. The sides of the cephalothorax are furnished
with pale dull yellowish adpressed hairs.
The eyes are in the usual position, two rather widely separated
divergently curved lines of four eyes each ; the central eyes of the
hinder row are smaller than the laterals, oval, and oblique; and the
space between them is greater than that between each and the lateral
of the same row on its side, these last two being almost contiguous to
each other. The height of the clypeus is less than half that of the
facial space. The eyes of each lateral pair are widely separated from
each other; and the intervals between the eyes of the front row are
the same apparently as that betweea those of the hinder one.
The Jegs are rather long and strong; their relative length is
4, 1, 2, 3; they are ofa brownish-yellow colour, furnished sparingly
with hairs and a few, mostly slender, spines.
The palpi are short, strong, and similar in colour to the legs:
the radial and cubital joints are both short and of about equal length ;
but the former is the stronger, and has its outer extremity produced
into a strong apophysis, whose length is about a third of that of the
digital joint and longer than the radial joint itself; the extremity
of this apophysis is flattened, curved, and pointed; and a little
way from the extremity is a corneous-looking, sharp-pointed, hooked
prominence directed outwards and backwards: the digital joint is
strong, equalling in length the humeral one, and exceeding the radial
and cubital together ; it is oval, drawn out at its fore extremity. The
palpal organs are well developed and rather prominent, but not very
complex, with a slender curved filiform spine issuing from their fore
extremity.
The falces are moderate in length and strength, vertical, conical,
and of a deep red chestnut-brown colour.
The mazille and labium are of normal form, and of a dark yellow-
brown colour, the extremities of the former being whitish.
The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form, thinly furnished with
hairs; the upper part and sides are of a suoty brown colour, marked
with numerous pale whitish drab spots and blotches somewhat sym-
metrically arranged; some of them form some transverse broken
angular bars or chevrons on the hinder half of the upperside, the
dark intervals forming transverse curved bars, at the extremities of
which on either side is an circular depressed spot of a darker hue.
On the fore half of the upperside is an elongate central band of a
deep sooty brown, on either side of the posterior part of which are
three more conspicuous depressed spots in a parallel line. The
underside of the abdomen is of a pale dusky drab-yellow hue, with
the plates of the spiracles large and of a yellow-brown colour; two
irregular blackish lines run from this point, a little converging to-
wards the spinners, which, however, they do not nearly reach.
The inferior pair of spinners are long, strong, and of a yellow-
brown colour ; those of the superior pair are paler and not half the
length of the inferior.
A single adult male of this distinct species, which is allied to both
1874. | REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 373
G. plumalis (Cambr.) and G. erornata (Koch), was received in a
fine collection of spiders kindly made for me in the Bombay Presi-
dency by Major Julian Hobson, H.M.S. Corps.
GNAPHOSA PROCERA, sp. 0. (Plate LI. fig. 2.)
Adult male, length 4 lines (very nearly).
This Spider, in size, general form, structure, colours, and markings,
is exceedingly like G. cambridgii (Cambr. & Koch), G. lunata
(Cambr.), G. kochit (Cambr.), and G. conspersa (Cambr.) (see ‘Spid.
of Palestine and Syria,”’ P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 227-230), but may be at
once distinguished by the form of the palpi; these are rather short
and strong. The radial is of the same length as the cubital joint, and
there is but little difference in their strength ; the former has its
outer extremity prolonged into a short, slightly bent, strongish,
tapering, sharp-pointed, red-brown, corneous-looking apophysis, of
about half the length of the jcint itself, and contiguous to the base
of the digital joint; these jomts are furnished with hairs and strong
bristles. The digital joint is large, and rather exceeds in length
that of the radial and cubital together; its form is oval, gradually
drawn out at its fore extremity. The palpal organs are well deve-
loped, and composed of various curved corneous spines and processes,
not easy to be described differentially, but seen at a glance to be
different on comparison with those of the other closely allied species ;
one conspicuous spine issues from the middle near the base of the
palpal organs, and, curving over round their inner side, terminates in
a sharp point near their outer extremity.
The cephalothorax is yellow, lightest towards the margins, which
are bounded laterally by a black line; the sides have some blackish
irregular markings; and two curved lines run backwards from the
hind lateral eyes, converging to the thoracic junction.
The legs, palpi, falces, maxilla, labium, and sternum are also
yellow, the falces, however, being suffused with red-brown; and
the digital joints of the palpi of a brownish hue.
The abdomen is of a clear straw-yellow colour, marked above with
small black spots and points ; those along the centre are mostly in
parallel pairs, forming two irregular longitudinal rows ; others are
more thickly scattered along the margins, whence some run over upon
the sides in curved oblique rows; and near the base of each of the
superior and inferior spinners is a larger black spot or blotch, finish-
ing on each side the two hinder oblique lateral rows; along the cen- -
tral line of the fore half is a rather tapering oblong yellow-brown
marking. The underside is unspotted. The superior pair of spin-
ners are small and short, less than one third the length of those of
‘the inferior pair. The abdomen in the present species is more clearly
and distinctly spotted, and less liable, apparently, to crowding, or
to suffusion and running together than in the others.
The female is rather larger than the male, but resembles it exactly
in colours and markings ; the form of the genital aperture is exceed-
ingly like that of the female of G. cambridgii ; and should the two
species ever be found in the same locality, it will require great care
374 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [| June 2,
to discriminate them; there is, however, a perceptible difference to
be seen on comparison.
Adult examples of each sex were found by myself near Alexandria,
Egypt, under stones.
Dr. Koch has pointed out to me a good distinction between this
species and P. conspersa (Cambr.) in the plumose character of the
hairs on the sternum of the former, those on the sternum of the latter
being of an ordinary kind.
GNAPHOSA MARGINATA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 3.)
Adult female, length 3} lines.
This species is of ordinary form and general structure.
The cephalothorar is yellow, with a fine marginal black line; on
either side of the caput a curved blackish irregular line runs from the
extremity of the hinder row of eyes, the two lines converging at the
thoracic junction ; the sides of the cephalothorax are clothed with
pale yellowish-grey adpressed hairs and a dusky brownish, indistinct,
irregular, longitudinal line.
The eyes are in the usual position; those of the hind central
pair are pearl-white, oval, oblique, and each is nearer to the lateral
of the same row on its side than the two are to each other; the
height of the clypeus appeared to be as neatly as possible equal to
half the height of the facial space.
The legs are tolerably strong and moderate in length, their relative
length being 1, 4, 2, 3; they are similar in colour to the cephalo-
thorax, and are furnished with hairs and spines; and each tarsus
terminates with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a
small scopula.
The falces are rather short, strong, and conical in form; they
are of a red-brown colour, furnished with short bristly hairs in
front; the fangs are short, and on the inner margin of each falx
beneath the pointed extremity of the fang is a small patch of short
spine-like erect bristles.
The palpi are short, stout, similar in colour to the legs, furnished
with hairs and spines, and terminated with a slightly curved pecti-
nated claw.
The mazille, labium, and sternum are normal in form, and
similar in colour to the legs (the two latter parts being a little the
darkest).
The abdomen is of a somewhat oblong-oval form, thinly clothed
with hairs of a pale whitish-yellow colour, and irregularly margined
on the upperside with black-brown ; the six normal impressed spots
on the fore half are in the usual position and blackish in colour,
and a longitudinal central oblong marking of the same colour
runs between them ; following the last pair of these impressed spots,
towards the spinners are four or five transverse angular bars or chev-
rons (with the vertices directed forwards) of a yellow-brown colour,
the extremities of each ending in a blackish spot; the intervals be-
tween these chevrons are of a paler colour than the rest of the abdomen.
The underside is immaculate; the spiracular plates are pale yellow ;
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 375
and the genital aperture, which, like that of all the species of this
genus and of most others also, is of peculiar and characteristic form
(vide Plate LI. fig. 3) and of a dark blackish red-brown colour ;
the spinners are of moderate length, those of the inferior pair being
strongest and slightly longest.
A single adult female was found by myself in Egypt, among the
débris of an old wall, in 1864.
GNAPHOSA VENATRIX, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 4.)
Adult male, length 23 lines.
This species is very nearly allied both to G. marginata, G. corcy-
racea, and G. plumalis ; it is, however, smaller, and differs notably
in the form of the radial joint of the palpus, as well as in other
less prominent particulars.
The cephalothoraxz is of a short oval form, pointed before and
very flattened above, of a yellow colour, clothed with greyish ad-
pressed hairs ; it is margined with blackish, and, besides a curved
blackish irregular line from inside each lateral eye of the hinder
row to the thoracic junction, the sides have some blackish mark-
ings between the normal converging indentations.
_The eyes are in the usual position; -but those of the hinder
row appeared to be very nearly equidistant from each other, each
one of the hind central (oblique-oval) eyes being nearer to the lateral
of the same row on its side than usual; each of the fore central pair
seemed to be contiguous to the lateral of the same row on its side,
and the two (fore centrals) form a line equal in length to that
formed by the hind centrals.
The Jegs are strong, moderately long, of a pale yellow colour,
furnished with hairs, bristles, and spines (the latter chiefly on those
of the two hinder pairs); the tarsi end with two slightly curved
pectinated claws; but there appeared to be no scopula beneath
them ; the relative length of the legs is 4, 1, 2, 3.
The palpi are short, strong, similar in colour to the legs, and
furnished with hairs and bristles; the radial is about equal in length
to the cubital joint, and has its outer extremity produced into a
small, slightly curved, pointed apophysis ; the digital joint is large,
oval, pointed before, longer than the radial and cubital joints to-
gether; the palpal organs are well developed, rather prominent
behind, and consist of several corneous processes and spines.
Falces not very large, a little projecting, conical in form, and
ot a palish yellow-brown colour.
Mazille, labium, and sternum normal in form, and of a pale
yellow colour, furnished with hairs.
Abdomen of a short oblong-oval form, and of a dusky drab colour,
marked above with short blackish lines, spots, and striz, chiefly
towards the sides ; on the hinder half of the upperside is a longitu-
dinal series of transverse angular bars or chevrons of a clear pale
drab yellowish colour, divided from each other by blackish lines or
broken chevrons ; the underside has no markings. The spinners are
greatly unequal in size, those of the inferior pair being more than
376 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
double the length of and very much stronger than those of the supe-
rior pair.
A single adult male was found by myself at Alexandria (Egypt)
in April 1864.
GNAPHOSA CORCYR#HA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 5.)
Adult male, length 23 lines.
This Spider is of ordinary form and general structure, and is allied
nearly to G. plumalis (Cambr.), but may be easily distinguished by
the form of the palpi and palpal organs.
The cephalothoraz is yellow-brown, narrowly margined with black
and with a broad marginal band of white pubescent hairs ; the in-
dentations marking the caput from the thorax are strongly suffused
with blackish, as also, though not quite so strongly, are the other
normal indentations ; the upper part of the caput is furnished with
white pubescent hairs; the height of the clypeus is less than half
that of the facial space.
The eyes are small, not very unequal in size, and in the ordinary
position ; those of the hind central pair are further from each other
than each is from the lateral of the same row on its side ; the interval
between each lateral and central on its side of thisrowis greater than
the diameter of the lateral.
The /egs are rather short, strong, furnished with spines and hairs ;
but these last were nearly all rubbed off in the only example found ;
the legs are of a yellow-brown colour, and their relative length is ,
4, 1, 2, 3.
The palpi are short and strong, and similar in colour to the legs ;
the radial is short, but equal in length and strength to the cubital,
and its outer extremity is produced into a short, broad, obtuse apo-
physis, having several bluntish points at its extremity ; the digital
joint is rather large, and longer than the radial and cubital joints
together ; it is of an oval form, and has a small prominence near
its base on the outer side. The palpal organs are well developed
and prominent, but not very complex, consisting of a large cor-
neous lobe a little irregular in its outline on the inner side and at the
extremity.
Falces moderate in size, straight, nearly vertical, and of a conical
form and dark yellow-brown colour.
The mazille, labium, and sternum are of ordinary form, and simi-
lar to the cephalothorax in colour.
The abdomen is of inoderate size and oval form, rather truncate
before, and not very convex above; it is of a blackish-brown
colour above. Six impressed spots of a pale colour, arranged in
two short, longitudinal, curved, divergent rows of three each on
the fore half of the upperside, are clothed with whitish hairs; be-
tween these is a shortish dark blackish oblong bar or patch ; and
from this to the spinners runs a broadish central pale band, emitting
on each side several short slightly oblique pale bars clothed with
whitish hairs; the sides have three broad pale yellow-drab, oblique
bands nearly contiguous to each other and running from the
1874. ] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 377
spinners forwards; the underside is pale yellow-drab. Spinners
prominent and rather long, but not very unequal in length ; those
of the inferior pair are strongest ; they are of a yellow-brown colour.
A single adult male was found under a stone at Corfu by myself
in May 1864.
Genus Prostnesima, L. Koch (Melanophora, C. Koch).
PROSTHESIMA TRISTICULA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 6.)
Adult male, length rather more than 22 lines.
In general character, form, and colour this Spider is of the ordi-
nary type.
The cephalothoraz is but very slightly constricted on the sides at
the caput, and the upper surface is tolerably uniformly rounded on
the sides ; its colour, as well as that of the maxille, is yellow-brown,
sparingly clothed with paler hairs, the normal indentations being
shown by converging dusky brown rays meeting in a small longitu-
dinal reddish brown line at the thoracic junctional indentation.
The eyes are in two slightly curved and as nearly as possible concen-
tric transverse rows, the foremost row being the shortest ; they form
a transverse curved oblong figure, the curve directed backwards, and
the length (taking the foremost row as its length) about double its
width ; the interval between the eyes of the hind central pair is a
little greater than that between each of them and the hind lateral
eye on its side, being slightly greater than the diameter of one of
the former ; the lateral eyes of each row are the largest, the fore
laterals being rather larger than the hind laterals ; each fore lateral is
separated from the hind lateral nearest to it by an interval equal to
the diameter of the former; the fore centrals are smallest of the
eight, placed on a slight prominence, and wider apart from each other
than each is from the fore lateral on its side, from which each is
separated by no more than half the diameter of the fore central eye.
The height of the clypeus is rather less than half that of the facial
space.
PThe legs are tolerably long and strong; their relative length is
4, 1, 2, 3; they are fairly furnished with hairs, some of them coarse
and long, and bristles ; and on those of the third and fourth pairs there
are strong spines on the tibial and metatarsal joints. The colour of
the legs is a dusky greenish yellow-brown ; the tarsi generally brown,
those of the fourth pair, however, being pale yellow ; the inferior
surface of the tarsi is pretty thickly clothed with short strong hairs,
but scarcely amounting to a scopula; each tarsus ends with two
strongish curved claws, pectinated or toothed beneath their posterior
half. The claws on the tarsi of the fourth pair are stronger than
those of the other iegs.
The palpi are short, brownish yellow (except the digital joint,
which is darker brown), and furnished sparingly with hairs. The
cubital and radial joints are short; the latter is the shortest,
and has its extremity on the outer side prolonged into a taperin
blunt-pointed apophysis exceeding in length the joint itself. The
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXV. 25
378 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
digital joint is of ordinary form, rather large, and longer than the
radial and cubital joints together. The palpal organs are well deve-
loped, but not very complex, consisting of several corneous lobes and
processes of different forms.
The falces are of moderate length and strength, alittle projecting,
and rather prominent near their base in front, where there are nume-
rous long, coarse, prominent bristles.
The mazille are moderately long; they are broad and strong at
and below the insertion of the palpi, which spring from a little more
than halfway towards their extremities; they are curved towards
the labium, and broadly impressed across the middle of their front
surface, and are rounded on the outer side and obliquely truncated on
the inner side at their extremities.
The dabium is of an oblong-oval form, truncated at the apex ; the
margins are impressed and somewhat constricted, giving to it, as well
as to the same portion of structure in many other species of this
genus, a peculiar appearance.
The sternum, together with the Jabium and mazilla, are of a yel-
low-brown colour.
The abdomen is of ordinary size, and narrow oblong-oval form,
well clothed with hairs, and of a sooty black colour; on the fore part
of the upperside is a dull, obscure, yellowish- brown, elongate patch,
followed by the ordinary six linear spots in two longitudinal opposed
curved lines; these are, however, very indistinct ; the underside is
dull brownish, tinged with yellow. The spinners of the inferior pair
are greatly the longest and strongest ; the rest are very much smaller,
especially those of the central pair, which are almost imperceptible.
This Spider is very nearly allied to Prosthesima (Melanophora)
leta (Cambr.), found in Palestine and also in Egypt; but Dr.
L. Koch’s opinion agrees with my own, that it is quite distinct.
There is a slight difference in the structure of the palpal organs ;
the falces are less prominent at their base in front ; and the spinners
of the superior pair are, in P. tristicula, shorter than in P. leta.
The generic distinction between Prosthesima and Drassus is slight,
consisting chiefly in the position of the palpi with respect to the max-
ill: in Drassus the palpi arise from the maxillz at or below the
middle, never above it; in Prosthesima they issue at or above the
middle, z.e. nearer to the extremities, but never below it. The
maxillee also are more strongly impressed or constricted transversely
in front near the middle.
An adult male of P. tristicula was found by myself under a piece
of rock near Alexandria, in April 1864.
PROSTHESIMA LUGUBRIS, Sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 7.)
Adult female, length 3 lines.
This Spider is of ordinary form and general structure.
The cephulothorax is deep black-brown, its highest point in the
profile-line being at the beginning of the hind slope. The /egs, palpi,
jalces, and other fore parts, except the sternum, are deep brown, the
tarsi being reddish yellow-brown, and the abdomen black.
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 379
The eyes are in the usual two transverse rows, the front row being
considerably shorter than the hinder one and slightly curved, the
hinder one being straight ; the hind central pair are smaller than the
hind laterals, and nearer to each other than each is to that of the
latter nearest to it ; the fore centrals are largest ef the eight, and are
further from each other than each is from the fore lateral on its side,
each fore lateral being in fact nearly, if not quite, contiguous to the
fore central next to it. The height of the clypeus is less than half
that of the facial space.
The legs are moderately long, their relative length being 4, 1, 2, 3.
The femora, gemme, and tibize are more than usually strong ; they
are well furnished with hairs; and the tibiz and metatarsi of the
third and fourth pairs have some strongish spines ; there are also
some spines beneath the metatarsi of the first and second pairs,
together with numerous papilliform hairs beneath all the tarsi and
metatarsi, except perhaps the metatarsi of the fourth pair, which
appear to be without them.
The mawille are rather stronger than usual, but of normal form.
The palpiissue from, as nearly as possible, the middle point towards
their extremities, which are of a pale yellowish colour.
The dadiwm is of a broad oblong form, slightly rounded at the
apex.
The sternum is similar in colour to the cephalothorax, and seems
to be more convex than usual, the central portion, however, being
quite flat.
The abdomen is black, hairy, of an oblong-oval form, project-
ing a little over the base of the cephalothorax ; the underside of
the fore part furnished with strong upturned bristly hairs. The
plates of the spiracles are pale yellow-brown, and the genital aper-
ture margined with deep brownish red. The spinners are short ;
those of the inferior pair strong and longest, those of the superior
pair being only just discernible.
A single adult female was found by myself under a stone near
Ischl (Upper Austria) in the simmer of 1865.
PROSTHESIMA CURINA, Sp. 0.
Adult male, length 23 lines.
The cephalothoraz of this species differs from the majority of the
species of this genus in being broader and more truncate before ; and
the profile line, instead of having its highest point at the thoracic
junction and falling gradually in a slightly curving line to the eyes,
presents a uniform curve, the highest point being at the occiput ; it
is of a deep rich reddish-brown colour, sparingly clothed with a few
fine palish hairs; the normal grooves and indentations are very
slightly marked, and the lateral constrictions at the caput are barely
visible. The clypeus is equal to half the facial space.
The eyes are in two transverse, straight, parallel rows, forming
an oblong figure, whose length is more than double its width; the
hinder row is longest, and its two central eyes are smallest of the
eight and round, the interval separating them being equal to very
25*
380 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
nearly two of their diameters, and considerably larger than that
which separates each from the hind lateral on its side. The eyes
of each lateral pair are separated from each other by nearly the
diameter of one of them, there being but little difference in their size.
The eyes of the fore central pair are (apparently) but little larger
than the hind centrals; the interval between them is less than two
diameters, and that between each and the fore lateral on its side is
equal to about the diameter of the former.
The legs are rather long and moderately strong ; their relative
length is 4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a deep brown colour, getting
paler towards the extremities, the tarsi being pale yellowish.
The palpi are not very long nor strong, but similar in colour
to the legs; the cubital and radial joints are equal in length ; the
latter has its outer extremity produced into a strongish, tapering,
bluntish-pointed apophysis, rather less in length than the joint itself ;
the digital joint is of ordinary form, rather large, and its length
exceeds that of the radial and cubital joints together. The palpal
organs are simple and have a short, strong, curved, bluntish-pointed,
corneous process or spine near their extremity.
The falces are long, strong, projecting, and considerably arched
or prominent near their base in front; they are similar to the
cephalothorax in colour, and their fore sides are covered with black
granulations or small tubercles; from some of these issue strong
bristly hairs; and probably from the rest similar bristles had been
rubbed off.
The mazille are of normal form. The palpi issue from above the
middle point towards their extremity; they are of a deep yellow-
brown colour, paler at the extremities.
The labium is of normal form, and similar to the cephalothorax
in colour.
The sternum has numerous prominent bristly hairs round its mar-
gin; and its general surface appeared to be covered with minute
punctures ; its colour is similar to that of the maxille.
The abdomen is of an oblong-cval form, and projects over the base
of the cephalothorax ; it is black, clothed with hairs, and has a deep-
brown coriaceous patch at its fore extremity on the upperside. The
spinners are blackish and of ordinary size ; those of the inferior pair
are double the length of the superior pair, but about equal in
strength.
A single adult male was found at Alexandria, under a stone, by
myself in April 1864.
PROSTHESIMA NILICOLA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 8.)
Adult male, length 13 line.
This small but very distinct species is of ordinary general form
and structure.
The cephalothoraxr is glossy, and of a rich deep brown colour,
narrowly margined with black ; the ordinary grooves and indenta-
tions are barely visible, and the lateral constriction at the caput is
very slight.
1874. ] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 381
The eyes are placed in the usual two transverse lines; the hinder
row is slightly the longest and straight, the fore one 4 little curved ;
the eyes of the hind central pair appear to be the smallest of the
eight, and the fore laterals the largest ; the hind laterals are very
small and obliquely placed; the four eyes of the hinder row are
equidistant from each other; each hind lateral is separated from the
fore lateral on its side by rather less than the diameter of the former ;
the fore laterals are large, slightly obliquely placed, of a somewhat
oval form; the fore centrals are also large, round, and contiguous
to each other, aud each is contiguous to the fore lateral on its side.
The /egs are rather long and strong, particularly the femoral joints ;
their relative length is 1, 4, 2,3; they are of a dark brown colour
tinged with olive ; the two basal joints, however, as well as the me-
tatarsi and tarsi, are yellow-brown; the tarsi of the fourth pair are
palest and tinged with red; they are furnished with hairs; and there
are some not very strong spines, principally on the tibize and meta-
tarsi of the third and fourth pairs.
The palpi are short, tolerably strong, and of a yellow-brown colour ;
the cubital and radial joints are very short, but of equal length ; the
latter has its outer extremity produced into a not very long, tapering,
deep- shining brown apophysis, whose pointed extremity curves up-
wards ; the digital joint is large and of a broadish oval form, its
length exceeding that of the radial and cubital joints together. The
palpal organs are well developed: they consist of several largish
prominent corneous lobes and processes; and a long tapering black
spine issues from their fore extremity and forms a bold coil or bend
near the middle of their outer side, from which part also there issues
another much shorter, curved, prominent, pointed, black spine.
The falces are neither very long nor strong; they project forwards,
and, with the maxillze, labium, and sternum (which are all of normal
character), are of a dark yellowish-brown colour.
The abdomen is oblong-oval in form, and rather flattened ; it is
moderately clothed with hairs and of a nearly black colour ; a large
patch of a subtriangular form occupies the fore part; this patch is
of a rather shining coriaceous nature and deep brown colour; be-
neath the fore part are some long, strong, upturned, bristly hairs.
A single example was found by myself under a stone near Alex-
andria in April 1864.
PROSTHESIMA MOLLIs, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 9.)
Adult female, length 22? lines.
In its general yellow colouring this species resembles P. pallida
(postea, p. 383); but it may be easily distinguished by the closer
grouping of the eyes, the two rows of which, however, are further
apart, the hinder row being much more curved; the spinners of the
inferior pair are also much shorter; the legs too are shorter, and the
genital aperture differs greatly in form.
There is nothing noticeable as different from the normal type iu
the form of the cephalothorax, except that the lateral constriction
of the caput is rather more marked ; it is (as well as the whole of
382 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
the rest of the fore part) of a pale orange-yellow colour, and differs
but little in size.
The eyes are large, and are placed, as usual, in two transverse
curved rows, of which the foremost one is slightly the longest, and
the hinder one the most curved, the area they describe being no
more than one third longer in its transverse than in its longitudinal
diameter : the hind centrals are oval, oblique, of a pearl-grey colour
and margined with black; they are very near together and not
quite contiguous; and the interval that separates them is about
equal to that which divides each from the hind lateral nearest to it,
being no more than one fourth of a hind central eye’s diameter :
each hind lateral is separated by half its diameter from the fore
lateral next to it, and is contiguous to the fore central eye on its side.
The fore centrals are unusually large for these eyes, being as large
or larger than the fore laterals; they are round, dark-coloured,
separated from each other by rather less than half a diameter, and
(like the same eyes in many others of the genus) placed on some-
what of a slight eminence: the four lateral eyes are margined with
black, and of a pearl-grey colour, but not quite so dark as the hind
laterals.
The falces are small and almost vertical.
The legs are shortish; relative length 4, 1, 2, 3, moderately
strong, furnished sparingly with hairs, and with a few short weak
spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the two hinder pairs; there are
also one or two longer and stronger ones on the fore sides of the
femora of the same pairs.
The mawille are normal in size and form; but the palpi issue
from the middle point of their length.
The Jabium also is normal.
The abdomen is oblong-oval, truncated before; it is sparingly
clothed with hairs, and is of a pale dull luteous yellow colour ; it
projects but very slightly over the base of the cephalothorax, and at
that part has some strong upturned bristles: four impressed dusky
spots form a largish quadrangular figure on the fore half of the upper
side; this figure is longer than broad, and its fore side is slightly
shorter than the hinder one: a narrow, somewhat tapering, indistinct
dusky marking is defined by two nearly parallel dusky lines along
the middle of the fore half, running between the two foremost of the
above-mentioned spots. The spinners of the inferior pair are not
as long as in many other species, but much longer than those of the
superior pair. The form of the genital aperture is simple, but
peculiar (vide Plate LI. fig. 9).
A single adult female was found by myself under a stone near
Alexandria, in April 1864.
PROSTHESIMA CINGARA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 10.)
Adult female, length not quite 3 lines.
In general form and structure this species presents nothing
peculiar, and in its dark and sombre colouring it much resembles P.
pedestris (Koch) and P. tristicula (Cambr.) ; the form of the
1874.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 383
cephalothorax is oval, most pointed before; the lateral constrictions
at the caput are very slight ; and the normal grooves and indentations
are indicated by blackish lines, the ground-colour of the cephalo-
thorax being a rich deep brown, as also is that of the legs (except
the tarsi, which are reddish yellow-brown), the palpi, falces, maxilla,
labium, and sternum—the extremities of the maxillze, however, being
pale; the abdomen is black, the spinners deep brown, and the
spiracular plates yellow-brown.
The eyes are in two almost straight transverse lines, the foremost
being the shortest. The interval separating those of the hind central
pair (which are small, oval, but not oblique) is rather less than that
which divides each from the hind lateral next to it. The four laterals
are larger than the four centrals, those of the front row being the
largest of the eight; and each of these is separated from the hind lateral
on its side by an interval equal to that which divides each hind lateral
from the hind central nearest to it; each fore central is very nearly
contiguous to the fore lateral on its side, the interval between the
two fore centrals being apparently greater than the diameter of one
of them; but these eyes are so dark and indistinct that it is not
easy to see their exact position. The figure formed by the eight eyes
is an oblong whose length (7. e. transverse diameter) is as nearly as
possible double its longitudinal diameter (or width). The height of
the clypeus is low, being less than half that of the facial space.
The legs are moderately long and strong, the femora being pecu-
liarly strong and incrassated on their uppersides ; they are furnished
with hairs ; and the tibiee and metatarsi of the third and fourth pairs
have some tolerably strong spines; the two terminal tarsal claws of
the fourth pair are rather longer, stronger, and less curved than the
rest.
The character of the maxillee and labium is normal.
The falces are moderate in length and strength, a little projecting
forwards and arched near their base in front, where they are
furnished with strong bristly hairs.
The abdomen is oblong-oval, very sparingly clothed with hairs ;
it projects a little over the base of the cephalothorax. The inferior
pair of spinners are longest and strongest, but not so disproportioned
in size to the others as in P. tristicula and some others ; the genital
aperture is ef characteristic form (vide Plate LI. fig. 10), and yellow-
brown, with deep red-brown margins.
Three adult females of this species were found by myself in May
1864, under stones at Corfu.
PROSTHESIMA PALLIDA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 11.)
Adult male, length 3 lines ; adult female 33 lines.
This species will be readily distinguished by the almost immacu-
late yellow colour of the whole of the fore part, i.e. all except the
abdomen, which is of a yellowish mouse-coloured brown above, the
underside being pale dullish yellow.
The cephalothorax is of the ordinary form, rather narrower and a
little more constricted laterally at the caput than in P. ¢risticula ; it
384 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
is moderately arched above, the profile-line sloping forwards, with
a slight general curve from the thoracic junction to the eyes; the
normal grooves and indentations are fairly marked, and of a slightly
dusky hue.
The eyes are large, rather closely grouped, and in two nearly
parallel slightly curved lines of equal length, the curve directed out-
wards ; and the height of the clypeus is considerably less than half
that of the facial space. The four eyes of the hinder row are equally
separated from each othier, the intervals, however, being very small ;
the eyes of the hind central pair are larger than the hind laterals,
oval, and a little obliquely placed ; they are pearly, of a grey hue,
the laterals of both rows being pearly also but white, the fore centrals
dark ; these last are the smallest of the eight, and the interval between
them is greater than that between each and the fore lateral on its
side, the fore laterals being very nearly contiguous to the fore
centrals, oval, oblique, and apparently the largest of the eight, though
not much larger than the hind centrals, and each is separated from
the hind lateral on its side by an interval about equal to the diameter
of the latter. The length of the curved oblong figure formed by all
the eyes is, as nearly as possible, double that of its width.
The legs are moderately strong, rather long, their relative length
being 4, 1, 2, 3; they are furnished sparingly with hairs and slender
bristles, with a few spines on the tibize and metatarsi of the two
hinder pairs ; each tarsus ends with two curved claws, pectinated at
their base; the claws on the tarsi of the fourth pair of legs are
longer and rather stronger than the rest.
The palpi are rather short and not very strong; they are furnished
with hairs and bristles, a rather conspicuous tapering black bristle
issuing from the fore extremity on the upperside of the cubital joint ;
this jomt and the radial are of equal length ; the latter is rather less
strong than the former, and has its fore extremity on the outer side
produced into a small, tapering, bluntish-pointed apophysis, not
much exceeding in length one third that of the joint itself. The
digital joint is not very large; it is of ordinary form; and its length
is considerably less than the united lengths of the radial and cubital
joints. The palpal organs are simple but well developed, consisting of
a large, oval, corneous lobe, broken up at its fore part into one or two
irregular corneous processes.
The falces are strong, moderately long, a little projecting forward,
arched, but not very prominent near their base in front, where they
are furnished with some prominent bristles.
The mazille are strong, moderately long, inclined as well as curved
towards the labium, and strongly impressed across the middle of the
front surface ; the point of issue of the palpi is slightly above the
middle point between the base and extremity; at this point the
maxille are very broad and strong: in these and other respects
there is no difference from the generic type.
The Jadium is two thirds of the length of the maxille, of an
oblong form, rounded a little on the sides as well as at the apex.
The sternum is of ordinary form ; it is glossy and has its margins
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 385
furnished pretty thickly with prominent black bristly hairs, of
which also there are some on the front of the maxille.
The abdomen is short, oblong-oval in form, sparingly clothed with
hairs, and projects over the base of the cephalothorax, the projecting
portion furnished with numerous, recurved, strong bristles ; it has a
faint indication of a narrow palish wedge-shaped marking on the fore
half of the upperside. The spinners of the inferior pair are long,
strong, and cylindrical, and about three times the length of those of
the superior pair.
The female is rather larger than the male, but resembles it in
form, general structure, and colours.
The form of the genital aperture is peculiar, but not remarkable
in its development ; it consists of two rather small, oblong-oval,
opposed openings united at their fore part ; and beneath each of them
is a round, red-brown, shining, corneous-looking, convex boss or spot.
An adult example of each sex was found by myself under stones
near Alexandria, in April 1864.
Genus Drassus, Walck.
DRassUS NIGROFEMORATUS, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 12.)
Adult male, length 23 lines.
The cephalothoraz of this very distinct species is of ordinary form ;
its colour is a clear reddish yellow-brown, clothed with a few greyish
pubescent hairs on the hinder part, and some longish bristles directed
forwards in the ocular region; the normal indentations are of a
deeper, duskier colour.
The eyes are in two curved nearly parallel rows, the hinder one of
which is the longest. The eyes of the fore central pair are the largest
of the eight ; they are separated from each other by about half of an
eye’s diameter, and each is contiguous to the lateral of the same row
on its side ; those of the hinder row are equally separated from each
other; and those of each lateral pair are wide apart; in fact the
position of the eyes is more like that of Gnaphosa than the usual
type of Drassus. Dr. Koch seems to have been in doubt to which
of these genera to refer it; but the form of the mazille appears to
me to be decidedly that of Drassus.
The /egs are moderately long and rather strong; they are of a
reddish-yellow colour, except the femora, which are quite black, and
are furnished with a few hairs and spines ; each tarsus ends with two
curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a small claw-tuft or scopula,
The palpi are short and strong, and of a dark yellowish-brown
colour. The radial joint is, if any thing, rather shorter than the
cubital, and has its outer extremity continued in a long, tapering,
curved, biunt-pointed apophysis, directed upwards and rather over
the hinder part of the digital joint; this apophysis is more than
double the length of the joint itself, and extends to half the length
of the digital joint; this latter joint is of tolerable size and oval form;
and the palpal organs are well developed but compact, consisting of
several corneous spines and processes.
386 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASsIDES. [June 2,
The falces are neither very long nor strong; they are straight
and nearly vertical, and of a dark reddish-brown colour.
The maczille and labium are normal in form, and of a deep blackish-
brown colour, the former tipped with pale yellowish.
The sternum is oval and similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
The abdomen is of an oblong form; its colour is black-brown ;
and it has a pale transverse band at its fore margin, clothed with
white hairs; behind this on either side is an indistinct suffused patch
of pale yellowish red-brown, and behind again, about the middle of
the length of the abdomen, is on each side another pale yellowish-
brown tapering stripe running over the side and with its pointed
extremity directed backwards ; these last two stripes do not meet in
the middle of the abdomen, but they are clothed with white hairs ;
just above the spinners also is a transverse, somewhat crescent-shaped
band of white hairs. A large squarish area next to the spiracular
plates on the underside is of a pale dusky drab colour, those plates
as well as the space between them being similar in colour to the
cephalothorax.
A single adult male from Italy ; the precise locality unknown, but
believed to be near Naples.
DRassus BULBIFER, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 13.)
Adult male, length 2 lines.
The cephalothorax of this very distinct species is of a bright
reddish yellow-brown colour, with the margins and normal grooves
and indentations marked with black ; it is of ordimary form. When
looked at in profile, the occiput is roundish and rather higher than
either the thoracic junction or the ocular area; this latter portion is
almost all black ; the height of the clypeus (which retreats a little)
is about one third that of the facial space.
The eyes are of moderate size and not very unequal to each other ;
they are in two transverse rows (the front row shortest), slightly
curved from each other, forming an oblong figure, whose length at
its longest part is rather more than double its width at the widest
part; the four eyes of the hinder row are about equal in size, pearly
white, and equidistant from each other, the intervals, if any thing,
rather exceeding an eye’s diameter. The fore central eyes are rather
smaller (being the smallest of the eight), but form a line equal in
length to the hind centrals, the interval between them being greater
than an eye’s diameter ; and each of them is very close, but not quite
contiguous, to the fore lateral on its side; the interval between each fore
lateral and the hind lateral on its side is about equal to the diameter
of the latter ; while the interval between each fore central and the
hind lateral nearest to it is about equal to two diameters of the
former.
The legs (in the only example examined) were much mutilated,
but they appeared to be undoubtedly long and strong; their relative
length 4, 1, 2,3; they are yellow; the femora of the first and second
pairs are black, furnished with hairs, and there are some spines on
those of the third and fourth pairs; the terminal tarsal claws on
1874. ] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 387
such of the legs as were still uninjured were two, black and small ;
and beneath them is a scopula of short hairs extending backwards
over the inferior surface of the joint.
The palpi are strong and moderately long; the humeral joint is
of unusual strength, being considerably prominent above towards its
hinder extremity, lessening gradually forwards ; their colour is dusky
yellow-brown. The radial joint is shorter and less strong than the
cubital; it is furnished with numerous strong bristly hairs on its
inner side, and has its outer extremity produced into a strongish
apophysis, equal to the joint in length, rather enlarged and roundly
obtuse atitsextremity. The digital joint is large, and its length con-
siderably exceeds that of the radial and cubital joints together. The
palpal organs are large, highly developed, and very prominent, con-
sisting of a large, nearly globular lobe with several dark sinuous
markings on its surface, giving the appearance of closely applied
spines; this lobe is rather drawn out at its fore extremity, where it
is also apparently slightly cleft or divided.
The falces are moderately long, rather slender, and nearly vertical ;
when looked at from in front, the maxille are seen to extend con-
siderably on either side of them; they are of a dark reddish-brown
colour.
Mazille long and strong, and very slightly inclined towards the
labium ; they are laterally prominent at their extremity on the outer
side, and round on the inner side; the outer profile-line, when looked
at with the Spider flat upon its back, is hollow; the line and im-
pression on their front surface is general, but not great.
The dabium is more than half the length of the maxill; it is
oblong, rounded at the apex, and (with the maxillz) is of a deep
yellow-brown colour.
The sternum is of a rather elongate-oval form; and its colour is
yellow-brown, slightly tinged with reddish.
The abdomen is oblong-oval, broadest and bluff behind and trun-
cate before, where it projects over the base of the cephalothorax ; it
is hairy, and its colour is black. The fore half of the upperside is
almost entirely occupied by a large patch of a deep reddish brown,
shining, coriaceous nature ; this patch is roundly pointed behind, its
side margins being also rather rounding, and it lies exactly within a
quadrangular figure occupying the largest portion of the fore part of
the abdomen, and formed by four pale whitish spots: following the
hinder pair of these spots, which are impressed and indicated by
white hairs, are two others on the hinder half of the abdomen, rather
nearer together, but also impressed, and shown by two short trans-
verse lines of white hairs. The spinners are dusky black, not very
long, those of the superior pair being very slightly shorter than those
of the inferior pair, and not quite so strong: the spiracular plates
are large, and of a clear pale yellow colour; between them the open-
ing leading to the spermatic tubes is unusually visible and of a semi-
circular form ; this opening is seldom visible in male Spiders, being
usually an imperceptible slit.
A single example of the adult male of this Spider was found among
388 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
a number of specimens of various genera collected on the continent
of Europe in different localities, and given me by the late Mr.
Richard Beck, of 31 Cornhill, London.
DRASSUS ORNATUS, Sp. n.
Immature female, length rather more than 2 lines.
The only example met with of this species being immature, I should
not have ventured to describe it as new had it not been for the very
distinctive pattern upon the cephalothorax and abdomen; that on
the abdomen especially will serve to distinguish it from every other
species known to me.
In form and structure this Spider is of the common type of Drassus ;
the cephalothoraz is reddish yellow, margined narrowly with black,
and with a broad longitudinal blackish-brown band on either side
touching the black margins. The rest of the fore part (except the
legs) is similar in colour to the cephalothorax. The /egs are strong,
moderately long, yellow, and obscurely but broadly banded with dusky
brown, the genual, tibial, and metatarsal joints of the first pair being
wholly suffused with blackish brown; they are furnished with hairs
and spines, the latter chiefly on those of the third and fourth pairs ;
the two terminal tarsal claws are slightly toothed ; they are not very
strong nor very strongly curved, and there is no claw-tuft beneath.
The eyes are rather small, and placed in two very nearly parallel
transverse rows; those of the hind central pair are oval, oblique, and
are separated by rather a wider interval than that which separates
each from the lateral of the same row on its side ; those of each lateral
pair are separated from each other by an interval equal to that which
divides the hind lateral and hind central eyes ; the four central eyes
form very nearly a square, the fore side being rather the shortest ;
the eyes of the front row are near together, being about equally
separated ; if any thing the interval between those of the central pair
of the front row, however, is rather greater than that which separates
each from the fore lateral nearest to it; the fere laterals are the
largest of the eight; the height of the clypeus is less than half that
of the facial space.
The abdomen is of a broad oblong-oval form, tolerably convex
above, and projecting over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a
pale dull yellow colour, very sparingly clothed with hairs; but
beneath the fore part is a transverse row of strong bristles curving
upwards; this part is blackish brown, as also is a longitudinal central
narrow pointed band of the same colour on the fore half: from this
band issue at right angles three lateral blackish-brown stripes ; these
are continued obliquely over the sides, and are succeeded towards the
spinners by several others of a similar nature and parallel to those
on the fore part. The above-mentioned stripes are formed by small
blackish-brown spots and markings, and are very distinct and
characteristic, standing out strongly on the yellow ground-colour of
the abdomen.
A single example was found under a piece of stone near Alexandria,
Egypt, by myself in April 1864.
1874. ] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 389
DRassus ENSIGER, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 14.)
Adult male, length 3 lines.
This species is of ordinary form and general structure, being
nearly allied to Drassus troglodytes both in size, form, and colour ;
but it differs remarkably from that, as well as from all other species
known to me, in the structure of the palpi and palpal organs.
The cephalothorazx is broadish oval, rather tapering before, i. e.
narrowest at the caput and rather flattish above ; the normal grooves
and furrows are fairly indicated, but the lateral impression at the
caput is very slight; it is of a dark reddish yellow-brown colour,
with a fine blackish marginal line, and converging dusky lines
marking the segmental grooves.
The eyes are of moderate size, and, except those of the fore cen-
tral pair, of a pearly whiteness, narrowly edged with black ; their
general position is ordinary, in two curved rows, the curves of which
are directed backwards, forming a transverse curved oblong figure
whose length is about double its width. The clypeus is low, ap-
parently not exceeding one third of the facial space. The eyes of
the hind central pair are oval, oblique, and near together, but not
contiguous to each other, and each is separated from the lateral of
the same row on its side by little if any more than the lateral eye’s
diameter ; those of each lateral pair are near to each other and
placed a little obliquely, ‘the interval between them is as nearly as
possible equal to that which separates those of the hind central pair ;
the four forming the foremost row are very near together, but not
quite contiguous, those of the fore central pair being rather further
from each other than each is from the lateral of the same row on its
side, and the smallest of the eight.
The /egs are rather strong, a little paler in colour than the cepha-
lothorax, and moderately long, their relative length being 4, 1, 2, 3;
they are furnished with hairs, and those of the third and fourth
pairs with spines, chiefly on the tibize and metatarsi; each tarsus
terminates with two strongly curved toothed claws, beneath which
is a slight claw-tuft or scopula.
The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, except the digital
joint, which is dark reddish brown ; they are furnished with a few
hairs and spines, and are of moderate length and rather strong; the
cubital and radial joints are short ; the latter is the shortest and has its
fore extremity on the outer side produced into a long, slightly curved,
gently tapering, deep-red-brown glossy apophysis of double the length
of the joint itself, and ending in a point not far from the end of the
digital joint. This apophysis in its length and simple form is a very
marked feature, and makes the determination of the male of this
species an easy matter. The digital joint is large, of an oval form,
and exceeding in length the radial and cubital together. The
palpal organs are well developed, and rather complex, and from a
strongish lobe on their outer side near the middle issues a prominent,
rather corkscrew-shaped, sharp-pointed spine.
The falces are not large, but straight, very slightly projecting,
and similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
390 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
The mazille are rather long, strong, especially at the insertion of
the palpi, broadly and strongly impressed in a transverse direction,
curved, and inclined towards the /abiwm, which is rather long, being
two thirds the length of the maxille, of an oblong form, and rounded
at the apex. These parts are rather darker in hue than the cephalo-
thorax.
Sternum similar in colour to the cephalothorax, glossy, and of
an oval form, rather pointed behind.
The abdomen is about equal in length to the cephalothorax ; it is
rather broad, somewhat truncate before, but broadest, and rounded,
behind ; its convexity above is not great, and it scarcely projects at
all over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull mouse-coloured
black hue above, thinly clothed with hairs; six short pale line-like
spots in three pairs form two curved longitudinal lines of three spots
each near the middle of the upperside, the curves being directed
inwards and towards each other ; analogous spots are observable in
many other Drassi, especially in D. troglodytes ; the underside of
the abdomen is of a paler hue than the upperside. The spinners are
six in number, brownish yellow and of moderate size, those of the
inferior pair being the longest and strongest.
The female resembles the male in colours. The form of the genital
aperture is very characteristic, but not easily described ; reference to
the figure (Plate LI. fig. 14 ¢) will give a good idea of its distinctive
form.
Two adult males and one female were found under stones, within
the old-castle area at Smyrna, by myself in May 1865.
Drassus HEBES, sp. n. (Plate Li. fig. 15.)
Adult male, length 3 lines.
The cephalothorax of this species is of an oblong-oval form, trun-
cate at each extremity ; the hinder slope is short and rather abrupt,
and the caput slopes forward slightly from just behind the eyes, the
intermediate profile-line being level; its colour is yellow-brown,
deepening in the ocular region; and it is thinly clothed with fine
hairs ; there is only the slightest possible lateral constriction on each
side at the caput ; but the normal grooves and indentations are fairly
marked and indicated by darker yellow-brown converging lines.
The eyes are not very large, they are placed in two slightly curved
and almost parallel transverse rows on the fore part of the caput, but
not occupying more than half its width ; as looked at from above and
behind, the curve of these rows is directed backwards. The eyes of
the hind central pair are oval, oblique, very near together, but not
contiguous; each lateral eye of the hinder row is separated from the
central of the same row nearest to it by a space about equal to the
longest diameter of the latter; the front row is shorter than the
hinder one, and the four eyes composing it are, apparently, equally
separated from each other ; if any thing the interval between the fore
centrals is a little greater than that between each and the fore lateral
nearest to it; those of each lateral pair are divided by an interval
about equal to the diameter of the hind lateral ; the fore centrals are
1874. ] REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 391
dark-coloured and slightly the smallest of the eight: the rest are
pearly white ; each of them is separated from the hind central eye
nearest to it by an interval equal to its own diameter ; and the height
of the clypeus is as nearly as possible (in the middle) equal to a
similar interval.
The legs are not very long, but rather strong ; their relative length
is 1, 4, 3, 2; they are of a pale dull yellow-brown colour, furnished
with hairs and a few spines on those of the third and fourth pairs ;
each tarsus ends with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is
asmall claw-tuft ; and the hairs beneath the tarsi are numerous, short,
and tolerably compact.
The palpi are short but moderately strong ; the radial is slightly
shorter than the cubital joint and has its outer extremity prolonged
into a strong apophysis as long, or nearly so, as the joint itself; this
apophysis tapers at first, but enlarges again near its extremity,
which is obliquely truncate. The colour of the palpi is like that of
the legs, and they are furnished with hairs and a few spine-like
bristles, but the radial and digital joints are darker; the latter joint
is of ordinary oval form and rather longer than the radial and digital
joints together. The palpal organs are simple.
The falces are rather short, straight, strong, slightly projecting
forwards, and prominent near their base in front ; their colour is a
dark red-brown, and they are furnished with strong prominent
black bristles.
The mazille are strong, curved, inclined towards the labium,
broadly impressed across the middle, and obliquely truncated at their
extremities. ;
The /abium is oblong, and reaches to the inner extremities of the
maxille ; its colour is deep yellow red-brown, that of the maxille
being darker.
The sternum is oval, pointed behind, slightly truncate before, and
similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
The abdomen* is oval, truncate before, moderately convex above ;
it is of a dull yellowish-white colour, clothed with dark sooty brown
hairs, and numerous strong upturned black bristly hairs just beneath
the fore extremity, which projects over the hinder slope of the
cephalothorax. Spinners short and of a yellow-brown colour ; those
of the inferior pair are longer and stronger than those of the superior
air.
A single adult male was received from Mr. J. T. Mogeridge, by
whom it was found among the débris of an old wall, and kindly sent
to me from Mentone in February 1874. In its general structure and
colours it is of ordinary character; but the radial apophysis is peculiar,
somewhat resembling that of D. troglodytes (Koch) as well as that
of D. morosus (Cambr.) and D. bulbifer (Cambr.), and will serve to
distinguish it at once from other species. It is asmaller Spider than
D. troglodytes, with which, or with either of the others mentioned,
* In some other examples received since this description was written, the
abdomen has several pale angular bars or chevrons (the vertices of which are
directed forwards) on the hinder half of its upperside.
392 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. | June 2,
it can hardly be confounded, in spite of a certain resemblance in the
form of the radial apophysis.
DRASSUS MACILENTUS, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 16.)
Adult female, length 33 lines.
In form, colours, and general structure this species is very nearly
allied to Drassus lapidicolens. The colour, however, of the cephalo-
thorax and legs is less suffused with brown, being of a clearer yellow
than in that species ; the abdomen is less hairy, and (when in spirit
of wine) the upperside is closely marked with slender unsteady yellow
lines and spots upon a dark brown ground ; these lines fade off into
the pale yellowish drab colour of the underside.
The falces are less projecting than in D. lapidicolens; and the
position of the eyes also differs, chiefly in the nearer proximity to
each other of those of each lateral pair; these are barely an eye’s
diameter distant from each other, while in D. lapidicolens the inter-
val is quite if not more than two diameters ; the line formed by the
eyes of each lateral pair of the latter species is also less oblique than in
the one now under consideration, the length of the two lines formed
by all the eyes of this species being more nearly equal in length ;
the eyes of D. lapidicolens are also smaller than those of the present
species.
eThe genital aperture is exceedingly small and simple, consisting
merely of two small oval blackish-edged openings, placed rather
obliquely near each other, their longitudinal diameter running parallel
to the length of the abdomen. :
A single adult female of this Spider was contained in the collection
made for me in Bombay by Col. Julian Hobson.
DrassUs CAMPESTRATUS, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 17.)
Adult male, length 22 lines.
The cephalothorazx of this Spider is oval, more pointed before than
behind; the caput is small, and the lateral constriction where it
unites with the thorax is slight; it is of a flattened form and is only
a little higher at the thoracic junction than at the eyes, and is thinly
clothed with hoary grey hairs ; the normal lateral indentations are
indicated by dark brown stripes, which run into a strong marginal
band of the same hue, the middle portion of the cephalothorax beng
of a paler yellow-brown colour.
The eyes are rather large, in two almost equally curved rows, the
convexity of the curves being directed away from each other, forming
an oval figure; the front row is rather the longest, and the eyes
which compose it are about equally separated from each other, the
intervals being each, as nearly as possible, equal to the diameter of
one of the hind central pair; these are of an oval form and placed
slightly obliquely. The lateral eyes of the hinder row are rather larger
than the central; those of the fore central pair are round and the
largest of the eight ; they are separated from each other by no more
than half of an eye’s diameter, and form a line rather longer than that
formed by the eyes of the hind central pair. The fore lateral eyes
1874.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 393
are oval, slightly oblique, about equal in size to those of the hind
central pair, and each is contiguous to the fore central eye on its
side ; the interval between the eyes of each lateral pair is equal to
half the diameter of one of them. All the eyes are pearly white,
except those of the fore central pair, which are dark. The height of
the clypeus is rather less than the diameter of one of the fore central
eyes and is equal to about one fourth of that of the facial space ;
the interval between each fore central eye and the hind central
opposite to it is equal to the diameter of the former.
The /egs are strong, especially in the femoral joints, and moderately
long ; their relative length appeared to be 4, 1, 2, 3; but the difference
is not great ; they are of a yellow-brown colour, not quite so dark as
the cephalothorax ; they are furnished, but not thickly, with hairs
and spines, and beneath the two terminal claws on each tarsus is a
small tuft of squamose or papilliform hairs.
The palpi are moderately strong, but not very long; the cubital
joint is short ; the radial is about equal in length, but is gradually
produced on its outer side into a long tapering process, somewhat
bluntly but angularly enlarged beneath towards its extremity, which
terminates with a sharply curved spinous point ; the angular enlarge-
ment gives it the appearance, in some positions, of being somewhat
bifid at its extremity. The digital joint is large, and of a pointed
oval form; its length equals that of the cubital and radial joints
together (including the apopbysis of the latter).
The falces are moderate in length, nearly vertical, and rather
slender ; these with the maxillze, labium, and sternum, which are all
of normal structure, are of a yellow-brown colour, rather paler than
that of the cephalothorax.
The abdomen is of moderate size, and of an oblong-oval rather
flattened form; on the fore half of the upperside is a large, yellow-
brown, somewhat oval, shining, coriaceous patch, occupying nearly its
whole width ; this patch is pointed behind, and through its semitrans-
parent substance may be seen the usual elongate, longitudinal, central,
fusiform, dark black-brown stripe or bar; the hinder part of the
upperside of the abdomen is of a pale dusky yellow-white colour,
with a large black-brown patch, from the sides of which issue the
ends of the normal oblique stripes or chevrons, the angles of which
are lost in the black-brown patch; the sides are black-brown, and
the underside dusky yellowish white. The spinners are rather long,
brownish black, of nearly equal length, those of the inferior pair
being the strongest and rather the longest.
An adult male of this very distinct Drassus was found by myself
under a stone near Alexandria, Egypt, in April 1864.
DRaAssus ALEXANDRINUS, sp.n. (Plate LI. fig. 18.)
Adult male, length 4 lines.
This species is very nearly allied to D. egyptius (postea, p. 394) ;
it is, however, rather larger, and differs in the form of the palpal
organs, while it resembles it closely in general form, structure, and
colours ; it differs also from D. lapidicolens (Walck.) in the same
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXVI. 26
394 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
particulars as those which distinguish this latter species from D.
egyptius, the difference, too, being similar.
The falces in the present Spider more nearly resemble those of D.
lapidicolens, being larger than those of D. egyptius, and projecting
forwards instead of being nearly vertical.
The radial joint of the palpus has no apophysis from its fore
extremity, and had only one or two strongish spines at its fore ex-
tremity on the inner side ; others, however, may have been rubbed off.
The palpal organs are similar in their general form and processes ,
but the curved spine issuing from their base and running round the
inner margin is stronger, the corneous prominence at their fore part
is longer, stronger, and curved, and, instead of three spies in a trans-
verse row beneath the fore part of the digital joint, there is in the
present species only one strong spine.
On the outer margin of the palpal organs are two longitudinal
parallel reddish-brown lines, which rather converge and become ser-
pentine or strongly convoluted at the hinder extremity.
A single adult male was found by myself among the débris of a
wall near Alexandria, in April 1864.
Drassvus £GYPTIUS, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 19.)
Adult male, length 33 lines; adult female, length 43 lines.
This species is very nearly allied to the well-known D. lapidicolens
(Walck.). It is, however, smaller than the usual run of that species,
and a paler and yellower Spider in its general colouring ; the cephalo-
thorax wants the narrow black marginal line; the spines on the legs
are longer and slenderer ; and the abdomen has not the longitudinal
dark elongate marking on the fore half of its upperside, always
more or less distinct on that of D. lapidicolens. ‘The falces also,
which are long and porrected in that species, are much shorter in
the present and nearly vertical.
A strong distinguishing character is (as usual) presented by the
palpi and palpal organs of the male: the radial joint has its upper-
side furnished with some long slender spines; but it is destitute of any
projection or apophysis at its fore extremity, which is a little broader
than its hinder portion. The digital joint is narrow and elongate.
The palpal organs, which occupy about half the length of its under-
side, consist of a nearly round pale lobe ; from near the inner side of
the hinder extremity of this lobe a slender tapering black spine issues
and curves round the outer margin in rather close contact with it,
terminating in a fine point near its fore extremity ; on the face of the
lobe near the fore part is a very small blackish-brown tubercular
eminence or short blunt spinous prominence ; and from its outer ex-
tremity before issues an obtusely ending prolongation directed
inwards ; beneath the fore extremity of the digital joint, near the
palpal organs, are three conspicuous and characteristic black spines,
directed forwards and placed in a transverse line.
The eyes are very similar, both in size and position, to those of D.
lapidicolens; those, however, of the foremost row are rather nearer the
fore margin of the caput, leaving a narrower clypeus than in that
species.
1874.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 395
The whole of the fore part, including the legs and palpi, is of a
pale uniform straw-colour, thinly clothed with silky hairs, the
abdomen being a little darker and duller in its hue, clothed with
yellowish fine hairs, some coarse bristly ones being turned upwards
over the fore part. The female resembles the male in colour and
general characters, but is larger, and the form of the genital aperture
is characteristic.
The legs (in both sexes, but most conspicuously in the female)
terminate with a small claw-tuft beneath the terminal tarsal claws,
and a scopula beneath the whole length of the tarsi and metatarsi.
An adult example of each sex was found under stones at Alexan-
dria, Egypt, by myself, in April 1864.
Drassvus astroocus, sp-n. (Plate LII. fig. 20.)
Adult female, length 42 lines.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider is of a brightish yellow
colour, the falces being slightly tinged with reddish brown, and the
abdomen being of a dull pale whitish yellow.
The cephalothoraz is of ordinary form, but rather short and small
in proportion to the abdomen, which is more than double its length ;
the normal grooves and indentations are slightly dusky, and a short
red-brown line indicates the thoracic junction ; the height of the
clypeus is less than half that of the facial space.
The eyes are placed in two transverse curved rows (the curve
directed backwards) ; the front row is the shortest and least curved ;
the eyes of the hinder row are as nearly as possible equidistant from
each other ; those of its central pair are oval, but not oblique ; the
eyes of the fore central pair are the largest of the eight, round, and
separated from each other by half of an eye’s diameter; these
are dark ; all the rest are pearly white, but have black veins 3 each
fore lateral eye is, as nearly as possible, contiguous to the fore central
nearest to it; the interval between the eyes of each lateral pair is
equal to about half the diameter of the hinder one ; the four central
eyes form a trapezoid whose transverse is less than its longitudinal
diameter.
The legs are neither very long nor strong ; they are furnished with
a few hairs and spines; each tarsus ends with two curved pectinated
claws, beneath which is a scopula, extending backwards under a part
of the tarsal joint.
The falces are of ordinary form, but small, vertical, and a little
prominent near their base in front.
The maville, labium, and sternum are of normal form.
The abdomen is large, oval, and considerably convex above. It is
of a uniform dull pale whitish yellow colour, clothed with but few
hairs, scarcely any unless they had been rubbed off. On the fore half
of the upperside are the usual six impressed spots, not very distinct,
in two opposed longitudinal curved rows of three each. The
spinners are tolerably long, those of the inferior pair being the
strongest; the genital aperture is yellow-brown in colour, simple,
of tolerable size, and of a somewhat oblong form.
26*
396 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRassipEs. [June 2,
Two adult females were received from Bombay in a collection
(before alluded to) made for me by Major Julian Hobson, Staff
Corps.
Drassus LURIDUS, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 21.)
Adult male, length 3 lines ; adult female, length 4 lines.
This species is nearly allied to D. vulpinus (postea), but is destitute
of the silky yellow-grey pubescence with which that and other species
are clothed. The whole of the fore part is yellow, tinged with red-
brown, the falces and labium being rather darker.
The cephalothorax is glossy, of ordinary form, with the normal
grooves and indentations fairly marked, and a few fine yellowish
hairs here and there; perhaps more of them may have been rubbed
off. The height of the clypeus is rather less than half of that of
the facial space.
The eyes are in two transverse curved rows, the curves directed
backwards; those of the hinder row, which is longest and much the
most curved, are equally separated from each other; those of the
central pair of this row are oval and oblique, and, as well as those
of the lateral pairs, of a pearly white colour; the eyes of the fore
central pair are large, round, and dark-coloured, and separated by
an interval of half an eye’s diameter, and each is as nearly as possi-
ble contiguous to the lateral of the same row on its side.
The legs are rather long and strong; their relative length is 4, 1,
2, 3; they are furnished with hairs and spines, the latter chiefly on
those of the two hinder pairs; and each tarsus terminates with two
curved claws, beneath which is a scopula, which extends backwards
beneath the tarsal joint.
The palpi are moderate in length and strength, and of the same
colour as the legs. The radial is a little shorter than the digital
joint, and has a group of some longish hairs beneath its fore extremity
as well as others above, and at its outer extremity is a strongish
apophysis, which terminates obliquely and in a point on its upper-
side; the digital joint is of moderate size, darker in colour and
rather less in length than the radial and digital together, and of a
narrow oval form. The palpal organs are well developed, but simple,
consisting of a large oval corneous lobe, with a kind of marginal
fillet on the outer side, and a small curved sharp-pointed spine at
their inner extremity.
The falces are moderate in length and strength, they project
forwards and are a little prominent at their base in front.
The mazille, labium, and sternum are of ordinary form.
The abdomen is small, oval, and of a pale yellowish colour,
suffused more or less with blackish behind; on the fore half of its
upperside is a longish wedge-shaped, dull, indistinct marking, on
either side of the hinder half of which are three dark punctures,
forming a slightly curved line on each side, similar to corresponding
punctures in many others of this family. The spinners are long ;
those of the inferior pair are just about double the length and
strength of those of the superior pair.
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 397
The female resembles the male in colours and markings; the
relative length of the spinners, however, differs, those of the
superior pair being longer and stronger in proportion to the in-
ferior ones, the length of the former being but a very little less
than that of the latter; the genital aperture is not very large,
but of very simple though characteristic form (vide Plate LII.
fig. 21, c¢).
An adult example of each sex was contained in the collection of
Spiders received from Bombay from Major Julian Hobson, Staff
Corps.
Drassus VULPINUS, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 22.)
Adult female, length 52 lines.
This fine species belongs to the group which includes D. sericeus
(B1.), to which it is nearly allied.
The cephalothorax (which is of ordinary form), and also the legs
and palpi, are of a foxy yellow-brown, clothed with fine silky ad-
pressed hairs or pubescence of a yellowish-grey colour.
The falces, mavilla, labium, and sternum (all of which are of
ordinary form) are darker-coloured than the cephalothorax, and
furnished, in addition, with black prominent bristly hairs. The
abdomen is of a dull brownish-yellow colour, thickly clothed with
silky yellow-grey hairs, mixed with coarser black ones.
. The eyes are in two curved rows; the hinder row is the most
strongly curved, the curve directed backwards; and the front row,
looked at from above and behind, is curved the same way, but less
strongly ; the lateral eyes (on either side) are separated from each
other by an interval about equal to the diameter of the fore lateral eye;
the eyes of the hind central pair are bright pearly white, oval, oblique,
and rather nearer together than each is to the lateral on its side;
those of the fore central pair are round and about half of an eye’s
diameter apart, each being also separated by an equal distance from
the lateral on its side.
The /egs are tolerably long and strong; relative length 4, 1, 2, 3;
and besides a yellow-grey pubescence, they are furnished with other
hairs and strong spines, the latter mostly on those of the two hinder
pairs. Each tarsus ends with two curved pectinated claws, beneath
which is a strong scopula extending over the lower side of the greater
part of the tarsal joint.
The palpi are short, strong, and similar in colour and armature to
the legs ; the hairs at the end are rather dense and prevented my
seeing the terminal claw, which, if present, must be very short.
The abdomen is oval, and projects well over the base of the cepha-
lothorax ; its colour and clothing have been remarked upon above.
The spinners are yellow-brown in colour, longish, and prominent ;
' those of the inferior pair are the strongest and rather the largest. The
genital aperture is of moderate size and simple form, with a deep
red-brown corneous margin (vide Plate LII. fig. 22).
A single adult example of the female was found by myself in an
old building at Cairo in April 1864.
398 REV. 0, P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
DRrassus FERRUGINEUS, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 23.)
Adult female, length 4 lines.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider is of a rusty yellow-
brown colour, the falces, maxille, labium, and sternum being rather
the darkest—the falces and labium indeed being of a darkish red-
brown, the abdomen being pale dull yellow.
The cephalothorar is of ordinary form, but rather small and short
m proportion to the length of the abdomen, and it is sparingly
dotted with fine hairs; the normal furrows and indentations are
slightly marked, but are of a deeper hue than the rest of the surface.
The height of the clypeus is less than half that of the facial space.
The eyes are in the usual position ; they are in two equally curved
transverse rows, the ends of which converge on each side but do not
meet; the four central ones form a trapezoid, whose transverse is
less than its longitudinal diameter ; those of the hind central pair
are oval, oblique, and separated by an interval about equal to the
longest diameter of one of them; the interval between each of these
and the hind lateral on its side is greater than that between the two
centrals ; those of the foremost row appeared to be equally separated
from each other.
The Zegs are short, moderately strong, furnished with hairs and a
few black spines, these last almost all on the two last pairs; each
tarsus ends with two curved, toothed claws, beneath which is a
scopula which extends backwards underneath the joint ; their rela-
tive length is 4, 1, 2, 3.
The falces are neither very long nor strong, but they project a
little forwards and are of ordinary form
The maville, labium, and sternum present no deviation from the
normal characters of the genus.
The abdomen is of an elongate oblong-oval form, very sparingly
clothed with hairs, and of a uniform dull yellowish colour. Spira-
cular plates yellow and not very large. Genital aperture small, but, as
usual, of characteristic form (vide Plate LII. fig. 23). The spinners
are moderate in length and strength ; those of the inferior pair are
the longest and strongest.
A single example of the adult female of this species was contained
in the collection of Spiders kindly made for me in Bombay by Major
Julian Hobson, Staff Corps.
Drassus DENOTATUS, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 24.)
Adult female, length 3} lines.
The general form and structure of this Spider are of the ordinary
character; but the markings on the abdomen are distinct and
characteristic, as also is the form of the genital aperture.
The cephalothoraz is pale yellow-brown thinly clothed with hairs ;
the caput is a little more convex than usual, and it is divided
behind from the thorax by two fine blackish converging lines, divided
at the point of convergence by another longitudinal centralone. The
height of the clypeus is less than half that of the facial space, being
about equal to the diameter of one of the fore central eyes.
1874. ] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 399
The eyes are of tolerable size and in the usual position; but the
curve of each row is nearly equal, making the two rows almost
parallel; the hinder row is the longest, and its two central eyes are
large, pearly white, and very nearly contiguous to each other, the
lateral on either side being separated from them by about the
diameter of one of the centrals; the fore centrals are also large, but
not quite so large as the hind centrals, though forming a line of the
same length, the interval between them being rather more than
half of the diameter of one of them; the eyes of each lateral
pair are separated from each other by an interval of about the
diameter of one of them.
The falces are moderate in length and strength; they are promi-
nent at their base in front, projecting forwards, and are of a dark
yellow-brown colour.
The /egs are rather short, moderately strong, furnished with
hairs and spines, the latter chiefly on the two hinder pairs; their
relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3, and they are of a yellow colour.
The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, deepening to yellow-
brown on the radial and digital joints, and they are furnished with
hairs and a few black spines.
The maville and labium are of normal form ; the former is yellow-
brown, the latter considerably darker.
The sternum is oval, pointed behind, and similar in colour to the
eephalothorax.
The abdomen is oval, rather truncate before, where it projects a
little over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is thinly clothed with
hairs, and of a dull brownish black hue, speckled and marked with
pale yellowish: on the upperside a dusky, elongate, tapering or
wedge-shaped marking occupies the central longitudinal line of the
fore half: on either side of the hinder or pointed end of this
marking are two small, pale, elongate spots; and following it,
towards the spinners, in a longitudinal series, are 6 or 7 transverse
angular bars or chevrons of a pale dull yellow colour; and the
vertex of each of these runs into the angle of the one preceding it.
The dark ground-colour of the abdomen is disposed in parallel strize
towards and on the sides; and the intervals between the yellowish
angular bars themselves form dark broken chevrons. On the
underside are two longitudinal and rather pale yellowish lines, which
converge at a little distance from the spinners; and at the extremity
of these lines on either side is a curved row of three round pale
yellowish spots, more distinct than the rest. The spinners are
moderate in length and strength, those of the inferior pair being the
longest, and their colour is similar to that of the legs. The genital
aperture is large and of peculiar form (vide Plate LII. fig. 24).
A single adult female was found by myself at Cairo.
DRrassus PuGNax, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 25.)
Adult male, length 33 lines.
The cephalothoraxz of this species is short, oval, rather more
pointed before than in many others of the genus, but in other
400 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
respects of normal form ; it (as well as all the rest of the fore part
of this Spider) is of a rather bright yellow-brown colour, clothed,
but not at all densely, with greyish-yellow pubescence, and some
prominent black bristly hairs in the ocular region; the normal
grooves and indentations are not strong, but are well indicated by
being of a rather deeper bue than the rest.
The eyes are in the ordinary position, two transverse curved
rows; the front row is the most curved, the hinder one being very
nearly straight; the lateral eye of each row is nearer to the
opposite lateral eye of the other row than the central eyes of the
one are to those of the other; the eyes of the hinder row are
equidistant from each other and of about equal size; those of the
front row are large, all larger than those of the hinder one, and the
fore central pair much the largest of the eight ; each of these latter
is very nearly contiguous to the lateral of the same row on its side,
and they are separated from each other by nearly about half of an
eye’s diameter.
The /egs are strong, especially the femoral joints, and moderately
long, their relative length being 4, 1, 2, 3; they are furnished with
hairs, spines, and bristles; and each tarsus ends with two curved
claws, beneath which is a claw-tuft or scopula.
The palpi are pretty strong, but not very long. The radial and
cubital joints are short; the former is rather the shortest but strongest,
and has its outer extremity produced into a long and strong apo-
physis; this is a little tapering at first, but has its extremity divided
into two very peculiar and distinct limbs ; one of these (the upper one)
is strongly bent inwards and sharp-pointed, the other obtuse and
straighter. The digital joint is large, of the ordinary oval form, and of
a darker hue than the rest of the joint. The palpal organs are well
developed but simple, having some longitudinal, parallel, dark, smuous
markings on the surface of the principal corneous lobe, and a small
curved corneous process at their fore extremity ; the humeral joint
has three curved, black, spine-like bristles near its fore extremity on
the upperside; two are near the margin, and the third a little way
behind.
The falces are vertical and not very long nor strong ; the mazille,
labium, and sternum are of normal form.
The abdomen is oval, rather truncate before, and projecting over
the base of the cephalothorax; it is of a uniform pale brownish-
yellow hue, clothed sparingly with fine yellowish-grey hairs; and on
the fore part of the upperside is a large bright yellow-brown patch
of a shining semicorneous nature, similar in colour to the cephalo-
thorax and other fore parts; this patch is of a curvilinear, ta-
pering form; and along its centre is indistinctly visible an elongate
tapering, and rather darker marking, the sharp point of which extends
beyond its hinder and pointed extremity: also on the fore part of the
upperside of the abdomen are four impressed spots or dark punctures
in an oblong quadrangular figure; the foremost pair of these spots
are rather obscured by the shining patch above described. The spin-
ners are yellow-brown, rather long and strong, those of the inferior
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 401
pair stronger and about one third longer than those of the superior
pair. The spiracular plates are very nearly of the same colour as the
rest of the abdomen, and, like it, clothed with hairs.
A single adult male of this Spider was found by myself among débris
of an old wall at Cairo. It may be distinguished easily by the peculiar
form of the radial apophysis, and large size of the fore central pair of
eyes.
; Genus Mrcaria (Westr.).
MicarRiA ARMATA, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 26.)
Adult female, length 12 line.
This exceedingly brilliant little Spider belongs to a group of the
genus Micaria whose eyes are in the position of those of the genus
Gnaphosa, and the abdomen connected with the cephalothorax by
a distinct pedicle. M. Lucas has described two species of this group,
in his work on Algerian Spiders, in the genus Drassus. Dr. L. Koch
has, m his work on the Drassides, included these species as (to him)
unknown species of the genus Gnaphosa, probably so allocating
them from the strongly marked position of the eyes. I cannot, how-
ever, find any difference in the form of the maxille from Micaria ;
and the whole appearance, form, and brilliancy of colouring (in the
present instance) connects these Spiders unmistakably with Micaria
rather than with Gnaphosa.
Micaria armata may be distinguished at once by the palpi as well
as the tibice and metatarsi of the legs of the first pair being armed
with long, strong spines.
The cephalothoraz is oval, rather narrow before, and but slightly
constricted laterally at the caput ; it is of a brownish-yellow colour,
the caput being dark brown, the whole clothed with scaly hairs re-
flecting the most brilliant metallic tints of gold, violet, purple, and
green.
The eyes are in two transverse, rather widely separated, curved
rows, the curves directed towards each other; the foremost row is
much the shortest, and the eyes composing it are almost, but not
quite contiguous to each other ; the laterals of this as well as of the
hinder row are larger than the centrals; the hind centrals are oval,
oblique, and further from each other than each is from the lateral of
the same row on its side; the eyes of each lateral pair are as widely
separated from each other as the lateral eyes of the foremost row.
The height of the clypeus is equal to the space between the fore and
hind central pairs of eyes.
The /egs are long and slender ; their relative length appeared to be
4,.1, 2, 3; they are ofa pale yellow colour, with a strong longitudinal
black stripe on the femora of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pairs, the lower
part of those of the first pair being black: beneath the metatarsi and
tibize of the first pair are some long, strong, prominent, divergent
spines, apparently articulated to small tubercles ; one pair of these are
beneath the metatarsi, two pairs beneath the tibie, and a single one
issuing from a black spot inside each of the femora; besides these
spines the legs are only furnished, and that sparingly, with hairs,
402 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
The terminal tarsal claws are two in number, minute, and without
any claw-tuft beneath them.
The palpi are strong, rather long, of a dull blackish colour, and
on the inner side of the three last joints (cubital, radial, and digital)
there are several longish strong spines pointing inwards ; when the
palpi and fore legs are drawn back in an attitude of defence, these
spines form a sort of chevauax-de-frise over the fore part of the
caput, and are very conspicuous.
The falces are rather long, strong, and a little inclined backwards
towards the labium ; they are of a yellow-brown colour, and furnished
with strong bristly hairs.
The maville are rather long, strong, slightly dilated at their ex-
tremities, inclined towards the labium, and broadly and transversely
impressed across the middle.
The labium is broader at the base than at the apex, which is round-
ed; the colour of this part, as well as of the maxille, is a pale dull
yellow-brown.
The sternum is elongate-oval, sharp-pointed behind, truncate in
front, and of a darker colour than the maxillee and labium.
The abdomen is joined to the cephalothorax by a distinct pedicle
or short wasp-like waist ; it is of an oblong-oval form, strongly con-
stricted over the middle of the upperside, the constriction marked
by a yellowish band clothed with whitish hairs; the fore half of the
upperside is divided longitudinally by a broad yellowish band, the
remainder, as well as the hinder half, is dark blackish brown, the
whole clothed with scaly hairs reflecting similar metallic tints to those
on the cephalothorax ; on each side of the fore part is an ill-defined
oblique stripe or patch of a yellowish colour, clothed with whitish
hairs ; the underside is pale yellowish, but darker near the spinners,
and also clothed with iridescent hairs. The spinners are small, those
of the inferior pair being the strongest ; close above the anal tubercle
is a small compact tuft of white hairs. The genital aperture is small,
inconspicuous, and very simple in form.
Two immature females of this beautiful and most interesting little
Spider were found at Hyéres, in France, in May 1873, and kindly
given me by Mr. J. T. Moggridge, who has since found four other
examples (all females), one only being adult, at Mentone ; these also
Mr. Moggridge has kindly sent tome. The immature examples have
a paler hue and a more brilliantly purple and golden tinge than the
adult ; the spines on the fore legs and palpi are exceedingly charac-
teristic.
Genus Porurowituus, C. Koch.
PHRUROLITHUS GRACILIPES (Blackw.). (Plate LII. fig. 27.)
Drassus gracilipes, Bl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1863.
Drassus romanus, LL. Koch, Die. Arachn.-Fam. der Drassiden,
p- 225 (1866).
An immature male of this Spider, from near Lisbon, was described
as a Drassus by Mr. Blackwall (loc. cit. supra), and an immature fe-
male by Dr. L. Koch, three years later, from Rome, asa Phrurolithus.
1874.] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 403
Several immature examples were found by myself under stones among
the ruins of the Baths of Caracalla in February 1865; and more re-
cently I have received an adult example of each sex from Spain:
these do not differ from the immature examples described by Mr.
Blackwall and Dr. L. Koch in colours and markings and general
characters ; the male, however, has the upper surface of the abdomen
shining and coriaceous, and the double row of long strong sessile
spines beneath the tibiz and metatarsi of the first and second pairs
is very conspicuous.
The palpi of the male are of a deep black-brown colour, but neither
very long nor strong; the radial joint is about the same length as the
cubital, and has its fore extremity produced over the base of the
digital joint into a longish, tapering, curved, sharp-pointed apophy-
sis. The digital joint is large and exceeds in length the radial
and cubital joints together; itis of anoblong-oval form, and its extreme
point obtuse. The palpal organs are simple, consisting of a roundish
lobe, from near the middle of which a corneous tapering spiny process
runs backwarks and round the inner side and fore extremity.
The colour of the cephalothorax is deep black-brown, and in both
sexes is furnished with some short iridescent hairs. The legs are long
and slender, of a black-brown colour, getting lighter towards their ex-
tremities. The tarsi, as well as a small portion at the fore extremity
of each tibia, are of a pale yellow colour ; this is most marked in the
female. The spines beneath the tibia and metatarsi have been
before referred to. Each tarsus ends with two claws, springing from
a small supernumerary or heel-joint; and beneath them is a very
small scopula.
The abdomen of the female is black, with an oblique whitish line
on each side at the fore extremity, and a transverse, slightly curved,
white line or narrow bar a little way above the spinners; this white
line was almost imperceptible in the adult male, but very conspicuous
in the female ; on the upper surface of the abdomen of this sex are
a few short iridescent hairs. The form of the genital aperture,
shown in the figure, is characteristic.
Genus CHErrRacanturium (Koch).
CHEIRACANTHIUM DUBIUM, sp. n. (Plate LIL. fig. 28.)
Adult male, length 3 lines.
This Spider is of great interest, approaching so nearly as it does
to the genera Drassus and Clubiona. Were it not that the relative
length of the legs differs from that of those genera and coincides with
that of Cheiracanthium (1, 4, 2, 3, instead of 4, 1, 2, 3), I should have
been inclined to describe it as a Cludiona.
The whole of the fore part is of a dull-orange yellow-brown colour,
the falces being rather darker than the rest. The abdomen is of a
flattish oval form, rather truncate at its hinder extremity ; its colour is
a pale straw-yellow ; an elongate-oblong, central, longitudinal, dull
brown marking occupies the fore half of the upperside; this is fol-
lowed towards the spinners by several angular bars or chevrons (of the
404 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
same colour), whose angles are obsolete, the ends of the bars only re-
maining ; the sides are also marked with a few short irregular similarly
coloured lines and spots ; on either side of the longitudinal bar on
the fore half are three small but conspicuous reddish-brown spots,
forming a slightly curved line. The spinners are long and cylindrical;
those of the inferior pair slightly curved, longest, and strongest ; those
of the superior pair 2-jointed.
The form of the cephalothoraz is more elongate than in Chetracan-
thium generally ; it is oval, with the lateral constriction at the caput
very slight, and the fore part moderately narrow ; the normal grooves
and indentations are marked by dusky converging lines.
The eyes are of moderate size, in two transverse curved rows, the
eyes of each of which respectively are equidistant from each other ;
the four central eyes form a quadrangular figure, whose hinder side is
rather the longest ; the eyes of each lateral pair are placed obliquely
but are not contiguous to each other. The clypeus appears to be
about equal in height to the diameter of one of the fore central eyes.
The legs are moderately long and tolerably strong; their relative
length is 1, 4, 2,3; and the genual joints are longer than usual ; they
are furnished very sparingly with hairs and a few spines ; each tar-
sus ends with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a very
small claw-tuft.
The palpi are not very long, but tolerably strong. The cubital and
radial joints are about equal in length ; the latter is bent and has
at its extremity on the outer side a rather prominent, slightly
curved, tapering, sharp-pointed, red-brown, spine-like apophysis ;
and near the extremity on the inner side are two spines, one nearly
upright, the other shorter but bent and directed forwards. The di-
gital joint is dark yellow-brown, oval, pointed before, but not drawn
out as in other species of this genus; it is about equal to, or perhaps
a little longer than the radial joint ; the normal spur from the hinder
part is obsolete, represented only by aslight prominence. The palpal
organs consist of a principal oval lobe broken up at its fore part into
several corneous processes, among which is a strongish one, somewhat
in the form of an § crook.
The falces are moderately long, tolerably strong, projecting and
prominent towards their base in front.
The maville are strong, of an oblong form, rather broadest at
their extremities, straight but slightly inclined to the Jabium, which
is half the length of the maxillz, and of a short, oblong-oval form.
The sternum is of the ordinary heart-shape, with a slight emi-
nence opposite the articulation of each pair of legs.
A single adult male of this species was found by myself near Alex-
andria (Egypt), in April 1864.
CHEIRACANTHIUM EQUESTRE, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 29.)
Adult male, length rather more than 23 lines.
The cephalothoraz of this species is of a yellowish colour; it is
longer in proportion to its breadth than in many others of the genus,
and the lateral constrictions of the caput are stronger, the caput
1874.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 405
being thus rather narrower and more drawn out ; the normal inden-
tations are not very strong, but are well indicated by converging
dusky radii.
The eyes are rather larger than usual, but in the ordinary position,
and seated on black spots, and form two transverse curved rows,
occupying the entire width of the fore part of the caput; the curves
are directed away from each other, that of the hinder row being the
strongest. The clypeus is almost obsolete, the edge of the fore cen-
tral eyes almost touching the fore margin of the caput. The eyes of
the hind central pair ave rather nearer to each other than each is to
the hind lateral on its side; and a similar relative position is observ-
able in regard to the eyes of the front row. The interval between
each fore central eye and the hind central nearest to it is less than
the diameter of the latter; the fore centrals are largest of the eight ;
the eyes of each lateral pair are seated obliquely on a tubercle very
near but not contiguous to each other.
The Jegs are rather long and moderately strong; their relative
length is 1, 4, 2, 3; they are of a slightly lighter-coloured yellow
than the cephalothorax, furnished sparingly with hairs and a very
few spines; each tarsus euds with two claws, beneath which is a
compact blackish claw-tuft.
The palpi are not very long, but moderately strong. The radial
joint is scarcely double the length of the cubital ; it is cylindrical, and
has its outer fore extremity prolonged into a tolerably strong, tapering,
sharp-pointed, bicurved apophysis, of a dark reddish-brown colour,
equal to half the joint in length; the inner side of the fore extremity
also has a small prominence or apophysis. The digital joint is rather
large, and equal in length to the radial and cubital jomts together ;
it is of a dark blackish yellow-brown colour, prominent at the
middle of the outer side, and hairy; the fore part is produced and
tapering, like that of nearly all the known species of Cheiracanthium,
though not so elongated as in some others. The normal spur directed
backwards from the outer side of the hinder extremity is strongly
bent downwards and directed outwards; it contracts rather abruptly
towards its extremity, terminating in a fine, sharp-pointed, red-brown,
corneous-looking spine. The palpal organs are of the ordinary form
and simple structure, and are almost encircled by a slender, tapering,
sharp-pointed spine, which issues from near the middle of their outer
side.
The falces are neither very long nor strong; they are straight,
projecting, not divergent, and of a yellow-brown colour. The maxillze
and labium are of normal form and structure and rather lighter-
coloured than the falces.
The sternum is pale yellow and very glossy.
The abdomen is oval, considerably convex before, and rather
sloping down towards the hinder part ; its fore part projects a good
deal over the base of the cephalothorax ; its upper surface is yellowish
white, as if covered with confluent cretaceous-looking spots. On the
fore half of the upperside is the ordinary elongate macula of a dull
dark mouse-coloured brown hue; the sides of this macula are
406 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
slightly angulate ; and there is a prominent point or spot of the same
hue about the middle of each side. The sides and underside of the
abdomen are similar to the upperside; the sides, however, are
tinged forwards with reddish yellow-brown, and the underside has a
strongish, longitudinal, central band of a mouse-coloured brown.
The spinners are rather short, those of the inferior pair much
the strongest, those of the superior pair exceeding them in length
by the very short second joint of the former.
An adult female differed in being rather larger, paler-coloured, and
the abdomen less strongly marked. The falees also appeared to be
less projecting, and the legs are shorter and stronger. The genital
aperture is small, of a somewhat semilunar form, margined with red-
brown.
An adult example of each sex was found by myself on low plants
near Cairo, in January 1864.
CHEIRACANTHIUM INORNATUM, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 30.)
Adult male, length 3% lines.
The cephalothoraz, legs, palpi, and sternum of this Spider are
yellow, the falces deep red-brown, the maxillz and labium being of
a lighter and duller red-brown hue. In general form and aspect it is
of the ordinary type. The cephalothorax is covered pretty densely
with fine, pale, silky hairs; it is short, broad, slightly constricted
laterally at the caput, whose fore margin is squarely truncated; and
the ocular region is somewhat suffused with reddish brown.
The eyes are small, in the ordinary position, and occupy nearly the
whole width of the fore part of the caput. The clypeus is scarcely
equal to the diameter of one of the fore central eyes. The eyes
of the front row form a straight line, shorter than the hinder row,
which is curved, the curve directed backwards. The eyes of the
hind central pair are rather nearer to each other than each is to the
lateral of the same row on its side; and the same relative position is
observable with respect to the eyes of the front row. The fore centrals
are the largest of the eight; they form a line shorter than the hind
centrals, and each is separated from the hind central opposite to it by
an interval about equal to the diameter of the latter ; those of each
lateral pair are seated on a tubercle contiguous to each other
and in a slightly oblique line.
The legs are long and slender ; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3;
they are furnished with hairs, and a few not very long nor strong
dark brown spines. Each tarsus ends with two claws and a com-
pact blackish claw-tuft.
The palpi are not very long nor strong. The cubital joint is short ;
and the radial is rather more than double its length, cylindrical, and
its outer extremity terminales in a small, slightly tapering, straight,
red-brown apophysis, whose point is a little bent and somewhat un-
guiform. The radial joint is furnished with long prominent hairs,
principally on the underside. The digital joint is about equal in
length to the radial; it is of ordinary form, hairy, and suffused with
brown, and considerably prominent on the outer side. The normal
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 407
spur issuing backwards from the hinder extremity on the outer side
is red-brown, a little bent, sharp-pointed, tapering, and thorn-like ;
its length is moderate, less than half the length of the joint, and it
points outwards. The palpal organs are of the usual form, and
almost encircled by a tapering, sharp-pointed spine, which issues from
near the middle of their outer side.
The falces are moderately long and strong, but less so than in
many others of this genus; they project forwards, but are straight
and do not diverge laterally from each other.
The abdomen is not very large; it is oval, and projects a little
over the base of the cephalothorax; it is clothed with pale silky
hairs, and there are some darker prominent ones on the fore part of
the upper side. The spinners are yellow and rather short ; the second
joint of the superior pair is very short ; the inferior pair are much
the strongest.
The female is a little larger than the male, but similar in colour and
other general characters. The genital aperture is short, transverse
oval, broken into at the middle of its fore side, and having a strongish
yellow-brown, corneous-looking margin. The legs of this sex are
also shorter and proportionally stronger than those of the male.
An adult example of each sex were found in the collection received
from Bombay from Major Julian Hobson.
CHEIRACANTIHUM IsIAcuM, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 31.)
Adult male, length 33 lines; adult female 4 lines.
In general form and characters this Spider is very like the Euro-
pean species C. carnifex.
The cephalothorax is not very convex above; it is of a yellow
colour, clothed with short, fine, pale hairs. The ocular region is
strongly suffused with blackish brown; and from each of the hind
central pair of eyes an indistinct tapering stripe of the same runs
backwards towards the junctional point of the thoracic segments ;
the normal grooves and indentations are well marked by converging
dusky stripes.
The eyes are on black spots in the usual position; they are rather
small, and do not differ greatly in size. The height of the clypeus is
no more than half the diameter of one of the fore central pair of eyes,
which are largest of the eight ; those of each row severally appeared
to be as nearly as possible equidistant from each other, the four central
eyes forming very nearly a square, the transverse, however, being
rather longer than the longitudinal diameter; those of each lateral
pair are slightly obliquely placed on a tubercle, but not quite con-
tiguous to each other.
The Jegs are long, moderately strong, their relative length being
1, 4, 2,3; their colour is yellow, rather paler than the cephalo-
thorax, furnished with hairs of different length and strength, and
more than the ordinary number of spines ; the most characteristic of
these (in the male) are a single longitudinal row of about 12 or 13,
not very long, but tolerably strong, beneath the metatarsi of the
fourth pair, several others with the last one of this row forming a
408 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
kind of ring round the fore extremity of the metatarsus. Each tar-
sus ends with two claws and a scopula between them.
The palpi are not very long, tolerably strong, and similar in colour
to the legs, except the digital joint, which is of a dark black reddish-
brown colour. The cubital joint is very short; the radial is rather
less than double its length and has alongish, slightly sinuous, gradually
tapering, bluntish-pointed, deep-red-brown, shining apophysis from
the outer extremity, and a small rather prominent spur (or thorn-
like spine) near its extremity on the upperside: this joint is fur-
nished with slender bristles, of which those near the extremity of
the underside are largest and most closely grouped. The digital
joint is less narrow and drawn out than in many other species ; its
length is about that of the radial and digital joints together ; it is
prominent at the middle of the outer side ; the normal projection or
spur from the hinder extremity is of a corneous nature, rather long,
strong, a little directed outwards, crossing the outer radial apophy-
sis, tapering, sharp-pointed, and slightly bent inwards towards the
point, and of a deep blackish red-brown colour. The palpal organs
are of the ordinary form and structure, and have a blackish red-
brown, tapering spine issuing from near their fore extremity on the
outer side and curving round their hinder extremity.
The falces are tolerably long, moderately strong, straight, slightly
projecting forwards, and of a deep rich red-brown colour.
The maville are of the usual form ; yellow at the base, and red-
brown on the upper half; the /abiwm is broadish oblong, very slightly
hollow at the apex, yellow near the base, and red-brown above;
in the female the apex did not appear to be hollow, but straight.
The sternum is yellow, clothed with fine pale hairs.
The abdomen is much lighter before than behind, and projects a
good deal over the base of the cephalothorax. It is of a dull yel-
lowish-green colour, with a rather darker, elongate, tapering macula
on the fore half of the upperside ; this macula has two slightly pro-
minent points on each of the outer sides and is sharp-pointed behind ;
its margins are defined by pale cretaceous-looking spots ; and on each
side, not far from it, is a longitudinal row of three impressed spots ;
the surface of the abdomen is clothed, but not thickly, with pale
fine hairs. The spinners are short; those of the superior pair are
very much smaller than the inferior ones, but longer by the length
of the small second joint.
The female is similar to the male in colours and general charac-
ters; but she has not the characteristic spiny armature of the hinder
metatarsi ; in fact the spines on the legs of the female are few and
inconspicuous. The genital aperture is small and simple, consisting
of a transverse slit within a somewhat quadrate external opening.
Adults of both sexes were found by myself upon low plants in
the neighbourhood of Cairo in January 1864.
CHEIRACANTHIUM INSIGNE, sp, nov. (Plate LII, fig. 32.)
Adult male, length 3 lines; adult female 33 lines.
The cephalothoraz, legs, palpi, and sternum are yellow; the cepha-
1874.] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 409
lothorax tinged with orange-brown (the ocular region being brown)
and clothed with short fine pale hairs; a rather indistinct, narrow,
elongate, wedge-shaped, brown stripe runs backwards from between
the hind central eyes, and the normal grooves and indentations are
marked by dusky converging stripes. In form the cephalothorax is
short, round behind, constricted laterally at the caput, truncate before,
but not so broad at this part as in some other species; the hinder
slope is gradual ; and the whole profile deseribes a pretty uniform
curve, of which the oeciput is the middle and the highest part.
The eyes are of moderate size, those of the fore central pair being
the largest ; their position is ordinary, the two rows occupying very
nearly the whole width of the fore part of the caput; the clypeus
is very low, less than the diameter of one of the fore central eyes.
The eyes of each row, severally, appeared to be as nearly as pos-
sible equidistant from each other ; the four central eyes form a square;
those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other and seated ob-
liquely on a tubercle; all are on black spots, forming a narrow rim
to each.
The legs are long and rather slender; their relative length is 1,
4, 2,3; and they are furnished with hairs and spines: one of the latter
is noticeable ; it is beneath the fore extremity of the metatarsi of the
third and fourth (or two hinder) pairs, stronger than the rest, but
not so long as some of them, curved and black. Each tarsus ends
_ with two curved pectinated claws, beneath which is a compact scopula.
The palpi are short, but appear to be longer, owing to the great
size and length of the digital Joint and palpal organs. The cubital
joint is very short, the radial being somewhat longer ; this latter has
its outer extremity produced into a small, black, rather bluntish-
pointed, very slightly curved apophysis, and is furnished with promi-
nent bristly hairs both on the upper and under side; there is also a
small prominence underneath the extremity of the radial joint, rather
on the inner side, and a small spur-like spine from near the fore ex-
tremity of the upperside. The digital joint is almost as long as the
whole of the rest of the palpus; looked at from above it is of a long,
narrow, somewhat sinuous form; the portion beyond the palpal
organs, often of considerable length in some species, isin the present
species short; the normal spur at the hinder extremity is short,
strong, pointed, and directed outwards close over the radial apophysis.
The palpal organs have a sort of oval nucleus (with a corneous margin
on the outer side) beneath the middle of the digital joint, with a
considerable and somewhat membranous extension on all sides pro-
jecting far beyond the limits of the joint ; this membranous portion
is bounded by an extremely long, slender, sinuous, black, filiform
spine, which commences on the inner side and appears to terminate
in a coil near the centre of the palpal organs.
The falces are tolerably strong, rather long ; they project forwards
a little, and are slightly divergent ; their colour is a deep, rich, black-
ish red-brown, that of the maxillee and labium being red-brown.
The abdomen is of an elongate-oval form, highest before, where it
projects a little over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1874, No. XXVII. 27
410 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
luteous yellow colour, with a slight indication of the ordinary elon-
gate macula on the fore half of the upperside. The spinners are not
large; those of the superior pair are two-jointed, the second joint
being small and shorter than the first. The adult female resembles
the male in colours and general characters; the genital aperture is
small and of a narrow transverse kidney-shape.
The colour of the abdomen in this and many other very similarly
coloured species can hardly be reliable as above described, the speci-
mens having been some time preserved in spirits of wine; in our
indigenous British species the colours of the abdomen are in life more
or less green, while the spirit discharges this in a short time, leaving
it only of a dull yellow; and this is very probably the case in the
present and many other exotic species of this same genus.
An adult male and female of this remarkable and easily distin-
guished Spider were contained in the Bombay collection received
from Major Julian Hobson ; and the collections received from Ceylon
from Mr. G. H. K. Thwaites also contained many adult examples of
both sexes.
CHEIRACANTHIUM VORAX, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 33.)
Adult male, length 3? lines; adult female 5 lines.
The whole of the fore part of this species (except the falces, which
are of a deep rich reddish brown, the ocular region, the maxille,
and labium, which are suffused with reddish brown) is yellow; the
cephalothorax is (looked at from above) short and broad, round
behind, constricted laterally at the caput, broad and truncate at the
eyes; the normal lateral grooves and indentations are indicated by
dusky yellow converging streaks; the profile of the cephalothorax
is curved, sloping quickly from the middle of the caput to the frontal
m argin or lower edge of the clypeus ; the hinder slope is gradual and
also curved; it is pretty fairly clothed with fine, rather short, pale
hairs. The clypeus is very low, being less in height than the diameter
of one of the fore central pair of eyes.
The eyes are in two almost equally curved transverse rows of very
nearly equal length; the front row is the straightest, and the curves
are directed away from each other; those of the fore central pair are
the largest of the eight, and are rather nearer together than each is
to the fore lateral eye nearest to it; and thisis also the case in regard
to the eyes of the hind central pair; these with the fore centrals
form very nearly a square, whose transverse diameter, however, is a
little longer than its longitudinal; those of each lateral pair are
seated slightly obliquely on a small tubercle, and are very near to
‘each other, but not contiguous.
The legs are long, moderately strong; their relative length is 1,
4, 2,3; they are furnished with fine hairs and a very few spines,
those on the tibial and metatarsi of the fourth pair being the most
numerous and arranged somewhat in rings; the tarsi terminate with
the usual two claws, beneath which is a compact scopula of black
hairs.
The pa/pi are rather slender and not very long; the radial is full
1874.) REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 411
(if not rather more than) double the length of the cubital joint, which
is a little bent. The radial is furnished with long erect fine hairs ; its
outer extremity has a small deep-red-brown apophysis, which is
rather curved and terminates with a somewhat hooked point, and a
small tuberculiform prominence beneath its extremity near the inner
side. The digital joint is of ordinary form, prominent at the middle of
its outer margin, roundish behind, produced in front, though not there
so cylindric in its form as in C. indicum (vide infra); its length is about
the same as that of the radial joint ; and from its hinder part there
runs obliquely outwards a moderately long, slender, red-brown, thorn-
like apophysis, extending backwards to about half the length of the
cubital joint. The palpal organs occupy the underside of the hinder
half of the digital joint; they are very similar in general structure to
many others of the genus, consisting of a rather flattened oval cor-
neous lobe, with a curved elongate pale projection at their fore part,
and a rather slender spine which issues from the fore extremity on
the outer side and curves backwards, terminating in a sharp filiform
point on their inner margin.
The faices are long, three fourths as long as the cephalothorax,
strong, divergent, and nearly vertical ; their profile line is slightly and
equally curved ; and their fore sides are furnished with a few not very
strong bristly hairs. The form of the maxille and labium is normal ;
the latter, however, is not apparently hollowed at its apex.
The abdomen is of a dull, pale, luteous yellow colour, clothed with
fine hairs of various lengths, some on the upperside being very slender,
long, and erect ; the most convex part is at the fore side, where it pro-
jects over the base of the cephalothorax ; thence it slopes gradually in
a slightly curving line to the spinners; these are moderately long ;
those of the superior pair are less strong than the inferior ones, and
two-jointed, the tapering second joint constituting their excess in
length over the inferior spinners.
The adult female is larger than the male; and its cephalothorax is
strongly suffused with brownish red; the legs are also shorter and
stouter; the genital aperture is simple in form, being of a somewhat
transverse kidney-shape.
An adult example of each sex was received from Major Julian
Hobson, by whom they were found, and kindly forwarded to me from
Bombay.
CHEIRACANTHIUM INDICUM, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 34.)
Adult male, length rather more than 3 lines.
The cephalothoraz of this species, looked at from above, is short,
round behind, constricted laterally on each side at the caput, trun-
cated squarely at the fore extremity, and the normal grooves and
indentations fairly marked ; looked at in profile the hinder slope is
short and abrupt, and the profile line from its upper part is a gradual
(but sloping) curve to the clypeus, which is low and rather less than
half the height of the facial space. The colour of the cephalothorax,
as well as of all the rest of the fore part of the Spider, is a clear dull
orange-yellow.
2i*
412 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
The eyes are all on black spots, in two transverse rows, slightly
and eqnally curved away from each other, and occupying the entire
width of the caput; they are of moderate size and not greatly un-
equal, those of the fore central pair being the largest; these are
seated on slight tubercles, and separated from each other by an eye’s
diameter, being also nearer together than each is to the fore lateral
on its side; those of the hind central pair are separated by very
nearly two eyes’ diameters ; they form a line a little longer than that
formed by the fore central pair, and are rather nearer together than
each is to the nearest hind lateral eye ; the eyes of each lateral pair are
seated obliquely on a slight tubercle. and are nearly contiguous to
each other.
The legs are very long, slender, sparingly furnished with hairs, and
armed with a few long sessile spines; but most of these had been
broken off in the only example examined ; their relative length is 1,
4, 2, 3, those of the first pair being considerably the longest ; each
tarsus ends with two curved claws, beneath which is a small compact
tuft of hairs or scopula.
The palpi are moderately long, but slender; the radial joint is
cylindrical, and nearly of equal size throughout; if any thing, it
rather exceeds in length double that of the cubital joint ; and its fore
extremity on the outer side is produced into a small, tapering, blunt-
ish-pointed, curved apophysis. The digital joint is long and narrow,
about equal in length to the radial joint ; it is oval behind, constricted
over the middle, whence it continues to the extremity in a nearly
cylindrical form, being slightly enlarged towards the end, and the
point obtusely subconical; the hinder extremity is produced back-
wards into a sharp-pointed, somewhat corneous apophysis peculiar to
all males of this genus; this apophysis is rather sharply bent at its
base, and its length is about one fourth of that of the digital joint ;
the fore half of the digital joint is pretty thickly clothed with shortish
hairs. The palpal organs are simple, but rather prominent, and occupy
the hinder half of the underside of the digital joint; these organs
consist chiefly of a nearly circular corneous lobe, with a pale promi-
nence at the fore extremity, and a black, tapering, sharp-pointed
spine which, issuing from their outer side, curves round their hinder
extremity and terminates in close contact with their inner side.
The falces are subconical, straight, but projecting, moderately
long, not very strong, a little prominent near their base in front, and
furnished with bristly hairs near their extremities, chiefly on the
inner sides and about the insertion of the fangs.
The mazille are normal; the Jabium, oblong, emarginate at its
apex, and more than half the length of the maxille.
The abdomen is elongate-oval, more convex at the fore extremity,
where it projects over the base of the cephalothorax, than behind,
and falling off gradually (when looked at in profile) to the spinners ;
it is of a pale luteous yellow colour, marked above and on the sides
with tracings of small whitish cretaceous atoms; the spinners of the
superior pair are tapering, 2-jointed, slenderer than the inferior pair,
but double their length.
1874. ] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 413
A single adult male was received from Bombay, from Major Julian
Hubson, among many other rare and new Spiders.
Genus Ciusiona, Latr.
CLUBIONA FILICATA, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 35.)
Adult male, length 32 lines.
This Spider is very lke Clubiona robusta (L. Koch) (Swan
River, Australia) in general form, colours, and markings, but may
easily be distinguished in both sexes by well-marked differences in
the form of the sexual organs ; its colours and markings also strongly
remind one of C. comta (C. Koch) of Europe.
The cephalothoraz is of ordinary form ; it is of a brownish orange-
yellow colour, deepening towards the eyes, and clothed thinly with
pale hairs, among which are a few erect slender dark ones ; the lateral
constrictions at the caput (which is short and broad) are slight ; the
normal grooves and indentations are marked by dusky converging
lines.
The eyes are of moderate size, in the usual two transverse curved
rows, the front row nearly straight and considerably the shortest ; the
eyes of this row are about equidistant from each other; they are
placed very near, about half of one of the central eye’s diameters,
from the lower margin of the clypeus ; the interval, however, between
those of the central pair of this row, which are the largest of the
eight, is perhaps rather greater than that which separates each from
the fore lateral on its side; the eyes of the hinder row are more un-
equally separated, those of the central pair being perceptibly further
from each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side; each
fore central eye is separated from the hind central nearest to it
by nearly the diameter of the latter; those of each lateral pair,
which are the smallest of the eight, are placed very obliquely, and
are divided by an interval about equal to that between the fore and
hind central eyes.
The legs are yellow, moderately long, and tolerably strong; their
relative length is 4, 1, 2, 3, though the difference between those of
the first and second pairs is very slight; they are furnished with
hairs and spines; and beneath the two terminal tarsal claws is a
compact claw-tuft.
The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, rather short, and not
very strong. The radial is of the same length as the cubital joint, but
rather less strong; it has near the outer side of its fore extremity a
small, dark, flattish, somewhat wedge-shaped apophysis, being, how-
ever, but little more than a prominent sharp point; the digital joint
is of moderate size, oval, and equal in length to the radial and cubital
together. The palpal organs are well developed, but simple, consisting
of a large, pale yellowish oval lobe encircled by a broadish, somewhat
omega-shaped, yellow-brown band, and with one or two small cor-
neous prominences, as well as a small, fine, and not very long, coiled,
filiform, black spine at their extremity:
The falces are moderately long, strong, slightly projecting, promi-
414 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
nent at their base in front, of a deep yellow-brown colour, and fur-
nished with prominent bristles before.
The maville are of the same colour as the falees, straight, but
much broader at their extremity than at the insertion of the palpi.
The Jabiwm is of an oblong-oval form, truncate at the apex, slightly
more than half the length of the maxillee, which it resembles in colour.
Sternum oval, truncate before, pointed behind, and similar to the
legs in colour.
Abdomen elongate-oval, slightly hollow—truncate before, pointed
behind, projecting over the base of the cephalothorax, of a pale
yellow colour, clothed thinly with pale golden hairs, among which
are a few erect dark ones; the central longitudinal normal elongate-
oblong tapering marking on the fore half of the upperside is of
a deep blackish red-brown colour; on each side of this are two
blotches of the same colour, prolonged into oblique lateral lines ; and
it is followed towards the spinners by several angular bars or chev-
rons, whose terminations are dilated into blotches, the first being
also produced into lateral lines. The spinners are moderately long,
not very strong ; those of the superior pair are less strong than those
of the inferior, but longer by a short second joint.
The female differs from the male only in being slightly larger ;
the form of the genital aperture is characteristic.
An adult example of each sex was found in Major Julian Hobson’s
Bombay collection. It is a very interesting species, being so nearly
connected with, but yet quite different from, both the European and
Australian forms.
CLUBIONA DRASSODES, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig, 36.)
Adult female, length 5 lines.
Except in being larger, and differing in the form of the genital
aperture, this Spider might well have been taken for the female of
the foregoing species, C. filicata; the red-brown pattern on the
abdomen is more regular, and forms a well-defined recurved peculiar
pattern along the middle of the binder half of the upper surface ;
the spinners are shorter and the sternnm narrower, the maxillee and
Jabium darker, and the falces rather more projecting forwards ; the
eyes of the hinder row are more nearly equally divided, the difference
between the interval which separates those of the central pair and
each of them and the lateral eye nearest to it being very slight ; the
form of the genital aperture is very simple, but quite different from
that of O. filicata; this difference may be seen at once by the ac-
companying figures, engraved from drawings made by Dr. Ludwig
Koch.
A single adult female example was received in Major Julian Hob-
son’s Bombay collection.
Genus Acraca, Westr.
AGRECA PULCHERRIMA, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 37.)
Adult male, length slightly over 3 lines.
This is a very pretty but simply coloured Spider. The cephalo-
1874. ] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 415
thorax is rather short-oval, constricted laterally at the caput, the
fore part of which is rather narrow; its colour is dark brown, a
broad central band comprising nearly the whole of the caput, but
gradually narrowing to the hinder part of the thoracic portion, as
well as a broad band on each side above the lateral margins, being
thickly clothed with short white hairs. Looked at in profile, the
hinder slope of the cephalothorax is abrupt, and from its summit
there is a gradual and even slope to the eyes.
The eyes are of moderate size, in two almost equally curved trans-
verse rows (the front row being a little the shortest), the curves
directed away from each other, and forming a broadish transverse
oval area; the eyes of the hind central pair are rather further from
each other than each is from the hind lateral on its side, being
separated by about an eye’s diameter; and the same relative posi-
tion holds good in regard to the eyes of the front row; those of
each lateral pair are placed very slightly obliquely, but are not quite
contiguous to each other; the four central eves form a quadrangular
figure, whose length is greater than its breadth.
The legs are moderately long and strong, furnished with hairs and
spines; their relative length is 4, 1, 3, 2, the difference between 1
and 3 being very slight indeed ; the colour of the first and second
pairs is yellow, that of the third and fourth pairs is deep brown,
sparingly banded with dull yellowish, the bands clothed with short
white hairs; the tarsi are dull yellowish brown, and each terminates,
as far as could be ascertained, with two claws, beneath which is a
black scopula.
The palpi are not very long, moderately strong, and of a yellow
colour, similar to that of the fore legs. The cubital and radial joints
are short but of equal length; the latter is the strongest, and has a
narrow, angular prominence on its underside, the upper side being
furnished with bristles, hairs, and spines; the digital joint is large,
oval, with its fore extremity produced into a rather fine point. The
palpal organs are simple, consisting of a large roundish lobe, marked
on its surface with sinuous dark lines, and produced in a tapering
form at its fore extremity, where they terminate in a spiny-looking
reddish-brown point immediately beneath the extremity of the
digital joint.
The falces are moderately long, not very strong, nearly vertical,
and of a dark yellow-brown colour.
The mazille are short and oblong in form, of a yellow-brown
colour, and pale yellowish at the extremities.
The /abium is very short, rounded at its apex, which is of a pale
yellowish hue, the rest being darker.
The sternum is oval heart-shaped, of a deep yellow-brown colour,
sparingly clothed with short whitish hairs.
The abdomen is oval, narrower before than towards its hinder
part; the upper part and sides are dull black ; on either side of the
upper part is a bold longitudinal, somewhat zigzag, broken pattern
along its whole length, densely clothed with short white hairs ; ; the
lower portion of the sides is also clothed with white hairs; the
416 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
underside is bright reddish yellow-brown, sparingly clothed with
short white hairs; the fore part of the underside is covered with a
continuous kind of red-brown shield, comprising the two spiracular
plates. The spinners are short, blackish, tipped with pale yellowish ;
those of the inferior are rather longer and much stronger than those
of the superior pair.
A single adult male was received several years ago from the
Andes of South America.
AGR@CA WALSINGHAMI, sp. 1.
Adult male, length rather more than 3 lines.
This species is yery nearly allied to the foregoing, which it re-
sembles in size, form, and general structure; the colour and mark-
ings, however, of the foregoing will distinguish it at once from the
present Spider.
The ecephalothorax is deep black-brown, uniformly clothed with
short whitish hairs; the legs of the first two pairs have the femora
deep black-brown, thinly clothed with short white hairs, the rest
dull yellowish, tinged with olive ; the femora of the third and fourth
pairs are the same in colour and clothing as those of the first and
second; but the remainder is of a dark red-brown, the metatarsi
of the fourth pair having a few white hairs dispersed over them ;
all the legs are armed with a few fine spines; and the tarsi have two
terminal claws, beneath which is a claw-tuft; the coxal and exin-
guinal joints of all the legs are deep blackish brown, as also is the
sternum.
The falces are stronger than in A. pulcherrima, and are of a deep
blackish red-brown colour.
The mazille and labium are dark red-brown, tipped with pale
yellowish.
The palpi are short, of a dark yellowish-brown colour, the humeral
joint the darkest; the radial is stronger and slightly longer than
the cubital, of a similar form beneath, as in the foregoing species,
but the angularly prominent portion is rather more marked ; the
digital joint is large, long, and like that of the foregoing in form ;
the palpal organs are also very similar, but there are no sinuous
lines apparent on the surface of the main lobe, and the part pro-
duced forwards appears to terminate more obtusely, without the
spiny point visible in that species.
The abdomen is of an oblong-oval form; the greater part of the
upperside is covered with a well-defined, oval, coriaceous distinct
epidermis of a reddish yellow-brown colour; the fore part is darker
than the rest, and is clothed thinly with short white hairs, the rest
with short bright yellow-red ones; the sides and hinder part are of
a foxy red, clothed with red hairs, and some white ones between the
sides and underside ; the underside is dark yellowish brown, clothed
thinly with short pale whitish hairs. A coriaceous covering of a
deep red-brown colour beneath the fore part, similar to that in the
foregoing species, comprises the spiracular plates; the spinners are
very short, scarcely perceptible without difficulty.
1874.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. 417
A single adult male was contained in a small collection of Spiders
kindly collected for me in the Oregon territory by Lord Walsingham,
with whose name I have much pleasure in connecting this pretty
and interesting species.
LIST OF SPECIES.
Gnaphosa harpax, Bombay, p. 371, Plate LI. fig. 1.
—— procera, Egypt, p. 373, Plate LI. fig. 2.
marginata, Egypt, p. 374, Plate LI. fig. 3.
—— venatrizx, Egypt, p. 375, Plate LI, fig. 4.
corcyrea, Corfu, p. 376, Plate LI. fig. 5.
Prosthesima tristicula, Egypt, p. 377, Plate LI. fig. 6.
lugubris, Ischl, p. 378, Plate LI. fig. 7.
curina, Egypt, p. 379.
nilicola, Egypt, p. 380, Plate LI. fig. 8.
—— mollis, Egypt, p. 381, Plate LI. fig. 9.
cingara, keypt, p. 382, Plate LI. fig. 10.
pallida, Egypt, p. 383, Plate LI. fig. ib
Drassus nigrofemoratus, Italy, p. 385, Plate LI. fig. 12.
bulbifer, continent of Europe, p. 386, Plate LI. fig. 13.
ornatus, Egypt, p. 388.
ensiger, Smyrna, p. 389, Plate LI. fig. 14.
—— hebes, Mentone (France), p. 390, Plate LI. fig. 15.
macilentus, Bombay, p. 392, Plate LI. fig. 16.
campestratus, Egypt, p. 392, Plate LI. fig. 17.
—— alexandrinus, Egypt, p. 393, Plate LI. fig. 18.
—— egyptius, Egypt, p. 394, Plate LIT. fig. 19.
—— astrologus, Bombay, p. 395, Plate LI. fig. 20.
luridus, Bombay, p. 396, Plate LIT. fig. 21.
vulpinus, Egypt, p. 397, Plate LIT. fig. 22.
—— ferrugineus, Bombay, p. 398, Plate LIT. fig. 23.
—— denotatus, Egypt, p. 398, Plate LIT. fig. 24.
pugnax, Egypt, p. 399, Plate LIT. fig. 25.
Micaria armata, Hyéres and Mentone, p. 401, Plate LIT. fig. 26.
Phrurolithus gracilipes (Bl.), Rome and Spain, p. 402, Plate LIT. fig. 27.
Cheiracanthium dubium, Egypt, p. 403, Plate LIT. fig. 28.
equestre, Egypt, p. 404, Plate LIT. fig. 29.
tnornatum, Bombay, p. 406, Plate LIT. fig. 30.
istacum, Egypt, p. 407, Plate LIT. fig. 31.
insigne, Bombay and Ceylon, p. 408, Plate LIT, fig. 32.
vorax, Bombay, p. 410, Plate LIT. fig. 33,
indicum, Bombay, p. 411, Plate LIT. fig. 34.
Clubiona filicata, Bombay, p. 413, Plate LIT. fig. 35,
drassodes, Bombay, p. 414, Plate LII. fig. 36.
Agraca pulcherrima, Andes (S. Amer.), p. 414, Plate LIT. fig. 37.
walsinghami, Oregon, p. 416.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats LI.
Fig.1. Gnaphosa harpaxr 3.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 4, radial
joint, showing peculiarity of form.
2. Gnaphosa procera $ @.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs of male;
6, entire palpus in profile; c, genital aperture of female. :
3. Gnaphosa marginata ? .
Genital aperture.
4, Gnaphosa venatrix 3.
@, radial and digital joint of palpus, showing palpal organs; 4, portion
of radial joint, showing form of external terminal apophysis.
418 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW DRASSIDES. [June 2,
Fig. 5. Gnaphosa corcyrea 8.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 4, radial
joint, showing form of apophysis.
6. Prosthesima tristicula 8.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 4, radial
joint, showing form of apophysis; ¢, maxillze and labium.
7. Prosthesima lugubris 2 .
Genital aperture.
8. Prosthesima nilicola g.
Palpus in profile.
9. Prosthesima mollis ? .
Genital aperture.
10. Prosthesima cingara 9.
Genital aperture.
11. Prosthesima pallida $ 2.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs of male;
b, genital aperture of female.
12. Drassus nigrofemoratus g.
a, radial and digital joints, showing palpal organs; 6, palpus in
profile.
13. Drassus bulbifer 3.
a, palpus from outer side, somewhat in profile; 6, humeral joint of
palpus; ¢, aperture leading to the spermatic vessels, corresponding
to the genital aperture in female Spiders.
14. Drassus ensiger § 2.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs ;
6, palpus in profile, from outer side; ¢, genital aperture of female.
15. Drassus hebes 8.
Portion of palpus from outer side in front, showing form of radial
apophysis.
16. Drassus macilentus 9 .
Genital aperture.
17. Drassus campestratus & .
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 0, radial
joint from above and behind, showing form of apophysis.
18, Drassus alexandrinus 3.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 6, palpus
in profile.
Puate LIT.
19. Drassus egyptius g 2.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs of male;
b, genital aperture of female.
