LIST OF CONTENTS.

PART IIl—1877. ~]

May 1, 1877. ;

Page ©

1. On the Female Generative Organs of Hyena crocuta. By M. Watson, M.D., Professor

of Anatomy, Owens College, Manchester. (Plates XL. & XLI.)

. On two Collections of Heterocerous Lepidoptera from New Zealand, with descriptions of

new Genera and Species. By Artnur G. Buruer, F.LS., FZS. (Plates XLII.

Se SRW) M6 te ates) Uavatajaje 01206 ele’ oie a) oolduels olelaaiel -teist Che ein iclalwielelalsis otStae bint aaa Tate 379

3. On a small Collection of Birds from the Marquesas Islands. By Orro Finscu, Ph. D.,

C.M.Z.S., Director of the Bremen Museum .............00+eecncece RSP rs ee 407

4. Descriptions of four new Species of Ichneumonidx in the Collection of the British i

Museum. By Freperick Suitn, (Plate XLIV.).........- 2.0024. 20e00e cence en 410

5. Notes on the Anatomy and Systematic Position of the Genera Thinocorus and Atiagis.

By A. H. Garrop M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society......-...+.......++.25- 413

May 15, 1877.

The Secretary. Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in April 1877 .....- 418

Mr. Sclater. Remarks on the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Antwerp,

Brussels, and Ghent, which he had lately visited ........+. 0002s eee cence ev eees 419

Dr. G. 8. Brady, C.M.Z.8. Notice of a Memoir on the Fossil Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag 419°

1, Notice of the Capture of Coregonus oxyrhynchus in Lincolnshire. By Francis Day, of

EULA, rato oh ich ae ays ein alate os ener ye ona ots ate oiwithere er ecteas Joke pain inlersyai ase, oia Neh ohs Season 419

2. Notes on the Species of the Genus Bartrachstomus inhabiting the Indian Region. By

Artur, Marquis of Twerppas, F.R.S. (Plates XLV. =U)". « sieialcretlarenete ete: 420 —

3. Onan undescribed Shrew from Central America. By Epwarp R. Ausron, F.LS., F.Z.S., &e. 445

4. Notes on the Anatomy of Passerine Birds.—Part IT. be tha ACOH. 1. Gannon, ¥ M. AS ERS,

Prosector to the Society............0 -. 4470

5, On the past and present jae Distribution of the Larger Mammals of South

Africa. By T. HE. Buckuxy, B.A., F.Z.8.

ee a ce er aa} eee

June 5, 1877.

—

. Description of five new Species of Sponges, discovered by A. B. en on the ek dni

Islands and New Guinea. By the late J.S. Bowrrsann, F.R.S.,F.ZS. ..

2. Remarks on the exact Localities of some Birds from the Islands of the South Pacific. By

WO UAW AR IS Hees Bel cccte (olor ioi asians’ nO iekabtciepslateieree atin (cols wine ce asaya cclielaaieaicelele 464

8. Note on two African Cuckoos of the Genus ra ie ae E. L. [aR C.M.G., F.Z.8.,

&e, &c., H.B.M. Consul in New Caledonia ....

On a Collection of Lepidoptera from ee Yorkand the Set er Coast of NewGuinea.

By Arrnur G. Bururr, F.LS., 59 iO? a! eke viele als era le ste la) alice veLsnc ie eaten TE

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1877.| DR. WATSON ON THE ANATOMY OF HYZNA CROCUTA. 369

1. On the Female Generative Organs of Hyena crocuta. By

M. Warson, M.D., Professor of Anatomy, Owens Col-

lege, Manchester. Communicated by A. H. Garrop,

M.A.

[Received April 11, 1877.]

(Plates XL., XLI.)

Before entering on the subject of this communication, I desire to

state that to Mr. A. H. Garrod is undoubtedly due the merit of having

first recognized the peculiar characteristics of the female generative

organs of Hyena ecrocuta, he having some time since examined a

specimen which died ini the Society’s garden. The structure of these

organs, however, struck him as so peculiar that he hesitated to pub-

lish the account of his dissection until such time as he should be

able to verify his observations by the examination of a second

specimen. Meanwhile I obtained the specimen the dissection of

which furnishes the subject matter of this communication, and,

feeling uncertain on account of the very unusual condition of the

female organs whether they were to be regarded as normal, applied

to Mr. Garrod for information. He at once in the most generous

manner forwarded to me for comparison what remained of his own

dissection, and, in the note which accompanied it, showed that he

had clearly recognized the peculiarities in question,

External parts.

The appearance of the perineal region of the female Hyena crocuta

is such as to have led me in the first instance to believe the animal

which I examined to be one of the opposite sex. This belief was based

upon the following appearances :—(1) the absence of any well-

marked vulva such as one generally sees in female Carnivora ; (2)

the presence of an elongated pendulous penis-like body, surrounded

by a prepuce, and having a glans perforated by a single canal; and

(3) the presence of two projections below the anus, which at once

called to mind the appearance of the scrotum in many Carnivora,

I pass to the description of these parts.

Clitoris.—The pendulous penis-like body, viewed in the light of

the subsequent dissection, we must regard as the clitoris. It projects

downwards and forwards from the level of the perineum, mea-

sures 2 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter, and consists of a

central body, the glans clitoridis, which is surrounded by a thick

fleshy prepuce. The colour of the glansis bluish toward the tip,

where it is exposed, but flesh-coloured under cover of the prepuce.

Its extremity is obliquely truncated from before backward, so that

the posterior border of the glans is more prominent than the anterior.

It is moreover perforated by a single canal of so small a size that

one is at first sight induced to believe that he is dealing with the

extremity of the male urethra, an error only corrected by an exami-

nation of the internal organs. The prepuce consists of a double

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXIV. 24

370 DR. M. WATSON ON THE [May 1,

fold of thick integument which, rising from the level of the perineum,

passes as far forward as the extremity of the glans, and is then re-

flected to the base of that body to become continuous with its cu-

taneous covering. It is attached by a distinct freenum to the pointed

posterior angle of the glans, but is otherwise free, very loose, and

rugose, and can be readily drawn out so as completely to conceal the

glans of the clitoris. Under ordinary circumstances, however, it

would appear that the preputial integument is thrown into circular

rugze around the clitoris, and thus leaves the extremity of the glans

uncovered. The colour of the skin forming the prepuce resembles

that of the glans, being bluish externally, but where it comes into

contact with the glans it assumes the flesh-colour of the correspond-

ing portion of that body.

Labia ?—The integument of the perineum, continuous with that

which forms the prepuce, is of the same bluish colour as high as the

lower margin of the anus, where it changes its appearance. The

whole of the skin in this region is devoid of hair and, close to the

base of the clitoris, is thickly studded with numerous little depres-

sions. These depressions equal in size the head of a pin, and are

so closely placed that the intervals between them are less than the

depressions themselves. The integument of the perineal surface of

the prepuce is also studded at its base with these depressions, al-

though here they are by no means so numerous as in the perineal

region. They are entirely absent from the abdominal surface of the

prepuce, as also from the upper part of the perineum. Immedi-

ately above (perinead) the clitoris the skin is thrown into two

longitudinal folds which bound a shallow groove. These folds are

by no means well marked, but correspond in position to that of the

labia in other animals. Should they, as I believe they do, represent

these structures in this animal, the clitoris occupies the usual posi-

tion with regard to them; that is, it lies in the anterior commissure,

It is to be observed, however, that there is no vaginal aperture be-

tween the folds. The integument forming them possesses the strue-

ture already described ; but between their upper extremities and the

margin of the anus, the skin, although devoid of hair, loses the little

depressions already referred to.

Scrotal pouches.—The cutaneous elevations which I have so

named are situated immediately below the anus, one on either side

of the middle line, and remind one, forcibly in respect of position, of

the scrotum in many of the Felide. Each is about the size of a

filbert, and, unlike the rest of the perineum, is covered with delicate

hair of a light brown colour. The presence of these pouches adds

much to the deceptive appearance of the female, and, combined with

the other peculiarities, renders the identification of the sex a matter

of difficulty. ‘These pouches when cut open are seen to be mere

pouch-like elevations of the skin, and do not lodge any part of the

generative apparatus. Lach is filled with a little mass of subcutane-

ous fat.

Anus and anal-gland pouch.—Immediately above the scrotal

pouches the surface of the skin is somewhat depressed, the margins

1877.] ANATOMY OF HYENA CROCUTA. 371

of the depression being covered with hair of the same colour as the

surrounding parts. In this depression are situated two apertures,

that of the anus, and that of the anal-gland pouch, the latter being

situated between the former and the root of the tail. The lower mar-

gin of the anus is placed an inch above the scrotal pouches, the skin

between them being black. The anus is separated by a transverse

fold of integument from the anal-gland pouch. The skin of the

latter is smooth and devoid of hair, with the exception of three small

tufts, one of which springs from the middle of the upper wall of the

pouch, and one from each of its inferior external angles. At the

bottom of the pouch, on either side of the middle line, is a single

aperture of sufficient size to admit a quill. These are the openings

of the ducts of two large anal glands; and stretching across the

bottom of the pouch from one of these openings to the other is a

transverse line of perforations which correspond to the excretory

ducts of a number of small isolated glandules to be subsequently

described.

Having now described the appearances of the external parts, I

pass on to the description of the

Internal Organs.

Rectum and Anal Glands.—The walls of the rectum are thick,

being provided witha strong layer of longitudinally arranged muscular

fibres. It has the usual relation to neighbouring viscera, and ter-

minates immediately below the pouch which receives the excretory

ducts of the anal glands. This pouch has a transversely oval form,

is 2} inches in breadth, and is depressed from the level of the peri-

neum to the depth of 13 inch. The anal glands which pour their

secretion into it are two in number; but in addition to these there is

a belt of isolated glandular follicles which extends across the bottom

of the pouch. Each anal gland is situated above and to the outer

side of the rectum, and has, when denuded of the surrounding con-

nective tissue, a botryoidal appearance, by reason of the presence

of a number of little grape-like projections on its surface. Each is

roughly pyriform, and has the*apex directed forward and upward,

the base backward and downward, ‘The inner side of each gland is

applied to the corresponding angle of the anal pouch ; and from this

surface of the gland the duct is given off to open into the pouch as

previously described. Each of the glands measures 2} inches from

base to apex, and 12 inch in diameter at the base. When cut

open, each is seen to consist of a thick glandular wall, enclosing

a single cavity of large size which communicates by means of the

opening already described with the anal-gland pouch. The cavity

of the gland was filled with a thick yellowish secretion, evidently

the product of the glandular walls, of the consistence of butter, and

having a very offensive smell. A quantity of muscular fibres ap-

parently continuous with those of the sphincter ani surrounds each

gland, and evidently acts as a compressor. The belt of glandular

follicles above referred to as extending across the bottom of the anal-

gland pouch, consists of a large number of isolated glands, —_ about

372 DR. M. WATSON ON THE [May ],

the size of a small pea, and each provided with a single duct which

perforates the fundus of the pouch by means of one of the little

apertures previously described. ;

Bladder and Urethra.—The bladder is small in size, and regularly

pyriform. It passes insensibly into the urethra ; so that it is difficult

to say where the former ends and the latter begins. It is, with the

exception of the base, entirely covered with peritoneum, which

forms three ligaments to the viscus. Two of these pass upward to

connect it with the uterine cornua, and one downwards to attach it

to the anterior abdominal wal!. The ureters are provided with

thick muscular walls, and enter the bladder close to the orifice of

the urethra. ‘This tube measures only 13 inch in length, and passes

backwards, resting against the corpus uteri to open into the uro-

genital canal, its orifice being separated from the os uteri by a single

semilunar fold of mucous membrane.

Ovaries.—Each of these bodies is of an oval flattened form, having

its long axis placed transversely, and its anterior and posterior surfaces

somewhat flattened. Each measures rather more than half an inch in

length and about a fourth of an inch in thickness. The ovary is

retained in position by two stout ligaments, one of which is attached to

the inner, the other to its outer extremity. The former attaches the

ovary to the outer extremity of the corresponding uterine horn, and

measures half an inch in length. By means of the latter, which

measures 5 inches in length, the ovary is fixed to the posterior sur-

face of the diaphragm. Each of these ligaments consists of a fibrous

cord, and each is covered by peritoneum. The ovary is placed ina

peritoneal pouch of size sufficient to contain a large walnut. The

opening of this pouch is considerably narrowed, and in the natural

position of the parts is directed upwards (towards the spine of the

animal) so that ova, as they pass from the surface of the ovary must

almost necessarily be caught by it. This pouch is formed by a redupli-

cation of the broad ligament of the uterus, and appears to be, so to

speak, suspended from the uterine and diaphragmatic ligaments of the

ovary, hanging vertically below that organ, which is placed just

within the entrance to the sac. The posterior free margin of the

pouch is formed by the ovary together with its uterine and diaphrag-

matic ligaments, whilst its anterior margin is formed by the free

edge of the peritoneal fold and, to a less extent, by the fimbriated

extremity of the Fallopian tube.

Fallopian Tube.—In order to be explicit, I must here state that

by the term Fallopian tube I understand so much of the oviduct as

extends from its fimbriated extremity to the point of attachment to it

of the uterine ligament of the ovary. That portion of the oviduct

which extends from the attachment of this ligament to its junction

with its fellow of the opposite side, 1 regard as constituting the horn

of the uterus. The Fallopian tube, as thus defined, measures between

23 and 3 inches in length, and describes a U-shaped flexure from

the one extremity to the other, the concavity of the U in the natural

position of the parts being directed upward. The free extremity of

the Fallopian tube lies in contact with the anterior free margin of

1877. ] ANATOMY OF HYZNA CROCUTA. 373

the peritoneal ovarian pouch, and is provided with numerous elon-

gated fimbriz. From this extremity the tube passes downwards

lying in the anterior wall of the sac as far as its floor, where it turns

upward and then comes to lie in the posterior wall of the pouch,

- terminating by becoming continuous with the corresponding uterine

horn at the point of attachment to the latter of the ovarian ligament.

The tube thus accommodates within the concavity of its flexure the

fundus of the ovarian pouch.

Uterus.—The uterus consists of a central body and two: horns.

Each horn measures 34 inches in length, and extends from the

uterine ligament of the ovary as far as the middle line, where it

meets with its fellow to form the corpus uteri. In this course it is

contained between the folds of the broad ligament, and increases

gradually in calibre from without inwards. Midway between its

commencement and termination there is attached to the horn a stout

fibrous cord, which evidently represents the round ligament of the

uterus. When traced backwards it is seen to enter the inguinal

region ; but its exact attachment in this locality I could not deter-

mine, in consequence of the organs having been removed from the

body before I was aware that the generative organs of this Hyzna

presented any unusual arrangement. At the point of attachment of

the round ligament to the left uterine horn there was a small

pedunculated hydatid. —~

The body of the uterus is formed by the junction of the right and

left horns, and lies between the bladder and the rectum. It measures 5

inches in length from the junction of the horns to the opening of the

os uteri into the urino-genital canal. That the whole of this is to be re-

garded as corpus uteri, and not as constituting any part of the vagina,

is proved by the absence of any constriction in its interior which

might correspond to an os uteri, the tubular body of the uterus re-

maining of the same calibre, and having the walls of uniform thick-

ness down to its opening into the urino-genital canal. What must,

therefore, be regarded as the os uteri is the constricted opening by

means of which the uterus communicates with the canal common to

both urinary and generative organs. At this point there is a thick

semilunar fold of mucous membrane, the concavity of which is di-

rected backwards, and its margins attached to the walls of the urino-

genital canal. It is placed horizontally, having its surfaces directed

upward and downward, and intervenes between the opening of the

urethra above and that of the os uteri below it into the common canal.

Internal to this fold is the uterus ; external to it is the urino-genital

canal ; for, as we shall see presently, there is in this animal a complete

absence of any differentiation of vagina from urethra. The mucous

lining of the uterus is thrown into well-marked longitudinal ruge.

Urino-genital Canal.—As already stated, the uterus and urethra

open into a common canal. This, the urino-genital canal, extends from

the junction of the two tubes to the extremity of the clitoris, and mea-

sures rather more than 8 inches. In this course it describes a wide

curve with the convexity backward, corresponding of course to that

of the perineum upon which it rests. The canal may, for the sake

374 DR. M. WATSON ON THE [May I,

of clearness in description, be divided into two parts—(a) the part

extending from its commencement as far as the base of the clitoris,

and (6) a part extending from base to apex of the clitoris. The

first part measures 1} inch in length, and possesses walls of consider-

able thickness, these being provided with a thick layer of circularly -

arranged muscular fibres. Where this portion of the common canal

becomes continuous with the second portion its floor is pierced by

the ducts of two large glands.

Cowper’ s Glands.—These, which appear to correspond to Cowper’s

glands as figured by Daubenton in the male Hyena striata, lie one

on either side of the common canal, the base of the gland being op-

posite the junction of the urinary and genital passages, whilst from

its apex the duct above mentioned is given off. Each gland is pyri-

form, somewhat flattened, and measures 14 inch in length, and 2 of

aninch in greatest breadth. When cut into, the gland is seen to be

solid, and recalls to mind the appearance of a section of salivary gland.

The second ‘portion of the urino-genital canal extends along the

under surface of the clitoris, lying along the lower border of the

united corpora cavernosa of that body, to which it is attached, and

finally pierces the glans clitoridis by an opening of small size, which

might readily be mistaken for the termination of the male urethra.

The walls of this portion of the canal are much thinner than those

of its first part, and consist merely of mucous membrane, with a

substratum of connective tissue. The mucous membrane of both

parts of the common canal is extremely distensible, and is thrown

into longitudinal rugze, which are quite continuous at the os with

those previously described in the uterus.

Clitoris.—The clitoris measures 64 inches in length from root to

‘tip. It is composed of two corpora cavernosa, which form the bulk

of the organ. Corpora spongiosa, however, are not absent, although

they are altogether subordinate in size of the corpora cavernosa.

Each corpus cavernosum is a thick laterally compressed band

of erectile tissue enclosed in a fibrous capsule, and, except at the

root, where it is attached to the corresponding ischium and forms the

crus, is in contact with its fellow of the opposite side along the

whole length of the clitoris. At the extremity of the clitoris the

two corpora cavernosa terminate abruptly and form the upper hard

oe of the glans, the lower portion of that body being formed

y the walls of the urino-genital canal.

The corpora spongiosa are two in number, but of small size.

Each is pyriform, and measures about an inch in length. Each is

situated below and in contact with the corresponding crus clitoridis,

and has its narrow end directed forwards. This extremity ter-

minates in a vein of considerable size, which runs forward and

unites with its fellow of the opposite side. The single vessel

is then continued onward, lying in contact with the lower border

of the united corpora cavernosa, and above the urino-genital canal

as far as the glans. Its mode of termination I could not make

out; but in all probability it terminates in branches which enter the

corpora cavernosa ; at least, many branches were given off from it. to

1877.] ANATOMY OF HYENA CROCUTA. 375

these structures. The two spongy bodies of opposite sides are quite

distinct from one another, and do not communicate except through

the vein just described ; nor do they take any part in the formation

of the glans clitoridis, that body being formed entirely by the cor-

pora cavernosa and the walls of the urino-genital canal. It will also

be observed that the spongy bodies are placed altogether above that

canal, and that consequently the latter is not surrounded by the

spongy structure in any part of itscourse. An artery of considerable

size enters the bulbous extremity of each spongy body.

Two muscles are met with in the dissection of the clitoris. ‘The one

is the erector clitoridis, which is of large size and covers the crus, as

well as the bulb of the corpus spongiosum, in the usual manner. The

other is the retractor clitoridis. The origin of this muscle | could not

determine, as the parts had been detached from the bones ; but in all

probability it arose either from the ischium or pubis. The muscles

of opposite sides pass forward in contact with one another, and form

two cord-like bands which lie along the lower borders of the cor-

‘responding cavernous bodies ; and each is inserted by means of an

aponeurotic structure into the corresponding corpus cavernosum im-

mediately behind the glans. These muscles are doubtless retractors

of the glans within the prepuce. A large artery, vein, and nerve run

along the outer side of each cavernous body, and can be traced as far

as the base of the glans. There is no bone in the clitoris.

If, now, we compare the description above given of these parts in

Hyena crocuta with that of the corresponding organs in other species,

we find, with regard to the anal-gland pouch, that its presence

has been proved by Daubenton' in the Hyena striata, by Murie? in

the Hyena brunnea and crocuta, and by Prof. Flower* in the

allied genus Proteles. With regard to H. crocuta, its presence has

been denied by Busk*; but Dr. Murie’s investigations, along with

my own, now leave, I think, no doubt regarding this point. Anal

glands are present in all of these animals, but differ somewhat in

respect of number in different species. In H. striata Daubenton

describes and figures ¢wo on each side of the anal-gland pouch. The

anterior of these corresponds most closely with that which is present

in H. crocuta, the posterior having no representative in the latter

species. He further describes in H. striata a quantity of isolated

follicles which have almost the same arrangement as the transverse

belt of glandules which I have described as opening into the anal-

gland pouch in H. crocuta. Dr. Murie describes in H. brunnea three

anal glands on each side of the rectum, but makes no mention of

isolated glandules in relation to the fundus of the anal pouch.

Lastly, in Proteles two anal glands of large size are described by Prof.

Flower, in addition to a central glandular mass covering the bottom

of the anal pouch. The large glands correspond almost exactly in

shape with those I have described in H. crocuéa; and although I

am in doubt, from his description, of the exact appearance of the

central glandular mass, it appears to correspond closely to the belt of

1 Buffon’s Hist. Nat. tom. ix. 2 Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 503.

3 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 493. + Quoted by Dr. Murie in his paper.

376 DR. M. WATSON ON THE [May I,

follicles above referred to. In respect therefore of the anal pouch

and glands H. crocuta agrees more closely with Proteles than with

any species of its own genus.

Turning now to the female organs of other species, and comparing

them with those of H. crocuta, which have not, so far as I know,

been previously described, I find that Owen’ gives a description of

the ovary and its containing pouch, which almost exactly corresponds

to that given above. He does not, however, say to what species the

description applies, merely stating that it refers to the genus Hyena.

Murie? figures the ovary of H. brunnea, but gives no description ;

and it is difficult to decide from the drawing as to whether the organ

is contained in a pouch, similar to that found in H. ecrocuta, or the

contrary. The uterus of H. crocuta appears to correspond accurately

in form to that of H. brunnea as figured by Murie*, agreeing with

it especially as regards the elongated form of the corpus uteri.

The os uteri of H. crocuta is smooth and non-papillose, in which

respects it agrees with Owen’s* generic description. The characteristic

peculiarities of the internal female generative organs of H. crocuta

are therefore to be found in the presence of the single passage lead-

ing from the os uteri to the exterior of the body for the conveyance

of both the urinary and genital products; in none of the species

hitherto described does the same arrangement obtain. John Hunter’

states that in H. striata the common vagina, by which term I

understand him to refer to the urino-genital canal, is only 14 inchin

length, whilst the proper vagina measures 5 inches. This descrip-

tion agrees with Murie’s figure and description of the same parts in

H. brunnea. He describes the urethra as opening externally in the

anterior angle of the slit-shaped vulva, the opening being distinct

from that of the vagina. In both H. striata and H. brunnea, then,

the female urethra extends from the neck of the bladder to the

vulva, or, at least, close to it, leaving the urino-genital canal only about

an inch in length. In H. ecrocuta, on the other hand, as we have

seen, the urethra opens into the urino-genital canal close to the os

uteri, and consequently we have the urino-genital canal measuring

about 8 inches in length. Moreover in H. crocuta we have two Cow-

perian glands of large size opening into this canal, glands which

appear to be absent in the other species of the genus; at least, they

have neither been described nor figured by Hunter, Owen, or Murie.

The external parts of H. crocuta also differ materially from those

of allied species. We have before drawn attention to the enormous

size of the clitoris, and its perforation by the urino-genital canal in

this animal, as well as to the absence of any trace of a vulva pro-

perly so called. In respect of each of these points, H. crocuta

appears to differ from other species.

Hunter® says of H. striata :—“ Below the anus opens the vagina:

there are no external lips ending in a projecting point, as in many

1 Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. iii. p. 701,

2 Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. vii. pl. Lxiii. fig. 1, 0.

5 Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii. pl. lxiii. fig. 1, v.

* Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. iii. p. 701.

* Essays and Observations, by Owen, vol. ii. p. 57: 5 Tbhidem.

1877. ] ANATOMY OF HYZNA CROCUTA. 377

other animals, but a round hole similar to an anus. Just within

this is the clitoris, which points forwards like a short, blunt tongue.”’

Murie’ figures the external female organs of H. brunnea, and

describes the “vulva as being slit-shaped, 4 of an inch in length,

and with the urethral outlet placed in its anterior angle.” He

makes no mention whatever of the clitoris. | Now it is impossible to

doubt that, had the clitoris presented the large size in either of these

species that it does in H. crocuta, one or both of the observers

just named would have referred to it. Moreover the presence in

both these of a vulva presenting the usual appearance, and particu-

larly referred to by the anatomists who describe them, shows

that in this respect also H. erocuta differs much from its congeners.

The perforation ofthe clitoris by the urino-genital canal is an arrange-

ment which, so far as I am aware, does not occur in any other ani-

mal. It is not by any means exceptional that the female wrethra

should groove or even perforate the clitoris; but the fact that the

excretory canal which is common to both the urinary and genital

organs should do so is, I believe, extremely uncommon. Owen”

says that, with the exception of the monotremes, “in all mammals

both urine and semen are carried out by the urethral canal in the

male ; and in some Insectivora and Quadrumana the clitoris in the

female is similarly traversed by a canal, which here, however, is ex-

clusively for the urine. The vaginal orifice intervenes between the

prominent and perforate clitoris and the anus.”

The arrangement of the female organs in H. erocuta is such as to

give them a great resemblance to those of the males in other species.

Leuckart’® figures the passages of the male H. striata, and shows

that in connexion with the floor of the prostatic portion of the urethra

there is a small flask-shaped uterus masculinus. Now, if we suppose

this uterus masculinus enlarged to the size of the uterus, above de-

scribed, of the female H. crocuta, we shall, in the absence of a

prostate gland, have an almost identical arrangement of the excretory

passages of both sexes, an agreement which is confirmed by the

position and large size of the Cowperian glands in both. I have

not had an opportunity of examining the male organs of H. crocuta;

but, from Prof. Flower’s remarks’ as to the form of the penis in that

animal, I am inclined to think that it closely resembles the clitoris of

the opposite sex ; and an examination of Dr. Murie’s drawing of the ex-

ternal parts of a young male H. crocuta confirms this opinion. Add

to which that, as I have already stated at the commencement of this

paper, the resemblance of the external parts in general in both sexes is

so close that it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish them, and we

have, I think, an explanation of the notion entertained by the ancients

regarding these animals—namely, that they were hermaphrodites.

As showing how easily even those who are most familiar with these

creatures may be misled, I may mention that the keepers of the

1 Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. vii. p. 504: fig. 1.

2 Anat. of Vertebrates, vol. iii. p. 609.

* Cyclopzd. of Anat. vol. iv. Art. ‘‘ Vesicula prostatica.”

4 Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 493.

378 DR. WATSON ON THE ANATOMY OF HYZNA CROCUTA. [May 1,

animal examined by me were both of opinion that it was a male, but

acknowledged that they had very great difficulty at any time in de-

ciding as to the sex in this species. The theory of the ancients re-

garding their sexual peculiarities, moreover, obtains in a popular

form at the present day, as I have it on the authority of a gentleman

who resided for some time in South Africa that the Dutch hunters

in that region are still of the same opinion. For my own part, I

see no reason to doubt that, just as under many popular ideas there

lies an element of truth, so beneath the extraordinary belief regard-

ing the sexual relations of these animals a physiological fact may

be concealed. There may be some truth in the assertion by the

South-African hunters, and which I give on the authority of the

gentleman above referred to, that two individuals of the same sex

have been seen to couple. There appears to me to be nothing in

the arrangement of the parts to prevent two females in indulging in

what to both may afford sexual gratification. It is not impossible

that an organ of the size of the clitoris in these animals, almost en-

tirely composed of erectile tissue, and richly supplied with blood, may

afford the means of sexual gratification to two individuals of the same

sex, especially during the period of rut. It is a matter of daily ob-

servation that among animals during the period of heat the mere

contact of individuals of the same sex affords pleasure ; and if this

contact, by reason of the anatomical arrangement of the parts, be

permitted to be more complete, as is apparently the case in H. cro-

cuta, I see no reason to doubt that occurrences of this kind, taken in

conjunction with the difficulty of distinguishing the sexes, may have

led to the foundation of the hermaphroditic theory with reference

to these animals.

It would not be uninteresting, in connexion with the arrangement

of the urino-genital canal perforating, as it does, the clitoris, to know

somewhat regarding the condition and size of the young at: birth.

The canal itself is dilatable enough ; but the opening at the extremity

of the glans scarcely appears sufficiently roomy to allow of the passage

of young of such size as, judging from those of other animals at the

same period, those of H. crocuta must be. The mode of coupling of

these animals also is worthy of observation, as, from what has been

stated, it will be seen that the arrangement of the parts is not such

as to facilitate this act.

The form and size of the caecum, and mode of branching of the

aorta, in H. crocuta are exactly the same as has been described by

Daubenton in H. striata, and by Murie in H. brunnea.

In conclusion, I have to state that, my best thanks are due to my

friend Dr. Alfred Young for the very excellent drawings which

accompany this paper.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XL. & XLI.

Puate XL.

View of the female perineum and clitoris of Hyena crocuta. From above

downwards are seen the orifice of the anus, as well as of the anal-

gland pouch; below this is the pair of elevations referred to under

PZ.S. 1877. PLXLE

{

E.A. Smith del. et ith

MOTHS OF NEW ZEALAND

P.Z.S. 1877. Pl XL

16. 17 18.

E.A. Smith del. et Lith. Mintern Bros. imp.

MOTHS OF NEW ZEALAND

1877.| MR. A.G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA. 379

the name of ‘‘scrotal projections” in the paper. Below these is the

bare perineal integument with a median groove which may represent

the vulva. Lowest of all is the clitoris, surrounded by its ~prepuce,

and perforated at the extremity of the glans by the urino-genital canal,

Puatr XLI.

Fig. 1. Female generative organs and extremity of rectum of Hyena crocuta. G.C.

Glans clitoridis perforated at its extremity by the urino-genital canal.

P. Prepuce surrounding the glans clitoridis. C.C. Corpora cavernosa

clitoridis, separating posteriorly to form the crura. R.C. Retractor

clitoridis muscle. C.8. Corpus spongiosum’ clitoridis; a small artery

is seen entering its base. CG. Cowper’s gland, opening into UGC,

urino-genital canal, which is seen to extend forward from the junction

of the urethra and uterus to the extremity of the clitoris, lying under-

neath the corpora cavernosa. UR. Urethra. B. Bladder. UT.

Uterus, formed by the junction of the two cornua. R.L. Round liga-

ment of uterus. H.T. Fallopian tube, terminating in a fimbriated

extremity. O. Ovary, lying in its peritoneal pouch. R. Rectum.

A.G. Anal gland of left side, opening into;the anal-gland pouch, which,

in this position of the parts, is seen. §. Scrotal projection, seen from

the side.

Fig. 2. Posterior extremity of rectum and anal glands, seen from above. R.

Rectum. A.G.P. Anal-gland pouch, which communicates with A.G,

A.G, the anal glands.

Between the anal glands of opposite sides a belt of glandular follicles

is seen to cover the fundus of the pouch.

2. On two Collections of Heterocerous Lepidoptera from

New Zealand, with descriptions of new Genera and

Species’. By Artuur G. Butiur, F.L.S., F.Z.S.

(Received 11th April, 1877.)

(Plates XLII. & XLIT1.)

In my list of the “ Lepidoptera of New Zealand,” published in

the Insect portion of the ‘ Voyage of the Erebus and Terror,’ I was

unable, from the small attention which up to that time I had paid to

the Heterocera, to determine critically the correct genera to which

many of Walker’s species were referable ; I had, moreover, little

time at my disposal to go through the-whole collection with Guénée’s

descriptions ; and therefore I was compelled merely to introduce them

into their places, in the belief that this author had made strenuous

efforts to determine the species described by Walker. That this belief

was (to all appearance) unsupported by fact will, I think, be made

sufficiently clear in the following synonymic revision of the two small

collections recently brought to ‘England by Dr. Hector and Mr. J.

D. Enys ; I can only discover two or three instances in which species

_ here enumerated have been identified, and in the case of Nitocris

comma incorrectly.

M. Guénée says, “I am able to recognize some of them ; but the

1 The types of new species have been presented to the collection of the British

Museum.

380 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

greater part of those sent to me seem new. It may be that the

locality, where Mr. Fereday collects is different from those which

Messrs. Bolton, Colenso, and Sinclair visited, or that I have not

been able to recognize many of them, from the too often little-precise

descriptions by Mr. Walker.’ It is possible that, as I constantly

have Mr. Walker’s types to compare with his descriptions, it may be

easier for me to determine those which we do not possess than it is for

a foreigner ; but I can scarcely comprehend M. Guénée failing to

recognize so many as he has done, if he really tried to identify them.

Mr. F. Moore has very kindly assisted me in the determination of

some of the more obscure genera, chiefly of Noctuites and Geome-

trites, to which groups I have as yet been able to devote but little

time.

SPHINGIDE.

1, PROTOPARCE DISTANS.

Sphinx convolvuli, var. distans, Butler, Zool. Ereb. and Terror,

Ins. p. 30 (1874).

_ Hawk’s Bay, North Island. In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D.

Enys, Esq.

ALGERIIDE.

2. JEGERIA TIPULIFORMIS.

Sphinz tipuliformis, Linnzeus, Faun. Suec. p. 289, n. 1096.

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

NYCTEMERIDZ.

3. SECUSIO ANNULATA.

Leptosoma annulatum, Boisduval, Voy. de J! Astrolabe, pl. v.

fig 9 (1853).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

This species certainly agrees better with Walker’s genus Secusio

than with Nyctemera, to which hitherto it has been referred.

HEPIALID.

4, CHARAGIA VIRESCENS.

Hepialus virescens, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 284,

n. 114 (1843).

North Island. In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

One of Dr. Hector’s examples is of a sandy ochraceous colour ; but

in all probability this coloration is not natural.

Felder’s Charagia fischeri is the C. rubroviridans of Walker.

5. CHARAGIA HECTOR], 0. sp.

Size, form, and general coloration of C. rubroviridans, but the

primaries covered all over with transverse interrupted ferruginous-

bordered whitish bands. Thorax and primaries sap-green, the latter

crossed by about five macular transverse bands, but ill-defined on

1877. | LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 381

the basal half of the wing ; secondaries and abdomen above salmon-

colour; primaries below with the basal area, excepting on costa,

salmon-colour, the transverse markings only visible through the wing,

secondaries varied with sap-green. Expanse of wings 6 inches 2 lines.

North Island. From Dr. Hector’s collection.

6. Porina ENystr, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 7.)

Primaries above smoky brown, varied with testaceous, black, and

silvery white; costal area and basal third of wing whitish, mottled

with brown and black ; internal area white, interrupted upon the

margin and towards the base by a claviform longitudinal black streak,

followed by a small rounded black spot ; discal area crossed by a

broad brown band which terminates below in a black inverted cone,

and is bounded externally by a connected transverse arched series of

blackish spots; immediately beyond the black spots there is an

irregular transverse whitish area (quite white at inner margin) which

encloses a second, and submarginal, series of blackish spots ; outer

border, fringe, and veins testaceous; secondaries testaceous, with

darker veins and fringe; thorax smoky brown; head testaceous ;

collar dark brown in front, very hairy, the bairs on the posterior

border white at the tips; abdomen testaceous: wings below sordid

testaceous, veins dusky, costa of primaries with two brown spots just

beyond the middle ; body sordid testaceous below, the pectus dusky

in front. Expanse of wings 2 inches 7 lines.

North Island. From the collection of Mr. J. D. Enys.

Porina Enysii is most nearly allied to the P. mairi of Dr. Buller,

but is very distinct ; unfortunately the type is somewhat rubbed, so

that it is possible that there may be markings upon the centre of the

basal area of the primaries which I have failed to detect ; the broad

discal band and the submarginal series of reniform blackish spots,

however, will at once serve to distinguish the species from all pre-

viously known forms.

7. PorRINA CERVINATA.

Elhamma cervinata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 595.

South Island. In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Psycuip&.

8. PsycHE UNICOLOR, n. sp.

Uniformly grey, the primaries of a slightly more brownish tint

than the secondaries, and with a blackish costal edge ; the secondaries

subhyaline: body clothed with long woolly hair. Expanse of wings

1 inch.

South Island. From the coll. of J. D. Enys, Esq.

The case of P. unicolor is fusiform, truncated and open at the

apex, through which (after the exclusion of the moth) the dark

mahogany-brown pupa-skin projects ; it is composed of short pieces

of grass-stalks placed longitudinally, the largest being at the base,

the smallest (mixed with small chips and silk) at the apex. Found

on fences, gate-posts, rails, &e.

382 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

A second form of case occurs in Mr. Enys’s collection; larger,

longer, fusiform, of a woolly texture, grey in colouring, with a ten-

dency to darker zones at unequal distances. It is found chiefly on

willows, sometimes on Cupressus. Unfortunately the moth does

not accompany it in sufficiently good condition for description ; it is

a species of Clania. Having discovered the type of Morova sub-

fasciata of Walker, I find it to be a large example of Cacecia 2

gallicolens ; the type of the latter description is a dwarfed and ex-

tremely dark specimen. Until I have examined really good examples

of this species I should not like to hazard another guess at its affinities ;

but it certainly does not belong to the Tortricide.

NOcTUITES.

Declana flocecosa of Walker should, I think, be placed among the

Geometrites next to the genns Ligia; it is congeneric with the

Chlenias verrucosa of Felder, which is not a true Chlenias. The form

of the wings, slender abdomen, and long antennee, seem to distinguish

it from Cnethocampa and allies.

LEUCANIID&.

9. LEUCANIA PROPRIA.

Leucania propria, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 111.

In coll. Dr. Hector.

10. LrucANIA SEMIVITTATA.

Leucania semivittata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. i. p. 628 (1865).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

11. NoNAGRIA UNICA.

Leucania unica, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 112 (1856).

Nonagria juncicolor, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 2 (1868).

3. In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

After carefully comparing Guénée’s description with Walker’s type,

and with the examples brought to England by Dr. Hector and Mr.

Enys, I am perfectly satisfied that the two descriptions represent

the same species. Walker’s type, which is a female, has not the

blackish-grey under surface to the primaries ; nor have specimens

obtained by Dr. Hector; but in two of Mr. Enys’s examples this

character is well marked. The dots on the primaries and the darker

thorax, upon which M. Guénée lays some stress, are both charac-

teristic of Walker’s type, although less strongly indicated than in

most individuals of the species.

Amphitape crassitibia of Felder is Ipana leptomera of Walker.

12. ALYSIA NULLIFERA. ©

Agrotis nullifera, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 742 (1857).

Alysia specifica, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 3 (1868).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

This species appears to me to approach most nearly to Nonagria.

1877. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 383

APAMID&.

13. HELIOPHOBUS DISJUNGENS.

Heliophobus disjungens, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1681 (1858).

Hadena nervata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 40 (1868).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

The type is much rubbed; but a fresh example obtained by Dr.

Hector seems to me to agree better with Heliophobus than with

Hadena.

Nocruip&.

14. Nirocris ComMa.

Mamestra comma, Walker, Lep. Het. ix. p. 239 (1856).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

15, Nrrocris PLUSIATA.

Hadena plusiata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 742 (1865).

Nitocris bicomma, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 4 (1368).

In colls. Dr. Hector and’J. D. Enys, Esq.

I have no doubt of the’correct synonymy of this species.

16. AGROTIS SUFFUSA.

Noctua suffusa, Denis, Wien. Verz. p. 80. n. 4 (1775).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

17. AGROTIS ? MODERATA.

Agrotis? moderata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 705 (1865).

In colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

18. AGROTIS CH&RULEA.

Agrotis (Spe@lotis) cerulea, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 38

(1868).

A fragment in coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

19. AGRoTIS miTIs, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 5.)

Allied to A. ashworthii ; primaries silvery grey, the usual spots

and markings barely indicated by dark grey scales; a transverse,

central, well-defined, elbowed, dark grey line from costa to inner

margin ; two ill-defined discal lines, the outer one most distinct and

formed of small dark grey sagittate spots; a submarginal-series of

black dots bordered with dark grey externally ; fringe with a broad

but indistinct central grey band; costa spotted with blackish ;

secondaries pale shining greyish brown, with a dusky lunulate sub-

marginal line; fringe whitish; thorax silvery grey, head rather

dusky ; collar with a slender posterior black marginal line ; abdomen

pale greyish brown: wings below shining greyish silver, primaries

with the discoidal and interno-discoidal areas and the veins suffused

with smoky brown, a submarginal series of small conical black spots,

extreme margin yellowish, fringe greyish; secondaries with a well-

384 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

defined disco-cellular dark grey spot, a lunulated submarginal

blackish line, extreme margin yellowish, fringe white; pectus and

legs whitish ; venter testaceous, clothed laterally and anally with grey

hair. Expanse of wings | inch 4 lines.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

A very well-marked and pleasing species.

20. AGROTIS ADMIRATIONIS ?

Agrotis admirationis, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. vs p. 38 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

21. GRAPHIPHORA TARTAREA, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 2.)

3. Primaries shining purplish brown ; outer border broadly bronzy,

bounded within by aslender sinuated irregular submarginal pale line,

which ends towards the costa in an oblique black litura ; costa crossed,

particularly in the centre, by black spots; two central pale lines,

diverging towards costa (the inner one irregularly inarched, the outer

one angulated and excavated), enclosing several transverse black

spots, one of which indicates the hind margin of the reniform spot ;

the latter bounded externally by the outer transverse elbowed line,

and followed immediately by a black spot; fringe with slender basal

and central pale undulated lines; secondaries bronzy brown, fringe

with slender basal pale line; head, collar, and shoulders grey ; collar

brown-edged ; thorax reddish ; abdomen smoky brown, anus tes-

taceous ; wings below shining grey, with a continuous blackish discal

line; costal and external areas paler, irrorated with brown; fringe

sordid ochraceous with slender basal pale line; body below grey,

tarsi blackish ; anal valves fringed with sandy yellow. Expanse of

wings | inch 7 lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Euys, Esq.

Allied to G. rhomboidea.

22. APAMEA VITIOSA, D. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 3.)

Nearly allied to 4. oculea; primaries purplish or red-brown, with

the markings more or less defined ; the renal stigma and the four

transverse lines generally yellowish, the whole of the usual markings

always indicated by blackish lines; outer margin crenated, black ;

fringe with a whitish basal crenated line ; secondaries pale shining

brown, outer margin crenulated, black ; fringe with a whitish basal

crenulated line: body corresponding with the wings in colour: wings

below grey in dark examples, whitish, tinted with red, in pale

examples, with the discal area of primaries and the veins grey; an

irregular transverse blackish line, common to all the wings ; a black

spot on the discocellulars, and a marginal series of small blackish

spots between the veins; body below purplish in dark varieties, red-

dish in pale varieties, tarsi, above banded with black. Expanse of

wings Ll inch 5 lines.

South Island. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

This species has varieties parallel to those of the European A.

oculea.

1877.| LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 38:

23. EUMICHTIS SISTENS.

Eumichtis sistens, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 39 (1868).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

HaApENID.

24. HapENA MUTANS.

Hadena mutans, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 692 (1857).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

25. HapENA LIGNIFUSCA.

Hadena lignifusca, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 603 (1857).

Euplexia insignis (part), Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 724

(1865).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Possibly a variety of the preceding species.

26. HaprNna DEBILIS, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 6.)

Same general markings as in the two preceding; primaries silvery

pale grey, crossed by a broad central (almost Y-shaped) pale brownish

band, bounded by two brown lines, the outer linelunulated ; the ordinary

spots greyish, whitish-edged, between them a dark greyish area; a

submarginal yellowish white lunulated line, relieved by blackish

scales, and surrounded by a sandy-yellowish suffusion ; a marginal

series of blackish lunules ; secondaries shining pale brown, with a

marginal dusky line; thorax pale grey, collar and tegule with

marginal black line ; body whity-brown: wings below shining white ;

primaries with the discoidal and interno-discoidal areas greyish ;

secondaries irrorated with grey, a well-defined dark grey disco-

cellular lunule; marginal markings as above; body below whitish.

Expanse of wings | inch 5 lines.

North Island? Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

It is possible that this may be an extreme variation of H. mutans;

but I think not ; I have seen several examples all alike.

27. HaDENA LIGNANA.

Hadena lignana, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 758 (1857).

©. Coll. Dr. Hector.

The type is a male.

28. HADENA INSIGNIS,

oe" insignis (part), Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 724

1865).

: Tying turbida, Walker, 1. ¢. p. 754 (1865).

3. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq. .

The Xylina vexata of Walker is closely allied to this species, but

seems to be distinct.

METERANA, 0. gen.

Allied to Zrana, but with rather longer palpi, broader thorax, the

abdomen with lateral and dorsal tufts of hair-scales, the antennz. of

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1877, No. XXV. 25

386 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

the male not pectinated, but each article bearing short pencils of

hair; the wings slightly broader, the median veins of primaries

emitted more regularly, the discoidal cell of secondaries much longer,

the subcostal and radial branches emitted from a very short foot-

stalk, and the second and third median branches (without a foot-

stalk) from the inferior extremity of the cell. Type M. pictula.

29. MrerErRANA PicTuLA. (Plate XLII. fig. 1.)

Dianthecia pictula, White, in Taylor’s ‘ New Zealand and its In-

habitants,’ pl. 1. fig. 3 (1855).

Hadena pictula, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 601 (1857).

North and South Islands. 2. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

The female has the primaries less strongly marked with yellow

than the male, the renal stigma being also white ; the secondaries are

rose-pink, with the discocellular, three dots on the median branches,

and a broad outer border dusky ; a yellowish spot is discernible near

the anal angle upon the border.

30. ERANA PLENA.

Erana plena, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 744 (1865).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

XYLINIDE.

31. AUCHMIS COMPOSITA.

Auchmis composita, Guénée, Gen. Lép. Noct. iii. p. 114 (1852).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Felder has figured this species under the name of Mamestra maori.

32. XYLOCAMPA CUCULLINA?

Xylocampa cucullina, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 40 (1868).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

33. XYLOCAMPA INCEPTURA,

Xylina inceptura, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1736 (1858).

Xylina? deceptura, Walker, 1. c. p. 1737 (1858).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

34. XYLINA USTISTRIGA,

Xylina ustistriga, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p, 630 (1857).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

35. XYLINA LIGNISECTA ?

Xylina lignisecta, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 631 (1857).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

A single example in poor condition.

36. XYLOPHASIA STIPATA.

Xylina stipata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. ili. p. 753 (1865).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

1877.) LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 387

This species certainly belongs to the genus Xylophasia.

AXylina provida and X. canescens of Walker are synonyms.

AMPHIPYRIDZ.

37. BITYLA ATRISTRIGA.

Aylina atristriga, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p- 796 (1865).

©. Coll. Dr. Hector. ¢. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

38. BiryLa DEFIGURATA.

Xylina defigurata, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p- 756 (1865).

Bityla thoracica, Walker, 1. c. p. 869 (1865).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

39. Brryna sericea, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 12.)

Primaries shining greyish brown, crossed by two widely separated

and slightly diverging dusky lines, the inner one in the shape

of a \. the outer one composed of small lunules with whitish

exterior margins; outer margin undulated, fringe silky whitish ;

secondaries pale brown, fringe sandy whitish ; thorax greyish brown,

collar slightly darker; abdomen ?: primaries below pale grey, costa

and fringe whitish ; secondaries whitish, with a submarginal indistinct

grey band, and the outer border. of the same tint, fringe whitish ;

pectus sandy yellowish, dusky in front ; legs sandy yellowish, banded

with black. Expanse of wings | inch 6 lines.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

One imperfect example. It is allied to B. defigurata.

Hevioruips.

40. HeLiorHts CONFERTA.

Heliothis conferta, Walker, Lep. Het. xi. p. 690. n. 21 (1857).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Euciipup#.

41. Evcrrp1a wecTori, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 4.)

Primaries very like those of the New-Zealand Fidonia, shining

grey, irrorated with white, with a central irregular broad band, edged

on each side with dark brown ; a broad brown outer border, through

the centre of which runs a pale lunulated line; costa crossed by

oblique brown dashes ; fringe brown, spotted externally with white ;

secondaries with the basal two thirds whity-brown, crossed by three

nearly straight parallel brown bands; apical third brown, crossed by

a slender irregularly undulated whity-brown line; fringe brown,

tipped with white; body grey: wings below sordid white, with a

broad black outer border, crossed by a sinuous macular white

streak ; primaries with a transverse dash near the base, and three

bands (the outermost elbowed) across the central area, black ; second-

aries greyish at base, crossed by four parallel black bands; body

below sandy whitish. Expanse of wings 1 inch 5 lines.

High-mountain form. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Found at between 4000 and 5000 feet. Very difficult to catch.

25*

388 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

PYRALITES,

HyPENID&.

42. RHAPSA SCOTOSIALIS.

Rhapsa scotosialis, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iv. p. 1150 (1865).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

HERMINIIDE.

43. HerMInia LILACINA, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 11.)

Primaries olive-brown, shot with lilac and irrorated with black, a

minute annular marking at the base; a transverse discal series of

dots, and a submarginal undulated line, black; a rounded orange

black-edged spot in the centre of the cell; the spot on the disco-

cellulars (‘‘ reniform”’ of Guénée) B-shaped, orange, black-edged ;

secondaries sandy whitish ; external area and a well-defined trans-

verse discal line dusky ; margins of all the wings with a slender

brown line dotted with black, the fringe grey, with a basal yellow

line; body corresponding in colour with the wings : primaries below

grey, the costal and external areas pale testaceous; secondaries

whitish testaceous, irrorated with brown; all the wings with a discal

transverse streak, and a submarginal series of spots brown ; fringe as

above. Expanse of wings | inch 7lines.

South Island. Coll. Dr. Hector.

44. DARABA PARONALIS.

Scopula? paronalis, Walker, Lep. Het. xviii. p. 797 (1859).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

45. ScopuLA FLAVIDALIS.

Margaritia flavidalis, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 288

(1843).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

S. quadralis and S. dipsasalis appear to be varieties of this species,

they agree with it in marking. Botys otagalis of Felder seems to

be an allied but distinct species.

46. MrecyNA ORNITHOPTERALIS.

Mecyna ornithopteralis, Guénée, Sp. Gen. Lép., Delt. et Pyral.

p- 411 (1854).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

A very variable species ; the Botys maorialis of Felder may be a

form of it; it is certainly congeneric.

ScoPAaRIIDs.

47. SCOPARIA DIPTHERALIS.

Scoparia diptheralis, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. iv. p. 1503 (1865).

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 389

48. ScopariA SUBMARGINALIS.

Hypochalcia submarginalis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvii. p. 48 (1863).

Scoparia feredayi, Knaggs, Ent. Mo. Mag. iv. p. 80 (1867).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

49. ScoPpARIA RAKAIENSIS.

Scoparia rakaiensis, Knaggs, Ent. Mo. Mag. iv. p. 80 (1867).

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

The Scoparia ejuncida of Knaggs is Hypochalcia indistinctalis

of Walker.

GEOMETRITES.

ENNOMID.

50. PoLYGONIA FORTINATA.

Polygonia fortinata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 41 (1868).

Caustoloma? ziczac, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxil. 4.

North and South Islands. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

The Selenia gallaria of Walker is a nearly allied species of the

same genus.

51. GoNoponTIS FELIX, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 10.)

Primaries golden fawn-colour, sparsely irrorated with grey,

crossed near the base by a zigzag line which runs inwards at the

costa, and beyond the middle of the wing by a nearly straight oblique

line, both purplish brown ; the outer line bordered externally by a

slender line of pinky whitish ; a black spot at the end of the cell;

fringe orange, white-tipped ; secondaries pale pinky brownish ; the

disk crossed by an irregular grey line; a grey spot at the end of the

cell; fringe orange, tipped with white; head and thorax golden

fawn-colour: wings below pale reddish clay-colour; outer border

paler, with zigzag internal edge; a discal black-dotted transverse

line, zigzag on the secondaries ; a black spot at the end of each dis-

coidal cell ; costa of primaries dotted alternately with ferruginous

and white; pectus reddish clay-colour. Expanse of wings | inch

10 lines.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Allied to G. nelsonaria of Felder. Dr. Staudinger possesses a

smaller and less strongly marked example of the same species, pro-

bably its male ; in this specimen the pale external border is wanting

on the under surface. ‘ It varies much in depth of colour” (£nys).

52. SESTRA OBTRUNCATA.

Cidaria? obtruncata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1421 (1862).

Teras punctilineana, Walker, l. c. Suppl. v. p. 1780 (1866).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Judging from an example in Dr. Staudinger’s possession, I sus-

pect that this is only a variety of Sestra flewata, described by

Walker as a Cidaria, but identical with his 8. fusiplagiata.

390 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May I,

53. SESTRA OBTUSARIA.

Lozogramma obtusaria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiii. p. 985 (1861).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

This is closely allied to (if not identical with) S. humeraria of

Walker, described with a query as a Macaria. The genus Sestra

seems to be most nearly allied to Epione.

BoaRMIUID&.

54. BoARMIA DEJECTARIA.

Boarmia dejectaria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxi. p. 394 (1860).

Boarmia exprompta, Walker, J. c. p. 395 (1860).

Trephrosia patularia, Walker, 7. c. p. 422 (1860).

Gnophos pannularia, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 42 (1868).

Scotopteryx maoriata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxvi.

fig. 4.

SHR phetd sulpitiata, Felder, J. e. fig. 7.

H. caprimulgata, Felder, 1. c. fig. 12.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Boarmia dejectaria isone of the commonest and most variable of

the New-Zealand moths; there is therefore some excuse for the mul-

tiplication of specific names associated with it; but the positions

assigned to these supposed species show deplorable carelessness: as

to structural characters.

55. BoaRMIA ATTRACTA.

Boarmia attracta, Walker, Lep. Het. xxi. p. 394 (1860).

North Island. Coll. J. D. Enys.

As I have shown in my ‘ Lepidoptera of New Zealand,’ Mr. Walker

described this form three times under two different genera. I

strongly suspect it to be an extreme variety of the preceding species.

The Tephrosia scriptaria of Walker is identical with his Scotosia

stigmaticata.

ACIDALIID.

56. ASTHENA SUBPURPUREATA.

Asthena subpurpureata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1588 (1862).

Acidalia tuhuata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxviii. f. 5.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq. ;

57. ASTHENA PULCHRARIA.

Acidalia pulchraria, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 286

(1843).

Asthena mullata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 42 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

58. ACIDALIA RUBRARIA.

Acidalia? rubraria, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 286 (1843).

Fidonia? acidaliaria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1037 (1862).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 391

59. ACIDALIA SCHISTARIA.

Acidalia schistaria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 782 (1861).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

60. AcrDALIA UNDOSATA.

Cidaria undosata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. y. pl. exxviii.

fig. 2.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

61. ACIDALIA PRAFECTATA.

Acidalia prefectata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 781 (1861).

Acidalia subtentaria, Walker, /. c. xxvi. p. 1619 (1862).

Acidalia absconditaria, Walker, 1. c. p. 1611 (1862).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Now that I have placed the types of Walker’s three descriptions

in one drawer, I find them to be slight variations of one and the

same species.

FIDONID.

62. PANAGRA SCISSARIA.

Panagra scissaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 43 (1868).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

This species bears a strong general resemblance to Walker’s genus

Samana ; the latter should, perhaps, be placed near it. Panagra

ephyraria is congeneric with Gargaphia muriferata. I discovered .

that Walker had placed the two together, but without moving the

label of the former from its original position. It seems to have been

a common practice with this naturalist, when he supposed two of his

species to be identical, to put the specimens under one name,

leaving the labels undisturbed. This practice has given me incon-

ceivable trouble, and has wasted much valuable time.

63. FipoNIA BREPHOSATA.

Fidonia? brephosata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1037 (1862).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

64. FIDONIA CATOCALARIA.

Larentia catocalaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 26 (1868).

CollgDr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

I believe this to be a slight variety of the preceding species, and

to be identical with Midonia brephos of Felder.

65. Froonta envsuy, n. 3px (Plate XLII. fig. 9.)

Primaries above pale grey, crossed by sandy yellowish, white,

and dark grey bars and lines, some of which form an irregular darker

central band; outer border broadly dark grey, bounded internally

by a lunulated sandy stripe and intersected by a pale line; fringe

alternately pale brown and whitish; secondaries bright orange ;

abdominal area speckled with blackish ; a subbasal transverse black

geen

wen =

392 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May I,

line; outer border dentated, black ; fringe alternately brown and

whitish ; body grey : wings below bright ochreous, crossed by several

black lines, much as in the preceding species; outer border black,

intersected by a crenated yellow stripe, which in the secondaries

unites with the ground-colour at the apex and in the second median

interspace ; pectus white, venter creamy whitish. Expanse of wings

1 inch 4 lines.

Three examples. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

A mountain form, found at from 3000 to 5000 feet.

66. Fiponta ANCEPS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 3.)

Allied to the preceding species, but paler; the secondaries above

straw-yellow, dusky at the base, crossed by three parallel central

dark grey bands; also with aconfnsed zigzag submarginal band of

the same colour. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

Two examples. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Also a mountain species.

67. FipontA FEROX, n. sp. (Plate XLII. fig. 8.)

Primaries dark shining grey, crossed by numerous darker undu-

lated and lunular lines ; two of these form a central band, relieved

on each side by a tint of bronzy brown; outer border broadly tinted

with bronzy brown, and bounded within by a double lunulated

line; fringe long and grey ; secondaries fiery orange, greyish at base,

crossed from the basal third by five black lines, the first and last

thickest, the first two straight, the two next lunulated and angulated,

the fifth lunulated and arched, submarginal; margin black ; fringe

long and brown, grey at the tips; body greyish brown, abdomen

_ annulated with whitish : wings below golden orange; external half

crossed by lunulated black and silvery white lines; body below

white. Expanse of wings 1 inch 2 lines.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

The prettiest of all the orange-winged species. Found at from

3000 to 5000 feet elevation.

68. Frponta? ABROGATA.

Aspilates abrogata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1075 (1862).

Fidonia? servularia, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 43 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

I believe this to be a species of Acidalia ; it certainly has very

little in common with Fidonia, and does not at all agree with

Aspilates.

69. Frponra? CATAPYRRHA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 2.)

3, 2+ Primaries above whitish, clouded and banded with brown;

the principal markings are an angulated transverse subbasal dark

brown band; two central bands forming a band, its inner edge

subangulated, its outer edge very irregular, projecting within the

median interspaces; an interrupted submarginal brown streak; a

brown apical spot, and five oval marginal red spots enclosing black

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 393

dots at their interior extremities; fringe alternately brown and

white ; secondaries ochre-yellow, with a central angulated bifid

band, an angulated submarginal streak, and the outer border com-

posed of dark grey scales; a marginal series of black dots; fringe

grey ; body brown; abdomen banded with white: primaries below

stramineous ; an angulated postmedian band, bifid above the median

nervure, a dot at end of cell, an irregular transverse tapering sub-

apical streak, and the centre of the outer border black-brown; a

subapical spot, and the apical border pale ferruginous ; a spot on the

costa, and an irregular apical submarginal streak, white ; fringe

alternately brown and white; secondaries brick-red ; a central lon-

gitudinal cuneiform streak proceeding from the base to near the

outer margin, and the abdominal border, white ; a spot close to the

base, a central angulated transverse band, a claviform submarginal

streak, and a spot on the outer margin, black ; fringe grey; body

below whitish. Expanse of wings 8} lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

70. ASPILATES INSIGNIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 1.)

6. Primaries cupreous-brown, the base, costal area, and centre

of internal area irrorated with grey ; a submedian longitudinal streak

from base of inner margin to just beyond the end of discoidal cell,

and a transverse straight discal band, white; fringe pale grey ;

secondaries sandy yellow, the base and outer border finely dusted

with pale grey ; fringe whitish; body grey; anal tuft testaceous :

wings below sandy yellow, fringe whity-brown, white internally ;

pectus whitish, venter testaceous. Expanse of wings 1 inch 4 lines.

3000 to 4000 feet elevation. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D.

Enys, Esq. ~

In one example obtained by Mr. Enys the longitudinal white —

streak of primaries joins the discal white band, and the coloration

is altogether deeper than in the type. Mr. Enys took one specimen

at 6000 feet.

71. DasyuRIs PERORNATA.

Fidonia perornata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1672 (1862).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

72. DasyuRIS PARTHENIATA.

Dasyuris partheniata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 93 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Allied to Camptogramma correlata of Walker.

73. DasyURIS REHATA.

Cidaria rehata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. cxxxi. fig. 6.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

This species varies much in the outline of the central band of

primaries. I have not seen it with the falcate form of wing repre-

sented in Felder’s figure.

394 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

HyBERNIIDE.

74. HyBERNIA INDOCILISARIA.

Zermizinga indocilisaria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1530 (1862).

Hybernia boreophilaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 61 (1868).

3, 2. Coll. Dr. Hector.

LaRENTIIDE.

75. LARENTIA PRODUCTATA.

Larentia productata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1197 (1862).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Larentia quadristrigata is synonymous with L, interclusa.

76. LARENTIA SEMISIGNATA.

Larentia semisignata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1200 (1862).

Cidaria dissociata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvi. p. 1734 (1862).

Cidaria semilisata, Walker, /. c. p. 1735 (1862).

Larentia corcularia, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 61 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

I here insert two puzzling genera :—

PsEUDOCOREMIA, N. gen.

Aspect of Larentia productata ; antenne as in Boarmia. Palpi

short, projecting a short distance in front of the eyes. Posterior

margins of the segments of abdomen more or less tufted laterally.

Wings broad ; primaries rounded at apex; discocellulars transverse,

regular ; first median branch emitted at some distance from the

second and third, the latter emitted close together at the end of the

cell. Discocellular of secondaries angulated ; second and third median

branches emitted nearer together than the first and second. Type

P. fragosata.

This genus is probably allied to Boarmia, but has the general

coloration of Larentia productata, and the abdomen very long—

according to Mr. Enys, sometimes as long as that of Tatosoma.

77, PSEUDOCOREMIA FRAGOSATA. :

Selidosema? fragosata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. cxxxi.

fig. 29.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Selidosema of Hiibner agrees with Tephrosia.

78. PsEUDOCOREMIA INDISTINCTA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 8.)

Primaries whitish, tinted with stramineous and mottled with

brown; base spotted with dark brown; an angulated squamose

brown fascia limiting the basal area; the costal area beyond the

middle banded with brown; a submarginal series of large spots and

the outer border brown; two series of short longitudinal black

lituree on the latter between the veins; secondaries stramineous,

with indications of two squamose ferruginous bands, one across the

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 395

cell, the other submarginal ; a marginal series of minute black dots ;

thorax pale brown ; head dark brown ; abdomen stramineous : under-

side stramineous; primaries with the discoidal cell, base, and a

squamose apical patch brown. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

South Island. Coll. Dr. Hector. ;

Cacopsopos, n. gen.

Agreeing in general appearance and in its hairy palpi with

Psodos, but differing entirely in the structure of the antennee, the

latter presenting to the naked eye the appearance of those of

Coremia 2, but having in reality only the inner margin pectinated,

the outer margin being quite simple. Type C. niger.

79. CACoPsopos NIGER, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 4.)

Greyish black, speckled with white scales ; primaries crossed bya

broad dentated central black band; below shining dark grey, with a

continuous paler discal line; pectus black. Expanse of wings

11 lines.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

This species is somewhat like Panagra explanata, disputata, and

exsignata, but differs in its hairy palpi.

80. HELASTIA INVEXATA.

Larentia invevata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p- 1199 (1862).

Cidaria adonata’, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxi.

fig. 31.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

81. HenastTia INDICATARIA.

Eupithecia indicataria, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvi. p- 1708 (1862).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

82. HeLAsTIA BILINEOLATA.

Eupithecia bilineolata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1246 (1862).

Hupithecia cidariaria?, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p- 62 (1868).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Possibly an extreme form of the preceding species. The three

here placed under Helastia differ from the males of Eupithecia in

their prominently pectinated antenne ; the following also seems to

agree with them in structure :—

83. HELASTIA MUSCOSATA.

Hupithecia? muscosata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1246 (1862).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

I think it not improbable that the Coremia inamenaria of Guénée

is this species ; but the description is not sufficiently precise to enable

me to determine it satisfactorily. Felder’s figure of Oidaria aquosata

may also be intended for this species.

396 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

84. CoREMIA ROSEARIA.

Cidaria rosearia, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 285 (1843).

Coremia pastinaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. vy. p. 64 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

As I donot possess Guénée’s type (of C. subidaria) from Australia

to compare with Doubleday’s from New Zealand, I cannot be abso-

lutely certain that they are identical, although they have long been

considered so. M. Guénée says, “ Elle varie extrémement,” which is

the case with Doubleday’s species; the latter also comes both from

Australia and New Zealand.

85. CoREMIA ARDULARIA.

Coremia ardularia, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 63 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

86. CAMPTOGRAMMA SUBOCHRARIA.

Aspilates? subochraria, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 285

1843).

Var Camptogramma fuscinata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 92

(1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

The brown form named by Guénée is a common and slight variety

of the species, not differing in any thing but tint and varying in

intensity. :

87. CAMPTOGRAMMA STINARIA.

Camptogramma stinaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 92 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

A well-marked and pretty little species.

88. PHIBALAPTERYX GOBIATA.

Cidaria (Phibalapteryx) gobiata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v.

pl. exxxi. fig. 2.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

89. PHIBALAPTERYX VERRICULATA.

Cidaria verriculata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep.v. pl. exxxi. fig. 20.

On cabbage-trees near the sea. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D.

Enys, Esq.

Phibalapteryx parvulata of Walker is identical with Scotosia

denotata ; and Scotosia humeraria is probably a worn example of the

same. Scotosia panagrutu is a Hyperythra. It varies in so re-

markable a manner that, had I not seen intermediates between the

extreme forms, it would have been impossible to associate them

together. The type is brown, the primaries rather darker thay the

secondaries, showing traces of darker transverse lines, and having a

3-shaped white line on the discocellulars ; the extreme variation has

no white line, but both primaries and secondaries are spotted with

bright ochraceous as follows :—primaries with a short subbasal

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 397

transverse macular fascia, a similar abbreviated subapical fascia, and

and a spot on inner margin near external angle ; secondaries with a

transverse subapical abbreviated fascia and a spot at anal angle.

The genus Hyperythra belongs to the Ennomide.

90. CIDARIA CUARATA.

Larentia clarata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1197 (1862).

Cidaria pyramaria, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 93 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

91. Crparta BEATA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 6.)

Above very similar in pattern to the preceding species, but much

smaller, and the primaries with all the markings olive-green instead

of bronzy brown; the secondaries white instead of yellow, with a

pale pinky brown outer border ; thorax olive-green ; abdomen testa-

ceous: primaries below with the basal area, to the extremity of the

dentated central band of the upper surface, madder-brown; costa

testaceous, tinted with olivaceous, and crossed by ferruginous bars ;

disk whity-brown ; apex and outer border shining testaceous, almost

golden; a submarginal series of white dots; fringe silvery white,

black-spotted ; secondaries pale testaceous, increasing in intensity to

the outer border, which is golden, crossed by paralled crenate

olivaceous lines, three of which form a central band, relieved exter-

nally by white lunules; disk crossed by paler olivaceous lines, fol-

lowed by a submarginal series of white lunules ; body below testa-

ceous. Expanse of wings | inch.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

A very distinct and pretty little species.

92. C1DARIA SEMIFISSATA.

Coremia semifissata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1320 (1862).

Cidaria delicatulata, Guénée, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 94 (1868).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

M. Guénée’s description of Coremia ypsilonaria would almost do

for some examples of this species ; but he can hardly have described

it twice under distinct genera.

93. CIDARIA SIMILATA.

Cidaria similata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1413 (1862).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

94. CIDARIA MEGASPILATA.

Larentia megaspilata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxiv. p. 1198 (1862).

Cidaria assata, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. v. pl. exxxi. fig. 4.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

95. CipARIA CONGREGATA.

Cidaria congregata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1415 (1862).

Cidaria monoliata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxii. fig. 8.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

398 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

96. CIDARIA INCLARATA.

Cidaria inclarata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1411 (1862).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

97. CIDARIA PLAGIFURCATA.

Cidaria plagifurcata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1416 (1862).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Cidaria inopiata of Felder appears to be a slight variety of

C. perductata of Walker; and C. timarata is a poor figure of

C. similata.

98. TATOSOMA LESTEVATA.

Cidaria lestevata, Walker, Lep. Het. xxv. p. 1416 (1862).

Sauris ranata, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxi. fig. 11.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

99. ELVIA GLAUCATA.

Elvia glaucata, Walker, Lep. Het, xxv. p. 1431 (1862).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Felder’s figures of this species are too brightly coloured.

Licip2.

100. DecLaNna FLOCCOSA.

Declana floccosa, Walker, Lep. Het. xv. p. 1649 (1858).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Walker’s Argua scabra is an allied species, if not a variety.

101. DecLANA FEREDAYI, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 5.)

Primaries shining pinky grey, crossed by innumerable short black

lines; two widely separated irregularly zigzag central black lines,

indicating a broad central band, which is relieved on each side by

ferruginous ; external area (commencing in an oblique line from the

apex) silvery; a regularly zigzag marginal line; fringe greyish

brown; secondaries pale grey; margin and fringe as in primaries ;

thorax dark grey, varied with ferruginous; abdomen pale grey:

wings and body below pale grey; primaries with the costa whitish,

spotted with dark grey; fringe and margin as above. Expanse of

wings 1 inch 6 lines.

Christchurch. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

A common species round Christchurch.

CRAMBITES.

GALLERIDZ.

102. APHOMIA sTRIGOSA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 10.)

Primaries shining whity-brown ; crossed beyond the middle by an

arched deeply dentated slender black line, bounded externally by

whitish ; a white submedian streak, from the base to the origin of

the first median branch, bounded below and at its extremity by a

1077: ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 399

hooked black streak; a whitish ill-defined streak through the end of

the cell, upon which there is a minute black discocellular dot ;

secondaries pale whity-brown, slightly darker at the apex; body

coloured like the opposite wings, anal tuft yellow: wings below

shining pale whity-brown, sandy yellowish on the costal areas ; body

below whitish. Expanse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

South Island. Coll. Dr. Hector.

Were it not for the black and white longitudinal streaks below

the discoidal cell of primaries, this species would not be at all unlike

the European form. It is common in grass.

PHYCID#.

103. Hypocuaucra corrvueta, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 9.)

Pale brown ; primaries with the costal half irrorated with whitish ;

base, centre of disk, and two terminal patches (the smaller one

nearest to apex) bronzy, speckled with black; fringe of all the

wings pale grey, very long; thorax brown, abdomen paler brown :

wings below whity-brown, the primaries rather darker than the

secondaries ; fringe silky-whitish ; body below whitish. Expanse of

wings 9 lines.

South Island. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Common in grass.

104. GApIRA ACERELLA.

Gadira acerella, Walker, Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1742 (1866).

Botys mahanga, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxvii.

fig. 27.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Not common.

CRAMBID&.

105. CRAMBUS FLEXUOSELLUS.

Crambus flecuosellus, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 289

(1843); Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxvii. fig. 32.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

The commonest Crambus in New Zealand.

106. CRAMBUS VAPIDUS, n. sp.

Primaries above testaceous, with a longitudinal whitish streak

tapering to both ends, from the base through the discoidal cell to

the outer margin, bounded towards the base below and in the centre

above by blackish lines; apical margin whitish: four black dots

terminating the nervures at the centre of outer margin ; fringe

shining whitish; secondaries shining whitish; head and thorax

white; palpi externally, and tegule, pale pinky brown; abdomen

testaceous: wings below paler than above ; primaries without mark-

ings ; body below whitish. Expanse of wings 11 lines.

South Island. Coll. Dr. Hector.

400 MR, A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

107. CRAMBUS TRANSCISSALIS.

Crambus transcissalis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvii. p. 178 (1863).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

This species appears to be rare; I have only seen two examples.

108. CRAMBUS RAMOSELLUS.

Crambus ramosellus, Doubleday, Dieff. N. Zeal. App. p. 288 (1843).

Var.? Crambus rangona, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl.

exxxvii. fig. 25.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq. :

Walker confounded with this species two New-Zealand examples

of the Australian Orambus lativittalis.

109. CRAMBUS TRIVIRGATUS.

Crambus trivirgatus, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxvil,

fig. 29.

South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Apparently a rare species.

110. CramBus vutearis, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 7.)

Primaries above pale reddish brown, more or less irrorated with

whitish on the costal area; a longitudinal discoidal white streak

from the base, upon which are two dark brown spots, the inner one

smaller and squamose, the outer one cuneiform and sharply, defined ;

a white subapical dentated abbreviated transverse band sometimes

joining and always approaching at its extremity an oblique streak,

which proceeds from the apex ; the inner edge of the subapical band

sometimes outlined in black ; five black dots on the outer margin;

fringe reddish brown externally, white internally, with a central

blackish line; secondaries stramineous, sometimes tinted with reat

dish; fringe white; body reddish brown, the thorax darker than

the abdomen: wings below stramineous ; the costal area of primaries

brownish ; body below whitish. Expanse of wings 1 inch.

South Island. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Evidently a common species, allied to C. twhualis of Felder, but

said to be local.

111. CHiLo simpLex, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 12.)

Primaries above silky testaceous, the costa and fringe silvery

whitish ; a central longitudinal silvery white streak from base to

centre of outer margin, this band is bounded on each side by deep

longitudinal folds, which in certain lights look like black lines ;

secondaries white, slightly tinted with buff towards the outer margin ;

head and greater part of thorax testaceous, metathorax white ;

abdomen whitish: wings below pale silky testaceous, the primaries

darker than the secondaries ; pectus testaceous, venter white. Ex-

panse of wings 1 inch 3 lines.

South Island. Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

I have taken the description from an example previously in the

1877. ] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 401

Museum collection from Auckland, and which Walker had con-

founded with Crambus vitellus of Doubleday.

112. CaILo LEUCANIALIS, n. sp.

Primaries above silky testaceous, the internal area from the

median vein downwards more or less suffused with pale bronze-

brown, which is deepest immediately below the median vein; a

longitudinal white streak above the median vein; the veins beyond

the discoidal cell bronze-brown, their interspaces whitish ; secondaries

silvery white, slightly testaceous towards outer margin ; body creamy

white ; tegrile and upper surface of two anterior pairs of legs

brown: primaries below testaceous ; secondaries white, with a faint

yellowish tint ; body below white. Expanse of wings 1 inch 1 line.

South Island. Coils. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

The colouring is not unlike that of Leucania,

113. ERoMENE AURISCRIPTELLA.

Eromene auriscriptella, Walker, Lep. Het. xxx. p. 976 (1864).

Crambus gracilis, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exxxvii.

fig. 26.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

114. EROMENE METALLIFERA, 0. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 11.)

Allied to the preceding species, but differing as follows :—

Primaries rather brighter in colour, the central transverse lines only

half as wide apart; the silver discocellular spot less curved, and

edged with brown; aseries of longitudinal discal silver lines between

the veins; secondaries white instead of brown. LExpanse of wings

8 lines.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

This is a very beautiful little species.

115. SAMANA ACUTATA, 0. Sp.

Primaries pale straw yellow; an oblique interno-basal litura, a

dot at the end of the cell, and a discal transverse line terminating in

an acute <-shaped angle, piceous ; the discal line diffused externally ;

a marginal series of black dots; secondaries white, with the fringe

creamy ; a marginal series of black dots; thorax pale straw yellow,

abdomen white: primaries below pale testaceous, whitish on internal

area; markings (excepting the marginal dots, which are united by a

slender brown line) only visible through the wing; secondaries

white, the costal area tinted with testaceous, and sparsely irrorated

with brown; a small black dot at the end of cell ; a marginal series

of black dots; fringe creamy: body below pale straw yellow. Ex-

panse of wings 1 inch 2 lines.

Sea-level, South Island. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

In my opinion, this genus would be better placed amongst the

Pyrales.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXVI. 26

402 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May 1,

116. ADENA XANTHIALIS.

Adena xanthialis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxvii. p. 168 (1863).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

This genus certainly has no business among the Crambites ; it

should be placed among the Hypenide.

TORTRICITES.

TORTRICIDA.

117. TERAS EZNEA, 0. sp.

Primaries with the central area brassy, gradually merging into

cupreous towards the borders, which are silky brown ; secondaries

brown, subcostal area yellowish, costal area pale stramineous ; body

above dark brown: wings below shining brassy yellow, the primaries

becoming greyish brown at the borders, the secondaries becoming

golden towards the outer margin; body below creamy whitish. Ex-

panse of wings 1 inch.

Mountain form. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Found at 3000 to 4000 feet elevation.

118. TeRAs FLAVESCENS, 0. sp.

Primaries straw-yellow, very indistinctly reticulated with deeper

lines of the same colour; a spot at the extremity of the costal

nervure, a second less distinct at the end of the second subcostal

branch, and the apical half of the fringe, tawny ; secondaries white,

tinted with stramineous towards costa; thorax ochraceous ; abdomen

(probably white): primaries below whitish, with the basi-costal area

and apex ochraceous, crossed by orange reticulations; apical fringe

tawny; secondaries pale stramineous, reticulated with orange ;

pectus silvery white, legs ochraceous. Expanse of wings 1 inch

4 lines.

South Island. Coll. Dr. Hector.

This species seems to me to belong to the 7’. boscana group.

Several genera are confounded by Walker under Teras ; his T. 0b-

longana and T’. inaptana are probably also variations of one species ;

and I believe his 7. servana, T. priscana, and T.. contractana to be

synonymous; but the specimens are in poor condition, which ren-

ders their accurate determination difficult.

119. Cacoécta vitis, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 15.)

Allied to C. herana of Felder. Primaries above shining sordid

testaceous ; subbasal area, base of inner margin, and external border

silvery grey ; a V-shaped basi-subcostal marking, an oblique bracket-

shaped line from the cell to the inner margin, and two or three dots

near the outer margin black-brown; a semicircular costal brown

patch, a diffused brownish patch bounded within by the bracket-

shaped line; secondaries white, the apical and abdominal areas

feebly tinted with testaceous; head white, thorax brown : primaries

below reddish, markings indistinct ; secondaries sordid white, reticu-

1877. | LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND. 405

lated with grey, the costal aud apical areas reddish. Expanse of

wings 8 lines.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Dr. Hector also possesses a faded example of this species.

120. CacoEciIA TAIPANA.

Tortrix taipana, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. cxxxvii.

fig. 46.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Felder’s figure is a little too decided, judging from Dr. Hector’s

example. The two preceding species belong to the same group

with C. costana.

121. Cacofc1a INANA, n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 13.)

Primaries above pale clay-brown, irrorated with grey, costa indi-

stinctly spotted with grey ; secondaries silky white, reticulated with

grey; thorax clay-brown; abdomen whitish: wings below white,

reticulated with dark grey, costal borders tinted with testaceous ;

body below sordid white, venter with lateral black dots. Expanse

of wings 1 inch 33 lines.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Mr. Enys has an example of a species somewhat resembling Rha-

codia rureana of Felder. It may be a Cacoécia; but as it has lost

its palpi, I cannot venture to describe it.

122. HetTrROGNOMON EXCESSANA.

Teras excessana, Walker, Lep. Het. xxviii. p. 303 (1863).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

123. (ScIAPHILA) SPOLIATANA? ?

Sciaphila spoliatana, Walker, Lep. Het. xxviil. p. 356 (1863).

Coll. Dr. Hector.

The single example is much rubbed, and injured by mites; it

may have nothing to do with Walker’s species: several of Walker’s

types have the wings closed, and thus are not easily recognized.

124. ZeELorHersEs!? rosusta, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 17.)

S$ 2. Primaries sordid white, acute; a broad oblique patch be-

ginning just within the base of the discoidal cell and terminating in

a point near to the centre of inner margin, a slender subcostal dash

near the base, five spots on the apical half of costa, a squamose

patch across the median veins, and the terminations of the nervures

black-brown ; secondaries greyish, particularly towards the outer

margin; body sordid white: primaries below grey, the costal margin

white, crossed by greyish spots towards apex ; secondaries paler grey,

the costa white; body below white. Expanse of wings 43 lines.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

A curious little species, found on the Canterbury plains amongst

scrubby bushes.

26*

404 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON HETEROCEROUS [May I,

125. STEGANOPTYCHA! NEGLIGENS,n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig.18.)

Primaries sordid white, clouded with yellow; a broad oblique

subbasal blackish band, not reaching the costal margin; a broad

slightly angulated oblique central band, yellowish irrorated with

grey above the median vein, becoming reddish-brown below it; the

apical half of costal margin and the outer margin spotted with fer-

ruginous, fringe grey ; secondaries brown, costal area white; head

white, collar and shoulders yellow, tegulee whitish ; thorax and abdo-

men brown: primaries below pale brown, costal and external borders

alternately white and brown ; secondaries white, the veins, abdominal

area, and a streak through the cell brown, fringe brown crossed by

a central pale line ; body below white. Expanse of wings 44 lines.

Canterbury plains. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

Seems allied to S. dealbana; but the primaries are slightly

narrower.

CHOREUTID#.

126. OROSANA ATRA, 0. sp.

Shining purplish brown; primaries with a spot close to the base,

a zigzag transverse subbasal line, a spot at the end of the cell, and

a sigmoidal discal line from costa to inner margin black; a dot

beyond the cell, and two subapical marginal dots, creamy whitish ;

collar below clothed with white hairs. Expanse of wings 43 lines.

Canterbury plains. Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

The darkest known species of this little Australian genus.

TINEITES.

TINEIDA.

127. TINEA RECTELLA.

Tinea rectella, Walker, Lep. Het. xxviii. p. 482 (1863).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

128. TINEA PALESTRICA, 0. Sp.

Primaries with the basal third dark brown, remainder of the

wing sandy whitish; a large round spot beyond the cell, encircled

by a complete series of smaller spots, all grey ; beyond this a longi-

tudinal streak of grey, bounded on each side by two black dots ;

fringe, excepting at external angle, brownish; secondaries shining

sandy whitish ; head snow-white, tufted; thorax brown, a yellow

spot on the centre of the prothorax ; abdomen testaceous: wings

below shining testaceous ; body rather darker testaceous. Expanse

of wings 8 lines.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Closely allied to the European 7". tapeézella.

PLUTELLID2.

129. CEROSTOMA FULGURATELLA.

Cerostoma fulguratella, Walker, Lep. Het. xxviii. p. 548 (1863).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esy.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM NEW ZEALAND, 405

GELECHIIDE.

The New-Zealand species referred to Gelechia by Mr. Walker are

(as Mr. McLachlan has pointed out to me) none of them members

of that genus. The following should be referred to Gcophora—

Gelechia innotella, intactella, monospilella, flavidella, collitella,

convulsella, and contextella.

Gelechia subditella is identical with the European Endrosis fe-

nestrella.

130. @&corHora PSEUDOSPRETELLA.

(Ecophora pseudospretella, Stainton, Cat. 14, I. B. 162 (1854).

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

A common European species.

131. GicopHORA SORDIDA, 0. sp.

Primaries pale shining brown ; a small arched marking just beyond

the end of the cell, the outer border, and fringe grey ; secondaries

silvery white ; body testaceous: wings below silvery white, prima-

ries slightly brownish ; pectus (apparently ) silvery white; legs and

venter pale testaceous. Expanse of wings 10 lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Allied to the preceding species.

132. CGAcoPHORA GRISEATA, 0. sp.

Wings and body above shining grey; primaries irrorated with

brown, crossed by two widely separated indistinct oblique brown

lines, the inner one angulated at the median nervure, the outer one,

which is discal, deeply excavated in the middle; a spot of the same

colour at the end of the cell ; secondaries with a “feeble brassy tinge :

‘primaries below shining brown, fringe grey; secondaries sordid

white, speckled with brown; body below pale brown; legs white

internally. Expanse of wings 7 lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

133. GicopHoRA PARCA, 0. sp.

Primaries pale shining straw-yellow, fringe white; secondaries

silvery white; thorax yellow, abdomen white: primaries below

shining whity-brown ; secondaries silvery white; body below white.

Expanse of wings 8 lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

Allied to Gf. apertella.

Psecadia teras of Felder is Gcophora hacictbane of Walker.

134. TACHYPTILIA ATYCHIOIDES, n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 14.)

Primaries above purplish brown; discoidal cell white, crossed by

a large central subquadrate black spot, terminated by a smaller

black spot ; a small white spot beyond the cell, and a discal arched

white line; apex bronzy brown; fringe brown, whitish towards

apex ; secondaries coppery brown, two sordid whitish longitudinal

streaks, one within the cell, the other on interno-median area ; costa

406 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON NEW-ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA. [May 1,

and fringe white, the latter brownish at anal angle; body above

dark brown, collar and prothorax varied with ochraceous; hind

margins of tegule fringed with whitish ; abdomen with whitish hind

margins to the segments: primaries below bronzy-brown, pale

towards the base, crossed towards apex by a series of ill-defined

whitish dots, fringe greyish; secondaries sordid white, shining,

clouded (excepting at apex and outer border) with grey ; body below

pearly whitish ; tibie and tarsi of legs above banded with black.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 7 lines, 9 9 lines.

Colls. Dr. Hector and J. D. Enys, Esq.

A puzzling little species, with the general coloration of Atychia.

135. CRYPTOLECHIA CARNIFEX, N. sp.

Primaries flesh-colour, costal margin blood red, the same colour

also extending for a short distance down the fringe, which is through-

out rather darker than the body of the wing; secondaries white,

slightly tinted with flesh-colour at the borders; thorax flesh-coloured ;

palpi and femora and tibize of anterior legs carmine: wings below

nearly as above, excepting that the secondaries show three or four

apical marginal dark grey spots; body below white. LExpanse of

wings 11 lines.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

C. carnifex is allied to Walker’s Depressaria moderatella from

Tasmania.

136. CRYPTOLECHIA RUFOSPARSA, 0. Sp.

Primaries straw-yellow, clouded with flesh-colour and regularly

dotted with indistinct reddish spots; secondaries silvery white ;

thorax straw yellow; abdomen pale testaceous (possibly white in

fresh examples): wings below silvery white; primaries with the

costa and fringe yellow; anterior tibie carmine; anterior femora

flesh-colour ; body below white. Expanse of wings 10 lines.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

137. CRYPTOLECHIA GALACTINA.

Cryptolechia galactina, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. v. pl. exl.

fig. 34.

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

A pure white species.

GRACILARIIDA.

138. GRACILARIA LINEARIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 16.)

Primaries clay-brown, crossed by oblique series of blackish dots,

in certain lights uniform lilacine brownish, shining; secondaries

white, fringes at apex slightly tinted with testaceous: thorax

coloured like the primaries, abdomen testaceous : wings below silvery

whitish, primaries slightly brownish in tint: body below white.

Expanse of wings 5 lines.

Coll. Dr. Hector.

Allied to G. arenosella.

1877.] ON BIRDS FROM THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS. 407

139. PLATYPTILUS REPLETALIS.

Platyptilus repletalis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxx. p. 931 (1864).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

140. ACIPTILUS MONOSPILALIS.

Aciptilus monospilalis, Walker, Lep. Het. xxx. p. 950 (1864).

Coll. J. D. Enys, Esq.

I believe A. patruelis of Felder to be this species overcoloured.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATHS.

Puate XLII.

Fig. 1. Meterana pictula 2, p. 386. Fig. 7. Portna enysii 3, p. 381.

2. Graphiphora tartarea 3, p. 8. Fidonia ferox 2, p. 892.

384. 9 enystt a p. 391.

3. Apamea vitiosa g, p. 384. 10. Gonodontis felix 2 , p..389.

4. Euclidia hectori 9, p. 887. 11. Herminia lilacina 3, p. 388.

5. Agrotis mitis g, p. 383. 12. Bityla sericea 9, p. 387.

6. Hadena debilis 9, p. 885.

Puate XLITI.

Fig. 1. Aspilates insignis 3, p. 393. Fig. 12. Chilo simplex, p. 400.

2. Fidonia catapyrrha, p.392. 13. Cacoécia inana (enlarged),

3. anceps, p. 392. p. 403.

4. Cacopsodos niger, p. 395. 14. Zuchyptilia atychioides (en-

. 5. Declana Feredayi, p. 398. larged), p. 405.

6. Cidaria beata, p. 397. : 15. Cacoécia vilis (enlarged), p.

7. Crambus vulgaris (enlarged), 402.

p- 400. 16. Gracilaria linearis (enlarged),

8. Pseudocoremia indistincta, p. p- 406.

: 17. Zelotherses? robusta (en-

9. Hypochaleia corrupta (en- larged), p. 403,

larged), p. 399. 18. Steganoptycha? negligens

10. Aphomia strigosa, p. 398. (enlarged), p. 404.

11. Eromene metallifera (en-

larged), p. 401.

3. On a small Collection of Birds from the Marquesas

Islands. By Orro Finscu, Ph.D., C.M.Z.S., Director

of the Bremen Museum.

[Received April 12, 1877.]

Through the Museum Godeffroy, at Hamburg, I have received a

small collection of birds in alcohol, made by Mr. A. Garrett, the

well-known naturalist of that Museum, during a visit to the Marquesas

Islands. As our knowledge of the Marquesas birds is still very limited, I

think it will be of interest to report on this collection, the more so as

it contains, with the exception of four species (Coriphilus smaragdinus,

Ludynamis taitianus, Serresius galeatus, and Phlegcenas rubescens),

examples of all the land-birds known to inhabit this group, which

408 DR. O. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM [May 1,

number altogether 10 species. One of these, a Kingfisher, although

known already to Forster; proves to belong to an unnamed species.

A closer exploration of the group will probably bring to light fur-

ther species, peculiar to the different islands, such as, under similar

circumstances, the excellent researches of Mr. Layard have recently

made known to us in the Feejee group.

1. CoLLocaLia CINEREA (Gm.).

Herse Forsteri, Hartl.

C. vanicorensis, part., Finsch & Hart]. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 47.

One specimen, agreeing generally with the description communi-

cated to me by Dr. von Pelzeln from a Tahitian specimen in the

Vienna Museum (vide Journ. d. Museum Godeffroy, Heft xii. 1876,

p. 25); but the coloration is as dark as in C. vanicorensis; the rump

is not pale, as in C. spodiopygia, but uniform with the remaining

upper parts; the single feathers show very narrow light lateral

margins ; but these are hidden.

The specimen seems, therefore, to be identical with the Tahitian

species first mentioned from this locality by Forster, and agrees

exactly in its larger size, by which it may be distinguished from the

other species inhabiting the Paeific.

2. HALCYON GODEFFROYI, sp. nov.

Alcedo collaris, var. ii., Forst. Descr. Anim. 1844, p. 163.

Todirhamphus, sp., Hartl. Journ. f. Orn. 1834, p. 170.

Adult. Head, neck, mantle, and whole under surface, including

the under wing-coverts, white; shoulders, lower back, quills, and

tail cobalt-blue; inner webs of wings smoky black, margined with

white ; from the lores through the eye and temporal region a narrow

black band encircling the nape; basal half of bill black, lower

mandible pale horn-colour ; feet black.

There are three specimens which agree perfectly with the descrip-

tion above given. The white middle portion of the mantle is faintly

stained with rusty. 3

Young. Frontal margin, extending as a narrow supercilium to

above the eye white; remainder of head obscure marine-blue (on

the crown appear three new pure white feathers); lores and a broad

band around the nape dull black, the same as the hind neck and

upper portion of the mantle; on the hinder mantle some white

feathers, washed with pale rusty; under surface white, with dark

edgings to the feathers of the sides of the crop; smaller upper wing-

coverts with narrow whitish tips.

Long tot. al. caud. culm. latit. rostr.

a basi

in. one amet, mn. Ti. i. li. lin,

H. godeffroyi ..83 37-3 8 2 6-27 15-16 7-73

HI. albicilla .... 47 3 24 4

_ The Kingfisher of the Marquesas has not come under examina-

tion since the time of Forster, who described the bird correctly as a

1877. | THE MARQUESAS ISLANDS, 409

variety of his Alcedo collaris, from the Island of St. Christina. This

island is the “ Tahuata”’ of the new maps, a small island separated

by the Bordelaise Straits from Hiwaoa, the chief eastern island of the

Marquesas group. As this supposed variety of Forster’s has re-

mained unnamed since his time, I take a pleasure in bestowing on it

the name of Mr. Johann Cesar Godeffroy, who has contributed

through his travels so much to a better knowledge of the Polynesian

Islands.

H. godeffroyi isa true miniature of H. albicilla, Less., from New

Guinea and the Eastern Moluccas, but may be distinguished, besides

its inferior size, by the white of the hind neck running down to the

middle part of the mantle. In this respect it differs also, even in its

young state, from H. tuta, the occurrence of which on the Mar-

quesas rests merely on the labels of the Leiden and Dresden Museums,

and has not been verified by any traveller.

3. TaTaRE LoNGIROsTRIs (Gm.); Finsch & Hartl. Ornith.

Central-Polyn. p. 66.

Three specimens, agreeing perfectly with examples from the

Society Islands (Eimeo and Huahine).

4. Monarcna nicer (Sparrm.); Finsch & Hart]. Ornith. Central-

Polyn. p. 90.

An extensive series of 12 specimens, representing all the stages of

plumage which were formerly considered to belong to different species.

Four specimens in a uniform black dress are, no doubt, in full

plumage.

Four specimens are in the rusty plumage (Muscicapa lutea, Gm.),

and are apparently young birds :—

Upper parts dark rusty brown, quills and tail darker; the re-

miges margined externally rusty ; lores, sides of head and neck, and

the whole under surface light rufous, paling to rufous white on the

middle of breast and vent ; anal region nearly white. Bill yellow-

ish, the culmen greyish. The protracted yellow angle of the mouth

gives these birds the appearance of young ones.

Five specimens show transitions in plumage from white to black,

and from rusty to black ; all these birds are moulting :—

Head, chin, throat and quills black, the remaining parts white,

but varied with black feathers on the shoulders and mantle; tail in

one nearly uniform white, in others irregularly tipped with black, in

one the outmost feather rusty ; primaries margined externally more

~ less with white, in one specimen with rusty.

Specimens changing from rusty to black :—

lack ; wing-coverts margined with rusty, as are also some of the

primyries ; shoulders dark rusty-brown, like the tail; two middle

tail-fexthers black ; lower breast and abdomen pale rufous, flanks

dark ruvous ; under tail-coverts black.

In another specimen, agreeing otherwise with the foregoing, the

under tail-coverts are dark rusty, and the black of the head is mixed

with dark brown feathers.

410 MR. F. SMITH ON NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONS. [May 1,

The size differs a good deal, as well as the form of the bill, which

in some examples appears more flat and enlarged, in others more

slender, differences, however, not to be expressed by measurements.

Long ale. caudee. culm. tars.

in. li. in. li. in. li. in. li. hi. li.

35-3 7 27-211 6 -63 114 (black form).

3436 29 53-52 (black and white form).

31-32 27 53-6 (rufous form).

M. nigra has been found likewise on the Friendly and Society

Islands; Dr. Graeffe, however, did not meet with this species on

the Tonga Islands (vide Finsch, Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 119).

5. Prininopus pupreTiTTHoUARsI (Neboux) ; Finsch & Hartl.

Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 129.

Old and young birds of this peculiar species; the latter show

already the whitish sincipital mark so characteristic of this species.

Bill horn-green ; eye-ring bright red; feet pale red.

6. Prininorus MercieRi (Des Murs); Finsch & Hartl. Ornith.

Central-Polyn. p. 128.

Two specimens.

This very rare fruit-pigeon, which I have now had the pleasure

of examining for the first time, is a very remarkable species, distin-

guished at once by the extent of dark purple red on the head, which

occupies not only the forehead and vertex, but also the lores, extend-

ing thence in a large patch to the base of the lower mandible. From

above the eye the red cap is surrounded by a broad circle of bright

yellow; the chin and throat are yellowish; breast and remaining

under surface, inclusive of the lower tail-coverts, of a uniform dark

yellow.

Bill horn-green ; eye-ring red; feet dirty purplish.

Long. ale. caude. culm. tars.

in, lin. in. lin. lin.

Swell 3 Hi) 10

It is very interesting to find in one and the same group of small

islands two such very different species of Péilinopus.

4, Descriptions of four new Species of Ichneumonide in the

Collection of the British Museum. By Freprrick

SMITH.

[Received April 13, 1877.]

(Plate XLIV.)

Of the Ichneumons which I now describe three are probably the

most remarkable species to be found in the entire family. Two of

them I cannot assign to any genus yet established; a new one has

FAvo a7 7 P RIV,

Mintern Bros imp.

NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONIDA..

1877.] MR. ¥. SMITH ON NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONS. 411

consequently been formed for the reception of each. Perissocerus

plumicornis is remarkable in having its antenne plumose more than

half their length, The genus is undoubtedly closely allied to _X, ‘ylo-

nomus; but its extraordinary antennee, elbowed at the joint where

the pubescence terminates, appear sufficiently to warrant its generic

separation. Dolichomitus longicauda is allied to the genera Ephialtes

and Rhyssa; but its falcate and compressed abdomen removes it

from the former genus, and the incised and tuberculate segments

sufficiently distinguish it from the latter. The new species of Bracon

is remarkable in having an ovipositor over nine times the length of

its body, being the most remarkable instance known of the elonga-

tion of that instrument. The new species of Metopius is the only

one known to me from China, or indeed from that part of the world,

including India and the islands adjacent.

Meropivs sinensis. (Plate XLIV. fig. 4.)

Black, strongly punctured, with the apical margins of the first,

third, and fourth segments yellow. Head—the front yellow as high

as the insertion of the antenne ; a narrow yellow line runs up a

little way close to the eyes, and an angular shape is produced be-

tween the antennz ; a large ovate black macula in the middle of the

front; the flagellum of the antenne fulvous beneath. Thorax—

the lateral margins sharply elevated, and produced posteriorly into

stout compressed teeth ; the wings slightly fulvo-hyaline, the nervures

rufo-fuscous, the stigma pale ferruginous; the tibize, tarsi, and pos-

terior trochanters more or less obscurely ferruginous ; the anterior

femora ferruginous in front; the posterior femorainerassate. Abdo-

men with confluent punctures, the second and base of the third ru-

gose; the yellow fascia on the basal Segment subinterrupted ; that

on the third broader, and deeply emarginate in the middle ; on the

fourth segment the band is very broad, and occupies more than half

the segment ; the fifth and sixth segments have a purple tint.

The male differs in being rather smaller, and in being more varie-

gated with yellow; the face is entirely yellow, as well as the scape

and the antennz in front 3 on the sides of the thorax are two longi-

tudinal and one vertical yellow stripe; the anterior and intermediate

legs are yellow, the femora of the former being more or less black

behind ; the femora of the latter are black in the middle, and the

posterior pair yellow ut their base and apex; the tips of the spines

on the scutellum are also yellow.

Hab. Shanghai.

Collected by Mr. R. Fortune.

Genus Douicuomirus, Smith.

Antenne setaceous; the Scape truncate laterally ; the flagellum

multiarticulate, the joints gradually decreasing in length from the

basal one; the head transverse. ‘he anterior wings with an elon-

412 MR. F. SMITH ON NEW SPECIES OF ICHNEUMONS. [May 1,

gate marginal cell and three submarginal ones, the first submarginal

elongate, broad at the base, and narrow towards the apex ; the second

submarginal minute, subtriangular, and with a short petiole; the

third submarginal elongate, narrow, and extending to the apex of

the wing ; the anterior tarsi twice the length of the tibize; the pos-

terior tarsi only a little longer than the tibize ; the claws of the tarsi

bifid ; the pulvillus small. Abdomen curved, narrowed at the base,

and slightly compressed ; the two basal segments of equal length,

the three following of equal length and a little shorter than the basal

one ; the two apical segments shorter than the fifth ; the ovipositor

nearly seven times the length of the insect.

DoLicHOMITUS LONGICAUDA. (Plate XLIV. figs. 2 and 2a.)

Black and shining, with the base of the abdomen yellow; wings

smoky. The face finely punctured, slightly convex; a minute

yellow spot, in some examples, at the lateral angles of the face, close

to the base of the mandibles; the anterior margin of the clypeus

broadly but slightly emarginate. Thorax—the metathorax nearly

flat and oblique; wings fuscous, with a purple iridescence, the

anterior margin of fore wings dark brown ; the anterior tibize more

or less ferruginous within, occasionally black. The two basal seg-

ments of the abdomen above, and all beneath, bright yellow; the

sheaths of the ovipositor black, the latter ferruginous. Length

9-11 lines; of the ovipositor 33-63 inches.

Hab. Bogota, Columbia.

Genus Perissocervs, Smith.

Head subglobose; antennee 22-jointed, joints 3rd to 7th densely

pubescent, at the apex of the seventh joint the antenneze are elbowed,

as is also the terminal joint. Thorax oblong; the metathorax ob-

long-quadrate, divided into six compartments above by two longitu-

dinal and one transverse carina; wings with one elongate marginal

cell and two submarginal ones; the posterior legs rather stout,

elongate, the femora somewhat swollen; the claws of the tarsi simple

and very small; the first joint of the tarsi longer than the rest

united. Abdomen with a short petiole, depressed beyond the first

segment, the second and third tuberculate at the base; the oviposi-

tor nearly as long as the head and thorax.

PERISSOCERUS PLUMICORNIS. (Plate XLIV. figs. 3 and 3a.)

Head and thorax black and shining ; the abdomen bright ferru-

ginous. The head subglobose; the antennz black to the apex of

the seventh jomt and densely clothed with short black pubescence ;

the eighth joint to the fourteenth white, with the apical joints black.

The mesothorax with two deep sutures, each emanating from the

middle of the margin of the scutellum, and diverging forwards to

the sides, and dividing the disk into three parts, which are convex,

and covered with curved striz ; wings hyaline, stigma and nervures

black ; the coxze, trochanters, and femora ferruginous; the tibiee

1877.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THINOCORUS AND ATTAGIS. 413

and tarsi yellow. Abdomen ferruginous and shining; the ovipositor

obscurely ferruginous, with the sheaths black and pubescent.

Hab. Amazon valley.

Collected by Mr. Henry Walter Bates.

BRACON PENETRATOR. (Plate XLIV. fig. 1.)

Rufous, with the antennee, three basal segments of the abdomen

above, the posterior legs, and the sheaths of the ovipositor black ;

wings flavo-hyaline, each having four black spots; the head, thorax,

legs, and the apex of the abdomen pubescent. The head smooth

and shining ; the face with long thin fulvous pubescence; the ante-

rior margin of the clypeus narrowly, and the tips of the mandibles,

black ; a small circular cavity on the vertex between the eyes, in

which the ocelli are placed, black. Thorax smooth, shining, and

impunctate; the wings have a pale fuscous band on their apical

margins ; two blackish-brown spots at the anterior margin of the

fore wings, the first somewhat oblong-quadrate, covering the apex

of the externo-median and the base of the second discoidal cell; the

second spot is quadrate and occupies the base of the marginal cell

and the apex of the stigma; a third spot, irregular in shape, is

placed in the first discoidal cell; a fourth, larger, ovate spot is situ-

ated in the middle of the posterior wings; the anterior wings have

also three minute paler spots, one in the second discoidal cell, a

second beneath the second submarginal, and a third in the second

submarginal cell; the articulations of the joints of the posterior legs

are more or less rufo-piceous. _Abdomen—the lateral margins of

the basal segment are deeply longitudinally sulcate; the middle of

the segment rufo-piceous; the lateral raised margins of the two basal

segments are reddish-yellow ; the basal margin of the fourth segment

narrowly black ; the apical margins of the third and fourth segments

and the fifth and following segments rufous. Length of the body

9 lines, of the ovipositor 7 inches. (The figure is slightly enlarged.)

Hab. Yokohama (Japan).

Collected by Mr. Jonas.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

Fig. 1. Bracon penetrator 2, p.413. | Fig.3, Perissocerus plumicornis 2, p.

2. Dolichomitus longicauda 2, 412.

p. 412. 3a. Antenna of Perissocerus, mag-

2a. Abdomen of Dolichomitus, nified.

4, Metopius sinensis 2, p. 411.

5. Notes on the Anatomy and Systematic Position of the

Genera Thinocorus and Aitagis. By A. H. Garrop,

M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received April 17, 1877.]

Through the kindness of Mr. Edward Gerrard 1 have become

possessed of an adult specimen of Thinocorus rumicivorus, and of a

414. MR. A. H.GARROD ON THINOCORUs AND ATTAGis. [May 1,

nestling of Attagis gayi, in spirit, from Chili; aud I take the present

opportunity of bringing before this Society my notes on their struc-

ture. Of the former of these species Mr. Eyton has fully described.

the visceral anatomy and the osteology.in the ‘Zoology of the

Voyage of the “ Beagle’’’*; and in his ‘ Osteologia Avium’® will be

found an account of the skeleton, together with a figure of the ster-

num, of the latter. By Mr. Eyton, in his account of Thinocorus,

these birds are referred to the order Gallinee ; but in his more recent

work they are included with Chionis, to constitute the Chionidide,

which are by him placed after the Otide (comprising the Otinze and

Tinaminz), and before the Charadriide, as families of his order Lit-

tores. By Mr. G. R. Gray, in his ‘ Hand-list of Birds,’ they are

separated from the Chionidida, between which and the Glareolidee

they stand as a division of the Gralle. This is much the same

position as that in which they are located by Messrs. Sclater and

Salvin in their ‘ Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium.’ Nitzsch, as

Burmeister tells us, was disposed to place them in his group of the

Alectorides, along with _Chauna, Otis, Cariama, Psophia, and

Grus ; whilst Wagler placed them with the Pteroclide ; but Bur-

meister himself is of opinion that ‘this remarakable bird (Thinoco-

rus rumicivorus), which Wagler very improperly compares with the

Sand-Grouse (Péeroc/les), is in every particular an aberrant Scolopa-

cine form, related to Glareola in exactly the same way as Chionis to

Hematopus, or Dromas to Recurvirostra’”’.

As far as pterylography goes, not much of importance with refer-

ence to the position of the Thinocorinz can be learnt. In that they

possess a tufted oil-gland they differ from the Pteroclide and Co-

lumbze, in both of which families it is nude. On the whole the

pterylosis is typically Limicoline.

With reference to the alimentary canal, the tongue is simple and

triangular, occupying most of the space between the rami of the

mandible. The cesophagus is not large, but develops a capacious

and well-defined globose crop, situated just above the fureula. The

gizzard is muscular, not large, and it possesses simple triturating

pads like those in the majority of non-carnivorous birds.

In the specimens of both Thinocorus and Attagis under consider-

ation the intestines are 12°5 inches in length; but it must be re-

membered that the Aftagis is a nestling. The colic cxca in the

Thinocorus are 2°25 and 2-5 inches long; in the Aétagis they are

both 3 inches.

Myologically, the ambiens muscle is present, although slender.

Both the femoro-caudal and its accessory head exist, of equal breadth.

The semitendinosus, together with the accessory semitendinosus are

of average size, whilst the semimembranosus is peculiarly slender.

The myological formula, therefore, in conformity with the nomen-

clature adopted in my paper “On the Muscular System of Birds,”

in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1874 (p. 111), is AB, XY.

The vastus externus covers the biceps cruris; and in the foot the

l Part ill. p. 155. 2 P. 177, and plate xxi, fig. 3,

3 Nitzsch’s ‘Pterylography,’ Royal Society’s translation, p. 139.

1877.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THINOCORUS AND ATTAGIS. 415

deep plantar tendons are arranged as in Apteryx and many other

birds in which the hallux is small, the flexor longus hallucis blending

with the flexor digitorum profundus, at the same time that a slender

slip is sent off from the inner side of the conjoined tendon to the

hallux’.

In the patagium of the wing a slender muscular fasciculus runs

from the biceps to a little above the middle of the tendon of the

tensor patagii longus—the tendon of the tensor patagii brevis being

in two parts, of which the outer is the broader and stronger.

Where this latter joins the extensor carpi radialis longus a fan-shaped

fibrous expansion is sent off to the middle long patagial tendon, as in

the Limicole generally.

The obturator internus muscle is very small and oval in shape.

Both the right and left carotid arteries are developed in the two

genera, which agree exactly in their myology.

Skull of Attagis gayi.

The lower larynx is simple, a slender muscle on each side running

to the fourth bronchial half-ring, which, like the three above it, is

deeper than the other bronchial half-rings, and more like a split

tracheal ring.

Osteologically the Thinocorinze present many features of interest.

In his more recent communication “On MMgithognathous Birds”

1 Vide P.Z.8. 1875, p. 341.

416 MR. A. H.GARROD ON THINOCORUS AND Atraais. [May l,

(part ii., read before this Society in February 1876, and not yet pub-

lished), Prof. Parker has fully described and beautifully figured the

skull of Thinocorus rumicivorus, and has drawn special attention to

the spuriously Egithognathous nature of the palate, with its peculiarly

broad vomer, rounded in front, and there intimately connected with

the nasal cartilages in a manner which much resembles the arrange-

ment in Passerine birds. In the accompanying figure (p. 415) the

palate of détagis gayi is represented from a specimen most kindly lent

me by Mr. T. C. Eyton, the sternum of which is that referred to

above as figured in the ‘Osteologia Avium.’

By comparing it with Mr. Parker’s figure of Thinocorus rumicivo-

rus, the almost exact identity of the two is rendered certain. In the

same memoir Mr. Parker also directs attention to the nature of the

anterior osseous nares, which, as he remarks, are much the same as

in the Turnicide. Both these genera agree with the birds termed

Schizorhinal by me in a previous paper’, resembling the Limicolee,

Pteroclidee, Columbe, and their allies in this respeect—although, on

account of the shortness of the face, as in the Pteroclide, their

schizorhinal nature is not quite so conspicuous as in such genera as

Grus, Ibis, and Scolopax. The superior aspect of the skull of

Attagis gayi is also represented supra (p. 415).

In more than one peculiarity the skulls of Thinocorus and of Atta-

gis differ from those of Turnix and Hemipodius*. The maxillo-pala-

tines, instead of being slender throughout aud simply squared off at

their free ends, which are situated considerably nearer the middle

line than are the inner margins of the palatine bones at the parts

which they oppose, are broad, short, and swollen apically, where they

scarcely project beyond the median borders of the palatines. The

Turnicidz also possess an extensive articulation between the middle

of each pterygoid bone and the basisphenoid rostrum—no traces even

of processes for such an articulation being present in the Thinocorine,

in which latter subfamily also the supraorbital glands, although not

largely developed, leave a small crescentic depression on the superior

surface of the upper margin of the hony orbit, not present in the

former group.

Continuing the comparison with the Turnicide, it may be men-

tioned that in them the left carotid artery is alone developed (in

Hemipodius tachydromus and Turnix lepurana at least), whilst the

accessory femoro-caudal muscle, as well as the slip to the patagium

from the biceps of the arm, are wanting, at the same time that the

obturator internus is large and fan-shaped, not oval and small*.

The colic czeca, also, never exceed 13 inch in length, in which, as

well as all the above-mentioned characters, they differ from the

Thinocorine.

That Turnix and Thinocorus are not intimately related may be

1 P.Z.8. 1873, p. 33 et segq.

° For most instructive figures and descriptions of the skulls of Turnia and

Hemipodius see Prof. Parker's paper “On Aigithognathous Birds,” part i.,

Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. pl. liv. and p. 294.

8 Vide P. ZS. 1876, p. 195.

1877.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THINOCORUS AND ATTAGIS. 417

therefore considered certain, notwithstanding the partial resemblance

of their vomers.

Next with reference to Chionis. By De Blainville this genus has

been located close to Hematopus'; and his view has been accepted,

to a greater or less extent, by many. Nevertheless, although these

birds are both strictly schizorhinal, their skulls give indications of a

very different affinity. Hcmatopus possesses supraoccipital foramina,

as well as pterygoid articulations with the basisphenoid, togetner with

a bifid vomer, as represented in fig. 2. The similarly formed vomer is

extraordinarily broad in Recurvirostra avocetta, which is shown in

HT )

Anterior extremity of yomer in:—-1. Sterna hirundo; 2. Hematopus ostralegus ;

3. Numenius arquatus; 4, Recurvirostra avocetta ; 5. Chionis alba.

fig. 4, agreeing with the restricted Limicole ; whilst in Chionis the

vomer is blunt (fig. 5), and the basisphenoid rostrum, as well as the

pterygoids, are entirely free as far as articulating facets are con-

cerned. In the Bulletin of the United States National Museum? Dr.

E, Coues and Mr. Kidder, after a most careful study of the whole

anatomy of the genus, Chionis minor especially, remark, ‘“ We find

in Chionis a connecting link, closing the narrow gap between the

plovers and gulls of the present day. In our opinion this group

represents the survivors of an ancestral type from which both gulls

and plovers have descended”’s. A separate division,.termed Chio-

nomorphee, is established for them, comparable with the Gerano-

morphe and the Cecomorphe of Prof. Huxley*. My dissections of

both C. a/éa and C. minor are quite in favour of this Larine affinity.

That the genus deserves to be located in a separate division, however,

as Dr. Coues suggests, I cannot agree. The Cecomorphe of

Prof. Huxley include the Laride, Procellariide, Colymbide, and

Alcidee ; and it is now known that neither the Procellariidze nor Co-

lymbidze come near the Laride and Alcide, which two last-named

families are related one to the other most intimately, and differ from

one another to almost exactly the same amount as the Chionidide do

from either. I should place the Chionidide, the Laridz, and Alcidw

* Annales des Sciences Naturelles, vi. 1836, p. 97.

? No. 3, p. 85, Washington, 1876. 8 Lic. p. 114.

* P.Z.S8. 1867, p. 457.

Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1877, No. XXVII. 27

418 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ May 15,

in sequence as members of the Limicole’; and such being the case,

their intimate affinities with the Thinocorine scarcely need further

notice. The bifid vomer of Numenius arquatus, as shown in fig. 3,

p. 417, closely resembles that of most of the Limicole proper. The

vomer is always sharp-pointed in the Larinz, as in Sterna hirundo

(fig. 1, p. 417), with which Chionzs generally agrees.

In Cursorius and Glareola the vomer is not expanded laterally.

In them, however, there is an absence of pterygoid facets for articu-

lation with the basisphenoid rostrum, together with a general re-

semblance between their palates and those of the Thinocorine. In

their myology these genera do not differ in any essential -points from

Thinocorus and Attagis; and it is with these that I cannot help

thinking that Thinocorus and Attagis are most allied. Not in any

of these genera are the pair of supraoccipital foramina to be found,

which are present in nearly all the Charadriide and the Gruide.

May 15, 1877.

Prof. A. Newton, F.R.S., V..P, in the Chair.

The following report on the additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of April 1877 was read by the Secretary :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of April 1877 was 74, of which 28 were by

presentation, 16 by purchase, 5 by exchange, 8 by birth, and 17 were

received on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period by death and removals was 105.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. A Ceylon Fish-Owl (Ketupa ceylonensis), from Ceylon, pre-

sented April 4th by Capt. H. B. Turner. This fine Owl is new to

our published list, and has not been represented in the Gardens for

many years, though I believe we formerly had a living example of it.

2. A female Bohor Antelope ( Cervicapra bohor), transmitted by the

Sultan of Zanzibar, along with other animals, to the Prince of Wales,

and deposited by His Royal Highness in the Gardens on April 24th.

This Antelope is new to the Society’s collection.

3. A Pygmy Marmoset (Hapale pygmea), purchased April 27th,

and stated to have been obtained at Pebas, on the Upper Amazons.

No previous living example of this beautiful little Marmoset has, so

far as I am aware, reached Europe alive. ‘The iris is of a clear

reddish brown.

1 Vide P.Z.8. 1874, p. 123. Imay here mention that Dr. Coues’s account,

in the above-quoted paper, of the myology of Chionis minor is incomplete as far

as the varying muscles are concerned; and I may add that in both species the

ambiens muscle is of fair size, the external vastus covers the biceps cruris, the

femoro-caudal with its accessories and the semitendinosus with its accessories

are well developed. ‘The internal obturator is oval; and there isa slip from the

biceps humeri to the patagium. ‘There are two carotid arteries, and intestinal

ceeca 5 inches long in C. aléa, 6 inches in C. minor,

1877.) DR. F. DAY ON COREGONUS OXYRHYNCHUS. 419

Spix obtained his specimen at Tabatinga; Mr. E. Bartlett got a

single example on the Huallaga'; and Castelnau and Deville brought

home a series * from the Upper Amazons, but do not give the exact

locality.

4. 'Two specimens of the rare Yellow-throated Parrot, Caica xan-

thomera (G. R. Gray), which arrived along with the Pygmy Mar-

moset, also quite new to the collection.

Mr. Sclater made some remarks on the progress and condition of

the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Brussels,

and Ghent, which he had lately visited.

In Rotterdam he had seen a pair of the West-African Jackal de-

scribed and figured in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ (1870, p. 279,

pl. xxiii.) as Canis lateralis, and a fine specimen of Casuarius uni-

appendiculatus.

At Amsterdam Mr. Sclater had found the young male Hippopo-

tamus, born on the 3rd of August, 1876, in excellent heaith and

condition, and another young one expected shortly. Two examples,

nearly adult, of Caswarius uniappendiculatus were in the collection,

one of which Mr. Westerman has consented to part with to this

Society.

‘At Antwerp M. Vekemans was busy on the construction of a new

Lion-house, about 230 ft. long by 65 ft.—that is, of about the same

dimensions as the Society’s newly-constructed building.

A communication was read from Dr. G. 8. Brady, C.M.Z.S., con-

taining a memoir on the Fossil Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag.

This paper will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

1. Notice of the Capture of Coregonus oxyrhynchus in

Lincolnshire. By Francis Day, F.Z.S.

[Received May 7, 1877.]

Amongst a consignment of fresh fish received on April 17th, this

year, at Cheltenham, from Lincolnshire, I observed a Coregonus *,

along with some Smelts (Osmerus eperlanus). So far as I am aware,

Coregonus oxyrhynchus has not been previously recorded as either a

visitor to or resident along the coasts of Great Britain or Ireland.

The genus Coregonus has been divided into those forms having

(a) The lower jaw the longer,

(6) The upper jaw the longer.

Amongst those comprising this latter division, a soft prolongation

of the snout may be present or absent.

1 See P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 220.

2 See Casteln. and Dev., Exp. de l’Am. d. 8. Mamm. p. 20%, pl. v. figs. 1 & 2.

* The fishmonger assured me that there was a second example, which I did

not see.

420 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOsTOMUSs. [May 15,

The British species have been restricted to three (or perhaps

four), in none of which has the snout a soft conical prolongation.

The C. oayrhynchus belongs to the subdivision in which a soft

conical prolongation of the snout is present.

Coregonus oxyrhynchus.

The specimen I obtained is about 7 inches in length, and may be

briefly described as follows :—

Bie De P15, Veo; AS TS, HAO, Ee te

Length of head 5, of caudal fin 53, height of body 6 in the total

length. Eyes, diameter 42 in the length of the head, 13 diameter

from the end of snout, and 1% apart. Teeth absent from the jaws.

Fins, pectoral as long as the head excluding the snout. Scales, 73

rows between the lateral line and base of the ventral fin.

As this fish is found along the coasts and entering the fresh

waters of Holland, Germany, and Denmark, it is remarkable that it

has not been recorded from the east coast of England, as stragglers

are probably of no rare occurrence.

2. Notes on the Species of the Genus Batrachostomus inha-

biting the Indian Region. By Arruur, Marquis of

TwrEppaLe, F.R.S.

[Received May 15, 1877.]

(Plates XLV.-XLIX.)

The rarity in our collections of examples representing the different

members of the genus Batrachostomus in all their various states of

plumage, the want of field-collectors’ notes to elucidate the few that

do exist, the variability and intricacy of the markings by which they

are characterized, and consequent difficulty, more especially in the

males (?), of conveying by mere description, and even by coloured

drawings, an adequate conception of their distinctive external cha-

racters, have combined to retard our knowledge of the genus.

The group was unknown to the older zoologists ; and Dr. Hors-

SAWOLS

? YUADTTIINOWN

duit y2zeyuey

; 0407 wh ob bid ite

S Gail

[>]

1877.j THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 421

field was the first naturalist who described (1820), and afterwards

figured, one of its members, an inhabitant of Java—B. javensis.

Temminck soon afterwards (1823) described and figured another

species from Bencoolen, in Sumatra, obtained by Messrs. Diard and

Duvaucel, probably under the auspices of Sir Stamford Raffles ; and

a few years later (1830) Vigors made known the giant form of Su-

matra, B. auritus, sent to England among the collections of Sir

Stamford. In 1837 Mr. Gould added a fourth species, B. stellatus,

describing it as inhabiting Java. Dr. Jerdon, in his Second Supple-

ment to his ‘Catalogue of the Birds of Southern India’ (1845),

announced the discovery by Capt. Roberts of a representative of ihe

genus in Peninsular India,which, however, he never saw, and which up

to thisdate remains unidentified. Not many years elapsed before Blyth

(1847) published an account of a sixth species, obtained at Malacca

by Mr. Frith, B. affinis; and two years later he received from Dar-

jeeling the fragments of two nestlings, which he identified as belonging

to this species (/.c.). In Ceylon, Layard discovered and so added

another species to the list (which may or may not be the same as the

South-Indian form)—a species described by Blyth (1349) under

Layard’s title of B. moniliger. The whole of these six or seven

species were in rufous or rufous-brown plumage; but in 1850 Bona-

parte (/. 7. c.) made known the fact that each sex in one species at least

(B. javensis) wore a plumage peculiar to itself—a statement reiterated

in wider terms and confirmed by Prof. Schlegel (7. 7. c.) four years later.

This important fact did not deter Mr. G. R. Gray from describing in

1857 a bird in grey and brown mottled plumage obtained the year

before by Mr. Hodgson’s collectors at an elevation of some 3000 or

4000 feet behind Darjeeling, as belonging not only to a new species

but to a distinct genus—Otothriv hodgsoni.

From the year 1849 until the date of the visit of the ‘Challenger’

Expedition to the Philippines, the efforts of naturalists, while con-

siderably increasing and correcting our knowledge of the geographical

distribution of the Batrachostomi, had not made known any new

species. Mr. Blyth had already announced the occurrence of

B. auritus in Malacea; and Mr. Low has discovered it in Borneo.

Mr. Motley obtained B. cornutus at Banjarmassing, in Borneo.; and

the Marchese Doria found it at Sarawak. Tickell has figured and

described B. affinis from Burma ;* and Lieut. Wardlaw Ramsay dis-

covered the same species in the plumage of Otothrix hodgsoni on the

Karen-nee hills in that country. The range of B. stellatus has been

made to.include Malacca by Mr. Blyth’s researches, and extended to

Borneo (Sarawak) by Marchese G. Doria. Mr. Bourdillon has quite

recently discovered in Travancore examples of a species of the genus

which, while confirming Dr. Jerdon’s statement that one of its

members occurred in Southern India, may prove to be a distinct

form. And, lastly, the Philippine island Mindanao has been added

to the area of the genus (as restricted), by the discovery there made

by the naturalists of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition of a large species.

Examples of the genus, so far as at present recorded, therefore pre-

sent themselves in Ceylon, Southern India (Wynaad, Travancore),

422 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [May 15,

the vicinity of Darjeeling, Tung-goo and Karen-nee in Burma, Ma-

lacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Mindanao.

It was an @ priori and a natural inference of many ornithologists

that the bright-plumaged birds of the genus Batrachostomus must

be males, and the grey dull-coloured birds either females or imma-

ture examples, or else that they belonged to totally distinct species ;

for the Batrachostomi exhibit two very distinct phases of plumage—

the bright rufous or rufous bay (when adult), and the speckled,

spotted, and striated grey and brown and rufous brown dress. So

very different an aspect do individuals falling under either one or

other of these two phases assume, that it was long before some

authors suspected that they in fact belonged to the same species,

though to the opposite sexes. This conclusion cannot even now

be considered as placed beyond doubt (for the Frogmouths may

be dimorphic) ; and it is therefore proposed to state and examine

the evidence on which it rests. Bonaparte (Consp. i. p. 57. no. 2)

seems to have been the first writer who announced that in the case

of B. javensis the sexes differed; for he remarks (/. c.) :—‘*‘ Mas et

fem. inter se colore differunt uti Scops asio differt a Sc. neevia

auctorum.” But his simile leads to the inference that he thought

the rufous birds were males and the grey females. A few years later

Prof. Schlegel (J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 460) propounded the general and

more definite axiom that in all the Indian species of the genus

Podargus (Batrachostomus) the males are grey, the females rust-

coloured. At that time the Leyden Museum possessed examples of

two Asiatic species, identified by the Professor as B. parvulus (ex

Borneo and Malacca) and B. cornutus (ex Java, Sumatra, and

Borneo); and to these species must Professor Schlegel’s dictum be

restricted, doubtless founded on numerous examples with the sexes

determined by the Dutch collectors. Of B. parvulus (= B. affinis,

Blyth), ew Malacca and Borneo or Sumatra, I have not met with an

example, in either grey or rufous plumage, of which the sexes had

been determined by a competent collector. Yet, if B. affinis, Blyth,

is but a slightly smaller form of B. castaneus, Hume (ot which there

is little doubt), and consequently the rufous phase of Otothrix

hodgsoni, then there is some confirmatory evidence of Prof. Schlegel’s

opinion that the grey birds belong to the male sex. Examples of

B. cornutus, ex Sumatra and Borneo, in both plumages, with the

sexes determined, fortunately exist in England, and bear out the

Professor’s conclusions. In the British Museum is preserved an

example, ev Sumatra, in grey plumage, and marked as being of a

male by its collector, Mr. Wallace. Count Salvadori (J. c.) describes

a freckled rufous individual from Sarawak ; and the sex, as ascer-

tained by the collector, is stated to be female. Two pairs of this

species, collected in Banjarmassing by Motley, were examined by Mr.

Sclater ; and he observed (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 212) that “the sexes

are very different in colouring, the male being minutely freckled with

brown and black, and the female bright rufous. Horsfield’s figure

represents the female.’ As regards the remaining Asiatic ‘species

there is also some evidence on this point. A bright rufous example

1877.] THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 423

of B. moniliger, Layard, collected in Ceylon, by Mr. 8. Chapman

(mus. nostr.) is marked “sex, female.” A grey-brown speckled

bird of the same species, obtained at Ratnapura, in Ceylon, is marked

d by the collector, Mr. H. Nevil (mus. nostr.). Of two indivi-

duals belonging to the genus recently obtained in Travancore by

Mr. Bourdillon, and referred by Mr. Hume (J. c.) to B. moniliger,

Layard, one, in rufous plumage, said by Mr. Hume to agree with the

description of the Ceylon type, is marked female by the collector ;

the other, in grey-and-brown freckled and mottled plumage, is marked

amale. A single specimen of a new species from Mindanao, disco-

vered by the naturalists of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition, is in rufous-

brown striated plumage; and the sex is stated on the label to be

female. Lieut. Wardlaw Ramsay ascertained the sex of a Batracho-

stomus obtained by him on the Karen hills (5000 ft. elevation) to be

male; and this individual is in grey-and-brown mottled plumage,

hardly distinguishable from the type of Otothrix hodgsoni and from

grey-and-brown mottled examples of B. affinis, ev Malacca. Of B.

stellatus (=B. stictopterus, Cab.) I have never seen examples in

grey plumage. It is a common bird in Malaccan collections ; and I

have examined a great number of individuals. It has two phases of

plumage—bright rufous or rufous bay, and dark brown and rufous

brown. Younger birds possess either of these hues, but have the

upper plumage striated. Count Salvadori’s Latin description, taken

from three Sarawak individuals (one of which is labelled as being a

male), applies to the rufous-brown phase of dress; for he says,

“Supra rufo-brunneus.’ We might infer, therefore, that the

bright rufous dress belongs here again to the female ; but contro-

verting this conclusion is a Bornean example in bright rufous plumage,

collected by Mr. Everett (mus. nostr.), on the label of which the sex is

marked male. Of ten examples of the large B. auritus, ex Malacca

(mus. nosér.), five are in a rufous-coloured dress, and the other five

are strongly tinged with grey above and below. I cannot discover

that the sexes corresponding to these two phases of plumage’ have

ever been determined by collectors; but Mr. Gould (J. c.) conjec-

tured, some thirty-four years ago, that the rufous bird was the male,

and the greyer bird was either the female or the young—a conjecture

requiring confirmatory proof. With the exception of the male

symbol on Mr. Everett’s Bornean rufous example of B. stellatus, the

little reliable evidence on record favours Professor Schlegel’s genera-

lization. It must not be omitted to notice that Mr. Hume (Str. F.

ii, p. 349) has distinctly stated that “‘ Mr. Hodgson’s bird” (the type

of Otothrix hodgsoni) ‘was certainly an adult female, by dissec-

tion; but we are left without any evidence (besides Mr. Hume’s

statement) that this assertion is well founded; there is nothing on

the label of the type specimen relating to the sex. Judging from

the following more recent observation of Mr. Hume (op. cit. iv.

p- 378)—“ It is true that when I formerly wrote, I thought it (re-

lying on what Hodgson recorded) probable that hodgsoni was the

female, and castaneus the male,’—it would appear that Mr.

Hodgson had recorded that he had ascertained by dissection that

424 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUs. [May 15,

the bird on which Gray founded his Otothrix hodgsont was a

female. If this be so, the conclusion that the females of this species

are always rufous, and the males grey, is very much shaken ; and it

is most desirable that Mr. Hodgson’s own words should be made

known ; for the accuracy of zoological facts stated by Mr. Hodgson

may be said to be more than “‘probable.’’ Of the specimens of B.

crinitus, ec Gilolo and Batchian, with sex determined, the females

are in rufous plumage or rufous brown (B. psilopterus). The females

of other Papuan forms of Podargus appear also to be rufous, such as

P. ocellatus. It may be added that the white markings on the

nuchal, gular, and pectoral plumes and on the scapulars and wing-

coverts (where they occur) are very similar in adult birds of either

sex, B. moniliger in part excepted.

There is no evidence that the young, even nestlings, of both sexes

wear plumage of the same colour. On the contrary, from the little

that has been published on the subject, the young of the species

known have grey or rufous predominating from the first.

Of the two nestlings from Darjeeling identified by Blyth as be-

longing to B. afjinis, one is described as being “mainly of a light

chestnut hue, with nearly obsolete barred markings, and throwing

out deeper chestnut or light-bay feathers on the crown and shoulder

of the wing; while the other is profusely mottled throughout with

black on a pale ground, but faintly tinged with chestnut” (J. A.

S. B. 1849, p. 806). The nestling obtained along with the adult of

Otothrix hodgsoni (Mus. Brit.) isin pale rufous barred plumage. A

nestling of the Travancore bird discovered by Mr. Bourdillon is de-

scribed by Mr. Hume as a ‘little rufous brown ball” (Str. F. iv.

p- 380).

If it comes to be established that the adult females wear the

rufous dress, and the adult males the more sombre grey and brown

plumage, we shall have the fact that the females of the species be-

longing to the genus Batrachostomus are far more brightly coloured,

and therefore more conspicuous than the males. The white orna-

mental plumes, the erect, frontal, half-developed, crest-like feathers,

the true occipital crests, and the long hair-like auriculars are equally

prominent in adults of both sexes, species by species, the white sca-

pulars in the B.-auritus group excepted. But the fact will remain

that the bright colouring belongs to the females. It isa coincidence,

though perhaps nothing more, that all seven were first made known

from rufous examples.

The genus Batrachostomus was formed by Mr. Gould (Icones Av.

il. p. 13) for the reception of P. auritus, Vigors. Captain Hay

three years later (J. A. S. B. 1841, p. 573) also proposed to make

the same species the type of a genus which he called Bombycistomus.

It is difficult to detect any external characters sufficiently definite to

warrant the removal of B. auritus, or any of the other Asiatic Ba-

trachostomi, from the older genus Podargus. Mr. G. R. Gray

(P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 101) created a separate genus under the title

Otothrix, mainly relying on the long hairy auriculars, for the re-

ception of the species obtained near Darjeeling by Mr. Hodgson. All

1877.| THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 425

the external generic characters given by Mr. G. R. Gray for Oto-

thriz belong to every other Asiatic species of Batrachostomus in a

greater or lesser degree ; and it seems unnecessary to retain the title.

That of Batr eho dated I only hesitate to surrender because I have

not had an opportunity of- sufficiently studying all the species of

Podargus as restricted. B. crinitus, it any species, perhaps deserves

generic separation, on account of its ‘long naked tarsus and weak bill.

The following diagnostic table may perhaps assist the identifica-

tion of the species known to inhabit the Indian region.

Females, adult uniform rufous, young rufous much striated

with brown. Males with mottled, freckled, spotted, striated, grey,

brown, tawny, and rufous-brown plumage, or uniform brown. upper

plumage. A white or else tawny-white nuchal collar in adults of

both sexes.

A. 2. Wing-coverts unspotted with white.

Gular collar, pectoral and scapulary

plumes white.

g. Wing-coverts with white or tawny

white terminal spots or bands.

1. 2. Major; white extending to

centre of throat ; 2 38 B. cornutus.

= >

Sumatra, Borneo:

2. 2. Minor; white extending to |

centre of throat ; oe ae 12 } B. javensis.

a.) Ondeseribed "3 t8 2. 8

Java.

3. 2. White throat, plumes con-

fined to the gular collar;

Sane Bete eas «0 « we ones B. uffinis.

3. White extending to centre of

throat ; gape 1°12..

Malacca, Burma, Darjeeling.

B. 2. Wing-coverts with conspicuous termi-

nal white spots. No white gular

pectoral or abdominal plumes.

3. ” ” 2”

4; 9 “Rufous; gape 1°31 .:.... |

¢. Brown or dark rufous-brown B. stellatus.

above; gape 1°31 ......

Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra.

C. 2. Wing-coverts with conspicuous termi-

nal white spots. White gular, pec-

toral, and abdominal plumes. Sca-

pulars rufous.

¢. Wing-coverts, gular, pectoral, and

abdominal plumes as in female.

426 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUsE. [{ May 15,

5. 2. Major; scapulars with large }

terminal black spots, tipped

white; white gular and |

pectoral plumes rudimen-

tary ; feathers of the head

mostly tipped fulvous; > B. auritus.

BENS PP) AG oo no NGA Te

3. Above and below tinged grey;

scapulars tawny grey, finely

striated with brown ; gape

225 bis Sepa Wel eetle be

Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo.

6. 2. Minor; scapulars without

black and white terminal

Spots SApPe LOZ uisjcccen

Gis: Unknown jy eps hays dss saycliseaotenape

Mindanao.

7. 9. Scapulars with a minute ter-

minal black dot, tipped

ite : 25 1

white gape Me25:ij.15. B. inoniliger.

B. sp. nov.

3. Scapulars white and rufous

white, minutely striated

with brown; gape 1°25.. J)

Ceylon.

Females, at least in some species, seem to betray immaturity by

having their rufous plumage traversed by dark irregular strise and

by the white markings of the adult being ill-defined and not pure in

colour; males by having the white nuchal and gular collar-plumes

indistinct, undeveloped, and sullied by tawny. Some importance has

been attached to the fact that in occasional examples of the genus the

maxilla is found to overlap the mandibula. But this appearance

seems to be owing to the imperfect preparation of the skin.

BATRACHOSTOMUS AFFINIS. (Plate XLV.)

Podargus stellatus, Gould, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1845, p. 209.

Batrachostomus affinis, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1847, p. 1180, ‘*Ma-

lacca ;”’ Blyth, op. cit. 1849, p. 806, juv. ; ¢. e. p. 807, adult,

Podargus affinis, Blyth, Cat. Cale. Mus. p. 81. n. 405 (1849).

Batrachostomus parvulus (Temm.), Bp. Consp. Av. i. p. 57

(1850), 2.

Podargus parvulus, Schlegel, J. fir O. 1856, p. 460, “ Borneo,

Malacca; Handleiding d. Dierk. i. p. 224, ‘‘ Borneo, Malacca”

1857).

‘ eee hodgsoni, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 101, t. clii. (27).

Otothrix hodgsoni, G. R. Gray, Jerdon, B. India, i. p. 190

1862).

: Podargus javanensis, Horsf., Tickell, Indian Ornithology, vii. p. 8,

nec Horsf.

Batrachostomus moniliger, Blyth, Tickell, op. cit. t. 1, ‘‘ near

Toung-ngoo, Burma,” zee Blyth.

”

1877.| THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 427

Batrachostomus castaneus, Hume, St. F. ii. p. 349 (1874),

“neighbourhood of Darjeeling” (9?) ; op. cit. 1876, p. 376.

Batrachostomus hodgsoni (G. R. Gray), Walden, J. A. 8. B. 1875,

pt. ii. ex. no. p. 83. no. 162, “‘ Karen-nee, at 6000 feet,” ¢.

Batrachostomus affinis, Blyth, Walden, ¢. c. p. 84.

Batrachostomus affinis, Blyth, Walden, Ibis, 1876, p. 355.

B. castaneus, Hume, Blanford, Ibis, 1877, p. 251.

Hab. Malacca, Burma, Darjeeling, Borneo (?), Sumatra (?)

B. parvulus is stated by Professor Schlegel (Handleid. /. ec.) to in-

habit Borneo and Malacca; but at page 479, index to the plates,

no. 15, it is given as from Sumatra also. The bird represented, how-

ever, seems to belong to B. stellatus. An example of a young Ba-

trachostomus (rufous plumage) is contained in the British Museum,

and labelled ‘“‘ Sumatra,” which may belong to B. affinis, as it cor-

responds well with the young example er Malacca (mus. nostr.)

below described. But the young bird in rufous plumage is exceed-

ingly difficult to distinguish from the young bird of B. cornutus

when the latter has not arrived at dimensions equal to or greater than

B. affinis adult ; and its resemblance to B. jacensis will be probably

found to be still closer.

Of the specific identity of B. affinis with Otothrix hodgsoni there

is some concurrence of testimony. Fragments of two specimens

from Darjeeling were enumerated by Blyth (Cat. Calc. Mus. no.

405, B, C) under B, affimis, but stated to be “ ofa nearly allied but

distinct species.” This opinion Blyth subsequently modified the

same year ; for in his “ Supplemental note to the Catalogue” (J. A.

S. B. 1849, p. 806. no. 405) he remarked, “ In a collection made at

Darjeeling we found the heads, wings, and tails of two specimens of

what we now consider to be the young of this species’’ (B. affinis).

Lieutenant Wardlaw Ramsay’s example of Otothrix hodgsoni was

obtained in the vicinity of the district from which Colonel Tickell

received an example of B. affinis in rufous plumage. Malaccan ex-

amples of B. affinis in the dress of Otothrix hodgsoni occur as fre-

quently as the rufous bird; and Mr. Hume (J/.c.) has described a

specimen of his B. castaneus, ex Darjeeling, in a plumage that agrees

with that of O. hodgsoni. Mr. Hume almost admits that B. cas-

taneus vepresents a phase or a sex of O. hodgsoni. Both Jerdon

and Blyth in later years strongly suspected that O. hodgsoni repre-

sented a phase of B. affinis. In the dimensions of the wings and

tail the birds at the northern limit of the range (Sikim) exceed those

at the southern (Malacca), while the width of gape remains constant.

No. 1, @ (?) adult, ex Malacca (mus. nostr.) (Pl. XLV.). Head,

elongated occipital crest-plumes, back, uropygium, upper tail-coverts,

scapulars, minor and’ major wing-coverts, exposed upper surface of

secondaries, and tertiaries, throat, sides of neck, breast, abdomen,

ventral region, and flanks pure bright rufous ; chin, forehead, and

supercilium tawny rufous. The elongated auriculars tawny rufous

and tipped blackish brown. The abdomen and exposed surface of

secondaries and tertiaries of a somewhat paler shade than the back.

Throat-plumes with a white open transverse V-mark towards the tips,

428 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [May 15,

which are bright rufous; above the white mark a narrow dark brown

line which separates the white of the V-mark from the white bases of

the lateral webs, these forming a narrow white margin to the shaft,

which is white ; below the white V-mark another dark brown sepa-

rating line, remainder of the webs grey or greyish brown : with each

feather the extent and outline of the white markings slightly varies ;

but taken together a white irregular demicollar is formed, which is

partly concealed by the rufous tips of its constituent feathers.

Springing from below this collar and from the sides of the upper

breast are many elongated bright rufous plumes, bearing a pure

white ocellum about the middle of each. These ocelli are separated

from the rufous colour of each feather by a narrow but distinct dark

brown encircling line. Below these breast-feathers is another series

traversing the lower breast and upper abdomen ornamented in a

similar manner ; but the spots are larger, and elongated rather than

round, and on each side of the shaft above the drop the webs at

their base are white ; the white spots on the lower abdominal fea-

thers are fewer in number, smaller in size, and more irregular in form.

As on the throat, all these white markings are much concealed by the

overlapping of the rufous tips and margins. Some of the scapulars

have a long bold white centre, separated from the rufous by a nar-

row dark brown line. On the shorter scapulars the white mark is

small ; and on the longer scapulars the white only occupies the outer

half of the feather. Several of the nuchal feathers are traversed by

a pure white band, which is bounded above and below by a narrow

dark brown line, the tips of the feathers being rufous. The unex-

posed inner webs of all the quills are uniform brown above, paler

underneath. The outer webs of the primaries are pale rufous, with a

few narrow transverse brown marks. Excepting the first and second

primaries the pale rufous colour of the outer webs continues round

the tips of the quills onto the inner webs, slightly increasing in ex-

tent with each quill. Underneath, the outer webs are also pale

rufous, the brown marks hardly showing through. The shafts above

are rufous brown, below pale rufous or yellowish rufous. The ground-

colour of the rectrices is a dull rufous, of a somewhat darker hue than

that of the tertiaries. They are traversed at almost equal intervals

by a series of some seven or eight obscure ill-defined darker rufous

or brownish-rufous bands, margined above and below by a narrow

irregular zigzag darker brown line. On the outer rectrices these dark

lines are broader, and the interspaces are darker brown. The basal

half of the inner webs of the rectrices (middle pair excepted) is cut

into with white or tawny white. The short outermost pair have a

white or tawny spot on both webs and another higher up. The

second outer pair have two tawny white marks on the outer web.

Under surface of rectrices pallid rufous, the dark bands showing

through. Under tail-coverts yellowish white, some tipped and

otherwise marked with rufous. Thigh-coverts tawny. Axillaries

grey tipped with rufous. Under wing-coverts mixed grey, rufous,

and tawny white. ‘The stiff elongated narial and frontal bristles

are tawny rufous tipped black. The bill is massive and typical.

1877.) THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 429

Ist quill a little more than two-thirds the length of the 2nd, which

is 2 of an inch shorter than the 3rd ; the 4th exceeds the 3rd by about

g and is slightly shorter than the 5th, which is longest. The

tarsus is naked behind, but feathered anteriorly for about a quarter

of its length. The three middle pairs of rectrices are about equal in

length ; the fourth pair are somewhat shorter ; the fifth pair are about

half the length; and the outer pair are almost rudimentary. Win

4-62, tail 4°75, tarsus 0°43, middle toe 0°50, bill from forehead 0°88,

width of gape 1°12.

No. 2, 2 (?) not quite adult (?). Colonel Tickell (7. c.) described and

figured a species of Batrachostomus from near Toung-ngoo, in Burma,

which belongs to B. affinis. It is in rufous plumage, the feathers of

the head, upper back, and scapulars being vermiculated transversely

with black. No mention is made of a white nuchal band ; nor is such

a character indicated in the plate. Still this character might be

easily overlooked in some skins; and Tickell described from a dried

specimen. The description is of sufficient importance to be published,

and is as follows:—‘ Iris sepia’. Bill fleshy horn, Legs horn.

Head, upper back, and scapulars bright umber, shaded ferruginous

on back and mingled with greyish on scapulars, the whole vermi-

culated crossways, black. Outer webs of two or three longest sca-

pulars white, bordered with black. Tertials clouded brown, ferrugi-

nous and grey, with black vermiculations. _Wing-coverts rusty

vinous, broadly vermiculated black. Secondaries and primaries,

outer webs chesnut-rusty, with broken narrow bars of black. Inner

webs sepia. Tips of primaries pale and mottled. Tail cinnamon-

brown, shaded grey marginally and vermiculated black, and crossed

with five paler bars (not joining the shafts), subterminal series (sic).

The bars are edged black and obscurely vermiculated. All under-

parts from bill vinous rusty, with a group of white black-margined

patches on throat, and another across bottom of breast, below which

the colour is paler and broken with rusty and dusky irregular bars ;

this extends to lower tail-coverts. Lower back and upper tail-coverts

as back. A pale tawny supercilium. Lining of wings whitish.

Length 9 inches. Wing 4-3. Tail 43, of which beyond body 23.

Bill 3. Tarsus ;9;. Middle toe 3.”

This description refers to the rufous phase, when the upper plu-

mage is traversed and vermiculated by narrow brown lines, while

otherwise the bird exhibits the adult markings.

No. 3, 2 (?) young, ex Malacca (mus. nostr.). Chin and upper

throat tawny white ; rest of throat tawny rufous, feathers tipped brighter

rufous and with distinct indications of white ocelli. Upper breast

the same. Lower breast-feathers tawny white, with rufous margins

(somewhat as in B. stellatus, 2 adult). No traces of the pure white

drops on the lower pectoral plumes. Abdomen, ventral region,

and under tail-coverts sordid white, with traces of pallid rufous.

Frontal band and supercilium tawny rufous. Crown and occipital

crest-plumes as in adult. White nuchal collar distinctly indicated,

1 The colour of the iris must have been stated to, and not observed by, Colonel

Tickell.

430 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUSs, [May 13,

the white of the band not being pure. Back and uropygium dark

rufous, traversed by narrow black irregular lines. Upper tail-coverts

pale rufous, striated with black or brown. A few scapulars showing

indications of the white markings of the adult. The rufous part of

all the the quills with distinct, transverse, irregular black lines.

Rectrices as in adult ; but the paler rufous intervals are round, and

do not touch the shafts. Sides of the neck creamy white. No

lengthened auricwlars. Wing 4°50, tail 4:12, bill from forehead 0°81,

width of gape 0°88.

The example here described seems to be of a nestling female

passing over to the intermediate finely striated phase. It is full of

blood-feathers. An example, er Sumatra (Mus. Brit.) is in similar

plumage.

No. 4, ¢ (?) adult, Malacca (mus. nostr.). General aspect grey,

greyish white, greyish rufous, rufous brown, with a white nuchal collar,

white-marked scapulars, white throat and pectoral plumes. Frontal

plumes tawny at their insertion, tipped and marked with brown, a

bold buff supercilium, edged above with a series of buff feathers with

brown tips and freckles. Crown-feathers greyish, with dark brown

tips and small tawny-white marks on the margins of the webs of

some. lLengthened auriculars tawny white the greater part of their

length, freckled with brown, and tipped dark brown. Occipital crest

like the crown-feathers, but tinged with rufous at their extremities,

forming with the upper nape-feathers an obscure rufous-tinged collar.

A conspicuous nuchal collar formed by a series of feathers which,

pale rufous tawny grey at their insertion, are, lower down, traversed

by a narrow brown zigzag line, then by a narrow band of pure tawny

rufous, which is separated by a second irregular brown transverse line

from a broad pure white band, which, in its turn, is bounded by a

black terminal border to the feather, in some freckled with tawny.

Interscapulars grey, with a rufous tinge, minutely freckled with brown,

some with black, terminal small spots. Back the same, but less

rufous, and with fewer black terminal dots, Upper tail-coverts

rufous, with tawny dots and brown freckles. Some scapulars pure

white, with a black terminal spot and a narrow margin (in parts) of

black ; near insertion a few zigzag pale brown markings. Several

other scapulars with inner webs grey, freckled with brown, outer

webs being pure white, narrowly bordered with dark brown, and

having terminal black spots. Other scapulars pure white traversed

sparsely with fine irregular greyish brown lines. Minor and major

wing-coverts brown, with rusty margins and having a mottled rusty

and brown aspect. Many of the major coverts with pure white ter-

minal spots. White and tawny minute terminal spots on many of

the other wing-coverts. Tertiaries brown, minutely freckled with

pale grey wavy fine lines, tinged with tawny rufous in places. Some

with white or greyish white terminal spots. Primaries with the inner

webs pale brown ; outer brown, marked with rusty and indented with

white or tawny white. Tips of primaries (1st and 2nd excepted)

mottled with tawny rust-colour. Avxillaries grey, tipped pure white.

Under wing-coverts creamy white, mingled here and there with brown.

1877.| THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 431

Chin and throat-feathers white at their roots, with tawny tips, the

produced hair-like shafts being brown, and narrow brown lines cross-

ing some of the feathers. On the centre of the throat and reaching

to the breast a patch of white feathers, each with a subterminal, irre-

gular, brown, narrow transverse line, and in some, higher up the

feather, a second V-shaped line. The white throat-plumes border-

ing the upper breast with a broader dark-brown or black terminal

band. Separating the group of white throat-plumes from the upper

breast is a series of brown feathers freckled with rusty, and all with

more or less white along the basal half of the shaft. These are fol-

lowed by a series of pectoral pure white plumes with either black

terminal margins or black margins freckled with pale rusty. Many

are traversed with two irregular brown narrow lines. These pectoral

plumes are succeeded by pure white abdominal feathers, traversed by

two narrow V-shaped pale-brown or tawny-brown lines, the terminal

margins being white or fulvous. The flank-feathers have much the

same character. The ventral feathers and.under tail-coverts are white,

some of the latter traversed with dilute brown markings. [ectrices

pale grey, tinged tawny and profusely freckled with transverse, mi-

nute, irregular lines. Six or seven pale irregularly circumscribed

quasi-bands cross the rectrices, but without quite touching the shafts.

These bands are minutely dotted with pale brown, and margined

above and below with a distinct brown line. Penultimate outer pair

broadly indented on both webs with pure white. Shafts above pale

ruddy brown, below tawny white. Rectrices below appear pale grey-

ish brown, banded with pallid tawny. Rectrices tipped brown. The

long narial bristles are black. The bill is as in the rufous bird.

Upper fourth of anterior side of the tarsus is feathered. Wing 462,

tail 5, tarsus 0°5, middle toe 0°62, bill from forehead 1, width of

gape 1°12.

No. 5, o (2) adult, ex Malacca (mus. nostr.). This example closely

resembles the one above described, but has the plumage of the head

of a darker brown. The whole back with a more decided dark rufous

tinge. The pale caudal bands more regular in outline and running

right across the feathers, and the darker and broader interspaces

more rufous brown. Wing 4°75, tail 5, bill from forehead 0:9,

width of gape 1:18.

No. 6, ¢ (?) not quite adult (?), ex Malacca (mus. nostr.). In

gencral tone of colour this example closely resembles No. 4. The

auricular plumes are fully developed, and the bill is that of an adult ;

but the white nuchal collar is only indicated by a few feathers, and

might be overlooked. The scapulars exhibit white all over or only

on the outer webs; the white on the throat-plumes is more irregu-

larly distributed, while the pure white small spots on the major wing-

coverts are more abundant. The rectrices resemble those of No. 2.

Wing 4°5, tail 4°62, bill from forehead 0-9, width of gape 1:16.

An example (mus. nostv.) marked East Africa (!) only differs from

the foregoing by all the quills being indentated on their outer webs

with pure rufous without any white.

No.7, 3 (fide Wardlaw Ramsay) ex Karennee, at 6000 feet eleva-

432 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUs. [ May 15,

tion (specimen referred to under the title of Otothrix hodgsoni, in

Blyth’s B. Burma, J. c.). This example has the general aspect of the

three last described. The back has the rufous tinge of No. 5; but

the white-banded nuchal feathers are not more apparent thanin No. 6.

The seapulars are coloured and marked as in the others; but on one

or two of the tectrices, near the end, on either web, is a pure white

spot. The white and the tawny rufous pectoral feathers are, here

and there, tipped with a darker brown. The tail-feathers are marked

as in examples 5 and 6; but the general tone is a shade more rufous

or rusty. The markings on the quills are somewhat more rufous

than in either of the Malaccan birds. On the whole it is impossible

to discern any character which differentiates this example from the

other three, more decided than the small differences that distinguish

each of the three Malaccan individuals from one another. Some of

the dimensions, however, are greater. Wing 5:0, tail 5°5, tarsus

0°62, middle toe 0°75, bill from forehead 0°93, width of gape 1°12.

The graduation of the quills and rectrices is as in the others, and

the tarsus as much, but not more feathered. The bill is as powerful.

The iris is stated by Lieutenant W. Ramsay to he marbled buff, bill

light madder, legs the same tinged with violet. The auricular

plumes are not more developed than in Malaccan examples.

3 No. 8, (7), neighbourhood of Darjeeling. Type of Otothrix

hodgsoni, G. R. Gray. The whole of the feathers of the head are much

darker brown than in the foregoing ; each plume has a pair of fulvous

subterminal spots, one on the outer margin of either web. These

fulvous markings are very regular. Scapulars are all white or only so

on the outer webs, some with broad black subterminal bands.

Nuchal collar-plumes fulvous near the shaft, each terminated with

a broad brown or black fringe, above which a broad white band,

bounded by a narrow brown line. Dorsal plumage mixed rufous,

brown, and black. Ground-colour of the caudal bands warm rufous

and pale grey alternating, and all traversed with brown zigzag lines.

The rufous bands are about double the breadth of the grey. The

gular collar-plumes are white along the shaft ; a brown transverse line,

then a broad white band followed by a narrow brown terminal band

fringed with fulvous. The most part of the pectoral and abdominal

feathers are white with black subterminal triangular drops tipped

white. Two outer pairs of rectrices indented with pure white on

outer margin. Wing coverts brown with rufous marginal markings ;

greater coverts tipped with white drops. Wing5:l, tail 5.3, gape

1:1. Tarsus covered anteriorally a quarter of its length.

No. 9, nestling. (Hodgson, Mus. Brit.). Above pale rufous, each

feather with a subterminal straight brown transverse narrow band.

White scapulars indicated. Below white, with a pale tawny brown

transverse band on each feather. Gape 0:7.

BaTRACHOSTOMUS CoRNUTUS. (Plate XLVI.).

Podargus cornutus, Temm. Pl. Col. 159, “‘ Bencoolen, Sumatra ”’

(July 26, 1823).

1877.] THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 433

Batrachostomus javensis (Horsf.), Sclater, P. Z.S. 1863, p. 211,

‘* Banjarmassing, Borneo.”

Batrachostomus javanensis (Horsf.), Salvadori, Uce. Borneo,

p- 112, 9, “Sarawak”? (1874); Walden, J. A. S. B. 1875, pt. ii.

extra no. p. 84, ‘‘ex Sumatra.”

Hab. Sumatra, Borneo.

Doria, according to Salvadori, 7. c., notes the iris of the female,

ex Sarawak, as being light yellow (giallo chiaro).

In the British Museum is preserved an example of B. cornutus, in

rufous plumage, from Banjarmassing, identical with an example

obtained by Mr. Buxton in South-east Sumatra. The national col-

lection also possesses examples from Sumatra, from Banjarmassing,

and from Labuan, in grey spotted and striated plumage, which vary

but slightly from one another. Podargus cornutus is the title sub-

stituted by Temminck for that of P. javensis, Horsf., in the belief

that the Javan and Sumatran species were identical, on account of

Horsfield’s designation giving too restricted an idea of the geo-

graphical distribution of the species. ‘I'he bird figured and described

by Temminek (J. c.), however, is not in the absolute grey or

mottled plumage of the male bird, but rather in the darker rufous-

brown phase of the female, when the upper plumage is marked with

fine narrow irregular transversal black markings. Dr. Jerdon (J. ¢.)

treated P. cornutus, as figured in Shaw’s General Zoology (xiii.

pt. 2, p. 92, t. 41), as belonging to a species distinct trom B.

javanensis, Horsf. Shaw’s engraving was copied from Temminck’s

plate (/. c.).

No. 1, 2 (?) adult (?) ex Lampong district, S. E. Sumatra (mus.

nostr.). General colour pale clear rufous, somewhat paler than in B.

affinis 2 adult, the description of which species will more or less apply

to this kind in almost every respect but size. But the wings and tail

are of a pale rufous-buff rather than rufous. The throat-feathers

are nearly all white, and are without any transverse brown lines.

Below they are bordered with a brown line, and then fringed with

rufous. Many more of the pectoral feathers have white centres ; and

these are all more elongated than round on the upper breast. Most

of the flank-feathers are largely centred with white, which does not

seem to be the case in B. affinis, ex Malacca. The white markings,

from being more numerous and larger, are much more conspicuous

on the under surface than in B. affinis ; and they reach to the vent.

The greater wing-coverts are also faintly tipped with pale albescent

dots, The elongated auricular plumes are rufous to the tips and

not brown. Wing 5°50), tail 5°37, tarsus 0°68, middle toe 0°75,

bill from forehead 1°12, width of gape 1-38. A few feathers on the

anterior surface of tarsus.

No. 2, 2 (?) adult, ex Banjarmassing (Mus. Brit.) closely resembles

the Lampong female (?), but has the gular plumes differently marked.

They are white on both sides of the shaft; an irregular transverse

brown line crosses the feathers when the down ceases, followed by a

white or fulvous white band, which is bordered below by a brown

transverse line, below which is a broad white band finally margined

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXVIII. 28

434 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [May 15,

with brown. A. few feathers on the tarsi. Wing 5°30, width of

gape 1°30. Other dimensions as in Lampong example.

No. 3, 2 (2) young, an immature example of B. cornutus in rufous

dress, ex Banjarmassing, in the British Museum, is almost entirely of

a pale isabelline-rufous, freckled with dark irregular transverse

zigzag lines. Here and there, especially on the head, the uniform

rufous feathers of the older stage have come in, and also a few of

the white scapular, nuchal, and pectoral plumes. The mandibles are

weak, evidently not full-grown ; but the width of the gape is equal

to that of B. afinis when adult, and the wing is longer than in that

species, otherwise it would be difficult to determine to which species

it belongs. Wings 5°10, tail 4-60, width of gape 1°10.

No.4, ¢ (?) adult (?), ex Banjarmassing (Motley, mus. nostr.). (PI.

XLVI.) Were it not for the larger dimensions, a more massive bill, and

a wider gape, it would be most difficult to distinguish this bird from

males of B. afinis as above described. Iam unable to state any

feature of its plumage whereby it can be distinguished, other than its

having a broad nuchal collar consisting of several tiers of plumes,

fulvous-brown at their insertion, crossed by an obsolete brown line,

then a fulvous band, followed by a parallel brown line, then a white

band, bounded by a third brown line, then another white band edged

on either side with a fulvous terminal fringe and tipped with a black

drop. The upper plumes of the series want some of these details

which characterize the lowest tier of feathers. The ground-colour

of the rectrices is perhaps more rufous brown than pale grey, tinged

with tawny as in B. affinis. Wing 5°25, tail 5°0, tarsus 0°65, middle

toe 0°75, bill from forehead 1°12, width of gape 1:38. Tarsus

naked. This and the following are the two males referred to by

Mr. Sclater (JU. c.).