20. Drassus astrologus ?.
Genital aperture.
21. Drassus luridus 8 9.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs ;
b, radial joint, showing form of apophysis; ¢, genital aperture of
female. \
22. Drassus vulpinus 2.
Genital aperture.
23. Drassus ferrugineus ° .
Genital aperture.
24. Drassus denotatus § .
Genital aperture.
25. Drassus pugnax 8.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs; 6, radial
joint, showing form of apophysis.
26. Micaria armata °.
Fore part of abdomen from beneath, showing genital aperture and
pedicle connecting abdomen with cephalothorax.
1874. ] LETTER FROM DR. A. B. MEYER. 419
Fig. 27. Phrurolithus romanus g 9.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs;
b, radial joint, showing form of apophysis; ¢, genital aperture of
emale.
28, Cheiracanthium dubium .
a, radial and digital joints of palpus, showing palpal organs ; 4, palpus
in profile.
29. Cheiracanthium equestre $ 2.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs;
6, palpus, in profile; c, genital aperture of female.
30. Chetracanthium inornatum 8 .
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs ;
b, palpus, in profile; e, genital aperture of female.
31. Cheiracanthium isiacum 8 9.
a, palpus of male, in profile; 4, genital aperture of female.
32. Cheiracanthium insigne § 9.
a, palpus of male, in profile; 4, genital aperture of female.
33. Cheiracanthium vorax g OF
@, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs;
6, genital aperture of female.
34. Cheiracanthium indicum g .
Palpus, in profile.
35. Clubiona filicata 8 2.
a, radial and digital joints of palpus of male, showing palpal organs;
6, radial joint, showing form of apophysis; ¢, genital aperture of
female.
36. Clubiona drassodes 9 .
Genital aperture.
37. Agreca pulcherrima 3.
a, radial and digital joints, showing form of palpal organs; 0, radial
joint, showing form on outer side; ¢, upperside of cephalothorax
and abdomen, showing pattern.
June 16, 1874.
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Sclater read an extract from a letter addressed to him by Dr.
A. B. Meyer, in which it was stated that Rectes bennetti, described
by Mr. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 692, from Signor d’Albertis’s col-
lection, was the same as R. nigrescens, Schlegel (Ned. Tydsch. iv.
p- 46), and that Campephaga aurulenta (ibid. p- 692, pl. liv.) was
identical with Campephaga sloetii, Schlegel (1. s. e. iii. p- 253. Mr.
Sclater pointed out that the former identification could hardly be
correct, so far as could be ascertained from Schlegel’s description, R.
bennetti being of a nearly uniform brown, with rufous outer margins to
the primaries and pale cinnamomeous under wing-coverts and inner
margins of the wing-feathers, whereas R. nigrescens was described as
“d'un noir peu profond.” But as regards the Campephaga, Mr.
Sclater had unfortunately overlooked Dr. Schlegel’s description, and
had no doubt of his Campephaga aurulenta being a synonym of C,
sloetii.
The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the
420 DR. J. MURIE ON THE SACS [June 16,
Secretary by Mr. William Summerhayes, dated Aroa, Venezuela,
February 19, 1874:—
««T have read carfully your Monograph‘on the Cracidz: there is no
doubt of the correctness of your identification of both Crav dau-
bentoni and Pauwi galeata.
«T have shot specimens of both kinds in this neighbourhood, and
compared them diligently with your Latin descriptions, on the accu-
racy of which I beg to compliment you. The Crawx daubentoni is
found here all along the littoral as far as the foot of the mountains
(here some 50 or 60 miles inland); but as soon as you get among the
mountains (and these mines, whence I write, are only some 5 miles
up the Sierra and away from the forest which clothes the littoral flat
country) you see no more of the C. daubentoni, but numerous speci-
mens of Pauaxi galeata.”
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Nature of the Sacs vomited by the Hornbills.
By Dr. James Moriz, F.L.S.
[Received May 9, 1874.]
Lapse of time has not erased from my memory the puzzled coun-
tenance, not to say blank dismay, of my friend Mr. A. D. Bartlett,
on my announcing to him my conclusions respecting the nature of a
fig-like envelope containing discoloured grapes, which he suspected
had been thrown up by the Wrinkled Hornbill, Buceros corruga-
tus. His alarm for the safety of the bird was converted into mirth
at my expense, as a few days afterwards, he returned with a second
specimen ejected from the same bird. The latter, it would seem
then, was none the worse for losing the interior lining of his stomach,
and in the interval had made a new one and got rid of it also,
I certainly, at the time, was not prepared for the full extent of
the phenomenon. But I felt satisfied from my examination that the
sac was not what is ordinarily regarded as a secretion (namely, glan-
dular product), but rather was of an epithelial horny kind—the
veritable gizzard-lining itself, howsoever reproduced.
In Mr. Bartlett’s cleverly reasoned paper, P. Z. 8S. 1869, p. 143,
an abstract of my report to him is given. He opposed the notion
of the rejected sac being a true gastric lining, and held to its being
a secretion provided for and emitted during the breeding-season,
He regarded it as of a nature similar in kind to the proventricular
secretion of incubating Pigeons, Parrots, &c. As to its greater
solidity and gizzard-membrane characters, these he deemed produci-
ble by that viscus, and to be analogous to the gastric mouldings of
the indigestible pellets cast up by the Raptorial and Insessorial birds.
At the discussion on the paper my statement of the sac being the
epithelial coating of the gizzard was received incredulously.
The sac and its contents, and subsequently the viscera of the bird
itself, which died shortly after, were consigned to the College-of-Sur-
1874. ] VOMITED BY HORNBILLS. 421
geons’ Museum, and mounted as preparations. Professor Flower
carefully examined and compared the above.
In his notice of the object (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 150) he found the
stomach possessing its apparent natural coat. Whence, therefore,
had the other come? He confirmed my statement of the identity in
structure of the expelled sac and the internal epithelial layer of the
cavity of the gizzard. Both behaved the same to chemical reagents ;
microscopical sections of each exhibited a like matrix slightly lami-
nated with scattered nuclei and granules. He failed, however, in
either to detect the definite structures ascribed to the inner coat
of graniferous birds.
There still remain some obscure and hitherto unexplained points
connected with the production of these anomalous food-bags, which
it is the purport of the present paper to unravel. However incon-
gruously it may sound, Mr. Bartlett and myself were both right and
both wrong—he correct in suspecting the substance to be a peri-
odical regurgitation normally coincident with the process of incuba-
tion, in error in believing it to be a secretion derived from the pro-
ventriculus or glands opening into the alimentary canal above that.
I was justified in its being the epithelial layer of the gizzard, but
deceived as to its being cast off through morbid influences.
From indubitable evidence on the habits of the wild birds and
frequent occurrence of the phenomenon in specimens in the Society’s
Menagerie, as described by Mr. Bartlett, there is validity in assum-
ing that the vomiting of food enclosed in a horny sac is common to
Empty gizzard-saes ejected by the Subcylindrical Hornbill,
Buceros subcylindricus; about natural size.
422 DR. J. MURIE ON THE SACS [June 16,
the Hornbill group, the undermentioned instance (occurring in an
African species now alive in the Gardens) substantiating such a
view.
The accompanying woodcut (fig. 1, A) illustrates the exterior
appearance of one of the objects in question. Its history is as fol-
lows :—‘‘ This case was thrown up by the Subcylindrical Hornbill
(Buceros subcylindricus, Sclater), August 5th, 1872. The bird had
commenced to peck it to pieces and eat the fruit it contained at the
time it was thrown up. The keeper caught the bird (a male) in the
act of eating it.’ The drawing (fig. 1, B) represents another
of the sacs, which, as I was informed, came from the same bird,
but was cast up ata later date, the precise date not being noted.
Both retain, pretty correctly, the rugose character observable when
freshly expelled, although they were kept in spirits prior to being
sketched. That lettered A is much larger than B, on account of the
contained food having been removed and cotton in sufficient quantity
replaced, so as to prevent undue shrinkage. It is therefore of
tolerably natural dimensions. The fruit enclosed within B was left
in place; but it, as well as the wall-membrane, had contracted very
considerably from its original size. The contrast between the two
is instructive as showing behaviour virtually the counterpart of the
corneous gastric texture; and this similarity of tissue is confirmed
when a portion is dried, it then becoming translucent and brittle.
It would be superfluous for me to say more concerning the exter-
nal aspect and contents of these figured sacs, other than that they
agree in every particular with Mr. Bartlett’s, Professor Flower’s,
and my own descriptions already published—with the exception that
the smaller one contained, in addition, a gooseberry. Their intimate
microscopic texture is of more consequence, and, as I apprehend,
affords a clue to the solution of the problem. For this reason I
have been particular in making accurate sketches under different
magnifying-powers.
I may premise by stating that certain portions of the tissue of the
two sacs differ in one essential particular, this very discrepancy,
however, elucidating and tiding over a difficulty. In brief, it most
conclusively demonstrates that the constituents, at this part at least,
can be no other than the entire thickness of the horny layer of the
gizzard. According to the researches of Molin*, Flower+, Hasse f,
and others§, the inner coat of the gizzard in various orders and
* “Sugli stomachi degli uccelli,” in Denkshr. d. Acad. zu Wien, 1852, vol.
iii. pt. 2, p. 1, tab.i-iv. A well-illustrated investigation.
+ “On the structure of the Gizzard of the Nicobar Pigeon and other Grani-
vorous Birds,” P, Z. 8. 1860, p. 380, pls. 175,176. Substantiates the conclusions
of the foregoing author.
¢ “Beitrage zur Histologie des Vogelmagens,” Zeitsch. f. ration. Med. vol.
xxviii. p. 1. As bearing on the question of bird-secretions, see also his paper,
‘‘Ueber den Cisophagus der Tauben, &c.,” Henle and Pfeuffer’s Zeitsch. vol.
xxiii. p. 101. Also Bergmann “ Einiges iiber den Driisenmagen der Végel,”
Reich. & D. B. Reymond’s Archiv, 1862, p. 581.
§ Berlin, in Ned. Lane. July and Aug. 1852, quoted by Kélliker ; but the ori-
ginal article I have not seen. Leydig, in his * Histologie,’ p. 309, gives an en-
1874.) VOMITED BY HORNBILLS. 423
families of birds (strato epiteliale, Molin) is composed of a corneous,
and, in thin slices, pale yellow transparent substance. The lower
surface of this lies upon the subjacent follicular layer (Flower), the
former dovetailing with the papillz of the latter. As the horny
layer ascends it exhibits a series of vertical, parallel, and cylindrical
columns, each homogeneous in composition and with intervening
epithelio-granular substance. Towards the free surface the columnar
character ceases, and is replaced by loosely arranged epithelium-scales.
In some genera of birds the columns are found to he tolerably regu-
lar and equidistant; in others they are more unequally distributed or
form aggregated groups.
A portion, though, I find, (not the whole) of the large sac obtained
from the Subcylindrical Hornbill corresponds in its minute structure
with the above description in every particular. In the vertical section
(A, fig. 2, p.424), and more highly magnified portion of the same (B),
short tubular prolongations are observed inferiorly. These, in some
instances, have a compound character terminally, while optically
deeper or beyond them others similar in kind are visible. By dif-
ferent focusing of the object, a granular and partly fibro-cellular
thin connective layer is seen, moreover, to invest the tubes just above
their freeends. This produces an appearance suggestive of the lower
extremities, seeming tubules, being short, compound, granular flasks,
which decidedly they are not, but only the unequal extension of the
homogenous pillars above mentioned. Tliese latter, in this perpen-
dicular view, are long rods barely to be distinguished from the inter-
mediate substance, on account of the latter being less transparent.
At different levels, more defined indications of horizontal stratifica-
tion or lamellar layers obtain. At the top of the rods there is a
copious development of large nucleated and granular columnar epi-
thelium. Here and there also some of the tubules have been
squeezed out, and, along with the narrow ends of epithelial scales, pre-
sent an irregular fringed margin. In the horizontal sections of the
same object (C, D, EK), the solid nature of the rods is manifest, and
it becomes abundantly evident that several rods (averaging 4 to 5)
lying in apposition constitute a column or cylindrical bundle. These
latter are dispersed at tolerably equidistance, though not precisely
regular in contour or calibre ; and this causes a grade or variety in
the pattern. From the difficulty of cutting a perfectly flat, uniform
section, a partly tangental one occasionally results; but this more
clearly shadows forth the coalescence of the homogeneous rods, and
how their aggregation into pillars is effected. At other places it like-
wise admits of the molecules and nucleolar-celled character of the
intercolumnar tissue being studied.
With regard to the other smaller sac, I have not been fortunate in
my search to obtain tissue answering to the above cylindroid charac-
ter, but find it simpler or less differentiated in its elements, agree-
larged vertical section threugh all the coats of the stomach of the Heron, which
well enables the relations of the strata to one another to be studied. Klein, in
his articles “ isophagus” and ‘‘Stomach” in Stricker’s ‘Manual,’ pp, 586 & 554.
424 DR. MURIE ON SACS VOMITED BY HORNBILLS. [June 16,
ing nevertheless with parts, other than that above described, of the
large sac. The most notable and obvious distinction, then, consists
in the absence of the homogeneous pillars and therefore looped net-
work of intermediate substance. Instead of these, there are but
continuous wavy and horizontally stratified layers of epithelium and
Fig. 2.
f ein
H
Tilustrations of the microscopical tissues and elements forming the sacs ejected
by the Subcylindrical Hornbill.
A. Vertical section, through the entire thickness of the part, exhibiting up-
right cylinders, inferior prolongations, and superior free columnar epi-
thelium.
B. Small piece of the same, more highly magnified.
©. Horizontal section from about the middle of A, displaying the cylinders or
aggregate rods both somewhat obliquely and when cut straight across ; to-
ether with the intermediate substance or epithelio-granular meshwork.
. Still further enlarged piece of the same section.
. Protruding cylinder of rods, very considerably magnified.
Vertical section (corresponding to A), showing no cylindrical arrangement,
but wavy stratified layers of an epithelial character.
G. Partial layer of its epithelium under a higher power, but transposed up-
rightly. :
H. ictiecatal section from about the middle of BH, showing absence of the cy-
linders and that it is composed of epithelium and nucleolar corpuscles in
various stages of development.
I. Some of the polygonal or tessellated, horny, nucleated scales of H, enlarged.
J. Another view of the epithelium, showing transition from oval to elliptical
character.
lols)
eranules of various stages of development throughout its entire
thickness. These, moreover, appear to be piled in tiers, marked by
oe» Oot = ee ae ee
om TELYIZE LY Nl A
1874. ] DR. F. STOLICZA ON OVIS POLI. 425
darker bands of the tissue—that is, are densest at the lines (consult
respectively F, G, H, I, J, fig. 2, p.424). According to the direction in
which the razor has been passed, the polygonal, oval, oatshaped, or
linear aspect of the epithilium is revealed. The upper free margin
(of E) has a ragged edge, where the scales have a tendency to
desquamate ; whereas the opposite lower or attached margin is
smooth-edged and denser in quality. Thus tufts or prolonged rods
to fit into the interspaces of the underlying follicular layer are
wanting, evincing therefore other conditions to the relative disposi-
tion of the parts. (Compare the drawings F and A, fig. 2, p. 424,
which correspond as to magnitude and direction made.)
Having correlated the sac to the gizzard, we narrow the question,
though we still have to explain physiologically how reproduction of
fresh and successive linings is effected whilst the viscus, so to say, re-
mains intact. It should be borne in mind, then, that the film of firm
membrane in question is to all intents a true corneous structure, and
comparable therefore with the outer stratum of the skin or epider-
mis, ordinary horn, or, in the case of the cylinder variety, with the
horn of the Rhinoceros. The successive and rapid development of
cells from below pushing onwards those above would readily admit
of desquamation en masse, and without interfering with a fresh
growth. Indeed there is ample testimony of scaly strata in the
microscopical sections in support of this view, which accords more-
over with the regeneration and metamorphosis of corneous textures
generally. That the ejected sac should retain the shape and peculiar
corrugated appearance of the interior of the gizzard is not to be
wondered at when we consider that it is but a solid though flexible
impress of the sinuosities, elevations, and depressions of the mucous
folds of that organ.
2. Description of the Ovis pol of Blyth.
By Dr. F. Srotrcza, Naturalist to the Yarkund Mission.
[Received May 24, 1874.]
(Plate LIII.)
Ovis pout, Blyth. (Plate LIII.)
Male, in winter dress—General colour above hoary brown, di-
stinctly rufescent or fawn on the upper hind neck and above the
shoulders, darker on the loins, with a dark line extending along the
ridge of tail to the tip. Head above and at the sides a greyish brown,
darkest on the hind head, where the central hairs are from 4 to 5
inches long, while between the shoulders somewhat elongated hairs
indicate a short mane. Middle of upper neck hoary white, generally
tinged with fawn ; sides of body and the upper part of the limbs
shading from brown to white, the hair becoming more and more tipped
with the latter colour. Face, all the lower parts, limbs, tail, and all
the hinder parts, extending well above towards the loins, pure white.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXVIII. 28
426 DR. F. STOLICZA ON OVIS POLI. {June 16,
The hairs on the lower neck are very much lengthened, being from 5
to 6 inches long. Ears hoary brown externally, almost white inter-
ually. Pits in front of the eye distinct, of moderate size and depth, and
the hair round them generally somewhat darker brown than the rest
of the sides of the head. The nose is slightly arched and the muzzle
sloping. The hair is strong, wiry, and very thickly set, and at the
base intermixed with scanty, very fine fleece; the average length
of the hairs on the back is from 2 to 24 inches. The iris is brown.
The horns are subtriangular, touching each other at the base, curving
gradually with a long sweep backwards and outwards ; and after com-
pleting a full circle, the compressed points again curve backwards
and outwards; their surface is more or less closely transversely ridged.
The following are measurements taken from a full-grown male,
though not the largest in the mission collection :—
Total length from between the horns to tip of tail ........ 62
Thengthref bead: 1.4.13 S2920 5s. Oi det ae oes 13°25
Tail (including the 14" long hair at tip) ..............-. 5:5
Distance between snout and base of ear (the eye lies below
this connecting line) ........ Pee gree irae eRe eet fg ra foo
Distance between base of ear and the eye .............-4- 3°25
Distance between snout and eye.......- cece cece ee cere ee 85
Distance from the contact of horns to snout.............. 12
Breadth between the anterior angle of eyes .............. 6
Length of ear in front ..... eet aD
Height of shoulder (the hair being ampoihed: beginning from
the edge of the middle of the hoof at the side)........ 44
Girth round the breast ............0.- : SoC DIED
Length of one horn along the periphery ............--.. 48
Circumference of one horn at base............. S heater sete
Distance between the tips ..............0e00-- ods . 38
The colour of full-grown females does not differ essentially from
that of the males, except that the former have much less white on
the middle of the upper neck. The snout is sometimes brown, some-
times almost entirely white, the dark eye-pits becoming then particu-
larly conspicuous. The dark ridge along the tail is also scarcely
traceable.
In size, both sexes of Ovis poli appear to be very nearly equal ; but
the head of the female is less massive, and the horns, as in allied
species, are comparatively small: the length of horn of one of the
largest females obtained is 14 inches along the periphery, the distance
at the tips being 15 inches, and at the base a little more than 1 inch.
The horns themselves are much compressed ; the upper anterior ridge
is wanting on them; they curve gradually backwards and outwards
towards the tip, though they do not nearly complete even a semicircle.
In young males, the horns at first resemble in direction and slight
curvature those of the female, but they are always thicker at the base
and distinetly triangular.
The length of the biggest horn of male along the periphery of curve
P) Zi 9-18 722 ly.
J.G Keulemans del et lith Mintern Bros. ump «
PHENICOMANES IORA
1874.] MR.SHARPE ON A NEW BIRD FROM WEST INDIES. 427
was 56 inches, and the greatest circumference of a horn of a male
specimen at the base 183 inches.
Mr. Blyth, the original describer of Ovis poli, from its horns, was
justified in expecting, from their enormous size, a correspondingly
large-bodied animal ; but, in reality, such does not appear to exist.
Although the distance between the tips of the horns seems to be ge-
nerally about equal to the length of the body, and although the horns
are very much larger, but not thicker or equally massive with those
of the Ovis ammon of the Himalayas, the body of the latter seems to
be comparatively higher. Still it is possible that the Ovis poli of
the Pamir may stand higher than the specimens described, which
were obtained from the Thian Shan range.
Large flocks of Ovis poli were observed on the undulating high
plateau to the south of the Chadow-Kul, where grass vegetation is
abundant. At the time the officers of the Mission visited this ground,
z.e. in the beginning of January, it was the rutting-season. The
characters of the ground upon the Pamir and upon the part of the
Thian Shan inhabited by these wild sheep are exactly similar.
3. On a new Genus and Species of Bird from the West Indies.
By R. Bowptzer Suarre, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c., Senior
Assistant, Zoological Department, British Museum.
[Received May 30, 1874.]
(Plate LIV.)
In a collection of Jamaican birds recently received by Mr. A.
Boucard of Great Russell Street, there occurred a bird for the
examination of which I am indebted to him.
It appears to be closely allied to Phanicophilus palmarum, but
nevertheless to be generically distinct. I propose to call it
PH@NICOMANES, gen. nov.
Allied to Pheenicophilus, but easily distinguished by its longer and
more attenuated bill and especially by its short first primary. The
type is
PHG@NICOMANES IoRA, sp. nov. (Plate LIV.)
Above blackish, with a deep indigo lustre, many of the feathers of
the crown and back tinged with yellow, apparently the remains of a
previous plumage ; forehead brighter yellow ; lores anda distinct eye-
brow bright yellow, as also are the rest of the sides of the face, ex-
cepting the upper margin of the ear-coverts, which are blackish ;
quills blackish, the primaries narrowly margined with yellow, the
secondaries very broadly with indigo; rump and upper tail-coverts
greyish, the feathers very fluffy and washed slightly with yellowish ;
tail black, glossed with dull indigo, and crossed with indistinct wavy
lines when held to the light ; entire under surface brilliant yellow, the
flanks very long and fluffy, inclining to greyish white, slightly tinged
28*
428 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON {June 16,
with greenish ; under wing-coverts and inner lining of quills white,
with a slight tinge of bright yellow on the bend of the wing. Total
length 5-7 inches, culmen 0°9, wing 2°8, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°9.
Hab. Jamaica.
Foot and wing of Phanicomanes tora.
I have chosen the specific name tora because of the extraordinary
resemblance which the bird bears to the members of that eastern
genus, even to the half black and green plumage which is so often
met with. I have shown the unique specimen of the type to Mr.
Sclater, who indicated to me the probability of the true affinities of
the bird being with Phanicophilus ; and he is of opinion that these
two forms belong rather to the Vireonide than to the Tanagride,
with which Phenicophilus is generally placed.
Lastly I have taken pains to ascertain the exact habitat of the
species, and believe that M. Boucard’s assurance of its Jamaican
origin is to be relied on.
4. On some new Species of Erigone from North America.
By the Rev. O. P. Camprines, M.A., C.M.ZS.
[Received June 2, 1874.]
(Plate LV.)
A small collection of minute Spiders, all belonging to the genus
Erigone (Westr.), and received in January last from Mr. J. H.
Emerton, of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., contained twelve species ;
of these, two are identical with species found in Europe, and ten
7
PS teats 2 we
New Species of Erigone from °
- North America.
1874.) NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 429
appear to have been hitherto undescribed. Descriptions and figures
of these new species are subjoined, as also of another of the same
genus received from the Oregon Territory, where it was found by
Lord Walsingham, who kindly sent it to me among some other
Spiders.
The discovery of Spiders of this curious group in North America
is very interesting. It may be said now that the genus Hrigone
occurs over the greater part of the Northern hemisphere. I have
received examples of it from Baikal (in the east) to Oregon (in the
west), its southernmost limits at present known being Morocco and
Cairo ; and it has been sent to me also from North Greenland.
The new species now described are brighter and more richly coloured
than the greater portion of known European species ; and nearly all of
them (though severally belonging to very distinct groups of the genus)
have more or less of the caput black, the thoracic region being either
yellow or rich orange; the occurrence of these two distinct, and
distinctly defined, colours on the cephalothorax is unknown, so far as
I am aware, in any of the numerous species found in Europe.
From the information received from Mr. Emerton we may expect
to find that North America will, when fairly searched, prove exceed-
ingly rich in the species of these minute Spiders; and probably
among them there will be found some presenting new and grotesque
forms of the caput, and perhaps still more (apparently) eccentric
structures in the palpi and palpal organs of the male than we
find even now in many known species, while at the same time we
shall probably find many among them identical, or nearly so, with
European forms.
My thanks are especially due to Mr. Emerton and Lord Walsing-
ham for giving me the opportunity to describe and figure the sub-
joined novelties.
Genus Ericone (Westr.).
ERIGONE ATRA.
Erigone atra, Bl. Edinb. Phil. Mag. iii. No. 15, p. 195.
Neriene longipalpis, Bl. Spid. Great Brit. & Ireland, p. 274,
pl. xii. fig. 188, and pl. xxii. fig. C.
Erigone vagabunda, Westr. Aran. Suec. p. 597.
An adult male example, which I cannot distinguish from the above
species, was contained in the small collection of the genus Hrigone
kindly sent me in January last from Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,
by Mr. J. H. Emerton. It was found at Beverley, Mass., in June
1873.
ERIGONE DENTIGERA, Sp. n.
Adult male, length very nearly 12 line.
This species is very nearly allied to Z. Jongipalpis (Sund.), both in
size, colour, and form, but may easily be distinguished from it by a
small but very distinct tooth-like spine beneath the radial joint of the
palpus and by the less-pointed form of the fore extremity of that
joint.
430 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 16,
The cubital joint of the palpus is distinctly longer than the radial.
From £. dentipalpis (Wid.) and E. promiscua (Cambr.), both of
which have a tooth-like spine beneath the radial joint of the palpus,
it may also be readily distinguished by being larger, as well as by
decided differences in the form of the fore extremity of that joint ;
and from all others it differs slightly in the structure of the palpal
organs.
ay single example was contained in Mr. Emerton’s collection, and
was found by him at Beverley, U.S.A., in June 1873.
ERIGONE INTERPRES, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 1.)
Adult male, length 17 line.
The whole of the fore part of this Spider is yellow, the cephalo-
thorax and falces being strongly tinged with orange ; the ocular region
and a small space around it is black, and furnished thickly with
bristly hairs; the abdomen is a light drab colour, obscurely reticu-
lated with a paler hue, the spinners and a small margin round them
being black ; the fore part of the caput is somewhat produced; the
clypeus is impressed, and exceeds in height half that of the facial
space ; looked at in profile the ocular region has a somewhat obliquely
truncate appearance.
The eyes are small, dark, rather obscure, and not greatly unequal
in size; they occupy the whole width of the extremity of the caput,
forming a pretty regular transverse oval figure double the length of
its width; the foremost row is rather the shortest and least curved ;
those of the hinder row are equidistant from each other; those of
each lateral pair are seated a little obliquely on a slight tubercle ;
those of the fore central pair are very obscure, small, and nearly con-
tiguous to each other, and the interval between each and the fore
lateral nearest to it is very nearly equal to that between each hind
central and the hind lateral next to it.
The legs are long and slender ; their relative length appeared to be
1, 4, 2, 3, though those of the second pair are very nearly if not
quite as long as those of the fourth: they are furnished with hairs
and a few bristles ; one of these latter, stronger than the rest, or almost
more properly called a slender spine, arises from the fore side of each
genual joint.
The palpi are strong but short, and similar in colour to the legs,
except the digital joints, which are brown, and the fore parts of the
radials, which are strongly tinged with black; the cubital joint is
very short, rounded above, and somewhat nodiform in appearance : the
radial is of the same length as the cubital, strong, and rather spread-
ing; its fore extremity is produced in a somewhat obtusely angular
form, and there is a small tooth-like projection directed downward
beneath its extreme point. The digital joint is rather large, of a
roundish form; and the palpal organs are prominent and complex ;
at their extremity is a strong tortuously curved spine, and near it a
slender, filiform, curved, and more prominent one; beneath their
hinder extremity on the outer side is also a strong and rather promi-
nent irregular bent corneous process.
1874.] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 431
The falces are moderately long and strong; they are prominent
near their base in front, and have rather a backward direction.
The maville are strong, slightly curved, and much inclined to the
labium, which is short and rounded at its apex.
The abdomen is oval, moderately convex above, and projects a little
over the base of the cephalothorax; it is very thinly clothed with
hairs, and is of a dull pale drab-yellow colour, faintly reticulated with
a paler hue; and a very small portion of its hinder extremity, inclu-
ding the spinners, is black.
The female resembles the male in general characters and colours :
the genital aperture is small and simple in form.
Adults of both sexes of this Spider were contained in the collection
kindly sent to me by Mr. J. H. Emerton, and were found by him at
Holyoke, Mass., in July 1873. It is a very pretty aud distinct
species, the colours yellow, orange, and black, contrasting strongly
with each other. Its nearest congeners appear to be the Spiders of
the group to which Erigone (Neriene) sylvatica (B1.) belongs—the
genus Bathyphantes (Menge).
ERIGONE PROBATA, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 2.)
Adult male, length 12 lines.
The cephalothorax is of the ordinary general form; but the occi-
pital region of the caput is gibbous, and the normal grooves and inden-
tations are fairly marked ; it is of a darkish yellow-brown colour, the
surface appearing to be very thickly but minutely punctuose; and
there is a single central longitudinal row of nearly erect bristly hairs
from the eyes to the thoracic junction. The height of the clypeus
exceeds half that of the facial space.
The eyes are of moderate size, and seated on slight black tubercles ;
they are in two transverse curved rows, the foremost row being the
shortest and straightest ; those of the hind central pair are about an
eye’s diameter distant from each other, but nearer together than
each is to the hind lateral on its side; those of the fore central pair
are smallest of the eight, and are separated from each other by an
interval of about half an eye’s diameter, each being separated from
the hind central nearest to it by the diameter of the latter, and from
the fore lateral on its side by the latter’s diameter; the laterals are
seated obliquely on a strong tubercle, and are contiguous to each other.
The /egs are rather long and tolerably strong, their relative length
being 4, 1, 2,3; they are of a brightish yellow colour, and furnished
with numerous hairs and fine bristles, some of the former being erect.
The palpi are short ; the humeral and cubital joints rather slender ;
the radial is strong, a little longer than the cubital, and spreads out
on all sides, its fore half being black and somewhat irregularly but
boldly notched or emarginate; the colour of the hinder part is orange
red-brown, that of the cubital and humeral joints yellow, and the
digital, which is oval, yellow-brown; the palpal organs are well de-
veloped and rather complex, with spines and corneous processes, one
of the latter beneath their fore extremity being furnished with a row
of fine comb-like teeth.
432 REV. O, P. CAMBRIDGE ON {June 16,
The falces are long, strong, and prominent near their base in front ;
near their inner extremity in front is a single strong sharp tooth ; and
along their inner edge, beneath the fang, are some other smaller
teeth ; their colour is similar to that of the cephalothorax.
The mazille are long and strong, slightly curved, and inclined to
the Jabium, which is short and of a somewhat semicircular form ; the
colour of these parts is similar to that of the legs.
The sternum is heart-shaped, of a dark yellow-brown colour, and
furnished with a few longish erect bristly hairs.
The abdomen is oval, not very convex above, but projecting con-
siderably over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull blackish
brown colour, clothed thinly with hairs.
The adult female is larger than the male; the abdomen is more
convex above, as well as much larger; the falces want the strong
sharp tooth in front near their extremity ; but in other respects there
is but little difference.
The form of the genital aperture is peculiar, and the process con-
nected with it is large and prominent.
Two adults of each sex were contained in a small collection of
Spiders kindly collected for me in Oregon Territory in 1872 by Lord
Walsingham. It is a fine species, and, although allied to several
European ones, is yet very distinct from all of them.
ERIGONE SPINIFERA, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 3.)
Adult male, length rather less than 1 line.
The cephalothorax of this species is of a dark but dull yellow-
brown colour, with the normal grooves and indentations well marked,
and (as also the margins) of a darker hue ; it is of a round oval form,
the lateral constrictions on the margins at the caput being exceed-
ingly slight ; the fore part is bluff and bold; and immediately behind
the eyes is a nearly round but not very large somewhat tuberculiform
eminence ; and directly behind this the occiput is a little gibbous,
giving (in profile) the appearance of a double eminence ; the ocular
region, as well as the eminence behind it, is furnished with a few
short coarse hairs; and the height of the clypeus is at least two thirds
of that of the facial space.
The eyes are small, not greatly unequal in size, and, although pre-
serving the usual general position, yet present a remarkable similarity
in their actual position to that of the genus Enyo—namely, three
groups, two of three eyes each, forming a curved line at each end of
a transverse oblong space, and between these two groups is a third,
of two eyes near together. This grouping is occasioned by the un-
usual relative distance between the eyes of the hind central pair,
bringing each of them within less than an eye’s diameter of the hind
lateral eye on its side; those of each lateral pair are seated a little
obliquely on a tubercle; the fore centrals are inconspicuous, being
seated on a dark spot, and contiguous to each other ; the length of the
line formed by the eyes of the hind central pair is less than that
formed by the two fore laterals, and would almost exactly lie between
1874.] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 433
them; each fore central eye forms, with the fore lateral and hind
central on its side, as nearly as possible an equilateral triangle.
The legs are rather long and slender; their relative length is
4, 1, 2, 3; they are of a clear light orange-yellow colour, furnished
with hairs and a few slender erect bristles; and each tarsus ends with
three small black claws.
The palpi are short, tolerably strong, and similar in’ colour to the
legs, except the radial and digital joints, which have a dark greenish
olive hue; the cubital joint is long, nearly as long as the humeral
joint, and enlarges gradually to its fore extremity. The radial joint
is exceedingly short ; it is a little prominent behind, and has a group
of small hairs on its outer side; its fore part is produced into a long
curved apophysis, having its sharp somewhat thorn-like and rather
suddenly-formed point directed outwards and rather upwards. The
digital joint is small and of a roundish oval form. The palpal organs
are highly developed, prominent, and rather complex ; from their
extremity on the outer side there curves out a long, slender, tapering,
sharp-pointed prominent nearly straight spine: this spine is very
conspicuous and characteristic from its straightness.
The falces are moderate in length and strength, of a yellow-brown
colour, and present no remarkable feature.
The mazille are strong, the basal portion exceedingly so; they
are curved and inclined to the Zadium, which is short and semicir-
cular. The maxille are rather paler in colour than the falces, and
whitish at their extremities; the /abium is darkest, with a pale apex.
The sternum is large, heart-shaped, convex, and very glossy, of a
dark yellow-brown colour suffused with blackish.
The abdomen is oval, tolerably convex above, and projects a little
over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is of a dull blackish colour,
marked above with some lines and spots of a clear yellow-brown
(probably not very visible except when in spirit of wine), and clothed
pretty thickly with coarse hairs.
An adult female which accompanied the male above described
was rather larger and darker-coloured; the occiput was simply
rounded ; the height of the clypeus much less, and the eyes of the
hinder row equidistant from each other. These differences are fre-
quently observable in females of those Hrigoné whose males have
gibbosities and eminences on the caput ; and it is most probable that
the two Spiders here described are, as their captor has supposed, the
sexes of the same species ; still it is quite possible they may not be
so. The genital aperture is small, and of a very simple form.
These two Spiders, of which the male is an exceedingly interesting
and distinct form, allied to #. apicata(Bl.), EL. retusa (Westr.), and
still more nearly to HL. excisa (Cambr.), were received from Mr.
Emerton, of Boston, Massachusetts, by whom they were captured in
that neighbourhood (Milton, Mass.) among moss, in October 1873.
ERIGONE LETA, sp.n. (Plate LV. fig. 4.)
Adult male, length 4 line.
The cephalothoraz is of an ordinary short-oval form: the caput has
434 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 16,
no special prominence or elevation ; it is, however, bold and full, the
occiput well rounded, and the clypeus impressed below the eyes, but
rather full and prominent near its lower margin, and exceeding con-
siderably in height half that of the facial space; the colour is dark
black-brown, getting paler towards the margins; the whole surface
(caput as well) thickly but minutely punctuose.
The eyes are small and of nearly uniform size, disposed in two trans-
verse curved rows of nearly equal length, and not far from each other ;
the foremost row is the shortest, and the curves are directed away from
each other: the eyes of the hinder row are equidistant from each
other; those of the fore central pair are the smallest, and contiguous
to each other; those of each lateral pair are seated contiguously, and
slightly obliquely, on a strongish tubercle.
The legs are of moderate length, but rather slender, and their
relative length appeared to be 4, 1, 2,3; they are yellow, the femora
being reddish orange, and are furnished with short fine hairs,
The palpi are moderate in length and strength, nearly similar in
colour to the legs; the humeral joint orange, the radial and digital
tinged with dusky brown; they are furnished with a few fine hairs,
those on the digital joint being much the longest. The humeral
joint is bent and unusually strong, the cubital short and strongly
curved in a sort of knee-joint form; the radial is shorter than the
cubital, but stronger, and has its fore extremity (rather on the outer
side) produced into a short obtuse prominence bent a little down-
wards ; the hinder part is also a little produced, and there is a small
angular joint at the middle of its inner extremity ; the digital joint is
oval and rather large, being longer than the radial and cubital joints
together; the palpal orgaus are prominent and complex, and have
a strongish black somewhat tortuously coiled, filiform, sharp-pointed
spine near their fore extremity.
The falces are strong, moderately long, with a curved profile-line,
and are a little paler in colour than the cephalothorax.
The mavxille and labium are of normal form, and similar in colour
to the falces.
The sternum is heart-shaped, of a deep rich black-brown colour,
and its surface coarsely punctuose.
The abdomen is short, round oval in form, very convex above, and
projects strongly over the base of the cephalothorax ; its upper sur-
face, on the middle of which four dark impressed spots form a qua-
drangular figure), is covered by a strong shining coriaceous epidermis
of a bright orange colour, covered with minute punctures and clothed
with a few short fine hairs; a somewhat similar epidermis beneath
the fore part includes the spiracular plates, but is of a redder colour ;
and there is a bold patch of the same colour in front of the spinners ;
the sides and remainder of the underside are yellowish, marked with
dusky greenish brown, arranged somewhat in obscure parallel longi-
tudinal lines on the sides and hinder part.
The adult female resembles the male, except in wanting the coria-
ceous epidermis on the abdomen, which is of a uniform yellowish
colour, mottled and marked with dull greenish brown, freckled with
1874.] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 435
short black hairs, and the middle of the upperside marked with
four orange-yellow-brown impressed spots, forming a quadrangular
figure, whose fore side is much the shortest. The genital aperture
is simple and of a triangular form.
Adults of both sexes of this pretty Hrigone were contained in Mr.
Emerton’s series of North-American Spiders found at Cambridge,
Mass. ; it is allied to HZ. depressa (Bl.) and L. brevipes (Westr.), but
differs remarkably in colours, and also in some other material respects.
ERIGONE LETABILIS, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 5.)
Adult male, length ? line.
This Spider is very closely allied and very similar to the foregoing
species (1. letu); it may, however, be readily distinguished by its
smaller size and (in the only example examined) paler colouring ; the
humeral joint of the palpus is only of ordinary strength; the radial
joint is stronger than in FZ. /eéa, and less produced in front at its
extremity, which is rather abruptly terminated in a somewhat hooked
form, and there is no angular point at the middle of the inner side ;
the palpal organs differ a little in structure, and the coiled spine at
their extremity is shorter, less strong, and less filiform at its point ;
the caput appeared to be quite smooth and destitute of punctures,
which, however, were visible on the thoracic portion of the cephalo-
thorax ; and the sternum is covered with largish punctures or pock-
marks.
The sides and hinder part of the abdomen are of a plain pale yel-
lowish colour, and, as well as the upper coriaceous epidermis, thinly
covered with black hairs. Unless the above points are carefully
noted, this species will be easily confounded with EL. leta.
A single example of the adult male was found among the examples
of E. leta in Mr. Emerton’s collection.
ERIGONE EMERTONI, sp.n. (Plate LV. fig. 6.)
Adult male, length 2 line.
The cephalothorax, falces, maxilla, labium, and sternum of this
species are yellow; the legs and palpi are of a paler yellow; and the
abdomen is of a dull pale drab colour, the greater part of its upper
surface being covered by a coriaceous punctuose epidermis of a dull
orange-brown colour; the caput is slightly elevated and produced in
a bluff form, the extremity, looked at in profile, having a somewhat
truncate appearance ; the ocular region is suffused with black, and
furnished with some short bristly hairs; the height of the clypeus
(which is impressed across the middle) exceeds half that_of the facial
space.
oe eyes are on black spots, in four pairs, on the bluff end of the
caput’; those of the hind central pair are rather further from each
other than each is from the hind lateral nearest to it; those of the
fore central pair are the smallest of the eight, and contiguous to each
other, each being separated from the hind central nearest to it by
nearly the same interval as that which divides those of the hind
central pair; those of each lateral pair are placed slightly obliquely,
436 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 16,
and the fore one of each is separated from the fore central one nearest
to it by an interval not quite as great as that which divides the hind
lateral and the hind central eye nearest to it.
The legs are rather short and slender, relative length 4, 1, 2, 3,
and are furnished with short hairs.
The palpi are short ; the cubital joint is bent and enlarges gradually
to the fore extremity ; the radial is extremely short, but is produced
a little on the inner side of its fore extremity into a long yellow-brown
apophysis, which bends abruptly, at about half its length, downwards
and inwards, and terminates in a curved, tapering, sharp-pointed, black
spine-like form. The digital joint is rather large, of a suffused yellow-
brown colour; it has a prominence on the outer side towards the
extremity. The palpal organs are prominent and rather complex ; at
their extremity are two black spines, one strong and tortuous, the
other more prominent, slender, and curved in a circular form; there
is also a strong, shining, dark brown, slightly curved spine on their
outer side near the hinder extremity.
The falces are small and short, their length being less than the
height of the clypeus.
The mazille, lubium, and sternum are normal in form.
The abdomen is oval and moderately convex above, of a dull pale
drab colour, two thirds of the upperside being covered with a finely
punctuose dull orange-brown coriaceous epidermis, the spiracular
plates and a small patch round and in front of the spinners being
of a similar nature and colour; the abdomen is furnished sparingly
with short hairs.
Thirteen adult females accompanied three of the males above
described ; but, except in the smaller extent of the coriaceous epider-
mis on the upperside of the abdomen, I can discover no appreciable
difference between them and the females (also thirteen in number) of
E. fissiceps (p. 438). This difference, however, seems to be constant ;
and I am almost inclined to believe them to be the female sex of the
males above described. The general similarity both in form and
colours in the adult males of the two species would lead one to expect
still greater similarity between their respective females, though the
males may easily be distinguished by the cleft and uncleft caput, as
well as by the form of the palpi and the palpal organs.
The examples above referred to were contained in the collection
received from Mr. J. H. Emerton, by whom they were found at
Amesbury, Massachusetts, U.S. A., and I have great pleasure in
naming after him this pretty and very distinct species.
ERIGONE ATRICEPS, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 7.)
Adult male, length rather more than ? line.
The caput of this Spider is prominent in front, rather elevated on
the occiput, and divided by a deep transverse indenture into two bold
rounded divisions or lobes, the foremost being rather the strongest ;
the occipital eminence forms a kind of roundish oval knob, and is of
course higher in its position than the frontal one. The colour of the
cephalothorax is orange-yellow, the margins, and normal grooves and
1874.) NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 437
indentations (slightly) dusky blackish, the occipital eminence and
the upper part of the frontal prominence being black ; some portion
of the thorax is minutely punctuose; but the dark part of the caput
is very smooth and glossy, and furnished with hairs, mostly directed
forwards and backwards over the indentation dividing the lwo lobes ;
those on the fore part of the occipital lobe are the most numerous
and strongest. ‘The form of the cephalothorax, it will be seen, much
resembles that of the European species #. parallela (Bl.) and E., la-
tifrons (Cambr.).
The eyes are in the usual four pairs; but the position of those of
the two lateral pairs is remarkable, being placed much further back-
wards than ordinarily ; those of the hind central pair are on the sides
of the fore part of the occipital eminence, and separated from each
other by au interval of about two diameters; those of the foremost
pair are on the highest part of the frontal lobe, and are nearer to-
gether than those of the hind central pair; and those of each lateral
pair are seated contiguously to each other on a small black tubercular
prominence, which, however, is very apparent when the Spider is
looked at from the front ; when looked at in profile the lateral eyes are
placed considerably behind those on the occipital eminence.
The legs are moderately long, rather slender, of a dull pale orange-
yellow colour, and furnished with short hairs.
The palpi are rather strong, moderately long, and similar to the
legs in colour; the cubital joint is long, rather curved, and enlarges
from its hinder to its fore extremity; the radial joiat is very short,
but is prolonged at its fore extremity into a long, curved, tapering,
sharp-pointed apophysis; the digital joint is not very large, but of
rather a peculiar form, having an angular prominence at its hinder
part, near which is a short row of a few black curved bristles, more
conspicuous than the rest of the hairs on the joint; the palpal organs
are prominent and well developed, but not very complex, nor present-
ing any remarkable feature in structure.
The falces are small, similar in colour to the cephalothorax, and,
owing to the prominence of the fore part of the caput, placed con-
siderably backwards under it.
The mazille and labium are of normal character, and rather paler
in colour than the falces.
The sternum is of ordinary size and form, similar to the cephalothorax
in colour, and apparently covered with small punctures.
The abdomen is of a flattened oval form; the larger portion of the
upper part is covered with a coriaceous punctuose epidermis, of a
dark-yellow-brown colour, pretty thickly mottled with clearer yellow-
brown; four more conspicuous spots of this colour form a quadran-
gular figure on the middle; and behind these are two rather oblique
opposed short sinuous similarly coloured lines; the hinder part
(which, as well as the sides, is black) has several very slightly angular
pale lines or chevrons between the limits of the coriaceous epidermis
and the spinners; and the sides are longitudinally wrinkled; the
underside is black ; the spiracular plates are orange-coloured and of
large size.
438 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON [June 16,
A single adult male of this pretty and very distinct species was
contained in Mr. Emerton’s North-American collecticn, and was
found by him under leaves at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in December
1873.
ERIGONE CRISTATA.
Walckenaera cristata, Bl. Spid. Great Brit. & Ireland, p. 309,
pl. xxi. fig. 224.
A single adult male of this Spider was found in Mr. Emerton’s
collection ; on careful comparison with English examples Iam unable
to find any difference between them and the American example.
ERIGONE FISSICEPS, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 8.)
Adult male, length 4 line.
The cephalothoraz is short and obtuse, but prominent and elevated
before, the extremity of the caput being divided into two lobes by a
deep cleft or fissure reaching down to the lateral eyes on either side ;
the hinder lobe is the strongest ; it is rounded on the occipital portion,
and its upper part on the fore side projects a little over the fissure ;
the clypeus is slightly prominent in the middle, and very slightly
exceeds in height half that of the facial space; the colour of the
cephalothorax is dull orange-yellow, the upper portion of each lobe
of the caput being strongly suffused with black, the suffusion con-
tinuing in a short broad band a little way back over the occiput.
The eyes are small, on small black spots, and in four pairs, one
pair on the fore part of the hinder lobe of the caput, rather more
than two diameters from each other, another pair on the summit
of the front lobe, the smallest of the eight, and about an eye’s dia-
meter from each other; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to
each other and placed on a slight tubercle just behind the termina-
tion of the cleft ; the interval between each hind lateral eye and the
hind central nearest to it is equal to that which separates those of
the hind central pair from each other.
The legs are rather short and slender, relative length 4, 1, 2, 3;
their colour is yellow; and they are furnished with short fine hairs,
of which several on the uppersides are erect.
The palpi are rather long, and similar in colour to the legs ; the
cubital joint is long, slightly bent, and increasing in size gradually to
the fore extremity; the radial joint is exceedingly short, slightly
prominent behind, but has its fore side produced into a long curved
tapering, but not very sharp-pointed, prominent apophysis ; the digital
joint is small, and of a somewhat irregular form, having a boldish
subangular prominence near its base; the palpal organs are promi-
nent, but not very complex, with a small curved black sharp-pointed
spine towards their fore extremity.
The falces are small and not very strong; their length is about
equal to the height of the facial space; their colour, as well as that
of the maxille, labinm, and sternum, all of which are of normal form,
is like that of the cephalothorax.
The abdomen is large, of a round-oval form, very convex above,
1874. ] NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 439
and projects a good deal, but not very closely, over the base of the
cephalothorax ; it is of a very pale straw-colour, the upper surface
covered with a coriaceous finely punctuose epidermis of an orange
colour, with four not very distinct brownish yellow impressed spots
in the middle, forming a rectangular figure whose fore side is much
the shortest ; the spiracular plates and a small portion on the sides
and in front of the spinners are similar in colour to the epidermis on
the upperside ; the abdomen is thinly clothed with short hairs; the
sides and underside are also covered with minute punctures, giving it
a speckled appearance.
The female resembles the male in colours and general characters ;
but the fore part of the caput is uncleft, and the coriaceous epidermis
on the upperside of the abdomen is much smaller, only reaching
halfway to the spinners, while in the male it leaves only one third
bare ; the genital aperture is small and simple in form, being appa-
rently a small transverse oval.
Adults of both sexes of this Spider were contained in Mr. J.
H. Emerton’s collection ; it is allied both to EZ. capito (Westr.) and
EL. perforata (Thor.), but quite distinct and easily recognizable
from both; more nearly also it is allied to EZ. atriceps (Cambr.)
(supra, p. 436).
ERIGONE DIRECTA, sp. n. (Plate LV. fig. 9.)
Adult male, length 1 line.
The cephalothorax, falces, maxille, labium, and sternum of this
Spider are of a uniform yellow-brown colour; the legs and palpi
(except the digital and radial joints of the latter, which are darker)
yellow, tinged with orange, and the abdomen dull black ; the form
of the cephalothorax is elongate-oval, the caput being rather promi-
nent or drawn out in the ocular region, from the midst of which there
projects forwards a nearly straight cylindrical prominence having the
same direction (or as nearly so as possible) as the profile-line of the
cephalothorax ; in fact this prominence is a continuation from be-
tween the eyes of the caput, and it has close to the extremity several
short reversed bristles, the extremity being somewhat obliquely trun-
cated ; the height of the clypeus exceeds, but not greatly, half that
of the facial space, and it is a little impressed above its lower margin
near the middle ; the normal grooves and indentations are but slightly
indicated.
The eyes are in four pairs, forming a round-oval close round the
base of the prominence at the apex of the caput ; they are of tolerable
size, those of the fore central pair being the smallest and contiguous
to each other ; those of each lateral pair are also contiguous to each
other; each fore lateral eye is very near to but separated from the
fore central on its side; and each hind lateral is no more than its own
diameter distant from the hind central on its side, the hind centrals
being no more than half an eye’s diameter from each other ; all
except the fore centrals, which are dark, are pearly white, narrowly
margined with black, and very distinct.
The egs are long and slender, their relative length being 4, 1, 2, 3,
440 REV. 0. P, CAMBRIDGE ON [June 16,
the difference between 4 and 1 being greater than usual; they are
furnished with fine hairs only.
The palpi are moderately long, but not very strong, and furnished
with hairs; the cubital joint is not very long, but longer than the
radial, which, however, is stronger, and is produced at its extremity,
rather on the inner side, into a strong, moderately long, curved,
pointed apophysis, its point directed outwards over the base of the
digital joint ; the radial joint is also rather prominent behind; the
digital joint is large, of ordinary form ; and the palpal organs are pro-
minent, highly developed, and complex, with spiny processes ; and at
their extremity is a not very long, circularly curved, sharp-pointed,
tapering spine.
The falces are not strong, but moderate in length, and divergent
towards their extremities.
The abdomen is of a rather oblong-oval form, and projects slightly
over the base of the cephalothorax ; it is not very convex above, and
is thinly clothed with hairs.
An adult female accompanied the above male, and resembled it in
colours and general appearance ; but the position of the eyes differed,
(though no more than is ordinarily the case with Spiders whose cepha-
lothoraces in the male sex present abnormal developments), and the
clypeus projected forwards. I am inclined to think that it is the
female of the male here described. The genital aperture is, as usual,
characteristic. Another example of the male was of a darker and
richer colour, the cephalothorax, sternum, and femora of the legs
being of a brightish red, and the abdomen quite black.
The examples above referred to were contained in the collection
received from Mr. J. H. Emerton, by whom they were found—the
two former (male and female) on a fence at Providence, R. I., the
latter (male) under leaves at Cambridge, Mass., in December 1873.
This species belongs to the group containing HZ. cuspidata (Bl.),
and is very distinct from either of its European forms.
ERIGONE INDIRECTA, sp.n. (Plate LV. fig. 10.)
Adult male, iength 13 line.
In form and general structure this Spider is very nearly allied
to the foregoing species (2. directa), the palpi and palpal organs
also being very similar; but it may at once be distinguished by its
larger size and the very decided differences of colouring, as well as by
the eminence between the eyes being slightly more erect, though a
little bent forwards and a little stouter; the apex of the caput also is
rather larger and less drawn out ; the summit of the eminence is fur-
nished thickly with short bristles, arranged in two longitudinal rows
directed away from each other, looking (when seen from the front)
as if parted like hair on the human head ; there are also some other
bristles on the back of the eminence, directed backwards and rather
downwards.
The whole of the caput, nearly as far back as the thoracic junction,
is of a shining jet-black colour; the thorax bright orange-red ;
the palpi, falces, maville, and labium are very dark, but not quite
1874. | NEW SPECIES OF ERIGONE. 441
so black as the caput; the sternum is orange-red; the legs light
yellow-brown, except the femora, which are also orange-red. The
hairs on the palpi are more numerous and coarser than in £.
directa.
The eyes are smaller than in Z. directa, and indistinct, but are in
the same position; the part of the cephalothorax near the occiput
appears to be finely and transversely rugulose, or striated with fine
scratch-like lines, visible only with a lens.
The abdomen is elongate-oval, not very convex above, but project-
ing a little over the base of the cephalothorax ; -it is of a pale buff-
yellow colour, slightly tinged with brown.
The female resembles the male in colours and general characters ;
and the genital aperture, though bearing some resemblance to that
of E. directa, is yet decidedly distinct.
Two adult males and five females of this Spider were contained in
Mr. Emerton’s collection; and all were as vividly and distinctly
coloured as the example above described. This with the slight differ-
ences in form and structure above detailed convince me of its distinct-
ness from F. directa. The strong contrast presented by the black
and orange cephalothorax and legs with the pale abdomen make it
very noticeable.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LV.
Fig. 1. Erigone interpres, 6 & 9, p. 430.
a, profile, with legs and palpi truncated ; 4, caput, from the front; c,
left palpus, from outer side; d, e, right palpus, in two positions ;
f, genital aperture of female; g, natural length of male.
2. Erigone probata, $ & ¢, p. 431.
a, profile; 4, caput and falces, from the front; ¢, right palpus, from
above and behind ; d, e, genital aperture of female, in two positions ;
f, natural length of male.
3. Erigone spinifera, § & 3, p. 482.
a, profile ; 5, caput and falces, from the front; c, left palpus, from outer
side and rather in front; d, right palpus, from above and behind ;
e, cubital and radial joints of right palpus, from inside and in front ;
f, genital aperture of female; g, natural length.
4, Erigone leta, § & 2, p. 433.
a, profile; 4, natural length; c, caput, from the front; d, right palpus,
from outer side and rather underneath; e, ditto, from inner side in
front; f, left palpus, from upperside in front; g, genital aperture
of female.
5. Erigone letabilis, 8, p. 435.
a, right palpus, from inner side; 0, ditto, further round ; ¢, humeral,
cubital, and radial joints of right palp, from outer side; @, natural
length.
6. Hrigone emertoni, 8, p. 435.
a, profile; 4, caput and falces, from front; ¢, right palpus, from inner
side; d, ditto, from behind and above; e, natural length.
7. Evrigone atriceps, $, p. 436.
a, profile; b, caput, from front; c, cephalothorax, from above ; d, left
palpus, from outer side; ¢, natural length.
8. Erigone fissiceps, § & 3, p. 438.
a, profile; 6, fore part of cephalothorax, from above and behind ;
¢, caput, from front; d, right palpus, from inner side in front; ¢, left
ditto, from above and behind ; ra natural length ; g, genital aperture
of female.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXIX. 29
442 DR. A. GUNTHER ON NEW REPTILES [June 16,
Fig. 9. Erigone directa, & 2, p. 439. ;
a, profile; }, caput, from the front; c, right palpus, from behind and
above; d, radial, cubital, and (part of ) humeral joints of ditto, from
inner side; ¢, natural length; f, genital aperture of female.
10. Erigone indirecta, 8 & Q, p. 440. j
a, palpi; 4, caput, from the front; ¢, natural length of male; d, genital
aperture of female.
5. Descriptions of some new or imperfectly known Species
of Reptiles from the Camaroon Mountains. By Dr.
Apert GUntuHeEr, V.P.Z.S.
[Received June 9, 1874.]
(Plates LVI. & LVII.)
Mr. Higgins has just received from one of his correspondents a
small but singularly interesting collection of reptiles made in a part
of the Camaroon Mountains whence evidently no collection had
previously reached England. It contained only eleven species, viz.
Calabaria fusca, Typhlops eschrichtii, Dipsas valida, Iycophidium
irroratum, Chameleon cristatus, Liurus ornatus, and Hylambates
palmatus, and four others previously not known to me, which are
distinguished by a most extraordinary combination of characters, as
will be seen from the following descriptions.
CHAMZLEON MONTIUM. (Plate LVI.)
Chameleo montium, Buchholz, Berlin. MB. 1874, p. 88, figs. 1-4
(head).
Adult male with two nearly straight pointed horns, horizontally
projecting forwards from above the nostrils; the sheath in which
they are encased is finely annulated, and the horns ‘themselves are
about half as long as the head. The occiput is quite flat, with a
semielliptical or semioval outline, and without lateral lobes. The
superciliary edge is slightly raised, the forehead being rather con-
cave. A high crest, supported by the neural spines of the vertebre,
runs along the whole length of the back, and is, without interruption,
continued over the anterior third of the tail, at the end of which it
abruptly ceases. Its upper margin is slightly scolloped, except in
the middle third of its length. Its highest portion is that on the
tail. The upper part of the head is covered with small, irregular,
polygonal scutes ; and other round scutes of about the same size are
scattered over the sides of the body, and are more numerous on the
throat, where they are sometimes conically raised. No line of com-
pressed scales along the middle of the belly.
A young male, scarcely more than 2 inches long without the tail,
has the horns already well-developed, about as long as the orbit, and
a distinct indication of the crest.
In the adult female the two frontal horns are reduced to two conical
prominences, and the occiput is much less produced backwards. No
dorsal crest.
GHFord
CHAMALEON MONTIUM
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1874.] FROM THE CAMAROONS. 443
The colour is a mixture of yellow, greenish, and black; the first
predominates on the body, the second on the legs and tail, and the
last on the head.
' The largest specimen of this very extraordinary species is 9 inches,
of which the tail takes 4 inches.
RHAMPHOLEON SPECTRUM. (Plate LVII. figs. A, A’.)
Chameleo superciliaris*, Buchholz, Berlin. MB. 1874, p. 81 (nec
Kuhl).
Chameleo spectrum, Buchholz, l.c. p. 298, figs. 5 & 6.
The tail of this species is unusually short, being only one third of
the total length in the male and one fourth in the female. It is very
much thickened for two thirds of its length in the male, leaving only
the terminal third prehensile. Otherwise there is no difference
between the sexes, both sexes having a very short, soft, granulated,
rostral appendage. The eyebrows are produced into a short, trian-
gular, flexible, horn-like prominence, the two horns being connected
by a transverse ridge which crosses the concave forehead. No dorsal
crest, which is replaced by a series of very small tubercles, each
formed by a group of enlarged granules, these prominences being
more distinct on the tail than on the trunk. Occiput without pro-
minent ridge or lobe ; body covered with extremely small granules, a
few of which are somewhat larger than the others. In the female
the throat and lower side of the tail are provided with rather
numerous conical tubercles.
The tail is so short that it can serve as a prehensile organ in a
very subordinate manner only. This defect is compensated by the
development of an additional sharp denticle at the inner base of each
Profile of left fore foot of Rampholeon spectrum.
claw, and of a spine vertically projecting from the flexor side of each
finger and toe, which must immensely strengthen the power of the
* Chameleon superciliaris is confined to Madagascar ; two of the three speci-
mens in the British Museum are from that island; the locality of the third
(typical) specimen is not known. ‘Three weeks after the present communication
had been sent to the Society, I received through the kindness of Prof. Peters an
early separate copy of Dr. Buchholz’s second paper on these Chameleons, in
which, however, only the superficial characters of this interesting form are noticed.
29*
444 ON NEW REPTILES FROM THE CAMAROONS. [June 16,
animal for holding on to branches, &c. This modification of structure
appears to me to be sufficient for separating this species in a distinct
genus, for which the name Rhampholeon may be proposed.
One male and two females, all adult, are in the collection. Male
39 lines long, tail 13 lines; female 35 lines long, tail 9 lines.
Boturotycus (g. n. Lycodont.).
Habit stout; head rather short, depressed, with an obliquely
truncated snout ; tail short. A deep pit in the loreal region. Scales
smooth, in nineteen rows. Anal entire ; subcaudals biserial. Pupil
round. The anterior teeth of the maxillary row considerably larger
than the succeeding, from which they are separated by a short
interspace.
A most singular genus, combining the family characters of a Ly-
codon with the peculiar preocular pit of the Colubrine genus Bothr-
ophthalmus, which is also one of the most characteristic forms of
the West-African fauna. It is a very remarkable fact that this pit
is found in venomous as well as non-venomous Snakes, the Asiatic
and American Ophidians provided with it belonging to the family
Crotalide, whilst those from tropical Africa are Colubrine and
Lycodont forms.
BorHROLycus ATER. (Plate LVII. fig. B.)
The form of the head reminds us of that of Halys, the rostral and
lateral margins being angular. The rostral shield does not extend to
the upper surface of the snout. Anterior frontals broader than
long, half the size of posterior, Superciliaries as large as vertical ;
occipitals short. Nostril small, between two nasals. Loreal entirely
sunk into the elongate pit which extends into the orbit, the single
preeocular being visible only as a linear shield above the pit. Seven
upper labials, the fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Two small
postoculars. 'Temporals 1+ 2, the upper of the second series being
situated behind the occipital, and large, twice the size of the lower.
Median lower labial longer than broad. Scales perfectly smooth,
none of the middle rows enlarged, in nineteen series. Ventrals with-
out ridge, 147 in number. Subcaudals 22 pairs.
Uniform black above, blackish brown below. On some of the
labial shields a minute yellowish speck edged with darker. Similar
very small and indistinct spots on the ventrals.
Total length 18 inches, the tail being 1} inch.
LyCOPHIDIUM ELAPOIDES.
The single specimen in the collection is in a bad state of preserva-
tion, especially the head, which had been partially dried. However,
the scutellation appears to have been very similar to that of LZ.
irroratum, of which species two examples were in the collection.
Scales in seventeen rows. Ventrals 225 ; subcaudals 72 pairs. Body
and tail annulated with alternate white and black rings of equal width,
but with somewhat irregular outlines; there are twenty-five black
rings on the body and nine on the tail. The head is nearly entirely
1
M& N Hanhart imp:
LA
TIC (
Vi
‘RAMID
1874.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON NEW SPECIES OF SYNALLAXIS. 445
black. The rings on the body do not extend across the ventrals,
which are white, and, like the white interspaces between the black
rings, irregularly spotted with black.
This is a slender species with narrow head, and with the body
somewhat compressed. Total length 15 inches, the tail being 4
inches.
6. Descriptions of three new Species of the Genus Synallazis.
By P. L. Scuater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
the Society.
[Received June 9, 1874.]
(Plate LVIII.)
Among the birdskins collected by M. Jelski in Central Peru, and
lately submitted to my examination by our Corresponding Member
M. Taczanowski, of Warsaw, are specimens of four species of
Synallaxine birds which had not occurred in his previous collections,
and were therefore not included in my synopsis of the genus, pub-
lished in the first part of the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for the present
ear. What is still more remarkable is, that three of these species
(all referable to the Synallaxis proper according to my views) ap-
pear to be new to science. Certainly they cannot be referred to any
of the fifty-eight species which I have described in the above-men-
tioned memoir. The fourth is Lepfasthenura andicola (Sclater,
P. Z.S. 1869, p. 636, pl. xlix. fig. 2), which I had not met with
previously in Peruvian collections, although its occurrence there was
by no means unlikely from its having been obtained at a high
elevation in the Andes in the neighbouring republic of Ecuador.
Of the three new species of Synallaxis, with M. ‘Taczanowski’s
kind sanction, I proceed to offer the following descriptions.
1, SYNALLAXIS PUDIBUNDA, sp. nov. (Plate LVIII. fig. 1.)
Supra murino-brunnea, in dorso inferiore rufescens ; alis et cauda
luride rufis, hujus rectricibus quatuor mediis in pogonio interiore
nigricantibus : superciliis indistinctis, capitis lateribus et corpore
toto subtus cineraceo-fuscis ; gula media pallide fulva, punctis
indistinctis nigris circumdata : hypochondriis et crisso rufescente
lavatis : subalaribus et remigum marginibus internis rufis : rostro
obscure corneo, mandibula inferiore ad basin albicante, pedibus
obscure corylinis: long. tota 5°8, ale 2°1, caude rectr. med. 2°9,
rectr ext. 1°7.
Hab, Obraillo, Peru (Jelskz).
Mus. Varsoviano.
There is but one specimen of this species, which, however, seems
quite distinct from any of those that Iam acquainted with. It be-
longs to the section with twelve rectrices, and will stand best, I think,
near S. modesta and its allies, having a pale fawn-coloured gular
patch, round which, on the sides of the face and neck, are indistinct
446 MR.SCLATER ON NEW SPECIES OF SYNALLAXIS. [June 16,
blackish freckles. There is a pale superciliary stripe, but very in-
distinct. The wings externally and the tail are of a nearly uniform
darkish rufous, with the exception of the apical portion of the inner
webs of the two middle pairs of rectrices, which are blackish.
2. SYNALLAXIS GRAMINICOLA, sp. nov. (Plate LVIII. fig. 2.)
Synallaxis graminicola, Jelski, MS.
Supra fusca nigro striata; subtus pallide fulva, macula gule
quadrata rufa: remigibus omnibus rufo-castaneis, secundariis
dorso proximis et ceterorum parte apicali fusco-nigris ; alarum
tectricibus eaxtus fulvescenti-rufis ; subalaribus et remigum mar-
ginibus internis pure rufis: caud@ rectricibus tribus utrinque
eaternis castaneis, ceteris precipue in pogonio externo fusco
variegatis, mediis duabus acuminatis et in utroque pogonio fuscis ;
rectricum omnium scapis nigris: rostro corylino, mandibula infe-
riore ad basin albicante, pedibus carneis : long. tota 6°8, ale 2°9,
caude rectr. med. 3°5, ext. 2.
Hab. Junin, Central Peru (Jelsk?).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Obs. Sp. S. wyatti, ex Columbia, affinis, sed macula gulee rufa,
pectore fulvo et alis caudaque longioribus distinguenda.
This is certainly a close ally of S. wyatt, established in 1870 upon
a single skin obtained by Mr. Wyatt on the Paramo of Pamplona,
in Columbia, but appears to be a larger, finer bird, of a nearly uniform
rich cinnamomeous below, and with a distinct red gular spot as in
S. anthoides.
3. SYNALLAXIS VIRGATA, Sp. Nov.
Synallazis virgata’, Jelski, MS.
Supra fusca nigro variegata et a fronte usque ad dorsum medium
striis longitudinalibus albis in capite rufescentibus ornata: subtus
alba, gula media flavicanti-rufa; hypchondriis et ventre imo
pallide fuscis, albo obsolete striolatis: alis fusco-nigris ; remigibus
in pogonio interno ad basin rufis, necnon extus rufo limbatis ; sub-
alaribus cinnamomeo-rufis : cauda fusco-nigra remigibus externis
rufescente variegatis : rostro elongato cerulescenti-corneo ; pedi-
bus obscure plumbeis: long. tota 7'4, ale 2°9, caude rectr. med.
3°8, ext. 2:0, rostri a rictu 0°85.
Hab. Junin, Central Peru (Jelshi).
Mus. Varsoviano.
Obs. Proxima S. fammulate, sed crassitie majore, dorso inferiore
non striato et pectore medio albo diversa.
This larger form of S. fammulata is readily distinguishable by the
points above mentioned, and is, as far as I can tell from the single
specimen obtained by M. Jelski, an excellent species.
Adding, then, three species to those previously sent by M. Jelski,
we find that no less than ten Synallaves occur in this district of
Peru, namely :—
1. S. frontalis, syn. of Synallaxes, antea, p. 8.
2. S. drunneicauda, antea, p. 8.
1874. | PROF. A. NEWTON ON A LIVING DODO. 447
3. S. palpebratis, anted, p. 16.
. 8. curtata, antea, p. 19.
. 8. albicapilla, antea, p. 22.
. S. pudibunda, supra, p. 445.
. S. humilis, anted, p. 23.
. S. graminicola, supra, p. 446.
. S. virgata, supra, p, 446.
. S. flammulata, anted, p. 26.
SVS Ono oS
1
7. On a Living Dodo shipped for England in the Year 1628.
By A.rrep Newron, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received June 12, 1874.]
Having had the satisfaction, at the meeting of this Society on the
19th of May last, of exhibiting to the Members then present two
original letters mentioning a Dodo (Didus ineptus) sent to this
country by the writer of them in the year 1628, I now offer a few
remarks thereon ; for the short time they had been in my possession
hardly allowed me then to ascertain the chief points of interest to be
derived from them.
The two letters were lent to me by their custodian, John Bramston
Wilmot, Esq., M.D., of Tunbridge Wells. Early in the present
year a notice of the Dodo by Mr. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S. (with a wood-
cut from the picture formerly belonging to the late Mr. Broderip,
and now in the Society’s keeping *), appeared in the ‘ Field’ news-
paper. This attracted Dr. Wilmot’s attention; and he immediately
communicated to that useful periodical a short extract from one of
these letters, which, however, was very inaccurately printedt. On
reading this I at once wrote to Dr. Wilmot, who has most kindly
done all in his power to gratify my wishes on the subject.
The writer of the letters was Emanuel Altham, younger brother
of Sir Edward Altham, Kt., of Marke Hall, in Essex, to whom they
are addressed. Emanuel sailed from England in the spring of 1626,
to the Hast Indies, on board the ‘ Hopewell,’ in company with five
other ships, one or more of which undoubtedly bore the ambas-
sadors, Sir Dodmore Cotton and Sir Robert Sherley, whom Charles I.
was sending to the ‘‘ Pot-shaugh”’ of Persia, and, in their retinue,
Sir Thomas Herbert, whose figure and descriptions of the Dodo are
well known}. The fleet anchored in Swalley road, off Surat, on the
30th of November in that year; and soon after, the voyagers separated
—Herbert going, in the ship ‘ William,’ to Gombroon in the Persian
Gulf§. It is no easy matter to glean the dates of the various inci-
* Trans. Zool. Soe. iv. p. 186, pl. 54.
t ‘Field,’ xliii. p. 177, No. 1104, Feb. 21, 1874.
{ See Strickland ‘The Dodo’ &c., pp. 19, 20.
§ Herbert’s ‘Travels’ &c., 2nd ed. 1638, p. 110; 3rd ed. 1665, p. 107; 4th
ed. 1677, p. 102.
448 PROF, A. NEWTON ON A LIVING DODO. [June 16,
dents recorded in his book; but it is almost certain that he could
not have reached Mauritius until 1629 *, while Altham, as the letters
show, was there in 1628. For the time that the two travellers were
in company, however, their tales tally very well. Both mention the
mortality which the expedition suffered in the Mozambique Channel,
losing the Vice-Admiral, Goodall, ‘‘and many a braue gentleman
beside ;”? both were equally struck with the amazing whiteness of the
sea (a phenomenon often observed since) ; and both frequently name
the same ships as forming part of the fleet. These facts appear
equally in others of Altham’s letters (a copy of which has been con-
siderately placed in my hands by Dr. Wilmot) and in Herbert’s pub-
lished ‘ Travels.’
To come, however, to the two letters which I exhibited. They
bear the same date, and were doubtless written to be seut by differ-
ent hands. Both (as before stated) are addressed to the same person,
and begin :—
«Right wo’ and louinge brother.”
The first and longest, after recounting the writer’s adventures,
proceeds :—
** We were ordered by y° said Councell- [of India} to goe to an
Tland called y® mauritius lying in 204 of South latt where wee
arriued y® 28 of may: this Iland hauinge many goates hogs and
cowes upon it and very strange fowles called by y° portingals DoDo
which for the rareness of the same the like beinge not in y* world
but here I have sent you one by m” perce: who did arrive with
y° ship william at this [land y* 10th of June.”
It concludes :—
‘your most louinge brother
EMANUELL ALTHAM./”
« June ye 18 1628
ffro y® mauritius.”
And there is a postscript, written across the margin, as follows :—
“of m™ perce you shall receue a iarr of ginger for my sister :
some beades for my Cosins your daughters: and a bird called a
DoDo./ if it liue”
Its superscription is :—
“To y* right woo" my most Louinge brother St Edward Altham at
marke Hall, in Essex./
“ Deliuer. /”
The second letter ends thus :—
“You shall receue a iarr of India ginger for my sister your wife
as alsoe some beades for my Cosins your daughters, and withall a
strange fowle: which I had at the Iland mauritius called by y* por-
tingalls a DoDo: whieh for the rareness thereof I hope wilbe welcome
to you.
* mauritius y° 18" of June 1628: your most louing brother,
EMANUELL ALTHAM./”’
* Strickland, however, says (/.c.) “1627.”
1874.] | MR.J.E. HARTING ON THE CHILIAN LAPWING, 449
This letter is superscribed :—
“To y° right woo" my most Louinge brother S' Edward Altham
Dwelling at marke hall in Essex
“Per a frend whome god preserue.
‘‘ Leaue this at one william watson’s House in y* minories a gun-
smith to be sente as aboue saide./”
As to the genuineness of these letters there can be no suspicion,
Dr. Wilmot tells me that they form part of a correspondence be-
tween various members of the Altham family which a few years ago
came into his charge as executor to the will of a lady connected with
that family, that they have doubtless been always in safe keeping,
and that they have never been in the hands of a dealer. The two
letters mentioning the Dodo have been shown by me to my friend
Mr. Bradshaw, the Librarian of the University of Cambridge, well
known as a skilful paleographer, who, from the evidence of the
handwriting, paper, and other indicia, chiefly appreciated by experts,
declares them to be of the period to which their dates assign them,
Whether this Dodo reached England alive there is nothing to
show, The only letter in the correspondence from Edward Altham
to Emanuel is dated 3 January, 1628, or six months before the
bird was shipped from Mauritius. Emanuel died in the fort of
Armagon, on the coast of Coromandel, in 1635, having, in his last
illness, had ‘all his p’ticular bookes of accompts and many other
wrightings”’ burnt in his presence, as testified by a document to
that effect, signed by four witnesses and now in the collection. I
cannot find the name of Altham among the “ Principall Benefactors ”
to the ‘ Museeum Tradescantianum’ (1656), where Herbert’s name,
on the contrary, does occur; but, as is well known, Sir Hamon Le
Strange saw a live Dodo exhibited in London about 1638, and by
1634 a specimen had been given to the Anatomy School at Oxford *,
8. On the Lapwing of Chili.
By J. E. Harrine, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
[Received June 15, 1874.]
During the past few months a considerable number of Specimens
of the Lapwing of Chili, chiefly collected by Mr. Reed, have passed
through my hands; and a tolerably good series is now before me.
On comparing these specimens with others from different locali-
ties on the eastern side of South America, as Cayenne, Bahia, and
Rio, a marked difference is observable between them in point of
size, the western bird being so very much larger and more robust
than the eastern form.
Vanellus cayennensis, Gmelin, from Cayenne, was described by
him as ‘Vanello minor ;” and if it is not invariably less than
Vanellus cristatus, with which he compared it, the Specimens
* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 2) iii, pp. 136, 137.
450 MR. J. E. HARTING ON THE [June 16,
which I have seen from the above-named eastern localities seem to
justify the observation that it is never larger. Now the bird from
Chili, which is found also in Patagonia, and, I believe, in the Falkland
Islands, is always considerably larger than V. ertstatus and a fortiori
than V7. cayennensis. Size, however, is not the only respect in which
il differs from the last-named. It will be seen on comparison that
the black colour of the forehead extends further back, and encroaches
more upon the cheeks; the same colour upon the chin (which in
V. cayennensis is restricted to a small patch between the rami of the
lower mandible, very faintly edged with white, and passing into a
mere streak which almost disappears before it reaches the black of
the breast) has in the western bird the appearance of one broad
patch of equal width, extending from the base and beyond the rami
of the under mandible quite down to the black of the breast, into
which it merges. This broad patch is very conspicuously edged
with a white line, which extends from the black breast-plate
upwards in front of the eye and over the crown, and so downwards
on the other side, separating conspicuously the black forehead and
throat from the grey of the crown, nape, and sides of the neck.
The crown, nape, and sides of the head and neck in V. cayennensis
are brown (or, perhaps, it would be more correct to say greyish
brown), instead of pearl-grey as in the other; and, to judge by the
specimens which I have examined, V. cayennensis always has a well-
developed occipital crest of black feathers, while in the other the
crest is not only more scanty in appearance, but the few feathers of
which it is composed are grey rather than black. In this respect it
approaches Vanellus resplendens, Tschudi (V. ptilosceles, Gray),
from the Peruvian Andes, which is not crested.
It may be suggested that the crest is only an adornment during
the breeding-season, like the frill of Machetes pugnaz ; but if so, this
is contrary to what occurs in the case of Vanellus cristatus, and,
moreover, most of the specimens forwarded from Chili were pro-
cured at a time when the birds must have had eggs or young.
In addition to this, the tibia is feathered much lower down than
in V. cayennensis, the tarsus is proportionally shorter and more
robust, the toes proportionally shorter and less attenuated.
On account of these and other less-marked differences, it appears
to me that the western may be readily separated from the eastern
form; and I propose to distinguish it accordingly as Vanellus ocei-
dentalis.
The synonymy, habitat*, and diagnosis of the two species stand as
follows :—
VANELLUS CAYENNENSIs (Gmelin).
Parra cayennensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 706 (1788).
Tringa cayennensis, Latham, Ind. Orn. ii. p. 727 (1790); id.
Gen. Hist. ix. p. 300 (1824).
* For the present, the habitat given in each case must be considered to be only
provisional, until the geographical distribution of the two becomes better known.
1974. ] -- LAPWING OF CHILI. : 431
Charadrius lampronotus, Wagler, Syst. Av. Charad. n. 48
(1827).
Fanetus cayennensis, Schlegel (part.), Mus. P.-B. Cursor. p. 57
(1865) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p.591.
Hab. Venezuela, Guiana, Amazonas, Brazil, Uruguay, Buenos
Ayres.
‘Diagn. V. fronte et gula nigris; stria angusta a mento ad pec-
tus nigra ducta; verticis medio brunneo; cervice albida ;
occipitis fusci crista nigricante ; regione parotica et colli
lateribus brunneis; dorso virescenti-purpureo; tectricibus
alarum exterioribus albis, primariis nigris; spinis alarum
earnosis ; pectoris fascia lata nigra; abdomine erissoque
albis ; cauda a basi ad medium alba, altera parte nigra, apicis
margine albo. Rostro rubro, apice nigro ; pedibus rubescenti-
bus.
Long. tot. 11°5-12 poll., rostr. 1:2, alee 8°5, tib. nud. 1-1°3;
tars. 2°75-2°9, dig. med. 1:4,
VANELLUS OCCIDENTALIS, mihi.
Parra chilensis, Molina, Saggio sulla Stor. Nat. del Chili, p. 205
(1810).
feck, cayennensis, Bridges, P. Z.S. 1841, p- 94, 1843, p. 117;
Gay, Faun. Chil. i. p. 400 (1847); Cassin, Gillis’s Expl. Exped.
p- 195 (1855) ; Schlegel (part.), Mus. P.-B. Curs. p. 57 (1865).
Vanellus chiliensis, Yarrell, P. Z. S. 184 7, p. 54.
Hab. Chili, Patagonia, Falkland I. (?).
Diagn. Similis V. cayennensi sed major; occipite suberistato; tibie
plumis longioribus, tarsis pedibusque robustioribus. Fronte et
gula nigris ; stria lata a mento ad pectus nigra ducta, linea
alba marginata ; verticis medio cinereo ; cervice albida 3 7Te-
gione parotica et colli lateribus cinereis ; dorso virescenti-
purpureo; tectricibus alarum exterioribus albis, primariis
nigris ; spinis alarum flavicantibus ; pectoris fascia lata nigra;
abdomine crissoque albis; cauda a basi ad medium alba, altera
parte nigra, apicis margine albo. Rostro rubro, apice nigro ;
pedibus rubescentibus.
Long. tot. 15-15°5 poll., rostr. 1:2-1°3, alee 9°7-9-9, tib. nud.
°6—-7, tars. 2°8-2°9, dig. med. 1°4—1°5.
If the habits ascribed by Molina to his Parra chilensis are those
of the present species, as seems probable, his account of the bird is
the fullest which has appeared. It is not altogether free from doubt,
however ; for Molina’s bird is described as having a small fleshy pro-
tuberance on the forehead, a peculiarity which is not observable in
the present species. Translated from the Italian his description runs
somewhat as follows :—
“This bird being well armed defends itself with spirit against all
animals, and repulses them by striking at them furiously with its
spurs. Notwithstanding that its toes are well divided, it never
perches ou trees or dwells in elevated spots, but is always found in
the plains, where it feeds on worms and insects. It nests amongst
452 MR. R.SWINHOE ON A NEW DEER FROM NINGPO. [June 16,
the herbage, and lays only three eggs, rather larger than Partridges’
eggs, of a dusky colour variegated with black, and better-flavoured
than hen’s eggs.”
“The male and female always keep together; and one rarely sees
them in flocks. When they perceive that any one is looking for
their eggs, they quietly retire as far as they can from the nest,
squatting down on the grass, nor do they show themselves except at
a distance and without manifesting the least alarm ; but should they
see the intruder approaching their cherished brood, they rise upon
the wing and dart down at him with the greatest fury.
This trait (which they share in common with the Lapwing) and
the other above-mentioned peculiarities, or characteristics, at first
induced me to place it in the same genus, calling it Tringa chilensis ;
but the small fleshy protuberance on the forehead * compelled me
to leave it in the genus Parra, from which, however, it differs by
the moderate size of its toes.
“It has been observed that these birds never call out at night
except when they hear some one pass. On this account the Arau-
canians make use of them in time of war, as so many sentinels on the
alert to give warning against a surprise of the enemy.
‘In times gone by the gentry of the country amused themselves
by hawking at these birds with trained Falcons ; but now they shoot
them with guns.
‘Their flesh is not inferior to that of the Woodcock.”
A similar account is given more briefly by Gay in his ‘ Fauna
Chilena,’ vol. i. p. 400; and Bridges (1. s. c.) has not added much
more to the history of the bird. He describes it as “one of the
most common birds found on the plains near the Andes and in other
parts of the country,” and found its food to consist of worms,
locusts, &e. The eggs he described as excellent eating and resem-
bling those of the Lapwing of England, Vanellus cristatus—a de-
scription which was subsequently confirmed by Yarrell, who gave a
more detailed account of their size, colour, and appearance (P. Z.S.
1847, p. 54) from specimens which had been forwarded to him from
Chili.
9. On a Small, Tufted, Hornless Deer from the Mountains
near Ningpo. By R. Swinuor.
[Received June 16, 1874.]
(Plate LIX.)
My friend and correspondent Mr. A. Michie wrote me a letter,
dated Shanghai, December 19, 1873, as follows :-—“ I send another
note to overtake the mail, to tell you I have just found a new deer
* This was a mistake on the part of Molina. No such protuberance is
observable in the birds before me.
ueu
1874.] MR. R. SWINHOE ON A NEW DEER FROM NINGPO. 453
from the Ningpo country. It is a dark iron-grey or pepper-and-salt
colour, like some Scotch terriers, with white tips to its ears, square-
built (that is, straight back and pointed hip), with very short tail. On
its forehead is a thick black mane like the bristles of a boar. The
skull has, unfortunately, got smashed—the people say by the struggles
of the animal (they caught it alive) ; but I will send you as much
of the skin and skeleton as 1 can. It has the lachrymal sinus, but
not so large as the Muntjacs;-in size the beast about equals the
Muntjac. When I say this is a new deer, I only mean it is new to me,
though it may be familiar to you.”
Tn due course the skin came home, but not a fragment of the skull.
I drew Mr. Sclater’s attention to the animal ; and he said it might pos-
sibly be theHlaphodus cephalophus \ately described by Alphonse Milne-
Edwards from specimens sent by Pére David from Moupin. This gen-
tleman, to whom I wrote on the subject, very kindly sent me a copy
of the coloured plate of the female with head of the male, and one of
the plates of the male skull intended to illustrate his outcoming work
‘Recherches pour servir 4] Hist. Nat. des Mammiféres.’
In his later letters Mr. Michie informs me that his animal is known
to the natives as the “ Shanyang,”’ or wild goat, that it was reported
to him that the specimen was a female, and that on his describing it
to Pére David, who came soon after to Shanghai, the worthy priest
said that he had procured the same species in the mountains of the
north-west. Mr. Michie sent a photograph of the animal, taken
while still fresh.
A short description of the Elaphodus cephalophus is given, with
the initials A. M.-E., in a note at the foot of Pére David’s list of Chi-
nese Mammals, in the ‘Nouv. Arch. du Mus.’ Bull. p. 93. With
this Mr. Michie’s animal agrees except as regards horns. David's
animal had, according to this note, “‘cornes d’un pouce de long.”
Michie’s specimen has none; and the skin shows no sign of any. It
agrees in colour with the description, and thus differs notably from
the drawing of the female, which is coloured chestnut-red, and has
searcely any of the bristly crest, a very conspicuous character in our
specimen. It also lacks the canine teeth ; Michie’s skin bears marks
of teeth on the lips—though, as the skull is unfortunately away, no
teeth are in place. It has also other indications of the male sex;
and for the present I think we may be justified in taking to ourselves
the benefit of the doubt, and accept this animal as a new form, for
which [ would propose the name
LoPrHOTRAGUS MICHIANUS, nov. gen. et. spec. (Plate LIX.)
I cannot, unfortunately, give any cranial characters, not a vestige
of the skull, as I have said before, being left within the skin. Coat
consisting of coarse thick hair, which gives the animal a very goat-like
appearance ; it has no indications of horns; but a thick tuft of coarse
hair springs from the forehead, about 2 inches long, and lies back
between base of ears. The lachrymal slit is about °8 inch long; and
the nostrils are confluent with the upper lip. Its chin abounds with
long bristly hair ; its hoofs are rather long and blackish.
454 MR. J. E. HARTING ON THE EGGS [June 16,
General colour light blackish brown, darker on forehead, frontal
tuft, back of ear, and along back; quite black on legs.
Underparts rather lighter-coloured, pure white on under tail, be-
tween thighs, and on tips, inside, and base of ears, their inner surface
being crossed by a bar of blackish ; the upper lip with a whitish line
above it, and the lower with whitish just below it.
Mr. Keuleman’s drawing gives a very good idea of this animal,
which measures about 2] inches in height.
10. On the Eggs of some little-known Limicole.
By J. E. Hartine, F.LS., F.Z.8.
[Received June 16, 1874.]
(Plate LX.)
The great assistance which may be derived in determining the
natural affinities of birds by a study of comparative oology has
been ably exposed by M. des Murs. No apology, therefore, seems
to be needed for the following brief remarks on the eggs of some
little-known wading-birds in the collection of the writer. It may be
observed, however, that, for want of a recognized standard of colours
amongst ornithologists, it is extremely difficult to describe an egg
properly, or in such a manner even as to render its identification
easy. For this reason, it seems better to appeal to the eye, at once,
by means of a coloured representation, rather than to attempt a de-
scription which might defeat the object in view. I have accordingly
confined my remarks to a description of the breeding-haunts,
number of eggs laid, and other details of a like nature, leaving the
coloured figures of such as are represented to speak for themselves.
GLAREOLA MELANOPTERA, Nordm.
Pallas described this bird (which he took for G. pratincola) as
very common between spring and autumn in the deserts of Tartary
from the Volga to the Irtish. It has since been ascertained to have
a much more extensive range, being found not only in Southern
Russia, Turkey in Asia, Persia, and Arabia, but also throughout a
considerable portion of the African continent, even to the west
coast, specimens having been received from the Gaboon, Princes
Island, and Damaraland. It is found also at the Cape.
I have received the egg from Southern Russia through Herr
Méschler, but without any indication, unfortunately, of the precise
locality where it was taken. It resembles the egg of Glareola pra-
tincola; but the ground-colour is clearer and less suffused with spots
and blotches.
TEREKIA CINEREA (Giildenst.).
Several eggs of this bird were taken by Messrs. Alston and Harvie
Brown on the Dwina, near Archangel, in June 1872 (cf. Ibis, 1873,
ie
a
1874.] OF LITTLE-KNOWN LIMICOLE. 455
p- 68), some of which have been kindly presented to me. The finders
describe the nest as a slight saucer-shaped hollow in the ground,
lined with chips of wood and bits of thick reed, and placed in
open marshy parts of the alder thickets by the sides of ‘‘ hourias,”’
or creeks, or in the sand amongst bent-grass. The eggs were
found between the 15th June and the end of that month. They
add, ‘the eggs in many instances closely resemble those of Aeéitis
hypoleuea, but are a little larger. They bear no resemblance
whatever to the eggs of Limose; indeed all this bird’s habits,
motions, cry, and quick darting erratic flight show its affinities with
the Sandpipers and not with the Godwits.”
GLAREOLA LACTEA, Temm. (Plate LX. fig. 1.)
The small Swallow Plover, as it is called by Anglo-Indiansg, is
generally distributed throughout India, Nepal, Upper Burmah, and
Tenasserim, but not in China or the Malay archipelago. Jerdon
found it breeding at Thyetmyo in Upper Burmah, in May, when
the young were just flown; and Mr. Brooks, C.E., found nests in a
large sandy churr near Mirzapore. The egg here figured was pro-
cured with another by Dr. A. Anderson at Futtehgurh in April
1873. He reports that this species never lays more than two eggs
at a time; and the parent birds are described as endeavouring to
entice away the intruder from their nests just like a Plover.
LoBIVANELLUS GOENsIS (Gmelin).
This is a common species enough in India; but the egg does not
appear to be well known. It resembles the egg of Vanellus cristatus,
but is less pyriform, and the ground-colour is paler.
The bird breeds in June or July, on rushy sand islets on large
rivers, or on bushy downs inland. The eggs are laid on the bare
ground, without any attempt at a nest, but are often concealed amid
grass or under a thicket, although more frequently exposed to view.
The specimen here figured is one from a nest of four taken at
Futtehgurh on the 27th April, 1873, and forwarded by Dr. A.
Anderson.
Hop.oprervus VENTRALIS (Wagler). (Plate LX. fig. 3.)
The Indian Spur-winged Plover is reported to be generally distri-
buted throughout India, Burmah, Arracan, and Tenasserim, down
as far as Singapore ; and Mr. Swinhoe has recorded it from Hainan,
although it is not found in China. It breeds at the close of the
cold weather, when the rivers are at their lowest, laying its eggs (gener-
ally four in number) on the bare sand, and always on anislet. The
example now figured for the first time was forwarded from Futteh-
gurh by Dr. A. Anderson.
Esacus RECURVIROSTRIS (Cuvier).
The handsome egg here referred to was sent home by the late Lieut.
Beavan as an egg of this species ; but unfortunately the particulars of
locality, date, &c. have been either lost or mislaid. That it really
456 MR. J. E. HARTING ON THE EGGS {June 16,
is the egg of Esacus recurvirostris there can be no doubt, since its
size, shape, and peculiar coloration preclude its belonging to any
other species inhabiting India. It resembles in some respects the
egg of Gdicnemus crepitans, but is larger, the ground-colour of a
warmer tint, and the surface more richly blotched. Thienemann
figures it (plate lvii. fig. 1) as larger than the Australian Gidienemus
grallarius ; but this is surely a mistake. Jerdon states (Birds of India,
ii. p. 653) that he never procured the eggs of this bird in India; but
Mr. Layard found it breeding in Ceylon.
PLuviIANUs £Gyptius (Linn.). (Plate LX. fig. 2.)
The only account that I have found of the nesting of this bird is
in Bideker’s work. He refers to it as breeding on the sandy islands
of the Nile, and says “it scratches a hole in the sand or gravel, and
lays four eggs therein. These are very difficult to find, as the
vigilant bird when it observes the approach of an intruder covers
them over before it leaves the nest.’ The eggs seem to be ex-
tremely rare in collections. That now figured is the only one which
I have seen. It was found ona sand-bank near Damietta, by Mr. J.
H. Cochrane, who shot the old bird in May 1862.
It may be here observed that this so-called Nile Plover is not
confined to East and North-east Africa, but is also found on the
west coast. Hartlaub records it from Senegambia (Orn. W.-Afr.).
Monteiro found it in Angola (Ibis, 1862, p. 336); and I have in
my collection a specimen which was obtained by Mr. Ussher on the
Volta river in August 1870.
HopLoprerus sPinosvs (Linn.).
The North-African Spur-winged Plover is one of the commonest
birds in Egypt, where it remains throughout the year. Captain
Shelley states (Birds of Egypt, p. 232) that it commences to breed
in March, at which season he has found as many as thirty nests
close together towards the point of a sand bank. It also breeds
in the fields. ‘The nest consists of a circular shallow hole in the
sand, roughly lined with short pieces of dried reeds, just sufficient
to prevent the eggs from touching the ground.
Four, taken by Mr. J. H. Cochrane about three miles above
Damietta, are now before me. They are not unlike the eggs of Lodz-
vanellus goensis, above referred to.
CuH#TUSIA CORONATA (Gmelin).
For two eggs of this African Plover I am indebted to my friend
Mr. E. L. Layard, who procured them with several others in
Cape Colony. The nest, he informed me, is a mere depression
in the soil, and was generally found to contain but three eggs.
Andersson thought that’ this species must breed in Damaraland, as he
found young birds there in almost every stage of plumage (cf. Birds
of Damara Land, p. 269). A specimen is figured by Thienemann ~
(plate lviii. fig, 6); but the figure is unsatisfactory for want of colour.
1874.] OF LITTLE-KNOWN LIMICOLZ. 457
(CEDICNEMUS MACULOsUs, Temm.
This is another egg obtained by Mr. E. L. Layard in Cape Colony,
where the bird is generally distributed, preferring broken ground
sparingly covered with dwarf bush. The nest, like that of the last-
named bird, is a mere depression in the soil. This egg, I find, is figured
by Thienemann (plate lvii. fig. 3), but is unfortunately uncoloured.
ANcIALITIS PECUARIUS (Temm.). (Plate LX. fig. 4.)
Since working out the synonymy of this species (Ibis, 1873,
p. 262), I find that Vieillot’s specific name varius, to which I gave
priority in consequence of its having been published four years prior
to pecuarius of Temminck, had been previously applied by Linnzus
(ex Brisson) to the Grey Plover, Squatarola helvetica, so that
Temminck’s name will stand after all.
In the paper above referred to (p. 266) I thus described the eggs
of this bird, one of which is now figured :—‘‘ The eggs, of which I
have specimens procured in South Africa by my friend Mr. Layard, are
most like the eges of 4. tricollaris and 4. nigrifrons (Australia).
They are a trifle smaller than those of the well-known 4. cantianus,
less pyriform in shape, and with a smoother and therefore more glossy
shell. In colour, though not in shape and size, they remind one of
the ege of Oursorius gallicus, being of a pale clay-colour closely
freckled over with minute specks and scratches of umber-brown.”
ANGIALITIS TRICOLLARIS (Vieill.). (Plate LX. fig. 5.)
This bird, according to Mr. Layard (who presented the specimen
now figured), breeds on the sea-shore or along the banks of streams
and “yleys”’ in the Cape Colony and never far from water. ‘The
nest,” he adds, “is a mere depression in the soil, unprotected by stone
or bush; and the eggs, enormous for the size of the bird, are two in
number, of a dirty white ground-colour, profusely and minutely
covered with hair streaks, having a tendency to run in zones, there
being always one at the obtuse end.” This peculiar character is not
shown by Thienemann, whose figure of this egg (plate lix. fig. 7) is
not satisfactory.
VANELLUS CAYENNENSIS (Gmelin).
This South-American Lapwing in its mode of nesting, number
and colour of its eggs, closely resembles our well-known Vanellus
cristatus.
An egg now before me was taken by Mr. G. Fitzmaurice in Uruguay,
not far from Monte Video.
JRGIALITIS FALKLANDICA (Latham). (Plate LX. fig. 6.)
I am indebted to Mr. Gould for a nest of three eggs of this species
from the Falkland Isles, one of which is here figured. I believe no
representation of this egg has been previously published, although
Captain Abbott has referred to his having found the nest and
eges, without describing them, also in the Falkland Isles. He
says (Ibis, 1861, p. 155.), “‘This Plover is a spring visitor, arriving
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXX. 30
458 MR. J. E. HARTING ON THE EGGS [June 16,
about the beginning of September, and breeding shortly afterwards,
although I have also found a nest with fresh eggs in it in October.
The eggs, three in number, are generally laid on a bank at a short
distance from the beach, without any nest, being merely deposited in
a hole.”
This species is not confined to the Falkland Isles, but is met with
also throughout Patagonia and Chili.
JEGIALITIS COLLARIS (Vieillot). (Plate LX. fig. 7.)
This is one of the birds which Mr. Edward Bartlett found breeding
on the Upper and Lower Ucayali (cf. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309).
His note on the species is to the effect that it breeds on the sand
banks in company with Chordeiles rupestris and Phaethusa magniros-
tris, laying two, sometimes four eggs, smaller but similarly coloured
to those of our Little Ringed Plover. From a comparison of the
eggs, I may add that those of 4. collaris are of a richer or warmer
colour than those of 44. minor, which in other respects they much
resemble. From what we know of the habits of its congeners, no
doubt the full complement of eggs is always four.
LoBIVANELLUS LOBATUS (Latham).
Mr. Gould has kindly presented me with eggs of this and the fol-
lowing species from New South Wales. In his ‘ Birds of Australia,’
and subsequently published ‘ Handbook ’ on the same subject, he has
mentioned various localities for this bird in Southern and Western
Australia, and he was then of opinion that it was not found in North
Australia. Specimens, however, have reached me from Wide Bay,
Queensland, so that it is evident the species is pretty generally dis-
tributed. It is found in Tasmania and on the islands of Bass’s
Straits—particularly on Green Island, where it breeds. It frequents
marshy ground and the borders of inland pools and lakes, and breeds
in September and October. Mr. E. P. Ramsay, who has figured the
eggs of this and the following species (Ibis, 1867, pl. ix.), states that
“the eggs, which are four in number, are placed with the thin ends
inwards, and laid upon the ground by the side of some tuft of grass
or rushes, in a slight hollow made for their reception, with occa-
sionally a few blades of grass placed under and around them, but as
often as not without any sign of a nest.”
This Plover, like the well-known European Lapwing, shows great
anxiety for its eggs and young, fluttering off at the approach of an
intruder, and using every artifice, by feigning broken leg or wing, to
entice him away from the spot.
SARCIOPHORUS PECTORALIS (Cuvier).
According to the observations of Mr. E. P. Ramsay (J. c.) this
bird breeds in similar situations to the last named, but somewhat
earlier in the season. It is more local, however, and frequents drier
tracts of country. Mr. Morton Allport has recorded the fact of its
breeding in Tasmania (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1859, vol. i.
1874. ] OF LITTLE-KNOWN LIMICOL. 459
p- 300). The eggs of this and the last-named species have the
ground-colour much greener than is usual with the Vanelline.
CEDICNEMUS GRALLARIUS (Lath.).
The egg of this fine Thick-knee, from Western Australia, was pre-
sented to me by Mr. Gould. Although specimens vary in colour as
well as in markings, they are usually of a pale buff, thickly blotched
over with umber-brown. They are always two in number, and are
laid on the bare ground, during September and October.
/RGIALITIS RUFICAPILLUS, Gould. (Plate LX. fig. 8.)
The egg here figured is one of four taken on Rotnest Island,
Western Australia. It is to be regretted that the collector who
took the trouble to identify them did not also forward with them
some details of the haunts and breeding-habits of the parent birds,
with an account of the time and manner of nesting. There is no
reason, however, to suppose that it differs much in this respect from
others of the Ringed-Plover group; and it doubtless approximates
more nearly to our Kentish Plover than to any other.
ZEGIALITIS NIGRIFRONS (Cuvier). (Plate LX. fig. 9.)
The egg of this pretty little Ringed Plover will probably be new to
many. It was taken with others by Mr. Wilson on the river Namoi,
New South Wales, towards the end of December.
HIMANTOPUS LEUCOCEPHALUS, Gould.
I am indebted to Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown for the eggs of this and
the two following species. They were taken for him in Canterbury
Settlement, N. Z., by his friend Mr. J. R. Cook, of Blue-Cliffs Run,
in that settlement, and most kindly forwarded to me. The eggs of
this Stilt are scarcely distinguishable from those of the European
species.
HIMANTOPUS NOV2Z-ZEALANDIZ, Gould. (Plate LX. fig. 10.)
The egg here figured is one from a nest of four, taken by Mr. J.
R. Cook on the shingle of the Otaio river-bed, on the 14th October,
1872, on which day he took three nests, each containing four eggs.
He reports that they were easy to find, as the birds were bold and
noisy. The nest was composed of drift-weed, and fairly well built.
Mr. Cook says the local name of the bird is ‘* Poaka,” a name not
mentioned by Mr. Buller (Birds of New Zealand, p. 205), who
gives “ Kaki” asthe New-Zealand name. But doubtless different
names are applied to the same bird in different parts of the country.
The markings on these eggs have a tendency to run in streaks, instead
of being in spots or blotches, as is the case with other species of the
genus.
ANARHYNCHUS FRONTALIS (Quoy & Gaim.). (Plate LX. fig. 11.)
This last egg, for which I am indebted to Mr. J. A. Harvie
Brown, is perhaps the most interesting of the whole series. Since
30*
460 MESSRS. BLACKMORE AND ALSTON [June 16,
I published my account of this singular species in the ‘ Ibis’ (1869,
p- 304) several additional and interesting particulars have been added
to its life-history by Mr. Potts (Trans. N. Z. Inst. vol. ili. p. 93) and
by Mr. Buller (Birds of New Zealand, p. 216).
The egg, however, has not hitherto been figured ; and the following
notes, by the collector, will doubtless be acceptable to ornithologists.
Mr. J. R. Cook, the collector above referred to, reports that he took
the egg here figured with two others from a nest in the Otaio river-
bed, Canterbury Settlement, on the 20th October, 1872. The nest
was on sand amongst shingle, aud very hard to find, although the
birds were bold. The eggs were placed point downwards and were
almost covered with small pieces of lichen, apparently placed there
by the bird for the purpose of concealing them during its absence
from the nest.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX.
Fig. 1. Glareola lactea, p. 455. Fig. 7. Zigialitis collaris, p. 458.
2. Pluvianus egyptius, p. 456. 8. ruficapillus, p. 459.
3. Hoplopterus ventralis, p. 455. 9. nigrifrons, p. 459.
4, Agialitis pecuarius, p. 457. 10. Himantopus nove-zealandie,
5. tricollaris, p. 457. p. 459.
6. —— falklandicus, p. 457. 11. Anarhynchus frontalis, p. 459.
11. On Fossil Arvicolide. By Humpurey P. Biackmors,
M.D., and Epwarp R. Atuston, F.Z.S.
{Received June 10, 1874.,]
In the following pages we have attempted to review the informa-
tion which we at present possess as to Arvicolide that have been
found in a fossil state, and their relationship to recent species. In
the course of our investigations the conclusion has been forced upon
us, that in many cases it is not possible to identify and define species
of this family by the pattern of the molar teeth alone with the
accuracy which has been claimed ; and as these are the only cha-
racteristic remains which are forthcoming in the case of most of the
fossils, it follows that some of our determinations are and must be
merely approximate.
Blasius seems to have been the first to recognize the diagnostic
value of the form and number of the prisms which form the crowns
of the molars in the Arvicolide; and when taken along with other
structural details and with external characters they afford an in-
valuable key to the numerous species and varieties of this most
difficult group. But when considered alone they are not conclusive
in every case. Thus, for example, 4. arvalis cannot be separated
by its teeth from the very distinct 4. subterraneus, while many
species are liable to occasional individual variations which might
well be regarded as showing specific distinction if other characters
were overlooked. Again, the form and proportions of some of the
bones of the skull vary very considerably according to the age of
the animal—a fact which has been overlooked by many writers
1874. ] ON FOSSIL ARVICOLIDZ. 461
(as Prince Bonaparte and M. Pomel), who have attributed specific
value to slight cranial differences. In accordance with these views
we have thought it necessary considerably to reduce the number of
recorded species.
Remains of Arvicolide have been found in the upper beds of the
Norwich Crag series, in the breccia of the Mediterranean islands, in
brick-earths and other deposits of the Drift period, and in many
bone-caves in England, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. When
not identical ‘with the species now inhabiting these countries, they
show affinity, as might be expected, with North-European and
Siberian forms; and the two species of restricted Myodes, in parti-
cular, are very characteristic of the glacial fauna of which they were
members.
Before proceeding to the enumeration of the Species, we have to
express our best thanks to those who have assisted us with informa-
tion and the loan of specimens, especially to the Committee of the
Norfolk and Norwich Museum, to Sir Charles Lyell and Prof. Owen,
Messrs. Boyd Dawkins and Sanford, Mr. Moore, of Bath, Messrs.
Southwell, Harmer, and Reeve, of Norwich, and Mr. Bidgood, of
Taunton.
1. ARvicoLa GLAREOLUs (Schreber).
1846. Arvicola pratensis, Owen, Br. Foss. Mamm. p- 208, fig. 78.
1852(?). Arvicola delarbrei (sp. n.), Pomel, Ann. Sc. de Au-
vergne, xxv. p. 362.
1855. Arvicola glareolus, Hensel, Zeits. d. Deutsch. Geol. Ges.
vil. p. 483.
1866. Arvicola pratensis, Boyd Dawkins & Sanford, Pleistoc.
Mamm. (Introd.) p. xxxvi.
1869. Arvicola pratensis, Boyd Dawkins, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxv.
p. 194.
1870. Arvicola glareolus, Sanford, ibid. xxvi. p. 124.
The Red Field-Vole was first noticed as a fossil species by Prof.
Owen, under Baillon’s name of 4. pratensis, some remains obtained
by Mr. McEnery from Kent’s Hole, now in the British Museum,
having been identified by Mr. Waterhouse. M. Pomel’s A. delar-
bret, from the Bréche de Coudes, is stated to be a little larger than
A. glureolus, and to differ slightly in the details of the molars; but
these are points in which individual variations are constantly found
in the recent animal. The species appears to have been rare in
England in Pleistocene times; Mr. Boyd Dawkins added no new
localities ; and Mr. Sanford had only seen two jaws, one of which,
from Hutton Cave, is in the Taunton Museum. ~ Mr. C. Moore has
found a detached first lower molar in a cavern near Bristol; we
have a jaw from Wookey Hole in our own collection; and a frag-
mentary jaw and some separate teeth from the Norfolk forest-bed
series are in the Norwich Museum.
A. glareolus has a recent European range north of the Alps and
Apennines, extending to within the Arctic Circle and to the Ural
462 MESSRS. BLACKMORE AND ALSTON {June 16,
Mountains; and it is widely but locally distributed throughout
Britain. Its fossil remains do not appear to have been recognized,
except in France and England.
The molars of this species are distinguished from those of all the
other known Voles (except the nearly allied 4. rutilus, Pall.) by the
development in the adult animal of distinct roots, whence it has been
generically separated under the name Hypudeus, Illig.* The
enamel-folds are proportionally thicker than in the other species, the
cemental spaces are more rounded, and the anterior ones of the first
lower molar are more distinctly separated. The pattern, which is
liable to slight individual variation, especially in the third upper
molar, is as follows :—
Upper 1. 5 spaces 6 angles. Lower I. 7 spaces 9 angles.
II. 4 5
29 2? >” > i) ” 6 22
mE Ls Gr acs, sosteanivele: so} LL) asd Greens
We have examined the specimens in the British, Taunton, and
Norwich Museums, and in our own collection.
2. ArvIcoLa AMPHIBIUS (Linn.).
1823. Water-Rat, Buckland, Rel. Diluv. p. 18, plate xi. figs. 1-6,
12-18.
1825. Campagnol des cavernes, Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. v. pt. 1.
p. 54.
1846. Arvicola amphibia, Owen, Br. Foss. Mamm. p. 201, fig. 76.
1846. (?) Arvicola, sp.?, Owen, ibid. p. 205.
1847. “ Hypudeus speleus, Cuy.,” Giebel, Fauna der Vorwelt,
i. p. 88.
1852. (2) Arvicola antiquus, sp. n., Pomel, Ann. Se. de P Auvergne,
xxv. p. 361.
1852. (?) Arvicola robustus, sp. n., Pomel, ibid. p. 362.
1855. (?) Arvicola, sp.?, Lyell, Man. Elem. Geol. (5th ed.), pp. 156,
168, fig. 146.
1866. Arvicola amphibia, Boyd Dawkins & Sanford, Pleist.
Mamm. (Introd.) p. xxxvi.
1869. Arvicola amphibius, Boyd Dawkins, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxv.
p. 194. .
1870. Arvicola amphibius, Sanford, ibid. xxvi. p. 124.
Dr. Buckland found the remains of the ‘‘ Water-Rat’’ so abun-
dant in the Kirkdale Cave that almost every fragment of the osseous
breccia which he examined contained teeth or broken bones, several
of which he figured. Cuvier examined specimens from the same
locality, and found them to agree well with this species, but re-
marked that, although larger than the remains from Sardinia and
Corsica (= A. brecciensis, see p. 466), they were smaller than the
recent A. amphibius. On this observation Dr. Giebel founded his
“Hyp. speleus, Cuv.” Prof. Owen, however, found that speci-
* Dr. Forsyth Major mentions a large species, resembling A. amphibius but
with rooted molars, as found in the lignites of Leffe, in Lombardy, but has not
yet named or described it (Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. xv. p. 584).
1874.} ON FOSSIL ARVICOLID. 463
mens from Kent’s Hole, agreeing closely in character with those
from Kirkdale, were not inferior in size to the existing Water-Vole.
Dr.Schmerling figures what appears to be the present species from the
Belgian bone-caves (‘Oss. Foss. des Cavernes de Liége,’ 1833). In
1852 M. Pomel described two new species, A. antiquus and A.
robustus, from the Bréche de Coudes and other French deposits, de-
fining them by slight cranial differences, probably attributable to
age, and by the anterior space of the first lower molar being rounded
in the first and almost triangular in the second—a variation con-
stantly met with in A. amphibius.
In considering the size of fossil Voles allied to the present, it
must be remembered that several races now exist in Europe which
vary very greatly in this respect, and which are often regarded as
distinct species. Of these the best marked are 4. amphibius (Linn.),
A. terrestris (Linn.), and A. destructor, Savi; and it has been
shown by Blasius (Saugeth. Deutschl. pp. 344-358) and by Fatio
(‘Campagnols du Léman,’ pp. 36-48), that although typical ex-
amples of each form are very different in size, proportions, and
external characters, yet they run into one another by such numerous
gradations that it is impossible to find constant characters by which
they may be defined and separated. Such being the case with the
recent animal, it is, of course, all the more impossible to separate
fossils by the teeth and jaws alone.
Prof. Owen mentions some portions of upper and lower jaws from
“the older Pliocene crag near Norwich,’’ found along with molars
of Mastodon angustidens, as indicating a species of Arvicola inter-
mediate in size between 4. amphibius and A. agrestis. Sir C. Lyell,
in his ‘Elements’ (Sth ed.), figures these teeth, though on too
small a scale for satisfactory identification, but remarks that he does
not now regard these beds as older Pliocene, believing that some of
their fossils, including perhaps the Mastodon, may have been washed
out of the Red Crag. Prof. Owen having kindly informed us that
the specimens in question had been in the collection of the late
Miss Gurney of Northrepps, and were now in the Norfolk and
Norwich Museum, we applied, through our friend Mr. Southwell,
to the authorities of that institution, who most liberally allowed us
every facility for their examination; and Mr. Reeve, the curator,
has also obliged us with the loan of specimens from his private
cabinet. Those from the Gurney collection are labelled ‘ Ostend ;”
and Mr. F. W. Harmer kindly informs us that they are doubtless
from the preglacial forest-bed series at that place (between Buckton
and Hasbro’, on the Norfolk coast). Mr. Reeve’s examples are a
single jaw from the upper bed of crag at Bramerton, and others
from the freshwater beds overlying the forest-bed at Runton, near
Cromer: Mr. Harmer considers these last of similar age to the
Ostend deposits, and the fossils are identical in appearance. The
Bramerton jaw (fig. 1, a, p. 464) is not inferior in size to ordinary
English examples of A. amphibius, with which it perfectly agrees in
dentition. The same remark applies to some teeth from Ostend ;
but other specimens from that locality (fig. 1, 2, p. 464) and from
464 MESSRS. BLACKMORE AND ALSTON [June 16,
Runton are much smaller, being slightly less (and the jaws perhaps
more slender) than in a Swiss skull of the small ¢errestris race. It
Fig. 1.
a
6
S
Teeth of 4. amphibius.
is evident, therefore, that Prof. Owen was right in refraining
from definitely separating these fossils from the recent A. amphibius,
although the animal may of course have been sufficiently distinct,
and also that the deposits in which they occur are much more recent
than was formerly supposed.
At the present day A. amphibius ranges throughout all Europe,
and extends through the Caucasus to Persia, and to Northern Asia
as far as the Sea of Okhotsk. The destructor race inhabits the
Mediterranean countries ; and the small terrestris form is principally
found in the mountainous parts of Central Europe. Remains of the
Water-Vole are found abundantly in many drift-deposits, and in
most of the bone-caves of England, France, Belgium, and Germany.
The form of the teeth is very constant, except in minor details,
and does not vary in the different races. The pattern is :—
Upper I. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 7 spaces, 9 angles.
33 rT. 4 ” 5 29 bP) Il. Hy) bed 33
SUR eUT e Seliecs sek eOLcn oul (ole iosnee Olarss
We have compared the fossils in the British, Norwich, and
Taunton Museums, and in our own collection with recent skulls
from England, Scotland, and Switzerland.
3. ARVICOLA RATTICEPS, Keys. et Blas. (?).
1870. Arvicola ratticeps, Sanford, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxvi. p. 125,
pl. viii. fig. 1 a—d.
Among the Somersetshire cave-fossils in the Taunton Museum,
Mr. Sanford recognized a part of a skull and several lower jaws as
being undistinguishable from this northern species. In 1861 we
had found a large number of jaws and other remains in a deposit of
1874. ] ON FOSSIL ARVICOLIDZ. 465
brick-earth of the Drift period at Fisherton, near Salisbury, asso-
ciated with Myodes torquatus, Spermophilus erythrogenoides, &c. ;
and these we find to be certainly the same as the Somersetshire
specimens. A skull from the Bromberg cavern (from the Scem-
mering collection) is in the British Museum.
On comparing the dental pattern of these fossils with Blasius’s
figures of A. ratticeps (Siugeth. Deutschl. p. 366) we were struck
with the great variety of form in the anterior part of the first lower
molar, and more especially in the posterior part of the third upper
molar. We were at one time inclined to believe that the fossil might
be regarded as a distinct species, and are still of opinion that it may
represent a race distinct from the recent A. ratticeps ; but the varia-
tions are so great, both in the recent and the fossil skulls, that we
have sought in vain for any constant characters for specific distinction.
In the first lower molar many specimens agree exactly with 4.
ratticeps, but in others the anterior extremity is produced beyond
the first inner angle, so as to give the tooth the appearance of
having eight cemental spaces instead of seven: this type is some-
what exaggerated in Mr. Sanford’s fig. 1d. The outer margin of
the first two blended spaces is often less regularly convex than is
usually the case in recent A. ratticeps, so that the whole tooth
rather resembles Middendorff’s illustration of 4. obscurus (‘ Sib.
Reise,’ ii. pl. xi. fig. 4), and Hensel’s of his A. ambiguus (= A.
brecciensis, see p. 466).
But the most remarkable variation occurs in the third upper
molar, which differs so much that it is only the numerous interme-
diate forms that convince us that all belong to the same species. A
few, like that figured by Mr. Sanford, agree with typical A. ratticeps
in having four external and four internal angles ; but in many there
are only three external angles, and the whole form of the tooth more
resembles that of A. arvalis, while others present a type peculiar to
themselves. All we have yet examined differ from A. brecciensis in
having more than three internal angles (fig. 2, a—/).
it
3
Teeth of A. ratticeps and A. nivalis.
Ay
466 MESSRS. BLACKMORE AND ALSTON [June 16,
The recent skulls of 4. ratticeps present considerable variations,
though not to the extent shown in the fossils. In some the first
lower molar shows a slight approach to the prolongation of the an-
terior extremity alluded to above; and Blasius himself remarks that
the variation in the last upper tooth may lead to the formation of
false species (J. c. p. 368). We must therefore regard the fossil
animal as either identical with the recent, or as so nearly allied as
not to be separable by the materials which remain to us.
The recent range of this Vole extends from Scandinavia (where
Nilsson described it as Lemmus medius) through Lapland, North
Russia, and Siberia as far as Kamtschatka.
The most striking character in its dentition is the manner in which
the first two external angles of the first lower molar are blended in
a broad convex pillar. The pattern is :—
Upper 1. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 7 spaces, 9 angles.
2”) ar. 4 ” 5 ” 9 if, 4) bed 6 ”
Be Diet anaes) nd ate ass ee 5 oy gees
We have examined all the specimens above referred to, and have
compared them with recent skulls in the British Museum and in
our own collection.
4. ARVICOLA NIVALIS, Martins.
1873. Arvicola nivalis, C. J. Forsyth Major, Atti Soc. Ital. Se.
Nat. xv. p. 584.
Dr. Forsyth Major has récently announced the discovery of the
remains of this alpine species in the Cavern of Levrange in Lom-
bardy. A single jaw found along with these, of the last species, at
Fisherton, has much the character of A. nivalis in the form of the
first molar (fig. 2, g, p. 465); but the variation in the other teeth
among which it was discovered leads us to hesitate in describing the
species as British until further evidence is obtained.
At the present day this species seems to be confined to the Alps
of Central Europe, where it is found at an elevation of not less than
3000 feet above the sea-level; according to De Selys Longchamps
it also inhabits the Pyrenees.
The dentition does not appear to be liable to much variation. The
anterior extremity of the first lower molar is convex, passing at once
into the first exterior or internal angles. The pattern is :—
Upper I. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower. I. 8 spaces, 9 angles.
bP II. 4 »” 5 bed 2? I - 5 Bed 6 ”
95 he ET eae oo EE 455 - 6
We have compared the single jaw figured with recent skulls of
A. nivalis from Switzerland in the British Museum.
39
5. ARVICOLA BRECCIENSIS (Giebel).
1825. Campagnol de Cette, de Corse, et de Sardaigne, Cuvier,
Oss. Foss. iv. p. 225, v. pt. i. p. 54.
1874. | ON FOSSIL ARVICOLID. 467
1847. Hypudeus brecciensis, sp. u., Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, i.
. 88.
1855. Arvicola ambiguus, sp. u., Hensel, Zeits. d. Deutsch. Geol.
Ges. vil. p. 469, pl. xxv. figs. 3, 8, 9 (nec Pomel).
1859. Arvicola brecciensis, Gervais, Zool. et Paleont. Frang. (2™°
ed.) p. 41.
A species of Arvicola, found in the breccia of the Mediterranean
islands, was described but not systematically named by Cuvier, and
subsequently by Wagner (Karsten’s Archiv, xv. p. 10); and on
these descriptions Dr. Giebel founded his Hypudeus brecciensis.
On the ground that Giebel had not given sufficient diagnostic cha-
racters, Hensel re-named it 4. ambiguus, overlooking the previous
employment of that name by Pomel (see below, p. 469). Hensel
defines the species as having three external and three internal angles
to the third upper molar, and four external and five internal angles
to the first lower molar. He considers that its nearest affinities
among living forms were with the Siberian 4. obscurus, the size and
the form of the first lower molar agreeing well with Middendorff’s
figure of that species; but the third upper molar was very different,
and the facial portion of the skull was shorter.
According to Hensel’s figures and description, the pattern was :—
Upper I. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 7 spaces, 9 angles.
” Il. 4 ” 5 » » Il. 5 ” 6 2
” Ill. 5 ” 6 ” ” III. 4 2? 6 29
We have not seen specimens of this Vole; but if Hensel’s charac-
ters are constant, the species would appear to be a good one.
6. ARVICOLA AGRESTIS (Linn.).
1823. Young Water-Rat, Buckland, Rel. Diluv. p. 265, plate xi.
fig. 11.
1825. Petit Campagnol des Cavernes, Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. y.
pt. i. p. 54.
1846. Arvicola agrestis, Owen, Br. Foss. Mamm. p. 206, fig. 77.
1847. Hypudeus bucklandii, sp. u., Giebel, Fauna d. Vorwelt, i.
p- 88.
1852. (?) Arvicola arvaloides, sp. n., Pomel, Ann. Sc. de PAu-
vergne, xxv. p. 362.
1852. (2) Arvicola joberti, sp. n., Pomel, ibid. p. 363.
1866. Arvicola agrestis, Boyd Dawkins & Sanford, Pleist. Mamm.
(Introd.) p. xxxvi.
1869. Arvicola agrestis, Boyd Dawkins, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxv.
p. 194.
1870. Arvicola agrestis, Sanford, ibid. xxvi. p. 124.
Small remains of Arvicole, found in the Kirkdale Cave, were
attributed by Dr. Buckland to “ young Water-Rats.” He sent spe-
cimens to Cuvier, who observes that they were not larger than A.
arvalis, but that a femur was proportionally thicker, and that the
pelvis figured by Buckland resembled A. wconomus rather than A,
arvalis. At that time A. agrestis was universally confused with the
468 MESSRS. BLACKMORE AND ALSTON [June 16,
common continental 4, arvalis, and Cuvier probably never com-
pared the fossils with the former species. Prof. Owen rightly iden-
tified the Kirkdale and Kent’s-Hole specimens in the British Mu-
seum with A. agrestis, though he retained the error of giving
“Mus arvalis of Pallas”? as a synonym. Dr. Giebel, on the
strength of Cuvier’s remarks, bestowed the name Hypudeus buck-
landii on the Kirkdale Vole*. In 1852 M. Pomel described 4.
arvaloides and A. joberti as allied to A. neglectus ( = agrestis, cf.
Blasius, Siugeth. Deutschl. p. 372), and distinguished only by
slight cranial differences, to which no weight can be given. 4.
agrestis has been found in many bone-caves and other deposits in
Britain. Mr. Sanford considers that in the Somersetshire specimens
the diastema between the incisors and molars is longer, and the
whole jaw straighter than in recent skulls. We have received jaws
from the fissures in the limestone rocks near Bath, which exactly
agree with recent specimens.
The species is widely spread throughout Northern and Central
Europe, from Scandinavia and Finland to’ the Alps, but is most
plentiful in the North. It is the commonest species almost every-
where in Britain, though 4. glareolus appears to exceed it in num-
bers in some parts of Scotland.
The teeth of 4. agrestis may be recognized at a glance, by the
fact that the second upper molar has five cemental spaces instead of
four. The third upper molar sometimes shows a very minute sup-
plementary angle on the outside; this we have found both in recent
and fossil skulls. The pattern is :—
Upper I. 5spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 9 spaces, 10 angles.
ics 6 6
22 ~ bE ” >? Ue 5 bed 29
yy LD ScG? x, HiOri Sis; @ ALT s 6: Bes
We have examined the specimens in the British and Taunton Mu-
seums and in our own collection.
7. ARVICOLA ARVALIS (Pallas).
1873. Arvicola arvalis?, Forsyth Major, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat.
xv. p. 589.
Several jaws found in fissures in the limestone rocks near Bath,
which have been sent to us by our friend Mr. Moore, belong un-
doubtedly to a small group of Voles comprising 4. arvalis, A. saxa-
tilis, and A. gregalis, none of which are now natives of Britain.
These species agree so closely in dentition that it is impossible to
decide positively to which the fossils should be ascribed. In size
and proportions they agree very closely with Siberian skulls of A.
savxatilis in the British Museum ; but they also much resemble some
specimens of 4. arvalis. As Dr. Forsyth Major has lately doubt-
fully referred similar examples (found in the Cavern of Levrange
* Through a misreading of Cuvier’s observations on the remains of Mures
found by Buckland in the same cave, Giebel founded his Hyp. minimus (J. c.
p- 88), which, guependy. | is a synonym of some species of Mouse, probably
M. sylvaticus (cf. Hensel, 7. c. p. 484).
1874.] ON FOSSIL ARVICOLID. 469
Fig. 3.
0
Teeth of A. arvalis.
and in the bone-breccia of Oliveto, near Pisa) to A. arvalis, we have
thought it best provisionally to apply the same name to the Bath
fossils.
This is the commonest species of Field-Vole in Central Europe,
extending into Western Siberia, and, according to Radde, even as
far east as the desert of Gobi. It is not found in Scandinavia, nor
in Britain, and in Italy it appears to be confined to the northern
provinces, heing replaced in the former countries by A. agrestis, and
in the south of Italy by A. savii.
The dentition varies slightly, the pattern being :—
Upper I. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 8 spaces, 9 angles.
” I 4 ” i) ” ” EI: i) ” 6 ”
boll in6 arta Zo), ise DITA 2 che Alt Guay 4
We have compared the fossils with recent skulls in the British
Museum and in our own collection.
8. Myopes Torauatus, Pall.
1852. (!) Arvicola ambiguus, Pomel, Ann. Sc. de P Auvergne,
xxv. p. 363 (nec Hensel).
1855. Misothermus torquatus, Hensel, Zeits. d. Deutsch. Geol.
Ges. vii. p. 492, pl. xxv. figs.-12, 13.
1864. Lemmus greenlandicus?, Blackmore, ap. Evans, Q. J. Geol.
Soc. xx. p. 192.
1866. Lemmus, sp., Boyd Dawkins & Sanford, Pleist. Mamm.
(Introd.) p. xxxvi.
1869. Lemmus, sp., Boyd Dawkins, Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxv. p- 194.
1870. Lemmus torquatus, var., Sanford, ibid. xxvi. p- 125, pl. viii.
figs. 4, 4a.
1870. Arvicola gulielmi, sp. n., Sanford, ibid. xxvi. p- 125, pl. viii.
figs. 2 a, b.
1873. Myodes torquatus, Forsyth Major, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat.
xv. p. 111, pl. 2.
In 1852 M. Pomel described Arvicola ambiguus, a new species
470 ON FOSSIL ARVICOLIDA. [June 16,
from the Bréche de Coudes, with twelve angles to the first lower
molar. Counting the anterior extremity as an angle, this agrees
with the present animal; and the rest of his description applies so
well as to leave no doubt that he had a Lemming of this species
before him. Three years later Hensel recognized this species
among fossils from the diluvium of Quedlinburg, in Saxony, in the
Mineralogical Museum of Berlin. In this country we discovered it
in some numbers in 1865 in the drift-deposits at Fisherton; and
next year Mr. W. Flower sent us some specimens for identification,
procured from Wookey Hole. In 1870 Mr. Sanford recognized part
of a skull in the Taunton Museum as only differing from recent
specimens in being slightly larger. At the same time he referred
six lower jaws in the same collection to a new species of Arvicola,
which he provisionally named A. gulielmi, remarking that they
might prove the same as Pomel’s 4. ambiguus. Dr. Forsyth Major
has since pointed out that these appear to be the lower jaws of the
present species—a conclusion at which we had independently arrived,
and in which we believe Mr. Sanford now fully concurs. Remains
from Hohlenstein, near Ulm, are described by Dr. Forsyth Major ;
and a fine skull from Eppelsheim, near Darmstadt, is in the British
Museum.
Middendorff has clearly shown (‘ Sibir. Reise,’ ii. th. 2, pp. 87-
99) that IL. hudsonius, Pall., M. grenlandicus (Trail), and Lemmus
ungulatus, Baer, are all identical with M. torquatus, whose range
may therefore be described as circumpolar. It is found in the
Hudson-Bay countries, in Novaja Zemlja, from the White Sea to
the Obi, in Taimyrland, on Baer Island, and Novaja Siberia, and
from the Lena to the Jana. It appears to be very rare in Green-
land (cf. Brown, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 349), and is not found in
Russian Lapland. Parry found a skeleton in N. lat. 82°, while it
reaches its most southern point in Unalaska, under N. lat. 54°. In
postpliocene times it appears to have extended at least as far south
as Germany, England, and the basin of the Loire.
In this species the prisms of the posterior molars are not com-
pressed and twisted as in the typical Myodes, but are placed regularly
as in Arvicola; and Hensel has consequently separated it as a new
genus, under the name Misothermus. The pattern, which appears
to be very constant, is :—
Upper I. 7 spaces, 8 angles. Lower I. 9 spaces, 11 angles.
” II. 6 ” 7 ” ” Il. 5 ” 7 9
day SADT Boss dee ay ssgh DEL. 4 ay 67
We have compared recent and fossil skulls in the British and
Taunton Museums and in our own collection.
9. Myoprs Lemmvus (Linn.).
1855. Myodes lemmus, Hensel, Zeits. d. Deutsch. Geol. Ges. vii.
p- 486, pl. xxv. figs. 10, 11, 15.
1870. Lemmus norvegicus, var., Sanford; Q. J. Geol. Soc. xxvi.
p. 125, pl. viii. figs. 3a, 6.
1874.] MR. A. H.GARROD ON THE AUSTRALIAN BUSTARD. 471
The Norwegian Lemming was first detected in a fossil state by
Hensel, who found remains in the same deposits at Quedlinburg as
the last species. In Britain it has only been found, as far as we are
aware, in the Somersetshire bone-caves. Six lower jaws from these
caverns are in the Taunton Museum, and were identified with this
species by Mr. Sanford, although he remarks that they are slightly
smaller and have the condyle somewhat more slender than recent
specimens. They agree, however, so closely, especially with skulls
of young animals, that we do not think there can be any doubt as
to their identity.
At the present day M. lemmus is very restricted in its range,
being found only in the Scandinavian peninsula and in Russian Lap-
land. In the postpliocene epoch it extended at least as far south as
Saxony and England.
In this species, as in the allied M. odensis, the prisms of the pos-
terior molars in both jaws are nearly separated from each other, the
folds of enamel passing almost completely across the tooth; they
are much twisted and compressed longitudinally. The last upper
molar sometimes varies slightly ; but the rest of the pattern is very
constant, being :—
Upper I. 5 spaces, 6 angles. Lower I. 5 spaces, 7 angles.
2? II. 4 ” 5 ” 3” iM. 5 9 6 ”
soy ee ee COT 7. 55 sea, 9D. 4,
We have compared the jaws in the Taunton Museum with recent
specimens in our own collection.
12. On the “Showing-off” of the Australian Bustard (Hupo-
dotis australis). By A. H. Garrop, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow
of St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the
Society.
[Received May 23, 1874.]
Whether the account of the production of the great distention of
the neck in the male Australian Bustard which follows will in any
way simplify the question of the presence or absence of a gular pouch
in Bustards generally, is doubtful. At all events it will rectify an
accepted error, and add a fresh fact to the considerable literature of
the subject.
In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1868 (p. 471 e¢ seq.), Dr.
Murie pictures the sexual “ show-off’ in a specimen of Eupodotis
australis which was presented to the Society in April 1866, by the
' Acclimatization Society of Sydney, and infers, from its appearance,
that, as an undoubted fact, the gular pouch is present in this
specimen of the species at least.
In 1873, during one of the months in which it was “ showing off,”
namely in May, I examined the mouth of this identical bird while
alive, and could find no trace of a sublingual orifice, and, what is
more, felt and saw a median frenum lingue quite distinctly. This
472 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE AUSTRALIAN BUSTARD. [June 16,
made me doubt the correctness of Dr. Murie’s inference, that, be-
cause the neck of Zupodotis australis becomes distended much during
the sexual season, therefore there is a gular pouch.
This individual bird, which formed the subject of Dr. Murie’s
plate (P. Z.S. 1868, pl. xxxvi.), died on May 11, 1874, having
shown off in its wonted manner during the few preceding weeks.
An excellent opportunity was thus afforded for the decision of the
question whether or not this specimen had a gular pouch.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. The esophagus, trachea, and gular pouch of a specimen of Ofts tarda,
seen from the side. The crop is here drawn as in the actual preparation,
projecting backwards, and not forwards as usual.
Fig. 2. The cesophagus and trachea of the specimen of Eupodotis australis here
described. ‘The cesophagus is much dilated, and, like that, of the Pouter
Pigeon, can be distended with air by the living bird. No trace of a pouch
or crop is to be seen.
There was no gular pouch. There was no sublingual orifice. The
frenum linguze was well developed, it being necessarily quite absent in
the adult male of Otis tarda. How unsafe therefore is it to infer
that, because the neck distends and depends during the “show-off,”
there must be a sublingual pouch. It is quite possible that two effects,
1874.] MR. A. H.GARROD ON THE AUSTRALIAN BUSTARD. 473
very similar in appearance, in closely allied birds, may be the result
of different mechanisms. In the feet of the Cuculide and the Picide
the scansorial arrangement of the toes is the result of entirely
different dispositions of the tendons which move them; and in Oéis
tarda and Eupodotis australis the same reasoning holds.
In both these birds there is, during the show-off, a distention with
air of a well differentiated bag, which is in both cases lined with a true
mucous membrane. But in Ofis tarda this sac is a special structure
in front of the windpipe, opening under the tongue; whilst in Zupo-
dotis australis (in the specimen under consideration at least), it is
simply a highly dilated cesophagus.
Through the kindness of Lord Lilford I am in possession of an
excellent Spanish specimen of the gular pouch of Otis tarda (see
fig. 1, p. 472), with the whole of the cesophagus, the tongue, and
part of the trachea attached. In it the gular pouch, opening sublin-
gually, is capacious, and, when distended, egg-shaped with no con-
striction in any part. The cesophagus is uniformly cylindrical for
its upper two thirds, and not at all enlarged. Lower down there is
a well-developed globular crop.
In the specimen of Hupodotis australis which died on May 11, as
previously mentioned, there is no trace of a gular pouch. The
cesophagus is enormously dilated from its commencement (see fig. 2,
p- 472), and gives no indication whatever of any division into tube and
crop. Its greatest circumference, when fairly inflated, is 14 inches,
and the length of the distended portion of the tube is 173 inches.
Before dissection, by filling its cavity with air, the lower portion of
the dilated cesophagus protruded downwards considerably in front of
the, symphysis furcule, and formed the depending portion of the sac
which was so conspicuous in the living animal. The trachea de-
scended in front of this sac; and when the latter was undistended, the
former, on account of the diminished distance between the points it
had to reach, was zigzagged from side to side in the part opposite the
pendent portion. The keeper, J. Church, tells me that, when
handling the sac in the living bird, he always felt a hard cord
running down in front of it, which was evidently the windpipe. The
dilated cesophagus was, as might have been expected, covered with
two coats of muscular tissue, the outer longitudinal—and the inner
transverse. The mucous lining presented no peculiarities. The
skin in front of the neck was lax, with a considerable amount of
coarse fat in its deeper layer; it was engorged with blood, tortuous
vessels running through it in all directions.
I may mention as an anatomical peculiarity of interest that Zupo-
dotis australis and E. denhami possess but one carotid artery, the
right—a condition I have not seen in any other bird; Oé¢s tarda and
O. macqueenit have two, and Tetrax campestris the left only.
Most probably the presence of a right carotid only is characteristic
of the genus Eupodotis.
Proc. Zoou, Soc.—1874, No. XXXI. 31
474 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
13. On the Skeleton and Lineage of Fregilupus varius.
By Dr. James Morir, F.L.S.
[Received Juine 16, 1874.]
(Plates LXI. & LXII.)
History oF THE Birp.
Preliminary Remarks.—By the zeal for ornithology and the urba-
nity of Prof. Newton, I am stimulated to render a more ample account
of the skeleton of Fregilupus belonging to him, and briefly com-
mented on by me in the ‘Ibis’ of 1873*. As therein mentioned,
there is no representative of the type, in skin or otherwise, in England
of this singular so-called Madagascar form, save the skeleton in
question. ‘The literature of its anatomy is confined to my own curt
osteological remarks. I now figure the mounted skeleton, of natural
size, and in addition, in a second Plate, such characteristic sketches
of the separated bones as may better enable comparisons to be insti-
tuted.
This specinea (as I am informed), was given to Prof. Newton by
the late M. Jules Verreaux, who said that he shot the bird from
which it was preserved in the island of Réunion many years since
(18327). The species is now to all appearance extinct, and, not-
withstanding what has been said of it, seems to have been confined to
that one island. The fact is that, if Fregilupus is not quite extinct,
it evidently is fast becoming so; for recent writers aver it is no
longer to be obtained in its old haunts, and somewhere about
twenty years have elapsed since any thing positive concerning its
existence has been authenticatedt. Thus I am the more impressed
with the necessity for a published record accompanied by osteo-
logical illustration. If, as is to be feared, before long it shall be
looked upon as a bird of the past—gone like the Dodo, Solitaire,
Aphanapteryx, &c.—then it would be a pity to let the present op-
portunity slip. Moreover this skeleton and another said to have
been deposited in the Paris Museum, having both been procured by
an ornithologist of reputation and prepared by his own hands, have a
stamp of certainty about them enhancing their value. This extreme
paucity of material, and possibility of no future supply, may yet
render them invaluable historical examples, marking the progress of
avian extinction in the Mascarene Islands.
Original observations pertaining to the bird are few and not
very satisfactory in substance. Indeed I find nearly all the tra-
vellers’ accounts to be but a repetition of the earlier imperfect
notices, these same being looked upon rather suspiciously by
those best qualified to estimate their worth. For the sake of bring-
ing within easy compass the known history of Fregilupus, I insert in
* «On the Upupide,” tom. cit. p. 200.
+ Vide footnote from Schlegel, p. 479.
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PRECILUPUS VARIUIS.<4.
1874. ] DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 475
footnotes the bulk of the published data. Thus drawn up in rank
and file, the gaps are conspicuous. If a credible and thoroughly
reliable estimate of the bird, its local range, &c. is ever to be obtained,
the subjoined wants and hints may, I trust, be found appropriate and
useful as passing memoranda.
Desiderata.—
1. Whether Fregilupus was absolutely restricted to Réunion or
where else with certainty it has been found.
2. Whether it is still alive on Réunion or elsewhere, and the locality
where found, personal and second-hand information being duly noted.
3. Any documents proving the last date when observed.
4. By what means coastwards is it supposed to have become rare,
or the steps and progress of its extinction. Has the introduction of
the common Indian Mynah, by diminishing its food, tended to
reduction? or has man been the suppressing agent ?
5. All data connected with its habits would be invaluable,
especially the nature of its food, nest-building, colour and number
of eggs.
6. Any account of successive change of plumage or variety in
the feathering of the young and in sexual development.
7. If any specimens are ever procured, it is most important that
one or more of these, at different ages and sexes if possible, be
preserved entire in spirits or otherwise, so that the internal anatomy,
pterylosis, &c. may be accurately ascertained by those competent to
the task. |
8. If a preservative solution is not at hand, by simply slitting up
the belly without injuring the internals, filling this with salt or
placing the entire specimen in salt or sugar, it will be saved. If
these cannot be procured, drying the body complete in a current of
air or in the shade so that it becomes thoroughly hardened will
effectually prevent decomposition, remembering, however, that it
must afterwards be kept free from damp and the attacks of insects in
its transmission.
Synonymy and Figures.—
FrecGitupus varius (Boddaert).
2 Tiuouch,” Flacourt, Hist. d. 1. Grande I. Madag.-p. 166 (1658).
La Huppe noire et blanche, du Cap de Bonne Espérance, De Mont-
beil. in Buffon, Hist. Nat. vi. p. 463 (1779).
Madagascar Hoopoe, Latham, Gen. Synop. i. pt. ii. p. 690 (1782).
La Huppe du Cap de Bonne Espérance, De Montbeillard, Pl.
Enl. 697 (1783).
Upupa varia, Boddaert, Tabl. Planch. Enlum. p. 43 (1783).
Upupa capensis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. p. 466 (1788).
La Huppe grise, Vieill. Ois. Dorés, i. (Hist. d. Promérops) p. 12,
tab. 3 (1802).
Le Mérops Huppé, Levaill. Ois. d. Parad. iii. (H. N. d. Promér,
et Guép.) p. 43, tab. 18 (1807).
31*
476 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. (June 16>
Upupa madagascariensis, Shaw, Zoo). viii. p. 140 (1811).
La Huppe du Cap (Upupa capensis), Cuv. Rég. An. i. p. 407
(1817).
Coracias tivouch, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. viii. p. 3 (1817).
Coracia cristata, Vieill. Tab. Encl. 697 (1823).
Pastor upupa, Wagler, Systema Avium, p. 90 (1827).
Fregilupus capensis, Less. Traité Ornith.1. p. 324 (1831); Bonap.
Consp. Gen. Av. p. 88 (1850).
Fregilupus madagascariensis, Reich. Hand. d. sp. Ornith. p. 321,
t. 596. fig. 4039 (1851); Hartlaub, Orn. Beitr. z. Faun. Madag. p. 53
(1861); Schleg. Recher. Faun. Madag. p. 104 (1868); Giebel,
Thesaurus, p. 627 (1874).
Fregilupus borbonicus, Vinson, Bull. Soc. Acclim. p. 627 (1868) ;
Giebel, Thesaurus, p. 627 (1874).
Fregilupus varia, Gray, Hand-list of Birds, pt. ii. p. 28 (1870).
Lophopsarus, Sundevall, Meth. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent. p. 40
(1873).
The illustrations representing this rare Bourbon bird, as well as I
can judge, are limited to two originals, De Montbeillard’s and Le-
vaillant’s. Which is most to be depended on it is hard to say,
though the concurrent testimony of Hartlaub, in his description from
well-preserved skins, renders it probable that Levaillant’s figure is,
on the whole, the most natural and truthful. Vieillot’s figure, one
would suppose, is a modification of De Montbeillard’s, but with a
bright blue iris, more highly worked in the feathering, and with a
wing-tint intermediate between De Montbeillard’s slate-colour and
Levaillant’s chestnut hue. It would seem as if Vieillot’s artist had
taken the published engraving as his model, the colouring possibly
from a museum skin, and for the eyes was indebted to his imagina-
tion. Reichenbach’s (a copy of course) is a very much reduced out-
line of Vieillot’s, partly coloured after all three figures. Somehow or
other, none of the figures extant seem to me a natural representa-
tion; there is a crude stiffness in the crest, and other detail by no
means life-like.
Views promulgated and Historical Survey.—In Flacourt’s* list
of the fauna of Madagascar a few words in mention of a bird named
“‘Tiuouch,” or, according to modern typography, “ Tivouch” (not
Tinouch and Tirouch, as some subsequent writers spell it) are re-
garded as the earliest notice of our form. But the identification of
this with that now known as Fregilupus is very obscure ; and some
ornithologists (see Newton’s remarks, p. 479) have grave doubts
thereon. Buffon’s + ‘‘ La Huppe noire et blanche, du Cap De Bonne
* The following is literally all said by the old voyageur and Directeur général
de la Compagnie Francois de l’ Orient :—* Tiuouch c’est la huppe, il est tacheté
de noir et de gris, et a une belle crest de plume.’—De Flacourt, ‘ Hist. d. 1.
Grande isle Madagascar,’ Paris (1658), p. 166.
t This gifted and florid writer, in his ‘Histoire Naturelle,’ says :—‘‘ Cet
oiseau différe de notre huppe et de ses variétés, par sa grosseur; par son
bee plus court et plus pointu; par sa huppe, dont les plumes sont un peu
moins hautes 4 proportion, d’ailleurs effilées 4 peu prés comme celles du coucou
huppé de Madagascar; par le nombre des pennes de sa queue, car elle en a
1874.] DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 477
Espérance,” with description, and De Montbeillard’s figure thereof,
may therefore be looked upon as the first account of the bird worthy
of credence. Latham’s reference is nothing more than a modified
translation of the preceding French author. Boddaert’s few words
stamp specific distinctness according to the present acknowledged
mode of scientific nomenclature. Levaillant* led the van in an-
douze; par la forme de sa langue qu’est assez longue, et dont l’extrémité est
divisée en plusieurs filets; enfin, par les couleurs de son plumage. II a la
huppe, la gorge et tout le dessous du corps, blancs sans tache; le dessus du
corps, depuis la huppe exclusivement jusqu’au bout de la queue, d’un brun dont
les teintes vyarient et sont beaucoup moins foncées sur les parties antérieures ;
une tache blanche sur Jaile; V’iris d’un brun bleuatre; le bec, les pieds, et méme
les ongles, jaunatres.
“Cet oiseau, se tient dans les grands bois de Madagascar, de lile Bourbon
et du cap de Bonne Espérance. On a trouvé dans son estomac des graines, des
baies de pseudo-buxus. Son poids est de quatre onces; mais il doit varier
beaucoup, et étre plus considérable aux mois de juin et de juillet, temps ot cet
oiseau est fort gras.
* Longueur totale, seize pouces; bec, vingt lignes, trés-pointu, le supérieur
ayant les bords échancrés prés de la pointe et l’aréte fort obtuse, plus long que
Vinférieur, celui-ci tout aussi large; dans le palais, qui est fort uni d’ailleurs,
de petites tubérosities dont le nombre varie; narines comme notre huppe; les
pieds aussi, excepté que l’ongle postérieur, qui est le plus grand de tous, ost
trés-crochu ; vol, dix-huit pouces; queue, quatre pouces dix lignes, composée
de pennes 4 peu prés égales, cependant les deux intermédiaires un peu plus
courtes, dépasse d’environ deux pouces et demi les ailes, qui sont composées de
dix-huit pennes.”
* The Count’s countryman, Levaillant, proceeds as here quoted at length :—-
“ Le Merops huppé.—Buffon a décrit et figuré cet oiseau sous le nom de huppe
noire et blanche du Cap de Bonne Espérance (no. 697 de ses planches enlu-
minées) ; cependant, d’aprés ce qu'il en dit lui-méme, il auroit du voir que cette
espéce ne pouvoit étre comprise dans le genre de notre huppe. Un oiseau qui
en effet a la mandibule supérieure du bec échancrée du bout, la langue cornée,
pointue, divisée en plusieurs filaments, et de la longueur a-peu-prés du bec ; quia
les pieds extraordinairement forts, relativement 4 sa taille, et les ongles grands et
arqués, quoiqu’il dise qu’ils sont semblables 4 ceux de notre huppe, et qui enfin
se nourrit de fruit, n’est bien certainement’pas un oiseau qui appartienne au genre
de la huppe, ni 4 celui des autres promérops, qui tous ont des caractéres trés
différents, comme on I’a vu, et ne se nourissent que d’insectes. Pourquoi encore
nommer cet oiseau huppe noire et blanche, lorsqu'il n’a pas un atome de noir dans
son plumage, ainsi qu’on le voit, aux reste d’aprés la description que Buffon
donne lui-méme de ses couleurs, qui sont, comme il le dit, d’un blane pur sur la
huppe, dont toutes les plumes sont trés-effilées sur la téte et tout le dessous du
corps, y compris les couvertures du dessous de la queue? Le manteau est d’un
brun clair et comme poudreuxs, plus foncé sur le-dos et les ailes, marquées de
blanc vers le milieu de leurs pennes. Le croupion et la queue, qui est carrément
coupée du bout, sont dela couleur des ailes. Le bec, le pieds et les ongles sont
d’un jaune citron, ainsi que la langue et le dedans de la bouche.
“ Buffon assure que cet oiseau se trouve aux iles de France, 4 Madagascar, et
au Cap de Bonne Hspérance; mais ce qu’il y a de certain a cet égard c’est que
je ne l’ai rencontré dans aucun des cantons du continent d’Afrique que j’ai
parcourus, et qu’un habitant de l’ile Bourbon m’a assuré que J’espéce y
étoit trés abondante, qu’elle vivoit en grandes bandes, fréquentoit les lieux
humides, les marais; qu’on l’y nommoit Martin [= Pastor] et qwelle faisoit
beaucoup de dégat aux cafiers, dont elle étoit trés-avide du fruit; ce qui
prouveroit que cet oiseau doit avoir montré aux habitants beaucoup d’analogie avec
les autres oiseaux auquels on donne généralement dans I’Inde le nom de Martin,
pour quill en ait regu le méme nom. Pour peu, au reste, qu’on veuille faire
478 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
nouncing scepticism towards Buffon’s notion of its being a Hoopoe ;
but this enthusiastic African traveller and naturalist himself, not-
withstanding, thrust it into suspicious companionship. Whilst
Vieillot * saw fitness to class it with the Choughs, Wagler, more
sagaciously, conceived it to be a kind of Cow-bird or species of
Pastor. Lesson gave it a new genetic title, but retained it in
his family ‘“‘ Les Upupées,” embracing Epimachus, Ptilorhis, Fal-
cinellus, Promerops, Upupa, Fregilupus, Fregilus, and Corcoraz.
Bonaparte adopted Lesson’s appellation, detaining the genus in
his restricted group of Upupide, the Bucerotide treading on the
heels of Fregilupus. . Hartlaubt, who evidently made a careful
attention, en comparant cet oiseau aux Mainates [=Mynahs] et aux différentes
espéces connues sous le nom de Martin, ou saisira d’abord et du premier coup
d’ceil Vanalogie qu'il montre avec ces derniers, dont il a toutes les formes
extérieures, 4 la seule différence prés du bec, qui est ici plus alongé et un peu
arqué, mais qui n’en a pas moins pour cela beaucoup de rapport avec celui des
Martins. Au reste, cet oiseau étant trés commun aux iles de France, il faut
espérer que quelques voyageurs nous apprendront un jour son histoire; ce qui
déterminera positivement sa place dans la série des étres.
“ J’ai vu jusqu’ici huit individus de cette espéce ; deux dans notre Muséum de
Paris; les autres dans les cabinets de MM. Gigot Dorcy, Mauduit, Abbé
Aubrey, Poissonnier; un chez mon M. Raye, 4 Amsterdam, et enfin le dernier
fait partie de ma collection. N’ayant remarqué aucune différence sensible
entre tous ces individus, il est probable qu’il n’y en a pas beaucoup peut-étre
dans les sexes; 4 moins cependant qu’ils ne fussent tous du méme; ce qu il
seroit difficile de penser.” — Ois. d. Parad. iii.
* M. Vieillot, as the author of the ornithological paragraph in the Nouv.
Dict. d’Hist. Nat., under Coracias alludes to Butfon’s bird. Besides the facts
already known, he remarks:—“ Comme on I’a jusqu’a présent classé avec le
puput et les promérops, on me reprochera, peut-étre, de l'avoir déplacé pour le
mettre dans autre genre. Cependant ce n’est ni un puput ni un promérops;
et la Coracias [=Chough] est l’oiseau dont il se rapproche le plus, par son bee,
garni, a la base, de petites plumes dirigées en avant, et couvrant presque entiére-
ment les narines ; caractére qui a donné lieu 4 M. Cuvier de dire (article des
huppes du Regne Animal) que ‘ cet oiseau se lie plus particuliérement au craves
{ =Rollers], parce que les plumes antérieures de sa huppe, courtes et fixes, se
dirigent en avant et couvrent les narines;’ en effet, ce caractére n’existe point
chez notre huppe ou pupvt, ni chez les promérops; de plus le tivouch différe
de la huppe, en ce quil a douze pennes a la queue, et la langue d’une
longueur ordinaire; tandis que chez le puput, le queue n’est composée que
de dix pennes; et que la langue est trés-courte, obtuse et trés-entiére; ces
deux attributs, joints 4 celui des narines, m’ont paru suffisans pour le retirer
du genre Upupa; il se rapproche duvyantage des promérops qui ont, dit-
on, la langue presque aussi longue que la bec et douze pennes a4 la queue;
mais ceux-ci ont les narines découvertes et les plumes du capistrum nullement
couchées sur le bec. ‘Les coracias étant done les seuls qui présentent la ré-
union des attributs du tivouch, je me suis déterminé 4 le placer dans leur genre ;
cependant, si, comme le dit Montbeillard, sa langue est divisée par plusieurs
filets 4 son extrémité, ce caractére ne se trouve point chez les coracias, dont la
langue est seulement bifide 4 la pointe.”—Tom. viii. p. 3.
+ I select and partly translate such of Hartlaub’s observations as properly
form an historical appendix to the preceding extracts :—
‘ Brecitupus, Less.—#'r. madagascariensis (Sh.). Crista erecta alta, com-
pressa, e plumis strictis subantrorsum versis composita, albida, nigricante infu-
mata; tibiis, dorso, alis et cauda dilute fuscis; macula parva speculari alba ;
collo et gastrzo toto albis, illo supra subgrisescente; abdomine imo et subcau-
dalibus pallide fuscescentibus ; subalaribus niveis ; uropygio et tectricibus caudse
1874.] DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 479
study of the bird in skin, placed it among the Sturnide along-
side of Hartlaubia. Schlegel* has indorsed the latter position
in his ornithological contribution to MM. Pollen and Van Dam’s
work on ‘ The Fauna of Madagascar and Dependencies ;’ and I find
him stating, in an earlier popular treatise+, that it is a kind of
Starling. In the ‘Genera of Birds,’ G. R. Gray allows that the F're-
gilupus of Lesson may be a Upupa; but in his later ‘ Hand-list’ he
has totally altered this opinion, aud made it come last in the sub-
family Juidinz, the Icteride having successive proximity. Lastly,
and anew, Sundevall acquiesces in its Pastorine affinities, but in the
light of an old friend with a new garb.
With refereuce to the Cambridge skeleton, I may here insert a
note concerning it from Prof. Newton, to whom I bad transmitted
my drawings with the name #regilupus madagascariensis upon them.
He writes me :—“‘‘I am afraid I have led you astray as to the specific
name of the bird. There is no doubt, I think, of its being the Upupa
varia of Boddaert, whose specific name has accordingly priority of
superioribus subrufescentibus; rostro longiusculo, gracili, subarcuato, acuto,
pedibus et orbitis flavis, unguibus fuscis. Long. circa 10", rostr. 1''8!", al. aa A
caud. 3'' 9'"", tars. 1" 6'", dig. med. 9'".”
Then follows synonymy. ‘ Hab. Madagascar, Bourbon, Isle of France.”
He further observes :—‘‘In collections it is always of the greatest rarity.
Wanting, for example, in the rich Museums of Vienna, Berlin, and Dresden, In
Leyden, old and poor. Very beautiful and fresh in Florence and Pisa: three
examples from Madagascar. Also in Stockholm. The assertion of Bowdich,
that ‘ Upupa capensis’ has been got at Porto Santo, arises naturally from a mistake
(Excurs. Port. Sant. & Madeira, p. 93). [Here it may be stated that there is
also a specimen in the Museum at Port Louis, Mauritius.—New/on. |
“T measured a beautiful new specimen in the Paris Museum from Bourbon.
Entire length 113", beak 133", wing 5''7'", tail 4"" 10", tarsus 1"53"". ‘The only
true systematic place of this bird is that long ago adjudged to it by Temminck
and Wagler [that is, among the Pastors, though Hartlaub is wrong in quoting
Temminck as an authority. See footnote p. 487].
“Tn this place I call attention to the known matter of fact, that the Indian
Acridotheres tristis [Common Mynah] has, a long time since, been introduced
into Mauritius and become domesticated. This species there also proves itself
an indefatigable extirpator of grasshoppers &c.’—Ornith. Beitrdge z. Fauna
Madag. pp. 53 & 54.
* Professor Schlegel’s memorandum bears intrinsic value, being almost the
last, certainly the most authoritative, testimony following Hartlaub, as bearing
witness to the extreme rarity, if not total extermination, of the bird in question.
My quotation is that contained in Pollen and Van Dam’s volume, p. 104:—
“ Fregilupus madagascariensis.—* Cette espéce est devenu tellement rare 4 la
Réunion qu’on n’en a pas entendu parler depuis une dizaine d’années. Elle a
été détruite dans toutes les parties du littoral, méme dans celles des montagnes
peu éloignées de la cote. Des personnes dignes de foi m’ont cependant assuré
q’elle doit encore exister dans les foréts de l'intérieur prés de Saint-Joseph.
Les vieux créoles que j’ai consultés 4 ce sujet me disaient que, dans leur jeu-
nesse, ces oiseaux étaient encore communs et qu’ils étaient tellement stupides
qu’on les pouvait tuer acoup de baton. Les créoles de l'ile donnent le nom de
Huppe. Cen’est donc pas a tort qu’un habitant distingué de l’ile de la Réunion,
M. A. Legras, s’exprimait sur cet oiseau dans les termes suivants :—‘ La Huppe
est devenue tellement rare qu’a peine nous en avons vu une douzaine dans nos
pérégrinations a la découverte des oiseaux ; nous avons méme eu la douleur d’en
chercher vainement un spécimen dans notre Musée.’ ”
+ Handleidung der Dierkunde (1857), p. 338.
480 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. (June 16,
every other. It is, besides, unobjectionable, while both ‘ capensis’
and madagascariensis are misleading ; for I do not believe the bird
ever occurred either at the Cape or in Madagascar—most likely not
even in Mauritius or anywhere else but Réunion (olim Bourbon).
The Cape locality seems to be in part due to a mistake of De Mont-
beillard fostered by Levaillant, who, in such a matter, is universally and
properly discredited ; and as for its being found in Madagascar, that
notion, I believe, arises from a wrong identification by many authors
of Flacourt’s ‘Tiuouch,’? which would appear to be a real Upupa.”
‘«< There seems no reason why this should not have been the Upupa
marginata of Peters, if, indeed, that be distinet from U. epops.”’
The several generic and specific names heretofore adopted by
ornithologists are regarded by all as synonymous, subsequent writers
choosing that most suitable to their views. There is one exception,
however, which I cannot pass in silence. Dr. Vinson, in his paper
“ De l’Acclimatation 4 Vile de la Réunion,” only trippingly alludes
to the disappearance of the bird in question from the island; but he
nevertheless transmutes its scientific cognomen into Fregilupus bor-
bonicus, appending his reasons in a footnote, which I give below in
full*. Prof. Giebel, however, in the last issue of his in many ways
valuable ‘Thesaurus’ }, improves the aspect of matters. Under the
genus Fregilupus two species are duly recorded:—(1) F’. borbonicus,
Vinson; (2) F. varius, Gray. This slip is barely excusable in one
whose erudition and knowledge of nomenclature should have guided
him otherwise. ‘Though possibly justified by supposed better reasons,
Sundevall’s recent change of generic title into Lophosurust (= Crested
Starling) is likewise, I think, not entitled to recognition. Although
it may be judicious that future names should have proper deriva-
tion and be well compounded, yet, if we are pedantically to root up
all acknowledged landmarks, we may be lost in the surf-confusion of
terms already too nnmerous. Moreover we should not lose sight
of the intermediate forms every day encroaching upon and demolish-
ing supposititious boundaries not to be girded by mere names.
Tue SALient Points OF THE SKELETON.
Sterno-costal framework.—The lateral laminze of the double-
notched breast-bone are delicate and transparent ; the keel, rostrum,
xiphoid bars, and edges of the rest of the bone thicker and more
solidified. The notches are fair-sized, the bars only of moderate
strength, but very distinctly pedate, and a grade shorter than the
mid sternum. The latter is broadish, and abruptly truncate pos-
teriorly. The inferior margin of the keel is straight, its anterior
border widely bayed, the lower termination being more angular than
* «(est A dessein que je spécifie la huppe de J'ile Bourbon sous le nom de
Fregilupus borbonicus. On ne saurait lui donner avec Reichein [ Reichenbach ?],
le nom de madagascariensis, puis qu’elle n’a jamais été trouvée 4 Madagascar, ni
avec Gmelin, celui de capensis, puis que Levaillant affirme qu’elle n’existe pas
au cap de Bonne Espérance. Done c'est l’épithéte borbonicus, qui seule lui
convient.” (Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1868, tom. v. p. 627.)
+ Vol. ii. 1874, p. 192.
+ Forsok till Fogelklassens (Stockholm, 1872), p. 40.
1874.] DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 481
rounded. The rostrum is sharply upturned, and terminally widely
forked ; the costal processes are both broad and high. Within, the
sternum is shallow and widish.
There is a large inflected interclavicle ; and whilst the narrowly U-
shaped furcular limbs throughout are slender, their upper ends are
outspread. The shaft of the coracoid is rounded, long, and not thick,
its lower sternal end broadening gradually with an outer, thinned, sharp
margin; its scapular extremity with a moderate expansion. The
scapula is sabre-shaped and of medium width.
On each side there are only seven vertebral ribs extant in the
Specimen ; but, from appearances, I surmise that there has been an
additional riblet anteriorly. The five front ribs have recurrent pro-
cesses; in the hindermost ¢wo there are none. The last rib of all
has a delicate spinal end ; the first does not reach the sternum ; neither
does the last, though it is fastened tothe sixth. Thus there are only
five osseous sternal ribs which articulate with the sterno-costal pro-
cess, and as many which expand at their upper vertebral angles.
In form the thoracic cavity is high behind, the reverse in front, and
from side narrow and subcompressed.
Pelvis and Spine.—The pelvis is narrow in front, moderately broad
in the middle (postiliac region), and wide at the lower (pubo-ischial)
processes. The pre- and postacetabular lengths are subequal,
advantage, if any, being in favour of the latter. The anterior iliac
blades are considerably deflected ; but the rear of the pelvis dorsally
is full and convexly depressed. The descending ischial plates have a
rather perpendicular set, and at the ischiatic foramen the postilium
overhangs considerably. The tenuous pubic rods broaden terminally,
and are in apposition with and extend further than the tuberosity of
the ischium. The renal excavations are each deeply scooped, and
exhibit only a trace of transverse partition.
In the neck there are 11 vertebre, or 12 if that possibly car-
rying a riblet be included; in the back 7 or 8 with that anchy-
losed to the sacrum ; of sacral 7 or 8; and of free caudals 8.
Expressed in formula: C. 11 (127), DL.7 (87), S. 7 (82), Cd. 8,=
34 (35?). Neural spines obtain in 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and Sth cervicals.
Ist to 4th show single median heemal spines, absent in those that
follow, but reappearing in the 11th. The intermediate cervicals
possess inflected plates, which defend the carotid artery. Recurrent
spicules commence on the 3rd, and increase in length and strength
almost to the hindmost neck-vertebree. The Ist and 2nd dorsals
have barely appreciable neurapophyses ; those behind have them well
developed. Only three or four of the foremost dorsals have inferior
mesial spines. Sacrum with a solid columnar body ; ragged-edged
perforations mark intertransverse vertebral divisions. The six ante-
rior free caudals are tolerably uniform, the penultimate and pygostyle
are more adnate, though not anchylosed.
Cranio-lingual formation.— The bill, 7. e. premaxillary region to the
rear segment or orbitocranium, is nearly as 4 is to 3 in length. The
skull generally, both from above and in profile, has a long, narrow
wedge-form. The brain-area is only very moderately high, being
482 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
indeed rather depressed and broad on the top. The triangular nar-
rowing of the bill, though regular, is decidedly most marked and
compressed from the nostrils forwards.
The orange-coloured, horny, mandibular case having been retained
on one side, enables me to state that at the apex, above and below,
there is faint indication of a terminal, shallow notch; whilst behind
there is slight roughening of the free margins, this, however, pos-
sibly being due to drying and wear. As far as appearances go, the
ends of the mandibles meet together in a point, and it seems the lower
horny case has greater depth than the upper. The membranous
orifice of the nostril is only 0°15 inch, or 2 lines, in antero-posterior
diameter, altogether being a small, low-set, narrow, oval aperture,
situated 1-1 inch from the tip of the horn-clad rostrum.
Turning to the bones of the lower base, we observe that the pree-
maxillze and palatines coalesce anteriorly, and with shallow concavity.
The palate, posteriorly, is open, and only covered by membrane in
the fresh state. The inward shelving narrow palatal rods terminate
posteriorly in oblique-set outer plates, whose free ends are emarginate,
with short, rounded, external angles. The inner half-twisted and
vertically directed palatal laminz reach considerably further back,
and run beneath the pterygoid abutment, leaving, however, a middle
cleft of medium width and depth. The fair-sized vomer is cleft be-
hind, truncate in front; and the septum narium is apparently unos-
sified. The maxillo-palatine of the one side was injured ; but in the
other I made it out to be a narrow pedicle directed towards the
middle and sides of the vomer, not crossing that bone, or united to
its fellow of the opposite side. The pterygoids have shafts and ends
moderate in their proportions, as is the length of each bone. Pos-
teriorly they possess an upward-directed tabular process lying within
the root of the front limb of the quadrate. The jugals are very
delicate bony rods, and they lie against the outer lower border of the
lachrymals, but not beneath them. As regards the quadrate, it is
stout and high, the lower articular knuckles being relatively well
pronounced.
The following are the noteworthy points in the shape and disposi-
tion of the bones, as examined on the upper posterior and lateral
superficies of the cranium. The tapering preemaxille have a sensible
curvature, narrow, but dorsally rounded, with a slight eminence at
rear of nares. There is a prefrontal depression ; a tuberose swelling
above the foramen magnum, with muscular impressions on either
side. This occipital face is widely arched, and smooth beyond.
Temporal groove shallow ; orbit of moderate circumference ; inter-
orbital septum with two large fenestra; lachrymal coalescent with
ethmoidal expansion.
I can substantiate what has been averred of the tongue. Fig. 10.
Plate LXIL., shows its upper surface, along with the hyoid bones. In
this specimen it is above an inch long, and seems to have reached
quite halfway along the symphysial union when ordinarily at rest in
the mouth. It is apparently horny in structure, sagittate in shape,
but elongate ; the margins slightly raised, so as to produce shallow
1874. | DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 483
grooving. Towards the tip the borders are frayed, and, terminally,
slightly forked. The edges of the posterior bifurcation are minutely
erenate. Judging from the under aspect, convex and longitudinally
furrowed, I believe the muscular structure to have been such that
rapid protrusion and withdrawal of the tongue has obtained. With
regard to the hyoid bones, each is lengthened and slender ; the uro-
hyal is spatulate and tipped with cartilage. The trachea, widest
above, tapers very gradually towards the syrinx. Its osseous rings
are not simple and uniform, but composed of a series of half-rings,
narrow at one extremity and broad at the other ; these dovetail with
one another in front and behind. What remains of the lower larynx
shows it to have been of moderate size.
Limb-construction—The right leg of this Cambridge skeleton has
not been deprived of its integument, which latter, though dried and
shrunken, nevertheless exemplifies its scaly character. The tibio-
tarsal joint is here sparsely clothed with short feathering, which does
not extend beyond the calcaneal elevation. Six scutes cover the
tarsus anteriorly, the upper two being much narrower than the three
between, which are remarkably long. The three topmost linear
divisions are transverse in direction compared with the lowermost,
which run obliquely outwards and downwards. Posteriorly the
tarsus is smooth, or with a faint appearance of hexagonal scutel-
lation, doubtfully produced by drying of the specimen. The dorsal
scutella of the toes are numerous, short, and pronounced. The
dermal tracery of the sole of the foot bears a minutely dotted or
papillary character.
Both wing- and leg-bones are comparatively strong ; but a striking
preponderance results in the tibio-tarsal segments, as the subjoined
measurements testify :—
Meta- Mid Total
Humerus. Ulna. carpus. phalanges. length.
in. im
Tie in. ;
Wing.. See ee 1:8 1:0 0°6 4:9
Tarso- Mid-toe Total
Femur. ‘Tibia. metatarse, phalanges. length.
in. in. in, in. in.
hee: stiles: 1°4 2°6 1°8 1°45 7°25
The humerus has a stout, straight, round shaft. Its expanded
head has a very large double fossa or divided pneumatic entrance.
The inferior inner condylar process is well marked and descends low ;
a tubercle surmounts the external one. The ulnar shaft is almost
devoid of elevations for quill-feathers, but is strong notwithstanding.
The radius, on the contrary, is compressed and slender, and its head
comes to a level with the outer articular facet of the ulna. Meta-
carpal and phalangeal pieces are tolerably solid.
Femur characterized by its relative strength, but more particularly
by the prominence of its outer inferior condyle and deep groove for
tendon behind. As to the tibia, the production of its cnemial crest,
484 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
outward sweep and extension of the neighbouring ridge and tubercle,
capacity of the femoro-articular facet, large shelf for fibular shaft-
abutment, inferior intercondyloid osseous bridge, as well as strength
of the entire bone, altogether denote a muscular power of leg adapted
to terrestrial more than climbing or perching habit. This limb-
strength is likewise well expressed in the tarsus, whose robust trian-
gular shaft is deeply furrowed to accommodate the tendinous cords.
The calcaneal eminence is drilled by five foramina. The inferior
mid-digital knuckle is largest and longest, the outer laterally com-
pressed, and about equal to the inner, which has an oblique set for
the reception of the goodly-sized metatarsal element. The foot has
the more usual phalangeal numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, and is 3-toed, the
ungual phalanges being strong and curved. The 2nd and 4th
digits are subequal in length, the 3rd considerably longer than
either, the lst or hind toe of medium length, but by far the stoutest
of all.
SupposeD ALLIANCE TESTED BY THE SKELETON.
With the Upupide.—In my communication upon these birds in
‘The Ibis’ I indicated why, osteologically, Fregi/upus can no longer
be accorded a place among that group. Indeed Levaillant’s, Vieil-
lot’s, Hartlaub’s, and Schlegel’s determination, from exterior cha-
racteristics alone, are sufficient proof of distinctness from the
Hoopoe tribe, and as such accepted by the later classific writers on
ornithology. To what I have hitherto stated (/.c.), if I add the
Passerine feature of multiple calcaneal foramina, the totally different
nature of the mandible, notwithstanding its mask of elongation and
slenderness, the humerus with its large, bifid pneumatic openings, its
round, not flattened, shaft and condylar tubercles, the differentiated
distal bones of both wing and leg—then surely such multiplicity of
evidence denotes that the skeleton of Fregilupus trenchantly recedes
from the Hoopoe members, and, as to be shown, correspondingly
draws towards the Starling family.
With the Sturnide.—The genera of this family, with which I
have compared each separate bone side by side with the subject of
my paper, are Sturnus, Pastor, and Gracula. ‘Taking these in the
order mentioned, that of the Common Starling, S. vu/garis, precedes.
With this species of Sturnus, Fregilupus agrees in the general pat-
tern of the sternum; but the former has more delicate xiphoid bars
and relatively larger spaces, a deeper keel and longer rostrum, a nar-
row pointed angular, and not broad rounded scapula. In Sturnus
the antiliac blades and ischial production are relatively shorter than
in Fregilupus. With reference to the lower jaw, the type of both is
manifestly similar, and in this respect very unlike the preceding
groups. ‘The postarticular angle is more acuminate in the Starling,
the symphysial, or so-called dentary, region relatively deeper, broader,
and shorter than in the Réunion bird, Again, in the cranium both
exhibit a certain fulness of brain-region, but wanting the bilobed
character of Upupa ; in the latter the interorbital breadth is great,
1874. ] DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 485
in the two former much narrower. Whilst Fregi/upus and Sturnus
have extensive przenares, these are reduced by ossification in Upupa.
The much-lengthened tenuous premaxille of the latter deceive at
first glance ; for, notwithstanding a certain beak-abbreviation in the
Common Starling, its palatal construction is in reality nearer our
bird. Admitting general and numerous resemblances in the base of
the skull of Fregilupus and Sturnus, the latter is nevertheless uncon-
formable in these particulars :—flatter, shorter praemaxille, and rela-
tively greater width at their maxillary junction; proportional
slenderer palatine rods, plates, and maxillo-palatines; preorbital
processes better-developed ; auditory cavity less open ; occipital pro-
tuberance higher, digastric fossa wider*, and, hence, ridged occipital
outline narrowed and lofty. In the shapes of the limb-bones the two
pretty much agree. The Starling, however, shows a deeper fossa
above the internal humeral condyle, deeper extensor metacarpal
sulci, but diminutive osseous bridge ; again the muscular impressions
and ridges of leg-bones are weaker.
In Pastor (P. griseus) the breast- and shoulder-bones present
closer resemblances ; the pelvis, in detail, still more agrees with that
of Fregilupus ; its wing-bones, however, accord more with the
points indicated in Sturnus ; but, on the contrary, its leg-bones have
features more after Fregilupus, e.g. inequality of tarso-digital
knuckles. These characteristics apply also to P. cristatellus. The
skull of the latter specimen examined by me was in a better condition
for comparison ; and to it I specially allude. Its premaxillary to
cranial length is as 10 to 11, in Fregilupus 15 to12. Its prefrontal
and naso-maxillary breadth are relatively greater than in the latter.
With these exceptions, the differentiation is so graduated as not
easily to be expressed in words. Cut short the beak of Fregilupus,
compress slightly its root, and elevate the parietal by a mere shade,
and you convert it into a species of Pastor. Furthermore, the
tongue of P. ialla (Sturnopastor, Gray) I have found to resemble
that of Fregilupus; only it is about one third shorter.
In Gracula, G. intermedia ( Eulabes, Cuv.), there is a wide remove.
Its sternum, shoulder-girdle, and pelvis doubtless retain the main
characters of Fregilupus; but deviation occurs in the limb-bones in
several points: for example, there is but one pneumatic foramen, a
Corvine peculiarity. But the skull manifests the greatest change of
type—this by its remarkable breadth to length, elevated bossy pre-
frontals, ossified nasal septum, and a number of other particulars
needless for me to enter into.
As respects proportions of limb-segments in the above three genera
of the Sturnide, I have placed them opposite those of Fregilupus in
a tabular form. From these figures it results that Pastor simu-
lates and comes nighest the latter, tarsal to metatarsal even being
greater.
* “Characteristic of the Sturnide,” Garrod, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 646.
486 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
Proportional Lengths of the Limb-bones of Genera of the Starling
Group.
Fregilupus Pastor Sturnus Gracula
varius. griseus. vulgaris, intermedia.
127
Ulna to humerus ....c.ceeceeeeee «ee 120: 100 110 114
Metacarpus to humerus.......+.++ .... 66: 100 57 76 73
Mid digit to humerus ...... wensgha 40 : 100 45 57 50
Tibia to femur “ : 182 173 152
Tarso-metatarse to femur .....+....++ 128 : 100 127 105 105
Mid anterior toe to femur ......... 103 : 100 104 93 92
Humerus to Wing .......seceeseeeeeees 30 : 100 32 28 28
Dla ito wing) re -svacew ase. c2cuns- venous 36 : 100 35. 383 36
Metacarpus to Wing --...e.sseeeeeeees 20 : 100 18 22 21
Mid digit to wing ...........sseseeeeee 12: 100 14 16 14
Femur to leg .......0-seeecoeceeneneroes 19 : 100 19 21 23
i biaito let eecnsusaec a0 8 doses necapie= 36 : 100 35 36 34
Tarso-metatarse to leg ...........2+0 25 : 100 25 22 22
Anterior mid toe to leg ............6++ 20 : 100 20 20 21
Femur to humerus......... Meacstesveus 93 : 100 90 90 90
ED biastOWuar o. se sinwecnnspeaseneuaaee 144:100 = 148 137 108
Tarso-metatarse to metacarpus.. ... 180 : 100 200 125 118
Mid ant. toe to mid dig. of wing ... 241: 100 209 150 166
Tieettotwinte .f2:,/fetin tedstewetee sees: 142:100 148 123 113
With certain other Families and Genera.—Likeness to Pastor
obviates prodigality of comparison; but I nevertheless throw out a
few desultory remarks. Levaillant’s introducing Fregilupus into the
company of his “ Promérops et Guépiers” insinuates rather than
propounds cognation. Possession of a long beak certainly does not
warrant their keeping company when incongruity in other parti-
culars dissociates. As regards the Grand Promerops (Hpimachus
speciosus), a study of its cranium shows small oval nares, lofty, broad
maxillo-nasals, prepalatine ossification, and sundry other differentia-
tions. The skull of the 12-wired Bird of Paradise, Seleucides alba,
substantiates these distinctions; and, moreover, in its sternum,
pelvis, and construction of various parts of its limb-bones it offers
deviation of type. As to Paradisea (P. minor and P. apoda), quite
as telling osteological discrepancies obtain. What between these and
external characters, alliance of Fregilupus to the Paradiseidee, at best,
is of a secondary or tertiary grade.
The tenuity and elongation of preemaxillee exhibited by the Mero-
pide is but a seeming analogy, not borne out by the entire conforma-
tion. From this group our bird stands remote.
The quotation from Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. (vide footnote, p. 478) gives,
in Vieillot’s own words, the attributes by which he affines Fregi-
lupus with Coracias. Although the characters he mentions under-
mine Upupine alliance, yet a study of the skeleton does not support
Coraciine affiliation. The skull, sternum, pelvis, and limb-bones all
justify separation. In brief, Coracias is a coccygomorph, Fregilupus
a coracomorph; and with this I dismiss the idea of union.
Among the Corvide I select Fregilus (F. graculus) and Gymnorhina
1374. | DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. 487
(G. organica) as sufficiently diverse examples—the former genus,
moreover, evidently being that intended by Vieillot, and not the true
Rollers, Coracias. In the Chough, compared with Fregilupus, the
rear of the skull is full and globular, the beak straighter, shorter, and
considerably wider, but the prefrontal is relatively narrower and with
scarcely any interorbital depression; lachrymal partially free; maxillo-
palatines almost overlap ; postpalatine border without emargination.
Thus, what between height, breadth, &c., much less cranial resem-
blance obtains than in Pastor; added to which a shorter triangular
tongue, humerus with single pneumatic foramen, preilium long and
eflect or horizontal, lengthened pubis, shorter toes, &c., and their re-
lationship widens. In the Tasmanian Piping Crow still more nume-
rous differences present themselves, which it is needless to recount ;
suffice it to say, this Streperine section of the Crow veers quite away
from our bird.
Reverting a moment to allies of the Starling family, I may men-
tion I compared Fregilupus with the skeleton of more than one
species of the genus Acridotheres, to which it offers fewer points of
union than to Pastor. Of the Lamprotornithine or Juidinee I more
particularly paid attention to the osteology of Lamprotornis eneus
and Seissirostrum pagei. Both, particularly the latter, evince such
divergence as suggest transition of type. The genus Psaroglossa and
subgenus /Zartlaubius (the bones of which 1 have not seen) alone
intervene between Scissirostrum and Fregilupus, according to the
late Mr. G. R. Gray.
SEQUEL AS TO THE FRATERNITY OF FREGILUPUS,
The study of the skeleton of this rare Réunion bird most unques-
tionably does not favour the idea of its being allied to the Hoopoes,
nor to the Fregiline section of the Crows, other than by very subsi-
diary links. Its osseous structure is far from complying with that of
the Bee-eaters, nor does mere beak-production draw it within the fold
of the tenuirostral division of the Paradise-birds. With members
of the Starling family it agrees in a host of particulars, and notably
with the genus assigned it by Wagler. Yet it bears such consistent
characters, that, as a genus, Fregilupus, it hails close proximity
to Pastor (P. roseus), without being amalgamated as a species of the
latter. It is also related to Sturnus and mayhap Sturnopastor*, but
with a tincture of dilution. Even as far as bony build of itself goes,
it has an atlinity with the Orioles; but these, as with the Mynahs,
Choughs, and Glossy Starlings, &c., are outlying relations not at
present to be included within the narrowed focus, nor as impinging
with direct continuity. The life-history and soft anatomy of Fre-
gilupus, unfortunately, are imperfectly known; but, as far as out-
* The so-quoted Pastor capensis, Temm., which by Hartlaub and others is
given as a synonym of Fregélupus, I find is a mistake. In Temminck’s ‘Tab.
Méth. Planches Col.’ i. p. 12, the bird referred to “‘ Htourneaw pie du Cap,” viz.
pl. 280 of Buff. Pl. Enlum., is the Stwrnopastor contra, Linn., a true Indian
form.
488 DR. MURIE ON FREGILUPUS VARIUS. [June 16,
ward characteristics and habits weigh, the balance sways towards the
Pastoridee. Sundevall’s term, Crested Starling, to Fregilupus is apt,
but equally applicable to species of Pastor. If the present view of
affinities be the correct one, additional interest is attached to the
Mascarene form in its geographical isolation, distinctive individuality,
and withal intermediation, one might say, between Asiatic, European,
and African Sturnidze. It partially supports those who uphold the
Madagascar group as a faunal centre, but it no less confirms those
who promulgate an eastern avian connexion with the said islands.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATHS.
Puatse LXI.
Fig. 1. Drawing of the skeleton of Fregilupus varius in the possession of Prof.
Newton at Cambridge. Specimen labelled “ Fregilupus varius 6,
Réunion (J.P. Verreaux), No. 974a, Osteoth. Newt. MS. Cat.” Sketched
of natural size, and with the right foot and tarsus covered by its
integument.
Puate LXII.
. Tongue and hyoid bones, from above. This and all the figures, except-
ing Nos. 23 and 24, are of natural dimensions.
. Sternum and right half of the shoulder-girdle, underview.
Left ulna, on inner or flexor aspect.
Humerus of left side; its inner aspect.
The same bone; outside view.
Its posterior face, showing double fossa of pneumatic cavity &c.
Upper extremity of the left humerus; its anterior surface placed
superiorly.
9. Lower humeral end; anterior surface situated inferiorly,
10. The lower jaw, from above.
11. Lower or palatal surface of skull.
12. Left tibia and fibula, from behind.
13. Inner aspect of the left tibia.
14. Front surface of left tibia and fibula.
15. Upper articular ends of the same bones.
16. Lower tibial articular end.
17. Metacarpus and phalanges of left wing.
18. Occipital surface of skull.
19. Cranium, from above.
20. Sacrum and pelvis, upper view.
21. Left metatarsal ossicle ; its inner free surface.
22. Exterior face of the same bone, or that in apposition with tarsus.
23. The upper articular end of left tarsus, represented twice the natural
size.
24. Lower end of same bone, also enlarged two diameters.
25. Front surface of the left tarsus, entire.
26. Posterior aspect of same bone.
27. Its inner surface.
28. Left femur ; front view.
29. Posterior surface of same.
30. Upper end of the femur.
31. Lower end of left femur, anterior surface placed uppermost.
[P.S. In Plate LXII. some of the figures, e.g. fig. 10, show a
want of symmetry not present in the specimen. For this the artist
on stone is free trom blame; my original drawings, I find, have led
to the exaggeration in question.—Aug. 1874. |
|
oS
bo
DUS Typ G9
1874.] MR. W. S. KENT ON CERTAIN GIGANTIC CEPHALOPODS. 489
14. A further Communication upon certain Gigantic Cepha-
lopods recently encountered off the Coast of Newfound-
land. By W. Savitite Kent, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
[Received May 18, 1874.]
In my communication to the Zoological Society, dated the 17th
of February last, a description is given of a gigantic Cephalopod
lately encountered in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, and of which
a tentacle 19 feet long is preserved in the St. John’s Museum.
Evidence is adduced at the same time of an enormous arm preserved
in the British Museum and which probably belonged to an animal
of equally large proportions, It is likewise proposed, in the same
communication, to provisionally distinguish the Newfoundland ex-
ample by the name of Megaloteuthis harveyi, both in acknowledg-
ment of the services rendered to science by the Rev. M. Harvey by
his energetic steps taken to preserve so valuable a trophy, and in
consideration of the apparent absence of grounds for believing the
same to be either generically or specifically identical with any form of
its class hitherto described. In a short addendum, a brief announce-
ment is made of a second colossal example, which became entangled
in a herring-net in Logie Bay, Newfoundland, a few weeks later, and
of which steps had been taken to secure the entire body.
Since the date of this communication additional evidence has been
produced in association with these two Newfoundland examples, as
also with reference to other colossal specimens previously encountered
in the same vicinity, which enables us to indicate, with greater
certainty than heretofore, the position among other representatives
of their tribe that these oceanic monsters probably occupy. The
most important evidence being associated with the specimen from
Logie Bay, we propose to make it the subject of our first attention.
This example, as already observed, was enclosed in a herring-net
some three miles from St. John’s, the creature’s arms becoming so
entangled in the meshes of the net that its power of resistance was
almost entirely annihilated ; it nevertheless required the united
efforts of three fishermen to finally overcome it; and it was not until
the monster’s head was severed from its body, that they were enabled
to take possession of their prize. When brought to shore this body
or mantle-sac was found to measure over 7 feet, the sessile arms
6 feet, and the two tentacula as much as 24 feet in length.
Photographs of these separate portions were taken; and the one em-
bracing the head with the arms and tentacles, which gives an
excellent idea of the gigantic proportions of this Cephalopod, was
reproduced as a wood-engraving in the ‘ Field’ for January 31st *.
The structure and mode of arrangement of the suckers on the
tentacular club in this specimen, as shown by Mr. Harvey’s
descriptive text and the photographs accompanying it, indicate
* Also in an article on “Gigantic Cuttlefish,” by the present author, in the
‘Popular Science Review ’ for April 1874.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXXII. 32
490 MR. W. S. KENT ON CERTAIN [June 16,
that both this and the Conception-Bay example are specifically
identical, while, at the same time, the much fuller details now made
known to us through this last capture greatly facilitate our efforts
towards its correct appreciation. Particular interest attaches itself
to the fact, recorded im association with the tentacular club of this
latter specimen, that an outer row of minute suckers supplements
the two central rows of larger ones on each side. These small
suckers alternate with the larger, and, while of such inconspicuous
size as to have escaped notice in Mr. Harvey’s first report, are of
especial importance inasmuch as they indicate that the animal is
most nearly allied to the genera Loligo and Ommastrephes. So
closely indeed is the formula of the tentacular club, in addition to all
other essential points, now shown to correspond with certain species
of Ommastrephes that it will be evidently desirable to retain it in that
genus, thus avviding the creation of a new generic title, as previously
proposed, and which would have been requisite had the two rudi-
mentary rows of suckers on the outer margin of the tentacular club
been wanting, as the earlier description seemed to indicate. The
specific distinctness of this form, however, appears to be still more
clearly indicated by the more extensive information recently elimi-
nated.
Prof. A. E. Verrill, in a very interesting communication to the
‘American Journal of Science and Art,’ reprinted in the ‘Annals
and Magazine of Natural History’ for March last, brings forward,
in addition to the accounts of the two monsters here especially
mentioned, reliable evidence concerning several other Cephalopods
of gigantic size encountered on the same coast-line within the
last few years. Having examined the beaks and other portions
of several of these, Prof. Verrill is of the opinion that they
include two species respectively identical, in all probability, with
Prof. Steenstrup’s Architeuthis duz and Architeuthis monachus.
Our information, however, relative to both the genus Architeuthis
and the two forms referred to it, is at present so limited, that
considerable difficulty is associated with the establishment of this
identity. This difficulty is, furthermore, greatly enhanced by the
very antagonistic evidence concerning these species adduced by
different authorities. Thus, in the absence of means of access to
Prof. Steenstrup’s original description of the genus Architeuthis, the
present author accepted the authority of MM. Crosse and Fischer,
who in their well known ‘Journal de Conchologie’ (vol. x. 1862,
pp. 129 & 130), state that the generic title was instituted by its
founder in the year 1856 for the reception of three gigantic Cephalo-
pods, two of which were captured on the coast of Iceland in the years
1639 and 1790, and of which popular record alone remains ; to these
Prof. Steeustrup provisionally applied the title of Architeuthis
monachus. A third was stranded on the coast of Jutland in 1854,
and upon the pharynx and beak of this, the only parts preserved ;
the same authority founded his species Architeuthis dux. Evidently
assuming that the genus drchiteuthis had not been sufficiently
characterized for reidentification, MM. Crosse and Fischer, in this
1874.] GIGANTIC CEPHALOPODS. 491
same article, bestow upon the specimen encountered by the French
corvette ‘Alecton’ between Madeira and Teneriffe the name of Loligo
bouyeri, as stated in my earlier communication. Among other
evidence brought forward by these same authorities, allusion is
made to some fragments of a very large Cephalopod contained in
the Amsterdam Museum, described and figured by M. Harting in
the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of the same city.
Having had occasion to refer lately to this contribution of M.
Harting’s, its value was found to be considerably beyond what was
anticipated from the very brief notice taken of it by Crosse and
Fischer, its bearings upon the genus Architeuthis being especially
important. A description, with three fine quarto-plate illustrations,
is here given of fragments of two separate examples—No. 1 being a
pharynx and beak with several suckers preserved in the Utrecht
Museum, but of which no record has been preserved, and No. 2
comprising also a pharynx and beak with the terminal portion of a
sessile arm taken from the stomach of a shark in the Indian Ocean.
The fragments of this last example being demonstrated by M.
Harting to belong to one of the armed Calamaries, Enoploteuthis,
No. 1 alone demands our present attention. This M. Harting
identifies with Prof. Steenstrup’s Architeuthis dua, he having had the
advantage of corresponding with that eminent authority, and having,
moreover, compared the fragments described by himself with the
plates illustrative of that species prepared, but unpublished, by Prof.
Steenstrup. In the same communication M. Harting expresses his
opinion that there is not sufficient ground for the institution of this
genus Architeuthis, and refers Prof. Steenstrup’s typical Architeuthis
dux to a species of Ommastrephes, most probably identical with
O. todarus, D’Orb., and with which form the contour of the
mandibles and the armature of the suckers strikingly accord. This
species, however, is distinguished from all known cuttlefish by the
remarkable feature of having its two longer tentacular arms covered
with suckers, arranged in four rows, throughout their length; and
in the absence of any evidence concerning these arms, the positive
identification of this form with Prof. Steenstrup’s species could not
be arrived at.
We must now return to the evidence adduced by Prof. A. E.
Verrill in association with the Newfoundland specimens and with
fragments of other examples that have fallen under his personal
notice. In all, Prof. Verrill makes mention of five different
individuals, four of which, including the two examined by the Rev.
M. Harvey, he anticipates to be identical with Steenstrup’s drchi-
teuthis dux, and the remaining one to represent the less-known
A. monachus. The jaws of this last example are preserved in the
Museum of the Smithsonian Institution, and are described by Prof.
Verrill as being very thick and strong, with a decided notch and
prominent angular lobe on its inner margin; from a photograph of
the same, submitted to him, Prof. Steenstrup also concurs in the
probable identity of the example with his A. monachus. Out
of the four remaining, which Prof. Verrill refers to A. dua, he
32*
492 MR. W. S. KENT ON CERTAIN [June 16,
describes a pair of jaws (also preserved in the Smithsonian Institution)
as being much more slender than those of the last example men-
tioned, and entirely wanting its deep notch and prominent angular
lobe. This description, however, clearly indicates that neither this
particular individual nor the three others associated with it, if of
the same species, can be identical with 4. dua, as in the latter it is
distinctly shown, both by M. Harting and by Prof. Steenstrup’s own
figures, that a distinct notch and prominent angular lobe exist.
Both A. dux and A. monachus, indeed, seem to approach one another
so nearly in the character of the mandibles (the only portions yet
available for comparison), that it is difficult to refrain from the
suspicion that they represent one and the same species.
If, again, M. Harting is correct in his identification of Architeu-
this dux, Steenstr., with Ommastrephes todarus, D’Orb., we have
further conclusive evidence that ‘the Newfoundland examples are
distinct from that form, their tentacular arms presenting the
character of the ordinary cuttlefish, and wanting the anomalous
feature of these organs already observed of D’Orbigny’s species.
It would appear, then, that the individuals encountered in Con-
ception and Logie Bays, represented in the St. John’s Museum by a
tentacular arm and an entire specimen, and which, in a previous
communication, we provisionally proposed to distinguish by the
title of Megaloteuthis harveyi, belong, if identical (as Prof. Verrill
surmises) with the three examples that have fallen beneath his
notice, to a species distinct from either representative of the genus
Architeuthis (even should two exist) as characterized by Prof.
Steenstrup, or from any other species of the same order recognizably
described. At the same time it would seem, from the evidence of
M. Harting and others, with the further testimony adduced from
the Newfoundland examples, that the two species of Architeuthis,
Steenstr., cannot be separated from the genus Ommastrephes, D’Orb.,
of which they are merely gigantic representatives. Concerning
the species represented by the magnificent example and fragment in
the St. John’s Museum—in the seeming absence of characters that
identify it with any form hitherto described, it appears desirable to
retain for it the same specific title proposed in our earlier com-
munication, and thus to distinguish it as Ommastrephes harveyi, the
arrangement of the suckers on the tentacular club, already enume-
rated, constituting a sound specific diagnosis. As, however, these
examples, with other material of a kindred nature, have had the
good fortune to engage the attention of so eminent an authority as
Prof. A. E. Verrill—a circumstance of which I was unaware at the
time of penning my first communication, we may confidently leave
it in his hands to demonstrate to us the many essential details yet
wanting to complete our perfect knowledge of these noble specimens,
and to clear up the several apparent discrepancies with which, owing
to the previous paucity of material, the literature of this most in-
teresting subject has been encumbered.
With the above end in view, I wish to place on record the results
of a recent and more minute examination of the colossal arm pre-
1874.] GIGANTIC CEPHALOPODS. 493
served in the British Museum, which may prove of service to Prof.
Verrill for comparison with the fine series to which he enjoys facility
of access.
The length of this arm, from one extremity to the other, is just 9
feet; the circumference at the base 11 inches; and from this it
gradually decreases, terminating in a fine point. The suckers are
arranged in two rows throughout the extent of the arm, numbering,
approximately, 150 to each row, or a total of 300 to the whole organ.
Forty-three suckers only are stationed on each side in the first or
proximal half of the arm; one hundred on each side occupy the
whole length, with the exception of 14 inches, this smaller length
including the remaining fifty on each side, which are very minute
and crowded together. The comparative distances between the
suckers throughout the whole length in each row are as follows :—
between the first and second sucker, 13 inch; halfway up the arm,
1 inch; at three quarters of the entire length, 3 inch; and within
six inches of the distal extremity, j inch. The relative diameters
of the suckers at similar distances are :—at the base, extreme out-
side measurement ? inch, inside measurement of corneous ring 3
inch ; and, those suckers a little past the first few being the largest,
halfway down 3 inch outside and j inch inside measurement, at
three quarters length { inch, and at 6 inches from the extreme
point 4 inch outside measurement, gradually diminishing from here
to the size of a pin’s head.
The shape and structure of the suckers upon this British-Museum
specimen agree with those of Ommastrephes todarus as given by
D’Orbigny, corresponding also with those figured by Harting,
referred by him to the same species, and anticipated by the same
authority to be also identical with Prof. Steenstrup’s Architeuthis
dux. More minutely they may be described as hemispherical in
shape, the stalk or peduncle being attached laterally at the base of
the hemisphere, the point of insertion of the same in the cup being
marked by a conspicuous pit-like depression. The horny ring is
obliquely set, and much deeper at the side opposite the insertion of
the stalk ; the inner margin is serrated; and in most examples the
serratures bordering the deeper side are considerably larger than in
the other portions of the circumference; in some instances the
serratures, except at the particular point mentioned, are altogether
aborted, having the inner margin of the riug quite smooth; in other
examples, and more especially among the larger suckers, the teeth
or serratures are equal or subequal. The average number of the teeth
of the largest rings is twenty.
We may further mention, then, in conclusion, that the arm
preserved in the British Museum belongs to a species apparently
identical with Ommastrephes todarus of D’Orbigny, which, accord-
ing to M. Harting, is synonymous with Prof. Steenstrup’s Archi-
teuthis duz. A comparison of the form and armature of the suckers
of this example with the Newfoundland series will therefore be
of much service towards ascertaining whether any identity exists
between the two, although, from the evidence already adduced, this
494 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 3,
does not seem probable. It is particularly worthy of note in this
connexion that Mr. Harvey attributes approximately but 100 suckers
to a single sessile arm of the St.-John’s specimen, while the example
in the British Museum bears fully 300, a number considerably in
excess, even after making allowance for the difference in length.
November 3, 1874.
Dr. Gunther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following reports on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, and
September 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of June was 226, of which 47 were by birth,
63 by presentation, 43 by purchase, 6 by exchange, and 67 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same
period, by death and removals, was 70.
The most noticeable additions during the month of June were as
follows :—
1. A Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata) from the Argentine
Republic, presented by Mr. Jeofilo Mendez, June Ist.
2. A collection of North-American Testudinata, including fine
examples of Clemmys serrata, Trionyx ferox, and other interesting
species, presented by the Smithsonian Institution, June 4th and
June 11th.
3. A pair of White Cranes (Grus leucogeranus) from Northern
India, purchased June 20th.
4, Two young Audouin’s Gulls (Larus audouini) from the island
of Toro, off Cape Spirone, Sardinia, presented by Lord Lilford,
June 29th.
5. Living examples of the new European Lizard from Ayre Island,
south-east of Minorca, which has since been described by Dr.
Giinther as Zootoca lilfordi (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th series,
vol. xiv. p. 158), presented on the same date by Lord Lilford,
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of July was 155; of these, 52 were acquired
by presentation, 26 by purchase, 65 by birth, and 12 received on
deposit. The total number of departures during the same period by
death and removals was 110.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. Three Giraffes, a male and two females, purchased of Mr. C.
Hagenbeck, July 20th, for the sum of £1000.
2. A pair of Tigers (Felis tigris), presented by H.E. the Governor-
General of India, July 25th.
3. A pair of Arabian Gazelles (Gazella arabica, Hempr. et Ebr.)
from Aden, presented by Mrs. Benecke, July 25th. This species
- of Gazelle has never been previously received alive by the Society.
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 495
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of August was 69; of these, 37 were acquired
by presentation, 19 by purchase, 5 by birth, 3 by exchange, and 5
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same
period by death and removals was 108.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. Three specimens of an apparently new Lizard of the genus
Uromastiz, obtained in the vicinity of Busreh, and presented (August
3rd) by Captain Phillips, of the 8.S. ‘Mesopotamia.’ This species
will be described by Mr. Blanford at the next scientifie meeting of
the Society as Uromastix microlepis.
2. An albino variety of the Macaque Monkey, presented by H.E.
Sir Andrew Clarke, Governor of the Straits Settlements, August 11th.
This curious animal was sent to Sir Andrew Clarke, R.E., K.C.M.G.,
by His Highness Timku Dia Udin, the Viceroy of Salangore, and is
very tame and docile.
3. Two specimens of a remarkable large Skink (Macroscincus
cocteauit) found in Ilot blanc, one of the smaller islands of the Cape-
Verd group, presented by Professor Barboza du Bocage, C.M.Z.S.,
August 14th. See his communication on this subject, P. Z.S.
1873, p. 703.
4. A One-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius uniappendiculatus), ob-
tained in New Guinea, and presented by Captain Maisby, R.N., of
H.M.S. ‘ Basilisk,’ August 25th. This is the first example of this
rare Cassowary that has reached this country.
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of September was 88; of these, 48 were ac-
quired by presentation, 12 by purchase, 5 by birth, 9 by exchange,
and 14 were received on deposit. The total number of departures
during the same period by death and removals was 97.
The most noticeable additions during the month were as follows :—
1, A Red-backed Squirrel Monkey (Saimaris erstedi), presented
by Mr. W. F. Kelly, September 5th. Mr. Kelly informs me that
this animal was obtained in the Department of Solola, in Guatemala,
which is a more northern locality than has yet been recorded for the
species. A previous specimen was received from Costa Rica (see
P. Z.S. 1873, p. 434).
2. A specimen of a peculiar species of Cat, presented (September
11th) by Mr. Spencer Shield. I was at first inclined to consider this
animal the young of the Serval (Felis serval); but it seems cer-
tainly distinct in its small-sized and closely arranged spots, and I
now think it must be the Felis servalina of Ogilby (P. Z.S. 1839,
. 94).
Me Spencer Shield writes to me as follows respecting this ani-
mal :-—
“IT take the liberty of addressing you in the mean time to offer you
a Wild Cat which I have just brought with me from South-west
Africa; and if you will accept it for your Gardens I shall have the
greatest pleasure in presenting it to your collection. To my know-
ledge I have never seen a living specimen of the Cat which I now
496 ON CONTINENTAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. [Nov. 3,
have in England; and these are my grounds for offering it to you.
After carrying away a rare species of Stork, it was trapped by some
of my servants at Kinsembo, a place on the borders of Angola and
Congo, on the 15th of June last; and I have taken considerable
trouble and expense to keep it alive. It is of the same size and not
unlike a Serval; long slender legs and tail; the colour is a sort of
olive-yellow or sand-colour, spotted here and there with small irre-
gular spots, more particularly along its lower extremities and flanks ;
its ears are black and yellow (or white), like those of a Serval. It
by no means resembles a Tiger Cat, and it differs much from the
Serval, both of which beasts are common in Angolaand Loango. It
is the true ‘ Bush-Cat’ of the Negroes, and, I believe, is rare in
England.”
I exhibit a drawing by Mr. Smit representing this animal, which
will assist in its future recognition (see Plate LXIII.). The species
was established on a flat skin, which is now in the collection of the
British Museum, and is little known to naturalists.
3. An interesting collection of animals from the Seychelles Islands,
presented, September 21st, by the Hon. Sir Arthur Gordon, C.M.Z.S.
Amongst these are examples of the Red-crowned Pigeon (Erythre-
nas pulcherrima), the Barkly Parrakeet (Coracopsis barklyi), and
examples of three species of Tortoises, concerning which Sir Arthur
writes to me as follows :—
‘“‘Testudo indica. The only island on which I know this gigantic
Tortoise to exist now in a state of nature is Aldebra; but there is
abundant evidence of their having been wild on most other islands of
the Seychelles at no very remote date. At present many are kept in
enclosures in the Seychelles and breed there in large numbers; of
these some may have escaped into the bush, but I do not think any
now exist which are not descended from those brought from Aldebra.
“‘Cinivys belli. These are only found in Mahé, and have evi-
dently been introduced—probably accidentally.
“ Sternotherus subniger. This Tortoise is found only in marshes
in the islands of La Digue and Silhouette, and perhaps Praslin. I
never heard of it at Mahé; but very possibly it might be found in
the marshes up in the mountains.”
Mr. Sclater gave an account of the visits which he had made
during the summer to several Zoological Gardens and Museums in
France and Italy, and made remarks upon the principal objects
noticed therein.
In the Jardin des Plantes at Paris a new and much improved
house for Reptiles and Batrachians had been erected, and had
deservedly attracted much public attention. Amongst the rarities
living in the Menagerie special attention was called to (1) the typical
specimens of Cheropotamus edwardsi* of Grandidier, (2) a fine
example of the Beisa Antelope (Oryx deisa) lately received from the
French Vice-Consul at Aden, (3) a beautiful specimen of Crypto-
procta ferox, and (4) the first living example yet brought to Europe
* Described Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1867, p. 318.
“UE Feu
* TETRA oy a ea A
1874.] MR. G. D. ROWLEY ON BIRDS FROM NEW ZEALAND. 497
of Swinhoe’s Phasianus ellioti, obtained in the province of Fokien
by Pére David.
At Genoa, the Museo Civico, under the directorship of the Mar-
chese Giovanni Doria, was making great progress. A remarkable
feature in this Institution was that by far the greater number of the
specimens had been obtained by Italian travellers and collectors, and
were therefore precisely determined as regards locality. Among
special rarities were noticed :—a perfect specimen of Lophiomys im-
hausii from Keren, in the Bogos country, being the second known
specimen of this rare and extraordinary mammal* ; a complete ske-
leton of Pontoporia blainvillii, received from a correspondent in
Buenos Ayres ; and a perfect adult Cassowary from the Aroo Islands,
obtained by Dr. Beccari. Of this last-named specimen, which
appeared to belong to an undescribed species, Mr. Sclater promised
further particulars in a subsequent communication,
Mr. G. Dawson Rowley, F.Z.S., exhibited some rare bird-skins
from New Zealand, amongst which were specimens of Apteryx
haasti, Nestor productus, and two living specimens of Sceloglaux
albifacies.
Mr. Rowley made the following remarks on these birds :—
*©T have the pleasure of exhibiting the following birds and other
objects lately arrived from New Zealand :—
Apteryx haasti, g and @, adult.
9 » o¢ and 2, young.
Apteryx oweni, a series, old and young.
Nestor notabilis.
Nestor superbus.
Sceloglauxr albifacies, 3 and Q, living birds.
50 Moa-stones. These pebbles were found in one heap, and
belong to the same Dinornis; they are very smooth.
“Concerning Apteryx haasti Dr. Otto Finsch says (Trans. of New-
Zealand Institute, 1872, vol. v. p. 212), ‘I cannot agree with Mr.
Potts as to a hybridism between 4. australis and A. oweni.’ Again,
‘I take it for a good species.’ Dr. Finsch’s opinion is confirmed
by these specimens, and also by the fact that Apteryx is said to be
local, one species not intermixing with another.
«Dr. Haast and Dr. Buller grant the honours of a species to this
bird; these gentlemen, from the rarity of it, were forced to determine
it from two skins in the Canterbury Museum, the only known
examples—one found up the Okarita river, the other on the eastern
shore of Lake Mapourika. Wishing to investigate more fully the
question of this species, I directed the efforts of my collector to the
subject; and I place before the meeting the adult male and female
and the young male and female, all taken seven thousand feet above
the level of the sea, thirty miles up the Okarita river, in the moun-
* Described by A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Ann. d. Mus. iii. pl. 6, p. 81.
There is besides this a skull in the Anatomical Museum of Berlin, upon which
ink ein ethiopicus of Peters (Zeitsch. f. d. g. Nat. xxix. p. 195) was esta-
blished.
498 MR. WALLACE ON THE RHINOCEROS OF BORNEO. [Nov. 3,
tains. Five were killed; but one large one was torn by the dogs and
rendered useless. In order to make the difference apparent I exhibit
a series of 4. oweni, the nearest affine of A. Aaaséii, in various stages ;
one of these is the largest skin (as usual a female) which I have
seen.
“The colour of A. haastii is so much darker, the size so much
greater, equal to the largest 4. australis, that I am strongly of
opinion that this species will stand. It appears to be rare. Mr.
Potts, to whom I believe the discovery is due, has done good
service. Here let me call attention to the wonderful vicissitudes
A. australis and A. mantelli have undergone: first they were
the same; then (P. Z.S. 1850, p. 274) Mr. Bartlett made them
two; after which, for some time, they returned to unity, and are now
again made different by Dr. Buller and Dr. Haast on account of the
hardness and softness of their respective plumages, which, however,
Dr. Finsch in a series pronounces ‘to have different degrees obser-
vable” He regards the Kiwi of the North Island ‘only as a race
or local form’ (Trans. N. Z. Institute, 1372, vol. v. p. 212). The
high value I attach to the opinions of these gentlemen, and the small
amount of variation discovered, induce me to consider it optional,
according to the fancy of those who do, or do not, like to make out
a new species from a variety. As far as I am able to judge, we have
three Apteryges in New Zealand—4. australis with variety mantelli,
A. haasti, and A. oweni. We have yet to discover that great and
glorious form, A. mawima, which may, perhaps, reward the zeal of
some painstaking naturalist.
«The skin brought to me as Nestor superbus is an albino variety
of N. meridionalis. It was endeavoured to preserve this bird alive ;
for its talking-powers were described as good. The other forms, such
as WV. esslingii &c., will probably be found to be only varieties ; the
present one is a remarkable bird.
«The two living Owls (Sceloglaua albifacies, Buller), which have
never before been brought to England alive, are now very rare in
New Zealand, and will soon, alas, be extinct; they are said to have
a horrible cry, but have not yet given me an opportunity of knowing it.
The peculiar nature of this Owl, partly accipitrine, renders it, like
the Stringops, which has an owl-like tendency, an object of interest.
My birds are fond of washing, and allow themselves to be handled.”
Mr. Alfred R. Wallace, F.Z.S., exhibited some Rhinoceros-horns,
sent from Borneo by Mr. Everett, and read the following letter
addressed to him by Mr. Everett concerning them :—
“Sarawak, March 12, 1874.
“‘T have forwarded to you, through Dr. Jessopp, of Norwich, two
Rhinoceros-horns, obtained in the Bazaar at Sibu, the principal
station of the Sarawak Government in the Rejang river.
‘These specimens, together with three others, the largest of which,
measured perpendicularly, stood 83 inches high, were brought pro-
bably from the country about the headwaters of the Koti; but there
1874.] MR. J. GOULD ON A NEW PARROT. 499
is reason to believe that the animal is distributed (though not
abundantly) throughout the upper course of the Rejang, Kapuas,
Koti, Baluigan, and, perhaps, all the larger streams of the island.
Both horns and teeth are brought to Sibu by natives arriving from
the above district for purposes of trade; and these articles being
valued by Chinese and Malays for their supposed medicinal proper-
ties, at once command a ready sale, so that they disappear generally
beyond hope of recovery.
“The Kayans call the animal ‘Temadu ;’ and the country at the
head of the Rejang, z.e. for the last five days of its course, would
seem to be well suited to be the habitat of this bulky herbivore,
being described as destitute of any settled human population, and as
affording stretches of tolerably level and grassy country which affords
pasture to herds of a species of wild Ox. The horns of the latter
are often to be purchased at Sibu; but I have never seen a skin or a
skull. The general close affinity between the faunas of Borneo and
Sumatra suggests that a Bornean Rhinoceros would be found to be
furnished with two horns ; and, in fact, natives describe it as being so.
“It is very long since I have seen the horns of any species of
Rhinoceros ; but, so far as my memory serves, the large one I send
is unlike that of the R. sumatrensis.”
Mr. Bartlett exhibited a similar horn, but a larger example, which
he had obtained from a friend, along with some Dyak weapons
twenty years ago, and which was stated to have been received trom
Borneo.
Mr. Bartlett remarked that these specimens left no doubt of the
existence in Borneo of a Rhinoceros which was probably allied to R.
sondaicus, but of smaller dimensions*.
The following letters were read :—
‘26 Charlotte Street,
Bedford Square, London,
October 30, 1874.
“Dear Srr,—As I am still too unwell to attend the scientific
meetings of our Society, I shall feel greatly obliged if you will state
on my behalf, at the next Meeting of the Society on the 3rd of No-
vember, that I have received positive evidence of the existence of a
fine undescribed Parrot on the east coast of Australia.
“This must be a magnificent bird, as will be seen from the enclosed
drawing, which is said to be an exact representation of it, both as to
size and colour.
“This drawing was kindly forwarded to me by Mr. Waller, and
was made by his son from the specimen (unique) procured near Jim-
bour, which is a few miles north of Dalby, a small town on the
Darling Downs in Queensland.
“Mr. Coxen writes me that the bird was in the possession of a
working man, who guarded it jealously. Mr. Coxen carefully com-
* Cf. Busk, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 409.
500 LETTER FROM MR. R. SWINHOK. [Nov. 3,
pared the bird with the drawing, and vouches for the latter being
very correct. He subsequently purchased the specimen, and has
placed it in the New Museum at Brisbane, of which he is the Hono-
rary Curator.
I trust that before many months I shall be able to exhibit the
actual specimen to this Society, as I have written and asked the
favour of its being forwarded to me to enable me to figure it in my
forthcoming number of the ‘Supplement to the Birds of Australia.’
“For the present it will be sufficient to say that the bird is evi-
dently allied to the genus Aprosmictus, of which the well-known
King Parrot of Australia is the type.
“The colouring may be roughly given as follows :—Crown of the
head brilliant red, separated from the bill by a narrow band of green,
which green colour extends all over the face and cheeks, back of the
neck, and back, interrupted, however, by certain dashes of red on the
side of the neck ; throat and under surface fine red; wing greenish,
with a splendid large patch of bright yellow dashed with a little red
occupying the shoulders and great part of the secondaries—such a
mark as is seen in Péistes, but of course of a different colour; the
rump is blue, as is the colour of the under shoulder according to Mr.
Coxen ; the long tail is green.
“Compared with Aprosmictus the wing appears to be longer, in
which respect it would approach Ptistes, as it would also in having
its upper and under mandibles uniform in colour, viz. red ; feet dark.
«The dimensions of the various parts of the drawing are—total
length 15 inches, wing 73, tail 73.
“TJ wish to record my obligations to Mr. Wallace and to Mr.
Coxen for having forwarded the drawing to me and enabled me to
make this communication to the Society; and as they have neither
laid me under restrictions in the matter, nor suggested any name, I
propose assigning to this fine species the characteristic name of
Aprosmictus insignissimus.
“T am, dear Sir,
“ P. L. Sclater, Esq., ** Yours very faithfully,
Secretary of the **Joun GouLp.”
Zoological Society of London.”
“33 Carlyle Square, S.W.,
July 7, 1874.
“Dear Srr,—I return, with thanks, Prof. Peters’s letter. The
Bat in spirits he refers to therein, which you kindly forwarded to
him for me, was one of the ‘four specimens of a light reddish-brown
species’ mentioned in my letter from Ningpo (P. Z. 8. 1872,
p-818). Prof. Peters writes, ‘It is not a Phyllorhina, but a Rhino-
lophus, not different from R. nippon, Temminck, which may turn out
to be the same as our R. ferrum-equinum. It is only a little larger,
and the saddle point a little lower; but this may be an individual
difference.”
“‘T should like also to record that the specimen of Phyllorhina
swinhoii mentioned in the letter of mine referred to, I put into spirits
and sent also to Dr. Peters. On the strength of this specimen,
reuw
{TUES ij
JSmit hth,
BUARREMON TRICOLOR.
Hanhart, Imp.
1874.) M. TACZANOWSKI ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 501
showing the soft parts in more natural condition than they were in
my former dried skins, Dr. Peters states, in a letter to me, that
he finds the animal identical with Phyllorhina urmigera, Hodgson,
from Nepaul. P. swinhoii must therefore sink into a synonym under
Hodgson’s prior name (P. Z. S. 1870, p. 616).
“Yours very truly,
“ The Secretary “ RoBERT SwinHoE.”
of the Zoological Society.”
The following papers were read :—
1. Liste des Oiseaux recueillis par M. Constantin Jelski dans
la partie centrale du Pérou occidental*. Par L. Tacza-
NOWSKI, Conservateur du Musée de Varsovie, C.M.Z.S.
[Received August 11, 1874.]
(Plates LXIV. & LXV.)
La plus grande partie des esptces nouvelles découvertes par M.
Jelski a été décrite par le Dr. Cabanis dans le ‘ Journal fiir Ornitho-
logie,’ 1873, et ensuite par moi dans le ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological
Society,’ 1874. Actuellement je suis 4 méme de présenter une liste
complete des espéces que notre intrépide et infatigable voyageur a
recueilli pendant les truis années de son séjour dans cet intéressant
pays, grace au concours bienveillant de MM. Sclater et Cabanis, qui
out déterminé une grande partie de ces espéces, en les comparant
avec les types qui se trouvent dans les riches collections de Londres
et de Berlin, ce dont je leur exprime ma haute reconnaissance.
La région explorée par M. Jelski est trés-restreinte, elle est com-
prise entre Lima, Huanta, Monterico (Montana de Huanta, quebrada
de Choymachota), Farina et Junin. Mais comme cette contrée est
située dans la chaine des Cordilléres, elle comprend différents climats,
depuis les régions tropicales jusqu’d celles des neiges éternelles, ce
qui explique cette étonnante richesse d’espéces.
I] est 4 regretter que je ne puisse pas présenter ici sur cette con-
trée des notions géographiques, que je ne cesse de réclamer 4 M.
Jelski et qui ne me sont pas encore parvenues ; mais comme tous les
exemplaires portent l’indication de la localité, je l’indique aussi sous
chaque espéce, attendu que des endroits rapprochés mais différents
sous le rapport climatérique renferment des faunes trés-distinctes.
* Index des espéces décrites pour le premier fois :—
1. Anthus brevirostris, p. 507. 11. Anabazenops cabanisi, p. 528.
2. calcaratus, p. 507. 12. Ochthodieta signatus, p. 532.
3. Conirostrum cyanewm, p. 512. 13. Rhynchocyclus peruvianus, p. 537.
4. Buarremon mystacalis, p. 515. 14. Myiobius superciliosus, p. 588.
5. tricolor, p. 516. 15. Empidonax andinus, p. 539.
6. Chlorospingus chrysogaster, p. 517. 16. Leucippus pallidus, p. 542.
7. Spermophila obscura, p. 519. 17. Hypoxanthus brevirostris, p. 546.
8. Pipilo mystacalis, p. 521. 18. Gallinago andina, p. 561.
9. Geositta saxicolina, p. 524. 19. Nothoprocta branickii, p. 5638.
10. Upucerthia serrana, p. 525.
502 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
Tschudi a compris dans sa ‘Fauna Peruana’ 362 espéces, en y
insérant celles qui ont été indiquées par d’autres voyageurs et quwil
n’a pas observées lui-méme. M. Jelski a considérablement dépassé
ce chiffre en fournissant 495 espéces. Dans ce nombre, il manque
4 peu prés 150 espéces de Tschudi, ce nombre sera cependant un peu
modifié, car quelques unes de celles de Tschudi n’ont pas été déter-
minées avec précision. I] restera toujours au moins une centaine
d’espéces au deli du chiffre de la faune ornithologique de la contrée
explorée par notre voyageur.
La liste des oiseaux du Pérou oriental, publiée par MM. Sclater et
Salvin*, contient les espéces recueillies par les trois voyageurs, Bart-
lett, Bates, et Hauxwell, sur une surface beaucoup plus vaste que
celle de M. Jelski. Elle contient 473 espéces, parmi lesquelles il
n’y en a que 89 trouvées aussi par M. Jelski au Pérou occidental ;
le plus grand nombre cependant de ces espéces vient de Monterico,
situé sur le versant oriental des Cordilléres. Pour recueillir cette
collection, M. Jelski a employé un temps 4 peu prés gal a celui de
M. Bartlett, c’est 4 dire depuis la fin de 1870 jusqu’a 1873 inclu-
sivement.
En comparant les deux listes on voit dans plusieurs familles une
grande différence, remarquable particuli¢rement dans les Tyrannides
et les Fringillides. Au Pérou oriental, il n’y a que 9 espéces de ces
derniers, tandis qu’il y en a 30 dans l’occidental; au lieu de 40
Tyrannides du Pérou oriental il yen a 71 au Pérou occidental ; cette
différence est occasionnée par la présence d’un nombre considérable
de Tzeniopterides (22 espéces), qui habitent les hauts plateaux arides,
tandis que les autres Tyrans sont également nombreux dans les
vallées chaudes et boisées.
Les Dendrocolaptides sont aussi beaucoup plus nombreux: il y en
a 28 espéces dans le Pérou oriental et 44 dans occidental. La
raison est la méme, car dans cette derniére contrée il y a un nombre
considérable de Geosittes, de Cillurus et autres habitants des mon-
tagnes.
Il y a aussi plus de Tanagrides: 34 au Pérou oriental et 53 dans
Yoccidental. Grande différence dans les Ccerebides: 9 dans le Pérou
oriental et 17 au Pérou occidental. Les Trochilides sont aussi plus
nombreux: 33 au Pérou oriental, 40 dans loccidental, ete. Le
Pérou occidental présente aussi une grande supériorité 4 Pégard des
Echassiers et des Palmipédes.
D’un autre coté il y a des familles moins richement représentées
dans ces parages, telles que les Trogonides, Galbulides, Cuculides,
Psittacides, Ictérides ; ces derniers sont représentés par 6 espéces
dans la collection de M. Jelski, tandis qu’il y en a 18 dans la liste
du Pérou oriental.
Castelnau, dans son mémoire présenté a la séance du 6 Mars 1848,
de Académie des Sciences, a communiqué observation suivante ;
* Sur 3750 individus appartenant a la classe des oiseaux, dont nous
avons constaté le sexe par des recherches anatomiques pendant le
cours de mon expédition dans l Amérique du Sud, il ne se trouvent
* P,Z,8, 1873, p. 252.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 503
que 287 appartenant au sexe féminin, ou environ +. Il semble
done que la chaleur est favorable & la mutabilité du type et aux
changements des formes, et que, d’autre part, la nature ne voulant
pas que les individus subissent cette loi de progression en ait limité
la multiplication par la grande infériorité numérique du sexe chargé
de la gestation, ete.”’ Plus loin il dit que “lorsque nous possédions
le male d’une espéce, nous faisions tous nos efforts pour nous pro-
curer l’autre sexe.”
La collection de M. Jelski combat complétement cette observation.
Presque tous les exemplaires y ont le sexe constaté, et quoique le
sexe masculin y prédomine, sa proportion ne dépasse pas celle qu’on
trouve toujours dans des collections ornithologiques formées dans
d’autres contrées. Méme en Europe, ot l’on connait bien les moeurs
des oiseaux, et oti on se sert de différents moyens pour prendre les
femelles, on recueille toujours beaucoup plus de males, mais leur
supériorité numérique n’y sera pas moindre que dans la collection de
M. Jelski. La supposition de Castelnau n’est pas juste ; quiconque
connait bien les habitudes des oiseaux en liberté, comprend parfaite-
ment que la nidification deviendrait impossible s’il y avait dans la
contrée tant de males célibataires, qui parviendraient toujours a
découvrir les paires afin de les troubler. Il faut done chercher
ailleurs les causes pour lesquelles, dans les contrées tropicales, les
espéces sont moins riches en individus. Une de ces causes sera cer-
tainement le nombre plus restreint d’ceufs qu’on trouve dans les
pontes des oiseaux habitant cette zone.
Family Turpip2&.
1. TurpDus LEUCOMELAs, Vieill.; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1873,
p. 256.
Turdus ignobilis, Scl.
Une paire d’ Amable-Maria.
2. Turpus crororeEzus, Licht.; Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 272.
Une femelle d’Amable-Maria.
3. Turpus swarnsont, Cab.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 187;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 255.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico.
4. Turpus niericeps. (Plate LXIV.)
“ Turdus nigriceps, Jelski,” Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1874, p. 97.
Cette espéce nouvelle, fondée sur un male unique de Soriano, me
semble devoir étre rapprochée au Turdus reevei de Lawrence, Aun.
L. N. Y. ix. p. 234.
5. Turpus Gicantopes, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 315.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc et de Ninabamba.
6. TurpDuUs CHIGUANCO, Lafr. et D’Orb.
Nombreux exemplaires de Chilpes, de Huanta, et de Maraynioc.
504 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Il est probable que Tschudi l’a compris dans sa ‘ Fauna Peruviana’
sous le nom de T. fuscater, Lafr.
7. Turpus seRRANuS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 186; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 783.
Turdus atrosericeus, Lafr.
Une paire de Chilpes et un male de Ropaybamba.
8. CATHARUS FUSCATER, Lafr.
Malacocichla fuscater, Gr. H.-l. B. Brit. Mus. 1869, i. p. 259.
. Une exemplaire de Chilpes.
9. Mimus Ltoneicaupatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 193, t.15.f.2.
Une paire des environs de Lima.
Family Crnciipz.
CINCLUS LEUCOCEPHALUs, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 180, t. 15. f. J.
Un mile tué entre Cucas et Palcamayo. M. Jelski dit que cet
oiseau n’est pas rare dans la contrée mais difficile 4 chasser 4 cause
de l’extréme rapidité du ruisseau, qui emporte les oiseaux tués avant
que le chasseur puisse les atteindre.
Family TRoGLoDyTID&.
1. THRYOTHORUS CANTATOR, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 130.
Un oiseau adulte sans indication de sexe et un jeune mile
d’ Amable- Maria.
Un troisiéme exemplaire sans indication de sexe tué en 1873 a
Pumamarca parait étre un male adulte de cette espéce, décrite pro-
bablement d’aprés une femelle et un jeune oiseau. Cet exemplaire
a les cdtés du visage noirs, comme dans le T. coraya, mais sans stries
blanches, il a seulement une ligne de cette couleur, trés- -mince, qui
commence au-dessus de l’angle postérieur de I’ ceil et parcourt jusqu’a
Pextrémité de la téte. Le dessus de la téte, la nuque et les cétés du
cou sont d’une couleur grise-olivatre foncée. Les subcaudales sont
rayées transversalement comme dans le 7. coraya. La gorge est
blanche pure, le reste du dessous est d’une couleur grise teinte
légérement de brunatre sur les cdtés. Le dos, les ailes et la queue
sont comme celles des exemplaires qui ont servi 4 la description citée.
Cet individu ressemble encore plus au T. coraya que les précédents
et en différe principalement par le manque de stries blanches sur les
cétés du visage, par la nuance différente du dessus de la téte et du
dessous du corps, par les stries transversales rousses au lieu de grises
des rectrices, et par le bec considérablement moins long.
2. HENICORHINA LEUCoPHRYS, (Tsch.) Fn. Per. Orn. p. 185.
Femelle unique de Sillapeta.
3. CisroTHORUS HUMIVAGANS, Tacz. P.Z.S. 1874, p. 130.
Un mile adulte et un jeune oiseau de Maraynioc; un male de
Pumamarca.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 505
4, TROGLODYTES SOLSTITIALIS, Scl.
Plusieurs exemplaires adultes et jeunes de Maraynioc et de
Pumamarca.
Deux ceufs de cet oiseau trouvés le 15 Mars, 1873, & Pumamarca,
different beaucoup de ceux du T. audazr,Tsch. IIs sont blancs purs
variés de taches rouge-rouille, assez grosses et assez nombreuses prés
du gros bout, plus petites et plus rares au petit, mélées 4 d’autres
roses violacées pales, beaucoup moins nombreuses que les premiéres.
Ces ceufs ressemblent beaucoup 4 ceux du Parus major.
Dimensions: 18'4—13°5, 18°5—13°3 millim.
5. TRoGLopyTEs Aupax, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 185
Des oiseaux adultes et jeunes, des ceufs et des nids de Huanta, de
Monterico et de Maraynioc.
Le nid de ce Troglodyte est d’une construction trés simple; il est
composé d’herbes et de graminées séches et affaiblies par l’action du
temps, mélangées avec de la laine, des plumes et d’autres matiéres
semblables. II est trés bas et peu régulier, a texture lache, découvert
par dessus. L/’intérieur, quiest peu profond, est garni plus on moins
abondamment de plumes, de erin de cheval et de gros cheveux de
bétail. Hauteur 4°5 cent., largeur 10-11; diamétre de l’intérieur
5°5; profondeur 2:5. Les ceufs présentent beaucoup de variétés en
coloration. Le fond est d’une couleur rose pale, varié de nombreuses
petites taches et de petits traits rouges, mélangées avec d’autres pales
d’un rose-violacé. Sur les uns les taches sont disposées également
sur toute la surface et ressemblent aux ceufs de certaines variétés du
Phylloscopus trochilus. Sur d’autres les taches sont plus petites,
réduites en points nombreux sur toute la surface et formant une cou-
ronne plus ou moins dense autour du gros bout, imitant les ceufs du
Locustella rayi daus leurs différentes variétés. Sur d’autres les
taches sont plus grandes, moins nombreuses sur le fond plus blane, et
ces ceufs ressemblent 4 ceux des Mésanges. II y a aussi des dif-
férences considérables dans la forme, les uns sont courts et ventrus
tandis que les autres sont beaucoup plus allongés. Dans chaque
ponte les ceufs sont plus ou mcins uniformes. Dimensions des ceufs
de différentes pontes: 17—13, 17°5—14, 18-2—13°3, 18°2—12°8,
19—13 millim.
Nombre des ceufs dans une ponte 3-4.
6. CypHoruinus THORACICUS, Tsch. Fu. Peru. Orn. p. 184.
Male unique de Monterico.
7. PRESBYS PERUANUS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 317.
Un mile, une femelle, et un jeune de Maraynioc.
Un cuf trouvé le 26 Aoiit, 1871, 4 Maraynioc, ressemble a ceux
du Troglodytes. I) est ové, allongé, 4 extrémités mousses, blanc
varié de rares petites taches et de points rouges, plus nombreux au
gros bout. La surface est sans aucun lustre. Dimensions, 21°3
—14:18 millim.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXXIII. 33
506 M. L, TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
8. MIcROCERCULUS MARGINATUS, Scl. et Saly. P. Z.S. 1873, p.
257.
Femelle unique d’ Amable-Maria.
Family ANTHIDZ.
1. Antuus cuit, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Sc. N. xxvi. p. 490; Tsch.
Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 191.
Plusieurs individus des environs de Lima, tués dans les premiers
jours de Janvier, 1870.
Ongle postérieur plus long que le doigt, peu courbé; doigt pos-
térieur avec l’ongle égalant la hauteur du tarse.
Premiére remige un peu plus courte que la seconde; les 2°, 3° et
4°, les plus longues et égales entre elles; la cinquiéme plus courte
que la premiere.
Premiére rectrice fauve-blanchatre, a liseré foncé au bord interne,
dépassant la moitié de sa longueur, seconde fauve-blanchatre sale dans
sa moitié externe et foncée dans toute la longueur de l’interne.
Subalaires blanchatres, le bord interne des remiges gris-clair.
Remiges primaires finement bordées de vert jaunitre.
Tout le dessous fauve-pile, presque uniforme partout. Stries sur
la poitrine triangulaires, brunes, assez nombreuses; cdtés du ventre
distinctement striés.
Parties supérieures d’un fauve grisatre tacheté de brun, la nuque
et les grandes taches sur les cdtés du dos plus claires blanchatres.
Long. tot. 14 cent., aile pliée 67 millim., pouce 10 millim., ongle
postérieur 12 millim.
M. Jelski a observé que dans les environs de Lima cet oiseau couve
principalement les ccufs du Molothrus sericeus?* Dans les nids qu’il
trouvait il y avait toujours | les ceufs de ce dernier depuis 1-4, et
jamais d’ceufs du Pipit, et c’est seulement dans un seul qu’ila trouvé
un ceuf de l’ Anthus avec 3 du Molothrus.
Cet ceuf est blanc avec une couronne brune assez large et dense
prés du gros bout, qui est parsemé d’assez nombreuses taches de
méme couleur; a l’extérieur de la couronne il y a aussi des petites
taches et des points bruns, de plus en plus rares en approchant du
sommet, qui est presque pur. La forme de cet ceuf est différente de
celle de lceuf du Molothrus, elle est comme celle des autres Anthus ;
la coque est delicate, et le lustre est beaucoup plus faible. II pré-
sente une grande différence en grandeur: il est 19 mm. long sur
14°5 de largeur, tandis que les ceufs du Molothrus du méme nid ont
les dimensions suivantes: 24—18°2, 22°5—18°4, 22°3—18 millim.
La coloration des ceufs du Molothrus est bien différente: le fond
est blanc légérement bleuatre, parsemé de taches et de points bruns,
petits, rares et également distribués sur toute la surface. Un ceuf
(le plus grand) est un peu différent : la nuance bleu est moins pure
et moins prononcée, les taches sont plus nombreuses, plus petites et
transformées en grande partie en petits traits; leur nuance n’est pas
* Je ne peux pas indiquer au juste l’espéce, car M. Jelski a fourni seulement
des jeunes oiseaux.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 507
la méme. II est probable que ce dernier a été déposé par une autre
femelle.
Le nid est construit de nombreuses grosses herbes, parmi les-
quelles il y a quelques unes 4 grosses feuilles employées en état
frais ; les matériaux deviennent de plus en plus fins en approchant du
milieu, qui est nettement arrangé de brins delicats et fortifié de quel-
ques crins de cheval; l’intérieur est irrégulier. Dimensions :
Hauteur 5 cent., largeur 13, diamétre de l’intérieur 5, profondeur 4.
2. ANTHUS BREVIROSTRIS, sp. Nov.
Supra fulvo brunneoque varius; pectore fulvo, brunneo macu-
lato; gula abdomineque albis; subcaudalibus fulvo-albidis ;
subalaribus albis ; primariis albido limbatis ; duabus rectricibus
externis albis, prima in pogonio interno a basi ad mediam longi-
tudinem fusco limbata, secunde limbus fuscus ad apicem fere
productus. Rostri nigricantis mandibula inferior pallida ;
pedes carnei; ungues flavido-albicantes ; iris fusco brunnea.
Trois exemplaires tués 4 Junin a la fin de Juin, 1872.
Doigt postérieur avec l’ongle un peu plus court que le tarse, l’ongle
a faible courbure presque aussi long que le pouce.
Premiére remige un peu plus courte que la seconde, qui est la plus
longue, et presque égale a la troisiéme et quatriéme.
Premiere rectrice blanche 4 bordure foncée dans la moitié basale
du bord interne ; la bordure foncée dans la seconde est large et s’étend
jusqu’au prés de l’extrémité.
Subalaires blanches, ainsi que le bord interne des remiges; pre-
miére remige bordée de blanc, les autres primaires de fauve trés pale.
Gorge et ventre blancs, poitrine fauve ; flamméches sur la poitrine
grosses, triaugulaires, brunes. Cdtés du ventre fauves, striés de
brun.
Parties supérieures fauves roussatres, tachetées de brun.
Longueur tot. 16 centim., aile pliée 82 millim., pouce 8 millim.,
ongle postérieur 8 millim.
Cette espéce parait étre proche de l’4. furcatus, Lafr. et D’Orb.
3. ANTHUS CALCARATUS, Sp. nov.
Fulvo-rufescens nigro maculatus, pectore lateribusque vivide
Sulvo-rufescentibus, maculis nigris latis aspersis ; abdomine
medio, subcaudalibus subalaribusque albido-fulvescentibus ; pri-
mariis albido limbatis ; rectrice externa tota alba, interne late
fusco limbata. Rostri nigricantis mandibula basi pallida ;
pedes sordide carnei ; ungues corneo-brunnei ; iris fusco-
brunnea.
Une paire receuillie dans les marais de Junin. :
Doigt postérieur avec l’ongle plus long que le tarse; ongle plus
long que le doigt, trés peu courbé.