No. 5, d (2) adult, ex Banjarmassing (Motley, Mus. Brit.). Wing

5°20, gape 1°40, other dimensions as above ; and the plumage offers

no points of difference. Tarsus naked.

No. 6,3 (2) adult, ex Labuan (Lowe, Mus. Brit.). In this example

thereis scarcely atrace of rufouscolouring. The colours of the plumage

are brown, black, grey, and white. The colour of the rectrices is a

pale grey, the dark transverse bands being formed by the greater

number and density of the brown zigzag lines and markings. ‘These

bands are not all more or less parallel to one another, but narrow

almost to a point inwards to the shaft. Wing 5:40, gape 1°35,

Tarsus naked.

No.7, ¢ adult, ex Sumatra (Wallace, Mus. Brit.). Has the general

aspect of the Bornean examples and of those of B. afinis ¢. The

wing-coverts are brown with rufous markings. The white nuchal

collar-plumes are tipped with large black triangular drops. Pectoral

plumes (other than the white) rufous lineated with brown, The

caudal bands have alternately a grey ground and a rufous ground

strangely contrasting, both traversed (but not unequally) with

numerous zigzag brown lines. These bands are parallel. Wing 5°20,

gape 1°35. Tarsus naked,

1877.] THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 435

BaTRACHOSTOMUS JAVENSIS.

Podargus javensis, Horsf. Tr. L. 8. xiv. p. 141, “ Java,” (1820).

Podargus javanensis, Horsf. Zool. Res. Java (1830) '.

Batrachostomus javanensis, Horsf., G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, i.

p. 45 (1846).

Batrachostomus javensis, Horsf., Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1847, p- 1680,

partim.

Podargus javanensis, Horsf., Blyth, Cat. Cale. Mus. p- 81. no.

404, “ex Java,” 3 (1849); conf. Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 190, sub

Otothrix hodgsoni.

Batrachostomus javanensis, Uorsf., Bp. Consp. i. p. 57 (1850)

partim.

Batrachostomus javensis, Horsf., Moore, Cat. E.I. C. Mus. i.

p. 112, “Java” (1854), type.

Podargus javanensis, vel cornutus, Schlegel, Handleid. d. Dier-

kunde, i. p. 224, “Java, Sumatra, Borneo”’ (1857), partim.

Batrachostomus javanensis, Bp., Bernstein, J. fiir O. 1860,

p- 428, “* Java.”

Batrachostomus javanensis, Horsf., Walden, J. A. S. B. 1875,

pt. ex. no. p. 84, “ex Java.”’

Hab. Java.

Bernstein (/. c.), who gives an account of the nesting of the Java

bird, states that the iris is pure sulphur-yellow. Careful examina-

tions of an authentic Javan example in rufous plumage (mus.

nostr.), though lacking all the rectrices, has led me to doubt the

specific identity of typical B.javensis with Sumatran and Bornean in-

dividuals. he bill, on comparison, is less massive, and the gape

narrower. The dimension of the wing and tarsus are less. Hors-

field’s type specimen still exists, but in a deplorable condition, in

the India Museum at South Kensington. With the exception of

one or two broken rectrices and a few scattered plumes, the whole

of the webs have been destroyed by the moth. Yet enough of the

type remains to show that the width of the gape, the form of the

bill, and the dimensions of the wing and tarsus agree with my

authentic Javan example ; and I feel therefore justified in separating

the Sumatran and Bornean species from that inhabiting Java. Still

they are but representative forms of one another, and along with B,

affinis constitute a small characteristic group. ‘

2 (2) not in quite perfect plumage (?), ex Java (mus. nostr.).

Bright rufous or chestnut. Lengthened auriculars brown for the

greater part of their length. Frontal long imperfect plumes brown,

almost black. A yellow, chestnut-tinged supercilium. Feathers

before the eye pale rufous-yellow at base, with a transverse rufous

or else brown line near the tips, which are bright rufous. A series

of nuchal plumes pale rufous white, then an irregular transverse

rufous brown narrow bar, followed by a broad white band, ter-

1 This is the date on the titlepage of the complete work ; but it is evident, from

Temminck’s remarks (Pl. Col. 159, sub P. cornutus), that the part, no. 2, in

which the plate appeared must have been published in the year ie or earlier,

436 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [May 15,

minated with rufous-brown. Shorter scapulars white-centred to-

wards the end, the white being separated from the rufous edging

bya brown mark. Longer scapulars with all the outer webs and a

small part of the inner, near the shaft, white, which cclour is more

or less enclosed by a brown or rufous-brown irregular line, edged

with rufous, inner webs rufous. Chin tawny rufous. A patch of

feathers commencing at the middle of the throat, and expanding

lower down the throat, pure white and rufous-white, each feather

being traversed by an ill-defined narrow pale-brown line; a brown

subterminal line fringed with rufous. Many of the concealed pec-

toral feathers marked ina similar manner, but without the transverse

narrow line. Longer pectoral plumes whity brown, edged with a

rufous fringe. Back and abdominal feathers paler rufous, centred with

white, and with an outer white terminal double or single spot, or with

outer webs only white. Ventral region pale tawny-rufous. Quills

tufous-brown, outer webs pale rufous, with faint brown marking.

Wing-coverts uniform chestnut-colour. Under wing-coverts pale

rufous faintly barred with brown. Wing 4.85, tarsus 0°50, middle

toes 0°68, bill from forehead 0°87, width of gape 1°12.

The tarsus is not feathered much below the knee ; otherwise the

structure is normal. In Horsfield’s type the dimensions are, wing

5°75, tarsus 0°50, width of gape 1°12, bill from forehead 0°87.

The male has not been described, nor have I succeeded in meeting

with an example; but if Prince Buonaparte had autbentic Javan

individuals before him, we may infer from the passage above quoted

(/. c.) that it possesses the grey and brown mottled plumage of B.

cornutus and B. affinis. Indeed, if the specimen in the Calcutta

Museum, described by Dr. Jerdon (/. c.) really came from Java,

there can be no doubt on the point. Dr. Jerdon even states that

this specimen was ‘barely (if indeed at all) distinguishable from

Otothrix hodgsoni.” It may even be doubted whether B. affinis

can be considered distinct from B. javensis ; but there appears to be

a discrepancy in the dimensions, and the white on the throat in B.

affinis seems to be restricted to the gular collar.

BaTRACHOSTOMUS STELLATUS. (Plate XLVII.)

Podargus stellatus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 43, “Java” (?).

Batrachostomus javensis (Horsf.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1847, p.

1181, partim, nee Horsf.

Podargus javanensis, Horsf., Blyth, Cat. Cale. Mus. p. 81, no.

404 partim, “ Avis juv. ex Malacca,” nec Horsf. (1848).

Batrachostomus javanensis (Horsf.), Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1849, p.

807, nec Horsf.

Podargus parvulus, T., Schlegel, Handleid. d. Dierkunde, Atlas,

t. i. f. 15, “Sumatra”? (1857).

Batrachostomus stictopterus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. pt. ii. p. 124.

no. 370, “Malacca,” g (1859-60).

Batrachostomus stellatus (Gould), Moore, Cat. E.I. C. Mus. i.

p. 388, “ Malacca”’ (1854) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 212, “ex

Malacea ;” Salvadori, Ucc. Borneo, p. 113, ‘‘ Sarawak,” ¢ (1874).

1877.| THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 437

Batrachostomus javanensis (Horsf.), Walden, J. A. S. B. 1875,

pt. ii. ex. no. p. 84, partim, ‘‘ex Malacca, Borneo,” nec Horsf., 9 .

Batrachostomus stictopterus, Cab. Walden, 7. c. ‘ ex Malacca,

Borneo,” <¢.

Batrachostomus affinis, Blyth, Hume, Str. F. 1876, p. 376, nec

Blyth ; Blanford, Ibis, 1877, p. 251, nec Blyth.

Hab. Malacca, Borneo, Sumatra, Java (?).

Mr. Everett has noted on the label of a rufous bird from Bedi,

Borneo (mus. nostr.), and marked a male, that the iris is “ light

yellow,” the feet ochre, and the bill pale brown. Doria (Salvad.

l. ec.) gives the colour of the iris of a Sarawak example as being light

yellow (giallo chiaro).

The British Museum possesses a single specimen of this species in

brown plumage, which is labelled ‘‘ Sumatra.’’ Its occurrence in

that island is probable; but the correctness of the locality on the

label is not beyond question; the skin is of the characteristic

Malaccan make. The figure given by Professor Schlegel (/. ¢.) of

P. parvulus undoubtedly represents B. stictopterus. It is stated to

have been taken from an old male from Sumatra. The wing-coverts

are spotted; and there are no white throat- or breast-markings.

The type of P. stel/atus, Gould (Pl. XLVII.), now in my collection,

is marked “ Java” on the label. In the original description the length

of the wing is stated to be four inches, whereas in the type specimen

it is five. Beyond the word “ Java” on the label, there is nothing

to confirm its Javan origin. It has, however, no appearance of being

a Malaccan trade-skin. Mr. Gould informs me that the prominent

white spots on the major coverts suggested to him the specific

designation of ste//atus. The description of B. stictopterus, Cab.,

was taken from a Malaccan individual in the rufous-brown phase of

plumage. ,

Without having the advantage of the observations of field collectors

to assist us, it is difficult to select from a large series of this species

any one example as illustrative of the adult bird. When compared

with fully-plumaged rufous adults of the other species, the absence

of their finished white markings and the decided coloration on the

under plumage lead to the inference that B. stellatus, as it always

seems to come to us from Malacca and Borneo, represents an inter-

mediate stage of plumage. For long it was considered by several

Indian writers, myself among the number, to be the young stage of

B. javanensis, the pallid rufous-margined lower pectoral and ab-

dominal feathers being very similar to what we find in B. affinis

juv. Assuming that dirds with the caudal bands complete, the chin

and throat uniform rufous, and the back unfreckled are the most

adult, I will describe the following example :—

Q (?) adult (?), ex Malacca. General aspect above bright rufous.

Frontal plumes tawny rufous, also supercilium. Crown, occipital

crest-plumes, auriculars, cheeks, back, wing-coverts, and uropygium

rich deep chestnut. A series of nuchal plumes grey at the insertion,

lower down slightly tinged with rufous, then a narrow transverse

blackish line, followed by a broader pure white band edged with

438 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. | May 15,

black, and then, in some, a rufous tip. A black-edged white nuchal

callar is thus formed. The minor wing-coverts are unspotted ; but

at the tips of the greater coverts are to be found a large white spot,

mostly occupying the outer web and bordered above by a dark brown

line. In some this dark line surrounds the inner margin of the

white spot. Some of the scapulars have the greater part of both

webs of the lower half white; others have only the outer webs white.

These white marks are all more or less edged with brown. The pri-

maries and secondaries have their inner webs uniform brown, the

outer webs being pale rufous with irregular rufous-brown marks at

intervals, adjoining the shaft ; the exposed part of the tertiaries is

more or less uniform rufous. The upper tail-coverts are rufous,

with one or two pairs of tawny-rufous spots on transverse bars.

Rectrices dull rufous, stippled with a few minute brown dots, and

traversed by five or six narrow tawny-rufous bands, each being mar-

gined above and below with a narrow brown line. Terminal narrow

fringe of rectrices dark brown, in some surrounded by a rufous

edging ; in the laterals the pale bands on the inner webs are mostly

almost white. Under surface of rectrices as above, but all tints much

paler. Chin and throat dingy rufous, some of the throat-feathers

and most of the upper pectoral having pallid tawny centres, most

conspicuous on the breast, crossed by a pale brown line and fringed

with bright rufous. This combination imparts a scale-like appear-

ance to the breast, but has a slight resemblance to the pure white

breast and throat-banding in B. affints 9. The lower pectoral

feathers are of the same character, but, being much larger, more of

the pallid tawny hue is exposed. The abdominal and flank-plumes

are of the same pallid hue, bat are scarcely fringed with bright

rufous. The ventral region and under tail-coverts same as abdomen,

but with still less rufous edgings. The narial bristles are tawny

rufous, darker towards the tips. Under wing-coverts almost vinous

tawny, varied with rufous or brown; axillaries white. Wing 5:0,

tail 5°25, tarsus 0°50, middle toe 0°63, bill from forehead 1°12, width

of gape 131.

In some examples the nuchal collar-plumes have two transverse

brown bars above the white. The white portion and, indeed, the

whole of the markings also occur tinged with rufo-fulvous.

Mr. Gould’s type specimen scarcely differs from the above descrip-

tion. Its rufous plumage is of a deeper bay tone; the caudal bands

do not touch the shaft, and they are rufous, and not tawny-rufous.

This phase is to be found in Malaccan and Bornean examples. In

less-mature (7) examples the dorsal plumage, the scapulars, the

major coverts, and tertiaries are finely striated with black, with occa-

sional more definite black lines.

3 (2) adult (2), ex Malacca. In Malaccan collections examples

are as frequently present in which the rufous or rufous-bay colouring

is replaced by a dark brown tint, sometimes with a rufous tinge, the

markings being similar to those of the rufous birds. The caudal

bands or spots are sometimes of a rufous tint. These brown birds

sometimes occur with the dorsal plumage finely striated with black

1877.] THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 439

and mottled with dark rufous. Wing 5:0, tail 5-25, width of gape

1°31.

A Bornean (Bedi) example marked g by Mr. Everett (mus.

nostr.) is in the rufous-bay plumage, and is not distinguishable from

Malaccan individuals (mus. nostr.). If the sex was correctly ascer-

tained, it would appear that both sexes wear similar plumage. Wing

4°90), tail 5-0, width of gape 1°37.

In B. stellatus the auricular plumes are much less developed than

in any of the other species. The front of the tarsus for about a

quarter of its length is feathered. The bill is large and massive,

and the gradation of the remiges and rectrices is normal.

BATRACHOSTOMUS AURITUS.

Podargus auritus, Vigors (Griffith), Tr. Cuv. An. Kingd. ii. p.

114, t. (1829); Vigors, App. Mem. Sir S, Raffles, p. 652, “ Su-

matra ” (1830).

Batrachostomus auritus (Vigors), Gould, Ic. Av. pt. i. "plas

t. 7 (1838); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p- 99.

Bombycistomus fullertonii, Hay, J. A.S. B. 1841, p- 573, wood-

cut, “Sumatra,”

Podargus, sp. —, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1842, p. 106, “ Malacca.”

Podargus fullertoni, Hay (?), Blyth, ¢. ¢. p. 798, Malacca.”

Hab. Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo,

The Malaccan bird has still to be compared with the typical

Sumatran form. I have compared the Bornean example with the

Malaccan, and can discern no distinction.

The species is too well known to require description.

The tarsus is well feathered anteriorly in both sexes for more than

half its length. '

BaTracuostomus, Sp. n.

An example in rufous-brown mottled and striated plumage of an

undescribed species of Batrachostomus was obtained in Mindanao b

the ‘Challenger’ expedition. It is labelled a female, and will be

described in my forthcoming report on the Philippine birds collected

by the expedition. The tarsus is feathered anteriorly for a quarter

of its length.

BarRaCHOSTOMUS MONILIGER. (Plates XLVIII., XLIX.)

Batrachostomus moniliger, Layard, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1849,

p- 806, 2, *‘ Ceylon.”

? Podargus javanensis, Horsf. Jerdon, Madr. J. L. Se. nee Horsf.

? Batrachostomus moniliger, Blyth, Jerdon, B. India, i. p. 189,

“Southern India” (1862).

Batrachosiomus moniliger, Blyth, Holdsworth, P. Z. S. 187 2,

p- 420, ‘* Ceylon.”

Batrachostomus punctatus, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 334, ¢?

“Ceylon ;” op, cit. 1876, p. 377.

440 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOsTOMUs. [May 15,

Batrachostomus moniliger, Layard, Walden, J. A. S. B. 1875,

pt. ii. ex. no. p. 84.

Batrachostomus punctatus, Hume, Blanford, Ibis, 1877, p. 251,

ex Ceylon.

? Batrachostomus moniliger, Layard, Hume, Str. F. iv. p. -376,

“Travancore ;” Blanford, ¢. c. 252.

Hab. Ceylon, Travancore.

Judging from Mr. Hume’s detailed description (J. c.) of the speci-

men of a male obtained by Mr. Bourdillon in Travancore, the range

of the Ceylon bird may be safely extended to that district of India.

The iris of one of Mr. Bourdillon’s specimens is stated to have been

bright yellow.

No.1, 2, almost adult (?). (Pl. XLIX). Rattabown' or Kattabown,

Ceylon (mus. nostr.). Bright rufous ; of the same shade on the head

and wing-coverts as B. afinis 2, but elsewhere paler. Some stray

rufous-brown feathers on the head and shoulders. Recurved frontal

plumes tawny rufous. Feathers in front of the eyes tawny rufous,

with a distinct brown subterminal transverse line or band and a

narrow tawny-rufous terminal fringe. Behind these and passing

over the eyes some longer feathers, black-tipped, with outer webs

pale tawny-white, inner webs rufous, thus forming a pale supercilium.

Long auriculars tipped brown. Four rows of nuchal feathers rufous,

with a broad white subterminal band confined between a narrow

irregular rufous-brown line above and below, the terminal friuge

being rufous. In some of the nuchal plumes tie markings are

better-defined than in others, where they become obsolete. The

whole presents the appearance of an irregularly formed white collar.

Lesser wing-coverts unspotted, greater with bold, ovoid, larger or

smaller white spots at their tips, mostly situated on the outer webs,

and circumscribed more or less above and on their inner margins by

a brown line. The scapulars are pure rufous, tipped by a minute

white or fulvous spot, margined above with dark brown or black.

The tertiaries are pale rufous, much freckled with brown, and having

still minuter terminal spots of the same character as those on the

scapulars. The primaries and secondaries have their inner webs

brown and their outer pale rufous, the brown of the inner webs

running through at intervals and forming narrow irregular bars.

Many of the quills have minute terminal white spots ; and all but the

first have their tips clouded or freckled with rufous. The axillaries

are rufous brown. Under wing-coverts pale rufous, with some grey

and sandy white feathers. The chin is tawny rufous; the upper

throat bright rufous, with no concealed white-marked plnmes. Sur-

rounding the lower throat a series of rufous plumes, broadly tipped

with pure white, which is separated from the rufous above by a

narrow irregular brown line; below, the white marks are faintly

fringed with pale tawny. This white necklace is followed by the

pure rufous of the upper breast, among which are no concealed white-

marked feathers. Lower breast-feathers of the same rufous, but

1 The writing on the label is most difficult to decipher.

1877.| THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 441

more or less broadly tipped with white ; an irregular narrow brown

line separating the white from the rufous. This lower pectoral white

band descends to the flanks. Abdominal feathers and under tail-

coverts pale dingy rufous, mostly tipped with subdued whitish spots,

surmounted by a narrow irregular brown line. The middle rectrices

are pale rufous, much freckled with pale brown zig-zag lines and

traversed by seven or eight obscurely defined dark brown bands ;

slight indications of white on the margins of the webs; laterals with

the white indentations well marked, all tipped with a narrow white

or rufous-white fringe, and a small subterminal black mark. Frontal

bristle: tawny-rufous and black-tipped. Wing 4°50, tail 4°50, tarsus

J°50, middle toe 0°63, bill from front 0°80, width of gape 1°25.

f The bill is massive ; the gradation of remiges and rectrices nor-

mal; the upper fourth of the exterior part of the tarsus is feathered.

No. 2, 2 (2). Ceylon (mus. nostr.). General colour deep

chestnut-bay or rufous-brown. This example differs by its deep

tone of rufous from the last, which, while of a general bright

chestnut, possesses a few feathers on the head and shoulders and all

the axillaries of the deep shade of rufous found in this example. In

both the distribution of the white markings is the same; but in the

present one the white bars and the terminal rufous-brown fringes of

the nuchal collar-plumes are more pronounced. The minute black

and white terminal dots on the scapulars and tertiaries are less pro-

nounced ; there are fewer and less distinct brown markings on the

rufous outer webs of the quills. The rectrices scarcely differ ; but the

under tail-coverts are more distinctly spotted. The feathers before

the eye are darker, although also banded by a black line. Wing

4:50, tail 4:40, tarsus 0°60, middle toe 0°65, bill from forehead 0°81,

width of gape 1-25. Structure as in No. 1.

No. 3, ¢ (fide Mr. H. Nevill), immature (?). Ratnapura, Ceylon

(mus. nostr.). General aspect greyish brown, much mixed with

rufous-brown. Chin and throat dingy pallid rusty; on the lower

throat pure rufous feathers, with a broad white terminal band sepa-

rated from the rusty colour by an irregular dark-brown line; no

rufous or brown terminal fringe. Breast uniform rusty, with a few

feathers on the sides, but not on the middle, broadly tipped with

white and traversed with a zigzag brown separating line. Abdomen

and flanks pallid fulvous-rusty, each feather for more than half of

its terminal length greyish white, freckled with a number of minute

irregular transverse brown lines; many tipped with minute whitish

spots. Ventral feathers pallid fulvous-rusty, and only tipped with

vermiculations ; others and the under tail-coverts almost uniform

fulvous-rusty, with pallid terminal spots and subterminal brown

marks. Frontal feathers grey at insertion, freckled with brown,

then rusty fulvous, with a subterminal black spot and a terminal

minute rusty mark. Feathers of the head brown, with similar ter-

minal marks. Superciliary plumes mostly rusty fulvous or buff on

outer webs and brown on inner, with a black terminal dot, giving

the supercilium a uniform buff appearance. Elongated auriculars

rusty-tawny at base, freckled with brown, and pure brown at the

442 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [May 15,

tips. Nape with a distinct rufous tinge; a few feathers on each

side broadly terminated with white, which is margined above by a

narrow brown line; a few feathers on the middle of the nape slightly

tipped with pure white, some with fulvous. A rudimentary uncom-

pleted nuchal collar is thus formed. Back and uropygium rufous-

brown like the nape, marked with cloudy brown striations and a few

black terminal dots. Upper tail-coverts rufous brown, with pale

lateral subdued small spots or quasi-bands. Scapulars greyish white,

much marked with irregular pale-brown strize, tipped pale rufous, _

with a small terminal black spot almost encircling a minute rufous

point. The lower scapulars are thus marked on the outer webs only,

the inner being rufous, clouded with brown. Wing-coverts rufous

brown. The major and secondary coverts purer rufous and tipped

with bold round or ovoid white marks, some tawny, surrounded above

and on their inner margins with black. Many of the greater coverts

are traversed by brown zigzag lines; and the white tips are irregu-

larly formed and incomplete. The quills are brown, the outer webs

being indented with pale rufo-fulvous. The tertiaries brown, mottled

with grey and rufous-grey, which resolves itself into more or less

definite bands on the sides of the webs. Middle rectrices rufous-

brown, with eight or nine pale fulvous-grey narrow transverse bands

much dotted with brown; laterals brighter rufous. Under wing-

coverts pale sordid fulvous grey. Wing 4°68, tail 4°50, tarsus 0°50,

middle toe 0°75, bill from forehead 0:90, width of gape 1:20.

Structure as in foregoing. at

No.4, ¢ (2) adult, Ceylon (mus. nostr.). (Pl. XLVIti.>. General

aspect above brown. Group of feathers before the eye pale rusty,

with a dark brown subterminal bar; a narrow frontal band similarly

marked. Superciliary plumes pale rusty white, mostly on the outer

webs, freckled with brown on the inner and traversed with a sub-

terminal dark brown irregular line. Feathers of the head brown, with

minute fulvous terminal and marginal dots and subterminal black

spots, all obsoletely freckled with fulvous, and many mixed with grey.

Occipital crest-plumes without any fulvous dots. Elongated auricu-

lars tawny, much striated with brown, and tipped almost black.

Shorter auriculars tawny, with pale shafts. Nuchal plumes marked

like occipital crest, but with a more tawny-rufous ground and with a

subterminal white band confined between an upper and a terminal dark

brown transverse line. A well-defined nuchal collar is thus formed of

two or three rows of plumes. Interscapulars and back marked and

coloured like the occipital crest. Uropygial plumes rusty, irregularly

vermiculated with dark brown, some terminal markings being black.

Upper tail-coverts the same, but with obsolete pale rusty lateral

ocelli. Rectrices pale rusty fulvous, mixed with grey throughout,

much vermiculated by fine irregular brown lines and with some seven

or eight darker rufous transverse bands, separated from the paler by

dark brown, almost black, irregular lines, these being broader and

bolder than the fine vermiculations. Laterals with a brighter tawny

rufous ground-colour. External short pair pale tawny-rufous, with

pure white marginal spots. Undersurface of tlie rectrices pale ful-

1877.] THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. 443

vous or rusty brown, the black intermediate narrow bands showing

through. Wing-coverts rufous brown, traversed with distinct dark-

brown irregular lines. Some of the minor coverts with rusty-fulvous

terminal spots. Many of the other wing-coverts with large ovoid

pure white terminal spots, with a dark brown margin above and on

their inner margins. Shorter scapulars with the inner webs fulvous

or rusty, crossed by dark brown lines or narrow bars. Outer webs

pale greyish white, crossed by fine zigzag brown lines and black

terminal dots. Some of the longer the same, but with ill-defined

white ocelli on their outer margins. Other long scapulars alike on

both webs, pale rufous, much vermiculated with pale greyish-brown

and with broad intervening incomplete bands of white or greyish-

white. Quills dark brown, which runs at broad intervals through

the pale rufous of the outer webs. Tips of the quills mottled with

pale rufous. Tertiaries pale rufous or tawny-rufous, much striated

with fine irregular brown lines ; a bolder dark brown subterminal

mark. Inner tertiaries obsoletely marked with four or five pale

greyish white bands. Chin and throat rusty, with brown transverse

lines. Some of the lateral feathers with a dark brown or black sub-

terminal spot. Lower throat-plumes with terminal large pure white

drops, margined above with a narrow dark brown line, thus forming

a white necklace. Upper pectoral plumes like those of the chin and

throat, but with subterminal dark brown marks and some admixture

of grey in the ground-colour, some faintly tipped with greyish

white, others with fulvous. Lower pectoral plumes pale fulvous-

grey, with transverse dingy brown irregular lines, and broadly tipped

with pure white, faintly edged with brown. Lower down these white-

tipped plumes have a much more white than fulvous ground at the

base. Abdominal feathers fulvous, terminated with white, and trans-

versely striated with pale greyish brown. Ventral region and under

tail-coverts fulvous-rusty, with obscure white terminal spots and

subdued subterminal brown marks. Under wing-coverts the same.

Axillaries dingy fulvous-grey, tipped almost white. Frontal rigid

plumes and bristles black. Wing 4°75, tail 4°75, tarsus 0°50, middle

toe 0°70, bill from forehead 0°90, width of gape 1°20.

Structure normal. Tarsus feathered anteriorly for a quarter of its

length.

No. 5, ¢ (?), ex Malabar? (Mus. Brit.). This specimen is labelled

Madras; but its mode of preparation is what we find in all west-

coast trade skins. None of my Ceylon examples resemble it

excepting in the white collars, scapulars, and pectoral plumes ; and

these last are not so prominent as in B. moniliger 3, ex Ceylon.

General coloration mixed grey, fulvous, black, and white; only

traces of pale rufous. Frontal plumes tawny at base, much vermi-

culated with brown and with black subterminal spots or bands.

Feathers of the head and occipital crest pale ashy brown, many with

black subterminal spots, and all tipped with very pale fulvous ;

equally pale fulvous spots on either web; others so marked and

coloured, but without the black spots. Feathers comprising the

nuchal collar tawny at base, with a few fine transverse irregular pale

444 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON BATRACHOSTOMUS. [ May 15,

brown strize, succeeded by a broader brown mark and then a broad

white band, tipped with black and margined with fulvous. Elon-

gated auriculars tawny at base, traversed by numerous irregular fine

pale brown lines and tipped dark brown. Space before the eye buff.

A supercilium composed of buff feathers unstriated on outer webs,

but lineated with brown on inner. LEar-coverts almost unmarked,

pale ferruginous-buff. Shorter scapulars pure white, with several

transverse zigzag brown lines, a black tip with a faint fulvous ter-

minal dot. Inner webs of longer scapulars with a grey (not a white)

ground ; the inner web of others tawny-rufous, all lineated trans-

versely with brown. Innermost tertiaries pale grey, with numerous

transverse pale brown irregular lines and a terminal black mark.

Back like the head. Uropygium brown, with fulvous transverse

marks ; no terminal black spots. Upper tail-coverts tawny-rufous,

with a dark brown subterminal mark and a pallid tawny terminal

dot. Ground-colour of middle pair of rectrices rufo-fulvous, much

mottled with brown, towards apex grey, marked with brown and

black. No distinct banding. Next pairs with bands more defined.

Short outer pair pale ferruginous, with brown markings. Chin and

throat pale fulvous, with fine transverse brown lines; some with

broader brown subterminal marks and terminal almost white marks.

A gular collar formed by broad pure white terminal bands to the

lower throat-plumes, surmounted by a narrow brown intersecting

line. The pectoral feathers, below this collar, pale brown, lineated

as on the throat, and with faint albescent tips. Lower pectoral

plumes pale fulyous, with broad white terminal halves much striated

with dark brown. Abdominal plumes of the same character, but

less striated and the white confined to the tips, bounded above by a

brown line. Under tail-coverts pure pale rusty buff, with a subter-

minal pale brown line. Quills brown, much indented on outer webs

with pallid tawny rufous, shading into almost pure white. Some of

the inner primaries much mottled at apex, with grey or tawny rufous

ground. Under wing-coverts pure tawny-rufous. Wing-coverts

dark brown, traversed and tipped with rufous. Great stiff narial

plumes black, with tawny specks at base. Wing 4:90, tail 3°50,

tarsus 0°60, middle toe without nail 0°60, bill from forehead 0°80,

gape 1°30.

This bird may represent a phase of Mr. Bourdillon’s Travancore

species, which is possibly distinct from the true B. moniliger.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate XLV.

Batrachostomus affinis 2 , No. 1, p. 427, from askin from Malacca, Mus. nostr.

Piate XLVI.

B. cornutus $8, No. 4, p. 434, from a skin collected by A. R. Wallace at

Banjarmassing. Mus. nostr.

Prats XLVII.

B. stellatus 9, p. 437, from Mr. Gould's typical specimen. Mus. nostz.

1877.) MR. E. R. ALSTON ON A NEW SHREW. 445

Puare XLVIII.

B. moniliger 3, No. 4, p. 442, from a skin from Ceylon. Mus. nostr.

Puarze XLIX.

B. moniliger 9, No. 1, 440, from a skin collected at Rattabown, Ceylon,

Mus. nostr.

3. On an undescribed Shrew from Central America

By Epwaxrp R. Arston, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.

[Received April 26, 1877.]

Among the Central-American Mammals in the British Museum

are two shrews from Guatemala which were named but not described

by the late Dr. Gray as Corsira temlyas’, and are labelled and cata-

logued in the Museum as C. ¢eculyas. A comparison with the other

American Soricide convinces me that they represent an undescribed

species; and Dr. Elliott Coues, who is at present at work on the Ameri-

can Insectivora, and to whom I have sent a short description of them,

is of the same opinion. Dr. Ginther, with his usual courtesy, has had

the skull extracted from one of the specimens ; so that I am able to

describe the dentition of the species, which proves to belong to the

restricted genus (or subgenus) Sorez, characterized by the possession

of thirty-two teeth in all. In describing these I have accepted the

views of Dr. E. Brandt as to the homologies of the teeth in this

family’.

As neither of Gray’s names has any claim to adoption, and as

both are barbarous, I propose to call this Shrew

SoREX VERZ-PACIS, Sp. n.

Corsira temlyas, J. E. Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 79 (sine descr.).

C. teculyas ejusd. MS.

Ears moderate, thickly clothed with rather long fur. Tail rather

long, clad with short closely pressed hairs which conceal the scales.

Colour nearly uniform dark dusky brown, hardly lighter beneath,

feet and tail dusky. Fur short and close, dark slate-colour at the

base, tipped with dark brown.

Approximate measurements from the mounted type specimens :—

inches. inches.

Length of head and body 3°45 3°35

rs tail 2°05 2°00

Pe hind foot "53 “50

Teeth white, tipped with brown. First upper incisor stout, falcate,

with a well-marked internal cusp ; second to fourth simple, gradually

diminishing in size, canine slightly smaller than fourth incisor. Pre-

_ molar very small, hardly higher than the cingulum of the first molar.

1 P.Z.8. 1843, p. 79.

2 “ Tzslyedovaniya o zubnoi sistemye kutor i zemleroek,” St. Petersburg, 1865

(ef. Zool. Rec. 1866, pp. 24-27); “ Untersuchungen iiber das Gebiss der Spitz-

mause,” Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, vol. xli. (2de p.) pp. 76-95, pls. i.-vi.,

vol. xlvi. (2de pt.) pp. 1-79. ©

446 MR. E. R. ALSTON ON A NEW SHREW. [May 15,

Molars with the usual W pattern towards the outer edge and broad

low inner portion, which in the second and third rises into a distinct

cusp.

lent

¢ pm Fig, 2

Skull and dentition of Sorex vere-pacis.

The lower incisor is long and stout, with one well-marked and one

uearly obsolete internal cusp. The canine is small and simple ; and

the premolar and molars have each one inner and two outer cusps.

Hab. Coban (Vera Paz), Guatemala (Brit. Mus.).

I may here observe that the Shrew named Corsira tropicalis by

Gray, at the same time as the above, seems to be the same as that

subsequently described as Sorex micrurus by Mr. Tomes’. Dr.

Coues informs me that it proves to belong to the division of Blarina,

which have thirty-two teeth ; but whether it is distinct from some of

the described North-American species remains to be ascertained. ~

These Central-American Shrews are interesting as showing how

far the Insectivora have penetrated into the Neotropical Region,

their further-advance having doubtless been checked by the com-

petition of the smaller Edentates and Marsupials.

As all the Guatemalan Mammals named without description by

Gray in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1843 (p, 79) have now been

determined, I add a list with their synonyms :—

1. Heteromys desmarestianus=H. desmarestianus, Gray, P. Z. S.

1868, p. 204.

2. Corsira tropicalis = Blarina micrura (Tomes) : ef. supra.

3. Corsira temlyas = Sorex vere-pacis, Alston: cf. supra.

4, Saccophorus guochil = Geomys hispidus, Leconte: cf. Coues,

Proc. Acad. Philad. 1875, p. 133.

5. Mus tazamaca = Ochetodon mexicana (De Sauss.): cf.

Alston, P. Z.S8. 1876, p. 756.

6. Mus teguina = Hesperomys teguina, Alston, P. Z. S. 1876,

p. 755.

1 P.Z.8, 1861, p.279.

1877.} ON THE ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 447

4. Notes on the Anatomy of Passerine Birds.—Part IT. By

A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received April 30, 1877.

In my former communication on the anatomy of the Passeres! I

adopted a definition of the group in which was included the important

character made known by C. J. Sundevall in 1831, and expressed

in the 1872 edition of his valuable ‘ Methodi naturalis Avium dis-

ponendarum Tentamen’ in the following words :—<“ Hallux.....

per se mobilis. Musculus enim flezor hallucis longus articulum ejus

ultimum flectens, a flexore digitoram communi perfecte solutus. (In

avibus reliquis, omnibus, tendo hujus musculi cum tendinibus alterius

conjungitur. Hallux igitur simul cum reliquis digitis semper flec-

titur.)” Upupa epops, agreeing with the Passeres in this respect,

is by the author included with them. As mentioned in my paper

on the deep plantar tendons of birds”, I have so frequently been able

to verify this statement of the Swedish naturalist, that I felt justified

in making the fact part of my definition of the group. Recently,

however, from skins which have been placed at my disposal by

Mr. Salvin, I have found reason for overthrowing the character,

because in the Eurylemide there is a strong vinculum which joins

the two muscles exactly in the same manner as in many of the non-

passerine families.

Lurylemus ochromelas, Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus, and Calyp-

tomena viridis are the species which I have examined (more than

one specimen of each) ; and in all of them there is a narrow but

strong vinculum, situated just above the metatarso-phalangeal arti-

culations, and running from the tendon of the feor hallucis longus

downwards to the tendon of the flewor digitorum profundus. No

other passerine bird which I have dissected possesses this vinculum,

not even Rupicola crocea, which has been thought by some to be

intimately related to the Euryleminz. Such being the case, either

Sundevall’s character no longer holds, or the Eurylemide are not

Passeres,

In his invaluable memoir on the voice-organs of Passerine birds %,

a translation of whick, by my friend Mr. F. J. Bell, will shortly be

published at Oxford (by the Clarendon Press), J. Miiller was so

overcome by the flood of facts which he had discovered, that he

remarks “It is, then, now thoroughly proved that the singing birds

cannot be separated, as an order, from the rest of the Passeres

(of Cuvier). There is only a large division of Insessores or Passer-

ines which must also include the Scansores. This order of In-

sessores will contain birds with the most varied supply of vocal

muscles, as well as birds which do not possess these muscles, every

intermediate condition being found.” ‘The fact that an important

generalization, such as that of Sundevall above considered, breaks

? P.Z.S. 1876, p. 508. 2 P.Z.8. 1875, p. 348.

$ Abh. k. Akademie d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1847.

448 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 15,

down in the case of Eurylemus would have further confirmed

Miiller in his views, and makes the question as to the ordinal im-

portance of the Passerine group one of vital ornithological interest.

My subclass Anomalogonatze’ very closely corresponds with the

Miillerian ‘‘Insessores,’’ which comprises the Cuvierian order so

termed, together with the Scansores. At the present time its

importance would be considered supraordinal by all; and it is not

customary now to divide that large division into three sections,

1. Oscines, 2. Tracheophone, 3. Picarii, as was done, though not

with any great feeling of certainty, by the able German biologist.

We include the Oscines and Tracheophone, together with the

«« Ampelide and Tyrannide,”’ in the order PassEREs. Why do we

do so? For many reasons.

First, because, since the promulgation of the theory of natural

selection by Mr. Darwin, the doctrine of evolution has obtained a

hold upon biologists. This doctrine makes us look upon the classi-

fication of animals and plants in a different aspect to that in which

the biologists of thirty years ago and more were wont to do. We

do not expect to find all intermediate links between any two allied

forms of life. Groups have become differentiated from their parent

stocks, and when once independent have gone on developing in their

special lines, without admixture with any other types. When the

ancestral Passeres were first developed they possessed the potentiality

for the production of all the peculiarities of their offspring ; and the

peculiarities which made them Passerine must form the fundamental

basis for a definition of the group. ‘The determination of what these

fundamental characters happened to be can be only made at the

present time (as far as soft parts are concerned, at least) by a

correlation of the non-varying details. No Passerine bird bein

otherwise, they probably had (1) the hallux alone of all the toes

directed backwards, (2) short, simple colic czeca, (3) a nude oil-gland,

together with the special pterylosis of the group, (4) only one

carotid artery, the left, (5) a sternum with a single notch on each

side of the carina, together with a bifurcate manubrium, (6) a trun-

cated vomer with the anterior angles of which the nasal cartilages

joined, (7) a peculiar insertion to the tensor patagii brevis muscle

of the wing.

As in all but the Eurylaimidee, the deep flexor tendon of the hallux

is free from that to the other digits of the foot, at the same time

that the Eurylaimidze agree with by far the majority of the class

Aves in this respect (whilst in the characterizing features above stated

they are completely Passerine), it is evident that the ancestral type

which forms the basis of our definition, lived at a period prior to the

loss of the vinculum between the pedal deep flexor tendons, because

the probability that the vinculum may have reappeared in them in

a condition identical with that in other birds is infinitely small. This

view is confirmed by the nature of the syrinx, as far as we are ac-

quainted with it, J. Miiller not having been able to detect any in-

trinsic muscles in Corydon sumatranus’*, the only species he had the

ITPA. Soler, pe lite 2 Loe, cit. p. 32.

1877.] ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 449

opportunity of examining. And the length of the first primary

among the remiges tells the same tale.

The order Passeres falls, therefore, into two sections to start with :—

those with the hallux not free, the Eurylaimidz ; and those with the

hallux independently movable. This latter suborder may be again

divided up in the manner suggested in Part I. of this communi-

eation’. I much regret that, not having been able, as yet, to obtain

any of the Eurylaimide in spirit, I have not had an opportunity of

making out the arrangement of the tensor patagii brevis muscle

at its insertion. From skins, however, I have been able to pro-

cure the skulls, with the palates uninjured, of Zurylemus ochrome-

las, Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus, and Calyptomena viridis. The

first and last of these are figured here (figs. 1 & 2), Cymbirhyn-

chus agreeing very closely with Hury/emus. The truly Passerine

Fig. 1. Palatal view of skull of Eurylemus ochromelas,

Fig. 2. Palatal view of skull of Calyptomena viridis,

nature of the vomer at its anterior end, with the alinasal cartilages

ossified in connexion with them, is undoubted; at the same time

the more than usually transverse and lengthy maxillo-palatines with

their unexpanded knobbed ends are worthy of notice. Calyptomena

is seen to resemble the other genera in this latter point, though the

vomer is much narrower throughout. The feeble development of

the postero-external or “transpalatine’’ portions of the palatine bones,

as termed by Mr. Parker, is to be seen in both the genera.

Turning to a different subject, I desire to direct attention to a

peculiarity in the skulls of some of the Dendrocolaptide among the

Tracheophone Passeres, which has, in my opinion, some significance

in the arrangement of the genera of that family.

From an examination of Furnarius rufus, Leptasthenura egitha-

loides, Synallaxis frontalis, Sclerurus caudacutus, and Phiceocryptes

melanops, I find that these birds present features in the conformation

of their nasal bones not present in Conopophaga aurita, Dendro-

1 P.Z.8. 1876, p. 518.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXIX. 29

450 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [May 15,

colaptes albicollis, Picolaptes affinis, Thamnophilus murinus, Tham-

nophilus doliatus, Thamnomanes glaucus, Grallaria guatemalensis,

Hylactes megapodius, Pteroptochus albicollis, or any other Passerine

bird with which I am acquainted. They are, in fact, schizorhinal,

like the Charadriiformes ; in other words, the osseous external nares

are in the form of triangular openings, the apical angle of each of

the triangles being situated between the inner and outer process of the

nasal bone of the corresponding side'. Figure 3 gives a view of the

Superior surface of skull of Furnarius rufus, to show the schizorhinal form.

upper surface of the skull of Furnarius rufus. It has been my habit

to group all the birds possessing the schizorhinal skull in a single

major division, including the restricted Limicole, the Gruidz, Laridee,

Alcide, and the Columbide ; but the independent development of

an identical disposition in the small division of the Passerine birds

above mentioned weakens the importance of the character to a

certain extent, although it is not at all necessary to assume that it

overthrows its significance. Collateral evidence, from visceral and

other details, compels me still to think that those schizorhinal birds

which possess the ambiens muscle—or are, in other words, homalo-

gonatous’—must be retained in one great order, the Charadrii-

formes, until some important structural differences are discovered

which necessitate their being otherwise arranged. The schizorhinal

disposition is most certainly one which is a secondary development

upon the normal holorhinal nares ; and that it has been independently

arrived at in two non-related orders of the class is proof that it re-

sults from most simple causes, because the probability that the same

complex conformation should appear de novo varies inversely as the

complexity: the greater the elaborateness the less the chance that it,

in all its detail, comes into existence more than once. A still more

simple variation is found in the number of the carotid arteries, the

normal two being reduced to the left only in certain members of

1 Vide P.Z.S8. 1873, p. 33. 2 Vide P.Z.8. 1874, p. 116.

1877. ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 451

almost every order—in Rhea and the Megapodes among the Galli-

formes, in Arctica alle and Turniw among the Charadriiformes, in

Sula fusca and Plotus anhinga among the Ciconiiformes, &e. The

disappearance here and there of the ambiens muscleand of the femoro-

caudal, as well as of the colic czeca, all come under the same category,

us simple operations which lose their significance in the determi-

nation of affinity in proportion to the frequency of their appearance,

or to the facility with which they are induced, as I would assume.

The figure of the superior surface of the skull of Furnarius rufus

(p. 450), when compared with those of Charadriiform birds in

my paper above quoted’, will show the resemblance between the two,

as far as the point under discussion is concerned.

In questions of doubtful affinity among the birds under considera-

tion, this character proves to be of service. For example, the genus

Margaronis is differently placed by leading ornithologists—by some

along with the Sclerurine on account of the shortness of its outer

toe, by others with the Dendrocolaptine because of the stiffness of

its tail-feathers. From the skull, an example of which I have had

the opportunity of removing from a skin of Megarornis perlata,

through the kindness of Mr. Salvin, I feel no doubt that it is not

Dendrocolaptine, because the nasal bones agree exactly with those of

Furnarius rufus and the other schizorhinal Passeres above mentioned.

I may also mention that in these schizorhinal tracheophone

Passeres, as also in their allies the Pteroptochide, the maxillo-pala-

| . |

Palatal view of skull of Preroptochus albicollis.

tine plates of the maxillary bones, instead of terminating by blunt

uncurved tips, as in the non-oscine (mesomyodian*) Passeres generally,

including Dendrocolaptes, Thamnophilus, and their nearest allies,

are slender and curved backwards as in the Oscines. A study of

the superb plates in Mr. Parker’s Memoir on Mgithognathous

Birds* will illustrate this point, which an inspection of other skulls

1 P.Z.S. 18738, p. 34. 2 P.Z.S. 1876.

* Trans. Zool. Soe, vol. ix. p. 289, pl. lvi. figs. 8-10, lvii. figs. 8-10, et lix.

figs. 1-3 & 6-8.

29%

452 MR. T. E. BUCKLEY ON THE [May 15,

still further verifies. Figure 4 (p. 451) shows this formation in the

palate of Péeroptochus albicollis.

These facts, when correlated, suggest a slight modification of the

arrangement of the Tracheophonee as based upon the nature of the

tarsal scutellation and the structure of the tails. In their valuable

‘Nomenclator Avium Neotropicalium,’ Messrs. Sclater and Salvin

divide the suborder thus :—

Suborder TRACHEOPHON2.

Fam. 1. Dendrocolaptide.

Subfam. 1. Furnariinee.

Subfam. 2. Sclerurine.

Subfam. 3. Synallaxine.

Subfam. 4. Philydorinz.

Subfam. 5. Dendrocolaptine.

Fam. 2. Formicariide.

Fam. 3. Péeroptochide.

To me it would appear that the following arrangement better re-

presents their mutual alliances :—

Suborder TRACHEOPHON.

Fam. 1. Furnariide.

Subfam. 1. Furnariinee.

Subfam. 2. Sclerurinee.

Subfam. 3. Synallaxinze.

Subfam. 4. Philydorine.

Fam. 2. Pteroptochide.

Fam. 3. Dendrocolaptide.

Fam. 4. Conopophagide.

Fam. 5. Formicariide.

5. On the past and present Geographical Distribution of the

Larger Mammals of South Africa’. By T. E. Bucktey,

B.A., F.Z.8.

[Received April 30, 1877.]

Since my last communication to the Society on the Geogra-

phical Distribution of South-African Mammals (P. Z. S. 1876,

p- 277), I have again visited South Africa, and have gathered some

further information on the subject; and the following are the addi-

tions and corrections I wish to make to my former paper.

Professor Newton, a short time ago, kindly showed me a letter he

had received from Mr. E. L. Layard, in which Mr. Layard criticised

1 Continued from P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 277.

1877.] MAMMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 453

some of my statements, and made a number of additions to the loca-

lities for certain species in the Cape colony. These I have incor-

porated into my paper verbatim, with his name attached to the

extracts, except in instances when I had gathered the same informa-

tion for myself; in such cases I did not think it necessary to do this.

ELepuas arricanus (the Elephant), Z. ¢. p. 280.

Besides the Knysna, the Elephant is still found in some of the

other large forests of the eastern provinces of the Cape colony, one

of the spots being the Addo bush, near Port Elizabeth, My infor-

mant told me that their spoor was frequently seen while the railway

was being made, but that the animals apparently disliked to cross

the line itself. In the Amatonga country, in a spot south of Delagoa

Bay and east of the Bombo hills, there is a small herd preserved by

the chief Nosingili; I am told, however, that they are for the most

part tuskless and very fierce, which, I believe, is generally the case

when they are without those appendages: from here they sometimes

cross the Bombo, and wander, in summer, through the plains under-

neath these hills to places where the « Umganu” tree is common, to

feed on its fruit, which is about the size of a plum, and of which the

Elephants are extremely fond.

In 1875 an Elephant was killed in Umsila’s country, north of

Delagoa Bay, with tusks weighing 150 lb. each, which, I believe, is

the largest pair ever known.

Eauus auacea (the Quagea), l. c. p. 281.

Mr. Layard, in his letter, makes the following remark on my

statement as to the extinction of this the true Quagga :—* He is, I

think, wrong. We hada young Quagga (true) in the S.A. Museum -

and I several times saw skins for sale in Cape Town, mutilated and

unfit for mounting. I forget the locality whence they came, but

think it was somewhere from the S.W. Chapman and Andersson

both spoke to me of it; but I have not my books to refer to.”’

In the Table at the end of my former paper, p. 291, there is a

misprint relating to this animal, “the extensive plains north of the

Vaal_river ;” south should be substituted for north.

Eauus monranvs (the Zebra), 1. c. p. 282.

Mr. Layard gives another locality for this species. He says, “It

was not extinct in 1868, to my personal knowledge. It existed in

small troops in the Hottentot Holland mountains near Fransch

Hock, not far from Cape Town. I know, in 1864, it was in the

Swartbergen, between George and the Beaufort Karroo; I hunted it

there along with the Kudu, though unsuccessfully. Buckley, in

P.Z.S. 1876, p. 282, says, ‘It was still said to occur in the Hottentot

Holland mountains.’ T heard of it on the mountains to the eastward,

Zuurberg &e.”’

CrPHALopnus GRiImMiA (the Duiker) /. c. p. 283.

I was not aware, until Sir Victor Brooke informed me, that there

454 MR. T. E. BUCKLEY ON THE [ May 15,

was more than one species of Duiker; so that the remarks in my

former paper can only refer to the eastern variety. Mr. Layard

seems to consider that there is another species still, besides the

eastern form and that of the Cape colony, which comes from

Ovampoland. He thus characterizes them :—‘ The Eastern form is

grey, with a rufous dash between the horns and down the front and

nose ; the Western form is all grey, and a different grey from the

Eastern; the colonial one is rufous (chestnut), with a dark, almost

black, dash down the face, and a tuft of twisted hair between the

horns. I am not sure that the others have this.’ In both my

specimens, however, from Matabililand the tuft of twisted hair

between the horns exists.

/EPYCEROS MELAMPUs (the Pallah), /. c. p. 283.

The Pallah was at one time pretty common in suitable places in

the north of Natal; and even yet, I am informed, a small herd of

from eight to a dozen individuals exists on the Mooi river, near its

junction with the Tuglea, where they are now preserved.

STREPSICEROS KUDU (the Koodoo), /. c. p. 284.

Concerning the existence of the Koodoo in the Cape colony, Mr.

Layard says :—‘“ In 1864 the Koodoo was an undoubted inhabitant

of the Swartbergen before noted, to my personal knowledge; also I

heard of it in the forests of Zitzikama, Fish river, and other forests

to the eastward. Buckley seems to doubt its still being in the

colony.”

In the ‘Cape Monthly Magazine’ for November 1875, Gough

and the northern part of Bushmanland in the Cape colony are given

as localities for this species.

ALcELAPHUS CAAMA (the Hartebeest), 7. c, p. 285.

The same gentleman who showed me the Gemsbock’s head, told

me that a few Hartebeests were to be found in the same place as the

Oryx; and, if I remember rightly, he had brought with him a pair

of their horns from that locality. Mr. Layard says that the Harte-

beest still lingered in the Beaufort Karoo, between Nelspoort and

the Zwartberg in 1864. In Natal I saw a fine herd of these Ante-

lopes, close to Pietermaritzburg, in September of last year, also a

small herd of eight or nine on the Biggareberg.

ALCELAPHUS LICHTENSTEINI 2, /. c. p. 286.

This species of Hartebeest is found along the coast, commencing

about 24° S. lat., and goes along to the mouth of the Limpopo. It

is again found far inland at Shesheke, a town on the north side of

the Zambesi, and a little west (about forty miles) of where the

Chobi and Zambesi join. A friend of mine who had just come down

from that place kindly presented me with two pairs of horns, male

and female. On showing them to a Mr. Du Bois, with whom I was

just about to start on a hunting-expedition, he at once recognized

them as the horns of a Hartebeest he had seen some distance north

1877. | MAMMALS OF SOUTH AFRICA. 455

of Delagoa Bay, and called them by the native name of “ Nondo.”’

Speke and Grant found them common in Central Africa, in several

localities ; they are apparently local, as they have not been observed

at the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. The horns of this species are

a good deal smaller than those of 4. caama, and are very much flat-

tened at the base.

In the ‘Cape Monthly Magazine’ for November 1875, this species

of Hartebeest is apparently mentioned under the name of Maak

Hartebeest, and the coast district between the Limpopo and Zambesi

is given as one of its habitats.

ConNOcCHETES GNU (the Common Gnu), l. c. p. 286.

According to the November number of the ‘Cape Monthly Maga-

zine,’ a small herd of this animal is preserved on one of the large

farms in Victoria, West division, in the Cape colony.

In the Table at the end of my former paper, p. 272, under this

heading, ‘‘ south” must be substituted for “north;” and the same

mistake occurs also lower down, under the heading Hippotragus

equinus.

Oryx capensis (the Gemsbock), /. ¢. p. 289.

Mr. Layard corrects a statement of mine, to the effect that the

Gemsbock is found at Cape L’Agulhaz; this it appears is not so, as he

himself knows the country about there well, and has hunted all over it.

While at Cape Town I met with a gentleman who had just returned

from Little Namaqua Land, where he had been successful enough to

shoot a male Oryx; and he kindly showed me its head. This is now

probably the only place in the Cape colony where this species exists.

I have been told, too, that the Oryx is found in the north-eastern part

of the Transvaal, and sparingly north of Delagoa Bay. The Hon.

W. H. Drummond, in his book on the Large Game of South and

South-east Africa, mentions the Gemsbock as occurring a little to the

north of the Sutu river, in Amaswazi Land; this would be a little

north of 27° south latitude, and 32° east longitude.

Busatus carrer (Cape Buffalo), l. c. p. 289,

While I was at the Cape, waiting for the steamer to take me onto

Natal, I heard of a man who was going down to the Knysna to try

and shoot Buffalo there; and in Mr. Layard’s letter, he says that

the Buffalo “was certainly still found in the Knysna and all the

great forests of the eastern provinces up to the date of my leaving

the Cape in 1870.”

In Natal, besides the herd mentioned in my paper, I have since

been informed that a few are still supposed to exist on the range of

hills between Natal and Moschesh’s country, where the Umkomazi

and the Umzinkulu rivers rise: this is one of the wildest and least-

known parts of that colony.

In the ‘ Cape Monthly Magazine’ for November 1874, a writer on

Antelopes states that “a remnant still roams through the Tzitzi-

kama forest.”

456 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON [June 5,

Mr. Du Bois, with whom I was hunting last season in the Amaswazi

country, and who knows that part of Africa perhaps better than any

other man, informs me that a variety of the Buffalo, smaller and

with a red tinge on its skin, used to exist along the Bomba hills ;

and in fact I saw such a skin brought in for sale by one of the

natives. The Hon. W. H. Drummond, in his book on the Large

Game of South-eastern Africa, says, p. 33, ‘A herd of Buffalo,

or, more correctly speaking, several herds, that exist in a district

known as the Umbeka, on the north-east of Zululand, are famed as

having a tinge of red in their colour, and as being smaller and more

dangerous than any others.”

June 5, 1877.

Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The following papers were read :—

1. Description of five new Species of Sponges discovered by

A. B. Meyer on the Philippine Islands and New Guinea.

By the late J. S. Bowrrsang, F.R.S., F.Z.83

[Received May 14, 1876.]

1. OPHLITOSPONGIA MEYERI, Sp. nov.

Sponge fistulous; pedicel short and stout. Surface very rugged

and tuberculous. Oscula numerous, dispersed within the cloacal

eavity. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ; ten-

sion-spicula acuate, dispersed or subfasciculate, large and stout, same

size as those of the skeleton ; retentive spicula bidentate equiancho-

rate, very minute and slender, denticuli long, apices obtuse, few in

number, dispersed. Skeleton: Fibre rigid, stout and abundantly

spiculous ; rete irregular and open ; spicula acuate, and a few ace-

rate, stout and rather long; fibres profusely armed with stout at-

tenuato-acuate basally and apically spined internal defensive spicula,

projected at nearly right angles and in all directions from the fibres.

Interstitial membranes spiculous ; spicula same as those of the der-

mal membrane. Gemmules membranous, spherical or oval, black

and opaque.

1 Communicated to the Secretary by Dr. A. B. Meyer, with the subjoined

remarks :—

“The enclosed paper of the late Dr. Bowerbank on five new sponges from

the Philippines and New Guinea was finished June 1876, and was intended by

the author for the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society. He sent the paper

over to me for inspection; and I returned it, after having added a few notes.

He then became ill and died, without haying been able to forward the paper to

your address. Dr. Bowerbank’s family now return the paper to me, and I

forward it to you with the hope that the Society may accept it.”

1877.] FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SPONGES. 457

Colour, in the dried state, nut-brown.

Hab. Kordo, Island of Mysore, Geelvinks Bay, New Guinea

(Dr. A. B. Meyer).

Examined in the dried state.

Type in the Dresden Museum.

Dr. Meyer observes :—“ In life, of the gayest green, red, and yel-

low colours, which fade away very quickly.

The form of this sponge is that of a single long fistulous body

which has apparently been attached to the side of a mass of calcareous

matter by a short stout pedicel, and has then curved upwards to

about eight inches in height. Its external diameter rather exceeds two

inches ; and its internal one averages one and a half inch. Extern-

ally it is very rugged and prominently tuberculous, while its inner

surface is smooth and even, with numerous dispersed oscula for

discharging their effete streams into the large cloacal cavity, which

exceeds seven inches in depth.

The oscula within the great cloacal cavity are numerous, and ap-

pear to be equally distributed throughout the whole of its length ;

they rarely exceed a line in diameter.

The external surface of the sponge abounds in porous cavities or

depressions ; but the true inhalant pores of the dermal membrane

that lines them are inconspicuous, and I did not detect a single open

one on any part of the dermal membrane when mounted in Canada

balsam. The dermal membrane is abundantly spiculous. The ten-

sion-spicula are acuate, stout and long, and as large as those of the

skeleton ; they are dispersed or subfasciculated ; occasionally, but

rarely, a few of the attenuato-acuate internal defensive spicula occur

among them; but I could not detect any acerate spicula. The bi-

dentate equianchorate retentive spicula are very slender and minute,

their denticuli are long and obtusely terminated ; they vary greatly

in size, the smallest ones frequently not exceeding half the size of the

larger ones. The largest I found measured 7:4 inch in length ;

of the smaller ones, one measured 5; inch, and another =), inch

in length. The fibre of the dermal rete is not so abundantly spicu-

lous as that of the skeleton. The latter frequently assumes quite

the appearance of a Desmacidon from the abundance of its spicula.

The skeleton-spicula are of two forms, acuate and acerate, the

latter form being of rather rare occurrence ; both forms are rather

variable in length: they are very numerous and closely packed in

the fibres ; their average length is ;4, inch.

The internal defensive spicula are based on the surface of the ske-

leton-fibre, from which they are projected at various angles. Their

bases aud the distal halves of their shafts are abundantly spinous,

the proximal half of the shaft being frequently destitute of spines ;

these organs are well developed and are all acutely conical. The

internal defensive spicula are very numerous, and they form a most

effective defence against any minute Annelids that might attempt to

enter the skelton structures of the sponge. Their average length is

sh inch.

The interstitial membranes closely resemble the dermal one, but

458 DR. J. S. BOWERBANK ON (June 5,

they are not so abundantly furnished with tension-spicula, while the

retentive ones are the same in form and about the same in number.

These organs are not very readily detected im situ while immersed in

the sarcode ; and from the delicacy of their structure they require a

microscopical power of at least =;/)> linear to render them distinetly

to the eye.

The gemmules of the sponge are rather numerous on the inter-

stitial membranes, and on the inner surface of the dermal one. They

are smooth, spherical or slightly oval, and opaque and black, whe-

ther viewed by direct day-light, or, when mounted in Canada balsam,

by transmitted light. They vary to some extent in size: the smallest

of them measured z,),, inch in diameter, the largest zs'sv inch; but

the average of several measured was ;;455 inch in diameter.

2. IsopICTYA ASPERA, Sp. NOv.

Sponge sessile, multifistulous, fistulae branching irregularly and

usually confluent ; parietes thick ; surface very rough and irregular.

Oscula within the fistule. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 1nem-

brane spiculous, reticulated; rete irregular, uni- or bispiculous ;

spicula acuate, same size as those of the skeleton. Skeleton: Rete

irregular, diffused; primary fibres multispiculous, secondary fibres

irregularly disposed ;, acuate, stout and rather long. Gemmules

membranous, abundant, more or less congregated, spherical, semi-

trapsparent, dark amber-colour.

Colour. In the dried state, dark brown.

Hab. Abu, Philippine Islands (Dr. 4. B. Meyer).

Examined in the dried state.

Type in the Dresden Museum.

This sponge rather exceeds six inches in height, and is of about

the same average diameter.

The fistulze radiate in all directions from the massive basal attach-

ment, and immediately separate more or less into short stout

branches which most frequently become confluent groups. This —

character of the fistulee is very unusual, and is very characteristic of

the species. The surfaces of the fistulz are exceedingly rough and

rugged; and their substance is very brittle in the dried state. Their

distal terminations are open to the full extent of their internal

diameters; and their margins are thin. The oscula on the smooth

inner surfaces of these organs are distinctly visible by the aid of

a lens of about two inches focus.

Portions of the dermal membrane, when mounted in Canada bal-

sam; and viewed with a linear power of about 100, exhibit its reti-

cular structure in a very satisfactory manner; the rete is rather

irregular, but very distinctly exhibited; it is most frequently uni-

spiculous ; but occasionally two or, rarely, three spicula are combined

in some parts of it. The spicula are nearly equal in size and of one

form only, rather long and stout acuate. In a portion of the dermal

membrane thus examined, there were a considerable number of

groups of gemmules, each group consisting of numerous closely

1877.] FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SPONGES. 459

packed specimens, very uniform in their colour and degree of semi-

transparency. These organs varied in diameter from zo\5y to 7255

inch. Some of these groups of gemmules consisted almost entirely

of the larger forms, while in others they were nearly all of the

smaller description. They require a linear power of about 300 to

render them distinctly to the eye. I have never before seen a similar

congregating of the gemmules in any sponge that I have examined.

The general structure of the skeleton is very irregular, the

rete in some parts being composed of many more spicula than in

others. The spicula of which it is constructed are of the same form

and size as those of the dermis. The gemmules were also dispersed

singly around the rete to which they were attached ; and in size and

general character they were in perfect accordance with those grouped

on the inner surface of the dermal membrane.

This sponge is the only specimen I have seen of the species; and

although its structural characters are exceedingly simple, its external

ones are so remarkable, that it cannot well be confounded with any

other known species of Isodictya.

Po.LyFi BROSPONGIA, genus hovum.

Skeleton kerato-fibrous. Fibres solid, cylindrical, aspiculous.

Rete symmetrical. Skeleton-lines polyfibrous ; primary lines of the

skeleton radiating from the base of the sponge to the distal margin ;

secondary lines disposed at nearly right angles to the primary ones.

Although nearly allied in many respects to the genus Spongio-

nella, there is an important difference in the structural arrangement

of the skeleton-fibres of this sponge as compared with those of the

type forms of Spongionella pulchella, which distinctly separates

them. In the latter genus the skeleton-structures, both primary

and secondary, are composed of single fibres; the primary ones

radiating from the base of the sponge, and the secondary fibres being

disposed at right angles to the primary ones. This mode of skeleton-

structure prevails also in the sponge from the Philippine Islands ;

but instead of single fibres thus disposed, we find continuous fasci-

culi, each composed of numerous slender fibres in both the primary

and secondary portions of the skeleton-structures. Thus, although

the individual fibres of the sponge are very nearly the same as in

Spongionella, the congregation of the fibres in large diffuse fasciculi

constitute an important generic difference ; and I therefore propose

to make this peculiar mode of skeleton-structure the type of a dis-

tinct genus, to be designated as above.

3. POLYFIBROSPONGIA FLABELLIFERA, Sp. NOV.

Sponge fan-shaped, pedicel very short, parietes very thin, sur-

face smooth and even. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Der-

mal membrane aspiculous, but abundantly supplied with adherent

extraneous matters. Skeleton: Primary lines composed of a loosely

constructed polyfibrous cord of slender anastomosing keratose fibres;

secondary lines constructed the same as those of the primary series ;

460 DR. J. S, BOWERBANK ON [| June 5,

both series abundantly laden with externally adherent particles of

extraneous matters.

Colour. In the dried state, light ochreous yellow.

Hab. Geelvinks Bay, New Guinea (Dr. 4A. B. Meyer).

Examined in the dried state.

Type in the Dresden Museum.

Dr. Meyer observes, ‘‘ in life brown.”

The form of this sponge is that of a contorted fan six inches high

by eight and a quarter inches broad. It is based on a short massive

pedicel. The thickness of the general expansion of the sponge does

not at any part exceed one twelfth of an inch; and the general con-

struction of the skeleton is visible to the unassisted eye. It has lost

a great part of its dermal membrane; but considerable portions of it

still remain. It is destitute of any spicula usually characteristic of

dermal tissues; but it is abundantly supplied by adhesion with

adventitious spicula of other sponges and of grains of sand and other

such matters. The oscula are scarcely distinguishable ; they appear

to consist of minute orifices rarely exceeding the size of one of the

areas of the skeleton-rete, and they are very irregularly distributed

over the inner or concave surface of the contorted sponge. I could

not detect any pores in a portion of the dermis mounted in Canada

balsam.

The loosely constructed polyfibrous lines of the skeleton are very

singular in their structure. They consist of numerous minute fibres,

running nearly parallel to each other, and anastomosing at irregular

intervals by short connecting fibres at nearly right angles to each

other. Neither the primary nor the secondary lines ever appear to

be in any degree twisted. The primary lines, on an average,

measured ;/, inch in diameter, and the minute fibres of which they

are composed varied frem 577; to 7/5; inch in diameter.

The interior of the sponge appears to be as abundantly supplied

with adherent grains of sand and other adventitious substances as

the dermal membrane is ; but none of such substances were embedded

in the keratose fibres of the sponge as in the genera Halispongia or

Dysidea.

4, HALISPONGIA STELLIFERA, Sp. Nov.

4. Sponge cup-shaped, compressed, parietes thin, pedicel short.

Surface even and smooth. Oscula small, slightly raised on low

tumid elevations, few in number. Dermal membrane pellucid, aspi-

culous, but abundantly supplied with adherent extraneous matters.

Pores disposed in areas containing from one to two or three of them,

each surrounded by numerous minute radiating fibres anastomosing

near the pore, but diverging separately towards their distal termina-

tions. Skeleton: Primary lines radiating in nearly parallel lines

from the base to the distal margin; secondary lines anastomosing

irregularly with the primary ones. Primary and secondary lines

both polyfibrous; fibres solid, cylindrical, frequently anastomosing

inregulatty ~Gemmules minute, spherical, dark and opaque.

1877.] FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SPONGES. 461

Colour. In the dried state, grey ochreous yellow.

Hab. Geelvinks Bay, New Guinea (Dr. A. B. Meyer).

Examined in the dried state.

Type in the Dresden Museum.

Dr. Meyer observes, “in life brown.”

The form of this sponge is that of a closely compressed cup

with a considerable complication of parietes on one side; and it

does not appear as if it had been more expanded when in the living

condition. It is one foot in height and the same at its greatest

expansion, and the pedicel is short and stout. When covered by the

dermal membrane, the surface both within and without the cup is

smooth and even. Near the base of the sponge there are a few

oscular orifices slightly elevated on tumid masses ; but these organs

are inconspicuous on the more fully expanded parts of the sponge.

When a portion of the dermal membrane, mounted in Canada balsam,

was examined by transmitted light with a power of 200 linear, the

porous areas seen were large and well defined; they contain usually

one, but occasionally two or three pores, each of which is surrounded

by a beautifully regular and very extensive series of apparently

minute corrugated radiating lines; some of these pores are open,

while others are completely closed. With a higher power this ap-

parent corrugation is seen to consist of minute slender transparent

fibres which freely anastomose with each other in the immediate

neighbourhood of the pores ; but subsequently they diverge freely to

a very considerable distance from the pore without anastomosing

with each other.

The skeleton is decidedly that of a Halispongia. The primary

or radial fibres are amply supplied with the usual central lines of

embedded grains of sand and other extraneous substances, and more

especially so at the surfaces of the sponge. A few adventitious

spicula of various sizes and forms are entangled amid the skeleton-

fibres, to which also numerous dark opaque spherical gemmules are

attached, varying in diameter from 7 to y2,z inch in diameter.

The most striking specific characters in this species of sponge are

undoubtedly those of the dermal membrane ; and it must be observed

that they are very difficult to find without the aid of mounting

portions of the dermis in Canada balsam; and from the extreme

delicacy of the radial lines surrounding the pores, powers of from

200 to 500 linear are required to render them distinctly to the eye

of the observer.

5. HyALONEMA ANOMALUM, Sp. nov.

Sponge expansively cup-shaped, sessile (?) Surface smooth.

Oscula on the inner or exhalant surface, simple, large and numerous.

Pores dispersed, inconspicuous. Dermal system expansible; con-

necting spicula expando-quaternate ; radii and shaft attenuating,

large and strong. Dermal membrane aspiculous (?). Skeleton:

Cup compressed (?), fasciculated, fasciculi loosely compacted; spi-

cula cylindrical, with clavate or thyrsiform terminations incipiently

462 DR. J. S.s BOWERBANK ON [June 5,

spinous, very long and slender, and often flexuous, intermingled

with single spicula of the same form and size irregularly dispersed.

Interstitial spicula varying from cruciform to rectangulated sexradiate,

radii cylindrical, incipiently spinous, numerous. Retentive spicula

minute sexradiate stellate, radii bi- or trifurcate, attenuated, immersed

in the sarcode, very numerous.

Colour, in the dried state, very pale grey.

Hab. Cebu (Dr. A. B. Meyer).

Examined in the dried state.

Type in the Dresden Museum.

If one adopts the rule that I have followed in all my previous

descriptions of sponges, that the structure and mode of arrangement

of the materials composing the skeletons of the Spongiadze are the

legitimate source of their generic characters, this sponge is decidedly

a Hyalonema, but without the so-called glass rope. This organ in

Hyalonema is not really a portion of the essential skeleton, but is

rather an appendage thereto, and is apparently of the nature of a

cloacal organ. Entertaining these views, I have, in accordance with

them, referred the sponge in course of description to the genus

Hyalonema ; and from its discrepant structure I have given to it the

specific name of H. anomalum. The interstitial spicula of both

species also agree in being cruciform, with spinous cylindrical radii ;

and in each their forms are more or less variable in the number of

the radii, and in both they are numerously dispersed amid the inter-

stitial structures.

This sponge is 33 inches in height and 2 inches in width at its

distal extremity. In its present state it is somewhat compressed.

It has no part of its basal attachment remaining ; and it was in this

condition apparently when taken from the sea; and from the very

small remains of sarcode amid the skeleton-structures it was most

probably at that time a dead specimen. What remains of the sarcode

of the interstitial membranes is nearly translucent, and occurs in

detached masses, each of which is crowded with the minute sexradiate

stellate retentive spicula.

The dermal system is furnished with numerous large expando-

quaternate connecting spicula, the radial shaft being attenuated.

Their mode of arrangement is similar in design to those of Alcyon-

cellum speciosum and Rossella philippensis; but their disposition

does not appear to be so regular as in either of those species.

The dermal membrane has been nearly all destroyed. <A few

small portions, in a tolerably good state of preservation, were found

on parts of the margin of the cup; and these were spiculous. I

found also a small piece of the external dermal membrane zm situ in

a tolerably good state of preservation ; and on this there were a few

large simple porous orifices irregularly dispersed. This portion of

the membrane appeared to be rather abundantly supplied with very

minute attenuato-acuate defensive spicula ; and intermixed with them

a few sexradiate stellate retentive ones were dispersed. The mem-

brane is very thin and delicate in its structure, and it was coated

1877.] FIVE NEW SPECIES OF SPONGES, 463

with sarcode, which appeared to be in a partially decomposed con-

dition.

The skeleton-structure, like that of the spongious base of

Hyalonema mirabile, is composed of irregularly dispersed fasciculi

of long spicula; but the fasciculi are less compact in their structure,

and amid them there are numerous single spicula as irregularly dis-

persed as the fasciculi are. The form of the skeleton-spicula in the

Sponge in course of description is very long, slender, cylindrical,

with incipiently spinous clavate terminations ; and intermixed with

them there are a few very large and stout acuate ones. The best

view of the skeleton-structure is to be seen in portions of the sponge

from the inner surface of the cup. At this surface the dermal mem-

brane appears to be aspiculous; but immediately beneath it, in the

portion examined, there were numerous groups of sexradiate stellate

retentive and defensive spicula, densely packed in detached masses

of sarcode. This congregation of spicula in separate masses is pro-

bably due to the partial decomposition of a uniform stratum of sar-

code in the living sponge in which these minute organs abounded.

The sexradiate stellate spicula are exceedingly slender, and average

yoy inch in extreme expansion. They appear to vary considerably

in the number of their furcating spicula—some radii being trifurcate,

while others are bifurcate ; and very few have the full number of the

fureating radii.

The interstitial spaces of the skeleton are abundantly supplied

with cruciform spicula with cylindrical incipiently spinous radii.

The normal form of these spicula is evidently rectangulated sexradiate.

The greater number of them are cruciform ; but a considerable num-

ber have the fifth ray, or basal portion of the shaft; and a few of

them are completely sexradiate. ‘There is a very great difference in

size between the two sets of spicula—those appropriated to the

dermal system with attenuated radii, and the smaller and much more

abundant ones of the interstitial spaces with cylindrical radii, the

expansion of the radii of the dermal ones averaging 51, inch, while

those of the interstitial spaces seldom exceed ;1, inch in the expan-

sion of the cruciform radii.

The minute attenuato-acuate spicula, which are numerously dis-

persed on the interstitial membranes, average about 51,5 inch in

length ; and it appears probable that they are really the radiating

spicula broken off from the very numerous sexradiate stellate spicula

that are crowded together in such great numbers in the interstitial

masses of sarcode. The skeleton-spicula are many of them flexuous ;

their average length is J; incb, while the diameter of a fully

developed one measured only 37); inch.

The loosely arranged fasciculi of the skeleton-structures of this

Sponge seem to closely ally it to the spongious base of Hyalonema

mirabile ; while the physiological structure of its expansile dermal

system with its quaternate connecting spicula, and, to a considerable

extent, its anatomical structure, are in perfect harmony with the

corresponding parts of the genera Alcyoncellum, Rossella and Geodia;

and the minute rectangulated sexradiate stellate forms of retentive

464 MR. E. L. LAYARD ON SOUTH-PACIFIC BIRDS. [June 5,

and defensive spicula are common to several species of Geodia,

Farrea, and to Alcyoncellum as well as to this sponge.

If the term hexactinellid, as used by some writers, be adopted as

designating the series of sponges which contain the various forms of

rectangulate sexradiate spicula, it will embrace a number of genera

and species widely differing in the important distinctive characters

of their skeletons, upon which the most important characters of their

classification must ultimately be founded.

June 8th, 1876.

2. Remarks on the exact Localities of some Birds from the

Islands of the South Pacific. By E. L. Layarp, F.Z.S.

[Received May 14, 1877.]

In speaking of ‘the geographical distribution of the Fruit-

pigeons in the numerous islands of the Pacific” (P. Z. 8. 1874,

p- 94), Dr. Finsch has, I think, committed an error which it will be

as well to point out. I have only just obtained my back numbers of

the ‘ Proceedings,’ or would have alluded to the matter at an earlier

date. Late though it is, I know Dr. Finsch will thank me for

assisting him with loeal knowledge to propagate the truth, an end at

which I am sure we both aim.

Dr. Finsch says, “ Ptilinopus fasciatus, Peale, is found on the

Feejees, Navigators’, and the small island of Uea of the Wallis

group.” I think, as regards the Navigators’ Islands, he is certainly

mistaken. The Ptilinopus found there is certainly distinct, what-

ever itis. I have not original descriptions to which to refer ; but my

idea is (taken from Finsch and Hartlaub’s own work, and from the

plate in the Mus. Godeffroy) that it is P. apicalis, Bp. In one of

my late communications to this Society (see P. Z.S. 1876, p. 495)

I have pointed out the differences, which are constant. The bird

which I call P. apicalis is never found on Fiji, nor is the Fijian

bird which I call P. fasciatus ever found in the Navigators’.

Tonga has its own species, which I call P. porphyraceus ; and it,

again, is found, or a very near approach to it, on Fotuna Island.

P. fasciatus is found on Viti Levu, Mang-o, and Wakaia Islands.

I must now point out another error into which my friend Dr.

Finsch has fallen. He says, “the beautiful Chryscena victor, Gould,

is confined to Taviumi', one of the smallest islands of the Feejee

group.”” So far from Taviuni being one of the “smallest,” it is

actually one of the four largest islands of the group ; and C. victor is

not “confined”? to it, but distributed all over the large island

of Vanua Levu, and the islands of Rambi, Lanthala, and Kamea.

I may add, however, to Dr. Finsch’s remarks, that my new Chrysena

(C. viridis) is, so far as yet known, confined to the island of Kandavu.

' T spell this as Dr. Finsch has done. Unlucky island! how naturalists have

misnamed it! Both in the ‘Proceedings’ and in ‘'The Ibis’ it has been spelt half

a dozen different ways; but the correct way is Taviun1.—H. L. L.

1877.] MR. E. L. LAYARD ON AFRICAN CUCKOOS. 465

I see also Dr. Finsch alludes, in the ‘Ornithologie der Viti-,

Samoa- und Tonga-Inseln,’ to Myiagra castaneiventris being found

in Samoa. Will he kindly inform us on what authority he does this?

as neither Mr. Whitmee, Mr. Krauss (Messrs. Godeffroy’s collector

there), nor myself could ever find it there, and we all doubt its existence

on the group. Will Dr. Finsch, who writes as if he had specimens

before him from the Navigators’, tell us who procured them, when,

and where? My impression is that some Fijian specimens have

been accidentally mixed by the collector with M. albiventris, the

only Myiagra we have ever found in Samoa.

3. Note on two African Cuckoos of the Genus Coccysées.

By E. L. Layarn, C.M.G., F.Z.S., &c. &c., H.B.M.

Consul in New Caledonia.

[Received May 22, 1877.]

In Mr. R. B. Sharpe’s paper on the Cuculide of the Ethiopian

Region (P. Z. S. 1873, p. 599), in commenting on Coccystes jaco-

binus, Bodd., and C. serratus, Sparrm., he much underrates the

“testimony ’’ I have given that they are distinct-species, and not ¢

and 2 of one. My “ testimony” is not simply “ that they are not

equally common in the parts of South Africa they inhabit ;”’ and I

should regret very much that it should be thought that my “testi-

mony”’ as to the sexual differences of species described by me either

in the ‘ Birds of South Africa,’ or elsewhere, were based on no surer

foundation than the numbers found in certain places.

Mr. Sharpe will find that, under the head of Owulophus edolius

(C. serratus, Sparrm.), I have distinctly alluded to the males and

females, without giving any special description of the female, which

was my custom when she (to my knowledge, always obtained by

dissection) differed in any way from the male; and under that of O.

melanoleucus, I state that Le Vaillant mistook this species for the

female of the preceding. Nothing, I think, can be plainer and

stronger ‘‘ testimony ”’ than this.

I can now add a little information which will appear in the second

edition of the ‘ Birds of South Africa,’ which Mr. Sharpe is bringing

out. Mr. H. Bowker writes, “This is another cuckoo which I

eannot quite make out from your description [he sent both

species], but think it is O. melanoleucus, very common in Albany

district, and appears early in October. It lays its egg in the nest of

the ‘ Black Swallow-tail Spreo’ (Zdolius musicus’?), and also in

that of the Woodpecker, and looks after its young to see that the

foster-parents are attentive to them. I once watched a Wood-

pecker’s nest; and when the nurses brought food to the nest, they

were always accompanied by one of these birds, who, after the

Woodpeckers left, always looked in to see if all was right, and then

sat near until the return of the Woodpeckers, when the same thing

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXX. 30

466 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [June 5,

was repeated. On examining the nest I found four fine young

Cuckoos.”’

Of O. edolius he writes, ‘‘calls frequently during the night,

particularly about 9 or 10 o’clock. I have found their eggs and

young in the nests of the Small Butcher-bird (Lanius silens?).”

This is also pretty good testimony of the distinctness of the two

species.

4. On a Collection of Lepidoptera from Cape York and the

South-east Coast of New Guinea. By Anrruur G.

Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.8., &c.

[Received May 15, 1877.]

In the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for last year I

published an account of the first collection of Lepidoptera sent home

by the Rev. J. S. Macfarlane ; it contained thirty-nine species, of

which six were described as new to science.

The present collection contains fifty species; but one of them is

too much rubbed for specific determination. The new species are

nine in number, five of them being Butterflies and four Moths, as

follows :—

Euplea occulta. New Guinea.

Tenaris onesimus. New Guinea.

Lycena conformis. Cape York.

Terias sana. Cape York.

Papilio macfarlaneit. New Guinea.

Ch@rocampa celata. Cape York.

Euchromia emulina. Cape York.

Flydata spectabilis. Cape York.

Cryptophasa russata, Cape York.

Of species previously recorded, the most striking is a female of

the rare and handsome ‘‘ Huplea”’ mesocala of Vollenhoven.

In the arrangement of the species I shall follow my previous list

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 4, vol. xviii. pp. 122-128), and that on

Lepidoptera from Port Moresby (J. c. pp. 240-249).

RHOPALOCERA.

Family NyMPHALID#.

Subfamily Danaina, Bates.

Genus Danarts, Latreille.

1. DANAIS ARCHIPPUS.

Papilio archippus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 49 (1793).

Several examples. Cape York.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM CAPE YORK. 467

2. DANAIS AFFINIS.

Papilio afinis, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 511 (1775).

Common. Cape York.

3. DANAIS HAMATA.

Euplea hamata, Macleay, King’s Surv. Austr. ii. p. 451 (1827).

Several examples. Cape York.

Genus Evpiaa, Fabricius.

4. EUPLG@A ANGASII.

Euplea angasii, Felder, Reise der Nov., Lep. ii. p. 343 (“1865”).

One specimen. Cape York.

5. EupLa@a MSTA.

Euplea mesta, Butler, P. Z. 8. p. 284, fig. 3 (1866).

3, @. Several examples. New Guinea.

This is the first occasion on which I have seen the female.

6. EupL@a OCCULTA, N. sp.

3. Primaries blue-black, becoming brown upon the outer border ;

secondaries with the anterior half of the wings, excepting the costal

area, which is whitish, dull black, bounded behind by dark cas-

taneous brown, which shades off into pale brown at the anal area;

the anal area crossed by four indistinct paler spots, forming an

abbreviated discal series: body above black ; wings below altogether

paler, the borders being broadly brown ; primaries with a white dot

near the base of second median interspace ; secondaries with two

white spots at the base, one in the cell, and four in an oblique series

just beyond it, the latter slightly lilacine in tint: pectus black,

white-spotted, venter greyish, anal segments with central longi-

tudinal white spots, Expanse of wings 3 inches 7 lines.

One specimen. New Guinea.

At first sight #. occulta might be mistaken for a large example of

E. mesta; but the absence of the two characteristic sericeous streaks

on the primaries at once distinguishes it. It is in fact more nearly

allied to LE. ethiops; but its deeper coloration, broader wings, the

paler anal area of secondaries crossed by still paler spots, and the

absence of many of the spots on its under surface prove its

distinctness.

Genus CatureLea, Butler.

7. CALLIPL@A MESOCALA.

Euplea mesocala, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent. 1873, p. 244,

pl. xi. figs. 1, 2.

g. New Guinea.

Originally described from examples obtained at Waigion: Mr.

Macfarlane’s example is unfortunately a good deal rubbed, as though

it had struggled in the net. ey

468 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [June 5,

Subfamily Saryrin&, Bates.

Genus Mycauzsis, Hiibner.

8. MyYCALESIS FLAGRANS.

Mycalesis flagrans, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 4, vol. xviii.

p- 243. n. 11 (1876).

Two examples. New Guinea.

Genus Yeruima, Hiibner.

9. YpvTHIMA ARCTOUS.

Papilio arctous, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 489. n. 202 (1775).

Several specimens. Cape York.

Subfamily Morruin#, Butler.

Genus Tenaris, Hiibner.

10. TENARIS ONESIMUS, N. sp.

Q. Primaries smoky brown, the apex and costa being darkest ; a

broad white patch enclosed between the subcostal and second median

veins, and just impinging upon the end of the discoidal cell;

secondaries white, tinted with ochraceous towards the base; the

costa and a broad outer border smoky brown; thorax dark brown,

whitish behind, palpi with black upper margin, otherwise ochreous ;

abdomen ochreous: primaries below as above; secondaries white,

the veins, base, costa, and apical half of outer margin smoky brown ;

two large black ocelli, pupillated with white, adorned internally with

a slender greyish crescent, with broad ochreous iris and narrow

brown zone, one of them apical, the other upon the first median

interspace, near the outer margin; pectus dark brown, venter

ochreous. Expanse of wings 4 inches 7 lines.

One specimen. New Guinea.

Subfamily NympHains#, Bates.

Genus DoLEscHaL.iA, Felder.

11. DoLESCHALLIA AUSTRALIS.

Doleschallia australis, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. iii. pl. 51.

figs. 1, 2 (1867).

One example. Cape York.

Genus Neptis, Fabricius.

12. NEPTIS MORTIFACIES.

Neptis mortifacies, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 5.

Several females. Cape York.

13. NEpTIS LATIFASCIATA.

Neptis latifasciata, Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1875, p. 4.

One male. Cape York.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM CAPE YORK. 469

Genus Draprema, Boisduval.

14. DrapEMA VELLEDA.

Papilio velleda, Cramer, Pap. Exot. pl. 349. figs. C, D (1782).

A series of both sexes. ? New Guinea.

In the present consignment there are no specimens of the true

Diadema alimena; 1 am therefore strongly inclined to believe that

D. velleda is a good species confined to Southern New Guinea, and

that the example previously noted (Ann. & Mag. ser. 4, vol. xviii.

p- 124) was taken there, and not at Cape York: the habitat is not

indicated.

Genus Creruosia, Fabricius.

15. CETHOSIA {MPERIALIS.

Cethosia imperialis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 4, vol. xviii.

p. 124. n. 15 (1876).

One example, Cape York.

Genus Junonia, Hiibner.

16. JUNONIA ALBICINCTA.

Junonia albicincta, Butler, Trans. Ent, Soc. 1875, p. 5.

One dwarfed example. Cape York.

Genus Messaras, Doubleday.

17. MESSARAS TURNERI.

Messaras turneri, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 4, vol. xviii.

p. 244. n. 17 (1876).

One dwarfed example. New Guinea.

Family Lyca/ nip.

Subfamily Lycznina, Butler.

Genus Lycana, Fabricius.

18. LyczNa CONFORMIS, 0. sp.

Above brown distinctly shot with violet, excepting the costal and

external borders, which are rather broadly olive-brown, fringe rather

paler; body blackish: wings below sordid whitish; outer margin

bordered by a slender black line; discocellulars and a submarginal

series of spots, behind which is a series of lunules, brown ; primaries

with a dot in the cell, a second subcostal, and an arched discal series

of six spots, black ; secondaries with an irregular series of spots

(encircling the discocellular litura from a short distance) formed of

two lines, the first crossing the cell, the second forming an are across

the disk, all black; the whole of the spots on the under surface

margined with pure white; body below white, LExpanse of wings

10 lines.

One example. Cape York,

Allied to L. lysizone,

470 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [June 5,

Genus Dants, Fabricius.

19. DANIS TAYGETUS.

Lycena taygetus, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. ii. p. 321, pl. 33.

figs. 19-21 (‘*1865’’).

One imperfect example. Cape York.

Family PapiLIONID&.

Subfamily Picrin, Bates.

Genus Dewias, Hibner.

20. DELIAS INFERNA.

Delias inferna, Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 63, pl. 24. fig. 6 (1871).

One shattered female. Cape York.

Genus Terias, Swainson.

21. TeRiAS HECABE.

Papilio hecabe, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 249 (1764).

Several examples. Cape York.

22. TERIAS ZORAIDE.

Terias zoraide, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. ii. p. 213. n. 229

(“T8609 Sy.

Several examples. Cape York.

23. TERIAS SANA, 0. sp.

Sulphur-yellow ; primaries above with the base slightly dusted

with black scales; costal border (excepting at base), apical area,

outer border to the first median branch and the margin beyond it

dark brown; the border runs a short distance up each of the median

branches, giving its internal edge a subsinuated appearance ; secon-

daries with a black-brown border, beginning rather narrow at apex,

and rapidly tapering off to a fine line, which terminates at the first

median branch : body above black, below yellow ; under surface of

wings unspotted. Expanse of wings | inch 3 lines.

Two specimens. Cape York.

Most nearly allied to T. venata from India, but smaller, with

narrower outer border, and unspotted under surface.

Genus Bevenors, Hiibner.

24. BELENOIS NABIS.

Pieris nabis, Lucas, Rev. Zool. p. 326 (1852).

Two examples. Cape York.

Subfamily Par1Lionin&, Bates.

Genus OrNITHOPTERA, Boisduval.

25. ORNITHOPTERA PRONOMUS.

Papilio pronomus, G. R. Gray, Cat. p. 2, pl. 1. figs. 1 & 2 (1852).

Seventy specimens of both sexes. Cape York,

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM CAPE YORK. 471

Genus Parixio, Linneus.

26. PapILio ADRASTUS.

Papilio adrastus, Felder, Reise der Nov. Lep. i. p. 110, pl. 16.

figs. a, 6 (1865).

Several of both sexes. New Guinea.

27. PAptLio PANDION.

Papalio pandion, Wallace, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv. p. 56. n. 72

(1865).

One female (like P. onesimus, but smaller). New Guinea.

This female appears to be modified in imitation of Tenaris.

28. PariLio PoLyporvus.

Papilio polydorus, Linnzeus, Syst. i. 2, p. 746 (1767).

Forty-eight specimens, of both sexes. Cape York.

29. PAPILIO CHOREDON.

Papilio choredon, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. xiv. p. 306 (1864).

One example. Cape York.

30. PAPILIO MACFARLANEI, 0. sp.

Wings above black, spotted and banded with green, according to

the general pattern of P. agamemnon, but the central series of spots

enlarged so as to form a broad tapering macular band on the pri-

maries, and a wedge-shaped band (white on costal area) on the

secondaries ; the submarginal spots and the discal spots of secon-

daries smaller than in P. agamemnon: primaries below differing in

the same way as above, but the secondaries with very different basal

area, more nearly resembling that of P. telephus, pale green with a

broad brown belt parallel to the abdominal margin, and a short

tapering streak (from the costa to the subcostal nervure) interupted

upon the costal nervure by a scarlet spot, and terminating in a smaller

scarlet spot ; a few scarlet scales near the base of the interspace en-

closed by the subcostal branches, and a scarlet spot above the black

anal spot; no trace of the conspicuous white costal spot invariably

found in P. agamemnon, or of the scarlet-edged black spot which

precedes it. Expanse of wings 3 inches 9 lines.

Two specimens (rather worn). New Guinea.

Intermediate in character between P. wallacei and the succeeding

species. We have a Papilio scarcely differing from it, from Ternate.

31. Papimio =GISTUS.

Papilio egistus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 754. n. 48 (1766).

Two shattered examples. New Guinea.

32. PAPILIO INDICATUS.

Papilio indicatus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.

xvii. p. 248. n. 29 (1876).

Several worn specimens. New Guinea.

472 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [June 5,

Genus Eurycus, Boisduval.

33. EuRyYCUS CRESSIDA.

Papilio cressida, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. p. 448 (1775).

Several specimens of both sexes. Cape York.

34. EurRYCUS TROILUS.

3 Eurycus troilus, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.

xviii. p. 247. n. 27 (1876).

Two or three worn specimens. New Guinea.

The female chiefly differs from that sex of Z. cressida in its more

rounded wings and less-defined markings.

HETEROCERA.

Family SP HINGIDS.

Subfamily Coamrocampin#, Butler.

Genus Cuozrocampa, Duponchel.

35. CH&ROCAMPA CELATA, Nl. sp.

3S Primaries above pale sandy brownish, clouded with pale

brownish, olivaceous at the base and across the end of the cell to

inner margin; the whole wing, but especially the external area,

sprinkled with black and grey scales; an ill-defined greyish elbowed

line crossing the wing at the basal fourth, a second greyish line

crossing the wing obliquely from apical third of custa to middle of

inner margin ; traces of two parallel lines beyond the latter, followed

immediately by a strongly defined dark brown line from the apex

to the inner margin: secondaries buff-coloured, the costal area silky

testaceous ; a broad dull-black belt almost covering the basal half

of the wing: body above pale pinky brownish, becoming gradually

olivaceous towards the head; the head and thorax with well-defined

pinky white borders. Wings below sandy ochraceous, sprinkled with

greenish-grey scales, and crossed by two parallel greenish-grey oblique

streaks, the outer one less defined than the inner; body below

pinky whitish or pale flesh-coloured, the hinder part of the pectus

being palest. Expanse of wings 3 inches 4 lines.

One example. Cape York,

Most nearly allied to C. bistrigata.

Family AGARISTIDA,

Genus AGArisTA, Leach,

36. AGARISTA NEPTIOIDES.

Agarista neptioides, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. p. 138

(1875).

A single male. Cape York.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM CAPE YORK. 473

Family ZyGENID&.

Subfamily Evcnromina, Butler.

Genus Evcuromria, Hibner.

37. EvUCHROMIA IRUS.

Sphinx irus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. p. 150, pl. 368. fig. A (1782).

Several examples. Cape York.

38. EUCHROMIA ZMULINA, 0. sp.

Wings above black; primaries with two metallic green spots at

the base; a spot near the base, a bifid spot across the median vein,

an elongated subcostal spot beyond the cell, and a bifid spot across

the second median branch hyaline white: secondaries with the costa

brown; a trifid basal spot and a large trifid spot beyond the cell

hyaline white: body dark brown ; shoulders, front of collar, and meta-

thorax ochreous; hind margins of abdominal segments ochraceous in

front, carmine towards the anus; vertex of head white; hinder part

of shoulders, collar, inner margins of tegulze, hind margin of meta-

thorax, and three spots on the basal segments of the abdomen

opaline, varying from silvery white to green or blue; anterior cox

white ; venter carmine with a central series of black spots; anus tes-

taceous and black. Expanse of wings 1 inch 7 lines.

One specimen. Cape York.

This beautiful species comes nearer to Z. aruica of Walker than

to any other described form. The pattern of the wings is quite like

Syntomis.

Subfamily Synromin#, Butler.

Genus Syntomis, Ochsenheimer.

39. SYNTOMIS MARSDENI.

Syntomis marsdeni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, pl. 60. fig. 3.

Two specimens. Cape York.

This is another instance of the same Lepidopterous insect occurring

in Java and Australia.

Family ARCTIID &.

Genus Areas, Walker.

40. AREAS PUNCTIPENNIS.

Areas punctipennis, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.

xvii. p. 126. ». 30 (1876).

One example. Cape York.

Family LirHosiip&.

te Genus THEMISCYRA, Walker.

41, THErMIscyRA MACTATA.

Mieza mactata, Felder, Reise der Noy. Lep. v. pl. exxxix.

fig. 44 (1876).

474 MR. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM CAPE yorK. [June 5,

Themiscyra varicosa, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol.

xviii. p. 126. n. 31 (1876).

One example. Cape York.

My description was published a week or two too late to secure

priority.

moe Arena, Hibner.

42. ARGINA CRIBRARIA,

Phalena cribraria, Clerck, cones, pl. 54. fig. 4 (1764).

One example. Cape York.

This species seems to be common all over the Old World with

the exception of Europe.

Family Hypesip&.

Genus Hypsa, Hiibner.

43. Hypsa DAMA.

Noctua dama, Fabricius, Sp. Ins. ii. p. 216 (1781).

One example. Cape York.

Genus Damatis, Hubner.

44. DAMALIS ALCIPHRON.

Phalena alciphron, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 133. fig. F (177

One example. “Cape ite

Family CHALCOSIIDA.

Genus HreLeona, Swainson.

45. HELEONA FENESTRATA!

Heleona Senestr ata, Swainson, Zool. Ill. pl. 116 (1832-33).

One specimen. Cape York.

The single specimen sent has the primaries so much rubbed that I

cannot be certain that it is the true H. fenestrata; but if not, it is a

nearly allied species.

Family URANIID&.

Genus NycraLemon, Dalman.

46. NycTALEMON PATROCLUS.

Papilio patroclus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulv. p. 204 (1764).

One shattered female. New Guinea.

Family MAcARIID&.

Genus Hyparta, Walker’.

47. HyDATA SPECTABILIS, 2. sp.

Wings hyaline white; above with a broad pale brown or sordid

cream-coloured outer border: primaries strongly falcated, sinuated

1 A genus agreeing in venation with Macaria, but with transparent wings,

the secondaries not angulated or caudated, but sinuated.

————$$$$$—_$_ ——_—--- -

PyS. 1677, Pik:

1877.] ON THE FISHES OF THE LATE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. 475

below the apex; base brownish or sordid cream-coloured, bounded

externally by an oblique brown line; a second elbowed line, its

upper portion represented by the discocellulars, the lower by a streak

to the inner margin ; outer border (excepting at apex) greyish brown;

three brown costal spots, the one nearest the base indistinct : secon-

daries creamy towards the base; body creamy whitish. Wings below

with blackish discocellular spots ; outer border of primaries, except-

ing at apex, and inner edge of border of secondaries covered with

dense confluent red-brown striations ; secondaries with a black costal

spot; body white. Expanse of wings | inch 8 lines.

One example. Cape York.

Family GELECHIID.

Genus Cryproruasa, Lewin.

48. CRyPTOPHASA RUSSATA, N. sp.

Primaries shining ferruginous; the costal border snow-white ; the

base, outer border, outer half of inner border, and a streak from the

outer border through the discocellulars to the centre of the discoidal

cell slaty greyish: secondaries pale ferruginous: head, collar, and

base of antennze snow-white ; thorax ferruginous; prothorax whitish

in front; abdomen pale ferruginous. Under-surface pale shining

ferruginous. Expanse of wings | inch 4 lines.

One specimen. Cape York.

Allied to C. rubescens, but smaller, of a more elegant form, and

differently coloured.

Genus Cryproxecaia, Zeller.

49. CRYPTOLECHIA NIVELLA ?

Oryptolechia nivella, Walker, Lep. Het. xxix. p. 751 (1864).

One specimen. Cape York.

5. Report on a Collection of Fishes made by Mr. C. Hart

during the late Arctic Expedition. By Dr. Axsert

Ginruer, F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of Zoology,

British Museum.

[Received May 22, 1877.]

(Plate L.)

Some months after the Report on Capt. Feilden’s collection of

Fishes’ had been prepared, the British Museum received specimens

collected by Mr. C. Hart, Naturalist on board of H.M.S. ‘ Dis-

covery.’ He obtained eight species within the Arctic Circle, three

1 Proc. Zool, Soc. 1877, p. 293.

476 ON THE FISHES OF THE LATE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. [June 5,

of which were not contained in Capt. Feilden’s collection, as will be

seen from the following list :—

I. Marine Species, collected in Franklin-Pierce Bay,

August 11, 1875.

1. IcrLus Hamatus, Kroy.

2. TriGLops PINGELII, Reinh.

No specimens of this fish were previously in the national collec-

tion. It appears to be much scarcer than the preceding. Exter-

nally the ventral fin appears to be composed of three rays; but on

dissection four long rays and one rudimentary one are found.

3. CycLorrerRvs sPINosus, adult’.

Ova contained in the same bottle as these specimens are of the

size of large hemp-seed.

4, Lrparis FaBricil, Kroy.

5. GyMNELIs vrripis, Fabr.

6. Gapus FaBrici, Rich.

Il. Freshwater Species obtained from Lakes in Discovery Bay.

1. Saumo aires, Rich.

Of this species two examples were obtained, about 15 inches

long; it is a well-marked species of Charr, characterized by the

deep radiating and concentric striation of the gill-covers. The

typical specimens were obtained in Boothia Felix ; so that this Charr

has an unsually wide range. Colour silvery, with scarcely any

pinkish tinge. Cee. pyl. 41.

2. SALMO NARESII, 0. sp.

The body much elongate, its greatest depth being one fifth, or

even one sixth, of the total length, without caudal. The length of

the head is one fourth or two ninths of the same length, and nearly

one half of the distance between the snout and the vertical from the

origin of the dorsal fin. The snout is obtuse, the forehead flat; and

the maxillary extends in the male to the vertical from the hind

margin of the orbit, but in the female it is somewhat shorter. Teeth

1 Cyclopterus lumpus we did not receive either from Capt. Feilden or Mr.

Hart. It does not seem to extend so far northwards as C. spinosus, Mr.

Horner, the Naturalist of the ‘Pandora,’ to whom we are indebted for several

valuable additions to our series of Arctic animals, collected very young examples

in lat. 64° 53! and long. 53° 20' W. attached to Fweus vesicula. He remarks

that these little fishes are very similar in form and colour to the air-yessels of

that plant.

URL +5 1

durt paeyUeH e

aber

1877. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN®. 477

very small, those of the vomer limited to the anterior extremity of

the bone, a band of villiform teeth along the middle of the hyoid.

Preeoperculum with the angle much rounded, and without a distinct

lower limb ; suboperculum more than twice as long as deep. The

gill-cover shows scarcely a trace of the radiating and concentric strize

by which Salmo nitidus is characterized. Pectoral shorter than, or

equal in length to, the head without snout ; and at least one half or

more than one half of the distance of its root from the ventral.

Ventral fins terminating at a considerable distance from the vent. D.

13; the largest ray scarcely longer than the distance of the eye from

the end of the operculum. A. 11. Caudal deeply excised, its middle

rays not quite half as long as the outer ones. Scales minute. Bran-

chiostegals 11.

Pyloric appendages 42. Vertebree 65.

Upper parts light greenish olive, passing into the silvery colora-

tion of the sides. Lower part of a deep reddish-pink colour. Sides

with very small red spots. Dorsal and upper part of the caudal of

the colour of the back. Paired fins and anal and lower part of caudal

deep red, with yellowish white margins,

Several specimens were obtained in a freshwater lake near to the

winter-quarters of the < Discovery,’ in a depth of from 10-15

fathoms.

This is a small species, the largest example measuring 10 inches,

all the others, males and females, being only 8 inches long. Yet the

sexual organs were fully developed, and the ova ready for exclusion.

By associating the name of Sir George Nares with one of the

novelties brouglit home by the Arctic Expedition, I pay only a small

tribute of the esteem in which all zoologists hold the leader of the

‘Challenger’ and Arctic Expeditions.

6. Review of the Ibidine, or Subfamily of the Ibises, By

D. G. Exxior, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., &e. &e.

[Received May 22, 1877.]

(Plate LI.)

The materials by means of which the present paper has been

written are contained in the Museum of Paris and in the collections

of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, and Captain G. E. Shelley.

The collection of the Paris Museum is very rich in these birds,

and contains several of the types of older writers, as Cuvier &e. ;

and T have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. A. Milne.

Edwards and M. Oustalet for the facility afforded me in making

my investigations. In the following paper I have given the litera-

ture of the subfamily, classification, genera, and geographical dis-

tribution, together with the Synonymy for each species as I have

been able to determine it.

478 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

I commence with the literature of the family :—

1766. Linnzus, ‘ Systema Nature.’

Seven species are given by this author, some of which do not

belong to the present group, and all but one are included in the

genus Tantalus. The valid species are 7’. falcinellus (= Falcinellus

igneus), T. rubra (= LEudocimus ruber), T. albus (= E. albus)

and Scolopax guarauna (= F. guarauna), probably the young of the

glossy Ibis with a white forehead. Species 4.

1783. BoppaErt, ‘ Table des Planches Enluminées.’

Three species of Ibis are apparently named for the first time, viz.

Lophotibis cristata as Tantalus cristatus, Theristicus caudatus

as Scolopax caudatus, and Geronticus calvus as Tantalus calvus.

Species 7.

1788. Gmettn, ‘ Systema Nature.’

Twenty-one species are given under the genus Tantalus, of which

the following are valid—T. igneus, calvus, cristatus, ruber, albus,

cayanensis (described for the first time), and melanopis (= caudatus,

Bodd.). The remainder are either synonymous with previously

described species, or do not belong to this subfamily. Species 8.

1790. Laruam, ‘ Index Ornithologicus.’

Twenty-three species are recorded, mainly those in the list given

by Gmelin. The following are described for the first time:

Tantalus melanocephalus, T. hagedash, and T. ethiopicus. Species 11.

1817. Vierttot, ‘ Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle.’

Twenty species are here given, all included in the genus dis, one,

however, not belonging to this group, viz. Ibis nandapoa (= Mycteria

americana, Lath.). Only one species is described as new, viz. [bis

cerulescens. Species 12.

1820-1839. Temmrincx, ‘ Planches Coloriées.’

Five species are here given, and four described, two of which are

valid. They are Ibis leucon (= T. melanocephalus, Lath.), Ibis

papillosa, Ibis nippon, Tantalus chalcopterus (= S. guarauna, Linn.),

and Ibis plumbea (= Ibis ce@rulescens, Vieill.) Species 14.

1823. LicuTensTEIN, ‘ Verzeichniss der Doubletten des zoolog.

Museum zu Berlin.’

The Curucdu afeytado of Azara is named Ibis infuscata; no

description is added. Species 15.

1823. VieriuoT, ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique.’

Tantalus hagedash, Lath., is described as Ibis chalcopterus; and

as Hagedash has been employed as a generic term (Hagedashia),

Vicillot’s specific name is retained.

1825. Sprx, ‘ Avium species nove’ &c.

Cercibis oxycerca is described as Ibis ovycerca. Species 16.

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINA. 479

1829. Wacurr, ‘ Isis.’

Several species of this group of birds are mentioned in the ‘ Isis’

of this year, some of which are described as new ; but none are valid.

The species named are Ibis guarauna, I. macei (=I. melanocephalus,

Lath.), I. papillata (= I. papillosa, Temm.), I. calva, and I.

gonocephala (= Tantalus = I. calvus, Bodd.).

1832. Wactuer, $ Isis.’

Several genera for these birds are proposed, as follows, and a list

given of their species :—Jbdis, Cuv., ex parte, to contain I. religiosa

(= Tantalus ethiopicus, Lath.), I.macei (=T. melanocephala, Lath.),

and I. molucca, Cuv. (=T. ethiopicus, Lath.) ; Tantalides has T.

faleinellus (=Falcinellus igneus), and T. guarauna; Theristicus

possesses 7’. melanopis (= Scolopax caudatus, Bodd.) ; Geronticus

with G. calvus and I. papillata (= I. papillosa, Temm.); Harpi-

prion has Ibis cayennensis, I. dentirostris (= T. cayanensis, Gmel.),

and I. plumbea (=I. cerulescens, Vicill.) ; Hudocimus contains Ibis

rubra, I, alba, and I. longirostris, Wagl. (= T. albus, Linn.) ;

Cercibis to have I. orycerca, Spix ; Phimosus represented by I. in-

JSuscata, Lich., and I. nudifrons, Spix. (= I. infuscata, Licht.).

1835. Ripre uy, ‘ Fauna Abyssinica.’

Bostrychia carunculata described and figured as Ibis carunculata.

Species 17.

1835. Jameson, ‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.’

Carphibis spinicollis described as Ibis spinicollis. Species 18.

1837. Du Bus, ‘ Bulletin de ? Académie de Bruxelles.’

Lampribis olivacea described as Ibis olivacea. Species 19.

1844-1849. G. R. Gray, ‘ Genera of Birds.’

In this valuable publication, the Ibises are placed in the family

Ardeidz, and compose its fifth subfamily. Three genera are con-

signed to it, viz. :—Tantalus, properly belonging to the Ciconiide ;

Ibis, with five species, only three of which are valid according to the

present writer’s views ; and Geronticus, with eighteen species, four-

teen of which are good. The various genera proposed by other

authors are merged in Geronticus, which is not admissible, as the

species of this group represent many distinct genera worthy of

recognition.

1845. Ripprxy, ‘Systematische Uebersicht der Vogel Nord-Ost-

Afrika’s.’

Comatibis comata, described as bis (Geronticus) comata.

Species 20.

1857. Bonaparte, ‘ Conspectus Generum Avium.’

The Ibises here form the subfamilies Ibinze and Eudocimine of

the Tantalidz ; and sixteen genera are employed. bis contains five

species, three of which are good, I. dernieri, of Madagascar, being

separated from I. ethiopica: Nipponia, and Carphibis, each with

one valid species. In the division Geronticeze we have Bostrychia,

480 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

Hagedashia, Comatibis, Geronticus, Inocotis, and Lophotibis, all

possessing one species each, excepting the second named, which has

two. The division Phimose has Molybdophanes, Theristicus,

Harpiprion, Cercibis, and Phimosus, each with one species, save the

second, which has two, only one of which is valid. The second

subfamily, Eudociminee, contains Hudocimus, with three species, two

only of which are valid, and Falcine/lus with six, one of which alone

is good. Constituting two subfamilies for this group of birds is

practically unnecessary; and several of the so-called species are

founded upon immature specimens. The genera employed, however,

are apparently required, unless all these birds should be retained

under one genus, which does not seem to be advisable in view of the

many and important differences exhibited by the various species.

Species 21.

1870. Swrnuor, ‘Proceedingsof the Zoological Society of London.’

Ibis melanocephala described as Ibis propinqua.

1874. Ripeway, ‘American Naturalist.’

Falcinellus thalassinus described as Ibis thalassina. Species 22.

1875. Hume, ‘Stray Feathers.’

Graptocephalus davisoni described as Geronticus davisoni.

Species 23.

1876. AuLen, ‘ Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy

of Cambridge.’

Falcinellus ridgwayi described. Species 24.

1877. Ousrauet, ‘ Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris.’

Thaumatibis gigantea described as Iéis gigantea, and Grapto-

cephalus davisoni described as Ibis davisoni. Species 25.

CLASSIFICATION.

The birds composing the groups treated of in this paper are inter-

mediate between the Tantali on the one hand and the Numenii on

the other. They are removed from the Herons by several impor-

tant characters, such as the possession of a small, muscular stomach,

very long and slender intestine, and small czeca, in contradistinc-

tion to the large membranous stomach, very long and slender

intestine, and absence of ceeca of the Herons. With the Spoon-

bills they are very closely allied, these last being “Ibises with

the bill flattened and expanded towards the extremity.’ These

two groups, then, Jdis and Platalea, I consider as forming two

subfamilies of one family, for which, in consideration of the for-

mer being much the larger and more important in regard to the

number of its species, I adopt the term Ibidide, the subfamilies

being called respectively Ibidinz and Plataleinee. To the first of

these divisions this paper is restricted. Numerous genera have been

instituted for the reception of the various species ; and I have adopted

a considerable proportion of them. Hither all the species must be

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN, 481

kept in one genus, or else a number of genera must be recognized ;

for there is very great variation among the members of the subfamily

in the extent and mode of distribution of the bare skin upon the head,

face, and neck, as well as in the shape and presence of the scutella

upon the tarsi. Of the twenty-two genera proposed at different

periods by successive writers, as given below, I have retained nineteen,

which seem to be sufficient to include all the species known to

ornithologists at the present day. I commence my arrangements of

these birds with the genus dis, formed by Savigny for the sacred Ibis

of the ancients (Tantalus ethiopicus, Lath.). This genus contains

three species, conspicuous for having the head and neck entirely de-

nuded of feathers. This is sueceeded by Thaumatibis, instituted for

the extraordinary bird having a body in form and size like a Tantalus,

but with the head and feet of an Ibis,—to be followed by Graptoce-

phalus, with its single species, having a curiously coloured head and

neck, and a skull similar in shape to its gigantic predecessor. There

is now a gap, and the genus I place next seems to be as well fitted in

here as anywhere ; for, as in all other groups of birds, there are also

missing links among the Ibidinz, that we are not able to supply,

the species which would have fitted the gap having probably long

since become extinct. Carphibis therefore comes here, with its

single species, having the head and throat bare, the neck only partially

so. Inocotis succeeds, containing the curious bird with the back of

the head covered with scarlet papille ; and this is followed by

Comatibis with one species. Geronticus is next, with one species ;

after which is Phimosus, also with one species, having top and sides

of head and throat nude; followed by Nipponia, with the bare space

like the other, but not continuing onto the throat. All the species

thus far have the head mostly denuded of feathers, and form a kind

of group by themselves, separated, in a measure, from the other

members of the Ibidinze, which have the top of the head covered with

feathers. Of this second section, Cercibis is first, with one species,

followed by Theristicus, with also only one member; after which

comes Lophotibis, formed for the beautiful bird from Madagascar ;

and this is followed by Hagedashia with only one species. We now

reach Bostrychia with its single species, remarkable for the

lengthened wattle pendent from the throat ; and this is succeeded by

Harpiprion with only one member, which is followed by Molybdo-

phanes with but asingle species. Falcinellus comes next, with four

species, the largest number that any of the genera contain, suc-

ceeded by Lampribis with its single species, distinguished from the

members of the previous genus by the bare skin including and

extending considerably behind the eye, and reaching all round the

base of the bill, and from the next genus by having a feathered

throat. The last is Hudocimus with two species, the well-known

_ white and red Ibis.

GENERA.

Many genera have been proposed for the different species con-

tained in this paper, more, perhaps, than are strictly required. Some

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXXI. 31

482 _MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZ. [June 5,

writers have preferred to employ them as subgeneric divisions, while

others, ignoring them entirely, have placed all the birds in this

subfamily under one genus, Jéis. From a careful examination of

the subject it appears to me that either the latter view must be

adopted, and but one genus recognized, or else quite a number must

be employed, as the species certainly vary greatly among themselves,

and by such characters as are usually deemed generic. Considering

that more than one generic form is clearly to be perceived among

these birds, I have referred the different species to those in which

it seemed they should properly be retained. Some authors have

taken the genus Idis, as defined by Moehring, with Tantalus ruéer,

Linn., as the type. Moehring, however, does not come within the

number of those writers who are accepted as authorities either for

genera or species ; and therefore Iéis, as referred by him, cannot in

any way be taken into consideration. Lacépéde was the first to

define the genus Jéis after the time of Linnzeus (the starting-point

of ornithological nomenclature) ; but he unfortunately did not desig-

nate any type for his genus; so it cannot be accepted. The next

author who proposed a generic division for these birds was Bechstein,

who, in 1803, gave the term Falcinellus to the Tantalus falcinellus of

Linneeus ; and in 1810 Savigny defined the genus Jéis with Tantalus

ethiopicus, Lath., the sacred Ibis of the ancients, as his type. It will

thus be seen that Zé¢s cannot in any way be used for the American

species of this subfamily, as has been generally the practice.

In the following enumeration of the terms that have been pro-

posed, I commence with Bechstein, and bring the list down to the pre-

sent day, giving with each genus the species employed as its type :—

(1808) Falcinellus, Bechst., Gem. Nat. (nec

Vieill.)

(1810) Zdis, Savigny, Systéme des Oiseaux de

lEgypte et de la Syrie, p. 392

Type.

Tantalus falcinellus, Linn.

Tantalus ethiopicus, Lath.

(1832) Zantalides, Wager, Isis(nec Reich.) .... Tantalus falcinellus, Linn.

(1882) Theristicus, Wagl. ibid. ............+sss00e0e Scolopax caudatus, Bodd.

(1832) Geronticus, Wagl. ibid. ..........0..0.s0e0ee Tantalus calvus, Bodd.

(1832) Harpiprion, Wagl. ibid.......cceceseeeee ons Tantalus cayennensis,Gmel,

(1832) Hudocimus, Wagl. ibid. .............6.seseee Tantalus ruber, Linn,

(1832) “Conezbis Weapl. ibid! 10.......c-sce-coceecavs Ibis oxycerea, Spix.

(1832) Phimosus, Wagl. ibid. .............0..0000s

(1842) Threskiornis, G. R. Gray, App. List Gen.

DINGS: Mil Oi. ceasucstassuadcatecsseatsecaacae

(1851) Comatibis, Reichenb. Novitiw, Synop.

Avium, pl. 291. figs. 2383, 2384............

Bee eee eee mete t nec nce sere eeressase, Seeeeseee

(1851) Guara, Reichb. ibid. pl. 139. figs. 525-527

(1851) Leucibis, Reichb. ibid. pl. 141. fig. 526,

pl. 861. figs. 2825, 2826, pl. 292. fig. 2885

(1851) Bostrychia, Reichb. ibid. pl. 85. fig. 1011

(1857) Hagedashia, Bon. Consp. Gen, Av.

Ibis infuscata, Licht.

Tantalus ethiopicus, Lath.

Ibis comata, Riipp.

Ibis nippon, Temin.

This cerulescens, Vieill.

Tantalus cristatus, Bodd.

Ibis papillosa, Temm.

Ibis spinicollis, James.

Tantalus ruber, Linn.

Tantalus albus, Linn.

This carunculata, Riipp.

Tantalus hagedash, Lath.

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN4. 483

(1877) Graptocephalus, Elliot, gen. nov. ......... Geronticus davisoni,Hume.

(1877) Thaumatibis, Elliot, gen, nov. ............ Ibis gigantea, Oustalet.

(1877) Lampribis, Elliot, gen. nov. ............... Ibis olivacea, Du Bus.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

A. Head, and neck for nearly its entire length naked.

a. Skull oblong on top; webs of scapulars decomposed ;

tarsi and middle toe equal ..............cscesceeceeseeeeeee 1. Lbis.

6. Skull square on top, middle toe three fourths the

esa ity OS sk HIE te es a tn eens shine adja binlain civ - (einai wane 2. Thaumatibis-

B. Head and upper part of neck naked.

a. Skull square on top; occiput sloping to forehead,

which descends rapidly to maxilla. Tarsus half an

inch longer than middlo toe .............s.ssccseeeeeouses 3. Graptocephdus.

6. Skull oblong on top.

a. Base of neck covered with stiffened spiny shafts ... 4. Carphibis.

6’. Back of head covered with papille ..............0... 5. Inocotis.

C. Head and throat naked; occiput projecting beyond the

line of the neck; neck feathered behind nearly to the

head.

a. Neck covered with loose, extremely narrow, lengthened

and pointed feathers; tail long, rounded ............... 6. Comatibis.

6, Neck covered with soft short feathers; taillong,square 7. Geronticus.

D. Front and sides of head, and throat, naked............... 8. Phimosus.

E. Fore part of head on top and face naked; throat fea-

Terrelle FASS NS OS SI See ede es 9. Nipponia.

F. Top of head feathered.

a. Sides of head and throat naked ; tail verylong, cuneate 10, Cercibis.

6, Space around the eye and line on sides of throat naked 11. Theristicus.

c, Space around the eye bare; throat covered with long

goathers. head crested... tsstcs.-cn<sse-esccsrerecsvacsdcnse 12. Lophotibis.

d, Space between the eye and maxilla bare ; a naked line

on throat along the lower margin of mandible......... 13.. Hagedashia,

G. Head and throat feathered.

a. Bare wattle pendent from the throat....................- 14. Bostrychia.

6, Narrow line on forehead at base of culmen and space

between the eye and maxilla bare ..............c0.s0c000 15. Harpiprion.

e, Space between eye and maxilla bare.

a'. Feathers of the neck long and loose; thighs fea-

thered nearly to the knee.............ssceeceesescseseeees 16. Molybdophanes.

6', Feathers of the neck short ; thighs bare for nearly

fihiein ontiretlen oth 25 15.0065. -cecesossekeresssericeavoesscae 17. Falcinellus.

H. Forehead and space around and behind the eye naked.

Bar GahfoatNOred, ccc. coscsyeaad-eicccocsaceestesss diced aecees 18. Lampribis.

PRU ETOALNAROU, ; cosse... 254226 acade is ecearccenasezsaiese0de0s 19. Eudocimus.

GEOGRAPHICAL DiIsTRIBUTION.

The birds composing the subfamily of which this Monograph

treats are distributed everywhere throughout the globe, being found

in every zoogeographical division yet named ; and if the number of

species of a family which exists in any particular portion of the

earth is an indication that it there had its origin, then we may con-

sider that Zdis appeared first in the eastern hemisphere ; for, of the

twenty-five species recognized in this paper, fifteen are found to dwell

upon the eastern continents, or on the islands ye mire = Indian

484 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

archipelago ; and eight of these, or a little over half, are natives of

the Ethiopian region.

In reviewing the geographical distribution of the members of the

Ibidinee, commencing in the far east, and treating those species met

with in the Australian regon, it will be found that the great continent

of Australia possesses three species, viz. I. ethiopiea, Carphibis spi-

nicollis, and Falcinellus igneus. The second of these has not been

obtained as yet elsewhere, although it is stated to have been seen

once in New Guinea. ‘The first of the species above named (J.

athiopica) has quite an extended range, as it apparently is identical

with the African species, and, besides Australia, it is found also in

Ceram and Salwatty of the Austro-Malayan division of the Austra-

lian region. Anciently this species was a dweller in Egypt, as it

was there worshipped, and the mummied remains are found in great

numbers; but there is no authentic record of its having been seen in

that land in modern times.

Another great division in which these birds are found is the

Oriental region; and here we see that in India, as usually under-

stood, the Geronticus papillosus and I. melanocephala are distributed

generally. The last-named species is also a native of Ceylon and

Java of the Indo-Malayan islands; and the Graptocephalus davisoni

is an inhabitant of the Tenasserim Provinces.

In the Indo-Chinese subregion the extraordinary Thaumatibis

gigantea is found in Cochin China, and Graptocephalus davi-

soni in Siam and Cambodja. In the Palearctic region the

Nipponia nippon is found in Siberia, Northern China, and Japan,

and also in Formosa of the Oriental region.

The Ethiopian region, the next in order, has the I. ethiopica

distributed generally south of the Great Sahara. In Abyssinia the

Bostrychia carunculata and Comatibis comata are found, the latter

species extending its range northward to Algeria in the Paleearetic

region, its limits being apparently the northern edge of the great

desert. Proceeding southwards along the east coast, the Geronticus

calvus is met with in the vicinity of the Orange river; and this

species seems to go quite across the continent, as it is also a native

of Damara Land on the west coast. On this side also the Hage-

dashia chalcoptera ranges from the Gambia in the north to the

Cape colony ; and the Lampribis olivacea is met with on the Guinea

coast and on Prince’s Island.

Madagascar (Malayan subregion) has three species, I. melano-

cephala, Lophotibis cristata, and I. bernieri. The last two are not

found elsewhere, while the I. Gerniert is very closely allied to the I.

athiopica. One other species remains to be noticed, the Falcinellus

igneus, which is found nearly everywhere throughout the eastern

hemisphere.

In the Nearctic region five species of Jd¢s occur; but of them one

is only an accidental visitor. The Falcinellus igneus is met with in

the Alleghany subregion, occasionally as far north as Massachusetts.

F.. guarauna is found in the middle province of the United States and

northward to the Columbia river, while /. thalassinus is met with on

the Pacific coast to California. The Hudocimus ruber is only a

1877. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. 485

straggler; and I am not aware of a specimen having been procured

within the limits of this region, although it has been seen a few times

by naturalists. Hudocimus albus is found in the southern part of the

Alleghany and Rocky-mountain subregions, going northwards as far

as the Carolinas and westwards to Texas.

In the Neotropical region the remaining species of the subfamily

are found.

Beginning in the north with the Mexican subregion, we have the

E. albus and the Harpiprion cayanensis, which range from Panama,

along the northern portion of South America and down the east coast

into Brazil—the Brazilian subregion. In the Antillean subregion we

find the F’. igneus in the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, and perhaps

some more; and the Z. ruder is a native of Cuba and probably

other islands to the southwards, as it is stated to be abundant on the

Orinoco and Amazons, in the Brazilian subregion.

In Columbia the Phimosus infuscatus is met with ; and this species

extends its range southwards to the Argentine Republic. Theristicus

caudatus inhabits the continent from Peru on the north to the Straits

of Magellan; and the H. cerulescens is a native of Brazil and the

Argentine Republic. C. oxycerca is found in Brazil in the Ama-

zonian subregion, and as far westward as Columbia. f. guarauna

appears to be spread over the whole of South America, with perhaps

the exception of Peru. In this last country F. ridgwayi is found ;

and £’. ¢halassina is an inhabitant of the west coast from the Straits

of Magellan to California in the Nearctic region.

1. [pis THIOPICA.

Vantalus ethiopicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790), vol. ii. p. 706.

sp. 12.

: Numenius ibis, Cuv. Aun. du Mus? (1805) vol. iv. p. 116, t. 53.

Ibis religiosa, Savig. Hist. de PEgypte (1810) Ois. t. 7. fig. 1,

(text) vol. ni. p. 392; Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist, Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p- 9; Temm. Man. Ornith. (1820) vol. iv. p. 390; Vieill. Ency.

Méth. (1823) p. 1144; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 2; Hemp.

& Ehrenb. Sym. Phys. (1828) p. 17; Cuv. Regn. Anim. (1829)

p- 519; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 568. sp. 15; Wagl. Isis (1832)

p- 1231; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832) p. 160. sp. 188; Bon.

Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 151; Schleg. Mus. Pays-B.

(1863) livr. iv. p. 12; Kirk, Ibis (1864) p. 364; Bree, B. Eur.

Ist ed. vol. iv. p. 45, pl. 13; Schleg. Proc. Zool. Soe. (1866) p. 425 ;

Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1871) p. 614.

Ibis egretta, Temm. Man. Orn. vol. iv. p. 391; Bon. Consp.

Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 151.

Ibis molucca, Cuv. MS. Mus. Paris; id. Régn. Anim. p. 520;

Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 568. sp. 13.

Tantalus ibis, J. Brookes, Linn. Trans, vol. xvi. (1830) p. 499.

Ibis strictipennis, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837) p. 106; Bon.

Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 151; Schleg. Mus. Pays-B.

(1863) livr. 4, p. 14; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1873) pp. 467,

638.

486 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&E. [June 5,

Threskiornis strictipennis, Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi. pl. 46; id.

Hand-b. B. Austr. (1865) vol. ii. p. 284.

Threskiornis ethiopicus, Gray, App. List Gen. Birds (1842)

p. 13; Gurney, Ibis (1860) p. 219, (1865) p. 275.

Geronticus strictipennis, Gray, Gen. B. (1849) vol. iii. p. 567.

sp. 7; id. Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 40.

Geronticus ethiopicus, Gray, Gen. B. (1849) vol. iii. p. 566.

sp. 5; Layard, B.S. Afr. (1867) p. 320. sp. 604; Gray, Handl.

B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 40; Bartlett, Ibis (1876) p. 211.

Ibis ethiopiea, von Heugl. Syst. Ueber. Vég. Nordost.-Afr.

(1855) p. 213. sp. 633; Gurney, Ibis (1868) p. 259; Finsch &

Hartl. Vog. Ost.-Afr. (1870) p. 783 ; Gurney, Anderss. B. Damaral.

(1872) p. 297; Shelley, B. Egypt (1872) p. 261; Heugl. Ornith.

Nordost.-Afr. (1873) Band ii. Abth. 1, p. 1135; Ayres, Ibis (1874)

p. 105,

Thresciornis religiosa, Hartl. Syst. Orn. W. Afr. (1857) p. 232.

sp. 658; Gurney, Ibis (1859) p. 153. sp. 9, (1865) p. 275.

Hab. Africa, Senegambia (Hartl.); Casamanze (Verr.) ; Mos-

sambique (Peters); Cameroons (Crossley); Transvaal (Ayres);

St. George, Elmina, Gold-Coast (Pel) ; Australia, Ceram (Schlegel) ;

Salawatty (Rosenberg).

The Sacred Ibis is no longer met with upon the Nile south of

Kartoum ; and I do not know of any authentic account of its having

been seen in Egypt in modern times. In ancient days it must have

been very numerous, as great quantities of mummies of these birds

are found in the tombs and pits throughout Egypt. Strabo states

that every street in Alexandria was full of them in his time, and

they were useful in picking up all kinds of offal thrown out of the

butchers’ shops. He also says they were troublesome because they

devoured every thing, were dirty, and were prevented with difficulty

from polluting what was clean and not given to them. Hermopolis

was the patron city of this bird; and it appears to have been wor-

shipped throughout the land, It was the emblem of Thoth, the

scribe of Osiris, who wrote down the deeds of the deceased ; and its

portrait is seen upon many of the monuments that remain. Vier-

thaler says that on the White and Blue Nile it builds in trees, nesting

in great companies during the months of August, September, and

October.

This species is the type of Savigny’s genus dis; and I have

consequently retained this term for it and its congeneric relatives.

Mr, Gould has separated, in his ‘ Birds of Australia,’ the Black-

necked Ibis of that country from J. ethiopica, on account of the

lengthened feathers on the lower part of the throat, and has called

it I. strictipennis; and the species has generally been accepted

by ornithologists as valid. Another less conspicuous character is

the extent of the dark-green colour on the ends of the primaries.

Inasmuch as the lengthened neck-feathers of I. melanocephala are

present in some specimens and not in others (being assumed in the

breeding-season), and are therefore of no value as a specific character,

it does not seem at all natural that the same character among speci-

1877. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. 467

mens of the present species should entitle such individuals to a

distinctive rank, as it is only a part of the seasonal dress. In regard

to the extent of the greenish-black colour on the ends of the

primaries, I find it varies greatly in different examples from the same

country. Thus, one in the Paris Museum, from the Cape of Good

Hope, has the end of the first primary greenish black for 12 inch ;

while another, from Sumatra, in the same collection has the first

primary covered for 33 inches from the tip with the same colour.

In the face of such facts, and with specimens before me from Aus-

tralia, the Moluccas, and Africa, no two of which are exactly alike

in their coloration, as above stated, I cannot do otherwise than

consider Mr. Gould’s bird from Australia the same as the African

I. ethiopica, and consign his name to the list of its synonyms,

Mr. Gould says that in Australia this bird goes in small flocks

from five to twenty in number, and frequents the wet hollows of

lagoons, and banks of rivers, seeking frogs, newts, and insects. It

is wary, and difficult to approach sufficiently near to bring it within

shooting-distance.

Mr. Ayres states that this species frequents the Bay of Natal and

the mouths of the rivers along the coast, and are very shy. He has

seen them in company with Spoonbills and White Herons, sunning

themselves on the upper boughs of the mangroves, and at low water

feeding on the mud-banks with the Curlews, Egrets, and Herons,

When flying they usually form a figure like Swans and Geese. It

arrives in the Zambesi region, according to Dr. Kirk, from the north

in December, and frequents the sea-coast. He says the flesh is very

good eating.

Gould describes the back of the head and neck as crossed by

narrow distinct bands of rose-pink, and on the crown of the head is

a series of oval spots arranged in the form of a star of the same

colour. However, while in some specimens these are conspicuous,

in others they are scarcely apparent, and in the dried skins these

marks are not visible. As the allied form JI. melanocephala has

also this same style of coloration, as stated by Blyth, it has no

specific value.

Head and neck bare of feathers ; skin black ; tips of the primaries

greenish black, varying in extent among individuals on the first

primary from 1 inch to 33 inches. Tertials with open, much

lengthened and diminished webs falling over and covering the

lower part of the wing, blackish purple. Entire rest of plumage

pure white. In some specimens the feathers of the lower part of the

neck are lengthened inte a tuft. Bill black; iris reddish brown.

Legs horn-colour.

Total length 29 to 30 inches ; wing 14 inches; tail 6 inches; bill

along culmen varying from: 5 to 8 inches; tarsus 32 inches.

Young have the neck covered with short white feathers.

2. [Bis BERNIERI.

Ibis bernieri, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 151; Sclat.

Proc. Zool. Soc. (1870) p. 382.

488 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

Ibis religiosa, Schleg. & Poll. Rech. Faun. Madag. (1868) p. 126.

Geronticus bernieri, Gray, Handl. B. (1871) pt. iil. p. 40.

Hab. Madagascar.

Precisely like the I. ethiopica in colour of plumage, but appa-

rently distinct, or at all events a geographical race, distinguished

from its near relative by the much less extent of bare skin on the

neck and the white iris. Tertials black with a bluish gloss, their

webs open and diminished. Entire rest of plumage pure white.

Bill black, feet and legs black.

Entire length 26 inches; wing 13} inches; tail 7 inches; bill

along culmen 5} inches; tarsus 3 inches.

3. [Bis MELANOCEPHALA.

Black-headed Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supp. p. 240.

Tantalus melanocephalus, Lath, Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 709.

sp. 21: Wagl. Isis (1829) p. 760.

Ibis melanocephala, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p. 23; id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1150; Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827); Jard. & Selby, Orn. Ill. pl. 120; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av.

(1857) vol. iii. p. 151; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas. (1863) livr. 4, p. 14;

Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1873) pp. 467, 638.

Numenius de Macei, Cuv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. (1805) vol. iv.

p- 125.

Ibis leucon, Temm. Plan. Col. no. 481.

Ibis macei, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 3.

Ibis bengala, Cuv. MS. Paris Mus.; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831)

p- 068.

Ibis religiosa, Sykes’ Cat. p. 188. sp. 1.

Threskiornis melanocephalus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Asiat. Soc.

(1849) p. 275; Gray, Gen. B. (1849) vol. iii. p. 567; Jerd. B. Ind.

(1864) vol. iii. p. 768. sp. 941; Swinh. Proce. Zool. Soc. (1863)

p- 318. sp. 320; Blyth, Ibis (1867) p. 174, (1870) p. 175; Gray,

Handl. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 40. sp. 10222; Holdsw. Proc. Zool.

Soc. (1872) p. 479. sp. 290; Legge, Ibis (1875) p. 404. .

Ibis propinqua, Swinh. Ibis (1861) p. 261; id. Proc. Zool. Soc.

(1870) p. 428, (1871) p. 44.

Hab. India generally; scarce in Arakan (Blyth); Java (Schlegel);

Ceylon (Holdsworth).

I place the Ibis propinqua, Swinhoe, asa synonym of I. melano-

cephala, as 1 do not perceive in his description (/. c.) any difference

from the present species to entitle it to a separate specificrank. The

‘pectoral feathers, long and pointed like in Herodias garzetta,” I

do not consider of any specific value, as I find specimens of I. mela-

nocephala, from Bengal and Pondicherry respectively, in the Paris

Museum, with these lengthened feathers as well as without them, the

one from Bengal having them very long and conspicuous, the other

not having a traceofthem. The latter specimen is Cuvier’s type of

Ibis bengala (MS. Mus. Paris); the former is marked as [dis macei,

Wagler. These feathers are assumed in the breeding-season, as

stated by Blyth, and therefore cannot be accepted as indicating a

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZ. 489

character sufficient to establish a species. In the Pondicherry

example the desiccated plumes adorning the back are of a pale pearly

white, indeed almost white, agreeing with Swinhoe’s bird, which

shows that this species varies in the colour of these plumes among

individuals. I have never seen these feathers of the rich dark hue

exhibited by J. ethiopica. Swinhoe speaks of Jerdon’s description

of I. melanocephala as showing that bird to have “black quills.”

It is true that Jerdon speaks of the “quills black with green reflec-

tions ;” but this is evidently an error that he inadvertently made,

because, lower down the page, he compares the present species with

the I. ethiopica (as I. religiosa), and states they differ in the colour

of their quills, the present species having the “apical portion hardly

blackish, whilst in I. religiosa they are greenish-black.” He might

have said that the I. melanocephala when fully adult had the quills

pure white.

Blyth states that occasionally the bare neck of this species is

coloured behind like that of I. strictipennis (I. ethiopica), as

figured by Gould in the ‘ Birds of Australia ;’ and also, contrary to

what is stated by Mr. Gould, this species differs from I. ethiopica

and resembles the Australian J. strictipennis in having the long

pectoral plumes when in breeding-dress. The naked portion of the

neck is considerably less extended than in J. ethiopica.

Head and neck denuded of feathers, skin black, occasionally with

reddish bars across the back of neck. Scapulars and tertials with

open lengthened barbs, rather thin in substance, and falling over the

wing; the colour of these varies in individuals froma pearly white to

almost a black shade. Rest of plumage and wings pure white. In

he breeding-season the lower feathers of neck in front are much

lexgthened. Bill black; feet black. Total length about 29 inches;

winixs 14 inches; tail 5 inches; bill along culmen 6$ to 73 inches ;

tars s 4 inches.

»ung.—The head and neck covered with short feathers, at first

dar}. brown, then white ; and the lengthened scapulars are absent.

4, THAUMATIBIS GIGANTEA.

Ibis gigantea, Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philomat. (1877) sér. 7, tom. i.

25.

Hab. Cochin China.

This fine species was sent to the Paris Museum by M. Harmond

irom Cochin China. There was only one skin, and that of a bird

not in adult plumage. It is remarkable for its great size, approach-

ing to that of the species of Tantalus. In fact it is a bird with the

body of a Tantalus and the bill, legs, and feet of an Jdis. It is

difficult to tell by the present specimen what would be the colours

of the adult plumage; but the wing would apparently be for the

greater part a silvery grey. It forms a seeming link between the genera

Tantalus and Ibis; and as it obviously cannot be placed in any

existing genus, I propose for it the term Thaumatibis, with the fol-

lowing characters :—

Head large, skull almost square on top, which, together with the

490 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN4. [June 5,

neck, is bare. Body large, heavy. Wings reaching to near the end

of the tail. Bill curved; nostrils basal, placed in a groove. Middle

toe three fourths the length of tarsus; outer toe longer than inner.

Head and upper part of neck bare, crossed on the back of neck by

numerous black bars. Lower part of neck covered with short dark

greenish feathers edged with grey. Back dark brown glossed with

green. Scapulars dark brown, webs disunited. Secondaries, tertials,

and greater wing-coverts silvery grey, blackish brown along the

shaft of the feathers, and tipped with the same. Primaries brownish

black. Underparts dark greyish brown in the central portion of

breast, dark green on the flanks. Tail and under tail-coverts dark

green. Bill dull red. Feet and legs Indian red.

Total length 42 inches; wing 214 inches, tail 11, bill along

culmen 93, tarsus 43, middle toe 33, the nail 4, hind toe 13.

5. GRAPTOCEPHALUS DAVISONI.

Geronticus davisoni, Hume, Str. Feath. vol. iii. (1875) p. 300.

Ibis davisoni, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philomat. Paris, 7™° sér. tom. i.

p. 28 (1877).

Hab. Pakchan estuary, Tennasserim Provinces (Davison) ;

Ajudhja, Siam (Bocourt) ; Sombor, Camboja (Harmond).

This fine and very distinct species was first described by Mr. Hume

(l. c.) from two specimens obtained by his collector, Mr. Davison, on

the banks of the Pakchan estuary, in the extreme south of the Tenas-

serim Provinces. Specimens are inthe Museum of Paris, brought at

different times by MM. Bocourt and Harmond from Siam and Cam-

boja. As stated by Mr. Hume, in coloration of plumage this species

is almost exactly like the Zdts papillosa, Temminck, with which it

has been confounded, although the wings and tail of the Siamese

examples are a deeper blue than is seen in specimens of I. papillosa.

The chief differences between the species are the entire absence of

papillee or warts upon the back of the head, the anterior portion

alone being covered with small brown warts, and the peculiar

coloration of the bare skin of the head and neck. This in the G.

davisont is black on the top and sides of the head; and (as indicated

in the skin, which, when moistened, exhibited the colours) between

this and the feathers of the neck is a broad band of rose-colour, which

extends upwards onto the back of the head ina triangular shape, the

point reaching to the level of the top of the head, where it is strongly

tinged with blue. The black of the throat is concave-shaped at

bottom, and curves upwards and inwards on the side of the neck, to

and above the ears, and then is divided on the back of the head by

the red colour mounting upward. Mr. Hume says that in his speci-

meus this part of the throat is encircled by a broad white band,

which becomes blue upon the occiput, and makes no mention of any

red or rose-colour ; nor does he state whether he was furnished by

Mr. Davison with the colour of this naked part, as he describes it, or

observed it on the skin of the prepared specimens. I do not suppose

that there are two species; for one specimen in the Museum has an

indication of a white ring on the neck ; but I should be inclined to

1877, ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZ. 491

believe, judging from the examples I have seen, that the Siamese birds,

when alive, have very little white on the neck, the indication mentioned

above being possibly caused by the rose-colour having entirely faded

out. There was, unfortunately, no description of the colours of the

naked skin sent with the specimens. The neck and upper part of the

body is rufousbrown, glossed with greenish bronze. Upper tail-coverts

dark blue with green reflections on the edges of the webs. Scapulars

like the back, some of the feathers having the webs disunited and

open. Primaries and wings very deep rich Prussian blue, the lesser

coverts white. Tail Prussian blue, with a green gloss on the edge of

the feathers. Underparts rufous-brown, glossed with green. Under

tail-coverts green, with a blue tinge. Bill, according to Hume,

“very dark plumbeous, blue at base, shading to a dull ochraceous

clay colour towards the tips.’ In the specimens before me it is ap-

parently dark green, lightest at the tip. Legs and feet coral red.

Hume gives the irides as « bright orange.’ Total length 33

inches ; wing 163, tail 8, bill along culmen 64, tarsus 3 inches,

Another specimen, also brought by M. Harmond from Camboja,

measures as follows :—total length 37 inches; wing 164, tail 9,

bill along culmen 73, tarsus 37 inches. It appears to be a larger

and stouter species than the I. papillosus. The sexes unfortunately

are not indicated in any of the specimens. There are such trenchant

differences exhibited by this species from all others of this group of

birds, especially in the shape of its skull, which resembles somewhat

of that its gigantic relative the Thaumatibis gigantea, that it would

seem to be entitled to a separate generic rank, and I therefore pro-

pose to call it

GRAPTOCEPHALU s,

with the following characters :—

Head and neck bare, covered by a variously coloured skin. Skull

square-shaped on top ; occipital region high and wide, sloping to

the forehead, which is prominent and descends rapidly to the maxilla.

Secondaries are equal in length to the primaries, and both reach

nearly to the tips of the rectrices. Second and third primaries equal

and longest. Tarsus half an inch longer than the middle toe; outer

toe slightly Jonger than inner. Tarsi covered with small hexagonal

scales. Under tail-coverts extending over two thirds the length of

the tail.

I could not remove the skull, and therefore am only able to

describe the form as it appears in the skin.

6. CARPHIBIS SPINICOLLIS.

Ibis spinicollis, Jameson, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. No. 37, p. 213;

Jard. & Selb. Ill. Orn. vol. iv. pl. 17; Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. (1863)

livr. 4, p. 12.

Ibis lamellicollis, La Fres. Mag. Zool. (1836) p. 1, pl. 57.

Geronticus spinicollis, Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii. p- 567,

sp. 3; Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi. pl. 45; Gray’s Hand-l. B. (1871)

pt. ili. p. 39.

Carphibis spinicollis, Reich. Novy. Syn. Av. (1851) pl. 82.

492 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

fig. 1009, 1010; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ili. p. 152;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. (1865) vol. ii. p. 282.

Ibis strictipennis, Straw-throated Ibis, d’Albertis (quoted by

Sclater), Ibis (1876) p. 361.

Hab. Australia. New Guinea.

This bird is peculiar among the members of this family in posses-

sing the curious straw-coloured spines at the base of the neck in

front, as though they were the stiffened shafts of feathers denuded

of their webs and massed together. Both sexes apparently are thus

adorned, though the spines are more slender and shorter in the

female. This species is accustomed to congregate in immense flocks,

and is seemingly distributed all over Australia; and, under the name

of Ibis strictipennis, M. d’Albertis states that he saw it flying over

him in New Guinea, of which country it is not at all unlikely to be

an inhabitant.

Head, throat, and upper part of neck in front bare, skin black.

Feathers of neck short, dewny, and end in a point at base of occiput.

Sides of neck white, back of neck black, this colour gradually

lessening in width as it proceeds towards the occiput. Front of

neck and breast covered with short stiff straw-coloured spines, which

fall over the breast in front. Back and upper part of breast bright

bronze-green with rich purple reflections. Secondaries dark purplish

brown, with bright purple bronze spots along the edge of outer webs.

Shoulders metallic green, succeeded by a patch of metallic blue, the

feathers crossed by narrow bars of velvet black. Greater wing-

coverts, and outer webs of tertials, purple bronze. ‘Tail and entire

underparts pure white. Bill black. ‘Thighs crimson, graduating

into blackish brown on the tarsi.

Immature birds have not the spines at all, or only just commencing

to show, and the green on the breast is divided by the white of

the lower parts, which is extended up to the neck.

Total length 32 inches; wing 144, tail 63, bill along culmen

63, tarsus 33 inches.

7. INOCOTIS PAPILLOSUS.

Ibis papillosa, Temm. Pl. Col. no. 304; Less. Trait. Orn.

(1831) p. 568. sp. 12; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832) p. 162. sp.

190; Burgess, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1857) p. 74; Schleg. Mus, Pays-B.

(1863) livr. 4, p. 11.

Ibis papillata, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 10; id. Isis (1829)

. 761.

i Inocotis papillosa, Reich. Nov. Syst. Av. (1851) pl. 140. fig. 533 ;

Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii. p. 153.

Geronticus papillata, Wag). Isis (1832) p. 1232.

Geronticus papillosus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. Asiat. Soc. (1849)

p. 275. no. 1621; Gray, Gen. B. (1849) vol. iii. p. 567; Jerd. B.

Ind. (1864) vol. iii. p. 769; Beavan, Ibis (1868) p. 400; Gray,

Handi. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 39.

Hab. India generally (Blyth).

Lieut. Burgess states that in the Deccan this species is much more

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN2. 493

common than the Black-headed Ibis (I. melanocephala), and fre-

quents open places together with the sandy shores of streams.

They go in flocks, and feed chiefly on insects, as the stomach of one

which was shot contained only heads, legs, and wing-cases of locusts ;

that of another was full of large grasshoppers and a lizard, while

a third contained the chrysalides of butterflies. This bird roosts

in trees, and breeds in the months of February, March, April, May,

and June, and lays three or four pale bluish-white eggs, slightly

streaked and spotted with brown, 274 in. in length by 1,5 in. in

width. Captain Beavan procured it in the Maunbhoom dis-

trict at Makun, near Ambekanugger, and also saw it at Julpigoorie,

where it was deemed very fair eating, and therefore often shot.

Head and throat nude, skin black. A triangular patch of bright

red papillz on the back of the head, reaching above the eyes. Neck

and upper parts fuscous brown, with a bronze-green gloss on the back.

Wings shining steel-blue. A conspicuous white patch on the inner

lesser coverts. Tail steel-blue, not so dark as the wings, with green

reflections. Lower parts fuscous brown, under tail-coverts bronze-

green. Bill greenish lead-colour; iris dull orange-red ; legs and

feet brick-red. Total length 30 inches; wing 18, tail 8, bill along

culmen 63, tarsus 3.

8. CoMATIBIS COMATA.

Ibis (Geronticus) comata, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. (1845) t. 45;

Blanf. Zool. Abyss. (1870) p. 436. sp. 278.

Geronticus comatus, G. R. Gray, Gen. B. (1847) vol. iii. p. 567.

sp. 13; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nordost-Afr. (1855) p. 313.

sp. 636; Tristr. Ibis (1860) p. 78. sp. 127; Gray Hand-l. (1871)

pt. iii. p. 40.

Comatibis comata, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. (1851) pl. 291. figs.

2383, 2384; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii. p. 153.

Ibis comata, Schleg. Mus. Pays.-B. (1863) livr. 4, p. 9; Heugl.

Ornith. Nordost-Afr. (1873) Band ii. Abth. 2, p. 1144.

Hab. North-east Africa, Abyssinia, Algeria.

The Rev. H. B. Tristram met with this species in Algeria beyond

Bou Guizoun, on the road to El Aghouat. It appeared to prefer

arid mounutain-ranges, and consorted with the Raven and Falcon. Its

food consisted of lizards and serpents; and it breeds in inacessible

holes of precipices. A coarse egg of a deep blue colour, about the

size of that of a common Heron, was shown to him as belonging to

this species. It did not appear to be gregarious. The legs and feet

are peculiarly coarse and rough, adapted rather for rocks and sand

than mud and water. According to Blanford this species did not

seem to be common in Abyssinia on the route traversed by him, as

he only met with it twice, once near Senafé, and again a large flock

near Antale. Von Heuglin met with it in winter on the coast of

Abyssinia, and in February in large flocks on the high plains of

Woggara, together with the Bostrychia carunculata. It seems to

breed there.

Top, sides of head, and upper part of throat bare of feathers ;

494 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

skin brilliant crimson. Back of head and neck covered with long

loose feathers, dark purple with green reflections. Back, wings, and

tail dark greenish-bronze with a large patch of red bronze upon the

shoulder. Primaries dark green. Entire underparts very dark

greenish-bronze, almost black. Legs and feet bright red. Bill crim-

son. Total length 29 inches; wing 16, tail 8, bill along culmen

5, tarsus 3.

The young has all the face covered with dirty-white feathers,

changing to slate-grey upon the lower part of the neck.

9. GERONTICUS CALVUS.

Courly a téte nue du Cap de bonne Espérance, Buff. Pl. Enl.

no. 867.

Tantalus calvus, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. d. D’Aub. (1783) p. 52 ;

Lath. Ind. Ornith. (1790). vol. ii. p. 708. sp. 17.

Black Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iil. p. 112. sp. 11.

Bald Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 116. sp. 16.

Tantalus niger, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 650. sp. 14; Lath.

Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 707. sp. 13; Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. _

Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 21.

Ibis calva, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 23;

id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1150; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827)

sp. 11; id. Isis (1829) p. 761; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas (1863) livr. 4,

p. 11.

Ibis gonocephala, Wag). Isis (1829), p. 761.

Geronticus calvus, Wag). Isis (1832) p. 1232; Gray, Gen. Birds

(1849) vol. iii. p. 567. sp. 2; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii.

p- 153; Gurney, Ibis (1860) p. 219. sp. 116; Layard, B.S. Afr.

(1867) p. 321. sp. 606; Gray, Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 39 ;

Gurney, B. Damara L. (1872) p. 297.

Hab. South Africa (Layard), Orange River, Damara Land

(Andersson).

This species was named by Boddaert (/. ¢.) Tantalus calvus.

It is true that Forster in his ‘ Descriptiones Animalium’ gave the

name of capensis to the same bird; but as this does not appear to

have been published by the author, and was unrecognized until Lich-

tenstein issued his edition in 1844, Forster’s name will of course sink

into a synonym.

According to Mr. Ayres this species feeds entirely on insects,

chiefly beetles. They frequent the land from which the grass has

been burnt, and are very wary, being constantly on the move all day.

Although living inland, during the winter months they approach

within ten miles of the coast. Steedman states that this Ibis nests

in companies in the clefts of the sides of precipices. In this respect

it resembles the G. comatus. Layard says that the Bald Ibis, known

to the Dutch colonists as the Wilde Kalkoen (wild Turkey), is not

rare on the eastern frontier, but not often found on the western. He

understood that it was a very foul feeder, frequenting the vicinity of

villages and acting the part of ascavenger. One that Sir George Grey

had in captivity walked very rapidly, and was always occupied in

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. 495

seeking for food, probing the ground with its bill, and drawing out

the earth-worms, which it swallowed at agulp. Mr.Vigne shot this

species at Tygerhoek, near Caledon, on the river Zouder End.

Layard says that the bare portion of the neck is of a deep red

colour, while Mr. Ayres, as quoted by Gurney (Ibis, 1860, p. 209),

States that this part is greenish white, the top of the head only being

bright red. From the dried skin it is difficult to ascertain which is

correct ; but I have followed Mr. Ayres, thinking that perhaps his

opportunities of examining the bird in the flesh have been greater

than those of Mr. Layard.

Top of the head bare, bright red; neck and throat in front de-

nuded of feathers, skin greenish white. Entire plumage rich bronze-

green, with the exception of a large patch upon the shoulders of a

reddish bronze, violet in certain lights. Legs and feet red. Bill

red. Total length 32 inches ; wing 16, tail 92, bill along culmen6,

tarsus 23.

10. Puimosus tnruscatus.

Curucin afeytado, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Parag. (1802-5),

no. 365, p. 201.

Ibis infuscata, Licht. Doubl. (1823) p. 75; Schleg. Mus. P.-

Bas (1863) livr. 4, p. 8; Wyatt, Ibis (1871) p. 384.

Ibis nudifrons, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 86 (1825); Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827) sp. 6; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 567.

Phimosus infuscatus, Wagl. Isis (1832) p. 1232; Bon. Consp.

Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii. p- 156; Sclat. & Salv. Nomen. Av. Neotr.

(1873) p. 127.

Geronticus infuscatus, Gray, Gen. Birds (1849) vol. iti. p. 566.

sp. 16; id. Hand-l. Birds (1871) pt. iii. p. 41.

Hab. South America, from Columbia to the Argentine Republic.

The present bird was first described by Lichtenstein (J. ¢.). The

manner in which the fore part of the head and the throat are denuded

of feathers, as well as its small size, make it easily distinguishable from

its relatives. Its range is quite extensive, as it is an inhabitant of

South America, from Columbia to the Argentine Republic. There

is no difficulty with the Synonymy, as but one additional name

seems to have been given it, viz. nudifrons of Spix.

Fore part and sides of head, and throat, red. Plumage of body

dark-green bronze glossed with purple. Secondaries, primaries,

and rectrices bright bronze green. Bill, legs, and feet red.

Total length 24 inches; wing 113, tail 6, bill along culmen 53,

tarsus 23.

11. Nrpronra nippon.

Ibis nippon, Temm. Pl. Col. (1835) no. 551 ; Schleg. Faun. Jap.

t. 71; id. Handl. Dierk. t. vii, p. 84; id. Mus. Pays-Bas (1863)

livr. 4, p. 9; Blakiston, Ibis (1862) p. 331; Swinh. Proc. Zool.

Soc. (1863) p. 318. sp. 321; id. Ibis (1863) p. 416, (1873) p. 249,

(1875) p. 455; David, Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris (1867) Bull. p- 39;

496 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. [June 5,

Von Homeyer, Journ. fiir Ornith. (1870) p. 427; Taczan. Journ. fiir

Orn. (1875) pp. 256-8.

Nipponia temmincki, Reich. Syn. Av. pl. 141. fig. 538.

Nipponia nippon, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) il. p. 152.

Ibis (Geronticus) nippon, Radde, Reise im Siid. v. Ost-Sib. (1863)

p. 341.

Geronticus nippon, Gray, Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. ili. p. 40. sp.

10232.

Ibis sinensis, David, Compt. Rend. (1872) p. 64 ; Oust. Bull.

Nouv. Archiv. Mus. Paris (1872) p. 129, pl. 6.

Hab. Japan; China, near Shanghai; Ningpo, North Formosa

(Swinhoe) ; Siberia (adde).

Swinhoe, who saw this species in Formosa, says that they are not

regular in their visits to that island; but he has frequently observed

about the end of April some half dozen of these birds on the river-

shoals at Tamsuy. They did not seem to breed in Formosa. The

birds of the year were a smoke-grey, deep on the head and neck,

and nearly white on the wings and underparts. He also met with

them at Ningpo, and gives in ‘ The Ibis’ a full account of the spe-

cies from his observations of it while there. On December 31st,

1872, a pair flew over him; and the male, perched in a lofty pine,

kept throwing his head forward and uttering his love-note of now,

now in a loud hoarse voice. In April they commenced putting on

their dark breeding-feathers. On the 10th of June a live bird of the

year, in grey plumage, was brought to him. It was very tame, re-~

fused fish, but eat raw beef. The cheeks and over the eye were

covered with downy feathers; but the rest of the face was bare, and

orange-yellow in colour instead of red. Irides light yellowish brown ;

legs and feet light brown, with a tinge of orange-flesh-colour. It

had a full occipital crest, and delighted to expand it. On the 23rd

of August he saw large parties of this Ibis on a lake, white birds

and dusky ones in company. He visited the same lake again on

November 18th, and saw large flocks of these birds ; but then they

were all white and rose-coloured, no grey ones among them. The

lake-dwellers call them Houg (red) le. A large party of Ibis settled

near him in the muddy water, where it was up to their tarsal knees.

After remaining still for a few moments they advanced, jerking their

bills about in every direction under water. They probably felt their

prey, and every thing caught was thrown into the throat by a few

nods of the head. Their captures were small fishes, as was ascertained

by dissection. When tired or satisfied each one flew to a ridge of

earth near by, stretched himself, yawned, preened his feathers a little,

and, sinking to the usual contracted position, remained quite still.

When approached they sprang at once into the air from their

crouching attitude, their wings glowing as if under a rising or setting

sun, their bills chattering and uttering a gaw-like murmur, mingled

with guttural cries like gok, gok. They fly steadily, the legs stretched

out behind, reaching just beyond the tail, the head full forward,

the bill and forehead looking black. The Rosy Ibis breeds in com-

pany, but often in pairs by themselves, and have eggs in January,

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN#&. 497

when the ground is frozen and often covered with snow. The young

are fully fledged and have the appearance of adult birds by April.

They retain their grey plumage throughout the summer, and moult

about October.

In a male of the year the proventriculus was granulated beneath

the outer surface, 12 inch long, -9 at broadest; stomach of an

irregular oval, with strong lateral tendons and gummy adnate epithe-

lium, 23 inches long by 23 broad, full of half-digested little fish and

a few small shrimps; intestine white, *2—--4 thick, about 6 feet long,

with ezeca 3 inches from the anus, the right one about 4 long, the

left little more than a pimple; testes small and bluish black, the left

twice the size of the right. The flesh cooked was coarse and fishy.

An adult male had testes much larger, unequal in size, and ochraceous

yellow. The whole of the flesh, fat, cartilage, and bone was saturated

with the vermilion tint that appears on the wings and soft external

parts of the birds. The trachea was 64 inches, consisting of a series

of rings close together, broad on one side, narrow on the other, until

just before reaching the bronchi, when four or five uniform rings

occur ending in a projecting semicircle of bone as thick as two of the

broad parts of the upper rings ;_ below this two crescentic bony ridges

commenced the short bronchi. The trachea averages °5 inch in

breadth, becoming narrower towards its end. The tongue is short,

‘6 inch, triangular, with a concave papillose base; the hyoids thick

and curved, the first joint 1°4 inch, the second ‘8 long. The eggs

measure from 2 inches in length by 1°25 in breadth to 2°6 by 1°6.

They were pale bluish green in colour, and had a rough surface.

I have examined the specimens obtained by Pére David at Cho-

léang, Province of Tchakiang, and named by him (1. c.) Ibis sinensis ;

and I agree with M. Oustalet (7. c.) that they are only the young of

the present species,—young of the year, which have not altogether

assumed the adult dress, the grey or plumbeous colour still lingering

upon the upper portions of the wings, mantle, and neck. ‘

The plumage of the adult is a beautiful rosy white. The shafts

of the feathers of the wings and tail are pale vermilion, and the webs

rose-colour. A long pendent open crest flows from the back of the

head ; top of head and face bare of feathers; skin bright red; bill

black, its tip vermilion ; legs and feet Indian-red; iris. vermilion.

Total length 31 inches; wings 163, tail 63, bill along culmen 63,

tarsus 34.

Young.—Cheeks and over the eyes covered with downy feathers,

rest of face bare, orange-yellow; general plumage dusky cream-

colour, glossed with rose-colour ; primaries blackish brown; legs

and feet light brown ; irides light yellowish brown,

12. Cercisis OxYCERCA.

Ibis oxycerca, Spix, Av. Brasil. (1825) pl. 87, p. 69.

Cercibis oxycercus, Wagl. Isis (1832) p. 1232.

Hab. Brazil, river Amazons, westward to Bogota.

This is a scarce species in collections, and was first described by

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXXII. 32

498 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINA. [June 5,

Spix (/. ¢.) from Brazil. A specimen in Messrs. Salvin and God-

man’s collection, obtained in the vicinity of Bogota, would seem to

show that it ranged nearly across the continent. It is a bird of

rather dull plumage, having but little of the metallic coloration

which renders many of the species of this group so beautiful. I

have not been able to learn any thing regarding the economy or

habits of the species.

Sides of head, including the eye and throat, bare of feathers, skin

red; general plumage very dark olive-green, with purple reflections

on the neck ; wings dark olive-green, primaries dark rufous brown,

secondaries dark purple; tail dark grass-green, with blue reflections.

Total length, without bill, 27 inches; wing 16, tail 113, bill along

culmen 63, tarsus 23.

13. THERISTICUS CAUDATUS.

Courly @ col blane de Cayenne, Buff. Pl. Enl. no. 976.

Scolopaz caudatus, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. Daub, (1783) p. 57.

Black-faced Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 108, pl. 79.

White-necked Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 109. sp. 6.

Tantalus melanopis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 658. sp. 19;

Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 704. sp. 8.

Tantalus albicollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. p. 652,

sp. 20, juv.; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) p. 904. sp. 6; Vieill. Ene.

Méth. (1828) tom. ili. p. 1146.

Mandurrea 6 curucdu, Azara, Apunt. Hist. Nat. Parag. iii. p. 189.

sp. 5.

Ibis albicollis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1819) vol. xvi. p. 17,

juv.; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 567, sp. 7.

Ibis melanopis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1819) vol. xvi.

p- 20; id. Ency. Méth. (1828) tom. iii. p. 1148 ; Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827) sp. 17; Darw. Voy. Beag. vol. iii. p. 128; Schleg. Mus.

Pays-Bas (18638) livr. 4, p. 7; Sclat. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc.

(1869) p. 600; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1872) p. 549. .

Theristicus melanopis, Wagl. Isis (1832) p. 1232; Bon. Consp.

Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii. p. 155; Cunningh. Ibis (1868) p. 126;

Newton, Ibis (1870) p. 502; id. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1870), p. 56,

pl. iv. fig. 8 (egg); Taczan. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1874) p. 562.

Theristicus melanops, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1843) p. 117.

Theristicus albicollis, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii.

p. 154. sp. 2.

Vanduria de Inverno, Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1871) p. 261.

Hab. Chili (Bridges); Pitumarca, Peru (Whitely); Buenos

Ayres (Hudson) ; Rio Negro (Hudson); Straits of Magellan (Cun-

ningham).

Mr. Hudson states that this bird appears in May in Buenos Ayres,

and is very common on the pampas about latitude 38°. It frequents

dry ground, covered with loose grass or low cardoon bushes, and feeds

in flocks of from forty to fifty individuals. They swallow the larve

of the large horned beetle, quantities of which insect are often found

jn their stomachs. About sunset they take wing, uttering loud cries,

1877. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZ. 499

and seek the nearest watercourse. When flying they frequently make

eccentric evolutions, the entire flock descending with great rapidity,

each individual wheeling about in a zig-zag course. In this manner

they go on for some time, screaming loudly all the while. Their

flight is swift and easy, and on the arrival of spring they depart for

the south, making their summer resort probably in the northern

part of Patagonia. This Ibis was observed, however, in the Straits of

Magellan by Dr. Cunningham in various localities during the months

of December, January, and February. It was shy and wary, flying

in flocks of from four to eight, and had a cry resembling qua-qua,

gua-qua. It was found rather good eating. Ina female he pro-

cured he found the sternum had a very deep keel, and the scapulz

were broad. The portion of the trachea below the insertion of the

sterno-tracheal muscles, though presenting no striking peculiarity of

form, had the bony rings ankylosed so as to form an immovable

tube. The stomach was crammed with worms and large larvee. An

egg obtained at Elizabeth Island was 2°71 X1:86. “ Dull surface,

of a pale greenish white, with engrained blotches (mostly small) of

neutral tint, and some few blotches, spots and specks of deep dull

brown ; towards the larger end some hair-like streaks of a lighter

shade of the same, and so far having an [bidine or Plataleine cha-

racter; but at first sight the egg looks as if it might have been laid

by an exhausted Gull.’ This resembles the egg described by Mr.

Darwin (J. c.),

This species is known generally to ornithologists as [dis (Theris-

ticus) melanopis, the name given to it by Gmelin. This, however,

is antedated by Boddaert, who conferred upon the Courly a@ col blanc

de Cayenne of Buffon (J. c.) the appellation Scolopax! caudatus,

which, having priority over all others, must be the one for the spe-

cies to bear in future.

Sides of throat, and lores bare, skin black; top of head and lower

part of neck in front reddish chestnut ; neck white, a narrow line of

feathers running up the centre of the throat to the chin ; back and

wing greyish brown, with green reflections, feathers edged with light

brown or whitish ; tertials and outer webs of secondaries for two thirds

their basal length white, remainder dark green ;_ primaries dark green ;

rump and upper tail-coverts light bronzy green; tail dark bronze-

green; underparts brownish black with green reflections. Total

length 33 inches; wing 163, tail 932, bill along culmen 7, tarsus 33.

14. LopHoTIBIS CRISTATA.

Le Courlis huppé, Buff. Plan. Enlum. no. 841.

Tantalus cristatus, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Eul. Daub. (1783) p. 51;

Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. p. 652. sp. 13; Lath. Ind. Orn.

(1790) vol. ii. p. 709. sp. 20,

Ibis cristata, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvii.

p- 19; id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1148; Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827) sp. 13; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas (1863) livr. 4. p. 6; id. Proe.

Zool. Soc. (1866) p. 425; Schleg. & Poll. Recher. Faun. Madag.

(1868) p. 127. ;

32*

500 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN2. [June 5,

Lophotibis cristatus, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. (1851) pl. 83. fig.

637; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) p. 154.

Hab. Madagascar.

This is one of the very handsomest members of this subfamily.

It is a native of Madagascar, and has been known to ornithologists

for nearly one hundred years. It is too conspicuous a bird, and has

too many and striking peculiarities to permit it to be confounded

with any of its relatives; consequently its synonymy is simple, no

second name having been given to it. Like so many of the Ibidine,

it apparently belongs to a distinct genus, of which it is as yet the

only representative.

Head—forehead metallic green; top of head covered with long

crest-feathers, white with dark chestnut tips, some of the most

lengthened feathers wholly white; a full lengthened metallic green

nuchal crest springs from beneath the white ones just mentioned,

and is continued by the feathers of the neck of the same colour

nearly to the mantle ; bare space around the eye bright red; cheeks

brownish ; chin, throat, and sides of neck blackish brown; back,

breast, and underparts reddish chestnut; wing white; scapulars

reddish brown; rump dark green, almost black ; tail dark blue with

green reflections; flanks and thighs bronzy green; bill olive-green t,

brownish towards the tip ; legs and feet bright red.

Total length 26 inches; wing 14, tail 73, bill along culmen 53,

tarsus 2}.

15. HaGEDASHIA CHALCOPTERA’.

Tantalus hagedash, Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 708. sp. 23.

Ibis hagedash, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 19 ;

id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1147; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827)

sp. 16; id. Isis (1829) p. 760; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 567.

sp. 8; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas (1863) livr. 4, p. 10; Finsch & Hartl,

Vog. Ost-Afr. (1870) p. 735 ; Heugl. Ornith. Nordost-Afr. (1873)

Band ii. Abth. 1, p. 1141.

Ibis chaleoptera, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p- 9; id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1144 ; id. Gal. Ois. (1834)

pl. 246; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 9.

Geronticus hagedash, Gray, Gen. Birds (1849) vol. ili. p. 566.

sp, 10; Hartl. Syst. Ornith. West-Afr. (1857) p. 231. sp. 656 ;

Brehm, Jour. fiir Ornith. (1858) p. 330; Gurney, Ibis (1865)

p- 274, (1868) p. 260; Layard B.S. Afr. (1867) p. 320. sp. 605 ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 40; Bocage, Jour. fiir Ornith.

(1876) p. 300.

Harpiprion hagedash, von Heugl. Syst. Uebers. Vog. Nordost-

Afr. (1855) p. 313. sp. 635.

Hagedashia caffrensis, Bon. Consp. Gen. Ay. (1857) vol. iii.

p- 152; Gurney, Anders. B. Damar. Land (1872) p. 298.

1 Bonaparte (/. c.) and some others call this species “ caffrensis, Licht. Cat.

Hamb.” Not having been able to examine this book, Ido not know whether

Lichtenstein’s name antedates that of Vieillot, or not,

1877.) MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINE. 501

Hab. Africa, Gambia, Old Calabar (Jard.) ; Mossambique

(Peters).

Mr. Ayres states that the Caffer Ibis go in families of from four

to twelve individuals. They frequent the dense bush when feeding,

and are usually very wary. They feed on beetles and other insects,

hunting for them in old gardens and other localities where these are

most abundant. Their notes are loud and harsh, and in still weather

ean be heard for a considerable distance. They generally roost in

high trees overhanging the water; and the nest, which is built of

coarse sticks and lined with fine grass, is placed upon a bough. It

is made just large enough to keep the eggs from rolling out. In the

colony of Natal these birds are becoming very scarce, as when pro-

perly cooked their flesh is very good, and great numbers are killed.

Dr. A. Brehm, who met with this species in Sennaar, gives the

following account of it in the ‘Journal fiir Ornithologie,’ 1858,

p- 330 :—“ Towards evening he begins to think of his night quarters,

which are single trees close to the river, or standing on islands.

Here he meets his sacred cousin the ‘ Insatiable’ (Tantalus ibis),

the Marabu, the Spoonbill, one or other of the Pelicans, and similar

company, frequently also a troop of monkeys, with whom he vies in

roaring till a late hour of the night. A monkey will sometimes

amuse himself by trying to catch the [bis by his tuft, or by other-

wise annoying him; then, indeed, he can be heard to roar! He rises,

shrieks as if he were spitted, circles round the tree several times, and

again sweeps back to his place, when the monkey is perhaps mis-

chievous enough once more to disturb his bedfellow, and the old

row begins afresh, although the patriarch of the monkey-herd has

several times, with his deep gurgling tones, admonished the offenders

to keep the peace.”’

As this species does not apparently agree with any of the other

genera, I have retained for it Bonaparte’s term Hagedashia ; and since

the name chalcoptera was bestowed upon the species by Vieillot in

1817, that will of necessity become the specific title to be em-

ployed.

Top of head, neck, and entire underparts very light brown,

feathers edged with white ; cheeks and throat dark greyish brown,

with a white line beneath and behind the brown on the cheeks,

and a naked space upon the lower margin of mandible; upper parts

and scapulars yellowish bronzy green; wings pale metallic green,

changing to a rose-colour in certain lights ; secondaries dark blue ;

tertials deep blue, their outer webs yellowish bronze, forming a

bar beneath the light green across the wings when closed ; primaries

dark purple-brown ; bill black, ridge towards the base crimson ;

legs and feet dull red.

Total length 26 inches ; wing 15, tail 67, bill along culmen 4%,

tarsus 23.

16. BosrRycHIA CARUNCULATA.

Ibis carunculatus, Riipp. Faun. Abyss. t. xix. (1835); Heugl,

Ornith. Nordost-Afr. (1873) Band ii. Abth. 1, p. 1139.

502 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZ. {June 5,

Geronticus carunculatus, G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii.

p- 567. sp. 11; id. Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. it. p. 40.

Bostrychia carunculata, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. (1851) pl. 83.

fig. 1011; Bon. Con. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 152.

Harpiprion carunculatus, Von Heugl. Syst. Ubers. Vog. Nordost-

Afr. (1855) p. 313. sp. 634.

Ibis (Harpiprion) carunculata, Blanf. Zool. Abyss. (1870) p. 437.

sp. 276.

Hab. Abyssinia.

This species is very abundant, according to Blanford (J. ¢.),

throughout the higher portions of the highlands of Abyssinia tra-

versed by him. It was common at Senafé, in the swamps and

meadows bordering the lake at Ashangi, and especially on the

Wadela and Dalanta plateaux. It is met with either solitary or in

small flocks, keeps to open meadows or cultivated fields, and feeds

on snails, caterpillars, beetles, locusts, &c. Its voice is harsh; but it

seldom utters its cry.

This bird is remarkable for the long wattle that hangs down from

the lower part of the throat, and is the only member of this group

possessing such a peculiar character. It is the type of Reichenbach’s

genus Bostrychia.

Head, crest, and neck dark brown, the feathers edged with greyish

white; back dark brown, with a slight greenish gloss, feathers edged

with light brown; back and upper tail-coverts pale green-bronze ;

wings and scapulars greenish bronze, darker than the rump, with

reddish reflections ; secondaries dark green bronze, edges of outer

webs with purple reflections ; great coverts white along the shoulder ;

those below brownish black, bordered with white; primaries dark

bronze-green ; tail dark bronze-green, the feathers with purple reflec-

tious on their edges ; underparts dark olive-brown with green re-

flections, feathers tipped with greyish white ; under tail-coverts very

long, extending two thirds the length of the rectrices, dark green

with a purple gloss; bill dull red, a long narrow red wattle hangs

from the lower part of the throat, an inch and three quarters in

length in its dried state; legsand feet red. Total length 25 inches ;

wing 14, tail 73, bill along culmen 43, tarsus 27.

17. HARPIPRION CAYANENSIS.

Courly vert de Cayenne, Buff. Pl, Enlum. no. 820.

Cayenne Ibis, Lath, Gen, Syn. vol. iii. p. 107. sp. 3.

Tantalus cayanensis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. p. 652.

sp. 17; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol, ii. p. 704. sp. 3; Less. Trait.

Orn. (1831) p. 567. sp. 2.

Lbis sylvatica, Vieill. Nouv. Dict, Hist, Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p- 16; id. Ency. Méth. tom. iii. p, 1146 (1823).

Ibis dentirostris, Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 7.

Harpiprion cayanensis, Wag). Isis (1882) p. 1282; Fraser, Proc.

Zool. Soc. (1848) p. 117; Boie, Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol, ii.

p. 155; Sclat. & Salv. Nomencl, Av, Neot, (1873) p. 127,

1877. | MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. 503

? Ibis cayanensis, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, liv. iv. p. 8.

’ Geronticus cayanensis, Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii. p- 567;

id. Hand-l. B, (1871) pt. iii. p- 40.

Hab. From Panama, through Northern South America to Brazil.

Top and sides of head and throat blackish brown, with a purple

tinge ; narrow line on forehead and lores bare, skin black ; back and

sides of neck dark metallic green; back and wings dark bronzy green,

with red reflections in certain lights; tail dark green, with blue

reflections; primaries deep blue; entire underparts dark bronze-

green; bill dark green for two thirds its length from base, pale

green for the remainder ; legs and feet lead-colour. Total length 223

inches ; wing 13, tail 72, bill 54, tarsus 23.

18. MoLtyBpopHANEs CHRULESCENS.

Curucdu aplomado, Azara Apunt. Hist. Nat. Parag. y Rio Plata

(1802-5) iii. p. 195, no. 363.

Ibis cerulescens, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p- 18; id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p- 1147 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas

(1863) livr. 4, p. 9; Sclat. & Salv. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1869) p. 635.

Ibis plumbea, Temm. Pl. Col. 235; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp.

14; Less. Trait. Orn. (1831) p. 567.

Harpiprion plumbeus, Wagl. Isis (1832) p. 1232.

Geronticus cerulescens, Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii. p. 567.

sp. 9; id. Hand-l. B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 40.

Molybdophanes cerulescens, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. pl. 291. figs.

2383-84 (1851); Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 154.

Harpiprion cerulescens, Sclat. & Saly. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. (1873)

p. 127.

Hab. Brazil, Conchitas ; Argentine Republic (Hudson).

This species, the Curucdu aplomado of Azara, was described by

Vieillot (/.c.), and afterwards figured by Temminck under a different

name in his ‘ Planches Coloriées.’ It is the type of Reichenbach’s

genus Molybdophanes, and is restricted apparently to Brazil, south of

the Amazons, and to the Argentine Republic, where, however, it is

not uncommon.

A white bar commences above and behind the eye and covers the

forehead. A white line at the base of the mandible. Top of head

and lengthened nuchal crest dark brown, with a slight greenish tinge.

Throat and neck covered with long narrow feathers, light brown, in

certain lights having a pinkish tinge. Upper parts pale bronzy

green. Wings like the back; in some lights the feathers have a

silvery gloss. Primaries deep blue, greenish towards the edges of

the outer webs. Tail dark green. Entire underparts brownish grey,

with light pink reflections in certain lights. Bill and bare space in

front of the eye black. Legs and feet yellow in the skin.

Total length 33 inches ; wings 193, tail 72, bill along culmen 63,

tarsus 32.

19. FaLcInELLUs IGNEUs.

Tantalus falcinellus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 241. sp. 2;

u04 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINZE. {June 5,

Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 648. sp. 2; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790)

vol. ii. p. 707. sp. 14.

? Grey Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vel. iii. p. 3. sp. 7.

Green Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. ili. p. 114. sp. 13.

Glossy Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. ili. p. 115. sp. 14.

Bay Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 113. sp. 12.

Courlis d’ Italie, Buff. Planch. Enl. no. 819.

Tantalus igneus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 649. sp. 9; Lath.

Ind. Orn, (1790) vol. ii. p. 708. sp. 16.

? Tantalus griseus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 653. sp. 21.

Tantalus viridis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 648, sp. 8; Lath.

Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 707. sp. 15.

Tantalus niger, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. ii. p. 650. sp. 14.

Tantalus mexicanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 652. sp. 18, juv. ;

Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) p. 704. sp. 4; Ord, Journ. Acad. Nat. Scien.

Phil. (1817) vol. i. p. 53.

Numenius falcinellus, Pall. Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. (1811) vol. ii.

p- 165.

Ibis sacra, Temm. Man. Ornith. (1815) p. 385.

Ibis falcinellus, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi.

p. 23; Temm. Man. Orn. (1820) vol. ii. p. 598, vol. iv. p. 389;

Vieill. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1143; Wagl. Syst. Av.

(1827) ; Cuy. Regn. Anim. (1829) p. 520; Less. Trait. Orn, (1831)

p- 566. sp. 1; Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832) p. 162; Nuttall, Orn.

U.S. (1834) vol. ii. p. 88; Bon. Comp. List (1838) p. 49. sp.

340; Vigne, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1841) p. 7; Aud. B. Amer. 8vo ed.

(1842) vol. vi. p. 50, pl. 358; id. Orn. Biog. vol. iv. p. 608; Savig.

Dese. Egypt. Zool. Text, vol. iii. p. 401, Atl. pl. 7. fig. 2; Gray,

Gen. Birds (1849) vol. iii. p. 566; MacGill. Brit. Birds (1852)

vol. i, p. 493; Hartl. Syst. Ornith. W.Afr. (1857) p. 230. sp. 655 ;

Schleg. Mus. Pays-B. livr. iv. p. 2; Kirk, Ibis (1864) p. 334;

David, Nouy. Archiv. Mus. Paris (1867) p. 39 ; Layard, B.S. Afr.

(1867) p. 319. sp. 603; Schleg. & Poll. Rech. Faun, Madag. (1868)

p- 128; Von Drost, Journ. fiir Orn. (1869) p. 342; Hudson, Proc.

Zool. Soc. (1870) p. 799; Von Pelz. Reis. Nov. Vég. pp. 125-127;

Finsch & Hartl. Vog, Ost-Afr. (1870) p. 730; Gray, Hand-l. B.

(1871) pt. iii. p. 39; Gund. Jour. fiir Orn. (1871) p. 283; Swinh.

Proc. Zool. Soc. (1871) p, 411; Shelley, B. Egypt (1872) p. 262;

Heugl. Ornith. Nordost-Afr. (1873) Band ii. Abth. 1, p. 1132;

Severtz. Jour. fiir Orn. (1873) p. 385; Ridgw. Am. Nat. (1874)

p. 110; Heugl. Jour. fiir Orn. (1874) p. 400; Ridgw. Ann. N. Y.

Lyc. Nat. Hist. (1874) p. 386; Danf. & Brown, Ibis (1875)

- 426.

Tantalides falcinellus, Wag). Isis (1832) p. 1231.

Tringa autumnalis, Hasselq. It. Pal. deutsche Ausg. p. 306.

Ibis noir, Savig. Hist. Nat. Myth, de l’Ibis, p. 36, fig. 4, juv.

Ibis erythrorhyncha, Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837) p. 127, juv.

Ibis ordii, Bon. Comp. List (1838) p. 49; Darw. Voy. Beagle

(1841) Aves, p. 129; Baird, B. N. Amer. (1860) p. 685; Sclat.

Proc. Zool. Soc. (1864) p. 179; Allen, Proc. Essex Inst. (1864)

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINE. 505

vol. iv. p. 86; Lawr. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. (1866) p. 292 ;

Turnb. Birds E. Penn. (1869) p. 44.

Falcinellus igneus, Gray, Gen. B. 2nd ed. (1841) p. 87; Gould,

B. Austr. vol. vi. pl. 47; Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. Asiat. Soc. (1849)

p- 274; Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. iii. p. 158; Heugl. Syst.

Uebers. Vig. Nordost-Afr. (1855) p. 314. sp. 637; Jerd. B. Ind.

(1864) vol. iii. p. 770; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. (1865) p. 286 ;

Holds. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1872) p.479; Sclat. & Salv. Nomen. Av.

Neot. p. 126; Bartl. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1875) p. 68; Legge, Ibis

(1875) p. 404.

Plegadis falcinellus, Kaup, Fr. Vig. Eur. Taf. 43. fig. 3, p. 378;

Fritsch, Jour. fiir Ornith. (1871) p. 370.

Tantalus bengalensis, Licht. Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii.

p- 158.

Ibis peregrina, Mill. Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 159.

Eudocimus erythrorhynchus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) p.

159.

Falcinellus ordii, Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Scien. Phil. (1866)

p- 96; Taczan. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1874) p. 562; Gundl. Jour. fiir

Orn. (1874) p. 313.

Falcinellus erythrorhynchus, Gmel. Jour. fiir Ornith.(1871) p.285.

Ibis falcinellus, var. ordii, Coues, Birds N. West (1874) p. 517.

Eudocimus falcinellus, Bar. du Bocage, Jour. fiir Ornith. (1876)

. 300.

2 Hab. Eastern United States, West Indies and Eastern Hemisphere.

There are apparently four species of the so-called Glossy Ibis, so

far as our present material enables us to judge, three of which are

restricted to the New World, while the fourth, the present species,

is an inhabitant of the eastern part of the United States, the West

Indies, and is moreover generally distributed throughout the eastern

hemisphere. The American F. igneus was separated by Bonaparte

from the European as F. ordii ; but there does not seem to be the

slightest difference between them, and Bonaparte’s name should

become a synonym. This bird can be readily distinguished from its

relatives when adult by having the top of the head green.

Top of head and sides of face metallic dark green, with purple

reflections. Bare space in front of and a little surrounding the eye

bluish or slaty blue. Neck, back, and entire underparts dark cin-

namon-red, with purple reflections on some of the back feathers.

Scapulars and greater wing-coverts metallic purple. Secondaries

grass-green, with purple gloss. Primaries dark bronze-green. Rump

dark green, glossed with purple. Tail dark green, with purple re-

flections ; undercoverts purple. Bill black, bare skin at base slate-

blue; feet and legs blackish. Tarsi scutellated anteriorly trans-

versely, covered behind with hexagonal scales.

Total length 25 inches; wing 12, tail 43, bill along culmen 6,

tarsus 43.

20. FALCINELLUS GUARAUNA.

” Scolopax guarauna, Linn. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 242.

506 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINA. [June 5,

Ibis chaleoptera, Temm. Pl. Col. no. 511 (1830); Wagl. Syst.

Av. (1827) sp. 9; Vieill.

2? Ibis mexicana, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p.

9; id. Ency. Méth. (1823) p. 1144.

? Ibis guarana, Wag). Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 8 (?); id. Isis (1829),

p- 759. sp. 1 (?); Cass. Wilkes, U.S. Exp. Exped. (1858) p. 302;

Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. (1850) vol. 3, p. 313 (in part).

? Tantalides guarana, Wag). Isis (1832) p. 1231.

Eudocimus guarana, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii. p. 159.

2? Ibis brevirostris, Peale, Zool. Exped. Birds (1848) p. 219, 1st

ed., juv.

Hab. Columbia river to Chili and Buenos Ayres.

The Scolopaxguarauna of Linnzus was founded upon the Guarauna

of Margrave, a name given to a young bird said to have come from

Brazil. Although it is impossible to decide with certainty what this

bird really was, it is possible that it was the young of the present

species, as it is not known that any other species of Falcinellus is found

in Brazil. It will be best, however, even if a second species of this

genus should be ascertained to inhabit Brazil, to retain the name of

guarauna for the present bird, as otherwise a new name: altogether

would probably have to be given to it, since the only one which has

certainly been applied to it, the chalcoptera of Temminck, had al-

ready been given previously by Vieillot to an African Ibis. The

species has a wide distribution, ranging, according to Ridgway, from

Chili and Buenos Ayres to the Columbia river.

A white band, enclosing the eye, passes around the entire base of

bill. Head, neck, and underparts purplish chestnut. Back with

metallic purple and violet reflections. Wings and tail bright green,

varying with bronze and purple in certain lights. Shoulders reddish

chestnut. Under tail-coverts have also metallic green and violet

reflections. Bill apparently dark red.

21. FALCINELLUS RIDGWAYI.

Falcinellus ridgwayi, Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambr. iii.

p- 355 (1876).

Ibis faleinellus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 156.

Hab. Lake Titicaca. Peru.

This form, thus far only known from Peru, is closely allied to the

previous one, F’. guarauna, but seems not to have the white front

on the head. Several specimens are in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s

collection, sent by Mr. Whitely from Peru. It is probable that the

species has been confounded with the F. guarauna; for it seems

hardly probable that it should be restricted to Peru, as all its relatives

wander over such vast extent of country. It is uot unlikely that its

range will be found to be much greater than is at present supposed.

Head and neck dark chestnut-red, or purplish chestnut. Back

dark green, with metallic purple reflexions. Wings metallic grass-

green, with bronze and bright purple reflexions. Primaries bright

grass-green. Entire underparts dark purple, the under tail-coverts

1877.] MR, D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINE, 507

with green reflexions at their tips. Tail bright metallic grass-green,

with rich purple reflexions. Thighs reddish. Bill apparently dark

red. Feet and legs black. Total length without bill 17 inches ;

wing 11, tail 5, bill along culmen 33, tarsus 23.

22. FALCINELLUS THALASSINUS.

Ibis thalassina, Ridgway, Am. Nat. (1874) p. 110; Allen, Bull.

Mus. Comp. Zool. Camb. (1876) p. 356.

Ibis guarauna, Baird, B. N. Amer. Atl. pl. 87.

Hab. Pacific coast of America from California to Chili (Ridgway) ;

Straits of Magellan (King).

This seems to be among the very smallest members of this group

of birds ; it certainly is of the genus to which it belongs. It is

readily recognized by the vivid green of the upper parts, and the

brown head and neck, these last parts giving the bird the appearance

of not being adult. A specimen in Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s

collection was brought from the Straits of Magellan by Capt. King,

thus extending the range beyond that given by Mr. Ridgway, viz.

quite to the end of the South-American continent.

Head and neck and underparts dark rufous brown, with some

slight greenish reflections upon the flanks. Wings and upper parts

and tail brilliant grass-green. Throat and cheeks light-brown,

streaked with five white marks. Bare skin between the eye and

bill, partly surrounding the former, apparently red. Bill reddish

orange. Legs and feet dark red. Total length without bill 133

inches ; wing 9, tail 43, bill along culmen 33, tarsus 3.

23. LAMPRIBIS OLIVACEA. (Plate LI.)

Ibis olivacea, Du Bus, Bullet. Acad. Brux. (1837) p. 105 ; id. Es-

quiss. Ornith. pl. 3; Reichenb. J. f. O. (1874) p. 378.

Hagedashia olivacea, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av. (1857) vol. ii.

p- 153, sp. 2.

Comatibis olivaceus, Hartl. Syst. Orn. West-Afr. (1857) p. 231.

sp. 657.

Geronticus olivaceus, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1866) p. 330.

sp. 27.

Native name ‘‘ Puwahor Aprawariu.”

Hab. Guinea (Hartl.); Prince’s Island (Dofrn); Denkera

(Ussher).

This species is extremely rare; and I know of only three or four

specimens, the majority of the museums in Europe not having it re-

presented in their collections. It is very distinct from all other

known species, and, like many of its relatives, belongs apparently to

a genus different from any yet instituted, and is placed best between

the Falcinellus and Eudocimus. I propose for it the term Lampribis,

with the following characters :—

Space around and behind the eye, extending backwards toa point,

and entire base of mandibles bare of feathers; the feathers of the

throat reaching between the crura of mandible. Culmen on its basal

508 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDINA. [June 5,

third extremely compressed laterally and forming a distinct elevated

ridge above the maxilla. Nostrils set in a membrane at the base of

culmen. Secondaries as long as the primaries, extending three fourths

the length of the tail. Middle toe and tarsus of equal length ; outer

toe longer than inner.

Skin around base of bill, extending backwards and including the

eye, denuded of feathers, in the skin jet black. Feathers on top of

head dark green, in some lights with a coppery tinge. From the

occiput springs a long loose crest, dark metallic grass-green, central

part of some of the feathers dark buff. Upper parts bright shining

olive-green, coppery in some lights. Neck and entire underparts

rich dark buff, every feather edged with dark olive-brown. Wings

bright metallic shining grass-green. Primaries and secondaries

Prussian blue. Under tail-coverts dark grass-green. Bill bright red.

Feet and legs red.

Total length without bill 16} inches ; wings 103, tail 6, bill along

culmen 43, tarsus 2.

Young similar to the adult, but wants the brilliant colouring of the

wing, which is a dark green with Prussian-blue primaries aad second-

aries ; and the underparts are dark olive-brown, with an occasional

deep buff centre among the feathers.

The specimens*described are in the collection of my friend Capt.

Shelley.

24. EuUDOCIMUS ALBUS.

Tantalus albus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 242. sp. 6; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 651. sp. 6; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii.

p- 705. sp. 9; Wils. Am. Orn. (1814) vol. viii. pl. 66; Bon. Wils.

Am. Orn. (1832) vol. iii. p. 64, pl. Ixvi. fig. 3.

Courly blanc @ Amérique, Buff. Pl. Enl. no. 915.

Scolopax alba, Bodd. Tab. Pl. Enl. Daubent. (1783) p. 55.

White Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 3. sp. 9.

Tantalus albus, var. b, Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p. 705.

Tantalus coco, Jacquin, Beyt. Gesch. Vog. (1784) p. 13. sp. x.;

Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. p. 652. sp. 15.

Ibis alba, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 16;

id. Ency. Méth. tom. iii. p. 1145 (1823); Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827)

sp. 5; Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 567, sp. 5; Wagl. Isis (1832)

p- 1231; Nuttall, Orn. U. 8. (1834) vol. ii. p. 86; Bon. Comp.

List (1838) p. 49. sp. 317; Aud. B. Amer. 8vo ed. (1842) vol. vi.

p- 54, pl. 360; id. Orn. Biog. vol. vii. p. 173, vol. v. p. 593; G. R.

Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii. p. 565. sp. 2; Baird, B. N.

Amer. (1860) p. 684; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas (1863) livr. 4, p. 5;

Gray, Hand-l. Birds (1871) pt. iii. p. 38; Gundl. J. f. O. (1871

p- 272; Sclat. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neot. (1873) p. 126.

Ibis coco, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 19 ; id.

Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1148.

Ibis longirostris, Wag], Isis (1829) p. 760; G. R. Gray, Gen.

Birds (1847) vol. iii. p.565. sp. 3, pl. 152; id. Hand-l. Birds (1871)

pt. ili. p. 39.

1877.] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON THE IBIDIN&. 509

Eudocimus alba, Wag). Isis (1832) p. 1232.

Eudocimus longirostris, Wagl. Isis (1832) p. 1234.

Leucibis alba, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. pl. 141. fig. 526 (1851).

Hab. Southern North America; Central America; Cuba.

The white Ibis is found in Florida in great flocks; and in the

places selected by these birds to breed, many thousands are some-

times congregated together. The nest, which is flat and composed

of sticks, is placed upon the fork of some branch; and as many as

forty-seven, according to Audubon, have been seen on one tree. The

young fly in four or five weeks ; and as soon as they are able to take

care of themselves the old birds leave them. They feed on shell-

fish, slugs, snails, &e. When flying the species presents a beautiful

appearance, each member of the flock imitating exactly the move-

ments of the leader, as he proceeds with alternate flappings and

sailings. At times they mount upwards to a great height and per-

form various and graceful evolutions, showing to great advantage

with the sun shining upon their pure white plumage relieved only

by the jet-black tips of the primaries.

Tips of primaries for about two inches black with bluish reflections,

entire rest of plumage pure white. Anterior half of head bare,

feathers reaching to about the middle of the eye, throat bare ; the

skin of these portions light red. Bill red, apical portion black.

Tarsi have the anterior half transversely scutellated, hind part

covered with hexagonal scales, and, with the feet, are red.

Total length 29 inches ; wing 11, tail 43, bill along culmen 62,

tarsus 32. Young :—Head and neck light brown, the feathers edged

with white. Wings, back and tail chocolate-brown. Entire under-

parts and rump white. Bill entirely red; feet and legs flesh-

colour.

25. Evpocimus RUBER.

Tantalus ruber, Linn. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 241. sp. 5; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. (1788) vol.i. p. 651. sp. 5; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol.

ii. p. 703. sp. 2; Wils. Am. Ornith. (1814) vol. viii. pl. 66; Cuv.

Régn. Anim. (1829) p. 520; Less. Trait. Ornith. (1831) p. 567.

sp. 3; Bon. Wils. Am. Orn. (1832) vol. iii. p. 63, pl. Lxvi. fig. 2.

Tantalus minutus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 241. sp. 3; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. (1788) p. 650. sp. 3; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790) vol. ii. p.

708. sp. 19; Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 23;

id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1151.

Tantalus fuscus, Lim. Syst. Nat. (1766) p. 242. sp. 7, juv. ;

Gmel. Syst. Av. (1788) p. 651. sp. 7, juv.; Lath. Ind. Orn. (1790)

p- 705. sp. 8.

Courly rouge de Brésil, Buff. Pl. Enl. no. 80, juv., 81, ad.

Brown Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 110. sp. 8.

Lesser Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. (1783) vol. iii. p. 117. sp. 18.

Ibis rubra, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p- 22; id.

Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1150; Wagl. Syst. Av. (1827) sp. 4;

Nutt. Orn. U. 8. (1834) vol. ii. p. 84; Aud. B. Amer. 8vo ed.

(1842) vol. vi. pl. 359, p. 53; id. Orn. Biog. vol. v. p: 02; G.

510 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

Gray, Gen. Birds (1847) vol. iii. p. 565. sp. 1; Baird, B. N. Am.

(1860) p. 683; Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas (1863) livr. 4, p. 6;

Taylor, Ibis (1864) p. 95; Coues, [bis (1865) p. 159; Dresser,

Ibis (1866) p. 32; Léot. Ois. Trinid. (1866) p. 440 ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. (1871) pt. iii. p. 38; Gundl. J. f. O. (1871) p. 275; Sclat. &

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. (18738) p. 126; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc.

(1873) pp. 467, 638 (1875), p. 342 ; Gulliv. Proc. Zool. Soc. (1875)

. 488.

: Ibis minuta, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 23.

Ibis fusca, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1817) vol. xvi. p. 17;

id. Ency. Méth. (1823) tom. iii. p. 1146.

Ibis leucopygia, Spix, Av. Bras. t. 88, juv.

Eudocimus ruber, Wagler, Isis (1832) p. 1232 ; Gundl. J. f. O.

(1856) vol. iv. p. 348.

Guara ruber, Reich. Nov. Syn. Av. pl. 139. figs. 525-27 (1851).

Hab. Cuba (Gundlach) ; North-eastern coast of South America

to the mouths of the Amazon; Florida (Aud.), accidental.

If this species has been met with on the continent of North

America, it is probable that it has only accidentally strayed there

from its usual haunts, as it is properly an inhabitant of North-

eastern South America, its appearance even in the West Indies,

we may suppose, being uncertain and made at irregular intervals. As

the genus Jéis was formed by Savigny for the J. ethiopica (Lath.),

or Sacred Ibis, it cannot be retained for this bird and its allies, as has

been generally done; and as Hudocimus of Wagler comes next, that

must be the term employed. As there is no rule by which Moehring’s

genera can be received, and so many of them are rejected even by

those who cite his works, it is not allowable that his term Jézs, insti-

tuted for this species, should take precedence of that of Savigny.

Entire plumage bright red, with the tips of the primaries jet-

black for about two inches. Forehead, face, and throat bare, feathers

coming forward anterior to the eye on top of head; bare space of

throat and face red. Bill red, tip blackish. Legs and feet red.

Total length 25 inches; wing 10, tail 43, bill along culmen 44.

7. Descriptions of new Species of Phytophagous Coleoptera.

By Marin Jacosy.

[Received May 23, 1877.]

Genus AuLaAcosce is, Chevrol.

1. AULACOSCELIS MELANOCEPHALUS, sp. nov.

Elongate, subovate, widened behind; head and thorax shining

black; epistome separated from the face by a deep transverse

groove ; antenne entirely black, similar in length and shape to A.

melanocera, Stal. Head smooth, shining, with a few scattered

punctures. Thorax about half as long as broad, subquadrate ; sides

rounded from apex to about two thirds of their length, from there

1877.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 511

to the base slightly sinuate, with the posterior angles depressed and

acute; a transverse depression, bounded on each side by a short

longitudinal ridge, is situated near the base. Surface moderately

convex, entirely impunctate; scutellum broad, semiovate, smooth.

Elytra broader at the base than the thorax, slightly widened behind,

apex rounded; a short longitudinal depression is placed near the

base of the shoulders. The entire surface of a light brick-red colour

without gloss, finely and closely punctate ; underside and legs black.

Length 33 lines.

Hab. Guatemala.

Collected by Mr. O. Salvin.

Genus Mecasce tis, Latreille.

2. MEGASCELIS PURPUREICOLLIS, Sp. nov.

Elongate, rather robust. Head shining coppery red, closely punc-

tate, covered at its lower half with rather long golden pubescence,

and traversed through its entire length by a distinct median groove ;

eyes emarginate ; epistome greenish black ; sides metallic, separated

from the front by several strongly raised tubercles ; antenne with

the first three joints testaceous, the rest fuscous. Thorax cylindrical,

constricted distinctly behind the middle, of the same colour as the

head, very finely punctate and rugose, covered almost entirely by

yellow golden hair. Scutellum subquadrate, clothed with greenish

golden pubescence. LElytra parallel, dark purplish, with about ten

rows of elevated longitudinal ridges, the interspaces of which are di-

stinctly transversely wrinkled, covered entirely with short golden

pubescence, more strongly marked along the suture and the lateral

margins, and plainly visible to the naked eye. Body below fuscous,

with a metallic hue and silvery pubescence; legs flavous, tarsi

almost black.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

CLYTHRIN&.

Genus Dacurys, Lacordaire.

3. DACHRYS BIPARTITA, Sp. nov.

Oblong, widened behind ; head distinctly and somewhat coarsely

punctate, especially near the inner border of the eyes, black, shining ;

antennze with the four basal joints fulvous, the rest black, the latter

colour also occupying partly the first joint in some specimens; in

length they do not reach to the base of the thorax, and have the

first jomt very swollen and almost globular, the second extremely

short, the third nearly three times the length of the second and

thickened at its apex, the fourth a little longer than the second, and

the rest transverse, subquadrate. Thorax transverse, with the an-

terior margin not advanced in front, and the posterior slightly lobed

in the middle, the sides very slightly, the posterior angles strongly

rounded, the anterior ones distinct; surface shining black, every-

512 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

where evenly and finely punctate ; scutellum broadly triangular, with

a few fine punctures at each side, black. Elytra about twice and a

half as long as the thorax, distinctly widened towards the middle

and rounded at the apex, regularly punctate-striate, the punctures

only disappearing at the extreme apex, the interstices smooth and

shining ; their whole basal half is occupied by an almost square

patch of bright fulvous, while the posterior part is shining black,

and has at its apex another rounded spot of fulvous. Legs black,

covered, as well as the entire underside, with fine silky whitish hairs.

Length 2 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. M. Janson.

This species will be easily distinguished from D. seutellaris by

the strong punctation of its head, the colour of the antenne, and

the design of its elytra.

EUMOLPID2.

Genus Metaxyonycna, Chevrol.

4, METAXYONYCHA TRIDENTATA, NOV. sp.

Subcylindrical, semiconvex, testaceous. Head with a distinct

fovea in the middle and an oblique depression below each eye, both

of which are deeply but sparingly punctate, lower part of face

sparingly punctate, testaceous, apex of mandibule black; antenne

nearly as long as the body, joints 5, 6, 7, and the last fuscous, the

rest flavous. Thorax very convex on the disk, anterior and posterior

margins parallel, the angles tuberculate; the lateral margins very

widened in the middle, and at that place very distinctly three-den-

tate. A profound impression is placed on the surface on each side

near the middle ; and the entire disk is irregularly and coarsely punc-

tured. Scutellum smooth. Elytra much wider than the thorax,

the sides parallel, with about ten longitudinal more or less distinct

costze, which for the most part unite at their extremities, the inter-

vals of which are coarsely and deeply punctate; each elytron with

two transverse spots of a shining metallic light green, the first

situated on the shoulder, of a nearly square shape, and extending

halfway across the elytra, the second below the middle, of a narrow

band-like shape, a little curved, and not touching the sutural margin.

Underside light testaceous as well as the legs. Tarsi a little darker.

Length 4 lines.

Hab, Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

Genus RuyparipA, Baly.

5. RHYPARIDA MADAGASCARIENSIS, Sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate, entirely rufous, smooth, shining; head with a

more or less distinct longitudinal depression in the middle sparingly

but distinctly punctate ; clypeus testaceous, distinctly separated from

the face, the anterior edge emarginate and narrowly piceous, surface

punctured the same as the head; labrum dark brown, mandibule

1877. ] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 513

entirely piceous ; four basal joints of the antenne rufous, the rest

black. Thorax about twice as broad as long, the sides regularly

rounded, the anterior angles largely developed into a point and di-

verging “outwardly, all the sides narrowly margined ; surface very

minutely granulose, remotely but distinctly punctured on the disk,

the sides almost destitute of punctures; a faintly visible longitudinal

and smooth line extends across the middle of the disk ; Bolted lari

slightly sinuate below the base at the sides, apex subacute, surface

impunctate, minutely granulose. Elytra much wider than the thorax,

searcely narrowed behind, the apex regularly rounded, and the sides

with a narrow but deep margin, each elytron with about six distinct

strize of small punctures, the sides confusedly punctate ; the first stria,

near the scutellum, is very short, the space between the second and

third and the fourth and fifth is wider than between the rest of the

striz ; the interstices also very minutely punctured and granulose.

Underside testaceous, prosternum coarsely punctate near the sides,

smooth in the middle ; legs rufous, apex of tibize and the entire tarsi

black. The posterior thighs with a small sharp tooth.

Length 4 lines.

Hab. Madagascar.

Collection Jacoby.

6. RHYPARIDA COSTATIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Oblong, semiquadrate, piceous. Head piceous, rugose-puuctate,

epistome not separated, with the apex and the labrum of a fulvous

colour ; antennze entirely flavous. Thorax with the anterior margin

Saaate at the sides, the posterior margin rounded, and the mie

ones almost parallel at the apex, slightly widened behind the middle,

all the angles obtuse and not produced into a distinct tooth; surface

closely and coarsely punctuate, piceous. Scutellum smooth, broader

than long. Elytra slightly wider at the base than the thorax, pa-

rallel with the apex, regularly rounded. Each elytron with thirteen

rows of deeply impressed punctures, not diminishing in size towards

the apex, with the interspaces costate, the costeze more raised towards

the apex than near the base, and more or less minutely punctured ;

all the costz unite at the apex in such a way that the first costa

near the sutural margin forms a sharp angle with the last costa,

and the intermediate ones in the same way with the corresponding

cost. The colour is a dark piceous, with a faint reflection of cu-

preous, the extreme lateral margin having a greenish reflection.

Underside dark brown or piceous as well as the legs, with the tarsi

testaceous. All the thighs armed below with an acute tooth.

Length 23 lines.

Hab. Madagascar.

In my collection.

7. RHYPARIDA NIGRICOLLIS, sp. nov.

Oblong, ovate, shining, elytra rufous, thorax, head, and feet black.

Head obsoletely punctured on the vertex, with a longitudinal middle

line, at the end of which is a shallow round fovea; epistome sepa-

Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1877, No. XXXIII. 33

514 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

rated from the head by a rather indistinct transverse groove, punc-

tured a little more distinctly than the head ; labrum fulvous, as well

as the first two joints of the antenne, the rest black. Thorax

regularly convex, the sides much deflexed anteriorly, all the angles

acute, and produced into a short tooth; surface almost smooth, a

shallow transverse depression extends across the disk a little behind

the middle, and is strongly punctured near the sides. Scutellum

nearly as broad as long, smooth, rufous. Elytra wider than the

thorax, rufous, shining, distinctly punctate-striate, the strize strongly

impressed near the base and diminishing towards the apex. The

first stria is very short and the second curved obliquely upwards

towards the base; below the basilar space is a shallow indistinct

fovea. The seventh and the following strize commence on the hinder

portion of the humeral callus, this latter being limited by the strongly

impressed sixth stria up to the base of the elytra. Entire underside,

with the exception of the abdomen, which is light-fulvons-coloured,

black. Intermediate and posterior thighs with a distinct tooth.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Madagascar.

In the collection of the British Museum and my own.

Genus SceLoponta, Westwood.

8. ScELODONTA VIRIDIMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Subquadrate, semiconvex, brownish, opaque. Head with the

vertex coarsely rugose, cupreous, lower face indistinctly transversely

rugose, shining metallic green at the sides, palpi testaceous, antennze

black; thorax subcylindrical, the anterior and posterior margins

much widened in the middle, closely covered with transverse raised

strigee of a brownish purplish colour, with a metallic-green narrow

longitudinal stripe in the middle, and the sides to a greater extent

ornamented with the same colour. Scutellum pentagonal, entirely

green. LElytra much wider at base than the thorax, longitudinally

costate throughout, the interspaces deeply punctured and partly re-

ticulate, of the same brownish ground-colour as the thorax, with a

transverse band commencing a little below the shoulder, where it is

widest, and extending in an oblique direction to a short distance

from the suture, of a shining metallic green, while another narrower

stripe of the same colour is situated at a short distance from the

apex, having an upward direction, and is connected with the apical

part of the sutural and exterior margin by a narrow border of

metallic green. Underside metallic green. Legs purplish, each

thigh armed with a short tooth.

Length 3 lines.

Hab. Cameroons, Africa.

In my collection.

Genus Dermorraytis, Baly.

9. DERMORRHYTIS CZRULEA, Sp. Nov.

Elongate, shining, above violet-blue; head slightly convex, with

1877. ] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 515

a distinct, short, longitudinal middle groove, strongly punctate, lon-

gitudinally rugose near the eyes, violet-blue ; epistome wedge-shaped,

separated from the front, with the anterior margin emarginate,

strongly punctured, and covered with short whitish pubescence ;

labrum, mandibulz, and the last joints of the palpi black, the first

two joints testaceous, antenne with the seventh joint the longest,

the first much thickened and nearly globular, the second less than

half the length of the third, the last joints elongate and almost

cylindrical ; the first five joints are of a greenish black colour and

shining, while the rest is very light flavous and strongly covered

with whitish hair; thorax with the sides obliquely deflexed in front

and converging from the base to the apex, with the anterior angles

produced into a short tooth, and the extreme lateral margins slightly

waved, posterior margin transversely grooved through its entire

length, above subcylindrical, covered with crowded large punctures

near the base, more finely near the apex, shining greenish violet ;

seutellum with the apex broadly rounded, scarcely longer than

broad, impunctate ; elytra broader than the thorax, parallel, slightly

narrower towards their apex, extremely closely and transversely ru-

gose, strongly punctured near the base, and longitudinally costate

near the extreme apex and the suture at its extremity, of a uniform

violet-blue, with a greenish reflection; underside obscure metallic

blue finely punctate; legs of the same colour, tarsi light brownish,

covered with yellowish pubescence.

Length 4 lines.

Hab, Borneo.

Collection Jacoby.

CHRYSOMELID2.

Genus Dorypuora, Illig.

10. DoryPHORA BICOLOR, sp. nov.

Ovate, convex, piceous above, shining; head black, opaque, very

remotely and finely punctate, labrum fulvous; antenne black, with

the first two joints beneath testaceous; thorax black, moderately

convex, the lateral margins parallel at the base till about the middle,

from there moderately rounded to the apex, the anterior angles not

much produced, surface distinctly and not closely punctate, the

punctuation much stronger than the head, but not stronger near

the sides than on the disk; scutellum triangular, impunctate.

Elytra a little wider at the base than the thorax, regularly rounded

towards the apex, punctate-striate, the striz arranged in double

rows, which are now and then, especially towards the sides, a little

irregular, of a dark piceous colour; a narrow flavous band extends

from across the base of each elytron along the lateral margins (leaving,

however, a small border of the ground-colour) to the apex, and,

after running upwards close to the suture to the middle of the elytra,

is connected by another transverse band of the same size and colour

with the lateral one. Body beneath and legs shining black, the

mesosternal process rather long and slightly curved. i

334

516 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

Length 5 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. M. Janson.

This species resembles much in pattern D. sheppardi, Baly ; but

it is easily distinguished from that species by its small size and the

double rows of punctures on the elytra, the punctuation in D. shep-

pardi being more irregular, and so coarse as to be distinctly visible

to the naked eye.

11. DoryPHORA ORNATA, Sp. NOv.

Ovate, convex, shining; head black, covered with fine and re-

mote punctures, labrum fulvous; mandibulz, palpi, and antennee

black ; thorax very shining black, with a slight greenish tint, evenly

and distinctly but not closely punctate, with two or three rather

deep impressions near the lateral margins; scutellum entirely im-

punctate ; elytra strongly punctate-striate, the striz running together

im pairs, more obsolete towards the apex, shining black, each elytron

with four spots of a bright fulvous colour, situated as follows—one

oval-shaped near the scutellum, another near the sutural line, ex-

actly in the middle, a larger pear-shaped spot reaching from the

base of the shoulder to a little before the middle, and a large tri-

angular patch occupying the entire apex and terminating in a

sharp point; this patch contains a small roundish black spot near

its extremity ; body below, feet, and tarsi black, shining.

Length 5 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

12. DoryrpHORA ANTENNALIS, sp. nov.

Ovate, convex; head and thorax dark brown, elytra flavous, with

brown, irregular, longitudinal patches. Head with a few fine irre-

gularly distributed punctures; antennee almost filiform, with the

third joint nearly double the length of the fourth and the longest,

the following joints slightly stouter, and the last very nearly as long

as the third, and very pointed at the apex, the first five joints brown,

the rest fuscous, with the exception of the last, which is of a light

testaceous colour, labrum and palpi brown, thorax with the lateral

margins parallel until about the middle, from there slightly widened

and much rounded towards the apex, the anterior angles acute, sur-

face deeply but not closely punctate, with a distinct longitudinal

depression at a little distance from the lateral margin; scutellum

triangular, smooth, brown, margined with black; elytra wider at the

base than the thorax, oblong-ovate, regularly rounded near the apex,

distinctly striate-punctate till about the middle, very obsoletely from

there to the apex flavous, lateral margin, the suture, an oblong patch,

much widened in the middle, running in an oblique direction from

the base near the scutellum towards the sutural margin behind the

middle, and another longitudinal subquadrate patch near the apex,

not touching the suture nor the exterior margin, dark brown; in the

middle of the elytra another short streak of the same colour is

1877. MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 517

attached to the sutural stripe, causing the latter to assume a widened

appearance. Body below and legs lighter or darker brown, meta-

sternal process proportionately long, stout, and curved near the

apex.

Var. Thorax, head, and markings on the elytra dark fuscous or

black.

Length 43 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

It is doubtful if this species ought to be retained in the genus

Doryphora, as the filiform antennz distinguish it from the other

species of this genus, and show rather its affinity to the genus Prosi-

cela of Chevrolat, from which it is, again, distinguished by the strong

development of the metasternal process.

13. DoryeHoRA SEXMACULATA, Sp. Nov.

Oblong, ovate; head and thorax greenish or brown, elytra

greenish black, each elytron with three large fulvous spots. Head

closely and finely punctate, with a smooth longitudinal middle line ;

labrum and palpi pitchy ; antenne rather long, gradually increasing

in width towards the apex, greenish black or brown; thorax but

little convex in the middle, with the anterior margin slightly sinuate,

the anterior and posterior angles very acute, and the surface closely

and evenly punctate, the punctuation a little stronger than that of

the head; scutellum triangular, impunctate, shining ; elytra a little

wider at the base than the thorax, strongly punctate-striate, the

_strie more regular near the sutural line than near the sides, greenish

black, an irregular oblong spot at the base near the scutellum, a tri-

angular-shaped one, of larger size, in the middle, near the lateral

margin, and another, of the same size or larger, near the apex of

each elytron fulvous ; body below and legs greenish.

Length 6 lines. |

Hab. Peru.

Collection Jacoby.

This species varies, as the description shows, in colour, from

greenish to brown as regards the head, antenne, and thorax, as wel!

as the entire underside, with the legs, but does not differ in other

respects.

14. DorypHoRA CHRYSOMELOIDES, Sp. UOV.

Ovate, very convex, and much widened behind, very shining, of a

uniform greenish bronze-colour; head with a more or less distinet

middle line on the vertex, very irregular, and rather strongly punc-

tate, with a triangular flavous spot near the base; epistome separated

from the front by a more or less rounded thin groove, punctured ;

labrum and mandibulz greenish black ; antennze not half the length

of the body, the first jomts metallic green, the rest violaceous black

and transversely subquadrate. ‘Thorax with the anterior margin

slightly produced in the middle, and a shallow, more or less distinct

fovea near the lateral margins; disk finely punctate, the punctures

518 MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

much stronger near the sides, entirely shining green, with a bronze

reflection; scutellum impunctate. Elytra very widened from behind

the middle, everywhere irregularly and very finely covered with

punctures, the interstices having a scratched appearance, shining

green, with a coppery reflection. Body below of the same colour ;

metasternal process conical, slightly curved.

Length 54-6 lines.

Hab. Peru.

Two specimens in my collection.

This species seems nearly to agree with Stal’s description of his

D. nitidissima, but differs in the irregular and fine punctuation of

the elytra, and the smaller size as well as the colour of the antennz.

15. DoryPHORA BISBIMACULATA, Sp. nov.

Ovate, moderately convex; head greenish, distinctly punctured,

labrum dark fulvous, mandibule black ; first four joints of the an-

tennze testaceous, more or less stained with fuscous, the rest black,

and gradually increasing in width. Thorax with the middle of the

anterior margin straight, the posterior one rounded, and the sides

almost crescent-shape, and deeply depressed before the lateral mar-

gins ; surface on the disk finely and not closely, sides strongly and

deeply punctate; the entire disk is occupied by a flavous patch,

leaving a narrow anterior and posterior margin, as well as the sides

to a greater extent, greenish black. LElytra scarcely wider at the

base than the thorax, parallel! towards the middle, and slightly

widened behind, the surface irregularly punctate-striate, the striz

sometimes running in double rows, but near the sides the punctua-

tion is altogether irregular and confused; the colour consists of

the same greenish tint as the head, slightly shining ; and each elytron

is marked with two large spots of a fulvous colour, of which one, of

a semiquadrate form, is situated a little before the middle, without

reaching either the lateral or the sutural margin; another spot, of

a more triangular shape, is placed closer to the suture, near the

apex, being accompanied in some specimens by two more minute

spots near the lateral margin. Entire underside and legs black,

shining.

Length 6 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

Genus CALLIGRAPHA, Chevr.

16. CALLIGRAPHA DISTINGUENDA, Sp. nov.

Oblong-ovate. Head with a fine but distinct longitudinal middle

line, epistome separated by a triangular groove from the front,

strongly punctate, vertex very sparingly punctured, brown; labrum

fulvous ; mandibule fuscous. Antenne with the first four joints

fulvous, the rest black ; they reach to a little more than the base of

the thorax, and have the last five joints transversely subquadrate

and the extremity acute. Thorax with the lateral margins almost

parallel, a little wider at the base than at the apex, posterior margin

1877.] MR. M. JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. 519

broadly rounded, and the anterior angles subrotundate; the disk

contains some remote but strongly marked punctures, while the

sides and the commencement of the posterior margin is strongly im-

pressed with large punctures, distinctly visible to the naked. eye;

surface uniformly darkish brown. Scutellum elongate, triangular,

smooth, black. LElytra scarcely wider at the base than the thorax,

slightly widened behind the middle, surface rather convex ; they are

regularly striate-punctate on their inner half, while the outer por-

tion contains numerous irregularly distributed punctures, not so

deeply impressed as those near the suture, of a light testaceous

colour, the suture and four spots on each elytron of a greenish black

colour, and placed as follows :—two longitudinal streaks, a little

widened at their extremities a little below the base, of equal size,

one of which is situated near the scutellum, the other near the ex-

terior margin; a transverse vitta a little behind the middle, not

touching the lateral nor the sutural margin, sinuate in middle, and

forming at the sutural end a short angle parallel with the suture;

and another short oblique spot near the apex: this spot is some-

times connected with the transverse vitta by a thin line. Body

below shining cupreous, with a greenish tinge. Abdominal segments

each with a shallow fovea near the sides.

Var.a. The spots on the elytra not much darker than the ground-

colour, and indistinct (immature ’).

Length 43 lines.

Hab. Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

Although this beetle is, in the punctuation and markings of the

elytra, quite different from other species belonging to this genus, its

structural characters agree in every particular.

17. CALLIGRAPHA ELEGANTULA, Sp. nov.

Oblong, moderately convex ; head’shining, greenish black, with a

longitudinal middle line, strongly punctate as well as the epistome ;

labrum fulvous at the base ; antennze with the first six joints metallic

violet-blue above, testaceous below, the rest black, and longer than

broad. Thorax of the same colour as the head, the anterior margin

slightly widened in the middle, the posterior one broadly rounded,

each side with a distinct rounded fovea, variolose punctate; disk re-

motely and finely punctured. Scutellum greenish, smooth. Elytra

broader at the base than the thorax, straw-coloured, with the fol-

lowing shining greenish black markings :—a common sutural vitta,

commencing a little below the base, slightly narrowed in the middle,

and extending to the apex; a longitudinal narrow stripe, club-

shaped at its extremity, accompanies the sutural vitta without touch-

ing it from the first third of each elytron to a little behind the

middle, and having a roundish spot above it near its base; an

oblique large spot on the shoulder, pointed at its apex; three trans-

verse spots, of which the first is the smallest, the others of irregular

Shape below the humeral one, all at equal distance from the lateral

margin, which remains of the ground-colour; three small round

520 MR. M, JACOBY ON NEW COLEOPTERA. [June 5,

spots placed triangularly near the apex, and sometimes connected

with each other, and another round spot in the middle, near the

subsutural stripe. Entire underside and legs shining greenish black.

The abdominal segments punctate and thinly pubescent at their base.

Length 4 lines.

Hab. Costa Rica.

Collection Jacoby.

GALLERUCID4.

Genus Monocesrta, Clark.

18. Monocesra DIMIDIATA, sp. nov.

Subelongate, ovate, much dilated posteriorly, anterior half reddish

brown, posterior black; head sparingly and obsoletely striate, with

a distinct longitudinal impressed line through its entire length, and

a deep transverse groove between the eyes, brown, shining; antennze

nearly half the length of the body, black, with the exception of the

first joint, which is reddish fulvous; thorax transverse, a little nar-

rowed in the middle, broadly emarginate near the anterior angles,

with a deep oblique depression on each side towards the middle,

shining reddish brown, closely but very obsoletely punctured, the

disk nearly smooth ; scutellum finely punctuate, very rounded at the

apex. Elytra greatly dilated almost from the base to behind their

middle, impressed below the shoulder near the lateral margin, and

narrowly margined, apex simple, extremely close and finely punc-

tured throughout, reddish brown at their anterior half, black from

there to the apex. Anterior part of the underside fulvous, part of

breast, entire abdominal segments and legs (with the exception of

the first two pairs of the anterior thighs, which are fulvous) black.

Length 7 lines.

Hab. Peru.

In my collection.

19. MoNnocESTA NICARAGUENSIS, sp. nov.

Broadly ovate, rufo-fulvous, pubesceut. Head and vertex im-

pressed with a longitudinal groove, minutely punctate and sparingly

pubescent, labrum and mandibule darker; antenne black. Thorax

much narrowed in the middle, the apex slightly wider than the

base and rounded ; surface irregularly and transversely impressed,

sparingly pubescent. LElytra broadly margined, much dilated pos-

teriorly, the punctuation scarcely visible, and covered everywhere

with rather long reddish brown hair. Body below, together with

the tibize, fuscous, anterior pair of thighs fulvous.

Length 5 lines.

Hab, Chontales, Nicaragua.

Collected by Mr. Janson.

Among the posteriorly dilated species of this genus, the present

one will be recognized by the uniform coloration of the entire upper

surface, the rather long pubescence, and the colour of the antenna,

all of which are exactly the same in all the specimens before me.

Hanhart imp

hth

JSmut

1877.| ON SIX NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. 521

8. Descriptions of six new Species of South-American Birds.

By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., and Ospert

Satvin, M.A., F.R.S.

[Received June 4, 1877.]

(Plate LIT.)

We have again to offer to the Society descriptions of six appa-

rently new species of birds from collections made in Ecuador and

Peru, that have lately reached us.

1. BAsILEUTERUS CASTANEICEPS, Sp. nov.

Brunnescenti-olivaceus pileo medio castaneo-rufo, utrinque lined

nigra limbaté : loris et capitis lateribus cinereis : subtus albus,

lateraliter in cinereum trahens, crisso et campteriis alarum

Jlavescentibus: rostro corneo, pedibus pallide corylinis: long.

tota 5:3, ale 3:0, caud@ 2°5.

Hab. Jina’ in rep. Aquatoriana (C. Buckley.)

Mus. 8.-G.

Obs. Species pileo ad B. coronatum, ventre albo ad B. leucoble-

pharum et hujus affines magis appropinquans.

This species must be placed in the section “ B, 6” of the genus

as divided by Sclater (P. Z. S. 1865, p. 283), near B. leucoblepharus

and B. stragulatus, although its head-colouring is that of B. coro-

natus (section B, a).

2. EUPHONIA INSIGNIS, sp. nov. (Plate LII. fig. 1.)

Supra purpurescenti-nigra, dorso postico flavo : pileo et cervice

postica ceruleis : fronte aurantiacd, lined nigrd postice mar-

ginatd: subtus aurantiaco-flava, gutture nigro ; subalaribus

fravidis, remigum marginibus internis albis : rostro nigro, pedi-

bus fuscis: long. tota 4:6, ale 2:6, caude 1°6.

Hab. Jina, in rep. Aquatoriana (C. Buckley).

Mus. S.-G.

Obs. Species EH. nigricolli affinis, sed fronte aurantiaca dis-

tinguenda.

Mr. Buckley has sent two skins of what we suppose to be males

of this very distinct species.

3. CHLOROSPINGUS PHZOCEPHALUS, sp. nov. (Plate LII. fig. 2.)

Oleagineo-viridis, pileo fuscescente: subtus dilutior et flaves-

centior, ventre medio ochrascenti-cinereo, crisso sicut latera

flavicante ; gutture paulum fuscescente: subalaribus flavicanti-

albis, remigum marginibus internis pallide cinereis: rostro

corneo, pedibus corylinis : long. tota 5°3, ale 3:0, caude 2°3.

Hab. In rep. Hquator. Jina (C. Buckley) ; Chillanes (Fraser).

Mus. 8.-G. et P. L. S.

» Jina lies on the head-waters of Rio Santiago, not very far from Cuenca.

522 ON sIX NEW SPECIES OF SOUTH-AMERICAN BIRDS. [June 5,

Obs. Species Ch. flavipectori forsan proxima, sed gutture fusces-

cente dignoscenda.

Of this Chlorospingus Mr. C. Buckley obtained a single skin at

Jina, in Ecuador, during his recent excursion into that country.

Sclater has long had a specimen of the same bird, which was col-

lected by Fraser at Chillanes, in Ecuador, in 1858. The latter has

hitherto been erroneously referred to C. albitemporalis, under the

impression that it might be an immature bird. The species is of the

general size and structure of C. flavipectus.

4. ToDIROSTRUM RUFIGENE, Sp. NOv.

Supra late olivaceum, pileo et capitis lateribus rufis : alis nigris,

tectricum apicibus et secundariorum marginibus externis flavis,

remigibus extus olivaceo stricte marginatis : caudd fuscescenti-

olivaced, rectricibus externis macula apicali flavicante preditis:

subtus flavum, pectore sordide albicante, gutture rufescente,

hypochondriis in olivaceum trahentibus : rostro nigro, pedibus

pallide corylinis : long. tota 3°3, ale 1:6, caude rectr. ext, 1:0,

med. \"25.

Hab. Mongi, in rep. Hquator. (C. Buckley).

Mus. §.-G.

Obs. Sp. T. ruficipiti affine, sed gutture et capitis lateribus

rufescentibus diversa.

5. LATHRIA CRYPTOLOPHA, Sp. Nov.

Saturate olivacea fere unicolor : corpore subtus precipue in ventre

medio paulo flavescentiore: subalaribus flavissimis ; alis et

caudd fuscis extus olivaceis ; primartis internis et secundariis

intus pallido fulvescenti marginatis: cristd capitis obtectd

saturate castaned: rostro nigro: pedibus plumbeis: long.

tota 9°0, ale 5°6, caud@ 4:2, rostri a rictu 1°1, tarsi 1.

Hab. Mongi, rep. Auquat. orientalis.

Mus. 8.-G.

Obs. L. subalari affinis, sed dorso postico, cauda, et alis extus

olivascentibus nec grisescentibus, crista quoque capitis castanea nec

nigra distinguenda.

Mr. Buckley has sent a single skin of this fine species, which at

one time we thought might possibly prove to be a male of L. sub-

alaris ; but on examining the type specimen of the latter in the

British Museum, we find that it doubtless is a male, having a con-

cealed lack crest, and the hinder portion of the body and tail ashy,

as given in Sclater’s original description. In the present bird the

crest is deep chestnut, and the lower portion of the body olive-green,

like the back.

6. FULIGULA NATIONI, sp. nov.

Fusco-brunnea ; subtus paulo brunnescentior: corpore undique

albido minutissime irrorato: capite summo et collo usque ad

pectus nigricantibus, genis et gutture anteriore rufescentibus :

angulo inter ramos mandibule (sicut in spectebus omnibus hujus

J. Smit lith.

ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS

1877.] ON THE ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 523

_ generis) albo: remigibus fusco-nigris, primariis internis media-

liter albidis: speculo alari albo: rostro et pedibus brunnes-

centibus : long. tota 17, ale 7°8, caude@ 2°3, rostri a rictu 2,

tarsi 1°4, dig. med. cum ungue 2°3.

Hab. Peruvia occidentalis, prope Lima (Nation).

Mus. §.-G.

Obés. F. collari forsan affinis, sed speculo alari albo nec griseo,

genis et gutture rufescentibus facile distinguenda.

A specimen of this curious duck was received by Mr. Sclater

from Prof. Nation by post’, in January last. In a subsequent

letter Prof. Nation says that it is found occasionally in the fresh-

water lakes near Lima, in company with Querquedula cyanoptera,

and Dafila bahamensis. The example sent is a female; and Prof.

Nation believes the colouring of the plumage in both sexes to be

alike. The irides are of a brownish red, the bill and tarsi brownish.

9. Notes on the Anatomy of Passerine Birds.—Part III.

By A. H. Garrop, F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received June 1, 1877.]

(Plate LIIT.)

On the present occasion I take the opportunity of describing the

voice-organ in some species of the non-oscinine (mesomyodian) Pas-

seres in which that structure is, so far as I am aware, unknown.

Leaving any deductions until I have recorded the nature of the

structures, I will commence with an account of the syrinx in some

of the Tracheophonz.

Hylactes megapodius.—In this species the syrinx is not identical

with any of those described by J. Miiller*. It does not differ much

from those of Scytalopus indigoticus and Chameza brevicauda in its

essential structure. By Miller, however, no mention is made of a

peculiarity which I find in this species, which seems to me to throw

some light upon the method of development of the tracheophone

syrinx. ‘This consists in the way in which the characteristic very

slender rings of the specialized voice-organ, instead of ceasing abruptly

at its upper end, continue upwards on the anterior surface of. the

trachea for a considerable distance, whilst posteriorly they suddenly

change their breadth superiorly where the syrinx ceases. Figures

4 and 5 of Plate LIII represent the anterior and posterior views of

the organ.

The processus vocales, which rest on the first and second modified

and ossified bronchial semi-rings, extend up as far as the tracheal

true ring, twelfth from the bottom. These twelve lowermost tracheal

1 By the same conveyance Prof. Nation has also recently sent us the skins of

Rallus virginianus (previously not known so far south, see P. Z.S. 1868, p. 445),

Lampropsar warcewiczti (=Quiscalus @quatorialis, Scl.), Rhodopis vesper,

Myrtis fanny, and Thauwmastura cora, all from the vicinity of Lima.

2 Abh. Akad. der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1847.

524 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE [June 5,

tings are incomplete opposite the processus vocales (in other words,

at their sides), as they are in all the Tracheophone ; and the lowest

is also broken, as it were, in the middle line behind.

Posteriorly the lower nine are extremely slender; the tenth

(counting upwards) is somewhat thicker, the eleventh still more

evidently so, whilst the twelfth is as thick as any of the superior

rings.

A ateHorly there are twenty-three of the lower tracheal rings,

which are quite slender in the middle line, especially the lowest three ;

and of these the twelve lowest (those split laterally) are slender from

one side to the other, whilst the upper eleven appear thick at their

extreme ends on account of the intrusion, for a short distance round

the sides of the tracheal tube, of the thickening above recorded of their

hinder parts, which diminishes rapidly in a spindle-pointed manner.

The lowest tracheal ring is as slender as those just above it; and

it is worthy of note that the processus vocales rest upon the thickened

second bronchial semi-ring as well as on the first. These vocal pro-

cesses cannot be detached from the sides of the trachea without in-

juring it; and the sterno-tracheal muscles arise from their apices, to

which are also attached thin muscular sheets which extend up the

windpipe laterally and a little posteriorly.

Grallaria guatemalensis—In this species also the specialized

syrinx does not cease abruptly at its upper end, the superior rings of

the trachea, which help to constitute it, gradually losing their indi-

vidual character. Figs. | and 2 (Plate LIII.) represent the front and

back view of the organ, which is peculiarly shallow for its width, and

involves but six of the lowermost tracheal rings. These six are in-

complete at their sides where they are in contact with the processus

vocales, which latter are small, flat, fusiform ossifications, pointed

both at their upper and lower ends, and just touch the upper of the

two superior enlarged and ossified bronchial semi-rings, the remainder

of each bronchus being of the normal character. The lowermost

tracheal is incomplete in the middle line in front, as well as at the

sides, whilst behind it is thickened, and sends small downward

processes on each side of the middle line in such a manner as to

develop a notch between them. Figure 3 represents the left-side

view of these structures, seen from the interior of the organ, a being

the processus vocalis. From figure 1 it can be seen that the

tracheal rings four, five, and six from the bottom are not ossified

at all in front, and that rings seven, eight, and nine are only so at

their sides, whilst ring ten, with those just above it, are extremely

thin in the middle. Posteriorly also, from figure 2 it can be inferred

that the rings above the bottom ones are very slender, becoming

thicker by degrees above the sixth, which is the highest of those

constituting the voice-organ.

With reference to the muscles, it may be stated that the lateral

muscle of the trachea on each side covers and joins the upper ex-

tremity of the precessus vocalis, turning off to become the musculus

sterno-trachealis opposite the ring third from the end, and sending

no continuation on to act directly upon the bronchial semi-rings.

1877.] ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS. 525

Lipaugus cineraceus.—In this species the single specimen at my

disposal, which Mr. Edward Bartlett has most kindly given me, has

the lower part of the windpipe considerably damaged by shot. Never-

theless, as one side is comparatively uninjured, I have been able to

make out the essential points in the structure of the syrinx, which

does not differ much from that of Pipra leucocilla, as represented by

Miller’. The lowermost rings of the trachea are not peculiar, each

one being deep, and meeting, at its superior and inferior margins,

the rings above and below it. The first and second bronchial semi-

rings resemble those of the trachea in their flatness, depth, and ap-

proximation, the third being the first normal bronchial ring. It,

with those which follow, are slightly peculiar in that they are ossified

throughout, except in a small part, equal to about one sixth the

breadth of each semi-ring, one third distant from their anterior ends,

where they retain their primitive cartilaginous structure (vide Plate

LIII. figs. 6 and 7).

The lateral muscle of the trachea is of considerable breadth, being

most developed anteriorly, those of the opposite sides coming nearly

into; contact in the middle line in front. Opposite the tracheal ring

seventh from the bottom, the small sterno-trachealis is differentiated

off from the posterior portion of this muscle, by far its larger anterior

part continuing downwards to become the intrinsic muscle of the

syrinx, which ceases at its insertion into the anterior half of the

third bronchial semi-ring. It exhibits no tendency to split into two

as in Pipra leucocilla.

It may be mentioned that the second bronchial semi-ring is some-

what expanded at its ends, intruding more into the membranous

completion of the bronchial tube than do those which follow it. The

damaged condition of my specimen makes it impossible to determine

whether the antero-posterior bar, which is situated at the point of

bifurcation of the trachea, is formed by the last tracheal ring, or by

the completion and junction of the first bronchial rings of either

side. I am inclined to think it depends on the latter of these

conditions.

Chiromacheris manacus, according to the description given by

Miller, agrees exactly with this species, as far as its syrinx is con-

cerned.

Heteropelma vere-pacis.—It is Mr. Salvin whom I have to thank

for a specimen of this species, as well as the next to be described, in

spirit. Its voice-organ is most simple. The single, broad lateral

muscle of each side of the trachea continues down to the middle of

the second bronchial semi-ring, which is scarcely different from those

below it either in bulk or appearance; and the one above it resembles

it. There is, however, a considerable interval between it and the

third, whilst it almost touches the first. None of the lowermost

tracheal rings are peculiar in any way.

Hadrostomus aglaie is a bird in which the calibre of the lower

end of the trachea is very inconsiderable, and the syrinx is corre-

spondingly difficult to investigate. The tracheal rings are not modi-

' Loe, cit. plate iv. figs. 9-11.

526 ON THE ANATOMY OF PASSERINE BIRDS {June 5,

fied, except the last, which is developed into a three-way piece from

the presence of a bar running from before backwards at the middle

of the lower margin. The first bronchial half-ring is of the same

flattened and deep nature as the tracheal rings, and, like them also,

is not separated from the three-way piece by any interval. To its an-

terior end, on each side, as well as to the front of the three-way piece,

the intrinsic muscle is attached, which descends, broad and thin, down

the front of the lower part of the trachea, in contact with its fellow

of the opposite side, there to terminate (vide Plate LIII. fig. 8).

The second bronchial semi-ring is not modified. It is separated by

a short interval from the first, and by a strikingly considerable one

from the third, which is the commencement of the normal bronchus.

I could not find that the muscles of the syrinx sent any fibres to

this second ring, as in Pachyrhamphus atricapillus, described by

Miller, although otherwise this structure is almost identical in the

two birds. If they are present they must be extremely feeble; and

the relative distances of the upper bronchial semi-rings favours the

view that some special arrangement exists.

The account, above given, of the voice-organs in the aberrant

Passeres in question, is entirely confirmatory of the results arrived

at by Johannes Miiller. Both Hylactes and Grallaria are com-

pletely tracheophone, as he predicted they would be found to be,

although they agree with one another, and differ from those pre-

viously described in having the syringeal end of the trachea less

abruptly distinguishable as being composed of two parts. Neither

Lipaugus, nor Heteropelma, nor Hadrostomus are far from the

mesomyodian types already known, as far as their voice-organs are

concerned, which structure clearly shows that our nomenclature is an

inefficient one when it places Hadrostomus as far from Pachyrham-

phus as either is from Tityra.

Again, also, that the Pipride and Cotingidé should be considered

to be different families is not borne out by the nature of the lower

larynx ; and it seems hardly possible to allow a difference in tarsal

scutellation to constitute a family difference, when not borne out by

more important points of internal structure.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII.

. Syrinx of Grallaria guatemalensis, front view.

. The same, back view.

The same, lateral view, from within, showing the fusiform processus

vocalis,

. Syrinx of Hylactes megapodius, front view.

. The same, back view.

. Syrinx of Lipaugus cineraceus, front view.

. The same, side view.

. Syrinx of Hadrostomus aglaie, front view.

Fig.

MOAI oop

1877.] MR. G. F. ANGAS ON SHELLS FROM MADAGASCAR.

527

10. Notes on a small Collection of Land and Freshwater

Shells from South-east Madagascar, with descriptions

of new Species.

F.L.S., &e.

By Grorce Frencn Avaas, C.M.Z.S.,

[Received June 2, 1877.]

(Plate LIV.)

Mr. Edward Bartlett has placed in my hands for examination a

small collection of land and fluviatile shells

at Ekongo, on the south-east coast of Madagascar.

following species :—

Achatina acuta, Fér.

Helix cornu-giganteum, Lam.

Jarafanga, H. Ad.

souverbei, Fisch.

sepulchralis, Fér., and vars.

omphaloides, Pfr.

calypso, Pfr.

—— wxystera, Valenc., and vars.

—. devali, Petit.

Megalostoma crocea.

Cyclotus macaree, Petit.

collected by Mr. Waters

It contains the

Cyclostomus bicarinatus, Sow.,

and several varieties,

boivini, Pfr.

tricarinatus, Lam.

multifasciatus, Grate.

Melania amarula, Lam.

Melania, sp.?

Navicella lineata, Lam.

eximia.

Lymnea natalensis, Krauss, large

var.

Nerita caffra, Wood.

Buuimus Batsront, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 7.)

Shell imperforate, elongately ovate, somewhat thin, shining,

irregularly longitudinally striated, and crossed here and

there with

concentric lines, giviug portions of the surface somewhat of a tessel-

lated appearance, rich chestnut-brown, paler towards the apex; spire

elongately conical, somewhat obtuse at the apex ; whorls 7, slightly

convex, the last longer than the spire; sutures impressed, margined,

and crenulated ; aperture ovately oblong, bluish purple within ; outer

lip slightly arcuate, and a little thickened at the edge ; inner lip with

a strong callus, which is slightly flattened and expanded over the

columella.

Alt. 3 inches 9 lines, diam. 1 inch 4 lines ;

1 inch 6 lines, breadth 9 lines.

length of aperture

Hab. Ekongo, S.E. coast of Madagascar.

This fine Bulimus must not be confounded with B.

Petit de la Saussaye, another Madagascar species.

clavator of

They are distinct

in form, texture, and other characters.

At the request of Mr. Edward Bartlett I have called this species

after Mr. R. J. Balston.

Hevix warersi, n.sp. (Plate LIV. figs. 3 a, 3b.)

Shell with a small compressed umbilicus, discoidal, rather solid ;

obliquely closely striated with irregular, somewhat undulating, erect

striee, which are crossed by numerous concentric lines, exhibiting here

and there a minutely reticulated appearance at the points of crossing,

528 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON SHELLS FROM MADAGASCAR. [June 5,

light purplish brown, becoming darker behind the lip, partially

covered with a pale straw-coloured epidermis; spire depressed,

whorls 4, rapidly increasing, somewhat convex, the last very wide,

swollen, bluntly keeled, with a slight depression above the keel ;

aperture nearly horizontal, transversely lunately ovate, margined

within with a broad band of purplish black, interior pale lilac ;

peristome thickened, expanded, and reflected, edged with white ;

margins approximating and joined by a callus. ;

Diam. maj. 1 inch 8 lines, min. 1 inch 33 lines, alt. 9 lines.

Hab. Ekongo, S.E. coast of Madagascar.

This interesting shell may at once be distinguished from H. sepul-

chralis and its allies by its elaborate sculpture, and by the expanded

form of the aperture.

HELIx EKONGENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 4.)

Shell minutely umbilicated, depressedly globose, very thin, the

oblique lines of growth crossed by exceedingly fine, close-set, con-

centric lines, pale horn-colour, with one narrow brown band above

the suture on the upper whorls, and two on the last whorl, one on

either side of the periphery ; spine depressedly conical, apex obtuse ;

whorls 6, flatly convex, the last not descending ; aperture oblique,

lunately ovate ; outer thin, simple.

Diam. maj. 11 lines, min. 10 lines, alt. 6 lines.

Hab. Ekongo, 8.E. Madagascar.

HELIx BALSTONI, n. sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 5.)

Shell imperforate, depressedly conoidal, thin, sculptured all over

with extremely fine, close-set, engraved lines that cross each other

obliquely both ways, giving the surface a delicately shagreened ap-

pearance under the lens, fulvous horn-colour throughout ; spire

depressedly conical, apex somewhat obtuse ; whorls 6, flatly convex,

the last sharply keeled at the periphery, not descending in front ;

base convex, shining ; aperture oblique, quadrately ovate ; outer lip

thin, simple.

Diam. maj. 1 inch 2 lines, min. 1 ineh, alt. 7 lines.

Hab. Interior of Madagascar.

In form, this species greatly resembles Helix semidecussata, Pfr.,

from India; but the sculpture of the whorls is quite different, and

is remarkable for its extreme delicacy and beauty.

At the request of Mr. Edward Bartlett I have named this shell

after Mr. W. E. Balston.

PHYSA MADAGASCARIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. figs. 2a, 2 6.)

Shell sinistral, perforate, thin, longitudinally plicately striated, the

strize being more regular on the upper whorls, horn-coloured ; spire

obtusely conical, apex blunt ; whorls 43, convex, the last large and

inflated ; aperture ovate, narrower above; outer lip thin, simple,

arcuate ; columella with a broad callus expanded over the umbilical

region.

Alt. 8 lines, diam. 5 lines.

Hab. Okongo, S.E. Madagascar.

PZ S187 wie

M& N Hanhart imp.

NEW SHELLS FROM MADAGASCAR,JAPAN &e

1877.] MR.G. F. ANGAS ON NEW MOLLUSGA FROM JAPAN. 529

11. Descriptions of a new Genus of Gasteropodous Mollusca

from Japan, and of a new Species of Bullia from Kur-

rachi. By Gzorcr Frenca Aneas, C.M.ZS., F.L.S., &c.

[Received June 2, 1877.]

(Plate LIV.)

Subfamily Fusin2.

THATCHERIA, new genus.

Shell angularly pyriform, solid; spire prominent, shorter than the

aperture, many-whorled, whorls flattened above, strongly keeled at

the periphery and contracted below; aperture with a broad incurved

sinus between the extremity of the last keel and the junction of the

body-whorl ; basal canal wide and open; columella smooth ; outer

lip simple below the sinus.

THATCHERIA MIRABILIS, n. sp. (Plate LIV. figs. 1 a, 1 5.)

Sheil angularly pyriform, solid, yellowish white; spire elevated, -

and acuminate towards the apex; whorls 8, flattened, and slightly

excavated above, strongly and prominently keeled at the periphery,

and sloping inwards below, above the keels finely arcuately striate,

below irregularly more or less crenately concentrically ridged ; aper-

ture triangularly subquadrate, pure white, and shining within ; colu-

mella smooth, slightly arcuate above, nearly straight below, white ;

outer lip with a broad excavated sinus extending from its juncture

with the body-whorl to the extremity of the last keel ; below the

keel, which is very prominent, the lip is simple and arcuate.

Alt. 3 inches 6 lines. Diam. 2 inches, Length of aperture 2 inches

2 lines.

Hab. Seas of Japan.

This very remarkable shell, quite unlike anything hitherto met

with, was recently brought from Japan by Mr. Charles Thatcher.

The specimen is believed to be unique. Without a knowledge of

the operculum, its exact generic position cannot be determined ;

but at present I regard it as belonging to the subfamily Fusine.

Bu ia (LEIODOMUS) KURRACHENSIS, n: sp. (Plate LIV. fig. 6.)

Shell acuminately turreted, solid, white, tinged with rose-colour

on the upper whorls ; spire elongated, apex very sharp; whorls 9,

somewhat convex, excavated and strongly keeled below the sutures,

regularly transversely ribbed and longitudinally ridged with the lines

of growth, the ridges becoming more or less imbricate and angled

upon the keel, ovelapping each other and forming a slight irregular

coronation, last whorl with a sharp keel near the base; aperture

ovate, outer lip simple.

Alt. 1 inch 9 lines. Diam. 9 lines.

Hab. Kurrachi, Scinde, N.W. India.

The type specimen of this elegantly turreted species was obtained

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1877, No. XXXIV. 34

530 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 19,

a short time ago on the beach near Manora Point, Kurrachi, by my

daughter, Mrs. John Bruce. I have placed it in the British Museum.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Figs. 1a, 1b. Thatcheria mirabilis, p. | Fig. 4. Helix ekongensis, p. 528.

529 5. balstoni, p. 528.

6. Leiodomus kurrachensis, p, 529.

7. Bulimus balstoni, p. 527.

2a, 2 ies Physa madagascariensis,

p. 528.

3a, 3b, Helix watersi, p. 527.

June 19, 1877.

E. W. Holdsworth, Esq., F.Z.S., in the Chair.

The Secretary made the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during May 1877 :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of May was 164, of which 15 were by birth,

82 by presentation, 34 by purchase, while 21 were received in ex-

change, and 12 on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 161.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. Seven Raccoon-like Dogs (Nyctereutes procynides) born in the

Menagerie on the 2nd May. We are fortunate, as I have already

remarked (P.Z. 8. 1876, p. 695), in having an example of both

sexes of this scarce species of Canis in our collection, and still more

fortunate that they have bred with us and produced such a large litter.

2. A Pangolin (Manis tricuspis) purchased May 24th from Mr.

Cross, of Liverpool, being, so far as I know, the first example of this

remarkable form of the Edentata that has ever reached us alive.

The animal, which, I regret to have to add, died on the 27th ult.

from debility consequent upon ulceration of the tongue, is a male,

probably not quite mature. It measures 283 inches in length,

the body being 133 and the tail 15 inches long. There are 7 series

of scales on the head, 20 or 21 on the back, and 38 on the tail (see

woodcut, p. 531).

Prof. Garrod promises to give us a full account of the anatomy

of this interesting animal, of which there is still much to be learnt.

3. An African Buzzard (Buteo tachardus), captured in the Red Sea,

and presented by. Mr. Andrew Anderson, F.Z.S., May 22nd, 1877.

Mr. Anderson sends me the subjoined note on the capture of this

bird :—

On the afternoon of the 27th April, while off the Zebayer Islands,

in the Red Sea, about midway between the coast of Africa and

Arabia [lat. 15° 2' N., long. 42° 18' E.], a large flight of big-looking

birds suddenly made their appearance ; and, so far as I could count

them, some 15 or 20 remained with the 8.S. ‘ Europa,’ settling now

and again on the rigging.

During the night four were captured; but I only succeeded in

becoming possessed of two, which, judging from the difference in

their size, must have been ¢ and 2. The smaller one, presumably

1877.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 531

Manis tricuspis, from a drawing by Mr. Wood, F.Z.S., published in the

‘Tilustrated Tiondon News’ for July 28th, 1877.

the ¢, was in a very rufous or rather ochreous-red phase of plumage ;

this one, I regret to say, died the day before we reached Liverpool.

The one that has been placed in the Gardens is of a brown coiour,

and I should say isa Q bird. The four specimens I examined in

life varied considerably in plumage, as much so as Buteo ferox does.

4. A Guianan crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis), purchased

May 23rd, and said to have been received from the Upper Amazons.

This is the first example of this remarkable bird of prey that we

have received alive.

5. A one-wattled Cassowary (Caswarius uniappendiculatus), ob-

tained from the Royal Zoological Society of Amsterdam on the

24th May. This is a not quite adult example of this fine Casso-

wary, of which we have previously had but a single young specimen

in the collection".

6. A male of the new Mesopotamian Fallow Deer, lately described

and figured by Sir Victor Brooke in the Society’s Proceedings (see

P.Z.S8. 1875, p. 261, pl. xxxviii., and 1876, p. 298). This

fine animal was obtained for the Society through the exertions of

Mr. Robertson, H.B.M. Vice-Consul at Bussorah, and brought to

this country (very appropriately!) by the S.S. ‘ Mesopotamia,’ Capt.

Phillips, of whom it was purchased for the sum of £50. It is a

1 See P. Z. S. 1875, p. 85, pl. xx. 9

532 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [June 19,

male, very tame, and in excellent health, and is now growing a pair

of those singular horns which render it so easily distinguishable

from the common Fallow Deer.

7. An animal sold to us on the 29th May by Mr. Arthur Mosenthal

as a Cheetah, but which appears to belong to a new species of the

genus Felis, distinct from, although closely allied to that animal.

It is a male, probably not quite fully grown. It presents generally

the appearance of a Cheetah (Felis jubata), but is thicker in the

body, and has shorter and stouter limbs, and a much thicker tail.

When adult it will probably be considerably larger than the Cheetah,

and is larger even now than our three specimens of that animal.

The fur is much more woolly and dense than in the Cheetah, as is

particularly noticeable on the ears, mane and tail. The whole of

the body is of a pale isabelline colour, rather paler on the belly and

lower parts, but covered all over, including the belly, with roundish

dark fulvous blotches. There are no traces of the black spots which

are sO conspicuous in all the varieties of the Cheetah which I have

seen, nor of the characteristic black line between the mouth and eye.

Until we know more about this animal, and further examples of

it have been obtained, it is perhaps too early to say that we have

here a new species amongst the larger Cats; but after having looked

through the descriptions of the varieties of the Cheetah given by

different authors, and having especially studied the descriptions of

the Felis jubata and F. guttata, as distinguished by Wagner, I

believe it impossible to associate the present animal with any of them,

and I propose to give it the temporary designation of Felis lanea

or Woolly Cheetah. Mr. Mosenthal informs me that this animal,

though shipped at Cape Town, was originally procured from Beaufort

West in the Cape Colony. It is difficult to understand how such a

distinct animal can have so long escaped the observations of naturalists.

Mr. Bartlett, by whom my attention was first directed to it, tells me

that he has examined many Cheetah’s skins from Africa, but never

saw one any thing like that of the present animal. We have had in

the collection Cheetahs from South Africa, Eastern Africa, Syria, and

India, and have no doubt they all belong to one species. At the

present moment we have in the Gardens examples of both African and

Indian forms.

Mr. Smit’s drawing (Plate LV.), together with the preceding

notes, will, I trust, serve to make the differences between Felis lanea

and F. jubata intelligible to naturalists *.

? At first one might be inclined to suppose that our animal was the Felis

jubata of Duvernoy (Mém. Mus. d’H. N. Strasbourg, ii. p. 10), as distinguished

by him from Felis guttata, as follows :—

“Te felis jubata se distingue par sa robe jaune nankin parsemée partout, méme

sous le ventre, de taches rondes, de couleur foncée. Ii Vest encore par des formes

plus épaisses et une assez forte criniére.

“Le felis guttata en différe par des formes plus gréles, des jambes plus hautes,

son pelage dun fawve orangé foncé ou clair, parsemé de taches rondes et noires,

excepté en dessous, ou il est quelquefois d’un blanc pur et sans aucune tache ou

n’en a que de ternes.”

But on looking more narrowly into Duyernoy’s description, particularly to his

amt JLTeuuey

UHL FUMES

1877.] MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS. 533

The Secretary read an extract from a letter addressed to him by

Monsieur J. M. Cornely, C.M.Z.S., dated Chateau Beaujardin,

Tours, France, June 5th, stating that his female Hydropotes inermis,

which had been impregnated by the Society’s male, sent to Tours

for that purpose, had just produced three young ones, one of which,

however, had been born dead ; the dead one weighed 1175 grammes,

and was about 45 centims. in length.

Mr. J. E. Harting, F.Z.S., exhibited a variety of the Common

Snipe, and made the following remarks :—

The Snipe which I have the pleasure of exhibiting this evening is

remarkable from the circumstance that the colour of the plumage is

exactly intermediate between that of the Common Snipe and the

so-called Sabine’s Snipe. It seems, indeed, to form a connecting

link, as is were, between the two, and to lead to the conclusion

(already shared in by many ornithologists) that the so-called Sabine’s

Snipe is not a valid species, but a melanism of the Common Snipe.

Some years ago, before I had examined as many specimens of

Sabine’s Snipe as I have since seen, I thought from various characters

(such as the absence of the longitudinal half-lines on the dorsal

plumage, and the ovate shape of the feathers generally) that

Sabine’s Snipe might be a good species ; but having now examined

some fifteen or sixteen different specimens, I am inclined to believe

that the ovate shape of the feathers is characteristic of age, and

indicates a young bird, and that the so-called species ought to be

regarded simply as a melanism of the common species,

The specimen now exhibited was killed in Ireland last Christmas ;

and a brief notice of it will be found in the < Zoologist’ for January

last, pp. 24, 25.

Mr. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of the sternum

of the Tawny Owi (Syrnium aluco) which presented a curious mal-

formation. There was a complete absence of ossification down the

middle line, the moieties of the sternum, in contact superiorly, being

widely divergent inferiorly, although each was quite of normal form.

The furcula was not peculiar.

Mr. John Murray, C.M.Z.S., Naturalist of the « Challenger’ Ex-

pedition, exhibited and made remarks on a series of Shark’s teeth,

Whale’s ear-bones, and other specimens dredged up during the voyage

of the * Challenger.’

Prof. Garrod, F.R.S., read a description of the brain of the

Sumatran Rhinoceros.

This paper will be published in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’

The following papers were read :—

reference to the black line below the eye in his F. jubata, I think it impossible to

identify it with the present animal.

534 MR. SCLATER ON THE ‘CHALLENGER’ BIRDS. [June 19,

1. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the Voyage

of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.—No. I. General Remarks on

the Collections. By P. L. Sctater, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.

[Received May 24, 1877.]

At the request of Sir C. Wyville Thomson, I have had great

pleasure in undertaking the determination of the skins of birds col-

lected during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ round the world

in the years 1874-6. The whole collection embraces about 900

specimens in skins, besides which there is a considerable series of sea-

birds in salt and spirit, which will be used principally for anatomical

purposes, and a collection of eggs, principally of oceanic species.

The collection was formed under the superintendence of Mr. John -

Murray, one of the naturalists of the Expedition, and the skins chiefly

prepared by Mr. Frederick Pearcey, who accompanied the vessel as

taxidermist. They are, nearly without exception, in an excellent

state of preservation.

Mr. Murray has placed at my disposal his ornithological note-book,

which contains the history of every individual specimen, and many

other particulars, which add greatly to the value of the collection.

It will be recollected that the main object of the ‘ Challenger ’

Expedition was the exploration of the depths of the ocean, and that

the collecting of birds of any sort, especially land birds, formed but

a very subordinate part of the original plan. Ornithologists must

therefore not be surprised that so small a collection was made

during a three years’ voyage, but rather be very thankful to Sir C.

Wyville Thomson and his coadjutors for having devoted so much

extra attention to a branch of science in which investigations were

not required of them.

For the purpose of study, I have divided the collection of bird-

skins as follows :—

A. Terrestrial Birds.

B. Oceanic Birds.

The Terrestrial Birds fall into the following ten geographical cate-

gories, to which I have added the approximate number of skins :—

1. Atlantic Islands, i.e. Tristan da Cunha and Inacessible 12

2: Menguelen Lond: psx5 adadions tetas tke hate ee ee 16

3s; Cape York, Austr aie os sisivecesss 4.0\hice nme amie eS eae 60

4. (ApoOTSlanilsiee Boe Aor ooedie ole. G ake Oe ee 62

5. Moluccas, i. e. Banda, Ternate, Amboyna, and Ké.... 70

6., Philippines ta. sad icoesie: She eliets « -/etueto es renee 3. ieee

1. Admiralty I0nds) Fore ws ccs s+ « simiieeinete ae 56

8. South Pacific Islands, i. e. Friendly Islands, Fijis, New

HebridesMandtlahititrecrceue- ss... osteo Aoeeaee 135

9: Sandwichdslandsep cei heist hk seen eee 24

10. Antarctic America, Juan Fernandez, and Falklands .. 149

Total approximate number of skins .... 679

1877.] ON THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 535

Besides these a few specimens (26 in all) were obtained at Hong-

kong, China, Japan, New Zealand, St. Jago, Cape Verd, and one or

two other localities, but nothing like series which necessitate special

examination.

Under the head Oceanic Birds I place the members of the follow-

ing families, which are most conveniently studied as groups :—

[eae ee a 47 specimens

oes) 80 3

Steganopodes................ 33 a

Spheniscide ................ 38 99

Total. . 198 aS

To aid me in my task I have been fortunate enough to obtain the

valuable assistance of the Marquess of Tweeddale, our President, for

the determination of the Philippine Birds, of Mr. O. Salvin as re-

gards the Procellariide, of Mr. Howard Saunders for the Laride, of

Dr. Finsch for the birds of the South Pacific Islands; and I hope to

get that of Count T. Salvadori for some of the Molucean and Papuan

birds.

The members of the other groups I trust to be able to determine

myself personally or in conjunction with my constant fellow-worker

Mr. O. Salvin.

With the approbation of Sir OC. Wyville Thomson I propose to

communicate the results of the investigations of these gentlemen and

myself on this subject to the Society in a series of reports, which

will be accompanied by extracts from Mr. Murray’s ornithological

journal.

2. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. « Challenger.’—No. II. On the Birds

of the Philippine Islands. By Arruvur, Marquis of

Twervpats, F.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received June 8, 1877.]

The ‘ Challenger’ Expedition, during its stay in the Philippine

archipelago, visited six islands, viz. Panay (Ilo-ilo), Luzon (Manila),

Zebu, Camiguin, Malanine, and Mindanao (Zamboanga and Pasa-

nanca). Itis not on record that two of these islands, Camiguin and

Malanipa, had ever been previously visited by any ornithological

collector ; while from Mindanao only some nineteen species of birds

were known. Dr. Steere, at about the time the ‘Challenger’ was

near Mindanao, collected many additional species of birds on that

island, as he had also done in the islands of Zebu and Panay ; and

as the results of his researches have already been made known by

536 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [June 19,

Mr. Bowdler Sharpe’, some of the discoveries made by the ‘ Chal-

lenger’ naturalists have been anticipated. In order that the exact

course taken by the ‘ Challenger’ may be recorded, with the dates on

which the expedition arrived at and departed from the different

islands, I transcribe the following extracts from Mr. J. Murray’s

ornithological note-book, adding to each extract the names of the

birds, as I have determined them :—

*‘Ship arrived at Ilo-ilo on the 28th [October 1874], at 5 p.m.

On the 30th the following birds were shot. These are all from the

island opposite the town :—

[ Osmotreron axillaris. Centrococcyx viridis.

Broderipus acrorhynchus. Corvus philippinus.

Loriculus panayensis. Corydalla lugubris.

Entomobia gularis. Lalage dominica,

Sauropatis chloris. Orthotomus castaneiceps.

Pelargopsis gigantea? Arachnechthra jugularis. |

“The ship arrived at Manila on the 11th January, 1875, and left

there on the 14th January. The following two birds were shot from

the ship during the stay :—

[Larus ridibundus. Hydrochelidon hybrida. |

“The ship arrived at Zebu on the 18th January, 1875, and left

on the 24th. During the stay Percy and some of the officers shot

the following birds :—

[Broderipus acrorhynchus. Demiegretta sacra.

Artamus leucorhynus. Hypsipetes philippinensis.

Sauropatis chloris. Lanius lucionensis.

Haliastur intermedius. Merops philippinus. |

Numenius pheopus.

* Parties landed on the volcanic island of Camiguin on the 26th

January, 1875, for a few hours in the afternoon, and the following

birds were shot :—

[Corvus philippinus. Arachnechthra jugularis.

Calornis panayensis. Tringoides hypoleucos. |

Sauropatis chloris.

“On the 30th of January a party landed, early in the morning, on

the island of Malanipa, Basilan Straits, near Zamboanga, and

returned to the ship at 2p.m. The following birds were shot :—

[ Eudynamis mindanensis. Numenius pheopus.

Myristicivora bicolor. Nectarophila julie.

Haliastur intermedius. Totanus incanus.

Tanygnathus lucionensis. Hypothymis azurea. |

Pelargopsis gigantea.

1 Trans. Linn. 8oo."ser. 2, Zool. vol. i. I am much indebted to Mr. Sharpe

for his courtesy in permitting me to peruse his paper while it was passing through

the press. Without this assistance it would have been impossible for me to

have completed this report at 80 early a date.

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 537

On the Ist February, 1875, a party of four officers and three

men left the ship with tent &c., and went up to the high land beyond

Zamboanga. ‘The tent was pitched in a valley called Pasananca, at

a distance from Zamboanga of some seven miles. The tent and

baggage had to be transported on horseback. The party remained

at the spot the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, and returned to the ship on the

5th, at about midday. The following birds were obtained by the

party, and were skinned by Percy at the tent :—

[ Buceros mindanensis. Harpactes ardens.

Broderipus acrorhynchus. LErythropitta erythrogastra.

Merops philippinus. Chrysocolaptes lucidus.

bicolor. Prioniturus discurus.

Entomobia gularis. Calobates melanops.

Pelargopsis gigantea. Diceum mindanense.

Dicrurus striatus. Hlaliastur intermedius.

Hypsipetes rufigularis. Tringoides hypoleucus.

Ivus goiavier. Eurystomus orientalis.

Phabotreron brevirostris. Rhynchea capensis.

Batrachostomus septimus. Gallinago stenura.]”

Two more species were obtained at Zamboanga, which are not in-

eluded in Mr. Murray’s notes :—

Charadrius fulvus. Sterna bergit.

It will be seen that twelve species were obtained in Panay, two in

Luzon, nine in Zebu, five in Camiguin, nine in Malanipa, and

twenty-four in Mindanao.

Mr. Murray’s field-notes will be found added under the head of each

species, included in brackets, together with the collection-numbers.

The ornithological results of the ‘ Challenger’s’ short stay in the

Philippine archipelago may be summarized as follows :—

Specimens obtained, 98.

Species obtained, 49.

New species obtained, 7 :—

Loriculus panayensis. Buceros mindanensis.

Batrachostomus septimus. Diceum mindanense.

Dicrurus striatus. Phabotreron brevirostris.

Nectarophila julie.

Genera added, 2 :—

Batrachostomus. _ Demiegretta.

Habitat determined within the archipelago, 1 :—

Raynchea capensis.

Habitat corrected, 1 :—

Chrysocolaptes lucidus.

Known species added to the Philippine fauna, 4:

Totanus incanus. Demiegretta sacra.

Gallinago stenura. Sterna bergit.

538 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [June 19,

Range of known Philippine species extended within the archi-

pelago, 23 :—

3 S rs]

=n = eI :

E 3 = iy 2

S m| I g 2

= = ‘s) ay N

Tanygnathus lucionensis .......+6......+6- *

Haliastur intermedius ...........0eeseeeee * ee || eaneonee || toc sacs *

Meropsiphilippinus| ca. ..scssensersccss-20e||isesems || Venmmeny | bemsnanl||Uepens *

Pelargopsis gigantead..........sseseseseaeees *

Entomobia gularis .........ssceeeesscesees| teense *

SauxopatisiChloniseacssccccssscrscsesssecraca| cabs! ||) xcwens * *

Hudynamis mindanensis ...........ss00e0 *

Artamus:leucorhynchus! s....scscsessscces| sovces | scases || conese | omenes *

Hypothymis azurea ..........csseseeeeseees *

Broderipus acrorhynchus ..........066-| eeceee | ceeeee | seeees *

TXUS POIPVIC!......ccercecssccceerscsussseoaes| cosses *

Hypsipetes rufigularis ............2c.ceece| ceeeee *

Calobates melanope .........ceccseeeseeeees| serene *

Corydalla WUgUbiis)s coc..c1sssccnccnscsscsos|| cones ||) Wensas. |jaereee *

Arachnechthra jugularis ..............0002] eeceee | ceeeee *

Corvus philyppiovs eens. -cess-ncosps0: co|eoseer * * *

Calornis panayensis ...,......2-secsecesceee| senses | eeeeee *

MUMIA JAQOLL. «0.0.22. ccesecceceeceecscesee| sooo *

Osmotreroniaxallanisie ta cetas ees sv-aree|\ue-ecenl|| leeeeds Altidore one *

Myristicivora bicolor .............0ssee0s *

Oharadrius fUlVUS.......0.c00sccscccecescens| sennes *

Numenius phaopus ..........::seeeeereeees x

Tringoides hypoleucos ..........0.seseeeeee| scenes * *

1. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS.

Psittacus discurus, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. i. p. 7, t. 76, ‘ Min-

danao” (1825).

Prioniturus discurus, Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 132. no. 2.

[No. 431, g¢. Pasananca. Eyes grey. It frequents the banana-

trees, and feeds on their fruit, of which the stomach was full. |

Luzon and Guimaras individuals do not differ from this typical

example.

2. TANYGNATHUS LUCIONENSIS.

Psittacus lucionensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 146. no. 31 (1766) ;

Walden, ¢. c. p. 133. no. 8.

[No. 399, 6. Malanipa. Eyes white. }

Does not differ from typical examples. The locality is new.

3. LoricULUS PANAYENSIS, 0. sp.

“Loriculus regulus, Souancé,” Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2,

Zool. vol. i.

[No. 348, d. | Ho-ilo. Eyes brown; feet orange; bill red. Sto-

No. 349, 2. mach had seeds. |

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 539

3. Grass-green, below lighter. Forehead and sinciput bright

blood-red ; vertex and occiput green, washed with golden yellow; a

narrow band, separating the red sinciput from the golden vertex,

yellow. A golden mark across the nape. Uropygium and upper

tail-coverts dark scarlet. A decided line round the mouth and base

of mandible verditer-blue. Breast yellowish green. Outer webs of

quills dark green, inner black, above ; quills underneath black, most

of the inner webs of primaries being blue, and all of the inner webs

of the remaining quills. Rectrices dark green, blue underneath.

Short under wing-coverts dark green, longer blue. Bill coral-red.

@. Like the male, but differs in having the vertex and occiput

green, and no blue round the mouth.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill from nostril.

in. in. in. in.

d- 3°62 2°12 0°37 0°43

Oe 3°56 2°00 0°37 0:43

This species above closely resembles L. regulus, ex Negros, but

differs in wanting the red pectoral patch and in having blue feathers

at the base of the mandible. The female only differs from that of

L. regulus in having no blue feathers round the mouth, though a few

are present at the top of the throat.

Dr. O. Finsch has remarked (Ibis, 1874, p. 208) that L. chryso-

notus has no orange mark on the nape; but I find this mark very

conspicuous in a specimen belonging to my series of the species, ex

Zebu.

4. Hattastur INTERMEDIUS.

Haliastur intermedius, Gurney, Ibis, 1865, p. 28; Walden, ¢. c.

p- 142. no. 17.

[No. 373, ¢. Zebu. Eyes brown. Shot from the ship at the

anchorage at Zebu.

No. 374, gd. Zebu. Eyes brown. Stomach contained offal.

No. 398, 3. Malanipa. Eyes yellow.

No. 434, ¢. Pasananca. Hyes brown. |

Not previously recorded from these three localities.

5. CHRYSOCOLAPTES LUCIDUS.

Picus lucidus, Scop, Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 89. no. 51 (1786);

Walden, ¢.c. p. 147. no. 32.

[No. 430, d. Pasananca. Eyes red. |

Unless C. maculiceps, Sharpe (é. c.), belongs to this species, this

Mindanao specimen appe*=s to be the first that has been brought to

Europe since Sonnerat’s day; for now that I have the oppor-

tunity of comparing it with C. hematribon, I doubt the correct-

ness of the identification of Jagor’s young bird ex Luzon by Dr.

v. Martens (J. f. Orn. 1866, p. 20. no. 110), and for the reason

that, first, C. /ucidus is a representative form of C. hematribon, and

secondly, if a Luzon bird, it would have been found by some one of

the collectors who have well worked the vicinity of Manila since

Sonnerat collected in its neighbourhood. If this be so, Sonnerat

must have obtained his own type specimen and that of Buffon, not

540 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [June 19,

in Luzon, but at or near Zamboango, where the naturalists of the

‘Challenger’ procured this one. The species is accurately described,

from Sonnerat’s type specimen in the Paris Museum, by Malherbe

(Monogr. Picide, ii. p. 85), although his figure (op. cit. t. 16.

fig. 3) shows too little carmine and too much golden on the wings,

and thus is inconsistent with his own description.

Mr. Sharpe’s type specimen has unfortunately gone to America.

It was obtained in Basilan by Mr. Steere, and, from the description

and specific title, seems to have been a male in imperfect plumage.

It has the concealed white spots on the webs of the outer rectrices,

which constitute one of the peculiar characters of C. lucidus. Son-

nerat, in his plate (Voy. N. Guin. pl. 37), exhibits these spots on all

the rectrices; but thisisanerror. If not thesameas C. lucidus, C.

maculiceps is a very closely allied representative form. C. lucidus,

together with C. wanthocephalus and C. hematribon, form a small

subgroup of which the only other member occurs in Ceylon (C.

stricklandi) ; but C. lucidus, with its partiy golden wings, seems to be

a connecting link with the typical species of Chrysocolaptes.

6. HARPACTES ARDENS.

Trogon ardens, Temm. Pl. Col. 404, 2, “ Mindanao” (1826) ;

Walden, ¢. c. p. 149. no. 34.

[No. 428, g. Pasananca. Legs bluish ; bill orange ; eyes hazel.

Stomach had insects. |

Luzon males do not differ from this typical example.

7. Mrrops PHILIPPINUS.

Merops philippinus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 13 (Vindob.), i. p. 183.

no. 5 (1767); Walden, ¢.¢. p. 149. no. 35.

[No. 380, ¢. Zebu. Eyes red.

No. a . : } Pasananca. Bill and feet black. Eyes red. ]

These examples in no respect differ from Luzon and Negros indi-

viduals, or, indeed, from examples from any part of the Indian

region. Not hitherto recorded from Zebu.

8. MrErops BICOLOR.

Merops bicolor, Bodd. Tab. Pl. Enl. p. 15. no. 252 (1783) ;

Walden, ¢.c. p. 150. no. 36, t. xxvi. f. 1.

[No. 414, g. Pasananca. Eyes red ; feet violet (slightly). ]

Both the above species of Bee-eaters were common about the camps,

and seemed to associate much together and to have the same habits.

Not to be distinguished from Luzon and Negros individuals.

9. EvRYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS.

Coracias orientalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 154. no. 4 (1766) ;

Walden, ¢. c. p. 152. no. 37.

[No. 436. ? Pasananca. Feet and billred ; tip of mandible black. |

Agrees with Ceylon examples as well as with those from localities

already mentioned (J. c.).

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES, 541

10. PELARGOPSIS GIGANTEA.

Pelargopsis gigantea, Walden, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,

xiii. p. 123 (1874).

[No. 352, g. Ilo-ilo. Eyes black ; feet red; bill red, tipped with

black. Stomach had fish.

No. 400, 2. Malanipa. Eyes black.

No. 417, g. Pasananca. Eyes black; bill and legs red. Had

in the stomach an eel about 6 inches long. ]

The example from Malanipa (No. 400), from which island the

species has not been hitherto recorded, and the one from Pasananca

(No. 417) are somewhat smaller than the type specimen of P.

g¢gantea, but in other respects do not differ specifically. In colouring

the Malanipa bird is hardly distinguishable from the type; but the

Mindanao example has the wings, scapulars, and interscapulars a

much purer blue. ‘The Panay bird (No. 352) has the same parts of

a still purer blue (as opposed to greenish blue), and all the plumage,

including the head, which is more or less white in the type, is creamy

buff, most intense on the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts.

Our acquaintance with the mutations of colouring and what they

denote in many of the so-called species of this group is yet very

limited ; and I prefer to retain for the present the Io-ilo bird under

the title above given.

The specimens measure as follows :—

Bill from

Wing. ‘Tail. forehead. gape.

in. in, 1n, in.

Type, ex Sulu, near Borneo . 6°56 4:25 3°50 4:00

6, ew Pasananca .......... 6:00 4:00 3°25 3°56

eer Malanipa .....0 5.6 6°06 4:00 3°25 3°56

Ser Mo-lose i.10. Be: --.. 6°00 4:00 3°12 3°62

11. ENTOMOBIA GULARIS.

Alcedo gularis, Kuhl, Buff. & D’Auben. Fig. Av. Col. Nom. Syst.

p- 4 (1820); Walden, ¢.c. p. 154. no. 44.

[No. 350, ¢.) Ilo-ilo. Eyes black; legs and bill dark red.

No. 351, st Stomach had insects.

7 -

me ae eu Pasananca. Eyes black ; feet and bill red.]

Luzon, Negros, and Zebu individuals agree well with these Panay and

Mindanao examples. The last island is a new locality for the species.

12. SaAUROPATIS CHLORIS.

Alcedo chloris, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 49 (1783); Walden, ¢.c.

p. 155. no. 47.

[No. 353, ¢.

No. 554, 9.

No. 371, ¢.

No. 372, 9.

No. 387, ¢. eiua

No, os a } Camiguin. |

} Ilo-ilo. Eyes black. Stomach had insects.

\ Zebu. Eyes black.

542 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [June 19,

A Zebu male (No. 371) has the pectoral and flank feathers con-

spicuously margined with greyish brown; and this is observed in a

less degree in a female (No. 354) from Ilo-ilo. Panay and Camiguin

are new localities.

13. BaTRACHOSTOMUS SEPTIMUS, 0. Sp.

[No. 427, 2. Pasananca. Eyes brown. Stomach had insects.]

Rufous phase.—Head, interscapulars, and elongated occipital crest

rufous brown, most of the feathers with a pair of pale rufous spots

on either web, and defined by a narrow brown transverse bar. Elon-

gated auriculars barred alternately with brown and rufous. A patch

before the eye albescent rufous. A conspicuous nuchal collar formed

by a series of very broad feathers brown at the base, then an irregular

subdued brown transverse narrow band, followed by a pale rufous

band, then ancther narrow zig-zag brown band, which is succeeded

by another pale rufous band, bounded below by a broad transverse

dark brown almost black band, which is succeeded by a still

broader white band, bordered again with black ; the white band is

separated from the black above and below by a rusty margin. Fea-

thers of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rufous, with irregular

transverse brown markings, and in some with brown centres. Sca-

pulars tawny rufous and pure rufous, irregularly marked with brown

zigzags, several with a subterminal black mark and a terminal tawny

rufous spot. Wing-coverts chestnut, with brown vermiculations ;

the greater coverts with large, pure white, ovoid terminal drops,

mostly situated on the outer webs, and bounded above and on the

inner margins with black. Quills brown on the inner webs, pale

rufous on the outer, with obscure pale brown marks. Tertiaries pale

rufous on the outer webs, much indented with the brown of the inner

webs. Innermost tertiaries pale rufous on both webs, transversely

marked with cloudy brown. Tips of several of the inner webs of the

quills pale rufous. Rectrices pale rufous, traversed by several bars

of rufous brown, each bar being bounded above and below by a brown

line. Penultimate pair of rectrices with rufous spots, rather than

bands. Exterior short pair with almost pure white spots on the

inner web. Chin and throat dingy rufous, intersected by brown

zigzag lines. A gular collar, formed of broad feathers with a broad

subterminal pure white band, bounded below and above by a narrow

dark brown band. Feathers of the upper breast dingy rufous

freckled brown, pale tawny rufous at the base, with brown transverse

lines and traces of white spots on the margins of some of the webs.

Concealed lower breast- and flank-plumes mostly pure white, with

dark grey markings near the base and terminated with rufous freckled

with brown. Abdominal feathers pale albescent rufous, striated with

brown, and some marked with pure white. Feathers of the ventral

region isabelline white, with small obscure pale tawny rufous margins.

Under tail-coverts isabelline, the longer with subterminal marks of

brown and rusty. Under wing-coverts greyish white, banded with

rufous brown. Thigh-coverts dark rufous brown. Stiff nasal

plumes rufous, tipped brown. Wing 6 inches, tail 4:5, tarsus 0°68,

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 543

middle toe 0°75, bill (from forehead) 1°12, width of gape 1°37. The

tarsus is feathered anteriorly for about one fourth of its length; the

bill is massive.

14. EUpyYNAMIS MINDANENSIS.

Cuculus mindanensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 169. no. 3 (1766);

Walden, ¢. c. p. 162. no. 61.

[No. 392, ¢.

No. 393, ¢.} Malanipa. Eyes red. ]

No. 394, 9.

Malanipa is a new locality for this species ; but, from its proximity

to Mindanao, the examples may be considered typical.

The two males are in full black plumage, with a green gloss.

They have, however, a shorter wing than Guimaras examples, the

only other Philippine examples I have been able to compare them

with. The female is without a tail; and in the absence of any other

Philippine individuals of that sex I can make no satisfactory compa-

Tisons.

Bill,

Wing. (Tail. from nostril. Tarsus. Middle toe.

in. in. in, in.

No. 392, ¢. 7°38 7°62 0°75 1:25 1-12

No. 393, 5. 7°38 8:00 0°75 1:25 1°12

No. 394, 2. 6°75 ave 0°75 1°25 1°12

No. 392 has a pure white primary wing-covert.

Mindanao individuals remain a desideratum.

15. CENTROCOCCYX VIRIDIS.

Cuculus viridis, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 89. no. 47

(1786); Walden, é. c. p. 163. no. 64.

[No. 355, 2. Ilo-ilo. Eyesred. Stomach had insects. |

A young bird, with many new feathers coming in. Old feathers

of the body and tail brown. Examples from Luzon, Negros, Zebu,

and Guimaras (mus. nostr.) do not differ from this typical specimen.

There is no record of a Panay example having reached Europe since

Sonnerat’s time.

16. BucEROS MINDANENSIS, 0. sp.

Pasananca. LEyes yellowish grey; legs, base and

ah 48 = knob of bill red; tips of seser and lower man-

‘ ae dible wnite.

No. 409, 2. Pasananca. Bill nearly uniform black, tinged with

red ; eyes blue. On the whole, appears a much younger bird.

The stomachs of all contained seeds and fruit, and grubs, centi-.

pedes, grasshoppers, &c. These birds make a loud sound, like a

crow somewhat, and frequent the highest trees. Several times in the

early morning we came upon them on the ground under the trees;

and I rather think they scrape at the roots of trees for food. ]

These examples belong to a representative form of B. hydrocoraz,

ex Luzon. They differ from that species in having a corrugated

544 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE (June 19,

plate on the basal part of the sides of the mandible, by the casque

being narrower, by the general dimensions being less, and by the an-

terior three fourths of the mandible and about the anterior half of

the maxilla being white, and the rufous of the thigh-coverts, of the

head, nape, and throat being much darker.

3 adult. Casque, posterior half of maxilla, rami of mandible,

and posterior part of gonys blood-red. Corrugated lateral plates of

mandible darker blood-red. Remainder of bill pale straw-white.

Feathers surrounding the eye and clothing the base of mandible,

chin, and gullet black. Head, nape, and upper part of breast, lower

throat, and thigh-coverts deep rufous maroon. Upper throat tawny.

Breast black. Interscapulars and wing-coverts ruddy brown. Upper

tail-coverts ferruginous. Under tail-coverts and vent light dingy

rust-colour. Quills black ; secondaries narrowly margined externally

with ferruginous, and tipped with rusty white. Rectrices ruddy.

ochre.

@ adult. Like male, as is the case in B. hydrocoraz.

Q juv. Differs chiefly by the casque not being so fully developed

anteriorly and not overhanging the true culmen, and in its culmen

being dingy brown and grey-brown, with indications of red on the

casque and at base of mandible. The grooved lateral plates have not

appeared. ‘The tarsus and feet in all appear to have been blood-red.

In true B. hydrocorax slight indications of grooves are perceptible

on the walls of the base of the mandible; but they are cut in the

substance of the mandible, and do not form part of an adhering

plate.

; Bill, Casque.

Mid. fon, | ee

gape. | Length.| Breadth.

Wing.| Tail. |Tarsus.

in. in. in. in. in. in. in.

B. hydrocorax ¢ ...... 16:00 | 14:25 | 3:00 | 2:00 | 7:00 | 5°75 2°30

B. mindanensis ¢...... 15:50 |14:00 | 3:00 | 1:60 | 6:62 | 6-00 2-00

ss jee HOises( Leo |i2D0 | 270 | tao io apr ease 1:87

rs » Qjuv.| 1425 | 13:50 | 3-00 | 1°75 | 5:62 | 4:50 1:50

17. LANIUS LUCIONENSIS.

Lanius lucionensis, Linn., S. N.i. p. 135, No, 10 (1766); Walden,

Ents podfl /NG. fee eX: H.. 1.

[No. 379, ¢. Zebu. Eyes hazel.]

18. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNUS.

Lanius leucorhynus, Linn., Mantissa Plant. p. 524, “ Imarishia ”

(1771) ; Walden, ¢. ec. p. 174. no. 73.

Pm aah a } Zebu. Eyes brown. Stomachs had insects. ]

Not hitherto recorded from Zebu. Philippine examples of this

species exhibit two slightly differing phases of dress, one in which

the upper plumage is of a light bluish and cinereous colour, the

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 545

other where it is more of a smoky brown and bluish ash. This does

not seem to depend on sex ; for one of these examples (ew Zebu, No.

369) is marked ¢, while I possess a Luzon example exactly similar,

which Dr. Meyer determined to bea 2. The other Zebu example

(No. 370) is marked @, and is in the paler bluish-grey attire.

19. LALAGE DOMINICA.

Turdus dominicus, L. S. Miller, Suppl. p. 145. no. 56 (1776) ;

Walden, ¢. c. p. 178.

[No. 358, 2. Ilo-ilo. Eyes brown. Stomach had insects. |

20. DicrURUs STRIATUS, 0. sp.

[No. 418, 3.

No. 419, ¢. } Pasananca. Eyes red; feet and bills black.

No. 420, 2.

3, 2. Nasal and frontal plumes black; vertex and occiput

clothed with glistening green-black scale-like feathers; nape, inter-

scapulars, back, uropygium, and under surface velvety bluish black ;

feathers of lower throat and of breast with glistening, bluish-black,

central, narrow lines, imparting a striated appearance ; outer edges

of the primaries (first and second excepted), exposed surface of all

the remaining quills, all the wing-coverts and wing-lining, and the

exposed surface of the rectrices glistening green-black ; quills above

and below and under surface of the webs of the laterals, black ;_ bill

and feet black ; wing 5°37 inches, tail 4-62, tarsus 0°90, bill from fore-

head 1°44.

Of the same type as D. balicassius, with the tail but slightly

forked.

21. HypoTHyMIs AZUREA.

Muscicapa azurea, Bodd. Tab. Pl. Enl. p. 41 (1783) ; Walden,

t.c. p. 182. no. 85,

[No. 406, 3. Malanipa. Eyes hazel. |

An additional:locality for this species.

22. HiRUNDO GUTTURALIS.

Hirundo gutturalis, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. no.

115 (1786) ; Walden, ¢. c. p. 184. no. 88.

[No. 362 (?). Caught on board the ship, Oct. 21, 1874, between

the Moluccas and the Philippines. |

23. BopERIPUS ACRORHYNCHUS.

Oriolus acrorhynchus, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 97, “ Manilla ;”

Walden, ¢. c. p. 185. no. 90).

[No. 347, ¢. Ilo-ilo. Eyes white. Stomach had insects or,

rather, grubs. .

No. 365, d. }

BES ie, nye

No. 368, is) .

Proc. Zoor. Soc.—1877, No. XXXV. 38

Feoet

546 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE | June 19,

Fle ae 4 } Pasananca. Eyes red ; bill reddish. ]

These examples all agree with typical. The difference of the co-

lour of the iris in the Panay bird is curious; from that island the

species has not hitherto been recorded.

24. ErRYTHROPITTA ERYTHROGASTRA.

Pitta erythrogastra, Temm. Pl. Col. 212 (1823); Walden, ¢. e.

p- 187. no. 94.

[No. 429, ¢. Pasananca. Eyes black ; feet slate-coloured. In-

sects in the stomach. |

The exact origin of the original type is not recorded ; but I cannot

detect any important difference between this Mindanao individual

and examples from Luzon.

25. Ixus GOIAVIER.

Muscicapa goiavier, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. no. 109

(1786); Walden, ¢. c. p. 190. no. 99.

[No. 343,¢. Zamboanga.

No. 424, 3.

No. 425,¢. i Pasananca. Eyes hazel. |

New to Mindanao.

26. HypsipreTEeS PHILIPPINENSIS.

Turdus philippinensis, Gm. 8. N. 1. p. 814. no. 40 (1788);

Walden, ¢. c. p. 191. no. 102.

[No. 378, d. Zebu. Eyes hazel. |

27. HypstrpETES RUFIGULARIS.

Hypsipetes rufigularis, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2. Zool. vol. i.

[No. 421,¢. :

No. 422,¢. $ Pasananca. Eyes brown or hazel. |

No. 423, 2. '

The female is somewhat smaller, with a shorter bill. An addition

to the fauna of Mindanao.

28. ORTHOTOMUS CASTANEICEPS.

Orthotomus castaneiceps, Walden, Ann. N. H. (4) i. p. 252, ‘ Gui-

maras”’ (Ist Oct. 1872) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 195. no. 113;

Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2. Zool. vol.i.; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 114.

The type was a male ; but this Panay female does not differ.

[No. 359, 2. Tlo-ilo. Eyes brown. Stomach had insects. |

99. CALOBATES MELANOPE.

Motacilla melanope, Pallas, Reisen Russischen, Reichs, iii. p. 696.

no. 16 (1776); Walden, ¢. c. p. 196. no. 114.

[No. 432, 9. Pasananca. | pe

A female with greyish brown upper plumage; tail 3°56. Re-

corded for the first time from Mindanao.

1877.] BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 547

30. CorYDALLA LUGUBRIS.

Corydalla lugubris, Walden, ¢. c. p. 198. no. 117 (1875).

[No. 357, 3. Ilo-ilo. Eyes hazel. Stomach had seeds. }

Panay is an additional locality.

This example differs from the type in having the tertiaries and

most of the wing-coyerts broadly margined externally with pale

rufous, not albescent. The pectoral feathers are tinged with pale

rufous ; and the brown central streaks are much broader than in the

type. The flanks are washed with pale rufous.

31. DicauM MINDANENSE, 0. sp.

[No. 433, ¢. Pasananca. |

3. Above—cheeks and ear-coverts fuliginous olive-green. Below

greyish white, most grey on the breast; quills dark brown, narrowly

margined with olive-green on outer webs; tertiaries with the olive-

green margins broader; rectrices dark brown, faintly edged with

olive; axillaries and under wing-coverts white; feet and bill black.

Wing 1:0; tail 1°1; bill, from forehead, 0°59; tarsus1°5. The bill

is not normal, being longer than the head.

This species is a representative form of D. hypoleucum, ex Basilan,

which is black above and larger.

32. NECTAROPHILA JULIA, sp. nov.

[No. 402, 3.

Eyes hazel. Were quite numerous on the island,

No. 403, 3. generally about the tops of the high trees. |

No. 404, °.

3. Forehead, entire head, and nape brilliant metallic coppery green;

chin, throat, and upper breast brilliant metallic amethystine ; space

before the eyes black ; cheeks and ear-coverts brown; lesser wing-

coverts, uropygium, and upper tail-coverts brilliant metallic emerald-

green; breast-feathers deep yellow, with orange-coloured tips; ab-

domen, vent, and under tail-coverts yellowish olive-green ; under

wing-coverts pale yellow and white ; axillaries pale yellow ; back and

major wing-coverts and scapulars maroon-red ; quills dark brown,

externally margined with yellowish ruddy brown; rectrices black ;

bill and feet black. The second example has no orange edgiag to

the pectoral feathers.

@. Dull olive-green above, a narrow line passing from the base of

bill over the eye pale yellow: chin, throat, abdomen, vent, and under

tail-coverts pale yellow ; breast the same, tinged with grey ; minor

wing-coverts olive-green, some tipped and centred with ruddy brown ;

quills dark brown, margined with ruddy brown ; greater wing-coverts

and scapulars ruddy brown, mixed with olive-green ; inner edges of

some of the quills margined with white; axillaries and under wing-

coverts pale yellow and white ; cheeks pale yellow ; ear-coverts olive-

green ; rectrices black, middle pair narrowly, the others broadly tipped

with white, outer pair for nearly half their length white ; bill and feet

black.

35*

prabanspe

548 MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON THE [June 19,

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Bill, from gape.

One oe et eee ae 1°35 0°5 0°75

Dares site niee ate 1°87 1°25 0°5 0°62

A true Nectarophila.

33. ARACHNECTHRA JUGULARIS.

Certhia jugularis, Linn. 8. N.i.p. 185. no. 7 (1766); Walden,

t. c. p. 200. no. 123.

[No. 360, d. Llo-ilo. Eyes black. Stomach had insects.

No. 389, g. } Camiguin. |

No. 390, 3. ast $9

These examples agree with those noted (/. c.). Not known hitherto

from Camiguin.

34, CoRVUS PHILIPPINUS.

Corvus philippinus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxvil. p. 830 (1853) ;

Walden, ¢. c. p. 201. no. 125.

[No. 343, g. Zamboanga.

No. 356, 3. Ilo-ilo. Eyes black. Stomach had seeds, worms,

&e.

No. 382, 9 Camiguin. These birds have been seen at most of

No. 383. Q the places we have been at He the Philippines

: ; and on this island they were quite abundant. |

This species has not hitherto been known to inhabit the three is-

lands above named. ‘The four examples in the collection cannot be

separated from those which inhabit Luzon, Negros, and Cujo ; and,

like them, their dimensions exceed those of the single type specimen

of C. brevipennis, Schlegel, at Leyden. C. philippinus, however, is

nothing but a slightly smaller form of C. validus, ex Sumatra, with

a greenish rather than a bluish gloss on the under plumage. The

following Table shows the principal dimensions of the species from

six Philippine islands, together with those of typical examples of C.

validus.

Corvus philippinus.

Bill, from

Wing. Tail. nostril. Gonys. Tarsus.

TGTZOT ES iseeeeeetainiese 11:50 8°25 1:50 1-00 2°25

ENGST ORI aie er ceecane 12:25 8°75 175 1-00 2:35

me, OD ecctascsmesinss 12:13 8:67 1-67 1:00 2°35

Cinj 0p 2 aiscss ont seeree 11:50 8:00 1:37 0:90 2:25

Camiguin, 9 ......... 12:25 8°75 1-75 1:25 2-25

me, IO ei Retinicasareme 12:50 9:00 1:50 1:00 2°25

Tlo-ilo, Oye. s.cseeceenee 11°75 8:85 1:62 1-12 2:20

Zamboanga, d ....., 11°81 8-50 1:62 1:00 2°20

Corvus validus, ex Sumatra.

Lampong........:.5+++ 12:80 8-75 1-75 1:00 2:37

osachutose teen 12°75 8-62 1-62 0:87 2°30

Corvus philippinus belongs to a small group of Crows differing but

little from one another in tint, but separable by their dimensions,

more especially that of the bills. C. »tolaceus is the smallest, then

C. enca, C. philippinus, C. validus, and C, validissimus.

1877. | BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. 549

35. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS.

Muscicapa panayensis, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 96. no.

110 (1786); Walden, ¢. c. p. 205. no. 128.

[No. 384, 3.

No. 385, 3. > Camiguin. Eyes orange. Stomach had seeds. |

No. 386, 3. ga.

These examples do not differ from Luzon, Negros, and Zebu indi-

viduals. The locality is new.

36. MuNtIA JAGORI.

Dermophrys jagori, Cab. J. fiir O. 1872, p. 316. no. 6 ; Walden,

t. c. p. 207. no. 132.

[No. 339,.d.

No. 340, 2.

‘Lhe two Mindanao examples do not appear to be in perfect dress.

The rectrices of the female are tinged with ochre. New to Mindanao.

Zamboanga. |

37. OSMOTRERON AXILLARIS.

Treron axillaris, G. R. Gray ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxix. p. 875

(1854); Walden, ¢. c. p. 211. no. 136.

[No. 346, 2. Ilo-ilo. Eyes white; feet greenish. Stomach had

fruit. |

New to Panay.

38. PHABOTRERON BREVIROSTRIS, 0. sp.

[No. 426, ¢. Pasnanaca. Eyes white ; feet coral-red ; bill black. |

3. Forehead pale ruddy fulvous ; vertex pale grey, passing over

into amethystine on the occiput and nape; from the gape, passing

below the eye, a black line, bordered underneath by a white line

starting from below the eye and reaching to the nape ; back of

the neck emerald-green, becoming yellow-green lower down ; some

of the lowermost feathers being amethystine, then bluish green, ter-

minated by yellow-green; others yellow-green, then amethystine, ter-

minated with blue-green ; back mixed amethystine and dull yellow-

green; uropygium and upper tail-coverts dull yellow-green with

scarcely any iridescence; wing-coverts the same, but tinged with

amethystine ; quills brown, edged with pale rufous or fulvous ; ter-

tiaries like wing-coverts, but without any iridescence; chin and

throat pale ruddy fulvous like the forehead; remainder of under

plumage ruddy fulvous, with an amethystine tinge on the breast and

sides of neck; under tail-coverts pale French grey; under wing-coverts

like abdomen, but deeper in shade; middle pair of rectrices pure

amethystine, with a dark grey terminal band tinged with amethystine ;

remaining rectrices with a much broader terminal and pure grey band,

the remaining part of each being deeply tinged with amethystine; outer

pair with a broad, dark-brown subterminal band also washed with

amethystine. Wing 4°75, tail 3°50, tarsus 0°75, bill from forehead

0°72.

This is a small representative form of P. leucotis, from which it

550 ON THE BIRDS OF THE PHILIPPINES. [June 19,

chiefly differs by its rufo-fulyous forehead, its pure amethystine rec-

trices, and its short bill.

39. MyristicIvora BICOLOR.

Columba bicolor, Scop. Del. Fl. Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 94. no. 97

(1786) ; Walden, ¢. ¢. p. 217. no. 143.

[No. 395, 3. Malanipa. Eyes brown. These were abundant

No. 396, 9. on the island, but kept to the tops of the highest

No. 397,9. trees. |

The two sexes are alike. The locality is new.

40. CHARADRIUS FULVUS.

Charadrius fulvus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 687. no. 18 (1788); Walden,

t. c. p. 226. no. 159.

No. 341, ¢.

Les 342, a } Zamboanga. |

For the first time recorded from Mindanao.

41. NUMENIUS PH£OPUS.

Scolopax pheopus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 243. no. 4 (1766); Walden,

t.c. p. 232. no. 181.

Big an oe } Zebu. Eyes hazel. Stomach with shells.

No. 401, g. Malanipa.]

A new locality.

42. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCOS.

Tringa hypoleucos, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 250. no. 14 (1766); Walden,

ft. c. p. 234. no. 183.

[No. 391, 2. Camiguin.

No. 435, ¢. Pasananca. Eyes hazel. ]

This cosmopolitan species has not been hitherto made known as an

inhabitant of either Camiguin or Mindanao.

43. ToTANUS INCANUS.

Scolopax incanus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 658 (1788).

[No. 405, 3. Malanipa. ]

For the first time recorded from any part of the archipelago.

Pale ashy above; forehead and superciliaries, chin and throat pure

white, clouded with grey on the breast and flanks. Wing 6:25.

The dimensions of the wing in this species vary exceedingly. In an

example (¢ ) from Fiji, No. 26 (mus. nostr.), the wing measures 7°20.

Above it is dark ashy, and the grey on the breast is much deeper in

tone. The Malanipa example was shot on January 30th.

44, GALLINAGO STENURA.

Scolopax stenura, Kuhl, MS.; 8. stenura, Bp. An. St. Nat. 1829.

[No. 438, 9. Zamboanga. |

Not hitherto recorded from any Philippine island.

1877. ] ON THE BIRDS OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 551

45. RHYNCHAA CAPENSIS.

Scolopax capensis, Linn. S. N.i. p. 246. no. 14 (1766) ; Walden,

t. c. p. 235. no. 189.

[No. 437, g. Zamboanga. Eyes hazel. |

Known to inhabit the Philippines, but no exact locality hitherto

recorded. .

46. DiMreGRETTA SACRA.

Ardea sacra, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 640 (1788).

[No. 877, d. Zebu. Eyes orange. |

{n ashy-blue plumage and in full breeding-dress.

For the first time noted as an inhabitant of a Philippine island.

47. LARUS RIDIBUNDUS.

Larus ridibundus, Linn. 8. N.i. p. 225. no. 9 (1766); v. Mar-

tens, J. fiir O. 1866, p. 30.

Larus, sp., Walden, ¢. c. no. 206.

[No. 363, ¢. Manila. |

Dr. v. Martens’s (J. c.) identification of the Manila specimens sent

to Berlin by Jagor is thus confirmed.

48. SreRNA BERGII.

Sterna bergii, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. Berl. Mus. p. 80 (1823).

[No. 345, ¢. Zamboanga. |

New to the Philippines.

49. HypRocHELIDON HYBRIDA.

Sterna hybrida, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As.ii. p. 338. no. 395 (1831).

Hydrochelidon leucopareia, Natt.; Walden, ¢. c. p. 344. no. 207.

[No. 364, 2. Manila. ]

3. Reports on the Collection of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.—No. III. “On the

Birds of the Admiralty Islands.” By P. L. Scuater,

mA. PhoD:, PRS:

[Received June 15, 1877.]

«The ‘Challenger’ arrived at Nares Harbour, Admiralty Islands,

on the 3rd of March 1875, and anchored to the lee of Wild Island

about 6.30 p.m. She left again on the afternoon of March 10th.”

(J. Murray, MS.)

The Admiralty Islands lie in lat. 2° 18! S., long. 146° 44’ E., to

the north of New Guinea. Discovered by Le Maire and Schouten in

1616, or, according to other authorities, by Carteret in 1767, they are

still very imperfectly known, and the ‘Challenger’ Naturalists were

the first Europeans to visit them.

Nares Harbour lies on the north side of the principal island,

** Admiralty Island,” and is marked in the new Admiralty Chart of

552 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [June 19,

the ‘ Pacific Ocean,’ 1875. For some details of the ‘ Challenger’s’

visit, and remarks on the nature of the country, which appears to be

densely wooded, Lieut. Campbell’s ‘Log-letters’ (p. 259 e¢ seq.)

may be referred to.

The specimens of birds obtained during the sojourn of the ‘ Chal-

lenger’ at Nares Harbour are 56 in number, and embrace examples

of 27 species. Of these seven appear to be new to science.

Specimens. Species. New species.

IPASSETER:. 6 seccae hcge eee 7 7

Caccyzes : o. sraeey- oo ie 2 1

IPSittaclivian. seas ee she 10 1

Accipitres .. fee, OBS 2 2

Herodiones............ 4 2

Steganopodes.......... 1 ]

Columbxs ............ 8 2 2

Gallingers scape osischers ] 1 l

Rally (3 sees ties 1 i

inmrcoleciameeveanice aces 7 6

Gavie....... 3 3.

56 27 7

1, RurerpuRA SEMIRUBRA, Sp. Nov.

Supra lete castaneo-rubra ; alis caudaque nigricantibus, secundariis

extus et rectricibus ad basin rubris dorso concoloribus, his omni-

bus albo late terminatis, subtus alba, torque subgutturali et

pectoris maculis quibusdam nigris ; hypochondriis rufescentibus,

crisso rufo; rostro nigricunte, pedibus obscure cinereis: long.

tota 5°5, ale 2°8, caude rotundate rectr. ext. 2°8, med. 3°0.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis.

Obs. Species quoad formam Rh. rufifronti ex Australia similis,

sed dorso toto castaneo diversa.

One ‘‘ male” of this Flycatcher (No. 496), ‘insects in stomach,”

2. MoNARCHA INORNATUS, Garnot.

Muscicapa inornata, Garnot, Zool. Voy. Coq. i. p. 590, Atlas,

t. 16. fig. 1.

Monarcha inornata, G. R. Gray, P. Z. 8, 1858, p. 177.

Three skins (493, ¢; 494, 3; and 495, Q ) of this species are in

the collection. The sexes are alike.

** Eyes hazel : bill and feet indigo-blue.”—J. M. ;

I have compared them with skins of this species collected by

Wallace, inthe British Museum. M. fulviventris, Hartlaub, P. Z. 8S.

1867, p. 830, of the Echiquier Islands, is nearly allied, if not identical.

3. MONARCHA INFELIX, Sp. nov.

Supra nigerrimus, tectricibus alarum minoribus et capitis pone ocu-

lum et cervicis lateribus albis ; subtus albus, gula et pectore toto

cum facie ante oculos lateribus nigerrimis ; caude rectricibus

1877. ] OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 953

lateralibus albis, mediis ad basin et ad apicem nigris ; subalari-

bus albis ; rostro et pedibus nigris : long. tota 5°8, ale 3°2, caude

2°8, rem. quarto et quinto equalibus et longissimis.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis,

Obs. Species forma et habitu, ut videtur, 1. loricati, sed pectore

nigro et alarum tectricibus albis distinguenda.

A single specimen of this species (no. 497) was “ shot on the main

Island ;”’ insects in stomach. Unfortunately it is in a very imper-

fect state, the bill and greater part of the tail-feathers having been

shot away. It is possible that the two centre tail-feathers, which

are apparently absent, may be wholly black as in M. loricatus ; the

three outer ones are wholly white.

4, PHiLEMoN ALBITORQUES, Sp. nov.

Supra obscure fuscus, plumis subtus cinereis ; alis caudaque nigri-

cantioribus ; fascia cervicis postica et toto corpore subtus albis

cineraceo adumbratis ; capitis plumis brevibus, rigidiusculis, Sronte

loris et oculorum ambitu Sere denudatis ; subalaribus cum ventre

concoloribus ; rostro nigricanti-corneo, mandibula inferiore ad

basin flava ; pedibus obscure cinereis : long. tota 13°5, ale 7-3,

caudeé rectr. lat. 4°2, med. 5'd, tarsi 2°0.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis,

Obs. Species torque colli postico insignis, rostro ad basin paulum

incrassato et tumido, pedibus robustis.

A single example of this fine Honeyeater (no. 481) was “shot on

Wild Island.”

“ Female: eyes brown; feet grey ; bill dark, base of the lower

mandible yellow: stomach had grasshoppers.

“This bird made a noise like the ‘ Leather-head ”! of Australia,

but much louder.”—J. M. ‘

The specimen is moulting, both new wing- and tail-feathers being

not fully developed. The breast is slightly stained with yellow, as

is often the case with the Meliphagide.

5. NECTARINIA FRENATA, Miiller.

Four examples (487, male; 488, male; 489, female; and 490,

female) of this rather widely spread Sun-bird (see remarks as to

range, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 104). Mr. Murray notes, “eyes hazel.”

None of the specimens are in full dress.

6. MyZoMELA pAMMELANA, Sp. nov.

Nigerrima, remigum marginibus internis cineraceo-albidis, rostro

et pedibus nigris : long. tota 5:0, ale 2°7, caude 2-0.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis.

Obs. Affinis M. nigrita, sed crassitie majore, rostro longiore et

subalaribus nigris diversa.

Two specimens of this apparently new Myzomela (491, 492) are

in the collection. The one described (491) is marked « male, eyes

hazel,’’ and is evidently adult. In the other (492), apparently young,

" I. e, Philemon (sive Tropidorhynchus) corniculatus.

554 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON THE BIRDS [June 19,

the plumage is mixed with cinereous, the feet not so dark, and the

under surface of the wings more white. But the size alone is suffi-

cient to distinguish it from its Papuan representative.

7. CALORNIS, sp. inc.’

“463, male; 464, male; 465, male ;~466, female; 467, female.

** Eyes orange: stomachs contained seeds and grubs.

“This was, perhaps, the commonest bird at the Admiralty

Islands.’”—J. MW.

Lord Tweeddale, who has kindly examined these skins for me,

writes as follows :—“ Nos. 463-466. The purple reflexions being re-

stricted to the head, chin, and throat distinguishes these examples

from all others known to me. They may belong to either C. viri-

descens, Gray, C. gularis, Gray, or C. amboinensis, Gray; for I do

not possess typical examples, but I believe that all these are little

more than stages of C. metallica. If they do not fall under either

of these three titles, I think they may be safely described and named ;

for their distinctive characters are well marked.

“No. 467. This belongs toa distinct species, very close to C.

cantoroides, Gray.”

The question of the different subspecies of Calornis, which has

been ably treated of by Lord Tweeddale and Mr. Sharpe, is one that,

in the absence of a large series for comparison, I should fear to venture

on. As regards specimen no. 467, there may perhaps have been an

error in the label, and the bird may have been obtained elsewhere.

8. Hatcyon sauropuHaGa, Gould.

Two examples (498, 499), agreeing with other specimens of this”

Species in every respect. ‘‘Shot on D’Entrecasteau Island, one by

Capt. Thomson. Eyes brown; bill and feet dark; base of lower

mandible flesh-coloured or white.”—-J. M.

9. TRICHOGLOSSUS CYANOGRAMMUS, Wagler; Finsch, Papag. ii.

p- 830.

Ten skins of this fine species (449-456, males; and 457, 458,

females) are in the collection. The breast is of a brighter red than

in an example of the same bird from Humboldt Bay, New Guinea,

and the purplish edgings of the breast-feathers are wider. There is

also more brown on the nape in some of the skins.

** Eyes orange ; bill and feet black: seeds generally in stomachs.”

—J.M.

10. Harrarrus LEUCOGASTER, Gm.; Sharpe, Cat. i. p. 307.

**Female (no. 478, from Maclear Island): eyes brown; cere

black ; bill horn-colour; claws black; legs flesh-colour: in stomach

a Starling (Calornis?) and remains of a Tern.”’—J. M.

11. PANDION HALIAETUS.

**Male (no. 479) shot on D’Entrecasteau Island: stomach had

fish.’—J. M.

1 Cf. Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 79, et Sharpe, Ibis, 1876, p. 46.

;

1877.] OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. 555

12. Freeata arten (Gould).

“No. 482, male: eyes black, flesh of throat red : fish in stomach.

Shot from the pinnace, while hovering with others over a shoal of

fish.’—J. M.

13. Nycricorax CaLeponicvus, Lath.; Gould, B. Austr. vi,

pl. 63.

Three specimens of this Night-heron, two adult (474, male; 475,

female) and one in young plumage (476), were shot on Pigeon

Island.

14. ArprEA sacra, Gm.; Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Central-Polyn.

p- 201.

A specimen (no. 480) in grey plumage, with a few white feathers

on the throat; ‘eyes yellow; legs had a yellowish tinge ;_ bill

black.”—J. MW.

15. CARPOPHAGA RHODINOL#MA, §p. nov.

Supra eneo-viridis, alis caudaque saturatioribus, remigibus et

rectricibus intus nigricantibus ; capite et cervice totis et cor-

pore inferiore canis; genis gulaque rosaceo indutis; crisso

obscure castaneo ; mento et oculorum ambitu anguste albis ;

rostronigro, pedibus rubris : long. tota 12°6; ale 9-3, caude@ 5°6.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis.

Four examples of this Fruit-Pigeon (nos. 468, 469, 470, males ;

471, female) belonging to the group of C. enea are in the collection.

The Marquis of Tweeddale, who has kindly compared the birds

for me with his series, writes :—

“Apart from its dimensions, this Carpophaga, from the Admiralty

Islands, only differs from individuals of C. @nea, ex Ceylon, Mala-

bar, Central India, Burma, the Andamans, Borneo, Java, the Philip-

pines, and Hainan, in having no rosy or vinous tint on the grey

part of the plumage, excepting on that of the throat, cheeks, and

ear-coverts. In example no. 468 this is very well marked.

“The outer webs of the primaries are not conspicuously powdered

with grey as is the case in Central-Indian, Burman, Javan, Bornean,

Hainan, and Philippine examples. But I do not attach much im-

portance to this difference at present; for I suspect this powdering

comes on only when the quills are old, and indications are evident on

some of the quills of no. 468.”

Mr. Murray writes :—

“These birds were in immense numbers, but more especially on a

small island near the mainland, hence called ‘Pigeon Island.’ On

the first day four guns bagged 85 in two hours. Another day 230

were taken, another 200, another 150. Three eggs were got. This

island was about two acres in extent. The Pigeons always returned

to it from the mainland, however much they were disturbed. It

would seem to have been their breeding-place.”—J. ©.

556 ON THE BIRDS OF THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDs. [June 19,

16. PriLopus JOHANNIS, sp. nov.

Clare psittaceo-viridis, maculis scapularium paucis obscure ceruleis ;

fascia pectoris semilunari lata, ventre imo et crisso letissime flavis ;

pileo et ventre medio pulcherrime lilacinis ; remigibus et rectrici-

bus subtus dilute plimbeis, harum vitta apicali dilutiore, fere albi-

cante ; rostro nigro, pedibus obscure rubris : long. tota 7°5, ale

4:7, caude 2°5.

Fem. viridis, fere unicolor, ventre medio et crisso flavis.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis.

Obs. Species affinis Pt. bello et Pt. specioso, sed colore pilei et

ventris lilacino distincta.

Of this splendid little Fruit-Pigeon, which I have great pleasure

in naming after Mr. John Murray, three males (459, 460, 461) and

one female (462) were ‘‘shot on Wild and D’Entrecasteaux Islands.”

“‘ Eyes of males light yellow, of females white; feet light red or

pink colour ; tip of bill light green.’”—J. M.

17. MEGAPODIUS RUBRIFRONS, Sp. Nov.

Supra olivaceo-brunneus, dorso superiore et corpore subtus nigri-

canti-plumbeis ; ventre imo obscuriore ; capitis plumis brevibus,

rigidiusculis, fusco-nigris, in genis et gutture parce sparsis et cutem

rubram ostendentibus ; pilei parte anteriore fere omnino denu-

data rubra ; rostro flavo, ad basin nigricante ; pedibus (in pelle)

Sere nigris : long. tota 11°0, ale 8°5, caude 3:0, tarsi 2°4, rostri

a rictu 1°4.

Hab. Ins. Admiralitatis.

Obs. Species fronte denudata rubra insignis, M. eremite (Hartl.

P. Z.S. 1867, p. 830) affinis, sed pedibus obscuris.

There is a single skin of this species, “‘ no. 472, male: eyes brown,

bill yellowish, feet and legs dark horn-colour: stomach contained

straw-material.”—J. M.

There is a second specimen in spirits. Both were shot on Pigeon

Island.

18. Porpuyrio 1npicus, Horsf.; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. viii.

p- 92.

A single “male” specimen (no. 473) apparently of this wide-

ranging species was ‘‘ shot on Pigeon Island by Mr. Buchanan, who

says it was sitting onatree. Stomach had seeds: eyes red; bill red ;

legs dull red.” —J. M.

19. Esacus macnrrostris (Temm.); Gould, B. Austr. vol. vi.

pl. vi.

One specimen (no. 477, female), “shot on Pigeon Island: eyes

yellow ; bill black: stomach had shells: legs and base of the bill

yellow.” i

20. CHaraprius MoNGoLICUs, Pallas; Harting, Ibis, 1870,

p. 384.

One example (no. 504), ‘“‘female: eyes black; bill, legs, and

feet black.”—J. M.

P.Z.8.1877 Pl LV

OPCambridge del. E.Carter hth

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ARANEIDEA.

Se ee a, ee ee he”

P.Z.8. 1877.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF ARANEIDEA.

OP Cambridge del. E.Carter hth.

1877. | REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 557

21. STREPSILAS INTERPRES.

Two specimens (nos. 500, 501, males) were obtained on the main

island. ‘*Stomachs had pieces of shell,” &c.—J. M.

22. NuMENIUS UROPYGIALIS, Gould.

One skin (483), “ female.” '

23. Toranus INCANUS, Gm.

Actitis incana, Finsch et Hartl. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 182.

One example (502), “‘female: eyes brown, legs green, bill dark.”

—J. M.

24. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCOs (Linn.).

One specimen, a female, no. 503 of MS. Cat.

25. ANnous stouipus (Linn.).

A female (no. 485) : “‘ eyes black.

“This Tern was most abundant here, and could always be seen in

immense numbers, feeding on the shoals of fishes.”—J. M.

26. ANouUS MELANOGENYS, Gray; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 670.

One ‘“‘female”’ (no. 485): ‘eyes black.” Mr. Howard Saunders

has kindly determined the Laride for me.

27. STERNA BEBGII, Licht.

One skin (no. 486): ‘‘ eyes black.”

4, On some new Species of Araneidea, with Characters of

two new Genera, and some Remarks on the Families

Podopthalmides and Dinopides. By the Rev. O. P.

CamprincE, M.A., C.M.Z.S., &c.

[Received May 30, 1877.]

(Plates LVI. & LVII.)

The twelve Spiders included in the following descriptions belong

to six widely separated families, and are inhabitants of localities

very distant from each other, comprising Australia, India, Ceylon,

the “west coast of Africa, the island of Samoa, and Brazil.

Of the first family (Gasteracanthides) there are three species,

which I=have, for the present at least, included in the genus Cyrta-

rachne, Thor., though two of them, one from the river Coanza, and

the other from Rockhampton, are very abnormal species, and may

perhaps eventually form the types of one, if not of two new genera.

In the next family (Cryptothelides) the Spider described is from

Ceylon,—Cryptothele ceylonica ; it is remarkable, not only from

its own special and very peculiar characters, but because it is as yet

eee

558 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

only the second species known, either of the genus or family, which

were lately founded by Dr. Ludwig Koch upon an Australian

Spider. The present species is thus another instance of a Spider

peculiar (so far as our present knowledge goes) to Ceylon and

Australia. Previous instances have been furnished in the genera

Amycle and Miagrammopes. :

Of the third family (Eripides) little is known. Two species only

besides the present, have been described; and all of them are from

Brazil, the present being the first recorded example of the male sex.

The close affinity between the Eripides and Stephanopides has not

yet received sufficient attention. The latter family is (as at present

known) exclusively from Australia and New Zealand, while the former

is South-A merican.

The family Podophthalmides, which is the next contained in this

paper, is one of which one (West-African) species only has before

been named. Dr. Ludwig Koch, indeed, describes a second species

from the river Anseba, E. Africa; but, being doubtful as to its dis-

tinctness, he has given it no name. The genus Podophthalma (Ca-

pello) is an instance of the difficulty, in some cases, of assigning a

systematic place to a Spider. Dr. L. Koch, ‘M#gyptische und

Abyssinische Arachniden,’ p. 36, would place this genus in the

family Agelenides ; M. Simon thinks that it belongs, ‘‘ without any

doubt whatever,”’ to the family Oxyopides, while to myself it appears

necessary to constitute the type species (with those here described)

and the genus Ocyale (Sav.) a distinct family next to the Lyco-

sides. That there is some affinity with the Agelenides, I have

myself observed (see infra, p. 566, the remarks there made having

been written before those of Dr. L. Koch had come under my

notice).

Of the five species of Podophthalma described below, one is from

East-Central India, another from the river Coanza, two from Mada-

gascar, and one from Brazil. Two of these, P. incerta and P. diversa,

undoubtedly show characters which give some support to Dr. L.

Koch’s view of their systematic position; and these may perhaps

have to be separated under another generic appellation, and be re-

moved to the Agelenides ; but how far the typical species of Podoph-

thalma would necessarily follow them, should they be so removed,

is not so clear to me at present.

The fifth family, Dinopides, including the genus Avella described

below, contains now three genera and is an exceedingly remarkable

group; and I confess that its systematic position is, as yet, a puzzle

to me. Walckenaer, as well as Macleay, who founded it, placed

Dinopis in the family Lycosides, between which and the Salticides

I have at present left it, though that place will probably not long

retain it. I cannot, however, agree with Dr. L. Koch, who places

Dinopis in the family Eresides (vide infra, p. 573); I would rather

suggest that its place is nearer to the Agelenides, though in the

absence of any knowledge of its habits it is impossible to speak

with certainty upon this point.

The new Salticid genus Athamas, the last Spider here described,

1877. ] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 559

adds another to the numerous generic, or subgeneric, forms of the

genus Salticus, Latreille. It has a close affinity to Lyssomanes,

Hentz ; but its differences from that, as well as from another allied

genus, Jelskia, Tacz., appear to me to warrant its being made the

type of a separate group.

Fam. GASTERACANTHIDES,

Gen. Cyrraracune, Thor.

CyRTARACHNE LONGIPES, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 1.)

Adult female, length nearly 7 lines.

It is with great hesitation that I include the present West-

African Spider in the genus Cyrtarachne, differing, as it does, from

the typical species in the greater length and slenderness of the first

and second pairs of legs, as well as in the higher eye-eminences. The

form, however, of the maxillee and labium is similar; and as the

three long and remarkable spines on the cephalothorax are repre-

sented in some (if not in all) of the typical Australian species of

Cyrtarachne, I have thought it best to place it provisionally with

them until perhaps other species from West Africa may prove it to

belong to a group specially characterized by the peculiarities noted,

and so to require a separate genus for their reception.

The cephalothoraz of this Spider is broad and rounded behind,

much narrower in front, and strongly constricted laterally at the

caput. The occipital region is gibbous and has three long, strong,

pointed, tapering, nearly erect spines in a line along the middle.