Premiére remige considérablement plus courte que la seconde ; les
seconde, troisiéme, quatriéme et cinquiéme les plus longues, presque
égales entre elles.
Premiére rectrice blanche en entier, 4 tige seulement foncée A la
33%
508 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
naissance méme ; la seconde largement bordée de foncé dans presque
toute la longueur du bord interne.
Subalaires blancs-roussitres; bord interne des remiges blanc;
remiges primaires bordées de blanchatre.
Gorge, milieu duventre et les subcaudales fauves-blanchatres ;
poitrine, le devant et les cétés du ventre roussatres; stries triangu-
laires noirs.
Parties supérieures d’une couleur roussitre vive, tachetées de noir.
Longueur tot. 16 centim., aile pliée 76 millim., pouce 10 millim.,
ongle postérieur 15 millim.
4. AnTuus BoGoTENSsIs, Scl. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 109, t. 101.
Anthus rufescens, Lafr. et D’Orb. Syn. Av. 27.
Pediocorys bogotensis, Gr. H.-l. B. Brit. Mus. 1869, i. p. 250.
Trois exemplaires de Maraynioc.
Doigt postérieur avec l’ongle considérablement plus court que le
tarse; l’ongle un peu plus long que le pouce, a faible courbure.
Premiére remige plus courte que la seconde ; les seconde, troisieme
et la quatriéme les plus longues et égales, la cinquiéme un peu plus
longue que la premiere.
Premiére rectrice fauve dans sa moitié externe et foncée dans l’in-
terne de maniére que la barbe interne est toute foncée dans sa moitié
basale ; la seconde foncée en entier est finement liserée de blanchatre
a Pextrémité.
Subalaires rousses ainsi que le bord interne des remiges; remiges
primaires bordées extérieurement de roussiatre.
Tout le dessous est fauve-roussatre, plus intense sur la poitrine.
Trés peu de flamméches foncées sur la poitrine, et presque point sur
les cétés du ventre.
Parties supérieures rousses tachetées de brun noiratre.
Longueur tot. 16 centim., aile pliée 79 millim., pouce 10 millim.,
ongle postérieur 11 millim.
Family MnioTi.tTipz.
1. DenprR@ca canaveEnsis (L.); Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 271.
Un male et deux femelles de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
2. DenpRa@cA c@RULEA (Wils.); Baird, Birds N. Am. p. 280.
Plusieurs exemplaires adultes et jeunes de Monterico et de Puma-
marca.
3. DENDRG@CA BLACKBURNIZ (Gm.); Baird, Birds N. Am. p.
274.
Deux miles d’ Anquimarca.
4, Myrozporus VERTICALIS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb. Voy. p.
330, t. 35. f. 1; Tsch. Fn, Peru. Orn. p. 191.
Des exemplaires de Movterico, de la Montana de Vitoe et de
Ropaybamba.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 509
5. Myroporus MELANOCEPHALUS, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p.
182, t. 12. f. 1.
Une paire de Chilpes et une de Pumamarca.
6. BastLeuTERUS coronatus, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 193,
t. 16.
Trois exemplaires de Paltaypampa et de Anquimarca.
7. BASILEUTERUS DIACHLORUS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 316.
Trois exemplaires de Monterico et d’Amable-Maria.
8. BASILEUTERUS UROPYGIALIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1861, xxix. 128;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 257.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico et d’Amable- Maria.
9. MyioTuHiypis LuTeovrrinis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 311, sp. 2.
Des exemplaires de Maraynioc, de Ninabamba, de Sillapeta, et
Pumamarca.
: Family VirEonIDz.
1. VirEOSYLVIA JosEPH#, (Scl.) P. Z.S. 1859, p. 139, t. 154;
Id. Cat. Am. B. p. 42.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
2. VrREOSYLVIA FLAVoviIRIDIS, Cass. Proc. Ac. Philad. v. p.
152; Scl. Cat. Am. B. p. 44.
Un male de Monterico.
3. VIREOLANIUS CHLOROGASTER, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxviii. p.
380.
Vireolanius dubusti, Very. MS.
Un mile de Monterico. Les yeux de cet oiseau sont verts clairs.
4, HyLopui.us FLAVIVENTRIS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 64.
Un exemplaire de Monterico.
5. HyLopHiLus FERRUGINEIFRONS, Scl.
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria.
6. CycLorHIs GUIANENSIS (Gm.); Bp. Consp. p. 321 (pt.);
Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 257. ,
Cyclorhis poliocephala, Tsch. Fn, Peru. Orn. p. 169.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
Family PrrLoGonyDID&.
PritoGconys LEvcotTIs, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. 139, t. vii. f. 1.
Unique exemplaire de Paltaypampa.
510 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Family HirunDINID&.
1. Hrrunpo eryTHRoGASTRA, Bodd.; Scl. et Salv. Nomencel.
Av. Neotr. p. 14.
Hirundo horreorum, Vieill. Ois. A. S. t. 30.
——~ americana, Wils. A. O. t. 38. f. 1 et 2.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes de Lima.
2, Hrrunpo ANpIcoLA (Lafr.); Scl. et Salv. Nom. Av. Neotr.
p- 14; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 132.
Un exemplaire pris entre Cucas et Palcamayo.
3. ATTICORA CYANOLEUCA (Vieill.); Scl. et Salv. Nom. Av.
Neotr. p. 14; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 25.
Un mile adulte de Lima, un jeune oiseau d’ Amable-Maria.
4. Articora CINEREA (Gm.); Scl. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 599; Scl.
et Salv. Nom. Av. Neotr. p. 14.
Un mile adulte et un jeune oiseau entre Gules et Palcamayo.
5. STELGIDOPTERYX RUFICOLLIs (Vieill.); Scl. et Salv. Nom.
Av. Neotr. p. 15, et P. Z.S. 1873, p. 259.
Un mile adulte et un jeune oiseau de Monterico.
Family Caresip&.
1. C@REBA NITIDA, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1847, p, 84; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z.S. 1873, p. 260.
Male unique de Paltaypampa.
2. Dacnis CAYANA (L.); D’Orb. Syn. Av. p, 20; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 37; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 259.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico.
3. DACNIS PULCHERRIMA, Scl. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 480 ;
id. Cat. Am. B. t. 8.
Male unique de Paltaypampa.
4. Dacnis mopestA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 64.
Femelle unique de Monterico. Selon Vindication de M. Jelski
Viris de cet oiseau est jaune.
5. DACNIS XANTHOPHTHALMA, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 131.
Une femelle de Maraynioc.
6. DacNIDEA ALBIVENTRIS, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 131, t. 19.
i235
Un paire de Maraynioc.
7. XENODACNIS PARINA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 311.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes de Monterico.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 511
8. Dietossa personata, Fras. P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 23; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 237.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
9. Diciossa pecroratts, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 318.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
10. DiGLossa BRUNNEIVENTRIS, Desm. Iconogr. Orn. pl. 43.
Nombreux exemplaires de Maraynioc.
11. DieLossa sirrorpEs (Lafr.) ; D’Orb. Voy. Am. m. t. 58. f.
2; Gr. Gen. B. i. p. 137.
Trois exemplaires d’ Anquimarca et de Pumamarca.
12. DicLossopsis CHRULESCENS, Scl. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1856,
Xvil. p. 467.
Un exemplaire de Ninabamba.
13. CoNrROSTRUM CINEREUM, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mér.
p- 174, t. 49. f. 1; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 236; Cab. Journ. f.
Orn. 1873, p. 64.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
14, ConIROSTRUM FERRUGINEIVENTRE, Scl. P. Z.S. 1855, p.
74, t. 85.
Un male.
15. CoNIROSTRUM ATROCYANEUM, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848,
p- 9.
Un mile adulte de Chilpes, un autre male et un jeune de Puma-
marca,
Les deux males adultes ont le dessus de la téte, le pli de V’aile
ainsi que ses petites couvertures, le bas du dos et le croupion, comme
le dit Lafresnaye, d’un beau bleu-violet foncé ; le reste est noir intense
excepté les subcaudales, qui sont aussi bleues, mais d’une teinte plus
foncée que les parties indiquées plus haut. L’exemplaire tué le 28
Novembre est beaucoup plus brillant que celuidu 17 Aoit. Le bleu
s’etend aussi sur le devant du dos et au cou, perdant graduellement
d’intensité en approchant de la calotte; le ventre est aussi légére-
ment teint de bleu foncé; les rectrices sont aussi bordées de méme
couleur.
Le jeune exemplaire dont le sexe n’est pas indiqué a le dessus du
corps vert-olivatre, le dessous jaune-olivatre sale ; les cétés du visage
cendrés, la calotte bleue indigo, mais parmi les plumes de cette
derniére il y a encore quelques unes de la couleur égale A celle du
dos, ce qui démontre que l’oiseau en premier plumage a eu le dessus
de la téte de méme nuance que le dos et qu’il changeait en bleu.
Il est probable que c’est une espéce distincte du C. albifrons, Lafr.,
avec lequelle on I’a confondu.
512 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
16. CoNIROSTRUM CYANEUM, Sp. nov.
Supra ardesiaco-cyaneum, subtus totum a pectore rufum; pileo
nigro, lateribus capitis colloque cinerets, cyaneo vix indutis ;
superciliis latis cyaneis ; remigibus rectricibusque fuscis cyaneo
marginatis. Rostrum nigrum, pedes fuscescentes, iris fusco-
brunnea. Long. tota 115, ale 64, caudeé 65, tarsi 18, rostri a
commissura 12 millim.
Un exemplaire sans indication de sexe tué a Sillapeta le 22
Février 1873.
Cette espéce est voisine du C. sitticolor, Lafr., et s’en distingue
principalement par la bande sourciliére bleue, qui prend naissance
devant l’ceil et s’élargissant graduellement en arri¢re se confond avee
la couleur des cétés du cou de méme nuance. Le sommet de la téte
est seulement noir, tandis que les cétés du visage et la gorge sont
d’une couleur cendrée foncée, légérement teinte de bleuatre. Tout
le dessous est roux, plus foncé sur les cOtés et plus clair au milieu.
Le dos est bleu, plus intense au croupion et sur le devant de l’aile.
Les remiges et les rectrices sont noiratres a bordures bleues, excepté
celles des primaires qui sont blanchatres.
17. CeRTHIOLA PERUVIANA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1865, p. 413.
Un oiseau adulte et un jeune de Paltaypampa.
Un nid trouvé le 19 Mai 1872 sur un jeune oranger, aux environs
d’ Amable-Maria, est construit de larges feuilles de graminées, et de
longues tiges ramifiées d’une mousse, mélangées avec des duvets
végétaux. Ila la forme d’une hutte couverte par dessus, a peu prés
comme ceux des Phylloscopi ou du Troglodyte d’ Europe, mais il est
légérement comprimé latéralement. L’entrée est parfaitement ronde,
placée prés du sommet d’une paroi un peu prolongée en avant, de
maniére qu’elle est un peu inclinée et parfaitement abritée par dessus.
L’intérieur qui est profond, est garni de pareils matériaux, mais sans
duvet, et au lieu de la mousse citée plus haut qu’on voit en grande
nombre sur la surface, il y a beaucoup de fines tiges de graminées,
avec lesquelles l’entrée est entourée d’une manitre solide. Hauteur
13 centim., largeur 10, diamétre de Pentrée 3°5.
Les deux ceufs que contenait ce nid ressemblent 4 une certaine
variété des ceufs du Phylloscopus trochilus: ils ont le fond blane-
rougeatre marqué de nombreuses petites taches et de traits irréguliers
d’un roux-rouille peu foncé, mélangées avec d’autres plus pales ; ces
taches sont disposées sur toute la surface, mais elles sont plus denses
au gros bout. Ce mode de coloration ressemble aussi 4 celui des Pipits
et des Printaniéres. La surface est sans aucun lustre. Dimensions :
17°5—13, 18°2—12°7 millim.
Family TanaGripz.
1. RHAMPHOCG@LUS ATROSERICEUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 206.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
Le nid fourni de la méme localité est construit d'une couche pas
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 913
trop grosse mais compacte de grandes feuilles, mélangée avec un peu
d’herbes fortes et de filaments végétaux; garni dans son intérieur
d’une maniére assez soignée de cirrhes de plantes, un peu plus gros
que le crin de cheval. La construction est simple mais solide; il
parait que les feuilles ont été employées en état humide. Hauteur
7 centim., largeur 11, diamétre de l’intérieur 7, profondeur 4°5.
Les deux ceufs que contenait ce nid ressemblent 4 ceux du R.
jacapa, mais ils sont un peu plus petits, 4 couleur bleue du fond plus
intense et a taches noires plus nombreuses, disséminées irréguliére-
ment sur toute la surface. Dimensions: 22—16, 22°3—15°8 millim.
2. Lanio VERSICOLOR (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.
1873, p. 262.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes de Monterico.
3. TANAGRA C@LEsTIs, Spix; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1873, p.
261.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Paltaypampa.
4, TANAGRA MELANOPTERA, Hartl.
Tanagra olivascens, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 204.
Un male de Monterico.
5. TANAGRA DARWINI, Bp.
Tanagra frugilegus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 204, t. 17. f. 1.
Nombreux exemplaires de Lima, Huanta, Maraynioc, et Puma-
marca.
6. TANAGRA CYANOCEPHALA, Lafr. et D’Orb.; Tsch. Fn. Peru.
Orn. p. 205.
7. BuTHRAUPIS CUCULLATA (Jard. et Selb.).
Deux paires de Maraynioc et de Higos.
8. TACHYPHONUS RUFIVENTRIS (Spix); Scl. et. Salv. P. Z.S.
1866, p. 180, et 1873, p. 262.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes de Monterico.
9. CREURGOPS VERTICALIS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 73.
Un male de Ropaybamba, tué le 12 Avril 1873.
10. Comrsocoma sumptvuosa (Less.).
Tachyphonus flavinucha, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 208.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Paltaybampa et d’ Anquimarca.
11. TRICHOTHRAUPIS QUADRICOLOR (Vieill.).
Plusieurs exemplaires d’ Amable-Maria et de Ropaybamba.
12. Pua@yicoTuRavupis RuBICA (Vieill.); Scl. et Saly. P. Z.S.
1873, p. 262.
Deux males de Monterico.
514 M. L, TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
13. PyrRANGA AZAR# (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn.
p- 206.
Male unique de Junin.
14, Pyranca RuBRA (L.)?
Un jeune male prenant quelques plumes rouges de Monterico.
15. PaciLoTHRAUPIS IGNICRISSA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873,
Pp. ol7,
Deux paires de Maraynioc.
16. PaciLoTHRAvPIS LACRYMOSA (Dubus).
Plusieurs individus de Maraynioc et de Higos.
17. IntporNIs ANALIS, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 205, t. 18. f. 1.
Femelle unique de Paltaypampa.
18. Ir1poRNIs JELSKII, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 316.
Deux paires de Maraynioc.
19. In1DORNIS REINHARDTI, Scl. Ibis, 1865, i. p. 495, t. 11.
Deux males de Pumainarca.
20. CaLuisTE YENI (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p.
201; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 261.
Deux males de Monterico.
21. CALLISTE SCHRANKI (Spix); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 201 ;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 261.
Nombreux exemplaires de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
22. CALLISTE XANTHOGASTRA (Bp.) ; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S.
1866, p. 180, et 1873, p. 261.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
23. CaLuiste putcurRa, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 260, t. 18.
£2;
Un mile d’ Amable- Maria.
24, CALLISTE ARGENTEA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 199, t. 14.
ton2e
Un mile de Paltaypampa.
25. CALLISTE GYROLOIDEs (Lafr.).
Callospiza gyrola, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 202.
Une femelle de Monterico.
26. CALLISTE RUFICERVIX (Prey.) ; Scl. Callist. t. 32.
Deux males de Paltaypampa et de Ropaybamba.
27. CALLISTE NIGRIVIRIDIS (Lafr.).
Un male d’Anquimarca.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 515
28. CaLLIsTE CYANEICOLLIs (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Tsch. Fn. Peru.
Orn. p. 202.
Une paire de Monterico et un male de Paltaypampa.
29. CALLISTE PARZUDAKUI (Lafr.) ; Scl. Callist. t. 41.
Deux males de Chilpes et d’ Anquimarca.
30. CALLISTE CYANOTIS, Sclater.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
31. CALLISTE XANTHOCEPHALA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 200,
Werke 2.
Un male de Ropaybamba.
32. CALLISTE ATROCZRULEA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 199, t.
13.f..25
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Pumamarea, un male de Paltaypampa.
33. NEMOSIA ORNATA, Scl.
Un male d’Arancocha, une paire (¢ et 2) d’Anquimarca.
34. CHLOROCHRYSA CALLIPARA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. p. 202.
Deux males d’ Amable-Maria et de Pumamarca.
35. BUARREMON BRUNNEINUCHUs (Lafr.)
Arremon frontalis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 212, t. 19. f. 2.
Un male de Ropaybamba.
36. BuarrEMon TorQuatus (Lafr, et D’Orb.).
Un male de Maraynioc.
37. BUARREMON MYSTACALIS, sp. nov.
Ardesiacus, subtus cinerascens ; abdomine medio gulaque albican-
tibus, vertice rufo-cinnamomeo ; fronte media, capitis lateribus,
vittaque submystacali nigris ; macula laterali frontis mystaci-
busque albis ; alis caudaque nigricantibus: rostrum nigricans ;
pedes pallide brunnei; iris rufa. Long. tota 165, ale 79,
caude 85, tarsi 28, rostri a commissura 18 millim.
Plusieurs individus de Maraynioc, de Higos et de Sillapeta.
Une large bande de cannelle vive couvre tout le sommet de la téte
et s’étend jusqu’a la nuque en y prenant le ton plus clair et plus vif;
le milieu du front et les cotés de la téte sont noirs encadrant large-
ment l’ceil; une tache blanche occupe les cétés du front et une large
moustache de méme couleur s’étend depuis le bec tout le long des
cotés de la téte; cette derniére est séparée de la couleur gris-blan-
chatre de la gorge par un trait noir. Le dos est ardoise-foncé
uniforme ; le dessous est gris-cendré plus foncé sur les cétés et plus
ou moins blanchatre au milieu du ventre. Les ailes et la queue sont
noiratres; les subalaires cendrées. Dans les individus tués aux
mois de Juin et de Juillet la couleur cannelle de l’occiput est plus
516 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
pale et prend le ton fauve en arritre ; la gorge est blanche sans trace
de nuance cendrée.
Cette espéce est voisine du B. schistaceus (Boiss.), dont elle différe
principalement par le manque complet du miroir blanc 4 I’aile, par
la couleur du sommet de la téte beaucoup plus pale, par les mou-
staches noires moins développées, et par la couleur du dessous plus
pile ; le bec est plus long et plus comprimé dans sa moitié terminale.
38. BUARREMON TRICOLOR, sp. nov. (Plate LXV.)
Olivaceus, subtus flavus ; capitis lateribus nigricantibus, vertice
ochraceo vel flavo. Rostrum nigricans ; pedes brunnei; iris
fSusco-brunnea. Long. tota 165, ale 79, caude 88, tarsi 27,
rostri a commissura 19 millim.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chilpes, Paltaypampa, Ninabamba, Pu-
mamarca, et Tempobata. i
Le dos est d’une couleur olive sombre, un plus claire au croupion ;
tout le dessous est jaune, passant en olive sur les cétés du ventre et
les subcaudales ; les cotés du visage sont noiratres, entourant large-
ment les yeux. Le sommet de la téte jusqu’a la nuque est occupé
par une bande jaune ochracée, ou d’une nuance peu différente de
celle du dessous. Les rectrices et les remiges sont brunes liserées
d’olive, les bordures internes de ces derniéres sont blanchatres dans
la moitié basale, et fauves dans la terminale; les subalaires grises
jaunatres.
C’est l’espéce trés voisine du B. pallidinuchus (Boiss.), mais elle
en différe par la couleur de la bande céphalique plus jaune et moins
étendue en arriére, par la couleur du dos plus verdatre sans nuance
brunatre et par le jaune du dessous plus vif et plus pur sans taches
foncées sur la gorge. Le bec est plus noiratre et uniforme; tandis
que dans l’espéce citée la mandibule inférieure est beaucoup plus
claire que la supérieure.
39. Hemispincus AuRICcULARIS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p.
318.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc, de Paltaypampa, et de
Sillapeta.
Le nid de cet oiseau est construit de grosses feuilles séches de
graminées et ‘garni intérieurement de tiges trés fines de mémes
plantes. La construction est simple, mais assez compacte et regu-
liére, & parois peu €pais. Hauteur 5 centim., largeur 9, diamétre de
Vintérieur 6°5, profondeur 3°5.
Les deux ceufs trouvés le 8 Avril 1872 dans ce nid, ont le fond
rose pile marqué de nombreuses taches et de traits d’un gris rouge-
atre pale, et d’autres rouges de brique pas trop foncées, un peu plus
nombreuses au gros bout sur un de ces ceufs, et également disposées
partout sur l’autre. La tacheture ressemble 4 celle des ceufs des
alouettes. Dimensions: 22—16°4, 20°2—15°4.
40. CHLOROSPINGUS CINEREOCEPHALUS, Tacz. P.Z.S. 1873,
p- 132.
Femelle unique de Chilpes.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 517
41. CHLOROSPINGUS CASTANEICOLLIS, Scl. P.Z.S. 1858, p.
293.
Une femelle de Ropaybamba, tuée le 19 Decembre 1872.
42. CHLOROSPINGUS CHRYSOGASTER, Sp. Nov.
Capite colloque cinereis, dorso olivaceo-viridi, abdomine subcau-
dalibusque luteis, remigibus rectricibusque fuscis, viridi lim-
batis. Rostrum corneo-nigricans ; iris griseo-brunnescens, pal-
lida. Long. tota 144, ale 80, caude 64, tarsi 20, rostri a
commissura 14 millim.
Femelle unique tuée le 5 Avril 1873 4 Tambapota.
Le dessus, les cétés de la téte et le cou sont d’un cendré foncé
uniforme, tandis que la gorge et le haut de la poitrine sont d’une
couleur grisitre pale, presque blanchatre en bas; le dos est d’une
belle couleur vert-olivatre ; le ventre ainsi que les subcaudales d’un
jaune-jonquille, enduit de verdatre sur les cotés du corps. Les
remiges et les rectrices sont noiratres, bordées d’une liseré de la
couleur analogue 4 celle du dos, les bordures des primaires cependant
sont plus jaunitres, et grisitres prés de l’extrémité; les tertiaires
sont enduites presque enticrement dela couleur du dos. Les grandes
supralaires externes sont noiratres, presque uniformes ; les autres de
la couleur du dos; les subalaires sont d’un jaune grisatre pale.
Le bec de cet oiseau est plus faible que dans les autres espéces,
il est méme moins fort que celui du C. castaneicollis, et ressemble
beaucoup par sa forme au bec du Microspingus trifasciatus.
43. CHLOROSPINGUS OLEAGINEUS, Sclater.
Pumamarea, 9 Mars 1873, exemplaire unique.
44, MicrospinGus TRIFASCIATUS, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 132,
fi. Oe feie
Male unique de Maraynioc.
45. Cissorts minor, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 211.
Un male de Monterico.
46. SALTATOR ALBICOLLIS, Vieill.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Lima.
47. SaALTaToR MAGNUS (Gm.); Vieill. Gal. Ois. t. 77.
S. olivaceus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 209.
48. SALTATOR LATICLAVIwvS, Scl. et Salyv.
Un male de Maraynioc, une paire d’ Arancocha.
Un nid trouvé le 26 Mai 1873, 4 Arancocha est construit de bran-
chettes, de feuilles et de grosses herbes, de plus en plus fines en
approchant de l’intérieur, qui est assez nettement arrangé de radi-
celles et de brins d’herbes, entrelacés avec soin ; il y a aussi quelques
erins de cheval. L’extérieur est grossier et irrégulier. Hauteur 9
centim., largeur 13, diamétre de l’intérieur 7, profondeur 5.
Les deux ceufs que contenait ce nid sont oblongs, de forme ovée
518 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
approchant de l’elliptique. Le fond est bleu verdatre clair. Un de
ces ceufs a prés du gros bout une petite couronne composée de quel-
ques grosses taches noires et de quelques veines entortillées, grosses
et fines, de méme couleur. Sur le second il y a seulement quel-
ques grosses taches isoleés 4 la place de la couronne. Dimensions:
31:2—20°6 millim.
Ils ressemblent & ceux du S. magnus, mais ils sont plus grands,
un peu plus pales, 4 couronne composée de taches et de veines plus
grosses.
49. PsirTosPIzA ELEGANS (Tsch.).
Saltator elegans, Tsch. Consp. Av. p. 150.
Saltator riefferi, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 210.
Quatre exemplaires de Maraynioc et de Pumamarca.
Cet oiseau décrit par Tschudi, ensuite confondu par le méme
auteur avec l’espéce de |’Ecuador, doit étre considéré comme une
forme distincte, un peu plus grande, 4 bec un peu plus court. Il
différe aussi constamment par la couleur rousse plus étendue au
visage, elle forme une bande assez large au-dessus de Yceil, descend
plus bas sur la gorge et occupe plus largement les cdtés du visage.
La raie bleue frontale est plus vive. Le vert du plumage général
plus pur.
Le bec et les pattes sont d’une belle couleur rouge, qui change bien-
tét en jaune plus ou moins pale, sur des individus exposés 4 la lumiére.
L’iris est roux, presque de la couleur du plumage environnant.
Longueur de l’aile pliée 113 millim.
50. Prrytus Grossus (L.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 263.
Une femelle de Monterico.
51. PrprRIDEA CASTANEIVENTRIS, Sclater.
Une paire de Sillapeta et de Maraynioc.
52. PROCNIAS OCCIDENTALIS, Scl.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1873,
p- 260.
P. ventralis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 196.
Une femelle de Monterico.
53. EvpHontiA NIGRICOLLIs, Vieill.; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1873,
p- 260.
Une paire de Paltaypampa.
54. EupHONIA XANTHOGASTRA, Sund. Vet. Acad. Handl. 1833,
t. 10. f. 1; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 260.
Euphone chlorotica, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 195.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes de Monterico et d’Amable-
Maria.
Family FRINGILLIDA,
1. PHEUCTICUS AUREIVENTRIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Huanta et de Maraynioc.
~
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 519
2. PHEUCTICUS CHRYSUPEPLUS (Vig.) ; Less. Cent. Zool. t. 67.
Coccoborus chrysogaster, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 222.
Un male de Chilpes.
3. SPERMOPHILA TELASCO (Less.) ; Tsch. Fu. Peru. p. 33.
Un mile et deux femelles de Lima.
4. SpeRMoPHILA LucTuosa (Lafr.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p- 264.
Une paire de Monterico, un male de Higos.
5. SPERMOPHILA GUTTURALIS (Licht.).
Phonipara gutturalis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 494.
Un male de Paltaypampa, et deux femelles de Chilpes et d’ Amable-
Maria.
6. SpPERMOPHILA SIMPLEX, Tacz. P.Z.S. 1874, p. 132; Nation,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 329.
Une nombreuse suite d’exemplaires adultes et jeunes des environs
de Lima.
Le nid de cet oiseau, placé sur une branche d’un buisson, est con-
struit en entier de trés fines radicelles, mélées avec d’autres parties
de plantes séches également fines, parmi lesquelles il y a un nombre
considérable de vrilles de plantes grimpantes, roulées en spirale
réguliére et serrée; l’extérieur est garni de quelques plumes et de
quelques toiles et de cocons d’insectes ; l’intérieur, qui est profond,
est fortifié par quelques crins de cheval. La texture est peu com-
pacte, transparente, mais assez solide. Hauteur 6-5, largeur 7, dia-
metre de l’intérieur 4°5, profondeur 4 centim.
Les ceufs sont ovés, courts, A éclat trés faible et ressemblent en
coloration a certaines variétés des ceufs de lEméeriza aureola. Le
fond est vert-olivatre pale, varié de nombreuses taches irréguliéres
de trois couleurs, c’est-a-dire grises pales, olives, et foncées presque
noires ; les deux premieres sont les plus nombreuses, les dernicres en
petit nombre formant pour la plupart des petits zigzags entortillés.
Les taches sont également disposées sur toute la surface, oti elles
forment autour du gros bout une couronne plus ou moins dense,
tandis qu’elles sont rares et peu signifiantes sur le reste de la surface.
Dimensions: 17°3—13:4, 17°8—13 millim.
7. SPERMOPHILA OBSCURA, Sp. nov.
Olivaceo-grisea, subtus grisea ; abdomine medio crissoque albidis,
subcaudalibus subalaribusque fulvis. Rostri nigricantis man-
dibula inferior pallida ; pedes carnei; iris fusco-brunnea. Long.
tota 102, ale 58, caude 40, tarsi 17, rostri a commissura 9
millim.
Male unique tue 4 Paltaypampa le 12 Mars 1872.
Cet oiseau fait effet d’une femelle, mais M. Jelski a indiqué sur
son étiquette que c’est un male et que ses génitaux ont été trés
developpés. Tout le dessus est d’une couleur olive grisitre uniforme,
520 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
les remiges et la queue sont presque de méme nuance, les bordures
seulement des primaires sont considérablement plus claires tirant sur
le vert jaundtre. Le dessous est gris sombre d’une nuance peu
différente de celle du dessus, excepté le milieu de la gorge et du
ventre qui sont blanchatres; les subcaudales et les subalaires sont
fauves ; le bord interne des remiges est fauve-grisatre.
Le bec de cet oiseau est trés-différent de celui des Spermophili,
il est moins épais et peu renflé, 4 mandibule supérieure presque
droite. Il ressemble plutét 4 celui du Catamenia homochroa, mais
il est encore plus conique.
8. NEORHYNCHUS NASESUS, (Bp.) P. Z.S. 1869, p. 146, pl. 12.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
9. CATAMBLYRHYNCHUS DIADEMA (Lafr.).
Un male de Pumamarca, une femelle de Maraynioc.
10. VouaTINIA JACARINA (L.); Sel. et Salv. P.Z.S. 1873, p. 264.
Spiza jacarina, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 220.
Une paire (¢ et 2) des environs de Lima.
11. Cyanospiza, sp.?
Une femelle de Ropaybamba.
12. Poosp1za Trorquata (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
13. Puryerius Gavi (Eyd. et Gerv.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 218.
Des oiseaux adultes et jeunes de Maraynioc, d’Arancocha et de
Junin.
Un nid trouvé le 27 Mai 1873, sur une pente perpendiculaire
d’un rocher, dans un petit groseillier, est construit de branchettes et
de fines radicelles, et garni abondamment au milieu de brins d’une
graminée délicats, fins et courts, semblables 4 ceux du Nardus,
mélangés avec un peu de laine employée sans ordre et comme par
hasard, de quelques morceaux de mousse et quelques crins de cheval.
La construction est assez solide et assez réguliére. Hauteur 7, lar-
geur 15, diamétre de l’intérieur 7, profondeur 4°5 centim.
Les trois ceufs que contenait ce nid sont d’une belle couleur bleu-
verdatre, maculés de petites taches irréguliéres brunes foncées,
mélangées avec d’autres plus piles, denses au gros bout et moins
nombreuses sur le reste de la surface. L’éclat est assez fort. Di-
mensions: 23°6—16°5, 24—16, 24—16°2 millim.
14. Puryerius ocunaris, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, t. 145.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Huanta et de Junin.
15. PuryGitus uNIcoLorR (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn. Peru.
p- 219. ;
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes et des jeunes de Maraynioc
et de Junin.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 521
Les ceufs trouvés le 10 Mai, 1873, ressemblent complétement a
ceux du Ph. gayii, mais ils sont beaucoup plus courts, 4 coque moins
lisse. Dimensions: 20—16, 21—15°5 millim.
16, ParyGitus aLaupinus (Kittl.).
Sporophila alaudina, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 222.
Nombreux exemplaires de Lima et de Huanta.
17. PHRyGILus FRUTICET! (Kittl.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Huanta et de Junin.
18. Druca specuuirera (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Trois exemplaires de Junin.
19. Caramenta ana is (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Nombreux exemplaires des environs de Lima.
[S) 7
ie)
sS
Or
or
bo
20. CATAMENIA HOMOCHROA, Scl. P.Z.S. 18
Plusieurs individus de Maraynioc.
21. CaTaMENiA RUFIROSTRIS (Landb.).
Nombreux exemplaires de Maraynioc.
22. ZONOTRICHIA PILEATA (Bodd.).
Z. matutina, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 214.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Lima, de Maraynioc et de Pumamarea.
23. CoTURNICULUS PERUANUS, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 481; Sel.
et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 264.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico, d’Amable-Maria et de Ro-
paybamba.
24. PIPILO MYSTACALIS, sp. nov.
Griseus, fronte regioneque oculari nigricantibus, pileo brunnes-
cente ; gula late fulvo-albicante binis nigris mystacibus notata ;
medio abdomine, crisso, subcaudalibusque rufis, subalaribus
Sulvo-albidis. Rostrum nigricans ; pedes cornet; iris brunnea.
Long. tota 185, ale 80, caude 85, tarsi 31, rostri a commis-
sura 17 millim.
Male unique de Ninarupa aux environs de Junin.
Le plumage général de cet oiseau est gris, légérement teint de
brunatre au milieu du dos, et d’une nuance beaucoup plus forte au
sommet de la téte; le front et le haut des cdtés de la téte sont noirs.
La gorge et le bas des cétés du visage sont d’une couleur fauve
blanchatre avec une paire de courtes moustaches noires en dessous
de la naissance de la mandibule inférieure. Le milieu du ventre, la
région anale et les subcaudales sont d’une couleur rousse cannelle.
Les subalaires sont fauves. Les remiges et les rectrices sont noi-
ratres bordées de gris, les bordures des primaires sont plus claires,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXXIV. 34
522 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
celle de la premiére presque blanche ; les barbes internes largement
bordées de blanc.
Il y a quelques plumes blanches au front et sur d’autres parties
du dessus de la téte, mais il parait qu’elles sont accidentelles.
25. Sycauis uROPyGIALIs (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires adultes et jeunes, des ceufs et des nids des
environs de Junin.
Les nids trouvés pendant les mois de Mai et de Juin étaient placés
dans des toits de chaume, dans des trous de murailles ou dans des
fentes de rochers. Ils sont composés de deux couches bien distinctes :
l’externe plus ou moins épaisse est composée de longues graminées
stches, l’interne également épaisse est faite de différents poils, soig-
neusement arrangée et liss¢e au milieu. I] y a aussi des nids com-
posés seulement de poils sans couche superficielle. Un nid a été
posé sur un ancien nid du méme oiseau, les deux posstdent une
couche de graminées et quelques plumes de poules dans la couche
interne. Les dimensions varient selon la présence ou l’absence de
la couche superficielle, mais celles de lintérieur sont toujours les
mémes. Hauteur 5-5°5, largeur 9-11, diamétre de l’intérieur 5°5,
profondeur 3°5 centim.
Les ceufs sont beaucoup plus grands que ceux du S. luteiventris,
ils sont plus ou moins allongés, ovés ou presque elliptiques. La
couleur du fond est bleue verdatre pale, les taches rouges brunatres,
petites, nombreuses, disséminées sur toute la surface, ou plus nom-
breuses au gros bout, formant quelquefois une couronne assez dense ;
il y a aussi quelques uns qui outre la couronne sont trés peu maculées
sur le reste dela surface. Dimensions des ceufs de différentes pontes :
20—14, 20°3—15, 21°3—14°2, 21°8—15°8, 22°8—14°3 millim.
26. SycaLis cHLoRIS, Cab. in Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 216.
Un mile de Huanta.
27. SYCALIS LUTEIVENTRIS, (Meyen) Reis. iii. p. 211, t. 20. f. 3;
Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 216.
Sycalis luteola (part.), Scl. Ibis, 1872, p. 44.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
Trois ceufs de cet oiseau provenant d’une seule ponte, par leur
forme, la grandeur et la coloration ressemblent 4 ceux du Passer
montanus, variété claire, 4 taches peu nombreuses. Le fond est
blane, Jégerement verdatre, varié de petites taches brunes mélées 4
d’autres d’un gris violacé pale, également distribuées sur toute la
surface. Sur un de ces ceufs les taches sont plus grandes et moins
nombreuses. Dimensions: 17-8—13, 18°2—13, 18°2—13°3 millim.
28. Sycauis RArMONDI, Tacz. P. Z.S8. 1874, p. 133.
Trois exemplaires de Lima.
29. CHRYSOMITRIS CAPITALIS, Cab.
Chrysomitris magellanica, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 220 (part.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Lima, de Huanta et de Ropaybamba.
or
bo
oo
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU.
30. CHRYSOMITRIS ATRATA (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
Les nids trouvés le 28 Avril et le 8 Juin 1873 se composent d’une
couche irréguligre de mousse mélangée avec un peu de laine, quel-
ques brins d’herbes séches, des petites racines et des petites bran-
chettes; sur cette couche est arrangé le nid méme de laine et de
différents poils; rarement il y a aussi quelques plumes. Toute
cette construction est épaisse et assez solide; lintérieur est peu
profond mais soigneusement arrangé. Hauteur 4:5, largeur 13,
diamétre de Pintérieur 4°5, profondeur 2°5 centim. M. Jelski les
trouvait sous les toits de chaume.
Les ceufs sont blanes verdatres et présentent des différentes
variétés en maculature, méme parmi les exemplaires de la méme
ponte. Les trois ceufs trouvés le 30 Avril sont sous ce rapport
différents entre eux: un a au gros bout une couronne composée de
trés-petites taches rougeatres, trés-pales et peu distinctes, et quelques
plus foncées éparpillées sur toute la surface. Un autre a une pareille
couronne prés du gros bout et moins de taches foncées mais plus
grandes sur la couronne, et point sur le reste de la surface. Sur le
troisiéme la couronne est reduite 4 quelques petites taches, quelques
points foncés et quelques veines tortueuses presque noires, dont une
est étendue sur presque la moitié de la largeur de l’ceuf. Un ceuf
d’une seconde ponte a au contraire une large couronne prés du petit
bout, composée de taches et de points foncés, et peu de points sur
le reste de la surface; le gros beut est presque immaculé. Dimen-
sions: 18°6—13°3, 19°2—13, 19°2—13'1, 19°6—13°6 millim.
Family Icrerip.
1. Cacicus aTrRovrirens (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn. Peru.
Orn. p. 230; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 266.
Une femelle d’ Amable-Maria.
2. Cacicus cristatus (Gm.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 232.
Male et femelle de Monterico.
3. Cacicus ALFREDI (Desm.); Casteln. Voy. Am. Sud, Ois.
€°19..f..2.
Plusieurs exemplaires adultes et jeunes de Monterico.
4. CassicuLus curysonortus (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Male adulte de Chilpes.
5. STURNELLA BELLICOSA, De Fil.
Sturnella militaris, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 228.
Male adulte en mue des environs de Lima.
6. MoLotTHrRus PURPURASCENS (Hahn)?; Cassin, Pr. Acad. Phil.
1866, p. 20; Scl. P.Z. S. 1869, p. 148.
Des jeunes et des ceufs des environs de Lima et point d’oiseaux
adultes, il est done difficile d’indiquer l’espéce.
34*
524 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Family Corvin.
1. XANTHURA PERUVIANA (L.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 232.
Plusieurs individus de Chilpes et de Ropaybamba.
2. CyanocirrTa JoLyA, Bp. Journ. f. Orn. 1853, p. 47.
Cyanocorax viridicyaneus, Tsch. Fn. Pern. Orn. p. 233 (nec Lafr.
et D’Orb.).
Male unique de Higos. Cet exemplaire n’a rien de noir sur la
gorge qui est d’une belle couleur indigo encadrée par devant et des
cétés d’une nuance azurée, et d’en bas d’un demi-collier subtil blane
bleuatre, bordé d’un liséré noir peu distinct et passant insensiblement
en bleu de la poitrine. I] n’y a point de blanc autour des yeux ni
sur le bas du visage. La nuance verdatre sur le bleu du plumage
est excessivement faible.
Family DENDROCOLAPTID.
1. GrositTa CUNICULARIA (Vieill.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
2. GEOSITTA TENUIROSTRIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
3. GrosirTa PeRUVIANA, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 75.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
4. GEOSITTA SAXICOLINA, Sp. nov.
Dorso fulvescenti-brunneo, vertice fusco substriato ; fronte, super-
ciliis latis, collique luteribus rufescentibus ; subtus isabellina,
mento albicante; uropygio posteriore tectricibusque caude
isabellinis ; caude basi rufo-isabellina, apice brunnea. Rostri
gracilis, subrecti, nigricantis mandibula inferior albida; pedes
nigricantes; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 155-165, ale
103-107, caude 60, tarsi 22, rostri a commissura 20-22 millim.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Junin.
Cet oiseau est le plus voisin du G. cunicularia, mais il est plus
grand, 4 bec moins long et moins courbé. La couleur des parties
supérieures est plus brunatre, teinte d’une nuance plus roussatre ;
les stries brunatres du dessus de la téte sont bien prononcées; le
front est d’une couleur fauve roussitre, ainsi qu’une large bande
sourciliére, qui n’est pas aussi distinctement séparée des parties
environnantes comme dans l’espéce citée, mais plus large et se con-
fondant insensiblement avec les couleurs voisines ; les cétés du cou
sont presque de la méme nuance. La gorge est blanche, le reste du
dessous est d’une couleur isabelle, plus claire au milieu du ventre.
Le bas-croupion, les couvertures supra- et subcaudales et les subalaires
sont d’un isabelle roussatre. Les ailes sont brunes, 4 tectrices et
remiges secondaries largement bordées de fauve-grisatre, tandis que
le bord interne de toutes les remiges est blanchatre dans sa moitié
oe
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 525
basale. Les rectrices sont d’une couleur isabelle roussitre 4 la
naissance et brune foncée a l’extrémité, de maniére que les médianes
sont foncées dans leur moitié, les autres de plus en plus diminuant ;
le bord de l’externe est blanchatre.
Les jeunes individus, tués en Mai et en Juillet ont le bec plus
court et parfaitement droit ; il est tout noir excepté la naissance de
la mandibule inférieure qui est claire en dessous. Toutes les remiges
et les rectrices sont bordées de fauve 4 l’extrémité.
Les géosittes peuvent étre considérées comme représentants dans
les plateaux arides de Amérique méridionale des alouettes de l’an-
cien continent, dont une grande partie méne la vie dans des pareilles
conditions. Elles présentent des grandes affinités aux différents
groupes des alouettes. En général elles ont habitus de ces der-
niéres, les remiges secondaires larges et souvent échancrées au bout,
les tertiaires presque également longues, l’ongle du pouce allongé et
peu courbé. Par leur corps trapu, et leur plumage abondant elles
ressemblent aux cochevis et aux Amnomanes, tandis que par leur bec
mince, plus ou moins long et courbé, elles ont beaucoup d’analogie
aux Certhilaude, auxquelles la petite G. peruviana ressemble méme
par la tecture des pattes et la briéveté des doigts. Leur colorationa
le plus d’analogie aux Amnomanes, aux Certhilaude et aux cochevis
des deserts africains.
Plusieurs auteurs et voyageurs les ont décrit pour des alouettes,
mais malheureusement on sait peu sur leurs habitudes. De l’autre
cété il est juste que ces oiseaux ont des grandes affinités avec les
différents groupes de la famille des Dendrocolaptides, et surtout aux
Cilluri, aux Furnarii et aux Upucerthia, prés desquels on les range
dans le systtme. Elles constituent dans cette famille une représen-
tation des alouettes, comme plusieurs autres groupes celles des Cer-
thiadze et des Cinclidz.
5. UpucERTHIA SERRANA, Sp. Nov.
Brunneo-grisea, uropygio, alis caudaque rufis; subtus grisea ful-
vescente striata; superciliis prelongis albidis; fronte fulvo
striato, gula albida. Rostri nigricantis mandibula basi albida ;
pedes pallide brunnei ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 3 220,
ale 89, caude 98, tarsi 32, rostri 33; 9 190, ale 80, caude
86, tarsi 29, rostri 30.
Plusieurs exemplairés de Junin et d’ Arancocha.
Le dessus de la téte et le dos sont d’une couleur grise brunatre
foncée, aux extrémités des plumes un peu plus claires; le front est
varié de petites stries fauves; un sourcil fauve-blanchatre s’étend
sur toute la longueur de la téte et est plus large en arriére de l’cei!
qu’en avant. Le dessous est gris avee de longues stries fauves sur
le milieu de chaque plume, de plus en plus larges vers le milieu du
corps et trés-fines sur les cotés; la gorge est fauve-blanchatre
tachetée de grisitre. Le croupion, les ailes et la queue sont rousses ;
la barbe interne des remiges est brune, largement bordée de roux.
Les subalaires sont fauves, les subcaudales roussatres, variées de
fauve.
526 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE (Nov. 3,
6. UpucertHia Jetski (Cab.).
Coprotretis jelskii, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1874, p. 98.
Trois exemplaires de Junin.
7. CiLLuRUS NIGROFUMOsSUS (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 253.
Un jeune mile de Chorillos.
8. CrtLurvus rivuvaris, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 319.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
9. CrtLuRus BirascriaTus (Sclat.).
Upucerthia atacamensis, Philippi, Reise d. d. Wiiste Atacama,
p- 162, pl. 3.
Cinclodes bifasciatus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 448, et 1873, p. 782.
Une paire de Junin.
10. CitLturvus paLuiatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 235, t. 16. f. 2.
Trois exemplaires de Junin.
Ces oiseaux s’accordent complétement avec la descriptions et Ja
figure de Tschudi, excepté la queue qui a moins de blanc 4 son ex-
trémité et qui du reste n’est pas naturelle dans cette figure.
11. Locumias onscurata, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 65.
Un oiseau adulte et un jeune de Monterico.
12. ScLerurus oxrvascens, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 65.
Unique exemplaire de Monterico.
13. PHLa@ocRyeTEs MELANOPS (Vieill.); D’Orb. Voy. Am.
Mér. t. 14. f. 1, 2.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs du lac Junin.
Le nid de cet oiseau ressemble 4 celui du T’vroglodytes europeus,
et comme ceux de notre Calamoherpe turdoides il est placé sur
plusieurs tiges de jones. I] est plus haut que large, couvert par
dessus, approchant plus ou moins 4 la forme ellipsoidale. Un petit
trou d’entrée rond se trouve en haut d’un des cétés, et est abrité
par dessus par une légére éminence. Les matériaux sont variés et
bien choisis pour cette construction, c’est un mélange des différentes
herbes et de graminées séches, grosses pour la plupart, d’un certain
nombre de fibres végétaux, des plumes et quelquefois de la mousse.
Les parvis sont épais, solides, tissus et entrelacés avec soin. L’inté-
rieur est vaste, abondamment garni de plumes, pour la plupart de
ceux de canards et de fonlques, Les tiges qui supportent le nid sont
enveloppées dans le tissu comme dans les nids des Calamoherpes.
Hauteur 13-16, largeur 11, diamétre de l’entrée 3:5 centim.
Les ceufs ont été receuillis dans la premiere moitié de Septembre,
il y avait deux dans chaque ponte, et comme ils étaient tout fraix,
on ne peut pas savoir si elles étaient complétes. Ils sont d’une
belle couleur bleue uniforme, la forme est ovoide allongée, le lustre
—
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 527
faible. Dimensions des ceufs des deux pontes: (1) 25—16°4,
24°4—17 millim. ; (2) 25—16, 23-4—16 millim.
14. LEPTASTHENURA ANDICOLA, Scl.
Une pairé de Junin.
15. SYNALLAXIS FRONTALIS, Pelz. Sitz. Ak. Wien, xxxiv. p. 117.
Synallazis ruficapilla, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 239.
Un male de Ninabamba, une femelle de Paltaypampa.
16. SYNALLAXIS BRUNNEICAUDA, Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 8.
Synallaxis brunneicaudalis, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1858, pp. 62 et 457.
Un male d’Amable- Maria.
17, SYNALLAXIS CuRTATA, Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 636, t. 49. f. 1,
et 1874, p. 19.
Un male de St. Bartolomé.
18. SYNALLAXIS ALBICAPILLA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p.319.
Deux paires de Maraynioc.
19. SYNALLAXIS PALPEBRALIS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 16.
Schizeca palpebralis, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 319.
Deux paires de Maraynioc.
20. SYNALLAXIS HUMILIs, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p, 319.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
21. SYNALLAXIS FLAMMULATA, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, t. 56.
Deux males de Maraynioc.
22. SYNALLAXIS viRGATA, Scl. P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 446.
Une paire de Junin.
23. SYNALLAXIS PUDIBUNDA, Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 445, pl. lviii.
fig. 1.
Un exemplaire d’Obraillo.
24. SYNALLAXIS GRAMINICOLA, Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 446, pl.
Iviii. fig. 2.
Un exemplaire de Junin.
25. THRIPADECTES SCRUTATOR, Jelski, P.Z/S1874, 'p. 137.
Femelle unique de Maraynioc.
26. AuToMoLUs ocHROL4&MUus (Tsch.); Fn. Peru. p. 240, t. 20,
f. 2.
Philydor ochrolemus, Scl. et Salvy. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 269.
Un exemplaire de Monterico.
528 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
27. AUTOMOLUS STRIATICEPS, Sclater, MS.
Male unique de Chilpes.
28. PHILYDOR SUBFLAVESCENS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 66.
Deux males de Monterico.
29, PHinypor sTRIATICOLLISs, Sel. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 17.
On male d’Amable- Maria, une femelle de Pumamarca.
30. Paitypor montaNnus (Tsch.); Fn. Peru. p. 240, t. 20.
fl,
Une femelle de Pumamarea.
31. PHiLypor, sp.?
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria.
32. Iposorvs sticroptitus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 66.
Un male de Monterico.
33. PsEUDOCOLAPTES BOISSONNEAUTI (Lafr.); Scl. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 65.
Anabates auritus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 239.
Un mile de Maraynioc.
34. ANABAZENOPS CABANISI, Sp. nov.
Supra fusco-olivacea; pileo obscuriore, fusco subsquamato ;
vitta superciliari rufo-aurantiaca, postice fulva; gula fulva
fusco maculata ; pectore abdomineque olivaceis fulvo striatis ;
cauda rufo-cinnamomea; subcaudalibus rufescente tinctis et
fulvo striatis ; subalaribus aurantiaco-rufis. Rostri nigricantis
mandibula subtus albida ; pedes fuscescentes; iris fusco-cas-
tanea. Long. tota 160, ale 82, caude 80, tarsi 20, rostri a
commissura 23 millim.
Un mile tué 4 Pumamarca le 22 Février 1873.
Le dessus de cet oiseau est d’un olive foncé, plus sombre sur la
calotte, dont les plumes sont bordées d’une nuance encore plus
sombre, ce qui est aussi bien distinct sur la nuque, et beaucoup moins
au dos. Une fine bande sourciliére s’étend depuis la naissance du
bec sur toute la longueur de la téte, elle est d’une couleur rousse
orangée au dessus de l’ceil, et fauve en arriére; les cétes de la téte
et du cou sont fauves, tachetés d’olive. La gorge est fauve par-
semée de petites taches olives qui occupent lextrémité de chaque
plume; le reste du dessous olive, varié de longues stries fauves,
larges au milieu du corps et fines sur les cétés, les subcaudales sont
teintes de roussatre. Les ailes sont presque concolores au dos mais
légérement enduites d’une teinte roussitre; les remiges largement
bordées de roux clair sur leur bord interne ; les subalaires sont d’une
belle couleur rousse orangée ; la queue rousse cannelle.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 529
35. XENops RuTILUS, Licht.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 238; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 270.
Des exemplaires de Ropaybamba et d’ Anquimarca.
36. XENOPS LITTORALIS, Scl.?
Une paire de Monterico.
_37. SiTTasoMUS OLIVACEUS ( Wied.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873,
p. 270.
Sittasomus amazonus, Des Murs, Casteln. Voy. t. 15. f. 3.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico, d’Amable-Maria et de Ro-
paybamba.
38. MARGARORNIS SQUAMIGERA (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Une paire de Maraynioc.
39. DenpRocoLartTEs vaLipus (Tsch.) ; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S.
1873, p- 271.
Trois exemplaires de Monterico.
40. Denprornis GutTratus (Licht.); Sel. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 110.
Un male de Monterico.
41. DenpRoRNIS CHUNCHOTAMBO (Tsch.); Fn. Peru. p. 241,
2328. ¥,
Une paire (¢ et 2 ) de Monterico.
42. DENDRORNIS OCELLATA, (Spix) Av. Bras. i. p.
Scl. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 755; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 187
Un male d’ Amable-Maria.
S85 ceiOil ately:
3, p. 271.
43. PrcOLAPTES LACRYMIGER (Lafr.); Des Murs, Icon. Orn.
ee gl
Trois exemplaires (¢, 2 et jeune) de Ropaybamba.
Family FormicariD&.
1, CyMBILANIUS LINEATUS (Vieill.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p- 272.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
2. THAMNOPHILUS LUCTUOsUS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 172.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
3. THAMNOPHILUS RADIATUS, Vieill. Enc. Méth. ii. p. 746; Sel.
et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 273.
Thamnophilus doliatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 171.
Un male de Monterico, un second d’ Amable-Maria.
530 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
4, THAMNOPHILUS paLiatus, Licht.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 171.
Des exemplaires d’Amable-Maria, de St. Bartolomé et d’Anqui-
marca.
5. THAMNOPHILUS, sp. ?
Une femelle de Tambapota.
6. THAMNISTES RUFESCENS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 65.
Un male d’Amable-Maria, une femelle de Monterico.
7. DysITHAMNUS SEMICINEREUS, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 90, t. 97.
Thamnophilus olivaceus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 174, t. 11. f. 1 (2).
Des exemplaires d’ Amable-Maria, de Monterico et de Paltaypampa.
8. DysITHAMNUS ARDESIACUS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 756; Scl.
et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 274.
Une paire d’Amable-Maria.
9. HERPSILOCHMUS RUFIMARGINATUS (Temm.); Cab. Wiegm.
Arch. 1847, xiii. p. 224.
Un male de Monterico.
10. HerpstLOcHMUS MOTACILLOIDES, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p- 136.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Maraynioc.
11. MyrMorHeERULA ATroco.aris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 137.
Un male d’Amable-Maria, une femelle de Monterico.
12. MyrMOTHERULA, sp. ?
Deux femelles de Monterico.
13. MyRMOTHERULA MENETRIESI (D’Orb.).
Plusieurs exemplaires d’Amable-Maria et de Paltaypampa.
14. TERENURA CALLINOTA, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1855, t. 96.
Une femelle de Ropaybamba.
15. CERCOMACRA TYRANNINA, Sclater.
Un male de Ropaybamba.
16. PyriGLena Picea, Cab.
Formicivora atra, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 175.
Deux paires de Paltaypampa et de Ropaybamba.
17. MyRMECIZA HEMIMELANA, Scl.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p- 275.
Un mile d’Amable-Maria, une femelle de Monterico.
18. Hypocnemis susruava, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 69.
Un male de Monterico.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 531
19. Hypocnemis pacitonota, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, xiii.
p- 213; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 276.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
20. HypocNEMIS MYIOTHERINA (Spix); Scl. P. Z. S. 1856,
p-. 253; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 276.
Pithys leucophrys, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 176, t. 11. f. 2.
Un mile de Monterico.
21. HypocNeMis THERES£, Des Murs in Castel. Voy. Ois.
p- 51, t. 16. f. 2; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 276.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
22. PirHys ALBIFRONS (Gm.).
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes de Monterico, un jeune oiseau
d’ Amable-Maria.
Tous ces oiseaux different constamment des oiseaux de Cayenne
par le manque complet de trait blanc en arriére de l’ceil; les petites
plumes du bord des paupieéres sont noires tandis qu’elles sont blanches
dans l’autre; les plumes blanches de la huppe, du front et de la
gorge sont moins développées et d’un blanc moins éclatant.
23. CoryTHoris HuMIVAGANS, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 136.
Un mile d’ Amable-Maria.
Cet oiseau est plus petit que le C. torquata, Tsch., et différent en
plusieurs détails de la coloration, surtout en cette des subalaires, du
front, du dessus de la téte, des cdtés du ventre et des subcaudales.
Tl est de la taille du C. nigrocincta, Lafr., et il n’y a rien d’impos-
sible qu’il ne soit identique, quoique on ne peut pas dire que la
couleur du dos soit brunatre, ainsi que celle des cdtés du ventre brune.
24. ConopopHaGa ArRpeEst1aca (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn.
Peru. p. 179.
Un mile de Soriano, une femelle de Masayacu.
25. Cuammza oLtivacea, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 178.
Un male de Mazayacu.
26. GRALLARIA ANDICOLA (Cab.) ; Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 318.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc et d’Arancocha.
Family PreroprocHiDz.
1. ScyTaLopus syLvestris, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 138; Sclater,
Ibis, 1874, p. 195.
Un oiseau adulte de Paltaypampa et un jeune de Maraynioc.
Family TyRANNID&.
1. AGRIORNIS MARITIMA (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Agriornis leucurus, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Ois. t. 13.
Trois exemplaires de Junin, un de Huanta.
532 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Le nid trouvé le 14 Septembre 1873, & Junin sous un égout d’un
toit en chaume est construit en entier de poil, qui, comme on le voit,
a été pris par loiseau en faisceaux plus ou moins gros. Sous la
couche superficielle composée de poil noir il y a un certain nombre
d’herbes mélangées au poil; dans |’intérieur méme garni abondam-
ment de poil plus délicat, blanc et roussatre, il y a aussi quelques
plumes. La forme extérieure du nid est presque cylindrique a base
aplatie; l’intérieur est assez profond. Le tissu est assez solide ; les
parvis ont 4 peu prés un pouce d’épaisseur. Hauteur du nid 7,
largeur 12, diamétre de l’intérieur 9, profondeur 5 centim.
Les deux ceufs que contenait ce nid ressemblent 4 ceux du Loriol
d’Europe. Leur forme est ovée, allongée, a petit bout plus ou
moins aigu; le gros bout est aussi considérablement aminci. La
coque est délicate, blanche, lisse, 4 lustre un peu moins fort que celui
des ceufs de Loriol. Couleur superficielle blanche pure, variée d’un
petit nombre de mouchetures rousses, plus nombreuses prés du gros
bout. Dimensions: 32—21°6, 31°5—20°6 millim.
2. MYIOTHERETES STRIATICOLLIS, Scl. P. Z. S. 1851, t. 42.
Tyrannus rufiventris, Lafr. et D’Orb. ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 153.
Une femelle d’ Anquimarca.
3. OcuTHODIETA FUMIGATUS (Boiss.); Scl. Nom. Av. Neotr.
p. 42.
Deux femelles de Maraynioc et de Chilpes.
4. OcHTHODIETA SIGNATUS, Sp. nov.
Supra olivascenti-fuscus, pileo obscuriore ; subtus fusco flavidoque
varius, abdomine medio albido, subcaudalibus rufescentibus,
subalaribus fulvis ; alis fuscis, binis fusciis albis notatis ; rec-
tricum pogonio interno late rufo marginato. Rostrum pedesque
nigricantes ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 140, ale 79, caude
67, tarsi 19, rostri a commissura 20 millim.
Une femelle d’Anquimarca et un jeune oiseau de Ninabamba.
Cet oiseau ressemble beaucoup a I’ O. fumigatus, mais il est beau-
coup plus petit ; le dessus du corps est d’une nuance semblabJe mais
tirant un peu en olivatre, le sommet de la téte plus foncé, les subcau-
dales bruns roussatres. Le dessous du corps est jaunatre trés-pale
varié de grosses taches foncées dont Ja couleur prédomine sur la poi-
trine et sur les cOtés, le milieu méme du ventre est blanchatre, les
subcaudales roussatres, les subalaires fauves. Les ailes sont de la
couleur de la calotte, traversées de deux raies blanches formées par
les bordures terminales des grandes couvertures. Les primaires sont
bordées d’un fin liséré fauve grisatre, les bordures des secondaires
sont blanches sur la moitié terminale des pennes; la barbe interne
dans toutes les remiges est bordée de fauve blanchatre, celle des
rectrices est largement bordée de roux.
Le jeune oiseau différe du précédent par la teinte des parties
supérieures tirant sur le roussatre, la calotte est concolore au dos, le
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 533
croupion roux; les bandes alaires sont plus larges et fauves, ainsi
que les bordures de la moitié terminale des remiges secondaires.
5. Ocutrua@ca po.ionota, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 599.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
6. OcHTHG@CA LESSONI, Scl.
Deux males de Maraynioc, un troisitme de Pumamarca.
7. OcuaTHeca THORACICA, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 133.
Deux miles de Higos et de Chilpes.
8. OcaTHaca LeucorHRys (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Un male de Huanta et deux exemplaires d’ Arancocha.
9. MECOCERCULUS TZNIOPTERUS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1874,
p: 98.
Deux males de Sillapeta et de Maraynioc.
10. Cn1voLEGUS ANTHRACINUS, Cab. Journ. f.Orn. 1859, p. 343.
Un male de Huanta.
11. Copurus couonus (Vieill.). ;
Copurus filicauda, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 29; Tsch. Fn. Peru.
p- 157.
Un male de Monterico, un autre de Paltaypampa.
12. MuscisaxicoLa ALBIFRONS, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. p. 167, t. 12.
f. 2.
Plusieurs individus de Ninarupa.
13. MuscrsaxICOoLA CINEREA, Phil. et Landb.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
14, Muscisax1coLa FLAviINuCHA, Lafr. Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1855, p. 59, t. 3.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
15. MuscrsaxICOLA RUBRICAPILLA, Phil. et Landb.; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z.S. 1867, p. 986, t. 46.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin et de Maraynioc.
16. MuscrsaxICOLA RUFIVERTEX, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. Am. M.
t. 40; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 168.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
17. MuscisaxICOLA RUFIPENNIS, Jelski, P. Z. 8S. 1874, p. 134.
Femelle unique de Maraynioc.
534 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
18. MuscisaxicoLa MACuLIROsTRIS, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. Am.
Mer. t. 41. f. 2.
Unique exemplaire des environs de Lima.
19. MuSCISAXICOLA FLUVIATILIS, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1866,
p- 187, et 1873, p. 277.
Un male d’Amable-Maria, une femelle de Monterico et .une
d’ Arancocha.
20. CENTRITES OREAS, Scl. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 154; Sel. et Salv.
Ex. Orn. p. 61, pl. xevi.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
Un nid de cet oiseau trouvé le 22 Juin 1873, 4 Junin au milieu
d’une prairie humide, dans un endroit labouré par les cochons et
caché sous une motte de gazon remuée de place, ressemble beaucoup
A celui des Saxicoles. A lextérieur il est construit de mousse, de
tiges et de racines de différentes herbes, plus ou moins dures ; ensuite
d’herbes plus délicates et de graminées, mélangées avec beaucoup de
plumes et de duvet végétal. L’intérieur qui est profond est garni
abondamment de grandes plumes de canards et de foulques, de
maniére qu’elles couvrent l’oiseau pendant l'incubation. La texture
est assez serrée et assez solide. La forme est en cuvette profonde.
Hauteur 6, largeur 9, diamétre de lintérieur 5, profondeur 4:5
centim.
Les 3 ceufs que contenait ce nid sont d’un blane pur, avec quelques
points brun-rouille, trés-petits, presque invisibles, prés du gros bout ;
sur un de ces ceufs il y a une tache de cette couleur 4 peu pres d’13
millim. de diamétre. La forme est ovée allongée; la surface est
polie 4 lustre médiocre ; les pores nombreux distincts 4 la loupe.
Dimensions: 21 sur 15 millim.
21. MusciGRALLA BREVICAUDA, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. Am. Meér.
Lae tat a be
Ochthites brevicauda, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 168.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
L’ceuf de cet oiseau est ové allongé, 4 coque délicate, surface polie,
lustre médiocre. Couleur blanche, légerement verdatre avec un
petit nombre de petites taches, de points et de zigzags d’un rouge
pale, presque également rares sur toute la surface et peu distinctes.
Dimensions: 18°5 sur 12 millim.
22. ToprROSTRUM CINEREUM (L.); Desm. Todid. t. 68.
Euscarthmus cinereus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 169.
- Deux paires de Monterico.
23. EUSCARTHMUS RUFIGULARIS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873,
p. 67.
Une paire de Monterico.
Selon indication de M. Jelski l’iris est cendré 4 l’extérieur et
blanchatre autour de la prunelle.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 535
24, EuscarTuMus pyrruops, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1874, p. 98.
Un male de Maraynioc et une femelle tuée 4 Tambapota le 15
Avril, 1873.
25. OrcuiLus PILEATUS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 164, t. 9. f. 1.
Un oiseau adulte sans indication de sexe et un jeune de Ropay-
bamba. Li’iris de l’adulte est blanc-chair, celui du jeune brun foncé
tirant un peu sur le cendré.
26. PoGonorriccus oPpHTHALMICUS, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 135.
Une paire (¢ et 2) et un jeune d’Amable-Maria et de Ropay-
bamba.
27. SERPOPHAGA RUFICEPS, (Lafr.) Mag. de Zool. 1844, t. 91.
Un examplaire de Pumamarca.
28. SERPOPHAGA CINEREA (Strickl.).
Un male des environs de Lima.
29. ANHRETES PARULUS (Kittl.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc, d’Anquimarca et de Nina-
bamba.
Un nid trouvé le 2 Février dans cette derniére localité est construit
d’herbes mélangées de lichens. la base il y a de grosses feuilles
de graminées aquatiques ; les lichens prédominent sur la surface des
cétés ; l'intérieur est garni d’herbes délicates et de quelques petites
plumes. la texture est serrée, l’intérieur est poli et comme collé.
Hauteur 7, largeur 6°5, diamétre de l’intérieur 4, profondeur 4°5 cen-
tim. Ce nid ressemble beaucoup 4 ceux de nos Gobe-mouches,
et il parait qu’il a été placé sur une grosse branche prés du tronc
darbre.
L’ceuf est blanc unicolore, de forme ovée médiocrement allongée.
Dimensions: 17:2 sur 12°2 millim.
30. ANZ RETES ALBOCRISTATUS, Vig.
Aneretes reguloides, D’Orb. Voy. Am. Mér. t. 37. f. 1.
Une femelle des environs de Lina.
31. CyaNoTIs AZAR (Licht.).
Sylvia rubrigastra, Vieill. Enc. Méth. 480.
Regulus omnicolor, Vieill. Gal. Ois. il. p. 271, t. 166.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
32. MIoNECTEs sTRIATICOLLIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Mionectes poliocephalus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 148, t. 10. f. 1.
Des exemplaires de Paltaypampa et de Monterico.
33. LEPTOPOGON AMAUROCEPHALUS, Cab.; Scl. et Salv. P.Z.S.
1873, p. 278.
Un exemplaire de Monterico.
536 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
34. LeprorpoGoN suPERCILIARIS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 161, t. 10.
f2:
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico, de Paltaypampa et de Ro-
paybamba.
35. Lepropocon auritus, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 134.
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria, une femelle adulte de Pumamarca,
une jeune femelle de Ropaybamba.
36. Capsiempis orBITALis, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 68.
Un mile adulte de Monterico.
37. PHYLLOMYIAS CINEREOCAPILLA, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873,
p- 67.
Une femelle de Monterico.
38. EupsILosroMaA PuSILLUM, (Cab.) Mus. Hein. ii. p. 58; Sel.
P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 68. .
Ornithion pusillum, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 278.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
39. TYRANNISCUS VIRIDIFLAVUS, (Tsch.) Fu. Peru. p. 160, t. 9.
jt
Un male de Paltaypampa, une femelle d’ Amable- Maria.
40. TyRANNISCUS NIGRICAPILLUS (Lafr.).
Male unique de Pumamarca.
41. TyRANNISCUS CINEREICEPS, Scl.
Une paire de Ropaybamba.
42. ELAInEA ALBICcEPS (Lafr. et D’Orb.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.
1873, p. 279.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc, de Paltaypampa, de Tamba-
pota et de Churay.
43. Exarnea Giaas, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 831.
Plusieurs exemplaires d’Amable-Maria et de Ninabamba.
44, Evainea opscura (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 158.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Paltaypampa, de Pumamarca et de
Ninabamba.
45. Evarnea mopesta (Tsch.), Fn. Peru. p. 159.
Nombreux exemplaires des environs de Lima et de Monterico.
Les nids de cet oiseau ressemblent beaucoup 4 ceux de nos Cur-
ruca cinerea et C.garrula. Ils sont batis de pareilles herbes séches,
ont la méme forme et une pareille texture lache. L’intérieur est
garni de quelques petites plumes ou de laine, et terminé de quelques
erins de cheval. Hauteur 5°5-6, largeur 9-10, diamétre de l’inté-
rieur 5, profondeur 3°5 centim.
1874. | BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 937
Les ceufs sont ovés, allongés, & coque délicate, 4 éclat trés-faible.
Fond blanc parsemé de rares points et de petites taches de couleur
rouge-rouille, plus ou moins pile, plus nombreuses au gros bout et
presque nulles au petit ; quelquefois ces taches forment une couronne
assez distincte, quoique peu dense. Dimensions: 21—13°5, 21-3 —
15°2 millim.
46. Myiozrerretes stm1uis (Spix); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 279.
Elainea cayanensis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 158.
Male unique de Monterico.
47. RuyNncHocycuus FULVIPECTUS, Scl.
Une femelle de Ropaybamba.
48. RuYNCHOCYCLUS PERUVIANUS, sp. nov.
Similis R. megacephalo sed major, rostro minus dilatato, pileo
plumbeo, fronte albicante, loris albidis, macula auriculari
fusca. Rostri nigricantis mandibula albida ; pedes fusci ; iris
rufo-grisea. Long. tota 130, ale 73, caude 60, tarsi 18, rostri
a commissura 16 millim.
Un male tué 4 Ropaybamba le 17 Février, 1873.
Le dessus de la téte est d’une belle couleur plombée, le front en-
duit de blanchatre, l’ceil entouré d’un cercle blanc trés-subtil ; les
cotés du visage et la gorge sont blanchatres ; l’oreille couverte d’une
grande tache jaune, suivie d’une autre noirAtre. Le dessous du
corps, les ailes et la queue sont comme dans la plupart des autres
espéces.
49. MyiopynasrTEs souitarivs (Vieill.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.
1873, p. 280.
Un exemplaire de Monterico.
50. My1opYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, Scl.
Un jeune male de Monterico.
51. MylopYNASTES CHRYSOCEPHALUS, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. p- 150,
Units) peel ke
Un mile adulte et un oiseau jeune de Ropaybamba.
52. HiruNDINEA BELLICosa (Vieill.) ; D’Orb. Syn. Av. p. 46.
Myiarchus ferrugineus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 154.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Ninabamba.
53. Myronrus xanTuopyetus, (Spix) Av. Bras. t. 9. f. 1.
Myiobius barbatus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 751.
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria.
54. Myropius cinnAmomevus, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) Voy. Am. M.
t. 34. f. 1.
Une femelle de Maraynioc, un male et un jeune de Pumamarca.
Proc. Zoo, Soc.—1874, No. XXXV. 35
538 M. L, TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
55. Myropius eryTururus, Licht.; Cab. Orn. Not. t. 5. f. 1;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 28].
Un male de Monterico.
56. Myrogius puHanicurus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1854, t. 66. f. 1.
Femelle unique de Monterico.
57. Myrosrus rurescens (Salv.).
Myiobius nationi, Scl. P. Z.S. 1866, t. 11. f. 1.
Une paire (¢ et 2) des environs de Lima.
58. My1osius SUPERCILIOSUS, Sp. nov.
Olivaceo-viridis, subtus flavus, lateribus colli pectoreque virescen-
tibus, vitta superciliart flava, remigibus rufescente marginatis.
Rostrum nigricans ; pedes brunnei ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long.
tota 117, ale 62, caude 55, tarsi 16, rostri a commissura
15 millim.
Une femelle tuée 4 Ropaybamba le 2 Avril, 1873.
Par son mode de coloration cet oiseau ressemble beaucoup au
Basileuterus luteoviridis, mais il différe par le vert plus pur des
parties supérieures et par le jaune plus pale des parties inférieures
du corps. La bande sourciliére est semblable mais moins prolongée
en arricre de l’ceil, et plus pale; le milieu de la gorge est seulement
jaune, ses cdtés ainsi que celles de la poitrine sont teintes de verdatre ;
au contraire il y a peu de cette couleur sur les cétés du ventre; au
dessous de I’ceil il y a aussi une tache jaune et une petite tache foncée
devant l’ceil. Les subalaires sont jaunes ainsi que les subcaudales.
Les remiges sont bordées de roussatre, ainsi que les grandes couver-
tures alaires; le bord interne des remiges est fauve-roussitre, clair ;
les bordures des rectrices sont vertes olivatres.
59. PyRocEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.
1873, p. 281.
Myiarchus coronatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 155, et Myiarchus ob-
scurus, p. 156.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes en différents plumages des
environs de Lima.
60. Empipocnanes Fuscatus (Max.); Cab. Journ. f. Orn.
1868, p. 195.
Une femelle de Monterico.
61. EmpipocHANES PaciLurRus, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 112.
Un male d’ Anquimarca, et un exemplaire sans indication de sexe
de Paltaypampa.
62. MiTREPHORUS OCHRACEIVENTRIS, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873,
p- 320.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Maraynioc.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 939
63. EmprpoNax ANDINUS, sp. nov.
FPusco-cinereus ; pileo, alis caudaque nigricantibus ; gula, pectore
medio, abdomine subcaudalibusque albis; lateribus griseis ;
Sascia alarum duplici, marginibus secundariorum, et pogonio ex-
terno rectricum externorum cinerascenti-albidis ; subalaribus
grisescenti-fulvis. Rostri nigricantis mandibula inferior albida;
pedes nigricantes ; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 140, ale 72,
caude 66, tarsi 16, rostri a commissura 16 millim.
Male unique des environs du lac Junin.
64. Conropus pLeBEIus, Cab. Mus. Hein. ii. p. 71.
Deux miles de Monterico.
65. Conrorus arpestacus, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1855, p. 179.
Tyrannula ardesiaca, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 80.
Deux paires de Paltaypampa et d’ Anquimarca.
66. MytocHaNEs CINERACEA, Lafr. ?
Deux exemplaires de Higos et d’ Anquimarea.
67. MyIaRcHUS NIGRICEPS, Scl.
Deux paires de Maraynioc, de Paltaypampa et de Pumamarca.
68. Myrarcuus nigricans, Cab.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 153.
Un oiseau adulte et un jeune d’Amable-Maria, un jeune de St.
Domiano.
69. Myzarcuus Fasciatus, Landb.
Une femelle adulte et un jeune oiseau de Huanta.
70. TYRANNUS MELANCHOLICUS, Vieill. N.D.H.N. xxxv. p. 49;
Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 151; Scl. et Salv. 1873, p- 281.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chorillos, de Monterico et de Paltay-
pampa.
Family Preripz.
1, Prpra cHLoRoMEROS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 144.
Un mile adulte, une femelle et un jeune male de Monterico et
d’ Amable-Maria.
2. PiprA CHRULEICAPILLA, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 145.
Deux paires d’Amable-Maria et de Soriano,
3. Hemipiro tscuupit, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1874, p. 99.
4. HETEROPELMA waLuacil, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 579; Sel. et
Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 283.
Un mile de Soriano.
35*
540 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Family CotTine1pz.
1. Tivyra semirasciaTa, (Spix) Av. Bras. ii. t. 44. f. 2; Tsch.
Fn. Peru. p. 146.
Deux males de Monterico.
2. Haprostomus aupbax, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 68.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
3. PaCHYRHAMPHUS VIRIDIS, (Spix) Av. Bras. t. 45. f. 2.
Pachyrhamphus cuvieri (Sw.).
Une femelle d’ Amable- Maria.
4. PACHYRHAMPHUS VERSICOLOR,(Hartl.) Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 289.
Une paire de Pumamarca.
5. Lipaueus stmpuLex (Licht.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 284.
Un male de Monterico.
6. RuricoLa pERuvIANA, Lath.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 285.
Rupicola peruana, T-ch. Fn. Peru. p. 142.
Des oiseaux adultes et jeunes de Soriano et de Monterico.
Selon l’indication de M. Jelski la prunelle des males adultes est
subtriangulaire ; liris est d’un cendré bleuatre, clair, bordé des deux
cétés d’un subtil liséré rouge miniacé, la prunelle méme est entourée
d’une bordure jaune trés-fine. L’oiseau jeune en premier plumage
a Viris d’une couleur blanche sale.
7. AmMpEtio arcuatus, (Lafr.) Mag. Zool. 1843, t. 40.
Deux paires de Maraynioc.
8. PiprEoua virivis (Lafr. et D’Orb.).
Ampelis viridis, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. Am. M. t. 30; Tsch. Fu.
Peru. p. 135.
Pipreola melanolema, Sclater.
Deux miles et une femelle de Maraynioc.
L’exemplaire typique (2) des voyage d’Orbigny au Musée de
Paris est complétement d’accord avec les exemplaires fournis par M.
Jelski, il différe seulement par une légére teinte bleudtre au dos, ce
qu’on voit aussi quelquefois sur des exemplaires de P. riefferi; le
demi-collier est faiblement marqué sur la poitrine. La description de
Tschudi s’applique aussi a une vieille femelle ou 4 un jeune mile, car il
y est dit que le front et les plumes de la base du bec sont noiratres ;
le tour des yeux jaune-citron.
9. HeLiocHEerA RUBROCRISTATA, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) Voy. Am. M.
t. 31. f. 1; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 137.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 541
10. Doxrornis scLaTERI, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 136. t. 20.
Male unique de Maraynioc.
11. CEPHALOPTERUS ORNATUS, Geoff.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 141;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 286.
Une femelle de Monterico.
Family TrocuiLip#.
1. PHaituornis Maxaris (Licht.); Gould, Troch. i. t. 17; Sel.
et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 286.
Un male de Lima.
2. PHaiitrnornis Guyt, (Less.) Troch.t. 44; Gould. Troch.i. t. 26 ;
Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 243.
Un male de Soriano.
3. EuToxERES CONDAMINII, Gould, Troch. ii. t. 6.
Un male de Pumamarca.
4, OREOTROCHILUS MELANOGASTER, Gould, Troch. ii. t. 72.
Nombreux exemplaires en différents plumages de Maraynioc et des
environs de Junin.
Un nid trouvé le 1 Mai, 1873, 4 Quebrada de Jachjas prés de
Juuin, était dans une grotte collé aux inégalités d’une paroi. II est
tissé de laine mélangée avec de la mousse, quelques brins d’herbes
délicates, quelques plumes et un peu de poil. La forme de ce nid
est un cone renvyersé, trés-long et irrégulier, 4 cdté par lequel il
était acroché aplati. Le nid méme est beaucoup plus haut que
large; outre cela il a encore en bas un prolongement aussi haut que
le nid méme, évidemment pour le mieux garantir sur une face per-
pendiculaire. Le tissu est épais, bien serré, mais grossier. L’inté-
rieur est assez profond, garni de poils délicats, de plumes et de duvet.
Hauteur de la construction enticre 23 centim., largeur du nid 9,
diamétre de Vintérieur 4, profondeur 3. Ce nid contenait deux
petits.
5. CAMPYLOPTERUS LARGIPENNIS (Bodd.); Gould, Troch. ii.
t. 48.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
6. Perasopuora anals (Less.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 244.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Huanta. :
7. PETASOPHORA IOLATA, Gould, Troch. iv. t. 205.
Plusieurs*exemplaires de Soriano et d’Arancocha.
8. ScHIsTES GEOFFROYI (Bourc. et Muls.); Gould, Troch. iv.
t. 218.
Un male de Paltaypampa.
542 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
9. Levcrprus cHronoGasTER, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 247,
t.:22. f. 2.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Soriano, Pampa Jesus et de Pumamarca.
Deux nids de cet oiseau-mouche trouvés aux environs de Puma-
marca le 8 Mars et le 15 Avril, 1873, avee des ceufs frais, sont con-
struits en entier de duvet de plantes composées, mélangé et li¢ avec
d’autres fibres végétaux plus ou moins longs. Le nid a la forme
cylindrique, plus ou moins réguliére. Le tissu est serré, solide et
soigné ; la surface extérieure est garnie d’une manicre élégante de
larges feuilles de lichens parfaitement appliquées 4 la surface; l’in-
térieur ne contient rien d’autre que du duvet des plantes composées.
Hauteur 4°5 centim., largeur 4, diamétre de lintérieur 3, profon-
deur 2.
10. Lrvuctprus PALLIDUS, sp. nov.
L. chionogastri similis, sed major, rostro longiore, coloribus dilu-
tioribus, splendore aurato minis distincto. Rostri nigricantis
mandibula alba, nigro terminata; pedes brunnei; iris fusco-
nigricans.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Huanta, un de Soriano.
Cet oiseau-mouche est proche de L. chionogaster, mais parfaite-
ment distinct: il est plus grand, hee considérablement plus long,
a couleur verte métallique des parties supérieures beaucoup plus
faible, prenant une wuance grisdtre dans certaines directions de la
lumiére, surtout au sommet de la téte; la nuance dorée qu'elle prend
dans d’autres directions est beaucoup plus faible et moins pure que
dans l’espéce citée. Les cotés de la poitrine et du ventre sont aussi
d’un vert métallique comme dans loiseau de Tschudi, mais d’un
éclat plus faible et poudré de blanc. La queue est comme dans ce
dernier, mais 4 parties vertes moins brillantes. L’éclat violacé sur
les remiges est a peine distinct.
Les exemplaires de chacune des deux espéces tués dans des époques
de l'année assez éloignées, présentent toujours Ja méme nuance, tan-
dis que sur les individus des deux espéces tués presque en méme
temps la différence est trés-prononcée et facile 4 saisir au premier
coup d’ceil. Les exemplaires de Huanta de cette nouvelle espéce
ont été pris le 15 Janvier, 1871, celui de Soriano le 10 Aout de la
méme année. Les L. chionogaster sont tués le 26 Novembre, 1872,
le 6 Janvier et le 9 Février, 1873.
Longueur totale 10°5 centim., aile pliée 6 cent., queue 3°5, bec
depuis la commissure 2°8, tandis que dans le L. chionogaster il ne dé-
fasse pas 2°95.
11. THALURANIA TSCHUDII, Gould, Troch. t. 103.
Trochilus furcatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 245; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 287.
Un male de Soriano.
12. THaLuRANtA seLskul, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 138.
Un male de Soriano.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 543
13. AMaziu1a Pristina, Gould, Troch. v. p. 303; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 246.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima.
14. THaumasturA cora (Less.); Garn. Zool. Coq. t. 13. f. 4;
(Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 245; Gould, Troch. iii. t. 153.
Un jeune male de Lima.
15. Larresnaya Gay (Boure. et M.); Gould, Troch. ii. t. 86.
Deux males de Maraynioc et de Higos.
16. IonoLa2MA sCHREIBERSI (Bourc.); Gould, Troch. t. 93;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 287.
Un exemplaire sans indication de sexe de Maraynioc.
17. Docrmasres ENSIFERUS, (Boiss.) Mag. Zool. 1840, t. 15;
Gould, Troch. iv. t. 233.
Une paire de Maraynioe et une femelle de Higos.
18. LEADBEATERA OTERO, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 249, t. 22.
fi:
Une paire de Soriano et une femelle de Paltaypampa.
19. HELIANTHEA DiIcHROURA, Jelski, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 138.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc et un de Paltaypampa.
20. PreROPHANES TEMMINCKHI, (Boiss.) Mag. Zool. 1840, t. 15;
Gould, Troch. i. t. 178.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes de Maraynioc.
21. Bourcierta Insectivora, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 248,
Ge 252 tel’.
Un male de Pumamarca, une paire de Chilpes.
22. LAMPROPYGIA C@LIGENA, (Less.) Troch. t. 53; Gould,
Troch. iv. t. 255.
Male et femelle de Soriano et de Paltaypampa.
23. HELIANGELUS AMETHYSTICOLLIS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb.
Voy. t. 60. f. 2; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 246; Gould, Troch. iv. t. 245.
Nombreux exemplaires des deux sexes et en différents plumages de
Maraynioc.
24. LAMPRASTER BRANICKII, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 140, t. xxi.
£1
Male unique de Monterico.
25. AGLHACTIS CAUMATONOTUS, Gould, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 12.
Une paire de Maraynioc.
544 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
26. AGL#HACTIS CASTELNAUDI (Boure. et Muls.); Gould, Troch.
iii. t. 180.
Deux paires d’Arancocha.
27. PANOPLITES MATHEWSI (Bourc.) ; Gould, Troch. ii. t. 112.
Un male de Paltaypampa, un autre de Pumamarea.
Le nid receuilli le 25 Janvier, 1873, 4 Pumamarca est placé sur
une mince branche horizoatale. I] est construit de mousse de coton
et de fibres végétaux. II est petit, aussi haut que large, & tissu dense
et solide; l’extérieur est garni en entier de lichens solidement ap-
pliqués et attachés 4 la surface. L’intérieur est assez profond et
lisse, garni d’écailles de boutons de feuilles. Hauteur 4, largeur 4,
diamétre de l’intérieur 2°5, profondeur 2 centim.
28. RAMPHOMICRON MICRORHYNCHUM, (Boiss. )Mag. Zool. 1840,
t. 16; Gould, Troch. iii. t. 189.
Deux males et une femelle de Anquimarca.
29. RAMPHOMICRON OLIVACEUM, Lawr.
Nombreux exemplaires de Junin et de Maraynioc.
30. RAMPHOMICRON STANLEY! (Boure. et Muls.); Gould, Troch.
iil. t. 185.
Une paire de Maraynioc.
31. METALLURA SMARAGDINICOLLIs, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb.
Voy. t. 59. f. 2; Gould, Troch. iii. t. 196.
Male unique de Maraynioc.
32. METALLURA HEDVIG&#, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 139, t. xxi.
L252
Urolampra eupogon, Cab. Journ, f. Orn. 1874, p. 97.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc.
33. METALLURA CUPREICAUDA, Gould, Mon. Troch. iii. pl. 191.
Urolampra jelskii, Journ. f. Orn. 1874, p. 97.
Quatre exemplaires receuillis dans les montagnes des environs du
lac Junin entre Cucas et Paleamayo et 4 Arancocha.
34. CynanTuus mocoa (Delattr. et Boure.) ; Gould, Troch. iii.
t. 173.
Deux paires de Chilpes, de Pumamarca et de Paltaypampa.
35. STEGANURUS PERUANUS; Gould, Troch. iii. t. 164.
Trochilus platurus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p, 245 (exe. synon.).
Deux males de Paltaypampa, une femelle d’ Amable-Maria.
36. ACESTRURA MULSANTI, (Bource.) Ann. Se. Phys. Lyon. 1842,
t. 20 ; Gould, Troch. ui. t. 145.
Nombreux exemplaires de Ninabamba.
1874. } BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 545
37. APHANTOCHROA HyYPosTIcTA, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862.
Un mile de Soriano.
38. CHLOROSTILBON BREVICAUDATUS, Gould, Introd. Troch. iii.
Deux males d’ Amable-Maria.
39. Patacona GiGas, Vieill. Gal. Ois. t. 180; Gould, Troch. iv.
te 252.
Une paire de Huanta.
40. Errocnemis sappnrropyGi, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 139.
Deux males de Maraynioc.
Family Cypseip@.
CHATURA RUTILA (Vieill.).
Chetura brunneitorques, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 81.
Une paire d’ Amable- Maria.
Family CarprRimuLGID&.
1. CHORDEILEs acuTus, Cass. Proc. Ac. Philad. v. p. 188.
Chordeiles pruinosus, Tsch. p. 130, t. 6. f. 2 (excel. synon.).
Plusieurs individus adultes et jeunes des environs de Lima.
2. NycTIPHRYNUS OCELLATUS, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. p. 125, t. 5. f.2.
Caprimulgus brasiliensis, Wied. Beitr. iii. p. 337.
Une femelle de Paltaypampa.
3. STENopPSIS BIFASCIATUS, Scl.
Caprimulgus decussatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 126, t. 5. f. 1.
Adultes et jeunes des environs de Lima.
4. SreNnopsis aquicaupAtTus, Peale, United States Explor. Exp.
p- 168.
Antrostomus equicaudatus, Scl.
Trois exemplaires de Pumamarca.
5. Hypropsatis tyra, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 59; Cass. Journ.
Ac. Philad. ii. p. 116, t. 13.
Jeune male de Pumamarca.
6. Hypropsa.is seeMEnratus, Cass. Proc. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 236;
Journ. Ac. Philad. ii. p. 117, t. 23.
Une male de Maraynioc.
Family Picipa.
1. PicumNus ALBosquamatus, Lafr. et D’Orb., D'Orb. Voy.
t. 64. f. 2 (sine descr.) ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 264.
Male unique de Paltaypampa.
546 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
2. PICUMNUS AURIFRONS, Pelz.
Une paire (¢ et 9) de Monterico.
3. CAMPEPHILUS RUBRICOLLIS (Bodd.); Gr. Gen. B. ii. 436.
Male et femelle de Monterico.
4, CAMPEPHILUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gm.).
Dryocopus albirostris (Vieill.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 43;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 291.
Un mile de Monterico.
5. Dryocopus HZMATOGASTER, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 265,
t. 25.
Une paire de Chilpes.
6. Dryocorus tinEATus (L.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 43;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 291.
Une femelle de Monterico.
7. CHLORONERPES CANIPILEUS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb. Voy.
t. 63. f. 2 (sine descr.) ; Malh. Mon. Pic. t. 90. f. 3 et 6.
Picus rubiginosus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 268.
Une paire de Paltaypampa et un male de Ropaybamba.
8. CHLORONERPES LEUCOLZMUs (Pelz.); Bp. Consp. Vol. Zyg. 9.
Un mile de Monterico.
9. CHLORONERPES FUMIGATUS, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb. Voy.
t. 63. f. 1 (sine deser.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 267.
Male unique de Paltaypampa.
10. CHLORONERPES HEZMATOSTIGMA (Natt.) ; Malh. Mon. Pic.
t. 61. f. 6, 7; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 291.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Monterico.
11. MELANERPES HIRUNDINACEUS (Gm.).
Melanerpes cruentatus, Malh. Mon. Pic. t. 98. f. 4, 6.
Un male de Monterico.
12. CoLtapres rupicoLa, (Lafr. et D’Orb.) D’Orb. Voy. t. 62.
. 1 (sine descr.) ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 269.
Une paire de la Sierra de Maraynioc.
hs
13. HyPoxANTHUS BREVIROSTRIS, sp. nov.
H. rivolii s¢milis, sed minor, rostro breviore, gula uropygioque
nigris immaculatis. Rostrum nigrum; pedes plumbeo-nigri-
cantes ; iris brunnescenti-rubra.
Male adulte de Higos, femelle de Chilpes.
Espéce bien distincte de H. rivolii de Equateur, par la taille plus
petite, le bec beaucoup plus court, a l’aréte de la mandibule supérieur
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 547
fort arquée, et légérement comprimé dans sa moitié terminale. La
différence principale de coloration consiste en la gorge et le croupion
noirs, sans aucune tacheture. La teinte jaune du ventre est plus
pure, tandis qu’elle tire un peu en roussatre dans l’espece citée plus
haut. Dimensions :—
H. brevirostris. H. rivolii.
mili, miltim, millim.
Longueur de aile.......... 126 127 145
ay de la queue ...... 108 110 115
ne dutarsecc ees 24 22 26
a du bec dep. com. .. 31 29 42
* oo, Gep. RAK. /.. 21 20 27
Family ALCEDINIDH.
1. CeryLe cABANIst, Reich. ; Sharpe, Alced. t. 16.
Alcedo cabanisii, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 253.
Male unique de Monterigo.
2. CeRYLE AMAZONA, (Vieill.) Nouv. Dict. xix. p. 399; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 292.
Alcedo amazona, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 254.
Femelle unique d’Amable-Maria. Le bec de cet exemplaire est
beacoup plus court que celui des oiseaux de Cayenne ; les couvertures
alaires sont terminées d’une petite tache blanche, il est donc probable
que c’est un jeune individu.
Family Momotip2.
CryBeLus Marti, (Spix) Av. Bras. ii. p. 64, t. 60; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 252; Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 292.
Femelle unique de Monterico.
Family TROGONID2.
1. Trogon HELIoTHRIX, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 257.
Male unique de Maraynioc.
2. Trogon coxuaris, Vieill.; Gould, Trog. t. 5; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z.S. 1873, p. 293.
Un mile de Monterico, un male et deux femelles de Soriano et
ad’ Amable-Maria.
3. CALURUS PAVONINUS, (Spix) Av. Bras. t. 35; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z.S. 1873, p. 293.
Femelle unique de Chilpes.
Family GALBULID2.
1. GaLBULA TomBACEA, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 55, t. 58; Sel. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 294; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 255.
Plusieurs individus de Monterico et une femelle de Paltaypampa.
548 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
2. GaLBuLA LEuCcoGASTRA (Vieill.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867,
p- 978, et 1873, p. 294.
Unique exemplaire de Monterico.
Family Bucconip&.
1. Monasa pervANA, Bp. et Verr.; Scl. P. Z.S. 1857, p. 262;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 295.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico.
2. MaracoprTiLa RuFA, (Spix) Av. Bras. t. 40. f. 1.
Lypornix rufa, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 257.
Deux femelles de Monterico. Les yeux sont selon M. Jelski
rouges de sang.
3. NoNNULA RUFICAPILLA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 258, t. 24.
f. 1; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 295.
Femelle unique d’ Amable-Maria.
Family CucuLip2&.
1. CrRororPpHAGA suLctRostRis, Sw.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn.
p. 256.
Une femelle des environs de Lima.
2. Praya nicRicrissA, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1866, p. 195.
Coccyzus cayanus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 255 (?).
Male et femelle de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
L’iris est rouge.
Family RampHASTID&.
1. Rampuastos cuviert, Wagl.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 261;
Sel. et Salv. P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 297.
Male unique de Monterico.
2. ANDIGENA CucuULLATUS, Gould, Ramph. 2nd ed. t. 40.
Une femelle de Pumamarca.
3. SELENIDERA REINWARDTI (Wagl.); Gould, Ramph. t. 26;
id. 2nd ed. t. 35; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 298.
Une paire (¢ et 9) de Monterico.
4, AULACORHYNCHUS ATROGULARIs (Sturm) ; Gould, Ramph.
2nd ed. t. 50.
Pteroglossus atrogularis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 262.
Male et femelle de Monterico.
5. AULACORHYNCHUS C#RULEOCINCTUs (Lafr. et D’Orb.);
Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 263.
Une paire de Chilpes et de Ropaybamba.
1874. | BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 549
6. AULACORHYNCHUS DERBIANUS, Gould, Ramph. t. 32; id.
2nd ed. t. 43; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 261.
Male de Monterico, femelle d’ Amable-Maria.
Family Caprrronip2.
1. Capito auratus (Dum.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p.298.
Capito peruvianus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 195.
Capito amazonicus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 978.
Male et femelle de Monterico.
2. Capiro GiAucocuLaRis (Tsch.).
Capito erythrocephalus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 260 (¢ ).
Capito glaucogularis, ibid. p. 259, t. 24. f. 2.
Deux miles de Pucara, une femelle de Paltaypampa et une de
Ropaybamba.
3. CAPITO AURANTIICOLLIs (Scl.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 298.
Male unique de Monterico.
Family Psirracipa.
1, Ara mixirarRis (L.); Less. Trait. Orn. 186.
Une téte d’Amable- Maria.
2. Conurus mitTratvs, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p27 2; te. 2Gsf. le
Une paire (gd et 2) de Ninabamba et de Pumamarca.
3. Conurus Luciant, (Deville) Voy. Casteln. t. 3. f. 1.
Un male de Monterico. II différe un peu en coloration de l’ex-
emplaire typique ; l’écaillure de la poitrine est plus subtile et rouge-
atre dans le dernier, tandis qu’elle est jaune claire dans notre
exemplaire.
4. Botsoruyncuus aurirrons, (Less.) Cent. Zool. t. 18.
Conurus sitophaga, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 273.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes des environs de Lima.
5. BoLBORHYNCHUS ORBIGNESIUS (Bp.).
Myopsitta orbignesia, Bp. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, p. 151.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Maraynioc, de Pumamarca et d’Aran-
cocha.
Les exemplaires du Musée de Paris provenant du voyage D’Or-
bigny, portant le nom Conurus temminckii, Bp., sont identiques aux
oiseaux de M. Jelski. L’extrémité du bec évidemment décolorée
paraissait étre également jaune ; il manque au mile de nuance bleue
au dos qui est assez distincte sur nos exemplaires.
550 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
6. Curysoris FARINOoSA, (Bodd.) Tabl. Pl. Enl. 52.
Psittacus pulverulentus, Gm. L. 8. N. xiii. p. 341.
Male unique de Monterico.
7. CurysoTis MERCENARIA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 270, t.27.
Male unique de Maraynioc.
8. Pronus tumuttuosus, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 270.
Une paire (¢ et 2) de Chilpes.
Family FaLconip&.
1. InycreR AMERICANUS (Bodd.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p- 301.
Male et femelle de Monterico.
2. MitvaGo MEGALopTERUs (Meyen) ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 78.
Phalcobenus montanus, Lafr. et D’Orb. Voy. p. 51, t. 2. f. 1, 2.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes de Junin et de Maraynioc.
3. Geranaétos acura (Temm.).
Jeune male en premier plumage d’Amable-Maria.
4. Fauco anatum, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 23.
Femelle adulte de Junin, jeune femelle de Chorillos.
5. Fatco perroLevcus, Temm. Pl. Col. 348.
Une femelle de Pampa Jesus.
Confondu par Gray avec F’. aurantius, Gm.! (Hand-list Birds
Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 21. n. 185).
6. ASsALon FEMORALIS, (Temm.) Pl. Col. p. 343; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. p. 108.
Un mile de Junin, un autre de Maraynioc.
7. TINNUNCULUS CINNAMOMINUs (Sw.).
Falco sparverius, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 110.
Male adulte de Lima, femelle de Huanta, une paire de Palcamayo.
Le mile et une femelle n’ont point de tache rousse sur l’occiput,
une femelle a & peine la trace de cette couleur, et une a une tache
assez grande, mais pas aussi développée et aussi uniforme que dans
le T. sparverius, L.
8. Harpacus BIDENDATUS (Lath.) ; Temm. Pl. Col. 38; Spix,
Av. Bras. t. 6, 7.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 107.
Male adulte de Monterico.
9. REGERHINUS MEGARHYNCHUS, Kaup; Casteln. et Deville,
Voy. Ois. p. 1, t. 1.
Quatre exemplaires fournis en 1871 par M. Jelski d’Amable-
Maria et de Soriano (aux environs de Tarma); c’est a dire un male
4
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 551
adulte, deux femelles adultes, et un jeune oiseau changeant son pre-
mier plumage.
Ces oiseaux s’accordent complétement avec le type de Castelnau
(¢ tué a Sarayacou au Pérou oriental en 1847, et déposé au Musée
de Paris); excepté la coloration, qui parait étre aussi variable que
dans les autres espéces de Cymindis.
Une de ces femelles a tout le plumage noir brundtre presque uni-
forme ; les plumes du dessus de la téte et de la nuque sont blanches
dans les deux tiers de la longueur et de la couleur générale nettement
tranchée de la précédente au bout; le front et le devant du visage
est enduit de cendré grisdtre. La queue est noire, traversée dans la
deuxiéme moitié de sa longueur d’une large bande grise en dessus
et fauve en dessous, et d’une autre moins large et moins réguliére
prés de la naissance, outre cela toutes les rectrices sont terminées
dune bordure grise, lisérée de blanc. Les tiges de toutes les rec-
trices sont en dessus noires, et blanches seulement sur la grosse bande
claire, tandis qu’en dessous elles sont blanches, et seulement noires
sur la bande foncée terminale. Les remiges sont barrées trans-
versalement de noir et de blanc sur leur face inférieure, tandis que
sur la supérieure les bandes claires sont de la teinte du plumage
général. Les supra- et les subcaudales sont terminées d’une bordure
blanche.
Selon Vindication de M. Jelski la peau nue devant les yeux est
d’un jaune presque orangé ; la cire est jaune verdatre tirant un peu
en bleu sur les cétés, olivatre plus foncée au dos et au-dessus des
narines. La mandibule supérieure est noire, Pinférieure jaune. Les
pattes jaunes de carotte; les ongles noirs. L’iris blanc avec une
légére nuance jaunatre.
Le mile et l'autre femelle ont le dessus comme l’oiseau précédent,
mais tirant un peu sur le cendré; la téte cendrée bleuatre au front,
sur les cétés et sur la gorge, tandis qu’elle est noirAtre en dessus; la
nuque est traversée d’un demi-collier d’un roux cannelle vif. La
base des plumes de l’occiput est aussi blanche comme dans la femelle
précédente, et fauve dans les plumes du demi-collier. Tout le
dessous du corps est barré transversalement de blanc et de roux
foncé, de sorte que cette derniére couleur prédomine sur la gorge et
la poitrine, les bandes blanches au ventre sont presque aussi larges
que les rousses; chacune de ces raies foncées est lisérée de deux
cétés d’une mince bordure noiratre. La queue a trois bandes claires,
qui sont grises en dessus, et fauves en dessous. Les remiges sont
également barrées, mais les raies claires prés des extrémités de plu-
sieurs primaires postérieures sont d’un roux cannelle plus ou moins
intense. Les subalaires et les subcaudales sont fauves, ondulées de
gris foncé. Le bec, Viris et les pattes comme dans la femelle pré-
cédente.
L’oiseau jeune est brun en dessus, 4 couvertures alaires et les sca-
pulaires terminées d’un liseré roux. Tout le dessous, le demicollier
nuchal et les cdtés de la téte sont blancs. La queue est traversée de
6 bandes grises en dessus et fauves en dessous. Les bandes aux re-
miges sont plus fines que celles des adultes, avec du roux comme
552 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
dans les oiseaux précédents. Les culottes ondulées de foncé. Le
bec est noir, 4 naissance de la mandibule inférieure jaunatre. L/iris
brun.
Dimensions.
Ois. Oiseaux du Pérou.
de —-. —_—-—,
Casteln. é. GQ rayée. Y brune. J jeune.
Longueur de Paile........ 290 296 300 308 290
Fe dela queue .... 197 210 8 225 220 210
Bs du tarse.. vreeee 387 37 37 37 30
» dubecdepuisla) 35 35 43 43 35
commissure f
» dubec depuis les 30 30 37 37 27
marines ....
Hauteur du bec au-dessus & ah
des narines...... eon } 25 21 24 24 19
Quelques nouvelles plumes que prend le jeune oiseau sur la poitrine
et au ventre sont rayés transversalement de brun, et celles qui pous-
saient au collier nuchal sont rousses, ce qui indique que les oiseaux
barrés de roux, dont je viens de décrire, sont dans leur deuxiéme
livrée. Cette opinion est approuvée sur le male, qui posséde encore
parmi les couvertures alaires quelques plumes bordées comme dans
le jeune de roussitre. Les raies transversales des plumes fraiches
du jeune sont minces et correspondent aux lisérés foncés des adultes ;
elles sont bordées d’une légére nuance roussatre, il est done probable
que le ton roux foncé des raies se forme graduellement sur ces plumes,
et remplit de cette maniére l’espace compris entre les deux raies
foncées.
L’oiseau dans la livrée uniforme est evidemment plus adulte.
Celui de Castelnau, semblable 4 certains Cymindis uncinatus, cendré
foncé en dessus et rayé transversalement de cendré et de blane en
dessous, serait probablement dans une livrée intermédiaire entre les
barrés de roux et les unicolores. Cette conjecture peut étre juste, si
les livrées de cet oiseau sont réguliéres et constantes; mais peut-étre
qu’elles sont aussi variables comme dans la Bondrée européenne, ot
il est impossible de comprendre toutes les variations que présentent
ces oiseaux dans leurs différents ages.
10. Icrrn1a pLUMBEA (Vieill.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 112; Sel. et
Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 303.
*Un mile d’ Amable-Maria.
11. Burroua BrRAcHyuRA (Vieill.).
Asturina albifrons, Kaup, Mus. Frankf.; Bp. Consp. Av. p. 31.
Une paire (¢ et 2) d’Amable-Maria. la femelle n’a point de
blane au front.
12. AsTuRINA MAGNIROSTRIS (Gm.); Temm. Pl. Col. 86; Tsch.
Fn. Peru. p. 104; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 3038.
Une femelle de Monterico.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 553
13. Micrastur ConcENTRICUS (Less.),
Climacocercus concentricus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 98.
Un jeune mile en plumage de transition d’ Amable-Maria.
14, Circus nistrionicus, Q. et G. Voy. Uran. t. 15 et 16.
Circus poliopterus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. t. 3.
Nombreux exemplaires des deux sexes et de différents Ages des
environs du lac Junin.
Family Stricip2.
1. ArHEeNE cunrcuLartiA (Molin.).
Noctua urucurea, Tsch. Fn. Peru. p. 116.
Plusieurs individus des deux sexes des environs de Lima, trois de
Junin.
Les oiseaux de ces deux localités présentent une grande différence
de taille et de la garniture des pattes. Ceux de Lima sont plus
petits et ont le tarse garni sur la face antérieure de trés-petites plumes,
tandis que la postérieure est tout-a-fait 4 découvert ; les doigts sont
parsemés de rares soies roides. Les oiseaux de Junin sont considé-
rablement plus grands, les plumes au tarse sont abondantes et touffues
en le couvrant complétement tout autour, la chevelure aux doigts est
beaucoup plus développée.
Dimensions.
Ois. de Lima. Ois. de Junin.
3. 2. 3: 2.
Longueur de Vaile .... 170 167 .... 216 200
a dela queue.. 86 Gey 2s... 1@" - 205
a dutarse .... 45 ABU IRA, bes 48 46
2. ATHENE FERRUGINEA, (Max.) Beitr. iii. p. 234; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. p. 117.
Une femelle des environs de Lima.
3. Srrix peRLata, Licht. Doubl. Verz. u. 613; Tsch. Fn. Peru,
p. 121; Sel. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 303,
Un exemplaire de Monterico.
Family PELECANID.
1. OnocroraLusTHaGus, (Molin.) H. Nat. Chili, p.212; Tsch.
Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 55 et 312.
Une femelle de Chorillos.
2. GRACULUS BRASILIANUS, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 172, _
Phalacrocorax brasiliensis, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 304.
Un jeune oiseau de Junin.
3. GRACULUS GAIMARDI, Less. Voy. Coquille, Ois. t. 48.
Halieus gaimardi, Tsch. Fn. Peru, Orn, pp. 45 et 313.
Une paire de Chorillos.
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1874, No. XXXVI. 36
554 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
4, GRACULUS BOUGAINVILLEI (Less.); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 176.
Halieus albigula, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 55 et 313.
Un male de Chorillos.
5. Suza variecata (Tsch.).
Dysporus variegatus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 313.
Un jeune oiseau de Chorillos.
Family ANATIDE.
1. CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA, Eyt. Voy. Beagle, t. 50.
Anser melanopterus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 308.
A. montanus, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, i. p. 390.
A, anticola, Tsch. Consp. Av. n. 342.
Deux paires des environs de Junin.
2. Darita oxyura, Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xvi. Suppl.
122, t. 26.
Anas spinicauda, Vieill.
“Pato jerga”’ des habitants de la contrée.
Une paire de Junin.
3. ANAS CRISTATA, Gm.
Anas lophyra, Forst. Deser. An. 340.
A. pyrrhogaster, Meyen, Nov. Act. Ac. Leop. xvi. Suppl. 119,
25
«Pato real” des habitants de la contrée.
Deux paires et des poussins de Junin.
4. QUERQUEDULA CyaNnopTeRa (Vieill.).
Un male de Laguna Villa prés de Chorillos.
5. QUERQUEDULA oxypTERA, (Meyen) Nov. Act. Ac. Leop.
xvi. Suppl. 121, t. 26; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 55.
“ Pato sutschu”’ des habitants de la contrée.
Plusieurs exemplaires et des ceufs de Junin.
6. QueRQUEDULA PUNA (Licht.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 309 ;
Sel. et Salv. Ex. Orn. pl. xcix.
** Pato liaksa”’ des habitants de la contrée.
Plusieurs exemplaires, des poussins et des coufs de Junin.
7. ERtsMATURA FERRUGINEA, Eyt. Monogr. Anat. 170.
Anas ferruginea, Burm. Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. ii. p. 440.
Une paire et des ceufs de Junin.
8. MERGANETTA LEUCOGENYS, T'sch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 310, t. 36.
Male et femelle de Maraynioc.
Or
uw
or
1874. } BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU.
Family ArDEID&.
1. Eeretra Levce, Bp. List of Am. B. p. 47.
Ardea egretta, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. iii, t. 61. f.4; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. pp. 49 et 297; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 305.
Un jeune exemplaire de Junin.
2. NycTicoRax AMERICANUS, Bp. List of Am. B. p. 48; Tsch,
Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 50 et 297.
Une paire de Junin.
Family CoLuMBID.
1. Leprp@nas speciosa (Gm.); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 48; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 306.
Un male d’ Amable- Maria.
2. CHLORG@NAS DENISEA, (Temm.) Pl. Col. 502; Bp. Consp. ii.
p. dl.
Une paire de Maraynioc et d’Anquimarca.
3. CHLOR@NAS PLUMBEA (Vieill.) ; Bp. Cousp. ii. p. 53.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
4. CHAM#PELIA AMAZILIA, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 78; Scl. et Salv.
P.Z.S,. 1873, p. 306.
Un exemplaire des environs de Lima.
5. Taipacotia Gopina, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 79.
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria.
6. CoLumMBULA cRrUZIANA (Knip et Prévost); Bp. Consp. Ay.
ii. p. 8.
Chamepelia gracilis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Cra, p. 277, t. 30,
Nombreux exemplaires de Lima, Chorillos et Huanta.
7. ZENAIDA AURICULATA, (Gay) Fu, Chil. pp. 378 et 381. sp. 1;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 82.
Zenaida aurita, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 45.
Un male de Chorillos, un autre de Huanta et un jeune de Lima.
8. MeTriorELIA MELANOPTERA (Molin.); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 76€.
Un mile d’Arancocha.
9. GyYMNOPELIA ERYTHROTHORAX, (Meyen) Nov. Act. Ac. Leop.
1833, Supp. 98, t. 26; Scl. et Salv. Nom. Av. Neotr. p. 133.
Columba monticola, Tsch. Consp. Av. n. 267; id. Fn, Peru. pp.
45 et 276.
Une paire tuée entre Cucas et Paleamayo.
36*
556 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
10. LepropriLa RUFAXILLA, Rich. et Bern.; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 75
Columba jamaicensis, Tsch. Fu. Peru. pp. 45 et 275.
Un male de Monterico.
11. GrorryGon FRENATA, (Tsch.) Fn. Peru. p. 278, t. 28.
Une paire d’ Amable-Maria et un exe mplaire d’Anquimarca.
12. Grorrycon montana (L.); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 72; Sel. et
Salv. P.Z.S. 1873, p. 306.
Un male de Monterico.
Family THINocorip&.
1. Turnocorus 1nG&, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 279.
Plusieurs exemplaires des deux sexes, des poussins et des ceufs des
environs de Junin.
Les ceufs sont ovoconiques comme ceux de Scolopacides et des Cha-
radriides. Ils sont de la forme et de la grandeur des ceufs de Totanus
ochropus, et par leur coloration ils ressemblent le plus 4 ceux de l’ deti-
tis hypoleucos, ils ont le fond également isabelle, les taches d’un brun
trés-foneé, mélangées avec d’autres d’un gris violacé pale. En les
examinant plus attentivement on voit que la maculature est bien dif-
férente de celle des ceufs des deux familles citées. Les taches sont
plus petites et plus nombreuses, constituant des points, des traits
et des zigzags plus ou moins subtils, formant une couronne plus ou
moins dense autour du gros bout, et plus ou moins nombreuses sur
le reste de la surface. La surface de la coque présente une différence
plus notable, elle est beaucoup plus polie que dans tous les ceufs des
échassiers des familles citées, la structure de la coque est beaucoup
plus compacte, les inégalités beaucoup plus petites.
M. des Murs se guidant par la ressemblance superficielle des carac-
téres oologiques a rangé la tribu des J'hinocorides dans Vordre des
Gralles, parmi les Cariamides et les Charadriides. Pour appuyer
son opinion il cite un passage de Lafresnaye*, dans lequel @ vrai
dire il n’y a qu’un seul argument qui serait: ‘les matelots du
‘Beagle’ les appelaient les Bécassines 4 bec court,” tandis que les
autres détails prouveut que ce sont des Gallinacés. _Plusieurs autres
ornithologistes éminents sont d’accord avec M. des Murs; G. R. Gray
dans sa derniére édition du ‘Catalogue du Musée Britannique’ les a
placés parmi les familles des Glareolides et des Chionides.
En comparant les ceufs de Thinocorus avec ceux des Gangas (Pte-
rocles) on voit quwils different seulement par la forme (cylindrique
dans ces derniers), et que tout les autres caractéres sont communs:
la structure et la surface de la coque, ainsi que la coloration. Il
serait donc bien plus naturel de considérer les ceufs des Thinocorides
comme représentant dans l’ordre des Gallinacés ce que sont les ceufs
des Guillemots dans l’ordre des Palmipédes, également comme le dit
M. des Murs par rapport aux ceufs de Pteroclides “ces ceufs repré-
sentant exactement dans l’ordre des Gallinacés ce que sont les ceufs
* Traité général d’Oologie Ornith. p. 370.
1874.] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 957
d’Engoulevents dans l’ordre de Passereaux ” *. On pourrait citer une
quantité de pareils exemples.
La comparaison des oiseaux mémes démontre beaucoup plus d’ana-
logies entre les familles de Pteroclides et des Thinocorides. Les
formes générales sont presque les mémes, la poitrine également pro-
éminente ; les ailes également longues et aigués présentent seulement
cette différence, que quoique les tertiaires sont longues dans les pre-
miers, elles n’atteignent pas cependant lextrémité des primaires
comme dans les Thinocorides ; la queue dans les deux est conique,
quoique les deux rectrices médianes ne sont jamais effilées dans les
derniers ; la structure des plumes est presque la méme; ou peut
méme trouver plus d’analogies en coloration de ces deux familles
quwentre les Thinocores et les Echassiers ; le seul détail serait im-
portant que les sexes sont différentes entre elles, ce qui est trés-rare
et exceptionnel parmi les Echassiers. Le bec présente presque la
méme forme, les narines sont également emplumées en dessus et
garnies d’un opercule charnu. Les pattes sont plus différentes,
quoique elles sont également basses, les tarses des Thinocorides sont
nus, les doigts plus longs. II est aussi a remarquer que la propor-
tion de la grandeur de l’ceuf & celle de la taille de l’oiseau méme est
plus naturelle que celle dans les Echassiers des familles citées.
De ce qu'on sait des habitudes des Thinocorides et de ce que M.
Jelski m’a communiqué il n’y a rien pour appuyer Popinion de M.
des Murs. Ils sont des oiseaux pulvérateurs, se tiennent en com-
pagnies, et en temps de la nidification ils se s€parent en paires ; ils
prennent le val en criant comme les Gangas ; comme ces derniers ils
sont doués d’un vol rapide, élevé, et peuvent enteprendre de longs
voyages. Leur gésier est musculeux, el ils se nourissent principale-
ment de matiéres végétales comme feuilles et extrémités de tiges de
différentes herbes, parmi lesquelles on trouve du sable et de petits
cailloux.
Comme les Péeroclides habitent les déserts et les plateaux arides
de l’ancien continent, les Thinocorides se tiennent dans P Amérique
méridionale sur les hauts plateaux stériles et les piturages maigres
de la chatue des Cordilléres, depuis la Patagonie jusquwau Pérou
central. Il est done plus naturel de considérer cette derniére famille
comme remplacant et représentant dans des localités pareilles du
nouveau monde la famille des Pteroclides, propre a l’ancien contineut,
au lieu de les placer d’aprés des caractéres exceptionnels et insufti-
sants dans une position qui ne sera jamais naturelle et suffisamment
approuvée.
2. THInocorus RUMICIvoRUS, Esch, Zool. Atl. t. 2.
Th. eschscholtzii, Geoff. et Less.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Lima et de Chorillos.
3. ATTAGIs Gavi (Geoffr. et Less.).
Une paire de la montagne Ninarupa aux environs de Junin.
* Loe. cit. p. 851,
558 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
Family PErpIcID&.
1. OpoNTOPHORUS PACHYRHYNCHUS, Tsch. Consp. Av. n. 271;
Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 282.
Une paire de Monterico.
2. OpontrorHorus speciosus, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Oro. p. 281,
tea
Un mile adulte et un poussin recueillis le 8 Avril, 1872, entre
Chilpes et St. Bartolomé.
Family Cracip&.
1. Urax miru (L.); Temm. P. C. 103; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn.
p- 47.
Mitua tuberosa, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 307.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
2: PENELOPE BOLIVIANA, Reich.; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873,
p- 307.
Penelope marail, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 48 ?
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico et d’ Amable-Maria.
3. PENELOPE SCLATERI, Gr.
Un male de Chilpes.
4. ABURRIA CARUNCULATA, Reich.
Penelope adurri, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 48.