These spines are almost straight, but rather divergent ; the central

one is the longest, and the anterior the shortest. Its colour is yellow

strongly tinged with brownish orange on the caput, and covered with

a fine, silky, whitish pubescence. The three spines are also similarly

clothed ; and their basal portion is similar to the caput in colour,

their upper part being of a deep blackish red-brown.

The eyes are very small, aud of an amber-colour ; they are seated

on three strong, somewhat tuberculiform eminences placed in a

transverse line at the fore part of the caput. The central eminence

(which is much the largest and highest) has four eyes near its sum-

mit, in the form of a quadrangle, whose transverse is rather longer

than its longitudinal diameter ; the two posterior eyes of these four

are the largest of the eight. The eyes of each lateral pair are placed

contiguous to each other near the upper extremity, on the outer

sides of the lateral eminences.

The legs are rather slender, and differ considerably in length ;

those of the first pair are much the longest ; next to them are those

of the second pair; and the third pair are a good deal the shortest.

They are of a dull yellow colour, the femora tinged with orange, and

(excepting these joints) unequally annulated with dull reddish brown;

they are also furnished with numerous long, prominent, fine, silky,

whitish hairs, but no spines; and each tarsus terminates with three

rather sharply bent claws, the two superior ones pectinated at their

base. The tibiee are gradually enlarged at their anterior extremities.

560 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

The palpi are short, and similar to the legs in colour and clothing.

The falces are tolerably long and strong, subconical, straight, per-

pendicular, and of a yellow-brown colour.

The mazille are moderate in size and strength, broad and rather

rounded at their extremities, much bent downwards and backwards,

and inclined towards the labium. They are of a rather orange

yellow-brown colour, the extremities being pale yellow.

The Jabium is small, short, and of a semicircular form; its colour

is yellow-brown, and the apex pale yellow.

The sternum is heart-shaped, hollowed at its fore extremity, and

of a pale orange yellow-brown colour.

The abdomen is large, very convex above, of a short broad heart-

shape when seen from above, and hollowed at the middle of its fore

extremity on the upperside. Its cuticle is of a semicorneous nature;

and besides numerous blunt, conical, various-sized, but smaller tuber-

cles (principally on the sides and hinder part), there isa large, circu-

lar, shining, glossy one on each of the fore corners (or rather shoulders)

of the abdomen. These large round tubercles are of a yellow-brown

colour, rather brighter in hue than the rest of the abdomen, the

underside of the latter being the palest.

The tubercles on thesides and hinder part are symmetrically placed ;

and four form a curved transverse line with the two large circular

ones. On the middle of the upperside are six, not very large, round,

sigilliform spots or markings, in two longitudinal lines of three each.

The sides and underside have numerous, small, somewhat similar,

impressed spots, connected with each other by pale brown venose

streaks. The whole of the abdomen, excepting the two circular

tubercles, is dotted with fine silky hairs; those at the extremities

of the conical tubercles form a tuft, apparently connected for a little

distance from their bases and then spreading out in all directions,

giving the abdomen a very peculiar and characteristic appearance.

The spinners are short, tolerably strong, and two-jointed, those of

the inferior pair being much the strongest. The genital aperture is

very small and inconspicuous.

A single example of this very remarkable Spider was received from

the banks of the river Coanza, in West Africa, where it was found

in 1873 by Mr. Henry Rogers, of Freshwater, Isle of Wight.

CyRTARACHNE FURCATA, sp.n. (Plate LVI. fig. 2.)

Adult female, length 6 lines.

Length of the example described (an immature female) nearly

4} lines.

“The cephalothoraz of this Spider resembles that of C. longipes in

the elevated prominences on which the central and two lateral

pairs of eyes are traced, but differs in the much more prominent

clypeus. There is also on the occiput a strong, furcate, somewhat

spiniform eminence, the height of which is a little greater than that

of the central ocular eminence ; the prongs of this occipital eminence

are blunt-pointed, and range in a line with the central ocular one;

also in a line between the occipital one and each of those bearing

1877.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 561

the lateral pairs of eyes is another, shorter, erect, rather slender,

blunt-pointed, somewhat nipple-like eminence. The lower fore corners

of the clypeus are prominent. The colour of the cephalothorax is

pale whitish straw-colour, marked and clouded in a somewhat

radiated form, on the sides, with brownish yellow; it is clothed

with longish, pale, slender hairs ; and from the middle of the summit

of the central ocular eminence issue two longish, black, curved and

almost contiguous black bristles.

The eyes are small; those of the central group (four in number)

form a square on the front of the upper extremity of the middle

eminence ; those of each lateral pair are contiguous to each other on

the outer side of the summit of the lateral eminences, and are widely

removed from the middle group.

The legs are neither very long nor strong; those of the first and

second pairs differ but little in length, though perhaps the second pair

are slightly the longest, and the third pair are the shortest. They

are of a straw-yellow colour, semiannulated with brown, and clothed

with longish fine hairs.

The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, and have a single

curved pectinated claw at their extremity.

The falces are moderately long and strong, perpendicular, and

similar in colour -to the palpi.

The mawille and labium are like those of A.-trispinosa in form,

and are similar to the legs in colour.

The s¢ernum is of asomewhat triangular shape; it is of a yellow-

ish colour, clouded with brownish in the middle, and marked with a

black spot opposite to the basal joints of the second, third, and fourth

pairs of legs.

The abdomen is large, very short, subtriangular, or somewhat heart-

shaped, extremely convex above, and projects considerably over the

base of the cephalothorax. On the upperside are some not very large,

bluntish, conical protuberances ; two of them are in a straight trans-

verse line, wide apart towards the fore margins ; the rest, eight in num-

ber, are arranged in a somewhat circular group at the posterior ex-

tremity. The upperside is of a dull sooty hue, mapped out into rather

roundish-angled patches of various forms and sizes, which are divided

from each other by clear and intersecting straw-yellow stripes ;

most of these patches have a central blackish spot on the fore part ;

and from each of the three immediately in front of each of the two

foremost conical protuberances rises along, erect, somewhat lanceo-

late black bristle, there being also several others of the same kind

on the sides and hinder part ; the patches above described are almost

obsolete on the middle and hinder part of the upperside, which are

then of a plain straw-yellow colour. The underside is suffused with

yellow-brown ; the hinder slope (¢.¢. the part between the protu-

berances at the hinder extremity and the spinners) and sides are

streaked vertically with pale yellow-brown lines.

An adult female of this Spider was received from Paramatta (Aus-

tralia), where it was found by Mr. Barlow, and sent to me by my

kind friend Mr. Frederick Bond several years ago. I have also very

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1877, No. XXXVI. 36

562 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

lately received an immature female from Rockhampton, N.S. W.,

through Mr. E. Janson.

CyRTARACHNE HOBSONI, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 3.)

Adult female, length 53 lines.

The cephalothorax of this Spider is of the same general form as

that of C. longipes; but the prominence on which the four central

eyes are placed is much less projecting, and the spines are much

shorter ; besides the three in-the central longitudinal line (of which

the middle one is much the longest and strongest, the other two

being very short), there are two or three other short ones on each

side in an oblique line, between the long central spine and the lateral

eyes. The colour of the cephalothorax is dark yellowish brown,

thinly clothed with hairs, and rather paler on the fore part of

the caput.

The eyes of the central group form a square, those of the posterior

pair being rather larger than the anterior ones ; those of each lateral

pair are close together on a prominence, and very small, but widely

removed from the central group.

The legs are short aud rather slender ; there is very little, if any,

difference in length between those of the first and second pairs,

those of the third pair being the shortest ; they are of a brownish

yellow colour, annulated, but not very distinctly, with darker yellow-

brown ; the femora are palest, but most distinctly annulated; the

legs are destitute of spines, being furnished with hairs only.

The palpi are short, slender, and similar to the legs in colours

and armature.

The falces are moderately long and strong, and perpendicular, and

of a dark yellow-brown colour.

The mazille and labium exactly resemble those of A. trispinosa

in form, and are of the same colour as the falces.

The sternum is of a triangular form, its fore side hollowed, and

its colour yellow-brown.

The abdomen is of great size, of a corneous nature, and appears

to overwhelm the cephalothorax; it is of a short heart-shape, its

shoulder-portions, as well as the posterior extremity, being large,

prominent and rounded, and, together with the sides, studded with

round, raised, dark red-brown bosses or protuberances of various sizes ;

the two largest of these are placed one on each of the summits of the

shoulder-portions ; the three next in size form a triangle on the

hinder portion ; the sides are deeply rugulose; the ground-colour

of the upperside is a lightish yellow-brown ; in the hollow centre

of the fore side is a large, yellow, somewhat irregularly formed patch,

with an irregular black marking on each shoulder-part, and two

other longer ones, one on each side, near the hinder portion. The

underside is darker than the upper, its lateral portions marked

strongly but irregularly with connected brown streaks.

The example from which the above description has been made was

received from Bombay, where it was found, and kindly sent to me,

by Major Julian Hobson. ‘Three other examples, similar to the one

1877.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 563

described, excepting in being much smaller, have more recently been

sent to me from Ceylon by Mr. G. H. K. Thwaites.

Fam. CrYPTOTHELIDES.

Gen. CryproTHeLe, L. Koch.

CryPTOTHELE CEYLONICA, sp.n. (Plate LVI. fig. 4.)

Adult female, length 1? line.

Cephalothoraz oval behind, but constricted laterally at the caput ;

it is generally flattened, and its sides much depressed; its upper

surface is roughened and clothed with coarse bent bristles and hairs ;

these are mainly disposed in two curved lines along the middle, en-

closing the thoracic junction in an elongated oval figure. The

colour of the cephalothorax is a uniform yellowish brown; and the

height of the clypeus (which retreats considerably) is just equal to

the length of the falces, ;

The eyes are seated on black spots in three transverse rows—2, 2,4,

at the slightly produced upper extremity of the caput. Those of

the foremost row are of tolerable size and the largest of the eight ;

these are separated by aninterval of an eye’s diameter; those of the

middle row are next in size, and are contiguous to each other ;

this row is separated from the first by about the diameter of one

of the eves of the foremost row. The hinder row is curved, the

convexity of the curve directed backwards; its eyes (four in num-

ber) are of about equal size, but much smaller than the rest ; those

of the central pair of this row are separated by an interval of an eye’s

diameter, and form a line scarcely differing in length from that of

the middle row; the hind laterals are each separated from the hind

central next to it by an interval of about double the length of that

which divides the central pair from each other, and equal to that

which separates thse last from those of the middle row.

The legs are short, strong, and differ but little in length; those .

of the fourth pair are slightly the longest ; and the difference between

those of the second and third pairs is very little, the third pair being

perhaps the shortest. They are similar to the cephalothorax in

colour ; and the several joints (at least the tibiee, genua, and femora)

are of a gouty or somewhat nodose form, and furnished with coarse

tuberculose spines, curved spine-like bristles of uniform thickness

throughout their length, and hairs; each tarsus ends with three claws.

Some portions of the legs appeared to be darker than the rest; but

this was caused, I think, by extraneous matter clogged up among the

bristles.

The palpi are short, similar to the legs in colour, and furnished

with short, coarse bristles and hairs.

The falces are short, not very strong, subconical, considerably

directed backwards, and a little paler in colour than the cephalo-

thorax.

The maville are short, and rather weak, slightly curved, and much

inclined towards the labium, over which they fit closely, with their

extremities almost meeting ; their colour is like that of the falces.

36*

564 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

The Jabium is similar in colour to the maxille ; and is of a some-

what subtriangular form, rounded at the apex; it is large in com-

parison with the size of the maxillee, its apex reaching very nearly

to their extremities.

The sternum is large, heart-shaped, truncated at its anterior extre-

mity, of a yellowish colour, and clothed thinly with coarse hairs.

The abdomen is short, broadest and rounded at its hinder extre-

mity. This part is prolonged into a kind of flap which bends down-

wards and underneath, so as totally to conceal the spinners, whose

number and form consequently could not be discerned. According

to Dr. L. Koch (Die Arachn. Austr.) the spinners of this genus are

two in number. ‘The colour of the abdomen is of a darker hue than

the cephalothorax ; its whole surface is rugulose and clothed with

coarse, bent, spiny bristles and hairs. ‘The example described was

much disfigured by extraneous substances, dirt and dust, accumu-

lated and retained by its peculiar curved bristly armature.

A single example of this remarkable Spider was received some time

since from Ceylon, where it was found, and kindly forwarded to me

among many other Spiders, by Mr. G. H. K. Thwaites.

The type of this genus is Australian ; and its close affinity to Ste-

phanopis (Cambr.) is very evident. The discovery of a second spe-

cies, so nearly allied to the Australian one, gives another proof of a

similarity between the Ceylon and Australian Arachnids. Two other

forms common to these two regions are the remarkable genera

Amycle, Cambr., and Miagrammopes, id. Although nearly allied

to Cryptothele verrucosa, L. Koch, the present Spider may be easily

distinguished by a great difference in the relative size and position

of the eyes.

Fam. ErtpipEs.

Gen. Errevus, Walck.

ERIPUS QUINQUEGIBBOSUS, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 5.)

The cephalothoraz is broad and round behind, and much con-

stricted laterally at the caput; this latter part is elevated at its fore

part into two considerable conical divergent eminences, and has a

third eminence of a rather stronger and blunter form at the occiput.

The surface of the cephalothorax is granulose; the caput is of a

reddish orange-yellow brown, suffused more or less on the sides with

dark red-brown, in which colour it joins with the line of the thoracic

region; the summit of the occipital eminence, as well as a stripe

running from it forwards, is bright yellow ; and the facies has three

dark-brown perpendicular streaks; the outer ones are somewhat

sinuous, the middle one straight ; the three eminences are furnished

with short bristly hairs.

The eyes are in three transverse rows, 2, 2, 4’; the lower or fore-

most row is the shortest ; and the hinder one is curved, the convexity

of the curve being directed backwards. Those of the first row are

amber-coloured, and divided by rather over two diameters’ interval ;

those of the next row are larger, and are placed in front of the base

of the two conical eminences on the caput, being separated by an

1877.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 365

interval of double the extent of that between the eyes of the first row,

and their colour is black, with a narrow orange margin ; the laterals

of the hinder row are placed rather behind, and near the summit of

the eminence, and are divided from those of the second row by an

interval equal to that between the second and first rows; the two cen-

trals of the hinder row are seated behind the bases of the eminences,

and are considerably further apart than each is from the lateral, of

the same row, on its side.

The lateral eyes of the three rows form on each side a very nearly

straight line; and its length is rather greater than the height of the

clypeus.

The /egs are strong ; those of the first and second pairs are much

the longest, the difference in their length being very slight ; the first

are perhaps a little the longest, and the third pair shortest. They

are of a yellow colour, clouded with orange and brown in parts, and

the two basal joints are bright red-brown. The femora, tibiee, and

metatarsi of the first two pairs are furnished with spines; those on

the femora are in front ; those on the other two joints are underneath.

Each tarsus terminates with two curved claws, furnished beneath

the basal portion with, apparently, no more than 1—3 denticulations.

The palpi are short and rather strong; the radial joint is shorter

than the cubital, but less stout, and has its fore extremity on the

outer side produced into « fureate projection ; the upper prong forms

a short, curved, pointed, claw-like apophysis; the under one adheres

close to the outer side of the digital joint, and is of a flattened form,

pointed at the end, and much longer and larger than the upper

prong; the digital joint is large, of a broad oval form, of a brownish

yellow colour, the rest of the palpus being yellow ; the palpal organs

are simple in structure, and apparently inscribed by a filiform spine.

The falces are short, strong, subconical, perpendicular, and of a

deep yellowish-red colour.

The maville are moderate in length and strength, straight, but

rather inclined towards the labium, and a little the broadest at their

extremities, their colour being reddish yellow-brown, palest at the

extremities.

The /abium is of the same colour as the maxillee ; its breadth and

height are about equal; but its base is broader than its apex, which

is rounded.

The sternum is heart-shaped, of an orange-yellow colour, margined

with dark red-brown.

The abdomen is broadest and most convex at the hinder extremity ;

the hinder part, sides, and underside are rugulose; and the whole

surface is covered with small, red-brown, shining tubercles; on the

upperside are two long, slightly tapering, strongly divergent promi-

nences ; and at the middle of the upper part of the hinder extremity

is another, shorter and more sharply pointed; a little lower down on

each side of the hinder extremity is another still shorter, or simply

conical eminence: the upperside of the abdomen, including the emi-

nences, is of an orange-yellow colour; the two anterior eminences

have each two longitudinal red-brown stripes, the foremost of which

566 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

reaches to the fore margin of the abdomen; each of the other emi-

nences has a single, less distinct, stripe of a similar colour; and on

the fore half of the upperside of the abdomen is a central longitudi-

nally brown marking which is produced at its hinder end until it

meets the stripe on the third eminence; four red-brown impressed

spots form a square (whose fore side is the shortest) about the

middle of the upperside. The sides and underparts are yellow-brown ;

the spinners are short, compact, and encircled at their base by a

yellow-brown corneous-looking fillet or rim. A large round area at

the fore part of the underside, including the spiracular plates and

the junctional pedicle, are of a coriaceous texture and bright red-

brown colour.

A single example of this distinct and remarkable Spider was con-

tained in a collection made for me in Minas Geraes in 1871, by Mr.

Henry Rogers. So far as I know, this is the first male of the genus

yet described. The genus, indeed, which is closely allied to Stepha-

nopis (Cambr.), consists at present of but three species, L. hetero-

gaster, Latr., E. spinipes, Bl., and £. quinquegibbosa, all being

found in Brazil. The present species cannot be confounded with

either of the other two, not only differing in the number of the ab-

dominal prominences, but in their form and colour also: these pro-

minences are three in JL. spinipes, five in EF. quinquegibbosa, and

seven in E. heterogaster, the last being also of a large size, while the

other two are quite small.

Fam. PopOPHTHALMIDES.

Gen. PoporutHatma, Capello.

The examination of the examples described below long ago con-

vinced me that the genus Podophthalma is closely allied to Ocyale.

This is contrary to the conclusion lately arrived at by M. Simon

(Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1876, séance du 7 Juillet), who considers

Podophthalma to belong to the family Oxyopides. The form of

the cephalothorax and maxillee, as well as the position of the eyes,

are totally different from those of Oxyopes; there is, however, perhaps

some affinity between them ; at any rate there is a certain resemblance

in the general form of Podophthalma and Oxyopes ; but even in this

respect the resemblance between the former and Ocyale is still more

close, while in the form of the cephalothorax there is a very striking

similarity ; and if in Ocyale the lateral eyes of the anterior row were

separated a little more from each other, and seated at the prominent

fore corners of the clypeus, this would make the eye-position ex-

ceedingly like that of Podophthalma. The species of Ocyale used to

be placed in the genus Dolomedes. All arachnologists, 1 believe, now

separate them from the latter genus, while still retaining them, next to

it, in the family Lycosides. I have myself long since telt the neces-

sity for constituting a family Podophthalmides for Podophthalma

and one or two other (as I then conceived) allied genera, forming a

passage from the Thomisides to the Lycosides through Ocyale. I

lave recently found reason to doubt the family aflinity between

1877.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 567

Podophthalma and those others which I had imagined formerly to be

allied genera, viz. Labdacus, Cambr., and Triciaria, C. Koch. I

would now suggest that Ocyale should be joined with Podophthalma

to form a family, Podophthalmides, which might be placed between

the Lycosides and Sphasides, and followed by | the family Salticides ;

or perhaps a yet more natural arrangement would be, still to place

the Podophthalmides, as I have hitherto done, between the Thomi-

sides and Lycosides. In this case Triclaria and Labdacus would

form a transition from the Thomisides to the Podophthalmides, and

the latter, although followed immediately by the Oxyopides, would

lead unmistakably to the Lycosides through Ocyale. The Oxyopides

would, indeed, thus intervene between Ocyale and Dolomedes; but

of course this kind of discrepancy cannot be always avoided in a

linear arrangement.

In any case Triclaria and Labdacus, both of which have three

terminal tarsal claws, must be separated from the Thomisides, and

should form a family (Triclarides) between them and the Podoph-

thalmides. The arrangement would thus be 'THomisipEs, TricLa-

RIDES, PoDOPHTHALMIDES, OxyoprpiprEs, LycosiDEs, SALTICIDES.

PopoPHTHALMA ELLIOTI, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 6.)

Adult male, length very nearly 9 lines,

The cephalothorax of this fine species is oval, much flattened

above, and the fore part of the caput, especially the clypeal portion,

considerably produced ; at each corner of this part there is a strong,

somewhat cylindrical, rather elongated, tubercular prominence, be-

neath the fore extremity of which is one of the fore lateral eyes.

The colour of the cephalothorax is yellow-brown, with a broadish

paler margin and central band ; and it is pretty densely clothed with

coarse greyish-white pubescence, almost entirely concealing the real

colour of the sur‘uce. The longitudinal thoracic indentation is strong,

and the ordinary converging furrows well marked.

The eyes are in four transverse rows, 2, 2, 2, 2; or they may be

perhaps more correctly described as forming a large quadrangular

figure of four eyes, and about the middle of it is another small

quadrangle of the remaining four. The anterior side of the larger

quadrangle is longer than the posterior one, while the posterior side

of the inner quadrangle is longer than the anterior; in both figures

the length is greater than the breadth. The eyes of the foremost

row are the largest of the eight; and this row is the same distance

from the next one as the latter is from the posterior (or fourth) row,

the third row being equidistant between the second and fourth. The

eyes of the third row (which are rather smaller than those of the

fourth) are separated by an eye’s diameter; and

those of the second row, which is the shortest of a

the four, are also much the smallest, and are

divided from each other by an eye’s diameter.

The eyes may also be described as forming a St.

Andrew’s Cross, whose base is rather longer than S 6

the width of the upper part.

568 REY. 0. 0. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

The legs are long and moderately strong, furnished with hairs,

bristles, and strongish spines; their relative length is 1, 4, 2, 3, or

4, 1, 2, 3, the difference between 1 and 2 being slight (in the only

male examined the fourth pair were wanting); the shorter hairs are

white, and give a grey hue to the legs, whose real colour is yellow-

brown with here and there a paler annulus. Each tarsus ends with

three claws, of which the superior pair are distinctly pectinated.

The palpi are moderate in length and strength, and their colour

and clothing of grey hairs are like those of the legs; the radial

joint is a little longer and stronger than the cubital, being enlarged

gradually towards its fore extremity, where, on the outer side, is a

short, deep red-brown, curved, blunt-pointed, corneous apophysis ;

there is also a long, tapering, spine-like, prominent bristle at the

inner side of its posterior extremity ; the digital joint is large and

hairy, and its length exceeds that of the radial and cubital joints

together, being almost, if not quite, equal to that of the humeral

joint ; in its general form and appearance the digital joint is like

that of Tegenaria and Ocyale, the fore extremity being much pro-

duced into a long, narrow, tapering point. The palpal organs are

placed beneath the posterior half of the digital joint, and comprise

several strong, bulbous-looking, corneous processes, each terminating

in a sharp point.

The falces are strong, tolerably long, and straight, but directed

rather backwards towards the sternum; they are similar to the

cephalothorax in colour, and are aiso clothed with grey hairs and a

few prominent dark bristles.

The mawille are strong, tolerably long, broader at their upper ex-

tremity than at the middle, and straight, almost exactly resembling

those of Ocyale, Dolomedes, and many Lycose, their colour and

clothing being similar to those of the falces.

The dabium is of a short oblong form, half the length only of the

maxille, and truncated at the apex ; this is paler than the rest, the

general colour being like that of the maxille.

The sternum is of a short heart-shape, and its colour and clothing

are like those of the falces.

The abdomen is long, and tapers gradually to its hinder extremity ;

its general colour is yellowish brown, clothed with hairs, most of

which have a greyish hue; the upperside is occupied by a broad,

tapering, longitudinal dark-brown band, whose margins at the

hinder part are bluntly denticulate ; this band is bordered on each

side by a pale yellow-brown stripe, clothed densely with white hairs ;

and another similar longitudinal stripe occupies the middle of its

anterior portion; and on each side of this latter stripe is a Jargish,

round, dark-brown, impressed spot.

The female resembles the male, but is larger. In the female the

legs of the fourth pair appear to be the longest ; and probably those

of the male are also similarly proportioned. The spinners are short,

two-jointed, of equal, or nearly equal, length; and those of the in-

ferior pair are the strongest, The form of the genital aperture is

peculiar and characteristic.

1877. ] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 569

Several adult females and one adult male of this species were most

kindly given to me, among other Spiders, by Sir Walter Elliot,

K.C.S.1., by whom they were found some years ago in East Central

India. Having been preserved in spirit for some years, it is pro-

bable that their present colours are not quite the same as those of

the living Spider.

PopOPHTHALMA AFFINITATA, Sp. ll.

A portion only of this Spider has come before me; this portion

consists of the cephalothorax and falces, together with the maxille,

labium, sternum, and legs, as far as, and including, the femora. It

is evidently nearly allied to P. bayoniana, Capello; but as it differs

in the colour, as well as in the size of the eyes, I am inclined to

describe it as distinct, although, of course, no details of the abdomen

and other absent parts can be given.

The colour of the cephalothorax, as well as of all the other parts

above mentioned, is yellow. The form also of the cephalothorax

appears to be more flattened than in Capello’s type species; and

when looked at sideways there is no difference in the convexity of

the caput and thorax.

The eyes are on black tuberculate spots ; the length of the posterior

and anterior rows is equal ; the interval between those of the third

row (or that next to the posterior one) is less than an eye’s diameter :

these two eyes are rather the largest of the eight ; those of the first

and fourth rows are next in size, and are apparently about equal.

The interval also between those of the second row is less than an

eye’s diameter; and the intervals between the second and third, and

the third and fourth rows are equal, being less than that between

the second and first. The distance between each eye of the second

row and that of .ue first row, on its side, is considerably less than

the distance between it and the eye of the fourth row on its side.

The length of the rectangle formed by the eyes of the first and fourth

rows is greater than its breadth, but evidently not as much greater as

it is represented to be in the figure of P. Eayoniana, where also the

posterior row of eyes is given as longer {han the anterior one.

From the relative lengths of the femora I should judge the rela-

tive lengths of the legs to be 4, 1, 2, 3.

The length of the cephalothorax is very nearly 3 lines.

The falces are slightly divergent.

The fragment from which the above notes have been made was re-

ceived in a small collection of Spiders sent to me by Mr. Henry Rogers

from the west coast of Africa, on the banks of the river Coanza.

PopoPATHALMA HILARTS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 7.)

Immature female, length 73 lines.

In general form and appearance this Spider is much like P.

elliottii: its colours, however, are much richer ; and its markings,

as well as the relative size of the eyes differ.

The cephalothoraz is of a dark rich yellowish brown colour with

a very narrow marginal yellow line, and a longitudinal yellow stripe

570 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

along nearly the middle of each side, together with a narrow stripe

or line of the same colour alung the middle from the second row of

eyes, each to the posterior margin ; all these yellow lines and stripes

are thickly clothed with white hairs.

The eyes are in the same position as those of P. elliottii, but

those of the third row are smaller in proportion than in that species,

being scarcely larger than those of the second row; those of the

fourth (or posterior) row are also smaller.

The legs are long and rather slender; their relative length is

4, 1, 2,3; and they are of a brownish-yellow colour, the femora con-

siderably clouded with brown. They are thinly clothed with white

pubescence, as well as other hairs, bristles, and rather slender spines.

The palpi are moderately long, of a yellowish hue, and furnished

with hairs, long bristles, and slender spines.

The falces are rather long and strong, prominently rounded in

profile, almost perpendicular, of a yellowish colour, striped with

brown on their basal half, and clothed with bristly and white hairs.

The maville are straight, enlarged and rounded at their extre-

mities, and, together with the labium (which is of an oblong-oval

form truncated at its apex), of a yellowish hue.

The sternum is heart-shaped, yellow, with two dark-brown, irre-

gular, parallel stripes or markings along the middle, and clothed

with white hairs.

Abdomen long, narrow-oval, much produced and tapering to the

spinners. The upperside is pale yellowish, the middle line occupied

by a broad, tapering, dark, rich-brown longitudinal band strongly

and distinctly denticulated along the whole of its posterior half;

the middle longitudinal line of this band is charged with a series of

reddish yellow-brown markings, those on the hinder part being

triangular and representing the normal angular bars or chevrons ;

immediately outside the margin of the central brown band, on each

side, is a narrow stripe of white hairs; a broadish dark-brown

band runs along each side, and is traversed obliquely by a yellowish

stripe. The lower part of the sides is pale yellow thinly spotted

with brown; and the underside is more of a yellow-brownish hue.

These parts, and, indeed, the whole abdomen, are more or less clothed

with short grey and white hairs. The spinners are short, two-jointed,

compact, and equal in length, those of the inferior pair being the

strongest.

Four immature examples of this fine and handsome species were

received, through the kindness of Mr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford,

from Madagascar.

PoDOPHTHALMA INCERTA, Sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 8.)

Immature female, length not quite 23 lines.

This Spider is of very great interest, because by a slight modifi-

cation in the position of the eyes, the close relationship between

Podophthalma and Ocyale is very distinctly shown.

The cephalothorax is of the ordinary shape, oval behind, con-

siderably compressed Jaterally at the caput, and truncated on lower

1877.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 571

margin of clypeus; its colour is yellow, with a few small brown

markings round the lateral margin, and a faint brown, broad, longi-

tudinal central band divided longitudinally on the caput by a

narrow yellow line, and broken in upon by short radiating yellowish

streaks indicating the normal thoracic indentations.

The eyes are on conspicuous black tubercular spots, and vary a

little from the normal position, those of the first and second rows

forming together a curved line of four eyes, the curve directed back-

wards ; this is caused by the group which consists of the second,

third, and fourth rows being advanced so much closer towards the

fore margin of the clypeus, while still retaining their own relative

position. This arrangement brings the general position of the eyes

into very nearly that of the genus Ocyale; the exterior eyes, how-

ever, of the first row still occupy the same position as those of the

first row in the typical Podophthalma (#. e. quite at the lower corners

of the clypeus), and are also seated in front of, and rather below, a

tubercular eminence, though of less length than in the other (already

described) species of Podophthalma. Another characteristic of the

eyes of this Spider is that they are of considerable size, and vary

from each other very slightly in that respect.

The legs are long, slender, and of a pale yellow colour, faintly an-

nulated with yellow-brown. They were entirely destitute of hairs

and spines; but there were evidences of these having been consider-

ably rubbed off. Their relative length appears to be 4, l, 2, 3.

The palpi are similar to the legs in colour, slender, and of

moderate length.

The falces, mazille, and lubium present no difference from the

normal form. ‘hey are of a pale yellow colour, except the labium,

which is pale brown.

The sternum is heart-shaped, brown, with a distinct and complete

dentated border, and central longitudinal oval patch of yellow.

The abdomen is oval, not so attenuated as in the other species,

but more convex towards the anterior extremity ; it is of a brownish-

yellow colour, marked variously both above and below with brown

stripes and markings, the sides and a broad transverse band on the

underside just behind the middle being closely marked with white

cretaceous spots and patches.

A single example only, received in company with those, already

described, of P. hilaris, from Madagascar.

I have had some doubt whether it would not be proper to place

this Spider in a new genus, on account of the difference in the eyes

trom the typical Podophthalma, especially as the next Spider de-

scribed (P. diversa, from Brazil) has a similar general position of

the eyes, differing, however, in the two eyes of the second row (or

rather the intermediate ones of the first) being much smaller than

the rest, and so more nearly resembling those of the typical Podoph-

thalma. On the whole, therefore, it is perhaps best at present to

await the discovery of other species before forming a new genus for

these two. ‘This and the next species show some resemblance to

Lycosides, Linn. (Textrix, Sund.), of the family Agelenides.

572 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

PopOPHTHALMA DIVERSA, sp.n. (Plate LVII. fig. 9.)

Immature female, length 6 lines.

This Spider is nearly allied to P. incerta, Camb.

The cephalothorax is broad, round, oval behind, greatly constricted

laterally at the caput, which is rather produced and truncated in

front. Although closely resembling in its form that of the typical

Podophthalma, the cephalothorax is perhaps more nearly like that

of Agelena and Textrix, with which genera there is no doubt an

affinity, although in a linear arrangement these genera are removed

at a great distance from Podophthalma (see introductory remarks,

p- 558). The colour of the cephalothorax is yellow-brown, pretty

thickly clothed with greyish-yellow pubescence.

The eyes are in the same position as those of P. incerta. The

exterior ones, however, of the foremost row are not so near to the

exterior (lower) corners of the clypeus; and the central pair of this

row are distinctly (rather considerably,-in fact) smaller than the rest.

In this Spider, as well as in the last, P. incerta, the ocular area,

looked at in profile, is less flattened, and thus the eyes of the third

row project more forwards.

The legs are moderate in length and strength; their relative

length is 4, 1, 2,3. They are of a pale yellow-brown colour, fur-

nished with hairs, bristles, and slender spines ; and each tarsus ter-

minates with three curved claws, of which those of the superior pair

are strong and pectinated, and the inferior one is small.

The palpi are slender, of moderate length, and similar to the legs

in colour and armature, terminating with a single, curved, pectinated

claw.

The falces are straight, perpendicular, moderate in length and

strength, similar to the cephalothorax in colour, and furnished in

front with numerous bristles.

The mawille and labium are of normal form; the former are dull

pale yellow, and the latter is tinged with yellow-brown.

The sternum is yellow-brown, darkest along the middle, of an

oval heart-shape, and clothed with numerous erect bristly hairs.

The abdomen is of an elongate-oval form, pretty densely clothed

with grey and other hairs intermixed with some prominent dark

bristly ones. It is of a yellowish-brown colour, with a broad central

longitudinal band on the upperside, the margins indented, and each

indentation marked conspicuously with a patch of white hairs, and

joined to the corresponding indentation on the opposite side by a

slightly curved line of similar hairs; these transverse curved white

lines are most conspicuous on the hinder half. The sides are closely

marked with parallel broken lines of dark-brown elongate spots ; and

the underside is tinged with darker yellow-brown, which, however, is

obscured by the clothing of short yellow-grey pubescent hairs.

The spinners of the superior pair are rather longer than those of

the inferior, though less strong.

Several examples (all immature females) were collected by Mr.

Henry Rogers, in Minas Geraes, Brazil.

1877.] REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 573

Fam. Dinopipes.

Until lately one genus alone of this group (Dinopis, Macleay) had

been characterized. It has always appeared to me impossible to

place Dinopis in any known or recognized family group; and con-

sequently I have long since constituted it a family of itself, placing

it between the Lycosides and Salticides, rather for want of a better

place for it than for any really close affinity to either of them. It is

more probable that its place will some day be found to be much

nearer to the Agelenides than to either the Lycosides or Salticides.

Dr. Ludwig Koch, writing in 1867 (Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesell.

in Wien, 1867, p. 230), says that the position of Dinopis is

without any doubt in the family Eresides, giving as a proof the

position of the eyes and possession of calamistra and inframamillary

organ. It would seem, however, scarcely possible to place in juxta-

position two Spiders more unlike each other than Dinopis and Eresus,

whether we consider the general form, or any special point of structure

from which a family affinity could be deduced. The mere position

of the eyes is quite insufficient. Podophthalma has an eye-position

very closely resembling Dinopis; and between other widely sepa-

rated genera there may also be often found a similar eye-position.

Relying upon this only, Walckenaer once placed a Theraphosid

(1diops) in the genus Sphasus ; and as regards calamistra and the

mamillary organ, these may certainly be considered of family value

in some groups of genera possessing them, as in Dictyna, Amaurobius,

Titaneca, and Lethia; but when we find them in such widely

different Spiders as Filistata, Gicobius, and Ehion, all family value,

at least with respect to them, vanishes. So, it appears to me, it is also

in regard to Dinopis, where the flattened cephalothorax, enormous

central pair of eyes, long and excessively slender legs, with a very

peculiar form of maxillze, labium, and sternum, must have far more

weight than the calamistra and general position of the eyes taken

by themselves. M. Simon has recently (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France,

1876, p. 218) characterized a second genus (Menneus) unmistakably

allied to Dinopis, but, along with some minor characters, differing

remarkably in having the tarsi of the first pair of legs subdivided.

Menneus has also calamistra; and so also has another Spider, allied

both to Dinopis and Menneus, and upon which I propose presently

to found a third genus of the family Dinopides. This Spider, for

which I propose the generic name Avella, has the flattened cepha-

lothorax, the long slender legs, the peculiar maxille and labium, as

well as the general eye-position of Dinopis; but the central pair of

eyes are but little larger than the rest. With Menneus it agrees in

having the tarsi of the first pair of legs subdivided, though it seems

to me, with respect to other generic characters, quite distinct. It

however possesses calamistra and an inframamillary organ (though

the calamistra were of rather a peculiar nature). It is therefore

probable that these portions of structure will here also prove a good

family character within the limits of the Dinopid group; but this

remains to be proved. Of course the family character thus attached

574 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

to these curious points of structure would at once fail if an undoubted

Dinopid were found without them.

Gen. nov. AVELLA.

Cephalothorax longer than broad, oval behind, constricted late-

rally at the caput, and truncated in front ; the lower corners of the

clypeus prolonged into eye-bearing tubercular prominences; upper

surface much flattened, the thorax and caput being on the same low

level. The caput runs in a straight line to the middle pair of eyes,

when it drops abruptly, at right angles, to the falces.

Eyes small, in three transverse rows, 4, 2, 2, and not differing

greatly in size; the foremost row (of four) is strongly curved, the

convexity of the curve directed backwards; the laterals of this row

are placed at the extremity of cylindrical tubercles springing from

the corners of the clypeus. Those of the second row are a little the

largest of the eight. Those of the third or posterior row form a

line not nearly so long as that formed by those of the first row.

Legs long, slender ; relative length 1, 2, 4, 3—1 and 2 greatly ex-

ceeding 3 and 4 in length ; the tarsi of the first pair subdivided.

Each tarsus ends with three curved claws, of which the superior

pair are pectinated ; and there is a calamistrum on the metatarsus of

each of the fourth pair.

Palpi short, slender, and terminating with a single curved pecti-~

nated claw.

Falces long, strong, and divergent.

Mawille long, strong, considerably constricted just above the

insertion of the palpi, and thence greatly divergent, or bent outwards,

and rounded at their extremities.

Labium oblong but broader at the base than at the apex, which is

truncated ; its length slightly exceeds one half that of the maxille.

Sternum of a somewhat subtriangular form, but much elongated.

Abdomen \ong, broadest in the middle, where there is a strong

prominence on each side, with a supernumerary mamillary organ in

front of the ordinary spinners.

AVELLA DESPICIENS, sp. n. (Plate LVII. fig. 10.)

Adult female, length rather over 43 lines.

The cephalothorax is of a yellow-brown colour, with a broad

central longitudinal band of a paler hue; this band runs through to

the central pair of eyes; it is rather wider on the caput than on the

thorax, and is thickly clothed with a grey pubescence, the rest of

the cephalothorax being thinly clothed with similar pubescence.

The area comprised by the six foremost eyes is of a rather chocolate

red-brown colour.

The eyes may be described not only as in three transverse rows,

but as also in two quadrangular figures, a large one with a small one

in the middle of it; the foremost pair of the central quadrangle

are the smallest of the eight, and separated from each other by

about three diameters, and from the hinder pair by about two; the

hinder pair are considerably larger and form a longer line than the

1877.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 575

fore ones, being also separated from each other by two diameters,

the distance from each to the eye of the hinder row on its side

being somewhat greater than this. The tubercles, at the extremity

of which the foremost eyes of the outer quadrangle are placed, are

directed strongly outwards and downwards.

The legs are brown, slightly tinged with yellow, and furnished

with hairs and a few short spines. The calamistra on the metatarsi

of the fourth pair begin close to the hinder extremity of the joint,

rather on the inner side, and continue along it for about one third

of its length ; the terminal tarsal joint of the first pair is less than

a fourth of the length of the normal joint.

The palpi are similar to the legs in colour and aunulation.

The falces are long, strong, perpendicular, and divergent, and of a

dark, slightly yellowish brown colour.

The mawille and labium are of a similar hue, the apex of the

latter and the inner sides of the former being of a pale whitish

colour. The maxillz are also rather closely fringed with hairs on

their inner sides and at their extremities.

The sternum is of a dark brown and dull orange-yellowish hue

mixed.

The abdomen was much shrunken; but its form is apparently

elongate-oval, truncated in front, broad across the middle, where

there is a strong somewhat conically pointed prominence on each

side. It is clothed with short hairs; and the femoral hue is a

mixture of brown-grey and reddish-yellow. The lateral prominences

are joined by a somewhat raised transverse curved ridge clothed with

grey hairs, the colour of the abdomen in front of the ridge being

dark reddish yellow-brown ; and extending from it to the spinners

is a broad dentated paler yellow-brown band.

A single example of this very interesting and important Spider

was received, among numerous examples of other groups, from

Rockhampton, Australia, through Mr. E. W. Janson, in the present

year (1877). The relation of this Spider to Dinopis and Menneus

is noted above.

Fam. SALTICIDES.

Gen. nov. ATHAMAS.

This genus is closely allied to Lyssomanes, Hentz, as well as to

Jelskia, Tacz. It differs, however, from both in the shortness of

the cephalothorax and also of the abdomen. From Lyssomanes,

Hentz, it differs in the superior and inferior spinners being of equal

length, whereas in that genus those of the superior pair are much

longer, slender, and three-jointed.

Cephalothorax short, massive, quadrate, very convex above; the

sides and hinder slope almost vertical.

Eyes very unequal in size, disposed in four transverse lines of two

each, and almost of the same length.

Legs rather slender, and moderately long; those of the first pair

longest, and of the second pair shortest.

576 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

Mazille rather short, slightly divergent, and much the broadest

at their extremities, which are rounded.

Labium short, small, and of a somewhat curviangular form.

Abdomen small, short, oval, and sloping from its most convex

part, near the fore margin, to the spinners.

ATHAMAS WHITMEEI, sp. n. (Plate LVI. fig. 11.)

Adult male, length 14 line.

The cephalothorax of this very pretty aud distinct Spider is of a

yellow-brown colour, with a large pale patch on each side of the

hinder extremity, and the ocular area black, thinly clothed with

short white hairs, and shining, in some lights, with a strong metallic

dark violet hue; a pale stripe densely clothed with bright white

squamose hairs runs through the middle of the hinder half of the

ocular area to the beginning of the posterior slope; there is also a

spot of similar hairs on each side towards the hinder part, and

another on each side near the hinder part of the ocular area, just

below the eyes of the third row; the height of the clypeus is rather

less than the diameter of one of the first row of eyes.

The eyes may be described not only as in four transverse rows or

four pairs, but as in two longitudinal, and nearly straight, parallel

lines. The foremost pair are of enormous size, contiguous to each

other, and placed on the vertical front of the caput; the two next

to them are on the upper edge of the caput, and form a line but

very slightly longer than the first pair; they are also large, but not

nearly so large as the former, and are separated by rather less than

two diameters ; those of the next row are very minute and not easily

distinguished, they form a line shorter than the last-mentioned eyes,

but separated by a rather wider interval; these minute eyes are

about halfway between those of the second and fourth rows. Those

of the fourth row are considerably smaller than those of the second,

and are divided by an interval of three diameters. The line, how-

ever, that they form is nearly of the same length.

The legs are yellow, the femora and the two other basal joints of

the first pair being much stronger than the rest, aud brownish black

on each side. This, however, is apparently not a constant character ;

or at any rate it does not always exist at the first coming of the

Spider to maturity, but probably is acquired later ; for in one of the

examples before me the fitst pair are of the same colour as the rest,

and the femora of only ordinary comparative strength, and the legs

themselves shorter and weaker. They are furnished sparingly with

hairs and a few slender spines, except the first pair, in which there

are tive pairs of long strong spines beneath the tibize, and three pairs

(rather longer and stronger still) beneath the metatarsus, disposed in

two longitudinal parallel rows ; these spines are much Jess strongly

developed in the example before mentioned, whose fore legs are less

strong than those of the other specimen.

The palpi are pale yellow, short and slender; the radial joint is,

if any thing, a little shorter than the cubital, and has a very small,

slender, pointed apophysis at its fore extremity on the outer side ;

1877.] REV. O. P, CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEAs 577

this apophysis is very difficult to distinguish clearly ; the digital

joint is of a narrow form, and tapers a little towards its fore ex-

treniity, its length being nearly, if not quite, equal to that of the

cubital and radial joints together ; all these three joints are clothed

with longish coarse white hairs. ‘The palpal organs are simple but

well developed ; they are not conspicuous, being of a similar colour

to the rest of the palpus, and much obscured by the white hairs on

the digital and radial joints.

The falces are short, straight, vertical, and not very strong; they

are of a brownish-yellow colour with a broad rather oblique dark

yellow-brown longitudinal stripe on the fore side.

The mazille are yellow-brown, paler at their extremities.

The dabium is also yellow-brown, palest at the apex.

The sternum is heart-shaped and of a pale yellow colour.

The abdomen is of a palish yellow hue; on the fore half of the

upperside a clearer yellow elongate-oblong central marking is indi-

cated by a dark-brown dentated marginal line, and terminates pos-

teriorly with a short transverse curved dark-brown stripe, behind

which, again, are two longitudinal curved dark-brown markings in-

closing a circular area covered densely with white squamose hairs

which extend forwards also to the transverse stripe above described.

The sides are marked with a few dark-brown spots and markings ; and

_on each side of the fore extremity of the oblong central marking is a

large patch of white squamose hairs. In front, below the fore

margin, are some coarse, bristly, black, upturned hairs.

The spinners are of a blackish hue, tipped with pale yellowish ;

those of the inferior pair are much the strongest, though of the same

length as the superior pair ; aud those of the central pair are nearly

as long as the rest. ‘There is evidently some variety in the abdo-

minal markings of this species, since in the other example before

noted the upperside of the abdomen is generally suffused with

dark blackish brown, showing faintly the longitudinal oblong central

yellowish marking on the fore part; the posterior and two an-

terior large patches of white squamose hairs, however, are even

more conspicuous in this than in the other example.

Two adult male examples were received from the Rev. S. J.

Whitmee, by whom they were found in the island of Samoa, and

kindly sent to me, together with a few other Spiders.

LIST OF SPIDERS.

Fam. GASTERACANTHIDES.

Cyrtarachne longipes, sp. n., river Coanza, p. 559, Pl. LVI. fig. 1.

Surcata, sp. n., Rockhampton, p- 560, Pl. LVI. fig. 2.

hobsoni, sp. n., Bombay and Ceylon, p. 562, PL. LVL. fig. 3.

Fam. CryproTurLipes.

Cryptothele ceylonica, sp. n., Ceylon, p. 563, Pl. LVI. fig. 4.

Fam, Erirwes.

Eripus quinquegibbosus, sp. u., Minas Geraes, p. 564, Pl. LVI. fig. 5.

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1877, No. XX XVII. 37

578 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [June 19,

Fam. PoporpuTHaLMIDRs.

Podophthalma ellioti, sp. n., East Central India, p. 567, Pl. LVII. fig. 6.

affinitata, sp. u., river Coanza, p. 569.

—— hilaris, sp. n., Madagascar, p. 569, Pl. LVI. fig. 7.

incerta, sp. n., Madagascar, p. 570, Pl. LVII. fig. 8.

—— diversa, sp. n., Minas Geraes, p. 572, Pl. LVII. fig. 9.

Fam. Divoripzs.

Avella, g. n.

Avella despiciens, sp. n., Rockhampton, p. 574, Pl. LVII. fig. 10.

Fam. SAricipes.

Athamas, g. un.

Athamas whitmee?, sp. n., island of Samoa, p. 576, Pl. LVI. fig. 11.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES LVI. AND LVII.

Puare LVI.

Fig. 1. Cyrtarachne longipes, sp. n., ¢.

a, full figure, upperside, natural size; b, profile, without legs, en-

larged; c, maxillz, labium, and sternum.

. Cyrtarachne furcata, sp. n., 2.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged ; }, profile, without legs; c, pro-

file of cephalothorax, more enlarged; d, outline, natural size.

3. Cyrtarachne hobsonii, sp.n., Q.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; 6, profile, without legs; ¢,

natural length of Spider.

4. Cryptothele ceylonica, sp.n., 9.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged ; 6, profile, without legs; c, fore

part of caput, from behind, showing the eyes; d, maxill and labium ;

é, natural length of Spider.

5. Eripus quinquegibbosus, sp. n., 2.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; 4, caput, in front; c, profile; d,

abdomen from behind; ¢, natural length of Spider.

ll. Athamas whitmeei, sp. n.etg.u., go.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged ; 6, profile, without legs; ¢, fore

part of caput, from behind, showing position of the eyes, d, mavxillz

and labium ; e, natural length of Spider.

Puate LVITI.

Fig. 6. Podophthalma ellioti, sp. n., $ .

a, full figure, upperside, nearly of natural size; 6, fore part of

caput, showing position of the eyes; ¢, d, pa'pus of male; e, radial,

and portion of cubital, joint of palpus, g , 7, natural length of Spider.

. Podophthalma hilaris, sp. n., § -

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; 0, profile of cephalothorax; c,

natural length of Spider.

8. Podophthalma incerta, sp. n., 9.

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; 8, fore part of caput, from in

front, showing position of the eyes, ¢,natural length of Spider.

9. Podophthalma diversa, sp. n., ¢ .

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; 4, fore part of caput, from in

front, showing position of the eyes; c, natural length of Spider.

10. Avella despiciens, sp. n. et g.n., 2-

a, full figure, upperside, enlarged; %, profile of cephalothorax; c,

fore part of caput from in front, showing position of the eyes; d, part

of metatarsus of one of fourth pair of legs, showing calamistrum; e,

natural length of Spider.

-I

1877.] MR. J. H. GURNEY ON THE POLISH SWAN. 379

5. Note on the Polish Swan. By J. H. Gurney, F.Z.S.

{Received June 5th, 1877.]

On the 12th April, 1876, the female of a pair of “ Polish Swans,”’

received by me some weeks previously from the Gardens of this

Society, completed laying a clutch of six eggs and commenced her

incubation—there being no other Swans in this parish (Northrepps),

and consequently no possibility of intermixture.

On the 21]st and 22nd May the eggs were hatched, with the ex-

ception of one that was addled. I saw the cygnets on the 23rd, and

made the following note respecting their coloration :—‘ The upper

parts are brownish | grey with a slight rufous tinge; the head, throat,

aud breast, where visible above the water, are white, but the white is

not separated from the grey by any defined line, the two tints

gradually blending into each other.” On the 2nd June they were

visited by an ornithological friend, Mr. Thomas Southwell, who

described them at that date in the following words :—“ The buff

tinge was hardly perceptible, except on the back, which appeared of

a rich creamy buff, with the underparts nearly pure white.” Mr.

Southwell brought with him for comparison the skin of an ordinary

eygnet of similar age, which was about equally white on the head

and underparts, but decidedly greyer on the back, and without

any drab tint, according to a memorandum which I made at the

time.

On the 7th June I made the following note :—‘ The cygnets

seem to be gradually losing their drab tint on the back, though it is

still visible, but it seems to be merging into a pale grey, almost

white ; a pure white spot, about the size of a pea, is conspicuous on

the down of the forehead immediately above the bill.

On the 17th June the largest of the five eygnets was killed by a

rat, which devoured the head, neck, and part of the back ; the down

on the remaining portion of the bird was pure white, the bill and

feet being pale greenish-grey. On the 22nd I had a close view of

the remaining four cygnets: their heads and necks were quite white ;

but the white spot on the forehead was still apparent, being a

brighter white than the rest of the head; the down on the back

was white, but apparently with slight remains of a drab tinge about

the roots ; the smallest cygnet appeared the whitest of the four,

On the 17th July I again had a close view of the cygnets, and then

made the following memorandum :—‘ The three largest are beginning

to show the tail-feathers and some slight sprouts of wing-feathers ;

all these, with the down adjacent to them and the down on the

thighs, area pale cinnamon-brown ; elsewhere they are white, except

a slaty aint on the forehead, beneath which the little white frontal

spot is still visible. The smallest cygnet, which is the most back-

ward, is still white all over.” On the 24th July small feathers of a

ciunamon-brown were visible between and adjoining the wings of

37*

580 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

the three largest cygnets, and the white down was in course of being

moulted, flying off from the birds when they moved briskly ; the

white frontal spot was still perceptible. On the 3rd August the

smallest and most backward cygnet died, being still in the down

with the exception of a slight indication of the tail-feathers ; it was

tinged with brownish-grey on the wings and tail, and more slightly

on the head, but elsewhere was white throughout. On the 27th

September another cygnet died: it had lost its down and was well

feathered throughout; its general colour was white; but the head

and back of the neck were tinged with greyish brown ; the feathers

on the wing-coverts and back were also all more or less broadly

tipped with a similar tint. The two surviving cygnets subsequently

became pure white, but did not lose the greyish brown tint on the

crown of the head till May 1877; and in fact one of them still (on

June 4) retains traces of it. In the other bird it has been replaced

by the ferruginous colour so common on the crown of the head of

adult Swans, and which I think I have observed to be more con-

spicuous, in the ordinary race, in male than in female birds.

The old pair have again hatched a brood this spring, six in

number ; and the cygnets resemble those of last year, being of a pale

greyish cinnamon-brown on the upper parts, but nearly white on the

head. Whether the prevalence of this brownish-grey tint in both

broods is an indication of one or both the parents not being quite

true-bred, is a question which I am not competent to decide, but

which may be worthy of consideration.

6. The Lepidopterous Fauna of the Andaman and Nicobar

Islands. By F. Moorz, F.Z.S., Assistant Curator,

India Museum, London.

[Received June 7th, 1877.]

(Plates LVIII.-LX.)

Note.—The materials used for the accompanying paper were

mostly collected in the S. Andamans by Mr. I’. A. De Reepstorff,

the Deputy-Superintendent in charge of that Settlement. The

specimens were forwarded to this country for disposal; and I have

to thank the several gentlemen into whose hands they ultimately

went for their kind permission to describe them. Those from the

Nicobars were chiefly collected by Mr. R. Meldola, who accompanied

the late Venus-Transit Expedition to those islands, to whom my

thanks are also due.

June 5th, 1877.

PAIS dee? Pl Lvl

Mintern Bros. imp.

i del, et lith.

PIDOP' TERA

NEW ANDAMAN & NICOBAR Li

bee ASS Ells OE) ENED 6

Mintern Bros. imp .

NEW ANDAMAN & NICOBAR LEPIDOPTERA.

de! et lith

Mintern Bros. imp.

NEW ANDAMAN & NICOBAR LEPIDOPTERA

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 581

Table of Contents.

RHOPALOCERA.

is Species.

Pape ete a PRUE og aochsakonets cial SAAS Red. ll

Perey Tease ERR S SS ehh AAV ete 62 eo 7

ereirree rete 1 LE 1h NOs evi «eile oe, Sase Yi

EVEN DMALIEHEO ES. 7. "Le wg Eo hh SUNS ote Zu 24

Avemmoriicast RTT LR IM: CELE 2

rvceslen as SSK 1c a LAUR IS Pulte 24

Pientace: MMOL INNA Wee. Peat 1l

UE ONS AR eT Ea i re 9

RUE INGO 8 5 s 5% aul o a ojeia ee ee «ee See 14

— 104

HETEROCERA. d

BPPIDSCNGS .2ekts Jets ward tet, «icine ke ays 9

BIO ois, aicceaie aah. Sonole hls +. oh'asd mnbaenteaedy 32

SIC UHCRIAN-Y-..5 5)..artta-.,, hitb Sta Ae Stecenynes aie 67

PROM E e: cle-shey ao ntin tay aaininn'S > oie Bie Cay tae 37

Cram bices int? si obs are eme,.c Se MP Re Ble 1

LOT ECR eee ee Ete e ae Mreenere os eee oe 1

REEUOIMGLNGNS os Sinem aint cto ieusity sido, dee<es.s 18

shaniricesvand: MINIS: apcarce wi so sicesj-ale oa! evasbrd 5

— 170

AG taLS pstaten. coarse, os sae ete ts Shs 274

Tribe PAPILIoNEs.

Family Danarp.

Danats LimniAce, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 59. f. D, E.

D. leopardus, Butier, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 52.

Nicobars (Nankowry), April, MJeldola.

Danais aGLrormeEs, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 486.

Nicobars (Sambelong).

Danais Grammica, Boisd. Spec. Gén. Lép. i. pl. 11. f. 10

(1836).

Nicobars (Kamorta), Weldola, April.

DaNAIs MELANOLEUCA, 0. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 3.)

Male and female. Black: fore wing with white space within the

cell, two thirds of space between lower median and submedian veins ;

four discal spots, an indistinct costal basal streak, three costal spots

before the apex, two lower elongated streaks, followed by a dentate

spot and three smaller rounded submarginal spots; some marginal

white dots near posterior angle, and a small spot below the apex ;

the space within the cell with short, narrow, dusky streaks from its

. Of which 93 are new species.

582 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

end, and a median dusky line within the space below the median

vein: hind wing with white space within the cell and between the

viens to one third from cuter margin, the upper spaces concave, and

the lower conical externally ; an indistinct dusky lunule crossing the

end of the two lower median spaces, a prominent black bifid streak

within the cell, and a line between lower median and submedian; a

submarginal series of small white spots, two between each vein (two

being obsolete in the male on the sexual mark), and a marginal series

of seven smaller spots from anal angle. Head and thorax with

white spots and streaks. Abdomen cinereous brown above, white

beneath. Femora and tibiz white-streaked.

Expanse, ¢ 22, 2 2¢ inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

Near to D. vitrina, Feld.

Danats Nestppus, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 486.

Nicobars (Sambelong).

Danais PLExippus, Linn. S. N. i. 2. p. 767.

Nicobars (Nankowry and eae Meldola, April.

Eurta@a novara, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 482;

Novara Reise, Lep. ii. p. 317, pl. 39. f. 7.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar).

Evupia@a eEspert, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 482.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar).

EvrL@a ANDAMANENSIs, Atkinson, P. Z. 8S. 1873, p. 736.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

EvupLa@a CAMORTA, N. sp.

Male. Upperside-—both wings dark blackish olive-brown, paler

on outer margins; fore wing with a short, straight, narrow silky

streak between lower median and submedian veins; hind wing with

the anterior border broadly cinereous, the upper part of the cell

being slightly greyish brown. Underside paler; fore wing with

four bluish-white spots, one being on the costa above end of the cell,

another at its lower end, the other two outside; the sexual streak

long, narrow, and patch on hind margin pale flesh-colour ; hind

wing with seven median bluish-white spots.

Expanse 3+ inches.

Nicobars (Kamorta), April 4th, 1875. In coll. R. Meldola.

HestiA AGAMARSCHANA, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 351,

pl. 43. f. 7 (1867).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. SAtyrip2.

LeTHeE EvROPA, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 500 (1775) ; Hiibn. Samml.

Schmett. i. pl. 90. f. 1-4.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

——

1877. | ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 583

Meraniris Lena, Linn. S. N. i. 2. p. 773 (1767).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Mycatests mepus, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 488 (1775).

Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldola.

Mycatests prusta, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 84. f. C, D.

S. Andamans (Port Blair); Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldola.

Mycaests samBa, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p- 233.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

MycaLests RADZA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 1.)

Male. Upperside dark brown; fore wing with a narrow, oblique,

subapical white band, below which is a large black ocellus with

ochreous outer ring and a white central spot ; hind wing with a smaller

and less distinct ocellus near middle of outer margin. Underside

brown ; fore wing with a more prominent white oblique band and

lower ocellus; two small geminate ocelli between the white band

and apex; hind wing with an outer series of seven prominent ocelli

enclosed within a narrow purple wavy line, the three upper and

seventh ocelli small, fourth and sixth larger, the fifth largest.

Nearest allied to M. anazias.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. H. Druce.

Etymntas corronis (Melanitis cot.), Hewitson, Ann. N. H.

1874, xiv. p. 358.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Morputp-.

AMATAUSIA PHIDIPPUS, Linn. S. N. i. 2. p. 752; Cram. Pap.

Exot. i. pl. 69. f. A, B.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). “

Discopuora CELINDE, Stoll, Suppl. Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 37.

f. 1 (1790).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. NyMPHALID».

CeTHosta nicoparica, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p- 484; Novara-Reise, Lep. iii. pl. 48. f. 7, 8, d.

Female. Blacker than the male; fore wing with the lower basal

portion and interspaces in cell dark greenish grey ; subapical marks

broader, the lower dentate mark formed into a streak; hind wing

with the basal portion pale greenish grey. Underside greenish brown

(in the male dull vermilion), interspaces of basal streaks greenish

(in the male bluish); black median transverse zigzag markings and

584 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

discal dentate marks, and spots, reddish white-bordered ; a black-

and-white marginal sinuous band.

Expanse, ¢ 3, 2 34 inches.

Nicobars (Kondul) ; S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CIRROCHROA ANJIRA, N. Sp.

Nearest allied to C. aoris. Differs in being less faleate in the

fore wing, the male above having similar but more prominent black

markings. In the fore wing the transverse discal sinuous line is

more erect, and in the female is less pointed at the angles; the mar-

ginal double sinuous band is broader. The underside is darker in

colour, the transverse pale lilac band broader on the fore wing and

narrower on the hind wing; this band is also much less sinuous on

its inner border.

Expanse, ¢ 23, 9 27 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Cynruta Erota, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 76; Butler, Catal.

Fabr. Lep. in Brit. Mus. p. 115.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Messaras nicopartca, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. (1862)

p- 486.

Nicobars (Sambelong); S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ATELLA ALCIpPe, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 389. f. G. H. (1782).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Pyramets cArDuI, Linn. 8. N.i. 2, p. 774.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

JUNONIA NONE, Linn. S. N. i. 2, p. 770; Cram. Pap. Exot.

ples. 1, Boa.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

JUNONIA NICOBARIENSIS, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p- 482.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar).

DoLescHaLLiA PRATIPA, Felder, Wien. ent. Monats. iv. p. 399

(1860); Novara-Reise, Lep. iii. p. 406.

S. Andamans (Port Blair.)

KALLIMA ALBOFASCIATA, Nl. Sp,

Upperside glossy greyish indigo-blue; fore wing with a median,

oblique, cream-white band with irregular borders ; hind part of wing

indigo-blue, tinged with purplish lilac above posterior angle; apex

broadly blue-black, with a small bluish-white subapical spot ; a dark-

bordered bluish-white diaphanous spot on middle of the disk ; a sub-

marginal, sinuous, blue-black line; hind wing indigo-blue, tinged

with purplish lilac along upper part of exterior margin; costa

-1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 585

brownish ; a submarginal sinuous blue-black line. Body greenish.

Underside mottled greyish ochreous, black-speckled, varied with

confluent brighter fascize on outer half; a pale-bordered dusky line

from apex to tail; a subapical and discal spot on fore wing, and

imperfect ocelli on hind wing.

Expanse 32 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

EuryTexa Horsriecpr, Boisd. Faun. Madag. p. 54, 3.

E. stephensi, Boisd. ibid. p. 55, 2 (1833).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Cyrestis Formosa, Felder, Novara-Reise, Len. ‘im. 6p, 412

(1867).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

DiapEMA BoLina, Linn. S. N. i. 2, p. 781; Clerck, Icon.

a) lage aati

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Drapema gactntua, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. ii. pl. Shee ee

(1773); Donov. Ius. China, ple. daat: 1

S. Andamans (Port Blair) ; Nicobars (Tillangshong),

HzRONA ANDAMANA, n. sp.

Male and Female. Differs from H. marathus in the wings being

more falcated. On the upperside the colour is much darker, the

markings are narrower, paler on the fore wing in the male, and white

on both wings in the female. On the fore wing in both sexes the

markings beyond the cell are elongated and pointed at the ends; on

the hind wing the discal band is broken up into spots, and the mar-

ginal band from the anal angle is composed of lunules in the male

and of large indistinct lunnlar spots in the female. On the underside

the markings are also whiter in the male, and in the female white

throughout.

Expanse 3 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair), In coll. W. Distant and F. Moore.

PaRTHENOS GAMBrisivs, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 85; Donov.

Ins. China, pl. 38 ; Doubleday & Hewits. Gen. D. Dep: pli 5122.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

LIMENITIS ANARTA, nD. sp.

Male. Darker than the Indian form of ZL. procris. Differs in

the narrower white maculated band on both wings, smaller subapical

costal spots, and much smaller spot at end of the cell. ‘The outer

black markings are also broader; the marginal black dentate lunules

are confluent and similar to those in L. calidasa.

Expanse 24 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

586 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

NeEpTis CNACALIS, Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1874, xiv. p. 357.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

“Nepris ANDAMANA, 0. sp.

Male and female. Upperside black: fore wing with a prominent

white broad cell-streak and dentate spot beyond, a curved trans-

verse discal series of widely separated spots, and two marginal rows

of pale lunules, the outer row most distinct: hind wing with a white

subbasal band, somewhat irregular, bordered and crossed by the

veins; a submargiaal row of whitish lunules ; and a very indistinct

pale median and submarginal line. Underside dusky ferruginous,

markings as above, including a basal and subbasal streak, all very

prominent and with black margins.

Expanse, ¢ 2, 2 22 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Nrptis MANANDA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 4 2.)

Male and Female. Upperside black: fore wing with narrow

dusky-white cell-streak and elongated pointed streak beyond; a

diseal curved transverse series of small white spots and two marginal

rows of indistinct pale lunules; hind wing with broad white sub-

basal band, an indistinct pale brown submarginal narrow line, and a

less distinct medial and marginal line. Underside dark chestnut-

brown, markings as above, prominent, and purplish-white, including

a narrow basal and subbasal streak on hind wing.

Expanse, ¢ 14, 2 22 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

NEPTIS NICOBARICA, N. Sp.

Male and Female. Nearest allied to N. varmona, markings

similar ; discal series on fore wing less curved, thus giving a wider

marginal space; the marginal row of lunular spots very prominent :

on the hind wing the outer or discal series of spots are smaller, and

terminate more towards anal angle; the marginal lunular line distinct.

Underside also similar, the marginal markings broader.

Expanse, ¢ 13, Q 2 inches.

Nicobars, Kamorta (April). In coll. R. Meldola and F. Moore.

This is a different species from the allied Malayan N. mamaja,

Butler, from Malacca.

TANALCIA CIBARITIS (Adolias cib.), Hewitson, Ann. N. H. 1874,

xiv. p. 358; id. Exot. Butt. v. Adol. pl. 4. f. 12, 13, 15.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Tanatcra acontius (Adol. acont.). Hewitson, Ann. N. H. 1874,

xiv. p. 857; id. Exot. Butt. v. Adol. pl. 4. f. 11.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

SYMPHADRA TEUTOIDES, N. sp.

From S teuta this form differs above in the male having the

1877. ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 587

maculated band more erect and the lo-ver spots smaller ; the band on

the hind wing is also straighter, more evenly bordered on the inner

edge, and regularly sinuous on its outer edge. The female on the

fore wing has the band continuous and less broken up into spots ; it

is also broader at the costal end; the band on the hind wing, as in

the male, is also more evenly edged within and regularly sinuous

without. On the underside both sexes are much paler, are suffused

with lilac exteriorly, and have no red in the discoidal marks.

Expanse, 3 24, 2 32 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore and EH. Druce.

Fam. Lemonipa.

ABISARA KAUSAMBI, Feld. Wien. ent. Monats. iy. p- 397 (1860).

S. Andamans (Port Blair),

ABISARA BIFASCIATA, nl. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 2, 2.)

From the Malayan 4. hausambi this differs on the upperside in

the discal transverse bands being sinuous; and in the female these

are prominent. The two bands on the fore wing of the female are

separated and broadly white anteriorly ; the upper and lower spots

on the hind wing are also larger. On the underside the bands are

broader and sinuous, and on the hind wing there are but two anterior

spots instead of three.

Expanse, 3 18, 92 12 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F, Moore.

Fam. Lycenipx.

CURETIS SARONIS, n. sp.

Male and Female. Nearest allied to C. insularis of Java, but

smaller, the fore wing on the upperside of the male having the black

border less angulated on its inner margin; the underside of both

wings is white with slight dusky undulated lines, O. insularis being

cream-coloured and with rather prominent undulated lines. Female

dark brown, with golden-yellow disk.

Expanse 1!3 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore and H. Druce.

Piruecors nyxax, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 526 (1775); Horsf. Catal.

Lep. p. 66, pl. 1. f. 2; Butler, Catal. Fabr, Lep. B. M. p. 161.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CASTALIUS ETHION (Lycena eth.), Hewitson ; Doubleday &

Hewits. Gen. D. Lep. pl. 76. f.3; iid. Exot. Butt. v. Lye pli: 1. Bb.

Casraius Etna (Lyc. el.), Hewits. Exot. Butt. v. Lye. pl. i. f. 8.

S. Andamans (Pert Blair).

CasTALIUS MANLUENA (Lye. man.), Felder, Verh. zool.-bot.

Ges. 1862, p. 484.

Nicobars (Kondul),

588 MR..F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

LAMPIDES HLIANUS, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 280; Butler, Catal.

Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 166.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Lamprpes cnesus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 430; Butler, Z.¢.

p- 165.

Nicobars (Kamorta) ; April, Meldola.

LampipeEs PANDAVA, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E.I. C. p. 84 (1829).

Nicobars (Nankowry and Kamorta) ; April, Meldola.

LamprpeEs srraso, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ui. p. 287 (1793); Butler,

Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 165.

Lycena kandarpa, Horsf. Catal. Lep. E.1. C. p. 82.

Lycena asoka, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschm. iv. p. 419.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Lampipes KINKURKA, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p. 481; Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 278, pl. 34. f. 24, 25.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar and Nankowry), dZeldola, April.

LAMPIDES KANKENA, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 481,

Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 270, pl. 34. f. 37.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar).

LAMPIDES KONDULANA, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 484 ;

Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 271, pl. 34. f. 6.

Nicobars (Kondul) ; 8. Andamans (Port Blair).

Lymripes MACROPHTHALMA, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p. 483; Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 275, pl. 34. f. 35.

Nicobars (Pulo Milo).

Potyommatus sanGcRA, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 772, pl. 41. f.8.

S. Andamans (Port Blair) ; Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Me/dola.

APHNAUS ZOILUS, 0. Sp.

Male. Upperside dark blue, black on outer borders; fore wing

with transverse bands of black ; hind wing with large, red, anal lobe,

the black spots silver-speckled. Underside pale golden-yellow, bands

jet-black, and traversed by a silver line: fore wing with seven trans-

verse bands, a marginal line, and two short, basal, longitudinal

streaks, the upper streak crossing the vein and touching the costal

margin ; the first and second transverse band near base of the cell,

the first joining the upper and the second joining the lower basal

longitudinal streak, third crossing end of cell towards posterior angle,

fourth and fifth subapical and joined together, the other two mar-

ginal: hind wing with six bands and a marginal line, the first or

basal broken and joining the third above the red anal spot, second

entire and running into the first and third at its lower end, fourth

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS... 589

and fifth short, sixth narrow; a short streak also above anal angle ;

red anal lobe as above.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. H. Druce and F. Moore.

Differs from typical 4. Johita in its larger size, the different-

coloured bands beneath, and the narrowness of the marginal band

on the fore wing.

HypoLyc#ZNA ANDAMANA, D. Sp.

Male. Upperside ultramarine blue; fore wing with a large black

discal patch, abdominal margin dusky brown; cilia of hind wing

grey, marginal anal streak and edge of tails white, anal lobe witha

small reddish spot. Underside greyish blue; a brown discal trans-

verse band on both wings, straight on fore wing, broken and zigzag

on hind wing; a small black anal and a red-bordered black subanal

spot.

eae Upperside brown; both wings with an indistinct median

transverse curved darker band ; hind wing with white marginal outer

line, discal lunular marks, and three black spots from anal angle, the

first golden-speckled. Underside as in male, but slightly paler

greyish blue. Allied to H. erylus.

Expanse, ¢ 12, @ 12 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum and F.

Moore.

Hyrotyc#na ELTOLA, Hewitson, Ill. D. Lep. Suppl. p. 14, pl. 5.

f. 37, 38 (186).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

SrirHon areca (Myrina a.), Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p. 481.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar).

Sirnon KAmMorta (Myr.k.) Felder, /.c. p. 485.

Nicobars (Sambelong).

Devporrx orsers, Hewitson, Ill. D. Lep. p. 23, no. 20 (1863).

Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meddola.

Devuporix EPIJARBAS, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 32 (1857);

Hewit’s Ill. D. Lep. pl. 7. f. 16-18.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

MyriNa PRABHA, 0. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 5 9.)

Male. Upperside red: fore wing with black apical band; base

of wing and costa dusky rufous-brown: hind wing with blackish

costal border, subcostal veins, and narrow border ou outer margin ;

abdominal margin dusky rufous-brown.

Female. Upperside red: fore wing with a broad black apical band

and dusky rufous-brown base: hind wing dark rufous-brown ; discal

590 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

veinlet, median and internal veins, and tail streaked with red, tip of

tail white: body black above, white beneath; palpi and legs white-

speckled. Underside ochreous yellow, with two outer indistinet rows

of small brownish spots on fore wing, and two indistinct bands on

hind wing, a speckled black-and- white mark at angle of tail.

Expanse, ¢ 12, 2 14 inch.

S. Audamaus (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore and H. Druce.

Quite a differently marked insect from its ally Myr. a¢ymnus, Cram.

AMBLYPODIA ZETA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 6, 9.)

Female. Upperside brilliant cobalt-blue, apex and outer borders

broadly black. Underside light umber brown; fore wing with two

pale-bordered darker spots within the cell, two beyond, and a discal

row of five spots; hind wing with two basal rows each of four pale-

bordered darker spots, a discal duplex series of similar spots, and

two marginal rows of pale-bordered dentate marks.

Expanse | 4 inch,

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

AMBLYPODIA NAKULA, Felder, Wien. ent. Monat. iv. p. 395

(1860); Novara-Reise, Lep. ii. p. 222, pl. 29. f. 16.

S. Andamans (Tort Blair).

Fam. Prerip#.

Trerras Formosa, Hibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 979 (1837).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

TERIAS NICOBARIENSIS, Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862,

p. 480.

Nicobars (Kar Nicobar, Kamorta and Nankowry), April, Meldola.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Hesomoia Guavctirre, Linn. 8. N. i. 2, p. 762; Drury, Ill.

Exot.Insaipl 0. folks

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Ix1AS ANDAMANA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside pale primrose-yellow, decreasing basally to

yellowish white: fore wing with the apical portion browne black,

subapical band ochreous red, and slightly recurved hindward me |

outward, and irregularly margined inwardly, its borders being also

minutely black-speckled: hind wing with speckled bordered black

marginal band, and a few speckles at its base. Underside bright

gamboge-yellow: fore wing with a broad black-speckled spot at end

of the cell; a recurved submarginal series of speckled spots ending

in a black patch at angle: hind wing with a round costal brown-

speckled spot, three anterior submarginal spots followed by indistinct

smaller spots; a black dot at end of the cell, and a dot at end of °

each vein on outer margin.

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 591

Female. Differs in the fore wing from the male in having the

yellow portion confined to the middle of the wing below the cell,

the ochreous red band being narrow and broken by the upper median

vein; the band on the hind wing is also broader: on the underside

the yellow is of a deeper tint, and the markings darker and broader ;

the outer margins with minute black speckles and narrow strigze.

Expanse, 3 22, 23 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

APPIAS GALATHEA, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. 1862, p. 485;

Novara-Reise, p. 165.

Nicobars (Sambelong).

CaroPsILIA CATILLA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 229, f. D, KE, 2

(1782); Butler, Lep. Exot. p. 24, pl. 9. f. 7-10.

Pieris hilaria, Cram. pl. 339. f. IA Bie

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Carorsinia CrocaLe, Cram. Pap. Exot. i pl. 55, f. C, D(1779);

Butler, Lep. Exot. pl. 9. f. 1, 2.

S. Andamans (Port Blair) ; Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldola.

Carorsit1A curysris, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. i. ph lt 3, A

(1773); Butler, 1... pl. 15. f.:4—7.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Pieris nama, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 76; -P. ZS, 1857,

p- 102, pl. 44. f. 1, 2; Hewits. Exot. Butt. Pierida, pl. 6. f. 37.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Pieris LICHENOSA, n. sp.

Allied to P. coronis (Cram. pl. 44. f. B, C): differs on the upperside

in the veins being black-lined, the apex of fore wing more evenly

white-speckled between the veins, the hind wing having a well-formed

marginal band. ‘Che underside is much darker green, and is densely

covered with black speckles, giving the wings a mossy appearance.

Expanse 24 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

ERONIA NARAKA, n. sp.

Nearest to EZ. pingasa of S. India; both wings in the male with

similar broad black outer border and widened velis, but without the

black streak within the cell: the fore wing also has two additional

small blue costal spots above the discal series, and a small white

spot near the apex. Jn the female the markings are narrower,

‘Shorter, and the marginal spots much smaller.

Expanse 3 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore and H. Druce.

392 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Fam. PAPILIONID.

ORNITHOPTERA HELICONOIDES, N. Sp.

Male. Upperside—fore wing entirely black: hind wing golden

yellow, with black abdominal fold and, longitudinally from base of

submedian to middle of lower median veinlet, a marginal band

formed by a series of six conical spots decreasing in size from anal

angle, the first or anal elongated at its apex, the second, third, fifth

and sixth each with a contiguous small upper round spot ; the space

at base of wing broadly across end of cell to middle of costal

vein also black. Underside as above ; fore wing very slightly grey-

streaked along base of lower median veinlets.

Female. Fore wing with prominent greyish-white streaks along

the veins, and similar streaks within end of the cell: hind wing with

black abdominal fold, a partly constricted elongated spot above anal

angle, outer marginal band of large continucus cones, a discal series

of five small spots, the space at base of wing occupying the inter-

space between the costal and subcostal to near its end. Underside

as above. Abdomen greenish black above, yellow at sides and be-

neath. Red collar slightly perceptible in female.

Expanse, ¢ 58, 2 64 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. H. Druce.

Paritio MAyo, Atkinson, P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 736, pl. Ixiii. f. 1.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PApILio CHARICLES, Hewitson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1874, xiv. p. 356 ;

Exot. Butt. v. Pap. pl. xiv. f. 45, 2.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Parinio RHODIFER, Butler, Ent. Monthly Mag. 1876, p. 57, >.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PAPILIO ARISTOLOCHLE, var. CAMORTA.

Female. Differs from Indian and Malayan forms of P. aristolochiea

on the upperside of the hind wing in the absence of the discal

markings, the only indication of these in the Nicobar form being a

slight pale speckled streak at the junction of the two lower median

veinlets and an upward elongation of the reddish anal spot. On the

underside these are slightly more prominent.

Expanse 33 inches.

Nicobars (Kamorta), April 6, 1875. In coll. R. Meldola and F.

Moore.

PAPILIO PAMMON, var. NICOBARUS, Feld. Verh. zool.-bot. Gesch.

1862, p. 483.

Nicobars (Nancowry, Kamorta), and 8. Andamans (Port Blair),

Meldola, April.

Pariu1o AGAMEMNON, Linn. S. N. ii. p. 748; Donov. Ins. China,

a ee Re

S. Andamans (Port Blair) ; Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldola.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 593

Parinio EuRypyLus(?), Linn. S. N. ii. p- 754; Cram. Pap.

Exot. ii. pl. 122, f. C, D.

? Axion, Feld.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

_ Papinio antipHates, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 72, f. A, B.

S. Andamans (Port Blair),

Fam. Hesperip.

IsMENE CHRoMvs, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 284, f. E (1782).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

IsmENE MALAYANA, Felder, Wien. ent. Monat. iv. p- 401 (1860) ;

Novara-Reise, Lep. iii. pl. 72. f. 15.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

TAGIADES ALICA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 11, 3.)

Male. Allied to T. obscurus, Mabille, from Java, but of a

blacker colour, the fore wing being more pointed, the hind wing

more produced at the anal angle. Markings above similar; on

the underside the hind wing has more prominent black discal

marks, and a much broader black border on the grey portion of

the outer margin.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

TAGIADES HELFERI (Péeryg. h.), Felder, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.

p. 483 (1862).

Nicobars (Pulo Milu).

PLESIONEURA ALysos, Moore, P. Z. S. 1865, p- 789.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Hesperia Canara, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 8.)

Male and female. Upperside dark rufous-brown, suffused with olive-

brown at the base. Male. Fore wing with two small yellow spots at

end of the cell, two on the disk, and two very small spots before the

apex. Female, with a series of three small spots before the apex and

another spot of the same size between them and the two on the disk ;

cilia of hind wing yellowish cinereous.

Underside of male rufous-brown ; female olive-brown, with a pale

greyish streak on middle of hind margin.

Expanse, 3 12, 9 14 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Near to H. oceia, Hewits. ; differs in the male above in the ab-

sence of the basal tuft of hairs on the hind wing, and beneath also in

the absence of the prominent and large white patch and its central

spot on the fore wing.

Hesperia ocera, Hewits. Desc. Hesp. p. 31 (1868).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1877, No. XX XVIII. 38

594 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Hesperta couaca, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 7.)

Male and female. Dark olive-brown ; cilia cinereous: fore wing

with a recurved discal series of seven small yellow spots, the second

from the hind margin being the largest; a small spot also at end of

the cell, Underside brown, apex and hind wing speckled with olive-

green scales; a median discal series of small spots on hind wing.

Near to H. cinnara.

Expanse, ¢ 1,3, 2 1;% inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Hesperia BeTurtA, Hewitson, Desc. Hesp. p. 36 (1868).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

HesperrA MaTutas, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Supp. p. 433 (1798);

Butler, Catal. Fabr. Lep. B. M. p. 275, pl. 3. f. 8.

Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldo/a.

TreLEGonus THyRSIS, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 532 (1775).

H. pandia, Moore, P. Z.8. 1865, p. 790.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PAMPHILA PURREEA, n.sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 10.)

Upperside blackish brown ; cilia yellow, slightly alternated with

black ; fore wing with a gamboge-yellow basal streak, and a median

oblique irregular band commencing from near apex, extending to

hind margin and terminating at its base; hind wing with a short

median yellow wavy band. Underside sulphur-yellow; fore wing

with a broad dark-brown basal streak, a small spot at end of cell, and

a large patch at posterior angle; hind wing with a brown speckled

streak along inner margin, terminating broadly at analangle. Body

above brown, head and thorax interspersed with yellow hairs; ab-

domen narrowly banded with yellow; palpi black above, yellow

below. Legs and body beneath yellow.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. W. C. Hewitson and F. M.

PAMPHILA GOLA, n. sp. (Plate LVIII. fig. 9, ¢-)

Male. Upperside dark vinous-brown ; fore wing with an oblique

discal irregular sinuous-bordered golden-yellow band, the band

bent before the apex and indented at end of the cell; hind wing with

a median discal golden-yellow band, and a few hairs of the same

colour at the base ; cilia edged with golden yellow. Front of head,

palpi, and legs golden yellow. Underside with the bands as above ;

costa and apex of fore wing and the hind wing suffused with yellow ;

both wings with a blackish streak at end of the cell.

Expanse 1 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

PampnHiLA MEsorpEs, Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. 1877.

S. Andamans, Port Blair.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 595

Tribe SpHInGEs.

Fam. SpHInGip#.

Percesa acteus, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 248. f. A (1782),

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Panacra BusrRis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. viii. p. 158

(1856).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

AcuHERONTIA MorTA, Hiibner ; Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 237. f. A.

A. satanas, Boisd. Hist. N. des Lép. pl. 16. f. 1.

A. lethe, Westw. Cab. Orient. Ent. p. 87, pl. 42. f. 2.

(?) Sphing lachesis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 434.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Cuzrocampa Nessus, Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 46, pl. 27, f,

1 (1773).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CH#ZROCAMPA TENEBROSA, 0. sp.

Upperside—fore wing dark buff-brown, with six oblique discal

indistinct dusky bands, the fourth black-streaked where crossing the

veins ; a black spot near base and one at end of the cell; hind wing

dark fuliginous-brown, palest at anal angle; thorax dark buff-

brown ; abdomen dusky brown above. Underside—fore wing dusky

brown ; discal oblique band reddish buff, slightly black-speckled,

and with black spot on each vein: hind wing reddish buff, slightly

black-speckled, with a discal series of black spots: abdomen beneath

and legs pale buff-brown.

Expanse 3 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Allied to C. lucasi, Walk., but is a much darker insect.

TRIPTOGON ANDAMANA, 0. sp.

Male. Nearest allied to T. fuscescens, Butler, but differs above on

the fore wing in the median and subbasal transverse bands being

bent and terminating on the hind margin more obliquely inwards,

the basal bands each being waved, and the dark chestnut-brown spots

near posterior angle smaller; hind wing less lobed and browner at

anal angle, the spots smaller, and basal streaks not so prominent ;

and on the underside the inner dusky band on hind wing is curved.

Expanse 4 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Cuanis pHALaRis, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. $3, pl. 149. f. A(1779),

Sphinx pagana, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 146 (1781).

Sph. nicobarensis, Schwartz, Beyt. Suppl. a Klem. et Res, i. 1;

Esper, Schmett. App. pl. 1. f. 1.

Clanis nicobarensis, Hibn. Verz. p. 138.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

35%

596 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

CaLYMNIA PAVONICA, 0. sp.

Similar to C. panopus, but differs from both Java and Indian

specimens in its much darker colours, the fore wing having the basal

band broken up and not continued obliquely onto the costa; be-

tween this and the discal band are two distinctly separated median,

dusky, wavy bands: in the hind wing the markings are very black

and with a distinct median broad fascia; the basal space red: thorax

brown-black ; abdomen very dark fawn-colour, apical segments only

fringed with black.

Expanse 5 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

PROTOPARCE ORIENTALIS, Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 609

(1876).

Sphinx convolvuli, Moore, Catal. Lep. E.I. C. i. p. 267.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). '

Tribe Bomsyces.

Fam. AGARISTIDA.

EvusEMIA ALBOMARGINATA, Moore, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 569.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. ZYGENIDA.

Subfam. Tayretin #.

ERESSA AFFINIS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 3.)

Allied to £. confinis, Walk. Transparent markings of fore wing

similar, but more rounded, the spot within the cell smaller; space

on hind wing confined to a median rounded spot beyond the cell, and

crossed only by a single vein.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Obtained also from the district of Calcutta and the Khasia hills

by the late W. S. Atkinson, Esq.

Subfam. EvcuromMimn&.

Evcuromia poLyMENA, Linn. 8. N. ; Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 31.

f. D

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Arctrip.

ALPENUS BISERIATUS, N. Sp.

Pale orange-red, brightest on hind wing; fore wing with two

transverse median recurved series of blackish spots, and two inter-

mediate spots at end of the cell; some smaller spots at base of wing ;

hind wing with a black spot at end of the cell and at anal angle.

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 597

Body bright red, with black dorsal bands and yellow anal tuft.

Palpi black at tip. Legs yellow ; fore legs black-streaked.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Allied to 4. (Spilosoma) maculifascia, Walk., from Java.

Fam. Liryosiip2.

SESAPA ANDAMANA, 0. sp.

Allied to S. undulosa, Walk.

Pale buff-yellow; fore wing with a purplish-black transverse,

central recurved band, some irregularly disposed spots at base, a

spot at end of the cell, an outer sinuous band, and a maculated

marginal line. Underside dusky yellow on fore wing. Antenne,

palpi, and legs brownish.

Expanse 55, inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Lirnosia INTERMIxTA, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het, B. M. Suppl.

p- 229.

S. Andamans (Port Blair),

Lirnosia antica, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het, B. M. ii. p. 505.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

BaRSINE TRIVITTATA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside—fore wing red, with black subbasal outwardly

angled band, a median recurved band, and outer zigzag band; costa

at apex and cilia black: hind wing pale red ; cilia at apex blackish.

Body, antennez, and legs red. Underside—fore wing bright red,

speckles at apex and cilia black ; hind wing yellowish, speckles at

apex blackish.

Expanse +3 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

BIzONE AMABILIS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 2, ¢.)

White: fore wing with four transverse crimson bands, male with

confluent crimson spots, and female with a single spot at end of

the cell; hind wing pale yellow, suffused with crimson externally.

Underside pale crimson, whitish at base, bands slightly apparent.

Antenne, palpi, and spots on thorax crimson. Legs crimson,

whitish beneath.

Expanse ;5, inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum and F.

Moore.

ARGINA CRIBRARIA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 208. f. C; Clerck,

Icones, pl. 54. f. 4.

S. Andamans (Port Blair), Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Meldola.

598 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Fam. Hypsip.

PERIDROME ORBICULARIS, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. ii. p.

445 (1854).

Aganopis subquadrata, H.-Schaff. Lep. Sp. Nov. p. 70, f. 501

(1856).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

EvpiociA MEMBLIARIA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 269. f. C, D.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

DAMALIS ALCIPHRON, Cram. Pap. Exot. il. pl. 133. f. E.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Hypsa ANDAMANA, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 5.)

Allied to H. egens from N. India.

Upperside much brighter ochreous : fore wing with a series of six

basal black spots, two of which are within the cell ; prominent

ochreous-brown streaks between the veins, which form two partly

confluent, transverse, irregular, median and outer bands. Under-

side—fore wing with a broad lunular black spot at end, and a large

round spot in the middle of the cell; the hind wing has a small

black spot at end of the cell on upper discocellular, and a small

lunular spot above the end of the cell.

Expanse 24 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Hypsa VENALBA, 0. sp.

Female. Upperside cinereous-black ; base of fore wing and ab-

domen ochreous-yellow : fore wing with a broad white longitudinal

dilated streak ; some black spots at the base; veins narrowly lined

with white to near outer margin; a white spot at upper end of the

cell: hind wing white, with a broad black marginal band, and

narrow spot at end of the cell; cilia white. Thorax with black

spot on tegule, streak down middle, and a dorsal and lateral row of

spots on abdomen. Antennz black. Palpi ochry-yellow, first and

second joints with a spot on outer side, and the entire third joint

black. Legs black, streaked with grey.

Expanse 2,4, inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

This species is nearest allied to H. dama.

PHILONA CINERASCENS, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 6.)

Differs from P. inops in the fore wing being of a much darker

cinereous colour, and the veins more prominently lined with white ;

the hind wing is white, the marginal band greyish-black and broader,

and continued broadly along anterior margin on both upper and

undersides ; the fore wing beneath and the band on the hind wing

are very dark fuliginous black, with a blacker median curved streak

on fore wing, the space beneath the streak and the lower basal space

of hind wing being white.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 599

Expanse 23 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coli. British Museum and F.

Moore.

Fam. CALLIDULID.

CLeosiris catamita, Geyer, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 653, 654.

8. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. NycTrEMERIDE.

NycreMeErRa Lacticinia, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 128. f. E.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PiTASILA, Nn. g.

Fore wing short, rather broad, costa slightly arched, apex angled,

outer margin short, oblique, hind margin straight; subcostal vein

five-branched, third, fourth, and fifth on a short foot-stalk from end

of cell; first and third discocellulars very short, second beut inward ;

one radial from lower angle of upper discocellular; median vein four-

branched, first and second starting from angles of lower discocellular,

third contiguous, fourth at half length of cell; one submedian. Hind

wing trigonal, apex rounded, exterior margin convex in the middle ;

subcostal vein two-branched, disposed as in fore wing; one subme-

dian. Body short, attenuate in male. Antenne slender, bipecti-

nated in male to tip, minutely pectinated in female. Palpi porrect,

third joint cylindrical. Legs naked.

PirasILA LEUCOsPILOTA, n.sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 7.)

Male and female. Fore wing with a series of four white spots

fron: base of costa, the third largest, also two within the cell, three

larger spots below the cell and confluent on hind margin, the lower

basal enclosing a black spot, and the third two spots, one above the

other in male, confluent in female; two spots also before the apex:

hind wing with a broad black marginal band, on which are two small

white spots, one near angle, the other on middle of margin; a small

black spot at upper end of cell and two above it on margin; cilia

white, at apical angle of hind wing. Underside as above. Head and

thorax yellow ; abdomen white, with yellow tip; black spots on head

and thorax, also dorsal and lateral row on abdomen; antenne black ;

legs white, streaked with black.

Expanse, ¢ 1}, 9 2 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. Brit. Mus. and F. Moore.

Allied to P. maculosum, Feld. Nov.-Reise, pl. 103. f. 2, to P. va-

riolosa, Feld. ib. pl. 129. f. 15, and also to P. varians, Walk.

Fam. EuscHEMID.

EuscHEMA ANDAMANA, BL. Sp.

Male and female. Upperside purple-black, both wings with the

outer margin and discal spots darker purple-black : fore wing with a

broad subbasal bright yellow band, which is irregularly margined and

600 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

narrowest on hind margin; a short subapical transverse row of

decreasing purplish white spots. Abdomen golden yellow in male,

in female purple-black beneath and with a dorsal row of black spots.

Palpi and legs cinereous. Underside as above; discal black spots

more prominent: hind wing with a small yellow basal streak and also

a streak above the cell.

Expanse 2,8, inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. Brit. Mus. and F. Moore.

Nearest allied to Z. auristriga, Walk., and to £. bernsteini, Feld.

E. R@PSTORFFI, Ni. sp.

Allied to Z. bellona, Walk.

Male. Smaller in size, differs on fore wing in having the basal black

markings formed into prominent bands instead of being composed of

separate spots ; the purplish white discal band is nearer the apex,

broader, and more prominent: on the hind wing the black spots are

larger, and there is also a distinct purplish white discal maculated

band crossing the broad black margin.

Expanse 2;4, to 255, inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

CELERENA ANDAMANA, Feld. Nov.-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 130. f. 18

(1875).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. CHALCOSIID.

CYCLOSIA NIGRESCENS, 0. sp.

Female. Differs from C. papalionaria from Sikkim and Silhet in

the fore wings being more acute at the apex, having broader pale

yellow interspaces between the veins, and in the marginal row of spots

being almost obsolete ; the hind wing has a simple band with a mar-

ginal row of very indistinct small pale spots.

Expanse 3 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Fam. Liparipz.

REDOA FLAVESCENS, 0. sp.

Male. Yellowish white; front of head brown. Antenne pale

brows, shafts white. Upperside with glittering silvery scales, ex-

terior margins slightly fawn-coloured. Palpi white, brown at tip.

Legs whitish.

Expanse 12 inch.

8. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

REDOA SERICEA, 0. sp.

Male. Pure white; front of head brown. Antenne pale brown,

shafts white. Upperside covered with glittering silvery white scales;

costa of fore wing ochreous; a black dot at end of the cell; exterior

1877.) 4 ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 601

margins and cilia of both wings fawn-colour. Legs white, fore and

mid legs with black bands. Palpi pale brown, tipped with black.

Expanse 1} inch. é

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

CaviriA CYGNA, 0. sp.

Female white: fore wing silky white, with indistinctly apparent

raised oblique bands: hind wing not silky. Palpi and fore legs ochry

yellow, middle and hind tarsi pale ochry yellow.

_ Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Lauia VENosa, n.sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 1, 3.)

Male. Upperside pale ochreous brown. Veins of fore wing and

cilia of both wings ochreous white. Front of thorax, head, palpi,

and abdomen ochreous yellow; thorax above greyish. Underside

paler.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

EvpPRoctis DISCINOTA, 0. sp.

Upperside bright ochry yellow: fore wing with two median

transverse dark chestnut-brown speckled bands, the outer band

recurved and crossed by pale veins; a black spot at end of cell.

Underside paler, both wings with an indistinct darker ochry trans-

verse fascia, and a black spot at the end of the cell.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). Ip coll. British Museum.

Fam. Psycuip#.

MaAHASENA, 0. g.

Fore wing elongated, narrow, costa straight, apex rounded, exte-

rior margin oblique, posterior margin convex in the middle ; costal

vein moderately stout ; subcostal slender, four-branched, first and

second branches arising before end of the cell, third at end of the

cell, fourth from below the third at two thirds its length and termi-

nating below the apex ; discoidal cell broad at its end; upper disco-

cellular vein long, inwardly oblique and bent outward at its middle ;

lower discocellular short, outwardly oblique, and emitting within the

cell a discoidal veinlet at each end, which are joined together at two

thirds their length, the end extending inwards towards base of the

cell; upper radial arising from end of the cell, lower radial from

angle of upper discocellular, both nearly straight ; median vein mo-

derately stout, short and twice bent at its end, four-branched, the

two lower arising from the angles at its end, the third from end of

the cell, and fourth at one third from base of the latter ; submedian

curved and bent below end of the cell, and thence extending straight

to posterior angle, emitting a lower branch or internal veinlet at the

angle, the lower branch being forked at half its length and extending

to near base of the wing. Hind wing short, broad, trigonal, anterior

602 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE (June 19,

margin very convex; costal and subcostal parallel, extending to

apex ; cell broad, extending hindward towards outer margin ; discu-

cellulars nearly straight, outwardly oblique, emitting one radial from

their middle ; two discoidal veinlets within the cell, joined together

at half their length and extending to near base of the cell; median

vein long, its end bent nearly parallel with outer margin of wing,

four-branched, the branches short, the two upper arising together

at lower end of the cell, a straight submedian, and two internal

veins. Body slender, abdomen attenuated, extending half its length

beyond hind wings. Antenne broadly bipectinated to tip. Legs

slender, sparsely hairy ; fore legs with long tibial spur.

MAHASENA ANDAMANA, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 4, ¢.)

Male. Wings dark fuliginous brown, piceous towards the base.

Body piceous, darkest on abdomen. Antenne fuliginous brown.

Legs brown.

Expanse 1 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. SaTtuRNIDE.

ACTIAS IGNESCENS, 0D. sp.

Differs from A. le¢o from Sikkim in having broader wings, shorter

tails, and larger ocelli, in the subbasal and outer fiery-red bands

being broader and confluent, the transverse zigzag band in both

wings being contiguous to and touching the ocellus. On the under-

side the markings are more prominent, the outer band broader, and

the basal more sinuous.

Expanse 6 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

ACTIAS SELENE, McLeay, Zool. Mise. (1815), pl. 70; Cram.

Pap. Exot. pl. 51. f. A. B.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ANTHERZA ANDAMANA, N. sp.

Female.—Upperside brownish-buff, base suffused with buff-

yellow; ocelli small, ringed with black and yellow outwardly and

red and white inwardly, talcose spot constricted: fore wing with

transverse subbasal streaks, two discal lunular bands, and a nearly

straight oblique outer band brown, the latter slightly bordered with

dull red; costa and apex grey speckled with brown: hind wing with

irregular subbasal streak, lunular median, and two wavy outer brown

bands, the latter slightly tinged with red. Collar grey ; thorax

brown; abdomen and legs buff-brown; antennz reddish brown.

Underside greyish brown, inner bands brown, outer band of large

triangular spots dark brown.

Expanse 7 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 603

Tribe NocrTueEs.

Fam. Levcanip&.

LEUCANIA COSTALIS, n.sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 11.)

Male and female. Upperside cream-colour: fore wing sparsely

irrorated with minute brown scales, crossed by two median indistinct

blackish sinuous lines; a pale brown streak from base extending

below and before the end of the cell, giving the appearance of a

basal costal band; two spots within the cell, the inner largest ;

a marginal row of black dots: hind wing pale ochreous brown exter-

nally ; veins darker. Underside paler; fore wing dusky brown in

the middle ; a marginal row of black dots on both wings. Palpi and

legs speckled with black.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

This species also occurs at Darjiling and Malabar.

Fam. GLorruLip®.

RaMaDaSA, nN. g.

Fore wing short, broad, costa slightly convex, apex truncated,

exterior margin oblique hindward, posterior margin slightly lobed

towards the base; costal vein short, ending at half the length of

costa; cell broad; subcostal vein six-branched, first and second

branches arising close together a little beyond half length of the cell,

the third and sixth at end of cell, the third terminating before the

apex, the fourth and fifth arising below from near the base of third

and terminating at and below the apex, the sixth running parallel

below the fifth; median vein three-branched, branches at equal dis-

tances from end of the cell, each recurved; discocellulars of equal

length; one radial, slightly recurved; submedian vein running

parallel and close to median and lower branch, terminating on exte-

rior margin considerably above posterior angle ; internal vein straight,

terminating above the angle. Hind wing trigonal, short, exterior

margin produced in the middle; abdominal margin straight ; cell

short ; subcostal vein three-branched, first branch arising from half

the length of the cell, second and third starting together at end of

the cell; median vein three-branched, lower branch arising from an

angle before end of the cell, second and third together at base from

end of cell; upper discocellular long, lower short ; one radial ; sub-

median vein straight. Antennz very long, filiform. Palpi short,

clothed with short adpressed scales; second joint short, conical,

ascending. Body moderately stout; abdomen tapering towards the

apex, extending beyond hind wing. Legs long; tibia clothed above

with longish hair; mid and hind tibize spurred.

Ramapasa PAvo. (Plate LIX. fig. 8.)

Chasmina pavo, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. part ix. p. 147.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum and I’. Moore.

604 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Fam. APAMID&.

SpopopTeRa crL1uM, Guén. Noct. i. p. 156, ¢.

S. insulsa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 648, 9.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

SpopopreRA NuBES, Guén. Noct. i. p. 155.

P. infecta, Walk. J. c. ix. p. 196.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PRODENIA CILIGERA, Guén. Noct. i. p. 164.

P. glaucistriga, Walk. 1. e. ix. p. 197, 2.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ILLATIA CEPHUSALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xvi. p. 209

(1858).

Miana inornata, Walk. J. c. Suppl. p. 677.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PERIGEA CANORUFA, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p.683, 3.

P. illecta, Walk. 1. c. p. 684, Q.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

THALPOPHILA CUPREA, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 10.)

Upperside—fore wing dark cupreous brown, some narrow curved

purple lines and black streaks at the base, an irregular recurved

sinuous purple line with black inner border across the disk; two

similar-coloured spots in the cell, and dentate streaks on outer mar-

gin, bordered with white before the apex : hind wing golden yellow,

with broad cupreous brown outer band. Thorax, palpi, legs, and

abdomen beneath cupreous brown. Abdomen golden yellow, tip

and dorsal tuft reddish. Undersice pale reddish brown, yellowish at

base ; both wings with indistinct outer sinuous brown line.

Expanse 13 inch.

Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. CARADRINIDE.

AMYNA SELENAMPHA, Guén. Noct. i. p. 406; Walk. Cat, Lep.

Het. B. M. p. 1696.

Alamis spoliata, Walk. l. ec. p. 1050.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. HAMEROSID.

APSARASA FIGURATA, 0. Sp.

Bluish black. Differs above in both sexes from 4. radians from

Sikkim in the fore wing having the smaller marginal spots of less

size, in the large median spot on hind margin being broadest at its

upper end, and in the hind wing having the white space confined to-

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 605

wards the anal angle. Abdomen black above and beneath, tip also

black, has small lateral white spots only. On the underside the hind

wing is marked at the base only with small spots, instead of distinct

bands as in A. radians.

Expanse, ¢ 28, 2 23 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum and F. Moore.

The type of the genus Apsarasa is Glottula radians, Westw.

Orient. Ent. pl. 28. f. 4.

Fam. ACONTID.

XANTHODES TRANSvERSA, Guén. Noct. ii. p. 211; Walk. Cat.

Lep. B. M. p. 778.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

AconTIA sientFera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xii. p. 793.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Paninpip%.

Homopss crocea. (Plate LX. fig. 3.)

Homodes crocea, Guén. Noct. ii. p. 280; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het.

B. M. p. 853.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Erioprp#.

CaLLopisTRIA Exotica, Guén. Nocts ii. p: 294; Walk. J. c. xii.

p. 865.

__S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Euruipips.

Incura cristaTrix, Guén. Noct. ii. p. 313.

S. Andamans (Port Blair),

Fam. Piustip®.

PLustoponTa conbucENs, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. sii.

p: 963.

S. Andamans (Port Blair),

Fam. Hemicerip”.

WESTERMANNIA TRIANGULARIS, 2. sp.

__Upperside—fore wing with the basal two thirds shining silvery

white, tinged with pale fawn=colour; a subbasal triangular dusky

brown patch, the inner angle of which extends to the base and lower

angle on hind margin; a broad marginal chalybeous-speckled dark

cupreous brown band: hind wing pale cupreous brown externally,

pale vinous at the base. Head and basal joint of antennze white ;

front of thorax yellowish, hind part of thorax and abdomen brown

606 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

with white segmental bands. Underside glossy brown, pale yellowish

obliquely across the fore wing and at base of hind wing; abdomen

beneath and legs yellowish white ; fore legs with black bands.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Differs from W. superba in its smaller size, darker colour, and

difference of shape in the subbasal patch.

Fam. HyBLzIp&.

NoLasENA DULCISsimA, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. viii. p. 76.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. GONOPTERID2.

ANOMIS FULVIDA, Guén. Noct. ii. p. 397; Walk. Catal. Lep. Het.

B. M. xiii. p. 988.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. PotypEsMID#.

PoLYDESMA BOARMOIDES, Gueén. Noct. ii. p. 441; Walk. /. c. xiii.

p- 1042.

P. mastrucata, Feld. & Roghfr. Nov.-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. iii. f. 31.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. HypoGRAMMID 4.

Ercuera TENEBROSA, Moore, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 66.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. CATEPHID.

ANOPHIA OLIVASCENS, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 48; Walk. Catal. Lep.

Het. B. M. p. 1128.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Hypocatips.

HypocaLa LATIVITTA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 4.)

Upperside—fore wing ochreous brown, basal portion partly covered

with short dark brown strigze, and washed with yreyish white on the

hind margin and before the apex ; a submarginal transverse series of

short black pale-bordered dentate streaks, and marginal wavy black

line ; orbicular and reniform marks grey-speckled : hind wing golden

yellow, with a broad black marginal band and an indistinct cell-spot ;

cilia yellowish white, the middle portion being blackish. Thorax

greyish white, collar and tegula, head, and body beneath brownish

ochreous. Abdomen yellow, with a greyish dorsal streak and black

anal band. Underside yellowish at base, ochreous-white on outer

borders ; both wings with a broad black discal band, cell-streak, and

a marginal row of dots.

Nearest to H. biarcuata.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 607

Fam. CaTroca.ip&.

BLENINA LICHENOSA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 2.)

Upperside—fore wing dark sap-green, with a broad black speckled

basal, sinuous-margined discal. band, and a sinuous marginal line,

the bands being bordered with grey speckles; a black streak near

hind part of discal band ; two black dots in the cell: hind wing dark

golden brown, with a median discal short recurved golden-yellow

band: cilia yellow posteriorly, brownish anteriorly. Thorax sap-

green, grey- and black-speckled; abdomen dark brown ; legs pale

brown, black-streaked; antenne and palpi black. Underside pale

golden brown; fore wing crossed by a suffused black discal band,

and hind wing by a broad discal and a marginal band.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

BLENINA GRISEA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 1.)

Upperside—fore wing greyish, sparsely covered with sap-green

speckles ; crossed by a sinuous black subbasal, three discal, and a

submarginal line, the space within the basal sinucus line and the

upper portion of the discal lines darker green-speckled ; a prominent

quadrate black spot above middle of hind margin: hind wing golden

yellow, with a broad golden-brown marginal band; cilia pale golden

yellow at anal angle, cimereous brown at apex. Thorax grey, speckled

with green and black; abdomen golden yellow. Underside pale

golden brown; fore wing with an indistinct dusky black median

band; hind wing with an indistinct dusky spot on anterior margin,

and a broad blackish outer band ; legs pale, black-speckled.

Expanse 1+ inch.

S. Andamans, In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. OPHIDERIDZ.

OPHIDERES AURANTIA, 0. Sp.

Upperside—fore wing deeply excavated on hind margin, dark

ochry red, with numerous short transverse grey striz, veins also

grey-streaked ; a narrow black oblique band from apex to middle of

excavation on hind margin ; the oblique band and two outer trans-

verse dusky fascize washed inwardly with lilac: hind wing ochry

yellow, with a black oval constricted spot above the anal angle

and a short curved streak beyond it. Head, palpi, and antenne

dark ochry red; abdomen ochry yellow. Underside ochry yellow ;

fore wing with a dusky patch at apex and two short curved streaks

above posterior angle; hind wing with a black spot above anal

angle and an indistinct fascia beyond it.

Expanse 4 inches.

8. Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

OpuHIpDERES FULLONICA, Linn. (Guén. Noct. iii. p. 111).

O. pomona, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 77. f. C.

O. dioscore, Fabr. Spec. Ins. ii. p. 212.

8. Andamans (Port Blair).

608 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

OpHIDERES HYPERMNESTRA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl.323. f. A, B.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PHYLLODES consoBRiINA, Westw. Cabinet Orient. Ent. pl. 28.

fi.

P. perspicillator, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 120.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PoTraMoPHORA MANLIA, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 92. f. A.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Eresipz.

Tavira SUBSTRUENS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. p. 1276.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ARGIVA HIEROGLYPHICA, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ins. ii. pl. 2. f. 1.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

NycTIPAO TRUNCATA, N. Sp.

Male. Allied to N. obliterans, but differs in being smaller, the fore

wing having the veins pale-streaked ; an indistinct darker subapical

recurved streak ; the retort mark much smaller, compressed laterally

and concave on its outer border, and the recurved streak beneath it

not apparent ; the hind wing is much smaller, shorter, and less pro-

duced at the apex.

Expanse 37 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

NyYcrTipao CREPUSCULARIS, Linn. 8. N. 2811, 13; Clerck, Icones,

pl. 53. f.1, 4.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. OMMATOPHORID&.

SPEIREDONIA RETRAHENS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv.

p. 1294.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

SPEIREDONIA conspicua, Feld. Nov.-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 113.

togh:

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Hyroryrip&.

SPrRAMA COHZRENS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xiv. p. 1321, 2.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Hypopyra PERSIMILIS, ni. sp.

Similar to H. ossigera, but differs on the upperside in the fore

wing having a distinct brown fascia from the apex to middle of hind

margin, and the marginal white lunular band prominent; in the

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 609

hind wing the outer pale dentate lunular line is nearer the margin.

On the underside the black lunular bands are more curved and wider

apart, the outer band being nearer the margin. From H. feniseca

it may be distinguished by its longer fore ‘wings.

Expanse 33 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum and F. Moore.

Hamopes piscisrrica, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 78.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ENTOMOGRAMMA FAUTRIX, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 204; Feld. Nov.-

Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 115. f. 5.

S. Andamaus (Port Blair).

Fam. Opuiusip#&.

LaGoerera HONESTA, Hiibn. Exot. Schmett. f. 1, 2.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

LaGoprera coronata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 596. no. 24,

L. leonina, Fabr. ib. no. 25.

L. magica, Hiibn. Exot. Schmett. f. 535.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ACH#A MELICERTA, Drury, Ins. i. pl. 23.

A. tigrina, Fabr. Spec. Ins. no. 52.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ACHZA NUBIFERA, n. sp. (Plate LIX. fig. 9, 3.)

Male and female. Upperside—fore wing vinous brown, crossed by

an indistinct subbasal black wavy line and a discal recurved transverse

sinuous line with pale lunular outer border; the disk in the male

clouded with dark fuliginous brown: hind wing dark cinereous brown,

crossed by a narrow white curved median band; a short ochreous

streak before anal angle, a pale spot on middle of hind margin, and

another at anterior angle. Thorax vinous brown; abdomen cine-

reous brown, anal tuft ochreous. Underside cinereous brown; disk

of fore wing dark fuliginous brown ; hind wing with a narrow streak

at end of the cell, a transverse broad discal and narrow inner band

of dark cinereous brown; palpi cinereous brown; legs cinereous

brown above, femora and tibize ochreous beneath,

Expanse 23 inches.

S. Andamans. In coll, F. Moore,

OPHIUSA ARCUATA, I. Sp.

Fore wing vinous greyish brown, with a broad dark brown basal

band occupying one third of the wing, the band partly crossed near

the base bya short pale streak, and its border slightly convex at the

middle; a transverse discal band, broadest on the costa, its outer

border produced to a point before the apex and then incurved to the

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XXXIX. 39

610 MR. F, MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

hind margin ; two small dentate spots from the point of the band to

the apex; veins on outer margin streaked with grey; hind wing

dusky brown, with an indistinct pale purplish grey subbasal fascia

and a streak from anal angle. Underside dusky brown, with indi-

stinct darker sinuous transverse discal lines.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

This species is also common in collections from India, Ceylon, and

Java, and is the species described by M. Guénée (Noct. ili. p. 269) as

the O. joviana of Cramer, remarking that the figure of O. joviana

(Cram. pl. 399. fig. B) was not correctly given. Unfortunately for

M. Guénée, several specimens of O. joviana before me, from the

Madras and Malabar coasts of India, perfectly agree with Cramer’s

figure above quoted, and are, moreover, identical with specimens, also

before me, from Java, collected by the late Dr. Horsfield, to which

he has applied the name of O. myops.

HyYPZTRA STIGMATA, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside purple-brown: fore wing with a broad, greyish-

black, basal, outwardly-oblique band ; a similar band beyond, broad

on the costa and including a curved brown streak and pale oblique

spot, narrowing to hind margin before the angle; the interspace be-

tween the bands pale; a marginal row of. pale spots and black con-

fluent lunules ; cilia brown: hind wing with a black streak from anal

angle and marginal lunules beneath: cilia at apex and anal angle

white.

Underside brown, crossed by a median transverse row of partly

connected black spots; a cinereous silky band or patch in cell of

fore wing, and a similar streak below apex of hind wing; antennee

ferruginous-brown ; joints of palpi black at sides, white beneath ;

legs black above, white beneath ; tarsi tufted and banded with white.

Expanse 14 inch.

Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

Fam. PoAarHILIpz.

ILUZIA PYRALINA, 0. Sp.

Male. Upperside pale brownish testaceous ; both wings with a

nearly straight, narrow, brown pale inner-bordered band crossing

from before the apex to middle of abdominal margin; a marginal

row of black pointed lunules ; fore wing with a brown border below

the costa, a blackish spot within the cell, an oval spot at its end, and

a few indistinct spots beyond ; hind wing with an indistinct blackish

spot in the cell, and a prominent spot outside the band.

Underside yellowish testaceous ; fore wing with a black spot with-

in and a larger spot at end of the cell, a transverse discal straight

row of spots and marginal series of pointed lunules ; hind wing with

a large spot in the cell, two curved, discal, transverse series of spots

and marginal row of pointed lunules ; legs brownish, streaked with

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 611

dark brown ; palpi dark chocolate-brown, apical joint pale testaceous ;

antennz brown.

Expanse 1,3, inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

Fam. Puatypip2&.

EpisPparRis VARIALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. xvi. p. 7

(1858).

£. signata, Walker, 7. c. Suppl. p. 1032.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Remiciip&.

Remicia ARCHESIA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 273. f. F, G, ?.

P. virbia, Cram. l. c. f. H.

R. bifasciata, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 1014.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ReMmiIcIa GREGALIS, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 320.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. THERMESIIDZ.

SyMPIs TURBIDA, 0. sp.

Upperside dark brown, suffused with purplish grey at the base,

crossed by apparently four equidistant indistinct darker sinuous lines

on the fore wing, and one across the middle of hind wing; a small

blackish spot at lower end of cell on the fore wing. Underside dull

brown, outer sinuous line slightly more prominent; hind wing with a

submarginal series of pale points, one on each vein.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

THERMESIA RETICULATA, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl.

p- 1062.

Drepanodes scitaria, Walker, 1. c. Geom. p. 1488.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

AZAZIA RUBRICANS, Boisduval, Walk. Cat. Lep. B. M. xv.

p- 1576.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

MESTLETA DUPLEXA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 5.)

Upperside ochreous ; a straight pale purplish-tinted band with

ochreous-brown borders extending from apex to above anal angle ;

fore wing crossed by a subbasal and median sinuous indistinct lines ;

anterior border of hind wing pale yellow.

Underside much paler, markings nearly obsolete.

Expanse £ inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

39*

612 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

CAPNODES RUFESCENS, 0. sp.

Male. Upperside light red ; both wings crossed by rather broad

dusky-grey wavy bands, which are more or less confluent; cilia

purple, with a marginal whitish inner line; body dusky ferruginous.

Underside pale testaceous, speckled with ferruginous; legs pale

testaceous.

Expanse 1,2, inch.

Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

CAPNODES TRIFASCIATA, Nl. Sp.

Female. Upperside ferruginous ; cilia purple ; both wings crossed

by three dusky-brown wavy bands and an outer lunular line, the

basal and third bands traversed by a white, dotted, black, sinuous

line ; a marginal row of black pointed lunules.

Underside dusky-brown, palest on hind wing; both wings crossed

by two curved, discal, indistinct, dusky bands; palpi and legs grey-

ish, speckled with brown.

Expanse 1,3, inch.

Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

FasCELLINA CASTANEA, N. Sp.

Differs from F. chromataria from Sikkim, on the fore wing, in the

white spot at end of the cell being small, narrow, and pointing ob-

liquely inward instead of outward, has also a smaller apical patch.

On the underside the base of the wings is yellow, the transverse dis-

cal chestnut-brown band on the fore wing is sinuous on its outer bor-

der, and broad and produced before the apex. Other markings

similar.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

PLEURONA FALCATA. (Plate LX. fig. 6.)

Pleurona falcata, Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. p. 1564.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Hypenip#&.

HypPENA QUINQUELINEALIS, 0. sp.

Upperside—fore wing purplish-cinereous; some short brown

streaks on costa before the apex; three white lines with brown inner

borders obliquely from apex to hind margin, an inner median wavy

brown line; a brown line also on extreme outer margin, with a white

cilial border : hind wing pale testaceous white, with brown marginal

line. Thorax cinereous white; abdomen testaceous white.

Underside pale testaceous ; both wings reddish testaceous at the

apex, and crossed by an indistinct, curved, discal, linear row of short

brown streaks ; legs and antenneze pale testaceous.

Expanse 2 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 613

H. DENTILINEALIS, n. sp.. (Plate LX. fig. 7.)

Upperside—fore wing testaceous-white, sparsely speckled with black

scales ; an oblique pale brown dentated line from apex to middle of

hind margin ; a short, black, linear spot at upper end of the cell;

an oblique submarginal series of small, indistinct, black spots: hind

wing and abdomen cinereous-brown: thorax testaceous-white.

Underside—fore wing testaceous-yellow, clouded with cinereous-

brown ; hind wing cinereous-white ; antennee and legs cinereous-

brown.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. HermMinip&.

BERTULA ALBINOTALIS, 0. sp.

Upperside dark purplish fawn-colour ; a black, broad, subbasal,

oblique band crossing both wings ; a marginal wavy, yellow spotted

black line; fore wing with a short, black, oblique, apical streak,

which is indistinctly continued across the hind wing; a yellow oval

spot at end of the cell.

Underside purplish-brown, a yellowish oval spot at end of cell in

both wings. Body and legs brown.

Expanse 1), inch.

Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

Allied to B. mysalis and B. hypenalis, Walk., from Ceylon.

ApPHADANA EVULSALIS, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl. 1212.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

HypRILLODES SUBBASALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 8.)

Upperside—fore wing blackish-brown, with a broad, subbasal, pale

yellowish-testaceous band, which is slightly brown-speckled, and has

a blackish dot in the cell ; hind wing pale testaceous, with an indis-

tinct dusky brown marginal band.

Underside—foge wing brown ; hind wing whitish-testaceous, with a

submarginal row of pale lunules, and a black streak in the cell ;

palpi and legs blackish, streaked with pale testaceous.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum and F. Moore.

HyDRILLODES TRANSVERSALIS, 0. sp.

Upperside pale brown; fore wing with a white zigzag median

transverse line ; cilia of hind wing alternate brown and grey.

Underside paler ; both wings with a median discal transverse darker

band, which is sinuous on the hind wing ; palpi and legs above

black speckled.

Expanse 1% inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

CyCLOPTERYX CANALIFERALIS, 0. sp.

Upperside—fore wing pale sienna-brown, outer margin and cilia

614 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

fuliginous, with a median transverse narrow white wavy band,

dentated and enclosing a small spot at end of the cell; some white

speckles on costa at apex and also on the cilia: hind wing pale

brown ; cilia white : thorax sienna-brown, white-speckled ; abdomen

brown ; palpi brown, basal points tipt with white. Legs white.

Underside pale dusky brown, whitish at base of hind wing.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

RIvULA BIOCULALIS, D. sp.

Pale ochry-yellow; fore wing with five short white transverse

streaks on the costa, a row of white and black dots on outer margin,

two pale-bordered black dots at end of the cell one above the other,

and a transverse discal curved wavy brown line. Underside paler ;

fore wing brownish in the middle. 5

Expanse 4 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

RIVULA OCULALIS, 0. Sp.

Upperside— fore wing pale testaceous, fawn-colour along the costa

and exterior margin; a black spot with white centre at end of the

cell; a black dot on middle of costa, and a row of pale-bordered

black dots on outer margin ; cilia black: hind wing pale yellowish-

white, with narrow blackish marginal line ; cilia white. Body and

legs pale brown. Underside paler than above, markings the same.

Expanse 4 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Tribe PyRALgEs.

Fam. PyraLipz.

PYRALIS TRIFASCIALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 9.)

Male. Upperside ferruginous ; fore wing with a white costal

median band, a short oblique band at apex, and a paler white band

below it to hind margin; hind wing with a transverse discal white

band, the inner margin of which is bordered with dark ferruginous.

Underside—fore wing with white bands as above; three oblique

subbasal ferruginous-brown-maculated bands with purple interspaces :

hind wing crossed by ferruginous-brown bands, the interspaces white

and traversed with short-brown strigee : legs whitish, streaked with

ferruginous.

Expanse 154, inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

PyRALIS OCHREALIS, 0. sp.

Ochry-yellow ; fore wing with four darker slightly wavy traus-

verse bands, and three on the hind wing terminating at anal angle ;

a darker marginal line. Body, antenne and palpi yellow. Legs

ochry-brown ; fore tarsi and bands on tuft, streak beneath mid and

hind tibize, and their tarsi white.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 615

Expanse, ¢ ?, 2 1 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Has also been taken in Sikkim. In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. Asopip2.

SAMEA CUPRINALIS, li. sp.

Male pale purplish-yellow, diaphanous ; cilia whitish, alternated

with brown; fore wing with two cupreous-brown spots in the cell,

beneath which are two narrow wavy lines, a broad outer marginal

band bordered by a narrow wavy inner line; hind wing with a pale-

centred brown spot at end of cell and a narrow line beneath, a broad

marginal band and inner wavy bordered line. Body purplish-

yellow, brown-speckled ; anal tuft white, antennz pale brown. Legs

pale-yellowish, fore legs and middle femora and tibize with a black

spot at the joints.

Expanse ¢ inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

SAMEA PURPURASCENS, 0. sp.

Male. Upper and underside very pale purplish grey ; fore wing

with two blackish-bordered pearly white spots within the cell, and a

short transverse series of smaller contiguous spots before the apex ;

two indistinct median transverse dusky-brown bands, which also cross

the hind wings; outer edges of wings brown. Legs whitish, banded

with brown.

Expanse 58; inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

ASOPIA LIMBOLALIS, 0. 8p.

Upperside silky gamboge-yellow ; fore wing with four and hind

wing with two short oblique transverse ochry-red bands; both

wings with a broad golden-brown pale-bordered marginal band.

Cilia of fore wing yellow, of hind wing brown, bordered by a blackish

marginal line. Body ochry-brown above, beneath and legs

yellowish-white. Palpi ochry-yellow. Underside pale silky-yellow

with broad golden-brown band.

Expanse {5 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

LEUCINODES ORBONALIS, Guén. Delt. et Pyr. p. 223 (1854).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CoPproBASIS ANDAMANALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 14.)

Allied to Cop. emealis, Walk.

Glossy cupreous-brown ; fore wing with a pale yellowish spot at

end of the cell, an oval spot beyond, and a smaller one beneath them ;

hind wing with two yellow median transverse spots. Cilia cinereous,

Body above brown, beneath whitish. Palpi black tipt. Base of

tibize and first joint of tarsi banded with black.

Expanse ¢ inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

616 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

CorToBASIs LUNALIs, Guén. Delt. et Pyr. p. 352.

Botys Thyasalis, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xviii. p. 734.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CorToBAsiIs CUPREALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 13.)

Upperside bright coppery-brown ; fore wing with three equidistant

transverse black narrow bands ; hind wing with two transverse bands,

the outer one short, a marginal and cilial black line. Underside

paler, cinereous brown at base; transverse lines indistinct. Base of

palpi white. Legs cinereous, fore and mid tibize with black bands.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

PHYSEMATIA CONCORDALIS, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monat. vii. p.

447, pl. 17. f. 14 (1863).

Nicobars.

Dicnocrosis FRENATALIS, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monat. viii. p.

447, pl. 17. f. 15 (1863).

Nicobars.

Fam. HyprocaMpip.

OLIGOSTIGMA SEXPUNCTALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 12.)

Male. Fore wing ochry-yellow, with a black line on base of costa,

a triangular spot bordered with silver beyond, two oblique subapical

short bands from the apex, both lined within with silver, and a

prominent silver streak with indistinct blackish lower border beneath

the cell: hind wing transparent white at base, yellow at apex, a

marginal quadrate black spot adorned with varied metallic scales,

the cilia adjoining marked with six black spots with white inter-

spaces ; a short indistinct black-speckled streak bordered with silver

above the black spot. Body pale ochreous, whitish beneath.

Antennz brown. Legs ochreous, streaked with brown.

Expanse 7 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

OLIGOSTIGMA PARVALIS, 0. sp.

White: fore wing with a golden-yellow band on the costa, ex-

terior, and hind borders, and short subapical bands ; the band on

exterior border with black margins: hind wing with two golden-

ree bands, each black-margined; a black spot on outer band

elow the apex.

Expanse 4 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Fam. SicuLip#.

RHODONEURA RETICULALIS, 0. sp.

Silvery white, veins of fore wing blackish. Upperside with blackish

hexegonal-shaped reticulations; many of the spaces on fore wing

1877. | ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 617

centred by a short streak. Underside as above; space within the

cell and apex of fore wing slightly cupreous. Abdomen narrowly

banded with black. Palpi and legs grey, tarsi banded with black.

Antenne brown.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

RuoponeuRrA TETRAONALIS, 0. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 10.)

Male and female, silvery white. Upperside of both wings with

numerous delicate greyish-black strigee, crowded and slightly reticu-

lated on the fore Wing, and transversely and lineally disposed on the

hind wing ; fore wing with a darker streak on a space free from

strigze near posterior angle, and a black dot at the apex. Abdomen

with slight dorsal black bands. Underside as above, metallic,

silvered below the costa, strigee darker, and streak on fore wing near

posterior angle prominent ; apical black spot large and centred with a

white dot. Legs banded with black.

Expanse ? inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum and F,

Moore.

Allied to R. puralis and R. bastialis, Walk.

RuHODONEURA MARMOREALIS, Nn. sp.

Male. Silvery white. Upperside reticulated with delicate greyish-

black strige ; costa of fore wing blackish, the edge dotted ‘with

white. Abdomen blackish-cinereous at tip, tuft brown. Underside

reticulated as above ; costa cupreous-brown. Legs greyish white ;

tibiz streaked and tarsi banded with white.

Expanse £ inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum and F,

Moore.

Fam. Sprtomeip2».

PHALANGIODES NEPTISALIS, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 264. f. F;

Guén. Delt. et Pyr. p- 279.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PYCNARMON OBINUSALIS (Astura 06.), Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M.

xviii. p. 549.

Nicobars (Kamorta), April, Weldola.

PycnarmMon DISCINOTALIS, n. sp.

Allied to P. (Zebronia) plutusalis, Walk.

White: fore wing with four and hind wing with three dark-

yellow transverse bands ; the inner discal band on both wings bent

towards the posterior angle; also a similar-coloured band on the

outer margin, and dark band on cilia; a black spot within the cell.

Expanse 2 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

May be distinguished from P. plutusalis by both wings having an

618 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

additional yellow band immediately on the outer margin, and only

one dark band on cilia.

CoNCHYLODES /ERIFERALIS, Nl. Sp.

Allied to C. (Zebronia) lactiferalis, Walk.

Wings pale brassy-yeilow, costa whitish; fore wing with two

black spots in the cell, first minute, a streak below each, a streak

from costa before the apex terminating on a spot near posterior

angle ; two small spots on costa, one near base, the other before

outer streak: hind wing with a black spot within the cell, another

near middle of outer margin, and wavy transverse streak terminating

in a spot on margin above anal angle. Body and legs white;

antennze yellowish.

Expanse 55; inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Fam. MarGARONID&.

GLYPHODES ACTORIONALIS, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

xvil. p. 498 (1859).

S. Andamans (Port Blair.)

GLYPHODES MARGINALIS, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 15.)

Male. Silvery white; both wings with a broad marginal brown

band, bordered inwardly by a wavy black line; fore wing with a

brown streak along base of costa, a transverse narrow outward-curved

subbasal band and a large spot at end of the cell; hind wing with

an outward-curved brown streak below the cell. Body above silvery

white ; a dorsal streak from head to anal tuft, and sides of thorax

brown ; tuft yellow. Palpi brown. Legs whitish. Underside

much paler-marked.

Expanse | inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. F. Moore.

SYNCLERA CHSALIS (Glyph. ces.), Walk. (1. ¢.) p. 449.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

CypaLimMa LaticostaLis (Margarodes lat.), Guén. Delt. et

Pyr. p. 303, 9 (1854).

Marg. leodicealis, Walker, Catal. Lep. B. M. pt. xviii. p. 529.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PACHYARCHES MALIFERALIS, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M.

Suppl. p. 1363 (1865).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

PACHYARCHES TIBIALIS, 0. sp.

Male. Pale green above, tinged with pale brown beneath ; cilia

cinereous ; a woolly tuft near anal angle beneath ; palpi green, white

beneath ; abdomen blackish at the tip; legs pale green ; fore tibize

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 619

at the apex and a tuft on first joint of tarsi ochreous ; hind tibize

clothed with brown hairs above.

Expanse 12 inch.

S. Andamans. In coll. British Museum.

Calcutta District. In coll. F. Moore.

Allied to P. maliferalis, but differs in the absence of the black

spot at end of the cell in both wings, and in the different-coloured

palpi.

AUXOMITIA MIRIFICALIS, Lederer, Wien. ent. Monat. vii. p-

391, pl. 13. f. 1 (1863).

Nicobars ; S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Boryp”.

Borys riuisauis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 653;

Lederer, Wien. ent. Mon. vii. pl. 9. f. 12.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys muuritineatis, Guén. Delt. et Pyr. p. 327, pl. 8. f. 11;

Lederer, Wien. ent. Mon. vii. poll. £3:

Zebronia salomealis, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xviii. p. 476.

B. annuligeralis, Walk. (J. c.) Suppl. p. 1424.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys scrntsauis. (Plate LX. fig. 11.)

Botys scinisalis, Walker, Catal. Lep. B. M. xviii. p. 648 ( 1859).

B. disjunctalis, Walk. Des. of Und. Lep. Het. p. 96 (1869).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys arprauis, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 131. f. 31.

Nicobars.

Borys sruurauis, Walker, Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. xviii. p. 669

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys THoasatis. (Plate LX. fig. 16.)

Botys thoasalis, Walk. (J. c.) p. 692.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys vINACEALIs, n. sp.

Allied to B. caletorialis, Walk.

Male. Pale glossy purplish-brown ; fore wing with an indistinct

blackish streak crossing end of the cell, a transverse zigzag line

before the apex, another below the cell, and a similar recurved zig-

zag line on hind wing; both wings with a marginal row of narrow

blackish lunules. Body and antennze pale brown, tip of abdomen

above white. Fore legs with white bands, mid legs streaked laterally

with white ; palpi dark brown, basal joint white.

Expanse 1,?, inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

620 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Borys ABsTRUSALIS, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xvii. p. 663.

B. retractalis, Walk. (J. c.) Suppl. p. 1447.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Borys OPALINALIS, 0. sp.

Upperside pale silky brownish yellow with greyish opaline

reflections ; fore wing with two very indistinct brownish spots in the

cell and a recurved transverse discal line. Body and legs ochreous-

white ; palpi and antenne brown. Underside ochreous-white.

Allied to B. megapteralis, Walk.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Borys IMMUNDALIS, Walk. Catal. Lep. Het. B. M. Suppl.

p- 1448.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Tribe CRAMBICEs.

Fam. GALLERID.

Propacuys LINEALIS, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 665, pl. 33. fig. 17.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Tribe URANIDEs.

Fam. NycTALEMONIDZ.

NYCTALEMON NAJABULA, 0. Sp.

Smaller and of a much darker fuliginous-brown colour, both

above and below, than the Indian N. zampa and the Malayan

N. docile, and has a narrower median transverse pale band on both

wings above than the former species; and on the underside these

bands are well defined and narrow.

Expanse 5 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Tribe GrOMETREs.

Fam. URApPTERIDZE.

UrarTerRyx CROCOPTERATA, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kasch. iv. p. 483

(1844).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. ENNoMIDz.

HyperyTHRA LUTEA, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 370. f. C, D, 9.

H. limbolaria, Guén. Phal. i. p. 101, pl. 3. f. 3, 4, 2.

H. susceptaria, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. Suppl. p. 1664, 2.

HI, penicillaria, Guén. (l. c.) p. 101, ¢.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 621

OmIZA AFFINIS, 0. sp.

Differs from O. pachiaria, Walk., from Sikkim, above in being

more uniformly coloured, the transverse band more prominent, and

beneath in the darker and uniform chrome-colour of both wings, a

smaller spot at end of the cells, and in the hind wing having a dis-

tinct recurved median band formed of dark chrome-coloured

speckles.

Expanse 11 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

Fam. Boarmipz.

AMBLYCHIA TORRIDA, 0. Sp.

Similar to 4. angeronaria from Sikkim, but differs in the fore

wing both above and beneath in having the transverse median pale

maculated band terminating very broadly on the costa in the male,

and in broad quadrate spots in the female. On the underside the

distinct subbasal curved dusky band which crosses both wings of

A. angeronaria are obsolete, and the outer transverse lunular bands

are replaced by a uniform broad pale brownish fascia.

Expanse, ¢ 37, 2 33 inches.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum and F.

Moore.

Hyprocuroma peRFectariA, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. p. 434.

H. nyctemerata, Walk. /. c. Suppl. p. 1543.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Biru1a eExciusa (Hemerophila ex.), Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M.

xxii. p. 320 (1861).

Acidalia imprimata, Walk. 1. c. p. 771.

Macaria obstataria, Walk. l. c. p. 928.

B. lignaria, Walk. J. ce. Suppl. p. 1600.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. GEOMETRID&.

THALASSODES C#LATARIA, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M.. xxii.

p- 552.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Patyap2.

Eumeuia Ltupovicata, Guén. Phal. i. p. 393.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. ACIDALIDZ.

Trycopes pivisariaA (Macaria div.) Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M.

Xxiil. p. 927.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

622 MR. F, MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

AcrpaLia atTentata, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxiii. p. 754.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ACIDALIA REMOTATA, Guén. Phal. i. p. 458.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

ZANCLOPTERYX sAPONARIA, H. Schiff. (Walk. Catal. Lep.

B. M. xxiii. p. 810).

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Fam. Micronip#.

MicroniA vaGATA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 18.)

Male. Form and pattern of M. caseata, Guén., from Java,

Smaller in size, and pure white above, the oblique bands formed of

short narrow grey strigze and less prominent; the margins of the

bands not linearly defined as in that species, being composed of more

straggling strige, thus giving less open interspaces between the

bands. Underside pale grey.

Expanse 1,3, inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. F. Moore.

Micronia AcuLeaTa, Guén. Phal. ii. p. 26, pl. 13. f. 8.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Micronta oprusata, Guén. Phal. ii. p. 25, pl. 5. f. 6.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Micronia OBLIQUARIA, n. sp. (Plate LX. fig. 17.)

White. Upperside with numerous short transverse dusky brown

strigee uniformly disposed: fore wing with two oblique dusky

brown bands, formed by confluent strigee proceeding from the apex

and crossing the hind wing to abdominal margin; the hind wing

also with an outer but less distinctly formed transverse band; a

narrow black wavy marginal line on both wings, and small lanceolate

spot at middle angle of hind wing. Underside white, with the

bands indistinctly visible. Palpi and tarsi fuliginous.

Expanse 14 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

This species is also found at Darjiling.

ZOMIA PALLIDA, 0. Sp.

Fore wing pale greyish-white, sparsely streaked with brown, an

indistinct transverse subbasal curved pale brown band and curved

streak before posterior angle ; hind wingpale ochreous at base. Body

and legs pale brown; antenne and palpi dark brown. Underside

pale whitish testaceous.

Expanse 13 inch.

S. Andamans (Port Blair). In coll. British Museum.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. §23

Fam. Macarip&.

Macarta norA, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. xxiii. p. 934.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Tribe TortTRICEs.

GRAPHOLITHA NOvARANA, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 137.

f. 49.

Nicobars.

CHOREUTES NOVAR, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 138. f. 14.

Nicobars.

Tribe TINEINEs.

Fam. GreLECHIDz.

BINSITTA NIVIFERANA, Walk. Catal. Lep. B. M. pt. xxix. p. 832.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

BLABOPHANES INsULARIs, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 140.

f. 21.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Syme orpicuaris, Felder, Novara-Reise, Lep. iv. pl. 140. f. 27.

S. Andamans (Port Blair).

Tabular List, showing Geographical Distribution.

a 3 :

=| : ® i Hat 5

3 Zz 3 oF Sal ee 3

q 3s | £ mal S 4 rd q

$i3s]/814¢is sl d ;| aie

Ble eles *|2\2 a

4/Fla/8S |alalals

PAPILIONES.

Fam, Danaide.

Danais limniace...................5. Sallis a Asce Rae Gee et oe el ee oe

BBICOIDES .....00.00000-002-002 Seem Ho glee |e

—— PIAMMICA, ...........-.c0ceeees| ee x | x | *« | « | *

— melanoleuca, n. sp. ......... *

BEI PUB! lececcssssecteeccenas:| -s0 *

GlOXT PUB )ceens-cesectaneetees| re: * * | * * | *

Huploea novare...............sec00-] oe *

BBHOEE Mes avcasececsewesscosces|| ase *

andamanensis ............... *

camorta, N. sp. ........ Saacll vex *

Hestia agamarschana »........... *

Fam. Satyride.

PASTE CUOPA).21.<.c25.ss005sean00s0- * * | * * | *

Mtelanitis leda —y...2.2..cesesssesee * Neg linc * |x | *

624 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Tabular List (continued).

s & cS

elelg| |B/4/#| 2

q Ss | 3 oe) SIH ls q

Si/S\eigl8slElalals

Sos Pile ee) a (a jai es

4/Zlal&8e |alalals

ae ea a ee ha re

1) Fae *

* a

| *

Fam. Morphide.

Amathusia phidippus ............ See Mee i Blea! [PE

Discophora celinde ............... PSE lficeee te see 4] Oseetal te oh Teoeea rns

Fam. Nymphalide.

Cethosia nicobarica ............... SaEF Hin Se

Cirrochroa anjira, n.sp. ......... 1 3e| |

Oyntliajerobanties eo: ensscsseee. ee ae | *

Messaras nicobarica ............... loss o| ae

Atella alcippe .<..c....0...0..ccee <i reed | cy S Naae rel Pansets| ps":

Pyramoeis Cardi is.cc+.-ss2-<.20.- 1ST ase | Bes. | ESE ea cee 4 eer ence

JUNOMIAORNONG t.necascese cen sesencs i 3e: 1 Tada aa Seal eee dian | eee

nicobariensis.................. bn cudese

Doleschallia pratipa ...............| * | ... | + | * *

Kallima albofasciata, n. sp. ...... b ae |

Burytela horsfieldi ...............) % |... |. | %

Cyrestis formosa .......... % |

Diadema bolina............. * | * x | *

Jacinthaxcs.. Wes. * | * x | * | *

Herona andamana, n. sp.. * | |

Parthenos gambrisius ............ a SSS» PP oni Ps rata on fe

Limenitis anarta, n.sp. ......... ¥

Neptis andamana, n.sp. ......... *

mananda, D.Sp. .........0+. | x

—— nicobarica, n. sp. ............ takai

CNIACALIS Es oc. cocoate ike ase: *

Tanaécia cibaritis .................. * |

HCON MUS! Sees aceceeaseeme *

Symphedra teutoides, n.sp. ...) *

Fam. Lemoniide.

Abisara kausambi.................- Se. Ta dee Seen ae

bifasciata, n.sp. .........:.. | %

Fam. Lycenide.

Curetis saronis, 0.sp. ..........+. *

Pithecops hylax * x | *

Castalias ethion * * *

elna ON. Mees Beets * x | *

mAANINENA Mekcese cencclec eek aren

Lampides eelianus.... Te ae * | * * | * | x

CHOJURip Le scor ecg ero Beudecaeen 5 ele se eae | x | *

———— PANdAVA 6.2.5.5. ..cb eee Scot Maa * * 5 * |... | %

SUDADG: nae ee eee secbossnecees tees * % * *

kinkurkeay Aeeeci, Jae h =. tes cect paz ae |

——— Kankena.. isi iivccccdecteoss a! odeu|

1877.) ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 62

Tabular List (continued.)

a a =

a|2|¢ ae ae

1s 18/1. ing S/H ls] gs

Sislgl¢issielalals

SS 5 2 \8"7| 3 1 >

Lampides kondulana ............ x | *

Lycznesthes macrophthalma ...| ... | * | |

Lycsena Sangra, ............ceeseeeee * | * * % |

Aphneeus zoilus, n. sp. ...........- * |

Hypolycna andamana, n.sp....| *

PLEO ents acatee sho senses ipso ace *

PUD HOMNALOGH re de ces vatec-sncecsncode< *

KamMorta ......00.00c0ss0eeeee *

Deudorix orseis............ «as | * | *

epijarbas ............ * | Chl eee Oe

Myrina prabha, n. sp. ............ *

Amblypodia zeta, n.sp. ......... * | |

—— nakula ........ bs Casaraceenoee * | * |

Fam. Pieride.

Werias fOrMOsa -<2....0.-0.00-see8e ae ee *

nicobariensis ...........++:. * | * | |

Hebomoia glaucippe............... * * * | * * |

Ixias andamana, n.sp............. * / |

Appias galathea ee: |

Catopsilia catilla 2d Bas * | * * | * | ¥

CHOCHION...+<2028ecs00- * | * ial eos * | * | *

chryseis...... * * ann *

Pieris nama .......... ita dclscetaade * *

lichenosa, n. 8p. .........66. *

Eronia naraka, n.sp. ............ *

Fam. Papilionide.

Ornithoptera heliconoides,n.sp. .| - ¥

Papilio mayo......... Reseesercceoee *

charicles .......... * |

rhodiver |. ....2.2 x |

camorta, 0. sp..... * |

MiCObaTUS .......4000..0.0-.00- wae [ie |

agamemmon ................4. 20 | 9b I ton ended] 8 * | # | *

—— ? eurypilus (? Axion) ...... * ae) eee ek:

—— antiphates................ sence|re % * | * *

Fam. Hesperide.

Ismene chromus ............. sccue[a dt * | *# | oa. a

TNAIAVANB <2 o.0ccssecess2s.050 * *

Tagiades alica, n.sp. ............ *

BENT EEIA e oacoce esos secthec te set 34

Plesioneura alysos .............4. * * | * * | * | *

Hesperia cahira, n.sp............. * :

CCUG), aaneeeogeeeaaeapoconbet icc *

OAC. NSD, sos cnslede sc see =: *

Mathias............. one [2 # x * | * | #

IDCOUTIA wescecsctsssnecs Srodee * Bee cl lat

Telegonus thyrsis .............066+. * | * * |) * | * | #

Pamphila purreea, n. sp.......... *

—— Bola, NSP. ..........eeceeee * | | /

HS" MOSOIDES c.eececcceeceeeneees- ai ee ea es |

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XL. 40

626 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE

Tabular List (continued.)

[June 19,

SPHINGES.

Pergesa acteus) .........0scsss-cs+--

Panacra busiris........

Cherocampa nessus....

—— tenebrosa, n. sp.

Acherontia morta ...............0

Triptogon andamana, Nn. sp.......

Clanis phalaris .............--.0..--

Calymnia pavonica, n.sp. ......

Protoparce orientalis ............

Bompyces.

Fam. Agaristide.

Eusemia albomarginata .........

Fam. Zygenide.

Eressa affinis, n. sp....... Koagicrester

Euchromia polymena .........+--

Fam. Arctiide.

Alphenus biseriatus, n. sp. ......

Fam. Lithosiide.

Lithosia intermixta ......... Reade

BNUUGa: | eeade nce eenneaeanceates

Sesapa andamana, n. sp. ....

Barsine trivitatta, n. sp. .........

Acpima cr bYaria, veseos»aqersvece=-

Fam. Hypside.

Peridrome orbicularis ...... Beene

Euplocia membliaria .........+8

Damalis alciphron .........+0+++

Hypsa andamana, n. sp. «......

venalba, 0. 8p. ............ ex

Philona cinerascens, n, sp. ......

Fam. Callidulide.

Cleosiris catamita ..........e0s0+05+

Fam. Nyctemeride.

Nyctemera lacticinia ............

Pitasila leucospilota, n. sp.......

Fam. Huschemide.

Euschema andamana, n. sp.

—— reepstorffi, n. sp. ......... acs

Celerena andamana ..............-

Fam. Chalcosiide.

Cyclosia nigrescens, n. sp. ......

| Andamans.

| Nicobars.

wee

| Sumatra.

Malay penin-

sula

| Burmah.

* KK

| N.E. India.

| S. India

iS)

* | *

% | *

* | *

{

| #

| |

% | *

Drie.

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS.

Tabular List (continued.)

Fam. Liparide.

Redoa flavescens, n. sp. .........

BETICGA, DSP: \.....cb02s5s00s

Caviria cygna, n. sp. ....-...eeee

Leelia venosa, 1. SP. .+..-.eeeeeee

Euproctis discinota, n. sp. ......

Fam. Psychide.

Mahasena andamana, n. sp.

Fam. Saturniide.

AGtiAS BELONG ... 065... .seecceeebecees

ignescens, n. Sp. ............

Antherza andamana, n. sp.

Nocrves.

Fam. Leucanide.

Leucania costalis, n. sp. ....++0..

Fam. Glottulide.

Ramadasa payo ...... seebeveeeees

Fam. Apamide.

Spodoptera cilium ...............

SS MUIDER)) oc evcseivtesabscacdates

Prodenia ciligérs .3.........s.0cd.

Illatia cephusalis ...............4..

Perigea canorufa ...............4..

Thalpophila cuprea, n. sp. ......

Fam. Caradrinide.

Amyna selenampha ...............

Fam. Hameroside.

Apsarasa figurata, n. sp..........

Fam. Acontide.

Xanthodes transversa ............

Acontia signifera ......... Seer ce

Fam. Palindide.

Homodes crocea ..........0.0ee0e-

KOK OK Andamans.

Nicobars.

Fam. Eriopide.

Callopistria exotica ............4..

Fam. Eurhipide.

Ingura cristatrix .............0066

Fam. Plusiide.

Plusiodonta conducens............

Sumatra.

Java.

| M

alay penin-

sula

| Burmah.

| N. E. India.

627

Ceylon.

628 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Tabular List (continued.)

| es

mn i fo}

q . : 5 wee

3 z|£ | a 2) eis] os

Peis. eal ela lee

Sif /a | le2]e/S 14/5

ae lee SS | ee) Se ee J

Fam. Hemiceride. |

Westermannia triangularis, | |

| | |

MBPs wh iceesdesesnseeteccsnesodere * | |

4 | | | | |

Fam. Hybleide. | |

Nolasena dulcissima...... Serer ae He [ck [mast |, ego ditmennt|| domed Maren endonn ea

Fam. Gonopteride, |

Anomis fulvida...........- Pesaecies H | wee |

Fam. Polydesmide, |

Polydesma boarmoides.........-..| * J vee [eset | Hf nee | ooee | Stal Crete it ata

Fam. Aypogrammide. | | ipa

Ercheia tenebrosa....... eee &: PM eee Wicep| Jose jee | #

Fam. Catephide. | |

Anophia olivascens ...... newadee 36 ea .| #

Fam. Hypocalide. | | |

Hypocala lativitta, n. sp.......... * |

Fam. Catocalide. | |

Blenina lichenosa, n. sp. ........- * |

Brisea, D. SP. ...seseeeeee re is

Fam. Ophideride. | |

Ophideres aurantia, n. sp. .....- * |- {readies Og

fullonica ..... a AN aoe oP sa huss (of a * | %

—— hypermnestra ............5..| * * * *

Phyllodes consobrina ........... 1 al oe Sealllaga Set osoe *

Potamophora manlia ...... eaves comm ieee ie * | *

Fam. Erebide. | |

Tavia substruens ............0s00 S| | 03. [bona | iasoe alesen etic |) 4

| | | |

Fam. Ommatophoride. | |

Speiredonia retrahens ............ ech | ese)! P-cell sea eres

—— conspicua........ Memaressncese|(t:% | |

Argiva hieroglyphica ............ | Att EC MRE IA sal tcl MC Vi aS oe Nhe

Nyctipao crepuscularis............ Niwa |) Pook alae | swtdemaha he deat Ul eae

truncata, N. Sp. ....seeeeeee *

Fam. Hypopyride. /

Spirama coherens ............++- SA |) ok [ek ol Resell eee [ocean ee

Hypopyra persimilis, n. sp....... *

Hamodes discistriga....... seoteS Met oop || vont et one a haatoa etme ai Re

Hntomoprammia fautrix......3.2/ H% | ob | 30k | HH | oace | eocul Koala ale 9

Fam. Ophiuside.

Lagoptera honesta ...... Biswivnagea| My [hime «1 onBMl|, ome'h'| mean emake: |e ee ee a

COLONAT scttter.serecbet toe des eS oO eee ae OE | he eae Hae

a—_—

1877.] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 629

Tabular List (continued).

a a §

a|eié¢ ee fo | At el

Als \|2) legleicle]s

Siro ies |e lens & ls S

SES ES) e ileal s| 4 |

4/4 /a/5 &@ |/Al]alalfo

Achzea melicerta ...............+- * * * } * | *

mubitera,/n. Sp: ...5.<20+ *

Ophiusa arcuata, n. sp. ......... *

| Hypetra stigmata, n. sp.......... *

| Fam. Platydide.

| Hpisparis varialis .................. | ae | * *

| |

| Fam. Poaphilide. |

_Tluza pyralina, n. sp. «4.0.26: #

| Fam. Remigiide, /

Remigia archesia ................65 * | * * | * *

PMEPANISNe ccscce-cocserescaceee * | *

Fam. Thermesiide. | |

Sympis turbida, n. sp. ............ * |

Thermesia reticulata ............ ¥ ae eanlonte ace

Azazia PUbricaNs .........0..-0.00- * * x | « | x

Mestleta duplexa, n, sp. ......... * |

Capnodes rufescens, n. sp,........ *

trifasciata, n. sp............. *%

Fascellina castanea, n.sp......... *

| Fam. Hypenide.

Typena quinquelinealis, n. sp...|

dentilinealis, n. sp.......... *

Bertula albinotalis, n. sp......... *

Hydrillodes subbasalis, n. sp....|

—— transversalis, n. sp.......... *

Apphadana evulsalis .........,.. *

Cyclopteryx canaliferalis, n. sp.| x

Rivula bioculalis, n. sp......,..... *

OCULALIS, Tl. BP;..c---00-<<eees *

Pyrates,

Fam. Pyralide.

Pyralis trifascialis, n. sp.......... *

ochrealis, n. Sp.........00006 * ’ ane mek ORE

Fam, Asopide. |

Samea cuprinalis, n.sp............ * |

purpurascens, n. sp......... * |

Asopia limbolalis, n. sp. ......... *

Leucinodes orbonalis ............ *

Coptobasis andamanalis, n. sp... * |

Soo EUIT ALIS. 2. sc conccneconeces vase *

cuprealis, n. sp. ............ * |

Physematia concordalis ......... *

| Dichocrosis frenatalis ............ *

{—

630 MR. F. MOORE ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF THE [June 19,

Tabular List (continued).

Fam. Hydrocampide.

Oligostigma sexpunctalis, n. sp.|

—— parvalis, n. sp...........0+- *

Fam. Siculide,

Rhodoneura reticulalis, n. sp...|

tetraonalis, n. sp.........++- *

—— marmorealis, n. sp......... *

Fam Spilomelide.

Phalangiodes neptisalis ......... *

Pyenarmon obrinusalis............ *

discinotalis, n. sp. ......-+. *

Conchylodes zeriferalis, n. sp... *

Fam. Margaronide.

Glyphodes actorionalis............ *

— marginalis, n. sp ........++ *

Synclera cxsalis .................. *

Cydalima laticostalis ..,......... *

Pachyarches maliferalis ......... *

tibialis, n. sp. ........2.00++ *

Auxomitia mirificalis ............

Fam. Botyde.

SBOLyS WiGalis Ee. 4occns pce naeae- *

MUL MLMGAIS) Aieeece. cee ne- *

= ROPING IR ap ts sloces eae esse *

5 ATOGANIS, .oevegscssssecsenees ae

== STD PAILTS, beeieepe duce sie cae aes sins *

———— fhoasalis .....,.....sccccesne- *

—— vVinacealis, n. sp. ..........+. *

—— abstrusalis .........0c0cseqes *

— opalinalis, n. sp. ............ *

et PINT AS coy ewnncee seuse ass *

CrAMBICES.

Fam. Galleride.

Propachys linealis ..............- *

URANIDES.

Fam. Nyctalemonide.

Nyctalemon najabula, n. sp...... *

GEOMETRES.

Fam. Urapteride.

Urapteryx crocopterata ......... *

Fam. Ennomide.

Hyperythra lutea .............+. relia

Omiza affinis, n. sp. .........+0006 *

| Nicobars.

| Sumatra.

| Java,

| M

sula,

alay penin-

| Burmah.

| N.E. India.

* KOK OK

| 8. India.

| Ceylon.

1877. ] ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS. 631

Tabular List (continued).

4 :

a fa &

aii Break oe | Silas ies

eiele let s|S i415

“4/4/a|/H lf |A|alsajo

Fam. Boarmide. |

Amblychia torrida, n. sp......... *

Hypochroma perfectaria ......... * * | *

Bithia exclusa ...............s000. * ea esas: ||) 3%

Fam. Geometride.

Thalassodes celataria ............ * *

Fam. Palyade. |

Eumelea ludoyicata ..............- * | #

| |

Fam. Acidalide. |

Trygodes divisara..............+0.+ * * | *

Acidalia attentata.............6..6 % | #

MEMLOCAGD (soeccessneceeccunenics cyaligete | | * |

Zanclopteryx saponaria ......... ele eaal ceed eece. (a | * | x

Fam. Micronide. | |

Micronia vagata, n. sp............ * |

GOGUSAEE seccncessquayerssecns * Atl * *

obliquaria, n. sp.........++ *

Zomia pallida, n.sp.........+..++- * |

Fam. Macaride. |

TACAPTA TOGA <..25.---eeccssieernne * % * | * | #

TorrTRICES. |

Grapholitha novarana............ vee |

Choreutes NOVAr&®..........0c..c000] oes *

TINEINES.

Binsitta niviferana ............... HS ives a |

Blabophanes insularis ............| ..- *

Syme orbicularis .................- * /

es |

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate LVIII.

. Mycalesis radza, n. sp. p., 583.

. Abisara bifasciata 2, n. sp., p. 587.

. Danais melanoleuca, n. sp., p. 581.

. Neptis mananda, n. sp., p. 586.

Myrina prabha 2, n. sp., p. 589.

Amblypodia zeta 9, n. sp., p. 590.

. Hesperia colaca, n. sp., p. 594.

— cahira §,n. sp., p. 593.

. Pamphila gola 8, nu. sp., p. 594.

purreed, 1. sp., p. 594.

Tagiades alica 3, n. sp., p. 593.

632 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

Puate LIX,

. Lelia venosa 3, un. sp., p. 601.

Bizone amabilis G,n. sp., p. 597.

Eressa affinis, n. sp., p. 596.

Mahasena andamana , n. sp., p. 602.

. Hypsa andamana, n. sp., p. 098.

. Philona cinerascens, n. sp., p. 598.

. Ramadasa pavo, Walk., p. 603.

. Pitasila leucospilota, n. sp., p. 599.

. Achea nubifera G,n. sp., p. 609.

. Thalpophila cuprea, n. sp., p. 604.

. Leucania costalis, n. sp., p. 603.

Puate LX.

. Blenina grisea, n. sp., p. 607.

lichenosa, un. sp., p. 607.

Homodes crocea, Guén., p. 605.

Hypocala lativitia, n. sp., p. 606.

. Mestleta duplexa, n. sp., p- 611.

. Pleurona falcata, Walk., p. 612.

. Hypena dentilinealis, n. sp., p. 618.

. Hydrillodes subbasalis, n. sp., p. 613.

. Pyralis trifascialis, n. sp., p. 614.

. Rhodoneura tetraonalis, n. sp., p. 617.

. Botys scinisalis, Walk., p. 619.

12. Oligostigma sexpunctalis, n. sp., p. 616.

13. Coptobasis cuprealis, n. sp., p. 616.

andamanalis, n. sp., p- 615.

15. Glyphodes marginalis, n. sp., p. 618.

16. Botys thoasalis, Walk., p. 619.

17. Micronia obliquaria 3, n. sp., p. 622.

vagatd, n. sp., p. 622.

= s

SOMN am whe

—

Somme oot

7. A Revision of the Lepidopterous Genus Paphia.

By Hersert Drvce, F.LS., F.Z.8.

[Received June 7, 1877.]

( Plates LXI.-LXIV.)

The last synopsis of this genus was made in 1850, in the ‘ Genera of

Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ The uumber of species at that time amounted

to twenty-six ; and in Mr. Kirby’s Catalogue, published in 1871, we

find the number brought up to fifty-three. Since then a large num-

ber have been described; and in addition to them, in the present

paper I add descriptions of twenty-one new species, bringing the

total number described up to ninety-five—nearly four times the

number named in the ‘Genera.’ I find that in several instances

species have been described two or three times over, and that others

have been overlooked on account of the localities where the specimens

were obtained not having been marked upon them. 1 have endea-

voured in the following list to correct, as far as possible, all these

errors; but in some few instances I have not been able to examine

the types or figures of them; therefore I do not feel certain that all

the species are placed in their right position.

imp

Hannart

M & N

}

NEW SPECIES OF PAPHIA

pe hth

; a itt Mi

Me : i

Ria Oh rh ale te Tal) a,

pCa Ne olalvees

JERippon lith.

M&N.Hanhart in

jopon hth

APHIA

iClES

1877.] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 633

The species of this genus are, with one exception, exclusively

confined to the neotropical region, as defined by Mr. Sclater, the

greatest number of species being found in the Brazilian subregion.

They seem to take the place of the genus Charaves of the Old

World, and by some authors have beea placed with them.

My best thanks are due to the following gentlemen—Messrs.

Salvin and Godman, Dr. Staudinger, Mr. Hewitson, and Mr. Henley

G. Smith, all of whom have allowed me free use of their extensive

collections.

Subfamily NyMPHALIN&.

Genus Paputa, Fab.

Paphia, Fabr. Ill. Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807); Westw. Gen. D. L.

p- 317 (1850).

Nymphalis paphia, Latr. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 10 (1819); Feld.

Neue Lep. p. 41 (1861).

1. P. rrogiopyta, Fab. (Pap. ¢.) Syst. Ent. p. 502 (1775).

P. astinax, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 337. f. A, B (1782).

P. astina, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii.i. p. 81 (1793).

Hamadryas undata, Hibn. Samui. exot. Schmett. (1806-1816).

Hab. Haiti (Tweedie), Jamaica (Cutter). Mus. S. & G., D.

This species varies much in colour; some specimens are quite a

deep red, others orange-red. It is peculiar to the West Indies.

2. P. portia, Fab. (Pap. p.) Syst. Ent. p. 507 (1775).

Nymphalis portia, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 364 (1823).

Hab. Jamaica. Mus. 8. & G.

Closely allied to the preceding species, of which it may be only a

variety. It differs from P. troglodyta in the following respects : —

the anteriur wing is straighter and not crossed by the broken brown

line; the lower half of the posterior wing is thickly speckled with

brown scales.

3. PAPHIA OPS, Sp. n.

Form of P. aidea. Upperside bright orange-red, the outer

margins of all the wings mottled with brown. Underside pale grey-

brown mottled with darker brown.

Hab. Texas. Mus. S. & G., D.

This is a rare species ; I have only seen three specimens.

4. P. arpa, Guér. (Thymetes? a.) Icon. Régne Anim. Ins. texte,

p. 478 (1829-1838).

The locality given for this species is Campeachy Bay. I have

examined specimens from the following localities :—Oaxaca, Mexico

(Fenochio); Mexico (Boucard), Guatemala (Salvin § Godman) ;

Chontales Mines, Nicaragua (7. Belt). Mus. S. & G., D.

This species varies slightly ; the Mexican specimens are darker-

coloured than those from the other localities. In the central valleys

of Guatemala this species is very common, but becomes scarce in

Mexico and Nicaragua. I have not seen it from South America.

634. * MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

5. P. warice, Godt. (Nymph. h.) Enc. Méth. ix. p. 366 (1823).

Anea halice Hibn. Zutr. Exot. Schmett. f. 967, 968 (1837).

Rio (J. Youds), Minas Geraes and St. Paulo (Rogers).

Mus. 8. & G.

Matto Grosso (Beske), Rio ( Burmester). Mus. D.

The specimen trom St. Paulo differs from all the others I have

seen in having the whole of the wing suffused with a beautiful blue

gloss. ‘The range of this species seems confined to the southern

part of Brazil.

6. P. curysopHana, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. ill. p. 152 (1866).

P. pyrrhothea, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. iil. p. 447, t. 60. f. 3

(1876).

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten); Veragua (drcé) ; Panama.

Mus. S. & G., D.

New Granada; Bogota (Lindig.). Mus. Felder.

East Peru (Bartlett). Mus. D.

The males of this species do not vary; but the female does, in the

amount of yellowish-white markings on the anterior wing. This is

a scarce species, Central America being its head quarters. I have

only seen one specimen from Peru, which does not differ in any

respect.

7. P. moreTTA, sp.n. (Plate LXI. figs. 1, 2.)

Form of P. chrysophana. Upperside—anterior wing of the male

with the outer margin brownish black, not glossed with blue as in

chrysophana, the basal part bright reddish brown, a biack band

from the costal margin to the end of the cell, from which a faint

broken line crosses the wing to the anal angle; posterior wing

brown, with the basal third reddish, slightly glossed with purple,

three black spots between the base of the tail and the anal angle.

Underside greyish, thickly irrorated with brown scales in some

specimens, crossed beyond the middle by a waved brown band; both

wings with a submarginal row of very minute white spots. The

female is very like the female P. halice with all the white markings

very small.

Exp. ¢ 13 inch, 2 2 inches.

Hab. Pernambuco. Mus. D.

A very distinct and beautiful little species.

8. P. rypHea, Cram. (Pap. r.) Pap. Ex. t. 48. f. G, H (1779).

Nymphalis ryphea, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 365 (1823).

Hab. Mountains of Oaxaca, east side (Fenochio); Polochic valley

(Hague); Nicaragua (7. Belt); Costa Riea (Van Patten); Veragua

(A4rcé) ; Ecuador (Simson); Bolivia (Buckley); E. Peru (Pearce

and Whitely); Venezuela (Goering). Mus. S. G. & D.

This species has a very wide range; the largest specimens are

from Ecuador and Bolivia. It does not show any variation worthy

of note, except that the tails of the hind wing vary much in size

1877. ] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 635

and length. One of the specimens sent by Dr. Staudinger is almost

without tails, and the red band at the apex of the anterior wing is

very much smaller than usual, also the posterior wing is slightly

dentated on the outer margin. I think it quite likely, when we

know the larva and can get bred specimens, we shall find that P.

ryphea and P. phidele are the same.

9. P. puipite, Hiibn. Ex. Schmett. Zutr. f. 905, 906 (1837).

P. erythema, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 343 (1865).

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten); Veragua (Arcé); Panama, New

Granada, East Peru (Whitely); Santarem (H. H. Smith); North

Brazil (Beske) ; S. E. Brazil (Rogers and Youds). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species has a very wide range and varies to some extent.

The specimens named by Mr. Bates I cannot distinguish in any way

from Hiibner’s species. The specimens from Central America have

the most colour on the posterior wing; in those from Peru and

South Brazil the posterior wing is almost a dark brown. Some

few specimens show indication of the tail on the posterior wing in

the males, the same as P. ryphea. In fact it is difficult to say where

one species stops and the other begins. I have a female from Per-

nambuco with a band of white spots across the underside of the

posterior wing, but not differing in any other way.

10. P. were, Linn. (Pap. h.) Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 773 (1767) ;

Clerck, Icones, t. 34. f. 3 (1764).

Nymphalis helie, Godt. Enc. Méth, ix. p. 365 (1823).

I know nothing exactly agreeing with the figure Helie in Clerck’s

Icones ; I believe it to be a female either of P. ryphea or P. phidile ;

but for the present I think it better to keep them separate.

11, P. rurypuite, Feld. (Nymphalis e.) Wien. ent, Mon. vi.

p. 119 (1862).

Hab. Cameta and Bahia. Mus. 8S, & G.

A very distinct species.

12. P. sosrrpus, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 352.

Hab, BE. Peru.

I have not seen this species.

13. P. anpria, Scudd. (Ane@a, a.) Bull. Buff. Soc. ii. p, 248.

n. 59.

I have not seen this insect.

14. P. crarats, Hew. Desc. Bolivian Butt. p. 9 (1874).

Hab. Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

This species is close to P. glycerium, but differs from it by its

smaller size and by having a band of white spots across the under-

side of the posterior wing.

636 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

15. P. etycertum, Doub. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 50. f. i. (1850) ;

Morr. Syn. Lep. N. America, i. p. 67 (1862).

Hab. Mexico (Boucard); Guatemala (Salvin) ; Nicaragua (Belé

and Janson); Costa Rica (Van Patten) ; Chiriqui and Veragua

(Arcé) ; New Granada, Venezuela (Goering). Mus. S. & G., D.

The Mexican specimens are the smallest and darker-coloured,

agreeing best with those from New Granada and Veneznela.

16. P. ecuemus, Doub. & Hew. (Cymatogramma, e.) Gen. D. L.

t. 49. f.4 (1850).

Hab. Honduras. Mus. D.

This species is without doubt a Paphia closely allied to P. verti-

cordia ; it is still very rare in collections.

17. P. verticorp1aA, Hubn. Zutr, Ex. Schmett. f. 559, 560

(1825).

Hab. Haiti (Tweedie). Mus. 8. & G.

This species is only found in Taiti.

18. P. nosruis, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 162 (1864).

Hab. Guatemala, St. Geronimo, Plain of Salama (Salvin §& God-

man). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This splendid species is only found in the central valleys of

Guatemala, where it entirely replaces P, nessus, its nearest South-

American ally.

19. P. Nessus, Latr. (Nymph. n.) Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii.

p- 76, t. 35. f. 5, 6 (1811-1823).

Q Nymphalis cleodice, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 109 (1861),

3 Nymph. tempe, Feld, I. C. p. 110 (1861), vi. p. 111 (1862).

Hab. Bogota; Cosnipata valley, East Peru (Whitely); Ecuador

and Bolivia (Buckley) ; Venezuela (Mortéz). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species has a very wide range, but does not vary except in

the red spot on the posterior wing ; in some specimens it is entirely

wanting, in others it is very distinct. This variation is not confined

to specimens from one locality. It is a very common species

throughout South America,

20. P. nusea, Godt. (Nymph. n.) Ene. Meéth. ix. p. 365 (1823).

Nymphalis centaurus, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. ii. p. 447, t. 60.f.5

(1867).

Hab. Bogota, New Granada (Birchall). Mus. S. & G., D,

I have not seen a specimen of this species excepting from the

above locality ; it does not vary in the least. I have never seen the

female, though the male is common and in most collections.

21. P. rrran, Feld. (Nymph. ¢.) Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 447,

t. 60. f. 4 (1867).

Hab. New Granada (Birchell) ; Costa Rica (Van Patten).

: Mus. 8S. & G., D.

1877. ] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 637

This is a rare species. A specimen from Costa Rica is larger,

and much darker-coloured than those from New Granada.

22. P. rutizans, Butl. Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv.

p- 223 (1875).

Hab; E. Peru (Whitely). Mus. B.

Very like P. titan, only smaller and without the tails to the hind

wing.

23. P. ryRIANTHINA, Salv. & Godm. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. vol. ii.

p- 148 (1868) ; Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Paph. t. 2. f. 4, 1869.

Hab. Apolobamba, Bolivia (Pearce). Huasampilla, E. Peru

(Whiteiy). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This beautiful species is still very rare; the female is unknown.

24. P. cyanea, Salv. & Godm. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. ii.

p- 148 (1868); Hew. Ex, Butl. iv. Paph. t. 2. f. 5, 9 (1869).

Hab. Canelos, Ecuador (Pearce). Cosnipata, E. Peru ( Whitely).

Mus. 8. G.

Aguano, Ecuador (Simson). Mus. D.

This species is quite unlike any other Paphia with which I am

acquainted ; it is still very rare. I have only seen the five speci-

mens that are in our collections, all of which are males.

25. P. onorpuis, Feld. (Nymph. 0.) Wien. ent. Mon. v. p. 110

(1861).

P. onophis, Bd. Lép. Guat. p. 50 (1870).

Hab. Tablelands of Guatemala (Salvin); Costa Rica (Van

Patten), Veragua (drcé), New Granada (Felder), E. Pern (Pearce),

Ecuador (Buckley). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species is common throughout a very wide range of country,

and does not vary to any extent; the specimens from New Granada

are the largest and rather greener in colour. A specimen in Messrs.

Salvin and Godman’s collection from Guatemala is almost without

the blue spots on the anterior wing.

26. P. nuBpmna, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 50 (1870).

I have not seen this species, but doubt its being distinct from

P. onophis.

27. P. arcinussa, Hiibn. (Corycia, a.) Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f.

705, 706 (1832).

Hab. Minas Geraes (Rogers). Mus. 8. & G,.

‘This species is rare ; I have only seen one specimen.

28. P. amenopuis, Feld. (Nymph. a.) Reise Nov. Lep. iti.

p. 449 (1867).

Hab. Guatemala (Salvin), New Granada (Felder), L. Amazons

and E. Peru (Whitely). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This is a well-marked species, but varies much on the underside;

638 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. {June 19,

in some specimens the dark brown markings are very distinct ; in

others they are almost wanting. A specimen in Dr. Staudinger’s

collection is much brighter blue than any I have seen. The type

was from Bahia.

29. P. prrnyusa, Feld. (Nymph. p.) Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.

1869, p. 473.:

P. enomais, Boisd. Lép. Guat. p. 51 (1870).

Hab. 8. Mexico (Boucard), Guatemala (Hague), Veragua (Arcé,

Costa Rica (Van Patten). Mus. 8. & G., D.

The female of this species is much larger than the male, the base of

the wings is bluer, and the spots on the anterior wing are larger and

almost white. This is a scarce species, allied to P. arginussa, Hiibn.,

of which I should consider it the Central-American representative.

30. P. nerracea, Butl. Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 100 (1872).

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten). Mus. D.

A well-marked species belonging to the Arginussa group.

31. PaPHIA LEMNOs, n. sp. (Plate LXI. fig. 3.)

Upperside blue-black : anterior wing the basal third dull blue, two

blue spots near the apex, the first close to the margin, the second

below and nearer the middle, followed by ‘three spots in a straight

line to the anal angle ; the third is minute: posterior wing dull, blue

from the base to the middle of the outer margin, a small white spot

just above the tail, which is short and blunt. Underside rich brown ;

anterior wing crossed by two undulating bands of pale brown, thickly

irrorated with dark brown, the first near the base quite narrow, the

second beyond the middle extending to the apex and the anal angle,

but not to the outer margin, which is dark brown; posterior wing

crossed by two dark brown bands, the first from the middle of the

costal margin to nearly the inner margin, the second from the apex

to the anal angle, two small silvery spots on the middle of the costal

margin.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab, Chanchamayo, E. Peru (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

This is a well-marked species.

32. P. appras, Hiibn. (Corycia a.) Samml. ex. Schmett. (1816-

1841).

ITab. Bogota (Birchell) 8. Brazil (Rogers). Mus. S. & G., D.

The female of this species differs from the male inthe same way as

the sexes of P. pithyusa ; it is a rare species, but most common in

S. Brazil.

33. P. arracmna, Hew. Exot. Butt. iv. Paph. t. 2. f. 6, 7

(1869).

Hab. Choctum, Vera Paz. (Hague); Nicaragua (Belt and Janson),

Veragua (Arcé). Mus. S. & G., D.

‘The type was from New Granada, and differs from the five speci-

1877.] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 639

mens that I have before me in wanting the white Spot near the apex

of the anterior wing, also in the much blacker colour of the under-

side. It is still a rare species, and in few collections.

34. P. urtnores, Fab. (Pap. e.) Syst. Ent. p. 484 (1775) ; Don.

Ins. Ind, t. 33. f. 3 (1800).

Nymphalis eribotes, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p- 356 (1823).

Paphia eribotes, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p- 340 (1865).

P. leonida 2, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 388. f. E. F. (1782).

Hab. Para (Bates). Mus. S. & G.

Santarem (H. H. Smith), Guiana (Deyrolle). Mus. D.

There can be little doubt that Mr. Bates was quite correct in

stating that the female is the species figured by Cramer; those sent

by Mr. Smith agree with his specimens in every respect. This species

is only found on the Lower Amazons.

35. P. porpHyrio, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p- 340 (1865).

Hab. Para, Santarem, Obydos, Tapajos (Bates). Mus. 8. & G.

This is a very common species on the Lower Amazons ; the speci-

men from Obydos differs from all the others by being much redder

in colour on the outer margins of all the wings.

36. P. xenocizs, Westw. Gen. D. L. p- 319, n. ii. note (1850).

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten), Chiriqui and Veragua (Arcé),

New Granada (Birchell), Minas Geraes (Rogers), Venezuela

(Goering). Mus. S. & G., D.

This species has a very wide range, but does not show variation

to any extent ; the specimens from Chiriqui are almost identical with

those from Minas Geraes, and are brighter blue than those from New

Granada &c.

37. P. ocravius, Fabr. (Pap. o.) Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p- 73 (1793) ;

Don. Ins. Ind. t. 29. f. 2 (1800).

I have never seen this insect, and do not know any species in the

least like the figure; it is said to come from India, which must, of

course, be a mistake.

38. P. morvus, Fab. (Pap. m.) Syst. Ent. p- 484 (1775).

Nymphalis morvus, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p- 367 (1823).

Paphia morvus, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 341 (1865).

P. arachne, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 48. f. A, B. (1779).

Anca acidalia, Hiibn. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 48 (1816).

2 Paphia laertes, Cram. Pup. a. vt. 73s to. (1779).

Nymphalis laertia, Godt. Ene. Méth. ix. p- 367 (1823).

Hab. Amazons (Bates). Mus. S. & G.

Chiriqui (Ribde). Mus. Staudinger.

The specimen sent me by Dr. Staudinger is a little smaller than

those from the Amazons, but otherwise the same. This species has

a wide range, and varies to some extent.

640 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

39. Papwia FLorira, n. sp. (Plate LXI. fig. 4.)

Upperside brownish blue, brightest at the base of all the wings;

anterior wing, the apical half blackish with two small blue spots near

the costal margin. Underside pale brown irrorated with brown and

white scales ; anterior wing crossed from the apex to the middle of

the inner margin by an ill-defined white line ; posterior wing darkest

from the base to beyond the middle, with a submarginal row of six

indistinct white spots.

Exp. 12 inch.

Hab. Chanchamayo (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

This species is close to P. morvus, but much smaller. It may be

the Peruvian form of that species.

40. P. cuaucr, Feld. (Nymph. g.) Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 119

(1862).

Paphia glauce, Bates, Journ. Ent. ii. p. 342, t. 13*. f. 2 (1865).

Hab. St. Paulo (Bates), E. Peru (Whitely), Santarem (H. Smith).

Mus. S. & G., D.

A well-marked species allied to P. xenocles, but varies to some ex-

tent in colour, some specimens being more blue than others, also in

the size of the spots near the anal angle of the anterior wing. The

female is quite a different-looking insect, and has not been described.

The upperside is dark brown with the base of all the wings violet-

blue ; the anterior wing has four white spots, the first beyond the

middle on the costal margin, the second and third (which is minute)

near the apex, and one below near the middle; posterior wing with

a submarginal row of six or seven white spots, black on their outer

margin. Underside, like the male, but much paler in colour.

41. P. Guaucong, Feld. (Nymph. g.). Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p.

119 (1862).

Hab. St. Paulo (Bates); Aguano, Ecuador (Simson).

Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species is still rare, and appears to be intermediate between

P. xenocles and glauce.

42. P. crcua, Moschl. (dnea c.) Verh. z.-b. G. Wien, vol. xxvi.

p: 319, t. 3. f. 10 (1876).

I have not seen this species, and do not feel sure I have put it in

its right place.

43. P. weEDEMANNI, Feld. (Nymph. h.). Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.

1869, p. 473.

Hab. Potrero, Mexico (Hedemann). Mus. Vindob.

I have not seen this species, and cannot make it out from the

description.

44, P, auBerta, Druce, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 234, pl. xviii. f. 6.

Hab, E. Peru. Mus. D.

I have only seen one specimen of this curious species; it is best

1877. ] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 641

placed with the G/auce group, though in form it resembles P. pasi-

bula without tails.

45. P. praxias, Hopff. Stell. ent. Zeit. vol. xxxiv. p. 355 (1874).

Hab. Peru.

I have not seen this species.

46. P. maris, Feld. (Nymph. m.) Reise Nov. Lep. iti. p. 449,

t. 60. f. 2 (1867).

Hab. New Granada. Mus. S, & G., D-

Also in the collection of Dr. Staudinger, from Columbia. This

species is a well-marked one; and so far as we know, it only occurs

in New Granada. It is allied to P. iphis, but very distinct.

47. P. Beatrix, Druce, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 287 (1874).

Hab. Chiriqui (Arcé). Mus. 8. &G.

I have only seen a single specimen of this species; but it is very

distinct from any other that I am acquainted with.

48. P. cLtromestra, Hew. Ex. Butt. iv. Paph. t. 2. f. 8, 10

(1869).

Hab. Nicaragua (T. Belt), Veragua(Arcé). Mus. 8S. & G., D.

This fine species is still rare ; I have only seen a few specimens.

49. P. rents, Latr. (Nymph. i.). Humb. & Bonpl. Obs. Zool. ii,

p- 80 (1833).

Nymphalis thamyris, Latr. 1. c. t. 36. f. 3, 4 (1833).

Hab. Guatemala (Salvin), Nicaragua (T. Belt), Costa Rica (Van

Patten), Chiriqui and Veragua (Arcé), Panama (Boucard), New

Granada (Birchell), EK. Peru (Whitely), Bolivia (Pearce), Upper and

Lower Amazons (Bates and Sinith). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species has a very wide range, and varies to some extent. I

have examined a very large series from the above-given localities,

and find that the specimens from Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa

Rica are small, and in most instances the blue spots near the apex

of the anterior wing are indistinct. Those from Chiriqui and Veragua

are larger and become more like the typical form from New Granada,

though they vary considerably in colour and the spots of the ante-

tior wing. Three specimens in Dr. Staudinger’s collection, labelled

Columbia, are on the upperside much darker blue, and the spots

almost gone ; but on the underside they are the same. I do not

consider this variation of any specific value; and, unless I were to

make species by the score, which I do not think would be advisable,

I must look upon them as differences caused by the influence of

climate and food of the larva, &c.

50. P. ares, n. sp. (Plate LXI. fig. 5.)

Upperside black, the basal third of the anterior wing, a spot on

the costal margin beyond the middle, two below, nearest the apex, and

two near the anal angle bright green; posterior wing greenish black,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XLI. 41

642 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

brightest at the base, a submarginal row of small greenish-white

spots. Underside dark brown, thickly irrorated with grey scales.

Exp. 23 inches.

Hab. Bolivia (Buckley), Rio (Beske). Mus. Hewitson & Druce.

Also in the collection of Dr. Staudinger: his specimen is rather

more blue than ours on the upperside. This species is near P. iphis,

but quite distinct.

51, P. cerEALIA,n. sp (Plate LXI. fig. 6.)

Upperside dull greenish black, brightest at the base of the anterior

wing, two green spots close to the apex, the first the largest. Under-

side bright chestnut-brown thickly speckled with white scales;

anterior wing crossed from the apex to the middle of the inner mar-

gin by a whitish band, becoming wide and yellowish in colour near

the anal angle; posterior wing with three white spots across the

middle, all the wings with a submarginal row of minute white spots,

and the outer margins greyish.

Exp. 27 inches.

Hab. Chanchamayo (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

52. P. puna, n. sp. (Plate LXI. fig. 7.)

On the upperside this species is like P. ates, but rather more

blue; and on the underside it is the same as P. odilia with tails, but

rather darker in colour.

Exp. 2 inches.

Hab. Bogota (Nolcken). Mus. Staudinger.

A most curious species.

53. P. Boxtviana, n. sp. (Plate LXII. figs. 1, 2.)

Upperside (male) deep bluish black, palest at the base of the an-

terior wing, a band of three small spots crossing the wing near the

apex from the costal to the inner margin. Underside dark shining

brown irrorated with a few greyish scales. Female. Upperside dark

brown, with the base of all the wings bright violet-blue, the spots

near the apex the same as in the male. Underside, the same as the

male, but much paler brown, with three greyish spots between the

tail and the anal angle.

Exp. g 24, 2 3 inches.

Hab. Bolivia ( Buckley). Mus. Hewitson, Smith, and Druce.

A very distinct species ; the spots on the anterior wing vary slightly

in size.

54. P psamnis, Feld. (Nymph. p.) Reise Nov. Lep. iii. p. 448

(1867).

Hab. Amazons and New Granada. Mus. Hewitson and B.M.

55. P. srHEeno, Prittw. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1865, p. 142.

Hab. §.¥E. Brazil. Mus. 8S. & G., D.

I am indepted to Dr. Staudinger for kindly sending me the type

of this species to compare with our specimens. The specimens from

1877. | MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 643

Paraguay in Mr. Salvin’s collection I cannot separate from this

ie Ort 4

species.

56. P. orrern, Hiibn. Zutr. Ex. Schmett. f. 407, 408 (1825).

Hab. Rio (J. Yonds). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This is a very distinct and well-marked species,

57. P. uzira, n. sp. (Plate LXIII. fig. 1.)

Upperside dark bluish black, glossed with dark blue, from the

base of all the wings to beyond the middle. Underside dark brown

irrorated with grey and white scales ; anterior wing crossed from the

apex to the anal angle by a band of reddish brown, narrow in the

middle and broad at the anal angle; posterior wing crossed in the

middle by a row of four reddish-brown spots.

Exp. 12 inch.

Hab. Cayenne. Mus, Staudinger.

This is the smallest species of Paphia that I have seen.

58. P. pLeions, Godt. (Nymph. p.), Enc. Méth. ix. p- 366

(1823).

I have never seen this species ; it is said to have come from the

Antilles,

59. P. pHiLumENA, Doub. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 50. f. 2 (1850).

P. leuctra, Feld. (Nymph. 1.), Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p- 119 (1862).

P. hauzxwelli, Druce, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 158.

Hab. St. Paulo (Bates), U. Amazons (Haurwell), E- Peru

(Whitely). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species varies much in size and colour; it is still rare in

collections.

60. P. Lorna, n. sp. (Plate LXII. fig. 3.)

Upperside deep black ; anterior wing greenish at the base, crossed

near the apex from the costal to the outer margin, then nearly to

the anal angle, by a broken grey-green band dentate on the inner

margin ; posterior wing with the outer margin and the tail grey-

green, the fringe of all the wings white and brown. Underside dark

glossy brown, thickly irrorated with grey scales, especially at the

apex of the anterior wing.

Exp. 3 inches.

Hab. Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

A fine and distinct Species.

61. P. pracrna, n. sp. (Plate LXII. fig. 4.)

Upperside deep black-greenish at the base of the anterior wing,

On the upperside this species is very like P. lorna, but differs in

the following respects: the band of the anterior wing is smaller and

close to the apex, it does not extend beyond the middle of the outer

margin, where it is very narrow; the posterior wing the same as P.

41*

644 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

lorna, with the grey-green margin not half the width. On the

underside this species is a very different-looking insect, it is dark

brown thickly irrorated with black, the anterior wing is crossed by a

pale brown band from the apex to the middle of the inner margin ;

the posterior wing crossed in the middle by a row of four pale

brown spots, the first close to the costal margin, the second in the

middle, and the third and fourth close to the anal angle.

Exp. 2? inches.

Hab. Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

I am much inclined to think that this species will prove to be an

extreme form of the last described, but for the present I think it

better to give it a name.

62. P. eranpis 2,n.sp. (Plate LXII. fig. 5.)

Upperside black; anterior wing, from the base to the middle, bright

silvery blue, two small blue spots near the apex, the first close to the

costal margin, the second below nearer the outer margin ; posterior

wing silvery blue from the base to beyond the middle, the tails

with a few greyish scales. Underside bright ochreous yellow irro-

rated with white and brown scales ; anterior wing, a dark brown band

in the middle cell, and several dark spots between the end of the cell

and the outer margin, which is whitish at the anal angle, and a sub-

marginal row of minute white spots; posterior wing crossed beyond

the middle by a waved indistinct silvery white line, a dark brown

spot in the cell, and a submarginal row of white spots, the first two

minute, the next three large, with black centres, the others minute,

the tail dark brown.

Exp. 37 inches.

Hab.’ Mus. Staudinger.

A very fine species ; the underside is more easily figured than de-

scribed. It is allied to P. proserpina.

63. P. orra,n. sp. (Plate LXIII. fig. 2.)

Upperside brownish black, from the base to the middle of all the

wings pale blue; anterior wing crossed nearly to the outer margin by

a band of pale blue; posterior wing with a submarginal row of

minute white spots, the tail greyish. Underside bright reddish

brown, thickly irrorated with white scales.

Exp. 2? inches.

Hab. Ecuador. Mus. Hewitson.

A fine species allied to P. grandis.

64. P. cruvia, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. vol. xxxiv. p. 354 (1874).

Hab. KB. Peru.

I have not seen this species.

65. P. caTinKA, n. sp. (Plate LXIII. fig. 3.)

Upperside black; anterior wing from the base to beyond the

middle bluish white, darkest at the base, a white band nearly

1877. ] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 645

crossing the wing from the costal margin to the outer margin; pos-

terior wing with the basal half bluish white. Underside brown,

palest on the outer half of the anterior wing, thickly irrorated with

brown scales.

Exp. 23? inches.

Hab.? Mus. Hewitson.

A very distinct species, quite unlike any other with which I am

acquainted.

66. P. morTa, n. sp.

Upperside brownish black, the basal half of all the wings bright

blue; on the upperside this species very closely resembles P. offa

without the submarginal row of spots on the posterior wing. The

underside is very different ; it is pale greenish brown irrorated near

the base of the anterior wing with a few white scales, both wings

crossed beyond the middle from the apex to the abdominal margin

by a waved band of pale ochreous colour.

Exp. 23 inches.

Hab. Corosal, Honduras (Roe). Mus. 8. & G.

67. P. vicroria, n.sp. (Plate LXIII. figs. 4, 5.)

Upperside (male)—anterior wing black, from the base to the

middle blue, two blue spots close to the apex ; posterior wing glossy

blue-black. Underside light olive-brown thickly irrorated with

white scales. Female the same as the male, but larger, with the outer

margin and the tails of the posterior wing greyish.

Exp. ¢ 27, 2 24 inches.

Hab. Rio (J. Youds). Mus, 8. & G.

68. P. co#zronea, Feld. (Nymph. c.) Wien. ent. Mon. vy. p.

110 (1861) ; Reise Nov. Lep. iii. t. 60. f. 1 (1867).

Hab. New Granada (Felder and Birchell). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This fine species is peculiar to New Granada. It does not vary in

any way.

69. P. prosrrPrna, Saly. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 181

(1869).

P. pedile, Druce, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 287 (1874).

Hab. Valley of the Polochic, Guatemala (Hague). Mus.8. & G.

Costa Rica (Van Patten). Mus. D.

One of the largest described species of Paphia.

70. P. rnpigorica ¢, Saly. Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 180

(1869).

P. zelica 2, Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 180 (1869).

Hab. Costa Rica, ¢ (Van Patten); Chiriqui, g (Arcé); Veragua,

3 Q (Arce); Panama, ¢ (Boucard). Mus. 8. & G., D.

This species is allied to P. cheronea, Feld., but quite distinct. [have

little doubt that the specimen named P. zelica by Mr. Salvin is the

646 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

female of this species: the undersides are the same ; but, above they

are very different. Of the males we have a good series: but the female

is very rare; I only know of three specimens.

71. P. xenica, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 163 (1864).

Hab. Polochic valley, Guatemala (Salvin). Mus. S. & G.

I have not seen the male of this species, but should expect it to be

black, very like the male of P. indigotica.

79, P. pasttica, Cram. (Pap. 6.) Pap. Exot. iv. t. 329. f. E, F

(1782).

Hab. St. Paulo (Bates). Mus. S. & G.

This is a rare species ; l.only know of the specimens taken by Mr.

Bates.

73. P. pHantes, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 353.

Hab. Chanchamayo, E. Peru (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger & Druce.

This species is close to P. basilica, Cr.

74. P. mempuis, Feld. (Nymph. m.), Reise Nov. Lep. p. 448

(1867).

Hab. New Granada. Mus. Buit.

75, P. mora, Druce, Cist. Ent. vol.i. p. 289 (1874).

Hab. Guatemala and New Granada. Mus.S8. &G., Staudinger, D. -

The Guatemala specimens are rather more purple in colour, but do

not differ in any other respect.

76. P. CAMBYSES, 0. sp.

Up perside deep black ; anterior wing, the basal third bluish green,

two small spots close to the apex green; posterior wing from the

base to beyond the middle bluish green, a submarginal row of five

indistinct green spots, the anal angle and the inner margin rufous

brown. Underside dark rufous brown, thickly speckled on the an-

terior wing at the base, costal margin, and apex with greyish white

scales; posterior wing, the base and inner margin irrorated with

white, a submarginal row of minute white spots.

Exp. 3 inches.

Hab. Chanchamayo (Thamm), B. Peru (Whitely).

Mus. Staudinger and D.

77. P. yuyceus,n. sp. (Plate LXIII. fig. 6.)

Upperside black ; all the wings from the base to the middle bright

azure-blue, a minute indistinct blue spot close to the apex. Under-

side rich brown thickly irrorated with greyish white scales ; anterior

wing crossed from the apex to the inner margin by a band of dark

brown bordered outwardly with grey; posterior wing crossed by

three indistinct bands of dark brown, the first close to the base, the

second below the middle, and the third nearest the outer margin.

Exp. 2% inches.

1877. | MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 647

Hab. New Granada, Ecuador. Mus. Staudinger, Smith, Druce.

A very distinct and beautiful species ; the specimen in Mr. Smith’s

collection is the smallest I have seen.

78. P. oprira, Cram. (Pap. o.) Pap. Ex. iv. t. 329. f. C, D. (1782).

Papilio polycarmes, lab. Syst. Ent. p. 484 (1775).

Nymphalis polycarmes, Godt. Enc. Méth. ix. p. 367 (1823).

Nymphalis odilia, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 120 (1862).

Hab. Ega and St. Paulo (Bates). Mus. S. & G.

Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

This is still a rare species.

79. P. NENTA, n. sp. (Plate LXIV. fig. 4.)

Upperside dull black, slightly shaded with purple at the base of

the wings, and on the outer margin of the posterior wing. Under-

side glossy grey-brown, thickly irrorated with white scales.

Exp. 3 inches.

Hab. St. Paulo (Rogers). Mus. Hewitson & Smith.

On the upperside this species closely resembles P. odilia ; but its

greater size and very different underside at once show that it is a

distinct species.

80. P. LAuRA, n. sp.

Upperside dark greenish black, brightest at the base of the anterior

wing. Underside rich chestnut-brown irrorated with silvery white

scales; a large silver-white spot on the costal margin of the posterior

wing nearest the apex, from which a waved band of white scales

crosses the wing to the inner margin, and a submarginal row of minute

white spots.

Exp. 22 inches.

Hab. Veragua (Arcé). Mus. 8. & G,

On the upperside this is the darkest-coloured species with which

I am acquainted.

81. P. anassa, Feld. (Nymph. a.) Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 120

(1862).

P. ada, Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv. p- 222 (1875).

Hab. Veragua (Areé), New Granada (Chesterton and Birchell).

Mus. S. & G., D.

A very distinct species.

82. P. xrnzata, Salv. Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. iv. p. 179

(Sept. 1869).

P. vestina, Hew. Equat. Lep. p. 31 (Dec. 1869).

P. betillina, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. vol. xxxv. p- 354 (1874).

Hab. Apolobamba, N. Bolivia (Pearce). Mus. S. & G.

Keuador ( Buchley). Mus. Hewitson.

Chanchamayo (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

This is still a rare and little-known species.

648 MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. [June 19,

83. P. amprosta, Drace, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 288 (1874).

Hab. Chiriqui (Arcé). Mus. S. & G., D.

84. P. poa@se, n.sp. (Plate LXIV. fig. 1.)

This species is closely allied to P. ambrosia, but differs in the fol-

lowing respects :—The upperside is blacker and without the green

scales at the base of the wings; the band near the apex and grey-

green margin to the anterior and posterior wing is not broken into

spots, as in P. ambrosia ; the fringe is white instead of brown ;

the underside is much richer brown, with the markings as nearly as

possible the same as P. ambrosia.

Exp. 3% inches.

Hab. Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

A very fine species, sent by Mr. Buckley in his last collection.

85. P. potyxo. (Plate LXIV. fig. 2.)

P. polyxo, Druce, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 288 (1874).

Hab. Rio (Beske). Mus. D.

R. Ucayali. Mus. S. & G.

E. Peru (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

Bolivia ( Buckley). Mus. Hewitson and Smith.

86. P. aurroxa, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. iii. p. 152 (1866).

Hab. Guatemala (Salvin). Mus 8. & G., D.

New Granada (Birchell). Mus. Smith.

This is a splendid species, quite unlike any other. The female is

very curious, having a broad white band across the anterior wing.

It is still very rare.

87. P. pastsuLA, Doubl. & Hew. Gen. D. L. t. 50. f. 3 (1850).

Hab. New Granada (Crowther and Birchell). Mus. S. & G., D.

This species does not seem to occur out of New Granada; it is a

common insect from Bogota.

88. P. raucaTa. (Plate LXIV. fig. 5.)

P. falcata, Hopff. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1874, p. 353.

Hab. Chanchamayo, E. Peru (Thamm). Mus. Staudinger.

Bolivia (Buckley). Mus. Hewitson.

A most beautiful species; allied to P. pasibula, but very dis-

tinct. The specimen sent by Mr. Buckley is smaller than Dr.

Staudinger’s.

89. P. xenocrates, Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 319. no. 13, note

(1850); Ménétr. Cat. Mus. Petersb. Lep. ii. t. 9. f. 5 (1857).

Hab. E. Peru (Whitely). Mus. 8. & G., D.

The four specimens of this species that I have examined are from

Peru. The type is said to have come from Venezuela.

1877.] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPUIA. 649

90. P. panariste, Hew. Exot. Butt. i. Paphia & Siderone, f. 3

(1856).

New Granada (Chesterton). Mus. 8. & G., D.

A very beautiful species, very unlike any other, and belonging to

a little group almost entirely Central- American.

91. P. pertHa. (Plate LXIV. fig. 3.)

P. bertha, Druce, Cist. Ent. vol. i. p. 359 (1875).

Hab. New Granada (Chesterton). Mus. D.

I have only seen a single specimen of this fine species.

92. P. sansoni, Salv. Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. vii. p. 175

(1871).

Hab. Nicaragua (Belt and Janson). Mus. S. & G. and Hewitson.

93. P. EXCELLENS, Bates, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 162 (1864).

Hab. Guatemala, central valleys (Godman § Salvin).

; Mus. 8. & G., D.

This beautiful species is extremely rare; I only know of the

specimens taken by Messrs. Salvin and Godman.

94. P. execrra, Westw. Gen. D. L. p. 319. no. 12, note

(1350) ; Hew. Ex. Butt. 1. Paphia and Siderone, t. 1. 2. (1856).

Hab. Vera Paz (Hague) ; Polochie valley, Guatemala.

Corosal, Honduras (Roe); Costa Rica (Van Patten); Chiriqui

(Arcé). Mus. 8. & G., D.

The Honduras specimen is the smallest I have seen. This species

is the commonest of the group, and has a pretty wide range in

Central America. I have not seen it from Mexico, Corosal being

the most northern point from which we have received it.

95. P. carurpryas, Feld. (Nymph. c.) Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.

1869, p. 474.

Hab. Rio Polochic, Guatemala. Mus. 8. & G.

A very curious species, reminding one at first sight of a Callidryas.

It is extremely rare ; I have only seen the single specimen in Messrs.

Godman and Salvin’s collection. ;

The last six species are very different from all the other Paphie ;

the bodies are more slender, the anterior wing is much more arched,

and the apex terminates in a hook; the posterior wing has two tails.

In form they very closely resemble Hypna huebneri.

The subjoined Table will show at a glance the distribution of the

species of this genus of Lepidoptera.

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1877, No. XLII. 42

650

MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA.

Central America.

South America.

Texas,

| N. America

| Mexico.

| Guatemala.

| Honduras.

Nicaragua,

| Costa Rica.

Chiriqui.

| Veragua,

Panama.

N. Granada.

Bolivia.

| Venezuela.

Guiana.

| U. Amazons.

| L. Amazons.

| N. Brazil.

_—— ——

Paphia

troglodyta ....|-

portia .. 2.0... ]e-]e-]eefe-feefeefe cde e[ee[ee[eefesfesfec|--] efeefee[eefee[e +] ®

Cyoj WS Somciceseis oi hice

BIGED vc aw sis aclen| Hac s 6

halice orks Vee aes era Se va PP Ae. bos eee | sell aite, altars] Get at SES saline

chrysophana ..|..

moretta

ryphea........|--|*|*|--

phidile........]--|--|--|-+|--

| helie.

eurypyle ......|..|--

Sosippus ......|--|-+|--|++|--|--

| andria.

(aan) Je cece sol fey] ale! [ae [nal el feo ez) [4] ol [Bey fs

glycerium ....|..|*|*|--|*

echemus ......|-

verticordia ....|..]..]../../..|..

nobilis ......+-]--|..| *

NROSSUN! 6 aveideg eseraifie elimi) sulfiere\| moll ove

nesea

AHERN Delete ohn Stele lll

rutilans

tyrianthina ....|..|..|..|.-|-.].-

CYANECB’. 0. 0

| onophis ......{.:{.-

| eubsena

arginussa ..,.

amenophis ....

| pithyusa ....../../*

Felacen See onerell vaall ete | ctediecel | aves OF

lemnos........

appias -......-

artacsena ......

eribotes ......

porphyrio ....

xenocles

octavyius ......

morvus oe ;

ALONE Sc theacopes We cll teal ae locos pats he yae| lage eye) “= altaya ke Hae

plea ve sie fo xeit ees isteil cefvall arelllas

glauecone ......|.. Bie

Cela) oF) ad GEST Aas ef de [A

hedemanni ....|..| *

alberta. «cite cs hac baibeell -elimslies

PYARIASs noel wees se fre

TORTS eles afeieeeeis foe

DPOaCUR si seete cl ntes|larell Si kereificiel|fedeleerel| DE

cleomestra ....|..

iphis

ALES? caw isretiere te aera late

cerealia

CRC ee a

Se es ee

Pores ieee eee ee ee ee eg

eee ae

ee lawl oeleston

we ewes

we ee we welenlae Pa oe

settee

1877.] MR. H. DRUCE ON THE GENUS PAPHIA. 651

TABLE (continued).

West

| Central America. South America. :

A Indies.

a |

Pa fee (8) a d | fale! i

g Sig) s/s J Sl = 6| S| als

216] 8|3| So l'S| 8) S| 8] 8] SI g Si alSial sis 3

Bl) -S) 2}3] 8] s| 2) 8) S| Si 2] Ela] 2) S|] &) BI) als 3

S/ 8] 8|2| 3|2) 5) 2)o| 3/8) s/ 2] 33/3)“ F l/s] Bl

‘ om ‘S| .o Ay g= 4 oe | .o Cl fete ae =I

Z\a\S/ HF S/OlO|Pl az ala Al Slelolplalalald/S/a

Paphia |

phila Simi ioge ane ts Nabe disteclie mitre) si] acai) etedliorcdltp (alle onl ae

8 }

OLE LALLA ororc. wccPe\ late [Ball loll aol eee | seas fall ell eles lie el eet

psammes...... all's a\sr~'] weil aialfrere lieve er el|ieveifi de e's! ore! |(ars|/».=\|yellle oil 3E

Biheno:......2.. Shas! ig | (lil lo.) ac for|l4e,!6 {fell ie toss oe lea ee oRn ea fe

pleione. |

TMS, 65 aie | « sil 2)|\-c0\l-"'|[o.e pelllmeil’s allie sslieieiierail ¥ |iee\1'e.< lle, a|len 1 3

MUSE Petar crore scare BA elec eal lee lait! alt Gal eel eel lee *

IACI As oes entelei{ =)" ri] el vrel|(@ al ate lore ein [ers Persil «is)| ia

grandis.

Offa se eseeeelen|-c lee eeleeleclecfeeleelee #)

victoria .2.... wsl| o's}! lvte foe lste| tale eleele tacos |oelicatee|seles|eelee ae

cheeronea...... cteills oifiaxeifta,si[-= il wail eabarel | salle

proserpina ..../..|--|*|..|..|*

indigotica ....|..|..|../../..| *| *|*|*

Xenica ........ S0)ies| ie

basilica ...... LDP citeve Pariparellcplperall stl orelll eee Slareiiectes eee elise

memphis ...... sysil Zellers sfaltioge feeittel | «:<t| a) 3

HOTA | o)2\5 «5 se [ct 3d eel settee hes ae ote fi ah

cambyses ...... = sillete flare opel ievel etait are! eceil ar c1| 87 | =f 9

EyeoUs at. s ee f8|- aes] ache si aaleyealcn| onl deih3e

Gedslin Mets. Dt letelf sceilleta aan metre) tal| talllvatietele ofLae. site | elaillge

ADARBA ce ee eeeclecleclssleclesi[oeloe| Hlo6| ¥

phebe......

aureola ...... iaitate Wak’ let ctlieis tens lies aliocailteealides |

Pewsey tom crore a||erst sell erel|aros olllsel| ao lseitere | 36

POCTACCR. Ths Sicilians (Scilisiei] a oifietel|o-s | citiod fellate evell 9

AMAYIBEC 5, «.2ataJ- |\ofei] sie|/cisj|.<.© |b 0 |'«,a'l eile} =e

RMN AN Seca, shes letc | Vela ateetel mise

jamsoni ......|.-|..|..|..| %

excellens ....../..]../%

electra ........ eal ove: 38°] Hertiere || 36/98

callidryas......|/..]..| *

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

4 Puate LXI.

‘Fig. 1, 2. Paphia moretéa, p. 634. | Fig. 5. Paphia ates, p. 641.

38 lemmos, p. 638. 6. cerealia, p. 642,

4. —— florita, p. 640. | 7. —— phila, p. 642.

Puatr LXI.

Fig. 1, 2. Paphia boliviana, p. 642. | Fig. 4. Paphia placida, p. 643.

ae lorna, p. 643. 5. grandis, p. 644.

652 MR. A. D. BARTLETT ON A NEW NUMIDA. [June 19,

Prats LXIII.

Fig. 1. Paphia uzita, p. 643. Fig. 4, 5. Paphia victoria, p. 649.

2. offa, p. 644. 6. lyceus, p. 646.

3. catinka, p. 644.

Puate LXIV.

Fig. 1. Paphia phebe, p. 648. | Fig. 4. Paphia nenia, p. 647.

2. polyxo, p. 648. D. falcata, p. 648.

3. bertha, p. 649. |

8. Description of a new Species of Numida. By A. D.

Barrier, Superintendent of the Society’s Gardens.

[Received June 19, 1877.]

(Plate LXV.)

Having had some correspondence with the owner of some Guinea-

fowl (Mr. Gerald Waller) that were on their way to this country from

East Africa, and having offered to take charge of them on their

arrival, in order to restore them from the effects of the voyage, on

the 4th of June I received five living birds, three Crested (Numda

cristata) and two Vulturine (NV. vulturina). Mr. Waller informed

me that a sixth bird, which he believed to be a male, had died on the

passage, and that the skin in a mutilated condition was then in his

possession ; and he kindly gave it to me upon my telling him it might

prove to be a very interesting specimen. ;

On examining the skin, it struck me at once to be unlike any thing

I had seen. I therefore examined the splendid work by Mr. Eliict,

and came to the conclusion that I had found a new and hitherto

undescribed species of Numida.

After a careful examination of Mr. Elliot’s work, I wrote to Colonel

Grant to ask if the figure of Numida granti, which came nearest to my

bird, quite agreed with his original drawing. Colonel Grant has this

day kindly shown me the original coloured drawing, and convinced

me that the bird originally figured belonged to a species easily distin-

guished from the bird now before you, which, I have been informed by

Mr. Waller, was obtained at Mombassa, on the east coast of Africa.

This bird differs from Numida granti (to which species it appears

most nearly allied), by the entire absence of the black ring or collar

and black patch on front of the neck. The whole of the neck, breast,

belly, back, upper and under tail-coverts are finely and minutely

spotted with white on a black ground.

The sketch (Plate LXV.) fairly shows the colour of the face and

wattles at the time it came into my hands. I may state that the blue

wattles differ considerably from the same parts in NV. cristata, being

much longer and falling lower down; the bird appears smaller than

the last-named species.

It may be interesting to know that the three Crested birds that

came, as Mr. Waller tells me, from Mozambique, differ from all the

figures of N. cristata in having the throat up to the edge of the under

mandible covered with black feathers. I consider them to be youn

birds, and that the throat will (as the birds become adult) lose these

feathers and exhibit the naked red skin, so well marked in the

figure in Mr. Elliot’s work.

I propose the name of Numida ellioti for this new bird, after

Mr. D. G. Elliot, F.Z.S., who has devoted so much time and atten-

tion to this interesting family.

JSmit hth

Hanhart imp

NUMIDA ELLIOTI

PZ. S16

I.Casey del.et lith

NEW SPECIES OF CLIBANARIUS.

P.Z.5.1877. PL LXV

lari PEAT fh es

ba ~

J. Casey del. et lith. Mintern Bros imp.

NEW SPECIES OF DECAPODA Z& ISOPODA.

E.Smth.& C .Berjeau. lith.

NEW SPECIES OF ISOPODA.

P7Z.S.1877. PL 1

E. Smith.é& C, Berjeau. lith. Mintern Bi

NEW SPECIES OF CRUSTACEA.

1877.] ON CRUSTACEA FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 653

9. On a Collection of Crustacea, Decapoda and Isopoda,

chiefly from South America, with descriptions of new

Genera and Species. By Epwarp J. Minrs, F.LS.,

F.Z.S., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British

Museum.

[Received June 13, 1877.]

(Plates LXVI.-LXIX.)

The greater number of the Crustacea described in the following

paper were collected in Peru, Guiana, Cayenne and Martinique, and

were sent by Professor A. Wrzesniowsky, of the University of Warsaw,

to Dr. Giinther, by whom they were intrusted to me for determina-

tion and description. The collection contained also a few Old-World

species from various localities, which are described separately at the

end of the paper. I have also added descriptions of species belong-

ing to the same genera in the collection of the British Museum,

which have hitherto been unrecorded, or known only from names

without descriptions applied to them by A. White, in the ‘List of

Crustacea of the British Museum,’ 1847.

In all, 37 species are noticed, of which 27 are from the New, and

10 from the Old World, viz. Brachyura 5 species, Anomura 7,

Macrura 5, Isopoda 20. Of these 22 appear to have been hitherto

undescribed, viz. Brachyura 1 species, Anomura 6, Macrura Be

Lsopoda 13.

I have carefully noted such variations as I have observed between

individuals of the same species—the nomenclature having often been

needlessly encumbered by the description of nominal species, based

only upon sexual or other differences, which the examination of a good

series of specimens would have shown to be insufficient. I have

also endeavoured to compare the species described with their allies,

although in the case of the terrestrial and fluviatile Decapoda and ter-

restrial Isopoda this has generally been attempted only as far as their

congeners inhabiting the same continent are concerned. Many, indeed,

of the European Isopoda are only known to me by descriptions so

short and superficial as to render their determination a matter of

great difficulty, and their comparison with the New-World species

described in the following paper impossible.

List or THE SPECIES DESCRIBED.

The names of the species in the collection from Warsaw are in

Roman type, those described from specimens in the collection of the

British Museum are in italics.

New-world Species.

DHCAPODA.

BRAcHYURA.

Acanthonyx petiverii, M.-Edw.? Peru. Hepatus chilensis, W.-Edw. Peru.

Neptunus anceps, Sausswre. Marti- tuberculatus, Saussure (adult).

nique. W. Indies, Cayenne,

Proc. Zoou. Sec.—1877, No. XLIII. 43

654 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

ANOMURA.

Clibanarius cayennensis,n. Cayenne. Clibanarius lordti, n. Vancouver Island.

carnescens, i. i, —— isochirus. —?

—— speciosus,n. Brazil. — pilosimanus, —?

Macrvra.

Palzmon nattereri, Heller. Guiana. Palemon gaudichaudii, .-Edw. Peru.

brasiliensis, 55 de Buryrhynchus wrzesniowskii, n.

jelskii, n. 3 Cayenne.

ISOPODA.

Armadillidium celatum, n. Cayenne. Porcellio (Porcelloides) flayo-vittata,n.

Armadillo vulgaris, Latr. “ Cayenne.

Cubaris affinis, n. 5 (-——) aztecus, Sausswre. Peru.

gigas,n. Nicaragua. Philougria nitida, n. Peru, Guiana.

Porcellio cayennensis, n. Cayenne. Lygia baudiniana, M.-Edw. Oayenne.

(Porcelloides) jelskii, n. Peru, Oymothoa cestrum, Z. Peru.

Guiana, Anilocra levis, n. Martinique, Peru.

~ Old-world Species.

DECAPODA.

BracuyurRa.

Acanthonyx elongatus, Red Sea.

ANOMURA.

Clibanarius misanthropus, [isso.

ISOPODA.

Tylos latreillei, Audowin. Odessa. Porcellio hispida, n. Mongolia.

granulatus, n. Japan, Borneo. Lironeca daurica, n. Dauria.

Armadillidium pustulatum, Dwm. Lironeca laticauda, n. Mantechuria.

Moldavia. Anilocra trichiura, Mauritius.

Porcellio swammerdamii, Awdowin,

Egypt.

New-world Species.

DECAPODA.

BRACHYURA.

AcanTHonyx, Latreille.

ACANTHONYX PETIVERII ?

Cancer muricatus compressus, Petiver, Pterigraphia Americana,

pl. xx. fig. 8.

Acanthonyx petiverii, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust.i. p. 543 (1834) ;

Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. xiii. Crust. (part i.), p. 128, pl. v. fig. 6

(1852); Guérin-Méneville in Ramon de la Sagra, Histoire de I’ Isle

de Cuba, Crust. p. xxvii (1857); v. Martens, Archiv f. Nat. xxxviii.

p. 85 (1872).

Hab. Peru.

Tn all the specimens the teeth of the lateral margins are clothed

with tufts of short hairs. In one or two specimens there are two

small tufts upon the gastric region ; in the others these are entirely

absent. The median tooth of the lateral margin is always much

nearer to the posterior than to the anterior tooth ; the anterior tooth

is somewhat less prominent in the youngest specimens. In the males

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 655

the hands are very large, compressed, and slightly cristate ; in the

females they are small but compressed.

There are eight males and three females in the collection. Length

of adult male | inch 2 lines, breadth 9 lines.

This species, if the determinations of authors are correct, is one of

the few that are common to the eastern and western shores of the

American continent. It has been recorded by Milne-Edwards,

Guérin-Méneville and y. Martens from the West Indies, by Professor

Bell from the Galapagos and Brazil, and by Dana from the coast of

Chili. Only a single young specimen from the West Indies is in

the collection of the British Museum ; but this does not seem to differ

specifically from examples from the eastern coast,

The original specimen of Petiver was from the West Indies; but

his figure is not sufficiently accurate to be available for Specific com-

parison.

This species very closely resemblesthe European A. /unulatus, Risso,

but may be distinguished from it by its narrower and less deeply emar-

ginate front, the form of the hands, which are slightly cristate above,

‘and by the shorter, broader, and more dilated penultimate joints of

the ambulatory legs.

Acanthonyx debilis, Dana, U.S, Expl. Exp. xiii. Crust. i. p. 125,

pl. v. fig. 5 (1852), from Valparaiso, differs in the hon-cristate wrist

and small hands of the males. A. concamerata, Kinahan, Journ.

Roy. Dublin Soe. i, p- 334, pl. xiv. fig. ] (1858), from the North

Cinchas Island, Peru, has, if the figure be correct, the anterior lateral

angles of the carapace rounded and far less prominent. A. emar-

ginatus, M.-Edw. and Lueas, in D’Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid.

p- 9, pl. v. fig. 2, from Peru, has also the first tooth or antero-lateral

lobe far less prominent, the anterior margin of the carapace straight,

and the hands more strongly cristate.

Neptunus, De Haan.

NEPTUNUS ANCEPS.

Lupea anceps, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (sér. Bite

p- 502 (1857); Mém. Soe. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Gendve, xiv, (part

2) p. 434, pl. ii. fig. 11 (1858).

Neptunus anceps, A. M.-Edw. Nouv. Archiv, Mus. Hist. Nat. x.

p- 328 (1861).

Hab. Martinique.

The length of the single specimen in the collection (a male), is 7

lines, the breadth at base of epibranchial spine 10 lines.

The specimen from Martinique differs in some few particulars from

De Saussure’s description, which was founded upon a very small

example. He says that there ten spines upon the antero-lateral

margin ; only nine are shown in the figure, including the external

orbital spine. In very young specimens of this genus, however,

it is not uncommon to find one or two additional spines upon the

antero-lateral margins. There is, according to De Saussure, a second

Spine at the distal extremity of the superior margin of the hand ;

656 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

this is scarcely apparent in the larger specimen from Martinique,

and may also be due to the immaturity of the specimen examined by

him. NV. anceps is nearly allied to N. hastatus, from the Mediter-

ranean, from which it differs in the shorter, more obtuse median

frontal teeth, &c., and to N. laevis, A. Milne-Edwards, from the

Indian Ocean, in which the carapace is nearly smooth, and the

median teeth of the front slightly prominent and acute.

Iupea exasperata, Gerstaecker, Archiv f. Nat. xxii. p. 129 (1856),

from Puerto Cabello, has the median teeth of the front: separated

by a deeper fissure, and the last spine of the antero-lateral margins

but little longer than the preceding. JZ. pudica, Gerst. l.c. p. 130,

from the coast of Brazil, has the upper surface of the carapace nearly

smooth, and “glabrous; the arm blunt and without a spine at the

distal extremity of its posterior margin.

This species has been united by von Martens, Archiv f. Nat.

xxxvul. p. 95 (1872), with Lupea forceps, Fabricius, on the authority

of a large series of specimens from Cuba, in which von Martens

observed a great increase of length in the anterior legs as the animal

increased in age. I believe it to be quite impossible that L. anceps

can be identical with ZL. forceps, as described and figured by Leach,

Zool. Miscell. i. pl. liv. (1814), and Alph. Milne-Edwards, Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. x. p. 352, pl. xxviii. fig. 1 (1861). In Leach’s

typical specimen of LZ. forceps in the British-Museum collection,

not only are the fingers very slender and more than three times the

length of the palm, but the carapace is strongly granulated, the

frontal teeth acute and separated at base by wide intervening spaces;

there is a very deep fissure in the middle of the upper orbital margin

(a mere notch in L. anceps), five spines upon the anterior margin of

the arm in NV. anceps, seven in L. forceps, the meros joint of the

fifth pair of legs without spinesin ZL. anceps, with two spines in L.

Forceps, &e.

Lupa bellicosa, Stimpson, quoted by M. A. Milne-Edwards, J. c.,

as a synonym of this species, is the Callinectes bellicosus of Ordway,

and has probably nothing to do with N. anceps.

Hepatus, Latreille.

HEPATUS CHILENSIS.

Hepatus chiliensis, M.-Kdwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. p. 117

1837).

oo chilensis, M.-Edwards and Lucas, in D’Orbigny, Voy.

Amérique mérid. vi. part i. Crust. p. 28, pl. xiv. fig. 1 (1843);

Nicolet, in Gay, Historia de Chile, Zool. ii. Crust. p. 174 (1849) ;

Dana, U.S. Explor. Exped. xiii. Crust. part i. p. 395, pl. xxv. fig.

3 (1852); Kinahan, Journ. Roy. Dublin Soe. i. p. 345 (1858) ;

Heller, Reise der Novara, Crust. p. 70 (1865).

Hab. Peru (Jelshi).

Two specimens (male and female) are in the collection.

This species appears to be subject to considerable variation in the

sculpture of the antero-lateral margins and the coloration uf the

1877.} CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 657

carapace. M. Milne-Edwards says of it, “les bords latéro-

antérieurs sont uniformément dentelés sans étre crénelés ; couleur

rouge, uniforme.” The remarks upon this species in Gay’s ‘ Historia

de Chile,’ coincide with this description.

The specimens described by Dana, collected at Valparaiso, were of

‘a yellowish or ochreous base closely covered with a brownish-purple

reticulation ;’” and this is nearly the colour of the figure of MM.

Milne-Edwards and Lucas in D’Orbigny’s ‘ Voyage dans l’ Amérique

méridionale,” and of a specimen (dry) in the collection of the

British Museum. Other specimens (dry) in the Museum collection

are of a nearly uniform pink colour, with narrow sinuated light-

yellow spots and lines ; and this also is the colour of the specimens

from Peru, in spirits.

The broad truncate teeth of the antero-lateral margins are more or

less crenulated in all the specimens that I have seen; and Milne-

Edwards’s description is certainly inaccurate in this respect, as was

first noted by M. Herklots, in his comparison of this species with his

HI. van benedeni (itself the H. decorus of Herbst), Bijdragen tot

Dierkundige. Abh. v. p. 35 (1852)'.

ANOMURA.

CxiBANARIUvS, Dana.

CLIBANARIUS CAYENNENSIS, sp.n. (Plate LXVI. fig. 1).

Carapace flattened ; anterior margin more prominent and straight

at the bases of the eyes, oblique on each side at bases of external

antennze, with a small median frontal tubercle, and with a trans-

verse nearly semicircular suture behind the anterior margin. Eye-

peduncles very slender, and nearly as long as the anterior margin of the

carapace, their basal scales short and denticulated on their antero-

external margins ; basal scale of the external antennze about reaching

to the extremity of the penultimate joint of the peduncle. Anterior

legs stout, the right the largest, hands rather finely granulated and

clothed towards the tips with short stiff hairs, the palms somewhat

swollen at base, the fingers excavated, with black corneous tips,

and opening horizoutally (as inall the species of the genus). Tarsi

of the second and third pairs of legs longer than the penultimate

joint, subcylindrical, slightly curved, with a small, black, terminal nail,

and thinly clothed with short brown hairs. Fifth pair of legs much

more slender than the fourth. Colour uniform yellowish-brown.

Hab. Cayenne.

1 Hepatus tuberculatus of Saussure, from Guadeloupe, is evidently founded

upon an immature example; the transverse tuberculated ridges mentioned in

his description are generally prominent in the young of other species, as for

example, H. angustatus, Fabricius, of which there is a large series in the national

collection, from Brazil. Specimens of a species from the West Indies and

Cayenne, in the British-Museum collection, which I think may be the adult

H. tuberculatus, are very closely allied to the H. angustatus, beg in fact only

distinguished from it by the coloration: in H. angustatus the markings form

brownish-pink spots and blotches; in the specimens I refer to H. tuberculatus

they consist of purplish-pink spots, usually forming more or less eontinuous

transverse lines.

658 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

This species, of which unfortunately but a single specimen exists,

in bad condition, is distinguished by the unequal-sized hands and

the coloration (there being no trace whatever of banded markings on

the legs) from the other American species of the genus. The

abdomen is imperfect. In the form of the hands it most nearly

resembles ©. vittatus, Bosc, of which specimens from Charleston

Bay, Carolina, are in the national collection, presented by the

Smithsonian Institution.

The following American species of this genus in the collection of

the British Museum are apparently undescribed.

CLIBANARIUS CARNESCENS, sp.n. (Plate LXVI. fig. 2.)

Carapace with the frontal median tooth very small, acute. Eye-

peduncles slender, and a little shorter than the anterior margin of

the carapace, their basal scales small, and denticulated on their

external margins. External antenne with their basal scales denticu-

lated on their inner margins, and ciliated towards their apex, reach-

ing very little beyond the extremity of the penultimate joint. An-.

terior legs with the hands very small, oblong-oval, and not broader

than the wrists, with strong scattered granules, and tufts of short

hairs. Ambulatory legs with the tarsi very long, curved, not com-

pressed, much longer than the penultimate joints, with tufts of short

hairs. Colour orange-pink, with 4 broad alternating vittee of darker

colour on the legs. Length to base of abdomen 9 lines.

Tab. Cayenne. (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

CLIBANARIUS SPECIOSUS, sp.n. (Plate LXVI. fig. 3.)

Carapace with a very small acute median frontal tooth, and with

the anterior margin but slightly oblique at the bases of the external

antennee, postfrontal suture nearly obsolete. Hye-peduncles slender,

and about as long as the frontal margin of the carapace, with their

basal scales small, narrow, and denticulated on their inner margins

toward the apex. External antennz with the last joint of the pe-

duncle more than twice as long as the penultimate, and with the basal

scale slender, reaching a little beyond the extremity of the penulti-

mate joint. Anterior legs with the hands oblong-oval, equal, rather

closely and finely granulated, and clothed with short hairs. Tarsi

of the second and third pairs of legs longer than the penultimate

joint, with longitudinally-seriate close-set tufts of rather long hairs.

Colour grey, or chocolate-brown (in dried specimens); ambulatory

legs with eight longitudinal whitish narrow vitte. Length of cara-

pace 1 inch.

Hab. Brazil. (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

It differs from C. brasiliensis, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exp. Crust.

p. 467, pl. xxix. fig. 7, in the much longer tarsi.

CLIBANARIUS LORDI, sp.n. (Plate LXVI. fig. 4.)

Resembles the preceding species in coloration &c. The ophthalmic

scales, however, are very small, ovate-acute, and entire; the basal

scales of the external antennz very short, not reaching to the ex-

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 659

tremity of the penultimate joint of the pedunele ; the hands narrow

oblong-oval, with small spiniform tubercles. The sides of the cara-

pace, legs, and basal scales of the external autennze clothed with long

light fulvous hairs. Length of carapace about 1 inch.

Hab. British Columbia, Vancouver Island. (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

A single specimen presented by J. K. Lord, Esq., is in the

national collection. It is labelled’ « Clibanarius lineatus,” but is

certainly not the species described under that name by Milne-Edwards,

Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 3) v. p. 62 (1848), and figured by Dana, U.S.

Pe Exp. Crust. i. p. 462, pl. xxix. fig. 2 (1852), from the Samoan

Tslands’.

Pacurus? sp.

With C. cayennensis a specimen was sent that, I think, must be

referred to the restricted genus Pagurus, on account of the short,

thick eye-peduncles; but as the anterior legs are both wanting, it

cannot be referred with absolute certainty to any one of the genera

of the family Paguride. I cannot identify it at present with any

species known to me, and refrain from giving it a distinct specific

designation, on account of its mutilated condition. The eye-

peduncles are much shorter than the anterior margin of the carapace,

their basal scales small, ovate-acute, and entire. The basal scale of

the external antenne is long, slender, nearly as long as the peduncle

of the external antennse, and longer than the eyes. The second and

third legs have the antepenultimate and penultimate joints short,

subequal, shorter than than the tarsi, granulous or even spinose on

their upper margin, tarsi long, twisted and channelled. This species

somewhat resembles HLupagurus obesocarpus, Dana (U.S. Expl.

Exp. xiii. Crust. i. p. 445, pl. xxvii. fig. 5), from Valparaiso (?), but

differs in the shorter eyes and much longer acicle of the external

antennze.

Hab. Cayenne.

Macrura.

PaLtznmon, Fabricus.

The species of this genus are very numerous and are found in all

parts of the world, inhabiting both salt, brackish, and fresh water.

Their determination is a matter of great difficulty, on account of the

changes which the animal undergoes as it increases in age. The

* The Pagurus isochirus, named but not described by White (List Crust. Brit.

Mus. p. 59, 1847), belongs to this genus, and is founded upon a single specimen

of unknown locality in the British-Museum collection. This specimen generally

resembles C. carnescens, but is of a uniform light-yellow colour, without

ec vitte, inclining to orange at the extremity of the tarsi. Length nearly

1 inch.

Pagurus pilosimanus, White (7. c. p. 60), also founded upon a single specimen

of unknown habitat, belongs, I think, to this genus, but is in too mutilated a,

condition for detailed description. It is, however, remarkable for the great

length of the eye-peduncles, which are about once and a half the length of the

anterior margin of the carapace, with a small spiniform basal scale, and a broad

crimson vitta. The anterior legs are now wanting in this specimen, Length

about 1 inch,

660 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

teeth of the rostrum are variable in number in different examples of

the same species; and even the comparative length of the joints

of the second pair of legs (which affords excellent specific characters

when taken from adult animals) is less trustworthy in younger speci-

mens.

After having examined a considerable number of species of this

genus, I may express my belief that some of them—perhaps some

even of those included in the present paper—will, upon comparison of

larger series of specimens than we at present possess, be found to repre-

sent merely different stages of growth of the same animal. Dr. von

Martens, in two papers in the Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, xxxiv.

p- 34 (1868), and xxxv. p. 32 (1869), has done good service toward

elucidating this difficult genus by exhibiting in a tabulated form the

diagnostic characters of the species inhabiting the Eastern-Asiatic

Region, and South Brazil.

PALZMON NATTERERI.

Palemon nattereri, Heller, Kais. Akad. Wissensch. Sitzungsber.

xiv. Abth. i. p. 414, pl. ii. fig. 36, 37 (1862) ; von Martens, Archiv

f. Naturg. xxxyv. p. 32 (1869).

Hab. Guiana (river St. Laurent) (Jelski).

This species was described by Heller from specimens collected by

Natterer in the Rio Negro, Brazil. It is distinguished from its

congeners from the American continent by the elongated, strong,

second pair of legs, which are closely spinulose, and of rather unequal

size; the palm is much longer than the wrist; the upper (mobile)

finger has two, the lower a single strong tooth on its inner margin.

The sides of the carapace below the hepatic spine are very rough

and scabrous to the touch. Two specimens are in the collection,

which I refer to this species: in the larger (length to anterior

margin of carapace 2 inches) the rostrum is imperfect ; in the smaller

the rostrum it is toothed. In the smaller specimens; as is always the

case in the species of the genus Palemon, the distinctive characters

are far less strongly marked.

PALZMON BRASILIENSIS.

Palemon brasiliensis, Heller, Kais. Akad. Wissensch. Sitzungsb.

xiv. Abth. i. p. 419, pl. ii. fig. 46 (1862); von Martens, Archiv f.

Naturg. xxxv. p. 32 (1869).

Hab. Guiana (R. St. Laurent) (Jelsh?).

Three specimens of this species are in the collection; the length

of the largest is 1 inch 10 lines to tip of rostrum. Two specimens

agree well with the figure and description of Dr. Heller, whose

specimens were collected by Natterer in a brook at Camaroés, in

Brazil. It is to be noted, however, that the second pair of legs,

which he describes as unequal, are, in the specimens from Guiana,

very nearly of equal length.

This species was found in the same stream with the preceding.

The legs are not so robust, and more minutely spinulose, the palm

1877. ] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 661

but little longer than the wrist ; fingers slender, without strong teeth

on their inner margins; the sides of the carapace, below the lateral

hepatic spine, are nearly smooth.

The third and smallest specimen (length to tip of rostrum 1 inch

5 lines) differs from the preceding in having thirteen teeth on the

upper margin of the rostrum, the three apical teeth being some-

what smaller and more crowded, as in P. montezume, Saussure, from

the Gulf of Mexico; the wrist of the second pair of legs is not,

however, shorter than the palm, as in that species. This I regard

merely as a variety of P. brasiliensis.

Although it may be well, in the present state of our knowledge,

to maintain P. nattereri and P. brasiliensis as distinct Species, the

differences existing between them are very slight, scarcely sufficient

for specific distinction, if regard be had to the identity of locality

and the variations that are known to exist in individuals of a single

species.

This and the preceding species are omitted by Smith in his list

of the known species of Brazilian Decapoda (Trans. Conn. Acad. ij.

p- 40, 1870).

PALZMON JELSKU, sp.n. (Plate LXVII. fig. 1.)

Slender, smooth, with the lateral margins of the Segments of the

abdomen straight. Rostrum very long and slender, reaching beyond

the end of the basal scale of the external antennze, at base rising

considerably above the dorsal surface of the carapace, apex slightly

directed upward ; upper margin with 6-7 teeth towards the base,

and three sinall and crowded at apex, lower margin with 7 teeth.

Eyes large. Antennules with the peduncles reaching considerably

beyond their basal scales, but not to the extremity of the basal scale

of the antenne ; longest flagella very slender, about as long as the

animal ; antenne with the peduncles short, not reaching halfway to

extremity of basal scale; flagella extremely long and slender, longer

than the animal. Second pair of legs filiform, no thicker than the

rest, and not much longer than the carapace and rostrum ; wrist very

long and slender, about twice as long as the hand, which has the

palm and fingers equal, fingers hairy. Length about 1 inch 8 lines,

Hab. Guiana (Oyapok) (Jelshi).

This species is evidently very nearly allied to P. amazonicus, Heller,

Sitzungsb. J. c. p. 418, pl. ii. fig. 4,5 (1862) ; but it differs in the

fewer teeth upon the lower margin of the rostrum, which is less

raised at the extremity, and the far longer wrist of the second pair

of legs.

ithe form of the rostrum it slightly resembles Palemon engi-

culus, Smith, Trans. Connect. Acad. ji. p- 26, pl. i. fig. 2 (1869), but

differs in the number of the teeth and in the form and proportion

of the joints of the second pair of legs,

Two specimens are in the collection,

PALZMON GAUDICHAUDII.

Palemon gaudichaudii, M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. p. 400

662 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

(1837); Nicolet, in Gay, Historia de Chile, Zool. tom. iii. Crust.

p- 218 (1849) ; Semper, P. Z.S. p. 586 (1868).

Macrobrachium africanum, Spence Bate, P. Z.8. p. 366, pl. xxxi.

fig. 3 (1868).

Hab. Peru (Lima) (Jelshi). Also found in Chili.

Dr. Semper is undoubtedly right in quoting M. africanum, 8. Bate,

as a synonym of this common American species. The rostrum has

generally two or three teeth on the lower margin; but in the variety

described by Poeppig under the name of P. cementarius the rostrum

is entire below. The synonyms of this variety will run as follows :—

Var. CEMENTARIUS.

Palemon cementarius, Péppig, Archiv f. Naturg. ii. p. 143

(1836) ; Nicolet, in Gay, Historia de Chile, Zool. iii. Crust. p. 219

1849).

‘ Palamon gaudichaudit, M.-Edw. & Lucas, in D’Orbigny, Voy.

Amér. Mérid. Zool. vi. Crust. p. 37, pl. xvii. fig. 2 (1843).

Bithynis longimana, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. f. Nat. xxvi. p. 161

(1860).

Hab. Chili.

EuryRHYNCHUS, gen. nov.

Body not depressed. Rostrum triangular, broad at base, acute,

very short, barely reaching the extremity of the eyes. Anterior

margin of the carapace with a small spine between the eyes and the

rostrum, and another below the point of insertion of the peduncle

of the antenne. Antenne with a small basal scale. Antennules

with three flagella. Outer maxillipeds slender. Second pair of legs

nearly as in Anchistia. Tarsi of the last three pairs of legs nearly

straight, acute.

This genus is distinguished from others of the family Palemo-

nide with three flagella to the antennules by the very short broad

rostrum. It is perhaps most nearly allied to the genus Harpilius,

Dana, but differs in the form of the rostrum, and the basal scale of

the antennee is much shorter.

EuryYRHYNCHUS WRZESNIOWSKII, sp. n. (Plate LXVII. fig. 2.)

Slender; second segment of the abdomen considerably dilated on

the sides ; third to fifth segments with the postero-lateral angles

subacute, directed backward ; terminal segment longer than broad,

with the sides straight, rounded at the end, and, as well as the

appendages of the penultimate segment, ciliated at the extremity.

Antennules with the first exposed joint of the peduncle as long as

the two succeeding. Antennze with basal scale acute, rather longer

than the peduncle ; flagellum very slender. Anterior legs very slender ;

hand not as long as wrist, palm about equalling fingers in length,

Second pair of legs about twice as long as carapace ; arm about as

long as wrist, hand about twice as long as wrist, palm compressed,

fingers about as long as palm, straight, and closely meeting along

their inner edges. Length about 73 lines.

Hao, Cayenne.

1877.) CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 663

Of this small species but two specimens, in an imperfect condition,

are in the collection ; and although I dissected the mouth-organs of

one specimen, I failed to extract them in a sufficiently perfect con-

dition to admit of their description. The specimens were found in

a well.

ISOPODA.

The species of Isopoda described in the present paper belong to

the terrestrial or subaquatic Armadillide and QOniscide, and the

parasitic Cymothoide. The species of the two former families have

been comparatively neglected by modern carcinologists, and many of

the continental species are known only from the short and insuf-

ficient descriptions of Braadt, Koch, and other authors, based mainly

upon differences of colour, which is often a very variable charac-

teristic in individuals of a single species, and, taken alone, will not

always suffice to identify the animals of this group. Probably better

characters are to be found in the punctulation and granulation of

the body, and the form of the antero-lateral lobes of the head and

of the segments of the body, and uropoda.

On account of the brevity of many of the earlier descriptions, it

is very difficult, or even impossible, to institute comparisons between

the different species ; and, as stated above, I have only attempted to

do this, in the case of the American species, with others of the same

genera inhabiting the American continent. :

The mouth-organs, which in the Amphipoda afford very valuable

characters for the distinction of genera, in the Isopoda (at least in

the terrestrial members of the order) do not present any marked

peculiarities of structure. M. Lereboullet, one of the best authorities

on the subject, has, in the abstract of his valuable memoir on the

Oniscide of the environs of Strasbourg (Comptes Rendus, xx.

p. 346, 1849), even stated it as his opinion that they are in no case

available for characterizing the genera and species.

Family ARMADILLID#.

Subfamily ARMADILLIN&.

Professor Brandt, in his subdivisons of this family, which are very

natural, and were adopted almost without modification by M. Milne-

Edwards in the ‘ Histoire naturelle des Crustacés,’ makes two sub-

families— (a) Armadillidia, containing only his genus Armadillidium,

and (6) Cudbaridea, including the genera Cubaris, Armadillo, and

Diploexochus. Unfortunately he restricts the genus Armadillo to

the single species A. officinalis, Duméril, which had not been de-

scribed when Latreille founded the genus, and does not mention at all

the earlier A. vulgaris of Latreille, which, as described by Milne-

Edwards, Lereboullet, and other authors, belongs to his genus

Armadillidium.

I therefore retain the name of Armadillo for those species in

which the terminal segment of the abdomen is ¢runcate at the ex-

664 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

tremity, with the posterior margin straight, transverse. The genus,

thus restricted, will correspond to the section 3 of Brandt, and § 2

of Milne-Edwards in the genus Armadillidium, and will include the

Armadillo vulgaris’ of Latreille. The genus Armadillidium will

then be restricted to section a of Brandt, and § 1 of Milne-Edwards

in the same genus; while the A. officinalis, Duméril, and allied

species will constitute a distinct genus, which I propose to designate

Orthonus*, characterized by the straight posterior margins of the

segments, which are never revolute.

The following is a tabulated arrangement of the genera to which

the species described in the present paper are referred :—

I. ARMADILLIDIA.

Armadillidia, Brandt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. vi. p. 184 (1833).

Apical joint of the uropoda usually large, inserted at the apex of

the basal joint.

ARMADILLIDIUM, Brandt (section a), Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. vi.

p- 185 (1833) ; Milne-Edwards (§ 1), Hist. Nat. Crust. ili. p. 181

(1840).

Terminal segment triangular, acute at the extremity.

Armapito, Latr. (part), Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. vii. p. 47

(1804).

Terminal segment quadrangular, truncate at the extremity.

II. CusaripEa.

Cubaridea, Brandt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. vi. p. 189 (1833).

Apical joint of the uropoda very small, inserted in the middle of

the inner lateral margin of the produced basal joint.

Cusaris, Brandt, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. Hist. vi. p. 189 (1833).

Armadillo (§ 2), Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iil. p. 179

(1840).

Posterior margins of the first two or three, or even of all the

segments of the body with the posterior margins angulate-excavate

on the sides; lateral margins often somewhat revolute. Terminal

segment with the posterior margin straight.

OrtTHONUS’, gen. nov. -

Armadillo, Brandt, l. c. p. 191 (1833) ; nee Latr.

Armadillo (§ 1), M.-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. p. 178 (1840).

Posterior margins of all the segments straight. Lateral margins

never revolute.

1 Messrs. 8. Bate and Westwood, in the ‘ British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,’ also

use the name Armadillo for A. vulgaris.

2 6p0ds, straight; dvos, wood-louse.

® The Armadillo inconspicuus, from New Zealand, described by me (Cat. New-

Zeal, Crust. p. 95, pl. ii. fig. 4, 1876) belongs to this genus,

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 665

ARMADILLIDIUM, Brandt.

ARMADILLIDIUM C&LATUM, sp. nu. (Plate LXVIL. fig. 3.)

Convex, very finely and closely punctulated and pubescent. Head

transverse-oblong, closely encased in the first segment of the body,

with the anterior margin reflexed, more prominent in the centre,

and slightly sinuated toward the antero-lateral angles, which are not

prominent. Eyes minute, placed close to the antero-latcral angles.

First segment of the body somewhat larger on the sides than the

rest, with the postero-lateral angles acute, the posterior margin

slightly excavate; following segments with the posterior margins

nearly straight. Segments of the tail short; third to fifth bent

backward on the sides; terminal segment broader than long, tri-

angular. Terminal joints of the uropoda transverse when viewed frora

above. External antenne with the last two joints (flagellum) to-

gether about as long as, but more slender than, the preceding joint,

the penultimate much shorter than the terminal joint. Colour

generally dark brown. Length about 4 lines, breadth 2 lines.

Hab. Cayenne.

ARMADILLO, Latr.

ARMADILLO VULGARIS.

Oniscus armadillo, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. xii.) p. 1062 (1766).

Armadillo vulgaris, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins. vil. p. 48

(1804) ; Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. xi. p. 376 (1815) ; Spence Bate

and Westwood, Hist. Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust. ii. p. 492 (1868).

Armadillidium vulgare, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. p. 184

(1840); Kinahan, Nat.-Hist. Rev. iv. p. 276, pl. xxi. figs. 3, 9-13

(1857).

Hab. Cayenne.

There are in the collection several examples of a species of

Armadillo purporting to have been collected at Cayenne, in

which, after a careful comparison with specimens of the common

British Armadillo vulgaris, in the British-Museum collection, I am

unable to detect any distinctive peculiarity whatever. They agree

in size, punctulation of the body, coloration, &c. With these

specimens was sent a single example of a Myriopod, which to the

inexperienced eye of a collector might, upon mere superficial exam-

ination, be easily mistaken for the same species as the Armadillo.

My friend and colleague in the Zoological Department, Mr. A. G.

Butler, informs me that this is certainly the European Glomeris

marginata, Olivier. It appears very probable that here (as in the

case of Cymothea cstrum) the locality of the specimen has been

wrongly given. It is difficult to see how, in the case of the Arma-

dillidia (terrestrial Isopoda living under stones, in moist earth, &c.),

the same species could inhabit Europe and South America.

This species is evidently very closely allied to the Armadillo

pilularis of Say (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. i. p. 432, 1818),

from North America, of which a single specimen, presented by Say, is

in the British-Museum collection. In this specimen the terminal

666 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

segment is imperfect, and cannot be compared with that of a.

vulgaris ; it is, however, rather more coarsely punctulated, and of a

darker colour, variegated with bright yellow markings.

Cusaris, Brandt.

CuBaris AFFINIS, sp. n. (Plate LXVII. fig. 4.)

Oblong-oval, convex, with the segments very finely and closely

granulated, with a transverse series of much larger granules on each

segment of the body, on each side of the middle line. Head trans-

verse-oblong, anterior margin straight, reflexed, and level with the

strongly reflexed lateral margins of the first segment of the body.

Eyes small, granulated, and placed close to the lateral margins of

the head. First three segments of the body with the segments

angularly bent backwards on the sides, the angulation being most

conspicuous in the first segment. Segments of the tail short, with

the upper surface plane, or even slightly concave on the sides, towards

the lateral margin. Terminal segment concave above, and with the

lateral margins excavated, very nearly as wide at the straight poste-

rior as at the anterior margin. Antennze with the two terminal joints

(flagellum) short, together not as long as the antepenultimate joint ;

penultimate about one third the length of terminal joint. Inner (ter-

minal) joint of the uropoda minute, inserted upon the inner margin of

the longitudinal oblong penultimate joint. Colour dark-brown in spirit ;

when dry the specimens are white. Length 4 inch, breadth 4 inch.

Hab, Cayenne.

Specimens from Jamaica belonging to this species are in the British-

Museum collection.

C. affinis is very nearly allied to C. cubensis (Armadillo cubensis,

De Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Genéve, xiv. (2) pl. 481,

pl. v. fig. 42, 1858), which, however, has the terminal segment

longer in proportion to its width, and the posterior margin of each

segment of the body is marked with a transverse groove, which is

reflexed and continued along the latero-inferior margin, and is strongly

marked on the anterior segments. A. cacahuamilpensis, Bilimek

(Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. xvii. p. 907, 1867) from Mexico, which is

also, I believe, a Cubaris, is distinguished by the great breadth of the

first segment of the body, &c.

Another American species of this genus, in the British-Museum

collection, may be characterized as follows :—

CuBarIs GIGAs, sp. n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 1.)

Convex oblong-oval, nearly smooth, surface only very minutely

granulated, and with only obscure indications of larger tubercles on

each side of the middle line. Head transverse, with the anterior

margin straight, reflexed at a right angle (as seen in a lateral view)

with the upper surface of the head, and (as seen in a dorsal view)

also forming a right angle with the lateral margins; antero-lateral

lobes wanting. First segment of the body very concave on the sides,

with the lateral margins strongly reflexed ; all the segments distinctly

1877. | CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA, 667

flexed backward on the sides, with the posterior margins angulate-

excavate. Terminal segment of the tail about as broad as long, with

the sides excavated ; upper surface flat, with a shallow depression on

each side, and a small median pit near the base. Antennse with the

flagellum much shorter than the last joint of the peduncle, with the

first joint the shortest. Basal joint of the uropoda (viewed from

above) oblong, terminal (apparent lateral) joint quite minute.

Colour light grey. Length 103 lines.

Hab. Nicaragua, 8. Juan (Sallé). (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

This species is remarkable for its large size ; it is larger than any

other species of the genus in the British- Museum collection. In the

prominent anterior margin of the head, beneath which the antennee

are partly concealed, it resembles the genus Pyrgoniscus, Kinahan,

which, I may add, is wrongly referred by Dr. Kinahan to the Por-

eellionide, and belongs certainly to the Armadillide, and is nearly

allied to Cubaris.

Family Oniscipz.

Subfamily Ontscin ».

Porce tio, Latreille.

De Saussure (Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Genéve, xiv. pp. 477,

480), has based the characters of his primary sections of this genus

on the form of the segments of the body. These appear to me at

once so natural and characteristic, that I adopt them as subgeneric

divisions.

Subgenus Porce.uio.

Postero-lateral angles of all the segments of the body acute, and

produced backward.

PORCELLIO CAYENNENSIS, sp. n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 2.)

Moderately convex, with the Segments somewhat laterally pro-

duced, and separated from one another toward the lateral margins,

everywhere closely and finely granulated, with larger granules, not

extending far toward the lateral margins on each segment. Head

small, transverse-oblong, deeply encased in the first segment, strongly

granulated, with the antero-lateral lobes very prominent, concave

above, and subacute at the extremity. Eyessmall. All the segments

of the body with the antero-lateral angles rounded; the posterior

margins excavated on the sides towards the postero-lateral angle,

which is acute and produced backward; seventh segment with the

posterior margin regularly excavate. Segments of the tail short,

with the lateral portion angularly flexed backward, the laterally

flexed portion in the third segment equalling one third the width of the

Segment ; terminal segment somewhat T-shaped, longer than broad,

subacute at the extremity, and produced beyond the extremity of

the basal joint of the uropoda. Antenne wanting. Colour light-

yellow and brown variegated. Length 4 inch, breadth q inch.

Hab. Cayenne.

In neither of the two specimens in the collection is the terminal

668 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

joint of the uropoda in situ. One, which is loose in the tube, and

almost certainly belongs to this species, is short, barely twice the

length of the basal joint.

As the external antenne are wanting, it must be a matter of un-

certainty whether this species is to be referred to this genus or

Oniscus.

The Porcellio spinicornis and Porcellio nigra of Say (Journ. Ac

Nat. Sci. Phil. i. pp. 431, 432, 1818), from the United States, belong

to this subgenus, as specimens in the British-Mnseum collection

presented by Say, prove. In both species the body is more closely

articulated, and the terminal segment more triangular and shorter

than in P. cayennensis.

Subgenus PoRCELLIONIDES.

Postero-lateral angles of the first four segments of the body not

acute and not produced backward.

a. Depressed, with the antero-lateral portion of the head small.

PoRCELLIO JELSKII, sp. n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 3.)

Oblong-oval, depressed, very finely and closely punctulated, and

with scattered but faintly indicated granules, tending to a trans-

verse arrangement on each segment. Head small, transverse ; antero-

lateral lobes very small, nearly obsolete. Eyes small, black. First

four segments of the body with the posterior margins straight, and

forming nearly a right angle with the lateral margins; remaining

segments with the posterior margins becoming successively slightly

more excavated and with the postero-lateral angles subacute. Tail

short ; third to fifth segments with the posterior margins straight to

within a short distanee of the postero-lateral angle, which is acute,

and directed backwards; terminal segment triangular, rather broader

than long, with a slight depression above, with the lateral margins a

little excavated, subacute at the extremity, and projecting but very

slightly beyond the basal joint of the uropoda. Antenne slender,

with the two terminal joints (flagellum) together about as long as

the preceding, the terminal a very little shorter than the penulti-

mate joint. Uropoda with the terminal joint two or three times as

long as the preceding, narrow-lanceolate, acute at the extremity.

Colour light purplish-brown, variegated with irregular narrow pale

markings ; lateral margins of the segments without broad yellow

bands. Length 5 lines, breadth 2 lines.

Hab. Peru; Guiana.

A large series of specimens of this species, which appears to be

common, is in the collection.

This species differs from P. chilensis, Dana (nec Gay), in the

joints of the flagellum of the external antennze (in that species the

first is nearly twice the length of the second joint), the more deeply

concave seventh segment of the body, and the longer rami of the

uropoda—from P. cubensis and P. sumichrasti, De Saussure, from

Cuba (which it somewhat resembles in the form of the terminal

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 669

segment), in the much smaller antero-lateral lobes of the head—from

P. granarus and P. liliputanus, Gay, from Chili, in the nearly equal

joints of the flagellum of the external antenne, &c.

In a single specimen from Peru, the terminal segment is transverse-

triangular, nearly of the form of that of P. poeyi, De Saussure, from

Cuba ; but as _ this exactly agrees with the other specimens of the

Same series in other particulars, I do not regard this as more than

an individual peculiarity.

PorcELLio rLavo-viTTATA, sp. n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 4.)

More oblong in form, and a little more convex than the preceding

species, with the granulations upon the body more distinctly marked,

the sides of the body straighter. Colour blackish brown, variegated

as in the preceding species. Lateral margins of the segments of the

body with a marginal yellow band. Length 4 lines, breadth nearly

2 lines.

Hiab. Cayenne.

This species is very nearly allied to the preceding; yet the

differences above mentioned appear generally constant. In one

specimen only, without antennze and uropoda, and which might, if

in better condition, have proved distinct, is the lateral marginal

yellow band entirely absent.

All the specimens are unfortunately much mutilated.

b. Convex, with the antero-lateral lobes of the head prominent.

PoRCELLIO AzTEcus.

Porcellio aztecus, De Saussure, Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat.

Genéve, xiv. (part 2) p. 479, pl. v. fig. 38 (1858).

Porcellio mexicanus, De Saussure, J, c. p. 479, pl. v. figs. 39, 40

(1858).

Hab. Peru (Lima).

In the good series of specimens of this species in the collection, I

have observed between younger and fully-matured animals just the

differences that are instanced by De Saussure as existing between

P. aztecus and P. mexicanus, which I am therefore inclined to consider

different ages of one and the same species, well characterized b

its large size, convex, finely and uniformly granulated body, the

prominent antero-lateral lobes of the head, the form of the terminal

segment, uropoda, etc.

Porcellio interruptus, Heller (Reise der Novara, Crust. p. 136,

1865) from Chili, which, on account of the prominent antero-lateral

lobes of the head, probably belongs to this section, differs in having

the four anterior segments of the body much narrower than the

preceding.

Puitoverta, Kinahan!,

To this genus I refer a species obtained in Peru and Guiana, and

always occurring in the collection in the same tubes with Porcellio

? According to Messrs, Spence Bate and Westwood = Itea, Koch, a name em-

ployed by Linnzus for a genus of plants. I regret that I have not myself had

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1877, No. XLIV. 44

670 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

jeiskit. It agrees well with PAilougria in the transverse front, in

which the median and antero-lateral lobes are obsolete, the subulated

flagella of the external antennz, and the exposed uropoda, which

have the inner ramus long, more than half the length of the outer.

PuILouGRiA NiTIDA, sp. n. (Plate LXIX. fig. 3.)

Oblong-oval, shining, very convex; segments closely articulated,

with minute scattered granules. Head transverse, with the anterior

margin straight, without antero-lateral lobes. Eyes black, granulated,

and extending along the whole length of the lateral margins. Seg-

ments of the body subequal, lateral margins with a raised marginal

line; posterior margins of the first three segments straight, and

forming a right angle with the lateral margins; last four segments

slightly excavate on the sides, postero-lateral angles acute. Third,

fourth, and fifth (exposed) segments of the tail with the lateral part

bent backward, almost at a right angle to the median portion of the

segment. Terminal segment much broader than long, obtusely tri-

angular, with a well-marked depression between the bases of the

uronoda (which, however, is more conspicuous in some specimens

than in others). Antenne shorter than the body, very slender ;

flagellum three-jointed, and terminating in a long slender transparent

filament. Legs very slender, with short hairs on the last three

joints. Basal joints of the uropoda very short, terminal joint more

than three times as long as the basal joint, acute. Colour purplish-

brown ; with irregular yellow spots and patches. Length 1} inch,

breadth + inch.

Hab. Peru, Guiana.

Distinguished by its convex, shining appearance, the form of the

head and of the terminal segment, and of the far longer slender

terminal filament of the flagella of the external antennz, from the

known species of the genus.

The specimens from Guiana generally appear rather more coarsely

granulated.

Subfamily Lier.

Lier, Fabricius.

LiGIA BAUDINIANA ¢

? Ligia baudiniana, Milne-Edw: Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. p. 155

(1840).

Hab. Cayenne.

As this species is only known to me by the short description of

Milne-Edwards in the ‘ Histoire naturelle des Crustacés,’ I subjoin

the following description of the specimens from Cayenne.

an opportunity of consulting Koch’s account of the German species of Oniscide,

either in his ‘Continuation’ of Panzer’s ‘ Deutschlands Insecten,’ or in his

‘ Deutschlands Crustaceen.’

Dr. von Martens (Zool. Record for 1868, p. 522), points out that the name

Philougria should be spelt Philygria. As, however, the term Philygria was

used in 1843 by Stenhammar for a genus of Dipterous insects, I retain the

designation Philougria, albeit etymologically incorrect.

1877.1 CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 671

Body narrow-oblong, or slightly oblong-oval, with scattered

granules, which are disposed in transverse series, only upon the pos-

terior margin of each segment. Head transverse. Eyes large, black,

of considerable width, and occupying the whole length of the lateral

margin. First three or four segments of the body with the posterior

margins straight, the succeeding segments with the posterior margins

becoming gradually more concave, and the postero-lateral angles

more acute. Segments of the tail with the postero-lateral angles

long, narrow, acute, and flexed backwards; terminal segment trans-

verse-oblong, posterior margin tridentate, nearly straight to within a

short distance of the postero-lateral angle, then slightly sinuated,

postero-lateral angle prominent, triangular, acute. Peduncle of

the external antennz with the terminal very little longer than the

penultimate joint, flagellum 32-36-jointed. Rami of the uropoda a

little unequal, longer than the peduncle, inner with a small slender

terminal appendage. Length nearly | inch, breadth 5 lines.

The specimens in the collection have longer antennze than those

described by Milne-Edwards, reaching in one nearly, in another quite,

to the extremity of the body. The Jength of the antennee cannot,

however, always be depended upon as a constant specific character ;

and the number of joints is sometimes variable. The slender styli-

form appendage to the inner ramus of the uropoda is found in other

species of the genus, as, for example, the typical L. aquatica, where

it is quite minute. It is absent in many specimens, and is probably

very easily disarticulated and lost.

This species resembles the Californian LZ. occidentalis, Dana, U.S.

Expl. Exp. xiv. Crust. ii. p. 742, pl. xlix. f. 7 (1853); but the

teeth of the terminal segment are more prominent ; the antennze are

also much longer.

The Ligia stimpsoni', from California, is at once distinguished by

its very broad flat body.

De Saussure (Mém. Soc. Phys. et Hist. Nat. Genéve, p. 476)

found specimens in Cuba which, he says, are not to be distinguished

from L. baudiniana; and specimens collected at Rio Janeiro by Dr.

Cunningham are referred by Mr. Spence Bate to this species

(Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 443, 446, 1868). Specimens from Rio

de Janeiro are also in the British-Museum collection.

Family CymoTHo1p4,

Cymoruoa, Fabricius.

CyMOTHOA STRUM.

? Oniscus «strum, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 1059 (1766); Fab.

Syst. Ent. p. 294 (1775).

Cymothoa estrum, Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 505 (1793)?; Leach,

Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. p. 372 (1815); Desm. Consid. Crust. p. 307,

1 TI propose this name for the Lzgia dilatata of Stimpson (Proc. Boston Soe.

Nat. Hist. vi. p. 88, 1856-59; and Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. p. 507,

pl. xxii. fig. 8, 1857), the name Ligia dilatata having been preoccupied by

Brandt for a South-African species of the genus (Bull. Mose. vi. p. 172, 1833).

44*

672 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

pl. xlvii. figs. 6, 7 (1825); M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. p. 269

(1840); Régne Animal de Cuvier (éd. Crochard), Crust. pl. Ixv.

fig. 1; Spence Bate and Westwood, Hist. Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust.

ii. p. 274, footnote (1868).

Hab. Peru.

To this species I refer two specimens in the collection, numbered

as coming from Peru (the largest an adult female, length 1 inch 5

lines), which agree in every respect with the specimens in the British-

Museum collection, described by Leach as Cymothoa estrum, trom

European seas. Like these specimens they have the anterior lobes

of the first segment of the body broad, subtruncate, and produced to

a level with the anterior margin of the head, which appears straight

in a dorsal view, but is inflexed, and conceals the bases of the

superior antennze; the joints of the peduncle slender, not dilated ;

the thigh-joint of the fourth pair of legs produced in the form of an

acute tubercle, which is most prominent in the younger animal, the

same joint of the following legs greatly dilated posteriorly; the

terminal segment transverse, the rami of the uropoda very small,

subequal, &c. It is very improbable that the same species should

inhabit the seas of Peru and Kurope ; and I think it safer to conclude,

as there are some species in the collection avowedly from the Medi-

terranean, that the label in this instance, as in the case of Armadillo

vulgaris, has been misplaced, and that the true habitat of these

specimens is European. No particulars are given of the fish on

which they were parasitic.

The West-Indian C. dufresnii, Leach, is very nearly allied to this

species ; but the anterior lobes of the first segment of the body are

not quite so squarely truncate, and the lobe of the thigh-joint of the

fourth pair of legs is somewhat less prominent and acute.

Awni.Locra, Leach.

ANILOCRA L&VIS, sp.n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 6.)

Body regularly convex, oval ; first six segments of the tail of equal

width, terminal segment considerably broader. Head small, nar-

rowed anteriorly, front narrowed, rounded, inflexed, and concealing

the bases of the inner antennze. Eyes black, oblong. First segment

of the body with the antero-lateral angles not at all prominent,

postero-lateral angles rounded and entire; second to sixth segments

with the posterior margins nearly straight; seventh segment with

the posterior margin reguiarly excavate, the postero-lateral angle

broad, obtuse and rounded. Segments of the tail rounded on the

sides, terminal segment with the posterior margin rounded. Epimerze

or coxee small, of the second, third, and fourth segments obtuse, of

the fifth to seventh segments subacute and somewhat spiniform.

Superior (inner) antennee nearly reaching to the anterior margin

of the first segment of the body, eight-jointed; first three joints

(peduncle) larger than the succeeding. Inferior antenne 9-jointed,

nearly reaching to the posterior margin of the first segment of the

body, peduncle five-jointed, the fi-th joint the longest. Rami of the

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA, 673

uropoda lamellate, compressed, oval, the inner slightly the larger.

Length 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 74 lines.

Hab. Martinique ; Peru.

A specimen from each locality is in the collection.

This species appears to be nearly allied to, but distinct from 4.

laticauda, Milne- Edwards (Hist. Nat. Crust. iii. p. 259, 1840), from

the West Indies, and 4. mexicana, De Saussure (Mém. Soe. Phys.

et Hist. Nat. Genéve, xiv. part 2, p. 484, 1858), from the Gulf of

Mexico. From the latter species it differs in the form of the first

segment of the body, which in A. mexicana has the latero-anterior

margins provided with a smail tubercle, and the latero-posterior

margins notched (the epimerz also, in this species are uniform), from

A. laticauda in the much longer internal anteune and in the length

of the rami of the uropoda, the inner being equal to or shorter than

the outer in A. laticauda.

Old-world Species.

DECAPODA.

AcanTuHonyx, Latr.

The following is a species hitherto only known by the name (with-

out description) applied to it by White in the ‘ List of Crustacea in

the Collection of the British Museum,’ p. 11 (1847).

ACANTHONYX ELoNGATUS. (Plate LXIX. fig. 1.)

Carapace smooth, without hairs. Gastric and genital regions

convex, gastric region with two strong tubercles, lateral margins

slightly excavated, with the median tooth obscure and nearly equi-

distant from the prominent obtuse anterior and the obtusely tri-

angular posterior tooth. Front and rostrum obliquely deflexed, with

the supraocular and rostral spines prominent. Anterior legs (in

the male) very much enlarged, wrist obscurely ridged, hand com-

pressed, fingers, when closed, meeting only at tips. Ambulatory

legs wanting. Abdomen (of male) narrow, six-jointed, the fourth

and fifth joints coalescent. Length to end of rostrum, | inch 1 line.

Hab. Red Sea.

A single specimen is in the British-Museum collection.

ANOMURA.

Curpanartivs, Dana.

CLIBANARIUS MISANTHROPUS.

Pagurus misanthropus, Risso, Crust. des Environs de Nice, p- 56

(1816); Hist. Nat. Eur. mérid. v. p. 41 (1826) ; Roux, Crust. de

la Méditerranée, 3° livr. pl. xiv. fig. 1, 2 (1828) ; M.-Edw. Hist. Nat.

Crust. i. p. 228 (1837).

Pagurus labillardieri, Audouin, Expl. d. Planches de Savigny,

Egypte, Crust. pl. ix. fig. 2, p. 89 (1809).

Hab. —?

A good series of specimens is in the collection.

674 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

I am in some doubt whether this species be the C. misanthropus

of Risso and of M. Milne-Edwards, who apparently copied Risso’s

description ; but it is almost certainly the species figured under this

name by Roux. It differs only in having the tarsi striped with red

upon a white instead of a blue ground ; but this latter colour is in all

probability evanescent ; indeed in one or two specimens from the

Spanish coast in the collection of the British Museum, some very

faint traces of the blue coloration are still discernible.

Clibanarius oculatus, Fabricius, as described by M. Milne-Edwards,

appears to differ in having the tarsi much shorter than the penulti-

mate joint. They are coloured with longitudinal red and yellow lines,

ISOPODA.

ARMADILLIDE.

Subfamily TyLosin a.

Tyuos, Latreille.

TyLos LATREILLE}.

Tylos latreillei, Audouin, Expl. d. planches de Savigny, Egypte,

Crust. pl. xiii. fig. 1, p. 96 (1809) ; M.-Edw. Hist. Crust. ili. p. 188

(1840) ; Régne Animal de Cuvier, Crust. pl. Ixx. bis, fig. 2; Heller,

Reise der Novara, Crust. p. 137 (1865) ; Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.

Wien, xvi. p. 732 (1866).

Tylos armadillo, Latr. Régne Animal de Cuvier, iv. p. 142 (1829);

Guérin-Méneville, Iconogr. Régne Animal, Crust. p.35. pl. xxxvi. fig. 4.

Hab. Odessa.

The colour of the specimens in the collection is light brown, length

62 lines, breadth 3 lines. The lateral margins of the cox and

segments of the tail are fringed with very short hairs. This species

appears to be common in the Mediterranean region, having been

recorded from Egypt, Algeria, Gibraltar, Lesina, &c.

The specimens I refer to Tylos latreillei differ from specimens of

1’. capensis, Krauss, in the British-Museum collection, from Simon’s

Bay, South Africa, in their much smaller size (the largest specimen

of 7’. capensis is one inch in length), and in the form of the epimeral

piece or coxa of the sixth pair of legs; in T. /atreillei the postero-

lateral angle of this joint is rounded ; in T. capensis the posterior margin

is straight, and forms a right angle with the posterior margin. More-

over in T. capensis the segments are nearly smooth, or only very

finely granulated ; in 7’. latreillei they are rather strongly punctu-

lated and rugose. In both species the postero-lateral angle of the

coxa of the last pair of legs is acute.

TyLOS GRANULATUS, sp. n. (Plate LXIX. fig. 2.)

Convex, coarsely granulated, the granules on the dorsal surface of

the body separated by linear smooth intervening spaces; the process

of the epistoma separating the basal joints of the antennee, and the

peduncles of the antenne themselves, very strongly granulated.

Postero-lateral angles of the first segment of the body strongly

flexed backward and acute. Terminal segment of the tail trans-

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 675

versely oblong, very much broader than long, and with a slightly

reflexed posterior margin. Last four joints of the legs clothed with

very stiff short hairs; the epimeral piece or coxa of the last pair

of legs with the postero-lateral angle obtuse. Length of largest

specimen about ? inch.

Hab. Kiogo, Japan; and Borneo. (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

This species is distinguished by the granulated body and the

obtuse postero-lateral angle of the epimera of the last pair of legs.

Tylos spinulosus, Dana, from Fuegia, differs, as its name imports,

in its spinulous body from all the foregoing species.

Subfamily ARMADILLINE.

ARMADILLIDIUM, Brandt.

ARMADILLIDIUM PUSTULATUM.

Armadillo pustulatus, Duméril, Dict. Sci. Nat. iii. p. 117 (1816) ;

Desmarest, Consid. gén. des. Crust. p. 325, pl. xlix. fig. 6 (1825).

Armadillidium pustulatum, M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. des Crust. iii.

p- 181 (1840).

Armadillidium brunneum, Brandt, Conspect. Monogr. Onise. p. 185

(1832).

? Armedillidium zenckeri, Brandt, J. c. p. 185 (1832).

? Armadillidium pictum, Brandt, J. c. p. 186 (1832).

Hab. Moldavia.

‘The two specimens in the collection which I refer to this species

are convex, oblong-oval, very closely and finely punctulated, and with

distinct scattered granules, of whieh there is a transverse series on

the posterior margin of each segment, the granules showing else-

where a tendency to a similar arrangement. Head transverse-oblong ;

eyes small, black, granulated; channels for the reception of the

bases of the external antennze deep and well defined. First two

segments of the body with the posterior margins angulated on the

sides ; first segment with the postero-lateral angles subacute. Seg-

ments of the tail short, lateral margins straight and forming nearly

a right angle with the posterior margins; terminal segment longer

than broad, triangular, with the sides straight, subacute at the

extremity, flat above. Antenne with the two terminal joints

(flagellum) together not as long as the antepenultimate joint, sub-

equal. Uropoda, when viewed from above, with the basal joint

very small, scarcely visible; terminal joint aimost completely filling

the space between the terminal and penultimate segments. Colour

steel gray, variegated with yellowish white; all the segments with

narrow pale margins. Length 103 lines, breadth about 5 lines.

This species is distinguished by its large size, closely punctulated

and distinctly granulated body, and by the form of the terminal seg-

ment. Specimens, between which I cannot find differences sufficient

to warrant their specific separation, are in the British Museum, from

France, Tunis, Tangiers, Malta, and Sardinia.

The species figured by Guérin-Meéneville as A. pustulatum(Iconogr.

R. A. pl. xxxi. fig. 9) is a species of the restricted genus Armadillo,

perhaps 4. vulgaris.

676 MR. E. J. MIERS ON A COLLECTION OF [June 19,

Porce.uio, Latr.

PoRCELLIO SWAMMERDAMII.

Porcellio swammerdami, Audouin, Explic. des Planches déSavigny,

Egypte, Crust. pl. xiii. fig. 6, p. 98 (1809).

Porcellio alexandrinus, Brandt, Conspectus Monogr. Onise. p. 180

(1832); M.-Edw. Hist. Nat. Crust. ili. p. 172 (1840).

Hab. Egypt.

In the single adult example (length nearly 5 lines) the colour is

deep blackish-brown; in this specimen the flagella of the external

antenne are missing. The other specimens are much smaller, and

of a much lighter brown colour. They agree well with Savigny’s

figure of the species, except that the granules are less strongly marked.

Subgenus PoRCELLIONIDES.

PoRCELLIO HISPIDA, sp.n. (Plate LXVIII. fig. 5.)

Convex, elongate, oval-oblong, everywhere closely covered with

minute stiff hairs (which under a low magnifying-power might be

mistaken for granules). Head small, transverse, antero-lateral lobes

broad, prominent, rounded, and obtuse. Segments of the body all

rounded at the junction of the anterior and lateral margins, postero-

lateral angles of the first three segments of the body obtuse and

rounded, of the remaining segments subacute; posterior margin of

the seventh segment concave, and slightly sinuated on the sides.

Segments of the tail short and bent backwards on the sides, postero-

lateral angles acute; terminal segment triangular, with the sides

slightly concave, subacute at the extremity. Antennze short, the last

two joints (flagellum) together shorter than the antepenultimate

joint, the terminal joint a little longer than the penultimate joint.

Uropoda short; the terminal about twice the length of the penulti-

mate joint, and projecting for about half its length beyond the

terminal segment. Colour light brown and light yellow variegated.

Length 53 lines, breadth 23 lines.

Hab. Mongolia.

This species is remarkable for the minute stiff hairs which clothe

the narrow oblong body, the small size of the rami of the uropoda,

&e.

Family CymoTHoIp#.

Lironeca, Leach.

LIRoNECA DAURICA, Sp. n. (Plate LXIX. fig. 4.)

Broadly ovate, depressed. Head very small; front prominent,

rounded, and concealing the bases of the antennze, but not inflexed.

Eyes small, red. First segment of the body rather the longest,

anterior margin concave, with scarcely any trace of antero-lateral

lobes. Following segments with the coxze small, and inserted in

front of the antero-lateral angle of the segment, postero-lateral angles

of all the segments rounded; last segment very short, and almost

semicircularly excavated. Tail small, of equal width throughout,

not half the width of the third segment of the body ; terminal seg-

ment but little broader than long, smooth, with the posterior margin

1877.] CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. 677

rounded. Rami of the uropoda subequal, narrow, oblong-oval, and

about reaching to the posterior margin of the terminal segment.

Antenne very slender ; superior about half as long as the inferior,

which just reach to the anterior margin of the first segment of the

body. ‘These latter are eight-jointed, the third Joint appearing twice

as long as the preceding, as if consisting of two coalescent joints,

Superior antennee eight-jointed. All the legs with the thigh-joints

oblong, and very little dilated posteriorly, the last four pairs with the

postero-superior margins slightly produced and carinated. Length

about 1 inch, breadth 7 3 lines.

Hab. Dauria, R. Onon.

: A single specimen (female with ova) is in the collection.

ge _In this species the coxe are inserted in the angles between the

Segments of the body, in front of the anterior margin of each

Segment, not exterior to the lateral margin of the segment, as is

usually the case.

It is at once distinguished from the Cymothoa amurensis, Gerst-

aecker, Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg, viii. p- 278 (1859)

by the slender femora, non-inflexed front, &c.

Lrroneca Laticaupa, sp-n. (Plate LXIX., fig. 5.)

Ovate, slightly gibbous, moderately convex. Head small, front in-

flexed, and concealing the bases of the antennee._ First segment of the

body with the anterior margin deeply excavate, antero-lateral lobes

prominent and obtuse. Coxe of the following segments oblong and

inserted externally to the lateral margin of the segment; in the

first, second, and third segments the lateral margin is Straight ; in the

fourth to seventh it is excavated. Terminal segment transverse, with

the posterior margin rounded. Rami of the uropoda short, ovate,

the outer twice as large as the inner, but not reaching halfway to

the posterior margin of the segment. Length nearly 1 inch 3 lines.

fab. Manchuria. (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

This species cannot be confounded with the foregoing. It is far

more closely allied to the Lironeca nove-zealandie, described by me

(Cat. New-Zeal Crust. p- 106, pl. iii. fig. 2, 1376), which it alto-

gether resembles in external appearance ; in that species, however,

the epimerze are longer in proportion to their width, and the rami of

the uropoda subequal. In both L. laticauda and L. nove-zealandie

the posterior margin of the thigh-joint of the last four pairs of legs

is produced at its proximal extremity and forms a strong tubercle.

In LZ. emarginata, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Indo.-Néerl. ii, p- 27, pl. i.

fig. 5 (1857), from Batavia, another nearly allied species, the front

is produced beyond the bases of the antenne, and the posterior margin

of the thigh-joints of the legs is straight.

ANILocrRA, Leach.

ANILOCRA TRICHIURA. (Plate LXIX. fig. 6.)

Anilocra trichiura, List Crust. Brit. Mus. p- 108 (1847), sine descr.

Narrow- oblong, oval, convex. Head small, with the anterior

678 ON CRUSTACEA, CHIEFLY FROM SOUTH AMERICA. [June 19,

margin inflexed, appearing nearly straight in a dorsal view ; posterior

margin with a small, median, rounded lobe received into a correspond-

ing emargination in the anterior margin of the first segment of the

body. First segment of the body longer than the succeeding. Last

segment of the tail longer than broad, narrowed to its extremity,

which is subacute. Coxe transverse and obtuse at their posterior

extremity. Legs short, with the thigh-joints not dilated. Uropoda

very slender; outer ramus very long, more than twice the length of

the inner. Length 1 inch.

Hab. Mauritius (R. Templeton). (Coll. Brit. Mus.)

This species is at once distinguished by the form of the rami of

the uropoda. The habitat, which is given as “Indian Ocean,” in

the ‘ List of Crustacea,’ 7. c., is marked ‘‘ Mauritius” on the label

attached to the specimen.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Puate LXVI.

Fig. 1. Clibanarius cayennensis, p. 657, natural size.

2. carnescens, p. 658, natural size.

3. Carapace, frontal region, eyes and antennee of Clibanarius speciosus,

p. 658, magnified about twice the natural size.

3a. Hand of the same, magnified twice natural size.

4, Clibanarius lordi, p. 658, natural size.

4a. Carapace, frontal region, eyes and antenne of the same, magnified

twice the natural size.

Puate LXVII.

Fig. 1. Palemon jelskii, p. 661, lateral view, magnified about twice the natural

size.

la. Carapace, frontal and antennal region of the same, dorsal view, mag-

nified twice the natural size.

14. Terminal segment and uropoda, magnified.

2. Luryrhynchus wrzesniowskii, p. 662, lateral view, magnified four tunes

the natural size.

2a, Carapace, frontal and antennal region of the same, magnified four

times the natural size.

26. Terminal segment and uropoda, magnified.

3. Armadillidium celatum, p. 665, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural

size.

3a. Dorsal view of head.

36. Dorsal view of tail-segments of the same, further magnified.

4. Cubaris affinis, p. 666, lateral view, magnified twice the natural size.

4a. Dorsal view of head.

4b. Dorsal view of tail-segments of the same, further magnified.

Puatre LXVIII.

Fig. 1. Cubaris gigas, p. 666, lateral view, natural size.

la. Head viewed from above.

15, Head viewed from below, showing position of the antenne,

lc. Segments of the tail, dorsal view, all further magnified.

2. Porcellio cayennensis, p. 667, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural

size.

2a. Front view of head.

26. Segments of the tail, dorsal view, further magnified.

3. Porcellio jelskit, p. 668, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural size.

1877.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 679

Fig. 3 a. Head and antennz of the same, dorsal view.

3b, Tail-segments of the same, dorsal view, both further magnified.

4. Porcellio flavo-vittata, p. 669, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural

size.

4a. Head and antennz of the same, inferior view.

4, Segments of the tail, dorsal view, both further magnified.

5. Porcellio hispida, p. 676, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural size.

5a. Tail-segments of the same, further magnified.

6. Aniloera levis, p. 672, natural size.

6a, Front and antenne, magnified,

6 4. One of the legs of the last pair.

6c. Uropoda, further eneatiog.

Puate LXIX.

Fig. 1. Acanthonyx elongatus, p. 673, natural size.

2. Tylos granulatus, p. 674, lateral view, natural size.

2a, Head and antenne, dorsal view.

2. Segments of the tail, dorsal view, both further magnified.

3. Philougria nitida, p. 670, dorsal view, magnified twice the natural size.

3a. Head and antennz, dorsal view.

3, Tail-segments, dorsal view, both further magnified.

4, Lironeca daurica, p. 676, dorsal view, natural size.

4a. Head and antennx, dorsal view.

4b, One of the legs of the first pair.

4¢. Uropod: all further magnified.

5. Lironeca laticauda, p. 677, dorsal view, natural size.

5a. Head and antenne, inferior view.

5 6. One of the legs of the first pair.

5c. Uropod: all further magnified.

6. Anilocra trichiura, p. 677, dorsal view, natural size.

6a. One of the legs of the first pair, magnified.

November 6th, 1877.

Arthur Grote, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following reports on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August, and

September 1877 :——

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of June was 166, of which 87 were by birth,

35 by presentation, 25 by purchase, 1 by exchange, and 18 were re-

ceived on deposit. The total number of departures during the

same period by death and removals was 92.

The most noticeable additions during the month of June were as

follows :—

1. A White-cheeked Gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys), presented

by W. H. Newman, Esq., H.B.M. Consul, Siam, Bangkok, June 2nd,

and kindly brought to this country under the care of Mr. A. R.

Houghton in the steamship ‘Agamemnon.’ The White-cheeked

Gibbon was described many years ago in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’

(P. Z. S. 1840, p. 20) by the late Mr. Ogilby, upon an animal which

had been living in the Society’s Menagerie, and of which the exact

habitat was unknown. The typical specimen is now in the British

680 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE [Nov. 6,

Museum. So far as I know, no second individual of this well-

marked species of Hylobates has since occurred ; it is therefore

of the greatest interest to have obtained a specimen from a distinct

locality’. Our present individual, which is a young male, seems to

agree in every respect with Mr. Martin’s description and figure

(Nat. Hist. of Man and Monk. p. 445).

Mr. Smit’s figure (Plate LXX.) will, I trust, serve to make this

interesting species better known.

2. A Tibetan Partridge (Perdix hodgsonie, Gould)’, presented

by Monsieur J. M. Cornély, of Tours, C.M.Z.S., on the 16th June,

being, so far as I am aware, the first example of this fine represen-

tative of this well-known species that has been received by the

Society. A second specimen of the same bird has since been pur-

chased from Mr. W. Jamrach, from whom, I believe, M. Cornély

obtained his specimen.

3. A young male Hippopotamus, received June 20th, having been

purchased of the Royal Zoological Society of Amsterdam for the

sum of £800.

The original pair of Hippopotamuses, obtained from the Viceroy

of Egypt (the male in 1851, and the female in 1854), being both

now well advanced in years and having ceased to breed, the Council

thought that it would not be right to miss an opportunity of ob-

taining a mate for the Society’s young female of this species, born

in the Gardens on the 5th November, 1872.

The Council accordingly entered into an agreement with the sister

Society at Amsterdam for the acquisition of the young male Hippopo-

tamus, which was born in their gardens on the 3rd of August, 1876, aud

which arrived safely in this country under the care of Mr. Hegt, the

subdirector of their Gardens, on the 20th June last. The young

animal, which now measures about 2 feet 6 inches in height, has hitherto

been fed nearly exclusively on Goat’s milk, but is now beginning to

take more substantial diet, and appears to be in every way thriving.

4, A fine example of the black variety of the common Leopard

(Felis pardus), from Lahore, Malay peninsula, presented by Sir

Harry St. George Ord, C.B., F.Z.S.

5. Twenty Common Boas (Boa constrictor), produced alive by

one of the Boas in the Society’s Gardens on the 30th June. This

is the first occasion in which this Serpent has bred in the Society’s

Gardens ; and, so far as I am aware, the fact of the Boa producing

living ones was not certainly known. The young Boas are about

15 inches in length, and are lively and active, threatening to bite if

touched. They are already beginning to feed; and we have good

hopes that some of them, at least, may be reared’.

1 The notice given by Mr. Blyth (P. Z.8. 1841, p. 63) of the supposed occur-

rence of this species on the Ghauts of Malabar is, no doubt, founded on some

error.

2 See Gould’s ‘ Birds of Asia,’ pt. ix. May 1, 1857, for a fire of this species.

3 P.S. (November 6th).—All of these Boas, except one, are still alive and in

good condition.

Hanhar

J-Smit lith.

Hanhart imp. |

mit lith

1877.] THESECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 681

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of July was 145; of these, 54 were acquired

by presentation, 48 by purchase, 5 by exchange, 22 by birth, and

16 were received on deposit. The total number of departures

during the same period, by death and removal, was 102.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1. A Prehensile Paradoxure (Paradoxurus prehensilis)', from

Assoun, on the Hounderaw river, about 90 miles from Moulmein,

Burmah, presented July 13th, by W. H. Pattison, Esq.

This Paradoxure (Plate LX XI.) is of a well-marked and peculiar

species, quite new to us, and appears to be little known except from

the figure in Hardwicke and Gray’s ‘Indian Zoology’ (ii. pl. 9),

taken from a drawing of Buchanan-Hamilton. Its tail is very long

and slender, and appears to be slightly prehensile.

2. A Urumutum Curassow (Nothocrax urumutum), from the

Upper Amazons, purchased July 16th. When I communicated to

the Society my memoir on the Curassows in 1873 (see Trans. Zool.

Soc. ix. p. 273) I was unable to figure this rare species from a living

example. As will be seen by the coloured sketch now exhibited, the

bare skin over the eye was, in consequence, coloured wrongly, the

upper portion over the eye being bright yellow instead of blue.

3. A Crane, obtained from Chantung, in Northern China, and

kindly transmitted to the Society by Mr. Theodore Hance, of Ching-

kiang. It appears to belong to the eastern form of the Common

Crane, called Grus longirostris in the ‘ Fauna Japonica.’

Comparing this bird (of which I exhibit a sketch by Mr. Smit)

with the Common Crane of Europe, Grus cinerea, it seems to differ

in its lighter colour, and in the uropygial plumes being cinereous

with black terminations, instead of being altogether black as in the

common species ; but I doubt its being specifically different.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of August were 116 in number; of these, 67

were acquired by presentation, 19 by purchase, 4 by birth, 8 by

exchange, and 18 received on deposit. The total number of de-

partures during the same period by death and removals were 110.

The most noticeable additions during the month were: —

1. A Cape Hedgehog (Hrinaceus frontalis), purchased August

13th, being the first example of this southern representative of our

familiar British species that has reached us.

2. A young example of the American Tantalus (Tantalus locu-

lator), purchased August 30th.

3. A Brazilian Motmot (Momotus brasiliensis), purchased on the

same day. Both these birds belong to species hitherto unrepresented

in the Society’s Aviaries.

I may take this opportunity of pointing out that, as suggested to

me by Prof. Garrod, the male Deer, which we have had for some

* Viverra prehensilis, Desm. See Horsf. Cat. Mamm, ELI. C. p. 63.

682 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [Nov. 6,

years in the Gardens under the name of Cervus duvaucelli’, appears

to belong to the allied species Cervus schomburgki of Siam.

The animal in question was received in exchange from the Zoolo-

gical Gardens of Hamburg on the Ist of November, 1873. On in-

Head of Cervus schomburgki.

quiry, Dr. Bolau, the Secretary of the Zoological Society of Ham-

burg, has kindly informed me that it was born in the Gardens on

July 15th of the same year, having been bred between a male, said

to have come from Bangkok in 1862, and a female received from

Berlin, which is also believed to have come from Siam.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of September was 81; of these, 31 were

acquired by presentation, 25 by purchase, 7 by birth, and 18 were

received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same

period by death and removals was 101.

1 See ‘ List of Vert.’ (sixth edition) p. 134. sp. 484,f.

1877.] LETTERS FROM MR. R. TRIMEN AND A. 0. HUME. 683

The most noticeable additions during the month were as follows :—

1. Two Guilding’s Amazons (Chrysotis guildingi), from St. Vin-

cent’s, West Indies, purchased September 15th. These fine Parrots

are now said to be very scarce in their native Island of St. Vincent,

to which they are peculiar.

2. Two Slaty Coots (Fulica ardesiaca) from Western Peru, pur-

chased September 18th, being the first examples of this interesting

representative of our Common Coot that have reached us.

The Secretary read the following extract from a letter addressed

to him by Mr. R. Trimen, C.M.Z.S., dated South-African Museum,

Cape Town, July 27th, 1877 :—

“With reference to your note on the species of Sarcidiornis

(P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 694, 695), I think it may be useful to offer a few

remarks on two specimens of the African form contained in the col-

lection of this Museum, one of which was received from the Zambesi,

and the other obtained in exchange from the late Mr. C. J. Andersson,

who brought it from Damara Land.

“‘T have no Indian specimens with which to compare these African

birds; but, taking Mr. Smit’s figure (P. Z. 8. 1876, pl. Ixvii.) as an ac-

curate representation of S. melanonota, the two birds to which I refer

differ in the following particulars from the Indian form, viz. :—

**(1) The white of the neck encroaches considerably on the back

between the shoulders.

**(2) The curved black streak from the shoulder downward is

much more attenuated.

“«(3) The under tail-coverts are pure white, without the slightest

trace of the bright yellow shown in the figure. (ls it possible that

the yellow may have been present in the living specimens, but have

faded out in course of time, like that of Chalcites smaragdineus?)

(4) The secondaries and greater coverts are not of the coppery-

brown hue depicted in the plate, but mixed metallic-green and

bronze with violet reflexions.

*«(5) The caruncle on the bill is higher in proportion to its base ;

it is more vertically elevated anteriorly, and more rounded and

sloping posteriorly than is shown in the figure. (This difference

may, however, be the effect of shrinking or some defect in mounting

our specimens. )

“‘T should also mention that the lower part of the back is dirty

whitish-grey, shading into the metallic-glossed black of the rump.

“You will be better able than myself to judge whether the dif-

ferences mentioned are of specific value; my own impression is that

they are.”

A letter was read from Mr. A. O. Hume, C.B., containing some

criticisms on Mr. Howard Saunders’s review of the Sterninz, pub-

lished in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1876 (p. 638). Mr. Hume

was of opinion that the bird ficured (plate Ixi. fig. 2) as Anous

melanogenys, was not that species, but 4. lewcocapillus.

684 PROF. FLOWER ON ZIPHIOID WHALES. [Nov. 6,

The Secretary exhibited, on the part of Mr. G. Dawson Rowley,

F.Z.S., an egg of Pauxis galeata, and read the following note by Mr.

Rowley on the subject :—

“This egg of Pauxis galeata was laid June 30, 1877, by a black

female, exactly like the male, except that in size she is a trifle smaller.

The two birds have been kept by themselves for several years in a

large aviary. The brown form of female’ is also here in a different

cage; and no communication has been allowed. The black female

lays eggs epery year; but they have been previously always broken.

All the birds have been in my possession about eight or nine years.

Prof. Flower, F.R.S., V.P.; read “ A -further Contribution to

our.Knowledge of the existing Ziphioid Whales, of the Genus Mesop-

lodon.”

This communication contained a description of two skeletons and

several skulls of Cetaceans of the genus Mesoplodon from New Zea-

land, sent to England by Dr. Hector and Dr. J. v. Haast, preceded

by a review of the species of the genus at present ascertained to

exist. These appeared to be the following :—

1. M. bidens (Sowerby) = M. sowerbiensis of Blainville and most

other authors.

Hab. European Seas.

2. M. europeus, Gervais.

Hab. North coast of France.

One example only known. -

3. M. densirostris (Blainville) = M. seychellensis (Gray).

Hab. Indian Ocean, Australia.

4. M. layardi (Gray) = M. longirostris, Krefft = M. floweri,

Haast = Callidon guentheri, Gray = Dolichodon traversii, Gray.

Hab. Indian Ocean, Australia, New Zealand.

5. M. hectori (Gray)-= M. knowi, Hector.

Hab. New Zealand.

Known only by a single individual, of which the skull, now in the

British Museum, is described in the present communication.

6. M. grayi, Haast = Oulodon grayi, Haast.

Hab. New Zealand.

A complete skeleton, in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur-

geons, is described in the present memoir.

7. M. haasti, n. sp., = M. hectori (Gray), Hector, Trans. N.Z.

Inst. vol. vi. p. 86, and vol. vii. p. 362.

Hab. New Zealand.

A complete skeleton, now in the British Museum, described in the

present memoir.

This memoir will be published entire in the Society’s ‘ Transac-

tions.’

* Cf. Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. p. 285, pl. liii. et P. Z. S. 1870, p. 669.

1877.] LIEUT.-COL. BEDDOME ON REPTILES FROM MADRAS. 685

The following papers were read :—

1. Descriptions of new Reptiles from the Madras Presidency.

By Lieut.-Colonel R. H. Beppomz, C.M.Z.S.

[Received June 25, 1877.]

OLIGODON TRAVANCORICUM, 0. sp.

Belly with quadrangular black spots. Scales in seventeen rows ;

lubials seven (the sixth does not enter the labial margin), one loreal,

one anteocular, two postoculars; temporals 1+2. Head with sym-

metrical black markings; a black band over the postfrontals and

vertical, descending through the eye; and another black band de-

scends to corner of mouth. Body brown, with about twenty-nine

nearly regular cross bars of black edged with white, each being the

breadth of two scales.

Hab. South-Travancore mountains, 3000 feet elevation.

A single specimen only was found; the position of the sixth labial

away from the labial margin is probably not constant. Dr. Giinther

states that it occurs in Simotes venustus ; but in two specimens of

that Snake now in my collection it is excluded in one but not in

the other.

GyYMNODACTYLUS JEYPORENSIS, 0. Sp.

Of stout form. Body covered with large hexagonal or nearly

square scales in only about eighteen rows across,a few about the

vertical line being a little reduced in size; scales of the belly smaller

and rounded behind, in about thirty series across. Head covered

with small, bead-like, rounded scales; upper labials ten, the last two

very small; lower labials seven, the last minute ; median lower labial

large, pointed behind, with a large pair of chin-shields behind it ;

subcaudals larger than the scales of the belly. Tail with two

tubercles on each side close to the vent; pupil elliptic; opening of

the ear subhorizontal. Colour of a light grey, irregularly blotched

with dark brown; head with small blotches; nape with two large

lunate blotches, one behind the other; body with three 8-shaped

blotches, which, however, do not meet, and smaller intermediate

markings ; tail irregularly blotched.

Length 33 inches; no femoral nor przeanal pores.

Hab. Jeypore hills.

A single example was captured in a wood on the top of the

Patinghe hill, 4200 feet elevation. In coloration somewhat like G.

collegalensis (mihi) ; but that species has fine granular scales, in

about fifty series across the back. This is a larger and stouter

species, with more the facies of a Eublepharis, but without eyelids.

BuFo TRAVANCORICUS, 0. sp.

Crown flat, without any bony enlargement ; snout triangular, pro-

jecting ; canthus rostralis not very distinct ; first, second, and third

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XLV. 45

686 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 6,

fingers of about equal length; third nearly double as long; carpus

with a very large smooth tubercle; toes webbed ; metatarsus with

two small tubercies; no fold on the tarsus; tympanum very small ;

parotoid elongate, rather indistinct, four times as long as broad.

Body and belly covered with warty tubercles; the arms and legs

quite spiny. Colour blackish| brown; the thighs, arms, and legs

beautifully marbled with carmine ; the tubercles of the body often

tipped with the same colour ; those of the belly often whitish.

Length of body 12 inches, hind legs 2 inches.

Hab. Travancore.

A single specimen was captured, under an old rotten log, in dense

moist forests, above the Ayen-Coil pass (Travancore), at about 2500

feet elevation; its nearest ally is the B. kelaartii, a Ceylonese

species.

In the same forest was captured a fine large species of Dendrophis,

with almost exactly the coloration of Ptyas mucosa, and no trace of

a yellowish lateral band ; the scales in fifteen rows, the vertical row

very much enlarged and hexagonal, and the two next rows rather

enlarged; but as the plates of the head are in every way quite

similar to those of Dendrophis pictus, and it does not seem to differ

from that species in any thing but coloration; I do not like to con-

sider it a new species ; it is, however, a new variety, I think.

2. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—

No.I. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett

in the Island of Luzon. By Arruvur, Marquis of

TwEEDpALE, F.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received July 16, 1877.]

(Plates LX XII. and LXXIII.)

Mr. Everett, so favourably known as an able, energetic and zealous

field-naturalist, and as one of the foremost explorers of the fauna of

Borneo, arrived in the Island of Luzon in the beginning of this year,

and, after overcoming the official difficulties which sometimes obstruct

scientific investigations in the Philippine Islands, commenced collect-

ing zoological specimens at Monte Alban and San Mateo, stations

not far from Manilla. Among other objects Mr. Everett secured

some 361 specimens of birds in part of the month of January, in

February, and in the beginning of March, 1877. These he has

kindly consigned to me ; and I propose to give an account of them,

adding in each instance the original notes on the labels made by

Mr. Everett. Eighty-five species are represented in the collection ;

and although the neighbourhood of Manilla might with justice be

considered as having been exhausted by former collectors, Mr. Everett

has discovered three undescribed species, besides adding many more

to the already known Luzon, and a few to the Philippine avifauna.

In my memoir on the Birds inhabiting the Philippine Archi-

Savi ana SHanTtysS an:

ee es SS —

mart lish

lid h se ifnt

L.DICHUM XANTHOF YGIUM

O07

2.OXYCERCA EVERETTI

1877. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 687

pelago’ I enumerated 218 species. This number must be diminished

by one, Circus @ruginosus, Mr. H. Cuming’s Philippine specimen,

catalogued under that title by Mr. Sharpe (Cat. Accipitres B. Mus.

p- 71), my only authority, being now considered by Mr. Sharpe to

be C. spilonotus, jr. (see Ibis, 1876, p. 31). Further, I have reason

to doubt the Philippine habitat of so-called Crateropus caudatus

(no. 97). To the net total of 216 species Mr. Sharpe has been able

to add some 66 species, for the most part obtained by Dr. Steere’.

This total is partly arrived at by including 23 species from the island

of Palawan, 4 from that of Balabac, and 4 from the Sooloo Islands.

In a footnote (¢. c. p. 126) I excluded the Sooloo archipelago from

the Philippine area; and as we have only the evidence of four known

Sooloo species of birds to guide us, I am disinclined as yet to concur

in Mr. Sharpe’s opinion that these islands ought to be included.

Nor am I quite certain that Palawan and still more Balabac should

not be excluded. That Palawan certainly is a border region, inter-

vening between Borneo and the Philippine Islands, is made evident

by Dr. Steere’s remarkable discoveries ; but the Malayan character of

its ornis overpowers the Philippine element ; and until its fauna and

that of the Sooloo Islands shall have been more completely inves-

tigated, I purpose to exclude them from what I consider to be

the strictly Philippine area. Deducting, therefore, the 23 Palawan,

the 4 Balabac, and the 4 Sooloo species (not known in the Philippine

archipelago as restricted by me) from Mr. Sharpe’s list (¢.c. p.

350), in all we have a total of 35 purely Philippine birds added by

Dr. Steere to my amended number of 216, making 251 in all. The

naturalists of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition added 11 more (see my

paper above, p. 537), making an amended total of 262 Philippine

species ; and to this number Mr. Everett has enabled me to add 6

from Luzon, namely three new species,

Megulurus ruficeps, Oxycerca everettt,

Diceum xanthopygium,

two not hitherto recorded,

Motacilla oeularis, Anthus maculatus,

and one previously supposed to be a Malayan species,

Turnix fasciatus.

So 268 species of birds may at this date be considered the total

number known to occur in the Philippine Islands, exclusive of Pala-

wan, Balabac, and the Sooloos.

1 Trans. Zool. Soc. 1875, ix. pp. 125-252.

2 Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 307. This number is less by two

than Mr. Sharpe’s estimate (7. ¢. p. 308), in consequence of my not being able to

recognize Chysocalaptes maculiceps, Sharpe, as being distinct from C. lucidus

(Scop.), and Hirundo rustica of the Islands as differing from H. guituralis,

Brachyurus propinguus, Sharpe, ex Mindanao, does not appear to be distinct

from Erythropitta erythrogastra, ex Luzon, though the Balabac type may be

different. Perhaps the Zebu Cyornis, C. banywmas of my list (no. 84), may

have to be added as constituting a distinct species; for it appears to differ spe-

cifically from C. philippensis, Sharpe, ex Luzon and Panay, .

688 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 6,

In the Table showing the geographical distribution of the Philip-

pine birds (¢.¢. pp. 249, 252) I enumerated 57 the exact habitat of

which had not been established. From this, one species (the so-called

Crateropus caudatus) must be deducted. Mr. Sharpe has been able

most satisfactorily to reduce the number by 8 (¢. ¢. p. 308) ; and Mr.

Everett’s discoveries enable me to still further diminish the number by 9.

Philippine species of which the exact habitat has been determined

by Mr. Everett :—

Caprimulgus griseatus. Parus elegans.

Calliope camtschatkensis. Geopelia striata.

Phylloscopus borealis (olim Turnix ocellata.

. magnirostris). Hypotenidia philippensis.

Orthotomus derbianus. Ardetta cinnamomea.

So the precise habitats of only 39 species now remain undetermined.

The total number of species known to be resident in the island

of Luzon I estimated (¢. ¢.) at 133'; but Mr. Sharpe has cor-

rectly pointed out that Cataguan, which I had treated as a

separate island, forms, in reality, part of the island of Luzon.

Puffinus leucomelas, which I recorded from there, must be added

to the number of Luzon birds; and to this Mr. Sharpe adds Zeoce-

phus rufus and Penelopides panini*, obtained by Mr. Cuming at

Cataguan, and Erythropitta erythrogastra, on the faith of a Manilla

example so labelled in Mr. Gould’s collection. To this amended

total of 137 Luzon species Mr. Everett has enabled me to add the

9 species already removed above from the general Philippine list,

the 3 undescribed species and the 3 other species new to the fauna

above mentioned, besides the following 8 residents of other Philippine

islands :—

Eudynamis mindanensis. Copsychus mindanensis.

Lanius nasutus. Corydalla lugubris.

Lalage dominica. Arachnechthra jugularis.

Hirundo gutturalis. Rhynchea capensis.

The exact total of known Luzon residents will therefore now amount

to 160.

1. PrioniTuRUS DiscuRUS (2)°.

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris brown; bill lead-grey; feet bluish

grey; nails dark grey. 6, ¢: iris chocolate-brown ; bill lead-grey ;

feet bluish grey ; claws dark grey. |

A series of seven examples, ¢ and shot in February, is sent by

Mr. Everett, all being in bright green plumage without a trace of

blue on the head. The elongated naked shafts of the middle pair

of rectrices greatly vary in length, some being only half an inch,

others two inches in length. In two examples these feathers are pro-

longed for about half an inch, but the shafts are webbed.

1 Conf, Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 309. 2 Ts it not P. manille?

3 The numbers following the titles are the same as those of my memoir (¢. ¢.).

1877. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 659

2. CYCLOPsITTA LUNULATA (4).

[San Mateo. 4: iris dark brown; bill black, base pale lead-

grey ; feet greenish grey ; nails dark grey. |

The male example is in full dress and in P.-loxia plumage. The

female has a few verditer-blue chin-, chest-, and throat-plumes, and

some of the rump-feathers obscurely lunated—seemingly an imma-

ture specimen.

3. MicROHIERAX ERYTHROGENYS.

Mierax erythrogenys (10).

[Monte Alban. 9: iris brown; bill black; feet dull bluish ;

claws black. ]

Obtained in February. In black and white dress; and as Mr.

Everett has ascertained the sex to be female, it would seem that the

erythrogenys plumage is significant of nonage and not of sex.

4. SprLorNIs HOLOsPILUs (16).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris golden-yellow; bill dark grey ; orbital

skin and lores bright yellow-green ; cere ditto; claws black ; legs yellow.

San Mateo. 4, 9: iris golden-yellow; bill dark plumbeous; orbital

skin and lores bright greenish-yellow ; cere ditto, but greener; legs

light chrome-yellow ; claws black. ]

5. Havtasrur INTERMEDIUS (17).

{San Mateo. 6 juv.: iris warm brown; bill greenish-lead, cere

darker ; feet greenish yellow, almost white. |

6. Burastur i1npicus (20).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris golden yellow; bill chrome-yellow at

the base, rest black ; cere chrome ; legs dull chrome-yellow; claws

black. 6, ¢: iris bright yellow; cere chrome-yellow; bill black ;

legs dull chrome ; claws black. |

7. THRIPONAX JAVENSIS (28).

{Monte Alban. 4: bill black; feet and claws lead-grey. |

8. CHRYSOCOLAPTES H#MATRIBON (30).

[San Mateo. a, 3: iris Indian red; bill greenish black ; feet

pale dull greenish ; claws very dark grey.

Monte Alban. 6, ¢: iris deep crimson; bill greenish black ;

feet greenish grey. |

9. YUNGIPICUS MACULATUS (33).

[Monte Alban. a, 6: iris brown; bill black; legs greenish.

6, 2: iris light brown; bill lead-grey ; legs greenish lead-grey. |

Sonnerat’s type was obtained in Panay ; but these Luzon individuals

agree well with his description. He mentions that his example “n’a

point de rouge,’ but that perhaps he had only seen a female.

The male sent by Mr. Everett possesses a crimson tuft springing

from behind the eye. The species is nearly allied to Y. fusco-

690 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON (Nov. 6,

albidus, Salvad., ex Java, Sumatra, and Malacca, but is larger, has

a more powerful bill, has the white markings on the tertiaries trans-

versely linear rather than rounded, and has the white gular feathers

terminated by brown spots.

10. Mrrops PHILIPPINUS (35).

[San Mateo. a, ¢ ; iris blood-red; bill black; feet purple-

brown. 0, ¢: iriscrimson; bill black ; feet light greenish. c, 9:

iris blood-red ; bill black; legs purple-brown ; claws black. d, 2:

iris blood-red ; bill black ; feet sooty brown ; claws black.

Monte Alban. e, 2: iris crimson; bill black; nails ditto; legs

greenish. |

A series of seven examples, all obtained in the month of February.

11. Meroprs Bicoxor (36).

[Monte Alban. : bill black; legs purplish-brown. |

12. EurysToMUS ORIENTALIS (37).

[San Mateo. : iris brown; bill orange-red; feet coral-red ;

claws black. |

13. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (38).

[Monte Alban. a, 6: iris brown; feet scarlet ; claws sienna-

brown ; bill black. |

Identical with Bengal examples.

14. Enromosia Guuaris (44).

[San Mateo. a, d: iris dark brown; bill and legs coral-red ;

claws sepia-brown. 4, ¢: iris dark brown ; bill and legs coral-red ;

claws dark brown. ec: a frog in the gizzard. d, d: iris chocolate ;

bill and feet coral-red.

Monte Alban. e, ¢: iris dark brown; bill bright red ; feet coral-

red: nails very dark brown. jf, ¢: iris dark brown; bill bright

red; feet coral-red. |

The plumage of the two sexes does not differ.

15. SAUROPATIS CHLORIS (47).

[Monte Alban. 9: iris and feet dark brown; bill black, lower

half whitish. |

16. ACTENOIDES LINDSAYI (49).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris brown; bill black, the mandible and

culmen yellow; legs light green. 6, Q: iris brown; upper half of

beak black, culmen and lower half chrome-yellow ; feet light green,

claws horn-yellow. |

17. XANTHOLZMA HZMACEPHALA (50).

[Monte Alban. ¢: iris dark hazel-brown ; orbital skin crimson ;

hill black ; legs and feet coral-red ; nails greyish black. |

18. CapRIMULGUS GRISEATUS (56).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris dark brown; tip of bill ditto; legs light

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 691

purple-brown ; nails black. 6, ¢: iris dark chocolate ; feet purple-

grey. |

Seen from above, this Nightjar is difficult to distinguish from

five examples of C. affinis, ex Lombock. Underneath it con-

spicuously differs in having the ventral plumage and the thigh-

coverts transversely banded with narrow brown lines, instead of being

uniform pale rufo-fulvous. The two outer pairs of rectrices in C.

affinis are throughout pure white ; in these examples of C. griseatus

a inner webs of the basal third are pale ferruginous banded with

rown.

3. Wing 6°37 inches, tail 4:0, middle toe 0°75.

19. CACOMANTIS MERULINUS (57).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris yellow?; beak very dark brown; feet

dirty ochreous; claws black. 6, ¢: iris pale reddish; legs light

chrome-yellow ; claws black. c¢, ¢: iris pale reddish; bill black ;

legs ochreous yellow; nails black; interior of gape red. |

20. EupyNAMIS MINDANENsIs (61).

[Monte Alban. : iris crimson; bill greyish-green; legs dark

lead-grey ; nails black. |

21. DasyLopHus suPERCILIOSuS (62).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris pure chrome-yellow ; orbital skin and

base of beak fiery orange; bill pale green; legs greenish chrome ;

claws dark grey. 6, 9: iris chrome-yellow ; orbital skin orange ;

bill pale green, deep orange at base; legs yellow, tinged green on

tarsus ; nails grey. |

Sexes alike.

22. LeripoGRAMMUS CuMINGI (63).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris crimson; orbital patch ditto; bill

horn-yellow ; legs grey. 6, ¢: iris and orbital skin crimson ; bill

horn-yellow : legs and feet light grey. c, ¢: iris and orbital skin

crimson ; bill horn-yellow; legs dark lead-grey. d, Q: iris and

orbital skin crimson ; bill horn-yellow; legs and feet grey. ]

Sexes alike.

23. CeNTROCOCCYX VIRIDIS (64).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris crimson; bill black ; legs dark lead-

grey. 6, 3 juv.: iris crimson; bill and claws black ; legs darkest

shade of lead-grey.

San Mateo. c, 9: iris bright crimson; bill black; legs lead-

grey; claws grey-brown. d, 2 juv.: iris brown; legs dark-grey ;

beak lead-colour. }

Mr. Everett sends a series of seven individuals, four in adult and

three inimmature plumage. The dimensions of the male and female

are alike ; and this is the case in a larger series obtained by Dr. B.

Meyer (/. c.). Count Salvadori (Ucc. Borneo, p. 70) has united the

larger C. affinis (Horsf.) with the smaller C. javanensis (Dumont),

on the ground that they respectively represent the two sexes of the

692 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 6,

same species. If this is correct, C. afinis is an exception to

the rule of equality in size which prevails among all the other known

Asiatic species of this genus. Moreover Bernstein has shown that

the two Javan birds differ in their anatomical structure (conf. Walden,

Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. pp. 56, 60).

24. Bucrros HypROcORAX (66).

[Monte Alban. : iris red; bill red; nails dull black; orbital

skin yellow ; feet brownish red. |

The whole of the back and shoulders of the two examples obtained

by Mr. Everett are smeared with an olive-yellow powder, seemingly

taken from the oil-glands at the root of the tail. Mr. Elliot

(Monogr. Bucerotide, pt. ii.) countenances the erroneous statement

of the older authors that this Hornbill also inhabits the Moluccas.

25. PENELOPIDES MANILLE (69).

[Monte Alban. @. iris crimson ; orbital skin and base of mandible

white ; bill dark brown; the casque transparent horn-brown ; the

oblique bars on the maxilla ochre-yellow ; feet and nails dull black ;

fruit in the gizzard. |

Mr. Sharpe (¢. ¢. p. 309) identifies a Cataguan example of this

genus in the British Museum with P. panini. If the identification

and locality are correct, both species inhabit the island of Luzon.

26. Lanrus nasutus (70).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris orange-brown; bill, legs, and nails black.

b, do: iris pale orange-brown ; bill, legs, claws black. c¢, @: iris

warm brown ; bill and legs black. |

The four examples sent by Mr. Everett are in mature plumage.

They are difficult to separate from the grey-backed form of India,

L. nigriceps. The only apparent difference is, that in the Luzon bird

the rufous of the uropygium and upper-tail coverts is not so bright,

and that the grey on the back extends lower down. Dimensions

about equal.

27. Lanrus LUCIONENSIS (72).

[San Mateo. a, 6: iris dark-brown ; bill purplish leaden; legs

dark bluish grey ; claws black. 6, ¢: iris dark brown; bill pur-

plish leaden ; legs bluish ; claws dark brown. ¢, 2: iris dark brown ;

legs dark lead ; claws black ; bill purplish brown. |

The two examples marked 2 have the cheek-stripe brown, not

black ; and the pectoral feathers and upper tail-coverts are edged

with brown.

28. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNUS (73).

[San Mateo. a, dc: iris dark brown; bill whitish blue, tipped

black ; legs darkest lead-grey. 4, d: iris chocolate ; bill pale

bluish; feet and claws black. c¢, do: iris dark brown; bill pale-

bluish-grey, tipped black ; legs darkest lead-grey ; claws black. d, 9:

iris dark brown; bill pale whitish blue, tip black; legs dark leaden. |

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 693

29. GRAUCALUS stRIATUS (74).

{Monte Alban. a, 3: ins pale lemon-yellow ; bill, legs, and claws

lack.

San Mateo. 6, 3: iris pure lemon-yellow ; bill, legs, and claws

black. ]

Two examples in uniform plumbeous plumage.

30. Votvocivora ? C4:RULESCENS (75).

[Monte Alban. @: iris dark brown; bill, legs, and claws Jet-black.]

In full jet-black plumage.

31. Latace pominica (76).

[San Mateo. @, &. iris dark brown; bill black. 6, 9: iris dark

brown ; bill and nails black; legs blackish-grey. ¢, 9: iris dark

brown ; legs plumbeous. ]

32. Dicrurus BALicassrus (80).

[Monte Alban. a, S: iris crimson ; bill, legs, and nails, black.

6, 2: iris crimson ; bill, legs, and claws, black. ]

33. PHILENTOMA CYANICEPS (82).

[Monte Alban. a, 3: iris rich dark brown ; bill black ; legs

purplish brown. 2, ¢: iris crimson ;_ bill black ; legs and feet

brown. ]

34. Leucocerca NIGRITORQUIs (83).

[San Mateo. S: iris very dark brown ; legs black ; claws black. ]

35. Cyornis PHILIPPINENSIS.

Cyornis philippinensis, Sharpe, ¢. ¢. p. 325.

yornis banyumas (84 partim).

[Monte Alban. ¢o: iris dark chocolate-brown 3 bill black; legs

light brown. ]

Five examples of a species of the genus Cyornis obtained at Monte

Alban by Mr. Everett are distinguishable from C, banyumas, ex

Java, by having the abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts white and

not rufous, and the rufous of the breast paler. Above no difference

is discernible. A Zebu bird collected by Dr. B. Meyer (¢. e. no. 84)

differs from the Luzon in being of a darker shade of blue above,

especially on the head, and in having the frontal and superciliary

feathers and the wing-coverts darker blue. The Luzon examples are

not separable from the type of C. philippinensis in the British

36. Hyporuymis azurEa (85).

[Monte Alban. a, @: iris chocolate-brown ; bill blue, tip black ;

interior of gape pale yellow-green ; legs lead-blue ; nails black. 6,3:

iris dark brown ; bill blue, tip black ; legs lead-blue ; nails black.

¢, o: iris dark brown ; blackish blue; legs lead-blue. d, &: iris

dark chocolate-brown ; bill and nails black ; legs dark grey. |

694 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 6,

37. BuTALis MANILLENSIS (86)?

[Monte Alban. : iris dark brown; legs and claws black ; bill

dark vandyke brown, nearly black. |

A single example of a species of grey Flycatcher is sent by Mr.

Everett, which, while resembling B. griseosticta, Swinh., still can-

not be said to belong to that species. It is a larger bird with a wing

measuring 3°56. ‘The bill is narrower and longer, more like that of

B. grisola. Above the plumage is of a paler purer grey and not

grey-brown. The wing-lining and axillaries are grey rather than pale

rufous. With doubt [ refer this bird to B. manillensis, Bp. ; for he

states that the Manilla race is smaller than B. grisola, while this

Luzon bird exceeds the European species in its dimensions. Mr.

Sharpe (¢. c. p. 326) identifies an example obtained in Panay by Dr.

Steere with B. griseosticta’.

38. Hrrunpo GurruRALtis (88).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris and feet dark brown. 6, 2: iris brown ;

bill, feet and nails black. |

39. BropERIPUS ACRORHYNCHUS (90).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris pale purplish-brown; bill dull pale

crimson ; legs dark lead-grey; claws black. 6, ¢: iris white; bill

dull pale crimson ; feet bluish-lead ; claws black. ¢, ¢: iris yellow ;

bill pale dull crimson ; feet dark grey. d, ¢: iris purple-grey, outer

ring white; bill pale crimson; legs lead-grey. e, 9: iris purple

grey ; bill pale dull crimson; legs lead-grey.

Monte Alban. f, Gc: iris purple-grey ; bill white, tinged crimson;

legs lead-grey ; claws blackish. |

Ten adult examples were obtained by Mr. Everett, seven males

and three females. All the males have the middle pairs of rectrices

jet-black, tipped with yellow. The same feathers in the females are

washed with yellow; and the body plumage is not of so golden a

tint.

40. Mreaturus pALustRis (96).

[San Mateo. : iris orange-brown; bill black; mandible lead-

grey ; legs horn-brown; claws dark ditto. |

Identical with individuals from Burma, Assam, Sylhet, Munipur

&c.; but I have not been able to compare it with typical examples.

The Bengal (Philippine?) example, described by Pucheran (Archives

du Mus. vii. p. 342) as being one of the types of Gracula caudata,

Cuvier, must belong to this bird and not to the Timalia chatarea,

Frankl., of India; and, judging from Pucheran’s remarks, the Javan

bird, Malurus marginalis, Reinw. (= Megalurus palustris, Horsf.),

although very close, appears to differ from the Indian bird. There is

good reason to doubt the occurrence of Timalia chatarea, Frankl.

1 Since these remarks were in print, I have had the advantage of perusing

M. Oustalet’s observations on the type specimen of B. maniillensis, Bp., in the

Paris Museum (Ois. de la Chine, p. 123), whereby it appears that that gentleman

is also of opinion that B. manillensis is distinct from B. griseosticta.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 695

(= Gracula caudata, Cuv., apud Blyth), in the Philippines. Both

Jerdon and Blyth appear to have been misled into identifying

Franklin’s bird with the Cuvieran type by some remarks of Lafres-

naye’s (Mag. Zool. Ist series, Timalia). Lafresnaye gave Franklin’s

diagnosis (P. Z.S. 1830-31, p. 118) and wrote that 7’. chatar@a “nous

a paru étre le méme oiseau que celui intitulé au Musée, Gracula cau-

data (Cuvier).” Lafresnaye described a bird in bis collection and

identified it with the type in the Paris Museum (said to have been

obtained in Bengal by Dussumier in October 1820, but having, when

Pucheran examined it, “ Manilla’’ written on its label). And

Lafresnaye’s description (Z. c.), and certainly Pucheran’s of the type

(already alluded to), will not apply to Franklin’s bird. Blyth (Ibis,

1867, p. 6), in the belief that 7’. chatarea, Franklin=G. caudata,

Cuvier, mentioned, on Pucheran’s authority, that it was found in the

Philippines ; and I inadvertently gave Franklin’s species a place in

my list of Philippine birds (¢. c. no. 97) although I stated that

Indian anthors seemed to have been somewhat hasty in identifying

T. chatarea with G. caudata, Cuvier. 1. chatarea may, for the

present, be safely eliminated from our lists of the Philippine fauna.

41. Mecaturus ruricers. (Plate LXXII.)

Megalurus ruficeps, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N, H. ser. iv. vol. xx.

p- 94 (1877).

@. Lower surface white, faintly tinged with cream-colour on the

breast. Flanks pale earthy brown. Under tail-coverts pale dingy

isabelline rufous ; thigh-coverts of a more decided rufous. Space

before the eye and supercilium, passing well behind the eye, greyish

white. Forehead, head, and nape, pure bright uniform rufous.

Back olive-grey, each feather broadly centred by a longitudinal stripe

of brown. Uropygium and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-grey.

The base of the long and lax uropygial feathers pure dark grey, the

tips only being olive-grey. Rectrices above dull ruddy brown, ob-

soletely barred with narrow brown lines. Quills brown, externally

margined with ferruginous olive. Lesser wing-coverts olive-grey ;

greater tinged with ferruginous.

Wing 2°75 inches, tail 5°25, tarsus 1:0, culmen 0°56.

[Monte Alban. @: light clay-brown; bill brown, lower half

grey; legs and feet whitish. |

42. Ixus GOIAVIER (99).

Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris bright brown; bill black; legs dark

brown. 6, ¢: bill, legs, and nails black. c, Q: bill and legs black ;

iris brown.

San Mateo. d, 9: iris dark brown; bill black; legs dark grey,

almost black. ]

All Mr. Everett’s specimens (a series of eight) of this species have

the ear-coverts dark brown, the only character apparently which

separates it from J. analis. The plumage of the two sexes does not

differ.

696 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Nov. 6,

43. HysipeTes PHILIPPINENSIS (102).

[San Mateo. a, G: iris burnt-sienna brown; bill black; legs

dark sepia-brown. 4, 9: iris burnt-sienna brown ; bill black ; legs

dark plumbeous.

Monte Alban. c, ¢: iris burnt-sienna brown; bill black ; legs

and nails blackish grey. |

44. Monticoua soxitarivs (103).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris chocolate; bill, legs, and claws black ;

b, ¢: iris dark brown; bill and nails black; legs blackish brown. |

Lower breast and abdomen almost pure dark rufous, a few of the

blue and rufous feathers with albescent tips. Above with albescent

tips and subterminal black marks.

45. PraTincoua capRata (104).

[Monte Alban. @Q: iris dark brown; bill, legs, and claws black. |

46. CopsyCHUS MINDANENSIS (106).

[San Mateo. a, <¢: iris chocolate; bill, legs, and claws black.

8, do: iris dark brown; bill black; legs and claws very dark brown.

Monte Alban. d, Q: iris chocolate-brown. |

The adult female is dark glossy bluish-grey above. The chin,

cheeks, throat, and breast a purer dead grey. The white of the

abdomen somewhat sullied with rufescent.

47. CorYDALLA LUGUBRIS (117).

[San Mateo. a, d: iris dark chocolate-brown ; bill vandyke

brown, lower half yellowish ; legs ochreous yellow ; claws pale grey

brown. 0, 9: ?iris dark chocolate; bill sepia-brown ; mandible

yellow-brown; legs and feet brownish ochre-yellow; claws pale

brown. |

48. ANTHUS MACULATUS.

Anthus arboreus, var. japonicus, Schlegel, Faun. Jap. pp. 58, 139,

t. xxiii., “ Japan” (1842).

Anthus maculatus, Hodgs. Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 83 (1844);

Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1847, p. 433: conf. Brooks, Str. F. 1876, p. 278.

Dendromanthus maculatus (Hodgs.), Blyth, Cat. Cale. Mus.

p. 135. no. 753.

Pipastes agilis (Sykes), Gould, B. of As. pt. xvii. t. — (April J,

1865).

Pipastes maculatus (Hodgs.), Blyth, B. Burm. no. 224.

[Monte Alban. <j, shot on the ground in the forest. |

49. PARUS ELEGANS.

Machlolophus elegans (118).

[Monte Alban. ¢: iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs grey. |

This is a true Parus and not a Machlolophus as was suggested by

Mr. Blyth.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 697

50. CALLIOPE CAMTSCHATKENSIS (107).

[Monte Alban. 4: iris dark brown; bill black, grey at base;

legs and feet purplish grey. ]

51. PHyYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS.

Phydlopneuste borealis, Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313.

Phylloscopus magnirostris, Blyth, apud Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 168 ;

Walden, ¢. c. no. 109.

{Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris brown; maxilla dark brown ; mandible

yellow ; legs and claws pale clear brown.

San Mateo. 6, ¢: iris dark brown; legs raw-sienna brown;

maxilla dark horn-brown ; mandible horn yellow. ¢, 2: iris brown;

legs yellow-brown ; bill brown ; lower half yellow. |

As I anticipated (¢. ¢.), the Phylloscopus from the Philippines,

identitied by Mr. Blyth with P. magnirostris, proves to belong to P.

borealis. Four examples were obtained by Mr. Everett, in the month

of February. The first alar bar is almost obsolete ; but Mr. Dresser

has no doubt that they belong to P. borealis, and they agree well

with my own series of that species.

52. ORTHOTOMUS DERBIANUS (112).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris bright clay-brown; bill sepia; the

mandible pale grey; legs and nails pale clear brown. 4, @: iris

bright clay-brown ; bill dark brown; mandible grey ; legs very pale

transparent brown. |

Moore accurately described this species of Orthotomus ; but in the

figure the wings are coloured of too vivid a green, The wings are

yellow-green.

53. BupyTeEs viripis (114).

{Monte Alban in February. |

54. CALOBATES MELANOPE (115).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris brown; bill light vandyke brown ; legs

and feet pale transparent brown; nails vandyke brown. 4, : iris

brown; bill dark lead-grey ; legs pale transparent brownish grey.

ec, 2: iris brown; bill dark brownish grey; legs very pale clear

brown ; claws vandyke. |

Average length of rectrices in five examples, 3°87.

55. MoTaciLLa OCULARIS.

Motacilla ocularis, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 55; P.Z.S. 1870,

pp- 129, 130, woodcuts.

[Monte Alban. 9, March: iris, bill, and legs dark brown. ]

A single example with a grey back, a few dark feathers on the

vertex, and a black pectoral plastron; forehead and a broad space

over the eye white; a line passing from base of bill through the

eye black.

698 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Nov. 6,

56. DiczUM RUBRIVENTER.

Pipra papuensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 1004. no. 21 (1788).

Diceum rubriventer, Lesson, Tr. p. 303 (1831).

Diceum retrocinctum, Gould, B. As. xxvii. t.—, inf. ; Walden, é. ec.

no. 120. partim ; conf. Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, viii. p. 509.

[Monte Alban. <: iris bright brown; bill glossy black; legs

and nails dark brown. |

Not to be distinguished from Zebu examples.

57. Diczum xANTHOPYGIuM. (Plate LX XIII. fig. 1.)

Diceum xanthopygium, Tweeddale, Ann. & M. N. H. ser. iv. vol.

xx. p. 96 (1877).

g. Above, cheeks and wing-coverts dark bluish slate-grey. An

isolated dorsal patch crimson. Uropygium yellow. Chin, throat,

and upper part of breast yellow. Remainder of breast, abdomen,

and flanks orange. Ventral region, thigh-coverts, and under tail-

coverts yellow tinged with green. Rectrices and quills dark brown ;

the primaries narrowly margined with white, the secondaries with

olive-green.

Wing 1-96 inch, tail 1-06, tarsus 0°50, culmen 0°38.

[Monte Alban. : iris dark brown; legs dark greyish-brown ;

bill black. ]

This is a second Philippine representative form of D. trigonostigma,

and, as an example of progress in the variation of a species, is interest-

ing. It, together with D. dorsale, Sharpe, and the Malayan species

form a small subgroup, the Luzon bird being hardly distinguishable

from D. trigonostzgma, as seen from above, and from the Panay species

when seen from below. Is the Negros habitat of D. trigonostigma

of Mr. Sharpe’s list (¢. c. p. 352. no. 171) reliable?

58. Myzanrue prema (121).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris dark brown ; bill and legs black. 4, ¢:

testes greatly enlarged. |

59. ARACHNECHTHRA JUGULARIS (123).

[Monte Alban. <@: iris light brown; bill, legs, and nails jet-black. ]

60. Corvus PHILIPPINUS (125).

[San Mateo. a, ¢: iris dark brown; bill and legs black. 6, 2:

iris pale wood-brown ; bill, legs, and claws black. |

Three of the four examples sent by Mr. Everett have the wing an inch

and a quarter toa half shorter than that of the fourth individual. This

last is in full glossy purple-black plumage, while the three with short

wings are in a state of transition from brownish unglossed black to

purple-black. They belong to C. drevipennis, Schlegel.

61. ACRIDOTHERES CRISTATELLUS (126).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris yellow; bill pale yellowish ; legs dark

brownish ochre-yellow ; nails black.

San Mateo. 4, ¢: iris golden yellow; bill yellow-white; legs

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 699

chrome ; claws horn-brown. c, 2: iris Indian yellow; bill light

greenish-yellow ; legs dull orange; claws brown. |

62. Sarcops catvus (129).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris bright brown; bill and legs black ;

bare skin white tinged with pink.

San Mateo. 4, ¢: iris rich chocolate-brown ; bill, legs, and claws

black. cc, 2: iris rich warm brown; bill black ; feet and claws sooty

brown ; bare skin white tinged dull crimson. |

63. Munia sacori (132).

[San Mateo. 9: iris red-brown; bill pale bluish-grey; legs

darker grey. |

64. Oxycrerca sacori (134).

{San Mateo. 4: 2, iris Indian red; bill dull blue; legs blue-

grey. |

65. Oxycerca EVERETTI. (Plate LXXIII. fig. 2.)

Oxycerca everetti, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. iv. vol. xx.

p- 96 (1877).

do and 2. Chin and throat dark brown ; breast, flanks, and thigh-

coverts warm nutmeg-brown. Abdomen and vent pure white, some

of the lower breast-feathers being marked with brown, and some of

the flank-feathers being white on their inner webs, brown on their

outer, and with white shafts. Under tail-coverts very dark brown

or black. Above, wings and coverts brown, each feather, except the

frontal and upper tail-coverts, having a conspicuous pure white

central line along the shaft, very prominent on the wing-coverts ;

some of the upper tail-coverts tipped with ochre. Rectrices brown,

the middle pair broadly margined, the laterals less so, with yellow

and greyish yellow. Inner edges of the quills pale rufous seen from

underneath.

Wing 1°87 inch, tail 1°75, tarsus 0°56, culmen 0°38.

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris Indian red; bill black; mandible lead-

grey; legs dark grey. 6,9: iris Indian red; bill black; mandible

and legs grey. |

This is a representative form of Munda leucogastra, Blyth, but quite

distinct, being of a warm nutmeg-brown colour, and not dark sooty-

brown, and having the white striz of the upper piumage much more

boldly defined.

66. OsMOTRERON AXILLARIS (136).

[Monte Alban. a, do: iris bluish green; feet greyish green;

nails grey; bill light green, base dark red. 6,9: iris pale sea-

green ; bill green; base of maxilla red; feet whitish green ; nails

grey. ¢,Q: iris light bluish-green; bill green; base of maxilla

red; feet greyish green ; nails grey. |

67. PHABOTRERON LEvCoris (140).

[San Mateo. a,Q: iris grey; bill black; feet dull crimson ;

700 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON (Nov. 6,

claws brown. 6,9: iris purplish-grey; bill black; orbital skin

dull bluish ; feet dull crimson. c, 2: iris purplish grey ; bill black;

feet crimson ; nails horn-grey.

Monte Alban. d,<: iris purple-grey; bill black; feet bright

carmine ; claws brown. e, ¢: iris brown; bill black; feet carmine. |

68. TurtuR pussumiERI (147).

[Monte Alban. a,¢ juv.: iris dark ochre-yellow; bill greyish

black; feet dull crimson. 0, ¢ juv.: iris dark ochre-yellow ; bill

greyish-black ; legs purple-brown. c, ¢, pairing: iris ochreous orange;

bill greyish-black ; feet dull crimson. d,Q: iris brownish orange ;

bill black ; nails brown; feet carmine; paddy and maize in the

crop. |

The example marked a @ differs from the males, and agrees with

the description given (/. c.) of a female ex Luzon obtained by Dr. B.

Meyer. ‘Two of the males are immature, the nuchal band not being

completed, and all traces of the vinous colouring of the nape being

wanting.

69. PHLoGa@Nas Luzonica (149).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris greyish violet; bill black; legs dull

crimson ; nails grey. 6,9: iris light greenish-brown ; bill black ;

legs carmine. c,?: iris pale greyish-violet; bill greyish black ;

feet dull crimson ; nails dark grey. |

The female is slightly smaller; and the pinkish-red colouring of

the abdomen is much deeper in the male.

70. CHALCOPHAPS INDICA (150).

[San Mateo. a,d: iris dark brown; legs dull crimson; bill

orange-red.

Monte Alban. 4, Q: iris dark brown; bill orange-red; feet dull

crimson. ¢, ¢: iris chocolate-brown ; bill orange-red, base crimson ;

feet dull crimson. ]

71. Georexia striata (152).

[San Mateo. a,d: iris white; bill dull bluish; orbital skin

white tinged blue; legs dull crimson. 6,9: iris white; legs dull

purple ; bill dull blue ; orbital skin ultramarine. ¢, 2: iris whitish-

yellow ; bill blue, almost black ; legs dull crimson; orbital skin

pale ultramarine. |

These examples in no respect differ from Malaccan and Javan

individuals and others from the island of Madura. Neither by their

dimensions nor colouring can the sexes be distinguished.

72. TuRNIx OCELLATA (156).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris yellowish white; bill greenish; legs

greenish-yellow; nails grey. 6,9: iris pale yellow; bill light

greenish-yellow ; legs the same. c, Q: iris white; bill grey tinged

greenish ; legs light yellow; nails grey. |

A very fine species. The female is fairly depicted by Meyen ; the

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 701

male, besides being much smaller, differs in having the throat almost

white, each feather being but slightly tipped with brown.

Wing. Tarsus. Culmen.

d 3°87 1:00 0°75

Q 4:25 1-06 0°81

73. TURNIX FASCIATA.

Hemipodius Jasciatus, Temm., Pig. & Gallin. iii, pp. 634, 757,

“ Philippines ” (1815); Walden, ¢. ¢. p. 225.

[Monte Alban. a, 3: iris white; bill blackish, base yellow ;

legs light greenish-yellow. 3, 3: iris white ; bill greenish yellow ;

culmen black; legs and feet light greenish-yellow ; nails grey.

¢, d: iris white; bill greenish yellow ; legs yellowish-green ; nails

brown. d,9: iris ochreous yellow; bill and legs yellow tinged

green, the bill clouded with blackish green. e, 9: iris white; bill

greenish chrome, the culmen clouded; legs greenish chrome. ]

Mr. Everett has sent six Specimens of a species of Turniz which

agree well with Temminck’s description. They are at once distin-

guishable from 7’. pugnaa, ex J ava, by the uniform broad light rufous

patch on the nape, and by being much smaller, but otherwise are

nearly allied. The abdomen in both Sexes is white. From 7’. ros-

trata they differ still more.

Wing. Tarsus. Culmen.

3 3:00 0°87 0°50

9 3°25 0:93 0°60

74. CHARADRIUS FULVUS (159).

[San Mateo. «a, @: iris chocolate-brown ; bill black ; legs pale

lead-grey. 6,9: iris brown ; legs light lead-grey. |

75. EGIALITIS DUBIA (162).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris warm chocolate-brown ; orbital ring

pure orange; bill black, base orange; legs grey; nails black.

6,3: iris brown; bill black ; legs ochreous yellow; nails black.

¢,?: iris dark brown; bill black, base yellowish ; legs purplish

grey; breeding. d,9: iris dark brown ; bill and nails black ; legs

ochreous yellow. |

Seven examples, in various stages of plumage, of what is un-

doubtedly typical 4. dubia (Scop.) have been sent by Mr. Everett.

A comparison made with these Luzon individuals and others of so-

called 4. curonica (Gm.) and Z. minuta (Pall.), apud Jerd., from

Europe and Asia (conf. Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p- 89), leaves me no

other conclusion than that they all belong to one Species. In di-

mensions examples vary considerably ; but intermediate links occur

uniting the smaller with the larger races. In markings and colour-

ing there is little difference, and the proportionate length of the

tertiaries to the first primary is very variable in birds even from the

same locality. The species described by Mr. Blyth (Ibis, 1867,

‘p- 164, no. 849) as ZA. philippensis, vera, is ZB. peroni (Tem.).

Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1877, No. XLVI. 46

702 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 6

Dimensions.

Wing. | Tarsus.| Bill.

in. in.

1. Luzon. Feb. ¢...| 4:37 0-95 0-75 Fulldress: tertiaries shorter

than Ist primary.

2; oa teil a 0:95 0°75 | Not quite full dress: ter-

tiaries equal to 1st primary.

See 355 yyy vee| 450 0-88 0:68 | Immature: tertiaries nearly

equal to 1st primary.

2 eT Pes) REE 0:93 0-75 | Immature: tertiaries equal

to Ist primary.

5 | yy eel S425 0-95 0-75 Full dress: identical with

No. 1; tertiaries worn,

nearly equal to Ist pri-

mary. ‘“ Breeding.”

Ditto.

Immature: tertiaries equal

to lst primary.

5 0°95

5 0°82

~T 00

orb

76. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (169).

[Monte Alban. : iris bright blood-red; bill bright greenish-

yellow; legs and feet grass-green. |

77. AMAURORNIS OLIVACEA (176).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris bright blood-red ; bill dark green ; feet

and legs yellow-brown. 4, 2: iris bright blood-red ; bill light green ;

legs and feet light brown. }

78. Hyporanipia ToRQUATA (177).

[Monte Alban. a, d: iris bright blood-red ; bill black ; feet and

legs brown. 6,9: iris bright Indian-red ; bill black ; legs sepia-

brown. c¢,@: iris bright red; bill black; legs very dark lead-

rey. |

2 The sexes do not differ in their dimensions or plumage. The pec-

toral band appears when the bird is reaching maturity. The black-

barred pectoral feathers become first suffused with olive-green or

with rufous, the black and white bands showing through. These

bars then become obliterated and the feathers become uniform olive-

green, dashed with dark rufous. Ultimately the pectoral band

becomes uniform chocolate-brown.

79. HypoTaNIDIA PHILIPPENSIS (178).

[Monte Alban. é: iris Indian red; bill warm brown; legs, feet,

claws, light greyish-brown. February. |

The specimens sent by Mr. Everett, three males, are typical. In

all, the black bands of the breast and abdomen are not very decidedly

pronounced, though well marked on the flanks. In two the pectoral

band is just indicated by the tips of some of the feathers being tinged

with pale rusty-fulvous. In the third the white bands are coloured

with rusty fulvous, but the black bands show through. In the ex-

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 703

ample which has the pectoral band least developed the nape is most

rufous, and this is the case in a Celebean individual without a trace

of a pectoral band, the nape being pure bright rufous, and in others

from Queensland. The dimensions of birds from all three localities

hardly vary.

80. RHYACOPHILUS GLAREOLA (182).

Shot in February and March.

81. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS (183).

[Monte Alban. a, ¢: iris brown; bill dark vandyke brown; legs

greenish grey ; nails black. 4, 3: iris brown; bill and nails black ;

legs greenish lead-grey. |

Shot in February and March.

82. GALLINAGO SCOLOPACINA (187).

[Monte Alban. a, 3, February: iris brown ; legs greenish grey ;

nails black. |

83. RayNCH2A CAPENSIS(189).

[Monte Alban. ¢, February. |

84. ARDETTA CINNAMOMEA (192).

[San Mateo. a, S (adult): iris bright yellow ; legs and feet bright

olive-green ; bill yellow shaded with olive-brown on the culmen;

February. 6, ¢ (not mature); iris bright yellow; bill greenish

yellow, culmen to apex darkened with greenish brown ; legs yellow-

green; soles of feet yellow; claws light brown. c, 9 (immature) ;

iris golden yellow ; legs and feet bright olive-green; bill greenish-

yellow at base ; culmen dark olive-brown ; February. |

85. Heropias GarzeETTA (195).

{Monte Alban. 2, March: iris bright yellow ; bill black, base

yellow; legs black ; feet greenish-yellow dotted with black; claws

dark brown. |

Two examples are sent by Mr. Everett shot in March, and both

marked 2. One is in full breeding-plumage with two long occipital

plumes, a fully developed pectoral tuft, and a long dorsal train. In

the other these appendages are absent, the bill being black in both.

In dimensions they agree ; and they belong strictly to the race named

Ardea nigripes by Temminck.

Wing 10°25 inches, tarsus 3°50, culmen 3:0.

86. BuroripEs sAvanica (197).

[Monte Alban. 9: iris golden ; bill black ; lower half, cere, and

orbital skin light yellow; legs green; soles orange; nails brown,

March. j

Immature.

46*

704 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON FELIS TIGRINA, (Nov. 6,

3. Remarks on Felis tigrina, Erxl., and its Synonymy.

By D. G. Exxtor, F.R.S.E. &c.

[Received June 28, 1877.]

Erxleben, in his ‘Systema Regni Animalis,’ published in 1777,

described a Cat from Guiana, Cayenne, &c. as Felis tigrina, charac-

terized as having a long tail, fulvous fur on the body spotted and

striped with black, beneath white. This animal is much smaller

than F. pardalis, and differs also in style of its marking, rather

difficult to explain in words; but generally the black is more

‘inclined to take the form of spots than lines or stripes. There is no

doubt whatever that the two belong to very different and distinct

species.

In 1820, in the ‘Histoire Naturelle des Mammiféres,’ MM.

Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire described another Cat of this form as

Felis mitis, from Brazil, characterized by having a tail about half

the length of the body and head, with a general buff colour, and

spotted irregularly with black, the centres of the spots of light buff.

In 1826 Prince Maximilian of Neu-Wied, in his ‘ Beitrage zur

Naturgeschichte von Brasilien,’ also described a species of Felis,

distinguished by having the tail as long as the body. In other

respects, such as the general colour of the fur, together with the

shape, disposition, and hue of the spots, it does not vary more from

the two animals mentioned above than do individuals of any species

of Spotted Cats from each other. With the exception of Erxleben,

who gives a general habitat for his animal, such as ‘‘America Aus-

tralis,” citing the Cayenne Cat of Pennant, and the Tiger Cat of

Guiana, Bauer, as synonymous, the authors mentioned ascribe Brazil

as the habitat of their respective species. For a long time the

animals called by these different names, bestowed upon them by

their describers, gave me a great deal of trouble, as I strove to

find recognizable and permanent differences by which the species,

if they really were such, could be discriminated.

The late Dr. J..K. Gray, in his papers on the Felidze, especially in his

‘Catalogue of the Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam-

malia,’ although he states that the three species vary greatly in the

size, form, and disposition of the spots (to which he might have

added colour), endeavoured to keep the three apart by the “kind”

and colour of the fur and the colour and length of the tail. Thus

F. macroura and F. mitis have soft bright fulvous fur and_ tail

distinctly ringed ; and F. tigrina has a harsher grizzled fur, and the

tail marked with a series of dark spots, not forming distinct rings.

In regard to the distinction given to the fur as it feels to the touch,

I may not have the sensitiveness necessary to enable me to appreciate

the character ; but the fur of all the animals belonging to this par-

ticular type of Felis appears to me to have a similar texture, and I

hardly consider that the softness or harshness of the hair will be

sufficient to render the animals specifically distinct or to enable them

to be recognized by that character.

1877. ] MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON FELIS TIGRINA. 705

F. macroura, as its name implies, has for the most part relied

upon the length of its tail to establish its claim to a distinctive rank ;

and so far as I can discover, leaving aside some slight differences

of colour, F. mitis must be recognized by having a tail inter-

mediate in length between F. macroura and F. tigrina. Although

I have carefully examined and compared specimens of the alleged

species in most of the large collections in Europe aud also in that of

the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, I had been utterly unable

to find any reliable character to distinguish them from each other.

On a recent visit to London (one of the chief objects of making

which was to further vestigate this subject) in company with my

friend Mr. E. R. Alston, who was occupied with the Felidz in-

habiting Central America, I examined anew the entire collection of

these so-called three species, consisting of skins, mounted specimens,

and skulls, contained in the British Museum. These are, in all,

nineteen specimens, coming from various localities between Honduras

on the north, and Paraguay on the south.

As the length of tail was a principal character, especially for

F. macroura, this member was our first consideration; and it very

soon proved to be, as I had always found was the case, thoroughly

unreliable ; for the tails were of all possible lengths, irrespective of

locality, and if arranged in a series would exhibit a gradual progres-

sion from the shortest to the longest and most pretentious. The

next step was the arrangement of the spots or rings, mindful of Dr.

Gray’s descriptions of rings distinct and rings indistinct. Both kinds

were found; in fact a third style was discovered ; for, while some

had tails incompletely ringed, and others tails with some perfect rings,

others, again, had spotted tails without any tendency at all to form

any kind of ring. No two were exactly alike, even from the same

place, while others from far distant localities bore a more general

resemblance to each other than some that had the same habitat.

As to colour, one had but to choose the shades of buff or grey that

pleased him best; for apparently all were represented, and it was

difficult to find the same hue on two individuals.

The tails proving to be miserable failures in every way for specific

distinction, we next turned our attention to the bodies and heads, and

were at once met with the same difficulties ; for the animals had as

great a disregard for uniformity in the colour of their fur and in the

patterns of the markings on their bodies as they evidently had for

that on their tails. All hues of grey and buff were exhibited, every

shape and size of spots were there, some solidly black, others with

light centres and black edges, scattered about separately or coalescing

and forming stripes, but without regularity of pattern, and no two

examples exactly alike from any or all localities. It was very evident

that if there really did exist three species there must be some other

means to distinguish them; for of all the characters that had been

given of the colour and style of markings, it was very evident that

none were of any value whatever ; and as a last resort we turned to

the skulls.

Here, also, our efforts met with no better success; for variations

706 MR. D. G. ELLIOT ON FELIS TIGRINA. [ Nov. 6,

also existed in these, mainly, however, in size: no two were precisely

alike from any locality ; and there did not exist any single reliable

character that could be given by which more than one species could

be established and recognized. I therefore feel no hesitation in

stating that there exists but one species of Spotted Cat, commonly

known as the Margay, belonging to the New World, and that the

animals generally known as /’. macroura, Pr. Max., and F’. mitis, Cuv.,

are identical with it, and that these names must become synonyms

of Felis tigrina. 1 have always found it unsafe to decide upon any

species of Spotted Cat from a single specimen, unless accompanied

by some trenchant character exhibited in the skull which would

permit it readily to be distinguished ; and this, [ may remark, is very

rarely to be found among the Felide.

All the species of Felis from both the Old and New Worlds

vary so greatly in different examples that one is often tempted to

believe a distinct species, perhaps a new one, is before him; and it is

only in a series of examples that it can be seen how the so-called

species run into each other, and that what may have appeared a strong

specific character becomes of no real value whatever. The same

species frequently ranges over many degrees of latitude; and the indi-

viduals of northern regions are observed to be clothed with long thick

fur as a protection against the severity of the climate, and, although

presenting outwardly a very different appearance from their smooth

short-coated brethren of the tropics, should not, on that account, be

elevated into distinct species.

The following synonymy shows the more prominent names that

should be placed under the head of F. tigrina.

Felis tigrina, Erxl. Syst. Regn. Anim. (1777) p. 517, sp. 11;

Gmel. Syst. Nat. (1788) vol. i. pt. 1, p. 80, sp. 13; F. Cuv. Hist.

Nat. Mamm. (1826) vol. ii. pl. 144; Temm. Mon. Mamm. (1827)

vol. i. p. 153; Fisch. Syn. Mamm. (1829) p. 204, sp. 16; J. E.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1867) pp. 271, 404; id. Cat. Carn. Mamm.

(1869) p. 22.

Cayenne Cat, Penn, Hist. Quad. (1781) p. 271, sp. 163.

Guigha Cat, id. ibid. (1793) p. 299, sp. 198.

Felis guigita, Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, (1810) p. 244, sp. 6;

Desm. Dict. Hist. Nat. (1816) p. 114; Philippi, Wiegm. Arch.

(1873) p. 8, tab. ii. & iii. figs. 2 & 3.

Felis margay, Azara, Nat. Hist. Quad. Parag. (1838) p. 237.

Felis (Noctifelis) guigia, Severtz. Rev. & Mag. Zool. (1858)

}: 386.

Felis mitis, F. Cuv. Nat. Hist. Mamm. (1820) vol. ii. pl. 137;

Azara, Nat. Hist. Parag. (1838) p. 226; Burm. Syst. Uebers. Thier.

(1854) p. 86; J. E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1867) pp. 271, 404;

id. Cat. Carn. Mamm. (1869) p. 22.

Felis chati, Griff. Anim. King. (1827) vol. ii. p.-479, pl.

Felis smithii, Swains. Anim. in Menag. (1838) p. 120.

Leopardus mitis, J. E. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. (1843)

p. 42.

Felis macroura, Pr. Max. Beitr. z. Naturg. Bras. Band ii.

1877.] VISCERAL ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. 707

(1826) p. 371; Fisch. Syn. Mamm. (1829) p. 203, sp. 12; Less.

Suppl. Buff. (1847) p- 113; Burm. Syst. Uebers. Thier. Bras.

(1854) p. 87; J.E. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1867) p- 271; id. Cat.

Carn. Mamm. (1869) p: 22.

Felis brasiliensis, F. Cuy. Hist. Nat. Mamm. (1828) vol. ii. pl.

139.

Felis elegans, Less. Cent. Zool. p- 69, pl. 21.

Leopardus tigrinoides, J. E. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. (1843)

p- 42.

Panthera brasiliensis, Fitz. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, (1869)

lix. p. 236.

Panthera macrura, id. ibid, p. 242.

Panthera venusta, id. ibid. p- 244.

Hab. Central America southwards to Paraguay.

4. On some Points in the Visceral Anatomy of the Rhi-

noceros of the Sunderbunds (Rhinoceros sondaicus). By

A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 1, 1877.}

Our present knowledge of the visceral anatomy of the Rhinocero-

tidee is confined to that of the two species Rhinoceros unicornis and

Ceratorhinus sumatrensis. Professor Owen has given us, in the

‘ Transactions’ of this Society (vol. iv. pp. 31 e¢ seg.) an exhaustive

account of the former of these animals; and in the ‘ Proceedings’

(1873, pp. 92 et seq.) it has been my endeavour to indicate most of

the important features in the latter, which, as Prof. Flower has

kindly pointed out to me, were briefly described by Sir E. Home in

the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (1821, p. 271). On the present

occasion I bring before the Society my notes on a young female of

the Sondaie Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), which died in the

menagerie of Mr. C. Jamrach, after having been in this country for

a little more than half a year. It was only the skinned trunk which

came into my possession. It is the nature of the mucous membrane

of the small intestine which was certain to be of greatest interest ; and

this I am able to describe in detail.

The individual under consideration measures, stuffed, six feet two

inches from the tip of the nose to the base of the tail. The tail

itself is a foot long, whilst the height of the animal at the shoulder

is three feet. From the middle of the occipital crest, along the

curve of the superior surface of the skull, to the tips of the nasal

bones is thirteen and a half inches, the same measuremeut in adult

animals being twenty-two inches.

The single milk-incisor on each side of each jaw is still in place,

as are all the milk-molars. The first true molar has not cut the

gum ; but its cap is seen within the bony alveolus. No’traces of the

other molars are visible.

708 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE VISCERAL ANATOMY [Nov. 6,

Mr. E. Gerrard has kindly lent me the skull for examination.

In its base it exhibits the characteristic peculiarities of the species

so clearly enunciated by Prof. Flower’, the vomer being free behind

and developed into a tongue-shaped process; the mesopterygoid

fossa being expanded, and the free ends of the pterygoids everted at

the same time that they are broad. No second combing-plate is

present on the uncut first upper molar tooth.

The animal is too young to be contrasted advantageously with

Prof. Peters’s drawing’ of Rhinoceros inermis, Lesson. I have, how-

ever, taken the opportunity of comparing that figure with the skulls

of 2. sondaicus in the College-of-Surgeons’ Museum, and fail to see

Mucous surface of duodenum of Rhinoceros sondaicus,

that there are sufficient differences to justify specific differentiation.

Prof. Flower had previously done the same, and had arrived at a

similar conclusion, as be found’sthat even greater differences than

those pointed out by Prof. Peters are to be detected in individuals

which are all undoubtedly of Indo-Malay origin.

1 P.Z, 8. 1876, p. 447.

2 Monatsb. der konigl. Akad. zu Berlin, 1877, p. 68, pl. ii.

1877.] OF RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS. 709

In skin-folding and surface-texture the Sunderbund and Javan

specimens agree exactly ; the young Sunderbund animal presenting

a most striking uniformity in the size of the epidermic tuberculation,

except in the gluteal region, where the boiler-bolt-shaped tubercles

are somewhat larger than elsewhere. Along the back the scattered

brown hairs, which spring from the yielding linear intertubercular

surfaces, are also well developed.

Mucous surface of ileum of Rhinoceros sondaicus.

The following are the lengths of the alimentary viscera :—

Small intestine, 26 feet 2 inches.

Large intestine, 9 feet 10 inches.

Czecum, 1 foot 3 inches.

The stomach, in shape, is very much like that of R. unicornis as

figured by Prof. Owen. Its cardiac surface is lined with the smooth

white squamous epithelium found in all the Perissodactyla. This

occupied about one third of the total gastric area, extending along

most of the lesser curvature, the rest being covered with a smooth

710 VISCERAL ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS sonpaicus. [Nov. 6,

and thick digestive coat. There is no trace of any cesophageal valve

like that found in the Horse.

The small intestine is somewhat larger in the duodenal region

than elsewhere. Its first three inches are destitute of the flattened

papillze found elsewhere ; but here, as all along the small intestines,

minute villi are present everywhere. Three inches from the pylorus

the papillze commence, and resemble those similarly situated in Rhino-

ceros unicornis', except that they are not quite so long. They are re-

Fig. 3.

Liver of Rhinoceros sondaicus. Visceral surface.

L.L. Left lateral. Z.C. Left central. &.C. Right central. RL. Right

lateral. C. Caudate. Sp. Spigelian lobe.

presented in fig. 1 (p. 708), where they are seen to consist of flattened,

round-tipped processes of the mucous membrane, several of which

are blended at their bases, in transverse lines. None are more than

‘3 of an inch in length, and most about *6 inch broad where they

first become free. ‘They give the impression of being incomplete

valvulze conniventes which have beea cut and deeply jagged at their

free edges. The opening of the bile-duct is 7 inches from the

pylorus, being a nipple-like tubular projection, nearly an inch long,

among the papilla. From the spot where they commence, all the

way to the ileo-cecal valve, these papillz are found—those near the

last-named situation differing from those in the duodenum in being

more scattered and freer from one another, many in the ileum

springing independently from the mucous membrane. Nowhere,

| Vide Prof. Owen's figure, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iy. pl. xii. fig. 1.

1877.] AN ANATOMICAL PECULIARITY IN CERTAIN sTORKS. 71]

however, are they otherwise than flattened, broad, and blunt-tipped,

none anywhere being circular and slender like those in the ileum of

R. unicornis’, the existence of which I have had the opportunity of

verifying. They never exceed ‘3 of an inch in length. Numerous

Peyer’s patches exist in the ileum, as may be inferred from fig. 2

(p- 709) which is a representation of a portion of the inner surface of

the small intestine quite close to the ileo-czecal valve.

Such being the case, R. sondaicus differs from R. indicus in that

the papillee of the ileum are short, flat, and broad, instead of long,

cylindrical and narrow, “like tags of worsted”? (Owen).

The cecum coli is a short blunt cone, with the diameter of its base

as great as its length (1 foot 3 inches); and comparing the dispo-

sition of the colic flexures and proportionate diameter, 1 found them

identical with those of the Sumatrau species as I have figured them’,

The liver wants the gall-bladder, and differs but little from that of

the Sumatran species. Fig. 3 (p. 710) is an outline-sketch of its

abdominal surface, which, when compared with that of Ceratorhinus

sumatrensis (P. Z. 8. 1873, p. 102), shows that the right central lobe

is larger than the right lateral, instead of smaller. The spigelian lobe

is equally long and slender.

The pancreas is of good size and fairly concentrated.

The uterus is bicorn, each cornu measuring 8 inches, at the same

time that the corpus uteri is 3 inches long. Each ovary is situated

in a pocket of the peritoneum.

5. Note on an Anatomical Peculiarity in certain Storks.

By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the

Society.

[Received October 1, 1877.]

The Ciconiidz, whilst presenting great uniformity in their myclogy,

differ among themselves in one feature which seems to me to be of

sufficient interest to deserve special record, as it may aid those who

study their external characters to arrive at a more satisfactory deter-

mination of their affinities among themselves.

The following are the species I have had the opportunity of dis-

secting :—

Ciconia nigra. Nenorhynchus australis.

alba. senegalensis.

boyciana. Leptoptilus crumeniferus.

maguart. argala.

Abdimia sphenorhyncha. Tantalus ibis.

In all these birds, with the exception of Addimia sphenorhyncha

and Xenorhynchus senegalensis, I have found the ambiens muscle,

which courses obliquely through the front of the capsule of the knee,

' Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. iv. pl. xii. fig. 3.

2 P. Z.S. 1873, pp. 99, 100.

712 MR. &£. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE Nyassa. _ [Nov. 6,

present, although never large; whilst in the two last-named birds,

both from Africa, it is absent on both sides of the body. Such

being the case, it seems to me highly probable that the relationship

between Abdimia sphenorhyncha and Xenorhynchus senegalensis is

more intimate than that between X. senegalensis and X. australis ;

and this view is favoured by their geographical distribution.

The tendency of the ambiens muscle to vanish in certain of the

birds so closely allied as the Storks under consideration, in certain

Psittaci, as well as in some of the Columbe, is one which our know-

ledge of their habits does not enable us to explain. It can have no

telation to the habits or bulk of the species ; for this muscle is present

in the Ostrich as well as in the smallest Cuckoo, whilst it is absent

in the Cassowaries and the Passeres. The fact that it is not found

in certain Storks makes its total loss in the Ardeide less surprising

than it would otherwise be.

6. On the Shells of Lake Nyassa, and on a few Marine

Species from Mozambique. By Epear A. Smita.

[Received September 29, 1877.]

(Plates LXXIV. & LXXYV.)

The British Museum has recently acquired a small series of

shells collected by Mr. F. A. Simons at Lake Nyassa, and a few

obtained by him at the mouth of the Macusi river, near Quilimane,

on the east coast of Africa.

Among the former are several very interesting though small

species, which, as far as I have been able to ascertain, are unde-

scribed.

As complete lists of species from restricted localities are very

useful, I have brought together all those which are known inhabi-

tants of the lake. Fourteen, collected by Dr. Kirk, are all that have

as yet been recorded; and now I am enabled to add eleven others to

that number.

Of these the Melania polymorpha is very remarkable, as showing

the great variation to which some Melanie are subject ; and, indeed,

I do not feel at all certain that the two forms, M. pupiformis and

M. turritospira are not very abnormal growths of the same shell.

I, LaKe-SHELLS.

l, MeLanrA TUBERCULATA, Muller.

Hab. Lake Nyassa (Simons and Dr. Kirk).

Four specimens of this variable species from the lake differ from

the normal and usual form in having the whorls less convex. There

is a narrow white zone at the top cf the whorls next the suture ; and

beneath a pale-olive epidermis the shell is semitransparent, whitish,

and ornamented with series of minute red dots. The longitudinal ribs

i Zee. LAT 7. Pl Tey

} 10

GSovre rby hth,

Hanhart imnp.

NEW SHELLS Frou LAKE NYASSA & MOZAMBIQUE,

eZ... L877, Pl OXY.

GSowerby hth. Hanhart imp.

NEW SHELLS rRomM LAKE NYASSA & MOZAMBIQUE.

1877.| MR. E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. 713

are fine, and about eighteen on a whorl, those on the penultimate

volution bearing about eight nodules.

2. MELANIA TURRITISPIRA. (Plate LXXV. figs, 14, 15.)

Shell small, turreted, ovately fusiform, pale olive ; whorls seven

or eight, flat, with a raised infrasutural belt, furnished with coarse

ribs, and sculptured with a few spiral strize, nearly obsolete on the

upper whorls, except the one which marks off the raised band at the

suture ; on the body-whorl the ribs become obsolete at the middle,

where it is angulated, and the transverse striz are about eight in

number ; the three or four upper ones crossing the coste give them

a somewhat nodose appearance ; aperture small, subovate, acuminate

above.

Length 8 millims., diam. 3}. Aperture 3 long.

This curiously short stunted-looking species is remarkable for its

peculiar form, the turreted spire, and the strongly developed nodu-

lous upper extremities of the longitudinal ribs forming an infra-

sutural belt.

Certain varieties of 7. polymorpha approach the present species

in the style of sculpture; but the very different form of the latter

and the absence of spotting easily distinguish it.

The specimens now described may not be full-grown ; but it is to

be presumed that larger examples would still exhibit the same short ~

stunted form.

3. MELANIA PUPIFoRMIS. (Plate LXXV. fig. 13.)

Shell cylindrical, subpupiform, covered by a greyish epidermis ;

whorls nine, flattish, constricted just beneath a raised belt at the su-

ture, somewhat turreted, separated by a deep suture, furnished with

coarse flexuous ribs, which are nodulous at the upper extremities

through being crossed or intersected by a spiral furrow a little

beneath the suture ; below this there are faint indications of one or

two other transverse striz, giving the ribs a subnodose appearance.

On the body-volution the ribs are almost obsolete; but around the

middle two or three spiral sulci are more distinct than those on the

upper portion of it. Aperture small, acutely ovate, occupying less

than one third of the whole length of the shell.

Length 11 millims., diam. 33. Aperture 3} long.

The cylindrical pupoid form of this little species is very remark-

able. The last three whorls are of about the same diameter; and

above these the spire rapidly diminishes, forming a short cone at the

apex. The ribbing is very strong for so small a shell.

Only two examples of this species have come under my observa-

tion; but Mr. Simons informs me that he has seen several others,

and among them some which were larger than that now described.

4, Mevanta stmonsi. (Plate LXXV. fig. 3.)

Shell acutely pyramidal, thinnish, whitish spotted with red;

whorls 9-10, divided by a deep, slightly oblique suture, but little

convex, furnished with obliquely arcuate granulous ribs, which num-

714. MR. £E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE Nyassa. ([Nov. 6,

ber about sixteen in the last whorl; the granules are produced by

transverse sulci, which cut the ribs at right angles ; they are squarish

and four or five in number on the ribs of the upper whorls, and the

same on the body-whorl, where they terminate about its middle,

beneath which the spiral ridges between the sulci are simple, and

rather finer than those at the upper part of the volution; aperture

acuminately ovate, occupying rather more than one third of the en-

tire length of the shell.

Length 18 millims., diam. 63.

This species must not be confounded with M. nodicineta, Dohrn,

also found at Lake Nyassa. Although in sculpture there is certainly

much resemblance, the very different form and proportion of the

whorls indicate the specific distinctness of this pretty shell. The

spire is produced to quite an acute apex ; and its outlines are recti-

linear. The nodules on the ribs are large for the size of the species,

squarish, and in oblique curves. The red dots are for the most part

situated in the interstices between the ribs, at the base of each

nodule, thus forming both longitudinal and transverse series.

5. MrevanyA potyMorpHA. (Plate LXXV. figs. 4—10.)

Shell elongate, pyramidal, thin, under a pale-olive epidermis,

whitish, spotted with reddish brown ; whorls 8-9, almost flat, some-

times somewhat convex, margined above at the suture, which is deep

and subcanaliculate, either with or without longitudinal plicee, nodu-

lous through being intersected by a few transverse striz ; the plice

are usually only on the upper whorls, but in some specimens there

are traces of them on the last, or they are well developed ; the body-

whorl is generally sculptured with 3-4 spiral sulci at the periphery,

and by other less distinct strize above and below it; aperture ovate-

acuminate above, varying in length, occupying either a little more or

less than half the entire shell, pale horn-colour, spotted with

reddish brown.

Length 16 millims., diam. 53. Another specimen 14 millims.

long, and 43 wide.

The form of this species is subject to great variation ; and the ex-

tremes, taken apart from intermediate varieties, have decidedly the

aspect of distinct species. The sculpture is also very different in

certain specimens, some being almost smooth, with the exception of

the spiral sulci on the body-whorl, and a few less distinct strize on

this and the upper volutions. Others are distinctly ribbed, the ribs

being cut across by two spiral strize in the upper whorls, thus pro-

ducing three granules on each rib, the uppermost situated at the

suture on the thickened margin. This incrassation is constant in all

specimens ; and so is the deep suture, which gives the spire a tur-

reted aspect. Six small examples have the thickened margin very

strongly developed, the longitudinal ribs particularly granulous, and

present on the body-whorl, terminating at the periphery, where

they are limited by a few distinct spiral sulci.

The disposition of the reddish-brown spotting and markings is

not constantly the same. Generally a series of dots, short, rounded,

1877.] MR. £. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. 715

or elongate, becoming a short line, is situated on the raised infra-

sutural thickening, and beneath this two transverse series, sometimes

coalescing and forming a short line. On the body-whorl there are

other series below the middle, which also in some shells unite and

form short flames.

6. MELANIA NYASSANA. (Plate LXXV. figs. 1, 2.)

Shell acutely pyramidal, dark madder-brown, thin, somewhat

shining ; whorls nine, margined beneath the suture by a distinet

raised band, which is marked off by a spiral striation, convex infe-

feriorly, and somewhat constricted above ; the few upper whorls

with faint longitudinal ribbing, the rest smooth, with a few distant

impressed spiral lines, only faintly visible on most of the whorls, but

well defined around the base of the last ; aperture rather small,

madder-brown, oval, acuminate above, occupying about one third the

entire length of the shell; columella arcuate, joined to the outer lip

by a thin callosity overspreading the body-whorl.

Length 14 millims., diam. ibe

Var. Shell narrower, more cylindrical and elongated, the mouth

occupying about one fourth of the entire length. Length 20 mil-

lims., diam. 5! (fig. 2).

This species is very distinct, on account of its dark madder-

brown colour, which is almost uniform, except that the raised band

beneath the suture is generally paler brown. The spiral strize are

very indistinct on the upper whorls, especially near the middle ; but

just below the periphery, and at the base of the ultimate whorl, they

become well defined.

The variety is represented by a single shell, and in all probability

is an abnormal growth ; for in all respects, with the exception of its

greater length and more cylindrical form, it is identical.

7. Metania noprcrncra, Dohrn. (Plate LXXV. figs. 11, 12.)

Melania nodicincta, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 234,

Hab. Lake Nyassa (Dr. Kirk).

8. LanistEs Ovum, Peters.

“‘Lanistes ovum, Peters,”’ Troschel, Wiegmann’s Archiv, Jahrg. xi.

Bd. i. (1845) p. 215; Philippi, in Kuster’s Con. Cat. p- 22, pl. 6.

m2, pl. 7..f.:7 ; Martens, in Pfeiffer’s Novitates Conchol. (not seen

by me).

Hab. Mozambique (Peters), Lake Nyassa (Kirk), teste Dohrn.

9. Lanisres Nyassanus, Dohrn. (Plate LXXIV. figs. 8, 9.)

Lanistes nyassanus, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 233.

Two young shells, one about an inch in length, and the other half

that size, were the only ones collected by Mr. Simons. Both have

the spire completely flattened, and a distinct though rather narrow

umbilicus, which, in the adult state, becomes closed by the reflexion

of the columellar callosity.

716 MR. £E.A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE Nyassa. [Nov. 6,

10. LanisTEs SOLIDUS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXIV. figs. 10, 11.)

Shell thick, solid, imperforate when adult, globosely ovate, yel-

lowish olive, with the faintest indication of spiral linear bands,

smooth with the exception of roughish lines of growth and most

minute (almost obsolete) spiral strize not visible to the naked eye ;

whorls 42, with a broad shallow depression or excavation above, then

very convex ; last whorl large, ventricose, rapidly enlarging towards

the aperture, the latter pyriformly ovate, purplish, or golden and

iridescent within, golden towards the lip and on the columella, which

is thickened and reflexed over the umbilical fissure; operculum

horn-colour, coneave exteriorly, with the internal scar roughly

corrugated.

Length 42 millims. ; diam. of last whorl, above the aperture, 30.

Length of aperture 30, diam. 20.

Another specimen is 39 millims. long, 28 wide, and its aperture

30 in length and 183 in width.

L. nyassanus of Dohrn is very like the present species in some

respects. In solidity, in the absence of an open umbilicus, and in

texture it is similar. But the vast difference of form is of itself quite

sufficient to separate the two varieties. Neither can L, solida be the

young state of Dohrn’s shell, because the specimens before me have

all the appearance of being mature, being solid and very heavy for

their size ; and on comparison with young examples of that species

also obtained by Mr. Simons, the specific distinctness is at once ob-

servable.

11. LanisrEs AFFINIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXXIV. fig. 7.)

Shell ovate, thin, widely umbilicated, greenish olive, with a narrow

yellow line winding around the top of the whorls at the suture,

smooth, shining, sculptured with oblique lines of increase and most

minute spiral strize, which are only visible under a lens ; whorls five,

convex ; aperture ovately pyriform, purplish, and iridescent within,

becoming yellow at the lips and columella, which is very slightly re-

flexed.

Length 38 millims., diam. 273. Length of aperture 26, width

163.

This species may be known from L. solida by its more prolonged

spire, which consists of half a whorl more than in that species, and by

its open umbilicus, which gives the last whorl a very different form.

L. ovum, Peters, is another closely allied form, and at first sight

might easily be confused with this species. The latter has a shorter

and less conical spire, consists of half a whorl less, and its body-

whorl and aperture are longer.

12. Patupina JEFFREYsI, Frauenfeld. (Plate LXXIV. figs.

Vivipara jeffreysit, Frfld. P. Z.S. 1865, p. 659.

This species was first found at Lake Nyassa by Dr. Kirk. The

specimens collected by Mr. Simons do not quite accord with Frauen-

feld’s diagnosis. This author has omitted to mention that the en-

1877.] MR. E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. FAL

tire surface is covered with faint spiral striz, which are distinctly

visible to the naked eye. The very shallow depression around the

middle of the body-whorl in the type specimen I am inclined to re-

gard as an individual pecularity, and not a specific character: for

there is no trace of such a furrow in any of the shells just received.

These, for the most part, have the spire rather more elongated than

the type, and the umbilicus a trifle narrower.

13. Panupina caprLuata, Frauenfeld. (Plate LXXIV. figs.

3, 4.)

Vivipara capillata, Frfid. P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 659.

Hab. Lake Nyassa (Dr. Kirk).

14. PaLupInA ROBERTSONI, Frauenfeld. (Plate LXXIV. figs.

5, 6.)

Vivipara capillata, Frfid. 1. ec.

Hab. Same as preceding species.

15. Panupina pours, Frauenfeld.

Paludina polita, Frfid. ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv. sp. 73, fig. 73 ;

Dohrn, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 233.

Hab. South Africa (?). Lake Nyassa (Dr. Kirk).

16. ByTHINIA STANLEYI, sp. nov. (Plate LXXV. figs. 21, 22.)

Shell small, ovate, rather solid, subrimate, dirty white or yellow-

ish, obliquely striated by the lines of growth; whorls four, slowly

increasing, very convex; suture simple, rather deep; mouth sub-

circular, occupying about half the whole length of the shell ; peri-

stome stout, thickened.

Length 5 millims., diam. 31.

Hab. Lake Nyassa.

The solidity, very convex whorls, and subcircular aperture, are

the chief distinguishing characteristics of this little shell. The

operculum, of course, takes the form of the mouth, and has the

lines of increment rather coarse near the margins.

I dedicate this little shell to Mr. Henry M. Stanley, as a mark of

admiration of his undaunted perseverance and achievements in

African exploration.

17. Puysa NYASSANA, sp. nov. (Plate LXXV. figs. 16, 17.)

_ Shell solid, pale olive-brown, narrowly perforate, somewhat trian-

gular, roundly angulated above, and with a very short depressed

spire; whorls five, convex, separated by a deep channelled suture,

and sculptured by fine lines of growth; last whorl very large, occu-

pying almost the entire length of the shell, since the spire is very

shortly conical and only slightly elevated; aperture large, only a

trifle shorter than the whorl, subauriform ; columella thickened and

a little reflexed, subtortuous, and connected with the upper ex-

tremity of the outer lip by a thin callous deposit upon the whorl.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XLVII. 47

718 MR.&E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. [Nov. 6,

Length 10 millims.; diam., with aperture, 8}; length of aper-

ture 9, diam. 4.

Hab. Lake Nyassa.

This species is remarkable on account of its solidity, the short

subtriangular form, and the small spire, which rises but very little

above the rounded angle or shoulder of the last whorl.

The columella is nearly perpendicular, with a slight sinuosity

inferiorly.

18. Puysa succINOIDES, sp.nov. (Plate LXXV. figs. 19, 20.)

Shell small, ovate, moderately solid, imperforate, pale greyish

brown; whorls three, convex; suture deep; spire very small,

scarcely exserted above the body-whorl ; the latter very large, rather

strongly striated by the oblique lines of growth; aperture ovately

auriform, occupying about 58, of the entire length of the shell ;

columella oblique, sinuated in the middle.

Length 53 millims. ; diam., with aperture, 4.

Hab. Lake Nyassa.

This little species is peculiar in its form, which reminds one of a

small sinistral Succinea. The shortness of the spire, and the few-

ness of the volutions are the most prominent features.

19. PHysopsis AFRICANA, Krauss.

Physopsis africaua, Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll. p. 85, pl. v. f. 14;

Kiister, Conch. Cab. p. 72, pl. 12. f. 29,30; Adams, Gen. Rec.

Moll. iii. pl. 83. f. 10.

Physa africana, Krauss, Sowerby, Con. Icon. xix. pl. 1. f. 2a—d.

Hab. Port Natal (Krauss). Lake Nyassa (Kirk), teste Dohrn,

P. Z. S. 1865, p. 233.

20. Limna@A NATALENSIS, Krauss.

Limnea natalensis, Krauss, Siidafrik. Moll. p. 85, pl. v. f. 15;

Kuster’s Con. Cat., No. 42, pl. 6, f. 1, 2,3; Sowerby, Conch. Icon.

xviil. pl. 7, f. 46a—-6.

Hab. Natal (Krauss). Lake Nyassa (Kirt). Dohrn, J. ec.

21. CyrENA ASTARTINA, Martens.

Cyrena astartina, Martens, Malak. Blatt. vi. (1859) p. 219, pl. 3.

f.6,7; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidze, American Journ. Conchol. y. no. 7

(Corbicula) ; Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 234.

Hab. Tette, Zambezi River (Martens); Lake Nyassa (Dohrn

and Prime).

22. Cyrena (CorBICULA) RADIATA, Parreyss.

Cyrena radiata, Parr. Philippi, Abbild. ii. p. 4, pl. i. f. 8.

C. africana, Krauss, part, Sidafrik. Moll. p. 8.

Three specimens of this Nilotic species were obtained by Mr.

Simons in the Lake. One of them is rather more inequilateral

than normal examples, having the posterior end somewhat the

longer. The concentric sulcation, too, in all three shells, is a little

finer, and the violet rays somewhat obscure.

1877.] | MR. &E. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. 719

23. Unto nyassaiinsis, Lea.

Unio nyassaénsis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 108 ;

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1866), vol. vi. p. 33, pl. 12. f. 32.

U. nyasse, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. sp. 224, f. 224, a, 5.

U. nyassensis, Lea, Sowerb. op. cit. Errata and Index.

Var.=U. kirkii, Lea, l. c. p. 108; Journal, p. 32, pl. 12. f. 30.

Var.=U. aferula, Lea, l. c. p. 109; Journal, p. 34, pl. 13. f. 34.

Hab. Lake Nyassa (Dr. Kirk).

This species, like many others of this genus, is subject to con-

siderable variation in form and sculpture. The three forms de-

scribed by Lea are evidently nothing more than mere varieties of

one and the same shell.

24. SpatrHa ALATA, Lea.

Spatha alata, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 109 ;

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. (1866) vol. vi. p. 35, pl. 12. f. 31.

Hab. Lake Nyassa (Dr. Kirk).

25. SpaTHA NyAsSAENSIS, Lea.

Spatha nyassaénsis, Lea, 1. c. p. 109; Journal Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. p. 36, pl. 13. f. 33. }

Hab. Same as the preceding.

II. Marrne Species.

1. BuLLIA MOZAMBICENSIs, sp. nov. (Plate LXXV. fig. 18.)

Shell elongate, acuminately spired, more or less livid in colour ;

whorls nine, the two apical ones smooth and shining, the rest but

slightly convex, separated by an oblique suture, sculptured with

oblique, somewhat flexuous, fine and close-set plicee, which extend

from suture to suture in the upper whorls, and gradually become

obsolete about the middle of the last volution; these riblets or

plications, which are about equal in thickness to the spaces

between them, give the upper margins of the whorls a finely crenu-

lated appearance, and are subgranulous, through being intersected

by spiral striee, which gradually become wider apart as the shell

increases ; they are about nine in number on the penultimate whorl ;

the last is encircled by about 13; and the keel which winds

around its base is of a brown colour, and the portion of the

whorl below it whitish ; mouth ovate-acuminate above, occupying

a little more than 2 of the entire length of the shell, olive-brown

or purplish-brown margined with white within the labrum and at

the base; labrum thickened, acute at the edge, and inconspicuously

sinuated above; columella arcuate in the middle, thinly coated

with a white enamel, which, extending above the lip and winding

along the suture, gradually vanishes as it proceeds up the spire.

Length 32 millims.; diam. of last whorl 11; length of mouth

123, width nearly 6. Operculum unguiculate, concentrically and

transversely striated.

Hab. Mouth of the Macusi River, Quilimane, E. Africa.

47*

721) MR. &. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NyASsA. [Nov. 6,

This species is remarkable for the subgranose plications on the

whorls, and the brown carina of the body-whorl. It is difficult to

describe in a few words the colour of this interesting form. The

general appearance is livid, inclining to yellow or very pale olive ;

one shell is livid, with the upper margin of the whorls reddish.

The callous band is quite conspicuous only about halfway around

the body-whorl, and then gradually fades away, and is only noticeable

further up the spire by slightly obliterating the lower extremities of

the longitudinal ribs.

Two not quite adult specimens were collected by Dr. Kirk at the

delta of the Zambesi River, and were placed in the British Museum

by Karl Russell.

2. Natica AnTont, Philippi.

Natica antoni, Philippi, Zeitschrift fiir Malakozool. 1851, p. 48;

Kiister’s Conch. Cab. p. 144, pl. 19. f. 18.

Hab. Mouth of the Macusi River, near Quilimane, E. Africa.

Nothing can be added to Philippi’s excellent description of this

interesting species ; but I may mention that a young specimen has

a distinct pale zone around the middle of the last whorl, between

the two series of brown spots, which are more or less obsolete in

the adult shell, and that its umbilicus is quite filled up with the cal-

losity, even in the immature condition. The operculum is shelly,

white exteriorly, except near the nucleus, where there is a small pale

brownish callous deposit. The surface is smooth and shining, sculp-

tured with the lines of growth, and a single distinct striation parallel

with the outer edge, thus marking off a separate margin. From the

nucleus a short ridge or rib extends itself towards the centre. The

inner or under surface is clothed with a thin, pale yellow epidermis.

3. TELLINA opaLina, Chemnitz.

Tellina opalina, Chemnitz, Kiister’s Conch. Cab. p.172, pl.35.f.8.

Tellinides rosea, Sowerby, Gen. Rec. and Foss. Shells, f. 1.

Tellina planissima, Anton; Philippi, Abbild. i. pl. 2. f. 2; The-

saurus Conch. f. 197; Conchol. Icon. pl. 13. f. 58a, 6.

(Non 7. opalina, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. sp. 258, f. 258'a, 6.)

Hab. Mouth of the Macusi River, near Quilimane, E. Africa.

Only a single specimen, which apparently belongs to this species,

was collected. It differs from the normal form in being rather more

equilateral. It is pale rose-colour, almost white at the umbones,

and at the ligamental area; and the internal raised radiating ribs

are well defined. The name opalina, proposed by Sowerby for a

species in the collection of Mr. Hanley, must be changed should it

prove to be a well-defined species.

4. TIvELA DOLABELLA, Sowerby.

Cytherea dolabella, Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch. iii. p. 619, pl.

127. f. 15; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xiv. sp. 2.

Hab. Mouth of the Macusi River, Quilimane, East Africa.

This species was originally described from a specimen in Cum-

1877.] MR. &. A. SMITH ON SHELLS FROM LAKE NYASSA. 721

ing’s collection, said to have been from the Red Sea. The shell from

Mozambique agrees perfectly with the type, except that the poste-

rior end is rather less produced. I should add that the figure in

the ‘Conch. Icon.’ considerably exaggerates the beaked appearance of

this portion of the type shell. The lunule is elongate, narrow, and

defined by a simple striation on each valve. ;

5. Donax MADAGASCARIENSIS, Wood.

Donax madagascariensis, Wood, Index Testaceolog. Suppl. p. 3,

ple 2. £3. Sowerby, Thesaurus, iii. pl. 280. f. 16; Reeve, Conch.

Icon. viii. sp. 50.

D. Keyti, A. Adams, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 87.

Hab. Macusi River, near Quilimane, East Africa.

The radiating strize and the ridges between them are much more

strongly developed on the posterior cordiform area than on the an-

terior surface. On the other hand the oblique ridges on the latter

portion of the shell are much stronger than on the former, where

they become thin lamellae. The lines of growth are curiously pre-

sent on the oblique costz, near the anterior ventral margin of the

valves, but not visible in the interstices between them.

- 6. Donax auuxus. (Plate LXXV. figs. 23-25.)

Shell small, triangular, somewhat elongate, very inequilateral,

produced anteriorly, compressed and narrowly rounded, posterior

area cordiform, not very acute at the margins, slightly sinvated at

the middle ; radiately striate, except for a narrow space at the ante-

rior dorsal slope; the striee are very fine, equidistant, those on the

posterior area deeper and wider, with distinct intermediate lirulee,

which are decussated by still more prominent obliquely ascending

ones, which do not pass beyond the rounded carina; umbones

acute, but little incurved ; interior dorsal slope rectilinearly sloping,

posterior very suddenly inclined ; ventral margin straightish ; lunule

linear ; ligament small, prominent.

Colour yellow, purplish, or cinereous, generally varied with darker

concentric bands and purplish radiating rays, most distinct within

the valves, which are more or less purple, generally white at the

crenulated margins.

Length 93 millims., height 6, thickness 4.

Hab. Mouth of the Macusi River, near Quilimane.

This pretty species reminds one very much of the West-African

D. elongatus. However, it is a trifle shorter, has not the rugose

line on the posterior area, nor the flatness in the centre of that part.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES LXXIV. & LXXV.

Puate LXXIV.

Fig. 1, 2. Paludina jeffreysi, p. 716. Fig. 7. Lanistes affinis, p.716.

3, 4. —— capillata, p. 717. nyassanus, p. 718,

5, 6. —— robertsoni, Dartlivs 10, 1 1. solidus, p.'716,

722 DR. GO. FINSCH ON A NEW PETREL. [Nov. 6,

Puare LXXYV.

Figs. 1, 2. Melania nyassana, p. 715. Fig. 16, 17. Physa nyassana, p. 717.

3. —— simonsi, p. 713. 18. Bullia mozambicensis,

4-10 polymorpha, p. 714. p- 719.

11, 12, nodicincta, p. 715. 19, 20. Physa succinoides, p. '718.

13. —— pupiformis, p. 713. 21, 22. Bythinia stanleyi, p. 717.

14, 15. turritispira, p. 713. 23-25. Donax emulus, p. 721.

7. On a new Species of Petrel from the Feejee Islands. By

Dr. Orro Frnscu, C.M.Z.S8., Director of the Bremen

Museum.

[Received July 2, 1877.]

PROCELLARIA ALBIGULARIS, Sp. Novy.

Head, quills, and tail sooty black; back, shoulders, and wing-

coverts lighter, more of a sooty brown; the largest row of the upper

wing-coverts at the tips washed with light brown, forming an ill-

defined narrow cross band; the black of the head covers the sides aud

the chin-margin ; below the latter is a semilunar white space, ex-

tending lateraliy to below the ear-region and bounded below by a

very broad sooty black cross band, which commences at the junction

of the wing; below this the remaining undersurface is white, as is

the hind portion of the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the longest

under tail-coverts are sooty blaek, as are the under wing-coverts

along the carpal and hind margins; the middle row of under wing-

coverts white, as the axillaries; the greater under wing-coverts ashy,

with white tips; the feathers of the sides of the vent and flanks

with black shafts, forming very narrow dark striz ; tail-feathers on

~base of inner web white, passing into brown. Bill and feet black.

Tail forked, its feathers very broad and truncated at the apex; the

wings reach a little beyond the tail.

rectr. rectr.

Long tot. al. intern. extern. culm. tars. tib. dig. med.

g" 7h Ned ie SF yey! Aue oy" ya" 14'"

Hab. Feejee Islands, South Pacific.

The above description is taken from a female specimen from Kan-

davu, Feejee Islands, taken on the nest on the 10th of September,

1876, and sent over by Mr. Theodor Kleinschmidt to the Museum

Godeffroy.

The large size, the deeply forked tail, and the singular coloration

distinguish this species at once from any other member of this

group.

1877.] ON THE BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 723

8. Reports on the Collection of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ No. IV. On the

Birds of Tongatabu, the Fiji Islands, Api (New Hebrides),

and Tahiti. By Dr. O. Finscu, C.M.Z.S.

[Received October 3, 1877.]

A. Birps or Toncatasu, Frrenpiy Group.

These are 30 in number. They were collected on July 20, 21,

and 22, 1874. Only nine species are represented in the series.

1. Cottocaia SPODIOPYGIA, Peale.

Collocalia spodiopygia, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 48 ;

Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 501 (Tonga); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr.

Heft xii. 1876, p. 26.

Collocalia, sp.? F. & H. Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 125 (nest,

Tonga).

No. 11. Tongatabu.

“ These little Swallows were seen flying about in numbers on every

part of the island at which we were. Shot July 20.”—J. M.

Judging from the difference in the structure of the nests obtained

by Dr. Griiffe from Tongatabu (7. s. c.) and those from the Fijis (Orn.

Central-Polyn. p. 276, t. xiv.), T expected to find a different species

of Collocalia inhabiting the Friendly group; but on examining

the specimens before me, I find them exactly like those from the

Fijis and Navigators’. The structure of the nests seems to vary

individually. (Cf. Finsch, Journ. f, Ornith. 1872, p. 35, Upolu.)

rectr. rectr.

Long. ale. intern. ext,

in. lin, in. lin, lin. lin.

41 18 21 Tongatabu.

37 42 15-18 19-20 Fiji (6 specimens).

4 1-4 5 18-20 21-23 Navigators’ (3 specimens).

Mr. Layard enumerates also C. vanicorensis among the birds of

Tonga, although it was not detected by him. On this latter Species

compare Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeff. Heft xii. 1876, p. 23. Its

occurrence in the Fijis, which has been alleged by us (Orn. Central-

Polyn. p. 47) upon the faith of a specimen sent us by Dr. Griiffe,

the only one we saw said to be from thence, is very doubtful.

2. Haucyon sacra (Gm.).

Halcyon sacra, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. Ps oa Pees.

1869, p. 545 (Tonga); Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 1241 (Tonga) ;

Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 501.

No. 2. Tongatabu. Male.

3. es Male.

4, > Female.

5. Female.

724 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

“Shot July 20; eyes black. These birds were in considerable

numbers near the houses of the natives.’’—J. MZ.

No. 23. Tongatabu. Female.

24. oF Male.

Df a Female.

28. As Male.

* Shot July 21.”

No. 27 (female) has a pure white superciliary stripe; in the other

specimens this is washed more or less with cinnamon-rusty, very

strongly and broadly in No. 4 (female). Nos. 2, 3, and 4 show

narrow rusty margins to the upper wing-coverts, which seem not

peculiar to the young birds. That both sexes are precisely alike, I

can state from dissection of specimens in alcohol. Generally Tonga

specimens show a more greenish tinge on the back; but in some

specimens (as 5, male, 23, female, and 24, male) the blue is as dark

and pronounced as in Fiji specimens, and in some of the latter (as

95, male and 61, male) as greenish as in Tonga specimens. The

under wing-coverts and sides in the Tonga bird are mostly pure

white; but Nos. 3 and 4 show a rusty tinge.

3. Prinoris cARUNCULATA (Gm.).

Ptilotis carunculata, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 58; P.Z.S.

1869, p. 545 (Tonga); Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 125 (Tonga) ;

Griffe, ib. p. 404 (habits); Layard, P. Z.8. 1876, p. 501 (Tonga).

No. 12. Tongatabu. Male.

13. 55 Male.

14. 33 Female.

15 Female.

“Shot July 20. These are the most abundant birds on the

island. They have a very clear bell-like note. Eyes black ; wattle

yellow.”—J. M.

4. Lauace macutosa (Peale).

Oolluricincla maculosa, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. Ist edit. (1848),

p- 81, pl. 23. f. 10.

Lalage terat, Cass. (nec Bodd.), ibid. 2nd edit. (1858), p. 143 ;

F, & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 80; P. Z.S. 1869, p. 546 (Tonga) ;

Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 149 (Tonga); Finsch, ibid. 1872, p. 41

(Samoa) ; Layard, P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 433 (Fiji), 1876, p. 494 (Navi-

gators’) and p. 502 (Tonga).

Campephaga maculosa, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 339. no. 5124.

No. 16. Tongatabu. Male.

We 53 Male.

*‘ Eyes white. Common on the island; shot July 20.”

No. 29. Tongatabu. Female. ‘Shot July 21.”

32. ss Male.

1877.] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 725

Long. rostr. —_ latit.

ale. caud, a front. rostr. tars,

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin, in. lin. lin. lin, lin. lin. lin,

No. 16. 8 6 2 4 6 4 113

Leg Seer 2 4 5 33 113

29. 3 6 24 6 38 11

82. 3) ts 2 5 5} 6388 1l

49. 3 6 2 4 6 382 11

50. 3 54 2 6 Css, 10

118. ay $3! 2 2 5s 8 10

Suelo 2) (0-2) 2 bI-G Or ai0 Fiji (4 specimens).

323 7 2 02 6 6 — 10-113 Upolu(5 ,, :

3 63 9 2 32 5 6-61 — 10-12 Tonga (9%s,,)- ).

3.4 eS 55 — 93 L. terat. Java.

Among the specimens before me Nos. 17, 32, and 49 (Fiji) are

adult and fully coloured, which are very rare in collections, and give

me a good opportunity of making a close comparison of them with

Javan specimens of the true Lalage terat (Bodd.), with which the

Central-Polynesian bird has hitherto been confounded. I have

myself stated (J. f. Orn. 1872, p. 130) their undoubted identity ; but

having then seen only young and a few old specimens in bad condi-

tion, I was misled. The series before me seems to confirm the views

of Mr. G. R. Gray, who keeps the Polynesian bird separate.

The latter may be distinguished from L. terat by the grey or

brownish-grey rump and upper tail-coverts being always barred by

irregular but distinct cross lines, the rump being of a uniform grey

with faint darker traces in Z. terat—by the black shaft-stripe on

the white middle row of the upper wing-coverts, which is wanting in

L. terat—and by the narrow brownish external margin of the pri-

maries and first secondaries, which in the old Z. terat are white. The

latter besides shows a distinct greyish tinge on the breast and sides,

whereas in L. maculosa the whole undersurface is pure white. The

young bird, although much more like L. terat, may be distinguished

by the much broader cross bands on the sides of the under-surface

and on the rump.

The distribution of Z. maculosa seems confined to the Central-

Polynesian Islands, Fiji, Tonga, and the Navigators’.

5. APLONIS TABUENSIS (Gm.).

A. marginata, Gould, P. Z. 8, 1836, p. 73.

No. 8. Tongatabu. Male.

9. we Female.

25; 3, Male.

‘Shot July 20 and 21. Eyes dark red.”’—J. M.

6. Prininopus PpoRPHYRACEUs (Forst.).

Ptilinopus porphyraceus, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 119;

P. Z.S. 1869, p. 547 (Tonga) ; Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 131 (Tonga) ;

Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 502 (Tonga).

No. 6. Tongatabu. Male. “Eyes yellow.”

Zi 5 Male.

726 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE (Nov. 6,

“Shot July 21 and 22. These birds were very shy; though we

heard them frequently, it was very difficult to get a shot at them.”

—J. M.

Of this species, which is peculiar to the Friendly group, a full

description and characters of distinction from the Fijian and Navi-

gators’ Pé. fasciatus are given as cited above.

7. CARPOPHAGA PACIFICA (Gm.).

Carpophaga pacifica, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 142; Journ.

f. Ornith. 1870, p. 134 (Tonga); Layard, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 503

(Tonga).

No. 18. Tongatabu. Male. Shot July 21.

“This large pigeon ‘coos’ very like our pigeon at home. It

appears to be common but shy. Kyes red.”’—J. M.

‘ No. 26. Tongatabu. Male. “ Eyes red.”

31. 8 Female.

79. Samoa. Female.

“Eyes and legs red. Presented alive by the Rev. George Brown.”

The sexes are alike in plumage; but the female is without the

knob on the base of the bill, and exactly agrees with specimens from

the Navigators’ and the Fijis; the vinaceous tinge in the male birds

seems to be more strongly developed during time of incubation.

In our ‘Ornithology of Central Polynesia,’ Dr. Hartlaub and J

erroneously united C’. oceanica, Less., with this species; but since then

we have shown (P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 101, and Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft

viii. 1875, p. 26) that the latter is a distinct species, occurring in

the islands of the Western Pacific. C. pacifica is confined to the

Central-Polynesian Islands.

8. ARDEA SACRA, Gm.

Ardea sacra, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 201, Journ. f.

Orn. 1870, p. 136 (Tonga) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 503 (Tonga).

No. 19. Tongatabu. Female. ‘ Eyes yellow.”

20. - Female, young.

“*Common on the reefs at low water; also met with in the woods

through the island. Shot July 21.”"-—J. M.

No. 22. Tongatabu. Male. Shot July 22.

No. 19 is white, assuming the slate-coloured dress from below and

on the back ; slate-blue appanage in full development.

No. 20. Slate-blue, with white chin-stripe; the scapular appanage

in beginning of development.

No. 22. White, sprinkled on the neck, back, and below with single

slate-blue feathers ; no development of scapular appanage visible.

On several occasions I have shown that the white dress in this

Heron is not dependent upon age or sex, and that at present we are

not able to explain the causes of these interesting differences in

coloration satisfactorily.

9. PorpHyrio saAMoENSIS, Peale.

P. samoénsis et P. vitiensis, Peale.

; é

1877. ] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 727

P. vitiensis, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 172, t. xii. f. 3.

P. indicus, Cass. (nec. Hors., nec F. & H.).

P. vitiensis, F. & H., Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 135 (Tonga) ; H.

& F., P.Z.S. 1871, p. 27 (Savai).

P. samoénsis, F., Journ. f. Orn. 1872, p. 55.

P. vitiensis, Layard, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 439 (Fiji); ibid. 1876,

p- 497 (Navigators’), and 1876, p. 503 (Tonga).

P. indicus, Whitmee (nec Horsf.), Ibis 1875, p. 446 (Samoa).

No. 21. Tongatabu. Female. ‘Eyes red; the only specimen

seen ; shot July 22.”—J. M.

Long. rostr.a rostr. latit. long. dig.

ale. caud. ict. scut.incl. scut. tars. tib. med.

in.lin. in, lin. in. lin. lin. in. lin. lin. in. lin.

8 6 3 163 23 9 2 10 15 29

I have already explained (P.Z.S. 1871, p. 27) that P. indicus,

Horsf., does not occur in Polynesia, as has been stated by Mr. Cassin,

but that the Central-Polynesian Islands (Fiji, Navigators’ and Friendly

group) possess only one species ; P. samoénsis, Peale. The descrip-

tion in the ‘Ornithology of Central Polynesia’ (p. 170) taken from

a Javan specimen of the true P. indicus, Horsf., must therefore be

cancelled altogether.

Specimens from the Fijis and Tonga group look apparently some-

what larger than those from the Navigators’; but on comparing the

seties of measurements given, it will be easy to see that in respect

to size no specific distinction can be made out. In coloration there

is also no difference.

B. Brros or tHe Fist Isuanps.

These birds were shot on the island of Matuka on July 24, 1874,

on the island of Kandavu on July 25 and from August 3 to 6, 1874,

and on the island of Levuka from July 28 to August 1, 1874. They

are 82 in number and represent 25 species.

1. AsrurR RUFITORQUES, Peale.

Nisus cruentus, Schleg. (nec Gould), Mus. P.-B. Astures, p. 40.

Astur cruentus, F. & H. (nee Gould), Ornith. Central-Polyn.

pp- 3 and 273; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 424.

A, rufitorques, Sharpe, Cat. Brit. Mus. i. p. 121.

Nisus rufitorques, Schleg. Mus. P.-B. Accip., Revue, p. 80 (1873).

No. 34. Matuka. Female. ‘Eyes brown; several of these

were seen, only two shot.”

No. 35. Matuka. Female.

36. i Male. ‘Eyes yellow.”

62. Kandavu. Female. ‘ Eyes yellow; shot July 27.”

80. = Female. “Eyes yellow, cere yellow, legs

yellow ; the stomach contained a portion of a lizard. Shot Aug. 5.”

728 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

Long. rostr. dig.

alee. caud a cer. tars. med.

in. dim, sin. lin, lin. in. lin. lin.

No. 34 8 9 6 0 8 23 17

35. 8 6 6 2 8 2 3 17

Bo ho Dee 7 1 TE 13

62. 8 10 6 4 82 ye 16

SOs 5 10 9 21 16

oy) pe i 201 16 9 =@ jun. Ovalau.

is” “bp <0 a 2 0 134 Viti Levu.

8 2 6 0 8 ri 15 o Ternate.

10 2 roo) Pe vie ban tee .

8 6 69 82 2 3 16 jun. Halmahera.

In our ‘Ornithology of Central Polynesia’ we followed Professor

Schlegel in uniting the Hawk of the Fijis with Astur eruentus of

Australia ; but, as on some other occasions, we depended too much

on Prof. Schlegel’s authority, and Prof. Schlegel has since declared

himself to have been in error. Not having access to specimens, 1

cannot myself judge of the correctness of Prof. Schlegel’s new

view; but the fine series now before me inclines me to believe that

A. rufitorques is most probably peculiar to the Fiji group, and not

the same species as is distributed widely in the Malay archipelago

and usually known as A. griseigularis and A. henicogrammus, Gray

(=A. equatorialis, Wall.).

In coloration the Fiji specimens are pretty constant, all showing

above a beautiful ashy-blue, beneath a fine vinaceous rufous, which

latter forms also a. broad neck-collar. This is less developed in

No. 35, and looks rather imperfect. The under-surface in No. 62

shows a nearly obsolete undulation of narrow darker lines on the

ventral region ; the under wing-coverts in all the specimens before me

are not ‘‘uniform white” as noted in his specific diagnosis by Mr. .

Sharpe (l.c. p. 95); but the white is washed with delicate pale

vinaceous, which shows in Nos. 34 and 80 faint darker undulations.

An old specimen of A. griseigularis is generally conspicuously darker,

slaty-brownish on the back, wings, and tail, the underparts also dark

vinaceous-tufous with perceptible narrow light cross bands (agreeing

exactly with figs. 3, 4, taf. 14, in Schleg. ‘ Vog. van Nederl. Indié’ ).

A young bird of A. griseigularis hardly shows any difference from

our young male (No. 36), except that the lores, cheeks, and a median

stripe on the chin are decidedly ashy.

2. PLATYCERCUS SPLENDENS, Peale.

Platycercus splendens, Finsch, Mon. Papag. ii. p. 237 ; Layard,

P.Z.S. 1875, p. 425; Ibis, 1876, p. 143 (first race only).

No. 52. Kandavu. Male. ‘‘ Eyes red.”

53. 3” > 9

63. »» 2 %

iB 3 i *« Eyes orange, feet and bill black.”’

64. 9 Female. ‘‘ Eyes yellow.”

All the specimens agree among themselves; all show a blue neck-

collar, but which differs in extent, in one (No. 112) being interrupted

1877.] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 729

by green; none of them have red spots on the rump, such as are

sometimes shown in P. tabuensis. The size varies a good deal ;

wings 8" to 8! gi’,

Mr. Layard (Ibis, 1876, p. 141) points out the characters of four

different races of this Parrot occurring in the Fijis :—

(1) the bright crimson-bellied race, with broad blue collar, from

Viti-Levu and Kandavu, being the true Platycercus splendens, Peale ;

(2) the Mathuata race, “ maroon-bellied,” with broad blue nuchal

collar ;

(3) the Koro race, maroon-bellied with the faintest trace of the

blue collar; and

(4) the Taviuni race (P. taviunensis, Layard), “ maroon-coloured

and without a trace of the blue collar.”

Of these I have before me only one specimen from Taviuni, which,

indeed, differs strongly from P. splendens. It has the same dark

maroon-purplish coloration as P. tabuensis, and wants the blue

neck-collar ; besides it is considerably smaller (wings 7" 8!) As T

have become convinced by a large series of A. tabuensis that in this

species the blue collar’ is also Sometimes almost wanting, I

think this cannot form a Specific character, even less than the

purplish-red spots on the rump, which vary individually, If the

smaller size should turn out to be constant, this dark form ought to

be separated from the nearest-allied A. tabuensis under the name of

A. anne, Bourj. (P. taviunensis, Layard).

3. PLatrycercus PERSONATUs, G. R. Gray.

Platycercus personatus, Finsch, Mon. Pap. ii. p. 239; Layard,

P. Z.S. 1875, p. 425.

No. 78. Levuka. Female. « Eyes orange, with streaks of red ;

bill and legs black. This bird was purchased alive.”

4. DomIceLia sourraRta (Gm.).

Domiceila solitaria, Finsch, Mon. Papag. ii. p. 760.

Lorius solitarius, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 23; Layard,

P. Z.S. 1875, p. 426.

No. 37. Matuka. Female.

38. 8; Female.

39. 7 Female.

40. am Male.

‘« These birds were not common, although when they were seen a

good number were in company. yes red and yellow.”

No. 89. Kandavu. Male. . « Eyes red; bill and legs yellow;

stomach contained fruit.’’

No. 99. Kandavu. Female. «Shot August 6.”

100. PA Male 5 33

5. Cucuxus simus, Peale.

Cuculus simus, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 28; Layard,

P.Z.S. 1875, p. 426.

No. 90. Kandayu. <« Upper mandible and margin of lower black,

730 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

base of the under flesh-colour or reddish ; eyes dull orange; feet

yellow; stomach contained parts of beetles and caterpillars. Shot

August 6.”—J. M.

Long- rectr. rectr. rostr. _latit.

alee. intern. ext. a front. rostr. tars.

in. ln. in. lin. in. lin. lin. lin. lin.

Alef, 4 6 Ber 7. 4 83 No. 90.

4 8 4 6 2 9 8 43 — 4, Taviuni.

ty, 4 10 an Al 74 4 8 F ijl.

ee 4 11 3 10 83 3 (C. bronzinus).

As this Cuckoo is only a migratory visitor to the Fiji group, it

would be of interest to ascertain whither it resorts after leaving the

islands, which at present are the only locality known for the species.

Prof. Schlegel seems wrong in uniting it with the Australian C. fla-

belliformis, Lath., which seems to be a rather larger bird, as is also

C. bronzinus, Gray, of New Caledonia, which otherwise agrees nearly

in coloration. Mr. Gould has since described a Cuckoo (Caco-

mantis castaneiventris, B. of Austr. Suppl. Part iv. 1867) from

Queensland, which, judging from the plate (apparently a little exag-

en in colour), comes very near to C. simus, but is smaller (wings

UE ii B

Our C. infuscatus (Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 31, t. v. f. 1), corre-

sponding in size exactly with C. simus, will probably turn out to be

a melanistic phase of the latter.

6. Hrrunpo TAuiTIcaA, Gm.

Hirundo tahitica, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 51; Layard,

P.Z.8. 1875, p. 430.

H. subfusca, Gould.

No. 45. Matuka. Female.

46. a Female.

* Eyes black.”

No. 104. Kandavu. Female. “Eyes, bill, and legs black ;

stomach contained insects.””—J. M.

This short-tailed Swallow comes nearest to H. javanica, Sparrm.

(H. domicola, Jerd.), but has a rather broader bill; the underparts

below the ferruginous throat-portion are darker brownish ; and the

tail-feathers want the white spot on the inner web. I must mention,

however, that in No. 45 the second right-hand tail-feather shows a

very small pale spot on the inner web. The sexes are alike.

7. CoLLOCALIA SPODIOPYGIA, Peale.

Collocalia spodiopygia, Layard, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 428 (Fiji;

habits).

No. 93. Kandavu. Temale.

94. : Male.

“« Eyes, feet, and bill black ; stomach contained parts of insects.

Shot August 6.”

1877.] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 731

The Fiji specimens look a little lighter from below than those

from Tonga and the Navigators’.

8. Haxcyon sacra (Gm.).

Todirhamphus vitiensis, Cass.

Halcyon cassini, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 40.

HI, sacra and H. cassini, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 427.

No. 61. Kandavu. Male. “Eyes and bill black.”

95. = Male. ‘Eyes black, feet greyish; upper

mandible black and margin of the under, rest of lower mandible pale

red. Stomach contained a wasp and parts of other insects. Shot

August 6.”—J. M.

_— No. 109. Kandavu. Male.

110. oa Male.

The Fiji specimens are generally darker and of a more brilliant

blue, the neck-collar is washed with rufous, as are the sides of the

vent and flanks, which in the Tonga birds are, like the neck-collar,

almost pure white. But these differences are in certain speci-

mens so indistinct that thereupon no specific characters can be based.

H. cassini, Finsch & Hartl., with an ill-defined superciliary stripe,

rests on individual differences which are of no specific value. But I

may remark that among a very large number of specimens examined

by me from the Friendly and Fiji Islands, I never met with one having

a white head showing only a blue vertical spot, as is represented in

the right-hand figure of Sharpe’s plate of H. sacra, which I think

must still be kept separate as H. peali, F. & H., from the Navi-

gators’. In size the Fiji specimens are exactly the same as those

from Tonga, and have not a longer bill, as has been stated by Mr.

Layard (P. Z.S. 1876, p. 501).

9. MyzoMELA JUGULARIS, Peale.

Myzomela jugularis, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 54, t. vii. f. 1,

2; Layard, P. Z.S8. 1875, p. 431.

No. 43. Matuka. Male.

44, sy Female.

“Byes black. These little birds were flying in considerable

numbers about a large tree covered with red blossom; only a few,

however, were brought on board.’”—J. M.

No. 59. Kandavu. Male. ‘‘ Hyes and legs black.”

60. oF Female.

85. a Male.

86. $ Female.

“Eyes and bill black; legs a bluish tinge with soles yellow.

Stomach contained portions of insects. Shot August 5.”

No. 70. Kandavu. Male.

In the female (No. 60) the red on the vertex or chin is more re-

stricted; on the rump it is wanting in all; in No. 60 also on the

vertex. No. 86 shows some red feathers on the rump but none on’

the vertex.

732 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE LNov. 6,

10. PrrLoris cAaRUNCULATA (Gm.).

Ptilotis carunculata, Layard, P.Z.S. 1875, p. 432.

No. 47. Matuka. Male.

48. a Female.

“These birds (the same as Nos. 12, 13, 14 and 15 from Tonga-

tabu) did not appear so common as in Tongatabu, and seem to be

rather smaller.’”—J. M.

rostr. a

alex. caud. front.

in. lin. in. lin. lin.

Bye 2.8 WE 3 No. 47.

By.) Die by di 2 48.

On comparing the measurements above given with those of the

Tongatabu specimens, Mr. Murray’s opinion as to the smaller size

of the Fiji birds seems to be confirmed ; but a reference to the table

of measurements published by me (Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 126),

taken from 29 specimens from the Navigators’ and Tonga groups

(those of the latter series having been sent over in spirits and mostly

dissected by myself), will show all gradations of size,fand the impos-

sibility of separating the Fiji bird on account of its smaller size. In

coloration specimens from the Fijis, Tonga, and Navigators’ are

precisely alike.

The occurrence of the true P¢. carunculata on the Fijis (doubted

by me, Journ. f. Orn. 1872, p. 36) has been already established by

Mr. Layard. According to this gentleman the species is confined to

the island of Loma Loma. He endeavours also to introduce a new

species (P¢. similis), said to be peculiar to the island of Vanua Levu ;

but the short diagnosis (Ibis, 1876, p. 148), “ having pale yellowish

grey ear-tufts instead of bright golden yellow,” seems to me insuffi-

cient to distinguish it. Perhaps it will turn out to be P. procerior.

Mr. Layard also remarks that in our ‘Ornithology of Central

Polynesia’ we wrongly describe the iris to be white, as it is in fact

brown or ashy-brown. As we never had an opportuity of seeing the

bird alive, we could follow only the notice of Dr. Graffe, who gave

the iris as ‘ white ;’’ but we also noticed ‘“‘ brown” (Peale), “ashy-

grey” (Latham), and “blue-black ’”’ (Forster).

11. Prizotis procerior, F. & H.

Ptilotis procerior, Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 62, t. v. f. 3; Layard,

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 431.

Nos. 73 and 74. Male. Levuka.

This species is well distinguished from the former (P. carun-

culata) by having no true wattle, but a naked space below the ear-

region, surrounded by a blackish line, and by the absence of the

yellow moustache, which is always visible in P. carunculata.

Through the Museum Godeffroy I have received many specimens

for inspection from the following localities :—Ovalau, Vatu Lele,

Vanua Levu, and Lavu-savu.

Young birds are of a sombre olive, without the yellowish tinge on

1877. ] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 733

the throat and breast. The size is also very variable, as is shown

by the following table of measurements :-—

Long. al. caud. rostr. a front.

‘m. lin. in. lin. lin.

3.9 3.0 103 Ovalau. Type of P. procerior.

3 10 2 1 4 fs

No. 74.3 5 2 8 10 ,, (Levuka). ‘ Challenger,’

Zara 6 2 11 oF ss ef »

3 10 — 10 o Vatu Lele. Mus. Godeffr.

3.4 Pg Si 6 3 »

3) ae hi} 87 3 Vanua Levu. is

3 3 Zu hh z Viti. »

Smell 2 6 72 Q Vanua Levu. fc

2 10 = c.8 @Q Savu-savu. Bs

2 11 — Se LOA »

Valuable notices on the habits of this species as observed by

Mr. Th. Kleinschmidt, are published in the Journ. Mus. Godeffr.

Heft xii. 1876, p. 13.

12. Pritoris pRovocatTor, Layard.

Ptilotis provocator, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 28.

P. zanthophrys, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. 1876, p. 5.

No. 65. Kandavu. Male. ‘Eyes brown.” July 25.

66. B Female.

ite ¥3 Male.

68. “i Male.

83. 2 Male.

84. Female.

“ Eyes brown; legs a greenish tinge; bill black. Stomach con-

tained ants, spiders, grasshoppers.”

No. 106. Kandavu. Female. Shot August 6.

ple re Male. ‘ Eyes brown; bill black; legs a

greenish tinge.”

The specimen I described as P. xanthophrys was labelled “* Navi-

gators’ ;”’ but this was a mistake, as this bird, which must bear Mr.

Layard’s previous name, is confined to the Fijis.

This is a well-marked, excellent species, always characterized by

the yellow patch surrounding the eye, extending to the ear-region.

Eyen the young bird (No. 84) shows this character, but differs

otherwise in being underneath strongly tinged with olive-yellow,

showing no whitish shafts, which form such conspicuous striee even

on the back of the old birds. The sexes are alike. The size, as

usual in this genus, varies considerably individually.

13. ZoSTEROPS FLAVICEPS, Peale.

; Zosterops flaviceps, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 52, t. vi. ;

A Layard, P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 430.

No. 71. Levuka. Female.

2: ne Male. “ Eyes black.”

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XLVIII. 48

734 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

In coloration this species is so like Z. westernensis (Quoy & Gaim.)

of Australia, that Dr. Hartlanb and Mr. Gould could find only in

the somewhat stronger bill a ground of distinction ; but as the speci-

mens now before me show only a difference of half a millimetre, this

character can no longer stand. However, I now observe that the

Fiji bird has the under tail-coverts of a deeper yellowish ; so that

I think Z. flaviceps may be kept separate until more specimens

show this difference also to be of no constant value.

14, ZosTEROPS EXPLORATOR, Layard.

Zosterops explorator, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 431.

No. 57. Kandavu. Female.

58. 33 55 ** Eyes black.”

The discovery of this species is due to Mr. John Murray, of the

‘Challenger’ Expedition. As Mr. Layard has published only a

short diagnosis, I think a full description will be necessary—the

more so as the specimens now before me are the types.

Upper surface yellow olive-green, more yellow on the top and

sides of the head and neck, changing into pure citron-yellow on the

lores; chin, throat, and breast the same as the under tail-coverts; lower

part of breast and remaining under surface yellowish white; flanks

distinctly washed with pale brownish grey; under wing-coverts

white; wing- and tail-feathers brown-black, narrowly margined

externally with olive-green ; remiges margined on their inner webs

with white ; there seems to be a narrow white eye-ring, surrounded

by a narrower blackish one; bill blackish, lower mandible pale at

base ; legs plumbeous.

Long. tot. al. caud. rostr. tars.

in. in. lin. lin. lin, lin.

c.4 2 2h 16 5 74

Both specimens are precisely alike.

This species comes nearest to Z. xanthochroa, Gray, from New

Caledonia ; but the olive-green of the upper parts inclines decidedly

to yellow, and the yellow on the throat and breast is purer and

brighter. :

15. Monarcna Lessoni (Quoy & Gaim.).

Monarcha lessoni, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 88, t. vii. f. 5;

Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 434.

No. 87. Kandavu. Male. ‘Bill light blue, darker at the base ;

legs bluish ; eyes black. Stomach was crammed with broken parts

of insects.”—J. M.

No. 103. Kandavu. Male. Shot August 6.

116. x

16. MyraGRra CASTANEIVENTRIs (J. Verr.)

Myiagra castaneiventris, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 95,

taf. ix. f. 2,3; Layard, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 435.

No. 51. Matuka. Male. ‘Eyes black. Frequents chiefly the

mangrove trees.”

f. 1877.] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 735

—— No. 75. Levuka. Male. ‘Eyes black.” Shot July 30.

76. ”

101. Kandavyu. Male. Shot Angust 6.

102. 3 Female,

114. »

Ee ai Male.

I am surprised to find the specimen No. 101 marked “ male ;”

for it agrees with No. 114, marked “ female,” whereas the female,

No. 102, shows the very different plumage of the black-throated

males. If these statements are based on dissection, they would

tend to prove a uniformity of both sexes—a fact very strange, and

opposite to all we know at present of the members of this genus.

This species is confined to the Fijis, and does not occur on the

Navigators’, as stated wrongly in our ‘ Polynesian Ornithology.’ The

specimens described by us from Samoa were wrongly labelled.

The representative species in the latter islands is M. albiventris,

Peale (= WU. rufiventris, Elliot, Ibis, 1859, p. 393).

17. PacHyCEPHALA VITIENSIS, Gray.

Pachycephala vitiensis, Layard, P. Z. 8S. 1875, p. 433, et Ibis,

1876, p. 154.

No. 69. Kandavu. Female. ‘“ Eyes red.” July 24.

‘ 82. A PP ** Eyes hazel ; legs a bluish tinge ;

bill brown. Shot August 5.”

Without having male specimens also on hand it is not possible to

determine these specimens satisfactorily, as there has arisen a great

confusion since Mr. Layard pointed out the existence of 5 or 6

species in the Fijis. As the specimens are collected in Kandavu

they ought to be “‘ P. vitiensis,”’ which, according to Mr. Layard, is

confined to this island; and, judging from Mr. Gray’s short descrip-

tion, they would belong to this species. But I may mention that

the female specimen described and figured by us s. n. P. vitiensis

(Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 73, t. viii. f. 3), apparently belongs to the

species described since as P. torquata, Layard (P. Z. S. 1875,

p- 433).

18. LaLAGE MACULOsA (Peale).

No. 49. Matuka. Female.

50. ” ”

113. Kandavu. Male. ‘“ Eyes hazel; bill blackish ; legs a

greenish tinge.”

On this species see above, p. 724.

19. Aptonts vitrensis, Layard.

Aplonis vitiensis, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876. p. 502.

A. tabuensis, F. & Hartl. (nec Gm.), Ornithol. Central-Polyn.

n03,.t. x. 1.2.

No. 41. Matuka. Male.

42. ” . Female.

«* Eyes dark red or brown. This is the same bird as Nos. 8, 9,

48*

736 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

; *

25 (i.e. A. tabuensis), from Tongatabu, and appeared to be not at all

common: only two specimens were obtained. These seem smaller,

and altogether a variety when compared with those from Ton-

gatabu.”—J. M.

The distinctive characters of this species (which, following Peale,

we formerly erroneously described as the true A. tabuensis) I have

explained in my paper on the birds of Eua (see below).

Long. al. caud. rost. a front.

in, lin. in. lin. lin.

No? 41.03 26 Dsl 7 A. vitiensis.

ADE Sad 2-10 64

8.4 0 DiS 8 A. tabuensis.

Dy Aas 2506 I 43

Oeil Tero 7 a

The comparison of the dimensions between the Fiji and Tonga

specimens, given above, will show a considerable difference: but I

must remark that they cannot stand as of specific value; for I have

measured specimens from Tonga as small as those from Fiji, and

also large specimens from Fiji.

20. Curysa@na victor, Gould.

Chrysena victor, Finsch, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 733, et 1875, 557 ;

id. Journ. Museum Godeffroy, Heft xii. (1876) p. 10; Layard,

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 437.

An old specimen in full plumage from Taviuni.

21. Curysa@na virinis, Layard.

Chrysena viridis, P. Z. 8. 1875, pp. 151 et 437.

No. 55. Kandavu. ‘“ Sex not certain. Eyes yellow; legs violet ;

bill green.”

No. 56. Kandavu.

No. 8]. Kandavu. ‘‘ Male. Bill green; legs violet ; eyes white.

Stomach contained green fruit with stones.”

No. 91. Kandavu. ‘ Male. Eyes white; bill green; legs

violet.”

No. 92. Kandavu. ‘Male. Stomach contained a fruit about the

size of a cherry, with alarge hard stone. Shot August 6.”’—J. M.

This well-marked species, distinguished by the yellow head and

under tail-coverts, is not the young of C. duteovirens, as erroneously

supposed by me (Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. p. 10). It seems

to be confined to the island of Kandavu, and was first discovered, as

Mr. Layard notices, by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition.

22. CoLUMBA VITIENSIS, Quoy & Gaimard.

Columba vitiensis, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 137, t. xi.

f. 2; Layard, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 437, et 1876, p. 496.

No. 54. Male. Kandavu. “ Eyes yellow; legs and upper part

reddish, and beak, except tip, red.”

No. 97. Male. Kandavu. ‘“ Legs and eyes red, eyelid red;

bill, base red, tip green. The stomach contained the seeds of the

1877. ] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 78h

little red pepper so common on shore (chili). The gizzard was

quite ordinary, and contained nothing of the nature of that in

Nos. 88, 96 (Carpophaga latrans). The first specimen we have

taken of this pigeon. Shot August 6.”

No. 107. Male. Kandavu.

This pigeon seems also peculiar to the Viti group, although as-

signed in our book and by Mr. Layard also to the Navigators’

Islands. On the specific distinctness of the representative form in

the latter group (C. castaneiceps, Peale), cont. Finsch, Journ. f.

Ornith. 1872, p. 47.

23. CARPOPHAGA LATRANS, Peale.

Carpophaga latrans, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 140;

Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 438.

No. 88. Kandavu. Female. “‘ Cere and eyes red; legs red or

purplish ; bill black. The stomach contained the fruit of some tree

unknown to me'. Yhe coat of the stomach had hard pupilla-like

ossifications of a circular form, in two or three rows. These indura-

tions are composed of a horny substance. Shot August 5.”

No. 96. Kandavu. Female. “ Eyes red; bill black ; cere red ;

legs purple. Stomach contained a large green fruit. Same as

No. 88. Shot August 6.”—J. M.

These examples agree with specimens from Viti-Levu. The

species is peculiar to the Fiji group, and, according to Mr. Layard, is

found on nearly all of the islands.

24. ArpDEA sacra, Gm.

Ardea sacra, Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji).

No. 33. Matuka. Female. July 24.

A uniform slate-coloured specimen, with white chin-stripe.

25. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA, Gm.

Anas superciliosa, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 213; Layard,

P. Z.S. 1875, p. 440.

A. pelewensis, H. & F. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft viii. 1875, p. 40.

No. 98. Kandavu. Male. “Eyes dull pink; bill black; legs

flesh-colour with a salmon tinge. Stomach contained worms and

mud. Shot August 6.”—J. WZ.

No. 108. Kandavu. Male.

rostr. Altit. Latit. Long. dig.

Tiong. al. caud. a frort. rostr. rostr. tarsi. med.

in,lin. in.lin. lin. lin. lint Seliniy ; lint

No. 108. Fiji 8 10 27 193 (C3 83 17 20

98. Fiji 8 6 —_ 19 8 83 17 21

Tonga... 8 9 — 19 9 9 17 21

Navigators 8 38 27 23 — — 18 21 :

Pelew......... 78-8 6 2 6-3 0 17-193 63-7 8-84 14-17 18-20 (7 spec.)

New Zealand9 0-9 6 3 1-3 4 203-22 8 -8} 9-94 17-18 21-23 (4 spec.)

‘I have already repeatedly noticed the smaller size of Central-

» Oncocarpus vitiensis, See Prof. Garrod’s paper in P. Z.S. 1878 (Jan.

15th).—Ep.

738 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [Nov. 6,

Polynesian specimens in comparison with examples of the true

A. superciliosa from New Zealand. The Fiji specimens before me

confirm my statement ; but going again close into the matter, I feel

rather doubtful with respect to our A. pelewensis. 1 formerly

thought it possible to separate this form specifically by the buff

coloration of the sides of head, chin, and throat, and by the

imperfect dark moustache-stripe always so conspicuous in New-

Zealand specimens; but the Fiji specimens prove these characters

not to be constant, as No. 108 agrees perfectly with the Pelew bird,

whereas No. 98 shows the dark moustache. The rusty-brown

longitudinal band on the outer web of the last secondaries also, as

I have noticed since, is not a constant character for A. pelewensis.

Therefore only the smaller size remains noticeable; but in com-

paring the table of measurements given above it seems rather difficult

to found upon this an available specific character; and I think

A. pelewensis cannot be allowed to be more than a scarcely smaller

race.

C. Birps or Api, New Hersripes.

“Our parties were landed for about three hours on Api, with orders

not to wander far from the beach. During this time six specimens of

birds were obtained, belonging to five species.” —J. M,

1. Hirunpo Tauitica, Gm.

No, 120. Api. Female. ‘Eyes, legs, and bill black. Stomach

contained insects.”’—J. M.

This example agrees exactly with specimens from Fiji.

2. CoLtocaLia uRopyGrALis, G. R. Gray.

Collocalia uropygialis, G. R. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3,

vol. xvii. p. 123 (New Hebrides.)

No. 121. Api. Male.

122 Es » + “ Legs, eyes, and bill black. Stomach

contained insects.” —Murray.

This is a very remarkable species, of which I subjoin a deseription.

Upper parts black, with a very distinct dark steel-green stripe on

the head, back, and shoulders, which, under certain lights, changes

into steel blue-black on the wings and tail; on the rump a broad

band of pure silky white ; secoud and third tail-feathers with a lon-

gitudinal median patch on the basal part of the inner web; chin,

throat, and sides of breast and vent dull black, remaining under-

parts white ; under wing- and tail-coverts black with steel blue-black

gloss ; the anterior portion of under tail-coverts black with white

apical margins; bill black; feet brownish.

Male (121) exactly like, but the white spots on the second and

third tail-feathers more restricted.

Long. tot. al. caud, tars. dig. med.

in. in. lin, lin. lin. lin.

Cua 3 6 18 3t 24 No. 121.

— ” ” ” ” 122.

1877. ] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 739

The tips of the wings extend beyond the end of the tail about 14

lines ; the tail is entire.

The New-Caledonian bird (C. leucopygia, Wall. P.Z.S. 1863,

p- 384) seems to differ, as we learn from M. Verreaux’s original

description (C. linchi, Verr. & Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1862,

p- 129), specifically in the rhachis of the rump-feathers being black,

and in the want of the white spot on the inner web of the second

and third tail-feathers.

3. Hatcyon JuLie (Heine).

Halcyon julie, Sharpe, Mon. Kingf. p. 227, tab. 86; Tristram,

Ibis, 1876, p. 260.

Dacelo grayi, Schleg. Mus. P. B. Alced. (1863), p. 37.

H. sacra, F. & H.Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 32 (spec. ex New Hebrides

and New Ireland? p. 34).

No. 117. Api. Female. ‘Eyes black; upper mandible black,

lower flesh-colour ; legs greyish ; the stomach contained insects, and

a small molluscous shell ”—J. M.

When placed among an extensive series of H. sacra, this specimen

‘seemed to be nothing more than a dull-coloured specimen of that

species, having the greenish shine of the back exactly the same as in

No. 7 (from Tongatabu) ; but the same dull green also prevails on

the head ; and this would form the only mark of distinction. The

rufous band round the head is not so developed as in Sharpe’s plate ;

there is only a buff supercilium ; and the head-band is only indicated

by some buff feathers; the neck-collar is white, not buff; the black

band which runs from beneath the eyes round the hind neck is very

narrow.

A specimen in the Bremen Museum, said to be from New Ireland

(procured from Mr. Frank), and described by us (/. ¢.) as H. sacra,

agrees perfectly with Sharpe’s plate, and may be considered to be

also H. julie.

4, ARTAMUS MELALEUCUS, Forst.

Loxia melaleuca, Forst., Licht. Descr. Anim. 1844, p. 272.

No. 119. Api. Male. “ Bill light blue, the tip black; eyes

hazel; legs black ; the stomach contained insects, chiefly beetles.”

Exactly like specimens from New Caledonia; the wing a trifle

shorter.

Latit.

rostr.a rostr. Long.

Long. al. caud. front. a basi. tars.

in. lin. in. lin. in. in. in.

4 9 2 3 7x 43 7 New Hebrides.

4 11-5 2 2 5 7+ 43 8 New Caledonia.

The New Hebrides seems to be a new locality for this species.

On its differences from the nearly allied A. pelewensis, Finsch,

ef. Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii. 1876, p.41.

740 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE [ Nov. 6,

5. CARPOPHAGA PACIFICA (Gm.)

No. 118. Api. ‘Male, young. This bird was in poor condition,

and had nothing in the stomach, Bill blackish-blue ; legs dull red

eyes brown.’’—J. M.

This is a young bird, with not full-grown wings and tail-feathers

(wings only 6” 11'”, tail 4’), but in coloration exactly like older

ones from the Tongas. Some of the tail-feathers and secondaries

show the singular hairy filaments which denote a young bird still

unable to fly.

D. Birps or Tauiti, Socrery Group.

The ‘Challenger’ remained at Tahiti from the 18th of September

till the 2nd of October, 1875. Sixteen specimens of birds were col-

lected, which I refer to four species.

1. CaLuocayra FUCIPHAGA (Thunb.).

Callocalia cinerea, Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii.

1876, p. 25.

C. fuciphaga, Wall. P. Z.S. 1863, p. 384; Sclat. P.Z.S. 1865,

p- 616.

No. 559. Tahiti. Male.

IN'o eo. O03 ais its

INoxaG6iat 3 Female. Eyes black.

Long. rectr. rectr.

al. interm. extern.

in. lin. lin. lin.

47 Pil 26 No. 559. Tahiti.

4 6% 22 26 560. a

4 7) 22 26 561. A

4 9 25 27 teste Pelzeln.

4 5 19 23 fuciphaga, Java.

: z ae 29 [ vanicorensis, Ponapé (8 ex.).

4- Q 19 21 francica, Bourbon.

Having now, for the first time, the opportunity, of examining

specimens of the Codlocalia of Tahiti, I find no specific distinctions

from the well-known C. fuciphaga, so widely distributed in the

Indian and Malay archipelagos. ‘The specimens before me are not

of so light a greyish-brown as one would expect from the descriptions

sent me by Herr von Pelzeln; on the contrary, the whole under-

surface is a little darker than in Javan specimens ; but the difference

is so slight that no character can be based on it.

C. vanicorensis corresponds in coloration exactly, but may perhaps

be kept separate on account of the smaller size. From the latter, C.

francica, Gm. (from Bourbon and Madagascar), seems scarcely sepa-

rable; only the under tail-coverts show a more intense green gloss.

Mr. Wallace (/. c.) is perhaps right in uniting also these two latter

species under C. fuciphaga.

1877.] BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. 741

2. HALCYON VENERATUS, Gm.

Halcyon veneratus, Sharpe, Mon. Kingf. p. 245, t.

No. 548. Tahiti. Male.

549. 3” >

5290. (45 ”

Doe ss tl

556. s, ”

The excellent series before me does not confirm the view that either

the dark band across the breast, or the more bluish green, or the

duller brown coloration of the upper parts is peculiar to a certain

state of age or sex. All are apparently old specimens, and show

every gradation in these characters.

The dull brownish tone passing into verdigris prevails in most of

“the, specimens ; only No. 5, 548 (male), and 554 (female), are more

of a greenish-blue, especially on the head and wings; these spe-

cimens have no dark breast-band, this being only faintly shown by

rusty tips of the feathers. No. 551 (male) has scarcely any indi-

cation of a breast-band (resembling, therefore, the right-hand figure

on Sharpe’s plate). In No. 5, 550 (male) and 552 (male) the

breast-band is on a rusty ground-colour, speckled with blackish, in

the remaining specimens more or less of a brownish black.

The length of ‘‘ wings,” varies from 3! 3!" to 3! 7!"

Mr. Layard enumerates H. veneratus, from Tonga (P. Z.S. 1876,

p. 501), but probably obtained the specimen here.

3. PriLonoPus PURPURATUS (Gm.)

Ptilonopus purpuratus, F. & H. Orn. Central-Polyn. p. 122.

No. 557. Tahiti. Male,

558. sy, Female.

“ Feet violet ; eyes orange; bill green at the base, tip yellow.”

—J. M.

I am pleased to have an opportunity of examining the Ptilonopus of

the Tahiti group, which is so rare in collections; and as the description

given in the ‘Ornithology of Central Polynesia’ (being copied

from Peale) turns out to be incorrect in some points, I think it

necessary to give a new one.

Male. Front and vertex delicate purplish-lilac, forming a pale

and, not as usual in the members of this genus, circumscript head-

cap ; remainder of head, neck, and under surface ashy-grey with only

a very faint greenish tinge, more visible on the middle of the breast

and vent; throat-feathers bifurcate in the centre tinged with pale

dull yellow-greenish ; lower vent whitish, under tail-feathers citron-

yellow; tarsal feathers ashy-grey; back, wings, and tail bright

grass-green ; on the mantle and shoulders with a bronzy shine under

certain lights; remiges slaty black on the outer webs, tips dark

742 ON THE BIRDS OF TONGATABU, FIJI, ETC. [Nov. 6,

green; secondaries margined externally very narrowly with yellow ;

under wing-coverts ashy grey, the under-surface of wings darker ;

tail-feathers with a grey cross band above the ends, scarcely visible

on the outer web; tail from below ashy grey, with an ill-defined

white cross band above the end.

Female like the male.

Long. rostr.

tot. al. eaud. a front. tars. dig. med.

lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. lin.

c. 8 Deo 2 9 5 12 93 o

oO 7 2 9 4> 12 2

Peale’s figure is somewhat incorrect; the head appears too blue,

ae has no purplish-red margin; the remiges are not coloured

ue.

The very interesting fact of the very localized distribution of the

numerous species of the genus Péilonopus in the Pacific archipelago

is most strongly exemplified by this species, peculiar to the

Tahiti group. The pale purplish-lilac cap and the want of the

usual dark yent-spot, distinguish this species at once as regards

coloration. But, besides, it is very well characterized by the

form of the first primary, which is shown in figure A, whereas in

the other Polynesian species before me (Pt. fasciatus, porphyraceus.

pelewensis, ponapensis, perouset, and, dupetit-thouarsi) this feather

is much attenuated in the apical half (see fig. B.).

4. ARDEA SACRA, Gm.

No. 562. Tahiti. Female.

DOD ae a Young.

“Eyes orange; feet and legs greenish in the adult.”—-J.M.

No. 562 is white, strongly developing slate-blue feathers; No. 563

is slate-coloured, with a broad white chin-stripe.

1877.] | ON RODENTS-ETC. FROM DUKE-OF-YORK ISLAND. 743

9. Supplementary Note on Rodents and Marsupials from

Duke-of-York Island and New Ireland. By Epwarp

R. Auston, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c.

[Received October 6, 1877.]

In the first part of our ‘Proceedings’ for this year’ I described

the Rodents and Marsupials sent by the Rev. G. Brown from Duke-of-

York Island and the vicinity. Mr. E. Pierson-Ramsay, F.L.S., Cura-

tor of the Australian Museum at Sydney, has, it appears, described

the same species in the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New

South Wales ;’ and, as our works have thus clashed, it seems ad-

visable to prevent any future confusion as to synonymy.

The parts of the New South Wales ‘ Proceedings’ bear no date ;

but ‘vol. i. pt.4’ reached England early in June, and therefore has

clearly priority of our first part, published on the first of that

month. Here Mr. Pierson-Ramsay describes the Kangaroo and

Perameles of New Ireland under the names Halmaturus browni

and Perameles cockerelli. The former is, of course, my Macropus

lugens ; and I unhesitatingly withdraw the specific title in favour of

Mr. Ramsay’s name. The latter is the species which I identified

with P. doreyanus, an opinion which I see no reason to change.

The third of Mr. Pierson-Ramsay’s papers appears in ‘‘vol..ii. pt. l””

of the same periodical, which is clearly subsequent in date of pub-

lication to our first part; for it contains papers read at a meeting of

the Society on the 25th June. Consequently Mr. Ramsay’s Mus?

echimyoides and Mus musavora must be regarded as synonyms of

-my Mus browni and Uromys rufescens respectively.

The following, therefore, is the synonymy of the new species

described by both Mr. Pierson-Ramsay and myself, with the more

exact information as to locality &c. which is afforded by his papers.

1. Mus srownl.

Mus browni, Alston, P.Z.S. 1877, p. 123.

Mus? echimyoides, Pierson-Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., ii.

p. 15.

Hab. Duke-of-York Island. ‘The young do not differ in colo-

ration from the adults ; sexes are alike in colour.”

2. URoMYS RUFESCENS.

Uromys rufescens, Alston, tom. cit. p. 124, pl. xviii.

Mus musavora, Pierson-Ramsay, tom. cit. p. 16.

Hab. Duke-of-York Island, where it is found plentifully, feeding on

the plantain. ‘It is known to the missionaries as the Banana Rat.”

3. Macropus BROWNI.

Halmaturus brownii, Pierson-Ramsay, op. cit. i. p. 307.

Macropus lugens, Alston, tom. cit. p. 126, pl. xix.

Hab. New Ireland. Unfortunately Mr. Ramsay’s specimen, like

1 Anted, pp. 123-126.

744 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 6,

mine, was immature; and he does not appear to have examined

the dentition of a larger example which he saw in Mr. Brown’s own

collection, This last measured, head and body, 41 inches, tail 16

in., and was presumably adult.

It may be well to add that the Mammals described by Mr. Dobson

and myself from this collection are now in the British Museum.

10. Supplément & la Liste des Oiseaux recueillis au nord du

Pérou occidental par MM. Jelski et Stolamann. Par

L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S.

[Received Sept. 20, 1877.]

Un séjour prolongé aux environs de Tumbez a procuré 4 nos

voyageurs plusieurs espéces d’oiseaux qui n’avaient pas été fournies

dans les envois précédents', surtout des échassiers et des palmipédes

recueillis 4 Santa-Luzia. J’indique done ici ces espéces pour com-

pléter la liste des captures ornithologiques dans cette contrée.

MNIOTILTID&.

4. DENDRG@CA AUREOLA (Gould).

Un male, tué 4 Santa Luzia le 10 février, et une femelle tuée le 27

janvier 1877. Ivis brun foncé.

Mr. Sclater, qui a eu la complaisance de déterminer nos oiseaux,

dit qu’ils sont identiques avec l’exemplaire de lile Puna, qui se trouve

dans la collection de Mr. Salvin.

HIrRuNDINID.

2. STELGIDOPTERYX UROPYGIALIS, Lawr.

Un mile tué 4 Lechugal le 5 octobre, 1876. Iris brun foncé.

TANAGRIDE.

4, EuPHONIA SATURATA, Cab.

Deux males et une femelle, tués & Tumbez le 19 septembre. Iris

brun foncé.

5. Nemosia Guira (L.).

Une femelle, tuée 4 Santa Luzia le 13 janvier. Iris brun foncé.

6. ARREMON ABEILLA4I, Less.

Un mile de Lechugal, tué le 5 octobre. Ivis brun foncé.

TYRANNIDA.

19. Conrorus puNENsIs, Lawr.

Une femelle, tuée 4 Lechugal le 5 octobre. Iris brun foncé.

Comparé avec l’exemplaire de Vile Puna.

! Vide P.Z.8. 1877, p. 319.

1877. | BIRDS FROM WESTERN PERU. 745

TROCHILID&.

3. Lampornis rrIDEScENS, Gould.

Une paire, tuée 4 Lechugal, le 5 octobre.

4. HeLIoMASTER ALBICRISSA, Gould.

Deux miles, tués 4 Lechugal le 5 octobre.

FaLconip.

7. Panpion HALiAéETus (L.).

Une femelle, tuée & Santa Luziale 5 Janvier, complétement identique

aux oiseaux d’Europe. Iris jaune ; pattes cendrées claires.

8. Burro rryTHRoNotUs (King).

Une femelle adulte, tuée 4 Tumbez le 10 septembre, et un jeune

miile de la méme localité tué le 18 septembre. Iris de ’adulte et du

jeune brun-noisette.

9. Urvsirinea scursTacea (Sund.).

Deux miles et une femelle de Santa Luzia, tués le 23 octobre et

le 17 décembre. Iris brun foncé.

10. Grranoattus acura (Temm.).

Un jeune male, tué 4 Tumbez le 20 octobre. _ Iris gris ; la cire

grise verdatre.

11. GAMPsONYX SWAINSONI, Vig.

Deux femelles, tuées 4 Tumbez le 15 septembre. Iris rouge-

cérise.

12. Potysorus THarvs, Molina.

Un male adulte, tué 4 Tumbez le 5 février. Iris gris brunatre,

assez clair ; la cire, les parties nues du visage et les pattes orangées,

PHALACROCORACID.

1. PHaLacrocorax BRasILIANUS (Gm.).

Un jeune oiseau, tué sur le fleave Tumbez le 11 janvier. Iris

gris.

ARDEIDZ.

2. ARDEA CANDIDISsIMA, Gm.

Une paire de Santa Luzia, dont le male a été tué le 6 janvier, et

la femelle le 15 novembre. Iris du mile est jaune uniforme ; celui

de la femelle aussi jaune, mais d’une nuance plus foncée vers le bord

externe.

3. ARDEA CHRULEA, L.

Deux femelles de Santa Luzia, tuées le 17 novembre et le 12

décembre. Iris jaune de paille.

746 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 6,

4. BuroripeEs virescens (L.).

Une paire de Santa Luzia, tude le 17 septembre et le 25 octobre.

Iris jaune,

5. NycTrcorax vIoLAcevs (L.).

Une paire de Santa Luzia, tude le 3 et le 22 novembre. Iris du

mile est rouge orangé a l’intérieur, et orangé a l’extérieur; celui de

la femelle est jaune a lintérieur et orange foncé a I’ éxtérieur.

PLATALEIDA.

1. Puatatera asasa, L.

Un mile, tué 4 Santa Luzia le 1 décembre. Iris est rouge bruna-

tre, avec une bordure externe grise ; le passage entre ces deux couleurs

est graduel, s’effectuant par des taches. Le tour dénudé des yeux

est dune couleur chair-pale, variée ¢a et la de taches bleues,

IBIDINZ.

1. Isrts avpa (L.).

Quatre adultes et un jeune, de Santa Luzia, tués depuis le 25 sep-

tembre, jusqu’au 20 décembre. Tous les adultes ont dans cette

saison plus ou moins de plumes grises au cou. Iris des adultes est

bleu, avec une bordure externe blanche; celui du jeune bleu clair

uniforme.

ANATIDZ.

1. QUERQUEDULA CYANOPTERA (Vieill.).

Une paire et un poussin de Santa Luzia.

1. PENELOPE ALBIPENNIS, Sp. nov.

Fusco olivacea, dorso, alis caudaque virescente nitentibus ; pileo

et collo albido striatis ; primaris albis fusco terminatis ; facie

nuda obscure violaceo-livida ; gula nuda aurantiaca ; iride pal-

lide brunnea.

Un mile, fourni par M. Stolzmann de Santa Luzia, tué le 18 dé-

cembre 1876, parait étre jeune, prenant sa deuxiéme livrée. La

couleur générale des parties supérieures est olive foncée, avec un éclat

verditre metallique assez fort, a peu prés comme celui de la P. marail

de la Guyane ; les plumes du dessus de la téte sont entourées d’une

fine bordure cendrée blanchatre, celles de la gorge, de la poitrine et

de la partie inférieure du cou liserées des deux cotés d’une bordure

blanche ; les plumes du ventre, du croupion, des couvertures sus- et

les sous-caudales, appartenant 4 la deuxiéme livrée, sont aussi olives

foneées, un peu luisantes, et finement ondulées de roussatre, tandis

que celles du plumage précédent sont brunatres, un peu moins foncées

avec l’ondulation rousse plus distincte. Les huit remiges primaires

sont blanches avec la base et l’extrémité foncée, la neuviéme est un

peu blanchie vers le milieu ; les autres remiges sont un peu plus fon-

cées que le manteau, et les rectrices sont noires, avec un éclat verdatre

un peu plus fort qui celui du dos. Les cétés du visage parfaite-

ment nus, sont d’une couleur bleuatre violacée foncée, excepté une

1877.] BIRDS FROM WESTERN PERU. 747

moustache emplumée noire, commengant vis-a-vis du milieu de l’ceil ;

le sac guttural est orangé ; iris est brun clair, les pattes rougeatres,

bec noiratre.

millim,

(oueueur del alle plice .. 00. Fee ven ns 32°5

is Ge In’queae Vat Tee rcame: ogee 32°5

33 du bee depuis la commissure...... 51

a du bec depuis les narines ........ 17

a dw tarse . sss Pe nee eee 85

Ar du doigt du milieu, avec longle .. 91

La couleur blanche des remiges primaires de cet oiseau fait l’effet

de l’albinisme, mais M. Stolzmann avant de se procurer l’exemplaire

arépété plusieurs fois dans ses lettres, que toutes les Pénélopes qu’il

a vues au vol dans cette localité avaient l’extrémité des ailes blanches,

ce qui m’a décidé ale considérer comme forme distincte. Il dit

ensuite que cette Pénélope se trouvait autrefois tout prés de la ville

de Tumbez, et qu’elle y est exterminée depuis une trentaine d’années.

Actuellement il ne reste qu’une trentaine de paires dans la partie

boiseuse de la delte de Tumbez, prés de Santa Luzia, ot elles dis-

paraitront bientét a cause des persecutions. II serait intéressant de

savoir si cette forme, voisine de la P. ortoni, Salvin, se trouve aussi

dans les foréts voisines sur le territoire de l Equadeur.

Rap.

2. RALLUS CYPERETI, Stolzm. MS.

Supra olivaceo-griseus fusco maculatus ; collo, pectore et striga

superciliart flavis ; gula abdomineque medio albis ; alis caudaque

olivaceo-griseis ; hypochondriis subalaribusque albo et olivaceo

transfasciatis. Rostri brunnet mandibula inferior flavida ;

pedes olivaceo-carnei ; iris rubro-brunnea.

Forme trés-voisine du R. longirostris, Vieill. La couleur générale

des parties supérieures du corps est d’un gris olivatre pale ; le dessus

de la téte et la nuque sont d’une teinte plus foncée avec des bordures

des plumes claires, trés-fines et peu distinctes; tout le dos est varié

de grosses taches foncées, qui occupent largement le milieu de chaque

plume. La gorge est blanche, ainsi que le milieu du ventre; le bas

des cotés de la téte, le devant du cou, et la poitrine, ainsi qu’une

strie entre la naissance du bec et le bord antérieur de I’ceil sont

d’une couleur fauve roussatre claire ; un croissant blane se trouve sur

la paupiére inférieure dans toute la longueur de l’ceil; les cétés du

ventre et le bas-ventre sont olive-foncé, strices transversalement de

blanc. Les ailes et la queue sont de la couleur du dos ; les sus-alaires

lavées de roussatre, les sous-alaires olive-foncé, variées trausversale-

ment de raies blanches, fines et peu nombreuses; les plus grandes

couvertures inférieures de la queue sont blanches rayées en travers

d’olive foncé, les autres blanches en entier. Le bec est brun corné,

avec la mandibule inférieure jaunatre dans sa plus grande moitié

basale, ainsi que le bord de la mandibule supérieure ; les pattes sont

d’une couleur carnée olivatre ; l’iris brun rougeatre.

748 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [ Nov. 6,

Dans les deux sexes la coloration ne préseute aucune différence.

3 y

millim. millim

Longueur de l’aile pliée...........-.- 137 125

bs della Qubge oa ees cane 60 60

#8 du bec, depuis la commissure. . 52 51

a dul-farsetsroe ot eee ee 44 40

ca ae doet Gu mailien i ct, ink 40 37

os GeO Ee oe agin s aie oe 8 9 &

4 duqpouce oameny see eert.tee 11 10

5. se dongle: j decree 5 4

Trois exemplaires de Santa Luzia, tués dans la deuxiéme moitié de

janvier.

Selon la communication.de M. Stolzmann !’oiseau est trés-commun

dans la partie marécageuse de la delte de ‘Tumbez, aux environs de

Santa Luzia.

3. Porzana CAROLINA (L.)?

Une paire, tuée 4 Santa Luzia le 12 et le 15 janvier. Ins gris au

milieu, et brun rougatre a l’extérieur.

H#&MATOPODINE.

1. Hamarorus PALLIATUS, Temm.

Un mile, tué 4 Santa Luzia le 25‘octobre. Iris orangé.

SCOLOPACID.

6. MacroRHAMPHUS GRISEUS (Gm.).

Une paire, en plumage d’hiver, tuée 4 Santa Luzia le 28 octobre et

le 22 novembre. Iris brun foncé.

7. TrinGa canutus, L.

Une paire, en plumage d’hiver, tuée 4 Santa Luzia le 31 octobre.

Iris presque noir.

8. SYMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA (Gm.).

Trois exemplaires, en plumage d’hiver, tués 4 Santa Luzia le 27

novembre et le 13 décembre.

9. Lrmosa FepoA (Lath.)

Une paire, en plumage d’hiver frais, tuée 4 Santa J.uzia le 27 oc-

tobre et le 23 novembre.

10. Hrmantopus niGRICOLLIs (Vieill.).

Trois exemplaires, tués a Santa Luzia le 28 octobre et e 27

novembre. Iris brun, avec un anneau externe rouge.

1877. | BIRDS FROM WESTERN PERU. 749

LARIDE.

1. Srerna MAxiIMA, Bodd.

Un squelette, de Santa Luzia.

2. SreRNA macruRa, Naum. (NS. arctica, Temm.).

Un exemplaire, tué 4 Tumbez, le 19 septembre 1876. Déter-

miné par M. Howard Saunders.

3. Larus AaTRICILLA, L.

Une jeune femelle, prenant sa deuxiéme livrée, tuée le 20 décembre

1876, 4 Santa Luzia, Déterminé par M. Howard Saunders.

Sur les 34 espéces de ce supplément il y a 31 qui n’ont pas été

fournies par M. Jelski de ses excursions précédentes, ce qui joint a

72 espéces de la méme catégorie de la liste précédente, fait en tout

103 espéces des environs de Tumbez, qui n’ont pas été trouvées dans

les contrées du Pérou central, visitées par le méme voyageur.

Mimvus Ltoneicaupatus, Tsch.

Les nombreuses pontes de cet oiseau ont été recueillies depuis le

4 jusqu’au 25 février. Dans toutes on trouvait trois ou quatre ceufs,

une seule ponte du 25 février contenait cing. Ces ceufs ressemblent

beaucoup a ceux du Turdus merula d’ Kurope, mais en général ils sont

un peu plus petits et moins atténués au petit bout. En coloration

ils présentent des variétés aussi nombreuses comme parmi les ceufs

du merle d'Europe. Le fond est également vert, d’une nuance plus

ou moins intense; les taches sont d’une couleur brun roussatre

(rouille), qui sur les uns sont trés-petites et nombreuses sur toute la

surface, également distribuées partout, ou plus denses et plus grandes

au gros bout. Dans les autres les taches sont plus grandes, plus

foncées, beaucoup moins nombreuses et le plus souvent plus denses

au gros bout. Il y a aussi une ponte bien différente des autres en

ce que le fond est fort barbouillé, de sorte que la couleur de la.

coquille est effacée en grande partie. Les ceufs de chaque ponte

sont plus ou moins également colorés. Dimensions :

) (2) (3) (4) (5)

millim. millim. millim. millim. millim.

25, 20 26°7, 19°8 26°2, 20 25°7, 20 28°8, 20:2

25, 20 27, 20 26°2, 19°38 258, 20 29 2)

25, 20:2 28°5, 20°7 27,,. 20 26, 20 29-2, 20:2

Die eo

CAMPYLORHYNCHUS BALTEATUS (Baird), anted, p. 319.

Un nid, trouvé le 19 février 1877, contenait trois ceufs d’un blane

pur et mat, ovés allongés, a petit bout aigu. Dimensions: 23-3, 16;

23°3, 16°5 ; 23°8, 16°5 millim.

THRYOTHORUS SUPERCILIARIS, Lawr.,anted, p. 319.

Les ceufs, trouvés le 29 janvier et le 20 février, sont blancs, légére-

ment verdatres, surtout en transparence, avec un lustre trés-faible,

Le premier contenait trois ceufs, le deuxiéme un. Dimensions dle

ceux de la premiére ponte: 20, 14°5 ; 20°4, 15; 20:6, 14°8 millim,

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. XLIX. 49

750 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 6,

PoLiorTILA ALBILORA, Scl., anted, p. 319.

Le nid de cet oiseau, appliqué & une grosse branche a peu prés

comme celui du Pinson, est petit et soigneusement construit. Ila la

forme d’un cylindre bas, assez régulier, 4 parois minces, d’une texture

solide et trés-serrée. I] est construit d’un mélange de brins d’herbes

séches fines, de duvets végétaux et des différentes autres matiéres,

comme des brins d’ Usnea, des fils, de petits morceaux de papier, etc.

L’intérieur est assez profond et nettement tapissé dans les uns de

crin de cheval mélangé avec un peu de plumes, dans d’autres de

duvets végétaux avec un peu de brins de plantes trés-délicats. Leur

surface externe ressemble 4 celle des nids de Hypolais. Diamétre

du nid, 50-60 ; hauteur, 30-40; diamétre de lintérieur, 40 ; pro-

fondeur, 25 millim. Les nids trouvés entre le 7 et le 25 février

contenaient 2—4 ceufs frais.

Les ceufs par leur forme et le mode de la coloration ressemblent a

ceux de la Muscicapa grisola, leur fond est vert pale ou blane verda-

tre, avec des taches d’un brun rougeatre, plus ou moins rares sur

toute la surface et réunies en un anneau assez dense pres du gros bout.

D’autres ressemblent plutét aux ceufs du Chardonneret; leurs

taches sont petites et pea nombreuses sur toute la surface, avec la

couronne beaucoup moins fournie que dans les précédents. En

général les taches de la gamme inférieure sont pales, les superficielles

beaucoup plus foncées. La surface est presque mate. Dimensions

des ceufs de trois pontes :

millim. millim. millim.

13:3, 106 pete tel:

138, 108 35, 10-7 5:3, 116

Q)y 147 1 @){ 138 ul 8) {ies 11-7

14, 122

GNATHOSPIZA RAIMONDII, Tacz., anted, p. 320, pl. xxxvi. fig. 1.

M. Stolzmann communique “ qu’en février cet oiseau est trés nom-

breux dans la contrée, au mois de mars il disparait des environs de

Tumbez, et se rend ailleurs pour nicher, mais nous ne savons pas ou.

En mai il revient. Quelquefois il se méle aux troupes de Sycalis

flaveola pour se nourrir ensemble de sémences de graminés. II se

tient seulement sur les steppes et sur les lomas (monticules arides).

On ne le trouve jamais au voisinage des ccurs d’eau, ou la végétation

est plus forte.”

H#&MOPHILA STOLZMANNI, Tacz., ented, p. 322, pl. xxxvi. fig. 2.

*T’oiseau n’est pas trop commun dans la contrée, mais en con-

naissant les endroits dans lesquels il séjourne, et sa voix fine, sem-

blable celle des Tanagrides, chaque jour on pourrait tuer quelques

oF]

uns.

Apuosus cHort (Vieill.), ented, p. 323.

Les nids, recueillis entre le 19 et le 23 février, contenaient deux,

trois ou quatre ceufs frais, La forme des ceufs est ovée, plus ou

moins oblongue. La coquille est verte, 4 peu prés de la nuance des

1877.] BIRDS FROM WESTERN PERU. 751

ceufs du Carpodacus erythrinus, avec un lustre assez fort. La

maculature est composée de veines entortillées, assez fines et assez

courtes, mélées 4 quelques petites taches et quelques petits points

noirs, et d’autres d’un gris violacé pale. Ces veines sont ras-

semblées au gros bout pour y former une couronne peu fournie,

tandis que sur le reste de la surface il y a seulement quelques points

et rarement une petite veine. Un ceuf a le sommet barbouiilé d’un

réseau de veines, et quelques points sur le reste de la surface. Sur

d’autres, au lieu de veines il y a des taches et quelques stries rassem-

blées aussi au gros bout. Dans une ponte les ceuts sont sans macu-

lature, ils n’ont que quelques taches rougeatres, trés-pales, 4 peine

distinctes ; ces ceufs étaient accompagnés d’un ceuf de Molothrus,

dont la moucheture, composée de points pales est beaucoup plus

nombreuse, et beaucoup plus distincte; le vert du fond de cet ceuf

est d’une nuance un peu plus pale que celui des ceufs de ’Aphobus.

Dimensions :

mnillim. millim. millim. millim.

26, 202 27-2, 20°3 28:6, 20 298, 18

anf 27, 20 2) { 59) 20 (3) (30, 20:2 (4) {305 186

QUISCALUS ASSIMILIS, Scl., anted, p. 323.

M. Stolzmann dit qu’il est assez commun aux environs de Santa

Luzia, et qu’il se nourrit de crustacés marins. En volant il a l’habi-

tude d’étendre sa queue de sorte qu’observé de coté il parait la porter

en travers.

Deux nids de cet oiseau, trouvés 4 la fin de janvier et au com-

mencement de février, contenaient chacun deux ceufs. Ces ceufs

sont ovés allongés, 4 petit bout plus ou moins obtus; leur fond

est d’un vert pale, A peu prés comme celui du Pinson d’Europe, varié

de quelques veines noires foncées et d’antres grises violettes pales,

grosses et plus ou moins fines, fort entortillées et mélées avec quelques

taches de la méme couleur; les veines sont rassemblées en une sorte

de couronne, trés-irréguliére, dans une des extrémités ou au milieu de

Poeuf; quelques autres veines, ordinairement plus courtes, quelques

points et quelques taches sont éparses sur le reste de la surface. Les

bords de ces grosses veines et des grosses taches sont lavées en une

couleur rose, qui colore une grande partie de Ja surface du fond,

comme cela a souvent lieu sur les ceufs mentionnés plus haut. Le

lustre est trés-faible. Dimensions:

millim. woillim.

31-6, 24 32, 22-4

a) {gre 24-6 @){ 376, 23

SYNALLAXIS STICTOTHORAX, Scl., antea, p. 323.

Un euf trouvé le 25 janvier, et trois le 18 février, 4 Santa Luzia,

sont d’un blanc mat, de forme ovée, médiocrement allongée. Di-

mensions: 16°2, 13°5; 18°2, 13°3; 18°4, 13 millim.

FURNARIUS CINNAMOMEUS, Lafr., antea, p. 323.

Les ceufs frais se trouvaient dans la deuxiéme moitié de février.

49*

752 M. L., TACZANOWSKI ON [Nov. 6,

Leur forme est ovée, plus ou moins oblongue, il y avait aussi des

ceufs exceptionnels presque elliptiques. Ils sont blanes purs, avec

un lustre assez fort; blancs aussi en transparence. Leur surface est

pour la plupart barbouillée de boue, en différents degrés. Dimen-

sions: 26, 19°8; 26:2, 20; 27, 21; 28°3, 19°8; 28:5, 21; 29:5,

21:2; 30, 20°3 millim.

OcutTHeca sALvINI, Tacz., anted, p. 324.

M. Stolzmann dit: ‘* Assez commune aux environs de Tumbez, et

je pouvais la rencontrer 4 chaque excursion en me dirigeant par sa voix,

qui m’est bien connue. Elle se tient dans des petits fourrés et jamais

je ne l’ai pas vue dans les endroits découverts. Elle se perche sur

les branches peu ¢levées au dessus du terrain (environ 1-13 métres),

et jamais je ne l’ai pas rencontrée par terre. Sa voix consiste en un

siffement monotone plaintif, assez rarement répété. Ses mouve-

ments ressemblent 4 ceux du Pyrocephalus rubineus ; en se langant

sur les insectes elle claque avec les ailes comme beaucoup d’autres

Tyrans, mais pas aussi fort que le Pyrocephalus.”

PHYLLOMYIAS TUMBEZANA, Tacz., anted, p. 325.

M. Stolzmann dit: ‘* Il est si commun aux environs de Tumbez,

que presque sur chaque arbre de la contrée on rencontre au moins une

paire, et 4 Santa Luzia il est certainement le plus commun oiseau ;

dans une journée je pourrais me charger de tuer 60-100 exemplaires.

Sa ponte se compose constamment de deux ceufs, qui ont été re-

cueillis entre le 8 et le 25 janvier.” Ensuite nos voyageurs ont

trouvé aussi cet oiseau aux environs de Pacasmayo.

Les ceufs sont blancs jaunatres unicolores, sans aucun lustre. Di-

mensions des deux pontes :

millim. millim.

(17-4, 133 17-6, 136

(1) 17-6, 12°7 (2) 17-6, 13:8

PyROCEPHALUS RUBINEUS (Bodd.), anted, p. 326.

Oiseau commun dans la contrée. Les ceufs ont été recueillis en

novembre et en février; il y avait deux ou trois dans la ponte.

Ils sont ovés médiocrement allongés, variant beaucoup entre eux

sous le rapport de l’amincissement du petit bout, qui dans les uns

est fort aminci et aigu, tandis que dans les autres il est beaucoup

plus gros et plus obtus 4 extrémité. La coquille est sans aucun

lustre, jaune verdatre pale, ou jaunatre pale, sans nuance verdatre,

variée de grosses taches cendrées piles et olives foncées, réunies en

un anneau prés du gros bout, outre lequel il n’y a presque point de

taches sur le reste de la surface, ou quelques petites, peu signifiantes ;

la couronne est trés-dense et presque continué; sur d'autres elle est

moins fournie et composée de taches plus petites, alors le reste de la

surface est beaucoup plus tacheté qu’ordinairement. Dimensions

millim. millim. millim. millim,

17, 135

wc ae 9) { 17, 136 18-4, 14:2 18:8, 13°6

roe 2, a (2) {ig 13:8 (3) {Tas 13:8 {ise 13:8

1877. | BIRDS FROM WESTERN PERU. 753

MYI0DYNASTES ATRIFRONS, Sel., anfed, p. 326.

Les ceuts recueillis depuis le 18 jusqu’au 25 février étaient frais, et

pour la plupart en pontes incomplétes, deux nids seulement renfer-

maient trois ceufs. Ils sont d’une forme ovée assez allongée ;

la coquille est d’un blanc pur, délicat, d’un lustre trés-faible. Les

taches sont des deux gammes: les unes cendrées violatres assez pales,

les autres rouges brunatres foncées, elles sont eu général petites et peu

nombreuses sur toute la surface; plus grandes et réunies en une

couronne plus ou moins dense prés du gros bout ; sur quelques-uns

cependant la couronne est peu signifiante ; la forme des taches est

pour la plupart longitudinale dans le sens de la longueur de l’euf.

Ce mode de la coloration ressemble 4 celui des ceufs du Lanius col-

lurio, variété tachetée de rouge. Dimensions:

millim. millim. millim.

26:3, 19 9 ¢

Core 9) 26:3, 20 4 (27, 20

(| 58 es {a7 506 {37's, 202

TYRANNUS NIVEIGULARIS, Scl., anted, p. 326.

Trois nids ont été trouvés le 18, le 20, et le 29 février, avec des

ceufs frais; deux en avaient trois ceufs chacun. Ces ceufs ressem-

blent beaucoup a ceux du Myiodynastes atrifrons, mais ils sont

beaucoup plus petits, 4 coquille d’une teinte légérement jaunatre et le

lustre plus fort. Les taches sont comme dans |’espéce citée, la teinte

cependant des superficielles est brunatre sans nuance rouge. Dimen-

sions :

millim, millim. millim.

{ 22:8, 17 235.0 V7:2 e BA

“pays _ aye 20, LG

(1)5, 238, 17-3 (2) 4 23°6, 16°6 (ya ae 2

238, 17-4 24, 17 apes 102

CROTOPHAGA SULCIROSTRIS, Sw., anted, p. 328.

Les ceufs ont été récueillis en grand nombre 4 la fin de février ;

les pontes se composaient de trois ou de quatre exemplaires. Ils sont

beaucoup plus petits que ceux du C. ani. Dimensions:

millim. millim. millim, millim.

29, 23 29-3, 21-3 ze aa 30-2, 21:5

(1) } 288, 226 © (2)} 30, 218 (8) {3 3a 32-9 29-8

0-4, 23 30, 22°7 Eeeiocs 32°8, 23:3

_ Psirracuta ca estis, Less., antea, p. 329.

Les ceufs recueillis dans la deuxiéme moitié de février. Dimen-

sions des ceufs des différentes pontes: 17°6, 15; 18°7, 16; 19°6,

17°3; 18°7, 14°2; 19:2, 15°6; 21, 16°2 millim.

CHORDEILES PRUINOSUS, T'sch.

- Les ceufs ont été recueillis 4 Santa Luzia depuis le 23 janvier,

jusqu’au 19 février; dans une seule ponte on a trouvé deux ceufs,

dans toutes les autres un seul. Les ceufs ressemblent beaucoup a

754 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON STERNA ALEUTICA. [Nov. 20,

ceux du Caprimulgus europeus ; mais ils sont beaucoup plus petits,

a maculature composée généralement de taches petites et nombreuses,

parmi lesquelles il y a souvent des stries. Les taches pales sont en

général beaucoup plus nombreuses que celles de la gamme super-

ficielle. Dimensions: 26, 19°2; 26°2, 20:2; 26-2, 19:5; 27-2, 20;

28:2, 20°3; 28°2, 19°5 millim.

CoLumBULA CRUZIANA (Knip et Prév.).

Les ceufs d’une ponte présentent les dimensions suivantes : 23, 17 ;

23, 18°8 millim.

November 20, 1877.

Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.

The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the

Society’s Menagerie during the month of October 1877.

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of October was 93, of which 37 were by

presentation, 29 by purchase, 1 by exchange, 9 by birth, and 17

were received on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 127.

The most noticeable additions during the month of October were

as follows :—

1, A Layard’s Flying Squirrel (Sciuropterus layardi*), presented

by Sir Charles Peter Layard, October 8th. This is the first example

of this elegant little Ceylonese animal that has reached our col-

lection.

2. A pair of East-African Buffalos (Bubalus equinoctialis), pur-

chased 27th October.

This is the animal lately described in our ‘ Proceedings’ by Sir

Victor Brooke (P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 457), from a specimen living in the

Zoological Gardens at Berlin, and there first well distinguished by

him from the allied South-African species (Budalus caffer), of which

we have likewise living examples.

Mr. Howard Saunders exhibited a skin of the rare Aleutian

Tern (Sterna aleutica), from Alaska, and made some remarks on its

intermediate position between the true Terns (Sterna) and the

Sooty Terns (Onychoprion).

The following papers were read :—

1 Sciuropterus layardi, Kelaart, ‘Prodromus Faung Zeylanice,’ p. BG

Tennent’s Oceylon, vol. i. p. 148.

———

IOS la SE Ss Ae

P 2.5 16s

J.Smit bth

1 PHYLLORNIS FLAVIPENNIS. 2 PRIONOCHILUS QUADRIGO

J.Sreit hth

PZ.8.1877. Pl i xXXViis

JSILLUS

1877.] ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 755

1. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—

No. II. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in

the Island of Zebu. By Artuur, Marquis of TwrEp-

DALE, F'.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received November 2, 1877.]

(Plates LXXVI.-LX XVIII.)

In the month of March last Mr. Everett, with the intention of

extending his exploration of the Philippines, quitted Luzon’, and

proceeded to the island of Zebu, where he remained during April

and the first few days of May engaged in collecting zoological

specimens. Since 1872, when Zebu was visited for the first time

by a zoological collector (Dr. A. B. Meyer’, who then obtained

eighteen species of birds), only two parties of naturalists (Dr. Steere

and those attached to the ‘Challenger’ Expedition) have landed

there; and they increased the number of known Zebu species to

twenty-three. Of the important collection made by Mr. Everett

during the few weeks he remained on the island I now propose to

offer an account. Most of the birds collected in March were

obtained by him near some coal-mines situated about 12 miles to

the north of the port of Zebu, and some 6 miles inland. Mr.

Everett writes, ‘‘The station is not very faveurable for birds as

compared with Luzon. Both the species and the number of indivi-

dual birds seem less numerous. ... Tunygnathus luzonensis and Ca-

catua hematuropygia are very abundant here, boih flying wild in

flocks. I saw neither of these birds in the neighbourhood of

Manila. I am told of another Cockatoo, similar to C. hematuro-

pygia, but with a red splash on the breast ; but I have been unable

to secure a specimen.”

The birds collected in April were, I presume, cbtained in the

vicinity of the port of Zebu itself. Mr. Everett expresses himself

dissatisfied with the results of his labours in the island, an attack of

fever having confined him for some time to the house. Notwith-

standing this, he has very considerably extended our knowledge of

the avifauna:of Zebu, having succeeded in securing 282 specimens of

birds, representing 75 species.

When Mr. Everett commenced his researches in Zebu, only 23°

species of birds had been recorded as being inhabitants of that

island. Yet he was able during the short period of his stay to add

54 species to our lists of its avifauna. These 54 species include 6

hitherto undescribed, viz. :—

Oriolus assimilis. Prionochilus quadricolor.

Phyllornis flavipennis. Turniz nigrescens.

Zosterops everetti. Megapodius pusillus.

1 Anted, p. 686. 2 Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 125.

3 18 given in my memoir (/. c.), 1 obtained by Dr. Steere (Sharpe, Tr. L. 8.

ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 309), and 4 by the ‘Challenger’ Expedition (anéed, p. 538).

I enumerated (J. c.) only 3 additional Zebu species, having through an oversight

omitted Numenius pheopus.

756 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

Two known species, though new to the Philippine fauna—

Hirundo javanica, Rallina eurizonoides.

and two typical Indo-Malayan genera are added to the Philippine

area, as restricted by me '—

Phyllornis, Prionochilus.

The known species of Zebu birds therefore now number 78, of

which no less than 75 are represented in Mr. Everett’s collection.

The grand total of species inhabiting the Philippine area (as re-

stricted by me, 7. c.) Mr. Everett has increased by 8, and it now

amounts to 276. Several of the species discovered by Mr. Everett

in Zebu possess a peculiar interest. Such are :—Oriolus assimilis, a

representative form of the remarkable O. steerei of Negros and

Basilan® ; Xantholema rosea, hitherto, beyond Java and Sumatra,

only known from Negros; Dicrurus mirabilis, Aithopyga magnifica,

Anthothreptes chlorogastra, Dendrophila cenochlamys, all four

hitherto only known from Negros, but which reappear in Zebu.

Four Passerine species, of which the only previously known habitat

was Luzon—Volvocivora (?) caerulescens, Parus elegans, Oxycerca

everetti, and Megalurus ruficeps—have their range extended to Zebu.

1, CacaTua Ha&MATUROPYEIA (1)*.

(Cebu, male, March, “pairing.” Iris dull carmine, bill light lead-

grey, feet and nails dark lead-grey. 6. Female, March, “breeding.”

Orbital skin white, rest as in male. |

Another example of a female is marked ‘‘ breeding in April.”

The dimensions of the male somewhat exceed those of the female.

2. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS (2).

The crown of the head in six examples of both sexes, belonging to

a series of seven obtained in April, is bright verditer-blue. In the

seventh the blue crown is less distinct. The elongated spatulate

shafts of the middle rectrices vary in length in each specimen. The

plumage of the two sexes is alike.

3. TANYGNATHUS LUZONENSIS (3).

[Cebu, female, April, “ pairing.”’ Iris, outer ring yellowish white,

inner ring yellow-brown; maxilla scarlet, tip yellow; mandible

orange, tip yellow ; feet dirty greenish, nails dark grey. ]

Not to be distinguished from Luzon, Negros, and Guimaras

examples. The ‘ pairing” male has the forehead verditer-green,

the crown and nape verditer-green, each feather tipped with turquoise-

blue. The cheeks are green; and there is no blue on the back or

uropygium. Females (sex ascertained by Mr. Everett) are some-

what smaller, but in plumage and colouring do not differ from

males.

1 Antea, p. 687.

? The Basilan form will probably prove to be a third representative species.

3 The numbers following the titles are the same as those of my Memoir,

Trans. Zool. Soe. ix, pp. 125-252.

1877. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 757

4. LoricuLus cHrysonotus (8).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, bill orange-red, legs orange,

nails brown. |

5. MicROHIERAX ERYTHROGENYs (10).

A single example (female) is in the collection, shot in April, and

in full black and white plumage. The wing measures 4°87.

6. SprLoRNIS HOLOsPILUS (16),

[Cebu, male, March. Iris deep golden yellow, orbital skin yellow,

cere the same, but tinged with green; bill leaden grey, culmen and

tip black ; legs and feet dirty light yellow, the feet darkest, claws

black. 6. Female. Iris green-yellow, orbital and loral regions

bright yellow, with a slight green tinge; cere dull greenish, bill

lead-grey, tip and culmen black ; legs and feet dirty light yellow,

claws black. |

7. HALIASTUR INTERMEDIUS (17).

[Cebu, male and female, April. Iris warm chocolate, bill grey

tinged greenish yellow; cere light chrome, legs and feet light yellow,

nails black. 6. Female, April, ‘‘ breeding.” c. Immature. Iris

cold brown, bill black, legs and feet light green-yellow, claws black. |

The immature bird is in brown and tawny dress, without any

traces of white or deep chestnut.

8. ELanus aypoLeucus (18).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris crimson, cere greenish yellow, gape

yellow, bill black, feet light chrome, nails black. Snake and small

mammal in the gizzard. |

Mr. Gurney has been good enough to compare this example with

the type.

9. Butastur 1npicus (20).

[Cebu, female, March. Iris golden yellow, bill black, cere and

base of bill deep chestnut, legs deep chrome-yellow, claws black. }

10. SceLosTRIx CANDIDA (27).

(Cebu, male, April. Iris dark brown, bill white, nails dark

brown-grey. |

11. Merops sicouor (36).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris crimson, bill black, feet brown. ]

In a series of ten examples, male and female, there is no trace of

green mingled with the bright chestnut of the head, nape, and upper

back. An example of a female (“ breeding, April’) is not distin-

guishable from examples of adult males.

12. EurysTomMvus ORIENTALIS (37).

Coracias orientalis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 154.

758 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

13. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS (38).

* (Cebu, male, March. ]

14. EnromosiA GuLaRis (44).

15. SAvROPATIS CHLORIs (47).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris brown, bill black, feet dark brown. |

16. XANTHOLZMA ROSEA (51).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris hazel-brown, bill black, legs and feet

coral-red. |

Identical with. Javan, Sumatran (Lampong), and Negros indivi-

duals. Two examples, marked female by Mr. Everett, have many

of the throat-feathers yellow, tipped with red. They are probably

immature birds. This species is but a developed form of X. hema-

cephala, the only distinction between the two being that the yellow

eye-patches and the yellow throat of that species are blood-red in

X. rosea. Their distribution is curious ; for while XY. hemacephala

occurs throughout the continent of India and the Indo-Chinese

peninsula, and on the Philippine island of Luzon, X. rosea is re-

stricted to Java and the two Philippine islands of Negros and Cebu,

while Sumatra, again, is inhabited by both species.

17. Macropreryx CoMATUS (52).

(Cebu, female, March.]

18. Cenrrococcyx viripis (64).

[Cebu, female, April, “ pairing.” Iris crimson. ]

19. Lanius nasutus (70).

[Cebu, female, March, ‘‘ breeding.” Iris brown, bill and legs

black. }

A numerous series of the Philippine black-headed Shrike in full

dress, cbtained in Cebu by Mr. Everett, together with my Luzon

series, enables me, after comparison made with Lanius nigriceps (as

restricted /. c.) of India, to assert the specific identity of the two

species. The generality of the Philippine birds have the uropygium

of a paler, more tawny ferruginous hue than Bengal (Rognathpoor)

and Goomsoor examples; the grey tint descends lower down the

back ; and the ferruginous colouring of the flanks and under tail-

coverts is of a paler, more dilute, shade. Still one Cebu individual

is not to be distinguished from an adult Bengal individual in this or

any other respect. Philippine birds exceed somewhat in dimensions.

Adult Tonghoo birds belong more nearly to L. tricolor ; but I have

not as yet met with either Pegu, Assam, or Darjeeling examples in

which the deep uniform ferruginous dorsal colouring of L. tricolor

runs up and joins the black of the nape, as in Nipaul individuals.

The examples of females marked ‘breeding’? by Mr. Everett

have the head and nape dark ashy brown, rather than black.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 759

2U. LaNnrus LUCIONENSIs (72).

[Cebu, male, March and April; female, March. ]

21. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNUS (73).

22. GRAUCALUS STRIATUS (74).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris fine deep crimson; bill, feet, and nails

black. 6. Female. Iris light claret-red.]

These Zebu birds do not differ from Luzon and Negros examples.

Two, in dark plumbeous-grey plumage without pale edgings to any of

the feathers, are marked male ; two, dark plumbeous-grey above and

banded with black on the whole under surface, are respectively noted

as being male and female; a fifth example, uniform grey with the

exception of the breast, abdomen, and crissum, which are banded

with black, is marked male. The last example appears fully adult,

and perhaps represents the dress of the adult female.

23. Votvocrvora? CHRULESCENS (75).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris dark brown, bill and legs black. 6.

Female, April, breeding, the same. |

Three males and as many females are in the collection. One of

the males is in the pure black plumage of the adult ; the other two

have the black shaded with plumbeous. The females are dark

plumbeous-grey, with darker margins to the dorsal plumes: one, an

immature bird, has some of the secondary quills and some of the

coverts margined with white. From the breeding female being in a

plumbeous dress, we may infer that each sex in this species wears a

peculiar adult garb. Luzon individuals do not differ from Zebu

examples.

24. Latace pominica (76).

(Cebu, male, April. Iris brown.]

25. Dicrurus MIRABILIs (81).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris crimson; bill and feet black.]

The dimensions of the single example obtained are somewhat

smaller than those of typical individuals. Not hitherto recorded

from Zebu.

26. Levcocerca NIGRITORQUIS (83).

[Cebu, male and female, March. Iris brown, bill and legs black. ]

27. CyoRNIS PHILIPPINENSIS.

“Cyornis banyumas (Horsf.),”” Walden, J. ¢. no. 84 (nec Horsf.).

Cyornis philippinensis, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 325.

[Cebu, male, April.]

The blue plumage of this single example is not of quite so dark a

shade as that of Dr. B. Meyer’s specimen (/.c.). Yet it is percep-

tibly darker than that of Luzon and Panay individuals. The length

of the wings and tail is also slightly greater; but without a larger

series for comparison it is best to retain it under the title cited.

760 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

28. Hyporuymis azurEa (85).

29. HrruNpDO JAVANICA.

Hirundo javanica, Sparrman, Mus. Carls. t. 100.

[Cebu, male, April. ]

New to the Philippines.

30. BRoDERIPUS ACRORHYNCHUs (90).

Oriolus acrorhynchus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1831, p. 97.

Oriolus chinensis, Linn., apud Sharpe, B. M. Cat. Birds, iii.

p- 203. no. 12, nee Linn.

Mr. Sharpe has recently (/. c.) adopted the Linnean title chinensis

for this purely Philippine species, for the reason that that title is

“ undoubtedly referable to the Oriole of the Philippines”’ (J. c. p. 197,

note). Linnzeus gave the name to Brisson’s Loriot de la Cochinchine

(Orn. ii. p. 326); and Brisson states that the subjects of his

description were brought to Réaumur by Poivre from Cochin China.

Judging from the description, also, Brisson’s bird could not have

belonged to the Philippine species ; for he describes it as possessing

a yellow alar speculum, which the continental form has, and the

Philippine bird lacks. After saying that the wing-feathers are black,

Brisson adds ‘‘ quelques-unes des moyennes sont terminées par une

petite tache jaunatre.”’ It is therefore not necessary to adopt so

inappropriate a title as chinensis for the Philippine Oriole; and the

name O. diffusus, Sharpe (J. c.), for the continental species must be

suppressed (cf. Walden, Blyth, B. Burma, no. 483). M. Oustalet

(Ois. de la Chine, p. 132) correctly identified the Chinese Broderipus

with the Brissonian species, and adopted the Brissonian title of

cochinsinensis, but afterwards somewhat hastily accepted Mr. Sharpe’s

view, and placed that title in the list of errata and addenda.

31. OrtoLus AssIMILIS, n. s. (Plate LXXVI.)

[Cebu, male, March. Iris crimson, bill dull burnt-sienna brown,

legs dark lead-grey, nails black. ]

Male. Above and under tail-coverts dark greenish yellow; space

before the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and breast dark

grey, the breast being tinged with greenish yellow ; abdomen, flanks,

and ventral region grey or white, with broad almost black mesial

bands ; axillaries, under-surface of quills, and under wing-coverts

grey ; all the quills and major coverts above very dark grey, almost

black, each washed with a pale grey on the outer webs, the wing,

when closed, appearing dark grey. ‘Tertiaries nearest the body dis-

tinctly tinged with greenish yellow. Minor wing-coverts like the

back. All the rectrices above dark iron-grey, almost black. Outer

pair with a pure yellow small terminal spot or mark at the apex of

the inner web; all the others with slight indications of a terminal

yellow margin.

Wing 4°87, tail 4°12, tarsus 0°88, culmen 1°25.

A representative form of O. steerii, ex Negros. Mr. Sharpe, whe

1377.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 761

has kindly compared it with the type of O. steerii in the British

Museum, considers “ that it is distinct from the Negros Oriole, and

that it differs in having the greater wing-coverts grey and not yellow,

and in having the spots on the tail-feathers so very small; the grey

on the breast comes much lower down.”

’ 32. MEGALURUS RUFICEPS.

Megalurus ruficeps, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xx.

p- 94.

[Cebu, male, March. Iris dull burnt-sienna brown. |

Identical with the Luzon types. The sexes do not appear to differ

in dimensions.

33. HyPpsipETES PHILIPPENSIS (102).

[Cebu, male and female, March. Iris burnt-sienna brown, bill

brownish black, legs brown. }

34, PHYLLORNIS FLAVIPENNIS, n. s. (Plate LXXVII. fig. 1.)

[Cebu, male, April. Iris hazel, bill lead-grey, yellowish along the

margin, legs and feet greenish leaden. |

The colours of the soft parts of the female are noted by Mr. Everett

to be like those of the male, excepting that the yellowish commis-

sure is not mentioned.

Male. Grass-green above, pale verditer-green underneath. Lores,

chin, throat, and thigh-coverts yellowish green. Primaries brown

on their inner webs, tinged with dark green along the shaft; outer

webs of first three primaries green tinged with yellow; lower half

of the outer webs of remaining primaries margined with yellow. Inner

margin of all the quills, seen from below, yellow. The female like

the male, but the colouring not altogether so bright.

Wing 3°75, tail 3°50, tarsus 0°80, culmen 0° 87.

If the four examples sent by Mr. ‘Everett have the sex correctly

noted (of which there is little doubt), and if the males are in mature

plumage (and there are no indications of immaturity), the sexes in

this species do not essentially differ. There is no trace of any blue

in the plumage of the males.

35. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (104).

{Cebu, male, March and April. Iris brown, bill and legs black. |

36. CopsycHUs MINDANENSIs (106).

37. PHYLLOSCOPUS BOREALIS.

Phyllopneuste borealis, Blasius, Naumannia, 1858, p. 313.

Phylloscopus magnirostris, Blyth, Walden, J. c. no. 109.

(Cebu, male and female, April. ]

38. CALOBATES MELANOPE (115).

{Cebu, male and female, March.]

762 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

39. CoryDALLA LuGuBRIs (117).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, maxilla brown, mandible pale

ochreous, legs and feet light ochreous. |

40. Parus ELEGANS (118).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, bill dark, legs and feet lead-

blue. |

Not separable from Luzon examples.

41. DreENDROPHILA @NOCHLAMYS.

Dendrophila enochlamys, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 338

t. liii. f. 2 (1876).

[Cebu, male and female, April. Iris orange-yellow, bill greenish

yellow].

The male example has all the rectrices broadly tipped with the

vinaceous colour of the breast. In the female the middle pair are

throughout blue, while the laterals only exhibit a vinaceous tinge at

their apices.

42. ZOSTEROPS EVERETTI, N. sp.

[Cebu, male and female, April. Iris light yellow-brown, maxilla

blackish, mandible and legs pale grey].

Male and female.—Above oil-green, darker than in Z. pa/lpebrosus,

and much darker than in Z. meyeri of Luzon. Narrow frontal band

and lores, chin, throat, under tail-coverts, and shoulder-edge bright

yellow. Below the eye a distinct black mark. Breast and flanks

pale but decided iron-grey. Mesial band of abdomen, extending

to vent, bright yellow. Rectrices above pale brown washed with oil-

green.

Wings 2:06, tail 1°87, tarsus 0°70, culmen 0°50.

This species, closely allied to Z. lateralis, is to be distinguished

by its green rectrices.

43. PRIONOCHILUS QUADRICOLOR, n. sp. (Plate LXXVII.

fig. 2.)

[Cebu, April. Iris dark brown; legs, bill, and feet glossy black.]

The sex is not stated on the label.