Une paire ( det 2 ) d’Amable-Maria et de Ropaybamba.
5. CHAM#PETES GOUDOTI, Less.
Penelope rufiventris, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 291, t. 31.
Trois exemplaires d’Auquimarca et de Chilpes.
6. PiriLe cuMANENSIS (Jacq.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1873, p.
307.
Pipile pipile, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 48.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Monterico.
7. OrnTALIDA GuTTATA, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 73.
Une paire de Monterico. ‘ Manakaraku”’ des habitants de la
contrée,
Family RaLuip2&.
1. ARAMIDES CAYENNENSIS (Gm.).
Gallinula cayanea, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 96; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S.
1873, p. 308.
Un exemplaire d’ Amable-Maria.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 559
2. Rattus ryruiruyNncuus (Vieill.); Gr. H.-list B. Brit.
Mus. 1871, iii. p. 59.
Rallus cesius, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p- 300.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin et de Lima.
3. Porzana viripis (Miill.); Gr. H.-list B. Brit. Mus. 1871,
lil. p. 60.
Rallus cayennensis, Gm. L.S. N. xiii. 1. pe 18. 0,27,
Gallinula pileata, Wied. Beit. iv. p- 802; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn.
pp. 62 et 302.
Porzana cayennensis, Scl. et Saly. Nomencl. p- 139.
Plusieurs exemplaires d’Amable-Maria.
4. GALLINULA GALEATA (Licht.) ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 52
et 302.
Des oiseaux adultes, des jeunes et des ceufs des environs de Cho-
rillos et de Junin.
5. Fuca GIGANTEA, Eyd. et Soul. Voy. Bonite, t.8; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p, 302.
Trois exemplaires adultes et des poussins de Junin.
6. Funica arpesraca, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1873, i. p. 389. 17;
td. Faun. Peru. Orn. p. 303.
Des oiseaux jeunes et des ceufs de J unin, un jeune oiseau en mue
de Chorillos.
Family Cuaraprupa.
1. Caaraprius vireinicus, Bork.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 49
et 296; Salv. et Scl. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 309.
Une femelle de Chorillos.
2. AGIALITIS Nivosa, Baird, Birds N. Amer. p. 696.
Plusieurs individus en différents plumages des environs de Cho-
rillos.
On n’a pas raison de confondre cet oiseau avec Despéce européenne
44. cantiana (Lath.). L’espéce américaine est plus petite et différe
en plusieurs détails de coloration, c’est A dire: la couleur du dessus
de la téte et du manteau est plus claire et variée de bordures pales
dans toutes les plumes, tandis que la couleur de ces parties est presque
uniforme dans l’oiseau d’Europe ; le dessus de la téte est presque de
méme couleur que le dos, tandis qu’il est plus ou moins teint de
roussatre dans Voiseau cité; Poiseau américain n’a point de trace de
trait noir devant l’ceil, qui dans 1°47. cantiana est méme représenté
par un trait gris en plumage dhiver ; la bande sourcilitre blanche est
plus large, se trouve également développée en habit d’hiver et dans
des jeunes en premier plumage, tandis que dans l’espéce euro-
péenne elle est moins large et plus ou moins enduite de roussitre
560 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [Nov. 3,
en hiver. Le bee de l’oiseau d’Amérique est un peu plus fort.
Dimensions :
gennoce. gen habit d’hiver.
Longueur de Vaile plige ......--.--- 100 100
iC dur tase: oc odece ones oie 25 25
3; du bec depuis la commissure 17 18
» du doigt median avec Yongle. 19 20
3. ABGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA (Bp.).
Charadrius brevirostris, Wied. ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 49 et
296.
Une femelle de Chorillos (Laguna Vitta).
4. VANELLUS RESPLENDENS (Tsch.): Fn, Peru. Orn. p. 295.
Nombreux exemplaires de Junin et de Maraynioc.
5. ORKEOPHILUS RUFICOLLIS ( Wagl.).
Une paire de Junin.
6. Cauipris ArENaRrA (L.).
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chorillos.
7. STREPSILAS INTERPRES, L.
Strepsilas collaris, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 49.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chorillos.
Family ScoLopacip2.
1. Toranus MELANOLEUCOS(Gm.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 52.
Plusieurs exemplaires en différents plumages de Chorillos et du
lac Junin.
2. Toranus FiavieeEs (L.); Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 5.
Gambetta flavipes, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 310.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chorillos et du lac Junin.
3. Toranus cHLoropyeivus, Vieill. ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 51.
Totanus solitarius (Wils.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 309.
Un exemplaire de Chorillos.
4, AcTITURUS BARTRAMIUS (Wils.) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873,
p- 309. . :
Une paire de Chorillas.
5. TRINGA MACULATA, Vieill. ; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 51; Scl.
et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 309.
Plusieurs exemplaires des environs de Chorillos et du lac Junin.
6. TRINGA BONAPARTII, Schl.
Une paire de Laguna Villa prés de Chorillos.
1874. ] BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 561
7. TRINGA minvTILLA, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. xxxiv. p. 466.
Tringa fuscicollis, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 51.
Une paire de Laguna Villa prés de Chorillos.
8. HEMIPALAMA HIMANTOPUS, Bp.
Micropalama himantopus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1873, p. 309.
Trois exemplaires de Chorillos.
9. GALLINAGO ANDINA, Sp. Nov.
Similis G. frenatee sed minor, rostro breviore et graciliore, remi-
gibus tertiariis primarios externos e@quantibus; maculis dorsi
alarumque subtilioribus et numerosioribus, fulvo-rufescentibus ;
gula, pectore lateribusque fulvis fusco variis ; abdomine medio
late candido, subcaudalibus albis. Pedes et rostrum basi flavi-
cantes ; iris fusco-brunnea.
Elle est plus petite que la G. frenata de Cayenne, a bec plus court
et considérablement plus mince, a pattes plus basses et plus faibles ;
la partie nue au-dessus du talon trés-basse. Les ailes sont également
amples, mais les tertiaires atteignent |’extrémité des primaires ex-
ternes, tandis que dans la G. Srenata elles égalent la 4° ou la 5°.
En coloration cette bécassine différe principalement par la tache-
ture des parties supérieures, composée de taches beaucoup plus nom-
breuses, plus petites, plus varies et d’une teinte plus roussatre. Le
fond de la gorge, du devant de la poitrine et des cdtés du corps est
fauve, tandis qu’il est d’un gris roussatre sale dans l’espéce citée.
Les subalaires sont blanches 4 maculature plus fine, celles du rang
postérieur sont barrées de blanc tandis que dans la G. frenata elles
n’ont que l’extrémité blanche. Les bandes foncées des axillaires sont
presque de moitié plus minces que les bandes blanches, et dans la
G. frenata elles sont presque de méme largeur. Les barres foncées
des rectrices externes sont plus minces, le fond est d’un blanc plus
pur; les subcaudales sont blanches tandis que dans la G. frenata
elles sont d’une couleur sale.
Les pattes sont plus claires, d’une couleur jaunatre, dont on ne
peut pas reconnaitre la nuance en état desséché.
Dimensions comparatives des deux espices :
Gallinago andina. G. frenata.
3 ? fg juv. 3 g
Longueur de l’aile pliée .... 115 115 108 122 118
5 du bec depuis la
commissure .. 60 50 53 68 _ 65
s Gubta4rse cools tee Vi Peo 6) 350, 34
» du doigt médian
avec longle .. 32 30 30 35 336
Trois paires recueillis aux environs du lac Junin dans le Haut
Pérou central.
10. PHEGORNIS MITCHELLI (Fras.).
Une paire de Junin.
562 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON THE [ Nov. 3,
Family Isrpip&.
1. THERisTICUS MELANOPIS (Gm.); Bp. Consp. Av. il. p. 155 ;
Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 51 et 298.
Trois exemplaires de Junin.
2. FALCINELLUS oRDI, Bp.; Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. pp. 51 et 298.
Nombreux individus en différents plumages et des ceufs de Junin.
Family PHa@:NICOPTERID2.
PH@NICOPTERUS IGNIPALLIATUS (Geoff.); Tsch. Fn. Peru.
p- 304.
Deux paires de Junin.
Family Larip#.
1. Larus VERREAUXH, Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 221.
Dominicanus verreauaii, Bruch, Cab. J. f. O. 1855, p. 281. sp. 16.
Plusieurs exemplaires adultes et jeunes de Chorillos.
2. LARUS FRANKLINI, Sw. Faun. Am.-Bor. t. 71.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Chorillos.
3. Larus seERRANUS, Tsch. Fn. Peru. Orn. p. 307.
Plusieurs exemplaires en noce, en habit d’hiver et des ceufs de
Junin.
4, Larus BELCHERI, Vig.; Bruch, Cab. J. f. O. t. 3. f. 58.
Plusieurs exemplaires en noce, en habit d’hiver et des jeunes de
Chorillos.
5. Nana 1ncA (Less.).
Une paire de Chorillos.
6. RuyNCHOPS MELANURA, Boié?
Plusieurs individus tués dans le commencement de Mars aux envi-
rons de Chorillos.
Ces oiseaux different tellement de R. nigra, qu’il est impossible de
les confondre. La longueur de V’aile présente la plus grande différence,
celle de lespéce péruvienne excéde Vaile de la R. nigra de 60 millim.
Le bec est beaucoup plus grand et plus fort. La coloration présente
aussi plusieurs différences ; la principale consiste dans le manque
complet de miroir blanc 4 l’aile, qui dans P’oiseau de V Amérique sep-
tentrionale occupe la moitié terminale des remiges secondaires. Il
manque aussi 4 notre oiseau de demi-collier blanc au cou, qui est
seulement indiqué par une couleur un peu plus pale que les parties
environnantes. Les subalaires ne sont pas blanches mais d’un gris
brunatre ; le front, les cdtés du visage et le devant de la gorge sont
plus ou moins nuancés de gris. Toute la queue est brun noiratre a
rectrices bordées d’un liséré clair.
1874. | BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. 563
M. Jelski a indiqué sur les étiquettes que la prunelle n’est pas
ronde mais en ligne verticale comme dans le chat. Dimensions d’un
male :
millim
Eongueur de Vaile: plide...))7. (asl. 3. ae ecdas. 415
dice sel queue: y eb. odie. 2 ae Sao. 136
<5 du bec depuis la commissure ...... 135
»» dela mandibule supérieure ........ 105
5 du tarse...... Seitists : 35
3 du doigt médian eee Vongle : ; “ ' 30
Family PRocELLARUDS.
NECTRIS CHILENSIS, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 202.
Une paire de Chorillos.
Family Popicreipz.
1. Popicers Leucotis, Cuv. Voy. Uran. t. 36.
Podiceps rollandi, Q. et G.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
2. PopIcErs KALIPAREUS, Less. Voy. Coquille, t. 45; Tsch. Fn.
Peru. Orn. p. 56.
Plusieurs exemplaires de Junin.
Family Trnamip&.
1. Trnamus masor (Gm.); Buff. Pl. Enl. 476.
Une femelle de Monterico.
2. Tinamus KLEEI, Tsch. Fn. Peru, p. 284, t: 32.
Une femelle de Monterico.
3. CRYPTURUS OBSOLETUS (Temm.).
Une paire de Monterico.
4, NOTHOPROCTA BRANICKH, sp. nov.
Supra griseo nigro fulvoque varia; pileo nuchaque nigris fulvo
maculatis, gula colloque fulvis maculis nigris adspersis, pectore
cinereo, abdomine fulvo-rufescente, lateribus cinerascentibus
fulvo vermiculatis ; remigum griseo-fuscorum pogonia externa
rufo fasciata. Rostri corneo-nigricantis mandibula inferior
basi pallida ; pedes flavidi; iris fusco-brunnea. Long. tota 290,
ale 170, tarsi 38, rostri a commissura 31 millim.
Un male tué aux environs de Junin le 16 Mai, 1873. Le mode
de coloration de cette espéce ressemble en général 4 celui des
autres Nothoprocte, mais il s’en distingue par plusieurs particula-
rités. Le fond du sommet de la téte et de la nuque est brun noiratre
tacheté de fauve, ces taches sont petites mais nombreuses au front,
et forment des bandes transversales en arriére. La gorge et le cou
sont fauves maculés de taches noires, plus rares et formant des stries
564 TACZANOWSKI ON THE BIRDS OF CENTRAL PERU. [Nov. 3,
transversales sur la gorge, plus grosses et plus ou moins arrondies
plus bas, occupant toujours l’extrémité de la plume. Les plumes du
dos et des scapulaires sont d’un dessin trés-compliqué, elles ont le
milieu noir avec une bordure longitudinale fauve de chaque cété, a
Pextérieur de laquelle le fond reste noiratre rayé transversalement
de fauve et de grisatre ; au milieu de chaque tache médiane noire il
y aune paire d’ocelles fauves, l’extrémité méme de la plume est bordée
d’un liséré fauve grisatre ; les grandes taches médianes noires sont
coupées carrément en arriére, et non échancrées comme dans la N.
perdicaria. Les longues plumes du croupion sont finement rayées
de noir, de fauve et de roussatre. La poitrine est cendrée, le ventre
fauve roussatre, les cdtés grisdtres finement rayés a travers de fauve
et de blanchatre. Les remiges sont d’un gris brunatre 4 barbe ex-
terne dans toutes, et les deux dans les secondaires et les tertiaires
rayées transversalement de roux clair, les raies de la barbe interne ce-
pendant ne s’étendent pas sur toute la longueur de la plume, elles
occupent presque la mvitié terminale des tertiaires, s’arrétant de plus
en plus prés de l’extrémité des secondaires, et se trouvent aussi mais
peu distinctes sur les derniéres primaires. Les tectrices alaires sont
grises vermiculées transversalement de noir et de fauve d’une maniére
a former un dessin compliqué et difficile A exprimer. Les petites sub-
alaires sont rousses rayées de noiratre, les grandes grises unicolores.
Le bec de cet oiseau ressemble 4 celui de la NV. perdicaria, mais il est
un peu plus épais; les plumes du croupion sont beaucoup plus longues.
Je dédie cette espéce a M. le Comte Alexandre Branicki, comme
hommage pour l’intérét qu'il porte a l’enrichissement du Musée de
Varsovie et au progrés de la science dans sa patrie.
5. NoTHOPROCTA TACZANOWSKII, Scl. et Salv.*
Un male de Maraynioc.
6. TINAMOTIS PENTLANDI, Vig. P.Z.S. iv. p. 79; Tsch. Fu.
Peru. Orn. p. 286.
Un male tué a la limite des neiges éternelles de Ninarupa aux en-
virons de Junin.
Summa Avium ab ill™ Constantino Jelski in Peruvia Centrali
hucusque collectorum.
Brought forward ... 114
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1874.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 565
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Carried forward...... 419 MRObals hte cerseee nec: 490
2. Descriptions of New Asiatic Lepidoptera.
By Freperic Moorz, India Museum, London.
[Received July 9, 1874. |
(Plates LXVI. & LXVII.)
PAaPILIONES.
Fam. NyMPHALID.
Subfam. Saryrin&.
Hiprarcuta CapDEsiA, n.sp. (Plate LXVI. fig. 7.)
Allied to H. hiibneri, Feld.
Male. Upperside bright ferruginous; exterior marginal line
blackish ; cilia yellowish alternated with brown: fore wing with the
base, costal, and exterior border pale brown; a subapical pale-
bordered black spot with a white central dot; subcostal vein and its
branches blackish, terminating in a transverse sinuous submarginal
line: hind wing with the base, abdominal and outer border brown,
the veins being ferruginous; a submarginal series of blackish
lunules.
Underside: fore wing paler ferruginous, the costal and outer
borders being fawn-colour ; a few transverse brown strigee within
the cell; veins below the apex terminating in a pale streak: hind
wing ferruginous white, numerously covered with short blackish
strigee, which are thickest at the base ; veins prominently whitish ;
a broad curved transverse median brown band with irregular black
borders, and a broad submarginal brown band with black outer
dentate lunules; outer margin and base of wing suffused with
brown. Body and legs brown. Antenne yellow, tip ferruginous.
Exp. 1,4 inch.
Hab. Cashmere: Boorzil valley towards Stakpila Pass, 11000 ft.
(Capt. H. B. Hellard, R.A.).
566 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 3,
EprneEPHELE PULCHELLA, Felder, Nov. Voy. Lep. p. 490, tab.
lxix. fig. 16.
Upperside vinous brown ; middle of fore wing in male dusky
ferruginous, bright ferruginous in the female, enclosing a black
subapical spot.
Underside greyish brown: fore wing bright ferruginous in both
sexes; ocellus with a white dot: hind wing with narrow short dark
_ brown strigz, and crossed by a subbasal, discal, and submarginal
row of dusky dentate lunules.
Exp. 12 inch.
Hab. Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
Differs from FZ. neoza, Lang, in being smaller, in the ferruginous
on the fore wing being more distinct in the male, and in the absence
of the transverse discal sinuous brown line on the fore wing.
MYCALESIS KHASIANA.
Male. Upperside dark vinous brown, paler at the apex and
along exterior border ; marginal lines black. Underside bright
vinous brown, purplish grey along exterior border ; covered with
minute black and grey strigee: both wings with a transverse discal
narrow purplish grey band, and a distinct yellow narrow marginal
black-bordered band: fore wing with five and hind wing with
seven minute perfect ocelli.
Exp. 1? inch.
Hab. Khasia Hills (Major Godwin-Austen).
MycALrEsIS CHARAKA.
Male and female. Upperside yellowish olive-brown, outer mar-
gins paler: fore wing with two very prominent bright-coloured
ocelli, the upper one the smallest and sometimes with two white pupils,
the lower ocellus fully a quarter of an inch in diameter.
Underside pale olive-brown basally, greyish brown externally,
divided by a nearly straight transverse discal brown line; two sub-
basal short zigzag brown lines on fore wing and one on hind wing ;
both wings with a narrow black submarginal line, and a brown
fascia or cloud passing through the ocelli: fore wing with a linear
series of four minute subapical ocelli, and a small though larger
lower ocellus, the white pupil of which is a half-circle and occupies
nearly the whole of the black portion : hind wing with seven ocelli,
the first three subapical, minute, and disposed in a linear oblique
series, fourth very minute, fifth the largest (though small), sixth
and seventh minute.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. N.E. Bengal. In Brit. Mus. and Coll. F. Moore.
This species is very similar in appearance to /. gotama, but may
be distinguished by the very considerable difference in the size of
the ocelli beneath.
Note.—The specimens of this species in the British-Museum
collection stand as the representatives of Hibner’s M. otrea
(Zutriige, f. 79, 80), which name Professor Westwood altered, in
1874.] | MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 567
the ‘Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera’ (p. 394) to ostrea, believing
Hiubner’s figure to represent a species distinct from Cramer’s
otrea; but I find, after a careful examination of a lengthened
series of specimens in the British Museum and others in my own
collection, that Hiibner’s figure well represents a male of Cramer’s
species (otrea), whose figure (pl. 314. f. A, B) is that of a female.
The name osérea, therefore, cannot be retained, as it was applied to
Hiibner’s figure, and not to the specimens which Prof. Westwood
erroneously determined as representing it.
YPHTHIMA NEWARA.
Yphthima nareda, Hewits. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, pl. 17. fig. 7
(nec fig. 6).
Male. Upperside brown: fore wing with single subapical
ocellus; hind wing with two subanal ocelli, the former bipupilled,
and the latter with a single pupil of bright blue.
Underside yellowish grey, partly covered with numerous short
brown strige ; both wings with a narrow submarginal brown fascia :
fore wing with single bipupilled -ocellus as above: hind wing with
three ocelli, the apical one very large, the anal bipupilled, the others
with single bright blue pupil.
Female brown, externally with short pale strigee ; both wings with
single ocellus above. Underside as in male.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Nepal. In Coll. W. C. Hewitson and F. Moore.
Differs from Y. nareda, Kollar, in being somewhat larger, the
female striated above, the ocelli of both sexes much larger on the
underside, and the position of the ocellus on fore wing being less in-
wardly oblique.
YPHTHIMA NIK#A.
Upperside dark brown : pupils of ocelli blue: fore wing with asub-
apical bipupilled ocellus (smaller than in Y. sakra): hind wing with
two subanal ocelli; male sometimes with only one subanal ocellus.
Underside grey, with numerous short brown narrow strigee : fore
wing with ocellus as above, and a distinct brown submarginal trans-
verse fascia: hind wing with five ocelli, the two apical being the
largest and joined together, though having a yellow band between
them ; the other three ocelli in a linear series from anal angle, the
anal one bipupilled.
Exp. 1,5 inch.
Hab. N.W. Himalayas. In Coll. Capt. A. M. Lang and F.
Moore.
Differs from Y. sakra in its smaller size, darker colour above and
greyer below; and may be distinguished by the difference of the
apical ocelli on the hind wing, which in FY. sakra have no intervening
yellow band.
YPHTHIMA AVANTA.
Upperside dark brown, with an indistinct bipupilled ocellus on
the fore wing, and two subanal ocelli on hind wing.
568 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 3,
Underside grey, numerously covered with dark brown narrow
striee, and crossed with three brown fasciz, the subbasal being
indistinct: fore wing with a bright oval ocellus bipupilled with
silver: hind wing with seven small prominent silver-pupilled ocelli,
the upper third minute, the two anal geminated.
Exp. 13 inch.
Hab. Lower Bagh river-valley, Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
YPHTHIMA ARIASPA.
Male. Upperside dark brown: fore wing with a subapical bipu-
pilled ocellus : hind wing with a small subanal ocellus.
Underside whitish grey, with numerous narrow brown uniform
prominent strige : fore wing with ocelJus as above: hind wing with
a single large subapical ocellus, and two smaller ocelli from anal angle.
Exp. 1,5 inch.
Hab. Punjab. In Coll. Oxford Museum and F. Moore.
This species is similar in appearance to Y. nareda; the ocelli of
the upperside are smaller, the ground-colour of the underside being
much paler, more uniformly covered with strige, and without trans-
verse brown fasciz.
Subfam. ELYMNIINA.
ELYMNIAS SINGHALA.
Female. Upperside dark velvety fuliginous brown: fore wing
with pale yellow-speckled quadrate patches on exterior margin: hind
wing with a broad transverse submarginal series of narrow and broad
partially confluent pale yellow streaks, some small streaks also along
the exterior margin: cilia whitish. Underside dark brown, palest
exteriorly ; apex of fore and hind wings suffused with pale pink : both
wings covered with numerous short transverse black confluent strigze,
which are broadest and darkest at the base of fore wing and along
exterior margin of hind wing: hind wing with a submarginal series
of six black dots each on a pale pinkish space, the upper spot having
a small contiguous pure white spot.
Exp. 3 inches.
Hab. Colombo, Ceylon (Capt. F. J. Hutchison).
Subfam. NYMPHALIN2.
ARGYNNIS VITATHA.
Allied to 4. aglaia; markings similar but more prominent.
Underside of hind wing with the whole of the space from base to the
transverse discal series of silvery spots, as well as their outer bordered
spots, and marginal lunules, dark powdery green.
Exp. 27 inches.
Hab. Cashmere, N. side of Rajdiangan Pass and Gurais (Capé.
H. B. Hellard).
ARGYNNIS srporRA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 11.)
Allied to A. pales.
Upperside pale fulvous in the male, dusky fulvous in the female.
1874.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 569
Male—fore wing with black narrow short streak, two small spots,
and a recurved streak within the cell, a curved streak at its end, a
dentate spot beneath and an irregular transverse discal series of
lunules beyond the cell ; a transverse discal row of conical spots, a
submarginal row of triangular spots, and a marginal line formed into
less-defined spots, one being at the end of each vein: hind wing with
two narrow streaks at end of the cell, a transverse discal series beyond,
two outer and a marginal row of spots. Female—black markings
broader, the submarginal row of spots on both wings large and with
pale whitish outer marginal border : cilia white.
Underside, Male—fore wing paler, markings indistinct, apex and
exterior border yellow, streaked with red : hind wing yellow, abdomi-
dal margin greenish ; a broad irregular subbasal and discal transverse
red band, the basal band enclosing a pearly-white round spot within
the cell and an elongated spot beneath it, the band bordered exte-
riorly by three pearly-white transverse streaks ; within the discal
band the upper and lower portions are slightly streaked with pearly
white, and on the middle portion is a series of five blackish spots ;
on the outer margin of the wing is a row of quadrate pearly-white
spots. Hemale—fore wing dark fulvous ; markings more prominent,
apex and margin greenish: hind wing with the base and middle
portion dark green, the subbasal and discal bands dark chestnut-red ;
markings as in male.
Exp. ¢ 13, Q 1J¢ inch.
Hab. Cashmere, near Gungabul lake, at foot of Haramook Peak
(Capt. H. B. Hellard).
SYMBRENTHIA COTANDA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 9.)
Male. Allied to S. hypselis (figured by Boisduval and Double-
day), but is smaller; bands orange-red, very broad; the band from
base of fore wing with irregular sinuous margins and confluent with
cloudy red patches below the cell; narrow marginal line on hind
wing distinct and extending to near anterior angle. Underside white,
clouded with dark yellow ; tessellations similar ; submarginal series
of metallic-green conical spots and caudal lunules prominent.
Female differs from male only in having paler bands, and in the
oblique subapical spot being irregularly lengthened and extending
from the costa to near edge of exterior margin, above which is a
small recurved streak.
Exp. ¢ 15, 2 2 inches.
Hab. Darjeeling (A. £. Russell). In Coll. F. Moore,
SYMBRENTHIA KHASIANA,
Male and female. Allied to 8. hyppocla, but differs from N.W, .
Himalayan specimens on the upperside in having the orange-red
bands somewhat narrower, and in the submarginal band on the hind
wing being dotted with black. On the underside the interlacings
and other markings are prominent.
Exp. ¢ 18, 2 2t inches,
Hab. Khasia hills (Major Godwin- Austen).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XX XVII. 37
970 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 3,
SYMBRENTHIA DARUKA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 10.)
Male. Allied to S. hyppocla; differs on the upperside in having
the orange-red bands very broad, which are irregular-margined and
confluent, leaving but little black intervening spaces. On the under-
side the colour is paler and the interlacings much less prominently
defined.
Exp. 1 inch.
Hab. N. India. In Coll. F. Moore.
NEPTIS EURYNOME.
Limenitis eurynome, Westwood, in 2nd edit. Donov. Ins. of China,
. 66.
‘ Pap. leucothoé, Donovan, Ins. of China, 1st edit. t. 35. f. 3 (1798),
nec Cram.
Male and female. Upperside fuliginous, black ; markings white
and very broad, broader than in N. lewcothoé, Cram., or in N. sura-
karta ; submarginal row of spots on fore wing prominent; outer
band of hind wing very broad, nearly the same width as inner band.
Underside ferruginous yellow ; bands as above, all black-bordered ;
subbasal streak on hind wing short and not black-bordered.
Exp. ¢ 23, 2 22 inches.
Hab. N. China (Shanghai).
Differs from N. leucothoé, Cram., in its larger size, broader
markings, and much greater width of the outer band on hind wing.
NEpris KAMARUPA.
Male and female. Upperside fuliginous black ; markings white,
broad, prominent: fore wing with the discal series of spots at very
oblique angles, the first spot of the lower portion small; a prominent
marginal linear series of white quadrate spots: hind wing with the
subbasal band evenly margined ; outer band broad and composed of
quadrate spots; a prominent narrow white marginal line. Under-
side ferruginous yellow; markings as above; very slightly black-
bordered.
Exp. ¢ 21, Q 22 inches.
Hab. Assam. In Coll. Oxford University Museum.
Nearest allied to NW. varmona, but may be distinguished from it
on the underside by the delicate narrow black bordering of the
bands and the absence of the black streaks on the veins of the fore
wing.
NEPTIS PAPAJA.
Male. Upperside fuliginous black ; markings white, disposed some-
what as in NV. emodes : fore wing with the discoidal streak and terminal
elongated triangular spot blackish-speckled ; transverse discal series of
spots small, each widely separated ; the row of submarginal lunular
spots bordered on each side by pale-bordered black lunules: hind
wing with straight subbasal band and submarginal row of separated
lunules ; a line between the bands and outer marginal line pale
1874.] | MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 571
brown. Underside ferruginous yellow ; markings prominent, black-
bordered ; two marginal lunular lines on hind wing.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Sumatra (Wallace). In Coll. Oxford University Museum
and F. Moore.
Nepris HARITA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 8.)
Male and female. Upperside olive-brown : fore wing with paler
and rather indistinct discoidal streak and dentate discocellular mark;
two transverse discal series of pale black-bordered zigzag lunules,
and a submarginal similar lunular line: hind wing with pale
narrow subbasal transverse band, with dark outer border, beyond
which is a blackish fascia, and then a submarginal row of pale-
bordered dark lunules (these lunules being triangular in the female).
Underside olive-brown ; markings as above, but whiter.
Exp. 2 inches.
Hab. E. Bengal. In Coll. F. Moore.
Allied to N. vikasi, but may be distinguished from it by its
smaller size, less-distinct markings, and in the submarginal band of
the hind wing being formed of distinct lunules,
NEPTIS OMERODA.
Upperside blackish, glossed with greenish olive-brown ; banded
with olive-brown, as in NV. vikasi ; the upper portion of transverse
discal series of spots on the fore wing oval, lower portion rounded.
Underside black, palest externally, with a glaucous gloss ; veins
brown ; discoidal streak, lower portion of transverse discal series of
spots of fore wing, and inner band of hind wing pale fuliginous ; the
subapical spots and outer bands greyish white, the scales on the latter
being raised or depressed and thus having the appearance of short
strigee.
Exp. 12 inch.
Hab. Penang. In Coll. Oxford University Museum.
Allied to N. vikasi, but is a much blacker insect both above and
below.
Fam. Lyc#nipz.
CuRysopHaNnus apitya, (Plate LXVI. fig. 1.)
Allied to C. hippothoé.
Male. Upperside brilliant metallic brassy copper-red: cilia
black, edged with white: fore wing with a narrow jet-black costal
edge and outer marginal band, the band expanded at the apex and
maculate between the veins: hind wing with a marginal jet-black
line and prominent conical spots ; abdominal margin greyish.
Underside : fore wing pale golden yellow, brightest on the disk ;
two pale-bordered black spots within and a larger spot crossing end
of the cell; a curved series of four black spots from the costa before
the apex, a submarginal series of black dentate lunules, and a mar-
ginal row of small black spots: hind wing dull greyish white; two
black spots above, two below, two within, and a geminated spot at
7%
c
O72 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 3,
end of the cell; a transverse interrupted discal series of nine black
spots, a submarginal row of black dentate lunules bordered outwardly
with golden yellow, and a marginal row of small spots.
Exp. 12 inch. '
Hab. Dras valley (between Tashgam and Korkitchoor), Ladak
(Capt. H. B. Hellard).
Gen. nov. NipHANDA.
Palpi very long, porrect, extending much beyond the head, flat-
tened ; second joint fusiform, squamose ; third joint slender, naked,
slightly thickened vertically at the tip. Antenne (broken). Body
robust. Legs slender, minutely squamose. Wings broad, strong:
fore wing elongated, trigonal, costa arched ; hind margin extending
much beyond posterior wing ; exterior margin slightly convex towards
posterior angle, which is acute; median vein with four branches, -
the second and fourth arising at the extremity of the cell, the third
starting from the second near its extremity before the apex: hind
wing arched along anterior margin ; outer angle much rounded, ab-
dominal margin long and nearly straight, anal angle acute.
Near to Chrysophanus.
NIPHANDA TESSELLATA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 6.)
Upperside pale glossy blue: cilia white, streaked with brown:
fore wing with a broad dusky black band along the costa and exte-
rior margin; a patch below the apex, a discocellular spot, and a
lower discal spot also black ; a short white streak at posterior angle:
hind wing broadly dusky black along anterior margin; the exterior
margin with a series of black spots bordered with bluish white and
an inner dusky line.
Underside white: fore wing with an irregular basal patch, a
quadrate discocellular spot, and an interrupted transverse discal
series of quadrate spots dark blackish brown; a suffused streak
along the costa, a streak bordering the upper portion of discal spots,
and a series of spots with inner bordered line on exterior margin pale
brown, the penultimate posterior spot being large, prominent, and
nearly black : hind wing with irregular pale-bordered basal marks, a
contiguous transverse series of four quadrate spots, two spots beyond
on middle of anterior margin, and a series of spots on exterior mar-
gin blackish brown, the basal and anal spots being most prominent ;
the basal interspaces, irregular streaks from abdominal margin, and
lunules to exterior spots pale brown.
Exp. 1} inch.
Hab. Penang. In Coll. Lieut. H. Roberts, R.A.
PoLYOMMATUS VARDHANA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 5.)
Male and female. Upperside greyish blue, with a pinkish gloss ;
veins exteriorly and marginal line black ; a narrow black discocellular
streak very prominent on fore wing ; a broad band of dark bluish
purple along anterior and exterior margins of fore wing and anterior
margin of hind wing: cilia white alternating with black, on fore wing.
1874.]| MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 573
Female with the disk of fore wing pale bluish white, and indistinct
dusky spots on margin of hind wing.
Underside biuish white : fore wing with a prominent black disco-
cellular streak and a curved discal series of spots, the upper spots
small and disposed obliquely before the apex, the three lower spots
large : hind wing slightly powdered with blue at the base; a discal
series of black dots, a dot within the cell, and a more prominent spot
near base of anterior margin; a small black lunule on anal margin.
Exp. ¢ 14, 2 12 inch.
Hab. Jako, valley of Rupin river, in Busahir (Capt. H. B. Hel-
lard).
PotyomMatus ompuisa. (Plate LXVI. fig. 2.)
Allied to P. galathea, Blanchard, J acq. Voy.
Male. Upperside very dark purple, the base only suffused with
blue.
Female. Glossy vinous purple, with indistinct dull orange mar-
ginal spots on both wings: cilia white, with brown inner line, on
upperside of both wings.
Underside: fore wing pale greyish fawn-colour, disk suffused with
fuliginous ; a prominent discocellular white-bordered black streak
and transverse discal row of six spots: hind wing metallic golden
green, a distinct white discocellular spot and angular discal series of
white spots.
Exp. ¢ 14, 2 12 inch.
Hab. Dras valley, Ladak (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
Potyommatus Devanica. (Plate LXVI. fig. 4.)
Allied to P. alevis.
Male. Upperside dark purplish blue, basally dashed with clear
blue; discocellular black spot of underside visible above; cilia
white alternating with brown.
Underside pale fawn-colour: fore wing with a white-bordered
prominent black discocellular spot and a transverse discal row of five
spots ; a marginal row of white rings with dark centres, the space
between which and the discal spots clouded with black : hind wing
with four prominent white-bordered black subbasal spots and a
discal series of seven spots, the five lower spots being disposed in a
straight row, the two upper spots proceeding at right angles to an-
terior margin; a marginal row of pale-bordered dark spots surmounted
by a submarginal black lunular line, the lower marginal spots
slightly bordered with orange and speckled with metallic green; a
triangular discocellular white spot centred with a slight black dentate
mark ; space between discal and submarginal spots streaked with
white.
Exp. ¢ 13, 2 1 inch.
Hab. Dras valley, Ladak (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
PoLyoMMATus JALOKA. (Plate LXVI. fig. 3.)
Male. Upperside shining greenish blue basally, outer margin
574 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Nov. 3,
bluish purple ; buth wings with a distinct black pale-bordered disco-
cellular spot and a transverse discal row of pale bluish white spots.
Female dark purplish brown, glossed with greenish blue ; discocel-
lular spot larger and very prominent, discal spots whiter; cilia
white, with inner black line on fore wing and black dentate spots on
hind wing.
Underside. Male: fore wing pale grey, with indistinct pale-
bordered discocellular spot and a transverse discal row of blackish
spots: hind wing white, the base powdered with metallic blue; a
broad irregular discal pale brown band enclosing a discocellular and
two upper white patches. Female: fore wing pale fawn-colour ;
spots prominent ; a blackish streak outside the discal spots; irre-
gular discal band on hind wing tinged with yellow.
Exp. | inch.
Hab. Rajdiangan Pass, Sursungar and Stakpila Passes, and Baitul,
Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
PoLtyoMMaTus sAMUDRA. (Plate LXVII. fig. 2.)
Male. Upperside pale lavender-blue, exterior margins and end
of veins of both wings and anterior border of hind wing slightly
fuliginous ; costal edge white ; cilia white, slightly brown at end of
veins ; abdominal margin greyish white ; antenne black, ringed with
white. Underside greyish white, slightly greenish at base of hind
wings; fore wing with a discal transverse recurved row of black
spots, each with a white border; a narrow white-bordered black
streak at end of the cell, and a submarginal series of blackish
lunules: hind wing with a series of eight small white-bordered black
spots, two being near anterior margin towards the base, five on the
disk, and one on abdominal margin; a pale-bordered short black
streak at end and a dot within the cell; a submarginal series
of narrow black lunules with inner white borders and a mar-
ginal row of small metallic silvery spots which are slightly bordered
within with red.
Female differs above in having the wings anteriorly and the veins
broadly fuliginous, and beneath in the partial absence of the diseal
series of spots on the hind wing.
Exp. o 14, 2 12 inch.
Hab. Gol and Skardo, Baltistan (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
Lycana arpates. (Plate LXVII. fig. 1.)
Male. Upperside bluish purple; exterior marginal line and a
short tail on hind wing black ; cilia greyish, with dark inner line.
Underside dark fawn-colour: fore wing with two pale-bordered
brown spots within and one below the cell, an irregular discal series,
and a submarginal row of dentate lunules: hind wing with an irre-
gular subbasal and discal pale-bordered brown band, a submarginal
row of dentate lunules and contiguous marginal spots, a prominent
subanal round black spot speckled with metallic green scales.
Exp. 1 inch.
Hab. Parl and Pooneh, Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
(2)
“NI
Qn
1874.] MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA.
Dirsas 1cana. (Plate LXVII. fig. 3.)
Male. Upperside dark brown: fore wing with the interior por-
tion purplish green, metallic only in certain lights, and traversed by
the dark brown veins: hind wing slightly sprinkled with metallic
green scales.
Underside pale sap-brown: fore wing with a dark brown broad
spot at end of the cell; a transverse discal band decreasing in width
and terminating one third from the posterior angle, being bordered
outwardly by a narrow pale line; a narrow paler brown submarginal
fascia and outer border: hind wing with a dark brown broad median
transverse band including a discocellular spot, the band pale-bordered
on both sides and terminating above anal angle in a zigzag line; a
paler brown lunular submarginal fascia and outer band; a blacks
bordered orange patch at anal angle containing two black spots
joined by a blue streak.
Exp. 1,4; inch.
Hab. N.W. Himalaya (Dr. Bayne Reed). In Coll. F. Moore
and Netley-Hospital Museum.
Fam. PAPiLionipz&.
PaPILIo LIOMEDON.
Upperside fuliginous black : fore wing with a submarginal linear
series of circular pale yellow spots, which decrease in size to the
apex: hind wing with a rather broad pale yellow median transverse
band, a submarginal series of four yellow lunules and a fifth orange-
yellow lunule enclosing a black spot at anal angle ; indentations of
wing each with a narrow yellow lunule.
Underside fuliginous brown, greyish at the base; the submarginal
series of spots and median band as above, the fore wing having four
narrow greyish-white longitudinal lines within the cell: hind wing
with the disk beyond the band dusky yellow; the outer margin of
the wing and tail bordered with black; between each vein and
touching the median band is a lengthened black spot, the central
ones conical, the two upper quadrate, and the one at the anal mar-
gin broken, its lower part forming a round spot, each of these spots
is crossed by a row of pale purple speckles ; the yellow space at the
anterior and anal angles tinged with orange.
Exp. 33 inches.
Hab. Calicut, Malabar coast of S. India (S. N. Ward).
Allied to P. demolion, of which it is the South-Indian form,
differing from that species in the linear series of spots on the fore
wing being smaller and placed nearer the margin, the median band
of the hind wing narrower and further from the base, with its outer
margin beyond the cell.
Fam. Hesrerip&.
IsMENE MANINTHA. (Plate LXVII. fig. 4.)
Upperside dark glossy olive-brown ; base of fore wing and middle
of the hind wing with abdominal margin densely clothed with long
976 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. [Noyv. 3,
ferruginous hairs : fore wing in male with a small yellow discal spot
and a black oblique square patch below the cell; female with two
yellow obliquely disposed discal spots: cilia of fore wing yellowish,
of hind wing ochrey red.
Underside dark bluish fawn-colour, spots on fore wing as above.
Body clothed with yellowish ferruginous hairs.
Exp. 12 inch.
Hab. Burmah. In Coll. F. Moore.
Pyreus pravira. (Plate LXVII. fig. 5.)
Allied to P. marrubi.
Female. Upperside dark greyish sap-brown, streaked with black
between the veins. Cilia alternated with white: fore wing with a
median triangular series of three diaphanous white spots, one being
disposed at end of the cell and two on the disk ; a geminated series
of three smaller spots before the apex: hind wing with a promi-
nent yellowish white spot at end of the cell, and two smaller spots
below it.
Underside paler: fore wing with markings as above: hind wing
with greyish white subbasal and discal spots, a streak from end of
cell to outer margin, and band along abdominal margin.
Exp. 12 inch.
Hab. Cashmere (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
PAMPHILA DIMILA.
Allied to P. comma.
Male and female. Upperside testaceous ; exterior border broadly
fuliginous brown; apex of fore wing brownish testaceous. Cilia
whitish testaceous: fore wing with a series of small yellow apical
spots; male with an oblique silvery-lined black streak below the
cell: hind wing with a yellow spot within the cell, and a curved discal
series of four quadrate spots.
Underside: fore wing pale testaceous; apical spots as above:
hind wing with basal portion greenish brown ; three prominent white
subbasal spots disposed above, below, and at end of the cell; a
curved discal series of six quadrate white spots.
Exp. ¢ 12, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Runang Pass, Busahir (S.E. side, about 13,000 ft.) (Capé.
H, B. Hellard).
Hesperia KARSANA. (Plate LXVII. fig. 6.)
Upperside pale olive-brown. Cilia pale fawn-colour. Male—fore
wing with minute oblique subapical pale yellow spots. Female with
the subapical spots more distinct, below which is a discal row of four
somewhat quadrate spots, the third spot smallest.
Underside much paler, marked as above ; space from abdominal
margin to middle of wing pale brownish white.
Exp. 1 inch.
Hab. Rawul Pindi, N. Punjab (Capt. H. B. Hellard).
1874.] MR. F, MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. 577
SPHINGES.
PERGESA DOLICHOIDES, Felder, MS.
Female. Brownish fawn-colour. Fore wing with four oblique trans-
verse, straight, brown lines, with pale, glossy, chalybeate inner bor-
ders; exterior border with a submarginal lunular line, with pale
inner border ; a brown discal spot between second and third lines,
and an indistinct lunular line between third and fourth. Hind
wing dark brown. Abdomen with a pale dorsal line.
Exp. 33 inches.
Hab. Sikkim. In Coll. Capt. Lang and F. Moore.
BoOMBYCES.
Fam. CHancosiip.
Gen. nov. ATossA.
Fore wing elongated, trigonate; costa somewhat straight; apex
produced ; exterior margin oblique and slightly convex ; hind mar-
gin straight. Hind wing with the costa extending beyond fore wing,
arched in middle; apex produced to a pointed angle in the male;
exterior and anal margins convex. Antenne short, minutely ser-
rated in female. Body slender, short. Palpi short, slender, not ex-
tending beyond the head, pilose ; proboscis moderate. Legs slender,
short, squamous ; hind tibiz with four rather short spurs. Fore wing
with four superior veins, the first arising from half the length of the
cell, second before the end of the cell and having two short branches
ascending from half its length, third starting from end of cell, fourth
proceeding from one third the length of the third; a straight dis-
coidal vein from near inward angle of the discocellular vein ; three
inferior veins, first and second contiguous at end of cell. Hind
wing with two superior, a discoidal, and three inferior veins.
ATOSSA NELCINNA. (Plate LXVII. fig. 7.)
Male and female. Upperside greenish fuliginous ; veins anda lon-
gitudinal streak in cell of fore wing black: fore wing with the inter-
spaces between the veins from base to disk greenish yellowish white ;
a transverse discal row of yellowish-white lunules, and a marginal
row of small spots: hind wing with yellowish-white spaces between
the veins at the base, a discal transverse row of conical spots and a
marginal row of quadrate spots, both series partly confluent at anal
angle. Underside paler and more greenish-tinged, markings as
above, but more confluent. Antenne and head black ; thorax and
abdomen black above, yellow beneath ; abdomen with narrow yellow
dorsal edges and two lateral rows of black spots. Legs black.
Exp. ¢ 23, 2 3 inches.
Hab. Gurhwal, N.W. Himalaya. In Coll. Capt. A. M. Lang
and F. Moore.
Note.—Has very much the outward appearance of a species of
Pieris. According to Capt. Lang’s “ Notes,” it is a day-flier, and
578 MR. F. MOORE ON NEW ASIATIC LEPIDOPTERA. |[Nov. 3,
found during July flying heavily amongst high horse-chestnut trees
(Pavia indica), just as P. eucharis might about a mango-grove.
Ericopera MENCIA. (Plate LXVII. fig. 8.)
Male. Dark fuliginous black ; veins black: hind wing short, with
a long broad spatulate tail; a series of five crimson lunules trans-
versely from anal angle straight across to outer margin ; three similar
lunules on posterior margin. Two crimson spots on thorax. Abdo-
men with crimson bands and lateral stripes.
Exp. 33 inches.
Hab. Shanghai, N. China. In Coll. F. Moore.
Note.— Full-grown larva 23} inches long, perfectly white, and
profusely covered with fine white powder, which comes off from the
body at the slightest touch of the hand, leaving the dark skin under-
neath. Found in October ; changed to a pupa same month. Col-
lects two or three leaves together, and forms a kind of envelope of
the powder. Imago makes its appearance in June of following year.”
—E. Holdsworth.
Fam. SaTuRNIDZ.
ANTHERZA CONFUCI.
Male. Greenish buff colour: fore wing with the base of costal
margin purple-grey, and two short subbasal pinkish transverse
lines, and two outer submarginal, transverse, parallel, pinkish lines ;
a dusky fascia from costa to hind margin passing outside the ocellus ;
ocelli of both wings small, oval, grey within, outer ring pink inter-
nally and black externally ; inner ring white and yellow; central
spot minute, half diaphanous, and yellow: hind wing with fainter
pinkish subbasal line and two submarginal lines.
Exp. 53 inches.
Hab. Hills in neighbourhood of Shanghai, N. China. In Coll.
E. Holdsworth.
Allied to 4. pernyi, from which it differs in colour and in the
distinct double submarginal lines.
NocrueEs.
Fam. Nocruip2.
EuPLeXIA CUPREA, 0. sp.
Male and female. Upperside cupreous brown: fore wing with a
broad transverse median black band enclosing a dull-coloured orbi-
cular spot and a yellow-bordered pale brown reniform spot; some
blackish pale-bordered transverse streaks at base of wing and across
exterior margin; four small yellow dots on costal margin near the
apex : hind wing fawn-colour at base; a pale wavy submarginal line
from anal angle. Underside paler; fore wing with a pale yellowish
streak enclosing a small blackish spot at end of the cell; costal spots
near apex, and wavy submarginal line; a prominent black spot on
middle of hind wing.
Exp. 14 inch.
Hab. Simla, N.W. Himalaya. In Coll. F. Moore.
1874.] MR. G. GULLIVER ON BILOOD-CORPUSCLES. 579
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puatze LXVI.
Fig. 1. Chrysophanus aditya, p. 571. Fig. 7. Hipparchia cadesia, p. 565.
2. Polyommatus omphisa, p. 573. 8. Neptis harita, p. 571.
3. jaloka 8, p. 578. 9. Symbrenthia cotanda, p. 569.
4, devanica, p. 573. 10. daruka, p. 570.
5. —— vardhana, p. 572. 1l. Argynnis sipora, p. 568.
6. Niphanda tessellata, p. 572.
Prats LXVII.
Fig. 1. Lycena ardates, p. 574. Fig. 5. Pyrgus dravira?, p. 576.
2. Polyommatus samudra, p. 574. 6. Hesperia karsana , p. 576.
3. Dipsas icana, p. 575. 7. Atossa nelcinna, p. 577.
4. Ismene mahintha, p. 575. 8. Epicopeia mencia, p. 578.
3. Measurements of the Red Corpuscles of the Blood of
Hippopotamus amphibius, Otaria jubata, and Trichechus
rosmarus. By GrorcE Guutiver, F.R.S.
[Received August 5, 1874.]
Having on the 22nd of July, 1874, procured some blood from the
first two of these animals and quickly thereafter made many careful
measurements of the red corpuscles, I beg leave to submit a sum-
mary of the results, together with those concerning Trichechus, to the
Society. Through the kind and judicious care of Mr. Bartlett and
his son, and the skilful management of the keepers, no difficulty
whatever was experienced in making a small puncture in the ear of
the Hippopotamus and in the foot of the Otaria, from which in each
case a drop of pure blood flowed and was well collected, apparently
without the animal being at all sensible of this very slight operation.
Hippopotamus amphibius, a female, reported to be twenty-one
years of age.—The average diameter of the red corpuscles proved to
be s755 of an English inch. This is very slightly smaller than the
same corpuscles of human blood, and somewhat larger than those of
the Rhinoceros or of any other Pachyderm in which I have exa-
mined them, except the two Elephants and the Hyraz. In the
African Elephant Mandl discovered that the corpuscles are the largest
known of Mammalia; and my observations soon afterwards proved
that the Indian Elephant has also corpuscles of similar magnitude ;
and, as I discovered, they are of about the same size in Myrmecophaga
and Orycteropus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Jan. 24, 1854, and Feb. 10,1870).
In these two Edentates the red corpuscles of the blood have a mean
diameter of 57/25 of an inch, in the Rhinoceros 57,5, in Hyrax
gzzys- The exceptionally large size of the red blood-corpuscles of
such a small species as Hyrax would be alone sufficient to indicate
that it is not a regular member of the order Pachydermata.
Otaria jubata, a female-—The mean diameter of the red blood-
corpuscles proved to be s,55 of an inch; while those of man mea-
sure, on the average, 3,55. Thus in Otaria these corpuscles are
larger than those of any of the Carnivora recorded in my Tables ap-
pended to the Sydenham Society’s edition of Hewson’s works. In
580 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON CERTAIN ACCIPITRES. [Nov. 3,
all my then measurements of the red corpuscles in this order those
of Phoca proved the largest ; and now this size is exceeded in O¢aria
and Trichechus. The smallest red blood-corpuseles in the Carnivora
occur in some species of Viverra, Paradoaurus, and Herpestes. But
between several sections of this order there are curious irregularities
in the differences of the size of these corpuscles, which, as our know-
ledge extends, will probably prove of physiological significance :
meanwhile I have already shown that they have taxonomic value ; for
example, by the comparative magnitude of the red blood-corpuscles
alone the Canide may be easily distinguished from Viverridz.
Trichechus rosmarus.—This animal (the Morse or Walrus of popular
books) has the red blood-corpuscles still larger than those of the
Eared Seal. Some years ago a young Walrus arrived in a sickly
state, and died soon afterwards, at the Society’s menagerie, when I
examined its blood and found it very rich in red blood-corpuscles, and
consequently of high specific gravity. Referring to my notes, it
appears that the mean of numerous measurements of the diameter
of the corpuscles was 57), of an inch, being exactly the same as the
average diameter of the corresponding corpuscles of the two great
Edentates already mentioned. And this conclusion is confirmed by
recent measurements of the old specimens of the blood-corpuscles of
Trichechus ; they were so long since dried, and yet are still beautifully
perfect. Thus of all apyrenzematous red corpuscles, those of Llephas,
Myrmecophaga, Orycteropus, and Trichechus are the largest at pre-
sent known.
The red blood-corpuscles of man are among the largest of the
Mammalia. No British animal of this class has them so large; in
all my former observations red corpuscles distinctly larger than of
man were found only in six Mammalia, to wit, Myrmecophaga jubata,
Orycteropus capensis, Bradypus didactylus, Elephas indicus, E.
africanus, and Balena boops. To these must now be added Tri-
chechus rosmarus and Otaria jubata.
Structure and Form.—The red blood-corpuscles of the Hippopo-
tamus, Otaria, and Trichechus conform in structure and shape to the
regular apyrenematous type. Nor among the Mammalia has any
indubitable exception to the apyrenzematous character of these cor-
puscles yet been found.
4. Contributions to a History of the Accipitres or Birds of
Prey. By R. Bowpuer Suarez, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &e., of
the Zoological Department, British Museum.—I. On
the Females of the Common and South-African Kestrels.
[Received August 5, 1874.]
(Plate LXVIIL.)
A short time ago I received from my friend Mr. Bygrave Wharton
a pair of Common Kestrels which he had recently obtained in Hert-
J.GKeulemans del
tern Bros imp
1.2. CERCHNEIS RUPICOLA.
NIINCTITTIIS O
_..TINNUNCULUS ee
<See
1874.] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON CERTAIN ACCIPITRES. 581
fordshire along with the nest and eggs; and the female of this bird
wears such a curious plumage that I have thought it worthy of being
brought before the notice of the Society. She is fully adult, having
been, indeed, trapped on the nest, but has almost the tail of a male
bird, blue with a few black bars. My views on the relation of the
British avifauna to that of the continent of Europe are, I believe, now
so well known that I shall be excused for bringing forward this female
Kestrel as a further evidence of the tendency of our indigenous birds to
show the effects of their insular habitat, of which Parus britannicus
and Acredula vagans are forcible examples. For I may as well state
that my faith in these last-named species is not in the least shaken,
despite the cheers for a ‘‘conservative reaction”? given by Dr.
Sclater (‘ Ibis,’ 1874, p. 173) on account of Professor Newton’s
refusal to recognize, in his edition of ‘ Yarrell,’ the specific titles
bestowed on the British Titmice. I am thankful to say that all
the continental naturalists to whom I have shown the birds are
more “‘liberal”’ in their tenets —and naturally so; for neither Pro-
fessor Newton nor any one else has yet recorded an olive-backed
Coal Titmouse from the continent of Europe ; and however nearly
Parus britannicus in its worn breeding-plumage may approach the
blue-backed P. ater, birds killed in autumn, winter, and spring can
scarcely be mistaken for that species.
Returning once more to Cerchneis, I notice that the discovery of a
female of C. tinnunculus with a blue tail renders invalid the charac-
ters which I have assigned to the hen C. rupicola in my ‘ Catalogue
of Birds ;’ and it therefore becomes necessary to reexamine the two
species, to establish, if possible, a permanent character between them.
In Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe,’ when I was part author, the Com-
mon Kestrel was described and figured ; and we then had occasion to
remark on the dark form of Kestrel which occurs along the southern
range of C. tinnunculus, from Madeira through Senegambia to
Abyssinia, in the Himalayas, China, and Japan. At p. 426 of the
‘ Catalogue’ I again draw attention to this dark form: and I may
be allowed to quote a few remarks I make there on the plumage
of the female :—‘‘ Through all these dark races of Kestrel one
character is predominant in addition to the richer and more in-
tense coloration of the male bird, viz. that the female has more or
less of a shade of blue on the rump and tail, which sometimes over-
spreads the whole of the latter.” The Hertfordshire female, how-
ever, differs from those alluded to in the above paragraph in having
an entirely blue tail regularly banded across with black, and the
rump also blue with a few black shaft-streaks. And ifany one takes
this specimen for elucidation by means of the ‘‘ Key to the Species ”’
of Cerchneis (p. 423), they will find that it will appear as an adult
female of Cerchneis rupicola, the South-African Kestrel, and is
further closely allied to that of C. moluccensis. That a hen bird
killed in England along with an ordinary male Kestrel can be either
one or the other of these species is impossible ; but-we may look
upon it as exhibiting a tendency to vary in our indigenous species in
the same way as the Madeira bird does in amore southern latitude.
982 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON CERTAIN ACCIPITRES. [Nov. 3,
In its dark coloration it approaches closely toa specimen of C. japo-
nica ; but this bird has not such a thoroughly blue tail.
I add a few measurements of Kestrels, as those given in my ‘ Cata-
logue’ do not give an exact idea of the proportions of C. tinnunculus
and C. rupicola, the former appearing rather too small.
a. C. tinnunculus.
Total length. Wing. Tail. Tarsus.
1. g ad. Thuringia .... 12°5 9°6 6°7 1:4
2. 2 ad. Aboyne, N.B... 14:0 10°2 7:0 1°5
Bo, icf pile, BCLIUTA ots cine 14:0 10:0 7°5 Oss
Ay dad. Nepalis.» carina lt O 10-3 7°3 1°6
LST coe ee bY che) eres Seem eel ag) 10°4 is 1°6
6. gjuv. Bagdad. ...... 13°0 9-4 6°6 1°55
B. C. tinnunculus (dark race).
1. 2 ad. Aldenham, Herts. 14-0 9°8 7°0 1°55
2. 2 imm. Fokien, China. 14°5 10°2 6:7 1:6
y. C. rupicola.
a. Qad. Cape of Good Hope. 12:7 9°7 6-0 1°45
6. Qad. Angola.......... 14°0 9°6 6°6 1°45
Be Grace. Soe aati as Oe ae 12°0 9°2 6:2 1°45
GAS AOk le oc Wwe a ek ote 12:0 8°8 5°9 1:4
e. dad. Cape of Good Hope. 12°5 10°1 6:2 1°55
Kestrels, like other raptorial birds, are never very easy to measure ;
and it is seldom that two people measure the same bird with exactly
the same results. The dimensions of these birds, therefore, can only
be taken in a very broad and general sense; but supposing that in
the above list we have an average series of specimens, the following
result is obtained :—
a Male. Female.
oe ing 9°4-10°4, Wing 9°8—10°2.
Ca ARNE el ee | Takeo 1:4-1°6. Tarsus 1°5-1°6.
: Wing 8°8-10°1. Wing 9°6-9°7.
Ce FRO tea Picen 1°4—1°55. Tarsus 1°45.
In the ‘Catalogue’ (p. 428) a series of C. ¢innunculus measured
as follows:—(d¢) wing 9°3-10:2, tarsus 1°45-1°6; (2) wing 9°5,
tarsus 1°6; so that the full results of my measurements of this spe-
cies show that the wing of the male varies from 9°3 to 10°4 inches,
and its tarsus from 1°4 to 1°6 inch; while in the female the wing
varies from 9°5 to 10°2 inches, and the tarsus from 1°5 to 1°6 inch.
I discard the dimensions of C. rwpicola given by me in the above-
mentioned volume, as some error has certainly crept in there. The
general average, therefore, of C. tinnunculus is larger than that of
C. rupicola, although both species vary immensely. On looking
over a series of both placed side by side, almost the only differences
are the darker and more chestnut tone of the rufous in C. rupicola
as compared with the paler and more vinous tint of C. tinnunculus,
1874. ] MR. R. B. SHARPE ON CERTAIN ACCIPITRES. 583
the darker and more slaty blue of the head and tail in C. rupicola
compared with the paler and more greyish blue of those parts in
C. tinnunculus. Below, the differences are very striking, the breast in
C. rupicola being of a deep chestnut-fawn-colour with black spots,
while in C. tinnunculus the under surface is fulvous fawn-colour
with a slight vinous tinge. But the best character which separates
the two species exists in the sides of the face of C. rupicola being
entirely blue like the crown, with no fulvescent ear-coverts. The
females of both species differ from the males in having rufous instead
of blue heads ; and whereas the hen of C. rupicola always has a blue
tail banded with black, the ordinary plumage of the female C. tin-
nunculus is a rufous tail banded with black, excepting when a bluish
shade is apparent on the tail of the dark form which inhabits the
localities mentioned by me above. The specimen obtained by Mr.
Wharton endangers the validity of the blue tail as a good character ;
but, for all this, the bird is a regular Common Kestrel with the pale
under surface, and with greyish cheeks and ear-coverts, the sides
of the neck being also light fulvous with blackish streaks; whereas
in the female C. rupicola these parts are all deep rufous, with a
very slight greyish shade on the upper ear-coverts.
While on the subject of Kestrels, I would draw attention to the
fact that the Moluccan species includes two forms, as has been
already pointed out by Professor Schlegel in his ‘ Valkvogels van
Nederlandsch Indie’ (p. 48). He says there, ‘‘the Kestrel of
the Moluccas has been observed by our travellers in Java, Borneo,
Celebes, in the Halmahéra group, Ceram, Amboina, Timor, and
Flores. With the exception of Java, we possess specimens to the
number of twenty-five collected in the localities above cited. On
comparing them infer se, one sees that in all those killed in the Hal-
mahéra group the brownish-red tinge is darker and extends over all
the sides of the head, whilst the throat, as well as the forehead,
borders more plainly on rufous. These individuals have been killed
in different parts of Halmahéra and in the islands of Morotai, Ter-
nate, Maréh, Tidore, and Batchian. We only possess three exam-
ples from the Ceram group; of which two, killed in Ceram and
Amboina, are indistinguishable from those of the Halmahéra group,
whilst the third one, by means of its clear tints, approaches more
those from the other parts of the archipelago. Those from Borneo
and Celebes have the colours less pronounced, and that of the region
of the ear passes more or less perceptibly to whitish. It is the same
in our example from Timor and in that from Flores; the latter is
remarkable for the restricted number and minuteness of the dark
spots on the back and wings.”’ An excellent plate with three figures
(pl. 1. figs. 3-5) illustrates Prof. Schlegel’s remarks; and when I
was in Leiden last year I saw the original specimens. Fig. 3 re-
presents a Batchian specimen, fig. 4 the Flores bird referred to
above, and fig. 5 the light-cheeked Ceram bird.
When examining the Leiden series of C. moluccensis I found that
there was certainly a recognizable difference, as Professor Schlegel
has pointed out, in birds from various localities ; but I could not sepa-
584 MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. _ [ Nov. 3,
rate them specifically, as some of the neighbouring islands produced
more or less intermediate forms. Birds from the following localities
had a conspicuous silvery-white shade on the ear-coverts—Flores,
Celebes, Borneo, Timor, Amboina, and Ceram ; while specimens from
the following islands had dark ear-coverts and forehead—Gilolo,
Batchian, Morty, Maréh, Ternate, Tidore, and Ceram. The darkest
were those from Batchian, Morty, and Maré¢h, while those from Ter-
nate, Tidore, and Ceram had an appearance of silvery-white ear-coverts.
The Amboina bird is noted by me as a bleached and faded specimen
in worn plumage; while the one from Flores, figured by Professor
Schlegel, I considered at the time to be an extremely old bird.
The accompanying drawing (Plate LX VIII.) represents an adult
pair of C. rupicola (figs. 1 & 2), a species which has never been
well figured ; and the Aldenham female of C. tinnunculus is also
drawn (fig. 3).
5. Descriptions of some new Species of Shells from various
Localities ; also of a new Genus of Bivalves from Mauri-
tius. By Henry Apams, F.L.S.
[Received August 6, 1874.]
(Plate LXIX.)
Mr. Holdsworth having kindly placed in my hands for examina-
tion the shells recently obtained by him from the pearl-oyster beds
at Ceylon, I find among them two species that appear to be new, as
well as several known species which, from having been collected alive,
still retain their opercula. Of one of the latter, viz. Tudicla spirilla,
Lam., the operculum has not been hitherto observed, and is therefore
now figured (Plate LXIX. fig. 2). The genus Tudicla was included
by my brother and myself, in our ‘Genera of Recent Mollusca,’ in the
family Fasciolariidee; and Dr. Gray subsequently, in his ‘Guide to the
Mollusca,’ placed it as a subgenus of Murex in the Muricide. The
operculum of Tudicla, however, possesses similar characters to those
of the other genera of Fasciolariidee, being acutely ovate and having
the nucleus apical ; and I would consequently retain it in that family.
The shell, moreover, is furnished with a plait upon the columella, is
without varices, and has a papillary apex ; while the shells of Murex
have no plait, are all more or less variced, and have the apex acute.
I take this opportunity of figuring also (Plate LXIX. figs. 4, 4a,
4b) the operculum (hitherto unknown) of Neritopsis, from which it
would appear that it is more closely allied to the Neritide than to
the Naticide. The specimen containing this operculum was pro-
cured from Barkly Island, Mauritius. Among other shells received ,
from Mauritius is an example of Scintilla incerta, Desh., described
in his ‘Cat. des Moll. de l’ile de la Réunion’ from a specimen
obtained at that place; and he remarks that although he refers it
to the genus Scinéilla, he considers it to form an intermediate link
between that genus and the genus Ga/eomma, possessing, as it does,
G Sowerby lith M&N Hanhart imp
1874. | MR. H. ADAMS ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. 585
the hinge and closed valves of the former with an external structure
strongly resembling that of the latter. I would add that the valves
of Scintilla, besides being furnished with hinge-teeth, are very
thin and highly polished ; and those of Galeomma, which are without
hinge-teeth, are thin, sculptured, and gape widely in the middle;
the valves of S. incerta, on the contrary, which are provided with
hinge-teeth, are solid, not polished, and completely closed all round.
This anomalous shell may, I think, be considered the type of a
distinct genus, for which I propose the name Barclayia, after Sir
David Barclay, to- whose researches during his long residence at
Mauritius we are indebted for much of the knowledge we possess of
the interesting land Mollusca of that island.
APICALIA HOLDSWORTHI, sp. nov. (Plate LXIX. figs. 1, 1 a.)
A. testa ovato-subulata, tenui, polita, cinereo-alba, versus apicem
pallide rufa’; spira acuminata, sutura distincta, fascia subpellucida
angusta marginata ; anfr. 10, apicalibus stylinis, ceteris convezi-
usculis, ultimo rotundato ; apertura subovali ; labio arcuato ; labro
valde sinuato, acuto.
Long. 6, lat. 23 mill.
Hab. Ceylon (Holdsworth).
TUDICLA SPIRILLA, Lam. (Plate LXIX. fig. 2.)
Operculum corneum, acuminato-ovale, nucleo apicalt.
BARCLAYIA, gen. nov.
Testa transverse ovata, subequilateralis, tumida, solida, omnino
clausa, striis concentricis et striolis confertis radiantibus decus-
sata; umbonibus subcentralibus vix prominentibus; margine cre-
nulato. Cardo dentibus duobus contiguis tuberculeformibus in-
structus ; ligamentum internum ; linea pallialis simplex.
BaRCLAYIA INCERTA, Desh. (Plate LXIX. fig. 3.)
Scintilla incerta, Desh. Cat. des Moll. de Vile de la Réunion,
p- 18, pl. 2. figs. 16-18.
Long. 14, alt. 9, lat. 7 mill.
Hab. Bourbon (Réunion) (Deshayes); Mauritius (Robillard).
NERITOPSIS RADULA (Linn.). (Plate LXIX. figs. 4, 4 a, 4 6).
Operc. testaceum, crassum, subtriangulari-ovatum, subvitreum, ex-
terne perconverum, interne subconcavum ; margine exteriore cir-
culari ; margine columellari uudulato, ad incisuram columellarem
teste accommodato; facie externa fastigiis nonnullis in plicas
rotundatas desinentibus e margine externo radiantibus instructa ;
facie interna cicatrice confertim radiatim striata.
PALUDOMUS LUTEUS, sp. nov. (Plate LXIX. figs. 5, 5a.)
P. testa acuminato-ovali, solida, sub lente striis minutissimis, crebris,
transversis, et striis longitudinalibus decussata, alba infra epi-
dermide lutea; spira elevata, subconica, apice acuto, sutura di-
stincta; anfr. 8, convexiusculis, ultimo amplo, antice vir at-
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXXVIII. 38
586 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Nov. 3,
tenuato; apertura verticali, subovali, marginibus callo crasso
restricto junctis ; columella arcuata; labro sinuato, obtuso, intus
via crenulato.
Long. 6, diam. 9 mill. Apert. intus 6 mill. longa, 4 lata.
Hab. Borneo.
Poromya rorsesi, H. Ad. (Plate LXIX. fig. 6.)
P. testa transversa, subovali, ventricosa, tenui, albida, subpellucida,
radiatim exiliter punctata, epidermide tenui flavida scabra induta ;
umbonibus tumidis, eminentibus, submedianis: extremitate ante-
riori ovata; extremitate posteriori oblique truncata, ad marginem
dorsalem compressa; margine ventrali arcuato.
Long. 20, alt. 14, lat. 9 mill.
Hab. ?
The genus Poromya of Forbes (= Embla of Lovén) has been con-
sidered to be synonymous with Thetis of Sowerby and Eucharis of
Récluz. It should be kept separate from both, and they also be
recognized as distinct genera. Thetis, of which I am not aware of
there being any recent species, appears to belong to the family
Veneridze, while the others are members of Corbulide.
P.S.—Since writing the above I find that a specimen of Neritopsis
radula, with its operculum, has been received by Dr. Souverbie from
Ouagap, one of the Caroline Islands, and that the operculum has
been described by him in the April Number of the ‘ Journal de Con-
chyliologie.’
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX,
Fig. 1, la. Apicalia holdsworthi, p. 585.
2. Tudicla spirilla, p. 585.
3. Barclayia incerta, p. 585.
4, 4a, 4b. Operculum of Neritopsis radula, p. 585.
5, 5a. Paludomus luteus, p. 585.
6. Poromya forbesi, p. 586.
6. On some Points in the Anatomy of the Parrots which bear
on the Classification of the Suborder. By A. H. Garrop,
B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge,
Prosector to the Society.
[Received September 15, 1874.]
(Plates LXX. & LXXI.)
In a former communication*, a review of certain of the most
variable characters found amongst the Columbe enabled me to give
hints with regard to the mutual relationships of the different genera
of that considerable family, which I hope will be found of service.
On the present occasion it is my desire to follow out a similar method,
taking the Psittaci, a suborder quite as, and perhaps even more,
difficult to arrange by external features only.
* P.Z.S. 1874, p. 249.
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1874.] ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS. 587
The unequalled collection of living Parrots in the Society’s Gardens,
and the liberality of friends, have placed at my disposal specimens
of the large number of 82 species, in all of which I have been able
to note the characters laid stress on in this paper. To save repe-
tition a list is here given of the species examined by me; and onall
future occasions when a genus only is mentioned, it refers to those
species of it which are contained in this list.
Names of Species examined.
Agapornis roseicapilla.
Aprosmictus erythropterus.
scapulatus.
Ara ambigua.
—— ararauna.
macao.
maracana.
Bolborhynchus monachus.
Brotogerys tiriacula.
tovi.
—— pyrrhopterus.
virescens.
Cacatua cristata.
galerita.
leadbeatert.
sulphurea.
Caica melanocephala.
Calopsitta nove-hollandie.
Calyptorhynchus banksit.
Chrysotis agilis.
collaria.
Sestiva.
levaillantit.
ochrocephala.
Conurus eruginosus.
aureus.
aztec.
—— hematorrhous.
holochlorus.
jendaya.
monachus.
nanday.
pavua.
petzit.
szantholemus.
Coracopsis barklyit.
Cyanorhamphus auriceps.
nove-zealandia.
Eclectus polychlorus.
Eolophus roseicapillus.
Eos indica.
Eos riciniata.
Euphema aurantia.
bourkit.
pulchella.
splendida.
Geopsittacus occidentalis.
Lathamus discolor.
Licmetis pastinator.
Loriculus asiaticus.
chrysonotus.
galgulus.
Lorius cardinalis.
lori.
tricolor.
Melopsittacus undulatus.
Nestor meridionalis.
notabilis.
Paleornis alexandri.
erythrogenys.
longicaudus.
torquata.
Pionus menstruus.
sordidus.
Platycercus eximius.
pallidiceps.
zonarius.
Peocephalus fuscicapillus.
senegalensis.
Prioniturus, sp.
Psephotus hematogaster.
puleherrimus.
Psittacus erithacus.
Psittacula passerina.
Psittinus malaccensis.
Pyrrhulopsis splendens.
Pyrrhura leucotis.
vittata.
Stringops habroptilus.
Tanygnathus muelleri.
Trichoglossus concinnus.
nove-hollandie.
38*
588 MR. A. H.GARROD ON THE [Nov. 3,
The points to which my attention has been directed, on account
of the variations observed, are :—
1. The arrangement of the carotid arteries ;
2. The presence or absence of the ambiens muscle ;
3. The presence or absence of the furcula ;
4, The presence or absence of the oil-gland ;
and others of minor importance, such as the complete encirclement
of the orbit by bone, and the peculiarities of the atlas vertebra.
These will be considered separately.
I. The arrangement of the carotid arteries among the Parrots.
In my paper on the carotid arteries of birds, the peculiarities of
these vessels in the Parrots are described, it being shown that three
different arrangements of these vessels obtain, and perhaps a fourth.
Either the two carotids may run normally, independent, and side by
side up the front of the neck, in the hypapophysial canal ; or the
right, as usual, traverses that canal, whilst the left runs superficially
along the side of the neck in company with the left pneumogastric
nerve and the jugular vein ; or the left carotid may alone be developed,
as in the Passeres and many other birds. It has been stated that
Meckel found a fourth arrangement in Cacatua sulphurea; but ina
specimen of that species recently dissected by me, the left only was
present, as in C. cristata, C. leadbeateri, and C. galerita.
To make this paper complete in itself, and to incorporate those
dissections performed since the other was published, a list of all the
Parrots which I have examined, together with the condition observed
in them is given.
1. The two carotids are present, running normally, side by side, in
Aguapornis, Loriculus,
Aprosmictus, Lorius,
Calopsitta, Melopsittacus,
Calyptorhynchus, Paleornis,
Eclectus, Prioniturus,
Lolophus, Psittinus,
Eos. Stringops,
Euphema, Tanygnathus,
Geopsittacus, Trichoglossus.
Liemetis,
2. The left carotid only is present in
Cacatua.
3. The two carotids are present, the right having its normal
course, the left running superficially along with the left pneumogas-
tric nerve in
Ara, Chrysotis,
Bolborhynchus, Conurus,
Brotogerys, Coracopsis,
Caica, Cyanorhamphus,
1874, | ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS, 589
Lathamus, Psephotus,
Nestor, Psittacus,
Pionus, Psittacula,
Platycercus, Pyrrhulopsis,
Peocephalus, Pyrrhura.
It may be observed that the only other well-defined groups of
birds in which the carotids vary are the Cypselide, Gallinz, Stru-
thiones, and Otidide.
II. The presence or absence of the ambiens muscle.
The ambiens muscle, the tendon of which crosses the front of the
knee-capsule obliquely from above downwards and outwards, and
ultimately forms part of the flexor perforans digitorum, is present in
the following genera—
Ara, Nestor,
Bolborhynchus, Peocephalus,
Caica, Psittacus,
Conurus, Stringops.
It is absent in
Agapornis, Licmetis,
Aprosmictus, Loriculus,
Brotogerys, Lorius,
Cacatua, Melopsittacus,
Calopsitta, Paleornis,
Calyptorhynchus, Pionus,
Chrysotis, Platycercus,
Coracopsis, Prioniturus,
Cyanorhamphus, Psephotus,
Eclectus, Psittacula,
Eolophus, Psittinus,
Eos, Pyrrhulopsis,
Euphema, Pyrrhura,
Geopsittacus, Tanygnathus,
Lathamus, Trichoglossus.
The only other well-defined groups of birds in which the ambiens
muscle is known to vary are the Columbe and the Struthiones.
III. The presence or absence of the furcula.
By this expression is meant the presence or absence of the furcula
as a complete bone; for in those Parrots in which it is said to be
absent, the scapular ends of the two parts of which it is composed
are frequently to be found, being of considerable length in Stringops
and some of its allies.
The furcula is complete in
Aprosmictus, Brotogerys,
Ara, Cacatua,
Bolborhynchus, Caica,
590 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Nov. 3,
Calopsitta, Nestor,
Calyptorhynchus, Paleornis,
Chrysotis, Pionus,
Conurus, Peocephalus,
Coracopsis, Prioniturus,
Eclectus, Psittacus,
Eolophus, Psittinus,
Eos, Pyrrhulopsis,
Lathamus, Pyrrhura,
Licmetis, Tanygnathus,
Loriculus, Trichoglossus.
Lorius,
The furcula is but partially developed or absent in
Agapornis, Platycercus,
Cyanorhamphus, Psephotus,
Euphema, Psittacula,
Geopsittacus, Stringops.
Melopsittacus,
Dr. Finsch, in his monograph on the Parrots*, has given a list of
those species in which the condition of the furcula has been recorded,
which is very complete, embracing most of the above genera.
IV. The presence or absence of the oil-gland.
When present the oil-gland is always tufted in the Parrots.
Nitzsch, in his work on pterylosist, has recorded its absence in some
of the genera.
It is present in the following genera :—
Agapornis, Loriculus,
Aprosmictus, Lorius,
Ara, Melopsittacus,
Bolborhynchus, Nestor,
Catca, Paleornis,
Calopsitta, Platycercus,
Calyptorhynchus, Peocephalus,
Conurus, Prioniturus,
Coracopsis, Psephotus,
Cyanorhamphus, Psittacula,
Eclectus, Psittacus,
Lolophus, Psittinus,
Eos, Pyrrhulopsis,
Euphema, Pyrrhura,
Geopsittacus, Stringops,
Lathamus, Tanygnathus,
Licmetis, Trichoglossus.
It is absent in
Brotogerys, Chrysotis, Pionus.
* Die Papageien, Bad. i. p. 197.
+ Pterylography, English edition, p. 98 e¢ seg.
1874. ] ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS. 591
In Cacatua galerita and C. leadbeateri it is present; but it is
generally wanting in C. cristata, and has not been found in C. sul-
phurea.
The above facts may be tabulated in a form which makes their
significance more readily apparent, by placing those together in which
a similar arrangement is observable. Thus there are :—
1. Parrots in which there are two normally situated carotids, no
ambiens muscle, a furcula, and an oil-gland—namely
Aprosmictus, Loriculus,
Calopsitta, Lorius,
Calyptorhynchus, Paleornis,
FEclectus, Prioniturus,
Eolophus, Psittinus,
Eos, Tanygnathus,
Liemetis, Trichoglossus.
2. Parrots in which there are two normally situated carotids, no
ambiens muscle, no furcula, and an oil-gland—namely
Agapornis, Geopsittacus,
Euphema, Melopsittacus.
3. Parrots with a left carotid only, no ambiens muscle, a furcula,
and generally an oil-gland—namely
Cacatua.
4, Parrots with two carotids (the left being superficial), an ambiens
muscle, a furcula, and an oil-gland—namely
Ara, Nestor,
Bolborhynchus, Peeocephalus,
Caica, Psittacus.
Conurus,
5. Parrots with two carotids (the left being superficial), no ambiens
muscle, a furcula, and an oil-gland—namely
Coracopsis, Pyrrhulopsis,
Lathamus, Pyrrhura.
6. Parrots with two carotids (the left being superficial), no ambiens
muscle, a furcula, and no oil-gland—namely
Brotogerys, Pionus.
Chrysotis,
7, Parrots with two carotids (the left being superficial), no ambiens
muscle, no furcula, and an oil-gland—namely
Cyanorhamphus, Psephotus,
Platycercus, Psittacula.
The true significance of these facts next requires attention ; and
the principle upon which all attempts at the formation of a satisfac-
tory genealogy or classification of the suborder can be arrived at must
592 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Nov. 3,
be borne in mind throughout. It is the following :—An anatomical
character is so much the more or less certain to have been an element
of the original type or ancestor whence sprang the class, order, family,
or genus under consideration as it is more or less frequently found in
the less intimately related minor divisions of the groups under obser-
vation. An example will make this more clear :—Two large arteries
(the carotids), one on each side, run up to supply the head in most
Pulmonate Vertebrata, as far as I know. In all Mammalia such is
certainly the case. In many Birds there are, similarly, two carotids,
though some have only one. It is therefore more than probable
that the ancestral bird had two carotids, those in which one is absent
having lost it subsequently. Many Parrots have two carotids ; the
genus Cacatua is characterized by the left only being present: it,
therefore, has in this respect departed most from the ancestral type.
Again, other Vertebrata and other Birds with both carotid arteries
present have them symmetrically placed ; many Parrots have symme-
trical carotids; but in some the left (and the left only) is abnormal in
being superficial : therefore, from the same considerations, these last
have differentiated off from the parent stem, and, what is more, this
peculiarity can hardly have occurred on more than one occasion, as it
is otherwise unique and therefore peculiar and exceptional in origin.
There is another principle to be remembered, which is that there
is no such thing as reversion to lost ancestral anatomical characters.
The genus Cacatua has Jost its right carotid, as have the whole family
of the Passeres and many others. There is not a tittle of evidence
in favour of the assumption that they or their descendants could ever
regain that vessel. Its arrested development is a positive act, the
result of extra forces coming into play in early embryonic life, to
remove which would require the introduction of a certain definite
series of counterbalancing forces superadded to those already in
action; whilst, in the ancestral ‘bird, the persistence of the two
arteries resulted from the absence of any impediment to their deve-
lopment. The probability that the ancestral form should be reverted
to cannot be greater than that an entirely new arrangement should
be effected. That some domestic excentric varieties should tend
in some cases to revert to the wild type can have no more bearing on
the general subject than the similar tendency to exaggeration which
is not apparent in the feral forms.
Upon these principles many deductions can be made as to the
mutual relations of the several genera of the Psittacine suborder.
For instance, it must be inferred that the ancestral Parrot possessed
two carotids, running symmetrically in front of the neck, and that the
ambiens muscle was present, as was the furcula and the tufted oil-
gland. The intestinal czeca and gall-bladder must have been absent or
lost very early, as must the postacetabular portion of the tensor fascize
muscle* ; for they are none of them to be found in any existing spe-
cies ; whilst the beak, tongue, crop, and rectrices must have possessed
the characteristic features, which are uot found to vary to any
important extent. The pterylosis of the suborder forms a consider-
* Vide P.Z.8. 18738, p. 628.
1874. ] ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS. 593
able but much involved field for work, which has only been entered
upon by the illustrious Nitzsch.
Referring back to the characterizing features of the existing species
whose internal structure has been noted, it will be seen that none
has as yet been found with a conformation exactly similar to that
of the above-described ancestral bird; in other words, no existing
Parrot has been seen with two normal carotids, an ambiens muscle,
a furcula, and an oil-gland. By more than a single way, however,
this condition, with only one exceptional character, is found to exist.
For instance, the fourth combination above given, in which theambiens,
furcula, and oil-gland are present at the same time that the carotids
are abnormal (the left being superficial), agrees with the type except
in one point—the disposition of the carotid arteries. Again, in the
first of the combinations the only deviation from the type consists in
the absence of the ambiens muscle.
These two different directions of variation must therefore have
formed the secondary stems from which the more specialized genera
subsequently sprang. In other words, the main stem must have
given rise to two, in one of which the carotids remained normal,
whilst in the other the left became superficial. The following are
the genera as they will thus appear :—
Genera in which the left carotid
has become superficial.
Genera in which the left carotid
has remained normal.
(PALZORNITHID2. ) (PsirTaciD2. )
Agapornis. Ara.
Aprosmictus. Bolborhynchus.
Cacatua. Brotogerys.
Calopsitta. Caica.
Calyptorhynchus. Chrysotis.
Eclectus. Conurus.
Eolophus. Coracopsis.
Eos. Cyanorhamphus.
Euphema. Lathamus.
Geopsittacus. Nestor.
Loriculus. Pionus.
Lorius. Platycercus.
Melopsittacus. Peeocephalus.
Paleornis. Psephotus.
Prioniturus. Psittacus.
Psittinus. Psittacula.
Stringops. Pyrrhulopsis.
Tanygnathus. Pyrrhura.
Trichoglossus.
Each of these secondary types must have then become a centre
for variation in itself. From the 4th combination, in which only
the carotids are peculiar, sprang the 5th, 6th, and 7th, with the
ambiens deficient, just in the same way that the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd
combinations originated from the ancestral form by the same process
of reduction. The loss of the furcula and of the oil-gland (though
594 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Noy. 3,
never, as it happens, both together) have further aided in the forma-
tion of tertiary and further subdivisions, which, upon the dissections
above given, would lead to the arrangement of the family which is
depicted in Plate LXX.
This may be represented in the tabular form as follows :—
Suborder (or Cohort) PSITTACI.
Family I. PALZoRNITHID#. (Left carotid normal.)
The ambiens muscle absent. Carotids two, except in the genus
Cacatua.
Subfamily (1) PanzornirHin#&. No further deviation.
Paleornis.
Eclectus.
Aprosmictus.
Tanygnathus.
Prioniturus.
Psittinus.
Loriculus.
Trichoglossus.
Lorius.
/08.
Subfamily (2) Cacarurnz. Orbital ring completely ossified,
and characteristic in that it develops a process bridging
the temporal fossa (vide Plate LXXI.).
Calopsitta.
Calyptorhynchus.
Licmetis.
Eolophus.
Cacatua.
Subfamily (8) Srrincorinzx. The furcula lost *.
Stringops.
EHuphema.
Geopsittacus.
Melopsittacus.
Agapornis.
Family I]. Psirracip#. (Left carotid superficial.)
Division 1. The ambiens muscle present.
Subfamily (4) Artnax. No further deviation.
Ara.
Conurus.
Bolborhynchus.
Caica.
Psittacus.
Peocephalus.
Nestor.
* See the special remarks on this group in the postscript to this paper.
1874. ] ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS. 595
Division 2. The ambiens muscle wanting.
Subfamily (5) Pyrraurina. No further deviation.
Pyrrhura.
Lathamus.
Coracopsis.
Pyrrhulopsis.
Subfamily (6) Puarycercin®. Furcula lost.
Platycercus.
Psephotus.
Cyanorhamphus.
Psittacula.
Subfamily (7) Curysotinz. Oil-gland lost.
{ Chrysotis.
Pionus.
Brotogerys.
In phyllogenetic language this arrangement would be expressed
thus :—The original stem, in which the carotids were normally dis-
posed, gave off a branch characterized by their abnormal arrangement.
The continuation of the main stem, as well as the branch, shortly
lost the ambiens muscle—the latter (and not the former), however,
being represented at the present day in its unmodified form by the
Arinz. Each of the two secondary branches persist as the Palzeor-
nithine and the Pyrrhurinz respectively, they both branching
dichotomously in an exactly similar manner, the former giving rise
to the Stringopinz and the specially modified Cacatua cristata and
C. sulphurea, the other to the similarly modified Platycercinze and
Chrysotine.
A method of formulation will assist in making this more readily
intelligible. Ifthe presence of two carotids, normally disposed, is
represented by the figure 2, the abnormal arrangement may be re-
presented by 2. Then, if the presence or absence of the varying
structures be represented by + or —, the following Table will
express the characteristics of the different subfamilies :—
Carotids. | Ambiens. | Fureula. | Oil-gland.
Paleornithine ...... 2 _ + +
2 = ns 4
Cacatuine ......... L = i ae
Stringopine ......... | 2 _ — +
PANCITIEE Sate) ete lesen ee 2 + + =
Pyrrhurine ......... 2 _ ae a
Platycercine .. ...... | 2 — - =f
Chrysotine .........! 2 = = ri
Type form............ | 2 + ae ae
The Palzornithine will thus be represented by the formula
2,—,+,+; the Arine by 2,+,+,+; and soon. Plate LXXI. will
represent these facts in a more self-evident manner.
Through the kindness of Prof. Flower and also from the death of
596 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [Nov. 3,
the specimen presented by Mr. Murdoch to the Society, I have twice
had the opportunity of dissecting Stringops habroptilus. As a
Parrot it is not so strikingly peculiar as many seem to think. Its
wings are useless, and the carina sterni is correspondingly reduced, it
is true ; but as points of classificational importance, I regard these
as insignificant. The points of special anatomical interest which it
does possess, however, are particularly instructive. The proximal
ends of the incomplete furcula are well developed, so much so that
it might at first sight seem that their symphysial ends are only lost
in correlation with the excessive reduction of the powers of flight ;
though this is probably not the case, because the allied similarly
modified genera Euphema &c. do not keep to the ground.
Further, in the Society’s specimen above mentioned, though the
ambiens muscle did not cross the knee, yet its fleshy belly was well
differentiated on both sides, its thin tendon being lost over the cap-
sule of the joint. In the College of Surgeons’ specimen, however,
this muscle was entirely absent in the only knee which was in a fit
state for dissection, the other being much shot. It is only in the
genus @dicnemus that I have elsewhere found a similar partial loss
of the ambiens*. The partial development of this muscle in this
particular instance shows that the tendency to lose it is not of great
antiquity ; and it is to be noted that there is no other Parrot with
normal carotids in which any trace of an ambiens is to be found.
These considerations suggest, what may perhaps be the case, as is
suggested by the peculiarities of their geographical distribution, that
Agapornis may be the representative among the normal-carotid
Parrots of the Platycercine branch from the Arine, whilst the
Stringopine proper (including Geopsittacus, Melopsittacus, and
Euphema) are more direct continuations of the main stem, as indi-
cated by the dotted portions of the diagrams (Plates LXX. and
LXXI.), Stringops itself being the nearest living representative of
the common ancestor of the whole suborder.
Further, it may be worth while taking a glance at some of the most
important changes which my classification would necessitate. Taking
Mr. Sclater’s ‘ Revised List of Vertebrated Animals in the Society’s
Gardens’ as a good representative of current opinion, the Order
Psirraci is there divided into two families and seven subfamilies,
thus :—
Order PSITTACI.
Family I. StrRINGOPID.
Family Il. Psitracip2.
Subfamily 1. Cacaruin2.
. ARINE.
. PLATYCERCINZ.
. PsIrracinz.
. LORIN.
. NESTORINZ.
* Vide P.Z.8. 1873, p. 640.
Ao oo
1874.] ANATOMY OF THE PARROTS. 597
As far as the major division is concerned, the facts brought forward
in the present communication suggest a different arrangement, as
shown above, which would approximately distribute these subfamilies
thus :—
Family I. Family II.
Stringopide. Arine.
Lorine. Platycercine (in part).
Cacatuine. Psittacine (in part).
Platycercine (in part). Nestorine.
Psittacine (in part).
The generally received families Platycercinze and Psittacine are
avowedly rather incongruous mixtures. Mr. Gould, with acute per-
ception, was able to differentiate Aprosmictus from Platycercus,
chiefly by its habits of life ; and anatomical considerations show that
Dr. Finsch’s attempt to reabsorb it in the older genus is a retrograde
step. If Dr. Meyer is right in stating that the sexes in Eclectus are
of different colours, its relations to Aprosmictus may be very intimate.
It may at first sight seem very heretical to remove Lathamus from
the Lorine, the brush-tongue being considered characteristic of that
subfamily. To the unbiased student, however, the brush-tongue
is a character not more important than several of those that have
been above considered. It is only an excessive development of the
papillze which are always present on the lingual surface, and is seen
in a slightly different form in the lion and other Felide. The cha-
racter of the papillze is somewhat different in Lathamus from what
it is in Lorius, they being blunter and shorter in the former genus
than in the latter.
The totally different geographical distribution of Palgornis and the
true Arinz is quite opposed to Dr. Finsch’s proposition that Conurus
and Brotogerys should be the neighbours of the Palearctic genus.
Brotogerys entirely agrees in structure with Chrysotis and
Pionus, differing greatly from Conurus ; whilst in itself Conurus, as
generally received, embodies the red-tailed species, with the fourth
primary not acuminate, and the green-tailed species, with an acumi-
nate fourth primary. In the former section (Pyrrhura) the
ambiens muscle is quite lost, whilst in the latter (Conurus) it is
always well developed.
Prof. Huxley is not the only naturalist who has been puzzled by
the geographical distribution of Psittacula. This genus in its wide
sense, however, is broken up into far separated genera—the Old-
World Psittinus and Agapornis differing entirely from the New-
World Psittacula, Agapornis being the homologue, as it may be
termed, in the normal-carotid Parrots of Psittacula in the other
group, whilst Psit¢inus is a less-differentiated genus of the former
division.
Nestor no doubt stands rather isolated ; but possessing the ambiens
muscle, as well as all the other characters of Psittacus and the true
Arinze, it must be classed with them.
My subfamily Pyrrhurinze seems a mixture ; and all I can say in
998 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [Nov. 3,
its favour is that the combination of anatomical characters is exactly
the same in all its genera, which have a very scattered distribution.
It will be noticed that no Parrots with normal carotids occur in
the New World; and, as far as I know, none but members of that
group have red beaks.
P.S. (December 8th, 1874).—On the 25th of last month, from the
death of one of the specimens of Stringops habroptilus, recently pur-
chased by the Society, I have had an opportunity of dissecting a
third individual of the species. Init the ambiens muscle is complete,
of fair size, at the same time that it crosses the knee as in Psié¢-
tacus. This makes me feel more convinced that the arrangement
indicated by the dotted portions of the diagram plates accompanying
this communication is the correct one, and that the main stem has
given rise to three instead of two branches—the Stringopine being
the nearest representatives of the ancestral form, some of its members
(Geopsittacus, Melopsittacus, Euphema, and Cyanorhamphus) having
quite recently lost, whilst Stringops itself is just now on the point of
losing the ambiens muscle. It is, however, quite possible, if external
resemblances and geographical distribution are left out of considera-
tion, that Séringops must stand as the sole representative of the
Stringopinz, thus conforming with generally received ideas; and
that Geopsittacus, together with Melopsittacus, Euphema, and Cya-
norhamphus, must be placed with Agapornis as part of the family
Agapornithine, in which the formula is 2,—,—,+. The close ex-
ternal resemblance between Stringops and Geopsittacus nevertheless
makes me indisposed to adopt this view.
7. Descriptions of five new Species of Shells.
By G. B. Sowersy, Jun.
[Received September 15, 1874.]
(Plate LXXII.)
1. Triron (EprpRomvus) comptus, sp. nov. (Plate LXXII.
figs. 5, 5a.)
T. testa oblongo-turrita, rufo-fusca, castaneo maculata, undique
ereberrime decussate lirata, liris eximie granulosis, interstitiis
transversim striatis ; anfractibus rotundatis, maculis angustis
oblongis transversim balteatis; varicibus paucis, rotundatis,
castaneo grandimaculatis ; apertura subexpansa, labio externo
reflexo, levi, ad marginem lineis castaneis minutis notatis ;
lamina columellari levi, pellucida, polita; canali brevissimo
recurvo: long. 54, lat. 20; apert. long. 20, lat. 10 mill.
Shell of the usual general form of an Epidromus (Klein) as sepa-
rated from the genus Triton (Lamarck), reddish-brown colour,
blotched and spotted with dark chestnut-brown, closely and exqui-
sitely cancellated and granulated ; whorls rounded, belted with narrow
oblong spots; varices few, rounded, with large chestnut blotches ;
aperture rather expanded; outer lip reflexed, smooth, with small
PZ.o 1674 PL LXAl
M&N.Hanhart imp
G Sowerby hth
NEW SHELLS.
1874.] MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS, 999
linear chestnut spots at the edge; columella covered with a smooth
polished transparent enamel; canal very short, recurved.
Hab. Hongkong.
A single specimen of this very beautiful species was dredged by
William Cuthill, Esq., in the vicinity of Hongkong. A specimen of
it in the old collection of the British Museum had been inadvertently
confounded with Triton Sowerbyi (Reeve), from which it is obviously
distinct. The shell presents characters common to several species,
but differs from all its congeners in the form of the whorls being
more rounded, and in the smoothness of the mouth. Its nearest
analogue is perhaps 7’. testaceus (Morch), from which it differs in the
last whorl being larger, the mouth more open, and the spire more
acute. It differs in the same respects from T. clathratus (Sowerby),
besides being much more finely cancellated.
2. OvULUM SINENSE, sp. nov. (Plate LXXII. figs. 1, 1 a.)
O. testa pyriformi, ventricosa, antice subattenuata, utrinque sub-
rostrata, tenuiuscula, subpellucida, alba, linea aurantiaca ad
marginem cincta, transverse obsolete striatula, striis longitudi-
nalibus irregularibus obscure decussata; apertura subpatula,
arcuata, intus lactea ; columella superne calloso lirata, inferne
subexcavata, ad canalem valide uniplicata ; labio externo den-
ticulato: long. 30, lat. 19, alt. 13. mill.
Shell pyriform, ventricose, somewhat attenuated posteriorly,
slightly beaked at both ends, rather thin, semitransparent, white,
encircled with an orange line at the margin, very obscurely decus-
sated; aperture rather wide, arched, milk-white within ; columella
with a thickened ridge at the upper part, somewhat excavated below,
with a strong plait at the canal; outer lip denticulate.
Hab. Hongkong (Cuthill, two specimens).
There is a specimen of this species also in the British Museum,
which was placed with O. adriaticum, from which it differs consider-
ably in form and structure, being much stronger and more ventricose.
3. SrRomBUS ROBUSTUS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXII. figs. 3, 3 a.)
§. testa conica, solida, ventricosa, ceruleo-alba, castaneo zonata
et maculata; spira parviuscula acuta; anfractibus noduloso-
angulatis, superne spiraliter striatis ; anfractu ultimo in medio
Sere levi, deinde versus marginem conspicue striato, ad basin
sulcato ; apertura elongata, canali superne spiram ascendente ;
columella callosa, alba, obsolete lirata; labio externo emargi-
nato, intus lirato: long. 48, lat. 31 mill.
Var. 2 testa luteo-fusco fasciata.
Shell conoid, solid, ventricose, bluish white, banded and blotched
with dark brown; spire rather short, acute; whorls angulated and
noduled at the angle, spirally striated above; last whorl almost
smooth in the middle, then towards the margin conspicuously striated,
grooved at the base; aperture elongated, with a canal at the upper
part, running up the spire; columella furnished with a thickened white
enamel, which is faintly ridged; outer lip emarginated; interior ridged.
600 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS. [Nov. 3,
Hab. Hongkong (Cuthill).
The characters of this species are much the same as those of S.
septimus (Duclos), of which Mr. Cuthill has sent me several speci-
mens from the same locality; but the form is very different, the
latter being a narrow shell of the form of S. succinctus (Linn.), which
is found in Ceylon.
4, ConuMBELLA (ANACHIS) sINUATA, sp. nov. (Plate LXXII.
figs. 2, 2 a.)
C. testa fusiformi, rufo-fusca, ceruleo-albo et brunneo variegata,
tenui, pellucida; spira acuminata; anfractibus 9, planato-
convexis, levibus, longitudinaliter reyulariter valide costatis ;
costis ad anfractum ultimum, versus marginem medio tubercu-
latis; apertura oblonga, intus cerulea, costata; columella
corrugata, tenuiter encaustica ; canali brevi, profundo, recurvo ;
labio externo superne elevato, expanso, incrassato, medio sinu
lato profundo emarginato: long. 17, lat. 9 mill.
Shell fusiform, reddish brown, variegated with bluish white and
dark brown, thin, transparent; spire acuminated; whorls nine in
number, flatly convex, smooth, strongly ribbed longitudinally ; the
ribs on the last whorl towards the margin tuberculated in the middle,
transversely ribbed at the base; aperture oblong, interior blue, ribbed ;
columella wrinkled, covered with a transparent, shining enamel;
canal short, deep, recurved; outer lip thickened and expanded at
the upper part, and with a broad deep sinus in the middle.
Hab. Upper California.
A very remarkable little shell, almost generically distinct from any
hitherto known species; I think, however, it truly belongs to the
section Anachis (H. & A. Adams). The sinus is almost like that
of a Pleurotoma ; only it is in the middle of the lip.
5. AMPULLARIA CATAMARCENSIS, noy.sp. (Plate LX XII. fig. 4.)
A. testa subglobosa, imperforata, solidiuscula, lutescenti-alba,
atrofusco fasciata, undique subtilissime reticulata ; epidermide
tenui, lutescente; spira exserta, parviuscula, subacuta; anfrac-
tibus convexis ; apertura ampliuscula ; columella callosa, fusco
suffusa ; labio externo subincrassato, vix reflero: long. 70, lat.
60 ; apert. long. 50, lat. 35 mill.
Shell rather globose, imperforate, rather solid, yellowish white,
banded with dark brown, throughout very finely reticulated ; epider-
mis thin, yellowish; spire rather small, exserted; whorls convex ;
aperture rather wide; columella thickened, suffused with brown ;
outer lip somewhat thickened, scarcely reflexed.
Hab. Catamarca (on the Andes of Peru).
A fine species of the type represented by A. columellaris.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII.
Fig. 1, 1a. Ovulum sinense. Fig. 3, 3.a. Strombus robustus.
2, 2a. Columbella (Anachis) st- 4, Ampullaria catamarcensis.
nuata. 5, 5a. Triton (Epidromus) comptus.
1874.] ON NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM QUEENSLAND. 601
8. Descriptions of five new Species of Birds from Queens-
land, and of the Egg of Chlamydodera maculata. By
E. P. Ramsay, C.M.Z.S.
[Received September 19, 1874.]
1. CypsELUS TERRZ-REGINZ, Sp. nov.
Whole of the upper surface, except the rump, very dark sooty
brown tinged with metallic lustre, being of a darker brown on the
outer webs and paler on the inner webs of the wing-feathers ; across
the rump a greyish white band having a narrow line of dark brown
down the shaft of each feather; whole of the under surface dull
greyish brown, of a silky texture and somewhat glossy; under sur-
face of wings and tail and the under tail-coverts of a darker tint, the
basal half of all the feathers on the body nearly black; bill black ;
feet blackish brown; iris dark brown.
Total length from 4 to 4°2 inches; bill from the nostril 0-1, from
forehead 0:2, from angle of the mouth 0°45; wing from flexure 4:4 ;
tail 2:1 to 2°4; tarsi 0°35.
The sexes of this Swift are alike in plumage and size. The texture
of the plumage is remarkably soft, and to the touch resembles the
fur of a Bat.
This species frequents the north-east coast ranges near Cardwell,
Rockingham Bay, where it is tolerably plentiful, but very difficult to
procure, from its small size and swift flight. Small flocks may be
seen flying to and fro over the clearer parts of the lower spurs of the
coast ranges ; and frequently the same troop returns to the same open
ground day after day; towards evening others may be found sweep-
ing over the tops.of the scrubs and about precipitous sides of the
rocky ridges, where they doubtless breed. I found several young or
immature-plumaged birds; and none amongst those I obtained had
the tail fully grown. I have never seen this species in any other
part of Australia than near Rockingham Bay. It was observed in
the neighbourhood of Cardwell during October 1873, and when I
left in April 1874 was still numerous there. For the first knowledge
of this and several other new and rare species I am indebted to
Inspector Robert Johnstone, of the police force on the Herbert
river near Cardwell, as well as for much valuable information on
the natural history of that interesting region.
2. /ELURGDUS MACULOSUS, Sp. Nov.
The whole of the head, including the chin, feathers at the base of
the lower mandible, and ear-coverts, black, having a spot of white
tinged with olive-green at the end of each feather ; the spots on the
back of the head and neck become more distinctly tinged with olive-
green as they approach the shoulders, where they are lost in the
brown-green margin of the feathers, which, on their under surface,
are of a bluish green tint.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XXXIX. 39
602 MR. E. P. RAMSAY ON NEW SPECIES OF [Nov. 3,
A narrow line down the centre of each feather on the top of the
head and neck black ; line over the eye and just in front of it white,
tinged with olive-green ; lower part of the ear-coverts black ; upper
part immediately behind the eye centred with white and tinged
slightly with olive-green ; sides of the lower part of the neck olive-
green, each feather indistinctly marked with a white-brown spot.
Whole of the under surface olive-green, being brightest on the
flanks, each feather on the chest centred with a conspicuous and
somewhat heart-shaped blotch of white, which on the abdomen and
flanks becomes lanceolate in form, more acute on the feathers between
the flanks and round the vent, which are nearly white, having a
brownish crescentic mark near the margin; the spots on the abdo-
men are almost obsolete. Under tail-coverts olive-green, centred
and broadly margined with white tinged with olive-green; the basal
portion of all the feathers brown; under surface of the tail brown,
with a tinge of bluish green in certain lights; all but the two centre
tail-feathers tipped with white on both surfaces ; the under surface
of the wings, inner webs of primaries, and secondaries dark brown,
becoming almost white on the margins of the inner webs. The inner
webs of primaries and secondaries, and the basal part of the inner
webs of the tertiaries blackish brown on the upper surface; the mar-
gin of the wings and under wing-coverts white, with a somewhat
crescent-shaped mark of dark brown, margined with green, in the
centre; the basal portion of the feathers dark brown. The narrow
outer web of the primaries above bluish-green; aj] the upper surface
from the back of neck and mantle bright grass-green; on the tertia-
ries to approximate secondaries a small spot of white at the tips of
the outer webs only; some of the lesser wing-coverts have also a
similar spot in certain specimens; and a few of the feathers between
the shoulders have a bluish green tinge; two centre tail-feathers and
the outer webs of all except the first feather on either side bright
grass-green above; the lower portion of the outer web of the first
tail-feather on either side tinged with green; the inner webs of all
the tail-feathers except the two centre ones blackish brown above,
tinged with green near the shafts of the feathers, but becoming
blackish brown near the tips, which end in a white marginal spot
more largely developed on the inner webs and of greater extent on
the outer feathers, diminishing into a narrow white line on those next
the centre tail-feathers. Bill light horn-colour.
Total length 10 to 11 inches; bill from forehead 1, from eye 1°9 to
2, from nostril 0:6, from angle of the mouth 1°45, width at base 0°5;
wing from flexure 5°5; tail 4°3; tarsi 1°6 to 1°8, of a dark bluish
horn-colour, Claws light brown.
The bill is of a pale brown, whilst on the margins and sides it is
brownish or yellowish brown, about the base strong and powerful.
The feet and legs are blackish horn-brown in the dried skins. The
sexes are alike in plumage. Some of my specimens, apparently
more adult and in full moult at the time they were shot, have dull
brown instead of whitish spots on the black feathers on the head and
face: these spots in young birds are washed with olive-green.
1874. ] BIRDS FROM QUEENSLAND. 603
This new species is at least one quarter less in size than the New-
South-Wales bird, 42. smithii, and is only found on the East-Coast
ranges, about Cardwell, at Rockingham Bay. Several specimens
were obtained, but unfortunately so late in the season that the plu-
mage was much worn and discoloured. As far as I am aware, their
food is exclusively fruit, which may be fonud in abundance in the
dense jungles and scrubs which clothe the sides of the ranges.
This species may easily be distinguished from LH. smithii by the
black and white markings about the head and face, and the large
elongated heart-shaped spots on the under surface.
Its note resembles that of 2. smithii, but is not so distinct a cry,
and less bat-like, clearer, and more of a whistle. They assemble in
small flocks of from ten to twenty in number, and frequent the palms
and native fruit-trees in company with Péilonopus superbus and Car-
pophaga assimilis. They are also found feeding in the immense fig-
trees which abound in the scrubs.
3. PriLoris FRENATA, DOV. Sp.
Of this new species, for which I beg leave to propose the name
of P. frenata, on account of the markings at the base of the bill and
round the face, some few individuals were obtained frequenting the
Eucalypti while in blossom, near the margin of a swamp in the
Cardwell district.
_ The birds were shot by my (then) collector, Mr. Broadbent, who is
already well known as an enthusiastic and careful taxidermist. To
Mr. Broadbent’s researches my collection is also indebted for the first
specimen of Hopsaltria inornata.
Description.—Whole of the upper surface dull brown; head,
lores, and nape of neck blackish brown, the feathers having indistinct
lunulate markings and a gloss of olive in certain lights ; a semi-bare
space below the eye has a few minute buffy white feathers ; behind
the eye a semilunar patch of white feathers tipped with black, which,
extending in a narrow line, almost encircles that organ. Eye-lashes
black ; ear-coverts black, above them immediately bebind the eye is a
small tuft of bright wax-yellow feathers joining a large triangular
patch of light greyish brown feathers on the side of the neck, which
has the upper portion of it, nearest the ear-coyerts, tinged with olive ; a
narrow indistinct line of yellow on either side bounding the ear-coverts
below, extending obliquely to the lower part of the chin, where,
meeting in an angle, they form an indistinct yellow patch on the
throat. Chin and remainder of the under surface dull brown,
slightly darker in tint on the breast and sides of the neck, lighter
on the centre of the abdomen and under tail-coverts; across the
chest are indistinct wavy lines of a darker tint, on the flanks indi-
stinct lanceolate markings of the same tint. Under surface of the
shoulders, inner margins of tertiaries, secondaries, and the basal por-
tions of inner margins of the primaries light buff. The outer webs
of the spurious wing-feathers, the tertiaries, and secondaries, with
some of the primaries, are on the upper surface tinged with olive.
Bill black, with the basal portion (except the culmen) yellow. The
39*
604 ON NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS FROM QUEENSLAND. [Nov. 3,
gape, with a narrow fleshy appendage, yellow. Feet and tarsi of a
dark brown.
Total length 8°5 inches; bill from angle of mouth 1-05 inch, from
feathers at the nostrils 0°65, from forehead 1-05, height at nostrils
0:2, breadth 0°2; wing from flexure 4:05; tail 3°6; tarsi 0°35.
Hab. Rockingham Bay. J
Sexes alike in plumage. One specimen, said to be a male, is con-
siderably smaller in all its measurements, which are as follows :—
Total length 7°5 inches ; wing 3°65; tail 3°25 ; bill from angle of the
mouth 0°95, from feathers at nostrils 0°6 inch, from forehead 0°9,
height at nostril 0°2, breadth 0:2. :
4, Eoprsattria (?) INORNATA, Nov. sp.
Whole of the head dull slate-brown, paler round the eye, lores
darker; lower part of the neck and all the upper surface washed
with olive; wings above dark brown, having the margins washed
with olive; inner edge of wing light olive-yellow, almost citron-
colour. Under wing-coverts white, washed with citron-yellow ;
inner margins of tertiaries, secondaries, and the basal margins of the
primaries whitish ; throat greyish white; chest brownish grey, washed
with olive on the lower sides; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
citron-yellow ; under surface of tail brown, shafts of feathers white ;
upper surface of the tail slightly darker brown, the exposed portions
of the feathers washed with olive. Bill and legs black.
Total length 53 inches; bill from forehead 0°5, from angle of the
mouth 0°65, height at base 0°18, breadth 0°15; wing from flexure
3; tail 2°3; tarsi 0°7.
Hab. Dense scrubs of the N.E. coast of Rockingham Bay and
Endeavour river, &c.
5. RHIPIDURA SUPERCILIOSA, NOV. sp.
Description ( 3 ).—Head dark slate-colour; a very conspicuous
line over the eye; the throat and chin white; the whole of the upper
surface dark slate-brown ; spurious wing-feathers with a spot of light
brown at the tips; upper wing-coverts marked faintly at the tips
with white ; the tertiaries and secondaries having a whitish line on
the outer margin, which, becoming broader at the tips, forms an
irregular spot tinged with brown; tail blackish brown above ; across
the chest a band of slate-brown, a few feathers in the centre of which
are striped down the shaft with a narrow lanceolate mark of white.
Abdomen and flanks buffy white ; under surface of shoulders white,
the basal portion of the feathers being dark brown. Under tail-coverts
white; under surface of tail dark brown, having the outer feathers
on either side tipped to the extent of one third of its entire length
with white, which colour extends along the outer web to within one
third of the length of the feathers of the base, which is dark brown,
the next feather on either side having at the tip an oblong oblique
patch of white about -7 inch in length, the third feather on either side
having only a small margined spot of white at the tip of the outer
edge. Bill and tarsi black,
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 605
Total length 10-5 inches from tip of bill; bill from forehead 0°6,
from nostrils 0-3, from angle of mouth 0°75, in width 0-25; bristles
black, in length 0:4 ; wing from flexure 3:2; tail 3°6.
Hab, Margins of scrubs and “ opens,” Rockingham Bay, Endea-
vour river, and N.E. coast.
Description of the Egg of Chlamydodera maculata.
In form elongated, tapering; shell thin and delicate, somewhat
shining and smooth. Ground-colour of a delicate greenish-white
tint, surrounded with narrow, wavy, twisted, irregular, thread-like
lines of brown, dark umber, light umber brown, and a few blackish
brown, which cross and recross each other, forming an irregular net-
work round the centre and thicker end; towards the thinner end
they are not so closely interwoven, and light brown lines appear as if
beneath the surface of the shell, also a few black irregular-shaped
linear markings, much broader than the rest, show conspicuously
against the pale greenish white ground; and here and there, over
the whole surface, are scattered ill-shapen figures resembling twos,
threes, and fives (2, 3, 5), of various tints of colour.
Length 1°5 inch, breadth 1.
For the first specimen of this rare egg I am indebted to my friend
J. B. White, Esq., who procured it at Springsure, some 200 miles
inland from the N.E. coast.
November 17, 1874.
George Busk, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of October 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of October 1874 was 69; of which 4 were
by birth, 29 by presentation, 24 by purchase, and 12 were received
on deposit. ‘The total number of departures during the same period
by death and removals was 72.
The most noticeable additions during the month of October were
as follows :—
1. A Gentoo Penguin (Pygosceles teniatus) from the Falkland
Islands, purchased October 22nd, being the first example of this
species of Penguin received alive.
2. A Tooth-billed Pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris) from the
Samoan Islands, deposited by Mrs. Boddam-Whetham, October
23rd, and subsequently presented to the Society by Mr. J. W.
Boddam-Whetham.
The Secretary exhibited the egg referred to by the Rev. S. J.
Whitmee, in his communication read March 17, 1874 (see P. Z.S.
1874, p. 184), as that of Pareudiastes pacificus, and an accompanying
egg of the Samoan Porphyrio. In a letter recently received Mr.
606 MR. J. BRAZIER ON THE EGGS OF MEGAPODES. [Nov. 17,
Whitmee said, ‘‘ From further inquiries made respecting this bird,
I feel convinced that it burrows, and that it feeds and goes about
chiefly at night. It is certain that it was common in Samoa
formerly ; but those who knew it when it was plentiful, have nearly
all died out.”
The following communication was read from Sir Victor Brooke,
Bart; F.Z.S.:—
“In the P. Z.S. 1872, p. 690, Dr. Sclater identifies a deer living
in the Society’s Menagerie with Cervus savannarum (Cab.), which
species is represented in European Museums by one solitary speci-
inen, the type, at Berlin. It appears to me that Dr. Sclater is
mistaken in this identification. In the first place the deer in the
Society’s Gardens is a very much larger animal than the true
C. savannarum, as will be shown by the following measurements
taken from the type specimen in Berlin :—
inches,
Heieht.at shoulders .< ici sapi-sieale tenmenk sree paling ase
Length from point of shoulder to the ischial extremity
Ait be aN Be jcatgocte are eleneerui® skigee
Length of face from between the horns to the tip of
ERG OSE Sarin Balan te Geass lau « o omginars ea Malden 72
Ebiaen gy (ler ety) ais shi: «( Marancs wh 18, axaeelha ere aadterehn, viet SE
In the true C. savannarum there is no sign whatever of the tarsal
gland, whereas in the Society’s specimen the position of this gland
is marked by a very conspicuous white tuft, well shown in Mr.
Keuleman’s drawing (P. Z. S. 1872, pl. lix.). In this latter specimen
the horns bear several long tines on their posterior surface, closely
resembling in this respect and in their general character those of
C. virginianus. In the true C. savannarum, as exemplified by the
single specimen known, the horns bear only one long tine, which is
but very little smaller than the part of the beam anterior to it, thus
more approaching C. macrotis and C. columbianus; small brow-
antlers arise from the beams, a little above the burrs, projecting
inwards. In colour the Berlin specimen differs considerably from
that in the Gardens. ;
A series of eggs of Megapodes (Megapodius) transmitted by
Mr. John Brazier, C.M.Z.S., was exhibited and the following notes
on them read :—
“T send 24 eggs of a species; or of various species, of Megapode, of
which 14 are from Savu or Galera or Russell Island, 1 from Treasury
Island, and 9 from New Britain, all islands of the Solomons group. I
also send one bird in spirits, which was hatched on board ship August
21, and died Sept. 8, 1872; this bird was from a Savu egg. The
natives bring these eggs off for sale to passing ships by the thousand,
and at the same time eat the eggs raw. I have eaten the eggs when
boiled, but do not much care for them, as they have a raw-potato-like
1874. ] MR. ST. G. MIVART ON THE STRUTHIONID. 607
taste and smell about them. When boiled, the thin membrane that
covers the albumen is of a lead-colour ; but when the yolk and albu-
men are beat together and made into an omelette, as I have seen our
cook do, it is not to be known from the common fowl’s egg. At New
Britain the natives brought them off also in great quantities, like the
Savu natives. in fact one saw the blue jackets eating them all day long
or as long as the eggs lasted. There must have been a great many
thousands consumed in two days at both islands. At Treasury Island
I obtained four, but I broke two in blowing; I send one. [also send
a very young bird taken from a New-Britain egg. When at San
Christoval I was shown an egg that Perry, a white man living there
these last five years, said was laid by the ‘ Wild Fowl;’ and upon my
visiting him a few days after, he had just obtained another from the
nest of his domestic fowls. He being in bad health at the time, I
did not press him to let me have it; and for two days I traversed the
mountains with guides to try and obtain specimens of the bird, but
without success.
“In 1865 a young Megapode was brought on board the ‘Curacoa’
by the natives of Golfe Island (See ‘ Brenchley’s Cruise of the Curagoa’
p- 392, also Brazier, P. Z.S. 1869, p. 528, and Sclater, P. Z.S. 1869,
p- 529). Dr. Bennett also gives some notes, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 247,
where he alludes to the occurrence of this form in Zanna and
Sandwich. I am of opinion that species of Megapodius exist upon
every island in the Solomons; but, through the kidnapping that has
been carried on for some time past, it is far from safe to land upon
some of the finest islands in the Pacific.”
Mr. Bowdler Sharpe, F.Z.S., exhibited two Megapode’s eggs
which had been brought from the south-western portion of New
Guinea by the Rev. M. Wyatt Gill, B.A. The point where they
had been obtained was exactly opposite the Cape-York peninsula of
Australia; but unfortunately no birds were procured. The eggs
were, in Mr, Sharpe’s opinion, referable to species of Talegalla and
Megapodius, the latter bemg apparently inseparable from eggs of
M. tumulus; but that of the Talegalla appeared to differ from
specimens of 7’. lathami and T. cuvieri, both of which were repre-
sented in the museum series, and, he suspected, would belong to an
undescribed species. He declined to found a specific name. on an
egg; but the occurrence of Megapodes in this unknown portion of
New Guinea seemed to be an event of some interest, though not one
to be much wondered at.
Mr. St. George Mivart, F.R.S., read a memoir on the axial
skeleton of the Struthionidze, in continuation of a previous memoir
on the same subject published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
This paper, which treats of the axial skeleton in Rhea, Dromeus,
Casuarius, Apteryx, and Dinornis, will be likewise published in the
Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
608 MAJOR GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [Nov. 17,
1. Descriptions of five new Species of Helicide of the Sub-
genus Plectopylis, with remarks on all the other known
forms. By Major H. H. Gopwin-Austen, F.R.G.S.,
T.Z.8., &c., Deputy Superintendent, Topographical Sur-
vey of India
[Received September 25, 1874.]
(Plates LXXIII. & LXXIV.)
The new species here described are from a collection of shells made
in the N4gé Hills and Munipir, when I was employed on the survey
of that part of the country, which has proved so rich in Molluscan
fauna.
Plectopylis was established as a good and distinct subgenus of the
Helicidee by Mr. W. H. Benson, in the ‘ Annals & Magazine of Na~
tural History’ for April 1860. I have been led to give drawings
of all the species I could obtain, in order to better elucidate the in-
teresting change that has taken place in the form of the internal bar=
riers, and which on the examination of many specimens of local spe-
cies [ have found most constant.
Benson’s excellent paper leaves very little to be added ; but I trust
the drawings now given may be useful not only as illustrative of the
new species but of his paper and the forms he described, as well as
those afterwards collected by Mr. W. T. Blanford, and described by
him in the Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. *
The subgenus arranged under its principal physiological characters,
as given in the table annexed, presents two well-marked divisions, the
first of which can be further subdivided into two, and the second
into three subgroups,
Hexrx (PLectopy.is) sERIcA, nov. sp. (Plate LXXIII. fig, 5.)
Shell dextral, very openly umbilicated, discoid, pale horny brown,
very flat above, with regular narrow oblique bands of brown crossing
the whorls. Epidermis thin. The apex very slightly higher than
the adjacent and outer whorls. Whorls 7, narrow and closely wound,
flat above, the last descending near the aperture, which is diagonal ;
outer margin circular ; peristome white, reflected, continuous on the
body-whorl or parietal margin. The palatal teeth, 6 in number, are
situated rather more than one third the circumference from the aper-
ture; and, counting from above downwards, the first is very minute,
the 4th, 5th, and 6th the largest. On the parietal side of the whorl
there is one single vertical lamina with short bifurcations or supports
above and below,
Major diam. 0°50 inch, minor diam. 0°43, alt. axis 0°16.
Hab. I first collected this shell on the peak of Henozdan, Burrail
* ‘Contributions to Indian Malacology,’ No. V. vol. xxxiv. part ii. pp. 8, 9.
Vide also notes by same on a ae of Plectopylis, ‘ Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist.’ for
April 1861, ser. 3, vol. xi, p. 86.
NEW SP: OF PLE GTOPYLIS.
N.E. FRONTIER, BENGAL
Godwin-Austen, del
Maclure & Macdonald [ith
TNT PreuOpoEy y sanjoepy
‘SITAMOLOGDId 40 SHIOTdS MAN Jaq ‘uesny-uMpoy
1874. ] NEW SPECIES OF HELICIDZ. 609
range, in the spring of 1868. I again found it abundant above
5000 feet on the same range as far east as the Kopamedza ridge.
It is essentially a forest species, found in the dead leaves and moss at
the foot of the trees.
This species may be known at once by its regular banding, and in
fresh shells by the upper very smooth silk-like surface ; this, however,
in old specimens is not observable, the epidermis becoming more
coarsely striated. After opening out several specimens to examine
the internal arrangement of the barriers, I found one shell to have
two vertical parietal lamellee, precisely similar in form, a reduplication
of structure to which I think is clearly due the more compound
forms of the plicee and lamellz in the Burmese species.
He rx (PLECTOPYLIS) SHIROIENSIS, nov. sp. (Plate LXXIII.
fig. 3.)
Shell sinistral, openly umbilicated, discoidal, thin, light brown,
very finely striated. Apex flatly convex; suture slightly impressed ;
umbilicus open and deep. Whorls 6, the last rounded, sharply com-
pressed on the lower part behind the aperture and descending to it.
Aperture broadly lunate, very oblique ; peristome white, continuous,
reflected. From the centre of the parietal ridge completing the peri-
stome a lamella runs up that side of the whorl for three sevenths of
the circumference towards the parietal plication, but does not join
it; and here a short free horizontal lamina lies parallel to and below
it. The parietal vertical lamina is simple, with one short support at
the lower anterior end; and below this is another, free, narrow, hori-
zontal lamella. Palatal teeth consist of 4, that are horizontal; the
4th is long, narrow, and curving inwards. Between the 3rd and 4th
is a vertical double-notched tooth, evidently a compound and repre-
sentative of two very oblique plicz.
Major diam. 0°30 inch, minor diam. 0°28, alt. axis 0°15.
Hab, This very distinct species occurred most abundantly on the
slopes of the peak of Shiroifurar, N.E. of Munipur, at an altitude of
from 8000 to 9000 feet, and there only in the short grass skirting the
edge of the forest that clothed the shady north-east slopes of the
ridge. This form has the highest range of any of this subgenus yet
collected in this part of India.
In general outward form it is like H. macromphalus, W. Blf.; but
its nearest local ally is H. nagaensis, which has only one single hori-
zontal lamella, and palatal plicze simple and nearly parallel. It is very
interesting to find close allies to this shell in the Burmese forms
HI. perarcta and H. pseudophis, Plate LX XIV. figs. 4 and 3. These
last two are very similar ; but in the former the horizontal lamella is
not continuous, and in the latter the vertical barrier is notched.
Hewrx (PLecToPYLiIs) NAGAENSIS, noy. sp. (Plate LXXIII.
fig. 4.)
Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated, discoid, dull ochry brown,
epidermis thick and coarsely striate; above depressedly pyramidal.
Whorls 7, flat, narrow, and those near apex closely wound, the last
610 MAJOR GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [Nov, 17,
very descending near mouth. Aperture diagonal, broadly lunular,
outer margin well rounded, peristome very thick, white, reflected.
A thick ridge on the parietal side, separated by slight indentations,
connects the inner margins ; and from the middle of this runs back a
long horizontal lamella, terminating close to, but not connected with
the single vertical lamina; this is thick and bifurcate below, tapering
above and curving backwards; a short free lamella is situated imme-
diately under it. Palatal plicee 6, horizontal, the first and upper
small, the remainder about equal in size.
Major diam. 0°48 inch, minor diam. 0°42, alt. axis 0°23.
Hab. Prowi, head of the Lauier river, Naga hills, 5000 feet.
Young shells have only a portion of the long lamella developed
just in front of the vertical one. A dwarfed variety of this species
occurred at Sikhami, on the lowest part of the main watershed of the
Burrail, measuring only, major diam. 0°30 inch, minor diam. 0°27.
alt. axis 0°12.
In the Naga Hills, besides these new forms, I also obtained P. ma-
cromphalus at the head of the Ihang; but it was not at all abundant.
Hewrix (PLECTOPYLIS) MUNIPURENSIS, nov. sp. (Plate LX XIII.
fig. 6.)
Shell dextral, openly umbilicated, tumidly discoid, thick, pale ochry
brown, with distant spots of colour on the upper surface. Umbili-
cus open and deep. Spire very depressedly conoid, suture shallow.
Whorls 7, flat, the last narrowly constricted just behind the aperture
and descending very slightly. At the upper and outer margin of
the aperture is a slight compression giving a waved outline to the lip.
Aperture very oblique, semicircular, peristome slightly reflected,
white, a low, narrow, curvilinear ridge joining the margins. The
parietal vertical lamina is situated one third of the circumference
from the mouth, having an attached anterior short horizontal process
equal to its length ; short supports on the posterior extremity and
curving slightly forwards on the lower. Palatal teeth 7, the first and
upper minute, the second, third, fourth, and fifth horizontal, the se-
cond being the longest, sixth minute, seventh rather lengthened,
horizontal, backed by a single isolated small tooth.
Major diam. 0°44 inch, minor diam. 0°40, alt. axis 0°21. .
Hab. At the end of the Ihang valley, Munipir, at about 3000-
4000 feet, apparently rare ; only seven specimens were obtained. Itis
a dextral form of the very common Plectostoma, but is more depressed
in form, more widely umbilicated, and does not possess the hairy
epidermis of that species.
Hewiix (Puiecropyiis) pseupopHis, W. Blf. MS. (Plate
LXXIV. fig. 3.)
Shell sinistral, widely umbilicated, discoid, rather thin, pale ochre.
Spire quite flat or very flatly convex, suture shallow. Whorls 7, the
last well rounded below, less so above, constricted behind the aper-
ture and descending sharply. Aperture very oblique, oblately cireu-
cular peristome reflected all round, margins connected by a curved
1874. ] NEW SPECIES OF HELICIDA. 611
ridge, with slight notches both above ard below. A long horizontal
lamella is given off from centre of the apertural ridge and extends up
to, but does not unite with the vertical parietal lamina ; this is simple,
toothed on the vertical edge, curving above slightly backwards, and
giving off a short horizontal lamella from the lower end towards the
aperture ; a thread-like free lamina, rather longer, runs parallel to it
below. Palatal teeth simple, 6 in number, the three lowest the long-
est and highest, the sixth much arched outwards.
Major diam. 0°50 inch, minor diam. 0°43, alt. axis 0°19.
Hab. Discovered by Mr. W. T. Blanford at Thayatmyo, in Pegu,
who has kindly allowed me to describe it.
This well-marked species is a close link to P. perarcta; but the
lowest free lamella does not extend up to the aperture to unite there
with the parietal ridge asin that shell. The vertical parietal lamina is
remarkably toothed in all the shells I have examined, and the principal
long horizontal lamella is unbroken throughout.
I have before alluded to an occasional reduplication of structure
when describing Plectopylis serica, which reduplication seems to
have played an important part in the development of the different
species, such a change becoming at last permanently established.
This is apparent on an examination of the species from north to
south, those from Burmah showing a structure more complicated
and with internal barriers more solid. The Himalayan, Khasi, and
North-Burma forms are the simplest*, while in P. eyclaspis, kare-
norum, achatina, and feddeni they have assumed the most compli-
cated form.
In P. feddeni the parietal barrier is evidently a combination of
three parallel vertical laminz, the two anterior of which are first
united above and below by horizontal lamellz, the enclosed area be-
coming eventually filled with shelly matter. At the same time, in
these last species the tendency that is seen in many species to obli-
quity in the normal horizontal parallel palatal plicee has at last pro-
duced, as the representative of the fourth and fifth plicee, one solid
and nearly vertical lamina, situated immediately in front of the inter-
val between the vertical parietal laminz.
It seems difficult to account for the use of the extremely contracted
internal form of the last whorl, as seen so largely and intricately de-
veloped in this group of the Helicide.
When breaking up a number of shells to expose the barriers, and
ascertain if their characters were constant, I was greatly interested
to find: in two instances the presence of small insects that had become
fixed between the sets of teeth ; it has occurred to me that this is a
probable solution, and perhaps one of the uses which the barriers
serve, and to this end have been developed. ;
Insect life swarms in the forests where the shells are found; and
it is quite possible that certain kinds of beetles, ants, or even leeches,
prey upon the mollusca, and that those possessing such bars to their
predatory visits, supplemented by the mucous secretion which the
* The two sinall forms from South India and Ceylon assimilate to these,
but differ in the arrangement of the palatal plice.
612 MAJOR GODWIN-AUSTEN ON ° [Nov. 17,
animal could at once exude, would have the best chance of sur-
viving.
Among the species of Plectopylis at the British Museum is one
labelled H. prodigium, Bs. (Mus. Cuming); this is undoubtedly
H. plectostoma, Bs., the former being very likely its first MS. name.
Plectopylis refuga, Gd., var. dextrorsa, I have not been able to ex-
amine; but it probably will prove distinct.
P. pettos, described (as Corilla) by Dr. Ed. v. Martens, Malako-
zoologische Blatter, 1868, p. 158, together with other shells from
the Himalayas, it is difficult to place in its true position in the genus,
owing to the internal structure having been left unnoticed. It would
appear to be very close in form of aperture to P. serica. I know of no
similar form from the Himalaya that would agree with the description.
H. pulvinaris, Gould, from Hongkong, to which it is said to approach,
is not known to me.
I have been able to examine, by the kindness of Dr. Giinther, all
the species of the genus in the British Museum, among them P. re-
Suga, Gld. This is sinistrose. Whorls 6, with one long horizontal
parietal lamella, continuous to the apertural ridge, with two free
horizontal lamellze below it, the lowest being the longest, and situated
close to the simple vertical barrier ; below this is another moderately
long horizontal free lamina. The palatal plicee are 6, the four upper
lengthened ; the fifth is subvertical, and the sixth small. P. refugais
very close to P.leiophis; but in that species the long upper horizontal
lamella is united to the second and shorter one below.
Characters of the Genus Plectopylis.
[All these forms have a lower parietal free lamella, with the exception of
those marked t.]
Group A. Parietal vertical lamina simple.
a. Horizontal parietal lamina zone.
a. Palatal plice simple.
1. sericat, G.-A. D. N.E. frontier, Nag Hills.
2. pinacis, Bs, S. EH. Himalaya.
3. munipurensis, G.-A, D. N.E. frontier, Bengal.
4. laomontanat, Pfr. D. Cambodia, Lao Mt.
laomontana, small var. Cambodia,
pettos, v. Martens? Himalaya?
8. Palatal plice double, in two rows.
5. macromphalus, W. Blf. 8. Darjeeling and N.E. frontier,
Bengal. Khasi.
6. plectostomat, Bs. S., epiderm hirsute. Darjeeling and
N.E. frontier, Bengal. Khasi.
* United by low ridge.
7. andersonit, W. BIf. D. N. Burmah.
** Posterior row strong, oblique.
8. elathratulat. D. Kandy, Ceylon.
*¥* Posterior row strong, vertical.
9. retiferat. D, Southern India.
b. Horizontal parietal lamina present.
* Single.
10. nagaensis,G.-A. §. N.E. frontier, Naga.
1874.] NEW SPECIES OF HELICID. 613
** One additional, shorter.
11. pseudophis, W. Blf. MS. S. Pegu.
12. perarctat, W. Blf. 8. Ava, Burmah.
Group B. Parietal or palatal barriers compound.
a. Parietal vertical lamina only compound, and palatal plice simple.
a. Horizontal parietal lamina present.
’ _* Very short.
13. brachyplectat§, Bs. D. 8S. Burmah.
** One additional.
14. feddeni, W. Blf. 8. Pegu. Prome.
b. Palatal vertical plice only compound.
2. Horizontal parietal lamina present.
* One additional.
15. shiroiensis, G.-A. S. N.E. frontier, Munipir.
** Two additional.
17. leiophis, Bs. S. S. Burmah, Pegu.
17. refuga, Gld. 8. 8. Burmah,
18. refuga, var. deatrorsa? D, S. Burmah.
ce. Both parietal and palatal processes compound.
a. Horizontal parietal lamina present.
* Single.
19. karenorumt, W. Blf. 8S. Pegu.
20. cyclaspis, Bs. S., keeled. Tenasserim. §S, Burmah.
*# One additional.
21. achatina, Gray. S. =repercussa, Gld. Tenasserim.
S. Burmah.
22. anguina§, Gid. S. 8S. Burmah.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate LXXIII.
Fig. 1. Plectopylis macromphalus, W. BIf., tangential side view seen from the
front or side of the aperture ; portion of the last whorl removed.
la. Direct side view; outer side of whorl and palatal plicw removed.
2, 2a. Plectopylis plectostoma, Bs., similar diagrams
3,3a,36,and 3c. DP. shiroiensis, G.-A.
4, 4a. P. nagaensis, G.-A.
5, 5a, 5b, 5c. P. serica, G.-A.
6, 6a, 6b, 6c. P. munipurensis, G.-A.
Prats LXXIV.
Fig. 1. Plectopylis pinacis, Bs. Fig. 6, 6a. P. achatina, Gray.
2. P. leiophis, Bs. 7. P. feddeni, W. Bif.
3, 3a. P. pseudophis, W. Bif., MS. 8, 8a. P. brachyplecta, Bs.
4, 4a. P. perarcta, W. BIf. 9. P. andersoni, W. Blf.
5, 5a. P. karenorum, W. Blt.
10. P. cyclaspis, Bs.: «, the parietal plication, removed to show the palatal
plicee.
Note.—The horizontal dimensions given in this plate are, in every case, the
major diameter of shell, the vertical the breadth of whorl.
+ In P. perarcta and P. karenorum it is continuous to the aperture, and in P.
munipurensis is aberrant.
The horizontal parietal lamina in P. anguina extends not quite up to the
bar at the aperture, and is very thin; in P, brachyplecta it only extends to half
the distance.
614 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
2. AStudy ofthe Larks of Southern Africa. By R. Bowpier
Suarre, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Senior Assistant, Zoological
Department, British Museum.
[Received October 6, 1874. |
(Plates LXXV. & LXXVI.)
Having lately had occasion ‘to revise some of the families of
birds for a new edition of Layard’s ‘Birds of South Africa,’ I
found that few presented such difficulties as the d/audide. South
Africa is the home of the Larks, possessing no less than nine genera
and twenty-two species ; but the greatest confusion exists with regard
to the latter, and it has been the object of the present paper to re-
duce them to order. The superabundance of species has arisen in a
great measure through the fact of most of the Larks of South Africa
having a very distinct winter plumage, which has been regarded as spe-
cifically distinct ; while at the same time I believe that there are not
present in South ’Africa European genera such as Alauda &c. The fol-
lowing table of genera has been compiled with a special view to de-
termining the South-African genera, certain European and Asiatic
forms being placed in order to indicate their affinities; but, from
want of perfect specimens in some instances, I have no doubt that
modifications may be expected in the Asiatic genera. My main
object, however, has been to elucidate the characters of such forms
as come within the limits of the present essay. I have to return
my thanks to Canon Tristram, Captain Shelley, Mr. T. E. Buckley,
and Mr. J. H. Gurney for the loan of specimens. In addition to
their collections, the basis of this essay rests upon the series in my
own cabinet and that of the British Museum, whither my own col-
lection will shortly be removed.
Key to the Genera.
a. Culmen longer than, or equal to, the middle toe and claw. :
a'. Bak primary long, about equal to, or a little longer than, the tar sus.
Hind claw long and perfectly straight Maes ae tess 1. Certhilauda.
oo Hind claw rather short and curved.
a'''. Bill long and slender, measuring from gape to tip about the same
BS Phe tar sms secs succes ene ene eae store tan sew aealeas 2, Alemon.
4'", Bill short and stout, much shorter than tarsus when measured as
above.
of; “Nostrils UnCovered. 1.5... venaskemes niger cncsa ssc nins 3. Heterocorys.
4. Nostrils hidden by bristles ................0....00+ 4. Ammomanes,
é'. First primary rudimentary, shorter than tarsus ...... 5. Alaudula.
c'. First primary feebly developed, not equal to half the tarsus.
6. Rhamphocorys.
b. Culmen shorter than middle toe and claw.
d'. No lateral elongated tufts on the head.
ce" Crest-feathers shorter than tarsus.
c'", First primary rudimentary, shorter than inner toe and claw.
ct, Distance between tips of primaries and tips of secondaries less
than tarsus.
“SISNHUVNVG . °G
‘SHCIOTTIIONIGW VUAVUIN ‘T
tur soag Uteyuyy
Pp Sueurla|ney 3) c
P.Z.S.1874. Pl. LXXVI
|
|
|
|
’
|
|
Benue dei.
; I. HETEROCORYS BREVIUNGUIS.
Mintern Bros nuaip
2. AMMOMANE'S GRAY].
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 615
©, Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries much more
than length of hind claw.
a8, Bill comparatively short and slender ; wing falling short of
tail by more than length of tarsus ...... 7. Alauda.
26, Bill short and conical; wings long, falling short of tail by less
than length of LST ae aa 8. Calandrella.
d>, Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries not more
than length of hind claw.
c8, Bill higher than broad............s0:sesssee+ 9. Spizocorys.
dS. Bill equal in breadth and height ......... 10. Tephrocorys.
d‘. Distance between tips of primaries and tips of secondaries equal to
LFF 1: BRP Ep open ine Hee doo Se DODe dca Se soe De eESCE 11. Melanocorypha.
«4. Distance between tips of primaries and tips of secondaries much
preater tham tarsuS 0.6.00. ....ccccccse-scecneees 12. Pallasia.
d'". First primary well developed, longer than inner toe and claw.
f+. Nostrils covered with stiff bristly plumes.
e°. Bill slender, about as broad as high at the nostrils.
e°. Third primary longest ; crest full and rounded:
13. Lullula.
f®. Fourth primary longest ; crest elongated and pointed.
14. Galerita.
g®. Second primary longest ; no crest......... 15. Pyrrhulauda.
f°. Bill very stout, much deeper than broad ... 16. Calendula.
*. Nostrils exposed, with superior membrane ... 17. Mirafra.
a". Crest-feathers longer than tarsus ...+......scecesesees 18. Spizalauda.
é’ Sides of head with conspicuous elongated hornlets...... 19. Otocorys.
Genus 1. CERTHILAUDA. Type.
Certhilauda, Swains. Zool. Journ. ili. p. 344 (1827). C. capensis.
Thinotretis, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 266 (1842). C. capensis.
Chersomanes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 126 (1850) .. C. garrula.
Key to the Species.
@ Tail not tipped with white spots ..........ssccssssscoeseseeserreasedeccees a
4. Tail tipped with large white spots.
a’. General colour rufous, with narrow dark brown centres to the feathers ;
secondaries rufous, with fulvous margins .........ce0..seseeeeees rufula.
4'. General colour dark brown, with slight shade of rufous on margins of
feathers ; secondaries ashy brown, with very narrow whitish or rufous
ATI PANS ace Water cue eeiacises om crindstedatielciene ioc ceateccielecace tis emacdnaetn garrula.
1, CERTHILAUDA CAPENSIS.
Le Sirli du Cap de Bonne Espérance, Buff. Pl. Enl. 712.
Alauda capensis, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 45 (1783, ea Buff.).
African Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 389 (1783).
Alauda africana, Gm. 8. N.i. p. 798 Ma ex Buff.) ; Vieill.
Gal. Ois. ii. pl. clix. (1825); Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 290 (1872).
TD Alouette Sirli, Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. iv. pl. 192 (1805); Sund.
Crit. om Lev. p. 46 (1857).
Certhilauda longirostris, Sw. Classif. ee li. p. 293 (1837).
Certhilauda africana, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844); Smith,
Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. xe. fig. 1 (1849) ; Bp. SGoitdp. 1. p. 246 (1850) ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 208 ; Layard, B _ 8. Afr. p. 217 (1867);
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871).
616 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
Chersomanes africana, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850).
Alemon africana, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).
Certhilauda capensis, Gray, Handl. B. ii. p. 120 (1870).
Adult. Above brown, slightly washed with sandy colour and
streaked with dark brown centres to the feathers, many of which
are tipped with whitish ; hind neck greyish; wing-coverts darker
brown, washed with sandy colour on the outer web, and tipped with
whitish, the primary coverts narrowly tipped with the latter colour
also ; quills ashy brown, narrowly margined with sandy buff, the
innermost secondaries with a broad whitish margin ; rump and upper
tail-coverts sandy rufous, with dark brown. central streaks to the
feathers; upper tail-coverts ashy brown, darker brown in the
centre of the feathers ; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly margined
with ashy fulvous, the two middle ones washed with greyish, the
outermost margined and tipped with pale sandy buff; a very distinct
eyebrow creamy white; feathers under the eye dusky white, those
in front of the latter blackish ; ; ear-coverts dull sandy colour ; cheeks
whitish, minutely spotted with black ; chin white; rest of under
surface buffy white, the breast slightly washed with sandy colour,
the lower throat, fore neck, and breast plentifully marked with tri-
angular spots of black, larger and more longitudinal on the lower
breast and sides of the body ; sides of the upper breast shaded with
ashy ; under wing-coverts sandy buff, the outermost minutely
spotted with dark brown, the lower series ashy brown, like the
inner lining of the wing, the inner webs being pale rufous near the
base ; under tail-coverts white, broadly streaked down the centre
with black ; ‘bill yellowish brown, shaded with umber-brown ; legs
and toes clear buff-orange, tinted with flesh-red; claws yellowish
brown, shaded with umber-brown ; iris dark brown” (Sir A. Smith).
Total length 7:4 inches; culmen 1°05, wing 3°9, tail 3-0, tarsus
1°15.
Female. Coloured like the male (Sir A. Smith).
Hab. South Africa: ‘common in most parts of the colony”
(Layard); Natal (Ayres).
Specimens examined.
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, ad. 8. Africa (EZ. L. Layard). 6, c. George,
S. Africa (H. Atmore).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a. South Africa (Z. L. Layard).
2, CERTHILAUDA GARRULA.
Certhilauda garrula, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. evi. fig. 1
(1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 216
(1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121 (1870).
Chersomanes garrula, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850).
Alauda garrula, Giebel, Thes. Orn. i. p. 296 (1872).
Adult male (type of species). Above very dark brown, with nar-
row margins of sandy fulvous, the hind neck inclining to ashy grey,
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 617
the head rather darker than the back, and slightly streaked with
rufous, the margins to the feathers being of this colour; wing-
coverts dark brown, with sandy fulvyous margins, the greater series
paler brown, some of the coverts slightly margined with white ;
quills paler brown, margined with ashy fulvous and tipped with
white, the secondaries washed on the outer web with ashy grey, and
with rufous on the inner web, and tinged with the same at the tip,
the lower surface of the wing ashy brown, the rufous margins very
distinct on the inner secondaries ; upper tail-coverts bright rufous,
some of them margined with whitish; tail-feathers dark brown
tipped with white, and rufous at the base, like the upper tail-coverts,
this colour extending further on the centre feathers, which are
shaded with ashy but not tipped with white; forehead tinged with
rufous ; ear-coverts and a streak above them bright rufous, but not
forming a distinct eyebrow; lores buffy whitish ; cheeks and throat
white, the former with a few specks of brown; rest of under sur-
face bright sandy rufous; the under wing-coverts light isabelline,
those on the outer edge of the wing more rufous; on the breast
a few spots of dark brown, and on the sides of the upper breast
a few streaks of the same: “upper mandible of the bill and the
lower towards the point reddish brown, the latter towards the base
reddish yellow lightened with flesh-red ; legs and toes intermediate
between Dutch orange and sienna-yellow, and tinted with flesh-red ;
claws of the same colour as the legs, shaded with brown; eyes a
bright clear brown” (Sir A. Smith). Total length 6°7 inches,
culmen 0:9, wing 3-7, tail 2°6, tarsus 1°35.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but much smaller, and having
a shorter bill. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3°25, tail
21, tarsus 1:1.
Young. Very like the adult, and of the same dark brown colour,
but distinguished by very distinct white edgings to the dorsal fea-
thers, wing-coverts, and secondary quill-feathers.
In my ‘Catalogue of African Birds,’ I united all the small Certhi-
laude of South Africa under one name, C. rufula ; but I believe now
that this determination was erroneous, and that there are two species,
one a rufous end one a dark brown species. I have what appears
to be a good series of each of them in all plumages, and consider
them distinct, the following being the measurements of the series.
Total
length. culm. wing. tarsus.
in. in. in. in.
1. fg ad., S. Africa (Sir A. Smith)!.. 6°7 0:9 3:7 1°35
2. 9 ad. AA Fe ae Reet Gep Stoel ]3}
a; oO ad. ee so foe (O°Oh) “S4res! 125
4. gad., Port Elizabeth (Ortlepp).. 6:0 0°8 33 1:1
Lats ge - Pa rere APG! FRG TQ
6. 3 ad., Colesberg e 206 th OF8a 2 73°G)! 1s
7. Q juv., Natal (Wahlbery) / 20° 065 3:0" 1:0
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XL. 40
618 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
Compared with C. rufula, the measurements are as follows :—
Wing. culm. tarsus.
in. in. in.
CO. Fafa PIES 3°3-3°5 0°85 1:0-1°1
C. Garena Ss OE Ss 3°3-3°7 0°8 —0°9 1-1-1°35
Cpa eT 3°0-3°25 0°7 -0°75 © 1°0
ONgarrla O° OF SAE 3°0-3°25 0°65-0°7 1-0-1°1
The measurements of the two species, therefore, are not so very
different, and they can only be separated by the colour. ‘This seems
to be very constant; and as I have the species before me in all
plumages, I reiterate the distinctness of these two Larks.
Hab. ‘The northern parts of the colony”’ (Smith) ; Colesberg
(Ortlepp); Port Elizabeth (Orélepp) ; Natal (Wahlberg).
Specimens examined.
a, 3 ad. South Africa (Sir A. Smith, type of species). 6, Q ad.
South Africa (Sir A. Smith). ec, g ad. South Africa.
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, 2 ad. Colesberg (Ortlepp). 6, ¢, 3. Port
Elizabeth, June 5 and August 30, 1869 (Ortlepp). d, ¢ ad. In-
terior of Natal, May 9, 1842 (Wahlberg).
3. CERTHILAUDA RUFULA.
Anthus rufulus, Vieill. N. Dict. xxvi. p. 494 (1818); id. Gal.
Ois. ii. pl. elxi. (1825) ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 65 (1854).
Certhilauda albofasciata, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, Ois. pl. 58;
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844).
Alemon albofasciata, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).
Certhilauda garrula, Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 295 et 1871, p. 268.
Certhilauda rufula, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Gurney
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 201 (1872).
Adult male. Above bright sandy rufous, with narrow and indistinct
brown centres to the feathers, many of which are also margined
with buffy white in a more or less conspicuous manner ; the head of
the same rufous as the back, with slight fulvous margins and small
dark brown centres to the feathers ; lores and a very indistinct eye-
brow buffy white; ear-coverts uniform bright sandy rufous ; cheeks
buffy white, with a few tiny spots of brown ; quills sandy brown,
with white margins to the feathers, which are all dark brown in the
centre, the greater coverts externally inclining to greyish; quills
ashy brown, the primaries tipped with whitish, the secondaries
darker, externally margined with sandy rufous inclining to buffy
white towards the tips of the feathers ; rump and upper tail-coverts
nearly uniform rufous, the long plumes of the latter dark brown in
the centre and narrowly tipped with whitish ; tail blackish, with a
large spot of white at the tip of all the feathers except the two centre
ones, which are rufous, more or less marked down the centre with
greyish brown, all the feathers more or less rufous towards the base,
this colour sometimes extending for half the feather; the external
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 619
rectrix narrowly margined on the outer web with buffy white ; throat
entirely white ; rest of under surface of body bright sandy rufous,
with a few more or less distinct white margins to some of the
feathers; the breast minutely spotted with dark brown; under
wing-coverts pale sandy rufous, those on the edge of the wing
slightly mottled with brown; “iris hazel’’ (Aémore).
Total length 6°1 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 37, tail 2°6, tarsus
1°15.
Adult female. Similer to the male in colour, but smaller, and
having a much shorter bill.
Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 3°5, tail 2-1, tarsus
1:05.
Young. The young bird is principally distinguished by its spotted
plumage, the white margins to the feathers of the upper surface
being rather spots than terminal margins, and further discrimi-
nated by small subterminal black spots. Around the hind neck
is a distinct shade of fulvous, almost forming a collar and much
plainer than in the adult bird; the margins to the wing-coverts very
broadly and distinctly white ; throat, lores, and a scarcely perceptible
superciliary line white; rest of undersurface pale sandy rufous,
becoming gradually more fulvous on the abdomen; the breast
slightly spotted with pale brown, the feathers margined with whitish.
In winter the young bird is very different, having very broad
circular margins of white to all the feathers of the upper surface, with
obscure brown central streaks, the under surface very pale and with
scarcely any perceptible brown spots on the breast.
What I consider to be the winter plumage of this species is repre-
sented by two Damara specimens in my collection. These birds are
very pale sandy colour, narrowly streaked with dark brown shaft-
lines ; throat white; rest of under surface pale sandy isabelline, with
only the faintest trace of eight brown spots on the breast.
This is a species which varies much in size, as will be seen by the
following measurements.
Total
length. bill, — wing. tarsus.
in. in, in. in.
1. g ad., Hope Town (Aémore).... 62 0°85 3°5 1:05
2. gd ad., Great Namaqua Land (dn-
LET SSO alo ka. opt alee oes Gt 20585: 7) 3845 1:0
3. ¢ juv. (winter), Wilson’s Fountain
( Anderzson) ss .3. EGS okie 6°9);" -0°9 3°5 Ie
4, 2 ad. (winter), Damara Land (4n-
Wevenait) —/. Semler lees cs OS SO 10
5. ¢ ad. (winter), Damara Land (Az-
ersson) see ees et 5% OBS) 2353 1-05
6. 2 juv., Great Namaqua Land (An-
Werssen) |). .; Woh a ete 32/24 - 5:6), | 07 aap. 10
It will be noticed by the list of localities that it also seems to havea
more northern range than C. garrula, though it probably meets that
species in the eastern districts of South Africa, as also at Colesberg ;
40*
620 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
but whereas the present bird appears to be not unplentiful in Da-
mara Land, C. garrula was not met with there by Andersson.
Hab. Colesberg (Ortlepp) ; Griqua Land (Atmore); Transvaal
(Ayres) ; Damara Land (Andersson).
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit :—a, juv. South Africa (Sir A. Smith). 6, ¢, dad.,
Q juv. Kami’s River, Great Namaqua Land, May 20, 1862 (C. J.
Andersson). ‘
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, 6, Q ad. Colesberg (Ortlepp). e, fo ad.
Hope Town (T. C. Atmore). d, Q juv. Kami’s River, May 20,
1862 (C. J. Andersson). d, 3 juv. Wilson’s Fountain, May, 29,
1872 (C.J. A4.). ef, & 2 ad. Damara Land (C. J. 4.)
E mus. H. B. Tristram:—a, b, 3. Transvaal (Ayres). c, 2 ad.
Transvaal, May 1870 (Ayres).
Genus 2. ALAMON.
Alemon, Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. p. xxxvi Type.
(1840), oe, ssesfekeertie ay Biers weir esd clspeieid bom eathiieyee's igen eee
Calendulauda, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 258
( 180.) scab senate terbte <td ds\3 etd pints s mec trers A. nivosa.
The type of this genus is the well-known Desert- or Bifasciated
Lark. It differs from the true Certhilauda of Southern Africa in
its short hind claw, which is curved.
Key to the Species.
a, Larger; under wing-coverts isabelline, as well as the
inner web of the quills at base .......ec..ccesssseceecereesenseasernee 4. semitorquata.
b. Smaller; under wing-coverts ashy brown, as also the
inner lining of the Wings ..........s.sscesecsecenteeerecenecnsrnonses 5. nivosa.
4. ALZMON SEMITORQUATA.
Certhilauda semitorquata, Smith, Rep. S. Afr. Exp. p. 47 (1836) ;
Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 383 (1844); Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 106,
fig. 2 (1849); Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Mont. P. Z.S. 1865,
p- 94; Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 216 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p.
120 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871) ; Gumey, in An-
derss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 201 (1871); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 383.
Certhilauda rufopalliata, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1836, Ois. pl. 59 ;
Gray, Gen. B. il. p. 383 (1844).
Certhilauda subcoronata, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 90. fig. 2
(1849) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Scl. P, Z.S. 1866, p. 23;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 217 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121
(1870).
Chersomanes subcoronata, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 126 (1850).
Alemon rufopalliata, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).
Certhilauda coronata, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 371.
Alauda semitorquata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 300 (1872).
Alauda subcoronata, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 301 (1872).
Adult female in summer plumage. Above clear vinous brown, the
head slightly darker, the hind neck somewhat tinged with ashy grey ;
1874. | LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 621
all the feathers of the upper surface distinctly streaked with blackish
centres to the feathers, a little less plainly pronounced on the upper
tail-coverts, but very distinctly on the upper wing-coverts; greater
wing-coverts brown at base, broadly margined with rufous, rather
lighter and more fulvescent than the back ; primary coverts and quills
ashy brown narrowly margined with rufous, the secondaries very
broadly bordered, and the centres to these feathers shaded with clear
grey ; tail-feathers brown, narrowly margined with pale rufous, the
centre ones shaded with grey, the outermost feather rather more
broadly bordered than the other feathers, especially at the tip; from
the nostril a distinct eyebrow, buffy white; lores also buffy white,
slightly mottled with blackish ; ear-coverts light rufous; cheeks and
throat white, with a few scattered spots and tiny bars of black; rest
of under surface isabelline fulvous, the flanks tinged with vinous; the
breast broadly and distinctly streaked with black, becoming more
obscure on the sides of the body and flanks, the under tail-coverts
rather more rufescent, with dark brown centres to the feathers ;
under wing-coverts pale isabelline, excepting the small plumes near
the edge of the wing, which are brown, with broad whitish edgings ;
inner lining of wing ashy brown, tinged with isabelline near base of
inner web ; ‘bill pale sienna-yellow, tinged with flesh-red, the upper
mandible towards its base and its point shaded with pale reddish-
brown ; legs and toes pale sienna-yellow, tinted with flesh-red ; claws
brownish red ; iris brown” (Sir A. Smith).
Total length 7-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3°65, tail 3°35, tarsus
1:05.
The description is taken from a specimen collected by Mr. T. C.
Atmore at Hope Town, which seems tobe in full plumage. I have
before me three other sexed females, of which I give the principal
measurements :— E
Long
tot. culm. al. caud. tars.
in. in. in. in. in.
1. 2, Hope Town (7. C. Atmore)... 7:3. 0°75 3°75 1-0
2. 2, Griqualand (7. C. Atmore).. 6°9 0:8 3°75 ara el:O
3. 2, Objimbinque (C.J. Andersson)69 08 37 B05 IL]
The above measurements are sufficient to show how worthless are
the small differences in size of bill and tarsus where Larks are cou-
cerned. ‘The last specimen measured is in winter plumage; and this
differs so much from the summer dress as almost to appear to belong
to another species. It is much paler and more mealy than the
plumage described ; and the characters of the two seasonal dresses
may thus be illustrated in a tabular form.
Female (summer). Female (winter).
Upper surface clear vinous Upper surface sandy isabelline,
brown, with distinct black stripes. with fulvous margins to most of
the dorsal feathers; head and in-
terscapulary region with small
black shaft-stripes.
622
Hind neck indistinetly ashy
grey.
Lower back and rump same
as rest of upper surface, and
streaked in the same manner.
Upper tail-coverts dark brown,
with rufescent margins.
Upper wing-coverts and quills
dark brown, with broad rufous
margins.
Ear-coverts deep rufous, with
slight fulvous shaft-streaks.
Cheeks and throat white, with
a few black spots.
Under surface of body isabel-
line, with vinous tinge on flanks ;
breast broadly streaked with
black.
Under wing-coverts deep isa-
belline vinous.
MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
LNov. 17,
Hind neck decidedly ashy grey,
contrasting with head.
Lower back and rump entirely
uniform isabelline, with no shaft-
streaks.
Upper tail-coverts light ash-
colour, paler than the tail, and
margined with whitish.
Upper wing-coverts and quills
brown, broadly margined with
pale sandy, shading off into white
on the margins.
Ear-coverts very pale sandy.
Cheeks and throat pure white,
unspotted.
Under surface of body white,
with a few triangular spots of
dusky black on the breast.
Under wing-coverts very pale
isabelline sand-colour.
Male. Differs from the female in having a very much larger bill,
and in being generally larger than his mate.
This fact I can
establish satisfactorily by five carefully sexed specimens shot by Mr.
T. C. Atmore and the late Mr. Andersson.
These are marked all
males by their collectors, and measure as follows :—
Total
length. culm. wing. tail. tarsus.
in. mm. in. in. . in.
1. d, Colesberg (7. C. Atmore)... 7°6 0°95 4:15 3:4 1:05
2. 3, Eland’s Post (7. C. Atmore)**7°2) 09 4:1 3:25 1°]
3. ¢, Nonnberg (7. C. Atmore)... 8°0 0°95 4:25 36 1°15
4. 3, Great Namaqua Land (C.J.
ANRGDEVESPD) ite acer 0:95 44 335 Il
5. g, Tjobis, Damara Land (C. J.
Anderagon). sos 5 wes 79 4°35 3°45 1:15
A specimen (not sexed) collected in Benguela by Mr. Monteiro
is also in the Museum. It differs from any of the others before me
in not having the vinous or isabelline tint clearly developed, the
upper surface being ashy brown, with distinct shaft-lmes. The
under surface is entirely white, with a few small triangular streaks
of blackish on. the chest. It measures as follows :—Total length
72 inches, culmen 0°9, wing 3°95, tail 3°15, tarsus 1°05; and I
think it is very probably a young bird.
It appears therefore from the foregoing measurements that the
female averages from 3°65-3°75 inches in length of wing, and
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 623
0°75-0°8 in length of bill; while in the male the wing is 3°95—4-4
and the bill 0-9-0-95. It will be noticed that the three males last
measured in the Table are very much bigger than the first two ;
but even these do not agree together in size of bill. The males
numbered | and 2 agree with Mr. Monteirv’s bird in having the bill
much thinner than any of the others; but such a gradual gradation
exists in the series that I do not see the necessity of creating
another species, since the more I study Larks the more I find that
size of bill goes for very little.
Hab. The northern parts of the Cape Colony, ranging over the
whole of South Africa to Damara Land and Benguela.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit. :—a. South Africa (Sir A. Smith*). 6, 3. Great
Namaqua Land (C. J. Andersson). e. Benguela (Monteiro).
E' mus. R. B. S.:—a,b. South Africa (EZ. L. Layard). e,d, 9.
Hope Town (T. C. Atmore). e, ¢. Colesberg (7. C. Atmore). f,
$. Eland’s Post (7. C. Atmore). g, 3. Nonnberg (7. C. Atmore).
h, 2. Griqualand (7. C. dtmore). i, 3. Tjobis, Damara Land,
May 30, 1866 (C. J. Andersson). fk, 2. Objimbinque, May 30,
1866 (C. J. Andersson).
E mus. H. B. Tristram i—a, 6, 3. Damara Land (Andersson).
0. ALEMON NIVvoSA.
Certhilauda nivosa, Sw. B. W. Afr. i. p- 213 (1837) ; id. Classif.
B. ii. p. 293 (1837).
Alauda albescens, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p- 259 ; Giebel, Thes. Orn.
p- 290 (1872).
Alauda guttata, Lafr. R. Z. 1839, p. 259.
Alauda codea, Smith, Il. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pl. 87. fig. 1 (1849,
ptil. hiem.); Layard, B. 8. Afr. p. 209 (1867) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr.
B. p. 72 (1871).
Alauda lagepa, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pl. 87. fig. 2
(1849, péil. estiv.).
Megalophonus guttatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850) ; Layard,
B.S. Afr. p. 215 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 123 (1870).
Megalophonus lagepa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 243 (1850); Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 214 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p- 122 (1870); Gurney,
in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 200 (1872).
Galerita pyrrhonota, Bp. Consp. i. p. 245 (1850).
Calendulauda albescens, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p- 258 (1855).
Megalophonus albescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p- 123 (1870).
Adult in summer plumage. Above brownish cinnamon, streaked
with black down the shafts of the feathers, these shaft-streaks dis-
appearing on the rump ; hind neck with a scarcely perceptible shade
of greyish, slightly distinguishable on the sides ; wing-coverts and
quills dark brown, margined with cinnamon-rufous, shading off into
a fulvous edging on the extreme margin of the greater coverts and
some of the secondaries, the innermost of which are more broadly
* Type of the species.
624 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
edged; upper tail-coverts rufous, with distinct blackish shaft-
streaks ; tail dark brown, with pale edgings of fulvous brown, the
two centre feathers broadly and the two outermost narrowly mar-
gined with cinnamon-rufous ; lores and a distinct eyebrow creamy
buff; feathers in front of the eye blackish; under the eye another
line of creamy-buff feathers; ear-coverts cinnamon; cheeks and
throat dull white, varied with a few blackish spots; rest of under
surface buffy white, slightly rufescent on the sides of the body, the
fore neck and breast thickly spotted with dark brown, the spots
becoming narrower and more longitudinal on the sides of the breast
and flanks; thighs rufous; under tail-coverts white, the shafts
rufous, the longest plumes rufous, with black shafts and a whitish
tip ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, like the inner lining of the
wing; ‘bill light reddish brown, the lower mandible pale buff
orange towards the base; legs and toes intermediate between
broccoli and yellowish brown, and tinted with flesh-red ; claws light
reddish brown ; iris bright brown; eyebrow rusty white” (Sir 4.
Smith). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0:7, wing 3°65, tail 3°8,
tarsus 1°05.
Winter plumage. Entirely different from the summer dress,
Above ashy grey, with a slight sandy-coloured tinge, the black
central stripes broad but obscure, rather plainer on the middle of
the back and scapularies, which are rather broadly margined with
creamy white; wing-coverts dark greyish brown, with ashy margins
to least series, the greater and median series broadly edged with
whitish ; quills dark brown, margined with ashy, the secondaries
broadly edged with whitish ; rump and upper tail-coverts rather
more distinetly washed with sandy colour than the back, the latter
with dark brown shaft-stripes ; tail-feathers dark brown, the centre
feathers shaded with greyish and plainly margined with ashy white,
the outermost feathers having also a slight edging of the same ; eye-
brow and streak below the eye white ; feathers in front of the latter
blackish ; ear-coverts uniform ashy grey like the back, but with-
out dark shaft-streaks ; hinder part of cheeks washed with ashy
grey ; fore part of cheeks and throat white, with an indistinct
moustachial line of blackish spots; sides of neck and under-surface
of body white, with triangular blackish spots from the lower throat
to the breast, changing into longitudinal streaks on the sides of the
breast and flanks and under tail-coverts ; sides of the body inclining
to greyish, as also the thighs; under wing-coverts and wing-lining
entirely ashy brown; “bill, legs, toes, and claws deep orange-
coloured brown, shaded with brownish red, the lower mandible
towards the base sienna-yellow ” (Sir A. Smith).
Considerable confusion exists in the synonymy of this Lark,
abet due to the late Sir A. Smith. It will be seen that I
unite his two species, 4. legepa and A. codea, into one, as I believe
that they are nothing but the summer and winter plumage of the
same bird. However curious this may seem, I think that it is not
to be refuted on an examination of the specimens which I have
before me. The Museum never obtained the type of 4. lagepa
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 625
from Sir Andrew; but we have the type of his 4. codea, without
doubt the example described, but not the original of his figure, which,
it will be seen, does not tally with the description at all. Luckily
the very specimen figured is in the Museum, and I am enabled
therefore to state that it is an example of C. nivosa of Swainson
(C. albescens, Lafr.), which I consider to be nothing but the winter
plumage of 4. lagepa. Although not possessing the actual type of
A. lagepa, we have specimens in the Museum which thoroughly agree
with Smith’s description and figure; and intermediate in plumage
between true A. lagepa and A. albescens is the typical specimen of
A, codea; while Mr. Layard’s skins from the Berg River are also
changing, in my opinion, from summer to winter. There is a
gradual cinnamon tint pervading the whole grey upper plumage that
leaves little doubt as to its changing ultimately into the full-
plumaged A. /agepa. The ear-coverts are already light cinnamon.
The following are the measurements of the series examined :—
in in in. in.
a, ad. hiem., 8. Africa (Smith) ...... O°7h 9 93°35-1927527 TO
6, imm.,S. Africa (Smith) .....-..5. O°7 238450" 2°7
c, ad hiem., Capetown (Butler) ...... 0°65 3°25 26 0°95
d, ad. hiem, Berg River (Layard) .... U'7 3°35 295 = 0°95
e, ad. hiem., Berg River (Layard).... 0°75 36 2°75 1:0
f, ad. estiv., S. Africa (Layard)...... 0°77 3°65 28 = 1°05
This species does not seem to vary in size so much as some of the
other South-African Larks. Specimens e and f have larger and ap-
preciably thicker bills and are probably males, though Smith says
that in the only male A. codea he obtained the bill was ‘‘ considerably
shorter than in adult females, more conical, and the culmen towards
the point less curved.”
Hab. Western parts of the Cape colony, ranging from Cape-
town to Little Namaqua Land.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, ad. vix exstiv. South Africa (Sir A. Smith,
type of A. codea). b,c, d 2 estiv. Grootberg, Little Namaqua
Land (C. J. Andersson). d, ad. hiem. Cape of Good Hope (J.
Gould). e,ad. hiem. 8. Africa (Six A. Smith, specimen figured
by him J. c.).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, ad. estiv. S. Africa (HZ. L. Layard).
b,c, 2 hiem. Berg River (#. L. Layard). d, ad. hiem. Cape-
town (W. Butler).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a, South Africa (Layard).
3. HrteRocorys, gen. n.
The type of this genus is a rare bird, the A. dreviunguis of Sun-
devall, which has the appearance of an Alemon, and a similar nostril,
this character separating it from Ammomanes, which it resembles in
its long tarsus and in the proportions of its bill.
626 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
6. Hererocorys BREviIUNGUIS. (Plate LXXVI. fig. 1.)
Alauda breviunguis, Sund. Gfv. K. Vet. Akad. Foérh. Stockh.
1850, p. 99; Giebel, Th. Orn. p. 292 (1872).
Certhilauda breviunguis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 246 (1850); Gray,
Handl. B. ii. p. 121 (1870).
Megalophonus pyrrhonothus, Gray in Mus. Brit. et Hand-l. B. ii.
p- 123 (1870).
Adult male (one of the typical specimens). Above rufous fawn-
colour, the margins of the dorsal plumes paler and more fulvesceut,
with broad centres of blackish brown; the head slightly crested and
coloured like the back, the hind neck more greyish and somewhat
separating the head from the back by an indistinct collar; wing-
coverts coloured like the back, dark brown, with broad fulvescent
margins, causing a somewhat mealy appearance ; quills brown, mar-
gined with fulvous fawn-colour, very broad on the secondaries, and
paler on the outer edges ; lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts
bright rufous fawn-colour with narrow blackish shaft-lines, broader
on the last named ; tail-feathers brown, bordered with fulvous, a
little broader on the outermost feather and more rufous on the centre
* ones, which are shaded with ashy ; lores and a distinct eyebrow ful-
vous white, tinged with fawn; ear-coverts rufous fawn, inclining to
dark brown on their upper margin ; cheeks fulvous white, with a few
spots of dark brown ; under surface of body isabelline buff, the throat
unspotted ; the flanks and chest washed with fawn-colour, the latter
marked with’a good many triangular spots of dark brown; under wing-
coverts light fawn-colour, the outermost spotted with brown, the
greater series ashy brown, like the inner lining of the wing, which is
almost entirely of the latter colour, with a tinge of isabelline on the
inner web ; bill horn-brown, inclining to yellowish horn-colour at base.
Total length 6°8 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 4°0, tail 3-1, tarsus 1°1.
Hab. Caffraria to the Transvaal.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, b. South Africa (Sir A. Smith).
Emus. R. B. S.:—a, 3. Transvaal, April 16th, 1844 (Wahléerg).
4. AMMOMANES. Type.
Ammomanes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 125 (1850) .... A. pallida.
The characters given in the synopsis define the relations of this
genus, in which a system of uniform dorsal coloration appears to be
a point of no small generic significance.
Key to the species.
a. Larger ; ear-coyerts fawn-colour or rufous; tail without
white tips to the inner webs.
a’, Inner lining of wing lead-coloured, with no perceptible
lighter shade on inner web of primaries .... 7. ferruginea.
b'. Inner lining of wing pale ashy, with the inner webs of
the primaries inclining to isabelline ........ 8. erythrochlamys.
4. Smaller; ear-coverts whitish or slightly washed with isa-
belline; tail tipped with white spots on inner
webs of thefeathers «shen. jaa soso sle meas omen GTAYE
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 627
7. AMMOMANES FERRUGINEA.
Alauda ferruginea, Lafr. R. Z, 1839, p. 258; Smith, Ill. Zool. S.
Afr. Aves, pl. 29 (1847); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 208 (1867).
Megalophonus ferrugineus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122 (1870).
Adult (type of species). Above uniformly deep vinous cinnamon,
the head coloured like the back and showing no pronounced grey
shade on the hind neck; least wing-coverts uniform with the back,
inasmuch as the brown bases to the feathers are concealed; median
and greater coverts dark brown, margined with cinnamon shading
off into yellowish buff on the extreme edge of the feathers; quills
light brown, with ashy fulvous edges, the secondaries more broadly
margined, with cinnamon shading into whitish on extreme edges,
especially the innermost, where the cinnamon colour occupies the
greater part of the feather, leaving the centre of it only longitudinally
brown ; rump vinous cinnamon, the upper tail-coverts rather inclining
to brownish cinnamon, resembling the centre tail-feathers, which are
longitudinally brownish down the centre, and by no means so bright
cinnamon as the back; rest of the tail-feathers very dark brown,
narrowly edged with cinnamon buff, a little more broadly on the’
penultimate feather, and very distinctly on the outermost, where the
rufescent margin occupies more than half of the outer web ; lores and
feathers undet the eye dull white, as well as an ill-defined eyebrow;
ear-coverts uniformly cinnamon ; cheeks, throat, and sides of neck
whitish, the former slightly spotted with blackish forming an indis-
tinct moustache ; rest of under surface creamy white, shading into
ashy-rufous on the flanks and thighs, the sides of the upper breast
rufous ; lower throat and breast very distinctly marked with blackish
spots, those on the former triangular, gradually becoming more
longitudinal on the breast, and disappearing on the sides of the body,
many of the longitudinal streaks washed with rufous; under wing-
coverts and inner lining of wing almost uniformly ashy or leaden
brown, the innermost secondaries washed with rufous on inner web ;
some of the under wing-coverts with indistinct whitish edgings ;
under tail-coverts creamy-white washed with cinnamon towards the
tips of the middle ones ; “bill dark yellowish brown, passing towards
the base of the lower mandible into dusky yellow; feet and claws
light yellowish brown; eyes dark brown” (Sir 4. Smith). Total
length 7:5 inches, culmen 0°7, wing 4°1, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-2.
Hab. “The extensive arid plains to the southward of the Orange
River” (Smith). Of this species I have only seen a single specimen,
the type, now preserved in the Museum. Sir Andrew Smith seems
to have procured more, as he writes of the female that she has the
ground-colour “not quite so bright as in the male; and the brown
streaks on the breast are less distinct ;”” nor does he appear to have
looked upon it as a scarce bird.
Specimens examined.
E mus, Brit.:—a, 3 ad. South Africa (Sir 4. Smith, type of
species).
628 MR. R, B. SHARPE ON THE {Nov. 17,
8. AMMOMANES ERYTHROCHLAMYS.
Alauda erythrochlamys, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 151; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iie p. 118 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ;
Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 194 (1872).
Megalophonus erythrochlamys, Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103, pl. iii.
fig. 2.
Adult male in winter plumage. Above uniform pale fawn-colour,
with indistinct shaft-stripes of dull rufous on some of the feathers of
the head and back ; wing-coverts pale fawn, like the back, but with
pale yellowish buff margins to the feathers; quills pale brown,
broadly margined with fawn-colour, the secondaries more broadly,
the innermost being coloured like the wing-coverts and margined in
the same manner with yellowish buff; tail dark brown, narrowly
margined with fulvous fawn-colour, occupying the entire outer web
of the last tail-feathers, and running round the tip and up the margin
of the inner web of this and the penultimate feather ; the two centre
feathers bleached fawn-colour, paler than the back ; lores, feathers
below and above the eye, forming an eyebrow, and cheeks white, the
ear-coverts pale fawn-colour like the back ; under surface of body
creamy white, washed with fawn-colour on the sides of the body, the
chest spotted with triangular markings of pale brown; thighs pale
fawn; under tail-coverts creamy white; under wing-coverts buffy
whitish, the greater series pale ashy brown, the outer plumes fawn-
coloured; inner lining of wing also pale ashy brown, inclining to
pale fawn-colour at base of inner web. Total length 6:5 inches, cul-
men 0°75, wing 3°6, tail 2°8, tarsus 1-05.
Summer plumage. The summer dress is different from the winter,
and is of much rarer occurrence in collections; indeed I have only
seen one example, the one figured by Mr. Ayres (/. c.), which differs
in the following particulars :—
a. In being deeper cinnamon above, the quills and coverts all being
edged with the same dark colour.
6. In having the tail broadly edged and tipped with cinnamon
tufous, the outermost feathers not paler-margined, the two centre
ones being almost entirely cinnamon, with a broad streak of greyish
black down the middle.
c. In having a greyish shade on the hind neck, which is not seen
in the winter dress.
d. In having the lores, eyebrow, sides of face and underparts
generally washed with yellowish ; and
e. In having more numerous and more distinct brown spots on the
chest. ;
Young. Appears to differ from the adult only in having a few
whitish tips to the feathers of the head and scapulars, the wing-
coverts and quills being also much paler-edged.
Hab. From the Transvaal (summer) to Damara Land (winter).
This species is very closely allied to 4. ferruginea, from which it
differs in its smaller size and slightly more vinous cinnamon-colonr.
The female differs from the male in having a thinner and more slender
bill; but the males do not seem to approach 4. ferruginea ; nor does
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 629
the wing quite agree, as will be seen by comparing the wing of 4.
erythrochlamys with that of that species.
The first primary in A. ferruginea is much bigger, and the dis-
tance between its tips and the tip of the second primary is 1°5 inch,
whereas in A. erythrochlamys it measures 1°35—4 inches; but even
this varies a good deal, and the best difference between the two species
lies in the larger size and greyish flanks of A. ferruginea.
The series now before me measure as follows :—
Total
length. culm. wing. _ tail. tarsus.
in. in. in. in, in.
a, 9 ad., Transvaal (Ayres) .. 68 0°77 3°5 2@§ 1:05
6, 2 ad., Damara (Wahlberg) 65 0°65 3:4 2°38 1:05
e, ¢ juv. ,, (Andersson) (SSE ee” (cee waaay ie ea 1:05
Ce » Top eO 7a sero .* 105
rer Ys ae 33 O70 236! 2258. 05
Compare with the above the dimensions of A. ferruginea.
Total
length. culm, wing. tail. tarsus.
in. in. in. In. in.
a, ad. South Africa(Sir A. Smith) 775 0°77) 4:1) 3:3 1°25
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, b, ad. Walvisch Bay, Damara Land (C. J.
Andersson).
E mus. R.B.S.:—a, $ juv. Walvisch Bay, Damara Land, May
26th, 1864 (C.J. Andersson). 6, ad. Damara Land (C.J. A.). ¢, 2
ad. Damara Land, Nov. 20th, 1854 (Wahlberg).
E mus. J. H. Gurney:—a, Q ad. Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
June 20th, 1872 (7. Ayres).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a, 92. Walvisch Bay, Jan. 27th, 1864
(C. J. Andersson).
9. AMMOMANES GRAYI. (Plate LXXVI. fig. 2.)
Alauda Grayi, Wahlb. Gifv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1855,
p. 213; id. J. f, O. 1857, p. 2; Gray, Hand-]. B. ii. p. 118
(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Gurney in Andersson, B.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 193 (1872).
Alauda nevia, Chapm. Trav. 8. Afr. App. p. 400 (1868).
Adult male. Above light sandy isabelline, not paler on the head,
but slightly fulvescent on the hind neck; forehead, lores, and a
tolerably defined eyebrow whitish ; feathers in front of the eye
dusky blackish ; sides of face whitish, the hinder ear-coverts washed
with isabelline; entire under surface of body whitish, slightly
washed with isabelline on the breast, on each side of which is an
indistinct blackish patch ; under wing-coverts white, with a very
faint isabelline tinge; upper wing-coverts sandy isabelline like the
back, with light whitish margins, mottled also by means of the grey
bases to the feathers showing; quills greyish, slightly tipped with
630 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
white and margined with sandy colour on the outer web, the
primaries very narrowly bordered, but the secondaries very broadly,
the innermost being entirely rufous sand-colour, with broad longitu-
dinal greyish centres, the inner lining of the wing greyish, inclining
to white near the base of the inner web; tail dark brown tipped
with white on the inner web, the centre feathers grey, with sandy-
coloured margins and tips, the basal third of the tail-feathers isabel-
line inclining to whitish, and extending further up the outer web of
the external feathers. Total length 4°8 inches, culmen 0°65, wing
3°25, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°85.
Adult female. Similar to the male, but rather smaller in the wing.
Total length 4°8 inches, culmen 06, wing 3°05, tail 1°8, tarsus 0°85
Hab. Damara Land.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a. Damara Land (C. J. Andersson).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, b, & ¢. Oosop, Damara Land, Nov. 30
and Dec. 2, 1866 (C. J. Andersson). c¢. Sand Fountain, Walvisch
Bay, April 19, 1865 (C. J. 4.).
E mus. H. B. Tristram:—a, 3. Ovosop, Damara Land, Noy. 30,
1866 (C. J. A.).
Genus 5. ALAUDULA.
Alaudula, Horsf. & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. I. Co. ii, ‘Type.
p- 471 (1856, ex Blyth MS.).......2 cecee- eee ceees A. raytal.
Confined to the Indian peninsula, and not represented in Africa.
Genus 6. RHAMPHOCORYS.
Type.
Rhamphocorys, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 423 (1850).... R. elot-bey-
Ierapterhina, Desmurs et Lucas, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1B lysis PA ie sesceaie bos w <9 > VRIES .. R. elot-bey.
Appears to be rather an exaggerated Ammomanes, and not to have
any great affinity with Melanocorypha.
Genus 7. ALAUDA. Type.
Alauda, Linn. S, N.i. p. 287 (1766) .......,.. A. arvensis,
Genus 8. CALANDRELLA. Type
Calandrella, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 39 (1829) C. brachydactyla,
Coryphidea, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 960
(1844) gis ad sta ore te eto 2's tae i C. brachydactyla,
Calandritis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 122
CUS50), easiatanoeone weeeeeee-» C, brachydactyla*,
Differs from Alauda chiefly in its thicker bill, otherwise very closely
allied. Distinguished by larger and more sharply pointed wings.
* IT presume, from the general references of ornithologists, that the type of
Calandritis is the Short-toed Lark, as Cabanis proposed to supersede with this
term the unelassical titles of Kaup and Blyth; but were the first species men-
tioned of each genus to be regarded as the type, then A. cinerea would be the
type of Calandritis, which would thus supersede my genus Tephrocorys (vide
infra, p. 633).
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 631
Genus 9, Sprzocorys. Type.
Spizocorys, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 55 (1873) .... S. conirostris.
Remarkable for its minute first primary, which escaped the
observation of Professor Sundevall. Wings very much rounded, the
primaries and secondaries nearly equal.
10. Sprzocorys CONIROSTRIS.
Alauda conirostris, Sundey. CEfv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. Stockh.
1850, p. 99; Bp. Consp.i. p. 244 (1850) ; Gray, Handl. B. ii. p. 118
(1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871); Gurney, in Anderss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 192 (1872); Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 103, pl. ili. fig. 1.
Coraphites conirostris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854).
Calandrelia, sp., Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. i. p. 152 (1867).
Calandritis minor, Bocage, op. cit. ii. p. 351 (1869).
Spizocorys conirostris, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 55 (1873).
Adult female (one of the typical specimens). Above fulvous
brown, the feathers of the head and back blackish down their
centres, which are very broad, the margins being sandy, more or less
inclining to deeper rufous ; ail the plumes of the hind neck, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, as well as a few of the dorsal feathers,
broadly margined with greyish, producing a distinct ashy appear-
ance ; wing-coverts brown, broadly margined with sandy buff, the
lesser and median series so broadly as nearly to obscure the dark
brown centres to the feathers, the greater coverts with a slight
greyish shade on their outer margins; quills lighter brown, with a
slight ashy shade, the feathers margined with sandy buff, paling on
the extreme edge of the feather, the outer edge of the first primary
sandy white for nearly the entire length of the quill; tail blackish,
tipped with dull white, with ashy fulvous margins, broader on the
centre feathers, which are paler and nearly uniform brown, the two
outer feathers margined with sandy buff, occupying part of the inner
web and the tip of the outermost ; a distinct line of white over and
under the eye, with a small patch of blackish feathers in front of the
latter ; ear-coverts brown, blackish on upper margin; cheeks white,
washed with pale brown on hinder margin, and spotted with black, a
narrow line of which runs from the gape to the ear-coverts; throat
pure white, with a few black spots on lower portion; rest of under
surface of body sandy rufous, paler and more fulvous on the lower
abdomen, the fore neck and chest rather largely spotted with trian-
gular spots of blackish brown; under wing-coverts sandy buff, the
lower series inclining to ashy, and resembling the inner lining of the
wing. Total length 4°7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3:0, tail 1°75,
tarsus 0°75.
Eight specimens of this pretty little Lark are before me, as enu-
merated below; and I appear to have the extremes of summer and
winter plumage, with intermediate grades. For the determination of
the species I describe one of the typical specimens in my own
collection, received in exchange from the Stockholm Museum ; but
Mr. Gurney owns an exampie in still fuller plumage, the specimen
632 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
figured (badly) in ‘The Ibis’ for 1874 (p. 103). The general colour
of this bird above is reddish sand-colour, varied with black centres
to the feathers ; and the under surface is likewise deep sandy rufous
with white throat and triangular chest-spots (wing 3:0). This
specimen was shot at Potchefstroom by Mr. Ayres, on the 16th
of June, 1872, and is a female. Another female, killed by Mr.
Andersson at Ondonga on the Ist of November, 1867, is in what I
take to be the winter dress of the bird. The general colour is a
sandy buff, with no rufous tinge to speak of, but with narrow black-
ish centres to the feathers; and the under surface is buffy white
tinged with sandy rufous on the chest, which is streaked with narrow
little spots of blackish brown: the throat and sides of the face are
white, with a blackish malar stripe forming an indistinct moustache.
I think there can be no doubt of this being the winter plumage of
A. conirostris. The difference of being more mealy is usual in the
winter dress of Larks; and the proportions fairly agree (wing 2°85,
tarsus 0°75). Two male specimens are in my own collection from
the Hountop River, Great Namaqua Land, shot by Mr. Andersson
on the 3rd of June, 1862. These birds are intermediate between
the winter and summer specimens described. They are rather mealy
in appearance; but the dark centres to the feathers of the upper
surface are becoming somewhat pronounced, and several of the dark
chest-spots are developing, appearing as if the summer plumage
were. gained by the wearing-off of the sandy margins. These birds
have the wing 2‘9-3:0 inches, and the tarsus 0°75.
The white on the outer tail-feathers varies very much in extent.
In this young specimen it occupies the outer web and half of the inner
one, as it does also in Wahlberg’s Transvaal skin and the Ondonga
female ; but in the full-plumaged bird in Mr. Gurney’s collection,
and in both the Namaqua examples the sandy white is confined to
the outer web and forms a narrow margin to the tail.
Young. Above dark brown, the feathers washed with sandy colour
and tipped with white; the hind neck inclining to ashy grey, the
white tips almost imperceptible ; wing-coverts dull brown margined
with sand-colour and ending in a white tip; quills and tail much
as in adult, but inclining to whitish at the tips of the feathers ; lores
dusky blackish ; sides of face nearly uniform brown, with a blackish
streak running along the upper margin of the ear-coverts and down
the cheeks ; under surface pale isabelline, the throat spotted with
dusky, and having on each side a moustachial streak of the same,
the breast inclining to sandy brown on the sides and obscurely
spotted with dusky.
Hab. Caffraria, and the Transvaal (summer) to Damara Land
(winter).
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, ad. Near Wilson’s Fountain, Damara Land
(C. J. Andersson). 6, c, 3. Hountop River, Great Namaqua Land,
May 27, 1862 (C. J. A.).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, Q ad. Transvaal (Wahlberg). 6, 3 ad.
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 633
Objimbinque, Damara Land, June 20, 1866 (C.J. A.). ¢, 2. On-
donga, Ovampo Land, November 1, 1867 (C. J. A.).
Emus. J. H. Gurney:—a, 2. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, June
16, 1872 (T. Ayres).
E mus: H. B. Tristram:—a, Q. Transvaal, May, 1870 (T.
Ayres).
10. TEPHROCORYS, gen. n.
11. TEPHROCORYS CINEREA.
La Cendrille, Buff. H. N. Ois. v. p. 64.
Cinereous Lark, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 388 (1783).
Alauda cinerea, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 798 (1788, ex Lath.) ; Sel.
P. Z.S. 1866, p. 23; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Giebel,
Thes. Orn. p. 293 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 383.
La petite Alouette a téte rousse, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. iv. p. 199
(1800) ; Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857).
Megalophonus cinereus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 244 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1867); Ayres,
Ibis, 1869, p. 295; Gray, fland-l. li. p. 122 (1870); Gurney in
Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 197 (1872).
Calandritis cinerea, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 123 (1850).
Alauda spleniata, Strick]. Orn. Syn. 1852, p. 152.
Calandrella cinerea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 39 (1854); Gurney,
Ibis, 1864, p. 353.
Megalophonus anderssoni, Tristr. Ibis, 1869, p. 434, et 1870,
p. 444; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 198.
Adult male. Above ashy, mottled with dark brown centres to the
feathers, some of the dorsal plumes washed with sandy colour ;
crown of head bright chestnut, forming a cap, some of the feathers
slightly margined with fulvous; hind neck decidedly ashy, paler
than the back and forming a kind of collar; wing-coverts ashy
brown, with broad fawn-coloured margins, forming a conspicuous
shouider-patch ; the greater and primary coverts ashy brown, with
ashy-fulvous edgings; quills dark brown, margined with ashy fulvous,
inclining to rufous near the base of the feathers; the outer primary
with a broad external margin of creamy white; upper tail-coverts
rufous fawn-colour, the longest shaded with brown down the middle ;
tail-feathers dark brown, the penultimate and outer feather edged
with white occupying the whole external web of the latter; the two
centre tail-feathers margined with ashy brown; small frontal plumes
whitish ; lores and a distinct eyebrow white, as also the feathers
under the eye and the cheeks white, the latter slightiy spotted with
brown; ear-coverts pale rufous; sides of neck clear ashy grey;
throat white; rest of under surface also white; the middle of the
breast ashy fulvous ; the sides of the upper breast bright chestnut,
forming a patch on both sides; sides of body inclining to ashy
fulvous, washed with fawn-colour on the lower flanks; thighs ashy
fulvous ; under wing-coverts pale ashy grey ; the edge of the wing
fulvous white ; inner lining of wing ashy brown, the inner webs of
the quills slightly rufescent towards the base ; ‘bill yellowish brown;
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1874, No. XLI. 41
634 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
legs and toes brownish or reddish brown ; iris dark brown” (C. J.
Andersson).
Total length 62 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 3°9, tail 2°7, tarsus
0°85.
Adult female. Coloured like the male. Total length 6*2 inches,
culmen 0°5, wing 3°65, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°85.
The description is taken from a pair of birds collected and sexed
by my friend Mr. Ayres. They are both, I take it, in full winter
plumage; and I regret that I have the dates of scarcely any of my
specimens, which makes it difficult to determine the seasonal changes
of the species. Two examples, however, now before me differ
sufficiently in their coloration to make me believe that they are in
their breeding-dress ; and I therefore give the following short notes
on this plumage:—General colour more rufous than in winter,
especially on the upper tail-coverts and crown, the latter being deep
chestnut and the patches on the sides of the breast much larger and
extending farther down the sides of the body, the centre of the chest
being also washed with rufous.
Young. Above blackish, some of the feathers washed with sandy
colour, but all of them terminally spotted or edged with creamy
white, producing a pretty and variegated appearance ; hind neck
greyish mottled with dark brown and spotted with creamy white ;
head blackish varied with sandy rufous bases to the feathers and
spotted with creamy white ; lores and a broad eyebrow whitish, as
also the sides of the face, which have, however, a mark of brown on
the cheeks under the eye, while the ear-coverts are dark brown
washed with rufous and spotted minutely with creamy white; under
surface whitish, the breast and sides of body mottled, with dark
brown bases to the feathers, inclining to rufous on the sides of the
breast ; under wing-coverts whitish ashy; quills brown broadly
margined with rufous, the outer web of external primary fulvous
white, the inner secondaries broadly edged with whitish ; ramp and
upper tail-coverts bright fawn-colour spotted with white, before which
is a subterminal spot of dark brown; tail blackish brown, the outer-
most feather white on the outer web, crossing the inner one obliquely
near the tip, the two centre feathers rufous near the base and mar-
gined with whitish towards the tip.
Hab. Cape colony to the Transvaal and thence to Damara Land,
where, however, the size is rather smaller (vide infra).
Canon Tristram has very kindly sent me the whole of his collec-
tion of Larks for examination; and among them I find the type of
his Megalophonus anderssoni. I am sorry I cannot indorse this bird
as a good species ; for it is assuredly the Alauda spleniata of Strick-
land, and I cannot see in it any more than a small subtropical form
of Tephrocorys cinerea; and as such it would bear the title of
Tephrocorys spleniata. The specimen identified as C. anderssoni by
Mr. Blanford, which bears the handwriting of Canon Tristram,
seems to me to be merely C. ruficeps in winter plumage (cf. Blanf.
Geol. & Zool. Abyss. p. 389).
The specimen in Canon Tristram’s collection measures as follows—
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA, 635
total length 5 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 3°15, tail 2°15, tarsus 0 8.
I do not, however, believe that it has got its perfect plumage, the
tail being still in full moult.
Specimens examined.
Emus. Brit.:—a, ad. South Africa (Sir A. Smith). 3, e. Cape of
Good Hope. d, ¢ ad. Cape Town, Sept. 24, 1866 (C. J. Andersson).
E mus. R. B. S.:—b, ad. South Africa (Layard). , ad. Coles-
berg (D. Arnot). d, juv. Graham’s Town (Z. L. Layard). e, f,
3 2 ad. Transvaal (T. Ayres).
E mus. H. B. Tristram:—a. South Africa (Layard). 3. Cape
colony (Andersson). c. Natal (dyres), d, 9? Objimbingue, Da-
mara Land, March 13th, 1865 (C. J. Andersson).
11. Metanocoryrua. Type.
Melanocorypha, Boie, Isis, 1828, Dado cane M. calandra.
Calandra, Less. Compl. Buff. ii. p. 120 (1837) .. M. ealandra.
Londra, Sykes, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 114 .......... 1 M. calandra.
Corydon, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 264 (1842,
Ee BSCE teh-1e), Si ial aia it lie a aaa M. calandra.
. torquata.
The thickset conical bill is one of the chief characters of the
genus. Wings moderately pointed.
12. Pavuasta. Type.
Pallasia, E. von Homeyer, J. f. O. 1873, p-190.. P. mongolica.
Remarkable for its short secondaries, which must make it con-
spicuously different in flight from other Larks.
13. Luiiuta. Type.
Tullula, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 92 (1829) ...... L. arborea.
Ee ME a gees nw dal orn picts aoe tn tk L. arborea.
Not far removed from Alauda, but differing in the curved hind
claw, and long first primary.
14. GaLerira. Type.
Often united by naturalists to Ludlula and vice versd. The two
genera, however, appear to me well characterized, the wing-formula
and shape of crest being quite different.
15. PyrruvuLaupa. Type.
Pyrrhulauda, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 381 (1844)*.. P. australis.
Megalotis, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 347 (1827) (nec
Miyid sdheiiéssid Liha dye Weis FS heen side 5 P. leucotis.
Coraphites, Cab. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p.328 (1847) P. australis.
* Said by Gray to have been established by Sir A, Smith in 1829. Smith
also states the same; but I cannot find where he proposed the genus,
41*
636 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
16. CALENDULA. Type.
Calendula, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 292 (1837) .. C. erassirostris.
Erana, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 48 (1840) .... C. erassirostris.
Distinguished by its stout and Calandra-like bill, but otherwise
much resembling Alauda in appearance, though of course the de-
velopment of the first primary separates them at once.
12. CALENDULA CRASSIROSTRIS.
Alouette a gros bec, Levaill. Ois. d’Afr. iv. pl. 193 (1805) ;
Sundev. Crit. om Lev. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda crassirostris, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. i. p. 373
(1816); id. and Bonn. Ene. Méth. i. p. 323 (1823) ; Gray, Gen. B.
ii. p. 380 (1844); Layard, B.S. Afr. p. 208 (1867); Gray, Hand-l.
ii. p. 119 (1870) ; Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871).
Alauda magnirostris, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 27 (1826).
Melanocorypha crassirostris, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322.
Calendula magnirostris, Sw. Classif. B. ii. p. 292 (1837).
Megalophonus crassirostris, Bp. Consp. 1. p. 243 (1850).
Galerita crassirostris, Licht. Nomencl. p. 39 (1854).
Calendula crassirostris, Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 195
1872).
iene? erassirostris, Sundev. Av. Tent. p. 54 (1872).
Adult. Above dark brown, the feathers tolerably broadly mar-
gined with sandy fulvous, getting lighter on the extreme edge of the
feather ; the lower back and rump ashy brown, more uniform, or
having only a few central streaks of dark brown on the lower back ;
head rather lighter brown than the rest of the upper surface, the
dark brown central streaks rather narrower; hind neck inclining to
ashy fulvous and minutely streaked with dark brown; wing-coverts
dark brown, somewhat shaded with ashy and rather broadly mar-
gined with sandy fulvous on the median and lesser coverts, the
greater series margined with ashy, but without such distinct edges
of sandy buff as the other series; quills brown, narrowly tipped and
margined on the outer web with sandy white, the secondaries di-
stinctly shaded with grey; upper tail-coverts ashy brown shaded
with sandy and streaked with dark brown down the centres of the
longest feathers ; tail-feathers dark brown margined with ashy grey,
the penultimate feather narrowly, and the outermost a little more
broadly margined and tipped with saudy white or fulvous; lores,
feathers above and below the eye, as well as a streak running along
the sides of the crown fulvous white, but not forming a distinct eye-
brow ; cheeks fulvous white, minutely spotted with blackish brown ;
ear-coverts dark brown streaked with sandy buff; under surface of
body dull yellowish white, the throat very slightly spotted with
blackish brown, of which colour there is a moustachial line on each
side; the breast thickly and distinctly streaked with blackish brown,
gradually narrowing on the lower breast end sides of abdomen to
hair-like lines; belly, vent, and under tail-coverts unspotted ; flanks
ashy brown streaked with dark brown; under wing-coverts pale
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 637
ashy brown narrowly margined with sandy white, the outer feathers
near the bend cf the wing sandy white spotted with brown, the
centres of the feathers being of this colour; “upper mandible horn-
colour, the lower one buff shading into dark horn-colour towards
the tip; legs pale brown; iris brown” (Shelley). Total length
6°8 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 4:0, tail 2°75, tarsus 1-0.
Young. Duller and more uniform brown than the adult, with
whitish edgings to the feathers of the crown, ear-coverts, and wing-
coverts, the greater series of the latter with sandy rufous margins ;
quills brown, paler towards the tips, and margined with sandy
rufous paling into whitish buff towards the tips of the secondaries ;
under surface of body white, the breast streaked with blackish
brown, each feather narrowly margined with whitish.
Winter plumage. Duller and more ashy brown than in summer,
all the feathers obscured with greyish margins; underneath more
yellowish, the spots on the breast duller and paler brown, and not
nearly so largely developed.
Hab. The Cape colony, ranging into the eastern districts, and
northwards into Little Namaqua Land.
As in the other South-African Larks, great variation in size
of bill exists in the present species ; and the want of carefully sexed
Specimens prevents my accounting for these differences; but the
males seem to be rather larger, to judge from the following measure-
ments, the only ones in which I have any guide to the sexes.
Total
length. wing. tail. tarsus.
a, 2 ad. Stellendorf (G. H. Shelley). 7:0* 3°38 2°75 1:0
6, 3 ad. Little Namaqua Land (dn-
GOT EERIE bps od van 9 909 is 4 9 68 3:95 2°85 0°98
Captain Shelley recently collected two birds in the Cape colony,
towards the eud of January. They appear to be young birds, in
their first winter plumage, from which they are just emerging bya
moult ; but on the head the feathers have sandy-coloured margins.
The new feathers are much richer brown, almost black in the centre,
with rufescent margins; but these gradually get bleached in time.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a. 8. Africa. 6, c. Cape. d, 92 ad. S. Africa
(Sir A. Smith). e. S. Africa (Andersson).
Emus. R. B. S.:—a, ad. South Africa (Layard). 6, juv. S. .
Africa (Layard). ec, ¢ ad. Little Namaqua Land, July 29th,
1862 (Andersson). d,e, Sd Q ad. Hope Town (7. C. Atmore).
E mus. G. E. Shelley:—a, Ceres, Cape colony, Jan. 28, 1874
(G. B.S8.). 6, 2 ad. Stellendorf, Cape colony, Jan. 23, 1864
(G. £. 8.).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a. South Africa (Layard).
17. Mrrarra. Type.
Mirafra, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soe. xii. p. 159 (1820) MW. javanica.
' * In the flesh; 6°5 in skin. :
638 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
Brachonyz, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 344 (1827, nee Type.
Schonh.L826)iw. Gatiowia. ocisiys whe nee HOE SAL Fs MM. apiata.
Corypha, Gray, List Gen. B. 1840, p. 48........ DL. apiata.
Megalophonus, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 62 .. MM. apiata,
Plocealauda, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Mise. p. 84
(1844). 00. wala sao sel een eta ae eit s Se Vold Aeare IM. assamica.
Geocoraphus, Cab. Arch. f. Nat. xiii. p. 328 (1847) JZ. javanica.
Distinguished by its open nostrils, which are devoid of the usual
bristles. Having never met with the type of the genus (JZ. javanica),
I have only been able to compare the Flores species, MZ. parva, of
Swinhoe. The African species have, as a rule, rather thinner bills
and fuller crests; but at present I follow Prof. Sundevall in placing
them in Mirafra.
Key to the Species.
a. Tail varied with zigzag spots and bars of black.
a’. General colour grey ; primaries brown, edged with rufous,
which does not, however, pass across the base of both webs. apiata.
b'. General colour rufous; quills broadly margined with rufous,
which at the same time occupies the basal half of both
WODA Wi wabinctpte weiiee Aapios asistalaes Pin aaacane Seamed cath ER seaas,Raee Ove rujipilea.
6. Tail uniform, with rufous edgings to the centre feathers.
c'. Inner web of the quills rufous, as also the outer web of the
primaries, making the entire base of the quills rufous, ex-
cepting the brown shaft.
a". Larger; with a conspicuous rufous nape-pateh, contrast-
ing with the rest of the upper surface, which is brown,
with darker centres to the feathers ..........-...-eceeeeee africana.
6". Smaller; no nape-patch, the nape being the same as the
head and back.
a'". General colour grey, with brown shaft-streaks; tail-
feathers edged and tipped with white ............... damarensis.
é'". General colour fawn, with brown shaft-stripes; tail-
feathers margined with rufous ............cecseeeeeees africanoides.
d'. Bases of the quills not entirely rufous, this colour confined
to the outer web.
ce". Inner lining of wing leaden grey, as also are the under
wing-coverts, the inner webs of the primaries narrowly
isabelline ; outer tail-feathers black, narrowly margined
with isabelline.
a. “Targer, with very stout brill© 2... Wsei.c.-c0+ ccvwcccciccs cases: nevit.
GB. Smaller, with: slendor bull. kc. ..cncalecvecshercocescencessess sabota.
d". Inner lining of wing pale or deep rufous, as also the
inner webs of the primaries; two outer tail-feathers
almost entirely white. :
y. Larger; two outer tail-feathers white on outer web...... Sringillaris.
0. Smaller; three outer tail-feathers externally white ...... chentana.
13. MirAFRA APIATA.
TP Alouette bateleuse, Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. iv. pl. 194 (1805); Sund.
Crit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda apiata, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. i. p. 342 (1816) ;
id. and Bonn. Ene. Méth. i. p. 321 (1823); Grill, Zool. Anteckn.
p- 4@ (1858) ; Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 291 (1872).
Alauda clamosa, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 23 (1826).
Brachonyx apiata, Smith, Il. Zool. 8. Afr. pl. 110. fig. 1 (1849).
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 639
Megalophonus apiatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Layard,
B.S. Afr. p. 215 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122 (1870).
Adult. Above cindery grey, with concealed bars of cinnamon
rufous and black on most of the dorsal feathers, as well as all the
wing-coverts ; head uniform with back, much crested, the feathers
blackish in the centre of the plumes, which are also minutely spotted
with rufous; hind neck cindery grey, separating the head from the
back ; quills dark brown, margined with rufous, the inner secondaries
with grey like the back, the innermost washed with rufous and
crossed with narrow transverse black lines ; tail dark brown washed
with cindery grey, and tipped with white, the outermost feather
broadly edged with fulvous extending over a great portion of the
inner web obliquely towards the tip, the centre feathers slightly
washed with rufous and minutely barred with blackish in an irre-
gular manner, besides a few spots of the latter here and there; loral
feathers minutely tipped with white, and behind the eye a small
streak of buffy white ; ear-coverts light rufous, inclining to blackish
on their hinder margin; rest of the sides of the face light fulvous
thickly speckled with blackish ; throat whitish, with a few scattered
spots of blackish brown; rest of under surface ashy fulvous, the
feathers being all broadly margined with this colour, and thus
obscuring the pale fawn-colour of their bases, the breast thickly
spotted with large triangular marks of dark brown, and on the
flanks a few narrow lines of dark brown; the under tail-coverts
minutely spotted with dark brown; under wing-coverts fawn-colour,
except the outermost, which are washed with ashy brown, like the
greater series and the entire inner lining of the wing. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 3:0, tail 2°2, tarsus 1:0.
Hab. Confined to the Cape colony.
The full-plumaged specimens before me of this Lark have not
their dates of capture attached; but I believe that I have both winter
and summer plumages represented, thus disposing of the idea that
M. apiata can be the winter plumage of M. rufipilea. I therefore
append short comparative characters of the two states, the specimen
described being in what I consider full winter dress.
Summer plumage.
Upper surface dark brown, the
rufous obscure and the grey
shade strongly marked only on
the lower back and secondaries.
Head dark brown, with scarcely
any grey shade or rufous mark-
ings.
Hind neck scarcely lighter than
the head or back.
Wing-coverts ending in a ru-
fous tint, with no perceptible
grey margin.
Winter plumage.
Upper surface grey, the rufous
colour in broad and half-concealed
bands.
Head entirely grey, mottled
with blackish centres to the
feathers, and slightly washed
here and there with rufous.
Hind neck very clear grey,
paler than head or back.
Wing-coverts with a_ broad
whitish grey margin.
640
Inner secondaries with a nar-
row blackish shaft-line, from
which radiate about six narrow
blackish cross lines.
Tail nearly uniform brown,
with an obsolete shade of greyish
on centre feathers, the external
feathers being light fawn-colour
on outer web.
Eyebrow pale fawn.
Under surface of body bright
fawn, the throat and chest spec-
MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE
[Nov. 17,
Inner secondaries dark brown
brown in the centre and at entire
base of feather, with only a few
imperfect radiations of black near
the tip.
Tail dark brown, tipped with
white, the centre feathers clearly
washed with grey as well as
slightly tinged with rufous, and
plainly marked with blackish
radiations and spots near the
shafts.
Eyebrow ashy fulvous.
Under surface ashy fulvous,
concealing fawn-coloured bases to
kled with black. the feathers, the chest-spots much
obscured.
The measurements of Sir Andrew Smith’s two specimens are as
follows :-—
Total
length. culm. wing. tail. tarsus.
in. in. in. in. in.
a. 8. Africa (Smith) .. 6°5 0°55 3°4 2°5 1-0
6. 8. Africa (Smith) ..6°5 0°6 3°25 2°4 095
The usual Alaudine variation in size is here apparent; but the
absence of correct sexing to the specimens prevents me from drawing
any deduction.
Captain Shelley shot a male at Stellendorf, in the Cape colony,
which had the soft parts as follows :—“‘ Iris hazel; legs white, with
a faint flesh-coloured shade; bill dark horn-colour, with the basal
two thirds of the lower mandible and the edges of the upper one
towards the gape buff.” It measured as follows—total length
6 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3°15, tail 2°55, tarsus 1°05. This bird
is in full moult, and seems to be a young individual gaining its first
complete dress. On the upper surface it has several conspicuous
white fhargins to the feathers and a great deal of rufous, reviving
the idea that it might be M. rufipilea—a conclusion which the broad
rufous margins to the quills seem to indorse; but I find that the
rufous is confined to the outer margin of the primaries, whereas in
MM. rufipilea, of which I believe I have young and old, the rufous
extends across both webs. ‘The explanation will, I trust, be found
in the fact that the young of M. apiata is much more rufous than
the adult. In Captain Shelley’s specimen the eyebrow is creamy
white and very conspicuous, and the entire abdomen is also creamy
white. Canon Tristram’s collection likewise contains two examples,
one marked M. rujfipilea from Kuruman: the admixture of grey in
the rufous and the unfailing character of the quills shows that it is
M. apiata, notwithstanding the general rufous appearance. It is
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 641
probable therefore that M. apiata resembles M. rufipilea in its
young stage, though differing much in the adult.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, b, ad. South Africa (Sir A. Smith). ¢. Cape-
town (C. J. Andersson),
E mus. G. E. Shelley :—a, 3 imm. Stellendorf, Cape colony,
January 22, 1874 (G. EF. 8.).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a. Cape of Good Hope. 4, ce. South
Africa (Layard). d. Kuruman (Layard).
14, Mrrarra RUFIPILEA.
L’ Alouette a calotte rousse, Levaill. Ois. d’ Afr. iv. pl. 198 (1805) ;
Sundev. Crit. om Levaill. p. 46 (1857).
Alauda rufipilea, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. i. p- 345 (1816);
Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871).
Megalophonus rufipileus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p- 382 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 243 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 211 (1867); Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 268.
Brachonyx pyrrhonota, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pl. ex.
fig. 2 (1849, nec Vieill.).
Alauda fasciolata, Sundey. (fv. K. Vet. Akad. Forh. Stockh.
1850, p. 99 (1850).
Megalophonus fasciolatus, Licht. Nomencl. p- 39 (1854) ; Gray,
Hand-l. ii. p. 122 (1870).
Megalophonus apiatus, Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 295.
Adult male. Above entirely cinnamon rufous, the feathers of the
crown faintly tipped with whitish, these being much broader and
more distinct on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, these light
tips relieved by a subterminal line of black, most of the feathers
being blackish at base and having one or two other concealed bars of
blackish ; hind neck and interscapulary region brighter cinnamon,
with central streaks of deeper cinnamon; wing-coverts cinnamon
like the back, but the margins to the feathers broader and the black
subterminal margins more pronounced ; quills rufous for two thirds
of their length, brown for the terminal third, the secondaries
browner, the inner web almost entirely brown, the outer one mottled
with the same externally, the innermost deep cinnamon, like the
back, with the same distinct margins ; tail brown, slightly tipped
with rufous, the two outer feathers externally margined with creamy
buff, the outermost more broadly, the two centre tail-feathers
cinnamon, dark brown in the centre, from which radiate several
imperfectly formed bars and mottlings of blackish ; lores anda fairly
distinct eyebrow buffy white; ear-coverts rufous, deeper on the
hinder margin; cheeks and sides of neck buffy white, minutely
speckled with dark brown; throat buffy white, unspotted ; rest of
under surface pale fawn-colour, rather obscured in some places by
fulvous margins to the feathers, the fore neck and chest numerously
marked with little round spots of black ; under wing-coverts deep
cinnamon, like the inner lining of the wing ; “ bill pale, with the tip
642 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
dusky; tarsi and feet pale dusky; iris light tawny”? (Ayres).
Total length 6°3 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3°35, tail 2°6, tarsus 1°05.
Young. Similar to the adult, but far deeper cinnamon, and every-
where barred with black wavy lines on the upper surface, the head
included ; tail with a broad centre of ashy brown, followed by
another subterminal line along the apical portion of the feather, this
line evidently breaking up into the radiations from the shaft which
are seen in the tail-feathers of the adult; ear-coverts cinnamon,
thickly spotted with black; under surface of body isabelline, the
throat with a few concealed brown bars, the flanks and thighs
deeper rufous slightly mottled with brown barrings, the chest much
deeper cinnamon, especially on the sides; the latter being slightly
varied with blackish wavy lines, the centre of the chest sparsely
spotted with blackish. Total length 5-8 inches, culmen 0°6, wing
3:0, tail 2°35, tarsus 1°0.
Hab. The northern districts of the Cape colony, ranging into the
Transvaal.
This species is nearly allied to M. apiata, which it resembles in
its radiated tail and peculiar mottled plumage. It is, however, not
the same bird, but a distinct species, distinguished by its general cin-
namon-coloured appearance and rufous head, but particularly by its
red wings, the cinnamon-colour occupying the basal two thirds of both
webs, and not being confined to the basal portion of the outer web,
as in M. apiata. In size the two species appear to be very similar.
Specimens examined.
E mus. R. B. S.:—juv. Transvaal (T. Ayres).
E mus. T. E. Buckley :—a, Sad. Orange Free State, June 5,
1873 (T. E. B.).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a, ad. Colesberg (Arnot). 6. Coles-
berg (Ortlepp). c. Transvaal (Ayres).
15. Mrrarra AFRICANA.
Mirafra africana, Smith, Report Exp. 8S. Afr. App. p. 47 (1836) ;
id. Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Aves, pl. Ixxxviii. fig. 1 (1849) ; Biane. Spec.
Zool. Mosamb. fase. xviii. p. 327 (1867).
Alauda planicola, Licht. Verz. Vig. Kafferl. p. 14 (1842, deser.
nulla); Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 299 (1872).
Megalophonus africanus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844) ; Layard,
B.S. Afr. p. 213 (1867).
Megalophonus occidentalis, Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 153 (1857) ;
Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. ii. p. 48 (1868).
Megalophonus rostratus, Hartl. Ibis, 1863, p. 327, pl. ix.; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 212 (1867).
Megalophonus planicola, Finsch & Hartl. Vég. Ostafr. p. 463
(1870); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122 (1870); Ayres, Ibis, 1871,
p- 299.
Alauda africana, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B, p. 71 (1871); Buckley,
Ibis, 1874, p. 384.
Adult male in summer plumage. Above light fawn-brown, all the
1874. j LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 645
feathers with a distinct blackish shaft-streak down the centre and
margined with ashy fulvous; the rump slightly more ashy than the
back, narrowly streaked with brown ; the upper tail-coverts shading
off into light fulvous and having dark brown shaft-stripes ; wing-
coverts fawn-colour, darker brown in the centre of the feather, mar-
gined with fulvous and streaked with dark brown along the shaft,
the greater coverts light rufous towards their tips; primary coverts
rufous fawn, with narrow whitish margins; quills rufous fawn,
nally, and broadly margined and tipped with ashy buff; tail dark
brown, the feathers margined with ashy buff, especially the two
and ear-coverts minutely spotted with dark brown, the ear-coverts
washed with rufous, and inclining to dark brown on their upper
margin ; throat white, the rest of the under surface isabelline buff,
washed with bright fawn-colour, minutely spotted with dark brown,
on the lower throat and chest, and streaked with the same on the
sides of the breast; under wing-coverts entirely rich fawn-colour,
a little brighter than the inner lming of the wing, which is rufous
and very conspicuous; « upper mandible dusky, lower mandible
pale; tarsi and feet pale ; iris light hazel” (Ayres).
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 4:0, tail 3°0, tarsus 1-3,
Adult female. Smaller than male, and with a much thinner bill.
Total length 6°8 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 3°5, tail 2°7, tarsus
ibaa
Winter plumage. Much darker brown than in summer, and not
nearly so rufous on the upper surface, the rufous of the crown
entirely obscured by the broad dark-brown shaft-stripes, and the
forehead entirely brown, shaded with ashy and slightly tinged with
rufous; the hinder back and rump decidedly shaded with ashy ;
marked with triaugular spots of dark brown; hind neck decidedly
more ashy, separating the head from the back,
Young. Obscure brown, with hardly any rufous shade above ;
the hind neck washed with ashy fulvous ; all the feathers very broadly
black in the centre, and subterminally barred with a crescentic black
line, very conspicuous before the fulvous tips to the feathers, more
distinct on the wing-coverts, which incline to light fawn-colour ;
quills much as in adult, and rufous at base, the inner secondaries
dark brown, with a distinct ashy whitish margin, before which runs
another subterminal line of black ; tail brown, shaded with ashy on
644 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [ Nov. 17,
the margins of the feathers, the external web of the outer tail-feather
creamy white, the penultimate one broadly margined with the same ;
over the eye a broad superciliary streak of creamy buff; lores and sides
of face buffy white, the cheeks thickly spotted with black, the ear-
coverts washed with rufous; throat white, with a few tiny specks of
brown on the lower part ; rest of under surface isabelline fulvous, the
breast washed with fawn rufous and mottled with rufous-brown bars,
some of the new triangular-spotted feathers just appearing.
Hab. The eastern districts of the Cape colony, ranging from
Natal and the Transvaal into Damara Land.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit. :—a, ad. South Africa (F. Campéell). 6, c. South
Africa (Sir d. Smith). d, 9 ad. Cape of Good Hope. e, ff g,
3 @. Natal (4yres). h, t dS. Elephaut Vley, Damara Land,
Nov. 12th & 29th, 1859 (C. J. Andersson).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, juv. Eland’s Post, March 15th, 1870 (7.
C. Atmore). 6, c,d, 3 Q. Eland’s Post(T. C.A.). e, 3S. Eland’s
Post, June 1870 (T. C. A.). f, do. Transvaal (Ayres).
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a. Natal (Ayres).
16. Mirarra CHENIANA*.
Megalophonus chenianus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1867, ex Smith);
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 259.
Mirafra cheniana, Smith, Ill. Zool. 8. Afr. Aves, pl. 89. fig. 2
(1849, err. pro fig. 1).
Alauda cheniana, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 293 (1872).
Adult (type of species). Above dark brown, almost blackish, the
feathers margined with sandy rufous, especially broad on the hind
neck, some few of the scapular feathers with narrow fulvous tips ;
wings rufous, the coverts having dark brown bases, the greater series
dark brown, margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous on
extreme edge; quills dark brown, with very broad rufous margins, the
edges of the secondaries more fulvous; upper tail-coverts dark brown,
with ashy fulvous margins; tail dark brown, the two centre feathers
margined with rufous, shading off into fulvous towards the tips; the
two outermost feathers pure white, with a touch of brown near the
base of the outer, but occupying the half of the inner web of the penul-
timate feather for all its length, as well as a short distance towards
the end of the shaft; feathers above and below the eye, forming a
distinct eyebrow, creamy buff; ear-coverts rufous, slightly mottled
with dark brown, as also are the cheeks and sides of the neck, which
are white; throat white, unspotted; rest of under surface creamy
buff, strongly inclining to rufous on the chest, which is marked with
triangular spots of dark brown, inclining to streaks on the sides of
* The name of Alauda chuana, Smith (Report Exp. 8. Afr., App. p. 46),
probably refers to this species, but was afterwards suppressed by that author,
‘The description, however, is scarcely good enough to allow of astrict identifica-
tion ; and it seems best to acquiesce in the wishes of Sir Andrew Smith, and
suppress the title (cf. Newton, Ibis, 1868, p. 270; Layard, cp. cit. 1869, p. 78).
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 645
the breast ; flanks and thighs washed with rufous ; under tail-coverts
buffy white; under wing-coverts deep rufous ; inner lining of wing
ashy brown, inclining to rufous on the inner web; “ upper mandible
deep brownish red, lower mandible deep sienna-yellow ; legs, toes,
and claws pale buff-orange, tinged with flesh-red”” (Sir A. Smith),
“iris dark brown” ( Ayres). Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0:5,
wing 2°85, tail 2-9, tarsus 0°9.
Adult male. Total length 5-0 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°85,
tail 2-0, tarsus 0:9,
Hab. Eastern portions of the Cape colony, ranging into the
Transvaal.
Sir Andrew Smith, in describing the type as a male, writes as
follows :—* A second adult Specimen of this species was obtained,
but its sex was not recorded. In size it was rather superior to the
male specimen just described; and the feathers of the upper parts are
broadly edged with a colour intermediate between orpiment and red-
dish orange: the latter colour on the breast is also much darker: in
other respects the two are similar.”
Both specimens referred to by Sir Andrew are in the collection
still; and the one I have described is the “larger” bird ; but, as will
be seen by the measurements, the difference in size is more apparent
than real, as the specimen is a little overstuffed.
I have not yet seen the winter plumage of this bird, and have only
one male specimen in my collection, sexed by Mr. Atmore, and
measuring 2-95 in the wing and 0-9 in the tarsus.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit. :—a, 6, dad. South Africa (Str 4. Smith, types
of species).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, $ ad. Whittlesea Flats, South-east
Africa (7. C. Atmore).
E mus. H. B. Tristram ‘—a, 3. Transvaal (A4yres).
17. Mirarra sapora.
Mirafra sabota, Smith, Rep. Exp. S. Afr. App. p. 47; id. Ill.
Zool. 8. Afr. Aves, pl. 89. fig. 2 (1849, err. pro fig. 1).
Megalophonus sabota, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p- 382 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p- 213 (1867, ex
Smith); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p- 122 (1870).
Megalophonus chenranus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p- 122 (1870).
Megalophonus nevius, Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 259.
Alauda sabota, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p- 300 (1872).
Alauda nevia, Buckley, lbis, 1874, p. 283.
Adult male. Above sandy fawn-colour, with distinct mesial
centres of blackish brown to all the feathers, more closely mottled on
the head, which appears in consequence rather darker than the back ;
the hind neck distinctly washed with ashy fulvous, slightly separating
the head from the back ; wing-coverts dark brown in the centre, with
broad fawn-coloured margins, shading off on the extreme edge into
fulvous, the edge of the wing whitish, and the primary coverts dull
646 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
ashy brown, distinctly edged and tipped with white; quills dark
brown, the primaries narrowly margined with sandy buff and tipped
with whitish, the secondaries broadly edged with fawn-colour exactly
like the wing-coverts; rump coloured like the back; upper tail-
coverts dark brown, tipped and margined with fulvous, and washed
with fawn-colour near the base; tail-feathers blackish, distinctly
margined with sandy fawn-colour and tipped with whitish, the
borders of the two centre feathers and the external one the broadest ;
a very distinct eyebrow white; feathers in front of the eye blackish,
with a line of white feathers under the latter; ear-coverts sandy
fawn-colour, darker on the upper margin, and streaked with fulvous ;
cheeks buffy white, spotted with black, and forming a moustache on
each side of the throat, which is buffy white and unspotted, except-
ing a few blackish spots on the lower part; rest of the under surface
isabelline sand-colour, the chest plainly covered with triangular spots
of dark brown, some of the spots inclining to rufous; sides of the
body streaked, and the flanks washed with sandy rufous; under wing-
coverts ashy, with broad whitish margins, some of them washed with
sandy colour; the inner lining of wing light ashy brown, inclining
to pale isabelline near the base of the inner web; “upper mandible
and tip of lower one light reddish brown, rest of the lower one sienna-
yellow; legs, toes, and claws sienna-yellow, tinted with flesh-red ;
claws faintly shaded with light reddish brown” (Sir A. Smith).
Total length 5:8 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 3°3, tail 2°4, tarsus 0°9.
Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5-5 inches,
culmen 0°6, wing 3°25, tail 2°25, tarsus 0°9 (mus. H. B. Tristram).
Hab. North-eastern districts of the Cape colony, ranging into the
Transvaal.
The summer plumage is different from the winter dress only in
being much darker by reason of the absence of light margins to the
feathers of the upper surface, which is also much more rufous; un-
derneath the chest is washed with rufous, and the black spots are
more distinct ; the inner lining of the wing is also deeper and more
leaden grey.
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a. South Africa, lat. 54° (Sir A. Smith). 4, e.
South Africa (Sir A. Smith). d, $ ad. Transvaal, July 10th,
1873 (7. FE. Buckley).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, 3 ad. Transvaal (7. Ayres).
Emus. H. B. Tristram:—a, b,c, 3 2. Transvaal (dyres).
18. MrraFrRA N&EVIA.
Alauda nevia, Strick]. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 152; Gray, Hand-l.
ii. p. 118 (1870); Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 72 (1871) ; Giebel, Thes.
Orn. p. 298 (1872).
Alauda sabota, Giebel, Thes. Orn. p. 300 (1872).
Megalophonus sabota, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld p. 195
(1872).
Megalophonus neevius, Gurney, f. c. p. 199 (1872).
Adult male in summer plumage. Above sandy rufous, with dark
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 647
brown centres to the feathers, the head with rather paler sandy
margins; the hind neck distinctly inclining to ashy, and separating
the head from the back; scapulars blackish in centre, with very
broad margins of sandy rufous on each side; wing-coverts coloured
like the back, with concealed blackish centres to the feathers, which
are margined with sandy, shading off into fulvous on the extreme
edge, the greater series more broadly margined, the primary coverts
more narrowly ; quills blackish, the primaries narrowly tipped with
greyish white and margined externally with sandy rufous, the secon-
daries much more broadly, and bordered with fulvous on their extreme
edge; upper tail-coverts sandy rufous, inclining to brown in the centre
of the feathers, and narrowly tipped with greyish buff; tail black,
very narrowly margined and tipped with sandy buff, the centre
feathers broadly margined with sandy rufous, the outermost exter-
nally margined with a narrow edging of light sandy colour, changing
to white at extreme tip: lores and a tolerably plain eyebrow isabel-
line; feathers in front of the eye dusky, those under it isabelline,
and marked with blackish ; ear-coverts dark brown, very plainly and
regularly streaked with sandy buff; throat and cheeks white, the
latter washed with isabelline on the chest and sides of the body, the
lower throat and chest plainly spotted with triangular markings of
light brown ; under wing-coverts ashy brown, the innermost washed
with sandy, the inner lining of the wing entirely ashy brown also,
excepting the base of the inner web, which inclines to sandy; ‘“‘iris
hazel” (T. C. Atmore). Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing
3°5, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°95.
Adult female. Rather smaller than the male. Total length 5:7
inches, culmen 0°65, wing 3°4, tail 2°3, tarsus 0°9.
Winter plumage. I have four specimens in my own collection in
full winter plumage, which does not differ so much on the upper
surface as in some of the South-African Larks. It is much more
mealy and of a paler sand-colour, the grey collar round the hind
neck being very distinct, as well as the white eyebrow and the mar-
gins to the wing-coverts and quills; under surface of body white,
tinged with isabelline on the chest, flanks, and thighs, the chest with
a few narrow streaks of pale brown, the entire lining of the wing
ashy, as also the wing-coverts, some of which are margined with
sand-colour.
Hab. From the north-eastern districts of the Cape colony (sum-
mer), ranging into Damara Land (winter).
This species is a large edition of A. sabota, to which it can hardly be
united by reason of its enormous bill.
In other respects it agrees very fairly, especially in the lead-
coloured wing-lining. Some mistake may have arisen in the sexing
of the specimens, and a large series carefully collected will perhaps
rejoin the two species. As will be seen, however, by the specimens
which I have, the material at my disposal is tolerably conclusive.
Specimens examined.
. Emus. R. B. S.:—a, b, c, 3 estiv. Griqualand (7. C. Atmore).
648 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
d, e, & Q. Objimbinque, Damara Land, July 30th & 31st, 1866
(C. J. Andersson). f, Q. Objimbinque, Aug. 4th, 1866 (C. J. A.).
g, &. Ombujavahami, July 6th, 1866 (C. J. A.).
E mus. Brit.:—a, 2 ad. Koonguip River, Great Namaqua
Land, July 12th, 1871 (C. J. A.). 6, g ad. Hountop River, Great
Namaqua Land, June 3rd, 1862 (C. J. A.).
Emus. H. B. Tristram:—a, 3. Objimbinque, July 16th, 1866
(C.J. A.). 6, 3. Ombujavahami, July 8th, 1866 (C. J. A.).
19. MiRAFRA AFRICANOIDES.
Mirafra africanoides, Smith, Rep. Exp. S. Afr. p. 47 (1836) ; id.
Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 88. fig. 2 (1849).
Megalophonus africanoides, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 382 (1844); Bp.
Consp. i. p. 244 (1850); Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 214 (1867) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 122 (1870); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p.
198 (1872).
Alauda africanoides, Sharpe, Cat. Afr. B. p. 71 (1871); Giebel.
Thes. Orn. p. 290 (1872).
Adult (type of species). Above sandy rufous, with narrow black
shaft-stripes to the whole of the upper surface, the neck very slightly
inclining to greyish ; wing-coverts dark brown, with narrow blackish
shaft-stripes, margined with sandy rufous, inclining to fulvous on the
extreme edge of the feathers; primary coverts dark brown, with
broad margins of sandy rufous; quills ashy brown, rufous on the
outer web and very conspicuous, the inner web also rufous, but sepa-
rated for the entire length of the quill by the dark brown of the
shaft, the secondaries ashy brown, especially the innermost, which are
distinctly shaded with grey, all margined with sandy colour; upper
tail-coverts pale ashy brown, broadly washed with whity brown ;
tail dark brown, the middle feathers washed with clear grey and
broadly margined with sandy rufous, the others narrowly and almost
imperceptibly edged with pale sandy, the outermost narrowly bordered
with whitish for the whole length of the outer web; lores and feathers
round the eye whitish, as well as a distinct eyebrow ; feathers in front
of the eye dusky; ear-coverts bright sandy rufous; cheeks, throat,
and underparts generally whitish, washed with sandy isabelline on
the chest, the cheeks with a few indistinct dusky spots, the chest
sparsely marked with triangular spots of dusky black ; under wing-
coverts entirely rufous, as also the greater part of the inner web of
the quills; “bill yellowish brown, shaded on culmen with brownish
red; tarsi and toes sienna-yellow, brightened with flesh-red; iris
light chestnut” (Siz A. Smith).
Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3°65, tail 2°7, tarsus
i
The above description is taken from the type specimen, which is
still in the Museum, but appears rather worn. I have, however,
examples in both summer and winter plumages, which are not very
different. In the latter dress the bird is much more mealy and
sandy, whereas in summer it is bright fawn-colour ; the chest also
is more plainly spotted in summer, and the thighs are deep fawn-
1874. ] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 649
colour. In winter there are scarcely any pectoral markings. The
following are the measurements of a pair of birds, the male collected
by Mr. Andersson, and the female by Mr. Atmore.
Long. tot. culmen. wing. tail. tarsus.
in. in, in, in. in.
a, 3 ad., Damara Land .. 6°7 0°6 3°7 2°85 0°9
b, 2 ad., Hope Town .... 5°7 0355 3°45 . 2°5 0-9
I have remeasured the type and found that the tarsus (whether
out of shape I cannot say) is 1:1 inch in length, as Sir A. Smith
also states.
Young. Resembles the summer plumage of the adult, being rich
fawn, the central dark brown markings being very broad, and each
feather being tipped with lighter fawn-colour producing the usual
varied appearance of a young Lark. The cheeks, throat, and chest
are very thickly mottled with black, the spots very minute on the
two former but much larger and blotch-like on the chest.
Hab. From the northern and north-eastern districts of the Cape
colony (summer), ranging into Damara Land (winter).
Specimens examined.
E mus. Brit.:—a, ad. South Africa (Sir _A. Smith). 6, c. South
Africa (Sir 4. Smith). d,e. South Africa. f,9,4, 3 Q. Elephant
Vley, Damara Land, August 26, Sept. 14, Nov. 20, 1859 (C. J.
Andersson).
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, 2 ad. Hope Town (T. C. Atmore). 6, 3
juv. Griqua Land (7. C. A.). , d. Otjimbinque, Damara Land,
June 12 and 15, 1866 (C. J. Andersson). e. Ondonga, Ovampo
Land, Oct. 30, 1866 (C. J. A.).
Emus. H. B. Tristram :—a. Colesberg (Ortlepp). 6, ce, 3. Otjim-
binque, July 10, 1366 (C. J. 4.). d. Otjuvahami, July 12, 1866
CC. .A),
20. MrrarRa FRINGILLARIS. (Plate LXXV. fig. 1.)
Alauda fringillaris, Sundev. Gifv. Vet. Akad. Forh, Stockh. 1850,
p. 99.
Mirafra occipitalis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 121 (1870, err.).
Adult. Above dusky brown, the feathers margined with ashy
buff, but the general character of the upper surface more dingy than
in most other Larks, some,of the back-feathers washed with fulvous;
wing-coverts dull brown, narrowly margined with fulvous, the
greater series with rufescent margins, especially at the tip; quills
dark brown, the primaries with broad rufous margins narrowing
towards the tip, the secondaries with ashy fulvous edgings; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull brown, slightly varied with
ashy fulvous margins ; tail dark brown, the central feathers paler
and plainly margined with fulvous, the other feathers less plainly
edged, the penultimate one broadly margined with white on outer
web, the outermost feather white at base, but obliquely white’ for
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLII. 42
650 MR. R. B, SHARPE ON THE [Nov. 17,
more than the terminal half; lores and a distinct eyebrow sandy
buff; ear-coverts rufous, spotted with dark brown, especially on the
hinder margin; cheeks, throat, and sides of neck buffy white ; rest
of under surface creamy buff washed with isabelline on the chest,
which is thickly spotted with dark brown, a few spots of which
colour extend on to the throat ; under wing-coverts isabelline, resem-
bling the inner lining of the quills, with a few spots of brown on the
carpal edge of the wing; ‘beak horn-coloured ; legs sienna; iris
hazel’ (7. E. Buckley). Total length 5:8 inches, culmen 0°6, wing
3:1, tail 2°5, tarsus 0°85.
Hab. From Caffraria and the Transvaal to Damara Land.
This species is closely allied to IL. cheniana, but is a much larger
bird, and has not the red borders to the wing-coverts, nor is it so
richly coloured. The white border does not extend on to the inner
web of the penultimate tail-feathers in the present species, whereas
in M. cheniana it extends to the inner web of the penultimate and
even forms a border to the third feather.
Specimens examined.
E mus. R. B. S.:—a, 6. Damara Land (C. J. Andersson).
E mus. T. E. Buckley :—a, &S. Transvaal, Nov. 29, 1873
(Tit, Biss:
E mus. H. B. Tristram :—a, 6. Damara Land (C. J. Andersson).
21. MrraFRA DAMARENSIS, sp. n. (Plate LXXV. fig. 2.)
Adult male in winter plumage. Above sandy grey, slightly washed
with fulvous and having a distinct shade of ashy grey on the mar-
gins of the feathers; the upper surface narrowly streaked with
black shaft-lines, rather broader and more distinct on the crown ;
the hind neck inclining to ashy, the streaks much more minute ; wing-
coverts like the back but rather paler by reason of distinct whitish grey
margins to the feathers, which have also central streaks or markings
of bright fawn, many of the greater coverts washed with the latter
colour before the whitish margin; quills dark brown, externally
shaded with ashy buff, broader and clearer grey on the secondaries ;
the outer aspect of the wing rufous, this colour extending right
across the primaries, of which it oceupies quite two thirds, and
traverses also the basal part of the secondaries; lower back and
rump sandy grey, like the back, with scarcely any shaft-streaks, more
distinct on the upper tail-coverts, which have distinct ashy white
margins; tail blackish brown, all the centre feathers distinctly
shaded with bluish grey and margined with whitish ash-colour,
shading off into white at the tips, the three external feathers bordered
and tipped with white, this colour occupying the entire web of the
outermost feather ; lores, a distinct eyebrow, and sides of the face
white; the ear-coverts sandy, with indistinct white streaks ; throat
white, unspotted; rest of under surface creamy white, with a tinge here
and there of sandy isabelline, the chest with numerous minute specks
of dark brown; thighs buff washed with sandy ; under wing-coverts
entirely rufous, like the inner lining of the quills, this colour occu-
1874.] LARKS OF SOUTHERN AFRICA. 651
pying the base of doth webs. Total length 5:5 inches, culmen 0°65,
wing 3°45, tail 2-4, tarsus 1:1.
Another specimen is rather clearer and more bluish grey above,
the central streaks darker and plainer, the spots on the chest a little
larger and more distinct. Total length 5-4 inches, culmen 0°6,
wing 3°35, tail 2°15, tarsus 1:0. This is probably the female bird.
Hab. Ovampo Land.
Specimens examined.