Chin, throat, cheeks, sides of neck, breast, flanks, under wing-

coverts, axillaries, abdomen and under tail-coverts pale greyish silky

white, the chin, cheeks, and axillaries being almost pure white.

Forehead, sides of head, vertex, and occiput, descending low down

the nape, dull black. Interscapulars and back black, broadly tipped

with cinnabar-red. Uropygium black with olive-yellow tips to the

feathers. Upper tail-coverts, rectrices, and wing-coverts rather

glossy bluish black. Quills dark blackish brown.

Wings 2°12, tail 1°25, tarsus 0°50, culmen 0°37.

This is one of the most important additions made by Mr. Everett

to the Philippine fauna, adding, as it does, one of the hitherto missing

characteristic Malayan genera; for, although Mr. Sharpe (¢. ¢.) in-

1877. | THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 763

cludes Prionochilus amongst the Philippine genera, it is only on the

strength of a Palawan example of the genus.

44. Dicmum RUBRIVENTRE (120 partim).

Pipra papuensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 1004.

Diceum rubriventer, Lesson, Tr. p. 303.

Diceum retrocinctum, female, Gould, B. As. xxvii. t.—; cf.

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. viii. p. 509.

[Cebu, male, April.]

This example, in the plumage of D. retrocinctum, female, apud

Gould, is also marked a male, like the one obtained in Cebu by

Meyer (/. c.) and by Mr. Everett (anted, p.698) in Luzon. Count

Salvadori’s view (/. c.) that it is not the female of D. retrocinctum,

Gould, but a distinct species, is therefore confirmed. I am further

inclined to the opinion that D. retrocinctum, if from either island,

is from Mindanao and not from Luzon, and that Sonnerat obtained

the type of P. papuensis in Luzon and not in Mindanao.

45. Dic®uM DORSALE.

Diceum dorsale, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 340.

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown.]

46. ARACHNECHTHRA JUGULARIS (123).

[Cebu, male. Iris brown, bill and legs black.]

47. AATHOPYGA MAGNIFICA.

Aithopyga magnifica, Sharpe, ‘ Nature,’ August 1876, p. 297,

“Negros;” Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 342; Shelley, Cinnyride,

pt. ili. t.

(Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, bill and legs very dark brown,

the mandible dark brown. }

48. ANTHOTHREPTES CHLOROGASTRA ?

Anthreptes chlorogastra, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 342.

[Cebu, male, April.]

A single example of the genus was obtained by Mr. Everett; but

as it represents a young male before it has assumed its metallic plu-

tnage, it is impossible to identify it with any certainty. One or two

violet scapulars are present; and one of the occipital feathers is also

iolet. In A. chlorogastra the head is said to be metallic green.

49. Corvus PHILIPPINUS (125).

{Cebu, male, March. Iris brown, bill and legs black. ]

50. CaLORNIS PANAYENSIs (128).

{Cebu, male and female, April. Iris vermilion-red, bill and feet

black. ]

764 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

51. Sarcops catvus (129).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, bare skin dull carmine, bill and

legs black. |

52. OxycERCA EVERETTI.

Oxycerca everetti, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. ser. 4, vol.

xx. p. 96.

[Cebu, male, March. Iris brown, bill black, mandible grey, legs

dark grey. |

Not separable from Luzon examples. Sexes alike.

53. Munta sacort (132).

(Cebu, male, March. Iris brown, bill pale grey, legs dark grey. |

In Mr. Everett’s examples (male and female) the black mesial

band is not confluent witb the black of the breast. The species is

very similar to M. rubrinigra, but has the black on the abdomen

more fully developed.

54. OsMoTRERON VERNANS (135).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris, inner ring light blue, outer ring light

ochreous ; bill lead-grey, cere green, feet carmine, nails grey. |

55. OsMOTRERON AXILLARIS (136).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris light blue-green. 6. Female. Iris blue-

green ; bill lead~grey, base dark-red ; feet greenish grey, nails grey. ]

In the adult female the cap is pure grey as in male. In the

younger female the crown is dingy green.

56. RaMPHICULUS OcCrIPITALIS (138).

[Cebu, male and female, April. Iris, pale reddish-brown (female

light yellow-brown). Basal half of bill vermilion, apical half yellow ;

feet carmine, nails grey tinged yellow.]

Neither in plumage nor dimensions do the sexes differ. Zebu

examples caunot be separated from Luzon individuals.

57. PHABOTRERON NIGRORUM.

Phabotreron nigrorum, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 346.

Phabotreron leucotis (Temm.), Walden and Layard, Ibis, 1872,

p- 104, ex Negros.

[Cebu, male and female, April. Iris brown, bill black, legs and

feet bright carmine, nails grey. ]

The characters whereby Mr. Sharpe separated the Negros form

of this genus from the nearly allied P. leucotis of Luzon belong also

to the Guimaras and the Zebu birds.

58. CaARPOPHAGA NEA (141).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris and orbital ring bright crimson, bill

lead-grey, feet dull purplish-crimson. }

A series of four Cebu individuals cannot be differentiated from

Luzon and Negros specimens.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 765

59. TurTuR DussumieERI (147).

60. CaaLcoruaps InpIca (150).

(Cebu, male and female, April. Iris brown, bill orange-red, legs

dark red, feet dull carmine. ]

61. TuRNIX NIGRESCEN§, 0. sp.

(Cebu, female, April. Iris yellowish white, bill chrome-yellow,

legs chrome-yellow, feet tinged with green. |

While 7. fasctata of Luzon chiefly differs from T’. pugnax, ex Java,

in its smaller dimensions and its broad uniform rufous nape, this

Zebu bird somewhat exceeds 7. pugnaa in size, and is readily dif-

ferentiated by the ground-colour of the crown, back, and uropygium

being blackish brown instead of rufous. Like 7. fasciata it also

possesses a broad rufous nuchal collar.

Dimensions.

Wing. | Culmen,} Tarsus.

pis’ in. 2 Se ne

ase : grees ao pe oan ea Jaya. Throat black,

Pfciete So) gap | on0 | O73 } [ee Teon

ee See ere. Te Neazam

62. Mrcapopivs PusILuus, n. sp. (Plate LXXVIII.)

[Cebu, male, March. Iris dark hazel, bill dark brown, legs very

dark brown, nearly black. |

The upper surface rich ruddy yellowish (almost golden) brown.

Uropygium and upper tail-coverts and rectrices brown. Chin and

throat dirty yellowish brown, the feathers being light grey at their

insertion. Neck and upper breast slate-grey tipped with ruddy

brown. Lower breast, abdomen, and flanks slate-grey, but faintly

washed with ruddy brown. Ventral region paler grey tinged with

ochreous brown. Thigh-coverts distinct ruddy, almost rusty, brown,

Under tail-coverts dull ashy brown. Primaries uniform brown.

Secondaries margined externally with the hue of the back. Ter-

tiaries and wing-coverts like the back. Sides of head and forehead

slightly paler than the head.

Wing 6°25, tarsus 1°70, middle toe without claw 1, culmen

0°64.

This small Megapode has the ophthalmic region, throat, and neck

densely clothed, and belongs to a type different from M. cumingi,

Mr. Sharpe has lately (P. Z.S. 1875, p. 111) separated the Bor-

nean Megapode from the then only known Philippine species, and

given the title of M. lowii to the Bornean (Labuan) species. That

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. L. 50

766 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Noy. 20,

the Philippine and Bornean naked-faced Megapodes differ specifically

seems to be established ; but it would appear that the Philippine and

not the Bornean species requires a new title. Mr. Sharpe proceeds

on the assumption that Mr. Dillwyn described from and bestowed

the title of M. cumingi (P. Z.S. 1851, p. 119, t. xxxix.) on Cuming’s

Philippine (Manila?) examples. But neither the context nor the

descriptions and dimensions, the last on Mr. Sharpe’s own showing,

appear to support his conclusion. Mr. Dillwyn (J. ¢.) considered

the Labuan Megapode to belong to the same species as that seut by

Mr. Cuming to the British Musenm from the Philippiues; and the

point of difficulty is whether Mr. Dillwyn described (/. ce.) his M.

cumingi from Motley’s Bornean examples or from Cuming’s Philip-

pine specimens. Mr. Dillwyn described his type as being ‘‘ blackish

slate-colour’’ below, and he figured the bird (/. c.) dark (blackish)

slate-colour below. Mr. Sharpe, when differentiating the Bornean

from the Philippine Megapode, says (/. c.) that the Labuan speci-

mens sent to the British Museum by Mr. Lowe are smaller and

darker than the Philippine birds, especially on the breast, which is

deep plumbeous grey, whereas in the Philippine bird the under sur-

face is brownish washed with grey. If we compare the dimensions

given by Mr. Dillwyn of his type of M. cumingi with those given

by Mr. Sharpe (J. c.) of his M. dow7i (ex Labuan) and of the Philip-

pine bird, it will be found that the principal dimensions of Mr. Dill-

wyn’s type of M. cumingi and of Mr. Sharpe’s type of M. lowi are

essentially the same, while the dimensions of the Philippine Mega-

podes are sensibly larger.

Total |

length. | Wing. | Tail, | Tarsus. |

in. in. in. in.

M, cumingi, Dillwyn (1. ¢.) ....:.s0esseee 140 8-6 30 21

M. lowii, Sharpe (/. ¢.), ex Labuan ...| 14°5 81 31 24

M. cumingii, Dillwyn apud Sharpe (J. c.),

ex Philippiriestsscc. catescec.ometeteess 16:0 10:0 37 2°5

Mr. Sharpe states that the Labuan birds differ from the Philippine

in being smaller, and he admits that the plate (/. c.) of M. cumingi

represents the Bornean Megapode, and yet he assumes that Mr. Dill-

wyn described from Cuming’s Philippine individuals. As I first

drew attention (T. Z.S. ix. p. 225) to the desirability of reeomparing

the Philippine Megapode with the Bornean M. cumingi, and as Mr.

Sharpe after making the comparison asserts that they differ speci-

cally, I propose the title of Megapodius dillwyni for the Philippine

species obtained by Cuming’.

1 Since I arrived at this conclusion Mr. Dillwyn has kindly written to me to

say, respecting the J. ewmingi described by him in the P.Z. 8S. (and also in

his Nat. Hist. Labuan), the description was from a specimen which he received

from Motley from Labuan. Wolt’s figure was taken from the same specimen.

1877. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 767

63. CHARADRIUS FULVUS (159).

[Cebu, male and female, April. ]

Two of the male examples are in almost full breeding-plumage, a

few only of the chin- and throat-feathers not being black.

64, GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (169).

[Cebu, female, juv., March. Iris crimson, bill dirty orange-

yellow, brown at the base, legs grass-green, nails brown. 6. Cebu,

female, April. Iris crimson, bill light brown, apical portion light

greenish, legs green. |

65. OrTYGOMETRA CINEREA (172).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris crimson, bili greenish brown, legs dull

greenish, nails brown. 6. Cebu, female, March. Iris crimson,

maxilla greenish brown, mandible green, legs dull greenish, nails

brown. |

66. RALLINA EURYZONOIDES.

The Rait, Brown, Ilustr. p. 94, t. xxxvii., “Ceylon” (1776).

Gallinula eurizonoides, Lafresn. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 368.

Rallus zeylanicus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 716. no. 17; Jerdon, B. Ind.

iii. p. 725, nec Gm.

Rallus zeylanicus, Gm., 1. c. auctt. recent. nec Gm.

{Cebu, male, April. Iris brilliant red. 6. Cebu, female, April.

Iris bright brick-red, bill blackish, the base tinged light green, tip

greyish, legs dull greenish leaden, feet dark lead-grey, nails grey.] .

The two examples obtained by Mr. Everett do not quite agree

with Ceylon and Continental-Indian individuals, inasmuch as the dark

banding below appears much blacker, broader, and more decided,

and the dorsal colouring is browner. Still, since it is impossible to

select any marked characteristic difference, and as this Rail is pro-

bably a migrant, as in Ceylon, I refer these Philippine birds to the

Indian species. Mr. Blyth was of opinion that the race found in the

Philippines was barely distinguishable (Jerd. J. c.).

Brown (/. c.) described and figured, under the title of The Rail,

this species from a Ceylonese example obtained by Governor Loten.

At p.96 he also described, and on plate xxxviii. he figured, a distinet

bird from the same source under the title of Raid. Gmelin (J. c.)

copied Brown’s description of his Rail, and bestowed on it the title

of Rallus zeylanicus. But Gmelin, while correctly quoting p. 96 of

the Illustrations, incorrectly referred to plate xxxvii., on which is

depicted Brown’s The Rail. On Brown’s description of The Rail

Gmelin founded no title ; but when incorporating the Linnzan species

Rallus capensis (Mantissa, p. 525) in his edition of the ‘ Systema’

(1. c. No. 11) and more or less transcribing the Linnzan diagnosis,

he followed Latham (Synop. iii. pt. i. p. 234. no. 8) and referred

the Linnean bird to the one described by Brown at p. 94 as well as

to the one figured by Brown on plate xxxviil. Latham made the

identification with a note of interrogation. Gmelin in both cases

associated the wrong plate with the pages containing Brown’s descrip-

50*

768 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Nov. 20,

tive remarks, and called both species Rail. As Gmelin’s diagnosis

of his Rallus zeylanicus does not apply to the ferruginous-breasted

Rail of Ceylon, The Rail of Brown, we must adopt the next title,

that of Lafresnaye. I cannot with certainty identify the bird de-

scribed and figured by Brown under his title of Rail (Rallus zey-

lanicus, Gm.) ; but it is apparently a gallinaceous bird—possibly

Galloperdix spadiceus (Gm.).

67. AMAURORNIS OLIVACEA (176).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris crimson, bill dark green, paler at tip,

legs yellow-brown. 6. Cebu, female, March. Iris erimson, bill

grass-green, legs and feet brownish dull yellow. ]

68. Hypor#nrpia ToRQUATA (177).

[Cebu, male and female, March. Iris crimson, feet and nails

lead-grey, bill black. ]

The series sent consists of thirteen examples of both sexes, some

being from Luzon. In plumage the males do not differ from the

females. Every variety occurs in the colouring and extent of the

pectoral band, which is dark pure maroon in the full plumage.

69. HyrorTNnIpIA sTRIATA (179).

Hypotenidia obscuriora, Hume, Str. F. 1874 (January), p. 302,

“«« Andamans.”

Hypotenidia ferrea, Walden, Ibis, 1874, April, p. 147, ‘ Anda-

mans.”

[Cebu, male, March. Iris burnt-sienna brown, bill blackish

brown, base carmine, legs greyish brown. 6. Cebu, male, April.

Iris Indian red; bill purplish brown, base dull crimson; legs brown. |

These Zebu specimens may be regarded as being typical ; and from

them Andaman and Rangoon examples cannot be separated ; con-

sequently the titles founded on the Andaman race must fall. A

recomparison made with Continental-Indian and Malaccan exam-

ples does not support my former (/. ¢.) opinion that the Andaman

birds specifically differ from Indian and Malaccan ; otherwise the

Indian race would require a new title.

70. TRINGOIDES HYPOLEUCUS (183).

[Cebu, male, April. Iris brown, bill dark brown, legs light

greenish-grey, nails black.]

71. ToTANUS INCANUS.

Scolopax incanus, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 658.

[Cebu, female, April. Iris dark brown, bill very dark brown, legs

ochreous yellow, nails black. |

Wings 6°50. Breeding-dress.

72. GALLINAGO MEGALA (188).

[Cebu, female, April. ]

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 769

73. Buroripes Javanica (197).

[Cebu, March. Iris golden yellow, orbital and loral regions light

green, bill black, base of mandible yellowish, legs and feet dull green,

nails grey-black. ]

74. NycTicoRax MANILLENSIS (198).

[Zebu, male, May. Iris golden-yellow, bill brown, mandible

dirty yellow, legs light greenish-yellow, nails grey. ]

The male of which the soft parts are described above is a young

bird. Above the plumage is rich dark brown, each feather centred

for its entire length (as on the neck) or for its terminal half (as on the

back) with clear ferruginous. Underneath the plumage has the same

character; but the ferruginous colour is diluted, and on the breast

tawny. The quills are of the same rich dark chestnut-colour that

prevails in the adult. Chin and throat pure white. The crown of

the head is like the neck, and not black as in the adult. Many of

the frontal and coronal feathers have prolonged, twisted or partly

curled terminal uaked shafts of a yellowish albescent colour and

over half an inch in length. This occurs in two specimens.

An example (without a label) in almost full dress, has the fore-

head, crown, and occipital crest black. The remainder of the upper

plumage and the exposed surfaces of the wings are rich dark chest-

nut-rafous, darkest on the interscapular region. The chin and throat

pure white, with a few feathers tipped and centred brown, The sides

of the head, the sides and front of the neck, upper breast, and flanks

pale rufous tawny with broad ruddy-brown margins. Lower breast

and abdomen white and tawny-white with the brown margins nar-

rower. Under tail-coverts white, some blotched with creamy rufous.

Long axillaries pale pure rufous. Carpal edge pure white. “ Culmen

2°87 inches, tarsus 3°75, wing 12°75.

The long, pendent, white nuchal plumes are absent, the black tips

of which are said to be one of the characters which differentiate N.

manillensis from N. ealedonicus. The differences between the two

species are otherwise well marked; but Professor Schlegel’s opinion

that NV. manillensis = N. crassirostris, ex Bonin Ins., requires con~

firmation.

The bill of this Philippine example is thicker than in NV. caledonicus,

(ad. ex Port Albany), measuring in altitude 1 inch as against 0°75.

75. DENDROCYGNA vaGans (203).

[Cebu, male, March. Iris dark brown, bill shining black, legs

and feet dark slate-grey. 6. Cebu, male, April. ]

The example shot in March is in almost full plumage, the second-

aries being well developed. Most of the breast-feathers have one or

two pairs of brown spots. The second example, shot in April, is of

smaller dimensions, the secondaries shortened, the breast-plumage

uniform.

770 DR. 0. FINSCH ON A COLLECTION OF [Nov. 20,

2. On a Collection of Birds from Eua, Friendly Islands.

By Dr. Orro Finscu, C.M.Z.S., Director of the Museum

of Natural History of Bremen.

[Received Sept. 26, 1877.]

The Island Eua (Eooa, Koa, Eaowe or Eaoowe), belonging to the

Tonga or Friendly group, situated to the south-east of the main

island Tongatabu, is much smaller than the latter, but, instead of

being flat, shows a more mountainous appearance, and riseg to a

height of about 600 feet above the level of the sea.

When writing our ‘ Ornithology of Central Polynesia,’ ten years

ago, Dr. Hartlaub and I were, as regards the birds of the Tonga

group, obliged nearly to confine ourselves to what Forster had

written on the subject, Tonga birds being at that time of the greatest

rarity in collections. The total number of species then known of

Tonga birds was 33, of which only four were known from Eua (viz.

Platycercus tabuensis, Ptilotis carunculata, Carpophaga pacifica,

and Gygis alba). Since that time we have had the pleasure of

publishing a welcome contribution to our knowledge of the Tonga

birds, based upon the collections of Dr. Griiffe’, which reached us

through the Museum Godeffroy, of Hamburg, in 1869. A very in-

teresting account of the habits of Tonga birds was shortly after

published by Dr. Griiffe* himself, which paper may be considered

a valuable continuation of our memoirs. Dr. Griiffe noticed, as

observed by himself, 26 species (of which 18 were collected by him

and examined by us), thus adding 5 species to the avifauna, among

which one proved to be new (Colluricincla heinei, nob.), and

raising the total to 38. Since then Mr. E. L. Layard has visited

the Tonga group and has published a useful contribution®, which

adds, as observed by him, 7 species more (Limosa uropygialis, Strep-

silas interpres, Sterna melanauchen, St. panaya, Anous leucocapillus,

Phaéton candidus, and Tachypetes aquila), and raises the total of

alleged species to 45. But as some of these occurrences rest on

antiquated statements, not yet confirmed, the total number known

with certainty from the whole group remains still 37.

I have now to make a further addition to our knowledge of this

avifauna. Mr. F. Hiibner, at the charge of the Museum Godeffroy

in Hamburg, has lately again visited the Tongas, and has sent over

a collection made on the island of Eua. His exertions have raised

the number of birds known to occur on this island from 4 to 24.

1 Dr. O. Finsch and Dr. G. Hartlaub “On a small Collection of Birds from

the Tonga Islands,” in P. Z.8. 1869, pp. 544-548, and Dr. O. Finsch u. Dr. G.

Hartlaub “Zur Ornithologie der Tonga-Inseln,” in Cabanis’s Journal fir

Ornithologie, 1870, pp. 119-140, Taf. iv.

2 Dr. Eduard Griite, “ Ornithologische Mittheilungen aus Central-Polynesien.

I. Die Vogelwelt der Tonga-Inseln,” in Cabanis’s Journal fiir Ornithologie,

1870, pp. 401-420.

°K, L. Layard, “ Notes on the Birds of the Navigators’ and Friendly Islands,

with some Additions to the Ornithology of Fiji,” in P. Z. 8. 1876, pp. 490-506.

1877.] BIRDS FROM EUA, FRIENDLY GROUP. 771

Of these, examples of 21 have been inspected by me; two (Cha-

radrius fulvus and Limosa uropygialis) I included on Mr. Layard’s

authority. Only one species, the Parrot Platycercus tabuensis,

seems to be peculiar to the island.

1. STRIX DELICATULA.

Strix delicatula, Gould; Finsch & Hartl. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 545,

et Journ. f. Ornith. 1870, p. 122.

Native name Lulu (Hiibner, Griiffe).

One female from Eua, exactly resembling specimens from Feejee.

** Contents of stomach, hairs of bats”’ (Hubner).

Mr. Hiibner observed this species also in the Hapai group, north

of Tongataboo.

2. PLATYCERCUS TABUENSIS.

Platycercus tabuensis (Gm.); Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 231; F. &

H. Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 123; Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 500.

Native name Kaka (Hiibner, Graffe).

Nine specimens (collected in August 1876), all from Ena,

The absence of red tips to the feathers of the lower rump or

upper row of upper tail-coverts, as I have already remarked, is

not a character of specific value in this bird. In the series before

me there is only a single specimen which has the uropygium uniform

green ; the others all show more or less red tips to the feathers,

which in some are broad and very conspicuous; in two, also, the

lesser and largest scapula-coverts have purplish-red tips. The

extent and width of the blue neck-collar also varies individually ;

generally it is broad and well defined, but in some examples is so

narrow and obscure that it nearly disappears.

According to Dr. Griiffe this species is confined to the island Eua ;

but Mr. Layard suggests that the bird has been introduced there

from Fiji.

Mr. F. Hiibner writes on this species (in iti.) :— Notwithstanding

my utmost endeavours, I was not able to obtain certain information

with respect to the breeding-time of the ‘ Kaka.’ All the holes in

the trees which I inspected were uninhabited; and even the natives

could not tell me where eggs were to be found. But as I obtained

young birds in August I am inclined to believe that June and July

are the season of incubation, although females shot by me in these

months did not show any development of the ovaries. In habits

the Kaka does not differ from other Parrots; it feeds on berries

and fruits. The male and female are alike, except that the latter

has a weaker bill. The young ones are obscure in colour, but they

soon get the bright dress of the old; the iris of the latter is orange,

in the young grey-brown.”

In my work on the Parrots I gave, on the authority of Peale,

also the Fiji Islands as the locality for this species, considering

Pl. atrogularis, Peale, and Pl. anne, Bourj., to be identical. This

I now believe was a mistake, as also my statement that Peale had

772 DR. 0. FINSCH ON A COLLECTION OF [Noy. 20,

erroneously given the Fijis.as a locality. It is true that all the

specimens I have seen from the islands of Viti-Levu, Vanua-Levu,

Loma-Loma, and Kandavu belong to the much more brightly

coloured P. splendens ; but through Mr. Layard we now learn that

the island of Taviuni possesses another bird which shows the same

dark purplish-red colour (atro-purpureus) as P. tabuensis. A

specimen from Taviuni before me differs, not only in the smaller

size, but also in the total absence of the blue neck-collar, of which

not even the slightest trace is visible. But I hesitate to declare

this difference of specific value, as Cassin mentions in P. atrogularis

a broad, in P. anne a narrow blue collar; and as both these birds

were collected on the Fijis, although without exact locality, they

evidently belong to one and the same species.

The dimensions of 20 specimens of P. tabuensis from Eua are as

follcws,

Wings. Tail.

in. lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.

8 3 9 8 ie 9 3

whereas in the Taviuni bird the wings measure only 7" 8'", the

tail 6" 8".

If the smaller size of the Fiji bird shonld turn out to be constant,

it ought to be regarded as a different species, to which belong the

three dark races pointed out by Mr. Layard’ as differmg in the

extent of the blue collar. The synonymy of this Fiji form of P.

tabuensis will be as follows :—

PLATYCERCUS ANNE.

Conurus anna, Bourj. Perr. t. 38.

? Platycercus tabuensis, Jard. & Selb. Ill. of Ornith, ii. pl. Ixxiv.

(fig. pess., without blue collar).

Pl. atrogularis, Peale, Unit.-St. Expl. Exped. (1848) p. 129,

pl. xxxv. ; Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, p. 106.

Aprosmictus tabuensis et A. anna, Cass. Un.-St. Expl. Exp. 2nd

edit. (1858) pp. 234, 236.

Pl. anna, Gray, List Psitt. p. 11.

Pl. atrigularis, Sel. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 158.

Pl. tabuensis, Gough, P. Z. 8. 1849, p. 14; Finsch, Mon. Papag.

ii. p. 231 (upper part).

Pl. taviunensis, Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 141, et Pl. splendens,

second race (from Mathuata), third race (from Koro), and fourth

race (taviunensis, from Taviuni), 7b. p. 143.

3. DoMICELLA FRINGILLACEA.

Domicella fringillacea (Gm.); Finsch, Papag. ii. 747; Layard,

P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 501.

Native name Hega (Hiibner, Griiffe).

Three specimens from Eua. Sexes alike. No difference is ob-

servable in specimens from the Navigators’ and Wallis Islands.

One specimen shows the green front stained with bluish.

! This, 1876, p. 141.

1877.] BIRDS FROM EUA, FRIENDLY GROUP. 773

This species has been observed also by Mr. Hiibner in the Hapai

group and on Vavao.

4. EupyNamis TAITIENsIs.

Eudynamis taitiensis (Sparrm.).

Native names Kaliva (Hibner), Haleva (Griiffe).

One male in the spotted dress of the young bird from Eua

(August 1876). This is the first specimen of this bird I have

examined from the Friendly group; its occurrence there has been

stated already by G. R. Gray and Dr. Griiffe,

5. Hacyon sacra (Gm.).

Native name Gikota (Hiibner, Griiffe).

Five specimens. The remarks given, Journ. f. Ornith. 1870, p.

124, are also applicable to the series before me. Generally the

Specimens with a tawny-coloured eye-stripe (running round the

nape) show also narrow edgings of the same colour on the upper

wing-coverts ; but these are sometimes also present in white-eye-

striped specimens.

This species occurs also in the Hapai group (Hiibner, in litt.).

6. Pritoris cARUNCULATA.

Ptilotis carunculata (Gm.); F. & Hartl. P.Z. 8. 1869, p. 545;

iid. Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 125; Griaffe, ib. p. 404 (habits) ;

Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 491 et 501.

Native names Fuleheu (Hiibner, Griiffe); Fule-haio (Layard).

Three specimens from Kua, agreeing exactly with others from

the Navigators’ and Viti. Of the latter I have before me two

specimens from Matuka, collected during the ‘Challenger’ Ex-

pedition. (See above, p. 732.)

7. COLLURICINCLA HEINEI,

Myiolestes heinei, F. & H., P.Z. 8. 1869, p. 546, et Journ. f.

Ornith. 1870, p. 126, t. iv.

Native name Fuiva (Hiibner, Griffe).

Two specimens from Eua, exactly like those from Tongatabu and

Vavao.

“This species is common and lives in the brush” (Hiibner),

As it appears that the genus Myiolestes of Cabanis (Mus. Hein.

p- 67) was based on Muscicapa obscura, Horsf. (= hirundinacea,

Temm. Pl. Col. 119), from Java, a bird which is quite different

generically, this Polynesian bird may be placed in the genus

Colluricincla, from which it, in my opinion, does not differ generi-

cally.

8. Latace macurosa (Peale); Finsch, P. Z. §. 1877, p. 724.

L. terat, Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 502.

Native names Gikiviu (Hiibner) ; Singiviu (Layard).

Two specimens from Eua. One of them, nearly in full plumage,

774 DR. O. FINSCH ON A COLLECTION OF [Nov. 20,

has narrow rusty borders on the feathers of the vertex, also on those

of the back; but these are more obsolete ; the middle wing-coverts

are white, tinged with pale rusty and with a black median streak.

This is seen only on the right wing; on the left the white patch is

nearly fully developed.

The second specimen is an interesting albino variety. All the

parts which in the adult male are black are in this specimen pale

tawny ; the middle tail-feathers are brown, the rest of them pure

white ; bill and feet horn-colour.

9. APLONIS TABUENSIS (Gm.).

A, marginata, Gould ; Cass. Expl. Exp. pl. 30. f. 1.

Lamprotornis fusca, Peale (part).

A. cassini, Gray (part).

Native name Megi (Hiibner).

Two specimens, male and female (exactly alike), from Eua. Mr.

Hiibner found this species breeding in the hole of a tree. According

to him it occurs also on the Hapai group.

In our ‘Ornithology of Central Polynesia’ (p. 103), and later

(Journ. f. Ormith. 1870, p. 131), we have followed Peale in

stating the Aplonis from the Tonga and Viti group to belong to

one and the same species, i.e. A. tabuensis (Gm.). A close ex-

amination convinces me, however, that they are not identical, but

of two distinct species. The true A. tabuensis, which seems to be

confined to the Tonga group (Eua, Tongatabu), is generally darker ;

and the underparts are dirty brownish-grey, with obsolete whitish

stripes, which are caused by the light-coloured shafts on the breast

and vent.

The dimensions do not give distinctive characters, although the

Viti birds generally seem to be smaller.

: Caud.

in, lin. in. lin. in. lin. in. lin.

4 0 A, 2: oe 1 2 3. tabuensis.

ay ets} 4 0 2, mal 2 3. vitiensis.

The Viti bird is generally lighter; the shafts of the feathers on

the back and shoulders are whitish, and form very narrow striz ;

the under surface is light brownish, streaked longitudinally with

whitish, each feather being, along the shaft, broadly whitish, so that

the white shaft itself remains inconspicuous, and does not form the

narrow striation as in A. ¢abuensis.

The Viti bird, which must for the future be called Aplonis

vitiensis, Layard‘, seems to be widely distributed on the Viti group :,

Ovalau (Griffe), Vatu Lele (Kleinschmidt), Kandavu, Suva, Loma-

loma, Taviuni (Layard).

Whether the Aplonis collected by Dr. Griiffe on the small island

Uéa, Wallis group, belongs to this species or to A. tabuensis, 1

cannot say, not having seen specimens from that locality.

1 Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 502, = A. tabuensis, F. & Hartl, Ornith. Central-

Polyn. p. 103, tab. x. f. 2, et Layard, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 435.

™NI

“I

1877.] BIRDS FROM EUA, FRIENDLY GROUYr,

10. Prrtinopus PORPHYRACEUS.

Pilinopus porphyraceus (Forst.).

Native name Kulukulu (Hiibner, Griiffe).

Two specimens from Eua; sexes alike.

On this peculiar species see Journ. f. Ornith. 1870, p. 131.

It occurs also in the Hapai group (Hiibner, in litt.).

11. CARPOPHAGA PACIFICA.

Carpophaga pacifica (Gm.) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503.

Native names Lube (Hiibner), Oroobe (Layard).

Two males from Eua (August), exactly like specimens from the

Navigators’.

The distinctive characters between this Central-Polynesian species

and the more western C. oceanica, Less. (of the Carolines and Palau

group), I have pointed out in Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft viii.

1875, p. 26.

12. CHARADRIUS FULVUS.

Charadrius fulvus, Gm.; Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 503.

Mr. Layard found this species common on Eua (in February).

13. TOTANUS INCANUS. -

Actitis ineana (Gm.); Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503.

Native name AKiu (Hiibner).

One female in full summer dress, from Eua, shot in August.

14. Limosa vRopyYGIALIs.

Limosa uropygialis, Gould; Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 503.

Not in the collection, but mentioned by Mr. Layard from Eua.

15. ARDEA SACRA.

Ardea sacra, Gm.; Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 503.

Native name Motuka (Hiibner).

One slate-blue specimen from Eua (August).

16. ? OrrYGOMETRA TABUENSIS.

? Ortygometra tabuensis (Gml.).

Mr. Hiibner remarks that the Moho, as this species is called by

the natives, ‘although formerly common, may be considered nearly

extinct on Eua.” According to Mr. Layard, the Moho would be

Monarcha nigra (Sparrm.), which is now extinct (P. Z. 8. 1876,

p- 501).

17. PorPHyRIO SAMOENSIs, Peale.

P. vitiensis, F. & Hartl. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 172; Layard,

P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 503.

Native name Kalai (Hiibner).

One female from Eua (August), which agrees in every respect

776 ON BIRDS FROM EVA, FRIENDLY GROUP. _ [Nov. 20,

with specimens from the Navigators’. On the Central-Polynesian

Porphyrio and its synonymy, cf. Finsch, Journ. fiir Ornith. 1872,

p- 50.

18. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA.

Anas superciliosa, Linn.; Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 503.

Native name Toloa (Hiibner).

One female from Eua (August).

19. SreRNA BERGII.

Sterna bergii, Licht.; Gygis, sp.? Griiffe, Journ. f. Orn. 1870,

p- 403.

Native name Tola (Hiibner), Tala (Griffe).

One specimen from Eua (August).

Since the time of Latham the occurrence of this species on the

Tonga group has not been recorded; but Mr. Layard also gives

evidence of its occurrence (P. Z.S. 1876, p. 503).

Al. Caud. Rostr. Altit. Tars. Dig.

(exter.) med.

in. lin. in, lin. lin. lin. lin. lin.

13 3 ef 25 7 12} 12

20. ANOUS STOLIDUS.

Anous stolidus, L.

Native name Gogo (Hiibner).

One old and two young specimens from Eua (August) ; the latter

have the head and neck of-a uniform sooty-brown ; but the feathers

on the forehead and vertex are acquiring greyish-white tips, so that

there can be no doubt that still younger birds are uniform sooty-

brown (A. rousseaui, Hartl.).

Al. Caud. Rostr.

in. sling in. lin. lin.

10 6 6 0 20 Ad.

10 33 Yue, 17. Jun.

According to Mr. Hiibner this species breeds on the rocks on the

east side of Eua.

21. ANOUS ALBIVITTATUS.

Procelsterna albivitta, Bp. C. R. p. 773 (1856) ; Gould, Handb.

B. Austr. ii. p. 420.

Native name Lefulefu (Hiibner).

Two specimens, precisely alike, from Ena (August).

This species, new to the avifauna of Tonga and Central Polynesia,

differs very strikingly from A. ceruleus, Bennett (A. parvulus, Gould,

A, cinereus, Neboux, nec Gould), in the pale grey colour of upper

parts and the delicate silvery greyish white of its head, neck, and

underparts.

1877.] DR. O. FINSCH ON THE BIRDS OF PONAPE. 777

Al. Caud, Rostr. Tars. Dig. med.

in, lin. in. lin. lin. lin. lin.

6 9 3 4 113 11 11

7 2 Eset: 112 11 11

Mr. Howard Saunders, in his Monograph of the Sterninze (P. Z.S.

1876, p. 671, confounds this very distinct bird with A. cinereus,

Neboux, which latter must, according to his views, bear the name

A. ceruleus, Bennett.

22. GYGIS ALBA.

Gygis alba (Sparrm.); Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 504.

Native name Lkiaki (Hiibner).

One specimen from Eua (August) in the very interesting stage of

the young-plumaged bird after leaving the nest. Itis white ; but the

feathers on the upper parts have narrow edgings of pale rufous.

This bird occurs also on Vavao (Hiibner, in litt.). Mr. Layard

found it common on Eua.

23. PHA#TON FLAVIROSTRIS.

Phaéton flavirostris, Brandt.; Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 504.

Native name Tavaki (Hiibner et Layard).

One old female from Eua (August).

Dr. Griiffe notices as “‘Tavaki” Ph. ethereus from Tonga (Journ.

f. Orn. 1870, pp. 403 et 411).

Mr. Layard got the egg of this species on Eua.

24. Dysporus SULA.

Dysporus sula (L.), F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 260.

Diomedea, sp.? Griaffe, Journ. f. Ornith. 1870, pp. 403 et 411.

Native name Gutulei ( Hiibner).

One old male from Eua (August).

The “Gutulei’ of natives, which Dr. Griffe supposed to be a species

of Diomedea, turns out to be the well-known Booby of the sailors.

3. On the Birds of the Island of Ponapé, Eastern Carolines.

By Dr. Orro Fryscu, C.M.Z.S., Director of the Mu-

seum of Natural History of Bremen.

[Received September 26, 1877.]

The island of Ponapé, or Ascension (sometimes written on maps

Bonaby, Bonabay, Bornaby, Bonabe, Bonibet, Hunnepet, Funopet,

Falupet, Falupit, Fanopé, Puynipet) is the largest of the Seniavin

group, which extends between 157° 54! and 158° 30' E. long., and

6° 43’ and 7° 6’ N. lat., and belongs to the Eastern Caroline archi-

pelago. The island has a surface of about 73 German miles, a cir-

cumference of about 13 German miles, and is inhabited by about

2000 natives. Having been visited only twice by the French expe-

778 DR, 0. FINSCH ON THE BIRDS OF PONAPE. [Nov. 20,

dition of the ‘ Danaide,’ under command of Capt. Boramel, in

1840, and by the well-known ‘Novara’ Expedition, in 1858, we

were acquainted with only eight species of birds inhabiting it till

1873, when Mr. J. Kubary, the well-known naturalist in charge of

the Museum Godeffroy, at Hamburg, explored the island and stayed

a year on it. Unfortunately his rich harvest was lost by the wreck

of the Godeffroyian brig ‘Alfred,’ and, except a single skin (out of

200 which Mr. Kubary had collected), only the birds preserved in

alcohol were saved. Upon this collection, containing examples of 20

species, I based my first paper on the birds of Ponapé*. Since that

time a second collection, consisting of well-prepared skins, made by

Mr. J. Kubary, has reached me, which gives me a welcome occasion

of correcting some statements in my former paper, caused by the

bad conservation of some of the specimens in alcohol, and adds seven

species more to the avifauna of this island. Among these a species

of Ptilonopus proves to be new. The total species, therefore, known

at present from Ponapé number 29, of which 7 are peculiar to the

island.

1. Orus BrAcuyorTus (L.), Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft xii.

jo Misr

In the first collection of Mr. Kubary.

2. TRICHOGLOSSUS RUBIGINOSUS (Bp.) ; Finsch, J. ¢. p. 18.

In Mr. Kubary’s first collection.

3. EvpyNamis TAITIENs!s (Sparrm.) ; Finsch, /. c. p. 19.

One female.

4. HaLcyon CINNAMOMINUs, Sws.; Finsch, J. c. p. 20.

Of this species and its synonymy I treated in full in my last

paper on Mr. Kubary’s collection.

5. COLLOCALIA VANICORENSIS (Quoy & Gaim.); Finsch, 7. ec. p.

23.

In Mr. Kubary’s first collection.

6. Myzometa RUBRATRA (Less.); Finsch, 7. ¢. p. 26.

Sent already by Mr. Kubary.

7. ZOSTEROPS PONAPENSIs, Finsch, J. c. p. 27, t. 2. f. 1.

This peculiar species I received in Mr. Kubary’s first collection.

8. CALAMOHERPE SyRINX (Kittl.) ; Finsch, 7. c. p. 30.

Two specimens ; in one the underparts are decidedly yellowish, in

the other yellowish white. ;

1 Gf. “Zur Ornithologie der Siidsee-Inseln. IT. Ueber neue und weniger

gekannte Vogel yon den Viti-, Samoa- und Carolinen-Inseln. IV. Vogel von

Ponapé (Seniavin Gruppe),” in ‘Journal des Museum Godeffroy,’ Heft. xii.

1876, pp. 14-40, Tafel 1, 2.

1877.) DR. 0. FINSCH ON THE BIRDS OF PONAPE, 779

9. MyrAGra PiuTo, Finsch, /. ¢. p. 29.

Male and female, as described by me.

10. Rurerpura KuBARYI, Finsch, /. c. p. 29, t. 2. f. 2.

One male, as cited above.

11. Votvoctvora InsPERATA, Finsch, 7. c. p. 27.

Male and female, exactly agreeing with my descriptions, taken

from specimens dissected by myself.

There are, besides these, two specimens labelled ‘ Males,’’ which

agree in coloration with the female, except that the head and neck

above are not greyish, but dark rusty brown, like the upper parts ;

these, no doubt, are young males.

A third specimen, also marked as a male, is changing from the

rufous to the slate-grey dress.

12. Catornis pacrFicus (Gm.); Finsch, /. c. p. 31.

One male.

13. APLONIS PELZELNI, Finsch, J. c. p. 32, t. 2. fig. 3.

One male, exactly like my description.

14. Eryrorura, sp. inc., Finsch, 7. ¢. p. 35.

It is to be regretted that this collection does not contain well-pre-

pared specimens of this Finch, as those in the first collection of M.

Kubary could not be made out, on account of their preservation in

alcohol.

15. PTILONOPUS PONAPENSIS, Sp. nov.

* Pt. fasciatus, Peale,” Finsch, 1. ec. p. 37.

Like Pt. porphyraceus (from Tonga), but head, neck, throat,

and breast decidedly straw-yellowish (not greenish grey) ; broad

ends of all the tail-feathers (c. 8’) dark yellow (not whitish).

Size as in Pt. porphyraceus: long. tot. c. 8", al. 5", caud. 2! 7!",

In my first paper I referred the Ptilonopus from Ponapé, with a

mark of doubt, to fasciatus, Peale, having had only specimens pre-

served in alcohol, which had apparently caused some discoloration ;

but I expressed my suspicion that they might belong to a distinct

species. Having now before me fresh-skinned and adult specimens,

I see that my latter supposition was right. The Péilonopus of

Ponapé comes nearest to Pt. fasciatus and Pt. porphyraceus, having

the same dark purplish-red cap, surrounded with a faint yellow line

(as in Pt. fasciatus), but may be distinguished at once from both

by the straw-yellow coloration of the remainder of its head and neck

and under surface to the vent (which had faded in the previous speci-

mens preserved in spirit), as well as by the colour of the ventral

patch. In the latter respect it comes nearest to Pt. porphyraceus,

the ventral patch being likewise dark green, but with a slight tinge

of violet. The broad yellow apical margin of the tail-feathers is also

characteristic of Pt. ponapensis. The lilac median spots of the outer

780 DR. O. FINSCH ON THE BIRDS OF PONAPE. ([Nov. 20,

secondaries are as in Pt. fasciatus, which differs in its purplish

vinaceous-red vent-patch.

16. CARPOPHAGA OCEANICA, Less.

One female, exactly agreeing with specimens from the Palaos

(Pelew Islands), except that the hind neck and front part of the

mantle are of a darker grey. Size the same.

Not yet recorded from this locality.

17. PHLEGGNAS ERYTHROPTERA (Gm.)?.

Male adult. Front and sinciput to behind the eye, and a nar-

row line bordering the sides of vertex and occiput, white, as

well as the sides of the neck, chin, throat, and breast; sides of

head dull brownish, mixed with new white feathers, showing that

these parts become also pure white ; vertex and occiput slaty black ;

nape, remainder of upper parts, and wings dark-brown ; wing-coverts,

scapulars, and some of the mantle-feathers margined broadly with

shining coppery violet; underparts and under wing-coverts slaty

black, like the remiges ; tail-feathers the same, but on the basal half

dark grey. Bill and feet horn-brown. A few feathers on the back

and shoulders are margined with rufous, as well as the outer secon-

daries and the coverts of the primaries, showing remnants of the

young plumage.

Young (labelled female). Front, sinciput, and sides of head dirty

rusty-brown; chin, throat, and breast the same, but mixed and

tinged with white ; vertex blackish ; upper parts not so dark brown,

only some of the upper tail-coverts with purplish violet edgings ;

underparts below the breast dark slate-grey ; remiges uniform slaty

blackish.

Rostr. a

Long. tot. Al. Caud. front. Tars. Dig. med.

in. in. lin. in, lin. lin. lin. in.

c. 95 Jaw) 2 8 7 15 10 6 ad.

4 il ye 7 14 10. Jun.

Although it is very strange that, looking at the local distribution

of the species of these Pacific Partridge-Doves, the far western

island of Ponapé should yield the same species as is said to occur in

the Tahiti group, I see no reason to separate the specimens before

me specifically from that described by Latham as the “ Garnet-winged

Pigeon.’ His description answers pretty well; but having had no

opportunity of comparing it with specimens of the true P. erythro-

ptera from the eastern islands, which are very rare in collections, I

have thought it desirable to add a mark of interrogation to my ap-

pellation, as on close comparison perhaps differences might appear

which are not to be ascertained by descriptions only.

18. GALLUS FERRUGINEUS, Gm.

Male and female. Of the specimens from this locality, the male

shows no difference from specimens from Sumatra, except that the

1877.] DR. O. FINSCH ON THE BIRDS OF PONAPS. 781

primaries are not cinnamon, but dull rusty brown, and the wings

are a trifle longer (about 3 inch).

The female differs a good deal from a Sumatran specimen ; the

back, wings, and remainder of upper parts are blackish, nearly

without rusty vermiculations; the wing-feathers are externally

broadly edged with fulvous, which is the prominent coloration of

underparts ; the flank-feathers are margined with blackish; the feet

are yellow (not dark, as in the Sumatran specimen).

Although no particulars are given, I am inclined to believe that

the differences which this bird shows are due to a domestic state.

19. CuarapRius Futvus, Gm.; Finsch, /. e. p- 38.

In Mr. Kubary’s first collection.

20. STREPSILAS INTERPRES, L,

One male in winter dress, the other nearly in full plumage.

Ponapé is a new locality for this cosmopolitan species.

21. Arpga sacra, Gm.; Finsch, J. ec. p. 38.

One white specimen (labelled female), and one slate-blue (also

marked female). The latter shows only a few faint traces of white

feathers aloug the middle of the chin.

22. AcTiTis IncANA (Gm.) ; Finsch, /. ¢. p. 38.

Sent previously by Mr. Kubary.

23. STerNA BERGU, Licht.

Male and female exactly alike.

Ponapé is a new locality for this Tern.

24, Sterna FuLtiernosa, Gm.; Finsch, J. c. p: 39.

In the former collection of Mr. Kubary.

25. Anous sroxipus (L.), J. ¢. p. 40.

The specimen sent by Mr. Kubary confirms my suggestion as

regards the supposed 4. pileatus in the Vienna Museum, collected

during the voyage of the ‘ Novara,’ near Ponapé.

26. ANoUS LEUCOCAPILLUs, Gould.

A. leucocapillus, Saunders, P. Z. 8. 1876, PrG70stixiat. 3

A, tenuirostris, Finsch (nec Temm.), pt., Journ. Mus. God. Heft

vill. (1875) p. 42.

One specimen, a young one, with not fully developed wings, but in

the full colour of the adult; the sides of the head are uniform black,

and not tinged with grey, this being, according to Mr. Saunders, a

chief point of distinction in 4. melanogenys.

I may remark that in a good series of Sooty Terns, from Palau,

which are 4. melanogenys, Gould,= A. tenuirostris, Kitt), (not of

Temminck, as given erroneously by me), there were two young birds,

corresponding in size and colour with the one before me, which also

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LI. 51

782 DR. O. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. [Nov. 20,

did not show any grey tinge on the sides of the head. Cf. P. Z.S.

1872, p. 114.

27. Gyeis ALBA (Sparrm.); Finsch, /. ¢. p. 40.

Recorded by Von Kittlitz as seen by him near Ponapé,

28. Purrinus osscurus (Gm.); Finsch, J. e. p- 40.

Already sent by Mr. Kubary.

29. Puairon caNpipws, Briss.

Two males and one female; the sexes exactly alike; one male

is tinged with very delicate rose-colour.

The island of Ponapé is a new locality for this widely distributed

species.

4. On a Collection of Birds from Niuafou Island, in the

Pacific. By Dr. Orro Finscu, C.M.Z.S., Director of

the Museum of Natural History of Bremen.

[Received September 26, 1877.]

The island Niuafou(Nina-fou, Niua-fu, Niu-Afohu, Onuafu, Niufo,

Nua-fou, or Hope or Proby Island of the older maps), situated in lat.

18° 58! S. and long. 174° 55' W., halfway between the Navigators’

and Viti groups, may be considered, although somewhat distant, as

the most northern island of the Tonga or Friendly group. It was

visited in 1866 by Dr. Griffe; but bis investigation as regards

ornithology did not much increase our knowledge, as he only informed

us of the occurrence of one bird on it, a Megapode already mentioned

by Dr. G. Bennett (P. Z. 8. 1862, p. 247), and described afterwards

by the late G. R. Gray as M. pritehardi (P.Z.S. 1864, p. 41).

I was therefore pleased to receive, through the Museum Godeffroy

of Hamburg, an extensive collection of birds from this interesting

island, made by Mr. F. Hiibner, a young German collector recently

engaged, for the exploration of the Pacific Islands, by Mr. Godeffroy.

This collection raises the number of the known birds of this island

from one one to fifteen; but I am able to include from Mr. Hiibner’s

manuscript notes, kindly sent to me by Mr. Schmeltz, five species

more, and make the total twenty species. It is worthy of remark

that, according to Mr. Hiibner’s notes, no members of the genera

Ptilotis, Lalage, Halcyon, or Colluricincla, so well known to him

on the Tonga Islands, occur on Niuafou. But it seems probable that

further investigations will still add some more species, as the absence

of peculiar species (except Megapodius stairi, which does not oecur

in Samoa and is confined to this island) is rather strange.

1. Srrrx DELICATULA, Gould.

Native name Zudu, Hubner.

One female; agrees in every respect with that from Eua.

1877.] DR. 0, FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. 783

2. DomIcELLA FRINGILLACEA (Gm.).

Native name Hega, Hiibner.

Three specimens (October 1876); not differing from those from

Eua. A young bird shows only a few red feathers on the vent ; but

the red and blue on the head is the same as in old birds.

3. Eupynamis, sp.?

Mr. Hiibner (in Uité.) mentions having heard the call-note of a

Eudynamis, which, no doubt, will turn out to be H. tattiensis

(Sparrm.).

4. CoLuocaLia, sp.?

There is no specimen of this genus in the collection; but Mr.

Hiibner writes :—‘‘ The Beka-beka (Collocalia) breeds in a hole of

a rock on the lake in the interior of Niuafu. I always found two

eggs or young ones in each nest. The natives laughed when I told

them I wanted to obtain eggs of these birds, as they believed them

not to lay eggs at all.”

5. APLONIS TABUENSIS (Gm.).

Native name Megi, Hiibner.

Three specimens (October 1876). The underparts look a little

more brownish ; but this may be caused by the specimens not being

in full plumage and partially moulting ; otherwise there is no differ-

ence from Eua birds in colour or dimensions, except that the bill is

a little shorter ; but this may also be a sign of immaturity.

6. PrrLoNorus PoRPHYRACEDS (Forst.).

Native name Kulu-kulu, Hiibner.

Two specimens, adult, male and female (October 1876); are

exactly like specimens from Eua.

This species is easily distinguishable from Pt. fasciatus, Peale

(who first obtained that species on the Navigators’), by the dark

purplish-violet spot on the middle of the vent, which in Pé. fasciatus

is dark purplish-vinaceous. All the specimens which I have in-

spected from Upolu and Uea (Wallis Island) agree in this respect ;

but [ have no specimens from the Vitis for comparison. According

to Mr. Layard (P. Z.S. 1876, p. 495) the Viti bird is of a different

species, which he erroneously calls P¢. apicalis, Bp. As Bonaparte

established his species on a specimen from Vavao (Tonga Island), it

belongs undoubtedly to Pé. porphyraceus, whereas the name fascia-

tus, Peale, should stand for the Navigators’ bird, having been founded

on specimens from this locality. If the Vitian Ptilonopus is really

different from Pt. fasciatus and Pt. porphyraceus, it must be renamed.

7. CARPOPHAGA PACIFICA (Gm.).

Not in the collection, but observed by Mr. F. Hiibner.

8. Mrearoptus sratrt, Gray, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 290 (Samoa!).

M. pritchardi, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 41, pl. vi. (Nina-fou).

51*

784 DR. 0. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. [Nov. 20

M. pritchardi and M. stairi, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn.

pp. 153, 155.

M. huttoni, Bull. Trans. and Proceed. N.Z. Inst. iii. 1871, p. 14.

M. pritchardi, Hutt. ib. iv. 1872, p. 165.

M. (2? burnabyi, Gray), Finsch, Journ. f. Orn. 1870, p. 420.

M. stairi, Finsch, ib. 1872, p. 52; Layard, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 496

(part.).

M. burnabyi, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 583 (part.).

Native name Malau, Hiibner.

Male and female, old, and young bird (November 1876). The two

former agree exactly in coloration and size; the last is considerably

smaller, but in colour like the old.

Al. Rostr. a rict. Tars. Dig. med. Ung.

in. lin. lin. in. lin. lin. lin.

6 9 11 2 2 142 vi 3

Giz 11 2 1 15 8 2

yen 93 1 9 123 64 Jun.

Since Mr. Layard assures us that M. stairi, Gray, was based on

specimens from Ninafu (and not from Samoa, where no Megapode

exists) the older name must be applied to this species.

Mr. F. Hubner gives us the following observations on this bird :—

“The breeding-time of this species is not so confined to certain

months as has been noticed by Mr. Wallace in respect of certain

Malayan species. He gives as the season of incubation August and

September ; but of this bird I got fresh eggs in October and Novem-

ber also, and, according to Captain Nagel and the natives, eggs are

to be found likewise in other months. The newly hatched ones are

yellowish-brown with brown undulations; their necks are feathered

and not marked as in the old birds. Immediately after leaving the

eggs the young birds are not only able to run, but also to fly. The

old birds are excellent runners ; their flight is somewhat heavy, as in

the common fowl; when alarmed they perch on trees. The sto-

machs of those specimens which I shot I mostly found filled with

land-shells, small crabs, and Scolopendras ; but in a few cases I found

seeds. My captured specimens I fed with Blattze and Scolopendras,

and the young ones (of which [ kept one three weeks) with Termites

and mashed cocoa-nuts. ‘They refused to eat yams. The male may

be distinguished at once from the female by its orange feet, which in

the latter are yellow.”

9. CHARADRIUS FULVUS, Gm.

Native name Aiu, Hubner.

Three specimens shot in October (1876) in change of plumage,

showing that this arctic species loses its summer garb in its winter

resorts. One specimen has already the full winter dress ; the others

are moulting and still show many black feathers on the under surface.

10. SrREPSILAS INTERPREs (Linn).

Native name Kiu-hina-hina, Hiibner.

One male in the winter dress (October 1876).

1877.] | DR. 0. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. 587

11. Actiris 1Incana (Gm.).

Native name Kiu-lega-lega, Hiibner.

Three specimens, shot in October (1876); two in full winter

garb, one moulting from summer to winter dress, showing most of

the latter.

12. ARDEA sacra, Gm.

Native name Motuku, Hiibner.

One female, of a dusky slate-colour (October 1876).

13. ORTYGOMETRA, Sp. ine.

A species of Ortygometra is mentioned by Mr. Hiibner; most

probably it will turn out to be O. cinerea, Vieill. (quadristrigata,

Horsf.), the most widely distributed and commonest species in the

Pacific.

14. Ratuus PHILipPensis, Briss.

Native name Veka, Hiibner.

Three specimens (October 1876). One old male shows only traces

of the maroon-coloured pectoral band, in every respect agreeing with

specimens from the Navigators’, Palaus, Tongas, New Zealand, and

New Holland. Two young birds, one still half in dun feathers, are

coloured in the same pattern as the old, but duller and colours less

decided.

15. Porpuyrio, sp. ine.

Mr. F. Hiibner mentions the occurrence, according to the reports

of the natives, of a Porphyrio which is probably P. samoénsis,

Peale.

16. ANAS SUPERCILIOSA, L.

Native name Toloa, Hubner.

One specimen (October 1876).

Al. Caud. Rostr. Tars.

in. lin. in. lin. lin. lin.

8 3 29 20 18

Agrees with specimens from Eua and Navigators’ which are, appa-

rently, constantly smaller than the true 4. superciliosa from New

Zealand, as has been remarked already by Peale. In their smaller

size they agree with 4. pelewensis, H. & F. (Journ. Mus. Godeffr.

1875, p. 40); but the latter has the eye-stripe and sides of head

isabelline-rusty, and the black cheek-stripe is nearly wanting.

17. Anovs strouipus, L.

Native name Gogo, Hiibner.

A young bird (October 1876), just developing the wings and tail-

feathers, uniform dusky, with white front. Bill not yet full-grown

therefore very short (only 14'"), as are the wings (only 7!’ 5'"),

«This species breeds on trees or the precipitous rocks on the sea-

side, and always lays but one egg.” —Hiibner.

786 DR. 0. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. [Noyv. 20,

18. Gyers atsa (Sparrm.).

Native name Tala, Hubner.

One old male (October 1876).

The island Niuafu is a new locality for this widely distributed

species.

“'This species also lays but one egg, in a shallow hole on a hori-

zontal branch of a tree, without any other material.’’—Hibner.

19. Purrinus opscurus (Gm.).

P. dichrous, F. & H. Ornith. Central-Polyn. p. 244; Finsch,

Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft viii. 1875, p. 44; id. ib. Puffinus, sp.? (Viti).

P. dichrous, obscurus, auduboni, and sp.? (from Viti), Finseh,

P.Z.S. 1872, p. 108-112.

Native name Teiko, Hiibner.

Male and female (October 1876), in every respect like specimens

from Palau ; the under tail-coverts are black, more extended in the

male, with faint white tips.

Rostr.a Alt. Long. Dig.

Ale. Caudx. Culm. rict. basis. tars. med.

1. lin. in: lin. ~ jin. lin. lin. lin. lin.

a Der 12 15 3t 16 153 fof

Clogee st) Teed 12 16 ae 16 16 2

For several years I have paid special attention to the Procel-

lariidee, among the numerous members of which a good many still

remain obscure generically and specifically ; and none have troubled

me more than the Procellaria obscura of Gmelin, described originally

nearly a hundred years ago by Latham from Christmas Island.

In my former notes on this subject I have endeavoured to show

that under this name were confounded about four species, nearly

allied but differing in the coloration of the under tail-coverts and in

the extent of the black and white on the cheeks. I thought it

certain that there were at least two distinct species—one with black

under tail-coverts (Pufinus dichrous, F. & H.), from the Pacific, the

other with white under tail-coverts (the true P. obscurus, Gm.), from

Madagascar. (Cf. Finsch, P. Z.S. 1872, pp. 108, 110, and Journ.

f. Ornith. 1874, p. 208.) Since my last publication on this subject

I have had the pleasure not only of examining one of Latham’s types

in the Vienna Museum (P. tenebrosus, Natt.), but also a series of

specimens from the Palau group, together with others from Mauri-

tius, Bourbon, and Madagascar, kindly lent to me by Dr. von Pelzeln

and Professor Newton. The careful examination of this material,

richer perhaps than any one has before had in aid of his studies,

convinces me that the coloration of the under tail-coverts forms no .

distinctive character, as there exist all phases of graduation, from

specimens with the under tail-coverts pure white to such as have

these parts partially or nearly uniform black. The following notes

taken of series of skins will prove this to be the case.

a, Latham’s type from the Leverian Museum (now in the Vienna

Museum), said to be from King George’s Sound. Type of P.

1877.] DR. 0. FINSCH ON BIRDS FROM NIUAFOU ISLAND. 787

tenebrosus, Natt. Under-tail coverts black with narrow white

tips; the middle row with their shafts white. Exactly like spe-

cimens from the Palau group and M‘Kean’s Island (type of ?.

dichrous, F. & H.); the latter has the white on the base of the

lateral under tail-coverts more extended.

6. Specimens from Madagascar (Vienna Museum). Under tail-

coverts of a uniform white.

Specimens from Bourbon in the Leyden Museum (labelled in

Temminck’s handwriting Puffinus obscurus 9, Temm. Man.

d’Orn.). Like the foregoing, but the lateral under tail-coverts

fringed with dusky on the outer web.

d. Specimens from Mauritius (Coll. Newton). Lateral under tail-

coverts on the whole outer web dusky.

e. Specimens from Cape Fiorida (Deppe, Berlin Museum, P. 0b-

scurus, Audub., and type of P. auduboni, Finsch). “ Longest

lateral under tail-coverts uniform dusky, the anterior lateral

under tail-feathers on the outer vane black, on the inner white.”

J. Specimen (s. n. obscurus’?) from Mauritius (Coll. Newton).

*‘ Under tail-feathers dark brown, with white tips, exactly like

Palau specimens.”

g. Specimens from Viti (Puffinus, sp.? Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 112,

and Mus. Godeffr. 1875, viii. p. 45, note). - “ Under tail-coverts

uniform smoky-black, with hidden white at their bases.

)

These notes will convince every one that the black or white of the

under tail-feathers forms no specific character, and even less so the

more or less extent of the black along the rictal line, which some-

times (according to the preparation of the skin) is cut off at the

under margin of the eye, sometimes runs a little further down.

P. obscurus has, between the tropics, a wide distribution in the

Atlantic and Pacific regions, but has not yet been observed along

the coast of Europe, as has been maintained by Temminck, Schlegel,

and others.

Its nearest ally, P. anglorum, may be distinguished by its larger

size and lighter coloration,

On this species Mr. Hiibner remarks: —‘ The Tezko lives on a

small island, where during daytime it sleeps in holes in the rocks. I

obtained my specimens when rowing just before daybreak in a canoe

round the islands. We watched when the birds left their holes and,

becoming confused by the glare of a torch, allowed us to catch them

by hand.”

20. Patron canpipus, Briss.

Native name Tavaki, Hiibner.

One old female (November 1876).

788 MR. A. H, GARROD ON PLAGIOTENIA GIGANTEA. [Nov. 20,

5. On the Tenia of the Rhinoceros of the Sunderbunds

(Plagiotenia gigantea, Peters). By A. H. Garrop,

M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 1, 1877.]

In 1856 * Dr. Wm. Peters described a tapeworm which he found

in an African Rhinoceros from Mossambique, which he named

Tenia gigantea.

In 1870* Dr. Murie described the adult proglottides of a tape-

worm passed by an Indian Rhinoceros (2hinoceros unicornis) living

in the Society's Gardens at the time, which he named Tenia

magna’.

In 1871% Dr. Peters communicated to the Society a Note on the

results of a comparison of his specimens of Tenia gigantea with

Dr. Murie’s description and figures of his Tenia magna?, show-

ing their identity, and suggesting the generic name Plagiotenia for

the species.

During this summer I have had the opportunity of eviscerating

a half-grown female of Rhinoceros sondaicus, from the Sunderbunds,

which had been a little more than six months in this country. In the

commencement of the colon I found three tapeworms with their heads

(scoleces), together with several detached groups of proglottides*,

these latter being quite undistinguishable from those figured by Dr.

Murie, in form as well as size.

Dr. Peters has figured the scolex in his species, which is evidently

in a powerfully contracted condition, to which one of my three spe-

mens closely approaches. My other two specimens are not so, and,

as a result, differ so much in appearance that I subjoin a figure of

one of them.

Scolex of Plagiotenia gigantea, much enlarged; superior and lateral view.

Of the specimen here figured the breadth (after being kept in

alcohol) of the scolex, opposite the suckers, is 4 millimetres, whilst

the depth, to the lower of the two more strongly marked transverse

1 Monatsh, der Akad. der Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1856, p. 469.

2 P.Z.8. 1870, p. 608, 3 P.Z.S8. 1871, p. 146.

4 In his account of his specimens Dr. Murie has most curiously mistaken

the groups of proglottides (which he figures) for single segments.

1877.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE CHINESE WATER-DEER. 789

lines below the suckers (the proliferating area), is 3 millimetres.

The breadth of the largest of the proglottides is 3:1 centimetres,

their depth being 4°5 millimetres. One decimetre from the end of

the scolex the proglottides are 1°42 centimetre in breadth.

In one respect the scolex differs from that described by Dr. Peters,

the rostellum or little conical elevation between the suckers being

searcely even indicated as such. This, however, seems hardly suffi-

cient to justify specific separation.

It is an interesting fact that three different species of Rhinoceros,

so separated in their distribution, should be troubled with the same

tapeworm, which must therefore, unvarying, have followed the an-

cestral species in its different variations, now so easily distinguishable.

6. Notes on the Anatomy of the Chinese Water-Deer

(Hydropotes inermis). By A. H. Garrop, M.A.,F.R.S.,

Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 1, 1877.]

Since the discovery by Mr. Swinhoe of the Chinese Water-Deer,

which in the ‘ Proceedings ’ of this Society’ he named Hydropotes

inermis, naturalists have been anxious to obtain information upon its

visceral anatomy, together with other features not ascertainable from

adult skins or from the skeleton. At Tours our Corresponding

Member M. J. Cornély has succeeded in breeding the species’, the

Society having allowed him the loan of its male specimen, and his

example being of the opposite sex. One of the three young ones, a

female, having died shortly after its birth, M. Cornély forwarded it

to Mr. Sclater, who has kindly placed it in my hands for description ;

and it is my notes upon this specimen which I take an opportunity

of laying before the Society.

From the tip of the nose to the base of the tail the specimen is

16 inches, the tail being an inch long. From the top of the

shoulder to the tip of the hoof of the fore limb it measures 12 inches.

The colour of the hair, after being in spirit for some days and

then dried, is a dark greyish brown, which is redder along the back

than at the sides. The abdomen, as well as the throat, is a dirty

white, as are the hairy inner surfaces of the ears.

The fawn is spotted with white *, The spots are not numerous or

pronounced, They run in longitudinal lines from the neck to the

tail, with a median area about 1°5 inch broad unspotted. There

is one line, the upper, fairly defined and uninterrupted ; two others,

lower down, are irregular and shorter. ‘The spots are not distinct,

1 P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 89.

? See M. Cornély’s article in Bull. Soc. d’Acclim. 3° sér. t. iv. p. 417; and

note, P.Z. 8. 1877, p. 533.

3 In the Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ 1872, p. 817, Mr. Swinhoe remarks, ‘“ I

learn from Mr. Russell that the fawn is spotted with dark-brown spots all over

the hind quarters.” I could not detect any trace of these,

790 MR. A. H. GARROD ON THE ANATOMY OF _ [Nov. 20,

because they are not produced by the presence of hairs which are

white throughout, but by dark reddish hairs tipped with white for

not more than one sixth of their length.

The nipples are four in number. The crumenal glands are quite

small. No supraorbital glands were recognizable. In the fore

limb the interdigital skin is inflected but slightly, and there is no

special gland differentiated, although the surface of the skin is appa-

rently studded with minute gland-openings. In the hind limb

the interdigital skin forms a deep pocket, which almost completely

separates the toes, except that they are joined by a thin transverse

skin-fold along their posterior edges. The included skin is studded

with small glands. I can find no trace of any metatarsal glands.

The muflle is as deep as broad, and extends one half up the outer

margin of the narial orifice.

In the new-born female the milk-incisors and lower canines are

cut, as is the sharp small upper canine. The milk-molars are in place,

partly disguised by a layer of mucous membrane covering them.

The anterior portion of the palate is covered with the ordinary

transverse ridges, running outwards from the middle line; poste-

riorly it is smooth.

The tongue shows but little of the intermolar eminence. The

fungiform papillee are numerous, and stand out conspicuously. Pos-

tero-laterally they develop into lines of papillze circumvallatee.

The stomach is not favourable for study, because of its being so

little developed. The villi on the rudimentary paunch look like the

pile on thick-set velvet. The hexagonal cells in the reticulum are

conspicuous though not high-walled. By the aid of a magnifying

Fig. 1.

Liver of Hydropotes tnermis (still-born).

glass the psalterium is seen to be quadruplicate—in other words, to

have its laminze arranged in four powers, there being two primary

laminze, with secondary smaller folds between them, on each side of

which are smaller laminz, with linear rows of papille (rudimentary

laminz) between them, of the fourth power. The Jarge abomasum

is not peculiar,

1877. | THE CHINESE WATER-DEER. 791

The spleen is circular, flat on its gastric, and convex on its

parietal surface.

The liver (fig. 1, p. 790) has no gall-bladder, therein being quite

cervine. There are one or two minor lobules so situated as to develop

a spurious cystic fossa ; and what is still further interesting is, that in

that fossa there is a white fibrous cord which runs from the transverse

fissure nearly to the ventral margin of the abdominal surface of the

right lobe, exactly in the situation of a gall-bladder. Once pre-

viously in a Deer (Cervus virginianus, 1 believe) have I seen a

similarly situated fibrous cord, which I can hardly believe to be any

thing else than an atrophied gall-bladder, although I was not able

to trace its connexion with the bile-duct on account of the bad state

of preservation of the specimen.

The Spigelian lobe is proportionally well developed, being tongue-

shaped (or rusiform) as in the genus Rusa. The caudate lobe is of

fair size. The umbilical fissure is shallow, the left hepatic lobe being

slightly smaller than the right, both being of a square shape.

The intestines measure 9 feet 8 inches, the small intestines 73 feet

loug, the large 2 feet 2 inches. The cecum is 1} inch long. No

trace is visible of an ileo-ceecal gland. There are 23 colic coils,

there being an irregular reversed half-loop in the returning portion

of the spiral.

In the bicorn uterus of this new-born animal the cotyledonary

papilla are as manifest as in that of the pregnant adult. There are

four in one cornu and three in the other, the highest of these in

the latter being particularly large. I have, in my paper on the

visceral anatomy of the Ruminantia (P. Z.S.1877, p. 12), men-

tioned that in a pregnant uterus of Hydropotes, which was lent me

kindly by Mr. Ewart, of University College, there were three coty-

ledons in one cornu and five in the other, which agrees very closely

with the specimen under consideration.

The brain is very much like that of the Pudu Deer (Cervus pudu)

figured by Prof. Flower’, mainly differing in that the hippocampal

gyrus is much less conspicuous upon the superior aspect. It is

considerably more convoiuted than that of Moschus moschiferus,

upon the typical Ruminant pattern. I take the opportunity of

figuring it (vide fig. 2, p. 792) from above.

Reviewing the above-described anatomical features, the differences

between the visceral anatomy of Hydropotes inermis and Moschus

moschiferus clearly indicate the slightness of their relationship. In

the former we find a fairly convoluted brain, a quadruplicate psal-

tertum with 10 primary lamine, no ileo-czecal gland, no gall-

bladder, two and a half colic coils, and an oligocotyledonophorous

uterus ; whilst in the latter the brain is comparatively smooth, the

psalterium is dupliciplicate, with 20 or so primary lamine, a large

ileo-czecal gland, a gall-bladder, three and a half colic coils, and a

specialized linear cotyledonary arrangement. In other words,

Hydropotes is typically Cervine, whilst Moschus is any thing but so.

To what group of the Cervidee Hydropotes is most allied there is

1 P. Z.8. 1875, p. 177.

792 MR. A. H. GARROD ON PHOCA VITULINA. [Nov. 20,

still considerable uncertainty. That it is not allied to the New-

World type is evident from its vomer not extending downwards to

join the osseous palate posteriorly. That it is not Cervuline is

Brain of Hydropotes inermis (still-born).

equally certain on account of its tarsal cuneiform bones being free

from the naviculo-cuboids. Its large hepatic Spigelian lobe favours

the view suggested by Sir Victor Brooke’, that it is most closely allied

to the Rusine Deer.

7. Note on the possible Cause of Death in a young Seal. By

A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 17, 1877.]

On October 1, 1877, Mr. G. Mellin presented to the Society a

female Common Seal (Phoca vitulina), which died on the 9th of the

same month. He obtained it from the Scilly Islands on September

27th, when it had attached to it the rudiments of the umbilical cord,

which dropped off on the 30th, three days later. It must therefore

have been born only a few days. When in the Society’s Gardens

it sucked milk freely from a baby-feeding bottle, and exhibited no

pathological symptoms. As it did not take kindly to the water, it

remained almost entirely on land.

On post-mortem examination it was found to be three feet two

inches in length from the tip of its nose to the end of its tail, along

the back. The lungs were of a dark red colour, collapsed, containing

scarcely any air, and scarcely floating in water, otherwise also re-

sembling those of a suffocated new-born child. ‘The kidneys were

1 P. Z, 8. 1872, p. 525.

1877.) MR. GARROD ON A GALL-BLADDER IN PARROTS. 793

dark on section being made in the cortical portions, and quite white

at the apices of the cones.

It is the heart which was peculiar, in that neither the ductus

arteriosus nor the foramen ovale were obliterated, and they appeared

to be as patent as they could ever have been in feetal life. The

question then suggests itself as to whether the animal suffered from

cyanosis, of which it died, or whether in the Pinnipedia the semi-

feetal circulation continues for longer after birth than in other

mammals.

The creature having lived for nine days in the Society’s Gardens,

and having lost the umbilical rudiment a day before it arrived, was

probably about a fortnight old when it died, and ought, according to

analogy with the human infant, to have lost all traces of the foetal

cardiac peculiarities ; whereas the ductus arteriosus and the foramen

ovale were not even beginning to be obliterated. This can hardly

have been otherwise than pathological, which leads me to the infer-

ence that it died morbidly cyanotic, perhaps because it lacked its

normal maternal milk, and so was not in a condition to repair its

foetal imperfections.

8. Note on the Absence or Presence of a Gall-bladder in the

family of the Parrots. By A. H. Garrop, M.A., F.R.S.,

Prosector to the Society.

[Received October 17, 1877.]

In a former communication * I had the opportunity of showing

that the generalization, founded upon the dissection of an insufficient

number of genera, that the gall-bladder is wanting in the Columhe,

does not apply to Carpophaga, Lopholemus, or Ptilonopus. On

the present occasion I have to correct a similar error with reference

to the Psittaci, because I have found a well-developed gall-bladder

in specimens of Cacatua philippinarum, Cacatua goffini, Cacatua

moluccensis, and Calopsitta nove-hollandie, in which last-named

species it is small and easily overlooked.

In my earlier dissections I have not recorded the presence of a

gall-bladder in any species of Parrot. That, no doubt, is because, it

being absent in so many, I did not expect to find it.

From the above facts it is highly probable that the presence of a

gall-bladder in the Cacatuine will have to be included among the

characteristic peculiarities of this subfamily. At the same time

its persistence in them is in favour of the view that the Paleeorni-

thinze, as restricted by me’, are but little different from the ancestral

Parrots, and the Cacatuine still less so. The primitive Parrots must

have possessed a gall-bladdder—because we now know that this

organ is present in the Cacatuinze, and consequently was not absent

in the primitive species, as the probability that it should have been

independently developed a second time is infinitely little.

Pp. Z.S. 1874, p. 257. 2 P.Z.8. 1874, p. 594.

794 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIDE. [ Nov. 20,

9. Reports on the Collections of Birds made during the

Voyage of H.M.S. ‘Challenger’—No. V. On the

Laride collected during the Expedition. By Howarp

Saunpers, F.L.S., F.Z.8.

[Received October 25, 1877.]

At the request of Mr. Sclater, I have undertaken with much

pleasure the determination of the Larid@ collected during the ex-

pedition of H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’ amounting in all to 47 specimens.

It was hardly to be expected that amongst these any previously un-

described species would be found ; but in consequence of the careful

manner in which the specimens have been catalogued and labelled

by Mr. John Murray, many of them are of great value in increasing

our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the Oceanic birds.

It is highly desirable that more attention should be devoted to this

subject, instead of being limited, as is so often the case, to land birds

only ; and of the results which would probably reward such attention

we may judge from the present small collection, which contains

examples of 9 species, represented by 31 specimens, of Terns (S¢er-

nine), of 5 species, represented by 11 specimens, of Gulls (Larine),

and of 3 species, represented by 5 specimens, of Skua gulls (Sterco-

rariing) ; total 17 species, 47 specimens. Of these species, five have

been obtained in absolutely new localities (three of them from places

where they could hardly be expected to occur), whilst many of the

other species derive unusual interest from the fact of their range being

restricted to such seldom-visited spots as the rocks and islands of the

South Atlantic. On the whole this collection of Laride, although

small in numbers, is one of the most productive of knowledge which

has yet been made by any of our national expeditions.

1. HyprocHELIDON HYBRIDA (Pallas).

Sterna hybrida, Pall. Zoog. Rosso-As. ii. p. 338 (1811).

WHydrochelidon hybrida, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660; Saunders,

P.Z.S. 1876, p. 640.

[No. 364. 9. Manila. January 11th-14th, 1875. Eyes black,

feet dark red ; stomach had crustacea. |

A nearly adult specimen, the head being slightly streaked with

black.

2. STERNA VIRGATA, Cab.

Sterna virgata, Cabanis, J. f. Orn. 1875, p. 449; Saunders,

P. Z.8. 1876, p. 646.

[| specimen marked X on label. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen

Island.

1 specimen marked © on label. Ditto, ditto.

1 55 Ditto, ditto.

1 HE Betsey Cove. ditto. ]

The first is nearly adult; but the black head is not yet fully

1877.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARID&. 795

assumed, and the bill and feet are still reddish black ; in the second

the black head only is wanting to complete the nuptial dress; but

the third is in full breeding-plumage, as is also a specimen in spirits.

The specimen from Betsey Cove is a young bird just fledged,

many particles of down still adhering; general colour sooty grey

mottled with brown, and barred with black on the upper parts ;

under wing-coverts white.

This somewhat specialized form has hitherto been only found at

Kerguelen Island, and appears to be more closely allied to the New-

Zealand species S. antarctica, Wagler, than to the less restricted

form SS. vittata, which also includes in its range portions of the

same island. The principal specific distinctions of the two species

are given in my paper on the Sternine above referred to.

3. STERNA vitTaTa, Gm.

Sterna vittata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 609 (1788); Saunders,

P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 647.

[1 specimen. Inaccessible Island, Tristan d’Acunha, October

18th, 1873.

1 specimen. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, January 1874. ]

Both these specimens are adults in breeding-plumage ; but the

latter is not a very old bird, the outer webs of the long tail-feathers

being still slightly tinted with grey, whereas in really mature examples

they are long and white. In pointing out its specific characters

(1.8. c.), I gave its then known range as from Kerguelen Island up to

St. Paul’s and Amsterdam Islands, about 700 miles to the north, appa-

rently its head quarters, and as that of a straggler over the sea between

St. Helena and Ascension ; but, the fact of its having been obtained

close to Tristan d’ Acunha is an interesting extension of these limits.

When treating of the few examples then available from the above-

mentioned localities, I remarked that the affinities of this species

were decidedly with S. hirundinacea, Less. (S. cassini, Scl.), of the

extra-tropical coasts of South America and of the Falkland Islands ;

and this view has subsequently been confirmed by the examination of

a larger series brought home by the French naturalists from the

Transit-of-Venus Expedition, at the same time that the two species

are always perfectly distinguishable. But in the case of this in-

dividual from Tristan d’ Acunha (its nearest known approach to South

America), it is interesting to observe that, although the example is

undoubtedly referable to S. vittata and not to S. hirundinacea, it

comes nearer to the latter species than any other specimen yet

examined. However, its relatively smaller size, grey colour, and the

characteristic shortness of the foot and claws show distinctly that the

bird in question is 8. vittata ; and although it has a rather unusually

long bill, yet there is an absence of the long curve characteristic of

the American bird. It may be remarked that the bill in individuals

of the present species seems to be peculiarly brittle and friable, which

will account for the worn and blunted appearance often to be observed

in the anterior portions of the mandibles.

There are the remains of an egg, labelled as taken at Heard Island,

796 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIDE. [Nov. 20,

February 1874, which evidently belongs to either S. virgata or 8.

vittata ; I incline to attribute it to the former, owing to its size and

dull appearance.

4, STERNA HIRUNDINACEA, Less.

Sterna hirundinacea, Lesson, Tr. d’Orn. p. 621 (1831); Saunders,

P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 647.

[No. 652, 3. Messier Channel, Straits of Magellan, January 4th,

1876. Eyes black, bill and legs vermilion.

( Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan, January

No. 723, ¢ | 18th and 19th, 1876. Eyes black ; bill and legs

No. 704. QO, red; stomach had fish. A number of eggs

*/*' ©" | were preserved, there being a large ‘‘rookery ”

at one of the low points of this island. |

Three fine and fully adult specimens of this well-known South-

American species. Sixteen eggs from this locality are naturally

rather larger than the type of those of S. fluviatilis or S. macrura ;

but otherwise they merely exhibit the same variations in markings.

5. Srerna Berit, Licht.

Sterna bergii, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823) ; Saunders, P.Z.S8.

1876, p. 657.

[No. 77, d. Levuka, Fiji, July 30th, 1874. Eyes black; feet

black, soles brown.] Nearly adult.

[No. 231, 9. Dobbo, Arru Islands, September 16th and 17th,

1874. Eyes black; feet black ; bill light yellow. ]

A bird of the year.

[No. 345, ¢. Zamboanga, Philippine Islands, October 24th, 1874.

Eyes black. |

Nearly adult, but in winter plumage, the head being merely

striated and not black.

[No. 486, $. Nares Harbour, Admiralty Islands, March 3rd-

10th, 1875. Eyes black. |

Adult, with the black head and crest, and the white frontlet band

characteristic of the breeding-plumage.

6. STERNA FULIGINOSA, Gm.

Sterna fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 605 (1788); Saunders,

P. Z. S. 1876, p. 666.

[1 specimen 2. Boatswain-bird Island, Ascension Island, about

April 4th, 1873.

(Eyes, bill and feet black.

Stomach of first contained a

cuttlefish and a piece of

coral; that of second,

nothing. In great numbers.

Eggs rounded and more

spotted than those of the

Noddy. |

Fifteen eggs of this species from Raine Island form a very fine series.

No. 124, 9.) Raine I., Barrier

No. 125, ¢.f{ Reef, Australia

Be NE Ss

1877.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE-LARID:. 797

These three specimens are in adult breeding-plumage, the long

outer tail-streamers being, however, somewhat abraded.

7. GyGis CANDIDA (Gm.).

Sterna candida, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 607 (1788).

Gygis candida, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1223; Saunders, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 667.

[2specimens, g and 2. Boatswain-bird Island, Ascension Island,

about April 3rd, 1873.

No. 545, 2. | Tahiti. September 18th—October 2nd, 1875. Shot

No. 547, 2. } by Balfour on trees near Papuerini? Eyes black.]

There are also two specimens in spirits.

All these examples have bills broad at the base, although from the

mandibular angle to the tip there is some slight variation, those of

the Tahitian birds being more pointed, whilst in those from the vol-

canic crags of Boatswain-bird Island the bill is evidently worn down

and blunted. In the coloration of the webs of the feet, also, the

Tahitian birds are of a brighter lemon-colour ; but the extent of this

colour is the same in all, viz. down to and a little below the last

joint of the middle toe. The shafts of the tail-feathers and of the

primaries seem liable to become white with the age of the feather

itself, owing to abrasion of the surface; but in no case are the

characteristics wanting which distinguish this species from G. micro-

rhyncha, only known at present from the Marquesas Islands, where

the present species is also found. The fact of its being obtained

near Ascension Island is an interesting addition to our knowledge of

its range, as it has not yet been recorded on that side, so far as I am

aware, beyond St. Helena.

8. Anous srotipus (Linn.)

Sterna stolida, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766).

Anous stolidus, Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 100 (1841); Saunders,

P. Z.S. 1876, p. 669.

[2 specimens. Inaccessible Island, near Tristan d’Acunha, October

16th, 1873. Eyes black. Live in caves and on trees.

No. 140, o. Raine Island, Australia. Feet, bill, and eyes

black.

No. 444, 9. Atsea: lat. 1° N., long. 137° 11’ E.

No. 485, 2. Admiralty Islands, March 3rd—10th, 1875.

No. 564, 3. At sea, near Tahiti, October 1875.]

In alcohol. Egg, and newly hatched young, St. Paul’s Rocks,

Atlantic, August 28th, 1873.

9 eggs from Raine Island, August 31st, 1874.

This is a very interesting series, showing the changes resulting from

age, both in the individual and in the annual plumage. The ex-

amination of a great number of Noddies from various localities

tends to show that specimens in clean and fresh plumage are very

rarely to be met with; and the weatherworn appearance of some

individuals, when compared with freshly moulted birds, would lead

the superficial observer to suppose that he had before him distinct

Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1877, No. LII. 52

798 MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARIDA. [Nov. 20,

species. The example No. 564 is an instance of this, it being a

superb old bird, freshly moulted, with all the edges of the feathers

perfect, the crown of the head of a pale lavender, and with much

smoke-colour on the throat, neck, and breast ; the primaries and tail-

feathers like satin, and having in some cases not quite attained their

full length ; altogether the finest specimen of the common Noddy

I ever saw. Both this and the next species are described in Mr.

Murray’s journal as being very abundant at the Admiralty Islands,

hovering in immense numbers over shoals of fish. That the general

range of these species is intertropical is tolerably well known; but it

is somewhat surprising to find both this and d. melanogenys at In-

accessible Island, close to Tristan d’Acunha, ‘in 37°S. latitude, on

the peculiar domain of the Albatross and the Penguin. The two

examples of A. stolidus from there are absolutely identical with

specimens from the Tortugas; and I can find no reason for attribut-

ing any of the larger form to other than this species.

9. ANOUS MELANOGENYS, Gray.

Anous melanogenys, G. R. Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 661, pl. 182

(1849); Saunders, P. Z. 8S. 1876, p. 670.

Anous tenuirostris mult. auctorum, nec Temm.

[In alcohol. Adult, young in down, and egg. St. Paul’s Rocks,

Atlantic Ocean.

1 specimen. St. Paul’s Rocks, August 27th, 1873.

1 specimen. Inaccessible Island, Tristan d’Acunha, Oct. 16th,

1873. In caves and on trees.

No. 484, 9. Admiralty Islands, March 3rd and 10th, 1875.

No. 508, 9. At sea. March 20th, 1875. Stomach contained

small crustacea. Eyes black. |

In the adult specimen from St. Paul’s rocks, where the breeding-

season was far advanced, the feathers are much worn; and the bird

from Inaccessible Island appears to be only a few months old, the

portion of the bill in front of the mandibular angle being very short

and weak. Under the head of the preceding species I have already

remarked upon the noteworthy fact of these two Noddies being found

so far south ; and it would be interesting to know if they breed there.

The specimens from the Admiralty Islands are adults.

10. Larus ripisunvpvs, L.

Larus ridibundus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766).

[No. 363, ¢. Manila, January 11th and 14th, 1875. Eyes brown.

4 specimens, 2 d, 29. Yokohama, Japan, May 1875. Eyes

brown. |

The Manila specimen and two of the Japanese are birds of the

previous year; the other two are adults. One of these, a female, is

remarkable for its small size, the wing (allowing for a deficient pri-

mary) being only 11‘5inches long; still I have seen and possess similar

examples of diminutive females from other localities, as well as from

Japan and China; and the other parts being in proportion, there is

nothing else to distinguish this from the ordinary form.

1877.] MR. H. SAUNDERS ON THE LARID. 799

11. Larus canvs, Linn.

Larus canus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766 2).

do. Japan, May 1875.

A bird of the previous year ; wing-coverts much abraded.

12. Larus GLaucopes, Meyen.

Larus glaucodes, Meyen, Obs. Zool. p. 115, pl. 24 (1834) ; Scl.

& Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 578.

[No. 650, ¢. Messier Channel, Straits of Magellan, January 4th,

1876. Eyes hazel, feet and bill reddish. }

A bird of a full year old, the tail being nearly devoid of the band

showing immaturity ; but the shoulders retain some brownish feathers.

Two eggs presented by Mr. Deans, of Stanley, Falkland Islands,

marked “Tern Gull” appear to belong to this species, which is a

well-known breeder in that group.

13. Larus Nov&-HOLLANDIA, Steph.

Larus nove-hollandie, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt.i. p.169,

ex Lath. (1825).

Larus jamesonii, Wils. Ill. Orn. pl. xxiii. et descript. (1831).

[No. 131, ¢. | Raine Island, N. Australia. Eyes white; bill

No. 132, @. } coral, tip darker. Only a few about the island. ]

From its larger size and the difference in the amount of white on

the primaries of the adults, this form seems to be fairly separable

from L. scopulinus, of New Zealand, and is undoubtedly distinct

from its ally, Z. hartlaubi, Bruch, of the Cape of Good Hope.

Specimens from the zorthern portions of Australia are much wanted ;

and these two examples are therefore of unusual value.

14. Larus pomrinicanus, Licht.

Larus dominicanus, Licht. Verz. d. Doubl. p. 82 (1823).

[1 specimen. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island.

No. 683, ¢. Nassau Harbour, Straits of Magellan, January 11th-

13th, 1876. Eyes grey; bill yellow; angle of lower mandible red.]

1 egg from Kerguelen Island ) The latter partake rather more of the

2 eggs from Elizabeth Island, bold markings characteristic of the

Straits of Magellan. eggs of L. marinus than the former.

Two adult specimens. I can detect no specific difference between

the examples of this form, which ranges from New Zealand to South

Africa, and thence to the extra-tropical portions of South America.

15. STERCORARIUS ANTARCTICUs (Less.).

Lestris antarcticus, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 616 (1831).

Stercorarius antarcticus, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 321.

[1 specimen. Inaccessible Island, Tristan d’Acunha, October

16th, 1873.

1 specimen. Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, January 1874,

No. 732, 2. Falkland Islands, January-February 1876. Eyes

hazel.

The two former are of the usual dusky colour ; the last shows the

52°

800 DR. A. B. MEYER ON TUE ECLECTI. | Nov. 20,

pale yellow acuminate feathers on the collar, which are rarely absent

in specimens from the Falklands.

16. SreRcoRARIUS CHILENSIS, Bp.

Lestris antarcticus, var.c, chilensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 207 (1857).

Stercorarius chilensis, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 323.

[No. 718, ¢. Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan, January 18th,

1876. Eyes brown; stomach had fish &e. |

A freshly moulted but somewhat immature specimen. Hitherto

no examples of this well-marked form have been obtained beyond the

eastern exit of the Straits of Magellan, its range being apparently to

the westward and northward along the coast as far as the lat. 23°S.

Since writing my notice of the Stercorariine (loc. cit. )» I have had

an opportunity of verifying the correctness of my opinions by the

examination of Bonaparte’s type in the Berlin Museum,

17. SteRCORARIUS POMATORHINUS (Temm.).

Lestris pomarinus, Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 514 (18135).

Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Sei Ibis, 1865, p. 509; Saunders,

P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 324.

[1 specimen. Off Inosima, Japan, May 1875. ]

A very fine adult bird, the golden tips to the feathers on the sides

of the neck being very rich, and the dusky pectoral band being faint

in the centre. This is quite a new locality for this species ; for

although its occurrence as a straggler once on the coast of Tenas-

serim, and once at Cape York, North Australia, would lead to the

expectation that it would find its way downwards through the

North Pacific, yet the only other locality on that side hitherto

recorded is that of the Prybilov Islands, a long way to the N.W.

The date, and the fact of this specimen being an adult, make this

link in the chain of our knowledge of its geographical distribution

particularly interesting,

10. Some additional Proof, if needed, of the Fact that the

Red Eclecti are the Females of the Green ones. By Dr.

A. B. Meyer, Director of the Royal Zoological Museum,

Dresden. Communicated by the Secretary.

[Received 26th October, 1877.]

(Plate LX XIX.)

My assertion that the red Hc/ecti are the females of the green ones!

did not at first meet with approval from many sides ; but I suppose

that now it begins to be looked upon as correct. Nevertheless it may

not be superfluous to recur to the question, the more so as the facts

which I have to record are much to the point.

Some time ago the Dresden Museum received a specimen of

1 Verh. k. k.zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1874, and Mittheilungen a. d. k. zool.

Mus. Dresden, Heft i. 1875.

DSmit hth

CEES Od,

2/3 n.s

Hanhart

imap.

1877.] DR. A. B. MEYER ON THE ECLECTI. 801

Eclectus polychlorus auct.' (C 3756 of the collection), which offers

net the least deviation from a common specimen from New Guinea

or Halmahera, except in the coloration of the tail-feathers: but

just this coloration is very remarkable ; viz. the left half of the tail

and the under tail-coverts are partly coloured red, like the same parts

in Eelectus linnei, as shown in the accompanying drawings (Plate

LXXIX.), where fig. 1 represents the upperside, and fig. 2 the under-

side of the tail in the specimen.

It will be observed that one half of the tail in figs. 1 and 2 is coloured

like the male, the other half like the female. In fig. 1, even a small

red patch is to be seen on the right web of the middle rectrix ; and

in fig. 2 the edges of the inner web of the rectrices are reddish.

I had apparently strong evidence that the specimen in question

came from Halmahera; but I am not able to distinguish the green

specimen from Halmahera from the New-Guinea ones, notwithstand-

ing the large series before me. It may be said tbat specimens from

the islands Jobi and Mafoor appear to be somewhat darker, more

bluish green than specimens from Halmahera and New Guinea, where

this colour is a little brighter, or golden-tinged; but specimens from

Halmahera and New Guinea are, in my opinion, not to be distin-

guished with certainty. I nevertheless do not doubt that the speci-

men in question comes from New Guinea and not from Halmahera,

as the red parts on it correspond entirely with those of the red

Eclecti from New Guinea, and not with those of the red ones from

Halmahera, which have these parts of a yellowish colour.

I do not exactly know how to interpret this remarkable coloration.

Is it something of a hermaphroditism? or is it the remains of the

dress of the young male? The specimen is not an old one, the bill

showing no traces of having been used very long; else one would

perhaps suggest that it is a very old female, which has adopted the

dress of the male, and where the red is the remains of the female

plumage; but this last supposition is out of the question.

Formerly (/. c.) I discussed the question whether the young bird

in both sexes is plain green or not; but I now believe that it is red

in both sexes, 7. e. bears the dress which the female keeps during

its whole life. To this belief I came when [ saw the specimen No.

22428 of the Berlin Museum (which Professor Peters kindly sent

me for inspection), mentioned by Prof, Cabanis and Dr. Reichenow

in the ‘ Journ. f. Ornithol.,’ 1876, p. 324°) as a young male from

New Britain. This is a green specimen, which has everywhere on

the wing and its coverts dark purple-red patches of the colour which

the female always has. These patches appear to be in dissolution,

or fading away ; and if this really is the case, and if the specimen

is a normal one, we have the proof that the young male is

1 Thisspecimen was formerly in the Gorlitz Museum, whose Curator, Dr. Peck,

kindly transmitted it to the Dresden Museum; and I have to thank him cordially

for his courtesy. Dr. Peck published a note on this specimen in the Sitzangs-

berichte of the Zoological Section of the Naturf. Ges. of Gorlitz, 26th Jan. 1875.

2 The remark made there is not quite intelligible, because, as I hear from Dr,

Reichenow, the words ‘‘ist der junge Vogel” have been omitted after the word

" Geschlecter.”

802 DR. A. B. MEYER ON THE ECLECTI. [Nov. 20,

coloured like the female—a fact which would be in accordance with

numerous others in ornithology. These red patches in the Berlin

specimen are chiefly in the middle of the webs, of which the edges are

quite green. I will not and cannot decide whether this is the general

mode of changing the colour, the specimen in the Dresden Museum,

above described, having just the edges of the web still red, whereas

the basal part is green.

Besides, one of the younger male specimens from New Guinea,

which I collected myself (C 1306 of the Dresden Museum), has some

faint traces of red on the secondaries—a fact which I had overlooked

till now: this specimen is older than the Berlin one, as the colora-

tion of the bill clearly proves ; but it is still young; and I therefore

doubt the less that the young male is always red like the female.

That this has not been already shown by many specimens is a fact

which I cannot sufficiently understand ; besides, Dr. Beccari writes

that the young ones offer the same differences as the adult birds

(Ann. Mus. Gen. vil. 715).

At all events, whatever be the signification of these remarkable

colorations, the specimens spoken of give very strong additional

proof to my assertion ¢hat the red Kclecti are the females of the

green ones".

A short time ago Mr. Fiedler, of Agram, in the ‘Orn. Central-

blatt,’ 1877, p. 87, reported that a green Hclectus polychlorus, dis-

sected in his town, proved to be a female. I did not succeed in

getting fuller particulars of this case, but have a suspicion that it

will range among those to which Mr. Forbes, in his paper on Eelectus

in ‘The Ibis,’ 1877, p. 281, alludes; and the Rev. George Brown’s

cases will perhaps come under the same head.

The “ ¢ ad.” specimen, mentioned by Prof. Cabanis and Dr.

Reichenow (/. c.) from New Britain, was brought over alive on

the ‘Gazelle,’ died in Berlin, and was dissected by Prof. Peters ; it

proved to be a male, and it is a green individual.

Dr. Bolau has recently mentioned (Zool. Garten, 1877, p. 295) an

Eclectus linnei from the Solomon Islands, which died in the Zoologi-

cal Garden of Hamburg. He kindly informed me that it was a

female, and is now in the Museum Godeffroy of that town. Mr.

Schmeltz was so obliging as to send me the specimen for inspection

(it is No. 14519 of that Museum) ; and I remark that not only are

green spots to be seen on the tertiaries, but that also some of their inner

webs are nearly entirely green. This specimen shows the red of the

head and throat as well as the under tail-coverts tinged with yellowish,

very different from the red in the specimens from New Guinea and

the islands of Geelvink Bay. I do not know whether this is an

individual variation, a consequence perhaps of the state of captivity,

' Count Salvadori mentions (Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 756), on the authority

of Signor d’Albertis, that this is a well-known fact in the Moluccas and New

Guinea. If this is the case, it is to be wondered at that neither Wallace, nor

Bernstein, nor Rosenberg, who all spent years in those regions, knew the Malay

language well, and procured large series of males and females, nor any one else

reported the well-known fact, or at least took the trouble to prove or disprove

its truth.

1877. MR. G. F. ANGAS ON HELIX SEPULCHRALIS. 803

or whether all the Solomon-Island specimens show this obvious tint.

Besides, the blue of the belly appears to be deeper, and some feathers

have in certain lights a greenish shade.

11. Notes on the Helix sepulchralis of Férussac and its Allies ;

with Descriptions of two Species. By Grorce Frencn

Aneas, C.M.Z.S., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., &c.

[Received October 26, 1877.]

(Plate LX XX.)

The confusion that appears to exist amongst conchologists with

regard to the nomenclature of certain land shells from the island of

Madagascar (hitherto passing as varieties of Helix sepulchralis of

Férussac) has induced me to make a careful examination of this some-

what protean group of Snails. After having referred to all that authors

have written concerning them, and inspected a very large series of

specimens, I am of opinion that several species, each presenting cer-

taim constant and distinctive characters sufficient to justify their sepa-

ration, have been mixed up under the general name of sepulchralis.

Férussac, in his ‘ Hist. Moll.,’ first describes Helix sepulchralis,

giving the diagnosis of the species as follows :—‘ H. testa orbiculato-

convexd, subdepressa, late umbilicata, glabra, castanea, subtus albo

zonata, apice alba; labro valde expanso, intus albo, margine reflexo,”

The type shell is figured by Férussac on plate 75. fig. 1; and on

plate 75 c there are given as varieties figs. 1-12. Pfeiffer, in the

‘Monographia Heliceorum viventium,’ also says Helix sepulchralis is

“late umbilicata.”’ Reeve, in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica,’ describes

the species as being broadly umbilicated, and on plate 39 of his

Monograph of Heliz gives three figures. The first of these, 147 a,

represents the true sepulchralis; 1476 is a distinct shell, and has

since been described and figured by Crosse in the ‘ Journal de Con-

chyliologie’ for 1869, p. 391, plate 12. fig. 3, under the name of

Helix subsepulchralis; whilst 147 ¢ I regard as a third species, for

which I propose the name of Helix hova.

Amongst the shells thus confused together under the general

name of sepulchralis, there appear to me to be at least four separate

species, all of which, though displaying, more or less, certain cha-

racters which I regard as belonging to the group, are yet easily re-

cognizable at once as being distinct.

First comes the Helix sepulchralis proper (Plate LX XX. figs. 1, 2),

the leading characters of which may be thus briefly noted. Shell

double the size, or nearly so, of its allies; widely and perspectively

umbilicated ; spire very slightly raised ; whorls with the concentric

depression moderate, and carried through all the whorls to the apex ;

the upper surface of the body-whorl coarsely obliquely plicately

malleated ; colour either dark purplish chestnut, or pale olive-green

inclining to violet near the apex, with occasionally a white band

surrounding the umbilical region, but never banded above.

804 MR. G. F. ANGAS ON HELIX SEPULCHRALIS. ([Noyv. 20,

Secondly, Helix subsepulchralis, Crosse (Plate LXXX. fig. 3.).

Shell much smaller and more solid; spire conical ; whorls with the

concentric depression and coarse plication absent ; colour dark chest-

nut, with a narrow white band at the periphery and a broader one at

the base; umbilicus more contracted, and non-perspective ; umbilical

region invariably of a dark colour ; whilst the brown colouring shows

on the interior of the lip. This is the shell figured by Reeve as H.

sepulchralis, var. 6.

Thirdly, I will briefly diagnose the shell figured as var. e. This

appears, on the examination of many specimens, quite distinct from

the H. subsepulchralis of Crosse. The shell is about the same size,

but less conical ; the umbilicus is more contracted ; there is a faint

development of the depression on the upper part of the last whorl ;

the painting invariably consists of three broad chestnut zones on a

pale yellowish-olive ground ; and the umbilical region is constantly of

a light colour. For this species I propose the name of H. hova.

Fourthly comes another shell, equally distinct, somewhat larger than

the last two, but never attaining the size of the true sepulchralis,

from which it differs also in form, being less flattened and more com-

pact ; it wants the oblique plications, but has the concentric depres-

sion strongly developed, the lower edge of it being bounded by a pro-

minent elevated keel; the base is very tumid in front, and forms a

kind of abrupt carina bordering the pinched and contracted umbili-

cus. The colouring varies from dark chocolate-brown to pale green,

banded with brown zones, whilst the umbilicus is almost invariably

encircled by a light or dark band, sometimes by both. One marked

character of this species is the freckled, diaphanous, more or less zig-

zag ornamentation of the epidermis, which gives to the shell a beauti-

ful appearance, and is never discernible in H. sepulchralis. ‘The

species, of which there is a bad figure in Férussac (pl. 75 e. figs. 6,

7), I propose to call Helix sakalava.

Hewix woya,n. sp. (Plate LXXX. figs. 4, 5.)

Shell moderately umbilicated, depressedly conical, rather solid,

under the lens extremely finely shagreened, greenish yellow with three

broad chestnut bands; whorls 43, rather convex, the depression on

the upper surface of the last whorl very slight; base rounded, with

a moderate excavation round the umbilicus, which is somewhat con-

tracted and non-perspective; aperture oblique, quadrately ovate,

white within; outer lip moderately expanded and reflexed, pure

white ; margin joined by a thick white callus.

Diam. maj. | in. 5 lines, min. 1 in., alt. 10 lines.

Hab. Madagascar,

HELIX SAKALAVA, n, sp. (Plate LX XX. figs. 6-11.)

Shell umbilicated, orbicular, moderately solid, very minutely irre-

gularly granulated above and below, chestnut, with a pale band sur-

rounding the umbilical region, and more or less freckled throughout

with angular or zigzag ochraceous diaphanous markings ; spire very

slightly raised, apex obtuse ; whorls 44, rapidly increasing, the last

1877.] THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 805

whorl large and inflated, impressed on the upper part with a broad

concentric groove, the lower edge of which is bordered by a blunt

prominent rib or keel just above the periphery, and with an obtuse

tumid carina below surrounding the umbilicus, which is some-

what small, contracted, and non-perspective ; aperture oblique, qua-

drately ovate, white or very pale ash-colour within; outer lip

thickened, expanded and sharply reflexed, somewhat angularly di-

lated and obsoletely toothed in the middle, white ; margins approxi-

mating, joined by a moderate callus.

Average diam. maj. | in. 6 lines, min. | in. 2 lines, alt. 9 lines.

Hab. Madagascar.

Var. a. Shell entirely white, with a pale olive-yellow epidermis.

Var. 6. Shell pale green, with three brown bands, and freckled

with light diaphanous markings.

Var. ¢. Shell pale yellowish olive, irregularly painted with longi-

tudinal brown flames, and with the typical band round the umbilicus.

The specimens figured are selected from a fine series of Madagas-

ear shells in the collection of Sir David Barclay, Bart.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXX.

Figs. 1, 2. Heitix sepulchralis, Fér., p. 808.

3. subsepulchralis, Crosse, p. 804.

4,5. —— hova, Angas, p. 804.

6-11. sakalava, Angus, p. 805.

December 4, 1877.

Prof. A. Newton, F.R.S., in the Chair.

The following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie

during the month of November 1877 was read by the Secretary :—

The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-

gerie during the month of November 1877 was 75, of which 3 were

by birth, 34 by presentation, 26 by purchase, 3 by exchange, and 9

were received on deposit. The total number of departures during

the same period, by death and removals, was 99.

The most noticeable additions during the month were :—

1, A three-banded Arinadillo (Tolypeutes tricinctus), from Brazil,

purchased November 3rd. Of this scarce form of Armadillo, re-

marksble for its possession of the faculty of rolling itself up into a

ball, we have had no living example since 1865.

2. A young example of Brown Pelican of the West Indies (Pe-

lecanus fuscus), purchased Nov. 16th. This Pelican is seldom met

with in captivity ; and we have had no examples of it in our collec-

tion since we lost those described and figured in the Society’s ‘ Pro-

ceedings,’ 1868, p. 268, pl. xxv.

3. A Brown Tree-Kangaroo (Dendrolagus inustus), purchased

November 19th. Of this rare animal we have received no specimen

since 1865. The present example was obtained from M. Léon

806 MR. H. SEEBOHM ON SIBERIAN EGGS AND BIRDS. ([Dec. 4,

Laglaize, who brought it back with him from his recent successful

expedition to New Guinea.

4. An example of the Maned Fox of South America, or Brazilian

Wolf (Canis jubatus), purchased Nov. 30th. Of this remarkable

carnivore no specimen, so far as I know, has been previously brought

alive to Europe; and it is even a desideratum in many museums.

Our example, which is young, probably not quite full-grown, was

obtained for the Society through the agency of Mr. Petty, of Buenos

Ayres, who states that it is the only specimen he has met with in

captivity during many years in which he has been in the habit of

interesting himself in living animals. The figure of Burmeister

(Erlaut. zur Fauna Brasiliens, p. 25, pl. xxi.) does not quite agree

with our individual, which, as will be seen by the drawing now exhi-

bited (Plate LXXXI.), is of a nearly uniform foxy brown colour, and

has the interior of the large ears densely clothed with woolly hairs.

Mr. Henry Seebohm exhibited some of the rarer eggs and birds

which he obtained on his recent visit to the arctic regions of the

Yen-e-say in Kast Siberia, and gave a rapid sketch of his journey.

Amongst the eggs which he exhibited were those of T'urdus pallens,

Phylloscopus borealis, P. tristis, P. superciliosus, Accentor mon-

tanellus, Emberiza pusilla, Charadrius longipes, Tringa minuta,

Anser ruficollis, and Cygnus bewickit.

Some of the most interesting skins were those of birds in imma-

ture plumage, e. g. :—young in down of Charadrius lonyipes ; young

in first plumage of 7urdus iliacus, T. pilaris, T. fuscatus, T. atri-

gularis, T. pallens, Emberiza pusilla, and Anthus richardi.

He also exhibited young in first plumage of Locustella certhiola

(Pallas, nee Middendorff), and pointed out the identity of this species

with ZL. rubescens of Blyth, L. dorie of Salvadori, and probably

with LZ. minor of David and Oustalet.

He also pointed out that 1. ochotensis of Middendorff (of which

he had examined the types in the St. Petersburg Museum) was not a

good species, being the young in second plumage of L. certhiola

(Midd. nec Pall.). Of this species he exhibited two specimens of

the adult—one from Kamchatka, the type of LZ. subcerthiola of

Swinhoe, and a second skin from Urup Isla, south of Kamchatka,—

and a specimen of the young in second plumage, the type of Arun-

dinax blakistoni of Swinhoe (Ibis, 1876, p. 332, pl. vii. fig. 1).

Mr. Seebohm also stated that an examination of the skins of certain

Acrocephali in the St.-Petersburg Museum, collected by Prjevalsky

in the valley of the Ussuri, in Swinhoe’s collection, obtained by him

in China, and in the collections of Lord Tweeddale and the British

Museum, obtained by Wallace and others in the islands of the Malay

archipelago, had convinced him that Acrocephalus fasciolatus of

Gray and Calamoherpe subflavescens of Elliot were identical, and were

the young in second plumage of Acrocephalus insularis of Wallace,

of which Calamoherpe fumigata of Swinhoe is a synonym.

He also exhibited a series of hybrids between Corvus corone and

C. cornix, which habitually interbreed in the valley of the Yen-e-say.

Mel. J Smit lith

JUBATUS.

1877. ] MR. A. ANDERSON ON PODICEPS CRISTATUS. 807

Other skins were principally interesting as extending our know-

ledge of geographical distribution, such as those of Phylloscopus

trochilus and Acrocephalus scheenibenus from long. 88° E., Anthus

gustavi of Swinhoe (=4. seebohmi of Dresser, =A. batchianensis

of Gray) from the same longitude, and young birds in first plumage

of this species from the Kurile Islands.

Mr. W. Saville Kent, F.Z.S., exhibited the plans of a Zoological

Station and Museum and Institute of Pisciculture to be established

at St. Helier’s, Jersey, of which he was the originator. The

object sought in the establishment of this institution was the pro-

vision within British waters of facilities for pursuing marine biologi-

cal investigations similar to those which exist at the Naples Aquarium

and Zoological Station, and at the Anderson School of Natural

History at Penikese Island, Buzzards Bay, U.S. A.

The Secretary exhibited on the part of Mr. A. Anderson, F.Z.S.,

one of the spotted eggs of Ascalaphia coromanda referred to by him at

p- 316 of the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1876. Mr. Anderson was

of opinion that Owls laying such remarkably well-marked eggs was

one of the most extraordinary facts in oology he had heard of. He

regretted that the companion egg, which was equally well marked,

had been left by an oversight in India.

The Secretary also exhibited on the part of Mr. A. Anderson,

F.Z.8., the young of Rhynchops albicollis and Seena aurantia on

first exclusion from the egg-shells, these chicks having been hatched

in Mr. Anderson’s own house along with a number of others.

Mr. Anderson drew attention to the fact that there was no appre-

ciable difference between the bills of the two species at this early

stage, so that the extraordinary scissor-shaped bill of Rhynchops

albicollis must be developed when the bird is in a state of adolescence.

Mr. Anderson had never yet succeeded in procuring one of these

birds showing the partially developed bill, owing to their habit of keep-

ing well in the centre of large rivers, and of secreting themselves on

islands, sandbanks, and drift-wood on the first approach of danger.

The Secretary also exhibited on the part of Mr. A. Anderson,

F.Z.S., portions of the skins of the parent Grebes (Podiceps cris-

tatus), together with two of the nestling birds in a downy state, the

nidification of which had been described by him in ‘ Stray Feathers,’

vol. iii. p. 274.

Mr. Anderson was of opinion that it was the extraordinary heavy

rainfall during that year that had induced some of these birds

to linger in the plains of the North-west Provinces for the purpose

of breeding. Still he considered it likely enough that a few pairs

regularly nested in the Oudh tarai, and on some of the larger sheets

of water in Bundelkhand, where the country had not yet been tho-

roughly explored during the rainy season.

808 MR. H. LEE ON RISSO’S GRAMPUS. [ Dec. 4,

The following papers were read :—

1. On the Capture of a Specimen of Risso’s Grampus at

Sidlesham, near Chichester. By Henry Len, F.L.S.,

F.Z.8., &c.

[Received November 20, 1877.]

In the publications of the Zoological Society are to be found so

many valuable notices of the occurrence on the coasts of Great

Britain of some of the rarer Whales that I feel I ought, as one of its

Fellows, to have communicated to the Society before now the capture

of a specimen of Risso’s Grampus more than two years ago not far

from Chichester.

On the 26th of July, 1875, a “large porpoise’ was seen to be

embayed in shallow water at Sidlesham, near Chichester ; and a party

of men succeeded in cutting off its retreat seaward, and driving it

inshore. As the tide receded, it was left swimming in a deep pool ;

and its captors, after fastening a line with cork floats to its tail to

mark its ‘‘ whereabouts,” telegraphed to Brighton information of its

arrival. On the following morning an official from the Aquarium

took charge of it, and it was conveyed alive to one of the large tanks

there. Unfortunately, however, it only survived for twenty-four hours.

Being in a different part of the country at the time, I had not the

pleasure of seeing it alive; and when I was able to examine it it was

in the hands of Mr. Brasenor, the taxidermist I was greatly pleased,

however, to find that this ‘‘ bull-head porpoise,”’ as the local fisher-

men called it, was a Grampus of a species extremely rare in Britain—

namely, Grampus griseus of Cuvier (which Professor Flower and

others regard as identical with Risso’s Grampus) and G. cuviert of

Dr. Gray. Ouly three specimens are known to have been previously

taken on the English, and eight on the French coasts. In the

stomach were many horny beaks of we common Squid (Loligo

vulgaris) and twelve small stones.

The distinctive characters and measurements of this animal were

as follows :—

Vertebrae.—Cervical 7, dorsal 12, iret and caudal 49; total 68.

Ribs.—12.

Teeth.—None in the upper jaw; in the lower jaw four on each

side, on the anterior part of the ramus, separate, conical, — curved

inward (especially towards the crown). Dental formula

Dimensions.

ft. in.

Total lengihinn civscahysals. fe.sl- SaF¥ na ee doah ee 8 0

Girth, in ‘front of dorsal fin ..... 3 8

From upper lip te anterior edge of dorsal fin (fol

lowing curve) . ; 3.7

From upper lip to blowhole (following © curve) . ta 1

From upper lip to eae of anterior edge of pec

toral fin with body . Spon atsdschc ines sites Cane

ee EEE

1S77.] MR. H. LEE ON RISSO’S GRAMPUS. 809

ft. in.

Anterior edge of upper lip to angle of mouth .. 0 93

Length of eye-aperture. . “dt, SemNet Aaa i 1

Pectoral fin ; length from junction of anterior edge

mith shady Gostipy..... «acdsee. 4 Leech. el

Pectoral fin, from junction of posterior edge with

bady to tip *}i.4, "% eee a ase coe.. O LT

Pectoralating breadth atibase a:%. 4<c a od. Sand Ou, 5

Dorsal fin, height in perpendicular line........ 0 9

Dorsal fin from base to tip, following curve of an-

Peter Ei} RR a tortay sid pt Sad ees a GR Says ate 6

Breadth of caudal fin) 6) 603552 nasa Th anor de Wd

Sex.— Male.

The number of vertebrae is precisely the same as that given by

Professor Flower as found in an individual of this species, 10 feet

long, taken in a mackerel-net near the Eddystone Lighthouse, on

the 28th of February, 1870; and also exactly coincides with the

number found by M. Fischer in a specimen of Grampus griseus,

9 feet 2 inches long, stranded in 1867 on the coast of La Gironde,

France, and taken to Arcachon.

Although the absence of teeth in the upper jaw is constant and

persistent, the dentition in the lower jaw varies considerably in this

species. In Cuvier’s specimen, described by him as Delphinus

griseus from a skeleton and drawing sent to the Paris Museum from

Brest, there were only two teeth on each side of the mandible, all

much worn. In M. Fischer’s specimen, already referred to, the den-

tition was the same as that of our Brighton Grampus; and of four

others mentioned by D’Orbigny as having been stranded near I’ Ai-

guillon, La Vendée, and recognized by F. Cuvier as identical with the

Brest specimen, one, a young one 7 feet long, had the same number

of teeth, namely four on each side of the lower jaw ; whilst two

older ones had respectively six and seven, blunt, carious teeth

similarly placed. In Professor Flower’s adult individual, there

were = If the identity of “ Risso’s Dolphin” with Grampus

griseus be accepted, the variation extends even to a.

The colour of our Grampus from Sidlesham was the same as of

those described by D’Orbigny, and of the specimen which ran

aground, in the Isle of Wight, in the spring of 1843, the skull

of which is in the British Museum—namely, bluish-black above and

dirty white beneath. From the prevalent colour of this Isle-of-

Wight specimen being black and not grey, Dr. J. E. Gray changed

its specific name to “ cuvieri,” considering that the word griseus

gave a wrong impression of the animal, and that Cuvier was induced

to call it so by the bad colouring of the drawing sent to him.

Professor Flower has so fully described this species and every thing

of interest relating to it in his very complete and elaborate paper

published in the ‘Transactions of the Zoological Society,’ vol. viii.

part 1, March 1872, that I need only refer, for further information,

to that admirable memoir. :

810 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [Dec. 4,

2. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made in Northern For-

mosa by H. E. Hobson, Esq. By Artaur GARDINER

Butter, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e. .

[Received November 13, 1877.]

Through the kindness of Dr. Lockhart, I have recently had the

pleasure of examining a collection of Lepidoptera sent home by Mr.

Hobson, who has generously permitted me to select, for the national

collection, those species which we required.

In 1866 Messrs. Wallace & Moore published, in the ‘ Proceedings’

of this Society, a list of the Lepidoptera taken by Mr. Swinhoe at

Takow: of the forty-six butterflies there enumerated seventeen only

have reappeared in the present series ; and some of these will not be

recognized as the same, owing to changes which have arisen in the

nomenclature of the Butterflies and in the views now held by many

lepidopterists of the localized character of the so-called variations of

certain species.

RHOPALOCERA.

NYMPHALID.

DANaAIN A, Bates.

Danarts, Latreille.

1. DANAIS PLEXIPPUS.

Papilio plexippus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p, 262 (1764).

Several examples.

2. DANAIS CHRYSIPPUS.

Papilio chrysippus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 263 (1764).

Two or three specimens.

3. DANAIS MELANEUS.

Papilio melaneus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1, pl. 30. D (1775).

One example.

4. Danats TyTIA.

Danais tytia, Gray, Lep. Ins. Nep. p. 9, pl. 9. fig. 2 (1846).

One example.

5. DANAIS SIMILIS.

Papilio similis, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 299 (1764).

Tolerably common.

TerpsicHrois, Hibner. f

6. TERPSICHROIS MIDAMUS.

Papilio midamus, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 251 (1764).

Two or three specimens.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM FORMOSA. 811

Evpiaa, Fabricius.

7. EUPL@A SWINHOEI.

Euplea swinhoei, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 358.

A pair of this beautiful and rare species.

SALPInx, Hubner.

8. SALPINX HOBSONI, n. sp.

3. Allied to S. vestigiata, but darker and more brilliantly shot

with purple, primaries with the submarginal blue spots of about four

times the size; costal spot smaller, elliptical interno-median spot

similar ; secondaries considerably darker, excepting at anal angle, as

dark and brilliantly purple-shot as the primaries, costal area greyish

sericeous ; cuneiform subcostal patch clearer and brighter in colour ;

three submarginal spots towards the apex, the uppermost one white,

the two others bright blue: expanse 3 inches 6 lines.

A single fine male.

This species is, at first sight, so manifestly distinct from S. vesti-

giata that I feel no hesitation in characterizing it from a single

example. :

SATYRINA, Bates.

9. MELANITIS ISMENE.

Papilio ismene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. 1, pl. 26. A, B (1775).

Several specimens.

ELyMNIIN&, Kirby.

10. ELyMNIAS NIGRESCENS.

Elymnias nigrescens, Butler, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 520, pl. xlii. fig. 1.

One shattered example.

This is the common Elymnias of Malacca.

NYMPHALINA, Bates.

11. ATHYMA ZOROASTRES, N. sp.

Allied to A. cama, from Silhet, the male without the rufous dis-

coidal streak in primaries; the white belt of secondaries broader

above, below slightly contracted from the middle to the abdominal

margin; ground-colour below altogether greyer, the pearly spots

and belt of secondaries narrower and less clear; female above with

all the pale tawny belts of little more than half the width, below with

the same differences as in the male: expanse, ¢ 2 inches 3 lines,

Q 3 inches.

A pair.

12. ATHYMA LEUCOTHOE.

Papilio leucothoé, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 292 (1764).

Common.

812 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [ Dec. 4,

13. DIADEMA MISIPPUS.

Papilio misippus, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 264 (1764).

Not uncommon.

An interesting male variety, approaching the female in coloration,

occurs in the collection.

14. DIADEMA KEZIA, 0. sp.

Allied to D. phiiippensis, but with the spots of the postmedian

fascia of primaries well separated, smaller, and in an angular series,

the primaries less brilliantly shot with blue, the submarginal spots of

secondaries less sharply defined; wings below with all the white

spots smaller, the large spot on the costa of secondaries being no

larger than the other spots of the discal series ; this series on both

surfaces of all the wings continuous, not interrupted by the post-

median fascia of primaries: expanse, d 3 inches, 9 3 inches 3 lines.

Common.

This is probably the Diadema auge of Wallace’s list; we have five

examples in the collection of the British Museum; there are others

in Mr. Hobson’s series ; and I have seen several in private collections.

15. DiapreMA PRISCILLA, 0. sp,

Q. Allied to D. avia (jacintha, Drury), but the primaries less

falcated, all the wings darker, deep chocolate-brown ; the primaries

with a lustrous trifid blue patch beyond the cell (instead of the four

blue spots of D. avia), a large bifid white subapical spot commencing

the diseal series; submarginal spots small and indistinct, otherwise

as in D. avia; secondaries with all the spots white, the submarginal

series, of small semicircular or conical spots, followed near the margin

by a series of diverging linear white markings: wings below also

darker, with similar differences to those on the upper surface (of

course with no blue spots or patches) ; external angle of primaries

blackish, disk of all the wings with scarcely perceptibly paler band :

expanse 4 inches 3 lines.

One female.

This species is still nearer to the Bornean form, which, however,

has not yet been described, so that I am compelled to compare it

with the Indian one.

16. Nepris EURYNOME.

Limenitis eurynome, Westwood, Donov. Ins. China, pl. 37. fig. 3

(1842).

Several specimens,

17. JUNONIA ALMANA. ;

Papilio almana, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 272 (1764).

Common.

18. JUNONIA ASTERIE.

Papilio asterie, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 769 (1766).

One specimen.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM FORMOSA. 813

19. JUNONIA ORITHYIA.

Papilio orithyia, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 278 (1764).

Several examples.

20. VANESSA ANGELICA.

Papilio angelica, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 388. G,H (1782).

One example.

21. CyrEsTIs THYODAMAS.

Cyrestis thyodamas, Boisduval, Cuv. Régne Anim. Ins. ii. pl. 138.

fig. 4 (1836).

One female.

The single specimen in the collection is smaller than the average

of Indian examples ; it is also slightly darker, but does not differ in

marking.

22. PyRAMEIS CALLIRHOE.

Hamadryas callirhoé, Hubner, Samm. exot. Schmett. (1806-16).

One or two specimens.

23. PyraMEIS CARDUI.

Papilio cardui, Linneus, Faun. Suec. p. 276 (1761).

One specimen.

24. ARGYNNIS NIPHE.

Papilio niphe, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 785 (1766).

Two or three specimens.

25. Messaras ERYMANTHIS.

Papilio erymanthis, Drury, Il. Exot. Ent. i. pl. 15. figs. 3, 4

(1773).

Common.

PAPILIONIDZ.

PIERIN4, Swainson.

26. TERIAS HECABE.

Papilio heeabe, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 249 (1764).

Several examples.

27. TERIAS ZSIOPE.

Terias esiope, Ménétriés, Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. 1, pl. 2. fig. 3

(1855).

Several examples.

28. CaTopsiILIA CHRYSEIS.

Papilio chryseis, Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent. pl. 12. figs. 3, 4 (1770).

Several examples.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LIII. 53

S14 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON [ Dec. 4,

29. CATOPSILIA NEPHTE.

Papilio nephte, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iii. p. 190. n. 588 (1793).

Two females.

Possibly a local variation of the preceding species; it is much

larger than C. pyranthe, with which I have associated it in my

monograph of the genus.

30. CATOPSILIA PYRANTHE.

Papilio pyranthe, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. ii. 1, p. 763 (1766).

Var. Papilio ilea, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 421 (1798).

Both forms of this species.

31. CaTopsILIA GNOMA.

Papilio gnoma, Fabricius, Syst. Ent. App. p. 828 (1775).

One female.

32. HrEBOMOIA GLAUCIPPE.

Papilio g!aucippe, Linnzeus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 240 (1764).

One example.

33. APPIAS FORMOSANA.

Pieris formosana, Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 356.

One male.

PaptILIioNnina4, Bates.

34. PAPILIO SARPEDON.

Papilio sarpedon, Linneus, Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 196 (1764).

One or two specimens.

35. PapILio ERITHONIUS.

Papilio erithonius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iii. pl. 232. A, B (1782).

Common.

36. PAPILIO XUTHUS.

Papilio xuthus, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 751 (1766).

Common.

37. PAPILIO PAMMON.

Var. P. borealis, Felder, Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 22. n. 2 (1861).

Several specimens.

38. PAPILIO MAACKII.

Papilio maackii, Ménétriés, Bull. Acad. Pét. xvii. p. 212 (1859).

One shattered example.

39. PAprILio DEMETRIUS.

Papilio demetrius, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 385. E, F (1782).

Two shattered examples.

1877.] LEPIDOPTERA FROM FORMOSA, 815

HESPERIIDA.

40. Pampuina marrurias.

Hesperia matthias, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 433 (1798).

One or two specimens.

41. PLestonrura Fo.us.

Papilio folus, Cramer, Pap. Exot. iv. pl. 74. F (1779).

Several specimens.

This list of Diurnal Lepidoptera, taken in conjunction with that

of Mr. Wallace in 1866, brings the number of Formosan butterflies

up to 70: there is, however, little doubt that in a year or two we

shall be able to add greatly to this number.

HETEROCERA.

SPHINGIDA.

MacroGLossIn 2.

42. Macrocrossa proxima ?

Macroglossa proxima, Butler, P. Z. 8. 1875, p- 4, pl. i. fig. 1.

One rather rubbed specimen.

Cu £ROCAMPINA, Butler.

43. CH#ROCAMPA SILHETENSIS.

Cherocampa silhetensis, Walker, Lep. Het. viii. p- 143 (1856).

One specimen.

44. CH£ROCAMPA JAPONICA.

Cherocampa japonica, Boisduval, Lép. Jap. p. 36 (1869).

Two examples.

ARCTIIDA.

45. AREAS LACTINEA.

Phalena lactinea, Cramer, Pap. Exot. ii. pl. 131. D (1779).

One specimen.

LITHOSIID.

Hyrsin #, Butler.

46. Hypsa zeprina, n. sp.

Allied to H. dama, but the thorax brownish above, the black trans-

verse bands on the abdomen narrower, primaries more glossy and

without the white veins, black spots at the base larger, longitudinal

claviform white streak more regular: expanse, ¢ 2 inches 7 lines,

Q 2 inches 6 lines.

A pair.

H. dama is a species only found in the Australian Region,

CHALCOSIIDA.

47. CHALcosia DIANA, 0. sp.

Allied to C. ideoides, but the veins and borders distinctly bluer,

53*

816 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dee. 4,

bright ultramarine in certain lights, the subapical spots of prima-

ries united into a continuous band, the postmedian band broader, the

basal two fifths of interno-median interspace and the base of the cell

white; secondaries with one or two white spots on the border;

vertex of head and collar bright carmine, not spotted with green as

in C. ide@oides ; abdomen bright metallic bronze-coloured, not pale

metallic green: expanse, J 2 inches, 2 2 inches 2 lines.

Several examples.

This species is smaller than C. id@oides, and somewhat more

nearly allied to an undescribed species which Mr. Moore proposes to

call C. argentata.

LIMACODID.

48. ANZABE SINENSIS.

Anzabe sinensis, Walker, Lep. Het. v. p. 1093 (1855).

One example.

HYPOPYRIDA.

49. SprRAMA RECTIFASCIATA.

Spiramia rectifasciata, Ménétri¢s, Cat. Mus. Petrop. iii.

One example, a male.

OPHIUSID.

50. OpH1usA FULVOTENIA.

Ophiusa fulvotenia, Guéuce, Noct. iii. p. 272. n. 1710.

One poor example.

3. Contributions to the Ornithology of the Philippines.—No.

III. On the Collection made by Mr. A. H. Everett in

the Island of Mindanao. By Arraur, Marquis of

TwreppaLe, F.R.S., President of the Society.

[Received December 3, 1877.]

(Plates LXXXII.-LXXXV.)

Visited by the French naturalist Sonnerat some 106 years ago, the

large Philippine island of Mindanao has continued to be aimost

a terra incognita to the zoologist ever since, while the little know-

ledge of its animals we possessed was restricted to those inhabiting

a small portion of its southern and western limb or peninsula in the

neighbourhood of the principal Spanish settlement of Zamboanga.

Dr. Steere and the naturalists of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition!

added some 40 species to the previously known total of nineteen

Mindanao birds; but their researches were likewise confined to the

country in the neighbourhood of Zamboanga.

1 Dr. Steere added some twenty-nine species, and the ‘Challenger’ Expedi-

tion eleven.

PZ.51877.Pl L Xxx

i Smit hth. Hanhart imap

LORICULUS HARTLAUBI,16,2 9.

JSmit lith

MULLERIPICUS FULIGINOSUS

Hanhart imp

PLS L877. Pl Ley

J.Smit lth.

Hanhart imp

ORTHOTOMUS NIGRICEPS.

1877. | THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 817

-Mr. Everett last May selected new ground, and proceeded to

Butuan, on the Butuan river, in North Mindanao, and afterwards

changed his station to Surigao, situated at the most northern point

of the island, and then to Placer on the north-east side. At these

three stations he collected eighty-one species of birds during part of

the months of May, June, and July, and has thus largely added

to our knowledge of the avifauna of this little-explored island. Mr.

Everett in one letter states that his work has been much interrupted

by the rains, in another that he has been working under numerous

drawbacks—fever, constant heavy rains, and impossibility of getting

regular supplies of ammunition. That, in spite of all his difficulties,

he should have done so much, redounds all the more to his untiring

“zeal.

To the total of fifty-nine known Mindanao birds Mr. Everett has

added forty-three. Of these nine are new to science :—

Tanygnathus everetti. -. Diceum cinereigulare.

Mulleripicus fuliginosus. Aithopyga bella.

Penelopides affinis. Anthothreptus griseigularis.

Criniger everetti. Leucotreron? incognita.

Orthotomus nigriceps.

Three are new to the Philippine avifauna :—

Cisticola greyi. Limnocinelus acuminatus.

Aigialites cantianus.

One, stated doubtfully to occur in some Philippine island, was not

included in my list :—

Phlogenas crinigera.

The number of species of birds now recorded from the island of

Mindanao amounts to 99, from south-west Mindanao 59, and from

north-east Mindanao 81. The grand total of birds inhabiting the

Philippine area (as restricted by me) has been increased by Mr.

Everett’s researches to about 288.

1. Cacarua HZMATUROPYGIA (1).

[Mouth of Butuan river, ¢, May. Iris dark brown; orbital

skin white; bill lead-grey; feet grey. Placer, ¢ 9, July.]

2. PRIONOTURUS DISCURUS (2).

[Surigao, g, June; Placer, ¢, July. |]

3. TANYGNATHUS LUCONENSIs (3).

[Butuan, g¢, May; Surigao, ¢ 2, May.]

4. TANYGNATHUS EVERETTI.

Tanygnathus everetti, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4,

vol. xx. }». 533 (December 1, 1877).

Tanygnathus sumatranus (Raffles), G. R. Gray, Hand-list, no.

8248, ‘Island of Sama.”’

@. Whole head light green. Throat, breast, and abdominal

818 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dec. 4,

region the same, with an ochreous tint. Upper back and intersca-

pulars dark green. First primary dark brown, very narrowly mar-

gined with green on outer web ; remaining primaries brown, with

the whole of the outer web green, and, towards the ends, some of

the inner webs. Secondaries, and tertiaries above, green. All the

wing-coverts green, narrowly margined with yellow. Quills under-

neath brown. Under wing-coverts green and yellowish green. Rec-

trices above green, like quills; below pale golden brown. Middle

and lower back and uropygium deep torquoise-blue, not sky-blue.

Upper tail-coverts green. Bill in dried skin white,

Wing 7 inches, tail 5, tarsus 0°75, bill from gape 1°00.

[Butuan, 9, May. Iris orange. |]

Only one example is sent by Mr. Everett ; but while very close

to T. albirostris, Wallace, of Celebes, it can be readily distinguished

by the deep tone of the blue of the back and its smaller. dimensions.

An example from the Philippine island of Samar, obtained by

Cuming, is in the British Museum, and is alluded to by Dr. O.

Finsch (Pap. ii. p. 360) as being possibly 7. muelleri of Celebes.

Mr. Sharpe, who has compared 7’. everetéi with Cuming’s Samar

example, writes :—‘ 7’. everetti certainly seems to me to be exactly

the same species as the bird marked 7. sumatranus by Gray. It

has the same blue edgings to the interscapular feathers. Our bird

has one side of the upper breast blue-edged, which yours has not.”

Mr. Sharpe adds that the British-Museum skin has the bill coral-

red; so that probably this Philippine species, which is a repre-

sentative form of 7’. muelleri, has either a red or a white bill, like the

Celebesian species (conf. Walden, Tr. Z. 8, viii. p. 31). The blue

edgings on the upper breast of the Samar bird do not occur in 7.

muelleri.

5. CYCLOPSITTA LUNULATA (4).

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris dark brown; bill black, the base of

maxilla light grey; feet greenish. ]

Seven examples from Surigao and three from Butuan are sent by

Mr. Everett, and they cannot be specifically separated from Luzon

individuals. Only one is marked 9, and it has a lunated collar

and crescentic markings on the lower back; some of the necklace-

plumes blue on their under surface. Five examples are of adults

(marked ¢) with blue collars, the lower back bright yellow-green

and no crescentie markings. Four (marked ¢ ) are immature birds,

with mixed blue and lunulated collars, and with traces, more or less,

of crescentic markings on the lower back. These last examples

establish the identity of C. lunulata and C. loxias; but the question

whether the /wzuduta plumage belongs to adult females as well as to

immature males still remains open. Some of the collar-plumes of the

only female in the collection being blue underneath perhaps indicates

a state of transition to the lovias dress. None of the adult males

have the whole face, lores, and ophthalmic region blue, as is the case

in two Luzon individuals killed in January.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 519

6. LoricuLus HARTLAUBI (7). (Plate LXXXII.)

Coryllis hartlaubi, Finsch, Papag. ii. p. 711.

? Loriculus indicus ( Briss.) ; Souancé, var. A, 3, Rev. et Mag. de

Zool. 1856, p. 220, partim.

? Loriculus cyanolemus, Bp. Tab. Uebers. d. Papag. no. 248,

Naummania, 1856, Heft iv. ex Souancé, /. ce.

? Loriculus apicalis, Souancé, 1. c.

Loriculus melanopterus (Scopoli), G. R. Gray, List Psittacide B.

Mus. p. 55 (1859), nec Scop.

Loriculus apicalis, Souancé, G. R. Gray, ¢. c. p. 56.

[Butuan, ¢ (immature), May. Iris brown; bill red-orange ;

feet orange. Placer, ¢ (rearly adult), July. Bill deep red; cere

orange. do (immature), July. Bill orange-red; cere light brown. ]

The series consists of twenty-one examples of both sexes, the colour

of the bill being red or orange-red in all. Ten are from Butuan, one

from Surigao, four from Placer, and six from Dinagat’.

When seen from above, every one of these twenty-one examples

exhibits a similar distribution of markings and colour, the latter

varying in intensity according to age, but not according to sex; so

that all are readily to be recognized as belonging to one species. The

whole top and back of the head is bright cherry-red, almost of the

same shade as in L. indicus. The nape is pure golden-orange in

adults of both sexes. The back is green, more or less washed with

yellow, and in adults (¢ 2) with golden. In all, the uropygium and

upper tail-coverts are rich crimson. Adolescence in both sexes,

when seen from above, is betrayed by the crown-feathers being

green at their insertions and tipped with orange, instead of cherry-

red, and by the back being pure green and not suffused with yellow,

the uropygium being of a less intense crimson, mixed more or less

with green.

Seen from below, two well-marked phases of plumage are repre-

sented, apart from the intermediate grades which characterize nonage.

In one phase the cheeks, chin and upper throat, superciliaries, and

lores are pale blue, the lower throat, breast, and abdomen light green

or yellow-green. In the other phase the supercilium, lores, cheeks,

chin, throat, and under surface generally are of a full sap-green, with

the exception of a crimson, lengthened, pectoral plastron, quadrate

below, and diminishing gradually to a narrow gular stripe, reaching

almost to the chin. All the examples marked 9 (6) belong to the

first category, as well as some marked ¢ (5). All those with the

crimson pectoral mark, or with the slightest trace of red on the breast

or throat, are marked male. So distinct a species do the individuals

falling under one or other of the two categories appear, that, were it

not for several examples in the series marked ¢ exhibiting every

gradation of the crimson pectoral mark, from a solitary crimson

1 Although I propose to give in a future paper a separate account of the

birds collected in Dinagat, it being a distinct Philippine island, it will be more

convenient when treating of this little-known species to include the Dinagat

examples.

820 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON (Dec. 4,

plume to the fully developed plastron, it might be considered that

two species were represented in the series. Three examples, marked

¢, with the crown obscure reddish green, have the face, chin, throat,

indications of the red pectoral patch. Three other examples ( 3),

coloured above almost as brightly as an adult, have the lores, super-

cilium, cheeks, and chin blue, as in the female; but they betray their

sex by a few scattered red plumes on the throat and breast. Were

it not for these isolated plumes, the sex would be undeterminable by

the plumage alone. In one of these three examples the blue chin-

and face-feathers are passing over to bright green ; and this example

exhibits the greatest number of scattered red pectoral and gular

plumes. In six other examples (3), with the pectoral plastron

fully developed or almost so, there is no blue about the chin and

face.

If the six examples described above (marked by Mr. Everett as

being of females) are in perfect plumage (and their upper plumage

is not to be distinguished from that of undoubtedly adult males), the

sexes in this species, when adult, have each a peculiar plumage. It

was from either an adult female or else a young male with a blue

face and chin, and before any red pectoral plumes had appeared,

that Dr. O. Finsch described L. hartlaubi. Souancé’s description

of his L. onapartei (R. et M. Zool. 1856, p. 222), a bird said to be a

native of the Sooloo Islands, agrees in all respects with L. hartlaubt

¢ adult, the colour of the bill excepted, which is stated to be

black. The adult male of ZL. indicus is difficult to distinguish from

L. hartlaubi Q vel g juv. But in the Ceylon bird the cherry-red

of the head does not descend so low on the occiput, and the nape is

not so intensely orange. The lower surface of L. indicus is pure

light green and not yellow-green ; the upper tail-coverts do not cover

so much of the rectrices. The blue onthe inner webs of the quills

and on the under surface of the rectrices is much lighter in shade.

L. indicus is also somewhat larger, and has a shorter and more

powerful bill. Souancé’s description of L. indicus, var. A, ¢ (J. ¢.),

partly taken from examples in the Massena collection, said to be

from the Philippines, may have been from Mindanao individuals of L,

hartlaubi 2 vel g juv. But there is more reason now to infer that

Souancé’s species, 174 B (L. apicalis), said positively to be from Min-

danao, was described from examples of either females or young males of

L. hartlaubi. Souancé’s remarks were comparative as between Ceylon

and so-called Mindanao specimens, in which case the principal differ-

entiating character of L. apicalis, and that which the title is meant

to express, ‘“‘l’extrémité des rectrices est colorée de bleu indigo,” will

hold good ; for while in L. indicus the apices of the rectrices in most

examples are light yellow-green, in several of Mr. Everett’s specimens

of L. hartlaubi they are dark blue, that darker shade of blue of the

under surface of the rectrices which it has in common with L. philip-

pensis, L. chrysonotus, and L. regulus. Souancé, moreover, was not

sure that the apices of the rectrices in L. indicus contrasted with the

general colour. By this view of the question Dr. Finsch’s difficulty

877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 821

(Papag. il. pp. 718, 719) in recognizing L. apicalis is overcome.

Yet a comparison of the type is desirable ; and until made it is best

to allow Dr. Finsch’s title to stand. Mr. Sharpe has been good

enough to compare one of Mr. Everett’s examples (2) with the

British-Museum example from Mindanao, labelled by Gray L. mela-

nopterus, and writes that it agrees’. ‘The British-Museum example

labelled L. apicalis, Mr. Sharpe informs me, is somewhat larger,

though he ‘wonders the specimens have been separated.”

7. ASTUR TRIVIRGATUs (11).

[Surigao, ¢, May. Iris golden yellow; orbital skin and cere

greenish yellow; bill black, mandible whitish ; legs dark chrome ;

claws black. ]

Mr. J. H. Gurney informs me that this example belongs to true

A, trivirgatus, i.e. the small race.

8. SprLorNiIs HOLOsPILUS (16).

[Butuan, ¢, May. 6. Surigao, 9, May. ]

9. Havrasrur INTERMEDIUs (17).

[Mouth of Butuan river, 9. Iris brown; bill, cere black

mottled with yellow; feet pale greenish yellow ; claws black.)

In first plumage.

10. Pernis PTILORHYNCHA.

Falco ptilorhynchus, Tem. Pl. Col. t. 44.

[Butuan, 9, May. Iris white; bill black; cere mottled with

yellow ; feet chrome-yellow ; claws black. ]

The only example sent is in immature transition plumage. The

entire under surface is tawny rufous, each feather with a bold dark-

brown mesial stripe. Above the new feathers are brown, the old

brown with broad fulvous or pale rufous margins. Mr. J. H. Gur-

ney has been good enough to compare this Butuan individual with

a Philippine example in the Norwich Museum, and has expressed

his opinion that it is necessary to wait for more specimens before

the question of its non-identity with P. ptilorhyncha can be decided.

11, Turiponax JAVENSIS (28).

(Surigao, 2, May. Iris Naples-yellow. }

12, MuLLERIPICUS FrULIGINOsUs. (Plate LXXXIII.)

Mulleripicus fuliginosus, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4,

xx. p. 534 (December ], 1877).

3. Slaty smoke-grey. Feathers of the forehead, vertex, occiput,

chin, throat, and neck with a terminal white or fulvous-white linear

mark, Lores, ear-coverts, and ophthalmic region uniform grey.

Feathers covering basal walls of mandible and the cheeks crimson.

Wing 6°25 inches, tail 5°25, culmen 1°70, tarsus 1°00.

’ The specimen on which Dr. Finsch founded his title of C. hartlaubi.

822 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dec. 4,

(Surigao, ¢,May. Iris Naples yellow; bill whitish horn-colour ;

feet dirty greenish. ]

This species may be readily distinguished from M. funebris, its

nearest ally, by being slaty grey and not almost black, by the cheeks

only being red (¢) and not the sides of the head, forehead, and

vertex, by the red colour being crimson and not mulberry-red, and

by the form of the white marks at the tips of the gular, occipital,

and nuchal feathers being linear and not round.

13. CHRYSOCOLAPTES LUCIDUS (32).

Anted, p. 539. no. 5.

[Butuan, ¢, May. Bill black; mandible green-yellow; feet

dull brownish green. |

A single example, in which, however, the middle pairs of rectrices

exhibit two pairs of spots near their insertion, showing that they do

sometimes appear, and that Sonnerat was correct in so figuring the

bird.

14. Mrrops BICOLOR (36).

[Butuan, 2, May; Placer, ¢, July.]

Chestnut of upper parts unmixed with green. This Bee-eater can

no longer be included among the birds peculiar to the Philippines, if

the statement made by MM. Oustalet and David (Ois. de la Chine,

p- 73) that it visits China during summer in small parties is correct.

Up to now it has only been observed in the Philippines by naturalists

during the months of February, March, April, July, and October.

15. EurysTomus ORIENTALIS (37).

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May.]

16. PeELARGOPSIS GIGANTEA 2

Pelargopsis gigantea, Walden, Ann, & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol.

xiii. p. 123; anted, p. 541. no. 10.

[Butuan, g, May. Iris dark brown; bill bright red; feet

dark red.] ~

This single example, sent by Mr. Everett, is not in full attire.

Brown predominates on the head, each feather being narrowly mar-

gined with creamy white. The under surface is buffy white, most

intense on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, while the under wing-

coverts and the axillaries and flanks are rich ruddy buff. Culmen

3°12, wing 5°88.

17. Ceyx ARGENTATA.

Ceyx argentata, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xx.

p- 533, “ Dinagat’”’ (December 1, 1877).

[Placer, ¢, July. |

Mr. Everett obtained two examples, both marked g, which differ

in some respects from the type, which is a female. ‘The dorsal

plumage, as well as the upper tail-coverts, are snow-white, unmixed

with blue or bluish green. The black of the flanks and breast 1s

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 823

washed with dark green and not with blue. ‘The dimensions are also

less. Wing 2°25.

18. Enromosia GULARIs (44).

{Surigao, ¢ 9, May; Placer, g, July.]

19. SaAUROPATIS CHLORIS (47).

[Mouth of Butuan river, ¢, May. 6. Surigao, ?.|

20. XANTHOL&MA H#MACEPHALA (50).

[Surigao, 2, May; Placer, 2 (young), July. |

21. MacrorTeryx COoMATUS (52).

[Placer, g, 2, July. ]

Wing 5°12.

22. COLLOCALIA TROGLODYTES (53).

[Placer, 2, July. Iris and legs dark brown; bill black. |

The sexes do not differ.

23. SURNICULUS VELUTINUS.

Surniculus velutinus, Sharpe’, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 320.

[Butuan, 2, May. Iris dark chocolate-brown, bill and claws

black ; feet blue-grey. |

24. EUDYNAMIS MINDANENSIs (61).

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris bright crimson; bill greenish grey ;

feet darker greenish grey.|

These and Malanipa individuals (anted, p. 543) have been com-

pared and are identical, and the dimensions are about equal. The

type, however, in all probability came from south-west Mindanao.

25. CENTROCOCCYX VIRIDIS (64).

[Surigao, g, May. Iris red.]

26. PyRRHOCENTOR MELANOPS (65).

[ Butuan, oe per Iris crimson; bill black; legs leaden. 6.

Surigao, ¢. @, May. Iris crimson.]

The sexes, as Ecapesented in Mr. Everett’s series, wear the same

plumage, and are of equal dimensions.

27. BucEROS MINDANENSIS.

Buceros mindanensis, Tweeddale, anted, p. 543.

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris bright yellow; orbital skin blackish,

with a yellow streak under the eye; feet dull coral-red ; claws

blackish grey. 6. Surigao, ¢, May. Ivis (in the living bird)

pale green ; orbital skin sooty black, but yellow just below the eye;

“ae of chin yellow; feet light coral-red ; claws dark brown grey.

», Surigao, 9, May. Iris white; feet light coral-red ; nails black. |

' Mr. Sharpe has obliged me by comparing this Butuan example with the type.

824 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dec. 4,

All the five examples in a series of that number slightly differ

from the type specimens in having the wing-coverts and back tinged

with olive, and in the absence of a channelled or grooved plate,

or even a distinct smooth plate, on the basal walls of the mandible.

In this respect the North-Mindanao species agrees with that of Luzon,

B. hydrocorax. One Butuan individual does exhibit a rudimen-

tary plate ; and it may be that these plates only mature with age.

The rectrices, when first reproduced, are almost white.

28. CRANIORRHINUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (67)

[Surigao, ¢ 9, May. Iris crimson; feet dark brown. 46.

Butuan, 2. Iris crimson; orbital skin, base of the mandible,

and bare skin of the chin fiery orange-red; bill deep red, lateral

grooves brown, intermediate plates or spaces whitish, posterior

plate dull reddish ; feet dull black.]

The examples with black body, neck, and head-plumage (5) are

all marked 2 by Mr. Everett, and those with tawny throats and

dark chestnut napes (2) are marked ¢. This confirms what has

been previously stated. The females are slightly smaller, the bill

considerably shorter than in the males, and the form of the casque

is of a different type. It is not inflated, and is smooth, without any

folds. The casque of the female is well delineated by Mr. Smit (Tr.

Z. S. ix. t. 27), and that of the male by Huet (PI. Col. 69). The

example (¢) figured (J. c.) is a young male.

29. PENELOPIDES AFFINIS.

Penelopides afinis, Tweeddale, Aun, & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xx.

p. 534 (December 1, 1877).

3. Like P. panini, but differs in wanting the perpendicular

grooves on the thick lateral plates of the maxilla, which are smooth,

in the grooves at the base of the mandible not being recurved, but

straight, in the whole bill being much less massive, in the abdo-

minal region and under tail-coverts being of the same colour as the

breast, and not rufous, and in the rectrices having a black band at

their insertion.

Q. Bill as in the male, and to that extent differs from that of P.

panini 2. The female also differs in having a black band at the

base of the rectrices.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. True culmen.

in. in. in, in.

do 9:25 9°00 1-75 3°40

Q 875 8°37 1°60 3°25

[Butuan, ¢, May. Ins -erimson ; orbital skin, nude portion

of chin, and unfeathered part of the rami white; casque, smooth

lateral plates of maxilla, and the ungrooved triangular space at base

of mandible dark brown; the whole apical part of maxilla from the

smooth lateral plates, and of mandible from the grooved base, pale

brown; grooves on mandible dark brown ; intermediate smooth spaces

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 825

light ochreous ; feet greenish lead-colour ; nails greyish black. a,

part of chin,

bill brown ; feet dark

Butuan, 9°, May. Ins crimson ; orbital skin, nude

and unfeathered part of the rami dark blue;

greenish leaden. 4, e. Surigao, 3 Q, May.]

Head of Penolopides affinis.

A representative form of P. panini, ex Panay, Negros, and Qui-

maras, but readily to be distinguished from that species and P. ma-

nille, ex Luzon, by the channelling on the lateral basal walls of the

Head of Penelopides panini.

bill. In one example some of the black upper tail-coverts are tipped

and margined with dirty rusty. An old Surigao female has several

of the secondary quills margined with ferruginous. A young Surigao

male has a small part of the outer webs of the fourth, fifth, and

826 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dec. 4,

sixth primaries edged albescent. An old Surigao male bas the thigh-

coverts, ventral region, and under tail-coverts pale rufous, and most

of the upper tail-coverts as in P. panini, otherwise as in typical P.

afinis. In a Butuan and a Surigao male the middle pair of rec-

trices, with the exception of the basal black band, are rufous through-

out, the normal black terminal band being only indicated by black

blotches. The uew rectrices are pale fulvous white instead of fer-

ruginous when they first come in. The number of grooves on the

mandible varies from three to four. The extreme altitude of the

bill, ending at the nostril, is 1°06, whereas in P. panini it is 1°37.

30. ARTAMUS LEUCORHYNUS (73).

[Mouth of Butuan river, 9, May; 64. Surigao, ¢, May.]

31. GRAUCALUS STRIATUS (74).

{a, Placer, g, July. Iris light Naples yellow. 6, ¢, July.

Iris dirty brownish white. |

The north Mindanao individuals have the wing somewhat shorter

than typical examples. The example 0 is in first plumage, with

the whole under surface barred with black. The others (a) have

only the under surface, commencing with the lower breast, banded

with black.

32. LALAGE DOMINICA (76).

[Butuan, d, May. 6. 3, June.]

33. DicrRURUS STRIATUS.

Dicrurus striatus, Tweeddale, anted, p. 545. no. 20.

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May. Iris crimson; bill steel-black. 6. Su-

rigao, ¢, May. c. May, 9 juv. Iris brown. |

Sexes alike. The young female (c) has the breast uniform black ;

no traces of metallic striation.

34. LEUCOCERCA NIGRITORQUIS (83).

[Surigao, 2, June. |

35. CyoRNIS PHILIPPINENSIS.

Cyornis philippinensis, Sharpe, Tr. L. 8. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 325.

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May.]

The North-Mindanao examples agree best with those from Luzon

(Monte Alban). In dimensions they are equal.

36. HyporHyMis AzurREA (85).

[Butuan, 9, May; Placer, ¢, 9, July.]

37. BRODERIPUS ACRORHYNCHUS (90).

Oriolus chinensis, Linn., apud Sharpe, Cat. B. Mus. iii. p. 203,

nec Lin.

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May; 6. Surigao, ¢ 2, June.]

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 827

38. MACRONUS STRIATICEPS.

Macronus striaticeps, Sharpe, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 331.

(Surigao, 3, June. Iris white ; bill blackish ; legs purple-grey. ]

39. Ixus Goravier (99).

(Surigao, ¢ 9, May. Iris rich dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and

nails black ; Placer, ¢, July.]

40. PotroLopnus vrostictus (101).

Poliolophus urostictus (Salvadori), Sharpe, t. c. p. 334.

[Surigao, ¢, May. Orbital ring lemon-yellow. «@. 9, May.

Iris dark brown ; orbital ring yellow; bill black ; legs dark grey. |

By the words “orbital ring” Mr. Everett probably means the

nude eye-wattle and skin surrounding the eye. Sexes alike.

41. HypsiPerEes PHILIPPINENSIS (102).

[Butuan, ¢ 9°, May. |

Not separable from Luzon, Zebu, and Guimaras examples. It is

not, as might have been expected, H. rufigularis—a representative

species which occurs at Pasananca (South-west Mindanao).

42. CRINIGER EVERETTI. (Plate LXXXIV.)

Criniger everetti, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xx.

p- 535 (December 1, 1877).

3d 2. Above almost golden-yellow brown. Feathers of forehead,

vertex, and occiput sublanceolate, brown, margined with golden

yellow. Lores yellow. Feathers at base of mandible and cheeks

yellow-tipped. Throat, neck, and upper breast brownish ochreous-

yellow. Chin, lower breast, abdomen, ventral region, axillaries,

under tail- and wing-coverts sulphur-yellow. Inner webs of pri-

maries brown. Exposed surface of all the quills and the wing-

coverts like back. Inner margin of inner webs of quills pale yellow.

Upper surface of rectrices like that of quills. Under surface pale

brown, washed with yellow; inner webs margined with pure yellow.

Shafts of quills and rectrices ruddy brown above; of quills under-

neath yellow at base and brown towards the end ; of rectrices bright

yellow throughout.

Wing. Tail, Tarsus. Culmen.

in. in. in. in,

3 4°50 4°62 0°87 1°25

2 4:35 4°25 0:87 1:12

[Surigao, ¢, May. Iris dark burnt sienna-brown; bill black,

mandible greyish; legs grey; claws dark grey. 6. 2, May. Iris

dark sienna-brown. |

Mr. Everett has sent a series of thirteen specimens of this distinct

species of Criniger. It is readily to be distinguished by its ochreous-

brown throat and upper breast. The nuchal hairs are present. The

dimensions of the adult females appear to be less than those of the

828 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [Dec. 4,

males ; otherwise the sexes are alike. This species belongs to a genus

new to the Philippine area.

43. CopsycHUS MINDANENSIS (106).

[Butuan, ¢ juv., May. ]

Only differs from the adult male by having the breast dark grey,

each feather with a fulvous central mark.

44. CisTICOLA GRAYI.

Cisticola grayi, Ann. & Mag. N.H. ser. 4. vol. ix. p. 40, “‘ North

Celebes.”

[Surigao, ¢, May. Iris yellow-brown. ]

This skin is not to be distinguished from the type of C. grayz, and

may prove to be = C. semirufa, Cab., the description of which is,

however, too meagre for recognition.

45. ORTHOTOMUS FRONTALIS.

Orthotomus frontalis, Sharpe’, Tr. L. S. ser. 2, Zool. i. p. 3363

Ibis, 1877, p. 112, t. 2. fig. 1.

[Surigao, g, May. 4. Butuan, 2, May. Iris clay-brown; bill

dark brown, mandible white ; legs light transparent brown. |

46. ORTHOTOMUS NIGRICEPS, sp. n. (Plate LXXXV.)

{Butuan, ¢, May. Iris clay-brown; maxilla black ; mandible

white ; legs and feet pale brownish. |

Forehead, vertex, occiput, nape, and ear-coverts very dark brown

or black. Space before the eye and a broad supercilium which passes

behind the eye white; chin, cheeks, throat, and breast pale greyish

white, the bases of the feathers being dark iron-grey. Lower breast

tinged with yellow. Flanks, abdomen, under wing- and tail-coverts

yellow-olive. Back, uropygium, and upper tail-coverts pure olive-

green. All the wing-feathers brown, the quills being externally mar-

gined with yellowish olive-green, the minor and major coverts with

a paler yellow-olive. Thigh-coverts mixed pale rufous and olive-

green. Rectrices above dull rufous, with very narrow pale margins.

Underneath pale rufous, washed with light yellowish green.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen.

1:70 1:70 0°85 0°60

Allied to O. cinereiceps, but with a black head.

47. CoRYDALLA LUGUBRIS (117).

(Surigao, ¢ 2, May, June; Placer, d, July.]

After a careful comparison made between this Philippine race, C.

rufula of India, and C. malayensis from Malacca and Sumatra, it

appears to be an exactly intermediate form, C. rufula being the

palest and of an ochreous red, C. /ugubris being darker and greyer

and C. malayensis being more reddish brown. Every individual of

my large series of this species is constant in its colouring.

1 Compared by Mr, Sharpe.

1877. ] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 829

48. ZosTreRops EVERETTI.

Zosterops everetti, Tweeddale, anted, p- 762.

{Surigao, ¢, June. Iris yellow-brown ; bill black ; legs grey. |

A single example, which only differs from the type (d ex Zebu)

by having the yellow on the mesial line much more developed.

49. Dicmum RUBRIVENTER (!20 partim).

Diceum rubriventer, Lesson, Tr. p- 303 ; Tweeddale, anted, p. 763.

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May. 3. Surigao, g. May; Placer, ¢, July. ]

The example marked 2 only differs from a considerable series of

males in having the upper plumage ashy grey, and not glossy black.

Underneath it is undistinguishable from the male.

50. DicxuM CINEREIGULARE, sp. n.

{a. Butuan, g, May. Iris dark brown; bill black. 6. Surigao,

¢, June. Iris chocolate. ec. Placer, ¢, July. Iris brown; bill

black ; legs dark grey. |

Closely allied to D. dorsale, Sharpe, but differs in having the

breast intense orange-red and the upper breast and sides of throat

grey slightly tinged with pale yellow. The chin and middle of

throat are pale yellow. These characters are present in all the

specimens (eight) sent by Mr. Everett from north Mindanao.

51. AirHopyea (EUDREPANIS) BELLA.

Aithopyga bella, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag, N. H, ser. 4, vol. xx.

p- 537 (December 1, 1877).