E mus. R. B. 8S. :—a, 3. Ondonga, Ovampo Land, Nov. 14,
1866 (C. J. Andersson). 6. Ondonga, Oct. 20, 1866 (C. J. AY:
18. SpPIzALAUDA. Type.
Spizalauda, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 258 (1855) .... S. deva.
The principal character of this genus is its enormous crest.
19. Orocorys.
Eremophila, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 322 (nec Humb. Type.
LAOS) siruntli. hk detent aah aia Sa nterkr, bia stews O. alpestris.
Phileremos, Brehm, Vég. Deutschl. p. 312 (1831,
Beep tame PON e Cia cse « < Satgtd kia Guhl tee 44, Sea's O. alpestris.
Otocoris, Bp. 1839 (teste Gray, infra, sed udi?).
Philamnus, Gray, List of Gen. 1840, p. 47 .... O. alpestris.
This genus is very easily distinguished by its ear-tufts.
The only species of Lark from South Africa which I have not seen,
and consequently have been unable to include, is the following,
MIRAFRA NIGRICANS.
Alauda nigricans, Sund. Gfv. K. Vet. Acad. Férh. Stockh. 1850,
p. 99.
Mirafra nigricans, Gray Hand-l. ii. p. 121 (1870).
The following is a translation of Professor Sundevall’s original
description.
Dusky blackish ; underneath white, the breast spotted with black ;
the orbits and elongated eyebrows white; the stripes on the throat,
cheeks, and lores black. 8 inches long, wing 4:8, tarsus 1°25,
middle toe 0°75, with nail 0-9. Bill tolerably large for a Lark;
nostrils bare, with an arched membrane. Feet raised, as in most
African Larks ; all the claws short ; that of the hind toe less than
an inch, curved. Tail moderate, entirely black (in our specimens
injured). Quills black, the primaries invariably broadly fulvous.
Our male specimens, killed during moult, are varied above with
some feathers waved with pale rufous, the wing-coverts edged with
white.
Hab. The district of the Limpopo in Upper Caffraria.
42*
652 TURATI AND SALVADORI ON A NEW TROGON. [Noyv. 17,
3. Note on Macacus brunneus. By Joun AnvERson, M.D.
[Received October 9, 1874.]
- In the Natural-History gallery of the Jardin des Plantes I have ex-
amined the type of Macacus arctoides, Geoff. St.-Hil., and compared
it with a specimen of my M. brunneus, either received or purchased
from the Zoological Society of London by the Paris Museum, and an
undoubted example of the species described by me (P. Z. S. 1871,
p- 628) under that name.
After examination of these two monkeys I am in a position to
state that they are remarkably dissimilar and therefore belong to two
well-defined species. The sex of the type of M. arctoides is not
stated; but the species seems to be more like M. nemestrinus and
M. leoninus than M. brunneus, which is more closely affine to M.
speciosus of Japan, a specimen of which, from the Leyden Museum,
I have also compared with the two former species.
The original description of I. aretoides by Geoffroy St.-Hilaire
seemed so inapplicable to MZ. brunneus that I had anticipated that
the comparison of the types would confirm the fact that that they
are two distinct species, and that Dr. Sclater* and Dr. Murie+ had
therefore erred in regarding them as one and the same.
4. Description of a New Trogon of the Genus Pharomacrus.
By Hercurszs, Count Turati, and T. Satvaport, C.M.Z.S.
[Received October 21, 1874.]
PHAROMACRUS XANTHOGASTER, Sp. Nov.
P. splendide aureo-vitidis, uropygio magis virescente, dorso et su-
pracaudalibus longiorihus magis aurescentibus ; cupite toto pul-
chre cupreo-aurato resplendente ; tectricibus alarum, caudeque
superioribus valde productis, his caude apicem paulo superanti-
bus; remigibus rectricibusque nigerrimis ; abdomine pulcherri-
me flavo-aurantiaco ; tibiis nigris ; rostro flavo ; pedibus fuscis.
Long. tot. 360 millim. ; al. 210; caud. 185; rostri culm. 22;
tarsi 19.
We have lately seen a single skin of this splendid bird, which is now
preserved in Turati’s collection. On the original label attached to it
was written Cogiiai amarillo, macho. It was sent as from Columbia ;
and judging from the making of the skin, flat, hard, and filled with
moss, we have but little doubt that it really comes from Bogota. ~
From all the other previously known species of the genus Pharo-
macrus this is easily distinguished by the beautiful orange-yellow ab-
domen ; it has a black tail like P. pavoninus and P. auriceps, and
has a yellow bill like the last-named species, which it also resembles
in the colour of the upper parts ; the head is perhaps a little ‘more
greenish, very much like that of P. fulgidus; its dimensions are in-
termediate between those of P. auriceps and P. fulgidus.
* P,Z.8, 1872, p. 203. t P. Z.S. 1872, p. 770.
+ duit soag uszeyur
‘a aie [Sb Sasris ney cic
ile VAS SZ d
1874. | DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW KANGAROO. 653
5. Description of a New Species of Kangaroo.
By Dr. AuBext Ginter, V.P.Z.S.
[Received October 28, 1874.]
(Plate LXXVII.)
The Trustees of the British Museum have obtained, by purchase,’
the skin of a male Kangaroo from Cape Crafton, N. W. Australia ;
it belongs to an undescribed species, for which I propose the name
of
HALMATURUS APICALIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXVII.)
Fur rather short and coarse, brown on the upper parts, with many
black or black-tipped hairs along the middle of the back, which ren-
ders this part of a darker colour than the sides. Reddish brown
prevails over the loins and halfway forwards on the sides, the shoul-
der, nape of the neck, and upper side of the head being of a greyish
brown. The hairs of all these parts are black or blackish at the
base.
A broad blackish band from the nostril through the eye towards
the ear; front of the ear-opening surrounded by a well-marked
bright brownish red spot. Head below the black band greyish white,
nearly white on the upper lip ; chin blackish ; throat greyish. The
outside of the ears thinly clothed with brownish red hairs and with
a narrow whitish margin ; inside of the ears very sparingly covered
with whitish hairs.
Chest greyish like the throat; but this colour passes gradually
into the bright rusty red of the dense woolly fur of the abdomen.
Hairs of the upperarm and of the proximal half of the forearm
greyish, with whitish tips; the remainder of this limb black. Hind
limb brownish grey, grizzled with black ; toes nearly black.
_ Tail sparingly covered with short, stiff, black hairs, mixed with
brown ones near its base. The hairs are thickest along the median
line of its lower surface ; and in about the middle of the length of
this line a longitudinal whitish stripe appears, which is continued to,
and passes into the white termination of the tail (in the adult this
white extremity is 24 inches long).
Muffle naked in front ; ears short ; lower side of the tarsi naked,
with; papillary warts; nail of middle hind toe well developed. (Sub-
gen. Halmaturus.)
in. ln
Length from tip of nose to root of tail...... 29 6
Ree MCM INO I, o/s) 2's) «2 ve’ + 6 ein hs ob 24 0
MMM TPE HUM Sache rare cia) 5h aso./e- er noanehatatets aioe 5 6
Sa. OL CAR MM Sih osarues cao. fs 229
», of forearm and hand, including nail 8 0
», of tarsus, and middle toe and nail .. 9 6
,.> Of pal of middle hind toes. .9 fs. 2d. 0U
654 MR.SCLATER ON THE BLACK WOLF OF THIBET. [Nov. 17,
6. On the Black Wolf of Thibet. By P. L. Scrarer, M.A.,
Ph.D. F.R.S. Secretary to the Society.
[Received October 28, 1874.]
(Plate LXXVIII.)
On the 6th of August, 1867, as already recorded in the Society’s
‘Proceedings’* we received, as a present, from Lieut. A. A. Kinloch
and Lieut. J. Biddulph a pair of Black Wolves which had been ob-
tained by these gentlemen in the previous June from some wandering
Tartars at the fuot of the Lanak pass, between the Tsomoriri Lake
and Hanlé in Thibet. The facts concerning the capture of these ani-
mals are fully given in Mr. Kinloch’s valuable work on the game-
animals of Thibet tf.
These Wolves remained with us for several years in good condition,
and bred every year from 1869 to 1873; but the young ones were in
every case but one destroyed by their parents. The following table
gives the date of birth and number of young ones produced :—
Date. No. of young.
3860, April Be e275 *coc) ine oe
18703. «Sve neh 4 oneness 3
187.1, bt a0 .:...5 gee eee ee 4
S72 3 $3. % 1, co halens a cue aerereneee 3
BSc hs Gots oh -daacdanatecere ferme 2
The only young one reared (a male of the first litter) was sold in
1869 to J. E. B. Bouverie Pusey, Esq., F.Z.S., but died the follow-
ing year in that gentleman’s possession.
The female died in July 1873}; the male is still living in the
the Society’s Gardens.
I have hitherto referred these animals to the Lupus (sive Canis)
laniger of Hodgson, and have entered them in the ‘Revised Catalogue
of Vertebrates’ (p. 47) as ‘“‘ Canis laniger, var. nigra.” But I now
exhibit the original drawing of Mr. Hodgson’s Lupis laniger out
of the series of drawings of Mammals whieh he has lately presented
to the Society’s Library; and it will be at once apparent that our
animals (of which I likewise exhibit an excellent coloured figure by
Mr. Keulemans, Plate LX XVIII.) cannot be referred to that species.
Indeed Mr. Kinloch has already observed, in the work above alluded
to :—
“Wolves of at least fwo sorts are found all over Thibet; and I an
not sure that there are not three varieties. I know of two, the com-
mon Grey Chanko and the Black Chanko, called by the Tartars
Chanko nagpo (Black Wolf) ........ I have heard of a so-called
* See P. Z.S. 1867, p. 820.
+ Large-Game Shooting in Thibet and the North-west. By Alexander A. A.
Kinloch. London: 1869. Harrison.
¢ The specimen is now in the Gallery of the Museum of the Jardin des
Plantes at Paris.
\ . “UT ‘swewajneyyT
NN ~
P.Z.S 1874 Pl. LXXIX
= W.Allen del ethth. Mintern Bros imp -
NEST AND EGG OF HYPOLAIS RAMA
1874.] MR. H. E. DRESSER ON HYPOLAIS RAMA. 655
Golden Wolf; but whether it was a light-coloured specimen of the
common Chanko or a different variety I am unable to say’’*.
I propose, therefore, for the future to designate the Black Wolf
of Thibet Canis niger, and to restrict the term Canis laniger to the
grey form, to which Hodgson originally applied it.
In the Appendix to the Mammals of Thibet (p. iii.) Dr. Jerdon
has referred to the existence of this animal.
The Black Wolf of Thibet is readily distinguishable from every
other species of Canis known to me by its nearly uniform black
shaggy fur. The muzzle, feet, and a patch on the breast are white.
The height of our specimen is about 2 feet 5 inches ; the length
of the body from the nose to the tail 3 feet 4 inches, that of the
tail 1 foot 4 inches. The two examples received were alike in every
respect ; and the young male which attained full age was also similar.
I think, therefore, that this singular form can hardly be only a
variety of the Common Wolf, which, however, may be the case with
Hodgson’s Lupus lanigert.
7. On the Nest and Eggs of Hypolais rama (Sykes).
By H. E. Dresser.
[Received November 3, 1874.]
(Plate LXXIX.)
Though far from believing that eggs alone are of any great use in
discriminating birds generally, I think that no one who has at all
studied them will deny that they are of great secondary importance,
and that, where other characters are but slightly defined, the eggs and
nests of tolerably closely allied species or genera frequently differ so
widely and constantly as to form a very clear distinctive character. I
may, for instance, name Acrocephalus streperus and Acrocephalus pa-
lustris, which are so exceedingly difficult to separate from dried skins
alone, though in life the colour of the tarsus is said to be invariably
different ; but their eggs differ so constantly and greatly that they
cannot possibly be mistaken. The various species belonging to the
Hypolais group also are cleatly distinguishable from the different allied
species by their nest and eggs; and though some of the species belong-
ing to that group approach so nearly in form and coloration others
of the Arocephalus group, still their eggs alone show that they belong
to the former. Mr. Blanford has lately brought from Persia the nest
and eggs of Hypolais rama, which clearly show that this bird is a true
Hypolais, nearest to Hypolais pallida, Ehr. (H. elaica, auctt.).
Curiously enough, however, the eggs of this species, which I am
* It is probably on a skin of this variety that Canis chanco, Gray, P. Z.8. 1863,
p. 94, was established.
+ This species was described by Mr. Hodgson in 1847, in the 7th volume of
the ‘Calcutta Journ: of Nat. Hist.’ (p. 474). Under the same name, in the same
year, Mr. Blyth notices (J. A. S. B. xvi. pt. 2, p. 1176) an imperfect skin of a
“ blackish or melanoid yariety of the Thibetan Wolf” received from Lieut. Stra-
chey by the Caleutta Museum.
656 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. [Nov. 17,
now enabled by the kindness of Mr. Blanford to exhibit, have in ge-
neral characters a slight tendency towards those of derocephalus pa-
lustris, and are thus the more interesting as demonstrating a gradation
from Hypolais to Acrocephalus. They are also interesting because, Hy-
polais rama being so very closely allied to the rare Hypolais caligata of
eastern Europe, differing merely in the size of the bill, it may be in-
ferred that the eggs of those two species will probably closely resemble
each other.
. I have for long tried to obtain authentic eggs of a species which
appears to form a connecting link between Acrocephalus and Hypo-
lais in structure and habits, but has hitherto been classed with the
former, Acrocephalus dumetorum, Blyth (magnirostris, Lilj.) the
eges of which I believe will be found to resemble either those of 4-
erocephalus palustris or to approach nearer to those of some of the
Hypolais group. Dr. Jerdon (B. of India, ii. p. 156) describes them
as ‘* pearl-white, with minute scattered specks of rufous, chiefly at the
large end;”’ but as he himself never obtained the nest, there is some
doubt as to whether these really were the eggs of this species, especially
as he describes the eggs of Hypolais rama as being pure white.
There can be no doubt about the authenticity of the eggs of this
last species obtained by Mr. Blanford, as he shot the female as she
left her nest.
I am enabled to exhibit from my own collection eggs of all the
European species of Hypolais except H. caligata, viz. those of H.
icterina, H. polyglotta, H. olivetorum, H. pallida, H. languida, and
H. opaca, from which it will be seen that there is a distinct gradation
in the eggs as in the birds themselves towards Acrocephalus, the
two nearest in each group being Hypolais rama and Acrocephalus
palustris.
Unfortunately, the nest of eggs of H. rama which I now exhibit
will leave this country in a few days; but I trust that the figure
given of them (Plate LX XIX.) will serve to show their peculiar inte-
rest as demonstrating the gradation between the two groups.
8. Description of two Uromasticine Lizards from Meso-
potamia and Southern Persia. By W. T. Buanrorp,
F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received November 11, 1874.]
(Plate LXXX.)
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Sclater for an opportunity
of examining the two very interesting Lizards described below.
Both are, I think, new to science, although one of them appears to
have been noticed as long ago as the latter end of the last century
by Olivier, who in 1807 published an account of his travels in
several eastern countries, under the title of ‘ Voyage dans 1’ Empire
Othman, |’Egypte et la Perse.’ In this work, vol. ii. p. 428, a
“dun jaeyueH
Lelie lure
POO MMR ROM ow are
1874.] | MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. 657
large Lizard is mentioned, which is said to inbabit Mesopotamia, to
be longer and larger than a man’s arm, and to make holes like those
of Foxes. The description evideutly refers to a Uromastia.
At the same time I had heard from Major St. John of a similar
large Lizard which he had once seen abundantly in the plains near
Bushire, and which he assured me closely resembled Centrotrachelus
asmussi, the great Spine-tailed Lizard of Central Persia. I con-
cluded that both these Lizards were probably identical ; and as the
species was unknown, I called Mr. Sclater’s attention to their exist-
ence, in the hope that he might succeed in obtaining specimens. In
this, I am happy to say, he has been successful. Of the Bushire
Lizard a young example in spirit has been sent to him by the Hon.
Evelyn Ellis, F.Z.S., who, after much trouble and inquiry, succeeded
in inducing the natives to bring it to him ; whilst three of the Meso-
potamian Lizard were brought from Basrah (Bussora of some maps)
alive by Captain Phillips, and presented to the Society’s Gardens,
where they only lived for a short time. On examining these speci--
mens, it appears that the Basrah animal is quite distinct from that
of Bushire, the former being a true Uromastiz, closely allied to the
African U. spinipes, whilst the latter belongs to Strauch’s genus
Centrotrachelus, founded in 1863 (Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pét. vi.
p. 479) tor the remarkable Central- Persian Lizard already mentioned.
This genus is distinguished from Uromastixr by the possession of
much-enlarged tubercles in transverse rows on the back. The
specimen from Bushire is very close to C. asmussi, but appears to
me to differ specifically.
It appears rather surprising that two Lizards so large and con-
spicuous as these Uromasticine forms should have hitherto escaped
attention. One cause may be that during the winter season these
Lizards appear but rarely; and it is highly probable that they
hibernate. Major St. John informs me that he has been all over
the plains near Bushire in winter without seeing any Centrotra-
cheli, but that he met with them once when riding from Shif, a
small fort opposite Bushire, to Borasjtin in May—the only occasion
on which he had left the regular road in summer. The Lizards
were sitting outside their holes in the evening; and a bull-terrier
which was with him killed two, one of which attacked the dog.
This is rather surprising; for all forms of Uromastiz and its allies
are very gentle animals, and, as a rule, never attempt to bite even
when captured.
It is only during the winter that the hot sandy plains of Meso-
potamia and Southern Persia are ever, as a rule, crossed by travellers
in the day-time. In the summer months all travelling is usually
done by night: at least, this is the practice of the inhabitants; and
I know from experience how difficult it is to induce them to march
in the day-time. All species of Uromastix appear to inhabit semi-
desert plains; and such are precisely the places which are hottest
and most unpleasant to traverse in the day-time.
The species of Uromastix, Centrotrachelus, and Liolepis are
distinguished from the other Agamoid Lizards by their peculiar
658 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. |[Nov. 17,
dentition, and by their elongate intestines. They live entirely on
vegetable food*; and all, so far as I am aware, dwell in holes. By
Mr. Theobald (Journ. Linn. Soc. x. p. 34) they were placed in a
family distinct from the dgamidet+; and this view has been adopted
by Dr. Stoliczka and Dr. Anderson ; and they certainly form a very
well-marked group.
URoMASTIX MICROLEPIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXX.)
U. afinis U. spinipedi, sed tuberculis majoribus ad latera cor-
poris sparsis carens, et plicis ad latera colli tubercula parva
Serentibus, squamisque supra et infra pedes minoribus distin-
guendus: ab U. acanthinura squamis omnibus multo minoribus
facile dignoscenda.
Hab. in Mesopotamia juxta urbem Basrah (Bussora).
Description.—General form massive, trunk broad, depressed ;
head triangular, upper portion flat behind, descending in a curve
towards the muzzle. Limbs rather stout; the fore foot laid forward
extends beyond the snout by the length of the fingers; laid backward
it reaches two thirds of the distance to the thigh; when the hind
foot is brought forward, the ends of the toes nearly touch the axil.
Toes strong, a fringe of pointed scales on the outer edge of the
fourth toe in the hind foot, and less-marked fringes on the second
and third toes. Claws rather long, pale-coloured. Tail thick,
gradually diminishing in size behind, formed of rings of pointed
conical tubercles, its length about equal to that of the body without
the head and neck.
- About eighteen subconical teeth on each side of the upper jaw,
those in front smaller and much worn down; fifteen similar teeth,
much blunted, on each side of the lower jaw. In front of the upper
jaw is a cutting edge formed of a broad central portion, which
appears to be a process of the outer maxillary bone, and two smaller
lateral teeth, one on each side, apparently united to the central
process at the baset. Similarly in front of the lower jaw are two
cutting edges, one at the end of each ramus of the mandible, each
composed of an osseous and a dental portion, the osseous portion the
broadest, and nearest to the extremity of the jaw. In young speci-
mens the dental portion of these pseudo-incisors is more developed,
and the osseous portion less than in adults. Tongue deeply cleft at
the end.
The largest specimen obtained measures 21 inches, of which the
tail from the anus measures 8°5, head 2, fore limb to end of claws
4°75, third toe and claw measured from the division between the
third and fourth toes 1°12, hind limb 6°25, third toe 1°22.
* Stellio is partially herbivorous, but it also lives on insects.
t+ By Mr. Theobald Phrynocephalus was also included ; but the three Persian
species of this genus which I haye examined agree with Agama and Stellio in
their dentition, and in the intestine being comparatively short. They are also
purely insectivorous, and do not live in holes.
{ For figures and descriptions of the dentition of Uromastix hardwickii and
U. spinipes, see Gimther on the Anatomy of Hatteria—Phil. Trans. pt. ii. 1867,
p- 8, pl. i. figs. 12-15.
1874.] MR. W.T. BLANFORD ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. 659
Scales. Head covered above with convex scales, largest on the
snout and occiput, and on the forehead between the eyes. Canthus
rostralis rounded; nostrils lateral, oval, rather large, each in the
middle of a single plate below the canthus. Rostral enlarged ;
mental smaller than the rostral; laterals scarcely larger than the
neighbouring scales; posterior upper labials triangular, all the rest
square. Chin, except near the lower labials, covered with very
small convex scales ; scales of the neck equally small, subconical or
mucronate, those 6f the lower surface in transverse rows. Sides of
the neck with irregular longitudinal folds, bearing enlarged tuber-
eular pointed scales; there are also folds below the neck, but they
are not ornamented with tubercles. Scales of the back and sides all
small, submucronate, with the points compressed and directed back-
wards, in well-marked transverse rows except near the middle line of
the back; no enlarged scales on the sides. Abdominal scales
rhomboidal, a little longer than those of the back, arranged in
transverse series. Scales of anterior portion of the fore limb like
those of the abdomen, those on the posterior surface the size of the
back scales; a few slightly enlarged scales on the outer surface of
the forearm. In the hind limb, the scales are larger on the inner,
smaller on the outer surface ; a row of large conical tubercles passes
down the front of the tarsus, and large spinose tubercles are scattered
over its outer surface—a few, smaller in size, occurring on the pos-
_terior portion of the thigh. Feet and toes covered beneath with
keeled scales, the keels longitudinal on the soles of the fore feet,
transverse on those of the hind feet. In the largest specimen, a
male, there are eighteen femoral pores on one side, twenty on the
other; but they are somewhat irregular; in a younger specimen
there are fourteen beneath each thigh, the two series coming close
together in the preeanal region. Tail, when perfect, consisting of
about twenty-three or twenty-four rings, the upper and lateral
portion of each ring consisting of large spines, the points directed
backwards; the lower portion, except towards the tip, is covered by
rings of smaller nearly flat scales diminishing in size towards the
base of the tail.
Colour. Olive-grey, with small rather indistinct darker spots on
the back ; lower parts and tail rather paler.
Intestinal canal elongate. In a specimen measuring altogether
17 inches in length, of which the tail is 7, the whole length of the
intestinal tract from the cardiac end of the stomach to the anus is
28 inches, the large intestines measuring 8 inches*.
The largest specimen obtained measures 20°5 inches from nose to
tip of tail, tail from anus 8°5, head 2, fore limb nearly 5, third toe
ot fore foot from the division between the third and fourth toes to
the end of the claw 1:1, hind limb 61, third toe of hind foot 1-3.
This species was found inhabiting the neighbourhood of Basrah
* In a specimen of Centrotrachelus asmussi, Strauch, 18 inches long, the
intestinal tract measures 40 inches. In Agama, Stellio, and Phrynocephalus I
find the intestinal tract always shorter than the body and tail: thus it is 7 inches
long in an individual of Agama agilis measuring 10 inches.
660 MR. W. T. BLANFORD ON TWO NEW LIZARDS. [Nov. 17,
(Bussora of the maps), the port of Mesopotamia on the Shat el
Arab, the estuary formed by the united Tigris and Euphrates. Alb
the country away from the bank of the river is more or less desert ;
and Uromastix microlepis probably dwells in the waste dry region.
U. microlepis is closely allied to the African U. spinipes and U.
acanthinura; it is distinguished from the former by the absence of
enlarged scales on the sides, and by the lateral folds on the neck
bearing tubercles, and from the latter by its much smaller scales.
CENTROTRACHELUS* LORICATUS, Sp. nov.
C. isabellinus, fusco maculatus, tuberculis majoribus dorsalibus in
lineas transversas interruptas dispositis, affinis C. asmussi, a
quo colore pallidiore isabellino, nec olivaceo, dorso maculato,
squamarum majorum dorsalium seriebus magis distantibus in-
terruptisque, unguibus fortioribus, squamis supradigitalibus mi-
noribus, et carinis squamarum infra pedes posteriores in lineas
transversas haud obliquas dispositis, tantum differt. Statura
adulti maxima esse dicitur,
Hab. haud procul a Bushire, urbe ad litus sinus Persici.
Description.—General form very massive ; head short, triangular ;
body very broad, depressed; tail much shorter than the body,
armed above and on the sides with large spinose tubercles arranged
in rings, about twenty-four in number, the rings extending round
the tail, but composed below of smaller keeled scales, diminishing in |
size towards the base of the tail. Limbs strong, the fore leg reach-
ing the end of the snout when laid forward, and extending about
halfway to the thigh when laid back; the hind legs along the side
do not nearly touch the axil. Teeth about nineteen on each side of
the upper jaw, and eighteen on each side of the lower, besides a
cutting tooth-like process on each side in front of the latter, and a
similar, but broader, single cutting edge in front of the upper jaw.
These have not the lateral portions tooth-like, as in Uromustix
spinipes, U. hardwicki, &c., but, as in Centrotrachelus asmussi,
appear to be entirely formed of a process of the bone. Tongue cleft
at the end. Total length of the specimen (immature) 16 inches,
tail from anus 7, head 1°6, fore limb 3°25, third toe of fore limb
with claw, measured from the division between the third and fourth
toes, 0°6, hind limb 4:5, third toe 0°7.. The femoral pores are too
ill developed for their number to be determined ; they appear to be
closer together and more numerous than in C. asmussi.
Scales of the head above angulately convex, largest above the
muzzle, smallest on the superciliary regions. Scales of chin and
throat small. A few scattered conical tubercles on the sides of the
neck. Scales of the back rather irregularly rhomboidal, subimbri-
cate; the majority small, but crossed by transverse rows of tuber-
cular, submucronate, enlarged scales. These rows are irregular and
* A figure of C. asmussi, Strauch, will be given in my forthcoming account
of the zoology of Persia. The species was described by Strauch in 1863 (Bull.
Imp. Acad. Sci. St.-Pét. vi. p. 479), from a specimen obtained by Count Key~
serling north-west of Sistan. . ;
P.Z.S.1874 PLUARXT,
J. Smit lith. MAN Hanhart mp
IPRPEOTES FERRUGINEUS
1874.| MR. BLANFORD ON NEW MAMMALS FROM SIND. 661
often interrupted, being far less distinct and regular than in the
allied species C. asmussi. Abdomen covered with rhomboidal scales,
equal in size to the smaller scales of the back, subimbricate, and in
regular transverse rows. Anterior part of the fore leg clothed with
diamond-shaped scales, becoming more imbricate, smaller, and much
broader in proportion to their length on the foot and toes; on the
latter, with the exception of the one or two large shields at the base
of each claw, the scales are very much smaller than in C. asmusst.
Scales below the hind leg much like those of the abdomen; on the
outside they are small, with scattered spinose tubercles ; toes much
as in the fore foot, but the fourth toe has a well-marked fringe of
pointed scales along the outer edge. Scales beneath the feet keeled,
the keels on the fore foot longitudinal, on the hind foot transverse.
Colour in spirits isabelline, almost cream-colour, with dusky spots
on the back caused by some of the enlarged scales being much
darker than the remainder of the surface.
9. On two Species of Herpestes, aud a Hare collected by Dr.
F. Day in Sind. By W. T. Branrorp, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received November 17, 1874.]
(Plate LXXXI.)
The fauna of Sind is still far from thoroughly known. The country
is a desert, traversed by a fertile belt watered by the river Indus ;
and, with the exception of this belt, both the surface and fauna agree
with those of Balichistan and Southern Persia, and differ widely from
those of the more fertile parts of India. In the better-watered tracts
some peculiar species are found, which have not hitherto been ob-
served elsewhere ; but the number of such forms is very small.
The birds of Sind have been described by Mr. Hume (‘Stray
Feathers,’ vol. i.), and some of the reptiles by the late Dr. Stoliczka,
‘Proc. A. S. B., 1872, p.85. The species noted in the paper last-
mentioned, and several of those included in Mr, Hume’s list, were
collected by Dr. Day. The same naturalist has placed in my hands
for description skins of a Hare and of two Ichneumons obtained by
him near Sakhar, all of which he considers new to the fauna of: India.
After examining the skins in question, I agree in this view, one of
the Ichneumons being, in my opinion, identical with a form already
described from Mesopotamia, whilst the other two mammals I look
upon as undescribed.
HERPESTES FERRUGINEUS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXXI.)
H. affinis H. griseo, sed colore ferrugineo albo nee griseo mixto
facile distinguendus. Pili ex annulis rufis cum albis alter-
nantibus compositi, ad basin sordide rufescentes, subtus pal-
lidiores, apicem caude@ versus longiusculi, omnino ferruginet.
Hab. haud procul ab urbe Larkhana, in provincia Sind.
General colour ferruginous, minutely speckled and mixed with
white. Fur moderately fine. Hairs of the back long, dull, rufes-
662 MR. BLANFORD ON NEW MAMMALS FROM SIND. [Nov. 17,
cent at the base, and the remaining portion composed of short alter-
nating rings of white and ferruginous, there being sometimes as many
as six alternations in each hair, the extreme tips being ferruginous.
On the lower parts the colour is a little paler, and the rings on the
hairs are less distinct ; upper portions of the feet rather darker red,
soles of feet and lower part of tarsus bare. The hair on the tail is
long ; and the white rings on the hairs gradually disappear backwards,
the tip being entirely red.
Dimensions (from a dried skin and, in consequence, only approxi-
mate), head and body 15 inches; tail (vertebree not preserved) to
end of hairs the same. The hairs on the hinder part of the back
are fully 1$ inch long. Tarsus and hind foot to end of claws 2:8 in.
In general form this Mungoose closely resembles H. griseus*,
Geoffr., so much so that I was at first doubtful whether it was more
than a rufous variety of it. But not only is the colour very distinct,
but the skull shows some important differences. The orbit is incom-
plete behind; this is certainly the case in the young of H. griseus,
but not to the same extent as in H. ferrugineus. The nasal bones
are longer in H. griseus, their posterior termination being behind a
line connecting the anterior edges of the orbits in the skull, whereas
in the new species the nasals terminate posteriorly in front of the
same line. The breadth across the frontal region immediately behind
the postorbital processes is considerably less in H. griseus, and the
auditory bullee are differently shaped.
The skull, extracted from the skin of H. ferrugineus, measures :—
inches.
Length from upper edge of foramen magnum to an-
terior termination of intermaxillary bone ...... 2°7
Left nasal bones along the suture between them.. 0°54
Breadth across widest part of zygomatic arches .. 1°38
Breadth of frontal region where narrowest (behind
postorbital processes). 5.2 ce. nase kha oes “wen Oe
Length of lower jaw from the angle to the anterior
alveolar margin ........ whine aaah oes saints ee pe hg
But a single specimen of this interesting new form has been ob-
tained.
H. persicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 554; Cat. Carn. &. Mamm.
Brit. Mus. 1869, p. 151.
Brownish grey above, very minutely intermixed with greyish
white ; brownish white, almost isabelline, below. Fur rather soft;
hairs rather short, being rather more than half an inch long in the
middle of the back, blackish at the extreme base, then very light
brown for some distance, followed by a dark brown, and this again
by a pale whitish ring, the extreme tip of each hair being dark
brown. All the hairs of the tail are particoloured and ringed ; there
is no tip of any uniform colour.
* It appears highly probable that this is Viverra ichnewmon, var. 3, of Lin-
nus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 63; Viverra mungo, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. p. 84.
1874.]| MR. BLANFORD ON NEW MAMMALS FROM SIND. 663
Length from nose to end of tail in two specimens about 20 inches,
tail to end of hairs 10; tarsus and hind foot to end of claws 1°75.
The tarsus is not naked below.
In the skull the bony orbit is complete behind, as already men-
tioned by Gray.
I have compared both skins and skull of this Mungoose with the
types in the British Museum, and they agree admirably. The types
in question were brought by Mr. Loftus from Mahamrah, in Khit-
zistan, the Persian province bordering on the estuary of the united
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Two specimens of H. persicus were killed by Dr. Day on the right
bank of the Indus, about a mile above Sakhar, in a grove of palm-
trees.
LEPUS DAYANUS, sp. nov.
L. affinis L. ruficaudato, sed pelle mollissima facile distinguendus.
Cauda insuper fusca, haud nigra. Dorsum ex fusco griseum
cum nigro mixtum, pilis ad basin albidis, inde nigris, apices
versus isabellinis, apicibus ipsis nigris. Aures longiuscule, late,
postice subnuda, antice et presertim ad marginem anteriorem
magis pilose, ad apices fusco-nigre, postice isabellino limbate,
limbo apicem versus latiore. Mystaces nigre et albe.
Hab. in provincia Indica Sind dicta, haud procul ab urbe Sakhar,
ad ripas Indi fluminis.
Colour on the back light brown, much mixed with black, hairs at
the base nearly white, then black, towards the ends pale brown, the
tips being black, on the sides of the body the black gradually dis-
appears ; belly, as usual, white; inner surface of the thighs, sides, and
lower part of tail the same; upper part of tail brown, the hairs
being dusky and almost black at the base, with brown tips; sides
and lower part of neck as far back as the fore legs and the limbs
pale rufous ; soles of feet a little darker; back of neck behind the
ears the same. The ears are broad and rather long, apparently
slightly exceeding those of L. ruficaudatus, both in length and
breadth ; they are nearly naked on the greater part of their surface,
both inside and out. The anterior portion of the outer surface is
covered with short brown hairs mixed with black, the margin itself
having a fringe of longer hairs; and the extreme hinder margin is
covered with very short whitish hairs. The tips, too, are covered
outside with dark brown hair, nearly black inside, near the edge only
with yellowish buff. The hair on the posterior portion of the outer,
surface near the base of the ears is whitish.
This Hare is distinguished from L. ruficaudatus by being rather
smaller, by the hair being longer and very much finer, with, so far
as can be judged by the specimen examined, much longer black
tips to the hairs on the back. The tail in L. ruficaudatus is rufous
brown above, the hairs being the same colour at their base, whereas
in the present species it is dusky brown above, and the hairs are
blackish at the base. The skulls of the two species exhibit the fol-
lowing differences:—In L. ruficaudatus the nasal bones are longer
664 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Dec. |,
and much more convex anteriorly, and the posterior prolongation of
the postorbital process is not in contact with the skull behind,
whereas in ZL. dayanus this prolongation joins the skull so as to leave
a foramen behind the postorbital process, as in L. mediterraneus,
which has on this ground alone been considered generically distinct
from other Hares by Dr. Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1867, ser. 3.
xx. p. 222). In the skull of LZ. dayanus which I have examined,
the postorbital process is not anchylosed with the frontals behind
the foramen; but it may very probably be so in older animals.
All the teeth are smaller than in L. ruficaudatus; and the upper
incisors appear very indistinctly grooved in the new species, and, so
far as I can judge, never have the raised ridge along the front part
of their inner edge, so conspicuous in old skulls of LZ. ruficaudatus.
The measurements of a dried skin can only be approximative.
The whole length from the nose to the rump appears to be about
18 inches. The ears are about 43 inches long from the orifice to
to tip, and nearly 23 broad; in fresh specimens they would be 5
inches long at least. The tarsus and hind foot to the end of the
claws measure just 4 inches: this measurement, of course, would be
the same in the living animal; and I find it constant in three spe-
cimens. The skull extracted is imperfect behind; the breadth
across the hinder and broadest part of the zygomatic arches is 1°55
in. across the frontal bones where narrowest, between the foramina
behind the postorbital processes 0°47; length of suture between
the nasal bones 1°1.
This species is apparently the common Hare of Sind. Dr. Day
has brought several skins from near Sakhar.
December 1, 1874.
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during November 1874 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of November was 79; of which 4 were by
birth, 38 by presentation, 18 by purchase, 1 received in exchange,
and 18 received on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period, by death and removals, was 104. :
The most noticeable additions during the month were :-— ee
1. Anexample of Humboldt’s Saki (Pithecia monachus), purchased
November 2nd. Of this rare American Monkey we have previously
received only one living specimen, which was figured and described
by Prof. Flower, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 326.
2. A fine male of the larger form of the Patas Monkey (Vercopi-
thecus ruber ?), presented by Dr. R. F. Mayne, on the 3rd November.
Dr. Mayne, in reply to inquiries, tells me that this monkey was
purchased at Lagos, West Africa, where he informs me this species is
1874.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 665
known as the King Monkey, but is rare. This form of the Patas, of
which we have now two living specimens, nearly resembles the Nisnas
Monkey (C. pyrrhonotus) except in having a black nose. It seems
to me quite distinct from the smaller form, which we generally receive
as the Patas, and requires further examination.
3. Three Night-Parrots (Stringops habroptilus), purchased No-
vember 3rd. ‘Two of these appear to be a pair, agree well together,
and appear likely to do well; the third, I regret to say, we have
already lost.
4. A male Muntjac (Cervulus), purchased November 6th of the
Jardin d’Acclimatation, Paris. This animal is from the French
colony of Saigon, and appears to show that the form inhabiting
this district is nearly allied to the true C. muntjae. I propose to
speak of it more fully in some notes which I have now in prepara-
tion upon the Cervuli living in the Society’s Gardens.
5. Eighteen Lancelets (Amphioxus lanceolatus), presented Nov.
14th by the Directors of the Zoological Station, Naples, being the
first examples of this “invertebrate vertebrate ’’ that have yet reached
the Society’s Fish-house.
6. A pair of Muntjaes (Cervulus, sp. inc.), from Formosa, pre-
sented by Mr. W. P. Galton, November 17th. Of these I shall
speak more fully in the paper mentioned above which I have in pre-
paration.
7. Two Agoutis from St. Lucia, West Indies, presented by Mr.
Neville Holland, November 24th.
In August 1868 we received from Mr. G. H. Hawtayne, of St.
Vincent, West Indies, a pair of Agoutis which are referred, in the
‘Revised List of Vertebrates’ (p. 76), to the Acouchy (Dasyprocta
acouchy). The present animals from St. Lucia are evidently of the
same species, as I find by comparing them with one of the St.-Vin-
cent specimens, which has been preserved for examination. But they
are certainly not referable to D. acouchy, to which I must have re-
ferred the first specimen, simply because Mr. Waterhouse says that
that is the species found in the West-India Islands*. They belong,
on the contrary, to the short and naked-tailed group of Dasyprocta
allied to D. aguti, and seem most like D. punctata of Central
America‘, but are smaller in size and much darker in colour. The
fur is generally black minutely grizzled with yellow; but the crest
at the back of the head and long hair on the hinder part of the back
are of a nearly uniform black.
The total length of the body in the specimen from St. Vincent is
about 14 inches.
Dr. Gray has described a Dasyprocta albida from St. Vincent,
concerning which it is sufficient to refer to Mr. Waterhouse’s observa-
tions (Mamm. ii. p. 397). Evenif this name could be shown to have
* Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 392, , 4
t Gray, Ann. N. H. x. p. 264 (1862), et Zool. Sulphur, pl. 15. Mr. Water-
house unites this to the Brazilian D.‘azare; but I am not sure that this is cor-
rect. We have hitherto referred the examples of this form received from Cen-
tral America to D. cristata ; but this is certainly erroneous.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLIII. AS
666 LETTER FROM THE REV. S. J. WHITMEE. [Dec. 1,
been based on an albino variety of the present animal, it would be
altogether inappropriate to the normal form. I therefore propose
for the present to call the West-Indian species Dasyprocta antillensis
(Plate LXXXII.), and hope to be able to give a more complete
account of it on a future occasion.
8. An Orange-bellied Helictis (Helictis subaurantiaca, Swinh.),
purchased of a dealer, November 26th. This little-known carnivore
was described and figured by Mr. Swinhoe in our‘ Proceedings’ in 1862
(P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 355, pl. xliv.), from Formosan specimens. I have
never before seen a living specimen of the form, which is obviously
nearly allied to Arctonyz, and also somewhat resembles in external
appearance Taxidea americana, of both of which we have living ex-
amples now in the Gardens.
It seems to me questionable whether H. subaurantiaca is really
specifically distinct from H. moschata, Gray*; but if there are two
Chinese species, ours belongs to the former. I may remark that I
believe Helictis personata of Pegut, which is united to Helictis mos-
chata by Dr. Gray (Cat. Carn. Mamm. p. 142), to be a very distinct
species.
The following extract was read from a letter addressed to the
Secretary by the Rev. S. J. Whitmee, C.M.Z.S., dated Samoa,
South Pacific, July 24th, 1874 :—
“JT am forwarding to Sydney, to the care of Dr. Bennett, a couple
of Doves, Ptilonopus fasciatus and Phlegenas stairi (?), and a pair of
Fruit-bats of the species described by Mr. E. R. Alston, at the meet-
ing of the Society on January 20th last, as Pteropus whitmeei.
“ These Dr. Bennett will forward to England for the Society should
they survive the voyage. As the Bat appears to belong to a new
species, you will doubtless be glad to have a pair in the Gardens.
“This Pteropus is very common in Samoa. The usual native name
for itis Pea’ (=Peha). But as Pea’ is the name of some chiefs, this
is often changed, according to the well-known Polynesian custom,
into Manu lagi (= Manu langi), which means the animal of the hea-
vens. This name is given to it on account of its mode of flight over
the tops of the trees at a considerable height. It is chiefly nocturnal
in its habits, but may very frequently be seen even at midday in the
bush gracefully sailing high in the heavens with a very slow and
regular flap of the wings.
‘«T once saw a number together which I estimated at over a thou-
sand. I was visiting an extinct crater in the island of Savaii, the sides
of which are perpendicular. The bottom of the crater is full of
large trees, the tops of which are about 200 feet below its upper
edge. These trees seem to be a favourite resort of the Bats; and at
the time of my visit, 5 o’clock p.m., they had come out to disport
themselves in the cool of the evening.
“The Pteropus is somewhat of a pest at the time of the bread-fruit
* See Mr. Swinhoe’s remarks, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 623.
t+ Melogale personata, Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, Bélanger’s Voy. Mamm. pl. 4.
1874.] DONATION FROM COL. S. R. TICKELL. 667
crop. It it very fond of this fruit (or, rather, vegetable), and de-
stroys a great quantity. In addition to this it makes the most
horrid screeching noise during the greater part of the night. Resi-
dents soon get accustomed to this; but when I first came to Samoa
the noise appeared to me peculiarly disagreeable,
“As the bread-fruit trees are chiefly about the villages, during this
season the natives kill a good many Bats as an article of food. They
are very fond of them, and declare them to be far preferable to fowl.
At the present time they often shoot them: but the more common
mode of catching them is to fasten a prickly bush on a long bamboo
or light pole ; with this they approach the tree on which a Bat is
feeding, and by a dexterous movement manage to strike a wing with
a thorn of the bush as the animal takes to flight ; the wing is thus
torn by the thorns and the Bat disabled. In addition to the bread-
fruit (Artocarpus incisa) the Péteropus feeds on the different species
of banana, but chiefly that known as the Chinese (Musa chinensis),
the Papaw apple (Carica papaya), the indigenous Hog-plum (Spon-
dias dulcis), the Eugenia malaccensis, and the sweet orange.
“‘ Judging from my own trees, it appears to have a great liking for
the oranges when they are fine and ripe. The natives of these
islands very easily tame this Bat : after keeping it for a little time in
captivity they allow it to go at liberty ; but it never leaves the house
and people it is accustomed to. The natives declare that it keeps the
house in which it lives quite free from other Bats, which are afraid
of it.
“T have been unsuccessful in attempting to tame the two specimens
now sent to you. One was full-grown when brought to me by a
native. I have had him two or three mouths; and he continues as
shy and savage as when first brought. The other was procured
when very small. A servant of mine shot a female, which fell dead
with the uninjured young one at her breast. This we reared ;
but it continues very shy to the present time.”
The Secretary called the special attention of the meeting to the
valuable donation made to the Society’s Library, by Col. S. R.
Tickell, of an illustrated MS. work on the ornithology of India, in
seven small folio volumes, with 261 plates of birds (illustrating 276
species), descriptions of 448 species, and 5 plates of eggs containing
illustrations of those of 42 species. The following were stated to
be the contents of the seven volumes :—
Vol. I. Raprores prurni, with 41 plates and descriptions of 60
species.
Vol. II. Raprores nocrurny, with 21 plates and descriptions of
24 species, also 1 plate of eggs containing figures of those of 9 species,
Vol. III. Zyeopacryui, with 46 plates and descriptions of 83
species, also 1 plate of eggs containing figures of those of 7 species.
Vol. IV. Tenurrostres, with 32 plates and descriptions of 56
species, and 1 plate of eggs containing figures of those of 5 species.
Vol. V. Dentirostres (part 1), with 38 plates and descriptions
43*
668 MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. [ Dee. 1,
of 73 species, also 1 plate of eggs containing figures of those of 6
species.
Uwe. VI. Dentrrostres (part 2), with 30 plates and descriptions
of 71 species.
Vol. VII. Fisstrostres, with 53 plates and descriptions of
81 species; also 1 plate of eggs containing figures of those of 15
species.
A letter was read from Mr. Henry W. Piers, of Capetown, con-
taining remarks on certain specimens of Ribbon-fish (Gymnetrus)
in the South-African museum.
The following papers were read :—
1. Descriptions of eleven new Species of Terrestrial and
Marine Shells from North-east Australia. By Joun
Brazier, C.M.Z.S.
[Received November 5, 1874.]
(Plate LX XXIII.)
These new species were collected by me when I accompanied the
Australian Eclipse Expedition in December 1871; but my continued
absence from Sydney whilst engaged in collecting in other localities
has prevented me from describing them sooner. The specific names
attached are chiefly those of the astronomers attached to the ex-
pedition.
The typical specimens of the species marked with .an asterisk I
have presented to the British Museum.
*1. Hexrx (Conuvs) etieryi. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 3 & 4.)
Shell minutely umbilicated, conical, very thin, pale brown, finely,
regularly, and spirally striated ; spire conical, acute, suture impressed
with a fine groove; whorls 53, slightly convex, the last sharply
keeled at the periphery, base convex, glossy round the umbilicus,
about one half marked with spiral lines ; peristome simple, slightly
angular; aperture oblique, margins distant, columellar margin slightly
reflexed over the umbilicus.
Diam. maj. 13, min. 1, alt. 12 lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; found under
leaves on damp ground (coll. Brazier).
I have named this species after Mr. Ellery, Government Astro-
nomer, of Melbourne, Victoria.
*2. Hexix (Conutus) russetur. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 13
& 14.)
Shell minutely umbilicated, turbinately globose, thin, shining,
faintly and obliquely closely striated, horny brown; spire elevated,
apex obtuse, suture channelled ; whorls 5, roundly convex, last de-
Scott& Sowerby, del. Sowerby, lith. M&NHanhart, imp
NEW NORTH AUSTRALIAN SHELLS,
1874.] MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. 669
scending in front, base convex, transversely striated; peristome
simple, thin, roundly lunate; aperture oblique, columellar margin
dilated, partly covering the umbilicus with a white callus.
Diam. maj. 13, min. 1}, alt. 14 lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; under leaves
on damp ground. Found also at No. 8 Island, Claremont Group,
off Cape Sidmouth, North-east Australia, amongst the drift coral
above high-water mark (coll. Brazier).
Named after Mr. Russell, Government Astronomer, of Sydney,
New South Wales.
*3. Pupa (VERTIGO) MACDONNELLI. (Plate LXXXIILI. figs.
22 & 23.)
Shell small, dextral, umbilicately fissured, oblong, thin, shining,
smooth, white ; whorls 5, rounded, the last small, suture impressed,
narrow ; apex obtuse; aperture somewhat squarely ovate, longer
than broad, denticulated with 5 teeth, 4 prominent, the upper one
large, placed in the centre of the aperture, and extending upwards
in a thick rounded callus, the second placed to the left, minute and
rounded, the third on the columella, thick and pointed, the fourth
facing the upper, moderately pointed, the fifth about equal in size to
the fourth ; the aperture divided into four parts, peristome thickened
and expanded, smooth and white, margins joined by a thick callus
continuous with the peristome and extending over the body-whorl.
Length 1, breadth 4 lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, North-east Australia; also No. 8 Island,
Claremont Group (coll. Brazier).
I have named this shell after Mr. W. J. MacDonnell, Astronomer,
of Sydney.
4. Pura (VERTIGO) scorti1. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 24-26.)
Shell dextral, fissured, cylindrical, thin, transparent, pale brown ;
whorls 53, roundly convex, last small, obliquely and transversely
faintly striated ; apex roundly obtuse; aperture small, ovate, denti-
culated within with 4 prominent white teeth, one placed on the body -
whorl, elongated and rounded, a second on the columella large and
acute, two placed inside the outer lip, the lower one long and pro-
minent, the upper moderate and rounded ; peristome whitish, thick-
ened and expanded; margins continuous, with a thin coating of
callus over the perforation.
Length #, breadth } lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; only one
specimen obtained, at the watering-place, under a bit of wood (coll.
Brazier).
I have named this after the Rev. W. Scott, Astronomer, Sydney.
*5. CycLopnorus (Dirropis) wHiTeI. (Plate LXXXIII. figs,
5-7.)
Shell suborbicular, somewhat depressed, rather thin, obliquely
rugosely striated ; spire scarcely elevated, apex obtuse, smooth ;
eo
670 MR. J. BRAZIER ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. [Dec. 1,
whorls 43, increasing rapidly, last large, flattened, spirally keeled,
with one above and one below the periphery, the space between
them having a hollow appearance ; umbilicus large, with a keel sur-
rounding it ; aperture oblique, circular ; peristome simple, thin, acute.
Operculum horny yellow, thin, concave, multispiral.
Diam. maj. 1, min. 3, alt. ? lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; found under
wood, near a freshwater stream (coll. Brazier).
This interesting species belongs to the new subgenus Ditropis of
Blanford ; it reminds one of a miniature Tropidophora cuvieriana
or 7. tricarinata, with its prominent keels.
T have named it after Mr. White, F.R.A.S., Astronomer, of Mel-
bourne, Victoria.
*6, DIPLOMMATINA GOWLLANDI. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 19-21.)
Shell dextral, rimate, acuminately oblong, white, hyaline, finely
and obliquely ribbed, interstices smooth; spire conical, apex acute,
sometimes decollated ; whorls from 6 to 7, sometimes 9, the first
three forming the apex are regular and tapering, the fourth broad,
the fifth longer and broader, the sixth very small, having a pinched
or distorted appearance in front, the seventh or last extends nearly
up to the suture of the sixth; aperture vertical, subcircular ; peri-
stome thin and broad; margins continuous, shining, the outer broadly
expanded, the columellar margin thick, straight, slightly channelled
in front, tooth within minute.
Diam. maj. 14, min. 32, alt. 3 lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; found at the
root of a large tree, crawling upon the grass (coll. Brazier).
This curious species differs from any of the Diplommatine that I
have met with, the first three whorls forming the apex being regular
and tapering, the fourth a little broader, the fifth still longer and
broader, the sixth having a pinched~in appearance, while the last is
large, giving the shell a most distorted aspect ; the greatest breadth
is at the fifth whorl, the least at the sixth. The few hundreds that
I collected are all of the same description. I have named it after
my late lamented friend John Thomas Ewing Gowlland, Staff-Com-
mander R.N., who was unfortunately drowned while surveying in
Port Jackson, August 1874, and who was in charge of the steamer
that conveyed the Eclipse Expedition to Cape Sidmouth.
*7. GEORISSA MULTILIRATA. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 8-10.)
Shell imperforate, globosely conical, reddish brown, strongly spi-
rally striated, interstices rather rough, shining; whorls 4, roundly
convex, suture channelled ; spire conical, apex papillary, base convex,
very finely marked with spiral lines; aperture vertical, lunate ; peri-
stome thickened ; columellar margin straight, thickened, with a white
callus around the perforation, which is hollowed out. Opereulum
shelly, ovate, smooth, brownish, with a long pointed shelly protu-
berance on the underside or place of-attachment to the animal.
Diam. maj. ?, min. 4, alt. 1 lin,
1874.) MR.J. BRAZIER ON NEW AUSTRALIAN SHELLS. 671
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia; found crawl-
ing on roots of grass in company with Diplommatina gowllandi
(coll. Brazier).
8. CoLuMBELLA (MiTRELLA) RUSSELLI. (Plate LXXXIII.
figs. 17 & 18.)
Shell cylindrically oblong, somewhat fusiform, smooth, white ;
whorls 6, moderately convex, encircled with dark orange spots; on
the last whorl are two rows of spots, the upper row larger, the lower
long and reticulated, those above the suture are arrow-shaped ; aper-
ture oblong-ovate, outer lip thickened with a callus above; columella
marked with fine grooves ; canal short, straight.
Length 27, breadth 14 lin.
Hab. No. 6 or Eclipse Island, Claremont Group, north-east coast
of Australia. I obtained only one specimen, under a stone, during
our stay of nine days (coll. Brazier).
9. CoLUMBELLA (ANACHIS) DIGGLEsI. (Plate LXXXIII. figs.
11 & 12.)
Shell oblong-ovate, thin, glassy, whitish, marked with oblique
reddish lines, longitudinally narrowly ribbed; whorls 54, tabled at
the suture ; apex acute, light blue; aperture ear-shaped, half the
length of the shell; outer lip minutely denticulated within, colu-
mella curved, finely striated, with a callus extending to the upper
part ; canal short.
Length 13, breadth 3 lin.
Hab. Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia (coll. Brazier).
This pretty species I obtained at a depth of 18 fathoms, upon a
piece of Retepora dredged off a rocky bottom. I have named it
after Mr. Silvester Digeles of Queensland, the author of a work on
Australian ornithology, and one of the observing party of the
Eclipse Expedition.
*10. CoLumBELLA (ANACHIS) GOWLLANDI. (Plate LXXXIII.
figs. 15 & 16.)
Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, horny yellow, longitudinally
ribbed as far as the centre of the last whorl; ribs rounded and
smooth, interstices smooth, below obliquely striated; whorls 8,
moderately convex, encircled with a reddish band on the centre of
the whorls, with two on the last, one in the middle, and one below,
grained at the suture ; apex acute, very smooth ; aperture ear-shaped,
short, outer lip thickened, smooth ; columella sinuous, coated with
callus, upper part with a tooth-like callus spreading towards the outer
lip ; canal short, straight.
Length 2, breadth | lin.
Hab. No. 6 or Eclipse Island, Claremont Group, north-east coast
of Australia, under stones (coll. Brazier).
Of this species I obtained three specimens at the same locality ;
and when visiting the Solomons Islands in ]872 in H.MLS. ‘ Blanche’
I collected four at Makera Harbour, San Christoval. It comes near
672 MR. BUTLER ON NEW HOMOPTEROUS INSECTS. [ Dee. 1,
to Columbella atrata, Gld., and C. lentiginosa, Hinds, two Port-
Jackson species.
*11, Liotra GowLLANDI. (Plate LXXXIII. figs. 1 & 2.)
Shell solid, depressedly orbicular, white, obliquely rugose, inter-
stices smooth; whorls 5, the last very large, grooved spirally at the
periphery, also above and below it, giving the shell the appearance
of having three granulated spiral ribs; suture depressed, smooth ;
apex acute, smooth ; base rounded, ribbed ; umbilicus moderately
large, encircled by a spiral rib; aperture oblique, circular, lip con-
tinuous, white; thickened.
Diam. maj. 13, min. 1, alt. 2 lin.
Hab. Percy Island, No. 2, north-east coast of Australia; found
under stones (coll. Brazier).
This charming species approaches near to Liotta speciosa, Angas,
from Port Jackson. I obtained six specimens during a stay of two
hours only at the Percy Islands.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIIt.
Figs. 1, 2. Liotia gowllandi, p. 672.
3, 4. Helix (Conulus) elleryi, p. 668.
5- 7. Cyclophorus (Ditropis) whitei, p. 669.
fod
8-10. Georissa multilirata, p. 670.
11, 12. Columbella (Anachis) digglest, 2 671.
13, 14. Helix (Conulus) russelli, p. 638.
15,16. Columbella (Anachis) gowllandi, p. 671.
17,18. Columbella (Mitrelia) russelli, p. 671.
19-21. Diplommatina gowllandi, p. 670.
22, 23. Pupa (Vertigo) macdonnelli, p. 669.
24-26. Pupa (Vertigo) scotti, p. 669.
2. Descriptions of three new Species of Homopterous Insects.
By A. G. Burtsr, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.
[Received November 24, 1874.]
Genus CosmoscarTA, Stal.
COSMOSCARTA DISTANTI, 0. sp.
Allied to C. bivittata and C. feralis, but in structure agreeing
better with C. xanthorhina. Head and thorax black, rather dull;
scutellum black, pitchy at the margins; abdomen above shining
purplish black ; body below black; legs piceous; tegmina black,
becoming piceous towards apex, crossed by two orange bands, the
inner one somewhat broad, crossing centre of clavus, and widest in
the centre, the outer one only half as wide, widest and angulated in
the middle externally; wings smoky brown. Length 18 millims. ;
exp. tegm. 49.
Hab. Penang (Distant). In coll. W. L. Distant.
The position of this species will be after C. feralis.
3
1874.] MR. GARROD ON THE “‘SHOW-OFF”’ IN BUSTARDS. 673
Genus TerticgoniA, Fabricius.
TETTIGONIA ELVINA, 0. sp.
Head, thorax, and scutellum above dull blue-black ; abdomen
purplish brown above; anal segments and sides orange; tegmina
subhyaline; basal two thirds divided abruptly and longitudinally
into two areas, the anterior one testaceous, terminating on costal
margin in a crimson-edged triangular white spot, the posterior one
chocolate-brown ; an oblique brown stria from middle of costal mar-
gin to centre of limitation of the testaceous area; terminal third
bright orange, its outer margin blackish, its inner margin whitish
hyaline ; a rounded black subapical spot, partially edged internally
with white ; a larger blackish spot at external angle, and a small dot
on inner margin; wings pale brown; body below testaceous ; face
whitish. Length of body 5} millims. ; exp. tegm. 17.
Hab. St. Paulo, Amazons (Bates). B.M.
Genus Lepropsis, White.
LEDROPSIS COCCINEA, 0. Sp.
Body above, tegmina, and veins of wings scarlet ; ground of wings
hyaline white ; below bright stramineous, with the front and sides
of cephalic process, the sides of thorax, and the upperside of the
tibize and tarsi of legs scarlet. Length 10 millims.; exp. tegm. 14.
Hab. N. Australia. From Mr. Saunders’s collection. B.M
Form of Z. naso of Walker.
3. Further Note on the Mechanism of the “ Show-off” in
Bustards. By A. H. Garrop, B.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of
St. John’s College, Cambridge, Prosector to the Society.
[Received November 24, 1874.]
It is the uncertainty with which my material comes to hand which
must be my excuse for having so soon to present a further note on
the “show-off” in the Bustards.
A young male specimen of the Great Bustard (Otis tarda) has
recently died in the Society’s Gardens ; and one or two observations
which I was able to make on its gular arrangements have done much
to clear up, in my mind, the difficulties connected with that some-
what involved subject. My previous communication on this point
(P. Z. S. 1874, p. 471) contains a drawing of the cesophagus,
trachea, and gular pouch of a Spanish specimen of Otis tarda,
kindly given me by Lord Lilford. In the description appended to
the woodcut it is remarked that the crop is peculiar, in that it
springs from the posterior instead of the anterior wall of the
cesophagus; and I may mention that it is further peculiar in
not being quite median, as would have been expected.
I do not know the age of the young male bird above referred to,
which I have recently examined. It seemed of nearly full size, had
>
674 MR. GARROD ON THE “‘SHOW-OFF”’ IN BUSTARDS. [Dec. |,
been in the possession of the Society between three and four months,
had never shown off, and had no lateral tuft of feathers from the
sides of the lower jaw.
In it the esophagus was uniformly cylindrical, with no trace of a
crop, and there was no gular pouch. On looking under the tongue,
however, it was evident that the arrangement of the sublingual
structures was quite peculiar. In the male of Hupodotis australis,
as I have previously remarked *, the frenum lingue is well developed
in the normal manner as a median vertical fold ; and, what is more,
it is situated as far forward as in most animals, not behind the level
of the basihyal apparatus. In the young and pouchless male of
Otis tarda the condition is very different. In it the frenum lingue
does not exist as such, but as two slight lateral vertical folds, with a
median interval between them, a quarter of an inch across ; so that the
pouchless sublingual region of the young male Otis tarda is very like
the excellent drawing of that of the pouched adult male in Dr. Murie’s
paper on the bird (P. Z. S. 1869, p. 141), except that what is there
represented as an aperture to a pouch must be considered for the
time being as only a slight depression. The tongue is also free for a
considerably further distance along its under surface than in Eupo-
dotis australis.
In a specimen of the head of Otis tarda in the Museum of the
College of Surgeonst the frenum lingue is median and normal in all
respects. The sex is not mentioned; but from the fact of its
differing so much from that of my young male specimen, I cannot
help inferring that it is that of a female. If such is the case, until
more examples are obtainable, the certainty as to the correctness of
my surmise is not absolute.
The two sublingual frena, with a membrane between them, make
it seem almost certain to me that in the adolescent male bird, and
not in the female, there is every opportunity for the development of
a pouch, and that the habit of inflating the air-passages during the
sexual season distends the membrane between the frena lingue, it
being comparatively weak, and causes it to develop into a pouch from
continued stretching. In favour of the here assumed existence of
considerable pressure is the existence of the abnormally situated di-
verticulum in the specimen figured in my previous paper on the
subject ; for, from the absence of any trace of a crop in the young
bird, it may be inferred that such an organ does not pertain to the
species ; therefore it must be the result of some superadded force,
brought into action in the adult, the distention of the pharynx during
the “ show-off”’ being quite sufficient to account for it.
The specimens figured in my earlier communication and that
described in the present may all be seen in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons.
* P.Z.8. 1874, p. 472. t No. 772 Q.
1874.] | MR. WHITELY ON PERUVIAN HUMMING-BIRDS. 675
4. Further Notes on Humming-birds collected in High Peru*.
By H. Wurrtety, C.M.Z.S.
[Received November 13, 1874.]
LESBIA NUNA.
This bird makes its appearance in this district of Peru about the
beginning of September, and stays some months. It is very rapid in
flight, and has a most beautiful appearance with the long tail-feathers
streaming out behind. If by chance two males meet, they fight with
great fury, rising higher and higher almost vertically till lost to sight.
Whilst the male is hovering over a flower, its tail is never spread
out ; but when wounded, it skims along the ground with the tail-
feathers stretched out to the greatest extent. It is a curious sight
to see one of these birds trying to pass from one spot to another a
long distance off in a straight line against a strong wind, which, acting
on the long tail-feathers, takes it a Jong way off from the place it
was trying to reach. Whilst perched, the two long tail-feathers are
a little separated. Very small insects seem to be the principal food
of this species, as I am convinced insects are of all other species and
genera of Humming-birds ; and the nectar of flowers is only partaken
of to assist digestion. Why has no Humming-bird been able to live
in England, where the cold does not exceed that of the sierras out
here at an elevation of 14,000 feet? Again, all other birds, as far
as my observation goes, take grit to help in the digestion of their
food ; but the Humming-bird does not ; therefore it must take some
equivalent. It is trae Humming-birds may be kept for months on
sugar and water or honey and water ; but after that they commence
to droop and die off, evidently from the too stimulating nature of
the food.
ACESTRURA MULSANTI.
This bird is found in the virgin forest on the eastern slopes of the
Andes, at an elevation of between 8000 and 9000 feet.
It perches generally on the topmost branches of a dead tree of
reat size, so that to the observer at the foot of the tree it appears
to be about the size of a bee. All of a sudden it flies off, and com-
mences to circle round and round, the same as a humble-bee; the
circles become gradually larger and larger, till all at once it darts off
like a flash of lightning in the direction of the bunches of flowers
growing on the large creepers, where it remains hovering for a few
seconds, returning afterwards to its perch on the dead tree. Its food
must principally consist of very minute insects caught in the air:
and by this reason one may account for its remarkably formed tail ;
for if the two outer tail-feathers were long and broad it would be
impossible for the bird to make circles almost on its own axis, espe-
cially during a strong wind.
* See P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 187 & 784.
676 MR. WHITELY ON PERUVIAN HUMMING-BIRDS. [Dec. 1,
OREONYMPHA NOBILIS.
The first specimen of this bird I obtained was at Tinta; but I
have since found it in this province, and also on the highroad from
Tinta to Cuzco. How strange it seems, after so many years have
passed since the discovery of Peru, and so many distinguished people
have travelled over the same road, that they have never made men-
tion nor obtained a specimen of this really beautiful bird.
Its flight is very peculiar. It takes a flight from one flower in the
direction of another, perhaps some two or three hundred yards off,
and all of a sudden comes to a dead stop, throws the body up ver-
tically, the tail being spread out, and the beautiful crown and beard
glittering in the sunshine. This action is frequently repeated in the
passage from one flowering shrub to another, evidently for the pur-
pose of taking insects in the air.
This is one of the few Humming-birds where colour is seen to
great advantage. In most of the species it is never seen till the bird
is shot ; this is especially observable in Agl@actis castelnaudi, where
male and female are adorned with a tuft of white feathers on the breast,
and it is impossible to distinguish male from female in the living state.
BourciERIA INCA.
This is another most beautifui species, and its habits and flight
quite distinct from all others. And now, whilst speaking about flight,
it would not be out of place to record my own observations on the
subject ; for almost all naturalists are agreed that in most of the spe-
cies the flight is exactly similar; but from this opinion I must beg
to differ, as when a Humming-bird flies past me I can tell in a
moment if it is new to me by the manner of its flight.
B. inca is found in the wooded unas on the eastern slopes of the
Andes, at an elevation of 10,000 feet, and principally resorts to ashrub
which grows to the height of ten or twelve feet, bearing beautiful
bunches of red wax-like flowers. In one of these bunches there may
be perhaps eighty or a hundred distinct flowers ; and the bird appears
to visit each in succession without missing a single flower, and, from
the length of time it necessarily takes hovering over one of the
bunches, is easily shot. But of the whole family of Humming-birds
it is perhaps the most conspicuous on the wing, with its beautiful
plumage of green, with the patch of chestnut on the breast, and the
white feathers in the tail. Its flight is very rapid *.
Cuzco, Peru. April 22nd, 1874.
* The following is a complete list of the species of Humming-birds of which
specimens have been sent home by Mr. Whitely, with references to his notes
upon them in this and his former papers added.—P. L. 8.
Phaethornis guyi, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 189.
superciliosus, P.Z.8. 1873, p. 188.
Aphantochroa hyposticta, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 189.
Oreotrochilus estelle, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 987.
Lolema whitelyana, P.Z.S8. 1873, p. 188.
Panoplites matthewsi, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 784.
Acestrura mulsanti, supra, p. 679.
3K
M &
-N UW } |
&N Hanhart mp
1874.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALYVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 677
5. On Peruvian Birds collected by Mr. Whitely. By P. L.
Scrater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Osperr Savin, M.A.,
F.R.S.—Part VIII.+
[Received December 1, 1874.]
(Plate LX XXIV.)
We have again a small but interesting collection of some thirty-
two species collected by the Society’s Corresponding Member, Mr.
H. Whitely, in the Andes of Cuzco, to report upon.
The following is a list of the species in the present collection, and
their localities. Amongst them are several (having their names
marked with an asterisk) on which we have notes to offer.
1. Turdus gigantodes, Cab. Cchachupata.
2. Cinclus leucocephalus. Cchachupata.
3. Conirostrum ferrugineiventre. Cchachupata.
4. Diglossa brunneiventris. Paucartambo.
5. Pecilothraupis igniventris. Cchachupata,
6. Pheucticus aureiventris. Cchachupata.
7. Phrygilus unicolor. Cchachupata.
8 Sruticeti. Paucartambo.
9. Catamenia analis. Paucartambo.
10. Agriornis pollens. Cchachupata.
11. Myiotheretes striaticollis. Cchachupata.
erythropygius. Cchachupata.
13. Ochtheca enanthoides. Cchachupata,
leucophrys. Paucartambo.
Spathura peruana, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 784.
Lesbia nuna, supra, p. 675.
Cynanthus mocoa, P. Z 8. 1878, p. 188.
Pterophanes temmincki, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 190.
Agleactis caumatonota, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 190.
castelnaudi, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 190.
Oreonympha nobilis, supra, p. 676.
Ramphomicron ruficeps.
microrhynchum, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 190.
Metallura eneicauda, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 191.
smaragdinicollis, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 191.
Adelomyia inornata.
chlorospila, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 189.
Heliothriz auritus, P.Z.8. 1873, p. 189.
Petasophora iolata, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 988, and 1873, p. 188.
cyanotus, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 784.
delphine, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 784.
Patagona gigas, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 988, and 1869, p. 154.
Docimastes ensifer, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 189.
Helianthea osculans, P. Z.8. 1873, p. 191.
Heliangelus amethysticollis.
Bourcieria inca, supra, p. 676.
Eriocnemis aline, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 784.
+ For Part VII. see P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 779.
678 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [ Dec. 1,
15. Ochtheca rufipectoralis. Cchachupata.
*16. Muscisaxicola rufipennis. Cchachupata.
17. Myiarchus, sp. inc. -Cchachupata.
18. Heliochera rubrocristata. Cchachupata.
19. Cinclodes fuscus. Paucartambo.
bifasciatus. Paucartambo.
*21. Synallaxis albicapilla. Cchachupata.
22. Anumbius striaticeps. Paucartambo.
23. Grallaria sqyuamigera. Cchachupata.
24. Colaptes rupicola. Cchachupata.
*25, Psittacula andicola. Paucartambo.
26. Falco femoralis. Paucartambo.
27. Buteo erythronotus. Paucartambo.
28. Zenaida maculata. Paucartambo.
*29. Penelope sclateri. Paucartambo.
30. Tringa maculata. Paucartambo.
*31. Merganetta leucogenys, Tsch. Upper Andes.
*32. Nothoprocta taczanowskii. Cchachupata.
3. CoNIROSTRUM FERRUGINEIVENTRE, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 74, Aves, pl. Ixxxv.
This species was originally described by Sclater in 1855 from speci-
mens transmitted to the Derby Museum from Bolivia. We have not
since met with it, except the single example in Jelski’s Peruvian
collections (see above p. 511).
5. PacrLoTHRAUPIS IGNIVENTRIS (Lafr. et D’Orb.); Sclat.
P. Z. 8S. 1856, p. 242; Syn. Av. Tan. p. 68.
Mr. Whitely’s skins are, in our opinion, certainly referable to this
species, of which the specific characters are pointed out by Sclater,
l. s.c. We suspect P. ignicrissa (Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 317) is
not different ; but nothing is said respecting the blue edgings of the
wings. In P. lunulata from Columbia and P. atricrissa, Cab. J. f. O.
1866, p. 165, from Ecuador, there is no appearance of blue wing-
edgings.
16. Muscisax1CcoLa RUFIPENNIS, Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 134.
We have compared Mr. Whitely’s skins of this well-marked species
with M. Taczanowski’s type.
20. CrncLopEs BIFAsciATus, Scl. P. Z.S. 1858, p. 448, et 1873,
p. 782.
Having now a skin of the true C. palliatus (Tsch.) from M.
Jelski’s collection before us, we find that it is by no means identical
with the present bird, as supposed possible (P. Z.S. 1873, p. 783).
C. palliatus is larger, of a pure white below, has the lores black,
and is darker on the wings and tail. But Tschudi’s figure, giving
it a white end to the tail, is incorrect, only the two outer rectrices
being slightly tipped with white.
1874.] MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. 679
21. SYNALLAXIS ALBICAPILLA, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p- 319; Tacz.
anted, p. 527.
We have compared Mr. Whitely’s skin of this species with the
typical specimen.
25. Psrrracuta anpicota, Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 90.
A second example of this interesting species, obtained, like the
former, at Paucartambo.
On reexamination we find that Sclater’s collection contains a skin
of this little Parrot, received from M. Taczanowski as a duplicate of
Bolborhynchus orbignesius. It was obtained by Jelski at Punamarca,
Peru, in 1872.
29. PENELOPE scLATERI, G. R. Gray.
Further examples of this species, already collected at Huasampilla
by Mr. Whitely (P.Z.S. 1873, p.780), and at Chilpes, Central Peru,
by Jelski (anted, p. 558). In our ‘Nomenclator’ we unfortunately
allowed Mr. Gray’s name to be superseded by ruftventris of Tschudi,
believing at the moment that Tschudi’s Penelope rufiventris was a
synonym. But Salvin has recently examined a typical specimen of
Tschudi’s bird, and has decided that our former reference of this
doubtful species* was correct. See his remarks Ibis, 1874, p- 318.
31. MERGANETTA LEUCOGENYs (Tsch.).
Specimens in Mr. Whitely’s present collection rather resemble
this form than Merganetta turner, nobis (Ex. Orn. pl. 100) ; and we
are not quite satisfied that the two species are really distinct. Mr.
Whitely sends the following notice of the habits of this peculiar
Duck.
This. bird is found in almost all the rivers and small mountain-
streams of the Upper Andes. It is a beautiful sight to come across
a pair of them swimming about amongst the immense boulders in
one of these mountain-torrents. It dives with great rapidity equally
well up stream, against a strong current, as down stream. It climbs
up large stones that, with the action of the water constantly passing
over them, have become smooth as glass, and seems to be greatly
aided in this by the stiff feathers in the tail.
I think the spikes on the wings are meant to assist the bird in
diving rapidly, as I know of no enemy it has that would make them
a formidable weapon to be used in attack or defence. Its food con-
sists of grasses and sedges ; and the flesh is said to be a great delicacy,
though personally I have never made the trial. The males are much
more plentiful than the females. I have not been able to find their
breeding-ground, but should suspect it would be in some of the small
caverns near the mountain-torrents.
32. NoTHOPROCTA TACZANOWSKIT, sp. nov. (Plate LXXXIV.)
Supra fusca, plumis nigro late transfasciatis et pallido cervino
utringue marginatis : subtus omnino dilutior, pectore cinereo
* P.Z.S. 1870, p. 531.
680 MESSRS. SCLATER AND SALVIN ON PERUVIAN BIRDS. [Dec. 1.
adumbrato et maculis pallide cervinis supra et subtus nigro
marginatis ornato : gula et abdomine medio lacteo-albescentibus :
lateribus et crisso cum subcaudalibus fere sicut pectus trans-
fasciatis: alarum remigibus nigricantibus cervino frequenter
transfasciatis, his fasciis in pogonio externo minus distinctis
sed apparentibus: rostro elongato incurvo, obscure corneo:
pedibus flavidis : long. tota 13, ale 7, tarsi 1-9.
Hab. Peruvia alta (Jelski et Whitely).
We have based this new species of our genus Nothoprocta* upon
a specimen collected by Jelski at Maraynioc in Ceutral Peru, which
M. Taczanowski sent us for examinationt, and of which we also
take this opportunity of giving a figure (Plate LXXXIV.),
Mr. Whitely’s two skins from Cehachupata, at first sight appear to
belong to two distinct species ; but comparing them with M. Jelski’s
specimen we find that, though the latter agrees closely with the
larger of Mr. Whitely’s birds in general coloration, it corresponds in
dimensions with the smaller. We are disposed, therefore, to consider
the smaller of Mr.*Whitely’s two specimens to be in immature plu-
mage, the difference of size, chiefly that of the bill, being attributable
to individual variation, all three of the birds before us being marked
as males. ;
This younger bird, if such it really is, differs chiefly in having the
breast marked with dark spots with light edges, instead of oval light
spots edged on their uppersides with black. The cross bars, too,
of the adult birds seen on the chest are absent, and are only slightly
shown on the flanks. The general colour of the breast of the young
bird is fawn rather than grey. The upper surface is precisely alike
in both.
In our ‘Nomenclator,’ p. 153, we assigned four species to
Nothoprocta. To these we now have to add the species described
above and M. Taczanowski’s Nothoprocta branickii (anted, p. 563).
The subjoined table may assist in the determination of the species
of this difficult genus :—
Prim. ext. in pogonio interno transfasciatis
Prim. ext. in pogonio interno unicoloribus.
Pectore cinereo, albido maculato.
13 Dyiehe dh Stik oe Oeeb 1. taczanowskii.
Secundariis nigro-fuscis, rufo transfasciatis ............ 2. perdicaria.
Secundariis nigro-fuscis, fasciis fulyis notatis ......... 3. pentlandi.
Pectore cinereo, indistincte yermiculato.
Major, tectr. alar. late transfasciatis ...............000.+- 4. ornata.
Minor, tectr. alar. minute fasciatis ......... s@nasseeenee 5. branickii,
Pectore rufescente ..........0.sececereene Beware cat: sacerasetier eee 6. curvirostris.
ee Se ee a eee ee
* Nomencl. Ay. Neotr. p. 156 (1873). t See anted, p. 564.
ASH MUSE>s
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APPENDIX.
LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE
Jan, 1.
“IO Go
13.
14,
DURING THE YEAR
1874.
1 Chinese Water-Deer (Hydropotes inermis),?. Purchased.
See above, p. 110.
2 Chinese Pucras Pheasants (Pucrasia xanthospila). Deposited.
1Great Eagle Owl (Bubo maximus),3. Deposited. From
China.
» 2 Senegal Touracous (Corythaiz persa). Presented by Mr. E.
Hawkins.
2 Blue-rumped Parrakeets (Pstttinus malaccensis). Purchased.
2 Alario Sparrows (Passer alario). Purchased.
1 Red-tailed Fox (Canis fulvicaudus).. Purchased. From South
America.
1 Molucean Deer (Cervus moluccensis), 3. Purchased.
2 Black-tailed Hawfinches (Coccothraustes melanurus), § and °.
Purchased.
. 1 Common Otter (Lutra vulgaris). Deposited.
. 1 Drill (Cynocephalus leucopheus), 3. Purchased.
. 1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet (Calopsitta nove hollandie), 3.
Presented by Vice-Admiral Wallis Houston.
3 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus), 3. Presented by Le
Chevalier d’ Albuquerque.
. 1 Lion (Felis leo), 2. Presented by J. Humfrey, Esq. From
Kattywar, East India.
. 2 Mongoose Lemurs (Lemur mongoz), S and 2. Purchased.
4 Grenadier Weaverbirds (Euplectes oryx). Purchased.
1 Seo Weaverbird (Hyphantornis personata), 9. Pur-
chased.
1 Crimson-winged Waxbill (Pytelia pheenicoptera). Purchased.
1 Malabar Green Bulbul (Phyllornis aurifrons). Purchased.
2 Pink-headed Ducks (Anas earyophyllacea), g and 9. Pur-
chased. See above, p. 110.
1 Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Received in exchange.
2 Common Roe-Deer (Capreolus caprea), ¢ and 9. Presented
1 by J. Edersheim, Esq., and 1 by F. Hillel, Esq.
1 Common Heron (Ardea cinerea). Presented by Mr. H. C.
Tait, C.M.Z.S. From West Africa.
1 Cheetah (Felis jubata), 2. Received in exchange.
1 Common Barn-Owl (Strix fammea). Presented by Mr. Burvell.
1 White-lipped Peccary (Dicotyles labiatus). Purchased.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLIV. 44
682
Jan. 16,
17,
21.
22.
93.
24,
26.
28,
29,
30,
$1,
APPENDIX.
2 Cinereous Sea-Eagles (Haliaétus albicilla). Presented by Sir
Victor Brooke, Bart., F.Z.S.
1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Purchased.
1 Merrem’s Snake (Liophis merrenuz). Purchased. From Monte
Video.
1 Sooty Mangaby (Cercocebus fuliginosus), ¢. Purchased.
1 Verreaux’s Guinea-fowl (Nuwmida cristata). Purchased.
2 Crested Agoutis (Dasyprocta cristata). Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Bernicle Goose (Bernicla leucopsis). Presented by Mr. 'T. P.
_ Tindale.
1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), §. Presented by Mr. John Ryde.
1 Capyhara (Hydrocherus capybara). Deposited.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Miss
Shephard.
2 Sclater’s Curassows (Crax sclateri), Purchased.
1 Common Rhea (thea americana). Purchased.
1 Black Tortoise (Testudo carbonaria). Purchased.
1 Chimachima Milvago (Milvago chimachima). Purchased.
1 Teguexin Lizard (Tetus teguexin). Purchased.
1 Prince Albert’s Curassow (Crazx alberti), g. Purchased.
2 Grey-breasted Parrakeets (Bolborhynchus monachus). Pre-
sented by Mrs. C. Dawkins.
1 Ornamental Lory (Trichoglossus ornatus). Purchased.
1 Blue-faced Lory (Zrichoglossus hematodes). Purchased.
1 Green-naped Lory ( Trichoglossus cyanogrammus). Purchased.
2 Little Bustards (Tetrax campestris). Received in exchange.
1 Little Goose (Anser erythropus). Received in exchange.
1 Great American Egret (Ardea egretta), Received in exchange.
2 Hairy Armadilloes (Dasypus villosus). Purchased.
1 White-headed Sea-EHagle (Haliaétus leucocephalus). Presented
by Mr. H. Walpole.
2 Orang Outangs (Sima satyrus), 2. Deposited.
1 Ungko Gibbon (Hylobates variegatus). Deposited.
2 Wanderoo Monkeys (Macacus silenus), g and 2. Purchased.
1 Brown Monkey (Macacus brunneus), 3. Purchased.
1 Dusky Monkey (Semnopithecus obscurus), g. Purchased. See
above, p. 110.
2 Indian Adjutants (Leptoptilus argala). Purchased.
2 Pheasant-tailed Pigeons (Macropygia phasianella). Purchased.
2 Jambu Fruit-Pigeons (Ptilonopus jambu). Purchased.
1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), g. Presented by Mr. John Rowe.
3 Maugé’s Dasyures (Dasywrus maugai), 9. Presented by Mr.
John Shaw.
3 Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Numida vulturina). Presented by
Dr. John Kirk, C.M.Z.S. See above, p. 110.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Mr. L. Owen Fox.
A collection of Salmon- and Trout-ova. Presented by Mr. J.
Parnaby.
1 Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larus fuseus). Presented by Mr.
W. K. Stanley.
1 Common Raccoon (Procyon Jotor), ¢. Purchased.
1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranoaétus aguia), juy. Presented by
Mr. Jas. Judge.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Deposited.
1 Indian Leopard (Felts pardus). Presented by Mr. G. D.
Elphinstone.
Feb. 2
cr
10.
14.
17.
18.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 683
. 1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), g. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Common Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). Presented by Mr. A,
Yates.
1 Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus). Deposited.
- 1 Feline Dourocouli (Nyctipitheeus felinus), 2. Presented by
Mr. Geo. Hollis.
1 Molucca Deer (Cervus moluccensis), $. Born in the Mena-
gerie.
» 1 Water-Rail (Rallus aquaticus). Purchased.
. 1 Suricate (Swricata zenik), G. Presented by J. Lloyd, Esq.
1 West-African Python (Python sabe). Presented by J. Lloyd,
Ksq.
2 De Hi ilippi’s Meadow-Starlings (Stwrnella defilippi), $ and 9.
Received in exchange.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mr.
R. Wilkinson.
1 Moustache-Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus), 2. Purchased.
1 Eroded Cinixys (Cinixys erosa). Purchased.
- 2 Coatis (Naswa nasica), g and 9. Presented by Mr. W. P.
Chambers.
1 Egyptian Fox (Canis niloticus). Presented by Mr. J. T.
Keane.
5 Branched Sea-horses (Hippocampus ramulosus). Purchased.
1 Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara). Purchased.
1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus gganteus), 2. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Malayan Hornbill (Buceros malayanus). Purchased. See
above, p. 151.
1 Pennant’s Parrakeet (Platycercus pennanti). Presented by
Dr. Hy. Wheeler.
1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet (Calopsitta nove hollandie). Pre-
sented by Dr. Hy. Wheeler.
1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Presented by Mr. C. J.
Noble. From Hong Kong. See above, p. 151.
1 Common Gull (Larus canus). Presented by Mr. W. H.
Stanley.
» 1 Mexican Agouti (Dasyprocta mexicana). Presented by Mr.
C. H. M. de Lichtabbel.
. 1 Hybrid Pheasant (between Thaumalea amherstie and T. picta).
Received in exchange.
» 1 Common Rhea (Rhea americana). Presented by Mr. A.
Maxwell.
1 Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa melunura). Presented by Mr.
H. 8S. Marks.
- 2 Common Pintails (Dafila acuta), g and 2. Purchased.
2 Common Call Ducks (Anas boschas), ¢ and 2. Purchased.
. 1 Large-eyed Deer (Cervus euopis), g. Purchased. From
Newchang, North China. See above, :p. 151.
2 Falcated Teal (Quergquedula falcata), 3. Purchased. From
China. See above, p. 152.
1 Pochard Duck (Fuligula ferina), g. Purchased. From
China.
1 Short-tailed Muntjac (Cervulus micrurus), 2. Purchased.
See P. Z.S. 1875.
3 Japanese Teal (Quergr “ua formosa), 3. sail
44*
684
Feb, 28
APPENDIX.
. 1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajacu). Deposited.
1 Galapagan Tortoise ( Zestudo elephantopus). Deposited.
2 Blue-tailed Lories (Lorius tricolor), Purchased,
Mar. 3. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Mr. T. Waight.
1 Goshawk (Astur palumbarius). Presented by Mr. Gerald
Lascelles.
1 Ditto. Deposited.
2 Common Crowned Pigeons (Goura coronata). Purchased.
1 Common Cassowary (Casuarius galeatus). Purchased.
1 Blue-streaked Lory (Kos reticulata). Purchased.
1 Red Lory (Eos rubra). Purchased.
5. 2 Spotted Turtledoves (Zurtur suratensis). Received in ex-
change.
6, 2 Love-bird Parrakeets (Ayapornis pullaria). Purchased.
2 Verreaux’s Guinea-fowls (Nwmida eduardi). Purchased.
1 White-throated Violet Pigeon (Jantheenas leucolema). Pur-
chased,
. 1 Negro Tamarin (Midas ursulus), 8. Presented by Mr, W.
Thomson.
1 Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaieus), g. Purchased.
See above, p. 182.
. 1 Finsch’s Amazon (Chrysotis ‘ll Presented by Mrs.
Chivers. See above, p. 206, Plate XXXIV.
1 Blue-and-Yellow Maccaw (Ara ararauna). Presented by
Miss J. Staines.
1Starred Tortoise (Testudo stellata). Presented by Capt.
Smelley.
. 1 Pintail Duck (Dajila acuta), §. Presented by Mr. J. Bailey,
jun., F.Z.S
.1 Common Otter (Lutra vulgaris), 8. Presented by Dr.
Statford.
. 1 Cornish Chough (Fregilus graculus). Presented by Mr. J. T.
Hewes.
. 1 Virginian Deer (Cervus virginianus), g. Presented by Mr.
N. M. Bateson.
. 2 Three-striped Squirrels (Sciwrus tristriatus), 2. Presented
by Capt. Forster. From Ceylon.
. 1 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl (Gallus sonnerati), 3. Presented by
Mrs. White.
. 2 Tench (Tinca vulgaris). Presented by Mr. W. Arnold.
3 Barbary Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus),1 g and2 9. Born in
the Menagerie.
. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Presented by Mr.
F. Graham.
2 Boatbills (Cancroma cochlearia). Purchased.
. 1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri). Presented by
Col. Carington.
- 1 Wheatear (Sazicola enanthe), 3. Purchased.
~ 2 toe Kingfishers (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Mr.
J. F. Hayward.
2 Egyptian Geese (Chenaloper egyptiaca), 3 and 9. Depo-
sited.
- 1 Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris). Presented by Mr. C.
Mills.
. 1 Eland (Oreas canna). Born in the Menagerie.
Mar, 28,
Apr,
31.
10.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 685
1 White-necked Crow (Corvus seapulatus). Presented by Capt.
E. Whitehead, 42nd Highlanders.
2 Yellow-headed Conures (Conurus jendaya). Purchased.
2 White-necked Crows (Corvus scapulatus). Presented by the
Rev. A. W. Petre.
1 Grey Crow Shrike (Strepera anaphonensis). Presented by the
Rev. A. W. Petre.
8 Passenger Pigeons (Ectopistes migratorius), 2 3 and 1 9.
Purchased.
1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus), 2.
Born in the Menagerie.
- 1 Chinese Pucras Pheasant (Puerasia xanthospila), 3. De-
posited,
- 1 Japanese Monkey (Macacus speciosus), 2, From Japan.
Presented by Capt. Nutsford.
3 Japanese Bantams (Gallus domesticus),2 g and1 9. Pre-
sented by Capt. Nutsford.
. 1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Purchased.
1 Egyptian Monitor (Monitor niloticus). Purchased.
» 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
My. W. Webster,
. 2 Negro Tamarins (Midas wrsulus), Purchased, From Rio de
Janeiro.
1 Common Rhea (Rhea americana). Purchased. From Buenos
Ayres. -
2 Brazilian Tortoises (Testudo tabulata). Purchased. From
Uruguay.
1 Indian Tortoise ( Testudo indica). From Para.
- 2 Mona Monkeys ( Cercopithecus mona), 2, Purchased.
1 Hocheur Monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), 2. Purchased.
1 Orineco Goose ( Chenalopex Jjubata). Purchased.
1 Brazilian Teal ( Quergquedula brasiliensis), 3. Purchased.
1 Bahama Duck (Pecilonetta bahamensis). Purchased.
1 Punjaub Wild Sheep (Ovis cycloceros), 3. Presented by
Capt. Archibald, Boen the Salt range of Punjaub. Seo
above, p. 247.
» 1Common Lapwing (Vanellus cristatus). Presented by Mr.
W. K. Stanley.
. 2 Canary Finches (Serinus canarius). Presented by Lieut. J. L.
Heane, R.N.
2 Goldfinches a Carduelis elegans). Presented by Lieut. J. L,
Heane, R.N.
1 Blackeap Warbler (Sylvia atricapilla). Presented by Lieut,
J. L. Heane, R.N,
2 Cutthroat Finches (Amadina fasciata), Presented by Lieut.
J. L. Heane, R.N,
2 Paradise Whydah birds (Vidua paradisea), Presented by
Lieut. J. L. Heane, R.N.
1 Rufous-necked Weaverbird (Hyphantornis textor). Presented .
by Mr. Hincks.
1 Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), $. Presented by the Hon.
Justice Jackson.
1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis),. Presented by the Hon. Justice
Jackson.
6 Green Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by the Rey. S,
Wilkinson.-
686
Apr. 10.
LY.
20.
21.
APPENDIX.
2 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by
the Rey. S. Wilkinson.
1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Presented by the Rey. S.
Wilkinson.
1 Common Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Purchased.
. 1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), Presented by Mr. Ouchterlony.
From Russia.
2 Japanese Teal ( Querquedula formosa), § and 9. Deposited.
. 1 Long-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus cataphractus). Presented
by Mr. H. T. M. Cooper.
. 1 White-cheeked Flying Squirrel (Pteromys leucogenys). Pre-
sented by Mr. A. Gower, H.B.M. Consul at Kobe, Japan.
See above, p. 247.
2 Golden Pheasants (Zhawmalea picta). Presented by the Rev.
A. B. Fraser.
1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), $. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Mourning Kangaroo (Halmaturus luctuosus), 2. Deposited.
From New Guinea. See above, p. 247, Plate XLII., also
P. ZS. 1875.
1 Six-banded Armadillo (Dasypus sexcinctus), ¢. Purchased.
1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare), 2. Purchased. :
1 White-winged Whydah-bird ( Urobrachya altonotata). Pre-
sented by Mr. I. Fairchild.
3 Long-eared Owls (Otus vulgaris). Presented by Mr. Hincks.
1 Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Presented by
Mr. H. Baldwin.
1 Snowy Owl (Nyctea nivea). Purchased.
2 Grey-headed Parrakeets (Agapornis cana). Purchased.
1 Geoffroy’s Cat (Felis geoffrowi). Purchased.
1 Green-cheeked Amazon (Chrysotis viridigenalis). Purchased.
8 Bass (Labrax lupus). Purchased.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 8. Presented by Mrs.
Manser.
7 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Hatched in the Gardens,
. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatuu galerita). Pre-
“sented by the Countess Somers.
. 1 Bladder-nosed Seal (Cystophora cristata), §. Presented by
Capt. D. Gray. See above, p. 247.
3 Bladder-nosed Seals (Cystophora cristata),2 g¢ and1 2. Pre-
sented by Capt. Alex. Gray.
1 Greenland Seal (Phoca granlandica), 8. Presented by Capt.
Alex. Gray.
1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeaterr). Deposited by
Miss C. Boyle.
1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by the Rev. A.
C. Hervey.
5. 1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Palcornis torquata), 3. Presented
by Mr. H. J. Aveling.
A Collection of Marine Fishes. Presented by Mr. W.
Thompson.
. 1 Great Kangaroo (Maeropus giganteus), 3. Deposited.
8. 1 Common Crowned Pigeon (Gowra coronata), Hatched in
the Gardens.
1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-
sented by Miss Heath.
1 Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris). Deposited.
. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 3g. Born in the
Gardens,
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 687
Apr. 30. 1 Prince Alfred’s Deer ‘(Cervus alfredi), 3. Born in the
May
bo
Se
© wn
10.
i;
13.
14.
15.
17.
18.
19.
Gardens.
300 Young Salmon. Presented by Mr, F. Buckland, F.Z.S,
12 Marbled Newts (Triton marmoratus). Purchased.
2 Alpine Newts (Triton alpestris). Purchased.
7 Sand-Lizards (Lacerta agilis). Purchased.
1 Sand-Lizard (Lacerta agilis), Presented by Mr. W. A.
Forbes.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by Mr. H.
Humphrey.
- 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 9. Deposited.
7 Upland Geese (Chivéphaga magellanica). Hatched in the
Gardens.
- 1 African Civet Cat (Viverra civetta). Presented by Mr, W.
B. Ramsay.
1 Garnett’s Galago (Galago garnetti), 3. Presented by Mr, R,
H. Cusack.
1 Blue-faced Green Amazon (Chrysotis bouqueti). Purchased,
See above, p. 323, also P. Z.S. 1875, plate xi.
» 1 Sun-Bittern (Lurypyga helias). Hatched in the Gardens.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Palcornis torquata). Presented by
Miss Morris.
. 2 Black Sakis (Pithecia satanas), 6. Purchased.
1 Negro Tamarin (Midas ursulus), 3. Purchased.
2 Squirrel Monkeys (Saimaris sciurea), @ and 9. Purchased.
1 Dusky Parrot (Pionus violuceus). Purchased.
1 Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara). Presented by Dr. Henry
Young.
1 Coypu (Myopotamus coypus). Presented by Mr, OC. R. Young.
1 Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tetrao phasianellus), Received in ex-
change.
4 Kuropean Terrapins (Emys europea). Deposited.
7 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Hatched in the
Gardens.
1 Mouflon ( Ovis musimon). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Palcornis torquata). Presented by
Mr. A. de Normanville. ;
1 Koodoo (‘Strepsiceros kudu), ¢. Purchased. See above, p. 323,
1 Coati (Nasua nasica), 2. Presented by Miss E. Waller.
1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus), 3. Presented by
Mr. G. R. Colbeck. :
2 Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata), 2. Presented by Mr,
S. Olitf.
8 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda), Hatched in the Gardens.
1 Crested Curassow (Crar alector), Presented by Mr. George
Bruce.
1 Domestic Sheep (Ovis aries), ¢. Presented by Capt. E. R,
Freemantle, R.N., C.B. From West Afgica.
2 Common Kestrels ( Tinnuculus alaudarius). Presented by Mr,
G. W. Thompson. Captured at sea.
3 Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Purchased.
1 Upland Goose (Chioéphaga magellanica). Hatched in the
Gardens.
2 Hairy Armadilloes (Dasypus villosus). Born in the Menagerie,
3 Temminck’s Tragopans (Ceriornis temmincki). Hatched in
the Gardens.
658
May 19.
20.
21,
26.
APPENDIX.
3 Peacock Pheasants (Polyplectron chingws). Hatched in the
Gardens,
2 Ceylonese Jungle-fowl (Gallus stanleyi). Watched in the
Gardens, ;
1 Somme Quail (Coturnix communis), Pyesented by Mr. J. J.
roker.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Deposited.
1 Raccoon-like Dog (Nyctereutes procynides). Purchased. From
Amoorland. See above, p. 323, Plate L.
J Great Bustard (Otis tarda). Purchased.
5 Red-footed Falcons (Erythropus vespertinus). Purchased.
4 Ruddy Sheldrakes (Zadorna rutila). Hatched in the Gardens.
- 1 Orang Outang (Simia satyrus), 3. Deposited.
1 Brown Capuchin ( Cebus fatuellus), 2. Deposited.
1 Crocodile (Crocodilus vulgaris). Presented by the Hon. P. C.
F. Berkeley.
1 Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), 3. Presented by W. J. Tempest,
Esq. From Algeria.
- 1 Cape Buffalo (Bubalus caffer), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
3 Crimson-winged Waxbills (Pytelia phenicoptera). Purchased.
- 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandi),.3. Presented by
Lord Calthorpe.
1 Pine-Marten (artes abietum). Presented by Mr. J.W. Francis.
1 Muscat Gazelle (Gazella muscatensis), g. Presented by Mr.
J. H. Bainbridge.
1 ae Dasyure (Dasywrus maug@i), 2. Presented by Mr.
. Kirby.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Hatched in the
Gardens.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Deposited.
2 Pacific Curlews (Numenius femoralis). Presented by the Rey.
S. J. Whitmee, C.M.Z.S. From Quiros Island, South
Pacific.
1 Painted-necked Cassowary (Casuarius picticollis). Purchased.
From South of New Guinea. See P. Z.S. 1875, plate xviii.
5 hme ated Sheldrakes (Zadorna variegata). Hatched in the
ardens,
. 1 Beisa Antelope (Oryx beisa), ¢. Presented by Admiral
Arthur Cumming. From Eastern Africa. See above, p. 328.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), g. Presented by Mr.
Bruce.
1 Common Gull (Larus canus). Presented by Mr. M. F. W.
Martin.
8 Chiloe Widgeon (Mareca chiloensis). Hatched in the Gardens.
. 2 Sclater’s Muntjacs (Cervulus sclatert), ¢. Purchased. From
China. See P. Z. 8. 1875.
1 Short-tailed Muntjac (Cervulus micrurus), g. Purchased.
From China.
1 Guilding’s Amazon (Chrysotis guildingi). Purchased. From
St. Vincent, West Indies. See above, p. 324.
1 Indian Ratel (Melivora indica), 2. Presented by Mr. L.
McNeil.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torguata). Presented by
Mrs, Catlin.
6 Falcated Teal ( Querquedula falcata), 3 3,3 9. Purchased.
1 Black-winged Peacock (Pavo nigripennis). Presented by the
TIon. A. 8. Canning.
May 30.
June 1,
e
ie
- 1 Nicobar Pigeon ( Calenas ni
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 689
1 Sonnerat’s Jungle-fowl (Gallus sonnerati), 2. Presented by
Mr. A. Yates.
7 Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buceinator). Hatched in the
Gardens,
1 Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Presented by Mr.
Teofilo Mendez. From the Province of Salta, Argentine
Republic. See above, p. 494.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandii), 3. Presented by
Commander J. H. Smith.
1 Stanley Crane (Tetrapteryx paradisea). Purchased.
1 Spotted-billed Duck (Anas peciorhyncha). Watched in the
Gardens,
- 1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes),?. Presented by Mr. J. Sheppard.
2 Great Kangaroos (Macropus gganteus), 8 and 9. Bornin
the Menagerie.
1 Hybrid Kangaroo (between Hypsiprymnus gaimardi and H.
ogilbyt), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
9 Summer Ducks (Aix sponsa). Hatched in the Gardens.
cobarica). Purchased.
4 Spotted-billed Ducks (Anas pecilorhyncha). Deposited.
1 Red-crested Whistling Duck (Fuligula rufina), 3. Presented
by E. Buck, Esq. From India.
» 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
Capt. J. Mahood.
1 Common Rook (Corvus frugilegus). Purchased.
1 Temminck’s Snapper (Macroclemmys temmincki). Presented
by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. From
ew Orleans.
1 Floridan Terrapin (Clemmys Jloridana). Presented by the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. From St.
John’s River.
1 American Box-Tortoise (Terrapene carinata). Presented by
the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A,
1 North-American Trionyx (Zrionyx ferox). Presented by the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. From Lake
Michigan. See above, p. 494.
6 Florida Land-Tortoises (Testudo polyphemus). Presented by
the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 9. Presented by
Mr. J. E. Kincaid.
1 Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), 2. Presented by the Lord Her-
brand Russell, F.Z.S.
24 Axolotls (Siredon mexicanus). Purchased.
2 Temminck’s Tragopans (Certornis temmincki). Hatched in
the Gardens.
1 Ceylonese Jungle-fowl (Gallus stanley). Hatched in the
Gardens.
2 }-bred Amherst Pheasants (between Thawmalea amherstie
and hybrid of same species 2), Hatched in the Gardens.
’
. ) Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Hatched in the
Gardens.
1 Rufescent Snake (Leptodira rufescens). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk.
1 Horned Viper (Vipera cornuta). Presented by the Rey.
G. Hi. R. Fisk.
1 Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus). Presented by Mr. Saville
Reid. From Spain.
690
June 7.
8.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
APPENDIX.
3 Barbary Partridges (Perdir petrosa). Presented by Mr.
Saville Reid. From Spain.
1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata). Presented by Mr.
W. Jamrach.
1 Stump-tailed Lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus). Presented by
Mr. Nelson Clements.
. 1 Spotted Cavy (Celogenys puca). Presented by Mr. Jas.
W. Alexander.
2 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Deposited.
1 Barbary Wild Sheep (Ovis tragelaphus), 3. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Peacock Pheasants (Polyplectron chinguis). Hatched in the
Gardens.
1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), 3. Presented by
Mr. J. Rackstraw.
1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), 3. Presented by Mr.
Edwyn 8. Dawes.
1 Syrian Fennec Fox (Canis famelicus), 9. Presented by Mr.
Edwyn 8. Dawes. From near Bushire, Persia.
4 Serrated Terrapins (Clemmys serrata). Presented by the
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. From North
Carolina. See above, p. 494.
1 Red-vented Terrapin (Clemmys rubriventris). Preseuted by
the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A. From the
Potomac River.
2 Trout (Salmo fario). Presented by Messrs. J. and H. Jonas.
4 Tench, Golden variety (Tinca vulgaris). Presented by Messrs.
J. and H. Jonas.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Miss
Du Bose.
1 Crested Agouti (Dasyprocta cristata). Presented by Mrs.
Wood.
5 Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata). Hatched inthe Gardens.
1 Vulturine Guinea-fowl (Mumida vulturina). Presented by
Dr. John Kirk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Common Raccoon (Procyon lotor), $. Presented by Mr. 8.
Taylor.
3 Crested Ground-Parrakeets (Calopsitta nove-hollandia).
Hatched in the Gardens.
2 White-winged Zenaida Doves (Zenaida leucoptera), 3 and °.
Received in exchange.
1 Sumatran Civet (Viverra tangalunga), §. Presented by Mr.
Jamrach.
1 Blood-rumped Parrakeet (Psephotus hematonotus). Purchased.
1 Honey-Buzzard (Pernis apivorus), 3. Purchased.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Mr. Wood.
2 Huanacos (Lama huanacos), § and 2. Presented by Mr.
W. G. Parry. From Patagonia.
1 Patagonian Cavy (Dolichotis patachonica). Presented by Mr.
W. G. Parry.
47 Whiting Pout (Gadus luscus). Purchased.
1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), 2. Born in the Mena-
gerie,
1 Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus), 3. Deposited.
2 White Cranes (Girus leueoyeranus). Purchased. See above,
. 494,
2 Blue-cheeked Barbets (Megalema asiatica), Purchased.
June 20.
21.
22.
23.
24,
26.
27.
29.
July 1.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 691
7 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Hatched in the
Gardens.
1 Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes). Hatched in the Gardens.
2 Rhesus Monkeys (Macacus erythreus), and 2. Presented
by Mr. W. Dunn, C.M.Z.S.
1 White-cheeked Capuchin (Cebus lunatus), $. Deposited.
1 Chinese Turtledove (Zurtw chinensis), g. Presented by
Major F. Gildea.
1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas). Presented by Capt.
Webster.
1 Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus hemorrhous). Deposited.
1 Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Virginian Deer (Cervus virginianus), 3. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Lanner Falcon (Falco lanarius). Purchased.
1 Red Brocket (Cervus rufus), 2. Received in exchange.
2 Musquashes (Fiber zibethicus), ¢ and 9. Received in ex-
change.
1 Carag Raven (Corvus corax). Deposited. From Sardinia.
1 Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix). Deposited. From Sardinia.
2 Mediterranean Herring-Gulls (Larus leucopheus). Deposited.
From Sardinia.
2 Audouin’s Gulls (Larus audouint). Presented by Lord Lil-
ford, F.Z.S. From Sardinia. See above, p. 494.
2 Solitary Thrushes (Monticola cyanus). Deposited. From Italy.
4 Ocellated Land-Skinks (Seps ocellatus). Presented by Lord
Lilford, F.Z.S.
5 Ocellated Land-Skinks (Seps ocellatus). Deposited.
2 Lilford’s Lizards (Lacerta lilfordi), Presented by Lord
Lilford, F.Z.S. From Minorca, See above, p. 494.
30. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), 3. Presented by
Mr. T. R. Pickthorn.
1 Harpy Eagle (Thrasaétus harpyia). Purchased. From
Paraguay.
1 Laughing Falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans). Purchased.
From Brazil.
7 Ariel Toucans (Ramphastos ariel). Purchased.
1 Himalayan Bear (Ursus tibetanus). Presented by Mr. George
Lockie.
2 Common Widgeon (Mareca penelope). Hatched in the Gar-
dens.
4 Viperine Snakes (Tropidonotus viperinus). Presented by Mr.
G. H. Fenton.
- 1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Mr. J. F.
Lewis.
1 Greek Partridge (Caccabis saxatilis). Deposited.
. 6 Amherst Pheasants (Thauwmalea amherstie). Hatched in the
Gardens.
3 Three-quarter-bred Pheasants (between 7. amherstie gf and
hybrid Q of same species). Hatched in the Gardens.
1 Siamese Pheasant (Luplocamus prelatus). Hatched in the
Gardens.
3 Silver Pheasants (Zuplocamus nycthemerus). Hatched in the
Gardens.
4 White-crested Kaleeges (Euplocamus albocristatus). Hatched
in the Gardens.
jor)
10.
We
16.
16,
17.
APPENDIX.
. 3 Ceylonese Jungle-fowl (Gallus stanleyt). Hatched in the
Gardens.
7 Chiloe Widgeon (Mareca chiloensis). Hatched in the Gardens.
. 2 Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus), g and Q. Presented by
the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne, Victoria.
1 Wedge-tailed Eagle (Aguila audax). Purchased.
1 Earle’s Weka Rail (Ocydromus earlei). Purchased.
3 Spanish Terrapins (Clemmys leprosa). Presented by Major
C. Stirling.
. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), ¢. Presented by
Mr. J. Allen.
9 Rosy-billed Ducks (Metopiana peposaea). Hatched in the
Gardens.
. 1 Variegated Spider Monkey (Ateles variegatus), 9. Deposited.
1 Red Brocket (Cervus rufus), 2. Purchased.
1 Eyra (Felis eyra), Purchased.
. | Chimpanzee (Zroglodytes niger), 2. Deposited.
1 Spectacled Bear (Ursus ornatus), 9. Purchased.
2 Fire-bellied Toads (Bombinator igneus). Presented by Mr.
A. H. Cocks.
1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus ruber), 3. Purchased.
1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus), 2. Presented by
the Lady Sheffield.
1 Eleonora Falcon (Falco eleonore). Deposited.
1 Rose-ringed Parrakeet (Paleornis docilis). Presented by
Mrs. Loveday.
1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by
Mr. J. Clark.
2 Cross-bred Pigs (between Sus andamanensis § aud S. leuco-
mystax 9). Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Reeve’s Muntjac (Cervulus reevesii), 9. Born in the Mena-
gerie.
1 Hybrid Philippine Deer (between C. marianus 9 and ¢ sp.?).
Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Mr. 8S. C.
Hincks.
1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Purchased.
2 Common Ravens (Corvus corar). Presented by Mr. P. W.
Bennett.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Hatched in the
Gardens,
1 Olive Weaverbird (Hyphantornis capensis). Hatched in the
Gardens.
2 Passerine Owls (Glaucidium passermum). Presented by Mr.
C. W. Tait, C.M.Z.S. From Portugal.
1 Common Hangnest (Icterus vulgaris). Deposited.
1 Wryneck (Yunz torquilla). Purchased.
3 Egyptian Geese (Chenalopex egyptiaca). Hatched in the
ardens.
9 Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata). Hatched in the Gardens,
1 Moustache Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus). Received.
1 Coati (brown var.) (Nasuwa nasica). Purchased.
1 Spotted Cavy (Calogenys paca). Purchased.
4 Cuming’s Octodons (Octodon cumingit), Born in the Mena-
gerie.
July 18.
20.
22,
Aug. 1.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 693
4 Amherst’s Pheasants (Thaumalea amherstie). Deposited.
1 Berigora Hawk (Hieracidea berigora). Purchased.
1 Mocking-bird (Mimus polyglottus). Hatched in the Gardens.
1 Red-backed Buzzard (Buteo erythronotus). Purchased. From
South America.
. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 3. Presented
by Mr. H. A. M. De Lichtabbel.
1 Wanderoo Monkey (Macacus silenus), §. Presented by Lieut.
Vipan.
1 ee ceed Cockatoo (Cacatwa moluccensis). Presented by
Mr. J. C. Elmes,
3 Grey-headed Parrakeets (Bolborhynchus monachus). Presented
by Mr, C, Punchard.
2 Violet Tanagers (Euphonia violacea). Presented by Capt. T.
Jarvis.
1 Common Magpie (Pica caudata). Presented by Mrs. L.
Grenville.
6 Common Guillemots (Uria troile). Presented by Sir Henry
Dalrymple, Bart. From the Bass Rock.
2 Masked Jay Thrushes (Garrulax perspicillatus). Purchased.
1 Sooty Mangaby (Cercocebus fuliginosus), Presented by Mrs.
Martin.
. 1 King Vulture (Gyparchus papa). Deposited.
. 2 Yellow-billed Sheath-bills (Chionts alba). Presented by Mr.
H. Roberts.
. 2 Tigers (Felis tigris), g and 9. Presented by H.E. the
Governor-General of India. See above, p. 494.
2 Arabian Gazelles (Gazella arabica), 3 and Q. Presented by
Mrs. Benecke. From Aden. See above, p. 494.
1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by
Mr. J. P. Golding Bird.
1 Philantomba Antelope (Cephalophus mazxwelli), 8. Born in
the Menagerie.
. 1 Tamandua Ant-eater (Tamandua tetradactyla), 9. Purchased.
3 Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by Mr.
F. Painter.
. 1 Lesser Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea). Pre-
sented by Mr. A. Pearson.
. 3 Graceful Ground-Doves (Geopelia cuneata). Purchased.
2 Elegant Grass-Parrakeets (Euphema elegans). Purchased.
3 Blotched Genets (Genetta tigrina). Born in the Menagerie.
. 2 Black-handed Spider Monkeys (Afeles melanochir), 2 9.
Presented by Mr. S. W. Rix.
1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Presented by Mr. J.
Sydney White.
1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-
sented by Miss 8. Hooper.
1 Blossom-headed Parrakeet (Paleornis cyanocephalus). Pre-
sented by George Lawson, Esq.
1 Lozenge-marked Lizard (Amphibolurus angulifer). Purchased.
3 White’s Skinks (Hinulia whitet), Purchased.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 3. Presented by W.
Owen Cosgrove, Esq.
2 Barbary Turtledoves (Twrtur risorius), Presented by Miss
A. French.
. 3 Small-scaled Mastigures (Uromastix microlepis). Presented
694
APPENDIX.
by Capt. Phillips. From Busreh, Persian Gulf. See above,
495
p. 495.
Aug. 5. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata), §. Deposited.
i
13.
14.
26.
27.
28.
1 Black-fronted Lemur (Lemur nigrifrons?). Purchased.
2 Yellow-bellied Liothrix (Liothrix luteus). Received in ex-
change.
. 4 Rufous Tinamous (Fhynchotus rufescens). Presented by Mr.
Alfred O. Lumb, From the Argentine Republic.
. 2 Egyptian Gazelles (Gazella dorcas), ¢ and 2. Presented by
Mr. G. Muscat.
1 Whimbrel (Numenius pheopus). Presented by Dr. Stafford.
. 1 Yaguarundi Cat (Felis yaguarundi), 2. Purchased.
. 5 Common Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida). Purchased.
1 Bennett's Wallaby (Halmaturus bennetti), 2. Born in the
Menagerie,
1 Vulpine’ Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), gd. Received in
exchange.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus) (white var.), 2.
ee by Sir Andrew Clarke, K.C.M.G., &e. See above,
. 495.
1 Red-billed Toucan (Ramphastos erythrorhynchus). Presented
by Mr. Philip Hannington.
1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). Presented by Dr. E.
Etheridge.
1 West-African Python (Python sebe). Deposited.
1 Crested Agouti (Dasyprocta cristata). Purchased.
1 Puma (Felis concolor). Presented by Mr. W. D. Powles.
3 Kinkajous (Cercoleptes caudivolvus). Presented by Mr. W. D.
Bowles,
2 Cocteau’s Skinks (Macroscincus cocteauii). Presented by Prof.
Barboza du Bocage, F.M.Z.S. From Cape-Verd Islands.
See above, p. 495.
. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Deposited.
1 Purple-headed Glossy Starling (Lamprocolius auratus).
Hatched.
. 1 Common Snake (Tropidonotus natrix), Presented by Mr. T.
Susini.
. 2 Suricates Mahe se zenik), g and 2. Deposited.
1 Common Crowned Pigeon (G‘owra coronata), Hatched.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Hatched.
. 2 Chukar Partridges (Caccabis chukar), g and 2. Presented
by the Hon. Justice Jackson.
4 Sandwich Terns (Sterna cantiaca). Purchased.
4 Avocets (Recurvirostra avocetta). Purchased.
. 2 Black-eared Marmosets (Hapale penicillata), S and 2. Pre-
sented by Mr. J. P. Harrison.
. 1 One-Wattled Cassowary (Casuarius wuappendiculatus). Pre-
sented by Capt. Moresby, R.N. From New Guinea. See
above, p. 495, also P. Z.S. 1875, plate xx.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercoyithecus lalandi), . Presented by Mr.
C, Hassam.
1 Chattering Guan (Ortalida garrula). Presented by Mr. G.
Dawson Rowley, F.Z.8.
1 Javan Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus), 9 Presented by Mr.
G. Manning.
1 Formosan Deer (Cervus pseudazis). Presented by Mr. Abel
A, J. Gower.
1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Presented by Capt. Raison.
Aug. 28
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 695
» 2 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Presented by Mr. R. H.
Bower.
29. 1 Kingfisher ib. dlaede ispida). Purchased.
31,
Sept. 1
1 American Kestrel ( Tinnunculus sparverius). Purchased.
1 Prairie-Marmot (Arctomys ludovicianus). Presented by Mr.
H. Thellusson.
- 4 Houbara Bustards (Houbara undulata). Purchased. From
Tripoli.
2. 1 Golden Agouti (Dasyprocta aguti). Received in exchange.
1 Guilding’s Amazon (Chrysotis guiding). Purchased. From
St. Vincent.
3. 1 Toque Monkey (Macacus pileatus). Presented by Mrs. Thomas.
4, 1 Arctic Fox (Canis lagopus). Presented by Mr. Keell.
1 Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus). Presented by Mr.
Keell.
5. 1 Red-backed Squirrel Monkey (Saimaris cerstedi). Presented
by Mr. W. F. Kelly. From Guatemala. See above, p. 495.
1 Black-and-white Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter melanoleucus).
Presented by Capt. Griffiths. Captured at Sea, off Cape
Verd.
6. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
__ H.C. M. Lichtabbell.
1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), 3. Presented
by H. C. M. Lichtabbell.
8. 1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
1 Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes). Hatched in the Gardens.
2 Graceful Ground-Doyes ( Geopelia cuneata). Hatched in the
Gardens.
9. 2 Green Fruit-Pigeons ( Carpophaga sylvatica). Received in ex-
change.
1 Blog ane (Anguis fragilis). Presented by Mr. J. E. Ker.
10. 1 Cinereous Sea-Eagle (Haliaétus albicilla). Presented by Mr.
W. J. Sadler. From Norway.
4 Common Tench (Tinca vulgaris). Presented by Mr. W.
Adlington.
11. 1 Servaline Cat (Felis servalina). Presented by Mr. Spencer
Shield. From Kinsembo, near Ambriz, Congo, W. Africa.
See above, p. 495, plate Lxiii,
1 European Terrapin (Emys europea). Deposited.
12. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
Mr. P. T. Wharton.
1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), 3. Deposited.
2 Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus). Presented by Mr.
Herbert Wood, F.Z.S.
14,
1 Chimpanzee (TZroglodytes niger), 3. Presented by Mr. C.
Mosse, C.M.Z.S.
1 Bay Antelope (Cephalophus dorsalis), 2. Presented by Mr.
C. Mosse, C.M.Z.S.
3 Royal Pythons (Python regius). Presented by Mr. C. Mosse,
C.M.ZS.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 2. Presented by Major
E. Stainley.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 3. Presented by Capt.
Hallett.
15, 1 Broad-snouted Caiman (Jacare latirostris). Presented by
Capt. Turner. From Demerara.
696
APPENDIX.
Sept.15. 2 Little Bitterns (Ardetta minuta), g and 9. Presented by
Oct.
16.
IY
19.
“ID Or
Mr. Van Bemmelen.
1 Yellow-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Deposited.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 2. Deposited.
1 Violaceous Night-Heron (Nycticorax violaceus). Purchased.
1 King Vulture (Gyparchus papa). Presented by Mr. G. J.
Brunnschweiler.
1 Green Grass-Snake ( Cyclophis vernalis). Presented by Mr. F.
Painter.
2 American Thrushes (Turdus migratorius). Purchased.
1 Bicheno’s Finch (Estrelda bichenovii). Purchased.
2 Modest Grass-Finches (Amadina modesta). Purchased.
. 1 Praslin Parrakeet (Coracopsis barklyi). Presented by the
Hon, Sir A. Gordon, C.M.Z.S. From Mauritius.
4 Red-crowned Pigeons (Lrythrenas pulcherrima). Presented
by the Hon. Sir A. Gordon, C.M.Z.S.
6 Fire-tailed Finches (Zrythrura prasina). Deposited.
4 Indian Tortoises ( Testudo indica). Deposited by the Hon. Sir
A. Gordon, C.M.Z.S. From Aldebra Island. See above,
. 496.
1 Pell Cinixys (Cinerys belliana). Deposited. From Mahé,
Seychelles. See above, p. 495.
2 Blackish Sternotheres (Sternotherus subniger). Deposited.
From the Seychelles. See above, p. 496.
1 Common Hedgehog (Erinaceus europeus). Presented by Mr.
Angus.
1 American Black Snake (Coluber guttatus). Purchased.
. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Born in the Mena-
erie.
Hie Panjaub Wild Sheep (Ovis cycloceros), 9. Deposited.
1 Hocheur Monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), 2. Purchased.
. 2 Burchell’s Bustards (Zupodotis kori). Purchased.
. 1 White Stork (Ciconia alba). Deposited.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 3. Deposited.
4 Little Bustards (Tetrax campestris). Purchased.
1 Solitary Tinamou (Tinamus solitarius). TReceived in ex-
change.
3 Lesser Pin-tailed Sand-Grouse (Pterocles exustus). Received
in exchange.
2 Cornish Choughs (Fregilus graculus). Deposited.
. 2 Call-Ducks (Anas boschas), g$ and 9. Presented by Mrs.
Wilson.
. 1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Mr. R. R. B. Norman.
. 1 White-backed Trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera). Deposited.
. 1 Australian Rail (Hallus pectoralis). Presented by Mr. J.
Harris.
1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 8. Presented by Mr.
M. Nicholson.
. 1 Yellow-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus crocorrhous). Deposited.
. 1 Geoffroy’s Marmoset (Midas geoffroit). Deposited.
1 Common Jay (Garrulus glandarius). Presented by Master P.
Fulcher.
1 Red-footed Fox (Canis fulvipes). Presented by Mr. F. Grant.
From Pernanbuco.
10. 1 Dusky Monkey (Semnopithecus obscurus), 8. Purchased.
1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucos), g. Deposited.
Oct. 12.
13.
14.
16.
Lis
20.
21.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 697
1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-
sented by H.R.H. the Princess Beatrice.
2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Bred in the
Gardens.
2 Vinaceous Turtledoves (Turtur vinaceus). Bred in the
Gardens.
1 Peewit (Vanellus cristatus). Purchased.
1 Malbrouck Monkey ( Cercapithecus cynosurus). Weposited.
2 Cinereous Sea-Eagles (/aliaétus albicilla), Pyesented by
Major Jary, F.Z.S.
2 Common Dormice (Myoxus muscardinus). Presented by Mr.
H. P. Blackmore.
4 Azure Titmice (Parus cyanus). Purchased.
4 Yellow-breasted Buntings (Zuspiza aureola). Purchased.
1 White-bellied Nuthatch (Sitta ewropea). Purchased.
2 European Rollers (Coracias garrula). Purchased.
- 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
Mrs. Fullard.
1 Black-handed Spider Monkey (Adeles melanochir). Purchased.
1 Collared Peceary (Dicotyles tajacu). Purchased,
1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Purchased.
1 Red-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Purchased.
1 Naked-throated Bell-bird (Chasmorhynchus nudicollis). Pur-
chased. From Bahia.
1 Solitary Tinamou (Tinamus solitarius). Purchased. From
Rio de Janeiro.
1 Alligator (Alhigator mississippiensis), Deposited.
1 Wood-Owl (Syrniwm aluco). Presented by the Rev. P. R.
Gorringe.
1 Chacma Baboon (Cynocephalus porearius), 3. Presented by
Mr. J. D. Lloyd.
1 Common Wolf ( Canis lupus), 9. Presented by Mr. Danford.
1 Sun-Bittern (Zurypyga helias). Deposited.
1 Blaubok (Cephalophus pygmeus). Purchased.
1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus). Presented by
Mr. O. Unwin.
i Cashes Marmot (Arctomys monar). Presented by Mr. C,
Hersey.
1 Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffint). Presented by F. J. Dean,
F.ZS. See P.Z.S. 1875, pl. x.
1 Rose Hill-Parrakeet (Platycercus eximius). Presented by F,
J. Dean, F.Z.S.
- 1 Bengalese Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis), 3. Presented by
Capt. W. Reynolds.
1 Common Paradoxure (Paradorurus typus). Presented by
Capt. W. Reynolds.
1 Great Eagle Owl (Bubo maximus). Presented by Lord Lon-
desborough, F.Z.S,
1 West-India Rail (Aramides cayennensis). Purchased.
2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroy:). Purchased. From the
island of Fernando de Noronha.
1 Cerys Kestrel (Zinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by Mr.
. Page.
1 Monteiro’s Galago (Galago monteiri). Deposited.
1 Barbel (Barbus vulgaris). Purchased.
1 Indian Fruit-Bat (Pteropus medius). Presented by Dr. Staf-
ford.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLV. 45
698
Oct. 22.
Nov.
25
24,
is)
2
Vv.
APPENDIX.
1 Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelesteniatus). Purchased. See above,
p. 605,
. 1 Pinche Monkey (Midas edipus). Presented by W. Stride,
Esq.
1 Tooth-billed Pigeon (Didunculus strigirostris). Presented by
J. W. Boddam Whetham, Esq. See above, p. 605.
1 Short-eared Owl (Otus brachyotus). Presented by Mrs.
Darley.
1 Common Kestrel ( Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by Mr.
F. Stileman.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mr.
T. Hughes.
. 2 Thicknees (CEdicnemus crepitans). Deposited.
. 1 White Stork (Ciconia alba). Deposited.
. 1 Black-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina leuconota). Pre-
sented by Mr. I’. Fuller.
1 Speckled Terrapin (Clemmys guttata). Presented by Mr. A.
B. Duncan.
. 1 Humboldt’s Saki (Pithecia monachus). Purchased. See
above, p. 664.
1 Bengalese Leopard Cat (Felis bengalensis). Purchased.
1 Egyptian Cat (Felis chaus). Purchased.
1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Purchased.
1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus ruber), d. From Lagos, W.
Africa. Presented by Dr. R. F. Mayne. See above, p. 664,
2 Weeper Capuchins (Cebus capucinus), g and 2. Deposited.
. 3 Night-Parrots (Stringops habroptilus). Purchased, See above,
5
p- 665.
1 Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus), g. Purchased.
. 1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo ( Cacatua leadbeateri). Deposited.
2 Graceful Ground-Doves (Geopelia cuneata). Hatched in the
Gardens.
. 1 Indian Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac), ¢. Purchased. From
Saigou. See above, p. 665.
. 1 Silvery Marmoset (Hapale argentata), §. Purchased.
. 1 Red-shouldered Starling (Ageleus pheniceus). Presented by
Mrs. Boswell.
. 1 Common Rhea (Rhea americana). Purchased.
1 Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Deposited.
. 1 Pine-Marten (Martes abietum), ¢. Presented by Mr. J.
Francis.
2 Aztec Conures (Conurus aztec). Purchased.
18 Lancelets (Branchiostoma lanceolatum). Presented by the
Directors of the Zoological Station, Naples.
. 1 Common Kestrel ( Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by Miss
M. Truefit.
32 Sao ee (Cervulus, sp. ine.), ¢ and 9. Presented by Mr. W.
The
talton. From Formosa. See above, p. 665.
1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla), Presented by H. J.
Aveling.
. 1 Black-eared Marmot (Hapale penicillata), 2. Deposited.
. 1 Giant Toad (Bufo agua). Presented by Mr. D’Arcy. From
Brazil.
20, 1 Pomatorhine Skua (Lestris pomatorhinus). Purchased.
23.
1 Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 29. Presented by Miss Lancaster.
6 Mocking-birds (Mimmus polyglottus). Deposited.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 699
Noy. 24. 2 Great Kangaroos (Macropus yiganteus),2 males, Presented by
25
26.
27.
Mr. A. Nicol.
2Common Boas (Boa constrictor). Presented by Mr. N.
Holland. From St, Lucia.
2 West-Indian Agoutis (Dasyprocta antillensis). Presented by
Mr. N. Holland. From St. Lucia. See above, p. 665.
1 Wrinkled Terrapin (Clemmys rugosa). Purchased.
. 2 Japanese Teal ( Querquedula formosa), $ and 2. Deposited.
1 Scarlet Ibis (Zits rubra). Received in exchange.
1 Orange Helictis (Helictis subaurantiaca). Purchased. See
above, p. 666.
1 Ash-coloured Buzzard (Urubitinga anthracina). Purchased.
From St. Vincent.
1 Black-shouldered Peafowl (Pavo nigripennis), 3. Presented
by the Hon. A. S. G. Canning.
1 Virginian Deer (Cervus virginianus), 2. Presented by Capt.
E. N. Cobbett.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 3. Deposited.
1 Vervet Monkey ( Cercopitheeus lalandi), 3. Deposited.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 3. Deposited.
- 1 Chinese Magpie (Pica serica). Purchased.
1 Black-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles ater), 2. Deposited.
» 1 Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Common Raccoon (Procyon dotor). Presented by Mr. T.
Trimnell.
1 Kingfisher (Alcedo ispida), Purchased.
- 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), §. Presented by Mrs.
Phillips.
1 Raven (Corvus corar). Presented by Mr. F. Lubbock.
- 1 Solitary Tinamou (Tinamus solitarius). Received in exchange.
1 Raven (Corvus corax). Presented by Mr. J. Salmon.
. 3 Black-footed Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Purchased.
- 2Glaucous Gulls (Larus glaucus). Presented by Mr. R. E.
Beaumont. From Spitzbergen.
- 1 Raven (Corvus corar), Presented by Colonel Burrughs.
- 1 Chamois (Rupicapra tragus), Q. Presented by Mr. A.
Wilson. From the Pyrenees.
2 Barred-tailed Pheasants (Phasianus reveestt), G and 9. Re-
ceived in exchange.
. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), 2. Deposited.
1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by Capt. E. C.
Kemp.
- 1 Campbell's Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli). Purchased.
See P. Z. S. 1875, p. 1
. 1 Peregrine Falcon (Faleo peregrinus). Presented by Mr. A. F.
R
Oss.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mr. L.
Mi
iller.
- 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), $. Presented by Miss
J. Watt.
2 Pampas Deer (Cervus campestris), § and 9. From the Ar-
gentine Republic. Purchased. See P. Z.S. 1875, p. 1.
2 Hardwicke’s Mastigures (Uromastixr hardwickii). Presented
by Lieut. Col. C. S. Sturt. See P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 1.
1 Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Presented by Capt. R.
J. Wimberley.
700 APPENDIX.
Dec, 24. 2 Plantain-Squirrels (Seiurus plantant). Presented by Mr. TH.
A. M. de Lichtabbel. From Singapore.
1 Paradise Whydah bird (Vidua paradisea). Received in ex-
change.
1 Pintailed Whydah bird (Vidua principalis). Received in ex-
change.
28. 5 Silky cera binds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus). Purchased.
31. 1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajacu). Purchased.
1 Spotted Cavy (Celogenys paca). Purchased.
2 Guans (Ortalida, sp. inc.). Purchased.
1 Sharp-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus americanus). Purchased.
Ablepharus
boutonii, 296,
peronit, 296.
pecilopleurus, 296.
quinqueteniatus, 296.
burria
carunculata, 558.
Accipiter
melanoleucus, 205,
Acestrura
mulsanti, 544, 675, 676.
Achlyodes
obscurus, 370.
ozema, 370.
ozotes, 370.
sempiternus, 370,
viridiceps, 370.
Acreea
andromacha, 291.
anomala, 267.
claudina, 348.
leucomelas, 352.
nox, 352.
orizava, 352.
Acredula
vagans, 581.
Acridotheres
tristis, 211, 479.
Acrocephalus
dumetorum, 656.
magnirostris, 656.
palustris, 655, 656.
streperus, 655.
Acrophthalmia
argentina, 285.
diophthalma, 279.
Actinodura
egertoni, 46.
waldeni, 46.
Actinote
nox, 852.
thalia, 352.
Actitis
hypoleuca, 455.
hypoleucos, 556.
INDEX.
Actiturus
bartramius, 560.
Acupalpus
bifossulatus, 64.
pallidus, 64.
pallipes, 63.
Adelomyi
chlorospila, 677.
inornata, 677.
Adelpha
plesaure, 342.
Adolias
garuda, 106.
lepidea, 106.
lubentina, 106.
Aédon
leucophirys, 238.
Agialitis
cantiana, 559.
cantianus, 457.
collaris, 458, 460.
falklandica, 457, 460.
minor, 458,
nigrifrons, 457, 459,
460.
nivosa, 559.
pecuarius, 457, 460,
ruficapillus, 459, 460.
semipalmata, 560.
tricollaris, 457, 460.
/Elurcedus
maculosus, 601.
smithii, 603.
Aimalodera
centromaculata, 65.
dentomaculata, 65.
fumosa, 65.
limbata, 65.
/ésalon
Semoralis, 550.
Adthilla
lavochrea, 367.
gama
agilis, 659.
cornuta, 71,
Aganisthos
odius, 341.
Agapornis
roseicapilla, 587.
Ageronia
amphinome, 547.
feronia, 347.
fornax, 347.
enoé, 3847.
Aglactis
castelnaudi, 544, 676,
677.
caumatonota, 677.
caumatonotus, 543.
Agraulis
glycera, 349.
Agriornis
leucurus, 531.
maritima, 531.
pollens, 677.
Agrius
fallaciosus, 51.
Agroeca
pulcherrima, 414, 416,
417, 419.
walsinghami, 416, 417.
Alemon
africana, 616.
albofasciata, 618.
desertorum, 620.
nivosa, 620, 623.
rufopalliata, 620.
semitorquata, 620,
Alauda
africana, 615, 642.
africanotdes, 648.
albescens, 623, 625,
apiata, 638,
arvensis, 630.
breviunguis, 625, 626.
capensis, 615.
cheniana, 644.
chuana, 644.
cinerea, 630, 633.
clamosa, 638.
702
Alauda
codea, 623, 624, 625.
controstris, 631, 632.
erassirostris, 636.
erythrochlamys, 628.
fasciolata, 641.
Sferruginea, 627, 628,
629
fringillaris, 649.
garrula, 616.
grayi, 629.
guttata, 623.
lagepa, 623, 624, 625.
magnirostris, 636.
nevia, 629, 645, 646.
nigricans, 651.
planicola, 642.
rufipilea, 641.
sabota, 645, 646, 647.
semitorquata, 620.
spleniata, 633, 634.
subcoronata, 620.
Alaudula
raytal, 630.
Alcedo
amazona, 547.
cabanisit, 547.
Amathusia
phidippus, 104.
Amazilia
pristina, 543,
Amblypodia
centaurus, 107.
diardi, 107.
meander, 226.
phryxcus, 286,
rama, 272.
Amblystoma
caroline, 197.
Amecera
schakra, 265.
Ammodromus
manimbe, 168.
Ammomanes
erassirostris, 636.
erythrochlamys, 626,
628, 629.
Serruginea, 626. 627.
grayt, 626, 629.
pallida, 626.
Ampelio
arcuatus, 540.
viridis, 540.
Amphioxus
lanceolatus, 665.
Amphipnous
cuchia, 314, 315, 820,
321.
Amphirene
epaphus, 345.
superba, 345,
INDEX.
Ampullaria
catamarcensis, 600.
columellaris, 600.
Amynthia
clorinde, 360.
merula, 360.
Anabas
scandens, 317, 319, 320,
321.
Anabates
auritus, 528.
pulvericolor, 12.
Anabazenops
cabanisi, 501, 528.
Anzretes
albocristatus, 535.
parulus, 535.
reguloides, 535.
Anarhynchus
frontalis, 459, 460.
Anartia
fatima, 846.
jatrophe, 346.
Anas
caryophyllacea, 110.
eristata, 554.
Serruginea, 554.
lophyra, 554.
pyrrhogaster, 554.
spinicauda, 554.
Anastrus
obscurus, 370,
Anchomenus
ambiguus, 57.
chilensis, 57.
eircumdatus, 57.
cordicollis, 57.
dejeanit, 57.
distinctus, 57.
gayi, 57.
melas, 57.
Andigena
cucullatus, 548.
Anisotarsus
amenus, 62.
chilensis, 62.
levis, 61.
punctobasis, 61.
rufus, 62.
Anser
anticola, 554.
melanopterus, 5d4.
montanus, 54,
Antarctia
andicola, 58.
annulicornis, 58.
antiqua, 58.
blanda, 59.
brevicornis, 58.
chalybea, 59.
chilensis, 58.
Antarctia
complanata, 59.
coquimbana, 58.
euryptera, 59.
Semorata, 58.
Slavipes, 58.
glauca, 59.
harpaloides, 59.
laticollis, 59.
latigastrica, 59.
leucoscelis, 58.
malachitica, 58.
puneticollis, 59.
Antarctonomus
peront, 53.
Antherza
confuci, 578.
pernyt, 578.
Anthus
bogotensis, 508.
brevirostris, 501, 507.
cdlearatus, 501, 507.
chit, 506.
correndera, 159.
Surcatus, 507.
rufescens, 508.
rufulus, 618.
Antigonus
nearchus, 370.
Antilope
bezoartica, 248.
cervicapra, 248.
Antrostomus
equicaudatus, 545.
umbius
acuticaudatus, 4, 159,
rufigularis, 159.
striaticeps, 678.
Apatura
ambica, 271.
druryi, 342.
laurentia, 342.
lucasti, 342.
namouna, 271.
pavonii, 342.
plesaurina, 342.
Aphantochroa
hyposticta, 545, 676.
Aphnzeus
ictis, 272.
lohita, 107.
Aphrissa
statira, 360.
Apicalia
holdsworthi, 585, 586.
Appias
PT iat 287.
ada, 291.
abina, 287.
amarella, 287.
athama, 287.
Appias
ega, 287,
eumelis, 288.
galathea, 287.
libythea, 288.
poeyi, 361.
psyche, 287,
Aprosmictus
erythropterus, 587.
insignissimus, 500.
scapulatus, 587.
Apteryx
australis, 497, 498.
haasti, 497, 498.
mantelli, 498.
maxima, 498.
owent, 497, 498.
Aquila
chrysaétos,
2
imperialis, 208,
Ara
ambigua, 587.
ararauna, 587.
macao, 587.
maracana, 587.
militaris, 549,
Aramides
cayennensis, 558.
Araschnia
hippodrome, 349.
Architeuthis
dux, 180, 181, 490,
491, 492, 493.
monachus, 180, 181,
490, 491, 492.
Arctica
alle, 122.
Ardea
egretta, 550.
Argus
poeta, 286,
Argynnis
aglaia, 568.
cashmirensis, 267.
childreni, 267.
gaberti, 2838.
tss@a, 267.
jainadeva, 267.
gerdoni, 268.
kamala, 267.
niphe, 267.
pales, 568.
rudra, 267.
sipora, 568, 579.
vitatha, 568.
Arhopala
meander, 286.
prycus, 286.
Arremon
Srontalis, 515.
208, 209,
INDEX,
Arteurotia
tractipennis, 367.
Arvicola
Ga 463, 467, 468,
sinabagde 465, 467,
469, 470.
amphibius, 462, 463,
464,
antiquus, 462, 463.
arvalis, 460, 465, 467,
468, 469
arvaloides, 467.
brecciensis, 462, 465,
466.
delarbrei, 461.
destructor, 463.
glareolus, 461, 468.
gregalis, 468.
gulielmi, 469, 470,
Joberti, 467, 468.
neglectus, 468.
nivalis, 465, 467.
obscurus, 465, 467.
economus, 467.
pratensis, 461.
ratticeps, 464, 465,
466
robustus, 462, 463,
rutilus, 462.
savit, 469.
saxatilis, 468.
subterraneus, 460.
terrestris, 463, 464.
Ascaris
cuspidata, 125, 128.
maculosa, 126, 127,
128:
megalocephala, 128.
Astur
macroscelides, 205,
Asturina
albifrons, 552.
magnirostris, 552.
Asturinula
monogrammica, 306.
Atella
bodenia, 283.
egista, 284.
gaberti, 283.
phalanta, 105, 267.
Athene
cunicularia, 558.
Serruginea, 553.
Athyma
leucothoe, 105, 271.
opalina, 271.
Atossa
neleinna, 577, 579.
Attagis
gayi, dd7.
703
Atticora
cinerea, 510.
eyanoleuca, 510.
Augiades
vitreus, 367.
Aulacorhynchus
atrogularis, 548.
ceruleocinctus, 548.
derbianus, 549.
Aulocera
saraswati, 266.
swaha, 266.
weranga, 266.
Automolus
ochrolemus, 527.
striaticeps, 528.
Balzna
boops, 580.
Bambusicola
Sytchit, 44,
hopkinsoni, 44.
Barclayia
incerta, 585, 586.
Baripus
aterrimus, 56.
clivinoides, 56.
parallelus, 56.
subsulcatus, 56.
Basileuterus
coronatus, 509.
diachlorus, 130, 509.
luteoviridis, 538.
uropygialis, 509.
Baths
Corbignii, 5, 22,
Belenois
nabis, 288.
periclea, 288.
peristhene, 288, 291.
seyllaria, 288.
Bembidium
chlorostictum, 66.
convexiusculum, 66.
derbesii, 66.
fabricii, 67.
Sischeri, 67.
Sryi, 67.
impressum, 66.
incertum, 67.
inconstans, 50, 67.
kusteri, 66.
maculatum, 66.
mandibulare, 67.
marginatum, 67.
melanopodes, 67.
nivale, 66.
pallidipenne, 66.
paludosum, 67.
punctigerum, 50.
seitulum, 67.
704
Bembidium
sexfoveolatum, 67.
solieri, 67.
varicolor, 66.
(Lopha) elegans, 66.
(Notaphus) aubei,
66.
(——) punetigerum,
66
) servillez, 66.
(Peryphus) chilensis,
66
a maculiferum,
66
(——) spinole, 66.
(Philochthus) nigri-
tum, 66.
Berardius
arnowxti, 262.
Birgus
latro, 295.
Bithys
azurinus, 356.
hesperitis, 356.
thara, 356.
Bolborhynchus
aurifrons, 549.
aymara, 91.
monachus, 91, 587.
orbignesius, 549, 679.
Bothrolycus
ater, 444.
Bourcieria
inca, 676, 677.
insectivora, 543.
Brachonyx
apiata, 638.
pyrrhonota, 641.
Brachyccelus
duponti, 52.
virescens, 52.
Bradycellus
arcobasis, 64.
chilensis, 64.
impressifrons, 63.
ruficollis, 63.
tibialis, 64.
unistriatus, 63, 64.
Bradypus
didactylus, 580.
Brotogerys
pyrrhopterus, 587.
tariacula, 587.
tovt, 587.
virescens, 587.
Buarremon
brunneinuchus, 515.
mystacalis, 501, 515.
pallidinuchus, 516.
schistaceus, 516.
torquatus, 515.
INDEX.
Buarremon
tricolor, 501, 516.
Buceros
corrugatus, 420.
malayanus, 151.
subcylindricus, 421,
422,
Buteo
erythronotus, 678.
Buteola
brachyura, 552.
Buthraupis
cucullata, 513.
Cacatua
cristata, 587, 588, 591,
595.
galerita, 587, 588, 591.
leadbeateri, 587, 588,
591
591.
sulphurea, 587, 588,
591, 595.
Caccabis
pallidus, 324.
Cacicus
alfredi, 523.
atrovirens, 523.
cristatus, 528.
‘aica
melanocephala, 587.
Calabaria
fusca, 442.
Calamoherpe
turdoides, 526.
Calandra
calandra, 635.
Calandrella
anderssoni, 634.
brachydactyla, 630.
cinerea, 633.
ruficeps, 634.
Calandrina
torquata, 635.
Calandritis
brachydactyla, 630,
cinerea, 633.
minor, 631,
Calendula
crassirostris, 636.
magnirostris, 636.
Calendulauda
albescens, 623, 625.
nivosa, 620,
Calidris
arenaria, 560.
Caligo
automedon, 339.
bubocula, 389.
eurylochus, 339.
memnon, 339.
oileus, 338.
Calleida
eyanoptera, 68.
iridea, 68.
tibialis, 70.
Callerebia
daksha, 266, 274.
Callicore
astala, 344.
euclides, 344.
eupepla, 344.
Callidryas
crocale, 108.
gorgophone, 287.
intermedia, 361.
lactea, 287, 291.
philea, 360.
pyranthe, 108.
rurina, 301.
senn@, 360.
virgo, 361.
(Catopsilia) minna,
291.
Calliste
argentea, 514.
atrocerulea, 515.
cyaneicollis, 515.
cyanotis, 515.
gyroloides, 514.
nigriviridis, 514.
parzudakii, 515,
pulchra, 514.
ruficervix, 514,
schranki, 514.
xanthocephala, 515.
awanthogastra, 514.
yeni, 514.
Callitera,
menander, 337.
Callithomia
hezia, 331.
Callospiza
gyrola, 514,
Calcenas
nicobarica, 250, 257.
Calopsitta
nove-hollandie, 587.
Calosoma
vagans, 5d.
Calurus
pavoninus, 547.
Calyptorhynchus
bapksi, 587 :
Campephaga
aurulenta, 419.
sloetiz, 419.
Campephilus
melanoleucus, 546.
rubricollis, 546.
Campicola
bifasciata, 239, 241.
botte, 241.
Campicola
livingstonii, 239, 241.
pileata, 241.
Campylopterus
largipennis, 541.
Canis
chanco, 655.
laniger, 654, 655.
niger, 655.
nigra, 654.
Capito
amazonicus, 549.
aurantiicollis, 549.
auratus, 549,
erythrocephalus, 549.
glaucogularis, 549.
peruvianus, 549,
Capra
egagrus, 2, 90, 248.
beden,
bezoarctica, 248.
cervicapra, 248.
picta, 90.
Caprimulgus
brasiliensis, 545.
decussatus, 545,
fulviventris, 205.
Capsiempis
orbitalés, 130, 536.
Carabus
buquetii, 53, 54, 55,
70.
eartnulatus, 54.
chilensis, 50, 53, 54.
chiloensis, 53.
darwinit, 55.
dorsiger, 53.
elegantissimus, 53, 70.
gloriosus, 54.
indiconotus, 55.
insularis, 55.
melanopterus, 55,
moche, 54, 70.
psittacus, 5d.
reichei, 55.
speciosus, 55.
suturalis, 50, 55.
sybarita, 53.
valdivie, 54.
Carpophaga
ek 26.
assimilis, 603.
aurora, 256.
nove-zealandie, 250.
spilorrhoa, 250.
Carystus
coridon, 368.
deceptus, 368.
epicincea, 368.
gemmatus, 368.
minos, 368.
INDEX.
Cascellius
eneoniger, 56.
eydourii, 55.
gravesit, 56.
kingii, 55.
niger, 56.
nitidus, 56.
troberti, 56.
Cassiculus
chrysonotus, 523.
Castalia
dichroa, 271.
Casuarius
australis, 325.
bennetti, 325.
kaupi, 247.
papuanus, 248.
uniappendiculatus, 247,
oO.
westermanmi, 248,
Catagramma
astala, 344.
atacama, 348.
Faustina, 343.
lyca, 343.
pacifica, 345.
patelina, 343.
titania, 343.
Catamblyrhynchus
diadema, 520.
Catamenia
analis, 521, 677.
homochroa, 520, 521.
rufirostris, 521.
Catargyria
pe yr 342,
Catasticta
actinotis, 358.
arechiza, 357, 358.
emeris, 358.
nimbice, 357.
ochracea, 357.
potamed, 358.
sebennica, 358.
sisamnus, 358.
theresa, 358.
Catharus
fuscater, 504.
mexicanus, 176.
Catochrysops
cyta, 285.
Catopsilia
gorgophone, 287.
lactea, 287
Centrites
oreas, Dd4.
Centropsar
mirus, 176.
Centropus
anselli, 204, 205.
epomidis, 205.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLVI.
Centropus
franeisci, 205.
grilli, 205.
monachus, 205.
nigrorufus, 205.
senegalensis, 205.
superciliosus, 205.
toulon, 205.
Centrotrachelus
asmussi, 657, 659, 660,
661.
loricatus, 660.
Centurus
hypopolius, 176.
Cephalopterus
ornatus, 541.
Ceratinia
callispila, 334.
excelsa, 334.
fenestella, 334.
Alugit, 331,
Cerchneis
Japonica, 582.
moluccensis, 581, 583.
rupicola, 581, 582, 583,
584
tinnuneulus, 581, 582,
583
Cercomacra
tyrannina, 530.
Cercomela
erythrea, 241.
frenata, 241.
fusca, 241.
heuglini, 241.
lypura, 241.
melanura, 241.
Cercopithecus
pyrrhonotus, 665.
ruber, 664,
Certhia
cinnamomea, 3, 4, 13,
14,
Certhilauda
africana, 615.
albofasciata, 618.
breviunguis, 626.
capensis, 615, 616.
coronata, 620.
garrula, 615, 616, 618,
619, 620.
longirostris, 615.
nivosa, 623, 625.
rufopalliata, 620.
rufula, 615, 617,
618.
semitorquata, 620.
subcoronata, 620.
Certhiola
martinicana, 174.
-peruviand, 512.
46
706
Cervulus
amostylis, 38.
aureus, 38.
laerymans, 41.
moschatus, 38.
muntjac, 33, 34, 38, 39,
42, 665.
reevesi, 34, 40, 41.
sclateri, 33, 34, 36, 40,
42.
tamulicus, 38.
vaginalis, 38.
Cervus
aristotelis, 43.
capreolus, 36.
caspicus, 42, 43.
columbianus, 606.
dama, 36, 90.
elaphus, 36.
euopis, 151.
hippelaphus, 43.
kopschi, 151, 152.
macrotis, 606.
magaceros, 36.
mantchuricus, 151.
maral, 206.
moschatus, 38.
pudu, 34, 36.
reevesi, 41.
savannarum, 606.
sika, 151, 152.
styloceros, 38.
vaginalis, 38.
virginianus, 606.
Ceryle
amazona, 547.
cabanisii, 547.
Cethosia
eyane, 104.
obscura, 283.
vibilia, 350.
Cheetopterus
appendiculatus, 328.
Cheetura
brunneitorques, 545.
rutila, 545.
Cheetusia
coronata, 456.
Chalcopelia
chalcospilos, 256.
puella, 250.
Chalecophaps
chrysochlora, 250,
256.
Chameeleo
spectrum, 443.
seperciliaris, 443.
Chameleon
cristatus, 442.
montium, 442.
parsonii, 72, 76.
INDEX.
Chameepelia
amazilia, 55d.
gracilis, 555.
passerina, 175.
talpacote, 250.
Chamepetes
goudoti, 558.
Chamzza
olivacea, 531.
Charadrius
brevirostris, 560.
lampronotus, 451.
virginicus, 559.
Charaxes
athamas, 106, 271.
caphontis, 280.
Charis
argyrodines, 353.
Chaus
catolynx, 32,
caudatus, 31.
ornatus, 32.
servalina, 31.
Cheiracanthium
dubiwm, 403, 417, 419.
equestre, 404, 417, 419.
indicum, 411, 417, 419.
inornatum, 406, 417,
419.
insigne, 408, 417, 419.
isiacum, 407, 417, 419.
vorax, 410, 417, 419.
Chersomanes
africana, 616.
garrula, 615, 616.
subcoronata, 620.
Chlamydodera
maculata, 601, 605.
Chloéia
ceylonica, 326.
Chloephaga
melanoptera, 554.
Chlorochrysa
calliparea, 515.
Chlorcenas
denisea, 555.
plumbea, 555.
Chloronerpes
canipileus, 546.
fumigatus, 546.
hematostigma, 546.
leucolemus, 546.
Chlorospingus
albitemporalis, 182.
castaneicollis, 1382,
517.
cinereocephalus, 182,
516.
chrysogaster, 501, 517.
oleagineus, 517.
ophthalmicus, 132.
Chlorospingus
(Hemispingus) auricu-
laris, 130.
Chlorostilbon
brevicaudatus, 545.
Chlosyne
erodyle, 349.
gaudialis, 349.
hippodrome, 349.
Janais, 349.
lacinia, 349.
narva, 349.
Cheeropotamus
edwardsi, 496.
Chordeiles
acutus, 545.
pruinosus, 545.
rupestris, 458.
Chryseena
luteovirens, 94.
victor, 94.
Chrysomitris
atrata, 529.
capitalis, 522.
magellanica, 522.
Chrysophanus
adita, 571, 579.
chinensis, 271.
hippothoé, 571.
kasyapa, 271.
pavana, 271.
phleas, 271.
zariaspa, 271.
Chrysotis
agilis, 587.
augusta, 324.
bouqueti, 323, 324.
collaria, 587.
farinosa, 550.
Festiva, 587.
Jinschi, 206.
guildingi, 324.
levaillantii, 587.
mercenaria, 550.
ochrocephala, 587.
viridigenalis, 206.
Cicindela
chilensis, 50, 51, 52.
gormazt, 50, 52, 70.
peruviana, 50, 51.
Ciconia
alba, 2.
boyciana, 2, 306.
maguari, 2.
Cillurus
bifasciatus, 526.
nigrofumosus, 526.
palliatus, 526.
rivularis, 180, 526.
Cinclodes
bifasciatus, 526, 678.
Cinclodes
Suscus, 678.
palliatus, 678.
Cinclus
leucocephalus, 504,
Cinixys
belli, 496.
Cireus
histrionicus, 553.
poliopterus, 553.
Cirrochroa
fasciata, 104.
lanka, 104.
Cissopis
minor, 517.
Cisticola
munipurensis, 47.
ruficollis, 47, 48.
rustica, 48.
schenicola, 47, 48.
Cistothorus
graminicola, 130.
humivagans, 504,
polyglottus, 130.
Clemmys
serrata, 494.
Climacocercus
coneentricus, 553.
* Clothilda
insignis, 349.
Clubiona
comta, 413.
drassodes, 414, 417,
419.
filicata, 413, 414, 417,
419
robusta, 413.
Cnemalobus
abbreviatus, 56.
cyaneus, 56.
eyathicollis, 56.
bli 56.
ayt,
pt 56.
obscurus, 56.
striatus, 57.
substriatus, 57.
sulciferus, 56.
Cnemiornis
calcitrans, 307.
Cnipolegus
anthracinus, 533.
Coccoborus
chrysogaster, 519.
Coceystes
jacobinus, 205.
Coccyzus
cayanus, 548.
melanocoryphus,
168.
INDEX.
Coereba
nitida, 510.
Colzenis
delila, 350.
Julia, 350.
pherusa, 350.
Colaptes
rupicola, 546,
678.
Colias
clorinde, 360.
euterpe, 359.
fieldi, 273.
hyale, 273.
ponteni, 287.
Coliostruthus
macrurus, 306.
Colopodes
grandicollis, 58.
Columba
Jamaicensis, 556.
livia, 169, 255.
maculosa, 256.
monticola, 555.
Columbella
atrata, 672
lentiginosa, 672.
(6nachis) digglesi, 671,
672.
Ga gowllandi, 671,
672
( ) sinwata, 600.
(Mitrella) russelli, 671,
672
Columbula
eruziana, 55d.
Compsocoma
sumptuosa, 513.
Conirostrum
albifrons, 511.
atrocyaneum, 511.
emmereum, 129, 511.
cyanewm, 501, 512.
i ineiventre, 511,
, 678.
a 512.
Conopophaga
ardesiaca, 531.
Contopus
ardesiacus, 539.
plebeius, 539.
Conurus
eruginosus, 587.
aureus, 587.
aztec, 587.
hematorrhous, 587.
holochlorus, 587.
jendaya, 587.
luciani, 549.
mitratus, 549.
monachus, 587.
707
Conurus
nanday, 587.
pavua, 587.
petzii, 587.
sitophaga, 549.
temminckii, 549.
vantholemus, 587.
Coprotretis
jelskii, 526.
Coptodera
@nescens, 67.
incerta, 67.
Copurus
colonus, 533.
filicauda, 533.
Coracias
abyssinica, 306.
cristata, 476.
tivouch, 476.
Coracopsis
barklyi, 496,
587.
Coraphites
australis, 635.
conirostris, 631.
Coronella
anomala, 171.
Corvus
culminatus, 211.
splendens, 211.
tingitanus, 325.
Corydon
calandra, 635.
Corypha
apiata, 638.
Coryphidea
brachydactyla,
630.
Corys
arborea, 635.
Corythopis
anthoides, 136.
humivagans, 136,
531.
nigrocineta, 531.
torquata, 531.
Corythornis
eyanostigma, 306.
Cosmoscarta
bivittata, 672.
distanti, 672.
feralis, 672.
scanthorhina, 672.
Cossypha
eyanocampter, 205.
Coturniculus
peruanus, 521.-
Crax
daubentoni, 420.
Creurgops
verticalis, 513.
46*
708
Crocodilus
johnstoni, 177, 178.
madagascariensis, 145,
146, 178.
vulgaris, 145, 146, 177.
Crossonychus
chloropterus, 67.
viridis, 67.
Crotophaga
sulcirostris, 548.
Crybelus
martit, 547.
Cryptoblepharus
pecilopleurus, 296.
Cryptoprocta
ferox, 496.
Crypturus
obsoletus, 563.
Cupido
agnata, 103, 106, 109.
ethion, 106
rosimon, 106.
strabo, 106.
Curites
insularis, 107.
Curruca
cinerea, 536.
garrula, 536.
Cursorius
gallicus, 457.
anocitta
ee 524.
Cyanocorax
pileatus, 167, 170.
viridicyaneus, 524.
Cyanorhamphus
auriceps, 587.
nove-zealandie, 587.
Cyanotarus
andinus, 70.
Cyanotis
zare, 535.
Cybdelis
pandama, 349.
Cyclogramma
pandama, 349.
Cyclophorus
(Ditropis) whitei, 669,
672.
clorhis
guianensis, 509.
poliocephala, 509.
Cyllo
amabilis, 279.
fulvescens, 2°79.
helena, 279.
leda, 279.
solandra, 279.
taitensis, 279.
Cymbilanius
lineatus, 529.
INDEX.
Cymindis
uncinatus, 552.
Cynanthus
mocoa, 544, 677.
Cynthia
ada, 284.
arsinoe, 284.
Cyphorhinus
thoracicus, 505.
Cypselus
infumatus, 44.
subfurcatus, 44.
zectorum, 44.
terre-regine, 601.
Cyrestis
ganescha, 269.
thyodamus, 269.
Cystophora
cristata, 247.
Dacnidea
albiventris, 510.
leucogaster, 131.
Dacnis
cayana, 510.
modesta, 129, 510.
pulcherrima, 510.
sxanthophthalma, 131,
510.
Dafila
oxyura, 554.
Danais
aglea, 265.
archippus, 275, 330.
australis, 275.
chrysippus, 103, 265.
cleothera, 330.
insolata, 275.
leonora, 275.
limniace, 265.
limniace, 103.
mariana, 274.
melanippus, 103.
melissa, 275.
melittula, 275.
neptunia, 275.
obsewrata, 275.
plexippus, 103, 265.
pumila, 274.
shenkit, 274.
similis, 103.
Dasyprocta
acouchy, 665.
aguti, 665.
albida, 665.
antillensis, 666.
azare, 665.
cristata, 665.
punetata, 665.
Dasypus
septemcincta, 245, 246.
Delias 2
bagoé, 286.
hoe 108.
indica, 108.
Dendrocolaptes
validus, 529.
Dendrocygna
fulva, 167 ;
Dendreeca
blackburnie, 508.
cerulea, 508.
canadensis, 508.
petechia, 174.
Dendrornis
chunchotambo, 529.
guttatus, 529,
ocellata, 529.
Desmorphia
citrinella, 363.
Deudorix
epijarbas, 272.
nissa, 272.
petosiris, 107.
selira, 272.
Diadema
alemene, 282.
auge, 281, 282.
avia, 270, 282.
bolina, 105,{270, 282.
diomea, 282.
formosa, 283.
jacintha, 270, 282.
lassinassa, 281, 282.
lutescens, 283, 291.
manilia, 281, 282.
misippus, 106.
montrouzieri, 281,
nerina, 281, 282.
octocula, 288.
otaheite, 281.
pallescens, 282.
porphyria, 283.
philippensis, 282.
proserpina, 281, 282.
pulchra, 281, 282,
291
Didelphys
azare, 125.
Didonis
pasira, 347.
Didunculus
strigirostris, 183, 186,
250, 256, 605,
Didus
ineptus, 447,
Diglossa
brumneiventris, 511,
7.
pectoralis, 180, 511.
personata, 511,
Diglossa
sittoides, 511.
Diglossopsis
cerulescens, 511,
Dilipa
morgiana, 271.
Dione
Juno, 350.
moneta, 349.
vanille, 350.
Diophthalma
lagora, 352.
telegone, 352.
Diplommatina
gowllandi, 670, 671,672.
Dipsas
teana, 575, 579.
odata, 272
valida, 442.
Dircenna
euchytma, 332.
gonussa, 331.
Alugit, 331.
lonera, 331.
olyras, 331.
relata, 331.
wenos, 332.
Dismorphia
amphione, 362.
cordillera, 362.
deione, 362.
fortunata, 363.
hagaresa, 362.
lubina, 362.
lunina, 362.
nemesis, 362,
othoé, 363.
pallidula, 363,
sororna, 362.
virgo, 362.
viridifascia, 362.
Diuca
speculifera, 521.
Docimastes
ensifer, 677.
ensiferus, 543.
Dodona
durga, 271.
Doleschallia
bisaltide, 280.
Doliornis
selateri, 136, 541.
Dominicanus
verreauxti, 562.
Drassus
egyptius, 393, 394, 417,
418
alexandrinus, 393, 417,
418.
astrologus, 395, 417,
418.
INDEX.
Drassus
mores 386, 391, 417,
saree atus, 392, 417,
418.
denotatus, 398, 417,418,
ensiger,, 389, 417, 418,
Ferrugineus, 898, 417,
418.
gracilipes, 402.
hebes, 390, 417, 418.
lapidicolens, 392, 393,
394,
luridus, 396, 417, 418.
macilentus, 392, 417,
418.
morosus, 391.
nigrofemoratus, 385,
417, 418.
ornatus, 388, 417.
pugnax, 399, 417, 418.
romanus, 402, 419,
sericeus, 397.
troglodytes, 389, 390,
391
vulpinus, 396, 397, 417,
418,
Dromius
eneus, 67.
chilensis, 69.
macrocephalus, 69.
nigrotestaceus, 69.
pictus, 69.
sulcatulus, 69.
Dromolza
e@quatorialis, 232, 241.
albipileata, 233, 241.
chrysopygia, 241
cinerea, 241.
cursoria, 241.
incompta, 241.
leucocephala, 228, 241.
leucopygia, 228, 241.
leucura, 228, 241.
monacha, 228, 241.
monticola, 232, 241.
nigra, 228.
Fe cet 229, 241.
picata, 227, 241.
Drucina
leonata, 338.
Drusilla
anableps, 280.
mylecha, 279.
phoreas, 279.
Dryocopus
albirostris, 546.
hematogaster, 546.
lineatus, 546,
Dryoscopus
coronatus, 205.
Dynamine
PETS 344.
Dynastor
stygianus, 339.
Dysithamnus
ardesiacus, 530.
semicinereus, 580.
Dysporus
variegatus, 554.
Eclectus
polychlorus, 587.
Ectima
liria, 344, 345.
rectifascia, 345.
Ectopistes
migratorius, 250,
256.
Egretta
leuce, 555.
Elainea
albiceps, 536.
cayanensis, 537.
gigas, 536.
martinica, 175.
modesta, 536.
obscura, 536.
Elaphodus
cephalophus, 453.
Elaphurus
davidianus, 36.
Elephas
africanus, 580.
indicus, 580.
Elodina
signata, 286.
Elymnias
lais, 104.
singhala, 568.
undularis, 104.
Emballonura
Fuliginosa, 96.
semicaudata, 96.
Emberiza
aureola, 519.
Emesis
cypria, 353.
Juror, 353.
olive, 3538.
tenedia, 353.
Empidochanes
fuscatus, 538.
pecilurus, 538.
Empidonax
andinus, 501, 5389.
Eolophus
roseicapillus, 587.
Eopsaltria
inornata, 603, 604.
Eos
indica, 587.
710
Eos
riciniata, 587.
Epicalia
nyctimus, 347.
obrinus, 347.
pierretit, 347.
Epicopeia
mencia, 578, 579.
Epimachus
speciosus, 486.
Epinephele
maiza, 265, 274.
neoza, 265, 566.
pulchella, 566.
Epiodon
chathamiensis, 263.
Epiphile
adrasta, 346.
grandis, 347.
Equus
onager, 1.
Erana
crassirostris, 636.
Eremophila
alpestris, 651.
Hresia
cela, 370.
dismorphina, 350.
eranites, 350.
eunice, 350.
nauplia, 350.
nigripennis, 348.
otanes, 348,
Ergolis
ariadne, 105.
Hrigone
apicata, 433.
atra, 429.
atriceps, 436, 439,
441.
brevipes, 435.
capito, 439.
cristata, 438.
cuspidata, 440.
dentigera, 429.
dentipalpis, 430.
depressa, 435.
directa, 439, 440, 441,
42.
emertont, 435, 441.
excisd, 453.
Jissiceps, 436, 438,
441
indirecta, 440, 442.
interpres, 430, 441.
leta, 433, 435, 441.
letabilis, 435, 441.
latifrons, 487.
longipalpis, 429.
parallela, 437.
perforata, 439.
INDEX.
Hrigone
probata, 431, 441.
promiscua, 430.
retusa, 433.
spinifera, 432, 441.
vagabunda, 429.
(Neriene) sylvatica,
431.
Eriocnemis
aline, 677.
cupreiventris, 140.
sapphiropygia, 139,545.
Erismatura
Serruginea, 554.
Eronia
valeria, 108. .
Erycides
socius, 868.
vida, 368.
Erycina
euclides, 344,
Erythreenas
pulcherrima, 496,
Erythropygia
galtoni, 237.
Esacus
recurvirostris, 455, 456.
Esthemopsis
clonia, 353.
Estrelda
rufopicta, 306.
Eubagis
dyonis, 344.
eged, 344.
mylitta, 344.
salpensa, 344.
thalassina, 344.
tithia, 344,
Euchloé
daphalis, 273.
Eudamus
albofasciatus, 366.
alceus, 366.
vectilucis, 566.
Eudyptula
albosignata, 207.
minor, 207.
undina, 207, 208.
Hueides
cleobea, 351.
lineata, 350.
vibilia, 350.
vulgiformés, 351.
Eulampis
holosericeus, 175.
Eumzus
minyas, 354.
toxana, 354.
Eunica
anna, 349.
augusta, 349,
Euoploteuthis
unguiculata, 181.
Euphema
aurantia, 587.
bourkii, 587.
pulchella, 587.
splendida, 587.
Euphone
chlorotica, 518.
Euphonia
nigricollis, 518.
xanthogastra, 518.
Euphysetes
graytt, 260, 261.
pottsii, 260, 262.
Euplectes
Jimena 306.
Euplexia
cuprea, 578.
Euplocamus
albocristatus, 118.
erythrophthalmus, 113.
horsfieldiz, 113.
vietlloti, 113.
Euplea
adyte, 276.
brenchleyi, 278.
camaralzeman, 103.
cenobita, 276,
core, 265.
distincta, 278.
eleusina, 276.
eleutho, 276, 278.
eschscholtzit, 278.
Sorsteri, 276.
grefiana, 276.
hamata, 275.
helcita, 278.
herrichii, 278.
hisme, 276.
imitata, 277.
incompta, 277.
iphianassa, 276.
Jessica, 277.
lapeyrousei, 277.
layardi, 103, 109.
lorenzo, 277.
macleayti, 276.
margarita, 103.
melina, 277.
ménétriesii, 103.
midamus, 103.
modesta, 1038.
montrouzieri, 278.
nemertes, 276.
orope, 275.
paykullet, 278.
perryt, 278, 291.
phebus, 103.
proserpina, 278.
rhadamanthus, 103.
Euplea
rumphit, 276.
saundersii, 276.
schmeltzi, 277.
seriata, 276.
siamensis, 103.
transfixa, 276.
treitschkei, 277.
tristis, 276.
vitella, 277.
Eupodotis
australis, 471, 472, 473,
674.
denhami, 473.
Euproctus
Fasciatus, 70.
Eupsilostoma
pusillum, 536.
Euptoieta
hegesia, 349.
Euptychia
angularis, 336.
argentelia, 337.
arned, 337.
camerta, 335.
disaffecta, 336.
fallax, 336.
hermes, 336.
insolata, 337.
athama, 337.
libye, 336.
ocirrhoé, 335.
preria, 336.
pyracmon, 337.
renata, 336.
tiessa, 386.
usitata, 336.
variabilis, 336.
westwoodii, 336.
Eurema
arcei, 346.
atropos, 346.
dina, 359.
godmanii, 346.
kefersteinii, 346.
Euripus
consimilis, 270.
hallirothius, 270.
Eurybia
Juturna, 352.
Eurygona
aurantia, 353.
chrysippe, 352.
labiena, 352.
regipennis, 352.
Euscarthmus
cinereus, 534.
pyrrhops, 535.
ration 180, 534.
Euterpe
arechiza, 357.
INDEX.
Euterpe
charops, 357.
diomorphites, 357.
emeris, 358.
nimbice, 357.
ochracea, 357.
pitana, 358.
potamed, 358.
tereas, 357.
teutila, 357, 358.
Eutogenius
Suscus, 57.
Eutoxeres
condaminit, 541.
Falcinellus
ordi, 562.
Falco
anatum, 550.
aurantius, 550,
detroleucus, 550.
femoralis, 678.
sparverius, 550.
elis
badia, 322, 328.
caligata, 32.
chaus, 32.
chinensis, 32.
euptilura, 32.
fontanieri, 147, 148,
150
50.
leopardus, 147, 148.
minuta, 32.
pardus, 149, 150.
serval, 31, 495,
servalina, 31, 495.
temmincki, 322, 323.
tigris, 147, 494.
undata, 32.
(Leopardus) onca,
206.
Feronia
marginata, 61.
meticulosa, 61.
obscuripennis, 61.
parvula, 61.
(Platysma) convexi-
pennis, 60.
(Steropus) dlanda,
61
Feronomorpha
@rea, 59.
Jischeri, 59.
lucida, 59.
rufescens, 60.
sulcata, 60.
Filaria ;
gracilis, 124, 128,
Flata
candelaria, 97.
lathburii, 98.
711
Flata
maculata, 100.
Formicivora
atra, 5380.
Fortax
blanda, 61.
meticulosa, 61.
Fregilupus
borbonicus, 476, 480.
capensis, 476, 480.
madagascariensis, 476,
478, 479, 480.
varia, 476, 480, 486,
488.
varius, 474, 475,
476.
Fregilus
graculus, 486.
Fulgora
brevirostris, 97, 102.
candelaria, 97, 98.
clavata, 98, 99.
coccinea, 101.
celestina, 100.
cultellata, 102.
eyanirostris, 97.
decorata, 101.
delessertiz, 100.
ducalis, 100.
gemmata, 101.
gigantea, 99, 102.
guttifera, 101,
guttulata, 101.
intricata, 100.
lathburii, 98.
maculata, 100.
nigrirostris, 98.
oculata, 99.
ponderosa, 98.
pyrorhina, 100.
pyrorhyncha, 99.
pyrrhochlora, 101.
rajah, 100.
spinole, 98.
stellata, 100, 102.
subocellata, 99.
sultana, 99.
virescens, 102.
viridirostris, 98.
Fulica
ardesiaca, 559.
australis, 129.
gigantea, 559.
Galbula
leucogastra, 548.
tombacea, 547.
Galerita
crassirostris, 636.
cristata, 635.
pyrrhonoeta, 623.
712
Gallinago
andina, 501, 561.
frenata, 561.
Gallinula
cayanea, 558.
galeata, 559.
pileata, 559.
Gallus
bankiva, 255.
Gambetta
Alavipes, 560.
Garrulax
albo-superciliaris, 45.
cinereifrons, 45.
galbanus, 44.
gularis, 45.
rufifrons, 45.
rrulus
himalayanus, 211.
lanceolatus, 211.
via
roseiventris, 294.
zella
arabica, 141, 142,
494.
dorcas, 142.
gutturosa, 324,
wsabella, 142.
levipes, 142.
muscatensis, 142.
semmeringit, 142.
Gecinus
erythropygius, 212.
Gehyra
oceanica, 296.
Geocoraphus
gavanica, 638.
Geodia
carinata, 298, 304.
imperfecta, 299, 304,
reticulata, 300, 305.
Geopelia
cuneata, 256.
humilis, 256.
placida, 256.
striata, 256.
Geopsittacus
occidentalis, 587.
Georissa
multilirata, 670,
672.
Geositta
cunicularia, 524.
peruviana, 524, 525.
saxicolina, 501, 524.
tenuirostris, 524,
Geotria
chilensis, 51.
Geotrygon
frenata, 556.
montana, 556.
INDEX.
Geranaétos
aguia, 550.
Glareola
lactea, 455, 460.
melanoptera, 454,
pratincola, 454,
Glycera
alba, 328.
cinnamomea, 327.
Gnaphosa
cambridgii, 373.
conspersd, 373, 374.
corcyracea, 375, 417,
418.
corcyrea, 376.
exornata, 373.
harpax, 371, 417.
kochii, 373.
lunata, 373.
marginata,374,375,417.
plumalis, 373, 375, 376.
procera, 373, 417.
venatrix, 375, 417.
Goniurus
albofasciatus, 366.
alceus, 366.
exadeus, 366.
proteus, 366.
simplicius, 366.
zilpa, 366.
Gonoplax
angulatus, 29, 30.
Goura
coronata, 250, 256.
victorie, 250, 256.
Gracula
intermedia, 485, 486.
Graculus
bougainvillei, 554,
brasilianus, 558.
gaimardi, 553.
Grallaria
andicola, 531.
squamigera, 678.
Grapta
c-album, 269.
Grillivora
capensis, 232.
Grus
leucogeranus, 494.
Gymnopelia
erythrothorax, 555.
Gymnorhina
organica, 487.
Habropus
carnifex, 58.
Hades
noctula, 353.
Hadrostomus
audax, 130, 540.
Hetera
helvina, 337.
Halixus
albigula, 554.
gaimardi, 558.
Halispongia
mantelli, 303, 305.
ventriculoides, 301,303,
304, 305.
Halmaturus
apicalis, 653.
luctuosus, 110, 247.
Harpagus
bidentatus, 550.
Harpalus
equilatus, 61.
Hebomoia
glaucippe, 108.
Heliangelus
amethysticollis, 548,
677.
Helianthea
dichroura, 138, 543.
osculans, 677.
Helias
lactifera, 370.
phalenoides, 370.
Heliconius
annette, 333.
charithonia, 351.
cydno, 351.
erato, 351.
formosus, 351.
galanthus, 351.
lamirus, 330.
montanus, 391.
pachinus, 351.
petiverana, 3851.
rhea, 351.
rosina, 351.
telchinia, 351.
victorine, 333.
zuleika, 351.
Helictis
moschata, 666.
personata, 666.
subaurantiaca, 666.
Heliochera
rubrocristata, 540,
678
Heliothrix
auritus, 677.
elix
macromphalus, 609,
612, 613.
perarcta, 609.
prodigium, 612.
pseudophis, 609.
pulvinaris, 612.
(Conulus) elleryi, 668,
672.
Helix
(Conulus) russedli, 668,
672
(Plectopylis) munipu-
rensis, 610, 612, 613.
(——) nagaensis, 609,
612, 613.
(—) pseudophis, 610,
ois.” i
(——) sarica, 608, 612,
613.
( ) shirotensis, 609,
6138.
Hemipalama
himantopus, 561.
Hemipipo
tschudit, 539.
Hemispingus
auricularis, 516.
Henicorhina
leucophrys, 504.
Heraclides
lycophron, 365.
Herpestes
ferrugineus, 661, 662.
griseus, 662.
persicus, 662, 663.
Herpsilochmus
atricapillus, 137.
motacilloides, 136, 530.
rufimarginatus, 530.
Hesione
ceylonica, 327.
- splendida, 327.
Hesperia
ares, 369.
dirpha, 291.
exclamationis, 291.
hobomok, 369.
karsana, 576, 579.
mercatus, 366.
minos, 368.
pocahontas, 369.
quadraquina, 369.
zabulon, 369.
Hesperocharis
costaricensis, 357.
crocea, 357.
Hestina
nama, 270,
Heteera
diaphana, 337.
Heterochroa
basilea, 342.
demialba, 348.
erotia, 342.
felderi, 343.
fessonia, 343.
iphiela, 342.
lacina, 343.
lerna, 343.
INDEX,
Heterochroa
melantho, 348.
plesaure, 342.
tracta, 343.
Heterocorys
breviunguis, 626.
Heteropelma
wallacii, 589.
Heterops
cristata, 635.
Himantopus
leucocephalus, 459.
nove-zealandie, 459,
460.
Hipparchia
cadesia, 565, 579.
hiibneri, 565.
Hippopotamus
amphibius, 579.
Hippuraria
egertoni, 29, 30.
Hirundinea
bellicosa, 537.
Hirundo
americana, 510,
andicola, 510.
erythrogastra, 510.
horreorum, 510.
Hoplopterus
spinosus, 456.
ventralis, 455, 460.
Horqueta
tricolor, 17.
Hotinus
candelarius, 97.
clavatus, 98.
coccineus, 101.
celestinus, 100.
cultellatus, 102.
cyanirostris, 97.
ducalis, 100.
fulvirostris, 100.
gemmatus, 101.
guttifer, 101.
intricatus, 100.
lathburii, 98.
maculatus, 100.
nigrirostris, 98,
oculatus, 99.
ponderosus, 98.
pyrorhyncus, 100.
pyrrhochiora, 101,
semiannulus, 102.
spinole, 98.
subocellatus, 99.
sultanus, 99.
viridirostris, 98,
Hydropotes
inermis, 38, 110.
Hydropsalis
lyra, 545.
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1874, No. XLVII.
713
Hydropsalis
segmentatus, 545.
Hylambates
palmatus, 442.
Hylophilus
Serrugineifrons, 509.
flaviventris, 129, 509.
Hymenitis
annetta, 333.
lyra, 339.
nephele, 333.
ner, 33d.
oto, 333.
zavdletta, 333.
Hyomoschus
aquaticus, 34,
Hypanartia -
arcei, 346.
godmanit, 346.
kefersteinit, 346.
lethe, 346.
Hyphantornis
luteolus, 306.
Hypocnemis
myiotherina, 531.
pecilonota, 531.
subflava, 129, 530.
therese, 531.
Hypolais
Lis 656.
elaica, 655.
icterina, 656.
languida, 656.
olivetorum, 656.
pallida, 655, 656.
polyglotta, 656.
rama, 655, 656.
Hypoxanthus
brevirostris, 501,
54
rivolii, 546, 547.
Hypsibamon
andicolus, 130,
Hypudeeus
brecciensis, 467.
bucklandii, 467, 468.
minimus, 468.
speleus, 462.
Ibycter
americanus, 550.
Ictinia
plumbed, 552,
Iguana
tuberculata, 71, 79,
Tolema
whitelyana, 676,
Tonolema
schreibersi, 543,
Ipoborus
stictoptilus, 528,
47
714
Ipoborus
(Automolus) sticto-
ptilus, 129.
Tridornis
analis, 514,
Jelskii, 130, 514.
reinhardti, 514.
Ischnurus
complanatus, 297.
Ismene
mahintha, 575, 579.
Ithomeis
“eulema, 358.
Ithomia
adelphina, 332.
artena, 332.
avella, 333.
azara, 332.
cassotis, 334.
diasia, 333.
euchytma, 332.
excelsa, 334.
Fenestella, 334,
gedera, 332.
gonussa, 331,
heraldica, 333.
hezia, 331.
hippocrenis, 333.
latilla, 332.
lyra, 333.
nephele, 333.
NCO, BB.
olyras, 331.
oto, 333.
pared, 332.
patilla, 3303.
plaginota, 333.
salvinia, 332.
simplex, 332.
terra, 339.
tolosa, 334.
tutia, 332.
vicind, 333.
victorina, 339.
virginiana, 332.
zavaletta, 333.
Ituna
lamirus, 330.
Ixias
pyrene, 108.
verna, 108, 108, 109.
Junonia
enone, 269.
almana, 269.
asterie, 105, 269.
laomedia, 105.
lemonias, 105, 269.
orithyia, 269.
pallens, 346.
villida, 281.
INDEX.
Kallina
hiigelt, 269.
inachis, 269.
Lafresnaya
gayi, 543.
Lagarus
erythropus, 60.
Lampides
argentina, 285.
caledonica, 284.
candrena, 285.
cassius, 354,
cyta, 285.
dyopa, 285.
samoa, 285.
taitensis, 284.
zacheina, 354.
Lampraster
branickii, 140, 5438.
Lampropygia
celigena, 543.
Lamprotornis
eneus, 487.
Laniarius
bakbakiri, 306.
barbarus, 306.
Lanio
versicolor, 513.
Lagarus
chilensis, 60.
Larus
albipennis, 294.
antipodumn, 293.
argentatus, 293.
audouini, 494,
belcheri, 562.
cirrhocephalus, 292,
294.
crassirostris, 293.
dominicanus, 293.
Sranklini, 562.
fuscus, 293.
glaucodes, 294.
glaucus, 293.
hartlaubi, 293, 294.
heermanni, 293.
Jamesoni, 294.
leucopterus, 293.
maculipennis, 294.
marinus, 298.
melanurus, 293.
nove-hollandie, 293.
pheocephalus, 292, 293,
294, 295.
poiocephalus, 292.
pomare, 294.
ridibundus, 293, 294.
scopulinus, 293.
serranus, 562.
verreaurti, 562.
Larus
vetula, 298.
Laternaria
candelaria, 97.
Lathamus
discolor, 587.
Leadbeatera
otero, 543.
Lebadea
ismene, 106.
Lebia
azurea, 50, 70.
Lecanomerus
marginatus, 50, 62.
Ledropsis
coccinea, 673.
naso, 673,
Lemmus
grenlandicus, 469.
medius, 466.
norvegicus, 470.
torquatus, 469.
ungulatus, 470.
Lemonias
adelina, 354.
trenea, 304,
Leopardus
chinensis, 148, 150.
Lepidocephalicthys
balgara, 315, 316, 321.
Lepideenas
speciosa, 555.
Leptalis
citrinella, 363.
cordillera, 362.
deione, 362.
fortunata, 363.
othoé, 363.
virgo, 362.
Leptasthenura
egithaloides, 4, 6.
andicola, 445, 527.
Suliginiceps, 4, 6.
Leptophobia
elodia, 360.
tenuicornis, 360.
Leptopogon
amaurocephalus, 535.
auritus, 184, 586.
pecilotis, 135.
superciliaris, 536.
Leptoptila
crumenifera, 250.
rufacilla, 556.
Leptoxyura
cinnamomea, 13.
obsoleta, 21.
ruficauda, 13.
semicinerea, 5, 12.
Lepus
dayanus, 662, 663.
Lepus
mediterraneus, 668.
ruficaudatus, 663.
Lesbia
nuna, 675, 677.
Lethe
dyrta, 265.
Leucippus
chionogaster, 542.
pallidus, 501, 542.
Leuciscus
melanotus, 186.
orfus, 186.
Leucochitonea
salléi, 369.
Leucosarcia
picta, 250.
Leucothyris
cassotis, 384.
makrena, 333.
rubescens, 334.
vicina, 333.
victorina, 333.
Z2€a, 333.
Libythea
antipoda, 284.
carinenta, 352.
lepita, 271.
Licmetis
pastinator, 587.
Limenitis
danava, 270.
ewrynome, 570.
hydaspes, 270, 274.
ligyes, 270.
trivena, 270.
venilia, 280.
woodlarkiana, 280.
Limnornis
curvirostris, 24.
Liolepis
belli, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86,
87, 88.
Liotia
gowllandi, 672.
speciosa, 672.
Lipaugus
simplex, 540.
Liurus
ornatus, 442.
Lobius
cyaneus, 68.
erythropus, 69.
nigroviridis, 68.
Lobivanellus
goensis, 455, 456.
lobatus, 458.
Lochmias
obscurata, 129,
526.
INDEX,
bouyeri, 181, 491.
Londra
calandra, 635.
Lophiomys
imhausii, 497.
Lopholzmus
antarcticus, 250, 256.
Lophotragus
michianus, 453.
Loriculus
asiaticus, 587.
chrysonotus, 587.
galgulus, 587.
Lorius
cardinalis, 587.
lori, 587.
tricolor, 587.
Loxigilla
noctis, 175.
Lullula
arborea, 635.
Lupus
_ laniger, 654, 655.
Luscinia
sinuata, 238.
Lutucoa
leucocapilla, 228.
Lycena
alsulus, 285.
ardates, 574, 579.
argentina, 285.
betica, 272.
caledonica, 284.
candrena, 285.
catochloris, 286.
cleotas, 286.
communis, 285.
dipora, 272.
dyopa, 285.
Pde peti 284.
lysimon, 285.
marina, 354.
nana, 272.
phabe, 285.
samoa, 285.
taitensis, 284.
Lycophidium
elapoides, 444.
irroratum, 442, 444.
Lycorea
atergatis, 330.
Lymnas
fev 353.
Lypornix
cbse 548.
Mabouia
baudinii, 296.
Mabouia
lowesti, 297.
Macacus
arctoides, 652.
brunneus, 652.
leoninus, 652.
nemestrinus, 652.
speciosus, 652.
Machetes
pugnax, 450.
Machetornis
rixosa, 173.
Macrones
tengara, 313, 321.
Macropygia
phasianella, 250, 256.
Macroscincus
cocteauit, 495.
Malacocercus
subrufus, 47.
terricolor, 47.
(Layardia) rubiginosus,
47
Malacocichla
fuscater, 504.
Malacoptila
rufa, 548.
Margarornis
squamigera, 529.
Marpesia
peleus, 345.
zerynthia, 345.
Mastacembelus
pancalus, 318, 319, 321.
Mastodon
angustidens, 463.
Mechanitis
doryssus, 334.
isthinia, 334.
lilis, 334.
macrinus, 384.
scylax, 335.
Mecocerculus
teniopterus, 533.
Megalophonus
africanoides, 648.
africanus, 642.
albescens, 623.
anderssoni, 638, 634.
apiata, 638, 639.
apiatus, 641.
chenianus, 644, 645.
cinereus, 633.
crassirostris, 636.
erythrochlamys, 628,
fasciolatus, 641.
ferrugineus, 627.
sregsag ek
a, P
ke) 645, 646.
occidentalis, 642.
716
Megalophonus
planicola, 642.
pyrrhonothus, 626.
rostratus, 642.
rufipileus, 641.
sabota, 645, 646.
Megaloteuthis
harveyi, 181, 489, 492.
Megalotis
leucotis, 635,
Megalura
berania, 845.
chiron, 345.
coresia, 345.
corita, 345.
tole, 346.
merops, 345,
valetta, 345,
Meganostoma
eesonia, 860.
helena, 360.
Megapodius
tumulus, 607.
Megistanis
acheronta, 841.
Melanerpes
cruentatus, 546.
hirundinaceus, 546.
Melanitis
amabilis, 279.
bela, 267.
asmene, 267.
lalassis, 104.
leda, 104, 279.
otrea, 104.
solandra, 279.
taitensis, 279.
Melanocorypha
calandra, 635.
crassirostris, 636.
torquata, 635.
Melanopareia
maximiliant, 17.
torquata, 17, 28.
Melinzxa
lilis, 334.
seylax, 335.
Melitxa
athalia, 268.
balbita, 268, 274.
crithona, 348.
gaberti, 283.
Melogale
personata, 666.
Melopsittacus
undulatus, 587.
Menobranchus
lateralis, 186, 203, 204.
Merganetta
leucogenys,554,678,679.
turneri, 679.
INDEX,
Merizodus
angusticollis, 64.
Merops
eqgyptius, 306.
Mesosemia
ceropia, 370.
Srequens, 352.
lagora, 352.
telegone, 352.
Messaras
erymanthis, 104.
Metallura
eneicauda, 677.
cupreicauda, 544.
hedvige, 139, 544.
smaragdinicollis, 544,
677.
Metaporia
nabellica, 273.
Methona
confusa, 331.
Methonella
chrysomela, 353.
Metius
splendidus, 58.
Metriopelia
melanoptera, 250, 256,
555.
Miearia
armata,
Micrastur
concentricus, 553.
Microcereulus
marginatus, 506.
icrospingus
trifasciatus, 132, 517.
Microtia
elva, 348.
Migadops
bimaculatus, 52, 70.
darwinit, 52.
nigrocerulea, 52.
ovalis, 52.
Miletus
irroratus, 103, 106.
Milvago
chimango, 159.
megalopterus, 550.
Milvulus
violentus, 153, 154.
Mimodromius
chilensis, 68.
eyanipennis, 68.
guttula, 68.
nigrofasciatus, 68.
philippit, 68, 70.
imus
longicaudatus, 504,
patagonicus, 158.
Mionectes
poliocephalus, 535.
401, 417, 418.
Mionectes
striaticollés, 535.
Mirafra
africana, 688, 642.
africanoides, 638, 648.
apiata, 638, 639, 640,
641, 642
assamica, 638.
cheniana, 6388, 644,
650.
damarensis, 638, 650-
Sringillaris, 638, 649.
javanica, 637, 638
nevia, 638, 646.
nigricans, 651.
occipitalis, 649.
parva, 638.
“— 638, 639, 640,
toe 638, 645.
Misothermus
torquatus, 469.
Mithras
egides, 356.
augustinus, 356.
ealesia, 356.
desdemona, 356.
tolmides, 356.
Mitrephorus
ochraceiventris, 130,
538.
Mitua
tuberosa, 558.
Molinia
acuta, 145.
Molothrus
badius, 161, 162, 163,
164, 172, 174.
bonariensis, 158, 154,
155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 161, 162, 163,
364, 166, 167, 168,
171, 172, 173, 174.
pecoris, 153, 174,
purpurascens, 523,
dienes 160, 161,
162, 163, 164, 166,
174.
sericeus, 506.
Monasa
peruana, 548,
Monolobus
testaceus, 53.
Mordacia
mordax, 51,
Morpho
amathonte, 339.
aquarius, 339.
cypris, 339.
hydorina, 339.
limpida, 339,
Morpho
marinita, 339.
menelaus, 339.
peleides, 339.
orunga
proboscidea, 152.
Motacilla
guianensis, 11.
hottentotta, 239.
leucomela, 225.
leucorhoa, 218.
enanthe, 218.
pileata, 239.
stapazina, 219, 229.
tractrac, 235.
vitiflora, 218.
Muletia
septemeincta, 244,
246.
Munia
nisoria, 48.
subundulata, 48.
undulata, 48.
Mus
arvalis, 468.
sylvaticus, 468.
Muscicapa
leucomela, 225,
melanoleuca, 222.
Muscigralla
brevicauda, 534
Muscisaxicola
albifrons, 583,
cinerea, 533.
flavinucha, 533,
fluviatilis, 534.
maculirostris, 534.
rubricapilla, 538.
rufipennis, 134, 533,
678.
rufivertex, 533.
Musophaga
gigantea, 205.
Mustela
agilis, 311, 312,
erminea, 312.
frenata, 312.
macrura, 311.
Mycalesis
charaka, 566.
gotama, 566.
khasiana, 566,
otrea, 566, 567.
Myiarchus
coronatus, 538.
fasciatus, 539.
ferrugineus, 537,
obscurus, 588.
Myiobius
barbatus, 537.
cinnamomeus, 537.
INDEX.
Myiobius
erythrurus, 538.
melanocephalus, 509.
nation?, 538.
phenicurus, 538.
rufescens, 538.
superciliosus, 501, 538.
verticalis, 508.
xanthopygius, 537.
Myiochanes
cineracea, 539.
nigricans, 539.
nigriceps, 539.
Myiodynastes
chrysocephalus, 587.
luteiventris, 587.
solitarius, 537.
Myiopsitta
orbignesia, 549,
Myiotheretes
erythropygius, 677.
striaticollis, 582, 677.
Myiothlypis
luteoviridis, 509.
striaticeps, 130,
Myiozetetes
similis, 537.
Mylothris
alethina, 357.
malenka, 357.
viardi, 357.
Myodes
grenlandicus, 470.
hudsonius, 470.
lemmus, 470, 471.
obensis, 471.
torquatus, 465, 469,
470.
Myrina
paren 107.
Myrmeciza
hemimelena, 580.
Myrmecocichla
formicivora, 215.
Myrmecophaga
Jubata, 494, 580.
Myrmotherula
atrogularis, 137,
530.
menetriesi, 580.
Myscelia
pattenia, 347.
Nenia
ined, 562.
Napeogenes
excelsa, 334.
tolosa, 334.
Nectarinia
cyanocephala, 306.
subcollaris, 306.
V7
Nectris
chilensis, 563.
Nelo
chrysomela, 353,
Nemaglossa
brevis, 62.
Nemosia
ornata, 515.
Neonympha
fallax, 336.
Neorhynchus
nasesus, 520.
Neptis
anba, 270.
ananta, 270.
astola, 270.
clinia, 105.
emodes, 570.
eurynome, 570.
hardonia, 105.
harita, 571, 579.
kamarupa, 570.
leucothoe, 105, 570.
napaja, 570.
nolana, 108, 105.
omeroda, 571.
surakarta, 570.
varmona, 570.
venilia, 280,
vikasi, 571.
woodlarkiana, 280.
Nereis
festiva, 826.
fulva eunice, 350.
Neritopsis
radula, 585, 586.
Nesperia
nearchus, 370.
Nestor
esslingit, 498.
meridionalis, 498,
587
notabilis, 497, 587,
productus, 497.
superbus, 497, 498.
Nica
flavitla, 344.
Niphanda
tessellata, 572,
Nisoniades
funeralis, 369.
Noctua
urucurea, 553.
Nonnula
ruficapilla, 548.
Nortes
subeneus, 59.
Nothoprocta
branickit, 501, 563,
680.
curvirostris, 680.
718
Nothoprocta
ornata, 680.
pentlandi, 680.
perdicaria, 564, 680.
taczanowskii, 564, 678,
679, 680.
Nothura
maculosa, 167, 170.
Notioxenus
bilunulatum, 53.
Numenius
femoralis, 323.
Numida
vulturina, 110.
Nyctereutes
procynides, 323.
Nycticorax
americanus, 555.
Nyctiphrynus
7 ete 545.
N halis
S onciate 341.
cheronea, 340.
coresia, 345.
flavilla, 344.
glauce, 340.
iphis, 341.
laurentia, 342.
pavonii, 342.
pithyusa, 340,
polibete, 280.
thamyris, 341.
titan, 340.
Nymphidium
ascolia, 354.
lycorias, 354.
Ochthites
brevicauda, 534.
Ochthodizta
fumigatus, 532.
signatus, 501, 532.
Ochthceca
cinnamometiventris,
134.
lessoni, 184, 588.
leucophrys, 533, 677.
enanthoides, 677.
polionota, 533.
rufipectoralis, 678.
thoracica, 138, 533.
Oculina
rosea, 299, 804.
cyphaps
Lpbotas 250, 256.
Odontophorus
pachyrhynchus, 558.
speciosus, 558.
Odontoscelis
curtisii, 56.
tentyrioides, 56.
O
INDEX.
CEdicnemus
cerepitans, 456.
grallarius,112,456,459.
maculosus, 457.
Cinanthe
albicollis, 219.
cinerea, 218, 238.
cursoria, 228.
imitatrix, 239.
leucura, 228.
monticola, 232.
pleschanka, 225.
stapazina, 221.
Oleria
xanthina, 334.
Olyras
insignis, 331.
montagut, 331.
Omaseus
marginalis, 59.
Ommastrephes
harveyi, 492.
todarus, 491, 492, 493.
Omostenus
maculipennis, 70.
Onocrotalus
thagus, 553.
Odpterus
maceyi, 64.
Ophiocephalus
punctatus, 313, 318,
320, 321.
striatus, 317, 320, 321.
Opsiphanes
cassie, 339.
Orchilus
pileatus, 535.
Oreas
strigata canthe, 336.
ocyrrhoé, 335.
Oreicola
pyrrhonota, 215.
Oreon ha
nobilis, 676, 677.
Oreophilus
ruficollis, 560.
Oreotrochilus
estelle, 676.
melanogaster, 541.
Ornithion
pusillum, 536.
Ornithoptera
boisduvalii, 288.
cassandra, 288.
poseidon, 288.
rhadamanthus, 108.
tithonus, 289.
urvilliana, 288.
victoria, 289.
Ortalida
guttata, 558,
Orthorhynchus
cristatus, 175.
Orycteropus
capensis, 77, 580.
Oryx
beatrix, 95.
beisa, 323, 496.
leucoryx, 95.
Otaria
Jubata, 579, 580.
pusilla, 152.
Otidiphaps
nobilis, 250.
Otis
denhami, 121.
macqueent, 473.
tarda, 472, 473, 673,
674.
Otocorys
alpestris, 651.
Ovis
ammon, 144, 427.
arkar, 89, 144.
brookei, 143, 144, 145.
eycloceros, 144.
hodgsoni, 144.
poli, 324, 425, 426, 427.
vignet, 143, 144,
vignit, 247.
Ovulum
adriatieum, 599.
sinense, 599, 600.
Oxeoschistus
cothon, 338.
euriphyle, 338.
puerta, 338.
simplex, 338,
submaculatus, 338.
Oxoides
obscurus, 69.
Pachyrhamphus
cuvieri, 540.
versicolor, 540.
viridis, 540,
Pachyteles
biguttatus, 50, 55.
gracilis, 55.
marginicollis, 50, 55.
Palzornis
alexandri, 587.
erythrogenys, 587.
longicaudus, 587.
torquata, 587.
Pallasia
mongolica, 638.
Pamphila
angustula, 291.
ares, 369.
athenion, 369,
augias, 109.
Pamphila
comma, 576.
dimila, 576.
hala, 368.
inimica, 369.
maro, 109.
mathias, 109.
uniformis, 369.
vibex, 369.
zabulon, 369.
Pandemos
nymphidioides, 354.
Panoplites
mathewsi, 544, 676.
Panthiades
sito, 356.
togarna, 356.
Panyptila
melanoleuca, 176.
Paphia
amenophis, 341.
cheronea, 340.
chrysophana, 340.
electra, 340.
eubena, 340.
glauce, 340.
glycerium, 341.
helie, 341.
herbacea, 340.
indigotica, 340.
iphis, 341.
enomais, 341.
pithyusa, 340.
proserpina, 340.
ryphea, 341.
titan, 340.
xenocles, 340.
Papilio
achates, 109.
acheronta, 341.
egistus, 291.
agamemnon, 108, 291.
alardus, 367.
alemeone, 360.
amphimachus, 341.
amphinome, 347.
amphione, 362.
amynthor, 289.
anaphus, 367.
anchisiades, 364.
anna, 349.
archippus, 275, 330.
ariadne, 347.
arned, 337.
automedon, 339.
basilea, 342.
belise, 354,
blomfildia, 348.
branchus, 364.
cadmus, 341.
calliste, 365.
INDEX,
Papilio
camerta, 335.
canopus, 289.
capaneus, 289.
cardui, 346.
carinenta, 352.
cassia, 339.
cassius, 354.
castor, 109.
cellene, 350.
cesonia, 360.
chaon, 109.
charithonia, 351.
chaudoiri, 290.
chiron, 345.
cipris, 36).
cloanthus, 273.
clonius, 367.
clusoculis, 864.
codrus, 290.
columbus, 364.
coridon, 368.
creteus, 367.
delila, 350.
demolion, 108, 575.
demophon, 342.
diphilus, 109.
dissimilis, 273.
dunali, 289,
ebusa, 337.
eged, 344,
eligius, 370.
epidaus, 365.
erato, 351.
erectheus, 289.
erithalion, 363.
erithonius, 108, 273.
erostratus, 365.
euphorion, 289.
eurilochus, 339.
eurimedia, 334.
evadnes, 368.
exadeus, 366.
exclamationis, 291,
fatima, 346.
feronia, 347.
fulgurator, 366.
gelon, 290.
godartii, 290.
godefroyi, 289.
hecabe, 286.
hegesia, 349.
helie, 341.
hera, 348.
hermes, 336.
hersilia, 361.
hypsicles, 289.
ideus, 365.
tdas, 368.
ilioneus, 289.
tole, 346.
Papilio
iphicla, 342.
iphidamas, 363.
tphigenia, 281.
irenea, 354.
trene, 33D.
Janais, 349.
jatrophe, 346.
Julia, 350.
Juno, 350.
letitia, 366.
leda, 279.
lethe, 346.
leucothoé, 570.
libye, 336.
libythea, 288.
liomedon, 575.
liria, 344.
lisianassa, 281.
lorze, 365.
luna, 337.
lycimenes, 363.
lycophron, 365.
machaon, 273.
merula, 360.
marchandii, 865.
marius, 345.
meander, 342.
menander, 337.
‘melanippe, 360.
memnon, 109.
mermeria, 335.
montrouziert, 290.
monuste, 362.
mylitta, 344,
mylotes, 364.
narva, 349.
nauplia, 350.
nerina, 281.
obrinus, 347.
oceanus, 288.
ocirrhoé, 335.
odius, 341.
onesimus, 290.
orabilis, 365.
orcus, 369.
ormenus, 289.
pammon, 273.
pandion, 365.
parmenides, 367.
peleus, 345.
penthesilaus, 365.
pherusa, 350.
philea, 360.
philenor, 364.
philoxenus, 273.
photinus, 363.
plexippus, 330.
polycaon, 365.
polyctor, 273.
polydamus, 364,
720
Papilio
polytes, 108.
protenor, 273.
proteus, 366.
proterpia, 359.
renata, 330.
rhea, 351.
rhodostictus, 364.
hea, 341.
a 365.
sadyattes, 370.
sarpedon, 273, 290.
schmeltzi, 289.
senne, 360.
servillez, 364.
severus, 289.
simplicius, 365.
sisamnus, 358.
solandra, 279.
statira, 360.
steneles, 345.
syrichtus, 369.
telemachus, 290.
terias, 357.
thalia, 352.
thamyra, 335.
thasus, 367.
thoas, 365.
trite, 361.
trycus, 369.
ulyssinus, 290.
urvilliana, 288.
vanille, 350.
velleda, 281.
venilia, 280.
vesulus, 356.
villida, 281.
vitellia, 277.
vitreus, 367.
vulneratus, 366.
Paradisea
apoda, 486.
minor, 486.
Paramecus
levigatus, 61.
niger, 61.
parallelus, 61.
Pararge
cashmirensis, 265, 274.
eversmanni, 266.
Pareba
vesta, 367.
Pareudiastes
pacificus, 184, 605.
Parnassius
hardwicki, 273.
Parra
cayennensis, 450.
chilensis, 451.
Parulus
ruficeps, 3, 8, 9.
INDEX.
Parus
ater, 581.
britannicus, 581.
major, 505.
Passer
montanus, 522.
Pastor
capensis, 487.
eristatellus, 485.
griseus, 485, 486.
zalla, 485.
roseus, 487.
Patagona
gigas, 545, 677.
Pauxi
galeata, 420.
‘avia
eucharis, 578.
indica, 578.
Pavonia
memnon, 309.
oileus, 338.
Pedaloides
hulda, 338.
lithochalcis, 338.
manis, 337.
perpernd, 337.
Pediocorys
bogotensis, 508.
Penelope
aburri, 558.
boliviana, 558. «
marail, 558.
rufiventris, 558, 679.
sclateri, 558, 678, 679.
Percus
alienus, 60, 70.
siculus, 60.
Pereute
charops, 357.
Pergesa
dolichoides, 577.
Pericompsus
circuliformis, 66.
Peryphus
spinole, 66.
Petasophora
anais, 541.
cyanotus, 677.
delphine, 677.
iolata, 541, 677.
Phaethornis
guyi, 541, 676.
malaris, 541.
superciliosus, 676.
Phaethusa
magnirostris, 458.
Phalacrocorax
brasiliensis, 553.
Phalcobenus
montanus, 550.
Phaps
chalcoptera, 250, 256.
Pharomacrus
auriceps, 652.
fulgidus, 652.
pavoninus, 652.
xanthogaster, 652.
Phasianus
ellioti, 497.
Phegornis
mitchelli, 561.
Pheucticus
aureiventris, 518, 677.
chrysopeplus, 519.
Philamnus
alpestris, 651.
Philas
johnstoni, 178.
Phileremos
alpestris, 651.
Philydor
montanus, 528.
ochrolemus, 527.
striaticollis, 528.
subflavescens, 129,
Phlebodes
justinoides, 368.
Phlegcenas
stairi, 666.
Phleocryptes
melanops, 4, 6, 526.
striaticeps, 21.
Phlogeenas
erinigera, 250.
eruentata, 250.
Phebis
cipris, 361.
intermedia, 361.
rurina, 361.
trite, 361.
virgo, 361.
Pheenicomanes
tora, 427, 428.
Pheenicophilus
palmarum, 4277.
Pheenicopterus
ignipalliatus, 562.
Pheenicothraupis
rubica, 513.
Pholeoptynx
cunicularia, 308.
Pholidauges
leucogaster, 306.
Phonipara
bicolor, 175.
gutturalis, 519.
marchit, 175.
omissa, 175.
Phractomys
ethiopicus, 497.
Phrurolithus
gracilipes, 402, 417.
Phrygilus
alaudinus, 521.
Sruticeti, 521, 677.
gayi, 520, 521.
ocularis, 520.
unicolor, 520, 677.
Phrynosoma
coronatum, 71, 80.
harlanii, 71.
japonicus, 72, 74, 78,
80, 81, 82,
orbiculare, 71.
Phyciodes
ardys, 348.
claudina, 348.
crithona, 348.
fulviplaga, 348.
hera,
nigripennis, 348.
niveonotis, 348.
otanes, 348.
Phyllomyias
cinereicapilla, 130, 536.
Phyllorhina
armigera, 501.
swinhoti, 500, 501.
Phylloscopus
trochilus, 505, 512.
Piaya
nigricrissa, 548,
Picnochile
magellanieus, 51.
Picolaptes
laerymiger, 529.
Picris
Judith, 107.
nerissa, 107.
Picumnus
albosquamatus, 545.
as
Picus
rubiginosus, 546.
Pierella
helvina, 337.
luna, 337.
Pieris
ajaka, 273.
albina, 287.
athama, 287.
bagoé, 286.
caledonica, 287.
coronis, 278.
daplidice, 273.
elodia, 360.
ewmelis, 288.
galathea, 287.
gliciria, 273.
tlaire, 361.
Jacquinotit, 288.
INDEX.
Pieris
josephina, 361.
malenka, 357.
melania, 287.
nabis, 288.
nemesis, 362.
nipalensis, 273.
noctipennis, 361.
notistriga, 361.
periclea, 288.
peristhene, 288.
psyche, 287.
sinoé, 359.
viardi, 357.
(Appias) ada, 291.
(Belenois) teutonia,
291.
Pionus
menstruus, 587.
sordidus, 587.
tumultuosus, 550.
Pipile
cumanensis, 558.
pipile, 5d8.
Pipilio
bisaltide, 280.
Pipilo
mystacalis, 501, 521.
Pipra
ceruleicapilla, 539.
chloromeros, 539.
Pipreola
melanolema, 5A0.
riefferi, 540.
viridis, 540.
Pipridea
castaneiventris, 518.
Pitangus
bellicosus, 168.
Pithecia
monachus, 664.
Pithys
albifrons, 531.
leucophrys, 531.
Pitylus
grossus, 518.
| Plagiotelum
irideum, 68.
Platurus
schistorhynchus, 297.
Platycercus
eximius, 587.
pallidiceps, 587.
zonarius, 587.
Platysma
myoides, 71.
Plectopylis ;
achatina, 611, 613.
andersonit, 612, 613.
anguina, 613.
brachyplecta, 613.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1874, No. XLVIII.
721
Plectopylis
clathratula, 612.
eyclaspis, 611, 613.
dextrorsa, 612, 618.
feddeni, 611, 6138.
karenorwm, 611, 613.
laomontana, 612.
leiophis, 612, 613.
macromphalus, 610.
munipurensis, 613.
perarcta, 611, 613.
pettos, 612.
pinacis, 612, 613.
plectostoma, 612, 6138.
pseudophis, 613.
refuga, 612, 613.
repercussa, 613.
retifera, 612.
serica, 611, 612, 613.
shiroiensis, 613.
Plesioneura
eligius, 370.
folus, 109.
Plocealauda
assamica, 638.
Plotosus
canius, 313, 321.
Pluvianus
egyptius, 456, 460.
Podiceps
kalipareus, 563.
leucotis, 563.
rollandi, 563.
Peecilothraupis
ignicrissa, 130, 514,678.
igniventris, 677, 678.
lacrimosa, 130.
laerymosa, 514.
lunulata, 678.
Peeocephalus
fuscicapillus, 587.
senegalensis, 587.
Pogonotriccus
eximius, 135.
ophthalmicus, 135, 535.
plumbeiceps, 135.
Polioptila
dumicola, 158.
Polpochila
chilensis, 61.
parallela, 61.
/ Polyagrus
schythei, 51.
Polyboroides
typicus, 205.
Polyommatus
alexis, 578.
ariana, 271.
chandala, 272.
devanica, 573, 579.
galathea, 271, 573.
48
722
Polyommatus
Jaloka, 573, 579.
kasmira, 271.
omphisa, 573, 579.
samudra, 574, 579.
vardhana, 572, 579.
Pomatorhinus
temporalis, 112.
Pontia
aiphia, 107.
Pontoporia
blainvillii, 497.
Poospiza
torquata, 520.
Poriodogaster
grayi, 307.
Porzana
cayennensis, 559.
viridis, 559.
Potamochcerus
africanus, 206.
Praopus
kappleri, 246.
Pratincola
rubetra, 215.
Precis
hara, 269.
iphita, 269.
wedah, 269.
Prepona
amphimachus, 341.
demophon, 342.
meander, 842.
Presbys
peruanus, 130, 505.
Prinia
gracilis, 47.
hodgsoni, 47.
rufula, 47.
Pristonychus
chilensis, 50, 57.
complanatus, 57.
Proenias
occidentalis, 518.
ventralis, 518.
rogne
aoe 166, 173.
Prolepta
decorata, 101.
Pronophila
manis, 337.
erperna, 337.
pee 338.
timanthes, 338.
Prosthesima
cingara, 382, 417, 418.
curina, 379, 417.
lugubris, 378, 417,
418.
mollis, 381, 417, 418.
nilicola, 380, 417, 418.
a
INDEX.
Prosthesima
pallida, 381, 383, 417,
418.
pedestris, 382.
tristicula, 377,378, 382,
383, 417, 418.
(Melanophora) lea,
378.
Proteides
evadnes, 368.
idas, 368.
Proteus
anguinus, 200, 201.
Protogonius
cecrops, 341.
Prox
furcata, 33.
Psephotus
hematogaster, 587.
pulcherrimus, 587.
Pseudocolaptes
boissonneauti, 528.
Pseudoleistes
virescens, 158, 156.
Pseudolycxna
egides, 356.
tolmides, 356.
Psittacula
andicola, 90, 91, 678,
679.
celestis, 91.
passerina, 91, 587.
Psittacus
erithacus, 587.
pulverulentus, 550.
Psittinus
malaccensis, 587.
Psittospiza
elegans, 518.
Pterocles
alchata, 250, 256.
arenarius, 250, 254,
255, 256.
Pteroglossus
atrogularis, 548.
Pteromys
_leucogenys, 247.
Pteronymia
artena, 382.
azara, 332,
fuloimargo, 332.
latilla, 332.
notilla, 332.
olyrilla, 832.
parva, 332.
salvinia, 332.
simplex, 332.
tutia, 332,
Pterophanes
temmincki, 548,
677.
Pteropus
flavicollis, 96.
keraudrenii, 296.
samoensis, 96. :
tonganus, 295, 296.
vitiensis, 96.
whitmeei, 96, 666.
Pterostichus
bonellii, 60.
erraticus, 60.
prasinus, 59.
profundestriatus, 60.
rufipalpus, 60.
tenuestriatus, 60.
Ptilogonys
leucotis, 509.
Ptilonopus
chaleurus, 94.
chrysogaster, 94.
coralensis, 94.
dupetitthouarst, 94.
fasciatus, 94, 666.
grayi, 94.
holosericeus, 94.
huttoni, 92, 93.
Jambu, 253, 256, 257.
marie, 253, 256, 257,
melanocephalus, 251,
253, 256, 257.
merciert, 98, 94.
occipitalis, 250.
pelewensis, 94.
perousii, 4.
porphyraceus, 94.
purpuratus, 94.
purpureocinctus, 93.
rarotongensis, D4.
roseicapillus, 93, 94.
superbus, 603.
Ptilotis
frenata, 603,
Pupa
(Vertigo) macdonnelli,
669, 672.
( ) scotti, 669, 672.
Pycina
zamba, 341.
Pygosceles
teniatus, 605.
Pyrameis
cardui, 269, 346.
carye, 170, 346.
cordelia, 284.
indica, 269.
tammeamea, 284.
Pyranga
pte 514,
rubra, 514.
Pyrgus
cashmirensis, 274.
dravira, 576, 579.
Pyrgus
marrubi, 576.
montivagus, 369.
syrichtus, 369.
Pyriglena
picea, 530.
Pyrisitia
gundlachia, 359.
proterpia, 359.
Pyrocephalus
rubineus, 538.
Pyrops
candelaria, 97.
gemmatus, 101.
guttulata, 101.
virescens, 102.
vividirostris, 98.
Pyrrhogyra
edocla, 348.
nets, 348.
otolais, 348.
thasus, 367.
Pyrrhosticta
letitia, 366.
vulnerata, 366.
Pyrrhulauda
australis, 635.
leucotis, 635.
Pyrrhulopsis
splendens, 587.
Pyrrhura
leucotis, 587.
vittata, 587.
Python
molurus, 151.
Pythonides
salléi, 369.
tryxus, 369.
uerquedula
a aogte 554.
falcata, 152.
flavirostris, 167.
oxyptera, 554.
puna, 5d4.
Quiscalus
fortirostris, 175.
inflexirostris, 175.
lugubris, 175.
Rallus
cesius, 559.
cayennensis, 5D9.
oculeus, 205.
rythirhynchus, 559.
Ramphastos
cuviert, 548.
Ramphomicron
olivacewm, 544.
microrhynchum, 544,
677.
INDEX.
Ramphomicron
ruficeps, 677.
stanleyi, 544.
R
ana
esculenta, 202, 2038,
204
temporaria, 202.
Rectes
bennetti, 419.
nigrescens, 419.
Regerhinus
megarhynchus, 550.
Regulus
omnicolor, 535.
Rhamphoccelus
atrosericeus, 512.
jacapa, 513.
Rhamphocorys
clot-bey, 630.
Rhampholeon
spectrum, 443.
Rhinoceros
bicornis, 183.
javanicus, 182, 183.
lasiotis, 183.
simus, 152.
sondaicus, 182, 188,
499.
sumatrensis, 499.
wnicornis, 2, 182, 188.
Rhinolophus
Serrum-equinum, 500.
nippon, 500.
Rhipidura
superciliosa, 604.
Rhynchobdella
aculeata, 318, 319,
321.
Rhynchocyclus
Sulvipectus, 587.
peruvianus, 501, 537.
Rhynchops
melanura, 562.
nigra, 562.
Rupicola
peruana, 540,
peruviana, 540.
Rusticus
(Adolescens) minyas,
304.
Sabella
alticollis, 329.
fusco-teniata, 328.
pheotenia, 329,
Saccobranchus
singis, 314, 321.
Saimaris
erstedi, 495.
Salmo
salar, 206.
Salmo
leucomenis, 807.
Saltator
albicollis, 517.
elegans, 518.
laticlavius, 5177.
magnus, 517, 518.
olivaceus, 517.
riefferi, 518.
Sarciophorus
pectoralis, 458.
Saxicola
albicans, 218, 236,
240.
albicilla, 222.
albicollis, 240.
albipileata, 233.
albomarginata, 224.
alboniger, 227.
albonigra, 216, 226.
alpina, 233
amphileuca, 219, 240.
arnotti, 217, 233, 241.
atmori, 216, 231, 241.
atricollis, 225.
atrogularis, 224, 240.
aurita, 219.
bifasciata, 218, 239,
241.
botte, 218, 230, 241.
brehmii, 231.
cachinnans, 228.
capistrata, 225, 227,
240.
castor, 217, 232, 233,
235, 241.
chrysopygia, 218, 280, .
241.
cinerea, 214, 217, 219.
cursoria, 228.
deserti, 218, 222, 224,
227, 240.
diluta, 217, 234.
erythrea, 217, 222,
240, 241.
erythropygia, 223.
eurymelena, 222, 240.
familiaris, 287, 238.
Serruginea, 230.
Jinschii, 222.
Srenata, 230.
galtoni, 218, 237, 238.
gracilis, 227.
grisea, 219.
griseiceps, 217, 233.
gutturalis, 224, 240.
halophila, 222, 240.
hendersoni, 222.
heuglini, 218, 230, 231.
homochroa, 224, 225,
240.
Saxicola
infuscatus, 214.
intermedia, 230.
ésabellina,218, 224, 225,
227, 229, 240.
kingi, 230.
leucolema, 220,
leucomela, 216, 225,
226, 240.
leucomelena, 217, 232,
233, 234, 235, 241.
leucopyga, 216,228,241.
leucorhoides, 231.
leucorrhoa, 219, 241.
leucura, 216, 228, 229,
241.
leucuroides, 228, 229,
231, 241.
levaillantii, 235.
libanotica, 219, 222,
240.
livingstonii, 239.
lugens, 225, 226, 240.
lugubris, 216,281, 240,
241.
melanogenys, 220.
melanoleuca, 217, 221,
222, 240.
melanotis, 220.
melanura, 214.
minor, 237.
modesta, 286, 241.
mesta, 216, 223, 224,
241
monacha, 216, 225, 227,
228, 240, 241.
montana, 224, 240.
monticola, 214, 217,
232, 234, 241.
morio, 216, 221, 225,
226, 227, 240.
enanthe, 214, 215, 217,
218, 229, 240, 241.
enanthoides, 219, 240.
opistholeuca, 217, 229,
, 241.
pallida, 224, 225, 227,
228, 240.
philothamna, 223, 240.
picata, 216, 226, 227,
241.
pileata, 214, 215, 218,
235, 239, 241.
pollur, 217, 285, 241.
rostrata, 218, 241.
rubetra, 214, 215.
rufa, 217, 220, 221,
, 240.
rufocinerea, 240.
rubicola, 215.
saltator, 229,
INDEX.
| Saxicola
saltatrix, 229.
schlegeli, 218, 236, 237,
241.
septentrionalis, 219.
sinuata, 218, 238.
sordida, 240.
spectabilis, 239.
sperata, 237, 288.
squalida, 229.
stapazina, 217, 219,
220, 221, 224, 240.
stricklandii, 236, 240.
syenitica, 228,
talas, 222.
tractrac, 214, 236.
valida, 229.
vittata, 216, 220.
canthomelena, 222.
azanthoprymna, 218,
223, 224.
Scada
eurimedia, 334.
xanthina, 334.
Sceloglaux
albifacies, 497, 498.
Schistes
geoffroyi, 541.
Schizceaca
palpebralis, 7, 16, 130,
527.
Schizorhis
africana, 806.
Scintilla
incerta, 584, 585.
Scissirostrum
pagei, 487.
Sclerurus
olivascens, 180, 526.
Scolitantides
cashmirensis, 272.
hylas, 272.
vicrama, 272.
Scytalopus
peer ar 138.
sylvestris, 138, 531.
Selenidera
reinwardti, 548.
Seleucides
alba, 486.
Semnopithecus
obscurus, 110.
Seronia
tithia, 344.
Serpophaga
ae 535.
ruficeps, 535.
Siderone
thebais, 340.
Siptornis
flammulata, 19, 20.
Sithon
’ friga, 107.
Sitta
nagaensis, 44.
Sittasomus
amazonus, 529.
flammulata, 19, 20.
olivaceus, 529.
Sm
Bompildia, 348.
Spathilepia
clonius, 367.
terranea, 367.
Spathura
peruana, 677.
Spermestes
bicolor, 306.
Spermophila
gutturalis, 519.
luctuosa, 519.
obscura, 501, 519.
ornata, 158.
simplex, 132, 329, 519.
telasco, 329, 519.
Spermophilus
erythrogenoides, 465.
Sphznogona
constantia, 859.
fabiola, 359.
limonea, 358.
mexicana, 358.
Sphenopyga
rufigularis, 25.
Sphenura
mentalis, 18.
ruficeps, 7.
ruticilla, 21.
Spiroptera
turgida, 125, 128.
Spiza
jacarina, 520,
Spizalauda
deva, 651.
Spizocorys
To Niriat 631.
Spongia
otahitica, 301, 303.
Spon
townsendi, 304.
Sporophila
alaudina, 521.
Squatarola
helvetica, 457.
Starncenas
eyanocephala, 250, 256.
Steganurus
peruanus, 544,
Stelgidopte
rusficollis, 610,
Stenopsis
equicaudatus, 545.
Stenopsis
bifasciatus, 545.
Sternothzrus
subniger, 496.
Strepsilas
collaris, 560.
interpres, 560.
Stringops
habroptilus, 263, 587,
_ 596, 598, 665.
Strix
Tortie 553.
Strombus
robustus, 599, 600.
septimus, 600.
succinctus, 600.
Strymon
agricolor, 355.
celicolor, 355.
pastor, 3595.
Sturnella
bellicosa, 523.
militaris, 523.
Sturnopastor
contra, 487.
Sturnus
vulgaris, 484, 486.
Styloceros
muntjacus, 38.
Sula
variegata, 554.
Sycalis
. chloris, 522.
chloropsis, 172.
luteiventris, 133, 522.
luteola, 522
raimondi, 133, 522.
uropygialis, 522.
Sylvia
” ittontotté, 239.
leucomela, 295,
obsoleta, 21.
phryganophila, 17.
rubrigastra, 535.
russeola, 13.
stapazina, 221.
Symbrenthia
asthala, 269, 274.
cotanda, 569, 579.
daruka, 570, 579.
hyppocla, 268, 569,
0
570.
hypselis, 268, 269,
569.
hysudra, 268, 274.
khasiana, 569.
Synallaxis
ee 4, 6,
albescens, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10,
17, 27.
INDEX.
Synallaxis
albicapilla, 7, 22, 28,
130, 447, 527, 678,
679.
albiceps, 4, 21, 28.
albigularis, 6, 9, 10.
albilora, 11, 27.
alopecias, 6, 14.
anthoides, 4, 28, 446.
antisiensis, 6, 18, 28.
arequipe, 6, 23, 28.
azare,
bitorquata, 17.
brachyura, 5, 26.
brunnea, 4,
brunneicauda, 6, 8, 27,
brunneicaudalis, 8, 10,
527.
candai, 7, 15, 28.
caniceps, 5, 12.
castanea, 5, 15, 28.
caudacutus, 4, 13.
cinerascens, 4, 11, 29.
cinereus, 4, 7
cinnamomea, 4, 5, 11,
18, 14, 15, 28.
crassirostris, 22.
curtata, 6, 19, 28, 447,
527.
dorsomaculatus, 4.
elegans, 5, 8.
erythrops, 6, 19, 27,
28
erythrothorax, 5,17, 28.
Jjitis, 21.
flammulata, 5, 26, 28,
446, 447, 527.
flavogularis, 4, 6, 23,
24.
frontalis, 4, 5, 6, 8, 27,
446, 527.
fuliginiceps, 4, 6.
fuliginosa, 5, 16, 28.
graminicola, 446, 447,
527.
guianensis, 3, 11, 27.
gularis, 5, 16, 28.
hudsoni, 25, 28.
humicola, 4, 6, 22, 28.
humilis, 7, 28, 28, 130,
447, 527.
hypospodia, 10, 27.
hyposticta, 6, 20, 28.
inornata, 11, 20.
kollari, 15, 28.
lemosticta, 5, 15, 28.
leucocephalus, 4, 26.
maculata, '7, 12
major, 4.
maluroides, 4, 26, 28
725
Synallaxis
maximiliant, 4, 5, 17,
28
melanops, 6.
mentalis, 5, 13.
modesta, 5, 11, 28, 24,
28, 173.
mesta, 5, 8, 9, 26, 27.
multostriata, 5, 26.
mustelina, 14, 28.
nigrifumosa, 10.
olivascens, 5, 7.
orbignii, 4, 6, 22, 23,
28.
pallida, 5, 18, 19, 21,
28.
pallidus, 4.
palpebralis, 16, 28, 447,
527.
patagonica, 4, 24, 28.
phryganophila, 4, 6, 17,
18, 28.
phryganophilus, 4.
poliophrys, 8.
propinqua, 6, 12, 27.
pudibunda, 445, 447,
527.
pudica, 6, 10, 27.
pusilla, 18.
rufa, 24.
ruficapilla, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 27, 527.
rufcauda, 3, 4, 5, 18,
rafgnis 3, 6, 19, 27,
ving alice 4, 25.
ruticilla, 6, 20, 21, 28.
rutilans, 4, 18, 28.
scutata, 3, 6, 18, 28.
semicinerea, 3, 12, 18,
28.
setaria, 4.
sordida, 4, 6, 23, 28.
spix?, 3, 5, 6, 9, 27.
spixit, 158.
striaticeps, 4, 6, 21, 28.
stictothorax, 3, 6,7, 12,
27.
striata, 27.
striaticollis, 19, 28.
subcristata, 20, 28.
subpudica, 10, 27.
sulphurifera, 6, 24, 28.
tecellata, 4, 18.
terrestris, 5, 16, 28.
terricolor, 6, 12.
torquata, 5, 17.
torquatus, 4,
troglodytoides, 4, 27.
unwufa, 5, 14, 98,
726
Synallaxis
virgata, 446, 447, 527.
vulpecula, 6, 14.
vulpina, 6, 14, 28.
wyatti, 7, 25, 28, 446,
Synchloé
ees 349.
gaudialis, 349,
monuste, 362.
Systolosoma
breve, 53.
brevis, 50.
Tachyphonus
flavinucha, 518.
rufiventris, 518.
Tachyris
albina, 107.
amarella, 287.
Tachys
hydrophilus, 66.
Tagiades
adrastus, 109,
menaka, 278,
ravi, 109.
Talegalla
cuviert, 607.
lathami, 607.
Talides
athenion, 369,
Talpacotia
godina, 555.
Tanagra
celestis, 513.
eyanocephala, 518.
darwini, 513.
Srugilegus, 518.
melanoptera, 518,
olivascens, 518.
Tanygnathus
muelleri, 587.
Tapirus
bairdi, 89.
Taractrocera
lineata, 108, 109.
Tatusia
boliviensis, 246.
brevirostris, 246.
granadiana, 246.
hybrida, 244, 246.
leptocephala, 246.
leptorhinus, 246.
mexicana, 246.
peba, 245, 246.
Taxidea
americana, 666.
Taygetis
chrysogone, 335.
incerta, 335.
leuctra, 335.
mermeria, 335.
INDEX,
Taygetis
aeeind, 335.
thamyra, 335.
umbracea, 385.
Telegonus
alardus, 367.
anaphus, 367.
ereteus, 367.
Sulgurator, 366.
imalena, 367.
Temenis
ariadne, 847.
Tenaris
anableps, 280.
catops, 279.
mylecha, 279.
phorcas, 279, 280.
Tephrocorys
cinerea, 633, 634.
spleniata, 634.
Terekia
cinerea, 454.
Terenura
callinota, 580.
Terias
albula, 359.
calceolaria, 359.
constantia, 359.
drona, 273.
-eugenia, 859.
euterpe, 359.
Fabiola, 359.
gundlachia, 359.
hecabe, 107, 273,
286.
limoneus, 358.
marginella, 359.
mexicana, 858.
palmyra, 859.
persistens, 259.
sinoé, 359.
stygmula, 859.
westwoodit, 359.
Terpsiphone
nigriceps, 306.
Testudo
indica, 496.
Tetracha
chilensis, 52.
Tetraodes
levis, 56.
Tetraogallus
tibetanus, 324.
Tetrax
campestris, 473.
Tettigonia
elvina, 678.
Thalassobius
testaceus, 65.
Thalurania
jelskit, 138, 542.
Thalurania
tschudii, 138, 542,
Thamnistes
rufescens, 129, 530,
Thamnolxa
cinnamomeiventris,
215,
Thamnophilus
doliatus, 529.
luctuosus, 529.
olivaceus, 530.
palliatus, 580.
radiatus, 529,
Thanaos
Suneralis, 369,
invisus, 869.
tristis, 369.
Thaumastura
cora, 548.
Thecla
calesia, 356.
deria, 272.
desdemona, 356.
gauna, 855.
sito, 856.
talayra, 355.
temesa, 355.
thara, 356.
togarna, 356.
Theristicus
melanopis, 562,
inocorus
eschscholtzit, 557.
inge, 556.
rumicivorus, 557.
Thinotretis
capensis, 615.
Thripadectes
Slammulatus, 137.
serutator, 137, 527.
Thryothorus
cantator, 130, 504.
coraya, 131, 504.
Thyca
belladonna, 273.
eucharis, 273.
horsfieldii, 273.
Thymele
dirpha, 291.
vibex, 369.
Thyridia
melantho, 381.
psidii, 381.
Timetes
berania, 845.
corita, 3485.
Tinamotis
pentlandii, 564.
Tinamus
kleei, 563.
major, 563.
Tinnunculus
cinnamominus, 550,
Sparverius, 550.
Tisiphone
hercyna, 338.
Tithorea
duenna, 335.
arene, 335.
Tityra
semifasciata, 540.
Tmolus
charichlorus; 355,
erolinus, 355.
denarius, 356.
gauna, 355.
halciones, 355.
invisus, 355,
tsobeon, 355.
talayra, 355.
temesa, 355.
vespasianus, 855.
vesulus, 856.
Todirostrum
cinereum, 534.
Tomistoma
krefftit, 177, 178.
Totanus
chloropygius, 560.
flavipes, 560.
melanoleucos, 560.
ochropus, 556.
solitarius, 560.
Trachysarus
antarcticus, 63.
pallipes, 50, 63, 70.
Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, 323.
Trechus
angustatus, 65.
antarcticus, 65.
axillaris, 65.
chloroticus, 64.
cyclopterus, 64,
depressicollis, 65.
depressus, 65.
femoralis, 50, 65.
Serrugineus, 64.
hololissus, 65.
levissimus, 65.
monolcus, 65.
nitidus, 65.
obscuricornis, 64.
parvicollis, 65.
politus, 65.
proximus, 65.
punctiventris, 65.
ruficollis, 64.
Treron
calva, 256, 257, 306.
Trichechus
rosmarus, 580.
INDEX.
Trichogaster
fasciatus, 317, 319, 320,
321,
Trichoglossus
concinnus, 587.
nove-hollandie, 587,
Trichothraupis
guadricolor, 513,
Tringa
alpina, 242, 243, 244.
americana, 244,
bonapartii, 560.
canutus, 243.
cayennensis, 450,
chilensis, 452.
crassirostris, 242, 243,
Suscicollis, 561.
gracilis, 242, 248,
244
maculata, 560, 678.
maritima, 243.
minutilla, 561.
ptilocnemis, 244.
Trionyx
Ferox, 494.
Trirammatus
fulgidus, 59.
unistriatus, 59.
Triton
clathratus, 599,
sowerby?, 599.
testaceus, 599.
(Epidromus) comptus,
598, 600.
Trochalopteron
cineraceum, 45.
lineatum, 46.
setiferum, 46.
variegatum, 46.
virgatum, 46.
Trochilus
Surcatus, 542.
platurus, 544.
Troglodytes
audax, 505.
europeus, 526.
solstitialis, 505.
Trogon
collaris, 547.
heliothria, 547.
mexicanus, 176.
Tropidophora
cuvieriana, 670.
tricarinata, 670,
Tropopsis
unicolor, 55,
| Tropopterus
duponchelii, 58.
giraudyi, 58.
montagnet, 58.
nitidus, 58,
727
Tudicla
spirilla, 584, 585, 586.
Turdus
atrosericeus, 504.
chiguanco, 503.
crotopezus, 503.
falklandicus, 171,
Gigantodes, 130, 508,
677.
ignobilis, 503.
leucomelas, 508.
leucurus, 228,
nigriceps, 503.
reevei, 503.
rufiventris, 171.
serranus, 504,
swainsoni, 503.
Turtur
aldabranus, 256,
chinensis, 256.
erythrophrys, 306.
Tymetes
merops, 345,
Tympanistria
bicolor, 250.
Typhlops
Dkabne 442,
Tyrannula
ardesiacus, 539:
anniscus
vee 536.
mgricapillus, 536.
viridiflavus, 536.
Tyrannus
melancholicus, 539,
rufiwentris, 532.
Upucerthia
atacamensis, 526,
Jelskit, 526.
serrana, 501, 525.
Upupa
capensis, 475, 476, 479.
epops, 480.
madagascariensis, 476.
marginata, 480.
varia, 475, 479,
Urax
mitu, 558.
Urbanus
vetus phalenoides,
370.
Urochroma
melanonota, 91.
surda, 91.
Urolampra
eupogon, 544,
Jelskii, 544,
Uromastix
acanthinura, 660.
hardwickii, 658, 660.
728
Uromastix
microlepis, 495, 658,
660.
spinipes, 657, 658, 660.
Vanellus
cayennensis, 167, 449,
450, 457.
chilensis, 451.
eristatus, 449, 450, 452,
455, 457.
minor, 449.
occidentalis, 450, 451.
ptilosceles, 450.
resplendens, 450, 560.
Vanessa
arsinoe, 284.
cashmirensis, 269.
charonia, 269.
epaphus, 345.
Juliana, 284.
tammeamea, 284,
sxanthomelas, 269.
Variopalpus
brevicollis, 69.
crusoei, 50, 69.
Ventriculites
radiatus, 302, 303, 304.
Vespertilio
semicaudatus, 96.
INDEX.
Vireolanius
dubusii, 509.
Vireosylvia
chlorogaster, 509.
flavoviridis, 509.
Jjosephe, 509.
Victorina
steneles, 345.
Vitiflora
assimilis, 219.
leucomela, 225.
leucopyga, 228.
leucuros, 228.
major, 219.
enanthe, 219.
paradoxa, 221.
rufa, 219, 221.
rupicola, 232.
stapazina, 221.
Viverra
ichneumon, 662.
mungo, 662.
Volatinia
Jacarina, 520.
Walckenaera
cristata, 438.
Xanthura
peruviana, 524.
<CY MU 9 EY
a fo) 22% ae 2. ry
( Ik A é i
’ 4 wee See Sind
4 > . ak
URAL HIS~
THE END.
Xenodacnis
parina, 130, 510.
Xenops
littoralis, 529.
rutilus, 529.
Xois
sesara, 279.
Yphthima
ariaspa, 568.
avanta, 567.
nareda, 567, 568.
newara, 567.
nikea, 567.
sakra, 567.
Zenaida
auriculata, 555.
aurita, 555.
maculata, 170, 678.
martinicana, 250, 256.
Zenaidura
carolinensis, 256.
marginata, 250.
Zonotrichia
matutina, 521.
pileata, 329, 521.
Zootoca
lilfordi, 494.
PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
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