3. Chin, throat, breast, and uropygium bright sulphur-yellow.

Forehead, vertex, minor carpal coverts, upper tail-coverts, and upper

surface of rectrices dark metallic green. Occiput, nape, and wing-

coverts dark olive. Cheeks, lores, behind the eye, sides of head and

neck, interscapulars, and back deep blood-red, Quills almost black,

margined with dark olive. Abdomen, flanks, vent, under tail-coverts,

and under wing-coverts silky white, more or less tinged with pale

yellow, especially on the mesial line, under tail-coverts, and carpal

edge. A few blood-red feathers on the upper breast. A metallic

violet spot on sides of head. A narrow line of deep blood-red runs

along the rami of the mandible. A bold metallic moustache springs

from the base of the mandible, and descends the sides of the neck ;

the upper half violet, the lower half green.

2. Aboye, wing-coverts, and edgings to quills olive-green. Uro-

pygium bright sulphur-yellow as in ¢. Space before the eye,

cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast grey tinged with

yellowish olive-green. Lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under

tail-coverts white tinged with yellow. Under wing-coverts white,

faintly tinged with yellow. Quills and rectrices dark brown, mar-

gined with olive ; lateral rectrices tipped with albescent olive.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Culmen,

in, in. in. in.

¢. 1:68 ]-44 0°50 0°50

Q. 1°62 1°12 0°50 0°50

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LIV. 54

830 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON [ Dec. 4,

(Surigao, ¢, May. Iris dark umber. 6. ¢ juv.]

Five examples of this lovely small Sun-bird were obtained by Mr.

Everett, the discoverer of the species. Four are in the full adult

dress, and are marked ¢; and one is in the dull olive-grey dress of

either the young male or adult female, but is marked ¢ juv. No

example marked 9 is sent.

52. NECTAROPHILA SPERATA (122).

Cinnyris speratus (Lin.), Shelley, Cinnyrida, pt. iv. t.

(Butuan, ¢, May. Iris brown; bill jet-black; legs blackish

brown. 06. Surigao, ¢, May; Placer, ¢, July.]

Mr. Everett has sent a large series (fifteen examples) from North

Mindanao and Dinagat Island of this species in full male plumage.

They in no respect differ from Luzon, Guimaras, and Negros indi-

viduals, excepting that the average length of their bill is less. Along

with this series of males is a smaller series (five) of individuals all

marked @ by Mr. Everett, and which I am at a loss to determine.

Were it not that Captain Shelley has figured and described (Z. ce.)

the female from a specimen obtained by Dr. Steere in Negros (?) as

having the ‘sides and upper half of the head and neck ashy grey;

the wings dark brown, edged yellowish olive; underparts sulphur-

yellow,” I should without hesitation refer the examples marked 2

by Mr. Everett to NV. sperata 2. In a Surigao example (marked

Q) the quills are brown, conspicuously margined with rusty ochre,

so that the wing when closed appears to be ferruginous or ruddy yel-

lowish brown. The forehead, vertex, and nape are dull brownish

grey. he chin and all the throat and sides of head light grey,

tinged with yellow. Breast, abdomen, flanks grey, washed with a

brighter yellow’. Outer pair of rectrices with a pale albescent apical

mark. ‘This individual must either be N. sperata 2 vel ¢ juv.,

or belong to some undescribed species. Dimensions as in N. spe-

rata 3.

53. ARACHNECHTHRA JUGULARIS (123).

[Butuan, ¢ 2, May; Surigao, ¢ 2, May and June; Placer, 2,

July. |

54, ANTHOTHREPTUS GRISEIGULARIS, N. sp.

[Surigao, ¢ 2, May. Iris bright Indian-red ; bill black; legs

greenish grey; Placer, 2, July. Iris and bill dark brown; lower

half of bill very light brown; legs greenish; nails brown; soles

ochre. |

3. Forehead, crown, occiput, nape, back metallic green. Uro-

pygium and upper tail-coverts metallic purplish blue. A few of the

carpal coverts and tips of the median wing-coverts metallic violet-

blue. Median wing-coverts maroon. Minor wing-coverts metallic

green. Space before the eyes, cheeks, ear-coverts, major wing-

1 Unfortunately Captain Shelley does not state with precision the habitats

of the specimens he has described and figured. But on reterring to Mr. Sharpe's

account it will be found that the only supposed female of this species was ob

tained by Dr. Steere in Negros.

1877.] THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 831

coverts, and scapulars maroon. Chin and throat grey. A streak

commencing at base of mandible and running down each side of the

neck metallic green, with a tinge of violet in certain lights. Breast,

flanks, abdomen, and under tail-covevts greenish yellow. Axillary

tufts pure bright yellow. Under wing-coverts pale yellow-white.

Rectrices black, tinged with metallic green, changing to violet-blue

in certain lights. Primaries dark brown, with narrow albescent mar-

gins ; secondaries dark brown, edged with maroon.

Q. Feathers of the top of head, cheeks, ear-coverts, the nape,

upper back, and minor wing-coverts brown, each conspicuously mar-

gined with grey, the margins of the interscapulars and nuchal feathers

being faintly tinged with green. Lower back, uropygium, and upper

tail-coverts (some of the latter tinged with maroon) greyish green.

Chin and throat greyish white. Upper breast grey. Lower abdo-

men, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale greenish yellow. Quills dark

brown ; primaries narrowly edged with albescent rufous, the secon-

daries broadly with dingy maroon. Major coverts and Scapulars the

same dingy maroon. Rectrices dark brown, margined with dingy

maroon, and a minute albescent terminal fringe. Wing-lining as in

male.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus, Culmen.

3d. 2°62 1°75 0°68 0°62

Ps 2°25 1°50 0°68 0°62

Both Mr. Sharpe and Captain Shelley are of opinion that this

species differs specifically from A. chlorogaster, Sharpe. From A.

malaccensis the male is chiefly distinguished by having the head and

back pure green, contrasting strongly with the purple-blue of the

uropygium and upper-tail-coverts, and by its pure grey and not pale

rufous throat.’ The dress of the adult female in A. malaccensis is

adult female has a grey throat, these Surigao females only differ in

having the crown of the head greyer and less green,

55. Corvus pHILippinus (125).

[Suriago, ¢ 2, May.]

he dimensions of the females are less than those of the male, and

the bill is weaker.

Wing. Tail. Tarsus. Oulmen. Extreme altitude,

ince boy 9°50 Pl | 2°25 1:00

OF Lice7z 8°50 1°87 2°07 0°87

This discrepancy of size is to be found in Zebu examples also.

56. CALORNIS PANAYENSIS (128).

[Surigao, ¢ Q, May; Placer, 3, July. ]

Sexes alike.

57. SARCOPS CALYUS (129).

[Butuan, 2, May. 3. Surigao, ¢ 2, May. |

Sexes alike.

54*

832 THE MARQUIS OF TWEEDDALE ON | Dec. 4,

58. Munra sacort (132).

[Butuan, ¢, May; Placer, ¢ 2, July.]

59. OSMOTRERON AXILLARIS (136).

{Mouth of Butuan river, 9, May. Iris light silvery green; cere

dull dark red; bill greenish lead. 6. Surigao, 3, May. |

60. XENOTRERON INCOGNITA.

Ptilopus® incognita, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ser. 4, vol. xx.

p- 538 (December |, 1877).

Q. Above, tertiaries, and wing-coverts light emerald-green. Fore-

head, lores, ophthalmic region, cheeks, and ear-coverts grey mixed

with dingy green. Chin and throat almost pure white. Neck and

sides of neck greenish grey. An ill-defined pectoral band formed of

green feathers tipped with ruddy orange; breast ashy green tinged

with the same colour. Flanks green. Abdomen mixed green and

ashy. Under tail-coverts (which are lengthened) pale creamy white

with a brown central streak. Thigh- and tarsal coverts ashy brown.

Exposed upper surface of rectrices tinged with golden. Lower sur-

face pale ashy brown, with ill-defined paler tips. Quills dark brown,

margined outwardly with dark green. Secondaries with a pale

narrow creamy border, still narrower on the major coverts.

Wing 5:25 inches, culmen 0°75, tarsus 0°81, tail 3°75.

[Butuan, 9, May. Iris dark hazel; bill dull greenish orange ;

feet pale reddish. |

The only example obtained by Mr. Everett is that of an immature

female.

61. RampuicutLvs occiPiraLis (138).

{Butuan, ¢, May. Colour of iris &c. as in Cebu birds. |

Not separable from Luzon and Zebu examples.

62. PHABOTRERON AMETHYSTINA (139).

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris warm orange-brown; bill black; feet

carmine ; nails grey. |

Does not differ from Luzon examples.

63, PHABOTRERON BREVIROSTRIS.

Phabotreron brevirostris, Tweeddale, antea, p. 549.

[Butuan, ¢ 2, May. 6. Surigao, g¢, May; Placer, ¢, July g.]

The examples marked ¢ and 9 do not materially differ ; but in

the male the amethystine colouring of the back and rectrices is more

pronounced. The rufo-fulvous forehead, the albescent chin and

throat, the amethystine-coloured cap and rectrices, and the short bill

distinguish this representative form from P. leucotis.

64. CarPpoPpHAGA 2NEA (141).

[Surigao, d, May. 6. Butuan, 3, May. |

1877. | THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. 833

.65. Turtur pussumiert (147).

[Butuan, 2, May. Iris reddish ; bill grey-black ; feet dull car-

mine. 6. Surigao, ¢, May; Placer, ¢, July.]

The dimensions of the female are a trifle less than those of the

male. In colour and marking there appears to be but little differ-

ence, the nuchal collar being perhaps more developed in the male.

66. PHLoGa@NAs CRINIGERA.

Pampusanna criniger, Pucheran, Voy. Péle Sud, iii. p- 118 (1853),

Atlas, t. 27. f. 2; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1865, p- 238.

Phlogenas bartletti, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1863, p..a//-.t. Sav,

[Placer, ¢, July. Iris brown; bill black ; legs dull carmine. ]

The type is stated by Pucheran to have been found in the Sooloo

Islands (Soog.). Mr. Sclater, on seeing it at Paris, recognized its

identity with his P. dartletti, founded on four living individuals sent

to Liverpool and stated to have been brought from an uninhabited

island near the Philippines. A full account of these birds, together

with delineations of the sternum, is given by Mr. Sclater (es

The Sooloo habitat requires confirmation. The bird is a represen-

tative form of P. cruenta, but perfectly distinct. The dark claret-

coloured patch on the breast replaces the blood-red pectoral plumes

of the older known species ; and the feathers of which it is composed

are even of a harsher and stiffer texture.

67. CHaLcoPpHapPs INDICUs (150).

[Surigao, 3, June.]

68. CHaraprivus FULVUs (159).

[Butuan, 2, May. ]

A number of black feathers on the under surface.

69. SauaTaRoLa HELVETICA (160).

[Placer, 2, July. Iris chocolate ; legs light grey. ]

In winter plumage, although shot in July.

70. AierALiITIs DuBIA (162).

[Placer, 2, July. Orbital ring orange. ]

71. ANGIALITES CANTIANUS.

Charadrius eantianus, Lath. Suppl. Ind. Orn. p. Ixvi. (1801).

[Placer, g, July. Iris deep brown ; bill glossy black ; legs light

grey. | ngs

Not hitherto recorded from the Philippines.

72. ERYTHRA PH@NICURA (170).

[Butuan, ¢ 9, May.]

73. Hypor“nipia ToRQUATA (177).

[Butuan, 2, May. Iris crimson.]

One example ; pectoral band fully developed.

834 ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES. [ Dec. 4.

74. HyporanipiA sTRiATA (179).

[Butuan, 5 2, May. |

The female has all the throat white, and all its hues, the rufous

of the head and nape included, much paler than in the male.

75. LIMNOCINCLUS ACUMINATUS.’

Totanus acuminatus, Horsf. Tr. L. S. xiii. p. 192, “Java.”

Scheniculus australis (Jard. & Selby), Gould, B. Austr. vi. t. 30.

(Butuan, ¢, May. Bill dark brown; legs greenish grey. |

A single example in almost full summer dress.

76. ToTANUS HYPOLEUCOs (183).

[Butuan, 2, May. ]

Three examples, all marked 9.

77. RuyNCH#A CAPENSIS (189).

{Butuan, ¢, May. ]

78. ARDETTA FLAVICOLLIs (191).

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris bright yellow; bill purplish brown, legs

darker purplish brown. 6. 9, May. Iris red-brown; bill light

warm brown; legs and feet greyer brown. |

Examples from China, Ceylon, and all India do not differ.

79. BuroripeEs JAvANIcA (197).

[Mouth of Butuan river, ¢, May. Iris bright yellow; legs and

feet dull dark chrome; bill black; bare orbital skin green-yellow.

b. Butuan, 9, May. |

Dorsal train fully developed.

80. Nycricorax GRISEUS (199).

[Butuan, ¢, May. Iris orange; bill black, base and mandible

light grecn ; legs and feet light green. |

Immature.

81. DenpRocyGNna vaGans (203).

An example is in the collection, but without a label; it is either

from North Mindanao or else from Dinagat.

1 Tn this identification I am confirmed by Mr. Harting.

LIST

Jan. 4,

V7:

. | American Black

APPENDIX.

OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE

DURING THE YEAR

1877.

1 Common Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra). Purchased.

2 Common Swans (Cygnus olor). Purchased.

ear (Ursus americanus). Presented by Mr.

W. Stead.

. 1 Common Partridge (Perdix cinerea). Presented by Mr. H.

Laver.

1 Razorbill (Alca torda). Presented by Mr. W. Thompson.

. 2 Secretary Vultures (Serpentarius reptilivorus). Presented by

Capt. Larmer, 8.8. ‘African.’

1 Himalayan Bear (Ursus tibetanus). Presented by H.R.H. the

Prince of Wales.

. 2 Crowned Partridges (Rollulus cristatus), ¢ and 2. Presented

by Mr. Barclay Field, F.L.S.

. 2 Carolina Conures ( Conwrus carolinensis). Presented by Mr. L.

Delves Broughton,

. 1 Wood-Owl (Syrniwm aluco). Presented by Mrs. A. O, Faulkner.

3 Chukar Partridges (Caccabis chukar). Presented by Capt.

Newton Pauli.

. 1 Bay Lynx (Felis rufa). Presented by Mr. Otho N. Shaw.

From the Rocky Mountains.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Q. Presented by

Mrs. Cecil Long.

1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), 2. Purchased.

1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Received.

1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by Mr. A. Kinnear.

1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus),Q. Presented

by Mr. L. C. Brown.

1 Pigtailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 2. Presented by

the Crew of H.M.S. ‘ Dwarf.’

2 Teguexin Lizards Say teguerin). Presented by Mr. A.

Stradling, M.R.C.S.

1 eee Tinamou (Crypturus tataupa). Purchased. From

ahia.

2 Talpacoti Ground-Doves (Chamepelia talpacot:). Purchased.

From Bahia.

2 Scaly Doves (Scardafella squamosa). Purchased. From Bahia.

1 Chopi Starling (Aphodbus chopi). Purchased. From Pernam-

buco.

Feb, i.

co 8 8=ct

ba |

APPENDIX.

. 1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Purchased.

From Paraguay.

. 1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Deposited.

2 Ring-tailed Lemurs (Lemur catia), ¢ and 2. Purchased.

. 3 Silky Marmosets (Midas rosalia), 1 g and 2 9. Purchased.

. 2 Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus lalandit), § and 2. Presented

by Mr. T. G. Butler.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Palgornis torquata). Presented by

Miss Smith,

. 2 Arctic Foxes (Canis lagopus). Presented by Sir Thomas

Erskine, Bart., F.Z.8.

. 1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Purchased.

1 Brazilian Tree-Porcupine (Cercolabes prehensilis), Presented

by Mr. Eliot G. Currey. From Trinidad.

3 Rhomb-marked Snakes (Psammophylax rhombeatus). _ Pre-

sented by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. From the

Cape.

1 Hoary Snake (Coronella cana). Presented by the Rey. G. H.

. 8 Amherst Pheasants (Thaumalea amherstie), 1 3 and2 2.

Presented by Dr. A. G. Reid, Hankow, China.

2 Andean Geese (Bernicla melanoptera), S and 2. Purchased.

. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 9. Presented by

Dr, Broadbent.

1 Yellow-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis ochrocephala). Presented

by Mx. F. A. B. Geneste.

2 Double-striped Thicknees ((Edienemus bistriatus), Presented

by Capt. H. King, R.M.S.S. ‘ Dee.’

. 2 Chinese Geese (Anser cygnoides), $. Presented by Mr. R.

H. Medhurst.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Presented by Master

R. Wallace.

- 1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus). Deposited.

1 Common Raven (Corvus corar). Presented by Mrs. Nathan.

. 1 Rough-legeed Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus). Presented by

Mr, W. R. Paxton.

. 1 Red-vented Cockatoo ( Cacatua philippinarum). Purchased.

2 Maned Geese (Bernicla jubata), ¢ and 9. Purchased.

. 1 Common Magpie (Pica caudata). Presented by Miss Jessie

Bovill.

1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus), 9. Deposited.

2. 1 Pike (Lox luctus). Presented by Mr. A. T. Ranson.

4. 1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus), §. Deposited.

1 Hairy-rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha). Born in

the Menagerie.

. 2 Feline Dourocoulis (Nyctipithecus felinus), g and 2. Pur-

chased.

2 Cariamas (Cariama cristata). Purchased.

1 Downy Owl (Pulsatriz torquata). Purchased.

1 Mexican Eared Owl (Asio mexicanus). Purchased. SeeP.Z.8.

1877, p. 159.

2 Globose Curassows (Crax globicera), ¢ and 2. Purchased.

1 Crested Curassow (Cra alector). Purchased.

1 Great-billed Rhea (Rhea macrorhyncha). Purchased. See

P. Z.8. 1877, p. 160.

1 Anaconda (Funectes murvinus). Purchased.

Feb, 16

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 837

- 2 Pennant’s Parrakeets (Platycercus pennanti). Presented by

Mr. E. Sargent.

. 1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mr. Edward Purchase.

. 1 Maugé’s Dasyure (Dasywrus maugei), 2. Presented by Mr.

Robert 8. Craig.

1 Slender-billed Cockatoo (Licmetis tenutrostris). Presented by

Mr. Bartle G. Goldsmid.

1 Common Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by Mr.

W. W. Hughes, F.Z.S.

. 1 Burrhel Wild Sheep (Ovis burrhel), $. Deposited.

1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Presented by

Mr. C. Clifton, F.Z.S8.

1 Rough-legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus). Presented by

Lady Bunbury.

1 Common Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). Purchased.

. 1 Levaillant’s Amazon (Chrysotis levaillanti). Presented by Mrs.

Matthews. ¢

1 Passerine Owl (Glaucidium passerinum). Presented by Mr. T.

W. Evans, M.P.

. 1 Suricate (Suricata zenik), Deposited.

. 2 Beautiful Parrakeets (Psephotus pulcherrimus), 3 and 2. De-

posited.

- 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by

Mr. Thomas Daly.

1 Galapagan Tortoise (Testudo elephantopus). Presented by

Lieut. W. H. Henderson, R.N., H.M:S. ‘ Peterel.’

1 Common Nuthatch (Sitta cesta), Purchased.

. 1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), 9. Born in the Gardens.

. 2 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Deposited.

. 2 Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix). Presented by Mr. F. Cress-

well. .

1 Rose Hill-Parrakeet (Platycercus eximius). Presented by Mr,

J. J. Chapman.

. 1 Rufous-vented Guan (Penelope cristata). Presented by Mr.

Daniel Miron.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Mrs.

Payton.

1 Hodgson’s Barbet (Megalema hodgsoni), Purchased. See

P.Z.S8. 1877, p. 303.

2 Striated Jay-Thrushes (Grammatoptila striata). Purchased.

See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 803.

1 Red-headed Laughing-Thrush (Trochalopteron erythrocepha-

lum). Purchased.

3 Black-headed Sibias (S%bia capistrata). Purchased. See

P.Z.8. 1877, p. 303.

3 Brown-eared Bulbuls (Hemixos flavala). Purchased. See

P. Z. 8, 1877, p. 303.

2 Rufous-bellied Bulbuls (Hypsipetes maccleilandi). Purchased.

1 Two-Wattled Cassowary (Casuarius bicarunculatus). Pur-

chased.

1 Hooded Crane (Gras monachus). Purchased.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), rufous variety. De-

posited.

13, 2 Orang-outangs (Simia satyrus), 2 3. Presented by Dr. R,

Sim, F.Z.8, See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 303.

838

Mar. 13

20.

21.

22.

23.

24,

26.

27.

28.

APPENDIX.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 2. Presented by

Mr. J. Mason Allen.

1 Cape Hyrax (Hyrax capensis). Purchased.

1 Chinese Blue Magpie ( Urocissa cinensis). Purchased.

1 Red-capped Parrot (Pionopsitta pileata). Purchased.

8 Red-eared Conures ( Conwrus cruentatus). Purchased.

1 Grey ee (Blanus cinereus). Presented by Mr. John

Goddard. See P. Z.S. 1877, p. 270.

. 1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseoviridis), 2. Presented by

Mr. J. Walter Richardson.

1 Common Badger (Meles taxus). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Blossom-headed Parrakeet (Paleornis cyanocephala). Received

in exchange.

1 Arabian Baboon (Cynocephalus hamadryas), 9. Purchased.

. 1 Sarus Crane (Grus antigone). Purchased.

. 1 American Jabiru (Mycteria americana). Purchased.

. 1 Puma (Felis concolor), §. Presented by Commander Stan-

hope Grove, R.N.

1 Bloakaticed Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Presented by Mr.

C. Weedon.

1 Bwrhel Wild Sheep (Ovzs burrhel), $. Deposited.

1 Grey-breasted Parrakeet (Bolborhynchus monachus). Received

in exchange.

1 Nonpareil Finch (Cyanospiza ciris). Received in exchange.

1 Nisnas Monkey ( Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus), 3. Presented by

Mr. B. C. Simpson.

2 Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica), J and 9. Purchased.

From Patagonia.

1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus). Presented by

Mr. George Nurse.

2 Great Cyclodus Lizards (Cyclodus gigas). Purchased.

1 Stump-tailed Lizard (Zrachydosaurus rugosus). Purchased.

1 Stokes’s Lizard (Stlubosaurus stokesi). Purchased.

2 Blue-bearded Jays (Cyanocorax cyanopogon). Purchased.

2 White-fronted Guans (Penelope jacucaca). Purchased.

2 Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura). Purchased.

3 West-India Rails (Aramides cayennensis). Purchased.

2 Hairy Tree-Poreupines (Sphingurus villosus). Purchased.

1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Purchased.

1 Zebu (Bos indicus), 3. Born in the Menagerie.

2 Slender-billed Cockatoos (Liemetis tenuirostris). Presented

by Mr. W. Dillon Massey.

3 Fire-tailed Finches (£rythrura prasina). Purchased.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), g. Presented by

Mr. Thos. Welsh.

1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), 2. Born in the Gar-

dens.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus),?. Born

in the Gardens.

1 eae Carp (Carassius vulgaris). Presented by Mr. J.

mith.

1 Bream (Abramis brama). Presented by Mr. J. Smith.

6 Tench (Tinea vulgaris). Presented by Mr. J. Smith.

6 Perch (Perca fluviatilis). Presented by Mr. J. Smith.

18 Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). Presented by Mr. J. Smith.

2 Rufous Tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens). Presented by Mr.

F. Searle Parker.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 839

Mar. 29, 1 Naked-eared Deer (Cervus gymnotis), 9. Presented by Mr.

C. Cooper. From Guayaquil.

31. 1 Feline Dourocouli (Nyctipithecus felinus). Purchased. From

Cartagena.

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), Purchased. From Car-

tagena.

3 Blue-shouldered Tanagers (Zanagra cyanoptera). Purchased.

From Cartagena.

1 Adorned Terrapin (Clemmys ornata), Purchased. From Car-

tagena.

2 Common Otters (Lrdra vulgaris). Presented by Mr. Augustus

B. Foster.

1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Gar-

dens.

1 Black Swan (Cygnus atratus). Bred in the Gardens.

April 3. 2 Sykes’s Hemipodes (Turnix sykesi). Presented by Mrs. Wood-

12.

13.

14,

Mason.

3 Chinese Quails (Cotwrnix chinensis), 2 $ and1 9. Presented

by Mrs. Wood-Mason.

1 Rain-Quail (Coturnix coromandelica), 3. Presented by Mrs.

‘Wood-Mason.

1 Asiatic Quail (Perdicula asiatica), g. Presented by Mrs.

Wood-Mason.

. 1 Ceylon Fish-Owl (Ketupa ceylonensis), Presented by Capt.

B. B. Turner. See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 418.

. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 3. Presented by

Mr. W. Bazeley.

1 Entellus Monkey (Semnopithecus entellus). Received in ex-

change.

. 1 Common Wolf (Canis lupus), 9. Presented by Mr. J. A.

Parlet.

. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Me-

nagerie.

. 1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis), Received in exchange.

. 2 Alpine Marmots (Arctomys marmotta). Received in ex-

change.

. 1 Bennett’s Wallaby (Halmaturus bennetti), §. Presented by

Miss E. Woollatt.

1 Malabar Green Bulbul (Phyllornis aurifrons). Presented by

Mrs. Arabin, F.Z.S.

2 Siamese Pheasants (ELuplocamus prelatus), g and 2. Pur-

chased.

1 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera).. Born in the Gardens.

2 Smooth Newts (Triton teniatus). Presented by Master Guy

Lutley Sclater.

1 Impeyan Pheasant (Lophophorus impeyanus), 9. Purchased.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torquata). Deposited.

1 White-fronted Guan (Penelope jacucaca). Purchased.

1 White-eyebrowed Guan (Penelope superciliaris). Purchased.

2 Scaly Doves (Scardafella squamosa). Purchased.

2 Superb Tanagers (Calliste fastuosa). Purchased.

1 Great American Egret (Ardea egretta). Purchased.

1 Tuberculated Lizard (Iguana tuberculata), Purchased.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Deposited.

1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus). Deposited.

. 1 Brown Monkey (Macacus brunneus), 3. Deposited.

840

April 16.

24,

Se)

APPENDIX.

1 Bay Bamboo-Rat (Rhizomys badius). Presented by Mr. J.

Wood-Mason.

1 Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by Mr. T.

Clover.

. 2 Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.

20. 1 Rusa Deer (Cervus rusa). Presented by Mr. A. A. Fraser,

E.Z.8.

1 Demeraran Cock of the Rock (Rupicola crocea), . Pur-

chased.

. 1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Capt.

Smerdon, 8.8. ‘Orion.’

1 Indian Cobra (Nata tripudians). Presented by the Hon. W.

Dumaresq Wright.

8 Vulturine Guinea-Fowls (Numida vulturina). Deposited.

1 Beisa Antelope (Oryx beisa), g. Deposited.

1 Bohor Antelope (Cervicapra bohor), 2. Deposited. See

P.Z.8. 1877, p. 418.

2 African Sheep (Ovis aries), ¢ and 2. Deposited.

1 King Parrakeet (Aprosmictus scapulatus), 2. Presented by

Miss Jones.

1 Black Scoter (Gdemia migra). Presented by Capt. E.

Dixon.

. 1 Toque Monkey (Macacus pileatus), 3. Deposited.

1 White Pelican ( Pelecanus onocrotalus). Presented by Mr. A.

C. Henderson.

26. 1 Indian Leopard (Felis pardus). Presented by Dr. Sidney

Smith.

1 Common Nightingale (Daulias luscinia). Received in ex-

change.

il ree (Coccothraustes vulgaris). Presented by Capt.

Salvin.

1 Pygmy Marmoset (Hapale pygmea), $. Purchased. From

Pebas, Upper Amazons. See P, Z,8. 1877, p. 418.

2 Yellow-thighed Parrots (Caica xanthomera). Purchased.

From Yquitos, Upper Amazons. See P. Z.8. 1877, p. 419.

1 sie Terrapin (Clemys punctularia). Purchased, From

ara.

1 Egyptian Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), g. Presented by Her

Majesty the Queen.

. 1 Suricate (Suricata zentk). Presented by Mr. J. Forbes Nixon.

. 4 Common Foxes (Canis vulpes). Born in the Menagerie.

1 Rock-Cavy (Cerodon rupestris). Purchased.

1 Restless Cavy (Cavia caprera). Deposited.

2 Green-winged Doves (Chalcophaps indica). Presented by Mrs.

M. A. Moore.

1 Hamilton’s Terrapin (Clemmys hamiltont). Presented by Mrs.

M. A. Moore.

4 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

. 7 Raccoon-like Dogs (Nyctereutes procynides). Bornin the Me-

nagerie. See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 580.

3 Water-Ouzels (Cinclus aquaticus). Presented by Mr. B, G.

Davies Cooke.

. 6 River-Lampreys (Petromyzon fluviatilis). Presented by Mr.

A. H. Cocks, F.Z.5.

1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Presented by Mr, C. A.

F, Powell.

May 4,

7. 2 Maugé’s Dasyures (Dasyurus mauget). Presented by Capt. J.

C. Harri

10.

11.

13.

15.

16.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 841

1 Virginian Deer (Cervus virginianus). Deposited.

1 Antarctic Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus). Presented by Capt.

W. Vincent Legge, R.A. From Ceylon.

1 Indranee Owl (Syrnium indranee). * Presented by Capt. W.

Vincent Legge, R.A. From Ceylon.

1 Ceylon Hawk-Kagle (Spizaétus ceylonensis), Presented by

Capt. W. Vincent Legge, R.A. “From eylon. See Ibis,

1877, p. 431.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Dore.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 3. Presented by Miss

Ada Sharpe.

2 Senegal Touracous (Corythaix persa). Presented by Mr. J. G.

Tayler.

- 1 Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock), 3. Presented by Mr.

John Scrymgeour.

2 Meadow-Pipits (Anthus pratensis). Presented by Mr. J.

Young.

2 White-eared Conures (Conurus leucotis). Presented by Lady

Greville.

1 Saddle-billed Stork (Xenorhynchus senegalensis), Purchased.

5 Peba Armadillos (Tatusia peba). Purchased.

1 Black Sternothere (Sternotherus niger). Purchased.

1 Masked Paradoxure (Paradoxurus larvatus). Purchased,

1 Senegal Touracou (Corythaix persa). Presented by Capt. R.

H. Crewe.

1 Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), 3. Born in the Menagerie.

2 Tigers (Felis tigris); 2° 3. Presented by Rear-Admiral Row-

ley Lambert, C.B. From J. ohore, Malay peninsula.

2 Javan Chevrotains (Tragulus Javanicus). Presented by Messrs.

Hill and Isaac, Lieuts. R.N 3

1 Saddled Squirrel (Sciwrus ephippium). Presented by Messrs.

Hill and Isaac, Lieuts. R.N. From Borneo,

1 Green Turtle (Chelone viridis), Presented by Messrs. Hill

and Isaac, Lieuts. R.N.

1 Concave-casqued Hornbill (Buceros bicornis). Received in

exchange.

1 Crowned Hornbill (Buceros coronatus). Received in exchange.

3 Yellow-billed Blue Magpies (Urocissa Jlavirostris). Received

in exchange.

2 Bonnet-Monkeys (Macacus radiatus), 3 and 9. Presented by

Mrs. Harper.

1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus). Purchased.

4 Derbian Opossums (Didelphys derliana). Presented by Mr. L.

R. Dickinson. From U. §, Columbia.

1 Wood-Owl (Syrniuin aluco). Presented by Miss Pitcairn.

2 Variegated Sheldrakes (Tadorna variegata), Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus Suliginosus), 3. Deposited.

2 Impeyan Pheasants (Lophophorus empeyanus), 3 and 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Mantchurian Crossoptilon ( Crossoptilon mantchuricum). Pur-

chased,

1 Malayan Bear (Ursus malayanus), 3. Presented by Dr. F,

Wicksteed.

842

May 17.

18,

20.

23.

24,

25,

. 1 African

APPENDIX.

1 aa Grass-Parrakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus). Pur-

chased.

1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus). Presented by Mrs.

Standish.

12 Sand-Lizards (Lacerta agilis). Presented by Mr. H. O.

Forbes, F.Z.8.

4 Wall-Lizards (Lacerta muralis). Presented by Mr. H. O.

Forbes, F.Z.S.

2 Persian Gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa). Deposited.

1 Pinche Monkey (Midas edipus). Received in exchange.

4 ne Francolins (Francolinus vulgaris). Received in ex-

change.

3 Pied Grass-Finches (Spermestes fringilloides). Teceived in

exchange.

1 Crimson-winged Waxbill (Pytelia phenicoptera). Received

in exchange.

1 Half-white Finch (Spermophila hypoleuca). Received in ex-

change.

2 Yellow-throated Sparrows (Passer luteus). Received in ex-

change.

1 Shining Weaverbird (Hypochera nitens). Received in ex-

change.

1 Yellow-shouldered Weaverbird (Euplectes capensis). Re-

ceived in exchange.

2 Red-headed Finches (Amadina erythrocephala), 2 9. Re-

ceived in exchange.

1 Humboldt’s Saki (Pithecia humboldti), 3. Purchased.

1 Manis (Manis tricuspis). Purchased. See P. Z. 8. 1877,

. 580.

1 Beaeatit ellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Purchased.

Bomar’ (Buteo desertorum). Presented by Mr. A.

Anderson, F.Z.S. See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 580,

. 1 White-backed Pigeon (Columba leuconota). Deposited.

3 Carpet-Snakes (Morelia variegata). Presented by Mr. J.

Moseley.

1 Derbian Wallaby (Halmaturus derbianus), g. Born in the

Menagerie.

1 Guianan Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis). Purchased.

See P. Z.S. 1877, p. 531.

1 Green-necked Peafowl (Pavo spicifer), 9. Purchased.

1 Barred-tailed Pheasant (Phasianus reevesi), 9. Purchased.

1 One-wattled Cassowary (Casuarius uniappendiculatus). Pur-

chased. See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 531.

2 Bornean Firebacks (Euplocamus nobilis), g and 2. Pur-

chased.

2 Swinhoe’s Firebacks (Euplocamus swinhow’), g and 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Barred-tailed Pheasant (Phasianus reevesi),?. Purchased.

2 Japanese Pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), 3 and 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Fork-tailed Jungle-Fowl (Gallus furcatus), 2. Purchased.

1 Great-headed Maleo (Megacephalon maleo). Purchased.

1 Daubenton’s Curassow (Crax daubentoni). Deposited.

1 American Moorhen (Gallinula galeata). Presented by Capt.

Carl Hannes.

1 Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina). Presented by Capt. Car

Hannes.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 843

May 25. 1 Common Quail ( Coturnix communis), 3. Presented by J. H.

de Rinzy, Esq.

26. 2 Abyssinian Guinea-Fowls (Numida ptilorhyncha). Pre-

sented by Capt. Burke, 8.9, ¢ Arcot,’

27. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 2. Presented by Dr.

Lynn,

8 Green Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by Mr. S.

A’Court.

1 Banded Ichneumon (Herpestes fasciatus), Presented by the

Earl of Bective.

28. 1 Mesopotamian Fallow Deer (Cervus mesopotamicus), 3. Pur-

chased. See P.Z.S. 1877, p. 531.

2 Scarlet Ibises (Ibis rubra). Presented by Miss Attwood, F.Z.8.

29. 1 Humboldt’s Lagothrix (Lagothrix humboldti). Received in

exchange.

1 Swainson’s Long-tailed Jay (Calocitta formosa). Purchased.

From New Orleans.

1 African Leopard (Felis pardus), 9. Purchased.

1 Woolly Cheetah (Felis lanea, sp.nov.) Purchased. See

P. Z.S. 1877, p. 532, pl. tv. :

1 Red-winged Parrakeet (Aprosmictus erythropterus). Pre-

June 1. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Presented by Mr. H.

Millet.

1 Reeves’s Muntijac (Cervulus reevesi). Born in the Menagerie.

2. 1 White-cheeked Gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys), 3. Presented

by W. H. Newman, Esq., H.B.M. Consul at Bangkok. From

the forests of Laos, Northern Siam. See P. Z. S, 1877, p- 679,

1, uxx,

1 Rakai ( Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), &. Deposited,

1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas), 9. Presented by

the Earl of Guilford.

3. 3 Variegated Sheldrakes (Tadorna variegata), Born in the

Gardens,

4. 1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Cleaver,

3 Crested Guinea-Fowls (Numida cristata). Deposited. From

Mozambique.

2 Vulturine Guinea-Fowls (Numida vulturina). Deposited.

5. 1 Common Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris), Presented by Mr. F.

Buckland.

4 Summer-Ducks (Aix sponsa). Bred in the Gardens,

6. 1 Imperial Eagle (Aquila imperialis), Deposited.

1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by Lord Lilford.

12, A collection of Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa).

Purchased.

13, 2 Condor Vultures (Sarcorhamphus grypus). Presented by Mr,

John T. North.

1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranouttus aguia). Presented by Mr,

John T. North.

6 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

7 Spotted-billed Ducks (Anas pecilorhyncha). Bred in the

ardens.

14. 2 Dorsal Squirrels (Scirus dorsalis). Purchased.

844

June 14

15.

16,

21.

APPENDIX.

. 1 White-crowned Pigeon (Columba leucocephala). Purchased.

1 Orange-winged Dove (Leptoptila ochroptera). Purchased.

_ 1 Sharp-nosed Crocodile Cea americanus). Purchased.

1 Demeraran Cock of the Rock (Rupicola crocea). Purchased.

1 Green-winged Trumpeter (Psophia viridis). Purchased.

1 Common Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans), Purchased.

1 Sun-Bittern (Zuropyga helias). Purchased.

1 Banded-tailed Urubitinga (Urubitinga zonura). Purchased.

1 Black-necked Stilt-Plover (Himantopus nigricollis). Pur-

chased.

2 Orinoco Geese (Chenalopex jubata), Purchased.

1 Capybara (Hydrocherus capybara), Purchased.

1 Moor Monkey (Semnopithecus maurus), 3. Purchased.

1 Meyer’s Parrot (Paeocephalus meyeri). Purchased.

2 Chaus Cats (Felis chaus). Presented by Mr. William Renney.

1 Tibetan Partridge (Perdiv hodgsonie). Presented by Mr. M.

J. M. Cornély, C.M.Z.S.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mr. M. J. M. Cornély, C.M.Z.S.

1 Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita). Presented by Mr. H. W.

Fielden.

1 Crested Guan (Penelope cristata), 3. Presented by Mr. Daniel

Miron, of Vera Cruz.

. 1 Purple Kaleege (Euplocamus horsfieldi), 9 Presented by Mr.

John Ditmas.

1 Pied Wagetail (Motacilla yarreilli), Purchased.

7 Spotted-billed Ducks (Anas pecilorhyncha). Born in the

Gardens.

. 1 Hippopotamus (Lippopotamus amphibius), 3. Purchased.

Born in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of Amsterdam,

July 3, 1876. See P.Z.S. 1877, p. 680.

1 Greater Sulphur-coloured Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mr, W. L. Marchant.

2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Geoftroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroti). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Greater Sulphur-coloured Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). De-

osited.

1 Bares bantl's Parrakeet (Polytelis barrabandi). Presented by

Mr. W. H. Gregory.

1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus ruber), 2. Presented by Mr.

Edward Poulson.

8 Summer-Ducks (Azx sponsa). Bred in the Gardens.

7 Chilian Pintails (Dajfila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

1 Common Kestrel (Zimnunculus alaudarius), Presented by Mr.

A. Lidbury.

. 1 Red-and-Blue Macaw (Ava macao). Deposited.

1 at Black-backed Gull (Larus fuscus). Presented by Mr.

. Snell.

1 Imperial Eagle (Aquila imperialis). Deposited.

. 1 Yellow Baboon (Cynocephalus babouin), §. Presented by Mr.

H. E. Walters.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Received in exchange.

1 Brown Coati (Nasua nasica). Deposited.

. 2 Pig-tailed Monkeys (Macacus nemestrinus), ¢. Presented by

Sir Harry St. George Ord, C.B., F.Z.S. From Johore, Malay

peninsula. }

RPE:

June 25.

26,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 845

1 Black Leopard (Fetis pardus). Presented by Sir Harry St,

George Ord, C.B., F.Z.S. From Johore, Malay peninsula.

See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 680.

1 Vieillot’s Pheasant (Luplocamus vieilloti), 2. Presented by

Sir Harry St. George Ord, C.B., F.Z.S.

2 Arous Pheasants (Argus giganteus), ¢ and 2. Presented by

Sir Harry St. George Ord, C.B., F.Z.S.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), Q. Presented by

Mrs, Parkinson.

1 Common Marmoset ( Hapale jacchus). Purchased.

1 Black-eared Marmoset (Hapale penicillata). Purchased.

1 Hawk-headed Parrot (Deroptyus accipitrinus), Purchased.

1 Tibetan Partridge (Perdix hodgsonie). Purchased.

6 Chilian Pintails (Dajila spinicauda). Bred in the Gardens.

. 1 North-American Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), §. Presented

by Capt. Edmund Fraser, 60th Royal Rifles. From New-

foundland.

1 Carrion-Crow (Corvus corone). Presented by Mr. W. M. Price.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina).- Born in the Me-

nagerie. :

28. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Mr. G.

McCheane.

10 Amherst Pheasants (Zhawnalea amherstie). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Temminck’s Tragopans (Certornis temmincki). Bred in the

Gardens.

2 Forked-tailed Jungle-Fowls (Galius furcatus). Bred in the

29.

30,

July 2.

10.

Gardens.

1 Javan Chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus), 9. Presented by Mr.

W. Trent.

1 African Cobra (Naia haje). Presented by Mr. Eustace Pillans.

3 Black-bellied Sand-Grouse (Pterocles arenarius), 2 5 andl °.

Presented by Col. J. 8. Lowe.

1 Pale-headed Tree-Boa (Epicrates angulifer). Presented by

Mr. A. L. Schiitte. From Cuba.

20 Common Boas (Boa constrictor). Born in the Gardens. See

P. ZS. 1877, p. 680.

1 Sun-Bittern (Zuropyga helias). Bred in the Gardens.

8 Speckled Terrapins (Clemmys guttata). Purchased.

. 3 Red-vented Terrapins (Clemmys rubriventris). Purchased.

7 Muhlenburg’s Terrapins (Clemmys muhlenburgi). Purchased.

2 American Box-Tortoises (Terrapene carinata). Purchased.

. 1 Sacred Ibis (Geronticus ethiopicus). Bred in the Gardens.

4 Common Kingfishers (Alcedo ispida). Presented by Mr. J.

Lyford.

2 Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma cornutum). Presented by Mr.

W. A. Bowie.

. 4 Axis Deer (Cervus axis). Deposited.

1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri). Presented by

Mrs. Shand.

1 Black-necked Swan (Cygnus nigricollis). Bred in the Gardens.

. 1 3-breed Zebu (between Bos indicus § and hybrid Bos fron-

talis), 2. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Presented by Mr. F.

Rowling.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LV. 5d

846

July 12.

17.

18,

19.

APPENDIX.

1 Sambur Deer (Cervus aristotelis), . Presented by H.R.H. the

Prince of Wales, K.G.

1 Spotted Porcine Deer (Cervus mimor), 3. Presented by

.R.H. the Prince of Wales, K.G. See P. Z. 8. 1876, p.

463.

2 Rampoor Hounds (Canis familiaris, var.). Presented by

H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, K.G.

. | Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by Mr.

E. Cochrane.

1 Merian’s Opossum (Didelphys dorsigera). Purchased.

1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Presented by Mr.W. H.

Pattison.

1 Prehensile Paradoxure (Paradoxurus prehensilis). Presented

by Mr. W. H. Pattison. See P. Z.S, 1877, p. 681, pl. xx1.

. 1 Red Howler (Mycetes seniculus), 3. Deposited.

2 Striped Hyzenas (Hyena striata). Born in the Menagerie.

. 1 Urumutum Curassow (Nothocrax urumutum). Purchased.

From Brazil. See P. Z. 8S. 1877, p. 681.

2 Piping Guans (Pipile cumanensis). Purchased. From Bahia.

5 Rufous Tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens), Purchased. From

Buenos Ayres.

2 De Filippi’s Meadow-Starlings (Stwrnella defilippi). Pur-

chased. From Buenos Ayres.

2 West-Indian Rails (Aramudes cayennensis). Purchased.

2 White-faced Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna viduata). Purchased.

1 Orinoco Goose (Chenalopex jubata). Purchased.

3 Cayenne Lapwings ( Vanellus cayennensis). Purchased. From

Buenos Ayres.

1 Burmeister’s Cariama ( Changa burmeister?), Purchased. From

the Argentine Republic.

1 Chilian Sea-Eagle (Geranoaétus melanoleucus). Purchased.

From Uruguay.

1 Brown Milvago (Milvago chimango). Purchased.

1 Virginian Eagle-Owl (Bubo virgimianus). Purchased. From

Uruguay.

1 Brazilian Stilt-Plover (Aimantopus brasiliensis). Purchased.

From Buenos Ayres.

1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), 2. Born in the Mena-

erie.

1 Slight-billea Cockatoo (Licmetis tenuirostris). Presented by

Mrs. H. M. Richardson.

2 Silver Pheasants (Huplocamus nycthemerus), g and 2. Re-

ceived in exchange.

1 Egyptian Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), §. Presented by Mr. H.

B, Benson.

2 Black Vultures (Cathartes atratus), Purchased.

1 Horned Tragopan (Certornis satyra), 9. Received in ex-

change.

1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus). Presented by

Mrs. Escott.

2 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Deposited.

2 Black Vipers (Vipera aspis). Presented by Mr. G. F. Fenton.

From France.

2 Common Snakes (Tropidonotus natrix). Presented by Mr. G.

F. Fenton. From North Italy.

1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by Mr. G. F.

Fenton. From France.

July 20,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 847

1 White-cheeked Capuchin (Cebus lynatus). Presented by the

Hon. E. H. Ellis. r

4 Silky Marmosets (Midas rosalia), 1 g and 3 9. Presented

by the Hon. E. H. Ellis.

1 Brown Coati (Nasua nasica). Presented by Mr. Thynne.

1 Indian Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac), 2. Born in the Mena-

* —_ gerie.

21. 3 Rhesus Monkeys (Macacus erythreus), 2 ¢ and1Q. Pre-

23,

24,

25.

26.

27.

31.

Aug. 2.

sented by Mr. A. G. Williams.

1 White-headed Sea-Eagle (Haliaétus leucocephalus). Presented

by Mr. A. G. Williams.

3 Horned Vipers ( Vipera cornuta).. Deposited.

1 Squirrel Monkey (Saimaris sciurea), 2. Deposited.

5 Green Lizards (Lacerta viridis). Presented by Mr. A, Fraser.

1 Common Carp (Carassius vulyaris). Presented by Mr. A.

Woods.

1 Military Macaw (Ara militaris), Purchased.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), ¢. Presented by Mr. C.

_ _L. Norman.

1 Common Crane (Grus cinerea). Chinese variety. Presented

by Mr. T. Hance of Chingkiang. From Shantung, North

China. See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 681.

1 Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Presented by Mr.

J. Wildey.

3 Chaplain Crows (Corvus capellanus). Presented by Dr. J.

Huntly. From Fao, Persian Gulf.

1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus). Deposited.

JO Amherst Pheasants (Thaumalea amherstie). Bred in the

Gardens.

3 Temminck’s Tragopans (Ceriornis tenminckt). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Red River-Hog (Potamocherus penicillatus), g. Received in

exchange,

1 Common Hangnest (Jcterus vulgaris). Presented by Miss

Chambre,

28. 1 Rayen (Corvys coraxr). Presented by Miss L. Latham Browne.

1 West-African Python (Python sebe). Presented by Mx. Lionel

Hart.

aol Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis), §. Bred in the Gardens.

. 1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), $. Presented

by Mr. J. Harvey.

1 Weeper Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), 2. Presented by Mrs.

Cameron.

1 Wood-Brocket (Cervus nemorivagus), 2. Presented by Mr.

C, C. Berington. From Trinidad.

1 Oil-bird (Steatornis caripensis). From Trinidad. Presented

by Mr. G. W. Des Veux.

1 Berigora Hawk (Hieracidea berigora). Presented by Major

Spicer, F.Z.S.

1 White Goshawk (Astur nove-hollandig). Presented by Major

Spicer, F.Z,S.

1 Great-billed Rhea (Rhea macrorhyncha). Received in ex-

change.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), ¢. Born in the Menagerie,

1 Solitary Thrush (Monticola cyanus). Presented by Mr. W.

W. Verner.

55*

848

Aug.

oa)

10.

11.

14.

15.

APPENDIX.

1 Harpy Eagle ( Thrasaétus harpyia). Received in exchange.

. 6 Branched Seahorses (Hippocampus ramulosus). Purchased.

1 Levaillant’s Amazon ( Chrysotis levaillanti). Presented by Mr.

H. King. From Vera Cruz, Mexico.

. 2 Rufous Tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens). Presented by

Capt. Fairfax, R.N.

. 1 Spotted Cavy (Celogenys paca), Presented by Mr. J. Trotter.

1 Coati (Wasua nasica), 3. Presented by Mr. J. Trotter.

1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Mr. 8. N. Sharpe.

. 1 Central-American A gouti (Dasyprocta isthmica). Born in the

Menagerie.

1 Geottroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroyi). Hatched in the Gardens.

1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua rosevcapilla). Presented by Miss

Potter.

2 Common Swans (Cygnus olor). Presented by Major Kennan.

1 Moustache-Monkey ( Cercopithecus cephus), $. Presented by

Lieut. EK. F. Domyille, R.N.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torquatus). Presented by

Mrs. Russell.

1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by

Mr. D. G. Wright.

4 Common Carps (Cyprinus carpio). Presented by Mr. Wood.

1 Common Tench (7inca vulgaris). Presented by Mr. Wood.

5. 1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Received in exchange.

3 Brazilian Tortoises ( Testudo tabulata). Received in exchange.

1 Cape Hedgehog (£rinaceus frontalis). Received in exchange.

See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 681.

1 Guiana Partridge (Odontophorus guianensis). Purchased.

2 Solitary Tinamous (7%namus solitarius). Purchased.

1 Obsolete Tinamou ( Crypturus obsoletus). Purchased.

1 Fulvous Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna fulva). Purchased.

1 Wedge-tailed Pigeon (Tieron sphenura). Presented by Mrs.

A. H. Jamrach.

1 Madagascar Boa (Pelophilus madagascariensis). Purchased.

. 1 Spotted Turtle Dove ( Turtur suratensis), Bred in the Gardens.

2 Martinique Waterhens (Porphyrio martinicus). Purchased.

5 Black Salamanders (Salamandra atra). Presented by Mr.

Aug. Kussmaul, From Switzerland.

. | Egyptian Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 2. Presented by Capt.

John Graham. From Barbary.

1 Grey-headed Parrakeet (Agapornis cana). Presented by Mr.

B. Barnett.

20. 1 Slender-billed Cockatoo (Liemetis tenwirestris), Presented by

Major M. Pasley, R.A.

. 1 Seemmerring’s Antelope (Gazella semmerringi), §. Presented

by Capt. F. Cotton.

1 Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica), 9. Presented by Capt. F.

Cotton.

3. 1 Emu (Dromeus nove-hollandi@). Presented by Mr. F. Green.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), $. Presented by Mr. G.

B. Southern.

24. 1 Crested Ground-Parrakeet (Calopsitta nove-hollundie). De-

posited,

. 1 Purple-faced Monkey (Semnopithecus leucoprymnus), $ Pur-

chased.

1 Macaque Mozkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by.

Miss Gover,

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 849

Aug. 27, 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons). DPyesenied by Mr.

31.

Sept. 5.

“J

Shipman.

. 1 Common Hangnest (Icterus vulgaris). Deposited.

1 Leadbeater’s Cockatoo (Cacatua leadbeateri). Presented by

the Rey. S. J. Whitmee, C.M.Z.S.

29. 1 Pig-tailed Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus). Presented by Mrs,

Rintoul.

. 1 Tamandua Anteater ( Tamandua tetradactyia). Purchased.

1 American Darter (Plotus anhinga). Purchased.

1 Ashy-headed Gull (Larus cirrhocephalus). Purchased.

3 Brazilian Teals ( Querquedula brasiliensis),2 g and 19. Pur-

chased.

1 Brazilian Motmot (Momotus brasiliensis). Purchased. See

P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 681.

1 Sorry Thrush (Zurdus tristis). Purchased.

1 American Tantalus (Zantalus loculator). Purchased. From

the Rio Magdalena, See P. Z. S. 1877, p. 681.

2 Prince Albert’s Curassow (Crax alberti), 2. Purchased.

From Cartagena,

3 Black-faced Spider-Monkeys (Ateles ater). Purchased. From

Cartagena.

1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), Purchased. From

Belize.

1 Vinaceous Pigeon (Colhunba vinacea).. Purchased. From

Jartagena,

2 Wild Cats (Felis catus), § and 9. Received in exchange.

Clifton, F.Z.8.

1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus). Presented by Mr. G. Nurse.

1 Barbary Ape (Macacus inuus), Deposited. j

1 Asculapian Snake (Coluber esculapii). Presented by Mr. G.

F. Fenton.

30 Wall-Lizards (Lacerta muralis). Presented by Mr. G. F.

Fenton.

1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis), Presented by Mr. G. F.

Fenton.

1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandi). Deposited.

1 Mandrill (Cynocephalus mormon). Presented by Mr. Francis

Lovell.

1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes). Presented by Mr. R. Hayssen.

From Germany.

2 Mealy Amazons (Chrysotis farinosa). Deposited.

1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (Paleornis torquata). Deposited.

1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus). Deposited.

. 1 Egyptian Vulture (Neophron perenopterus). Deposited.

1 Short-toed Eagle (Cireaétus gallicus). Deposited.

1 Raven (Corvus corax). Deposited.

1 Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris). Deposited.

1 Great Ant-eater (Myrmecophaga jubata). Presented by the

Hon. L. 8. Sackville West. From Buenos Ayres.

2 Spotted-sided Finches (Amadina lathami). Presented by Mr.

J. M. Mitchell.

1 Angola Vulture (Gypohierax angolensis). Pyesented by My.

J. A. Solomon.

1 Vociferous Sea-EKagle (Haliaétus vocifer). Presented by Myr,

J. A. Solomon,

10.

14.

18.

19,

20.

21.

22.

25.

APPENDIX.

. 1 Aden te os Ovis aries). Presented by Mr. A. Swanzy.

1 Common

Thompson.

1 es (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Mrs.

wllen.

1 Crested Hangnest (Ostinops eristatus). Purchased.

1 Purple-faced Monkey (Semnopithecus leucoprymnus). Pyre-

sented by Mr. J. H. B. Knocker.

8 Capybaras (Hiydrocherus capybara). Purchased.

1 West-African Python (Python sebe). Presented by Mr.

_ Francis Lovell.

1 Common Hangnest (Icterus vulgaris). Presented by Mr.

Hamilton Dunlop.

1 Violet Tanager (Euphonia violacea). Purchased.

1 Yellow-winged Blue Creeper (Careba cyanea). Purchased.

2 Talpacoti Ground-Doves (Chamepelia talpacoti). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Porto-Rico Pigeon (Columba corensis). Bred in the Gardens.

ngfisher (Alcedo ispida). Presented by Mr. W.

. 2 Guilding’s Amazons ( Chrysotis guildingr). Purchased, From

St. Vincent, W. I. See P. Z.8. 1877, p. 683.

1 Osprey (Pandion hakiaétus). Presented by Mr. W.S. Quintin.

rom Yorkshire,

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by

Mr. A. 8. Percival.

1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 9. Presented by

Mr. W. W. Stead.

1 Capybara (Hydrocherus eapybara). Presented by Mr. W.

mith.

1 Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini). Deposited.

1 Ariel Toucan (Ramphastos ariel). Purchased.

1 Maximilian’s Aracari (Pteroglossus wiedi). Purchased.

2 Blue-bearded Jays (Cyanocorax eyanopogon). , Purchased.

2 West-Indian Rails (Aramides cayennensis). Purchased.

1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), 2. Presented

by Mr. W. D. James.

1 Nisnas Monkey (Cercopithecus pyrrhonotus), 2. Presented

by Mr. W. D. James.

3 Andean Geese (Bernicla melanoptera). Purchased: From

Peru.

2 Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica). Purchased. From

atagonia.

2Slaty Coots (Fulica ardesiaca). Purchased. From Peru:

See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 683.

1 West-African Python (Python sebe). Presented by Mr. J. J.

Kendall.

1 Royal Python (Python regius). Presented by Mr. J. J. Ken-

dall,

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), 3. Born in the Menagerie.

1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus). Deposited.

1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by the Rev,

W. Willimott.

1 African Buzzard (Buteo desertorum). Presented by the Rev:

W. Willimott.

1 ae Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), §. Presented by

Mr. J. F. Greenwood.

1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus). Born

in the Menagerie.

Sept, 24.

Oct.

12.

13.

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 851

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mr. G.S. 8. Williams.

1 Robben-Island Snake (Coronella phocarum). Presented by

the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.

1 Java Sparrow (Padda oryzivora). Purchased.

» 1 Chimpanzee (T'roglodytes niger), 3. Deposited.

2 Spotted Turtle Doves ( Turtur suratensis). Bred in the Gardens,

. 2 Red-backed Shrikes (Lanius collurio). Presented by Capt. F.

H. Salvin.

2 Common Swans (Cygnus olor), ¢ and 2. - Deposited.

. 1 Leonine Monkey (Macacus leoninus), 3. Deposited.

1 Common Adder (Vipera berus). Presented by Mr. W. H. B.

Pain.

. 1 White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), ¢. Purchased.

1 Laughing-Gull (Larus atricilla), Purchased.

3 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Purchased.

. 1 Common Seal (Phoca vitulina.) Presented by Mr. G. Mellin.

. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandit), Deposited.

1 Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica), 2. Deposited.

. 2 Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus). Presented by Mr.

Darill Stephens.

2 Emus (Dromeus nove-hollandig). Presented by Lord Francis

Conyngham, M.P., F.Z.S.

1 Lion (Felis leo), $. Deposited. From Persia.

. 1 Grivet Monkey (Cercopithecus griseo-viridis), $. Presented

by Mr. R. Dudgeon.

1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), 9. Presented by Mr.

T. Phillips.

. 1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajacu). Presented by Mrs. E. J.

Barrett.

1 Blackheaded Partridge (Caccabis melanocephala). Presented

by Capt. Burke, S.S. ‘Arcot.’ From Hedjar.

1 Hyacinthine Porphyrio (Porphyrio hyacinthinus). Presented

by Capt. Burke, 8.8. ‘Arcot.’ From Mesopotamia.

1 Chinese Trionyx (TZvionyx perocellatus). Purchased. From

the Yang-tse Kiang river.

. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), $. Presented by Miss

Ward.

1 Layard’s Flying Squirrel (Sczuopterus layardi). Presented b

Sur Charles Peter Layard. From Ceylon. See P. Z.S.

1877, p. 754.

1 Wood-Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Mrs. North, -

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Presented by Mr. T.

Golding.

2 Red Kangaroos (Macropus rufus). Deposited.

. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Born in the Mena-

erie.

1 River Jack-Viper (Vipera rhinoceros). Presented by Mr. J.

J. Kendall.

1 Brown Coati (Waswa nasica). Presented by Dr. G. P. Best,

M.R.C.S.

2 Bronze-winged Pigeons (Phaps chalcoptera). Bred in the

Gardens.

4 Chinese Turtle Doves (Turtur chinensis). Deposited.

1 White-whiskered Paradoxure (Paradoxurus. leucomystaz).

Purchased.

852

Oct. 18.

165,

19.

26,

27.

APPENDIX.

1 Large-billed Crow (Corvus culminatus). Purchased.

1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Purchased.

2 Crab-eating Raccoons (Procyon cancrivorus), g and 2. Pur-

chased.

1 Yarrell’s Curassow (Crax carunculata), . Purchased. From

Bahia.

1 Sclater’s Curassow (Crax sclateri), 2. Purchased. From

the Amazons.

1 Globulose Curassow (Crax globulosa). 2. Purchased. From

the Amazons.

2 Brazilian Cariamas (Cariama cristata), Purchased,

1 Crested Screamer (Chauna chavaria). Purchased.

2 Solitary Tinamous (Tinamus solitarius). Purchased.

. 4 Penguin Ducks (Anas boschas, var.). Presented by Mr. J.

Guthrie, F.Z.S.

. 4 Silky Cow-birds (Molothrus bonariensis). Purchased. From

Bahia.

1 Yellow-winged Blue Creeper (Careba cyanea). Purchased.

From Rio Janeiro.

1 Maximilian’s Aracari (Pteroglossus wiedi). Purchased. From

Rio Janeiro. :

2 White-bellied Guans (Ortalida albiventris). Purchased. From

Bahia.

1 Banded Cotinga (Cotinga cincta). Purchased. From Rio

Janeiro.

1 Yellow-footed Thrush (Zurdus flavipes). Purchased. From

Rio Janeiro.

1 Garden’s Night-Heron (Nycticorax gardeni). Purchased.

From Brazil.

1 Black Tanager (Zuchyphonus melaleucus), 9. Purchased.

From Bahia.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited.

1 Smooth-headed Capuchin (Cebus monochus), 9. Deposited.

. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by

Mr. Watkins.

1 Ostrich (Struthio camelus), 9. Received in exchange.

1 Chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Presented by Mr. Parsons.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), $. Presented by Mr.

Richard Turner.

. 1 Common Genet (Genetta vulgaris), Presented by Mr. P. V.

Carletti.

. 2 Hyacinthine Porphyrios (Porphyrio hyacinthinus). Presented

by Mrs. Henry Cobb.

. 1 Diamond-Snake (Morelia spilotes). Purchased.

. 3 Darwin’s Pucras (Pucrasia darwint),2 $ and 1 9. Deposited.

1 Pennant’s Parrakeet (Platycercus pennanti). Presented by

Mr. Henry Attwater.

1 Chinese Blue Magpie ( Uroctssa sinensis). Deposited.

1 Sun-Bittern (Lurypyga helias). Deposited.

1 Moose (Alces machlis), $. Purchased.

1 Gannet (Sula bassana). Presented by Mr. Alex. Paterson.

2 All-green Parrakeets (Brotogerys tiiacula), Presented by

Miss Rowe.

2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mrs.

Clayton.

2 East-African Buflalos (Bubalus equinoctialis), d and 9, Pur-

chased. See P. Z.S. 1877, p. 754.

‘ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE, 853

Oct. 27. 1 Yellow-bellied Liothrix (Liothrix luteus). Presented by

General Breton,

28. 3 Tigers eh tigris). Born in the Menagerie.

30. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 2. Presented by Mrs,

Henry Jephson Mello,

1 Central-A merican Agouti (Dasyprocta isthmica). Presented

by Mr. A. Stradling.

1 Putf-Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by Mrs. Tweed,

31, 1 Cape-Buffalo (Bubalus caffer). Born in the Menagerie.

2 Geoffroy’s Doves (Peristera geoffroyii). Bred in the Gardens.

Noy. 1. 1 Anubis Baboon ( Cynocephalus anubis), $. Presented by Mr.

H. Ward.

3 Sclater’s Curassows (Crax selateri),1 3 and 2 Q. Presented

by Mr. Alex. F, Baillie. From Paraguay.

2 Coatis (Nasua nasica). Born in the Menagerie,

2. 1 Common Jackal (Canis aureus). Presented by Mr. John Allan.

1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis). Deposited.

1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Presented by Mr,

. Page.

2 Cape-Doves (Cina capensis), 3 and 2. Presented by Mr, A.

B. Wylde.

3. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by Dr.

W. B. Stirling.

1 Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus Suliginosus), 2. Presented by

Mr. E. Sellars,

1 Brazilian Three-banded Armadillo ( Tolypeutes tricinctus),

Purchased. See P. Z. 8. 1877 , p. 805.

1 Pike (Esou lucius). Presented by Mr. A. D. Bartlett.

5. 5 Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), 2 8 and 3 2. Deposited.

From Lapland.

1 Californian Quail ( Callipepla californica). Presented by Mrs,

A. H. Jamrach.

2 Grey Plovers (Sguatarola helvetica). Presented by My, F,

Cresswell.

1 Ringed Plover (Zyialites hiaticula). Presented by Mr, F,

Cresswell.

1 Dunlin (Zringa cinclus). Presented by Mr. F. Cresswell.

6. 1 Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).” Presented by Mr. J.

Heath.

1 Ring-Hals Snake (Sepedon hemachates). Presented by Mr.

Eustace Pillans,

1 Cayenne Lapwing (Vanellus cayennensis). Purchased,

1 Brown Pelican (Pelecanus Juscus). Purchased. See P. 7, S.

1877, p. 805.

1 Cape-Zorilla (Lctonya: zorilla). Purchased.

7. 1 Saker Faleon (Falco sacer). Presented by Mrs, Arthur Coote.

From Eeypt.

8. 1 Cape-Buffalo (Bubalus caffer), 3. Received in exchange,

9.1 Wonga-Wonga Pigeon (Leucosarcia picata). Bred in the

Gardens.

1 Tiger (Felis tigris). Presented by Mr. A. Forbes Angus.

From China.

10, A collection of American Charr (Salmo fontinalis). Presented

by Mr. F. Buckland.

11. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by

Mr. H. W. Henderson.

854

Novy.

12.

13.

APPENDIX.

1 Common Squirrel (Scwrus vulgaris). Presented by Mr. T.

Massey, F.Z.S.

1 Radiated Tortoise (Zestudo radiata). Presented by Mr. H.

Harrison.

1 Bay Antelope (Cephalophus dorsalis), 9. Received in ex-

change.

2 Red-backed Squirrel Monkeys (Satmaris erstedi), 9. Pur-

chased. From Chiriqui.

2 Black-handed Spider Monkeys (Ateles melanochir), 9. Pur-

chased.

1 Derbian Opossum (Didelphys derbiana). Purchased From

Chiriqui.

1 Rufous-vented Guan (Penelope cristata). Purchased. From

Greytown.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus). Deposited.

1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Deposited.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-

sented by Mr. F. Lablache.

. 1 Brown Tree-Kangaroo (Dendrolagus inustus). Purchased.

See P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 806.

1 Slow Loris (Nycticebus tardigradus). Purchased.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 2. Deposited.

. 1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Presented by Miss Alice

Leith.

1 River Jack-Viper (Vipera rhinoceros). Purchased.

. 1 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas). Presented by Capt.

Fulton, 8.8. ‘Taymouth Castle.’

. 2 Black-eared Marmosets (Hapale penicillata). Presented by

Miss Quain.

. 1 Long-eared Owl (Aso otus). Presented by Mr. W. H. Mil-

lington.

3 Weeper Capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Purchased.

1 Squirrel Monkey (Saimaris sciwrea). Purchased.

. 1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandit). Presented by Mr. J.

H. Taylor.

1 Little Grebe (Podiceps minor). Purchased.

sa Sp cpnred Crocodile (Crocodilus americanus). Received in

exchange.

1 Spotted Ichneumon (Herpestes auropunctatus). Presented by

Mrs, Fleuss. From Persia.

. 1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by Mr.

J. R. Phillpotts.

2 Cheer Pheasants (Phasianus wallichi). Purchased.

. 1 Red Wolf (Canis jubatus). Purchased. From Buenos Ayres.

See P.Z. S. 1877, p. 806, pl. txxxt.

1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Purchased.

. 1 Common Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Presented by Mr. George

Ransom.

1 Scarlet Ibis (Jbis rubra). Presented by Mr. George Ransom.

1 Fulvous Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna fulva). Presented by Mr.

George Ransom.

. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus erythreus), 9. Presented by Mr.

R.S. Cox. .

2 Lesser Sulphur-coloured Cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Roberts.

. 2 Schlegel’s Doves (Chaleopelia puella),2 3. Purchased.

“N

10.

12,

13.

14,

16.

17,

21.

22.

24,

26.

- 4 Barbary Turtle Doves ( Turtur risorius), pee

ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 855

L Hobby (Hypotriorchis subbuteo), Presented

ney. Captured at sea.

Mr. W. Ren-

. 2 White Storks (Ciconia alba). Presented by Mr. C. Clifton,

F.ZS8.

1 Heron (Ardea cinerea), Presented by Mr. C. Clifton, F.Z.S,

1 Greater Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). Presented by

Mr. C. Clifton, F.Z.S.

- 1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 9. Presented by Mr.

Walter Mayhew.

7 Gelada Baboons (Cynocephalus gelada), 3 3 and 4 2. De-

posited. See P. ZS. 1878, p. 1.

2 Alario Sparrows (Passer adario). Purchased,

2 Axis Deer (Cervus avis), f and 2. Presented by Dr. Carl

Siemens.

2 Schlegel’s Doves ( Chalcopelia puella). Purchased.

1 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.

2 Waxwings (Ampelis garrulus), Purchased.

4 Bullfinches (Pyrrhula rubicilla). Purchased,

4 Common Waxbills (Estrelda cinerea). Received in ex-

change.

2 African Silverbills (Munia cantans). Received in exchange,

2 Cinereous Waxbills (Estrelda cerulescens). Received in ex-

change,

7 Yellow-rumped Seed-eaters (Crithagra chrysopyga). Received

in excnange.

6 Orange-cheeked Waxbills (Zstrelda melpoda). Received in

exchanee. :

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), Presented by Mr. T. H.

Evans.

1 Diana Monkey ( Cercopithecus diana). Presented by Mr. P.

Spink, From the Akah country, W. Africa.

2 Lesser Razor-billed Curassows (Mitua tomentosa). Pur-

chased.

1 Eel (Anguilla vulgaris). Presented by Mr. F. Buckland.

1 Patas Monkey ( Cercopithecus ruber), 2. Deposited.

1 Red-backed Saki (Pithecia chiropotes). Purchased. From

Trinidad.

1 Red-faced Spider Monkey (Ateles paniscus). Purchased.

2 Kinkajous (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus). Purchased.

1 Coati (Wasua nasica). Purchased.

1 Azara’s Fox (Canis azare). Purchased,

1 Black Vulture (Cathartes atratus). Purchased,

2 Alario Sparrows (Passer dlario),2 9. Purchased.

2 Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus), 3 and 2. Presented by

Sir Richard Pollock, K.C.S8.I. See P. Z.8. 1878, p. 1.

2 Grey-breasted Parrakeets (Bolborhynchus monachus), Pre-

sented by Mr. Alex. F. Baillie. From Paraguay.

14 Mocassin Snakes ( Tropidonotus fasciatus). Born in the

Gardens.

1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua gulerita). Pre-

sented by Mrs. Cohen,

1 Green Monkey ( Cercopithecus callitrichus), 9. Presented by

Mr. J. Scott.

1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus radiatus), 2. Presented by Mr. J,

H. Thompson.

1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Deposited.

856 APPENDIX.

Dec. 26. 2 Lions (Felisleo), 2 g. Presented by Mr. John Baird. From

Upper Nubia.

27. 1 Common Thicknee (Cidicnemus crepitans). Presented by Mr.

¥. Moll.

28, 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonyctoris collaris). Born in the Mena-

gerie.

1 Geoffroy’s Dove (Peristera geoffroyii). Bred in the Gardens.

31. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Deposited.

ihe:

Abdimia

phenarhyncha, 711,

vi 2, 807.

Abisara

jak aiae 587, 624,

an 587, 624.

Ablabes

greineri, 130.

Ablechrus

flavipes, 79.

Acanthodoris

globosa, 228, 262, 269.

mollicella, 228, 262,

269.

pilosa, 228.

subquadrata, 228,

Acanthomys

leucopus, 124.

Acanthonyx

concamerata, 655.

debilis, 655.

elongatus, 673, 679.

emarginatus, 655

lunulatus, 655.

petiverii, ‘653, 654.

Accentor

montanellus, 806.

Accipiter

bicolor, 329, 333,

brutus, 302.

etorques, 109.

Francesi, 296.

pusillus, 296, 302.

Acestrura

micrura, 327.

Achxa

melicerta, 609, 629.

oe 609, 629,

Bri, 609.

Achatina

acicula, 333.

acuta, 527.

Jolliculus, 333, 334.

INDEX.

Acherontia

lethe, 595.

morta, 595, 626.

satanas, 595.

Acidalia

absconditaria, 391.

attentata, 622, 631.

wmprimata, 621.

prefectata, 391.

pulchraria, 390.

remotata, 622, 631.

rubraria, 390.

schistaria, 391.

subtentaria, 391.

tuhuata, 390.

undosata, 391.

Acilius

cireumscriptus, 77.

incisus, 77, 82.

Aciptilus

monospilalis, 407.

patruelis, 407.

Acomys

dimidiatus, 41.

Acontia

signifera, 605, 627.

-Acribis

serrativentris, 78, 82.

Acridium

literosum, 88

melanocerum, 88.

Acridotheres

cristatellus, 698.

Acrocephalus

fasciolatus, 806.

insularis, 806.

schenobenus, 45, 47,

807.

Acroleptes

saturatus, 19.

Actza

tomentosa, 134+

Actzodes

tomentosus, 134.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LVI.

Actenoides

lindsay?, 690.

Actias

leto, 602.

selene, 602, 627.

ignescens, 602, 627.

Actinocyclus

Sragilis, 212.

grandiflora, 211

limbata, 243.

setigera, 211.

tuberculata, 204.

velutinus, 246.

verrucosus, 246.

vetulinus, 200.

Actinodoris

australis, 243, 2638.

cruenta, 201.

flammulata, 224.

Sumosa, 245.

krusensternit, 244.

maculosa, 202.

mauritiana, 245.

punctata, 201.

scabra, 201.

spiraculata, 202.

superba, 223.

sponsa, 221.

tilesii, 244.

tuberculosa, 241.

Actitis

hypoleucos, 301, 338.

incana, 557, 775, 781,

785.

macularia, 330.

Acus

(Huryta) brazieri, 185.

(Hastula) spectadilis,

185.

Addax

naso-maculatus, 4, 10,

12.

Adena

canthialis, 402.

858

Aigeria

tipuliformis, 380.

AKgialites

bicincta, 337.

cantianus, 817, 833.

curonica, 701.

dubia, 701, 833.

hiaticula, 29.

inornata, 337.

minuta, 701.

nigrifrons, 336,

337.

peronit, 701.

philippensis, 701

ruficapilla, 337.

wilsoniana, 330.

/Bgirus

hispidus, 233.

lessonii, 239.

leuckartii, 233.

punctilucens, 233.

JEpyceros

melampus, 454.

Aéthedoris

indica, 237.

/&thopyga

bella, 817.

magnifica, 156, 763.

(Eudrepanis) bella,

829.

Aganopes

subquadrata, 598.

Agarista

neptioides, 472.

Agnais

australis, 149.

Agriomyia

vagans, 83.

Agrecia

cooksonit, 87.

Agrotis

admirationis, 384.

ashworthii, 383.

cerulea, 383.

mitis, 383, 407.

moderata, 383.

nullifera, 382.

suffusa, 383.

Alactaga

decumana, 281,

Alamis

spoliata, 604.

Alauda

duponti, 368.

Alca

arra, 29.

torda, 307, 314.

troile, 2.

Alcelaphus

caama, 454, 455,

lichtensteint, 454.

INDEX.

Alcedo

bengalensis, 690, 758.

chloris, 541.

collaris, 408, 409.

gularis, 541.

aspida, 105.

ispidoides, 195.

moluccensis, 105, 195.

Alces

machlis, 13, 14, 289.

cides

aurora, 150, 151.

Aleyoncellum

speciosum, 462.

Alectroenas

sganzint, 300, 302.

Alpenus

(Spilosoma) maculi-

fascia, 597.

Alphenus

iseriatus, 596, 626.

Aluco

flammeus, 296, 302.

Alvania

elegans, 174, 177, 187.

gracilis, 174, 177,

87.

olivacea, 187.

salebrosa, 187.

Alysia

nullifera, 382.

specifica, 382.

Amathusia

phidippus, 583, 624.

Amaurornis

olivacea, 702, 768.

Amazilia

leucophea, 327.

Amblychia

angeronaria, 621.

torrida, 621, 631.

Amblygnathus

obscuricornis, 82.

Amblypodia

nakula, 590, 625.

zeta, 590, 625, 631.

| Amblyrhamphus

holosericeus, 306.

Amblyrhynchus

cristatus, 67.

Ammophorus

bifoveatus, 81.

cooksonit, 80, 82.

galapagoénsis, 82,

obseurus, 80, 82.

Amphiperas

dentata, 186.

ovum, 186.

punctata, 186.

Amphitape

erassitibia, 382.

Amussium

balloti, 198.

Amyn:

yna

selenampha, 604, 627.

Anabathron

contabulata, 187.

nxa

acidalia, 639.

halice, 634.

Anas

boschas, 306.

pelewensis, 737, 738.

punctata, 346.

superciliosa, 346, 737,

738, 776, 785.

Anasa

obscura, 88.

Anchonus

galapago énsis, 82.

Ancula

cristata, 238.

fusca, 289.

sulphurea, 238.

Androctonus

americus, 'T5.

Angasiella

edwardsi, 212.

Anilocra

levis, 654, 672, 679.

laticauda, 678.

mexicana, 673.

trichiura, 654, 677,

679.

Anomis

fulvida, 606, 628.

Anophi

phia

olivascens, 606, 628.

Anous

albivittatus, 776.

eeruleus, '7'76, 777.

cinereus, 776, 777.

leucocapillus, 683, 770,

781.

melanogenys, 557, 683,

781, 798.

parvulus, 776.

pelewensis, 785.

pileatus, 781.

rousseaut, 776.

stolidus, 113, 348, 557,

776, 781, 785, 797,

798.

tenuirostris, 781, 798.

Anser

cinereus, 306.

ruficollis, 806.

Anseranas

melanoleuca, 345,

Antherxa

andamana, 602, 627. -

Anthothreptes

chlorogastra, 756, 763.

chlorigaster, 831.

griseigularis, 817, 830.

malaccensis, 831.

Anthreptes

chlorogastra, 768.

Anthus

arboreus, 696.

batchianensis, 807.

cervinus, 47.

gustavi, 807.

Japonicus, 696.

maculatus, 687, 696.

richardi, 806.

seebohmi, 807.

Antilocapra

americana, 4, 11.

Anzabe

sinensis, 816.

palis

cerviniventris, 22.

Apamea j

oculea, 384.

vitiosa, 384, 407.

Apate

sp., 82.

Aphnzeus

lohita, 589.

zoilus, 588, 625.

Aphobus

chopi, 323, '750.

Aphomia

strigosa, 398, 407.

Apicalia

guentheri, 35, 40, 184.

Aplonis

cassint, 774.

marginata, 725, 774.

pelzelni, 779.

zabuensis, 725, 735, 736,

774, 783.

vitiensis, 735, 736,

774,

Aplysia

foe 190.

excavata, 190.

hyalina, 190.

norfolkensis, 190.

sydneyensis, 190.

Apphadana

evulsalis, 613, 629.

Appias

ee asana, 814.

galathea, 591, 625.

Aprosmictus

anna, 772.

tabuensis, 772.

Apsarasa

Jigurata, 604, 627.

radians, 604, 605.

INDEX.

Apteryx

mantelli, 307.

oweni, 307.

Aranea

longipes, 284.

maculata, 284.

Arachnechthra

Jugularis, 536, 588, 548,

688, 698, 763, 830.

Arboricola

torqueola, 307.

Arca

gradata, 72.

Archetypus

Sulvipennis, 156.

Architectonica

perspectiva, 184.

Arctica

alle, 451.

Arctomys

bobac, 278.

marmotta, 278.

Ardea

cerulea, 745.

candidissima, 745.

cinerea, 293.

cocot, 307.

comata, 301.

Jlavicollis, 113.

gularis, 302. ~

zbis, 301, 302.

leucoptera, 301, 302.

nigripes, 703.

nove-hollandie, 341.

pacifica, 341.

sacra, 112, 551, 555,

726, 737, 742, 775,

781, 785.

sumatrana, 341,

Ardetta

cinnamomea, 688, 703.

Alavicollis, 118, 834.

gouldi, 118.

pusilla, 348,

Areas

lactinea, 815.

punctipennis, 473.

Argina

cribraria, 474, 597,

26.

Argiope

ne stele 285.

brownti, 284.

Argiva

hieroglyphica, 608, 628.

rgua

scabra, 398.

Argus

giganteus, 307.

Argynnis

niphe, 813,

859

Argyriosus

setipinnis, 67, 69.

Armadillidium

brunneum, 675.

celatum, 654, 665, 678.

pictum, 675.

pustulatum, 654, 675.

vulgare, 665.

zenckeri, 675.

Armadillo

cacahuamilpensis, 666.

cubensis, 666.

inconspicuus, 664.

officinalis, 663, 664.

pilularis, 665.

pustulatus, 675.

vulgaris, 654, 663, 664,

665, 666, 672, 678.

Arremon

abeill@i, 744.

spectabilis, 332.

rses

kaupi, 100.-

telescophthalma, 100.

Artamus

albiventris, 351.

cinereus, 851.

insignis, 101,

leucorhynus, 536, 588,

544, 692, 759, 826.

maximus, 101.

melaleucus, 101, 739.

monachus, 101,

pelewensis, 739.

Arundinax

blakistoni, 806.

Ascalaphia

coromanda, 807.

Asio

americanus, 159, 160.

mexicanus, 159, 160.

otus, 159.

wilsonianus, 159.

Asopia

limbolalis, 615, 629.

Aspidophoroides

monopterygius, 295.

Aspilates

abrogata, 392.

insignis, 393, 407.

subochraria, 396.

Asteronotus

eruenta, 201.

hemprichit, 200, 201.

Asthena

nvullata, 390.

pulchraria, 390.

subpurpureata, 390.

Astur

equatorialis, 728.

cruentus, 727, 728.

860

Astur

griseigularis, 728.

henicogrammus, 728.

rufitorques, 727, 728.

trivirgatus, 821.

Atagema

carinata, 211.

Atella

alcippe, 584, 624.

Atergatis

floridus, 133,

Athamas

whitmeei, 576, 578.

Athyma

cama, 811.

leucothoé, 811.

zoroastres, 811.

Attagis

gayi, 414, 415, 416.

Auchmis

composita, 386.

Aulacoscelis

melanocephalus, 510.

melanocera, 510.

Auxomitia

mirificalis, 619, 630.

Avella

despiciens, 574, 578.

xis

maculata, 14.

Azazia

rubricans, 611, 629.

Beocerca

flaviventris, 23.

virens, 23.

Balistes

mitis, 67, 69.

Barsine

trivitatta, 597, 626.

Basileuterus

castaneiceps, 521.

coronatus, 521.

leucoblepharus, 521.

stragulatus, 521.

wropygialis, 331.

Batocera

browni, 157, 159.

gerstaecker?, 158.

nebulosa, 158, 159.

wna, 158.

wallacet, 158.

Batrachostomus

sp, nov. 426, 439.

affinis, 421,422,423,424,

425, 426, 427, 428,

433, 484, 485, 4386,

437, 438, 440, 444.

auritus, 421, 428, 424,

426, 489

castaneus, 422, 423,427.

INDEX.

Batrachostomus

cornutus, 421, 422, 425,

427, 482, 433, 484,

436, 444.

erinitus, 424, 425,

hodgsoni, 42/7.

javanensis, 421, 422,

425, 427, 486, 487.

moniliger, 421, 423,

424, 426, 439, 440,

448, 444, 445.

parvulus, 422, 426, 427.

psilopterus, 424.

punctatus, 439, 440.

septimus, 537, 542.

stellatus, 421, 423, 425,

427, 429, 436, 487,

439, 444.

stictopterus,423,436,437.

Baza

reinwardti, 109.

Belenois

nabis, 470.

Belideus

ariel, 125.

breviceps, 125.

Bernicla

brenta, 32.

Bertula

albinotalis, 613, 629.

hypenalis, 613,

mysalis, 613.

Binsitta

niviferana, 623, 631.

Bithia

exclusa, 621, 631.

lignaria, 621.

Bithynis

longimana, 662.

Bittium

turritellifor mis,

177, 186.

Bityla

atristriga, 387.

defigurata, 387.

sericea, 387, 407.

thoracica, 387.

Bizone

anabilis, 597, 632.

Blabophanes

insularis, 628, 681.

Blanus

cinereus, 270.

Blarina

micrura, 446,

Blatta ¢

americana, 87.

surinamensis, 87.

Blenina

grisea, 607, 628, 632.

lichenosa, 607, 628, 632.

174,

Boa

constrictor, 680.

Boarmia

attracta, 390.

dejectaria, 390.

exprompta, 390.

Bombycistomus

fullertonit, 439.

taurus, 10, 12.

Bostrichus

uncinatus, 82.

Bostrychia

carunculata, 479, 484,

493, 501, 502.

Botaurus

poiciloptilus, 342.

Botys

abstrusalis, 620, 630.

annuligeralis, 619.

ardealis, 619, 630.

caletorialis, 619.

disjunctalis, 619.

illisalis, 619, 6380.

immundalis, 620, 630.

mahanga, 399.

maorialis, 388.

megapteralis, 620.

multilinealis, 619, 630.

opalinalis, 620, 630.

otagalis, 388.

retractalis, 620.

scinisalis, 619, 630,

632.

stultalis, 619, 630.

thoasalis, 619, 630, 632.

thyasalis, 616.

vinacealis, 619, 630.

Brachychlanis

pantherina, 240.

Brachypteryx

albifrons, 367.

buctoni, 367.

Brachyurus

propinguus, 687.

Bracon

penetrator, 413.

Broderipus

acrorhynchus, 536, 537,.

538, 545, 694, 760.

cochinsinensis, 760.

Brotogerys

pyrrhoptera, 329, 333.

Bubalus

equinoctialis, 754.

caffer, 455, 754.

Buccinum

suturale, 180.

Buceros

hydrocorax, 543, 544,

824,

Ses Me et

i i hi De

Buceros

mindanensis, 537, 543,

544, 823.

kelaartit, 686.

travancoricus, 685.

Bulimus

albolabiatus, 364, 365.

atomatus, 170.

balstoni, 537, 530.

clavator, 527.

eschariferus, 72.

Sucatus, 363.

Susoides, 363.

lividus, 365.

maculatus, 365.

nun, 72.

piperitus, 362.

ponsonbit, 170, 177.

rectilinearis, 365.

rugulosus, 72.

unifasciatus, 72.

yungasensis, 362.

ziegleri, 365.

(Drymeus) @guatori-

anus, 368, 365.

(——) alboliabiatus,

363.

a, ochrocheilus,

362, 365.

( ) orthostoma, 364,

(Eurytus) roseolabrum,

362, 365.

(Liostracus) flavidulus,

364, 365.

(—— fuscobasis, 365.

(——) subpellucidus,

364, 365.

Bull

ampulla, 189.

debilis, 189.

gouldi, 189.

(Haminea) crocata, 189.

( ) cuticulifera, 189.

Bullia

mozambicensis,7 19,722.

(Leiodomus) Aurra-

chensis, 529, 530.

Bursa

(Apollon) anceps, 180.

pes) granifera,

(——) hians, 179.

(——) venustula, 180.

Butalis

griseosticta, 694.

grisola, 694.

manillensis, 694.

INDEX.

Butastur

indicus, 689, '757.

Buteo

erythronotus, 'T45.

ferox, 531.

jackal, 307.

tachardus, 580.

Butorides

atricapilla, 301, 302.

flavicollis, 343.

javanica, 703, '769,

834

virescens, 746.

Bythinia

stanleyi, 717, 722.

Cacatua

ducorpsi, 107.

goffini, 793.

hematuropygia, 755,

756, 817.

moluccensis, 793.

ophthalmica, 107.

philippinarun, 798.

Caccabis

chukar, 307.

heyi, 2.

melanocephala, 2,

307.

saxatilis, 307.

Cacoécia

costana, 403.

gallicolens, 382.

herana, 402.

inana, 403, 407.

taipana, 403,

vilis, 402, 407.

Cacomantis

castaneiventris, 730.

insperatus, 106.

merulinus, 691.

Cacopsodos

niger, 395, 407.

Caica

avanthomera, 419.

Cairina

moschata, 333.

Calamoherpe

Sumigata, 806.

subflavescens, 806.

syrinx, 778.

Calidris

arenaria, 31.

Callidon

guentheri, 684.

Callidryas

crocale, 147.

Calligrapha

distinguenda, 518.

elegantula, 519.

Oallinectes

bellicosus, 656.

861

Calliope

camtschatkensis, 688,

697.

Callipara

brazieri, 181.

Calliploea

mesocala, 467.

rhadamanthus, 170.

Callipepla

gambeli, 307.

Callista

victorie, 192.

Callopistria

exotica, 605, 627.

Callopsaris

albogriseus, 327.

Calobates

melanope, 537, 546, 697,

761.

Calcenas

nicobarica, 112.

Calopsitta

nove-hollandie, 351,

793.

Calornis

sp., 554.

amboinensis, 554,

cantoroides, 554.

gularis, dd4.

metallica, 104, 554.

nitida, 104.

pacificus, 779.

panayensis, 536, 588,

549, 763, 831.

Calycidoris

guentheri, 225,

Calymnia

panopus, 596.

pavonica, 596, 626.

Calyptomena

viridis, 447, 449.

Calyptrea

alveolata, 70.

porosa, 188.

tortilis, 70.

Camarhynchus

cinereus, 321.

Camelopardalis

pa 8 3, 4, 11, 12, 288,

289.

Campephaga

maculosa, 724, '725.

Camponotus

macilentus, 83.

planus, 83.

senex, 83.

Camptogramma

correlata, 393.

fuscinata, 396.

stinaria, 396.

subochraria, 396.

862

Campylorhynchus

balteatus, 819, 333,

749.

Cancellaria

(Trigonostoma)

quata, 186.

costifera, 186.

Cancer

carnifex, 137.

ceratophthalmus, 135.

converus, 133.

dentatus, 134.

floridus, 138.

hydromus, 138.

megistos, 138.

muricatus compressus,

654.

ocyroé, 133.

strigosus, 136.

(Mantis) arenarius,

138.

Cancroma

cochlearia, 307.

Canis

aureus, 278.

jubatus, 806.

lateralis, 419.

lupus, 273.

lycaon, 273.

vulpes, 273, 274.

Capnodes

rufescens, 612, 629.

trifasciata, 612, 629.

Capra

egagrus, 270, 276.

jemlaica, 4, 10

picta, 4, 10.

Capreolus

anti-

caprea, 9, 10, 12, 14, |

Caprimulgus

affinis, 691.

ewropeus, 'T54.

griseatus, 688, 690,

691.

Capsus

darwinii, 89.

nigritulus, 89.

quadrinotatus, 89.

spoliatus, 89.

Carabodes

nitens, 25.

Cardisoma

carnifex, 137, 188.

Cardium

rugosum, 192.

(Acanthocardia) multi-

spinosum, 192.

Cariacus

columbianus, 18.

leucurus, 18.

INDEX.

Cariacus

mexicanus, 18.

virginianus, 18.

Carphibis

spinicollis, 340, 479,

491.

Carpilius

converus, 133.

Carpodacus

erythrinus, 751.

| Carpophaga

ened, 555, 764, 832.

latrans, 737.

lepida, 109.

luctuosa, 109.

oceanica, 726, 775, 780.

pacifica, 726, 740, 770,

775, 783.

rhodinolema, 5d.

rubricera, 109.

spilorrhoa, 109.

van-wycki, 109.

Casella

atromarginta, 229.

gouldii, 229.

philippinensis, 229.

Cassicus

flavicrissus, 322.

prevosti, 322.

Cassidix

ater, 323.

Castalius

elna, 587, 624.

ethion, 587, 624.

manluena, 587, 624.

Casuarius

australis, 28.

beccarii, 307, 316.

bennetti, 97, 113.

picticollis, 307, 315,

316.

uniappendiculatus, 307,

313, 314, 316, 419,

531.

Catoblepas

gi, + ;

Catopsilia

catilla, 591, 625.

chryseis, 591, 625,

813.

crocale, 591, 625.

gnoma, 814.

nephte, 814.

pyranthe, 814.

Caustoloma

ziczac, 389.

Caviria

cygna, 601, 627.

Cavolina

flava, 178.

gibbosa, 178.

Cavolina

inflexa, 178.

limbata, 178.

longirostris, 178.

quadridentata, 178.

Ceblepyris

karu, 101.

Celeopicus

exalbidus, 21.

Celerena

andamana, 600, 626.

Celeus

citrinus, 21.

exalbidus, 21.

flavus, 21.

semicinnamomeus, 21.

subflavus, 21.

Centrococcyx

affinis, 691, 692.

javanensis, 691.

viridis, 536, 543, 691,

758, 823.

Centronotus

fasciatus, 295.

Centropristis

psittacinus, 67.

Centropus

ateralbus, 106.

violaceus, 106.

Cephalophus

grimmia, 453.

maxwelli, 4, 8, 10, 11.

peronii, 118.

pygmeus, 4, 10, 11,

289.

Cerambyx

jimbriatus, 157.

graffa, 158.

Ceratodoris

eolida, 222.

Ceratorhinus

sumatrensis, 707, 711.

Ceratosoma

brevicaudatum, 234.

caledonicum, 234.

cornigerum, 233.

Sulguratella, 404.

gracillimum, 234.

oblongum, 234.

tenue, 234.

trilobatum, 238.

webbii, 234.

Cercibis

oaycerca, 478, 479,

497.

Cerithiopsis

crocea, 36.

purpurea, 36, 40, 184.

| Cerithium

carbonarum, 186.

—_ »

Se ee

ate we

Certhia

Jugularis, 548.

Osercapi

bohor, 418.

Cervulus

muntjac, 4, 9, 11, 17.

reevesi, 4, 14, 17.

Cervus

affinis, 17.

alfredi, 3, 4, 9, 11, 15,

55, 58, 59, 60.

antisiensis, 13, 14, 18.

aristotelis, 4, 9, 11, 52,

, 58, 59.

axis, 15, 16, 17.

barbarus, 17.

campestris, 4, 9,11, 12,

18, 14, 18.

canadensis, 13, 15, 16,

capreolus, 4, 276.

cashmeerianus, 4, 9,11,

16, 17.

columbianus, 18, 14,

dama, 4, 9, 11, 14, 276,

289.

duvaucelli, 3, 4, 8, 12,

15, 682.

elaphus, 4,9, 11, 12, 16,

7, 276.

eldi, 15.

leucotis, 13, 14, 18.

leucurus, 13, 14.

mantchuricus, 15, 16,

maral, 16, 17.

mariannus, 4, 51, 52,

58, 54, 56, BY, 59.

mexicanus, 4, 8, 9, 10,

a, 18; 15.

moluccensis, 4, 9, 11,

59.

nemorivagus, 18.

— nigricans, 57, 58, 60.

peronti, 59.

Lopaed 51, 52, 53,

54, 55, 58, 59, 60.

pudu, 4, 9, 11, 13, 14,

791.

rufus, 4, 12, 14, 18.

schomburg kei, 15, 682.

sika, 15, 16.

simplicicornis, 18.

swinhoti, 4, 8, 58.

superciliaris, 18.

INDEX.

| Cervus

taévanus, 15.

virginianus, 13, 14, 15,

16, 289, 791.

319, 328,

Ceryle

cabanisii,

333.

inda, 333.

torquata, 328.

Cethosia

imperialis, 469.

nicobarica, 588, 624.

obscura, 144.

eyx

argentata, 822.

solitaria, 105.

Cheerocampa

bistrigata, 472.

celata, 466, 472.

Japonica, 815.

lucasi, 595.

nessus, 595, 626.

silhetensis, 815.

tenebrosa, 595, 626.

Chalcites

smaragdineus, 683.

Chalcophaps

indica, 700, 765,

833

margarite, 111, 112.

stephani, 111.

Chalcosia

argentata, 816.

diana, 815.

id@oides, 815, 816.

Chamepelia

buckleyt, 21.

godina, 22.

griseola, 21, 22.

passerina, 21.

rufipennis, 22.

talpacoti, 21, 22.

Chamzza

brevicauda, 5238.

Charadrius

cantianus, 833.

Julvus, 113, 537, 538,

550, 67,

a 715, 781, 784,

longipes, 336, 806.

mongolicus, 113, 556.

Charagia

fischeri, 380.

hectori, 380.

rubroviridans, 380.

virescens, 380.

Charaxes

jupiter, 145.

Chasmina,

pavo, 603.

863

Chauna

derbiana, 307, 809.

Chenopis

atrata, 345.

Chilo

leucanialis, 401.

simplex, 400, 407.

| Chilobothrus

inornatus, 303.

Chione

(Circomphalus) Jazmel-

lata, 191.

(Timoclea) gallinula,

191.

Chionis

alba, 417, 418.

minor, 417, 418.

Chiromacheris

manacus, 525.

Chiton

sulcatus, 71.

(Lophyrus) goodalliz,

Chnamipaechan

Jubata, 345

Chlenias

verrucosa, 382.

Chlorodius

exaratus, 135.

nodosus, 134, 135.

sanguineus, 134, 135.

Chloronerpes

callonotus, 327.

canipileus, 327.

ignus, 20,

malherbi, 20.

Chlorospingus

albitemporalis, 522

flavipectus, 522.

pheocephalus, 521.

Chordeiles

acutus, 327.

pruinosus, 753.

Choreutes

novare, 623, 631.

Choriotis

australis, 335.

Chromodoris

alba, 215.

albescens, 215.

albomaculata, 216.

albonotata, 217.

albopustulosa, 218.

amabilis, 220.

anne, 218.

bennetti, 217.

brachyphylla, 221.

cerulea, 215

ceruleata, 222,

calcare, 220.

ettrina, 219.

864

Chromodoris

crossei, 218.

daphne, 218.

decora, 215.

dorsalis, 215.

elegans, 219.

elegantula, 216.

elisabethina, 213.

erinaceus, 212.

erythrea, 220.

festiva, 218.

Jidelis, 220.

glenei, 220.

gloriosa, 215.

gracilis, 214.

histrio, 213.

imperialis, 220.

infucata, 219.

inornata, 217.

krohnii, 221.

lamberti, 218.

lemniscata, 214.

lentiginosa, 217.

lineata, 214.

lineolata, 215.

loringi, 217.

luteo-rosa, 219.

lutescens, 221.

lucuriosa, 213.

maccarthyt, 220.

magnifica, 214.

marginata, 215.

marvei, 217.

mollita, 221, 260, 269.

montrouzieri, 218.

nardii, 219.

obsoleta, 216.

orsinii, 221.

pallens, 218.

pallescens, 219.

pallida, 216.

pasinit, 220.

awpera, 215.

vnetit, 218.

picta, 217, 219.

picturata, 214, 221.

pirainii, 220.

pretiosa, 221.

prismatica, 221.

propinquata, 217.

pulchella, 216, 219,

pulchra, 217.

punctulifera, 219.

purpurea, 217.

pusilla, 218.

pustulans, 216.

quadricolor, 214.

reticulata, 220.

rufomaculata, 216.

ruminata, 215.

seacchi, 216.

| Chromodoris

INDEX,

schuliziana, 219.

seurra, 213.

semperi, 215.

simplex, 216.

souverbiei, 218.

splendida, 218.

sponsa, 221.

striatella, 213.

subpulchella, 219.

tennentiana, 221.

tinctoria, 216.

trilineata, 414.

trioni, 216.

varians, 217.

variegata, 216.

venulosa, 221.

verrieri, 218.

verrucosa, 237.

vibrata, 217,

villafranea, 214.

ville, 221.

virginea, 215.

whitei, 214.

xantholeuca, 220.

zebrina, 2138.

Chrysocoecyx

limborgi, 366.

axanthorhynchus, 367.

Chrysocolaptes

hematribon, 539, 689.

lueidus, 537, 539, 687,

822

maculiceps,539,540,687.

stricklandi, 540.

xanthocephalus, 540.

Chryscena

luteovirens, 736.

victor, 464, 736.

viridis, 464, 736.

Chrysophrys

calamus, 68.

taurina, 68.

Chrysotis

guildingi, 683.

Cicindela

d@urvillet, 152.

Ciconia

alba, 307, 711.

boyciana, 307, 711.

maguari, 711.

nigra, 711.

Cidaria

adonata, 395.

aquosata, 395.

assata, 397.

beata, 397, 407.

clarata, 397.

congregata, 397.

delicatulata, 397.

dissociata, 394.

Cidaria

inclarata, 398.

inopiata, 398.

lestevata, 398.

megaspilata, 397.

monoliata, 397.

perductata, 398.

plagifurcata, 398.

pyramaria, 397.

rehata, 393.

rosearia, 396.

semifissata, 397.

semilisata, 394.

similata, 397, 398.

thouarsit, 91.

timarata, 398.

verriculata, 396.

Fi ay gobiata

96.

Cingu

pe ee 187.

brazieri, 35, 40, 183.

Cinnyris

aspasia, 102, 103.

speratus, 830.

Circus

eruginosus, 687.

maillardi, 302.

spilonotus, 687.

Cirithium

macuiosum, 70.

Cirrochroa

angira, 584, 624.

aoris, 584.

Cirsonella

australis, 38, 40, 188.

Cirsotrema

hyalina, 183.

Cissopis

leveriana, 306.

Cisticola

rayt, 828.

oe a 817.

el 98.

semirufa, 828.

Citellus

xanthoprymnus,277 278,

Citta

thalassina, 306.

Cladognathus

cinctus, 154.

Clambus

minutus, 78.

Clanculus

undatus, 188.

Clanis

nicobarensis, 595.

phalaris, 595, 626.

Clathurella

brenchleyi, 37, 40, 184.

Clathurella

modesta, 38, 40, 185.

pustulata, 38, 40, 185.

rufozonata, 38, 40, 184.

Cleis

posticalis, 150.

Cleosiris

catamita, 599, 626.

Clibanarius

brasiliensis, 658.

carnescens, 654, 658,

659.

cayennensis, 654, 657,

659, 678.

tsochirus, 654.

lineatus, 659.

lordii, 654, 658, 678.

misanthropus, 673,

674.

oculatus, 674.

pilosimanus, 654.

speciosus, 654, 658.

vittatus, 658.

Olupea

libertatis, 67, 69.

Coccystes

Jacobinus, 465.

serratus, 465.

Coccyzus

erythrophthalmus, 328.

Cochlicopa

lubrica, 333.

maderensis, 333.

Colius

castanonotus, 306.

Collocalia

sp., 783.

cinerea, 408, 740.

Ffrancica, 740.

Suciphaga, 740.

leucopygia, 739.

linchit, 739. ae

odiopygia, 408, 723,

780.

troglodytes, 823.

uropygialis, 738.

vanicorensis, 408, 723.

740, 778.

Colluricincla

heinei, 770, 773.

maculosa, 724.

Columba

bicolor, 550.

castaneiceps, 737.

livia, 306, 312.

pinon, 109.

pollent, 300, 302.

rivolti, 109.

vitiensis, 736.

Columbella

angast, 182.

INDEX.

Columbella

darwini, 181.

dermestoides, 182.

fuscata, 70.

interrupta, 182.

lentiginosa, 181.

lineolata, 182.

speciosa, 182.

tyleri, 181.

(Anachis) smith?, 181.

(——) speciosa, 35,

40.

Oolumbula

cruziana, 754.

Columella

atrata, 172.

(Anachis) smithi, 172,

Vite

Colymbus, 31.

eee 2.

Colyphantria

comorensis, 300,

Comatibis

comata, 479, 484,

493.

olivacea, 507.

oxycerca, 485.

Cominella

alveolata, 180.

Conchylodes

avifeialis, 618, 630.

(Zebronia) lactiferalis,

618.

Connochetes

gnu, 455.

Conolophus

subcristatus, 67.

Conopophaga

aurita, 449.

Contopus

punensis, 744.

Conurus

anna, 772.

erythrogenys, 328.

Conus

metealft, 173, 177,

184.

nux, 70.

rutilis, 36.

smithi, 184.

(Ooronaxis) minimus,

184.

(Stephanoconus) smithé,

Copelatus

galapagoénsis, 82.

Copris

lugubris, 82.

Copsychus

mindanensis, 688, 696,

761, 828.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LYII.

865

Coptobasis

emealis, 615.

andamanalis,

629, 632.

cuprealis, 616, 629,

32.

632.

_lunalis, 616, 629.

Coracias

orientalis, 540, 757.

Coracopsis

barklyi, 296, 302.

comorensis, 296, 302.

615,

| Coregonus

oxyrhynchus, 419, 420.

Coremia

ardularia, 396.

inamenaria, 395.

pastinaria, 396.

rosearia, 396.

semifissata, 397.

subidaria, 396.

ypsilonaria, 397.

Ooriphilus

smaragdinus, 407.

Coronella

rosenbergit, 130.

Corsira

teculyas, 445.

temlyas, 445, 446.

tropicalis, 446.

Corydalla

lugubris, 536, 538, 547,

688, 696, 762, 828.

malayensis, 828.

rufula, 828.

Corydon

sumatranus, 448.

Coryllis

hartlaubi, 819, 821.

Oorynetes

rufipes, 81.

Coryphospingus

cruentus, 322.

Corythornis

vintsioides, 297, 302.

Corvus

brevipennis, 548, 698.

corax, 29,

cornix, 806.

corone, 806.

enca, 105, 548.

madagascariensis, 299,

802.

monedula, 306.

orru, 105. ; 4

hilippinus, 536, 538,

e Bde. 698, 763, 831.

scapulatus, 299.

validissimus, 548.

validus, 548.

violaceus, 105, 548.

866

Cottus

gronlandicus, 295.

quadricornis, 293.

tricuspis, 295.

Coturnix

communis, 301,802,306.

Crambus

flexuosellus, 399,

gracilis, 401,

lativittalis, 400.

ramosellus, 400.

rangona, 400.

transcissalis, 400.

trivirgatus, 400.

tuhualis, 400.

vapidus, 399.

vitellus, 401,

vulgaris, 400, 407.

Craniopeltis

bivittata, 67.

Oraniorrhinus

leucocephalus, 824.

Crateropus

caudatus, 687, 688.

Crax

alector, 22.

erythrognatha, 22.

sclateri, 307.

Creophilus

villosus, 82.

Cricetus

accedula, 281.

frumentarius, 280.

nigricans, 280.

vulgaris, 280.

Crimora

papilata, 231.

Criniger

everetti, 817, 827.

Crocidura

aranea, 272.

leucodon, 271.

Crocodilus

biporcatus, 337.

Crotophaga

ani, 753.

sulcirostris, 328, 758.

Cryptolechia

carnifex, 406.

gulactina, 406.

nivella, 475.

rufosparsa, 406.

Cryptophasa

rubescens, 475

russata, 466, 475.

Oryptothele

ceylonica, 557, 568, 577,

578.

verrucosa, 564.

Crypturus

tataupa, 307.

INDEX.

| Cubaris

affinis, 654, 666, 678.

cubensis, 74, 666.

galapagoénsis, 74, 93.

gigas, 654, 666, 678.

Cuculus

assimilis, 106.

bronzinus, 730.

canorus, 306.

dumetorum, 106.

Slabelliformis, 730.

infuscatus, 730.

insperatus, 106.

mindanensis, 543.

rufiventer, 106.

simus, 729, 730.

viridis, 543.

Cufza

flava, 239.

Curetis

insularis, 587.

saronis, 587, 624.

Cuscus

celebensis, 126.

orientalis, 126.

ursinus, 126.

Cyanecula

suecica, 45, 47.

Oyanocorax

luxuosus, 1.

mystacalis, 323.

Cyclopsitta

loxias, 818.

lunulata, 689, 818.

Cyclopterus

lumpus, 476.

spinosus, 293, 294,

476.

Cyclopteryx

canaliferalis, 618, 629.

Cyclorhis

virenticeps, 319.

Cyclosia

nigrescens, 600, 626.

panthera, 169.

papalionaria, 600.

uniformis, 169.

Cyclostomus

bicarinatus, 527.

boivini, 527.

multifasciatus, 527.

tricarinatus, 527.

Cyclotus

macare@, 527.

Cydalima

laticostalis, 618, 630.

Cydosia

sylpharis, 86, 87.

Cygnus

bewickii, 806.

olor, 807, 312, 317.

Cylichna

elegans, 175, 177, 189.

Cylidrus

vescoi, 154,

Cymbirynchus

macrorynchus, 447,

449,

Cymothoa

amurensis, 677.

dufresnii, 672.

estrum, 654, 665, 671,

Cymus

galapagensis, 89.

Cynonycteris

amplexicaudata, 116,

119.

brachyotis, 116.

minor, 116.

ada, 143.

erota, 584, 624.

insularis, 145.

Juliana, 143.

Cyornis

banyumas, 687, 693,

759.

philippensis, 687.

philippinensis, 693,

759, 826.

Cyprea

caput-anguis, 186.

milaris, 186.

Cypreovula

umbilicata, 179.

selus

ambrosiacus, 302.

mystaceus, 109.

Cyrena

africana, 718.

astartina, 718.

(Corbicula) radiata,

718.

Cyrestis

acilia, 145.

formosa, 585, 624.

Fratercula, 145.

lelia, 145.

strigata, 145.

thyodamas, 8138.

Cyrtarachne

furcata, 560, 577, 578.

hobsoni, 562, 577, 578.

longipes, 559, 560, 562,

577, 578.

Cytherxa

dolabelia, 720.

sophie, 176, 177, 192.

Dacelo

gigantea, 306, 312.

Dacelo

grayi, 739.

Dachrys

bipartita, 511.

scutellaris, 512.

Dafila

bahamensis, 523.

Dama

mesopotamica, 17, 18.

vulgaris, 17, 18.

Damalis

albifrons, 12.

aleiphron, 474, 598,

626.

pygarga, 4, 8, 11, 12.

Danais

affinis, 467.

agleoides, 581, 623.

archippus, 466.

australis, 141.

chrysippus, 810.

grammica, 581, 623.

hamata, 467.

leopardus, 581.

leucoptera, 141,

limniace, 141, 581, 623.

melaneus, 810.

melanoleuca, 581, 623,

631.

nesippus, 582, 623.

plexippus, 582, 623,

810.

similis, 810.

sobrina, 141.

tytia, 810.

vitrina, 582.

Danis

taygetus, 470.

Dara

paronalis, 388.

Dasylophus

superciliosus, 691.

Dasyuris

partheniata, 393.

perornata, 393.

rehata, 393.

Declana

feredayi, 398, 407.

floccosa, 382, 398.

Deiopeia

ornatrix, 87.

Delias

inferna, 470.

Delphax

simulans, 91.

substitua, 90.

vicaria, 90.

Delphinus

griseus, 809.

Deltocephalus

obliquus, 91.

INDEX.

Demiegretta

greyi, 342.

Jugularis, 342.

sacra, 536, 537, 551.

Dendrochelidon

mystacea, 105.

Dendrocinela

atrirostris, 332.

Dendrocolaptes

albicollis, 450.

Dendrocygna

eytont, 346, 347.

gouldi, 346.

vagans, 346, 769, $34.

Dendrodoris

grandiflora, 211.

limbata, 243.

setigera, 211.

tuberculata, 204.

Dendreea

aureola, 66, 744.

Dendromanthus

maculatus, 696.

Dendrophila

enochlamys, 756, 762.

Dendrophis

pictus, 686.

macrops, 128, 131.

solomonis, 128, 1381.

Depressaria ~

moderatella, 406.

Dermestes

vulpinus, 81.

Dermophrys

Jagori, 549.

Dermorrhytis

cerulea, 514.

Deudorix

epijarbas, 589, 625.

orseis, 589.

Diabrotica

limbata, 81, 82.

Diacria

mucronata, 178.

Diadema

alimena, 144, 469.

auge, 812.

avid, 812.

bolina, 585, 624.

inexpectata, 144.

jacintha, 585, 624,

kezia, 812.

misippus, 812.

perryt, 144,

philippensis, 812.

priscilla, 812.

unicolor, 144, 151.

velleda, 469.

Dianthecia

pictula, 386.

867

Diaphana

brazieri, 175, 177, 189.

Diczum

@neum, 102.

cinereigulare, 817, 829.

dorsale, 698, 763, 829.

eximium, 102.

hypoleucum, 547.

mindanense, 537, 547.

retrocinctum, 698, 763,

a 698, 763,

29,

rubriventre, 763.

trigonostigma, 698.

xanthopygium, 687,698.

Dichocrosis

frenatalis, 616, 629.

Dicranostreptus

megarhynchus, 101.

Dicrurus

balicassius, 545, 693.

bracteatus, 102.

carbonarius, 102.

forficatus, 297, 302.

lemo-stictus, 101.

madayascariensis, 302.

megarhynchus, 101.

mirabilis, 756, 759.

pectoralis, 102.

striatus, 537, 545, 826.

waldent, 298, 302.

Didelphys

2are, 32.

crassicaudata, 32.

orientalis, 126,

Diemenia

miilleri, 128.

Diludia

chromapteris, 168.

Diochares

Jimbriatus, 157.

Diomedea

melanophrys, 348.

Dipelicus

cantori, 153.

nasutus, 153, 159.

Diplax

striolata, 86.

Dipsas

irregularis, 128.

Discophora

celinde, 583, 624.

Docema

galapagoénse, 81, 82.

Dolabrifera

brazieri, 190.

Doleschallia

australis, 145, 468.

brown, 145, 150.

herrichii, 145,

montrouziert, 145.

868

Doleschallia

polibete, 145.

pratipa, 584, 624.

Dolichodon

traversit, 684.

Dolichomitus

longicauda, 411, 412,

413.

Dolium

perdix, 138.

Domicella

Sringillacea, 772, 783.

solitaria, 729.

Donax

emulus, 724, 722.

elongatus, 721.

madagascariensis, 721.

(Latona) radians, 191.

(Serrula) xizidus, 191.

Dorcopsis

luctuosa, 127, 352, 354,

356.

muellert, 854, 356.

Doridigitata

bertheloti, 210.

verrucosa, 240.

Doridopsis

affinis, 242.

atromaculata, 241.

aurea, 245.

aurita, 245.

australiensis, 243, 268,

australis, 243.

carbunculosa, 241.

carneola, 246.

cerisa, 246.

clavulata, 241.

compta, 244,

euprea, 246,

debilis, 244.

denisoni, 245.

diardi, 247.

elisabethina, 247.

Fabrei, 247.

fedata, 248, 264, 268.

fetida, 246.

fumed, 248, 264, 269.

tumosa, 245.

fuscescens, 244,

gemmaced, 241.

gibbulosa, 243.

granuata, 246.

granulosa, 242.

grisea, 246.

mmdacus, 248.

inornata, 243, 264, 269.

krebsti, 248.

krusensternii, 244.

limbata, 248, 264.

dugubris, 246.

INDEX,

Doridopsis

maculigera, 244,

mammosa, 245, 266,

268.

mauritiana, 245,

miniata, 242.

modesta, 244.

nebulosa, 242.

nicobarica, 243.

nigra, 242.

nodulosa, 245.

obscura, 248, 263, 269.

parva, 244, 267, 269.

pellucida, 244.

pudibunda, 244.

punctata, 242.

pustulosa, 241.

reticulata, 246.

rossiteri, 247.

rubra, 241.

rubrilineata, 242.

rugosa, 246.

sandiegensis, 246.

scabra, 242.

semperi, 244.

sordida, 244.

spiculata, 245.

spongiosa, 246.

subpellucida, 245, 265,

269. ’

tigrina, 243.

tilesit, 244.

tristis, 242.

tuberculosa, 241.

variata, 245, 267, 268.

velutinus, 242.

verrucosa, 246,

violacea, 245.

viridis, 242.

Doriopsis

affinis, 242.

atromaculata, 241.

compta, 244

debilis, 244.

fontainti, 204.

fumosa, 245.

Susca, 241.

FSuscescens, 244,

gibbulosa, 243.

granulosa, 242.

krebsii, 243.

limbata, 243.

maculigera, 244.

mauritiana, 245.

modesta, 244.

nebulosa, 242.

nicobarica, 248.

nigra, 242.

pellucida, 244.

peruviana, 202.

pudibunda, 244.

Doriopsis

punctata, 242, 243.

pustulosa, 241.

scabra, 242.

semperi, 244.

sordida, 244.

tristis, 242.

tuberculosa, 241.

viridis, 242.

Doriprismatica

albescens, 215.

atromarginata, 229.

cerulea, 215.

dorsalis, 215.

elegantula, 216.

imperialis, 220.

lemniscata, 214.

lineata, 214, 221.

magnifica, 214,

obsoleta, 216.

pallida, 216.

paretii, 236.

picta, 219,

pulchella, 216.

purpurea, 217.

reticulata, 220.

tinctoria, 216.

trilineata, 214.

villafranca, 214.

webbii, 234,

whitei, 214.

Doris

acutiuscula, 225.

affinis, 226, 227.

alabastrina, 203.

alba, 215.

albescens, 215.

albolimbata, 2438.

albopunctata, 209.

albopustulosa, 218.

amabilis, 220.

analampulla, 205, 254,

268.

- angustipes, 201.

apiculata, 210.

arbutus, 209.

areolata, 206, 210.

areoligera, 206.

argo, 202, 203, 204.

argus, 211.

ariponensis, 211,

arrogans, 203.

aspera, 225.

aspersa, 209,

atrata, 242,

atromarginata, 229.

atroviridis, 242.

aurea, 245.

awrita, 245,

barvicensis, 236,

bellicosa, 208.

Doris

bertheloti, 210.

bilamellata, 196, 205,

226.

biscayensis, 200.

britannica, 2038.

brunnea, 209.

cerulea, 215.

calcare, 220.

canariensis, 202.

carbunculosa, 241.

cardinalis, 228.

carina, 209.

carinata, 200, 209, 211.

carneola, 246.

castanea, 207.

caudale, 229.

cerebralis, 212,

cerisa, 246.

chilensis, 207.

chrysoderma, 212.

cinerosa, 209.

clavigera, 229,

coccinea, 205.

celestis, 203.

collatata, 205, 255, 269.

concinna, 202.

constantia, 203.

coriacea, 203, 247, 248,

268.

cornuta, 289.

coronata, 226.

corrugata, 208.

crucis, 204.

cruenta, 200, 201.

eruentata, 201.

eryptostomata, 204.

cucullata, 205, 253, 268.

decora, 215.

delicata, 211, 259, 269.

denisoni, 245,

depressa, 227.

derelicta, 226.

diademata, 226.

diaphana, 226.

diardi, 247.

dorbigny?, 210.

dorsalis, 215.

echinata, 206, 227.

electrina, 236.

elegans, 219.

elegantula, 216, 218.

elfortiana, 226.

elizabethina, 247.

ellioti, 202.

' eolida, 222.

erinacea, 212.

eubalia, 228.

exanthemata, 208.

excavata, 206.

fabrei, 247.

INDEX,

Doris

Jidelis, 220.

flammea, 204.

flammulata, 224.

flava, 239,

Jlavipes, 204.

Alemingti, 228.

Fotida, 246.

Sfontainii, 204.

formosa, 202.

forsteri, 201.

fragilis, 208, 212.

fumata, 211.

Sumosa, 245,

funebris, 208.

fusca, 225, 226, 228,241.

gibberosa, 210.

glabra, 205.

glenet, 220.

gloriosa, 223.

gracilis, 214, 215.

grandiflora, 206, 211.

grandifloriger, 206.

granulosa, 205, 253,268.

grisea, 227, 246.

guttata, 211, 219.

hemprichii, 201.

hepatica, 203, 249, 268.

hispida, 209,

humberti, 207.

illuminata, 239,

imperialis, 220,

wmpudica, 235.

incit, 210.

inconspicua, 227.

indurata, 210.

inframaculata, 203, 248,

infranevata, 208, 248.

268.

infucata, 219,

intecta, 208.

Johnstoni, 200, 204.

krohnii, 221.

labifera, 205, 254, 268.

lacera, 224, 230.

laciniata, 224.

levis, 196, 205, 228.

lanuginata, 205, 255,

268,

lanuginosa, 208.

latens, 210.

lemniscata, 214.

leopardi, 208.

lilacina, 212.

limacina, 235.

limbata, 211, 2438.

lineata, 214, 221.

lineolata, 215.

liturata, 226.

lockyerana, 202.

869

| Doris

longula, 205, 253, 268.

loveni, 225.

lugubris, 243.

lutea, 208.

luteocincta, 227,

luteola, 207, 208.

luteo-rosa, 219,

lutescens, 221.

mabilla, 203, 247, 268.

maccarthiana, 220,

maccarthyi, 220,

maculosa, 202,

magnifica, 214,

marginalis, 223,

marginata, 205, 215,

223.

mariei, 247.

marmorata, 207, 208,

219,

maura, 233.

mauritiana, 245.

mera, 204.

millegrana, 204,

mollipustulata, 211,

257, 269.

montaqui, 2038.

montereyensis, 204,

muricata, 225, 226.

murrea, 204, 252, 268.

muscula, 205, 256, 268.

nardti, 219,

migra, 242,

nigricans, 228,

nivea, 207.

nodosa, 236.

nodulosa, 245,

aubilosa, 209.

nucleola, 211.

oblonga, 226.

obsoleta, 216.

obvelata, 204, 205, 226.

olivacea, 210.

orsinit, 221.

ossiosa, 207.

pallens, 218.

pallida, 216, 225.

pantherina, 209.

papillata, 211.

papillosa, 207.

pardalis, 202.

paretii, 236.

pasinii, 220.

peculiaris, 211, 288,

269,

pellucida, 211.

pennigera, 231.

peruviana, 202.

petechialis, 207.

picta, 208, 217, 219.

pilosa, 206, 228,

Doris

pirainit, 220.

planata, 205.

planulata, 205.

plumulata, 207.

porri, 206.

pretenera, 211, 288,

269.

pretiosa, 221.

prismatica, 220.

propinquata, 217.

proxima, 225.

pseudo-argus, 204,

pulchella, 216.

pulcherrima, 214.

pulchra, 217.

punctata, 201, 202

243.

puncetifera, 202.

punctulifera, 219.

punetuolata, 202.

purpurea, 217.

pusilla, 227.

pustulata, 205, 256,

268.

pustulosa, 206.

quadrangulata, 228.

quadricolor, 214.

guadricornis, 238.

quadrilineata, 239.

ramosa, 231

rappit, 211.

raripilosa, 205, 257,

269

repanda, 196, 200,

205.

reticulata, 207, 220,

reticulosa, 212.

riss@, 208.

rocinella, 228.

rogersti, 210.

rossitert, 247.

rubra, 202, 204, 205,

241.

rubrilineata, 242.

rufopunctata, 207.

rugosa, 246.

rusticata, 207.

sandwichensis, 2238.

sanguinea, 203, 223.

scabra, 201

scabriuscula, 206.

scacchi, 216.

schembrii, 206.

schmeltziana, 209.

schultziana, 219.

seposita, 210.

setigera, 211.

setosa, 206.

similis, 228.

INDEX,

Doris

sismonde, 208.

smaragdina, 209.

solea, 201.

sordida, 206.

sordidata, 206.

sparsa, 227.

speciosa, 203, 250,

268.

spiraculata, 202.

spongiosa, 206, 246.

stellata, 228.

stragulata, 203, 251,

268.

striata, 202.

sublevis, 228.

sublutea, 208.

subquadrata, 228.

subtumida, 203, 250,

268

sumptuosa, 223.

superbus, 223,

tabulata, 203, 249,

268.

zenella, 227.

tennentiana, 221.

testudinaria, 205.

tigrina, 243.

tinctoria, 216.

tomentifera, 209.

tomentosa, 209, 228.

tricolor, 215.

trifida, 233.

trilobata, 238.

tristis, 208.

tuberculata, 198, 200,

208, 204.

tuberculosa, 241.

ulidiana, 226,

varia, 209.

variabilis, 208, 209.

variolata, 207.

venosa, 206.

venulosa, 221.

vermicelli, 207.

verrucosa, 196, 200,

210, 226, 228.

vestita, 204, 252,

268.

vibrata, 217.

ville, 221.

villafranca, 214.

villosa, 206, 209.

violacea, 245.

viperina, 203.

virescens, 245.

vulgaris, 226.

wellingtonensis, 211,

259, 269.

zetlandica, 200,

| Doris

(Actinocyclus) sundie-

gensis, 246.

(Actinodoris) sponsa,

221.

(Argus) eruenta, 201.

(Dendrodoris) crucis,

204.

(——) euprea, 246.

( )granulata, 246.

(——) lugqubris, 246.

( ) ornata, 212.

(Glossodoris) erythrea,

220.

(= xantholeuca,

(Pterodoris) brachy-

phylla, 221.

) picturata, 221.

(Rhacodoris) £rebsiz,

243.

Doryphora

antennalis, 516.

bicolor, 515.

bisbimaculata, 518.

chrysomeloides, 517.

nitidissima, 518.

ornata, 516.

sexmaculata, 517.

sheppardi, 516.

Doydixodon

Sreminvillii, 68.

Drepania

fusca, 239.

Drepanodes

settaria, 611.

Drillia

emula, 36, 40, 184.

harpularia, 37.

Dromzocercus

brunneus, 23.

Dromzus

nove-hollandie, 307,

314

Drusilla

anableps, 143.

Drymophila

alecto, 100.

Dysporus

sula, 777.

Ebzeus

thoracicus, 79.

Eburia

amabilis, 82.

Echidna

hystrix, 161.

Echinodoris

colida, 222.

Eclectus

linnei, 107.

Eclectus

linnet, 801, 802.

polychlorus, 106, 107,

801, 802.

Ectocemus

pterygorhinus, 156.

ruficauda, 156, 159.

Eczemotes

guttulata, 158, 159.

Edoliosoma

muelleri, 101.

plumbewn, 101.

schisticeps, 101.

Edolius

megarhynchus, 101.

musicus, 465.

Elainea

caniceps, 326.

leucospodia, 325.

modesta, 326.

placens, 325.

Elanus

hypoleucus, '757.

Elaphodus

cephalophus, 9, 14, 17.

Elaphurus

davidianus, 14, 16, 17,

Elephas

africanus, 453.

hamma

cervinata, 381.

Eliomys

melanurus, 40, 42.

Ellisia

longicaudata, 299, 302.

typica, 299.

Elodina

hypatia, 146.

lvia

glaucata, 398.

Elymnias

cottonis, 583, 624.

nigrescens, 811.

Emarginula

candida, 189.

dilecta, 189.

Emballonura

monticola, 123.

nigrescens, 123.

Emberiza

citrinella, 45.

pusilla, 806.

Embernagra

chrysoma, 332.

Endrosis

fenestrella, 405.

Engina

crocostoma, 69.

INDEX,

Entomobia

gularis, 536, 537, 538,

541, 690, 768, 823.

Entomogramma

fautrizx, 609, 628.

Entomophila

rufigularis, 350.

Kolis

papillosa, 196.

Eonycteris

spelea, 119.

Epeira

chrysogaster, 284.

cooksonii, 76, 93.

oaxacensis, 76.

Episparis

signata, 611.

varialis, 611, 629.

Equus

montanus, 453.

quagga, 453.

Erana

plena, 386.

Erato

angiostoma, 182.

corrugata, 182.

Ercheia

tenebrosa, 606, 628.

Erebophis

asper, 128, 182.

Eressa

affinis, 596, 626, 632.

confinis, 596.

Erinaceus

europeus, 272.

frontalis, 681.

Kriphia

levimana, 135.

smithit, 135.

Eripus

heterogaster, 566.

quinguegibbosus, 564,

566, 577, 578.

spinipes, 566.

Eromene

auriscriptella, 401.

metallifera, 401, 407.

Eronia

naraka, 591, 625.

pingasa, 591.

Eryilia

australis, 175, 177, 191.

Erythra

phenicura, 833.

Erythropitta

erythrogastra, 537, 546,

687, 688.

Erythrura

sp., 779.

Esacus

magnirostris, 335, 556.

871

Ethalia

brazieri, 39, 40,

188.

Etisus

dentatus, 134,

Hubagis

immarginata, 63.

postverta, 63.

Euchromia

emulina, 466, 478.

aruica, 473.

trus, 473.

polymena, 596, 626.

Euclidia

hectori, 387, 407.

Eudocimus

albus, 478, 479, 485,

508, 509.

erythrorhynchus, 505.

falcinellus, 505.

guarana, 506.

longirostris, 479, 509.

ruber, 478, 484, 485,

509, 510.

rubra, 479.

Hudynamis

sp., 783.

mindanensis, 536, 538,

5438, 688, 691, 823.

orientalis, 106.

picatus, 106.

rufiventer, 106.

taitianus, 407.

taitiensis, 773, 778,

783.

Eumeces

albofasciolatus, 128.

aruensis, 128.

Eumelia

ludovicata, 621, 631.

rosalia, 151.

Eumichtis

sistens, 885.

Eunectes

occidentalis, 77, 82.

Eunica

aspasia, 63.

cerula, 64.

cinaria, 63.

excelsa, 63.

mira, 63.

sophonisba, 63.

tatila, 64.

venusia, 68.

Eupagurus

obesocarpus, 659.

Eupholus

amalie, 155.

brown, 155, 159.

Euphonia

concinna, 19.

872

Euphonia

crassirostris, 320.

Jinschi, 19.

insignis, 521.

nigricollis, 521.

satwrata, 19, 744.

EKupithecia

bilineolata, 395.

cidariaria, 395.

indicataria, 395.

muscosata, 395.

Euplexia

insignis, 385.

Euplocamus

elaviger, 230.

cristatus, 307.

croceus, 230.

Srondosus, 231.

holbollii, 230.

laciniosa, 237.

plumosus, 230.

Euplocia

membliaria, 598,

626.

Euplea

ethiops, 467.

andamanensis, 582,

623.

angasii, 467.

browni, 142, 151.

camorta, 582, 623.

cuvieri, 141.

espert, 582, 623.

hamata, 467.

mesocala, 466, 467.

mesta, 467.

novare, 582, 623.

occulta, 466, 467.

prothoé, 141, 142.

semicirculus, 141.

swinhoei, 811.

treitschkit, 142.

unibrunnea, 141.

Euproctis

discinota, 601, 627.

Eupsilostoma

pusillum, 325.

Hurycantha

horrida, 151,

Eurycus

cressida, 472.

troilus, 472.

Eurylemus

ochromelas, 447, 449.

Eurypyga

hee 292, 293.

Euryrhynchus

wrzesniowskii, 654,

662, 678.

Kurystomus

crassirostris, 106.

INDEX.

Eurystomus

orientalis, 537, 540,690,

757, 822.

Eurytela

horsfieldi, 585, 624.

stephensi, 589.

Eurytrachelus

thomsoni, 154.

Euscarthmus

fulviceps, 325.

Euschema

andamana, 599, 626.

auristriga, 600.

bellona, 600.

bernsteint, 600.

repstorffi, 600.

Eusemia

albomarginata, 596,

626.

Eutresis

hyperia, 60.

theope, 60.

Exygrus

carinatus, 128.

Falcinellus

erythrorhynchus, 505.

guarauna, 484, 478,

485, 505, 506.

igneus, 478, 479, 484,

485, 503, 505.

ordii, 505.

ridgwayi, 480, 485,

506.

thalassinus, 480, 484,

485, 507.

Falco

candicans, 29.

hypoleucus, 350.

minor, 302.

ptilorhynchus, 821.

Fascellina

castanea, 612, 629.

chromataria, 612.

Fasciolaria

coronata, 181.

Felis

brasiliensis, 707.

caracal, 273.

catus, 272.

chati, 706.

elegans, 707.

guigna, 706.

guttata, 532.

isabellina, 272.

jubata, 532, 533.

lanea, 532.

lynx, 272.

macroura, 704, 705,

706.

margay, 706.

Felis

mitis, 704, 705, 706.

pardalis, 704.

pardina, 273.

pardus, 680,

smithii, 706.

tigrina, 704, 705, 706.

tulliana, 272.

uncia, 272.

(Noctifelis) guigna,

706.

Feronia

calathoides, 82.

galapagoénsis, 82.

insularis, 82.

Fidonia

abrogata, 392.

acidaliaria, 390.

anceps, 392, 407.

brephos, 391.

brephosata, 391. ~

catocalaria, 391.

catapyrrha, 392, 407.

enysit, 391, 407.

ferox, 392, 407.

perornata, 393.

servularia, 392.

Fissurella

obscura, 71.

Fluvicola

atripennis, 319, 325.

Foudia

algonde, 300, 302.

comorensis, 300.

madagascariensis, 300,

302.

sechellarum, 300.

Francolinus

bicalcaratus, 807.

vulgaris, 307.

Fregata

ariel, 555.

Fregilus

graculus, 306.

Fringilla

montifringilla, 45.

Fulica

alba, 96.

ardesiaca, 683.

atra, 306.

rufigula, 307.

Fuligula

collaris, 523.

nationt, 522.

rufina, 312.

Funingus

sganzini, 300.

Furnarius

cinnamomeus, 323, 333,

751.

rufus, 449, 450, 451.

Fusus

laticostatus, 179.

nove-hollandie, 179.

Gadira

acerella, 399.

Gadus

Sfabricii, 294, 476.

Gallinago

australis, 339.

megala, 768.

scolopacina, 703.

stenura, 537, 550.

Gallinula

chloropus, 702, 767.

eurizonoides, 767.

ruficrissa, 344.

tenebrosa, 344.

Galloperdix

spadiceus, 768.

Gallus

domesticus, 306.

Serrugineus, 780.

Gampsonyx

swainsoni, 745.

Gargaphia

muriferata, 391.

Garrulax

albogularis, 2.

chinensis, 306.

Gasteracantha

insulana, 76, 93.

panisicca, 283, 285.

Gazella

arabica, 4, 6, 10.

dorcas, 4, 276.

granti, 4.

muscatensis, 4.

rufifrons, 4, 10.

subgutturosa, 4,10, 276.

Gecko

vittatus, 128.

Gelechia

collitella, 405.

contextella, 405.

convulsella, 405.

flavidella, 405.

innotella, 405.

intactella, 405.

monospilella, 405.

subditella, 405.

Gelochelidon

macrotarsa, 348.

Genetta

vulgaris, 273.

Geocichla

eitrina, 2.

layardi, 160.

Geococcyx

affinis, 307, 311.

INDEX.

| Geoffroius

cyaniceps, 107.

heteroclitus, 107.

Geomys

hispidus, 446.

Geopelia

striata, 688, 700.

Geospiza

fuliginosa, 66.

parvula, 66.

Geothlypis

poliocephala, 319.

Geranoaétus

aguia, 307, 745.

Geranospiza

cerulescens, 329.

Geronticus

athiopicus, 486.

bernieri, 488.

cerulescens, 503.

calvus, 478, 479, 484,

494,

cayanensis, 503.

comatus, 493, 494.

davisoni, 480, 490.

hagedash, 500.

infuscatus, 495.

nippon, 496.

olivaceus, 507.

papillata, 492.

papillosus, 484, 492.

spinicollis, 491.

strictipennis, 486.

Glaucidium

phalenoides, 329.

Glomeris

marginata, 665.

Glossodoris

bertheloti, 210,

brachyphylla, 221.

Porbignyt, 210.

erythrea, 220.

picturata, 221.

verrucosa, 210.

xantholeuca, 220.

Glottis

glottoides, 338.

Glottula

radians, 605.

Glyphodes

actorionalis, 618, 630.

marginalis, 618, 630,

632.

Gnathospiza

raimondit, 320, 750.

Gnoma

ctenostomoides, 158.

giraffa, 158.

Gnophos

pauularia, 390.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LVIIL,

873

Goniobranchus

albomaculatus, 216,

picta, 217.

propinguata, 217.

pulchra, 217.

reticulata, 212.

vibrata, 217.

Goniodoris

albescens, 215.

aspersa, 236.

atromarginata, 229.

bennetti, 217.

cerulea, 215.

castanea, 236.

citrina, 236.

crosset, 218.

danielsseni, 236.

daphne, 218.

elegans, 219.

elegantula, 216,

elongata, 236.

emarginata, 236.

erinaceus, 212.

festiva, 218.

flavidula, 236.

infucata, 219.

lamberti, 218.

lemniscata, 214.

lineata, 214.

loringt, 217.

magnifica, 214.

marie, 217.

modesta, 236.

montrouziert, 218,

nodosa, 236.

obsoleta, 216.

pallida, 216.

paretii, 236.

petiti, 218.

picta, 219.

picturata, 214.

pulchella, 216.

pulcherrima, 214,

purpurea, 217.

reticulata, 220.

sowverbiet, 218.

splendida, 218.

tinctoria, 216.

trilineata, 214.

trioni, 216.

verriert, 218.

verrucosa, 237.

villafranca, 214,

webbii, 234,

whitei, 214,

Gonodontis

felix, 389, 407.

nelsonaria, 389.

oura

coronata, 307.

874

Gracilaria

arenosella, 406.

linearis, 406, 407.

Gracula

caudata, 694, 695.

dumonti, 104. 195.

gnathoptila, 104,

195.

kreffti, 104, 195.

Grallaria

guatemalensis, 450,524,

)

Grammatoptila

striata, 303.

Grampus

cuvieri, 808, 809.

griseus, 808, 809.

Graphiphora

rhomboidea, 384.

tartarea, 384, 407.

Graphiurus

murinus, 279.

Grapholitha

novarana, 623, 631.

Grapsodes

notatus, 183, 136.

Grapsus

altifrons, 74.

pictus, 73, '74, 136.

strigosus, 136.

Graptocephalus

davisoni, 480, 483, 484,

490.

Graucalus

papuensis, 101.

striatus, 693, '759,

26.

Grus

australasiana, 340.

carunculata, 307.

cinerea, 681.

longirostris, 681,

Guara

ruber, 510.

Guira

piririgua, 307.

Guiraca

cinerea, 321.

Gygis

alba, 770, 777, 782,

786.

candida, 797.

microrhyncha, 797.

Gymuasteria

carinifera, 139.

Gymnelis

viridis, 294, 476.

Gymnodactylus

collegalensis, 685.

jeyporensis, 685,

INDEX.

Gymnodoris

maculata, 235.

Gyparchus

papa, 307.

Hadena

debilis, 385, 407.

insignis, 385.

lignana, 385.

lignifusca, 385.

mutans, 385.

nervata, 383.

pictula, 386.

plusiata, 383.

Hadrostomus

aglaie, 525, 526.

homochrous, 326.

Heinatopus

ostralegus, 417.

palliatus, 748.

Hemophila

stolzmanni, 322, '750.

Hagedashia

caffrensis, 500.

chalcoptera,

500.

olivacea, 507.

Haleyon

albicilla, 105, 408,

409,

484,

cassini, 731.

chloris, 105.

cinnamominus, 778.

godefroyt, 408, 409.

Julie, 739.

peali, 731.

pyr hopygia, 349.

sacra, 723, 731, 739,

773.

sanctus, 105,

saurophaga, 554.

tuta, 409.

veneratus, 741.

Haliaétus

leucogaster, 554.

vocifer, 307.

Haliastur

girrenera, 109.

entermedius, 536, 537,

538, 539, 689, 757,

821.

Halispongia

stellifera, 460.

Halmaturus

bennettiz, 356.

brownti, 743.

crassipes, 127.

luctuosus, 127, 353.

ruficollis, 353, 356.

ualabatus, 358.

Haltica

galapagoénsis, 81.

Hamadryas

equicinctus, 142.

callirhoé, 813.

undata, 633.

zoilus, 142.

Hammaticherus

aurifaber, 156.

Hamodes

discistriga, 609, 628.

Hapale

pygmea, 418.

Harelda

glacialis, 30, 31.

Harpactes

ardens, 587, 540.

Harpago

(Millipes) scorpio,

186.

Harpiprion

cerulescens, 485, 503.

carunculata, 502.

cayennensis, 479, 485,

502.

dentirostris, 479.

hagedash, 500.

plumbea, 479, 503.

Harpyia

cephalotes, 117, 118.

major, 117, 118.

Hebomoia

glaucippe, 590, 625,

814.

Hectarthrum

bistriatum, 152.

Helastia

bilineolata, 395.

indicataria, 395.

invexata, 395.

muscosata, 395.

Heleona

fenestrata, 474.

Heliaster

microbrachia, 92.

Heliconius

fasciatus, 62.

ismenius, 62.

Heliomaster

albicrissa, 745.

Heliophobus

disjungens, 383.

Heliothis

conferta, 387.

Helix

balstoni, 528, 530.

calypso, 527. ;

cornu-giganteum, 527.

devali, 527.

ekongensis, 528, 530.

Helix

Sarafanga, 527.

hova, 808, 804, 805.

omphaloides, 527.

sakalava, 804, 805.

semidecussata, 528, 530.

sepulchralis, 527, 528,

803, 804, 805.

silveri, 34.

souverbei, 527.

subsepulchralis, 808,

804, 805.

waterst, 527, 530.

aystera, 527.

eer) gealei, 361,

365,

(Rhagada) ooringensis,

33.

Hemerophila

caprimulgata, 390.

sulpitiata, 390,

Hemidoris

ceruleata, 213, 222,

Hemipodius

fasciatus, 701.

tachydromus, 416.

Hemiramphus

unifasciatus, 67, 69.

Hemixos

flavala, 303.

Hepatus

angustatus, 657.

chilensis, 653, 656.

decorus, 657.

tuberculatus, 653, 657.

van-benedent, 657.

Hepialus

virescens, 380.

Heptabranchus

burnettii, 224.

Herminia

lilacina, 388, 407.

Hermotimia

chlorocephala, 1038.

Herodias

alba, 341, 342.

egrettoides, 341.

garzetta, 342, 488, 703.

Herona

andamana, 585, 624.

marathus, 58d.

Herpestes

ichneumon, 273.

Herpetotheres

cachinnans, 329.

Herse

Sorsteri, 408,

Hesperia

beturia, 594, 625.

cahira, 593, 625, 631.

INDEX,

Hesperia

cinnara, 594,

colaca, 594, 625, 631.

mathias, 594, 625,

815.

oceia, 593, 625.

pandia, 594,

Hesperomys

eliurus, 32.

leucopus, 124,

tequina, 446.

vulpinus, 32.

Hestia

agamarschana, 582,623.

Heterognomon

excessana, 403,

Heteromys

desmarestianus, 446,

Heteropelma

vere-paeis, 525.

wallacit, 332.

Heterostoma

brown, 282.

sulcidens, 282.

Hexabranchus

adamsit, 224.

aneitensis, 224, 261.

aneitewmensis, 224, 261,

262.

burnettii, 224.

cardinalis, 223.

faustus, 224.

flammulatus, 224.

lacerus, 224,

marginatus, 223,

mauritiensis, 224, 261.

nebulosus, 242.

ahetit 7s, 224, 260,

269.

pellucidulus, 224.

pretextus, 223.

pulchellus, 224.

sandwichensis, 223,

sanguineus, 223,

suezensis, 223.

sumptuosus, 223.

superbus, 223,

Hierax

erythrogenys, 689.

Himantopus

leucocephalus, 337.

nigricollis, 748.

Hinulia

megaspila, 128.

(Humeces) aruensis,

Hipponyx

grayana, 71.

Hipposideros

galeritus, 121.

875

Hippotragus

equinus, 455.

Hirundo

domicola, 730.

guitur alis, 545, 687,

688, 694.

javanica, 730, 756, 760.

rustica, 687.

subfusca, 730.

tahitica, 730, 738.

Histiophorus

maculatus, 232,

Histiopterus

labiosus, 132.

recurvirostris, 132.

typus, 132

Homodes

crocea, 605, 627, 632.

Humphreyia

coxt, 191.

Hyena

brunnea, 375, 376, 377,

378.

crocuta, 369, 375, 376,

377, 378, 379.

striata, 273, 374, 375,

376, 377, 378,

Hyalonema

anomalum, 461, 462.

mirabile, 463.

Hybernia

boreophilaria, 394.

indocilisaria, 394,

Hydata

Voorhees 466, 474.

Hydatina

albocincta, 189.

Hydrillodes

subbasalis, 613, 629, 632.

transversalis, 613, 629.

Hydrochelidon

fluviatilis, 348.

hybrida, 536, 551, 794.

leucopareia, 551.

Hydrophasianus

chirurgus, 307.

Hydropotes

inermis, 12, 14, 15, 17,

538, 789, 790, 791,

792.

Hylactes

meg oa, 450, 523,

Hylobates

leucogenys, 679.

Hypetra

stigmata, 610, 629.

Hypena

dentilinealis, 613, 629,

876

Hypena

quinquelinealis 612,

Hyperythra

limbolaria, 620.

lutea, 620, 630.

penicillaria, 620.

susceptaria, 620.

ohn, 649.

Hypocala

biarcuata, 606.

lativitta, 606, 628,

632.

Hypochalcia

pret, 399, 407.

indistinctalis, 389.

submarginalis, 389.

Hypochroma

nyctemerata, 621.

perfectaria, 621, 631.

Hypoderma

peronti, 118.

Hypolycena

andamana, 589, 625.

eltola, 589, 625.

erylus, 589.

Hypopyra

pas 609.

ossigera, 608.

persimilis, 608, 628.

Hypotenidia

ferrea, 768.

obscuriora, 768.

philippensis, 344, 688,

702.

striata, 768, 834.

torquata, 702, 768,

$33.

Hypothymis

azurea, 536, 538, 545,

693, 760, 826.

Hypsa

andamana, 598, 626,

632.

dama, 474, 598, 815.

egens, 598.

intacta, 149.

venalba, 598, 626.

zebrina, 815.

Hypselurus

macrolepis, 128.

Hypsipetes

Terni 299, 302.

philippinensis, 536, 546,

696, 761, 827.

rufigularis, 537, 538,

546, 827.

Hypsiprymnus

brunit, 352.

INDEX.

| Hystrix

cristatus, 281.

Ibacus

antarcticus, 138.

Ibis

ethiopica, 479, 484,485,

486, 487, 489, 510.

alba, 479, 508, 746.

albicollis, 498.

bengala, 488.

bernieri, 479, 484, 487.

brevirostris, 506.

cerulescens, 478, 479,

482, 503.

calva, 479, 494.

carunculata, 479, 482,

501

cayennensis, 479, 503.

chalcoptera, 500, 501,

506.

coco, 508.

comata, 482, 493.

cristata, 499.

davisoni, 480, 490.

dentirostris, 479, 502.

egretta, 485.

erythrorhyncha, 504.

Jalcinellus, 307, 504,

505, 506.

Susca, 510.

gigantea, 480, 488,

489

gonocephala, 479.

guarana, 506

guarauna, 479, 507.

hagedash, 500.

infuscata, 478, 479,

482, 495.

lamellicollis, 491.

leucon, 478, 488.

leucopygia, 510.

longirostris, 479, 508.

macei, 479, 488.

melanocephalus, 479,

480, 484, 486, 487,

488, 489, 493.

melanopis, 498.

mexicana, 506.

minuta, 510.

molueca, 479, 485.

nandapoa, 478.

nippon, 478, 482, 495.

nudifrons, 479, 495.

olivacea, 479, 483,

507.

ordiz, 504.

oaycerca, 478, 479, 482,

497

papillata, 479, 492.

papillosa, 478, 479, 482,

490, 491, 492.

peregrina, 505.

plumbea, 478, 503.

propinqua, 480, 488.

religiosa, 479, 485, 488,

489.

rubra, 307, 479, 509.

sacra, 504.

sinensis, 496, 497.

spinicollis, 479, 482,

484, 491.

strictipennis, 485, 486,

489, 492.

sylvatica, 502.

thalassina, 480, 507.

(Falcinellus) igneus,

340

(Geronticus) comata,

479, 493.

( ) nippon, 476.

(Harpiprion) caruncu-

lata, 502.

Icelus

hamatus, 293, 476.

Icterus

grace-anne, 323.

mesomelas, 328.

Ictinia

plumbea, 329.

Ietonyx

zorilla, 274.

Idalia

aspersa, 238.

caudata, 238.

cirrigera, 237, 238.

crocea, 231.

dubia, 240.

elegans, 237.

inequalis, 238.

laciniosa, 237.

leachii, 237.

pulchella, 238.

quadricornis, 238.

ramosa, 231.

tentaculata, 237.

Ilatia

cephusalis, 604, 627.

Tluzia

pyralina, 610, 629.

ngura

cristatrix, 605, 627.

Tnocotis

papillosus, 492.

Ipana

leptomera, 382.

Ismene

chromus, 593, 625.

malayana, 593, 625.

AS a) ee

Isodictya

aspera, 458.

Tssus

rostrifer, 90.

varius, 90.

Ithomia

alemena, 61.

andronica, 61.

artena, 61.

gonussa, 61.

lyra, 61.

pusio, 61.

zygia, 61.

Txias

andamana, 590, 625.

Txus

analis, 695.

goiavier, 537, 538, 546,

695, 827.

Jassus

lucidus, 91.

planus, 91,

striolaris, 91.

Jouannetia

cuming?, 190.

Juliamyia

feliciana, 332.

Junonia

albicincta, 469.

asterie, 812.

almana, 812.

nicobariensis, 584, 624.

enone, 584, 624.

orithyia, 813.

vellida, 144.

Kalinga

ornata, 229,

Kallima

albofasciata, 584, 624.

Kellia

solida, 176, 177, 192.

Keneuxia

smaragdina, 128.

Kentrodoris

anmuligera, 213.

gigas, 213.

rubescens, 212.

Kerivoula

hardwickii, 122, 123.

Ketupa

ceylonensis, 418.

Lelia

venosa, 601, 627, 632.

Lagoptera

coronata, 609, 628.

honesta, 609, 628.

Tconina, 609.

magica, 609,

INDEX,

| Lagopus

rupestris, 29, 30, 31.

scoticus, 307,

alage

dominica, 536, 545, 688,

693, 759, 826.

karu, 101.

maculosa, 724, 735,773.

terat, 725, 773.

Lamellidoris

acutiuscula, 225,

aspera, 225.

bilamellata,198,225,226.

depressa, 227.

derelicta, 226.

diademata, 226.

diaphana, 226.

echinata, 227.

eubalia, 228.

grisea, 227.

inconspicua, 227.

leachii, 226.

loveni, 225.

luteocincta, 227.

muricata, 226,

oblonga, 226.

proxima, 225.

pusilla, 227.

sparsa, 227.

tenella, 227.

tuberculata, 226.

ulidiana, 226.

Lampides

elianus, 588, 624.

beticus, 146.

berenice, 146.

cn@jus, 588, 624.

kankena, 588, 624.

kinkurka, 588, 624.

kondulana, 588, 625,

macrophthalma, 588.

pandava, 588, 624.

strabo, 588, 624,

Lampornis

tridescens, 745,

Lampribis

olivacea, 479, 484, 507.

Lampropsar

wurcewiczti, 523,

Lamprotornis

metallicus, 104.

fused, 774.

Lanistes

affinis, 716, 721.

nyassanus, 715, 716,

721,

ovum, 716.

solidus, 716, 721.

Lanius

collurio, ‘758.

leucorhynus, 544,

Lanius

lucionensis, 536, 544

692, 759.

nasutus, 688, 692, 758.

nigriceps, 692, 758.

silens, 466.

tricolor, 758.

Larentia

catocalaria, 891,

clarata, 397.

corcularia, 394.

invexata, 395.

megaspilata, 397.

productata, 394.

quadristrigata, 394.

semisignata, 394.

Larus

atricilla, 749.

canus, 799,

dominicanus, 799.

glaucodes, 799.

glaucus, 29, 30, 31.

hartlaubi, 799.

Jamesonti, 799.

marinus, 799.

nove-hollandie, 799.

pacificus, 347.

ridibundus, 807, 536,

5d1, 798.

scopulinus, 799.

Lathria

eryptolopha, 522.

subalaris, 522.

Latirus

stranget, 181.

tuberculatus, 70.

varicosus, 70.

Latrodectus

apicalis, 75, 93.

Sormidabilis, 76.

Leda

crassa, 1938.

ensicula, 177, 198.

Leopardus

mitis, 706.

tigrinoides, 707.

Lepidogrammus

cumingi, 691.

Leptasthenura

egithaloides, 449.

Leptodius

cooksoni, 73, 93.

exaratus, var. sangui-

neus, 134.

Leptoptilus

argala, 711.

crumeniferus, 711.

Leptosoma

annulatum, 880,

Leptosomus

discolor, 302.

878

Lepus

egyptiacus, 281.

sinaiticus, 281.

syriacus, 281.

Lestris

antarcticus, 799, 800.

pomarinus, 800.

Lethe

europa, 582, 623.

Leucania

costalis, 603, 627,

632. ie

ropria, ;

f pvatiai, 382.

unica, 382.

Leucibis

alba, 509.

Leucinodes

orbonalis, 615, 629.

Leucocerca

nigritorquis, 693, 759,

826,

setosa, 194.

Leucotreron

incognita, 817.

Liasis

amethystinus, $28.

Libellula

hymenea, SA.

Lielaphus

batjanensis, 130.

holochrous, 130.

modestus, 128, 129.

igia

aquatica, 671.

dilatata, 671.

occidentalis, 671.

stimpsoni, 671.

Limenitis

anarta, 585, 624.

calidasa, 585.

eurynome, 812.

procris, 585.

Limnza

natalensis, 718.

Limnocinelus

acuminatus, 338, 817,

834.

Limopsis

cancellatus, 193.

Limosa

fedoa, 748.

uropygialis, 338, 770,

771, 775.

Linota

linaria, 45.

Liocephalus

grayr, 67.

pacificus, 67.

Liparis

fabricii, 294, 476.

INDEX.

Lipangus

cineraceus, 525, 526.

Lironeca

daurica, 654, 676, 679.

emarginata, 677.

laticauda, 654, 677,

679.

nove-zealandia, 677.

Lithosia

antica, 597, 626.

intermixta, 597, 626.

Littorina

undulata, 187.

Lobiophasis

bulweri, 93, 94.

castaneicaudatus, 94.

Lobivanellus

lobatus, 335, 336.

personatus, 336.

Locustella

certhiola, 806.

dorie, 806.

minor, 806.

ochotensis, 806.

rubescens, 806.

subcerthiola, 806.

Loligo

vulgaris, 808.

Longitarsus

ballote, 81.

lunatus, 81.

Lophocercus

delicatulus, 190,

Lophotibis

eristata, 478, 484, 499,

500.

Loriculus

apicalis, 819, 820, 821.

aurantiifrons, 107.

bonapartet, 820.

chrysonotus, 539, 757,

820.

cyanolemus, 819.

hartlaubi, 819, 820.

indicus, 819, 820.

melanopterus, 819, 821.

panayensis, 586, 537,

538.

philippensis, 820.

regulus, 538, 539, 820.

tener, 107.

Lorius

hypenochrous, 108.

solitarius, 729.

Loyea

oryzd, 333.

tornatellina, 338, 334.

triticed, 330.

wollastont, 334.

(Achatina) melampot-

des, 333.

Oxia,

melaleuca, 739.

Lozogramma

obtusaria, 390.

Lucina

(Codakia) fibula, 192.

—) quadrata, \76,

177, 192,

(Cyclas) cwmingi, 192.

( ) ornata, 192.

Lupea

anceps, 655, 656.

bellicosa, 656.

exasperata, 656.

forceps, 656.

pudica, 656.

Lutra

vulgaris, 275.

Lycena

asoka, 588.

berenice, 146.

cleodus, 146.

conformis, 466, 469.

dionisius, 146,

kandarpa, 588.

lysizone, 469.

phoebe, 146.

sangra, 588, 625.

taygetus, 470.

Lycenesthes

macrophthalma, 588,

625.

Lycodon

aruensis, 130.

keyensis, 130°

lividum, 1380.

modestus, 130.

parvus, 130.

Lycosa

indomita, 75.

Lygia

baudiniana, 654, 670,

671.

Lymnzxa

natalensis, 527.

Lysiosquilla

maculata, 133, 138.

Mabouia

carteretii, 128.

cyanura, 128.

migra, 128.

Macaria

nora, 623, 631.

obstataria, 621.

Machlolophus

elegans, 696.

Macrobrachium

africanum, 662.

Macroglossa

promima, 815.

ats

Macroglossus

australis, 119.

minimus, 118, 119, 123,

Macronus

striaticeps, 827.

Macropteryx

comatus, 758, 823.

Macropus

browni, 743.

bruni, 127.

lugens, 126, 127, 743.

major, 353, 358, 359.

papuanus, 127.

’ (Osphrantes) rufus,

356.

Macropygia

amboinensis, 111.

browni, 110.

carteretia, 111.

nigrirostris, 111.

reinwardti, 111.

turtur, 111.

Macrorhamphus

griseus, 748.

Macrotoma

microcera, 156.

Mahasena

andamana, 602, 627,

632

Malacoptila

panamensis, 333.

Malurus

cruentatus, 850.

Mamestra

comma, 883.

maori, 386

Mangelia

flavescens, 37, 40, 185.

jacksonensis, 37, 40,

185.

lallemantiana, 185.

Manis

tricuspis, 530, 531.

Manucodia

comrti, 43.

Margaritia

flavidalis, 388.

Margarodes

leodicealis, 618.

Margarornis

perlata, 451.

Marginella

angasi, 182.

metcalfi, 173, 177,

182.

ochracea, 173.

stranget, 172, 177,

182.

Martes

abietum, 274.

foina, 274.

INDEX.

Mecyna

ornithopteralis, 388.

Megalema

hodgsoni, 303.

Megalophus

e@quatorialis, 332.

Megalostoma

erocea, 527.

Megalurus

marginalis, 694,

palustris, 694.

ruficeps, fea , 695.

756, 761

Megapodius —

burnabyi, 784.

cumingi, 765, 766.

dilwyni, 766.

eremita, 556.

forsteni, 113.

hueskeri, 113.

huttoni, 784.

lowit, 765, 766.

pritchardi, 782, 783,

784.

pusillus, 755, 765.

rubrifrons, 556.

stairt, 782, 783, 784.

Megascelis

purpureicollis, 511.

Melania

amarula, 527.

nodicineta, wad, 2815,

722.

nyassana, 715, 722.

polymorpha, 712, 713,

714, 722.

upaformis, 712, 713,

aes 7138, 722.

tuberculata, 7 12, 722.

turritispira, 712, 713.

Melanitis

leda, 583, 623.

ismene, 811.

Meleagris

mexicana, 306, 307,308.

Meles

canescens, 274.

taxus, 274.

Melidipnus

megarhynchus, 195.

Melithreptes

letior, 351.

Melitograis

striata, 195.

Melonycteris

melanops, 119, 120,

Mengellia

vincentina, 1865.

Mergulus

alle, 28, 29.

879

Merops

bicolor, 537, 540, 690,

757, 822.

ornatus, 105.

philippinus, 536, 587,

538, 540, 690.

superciliosus, 297, 302.

Mesites

variegata, 292, 293

Mesoplodon

bidens, 684.

densirostris, 684.

europeus, 684.

floweri, 684.

grayi, 684.

haasti, 684.

hectori, 684.

knoxi, 684,

layardi, 684.

longirostris, 684.

seychellensis, 684.

sowerbiensis, 684.

Messaras

erymanthis, 813.

nicobarica, 584, 624.

turneri, 469,

Mestleta

duplexa, 611, 629, 632.

Metaxyonycha

tridentata, 512.

Meterana

pictula, 386, 407.

Metopius

sinensis, 411, 413.

Miamira

nobilis, 229,

jana

znornata, 604.

Microhierax

erythrogenys, 689, 757.

Micronia

aculeata, 622,

caseata, 622.

Justaria, 151.

ee, 622, 631,

632.

obtusata, 622, 631.

vagata, 62 2, 631, 632.

Microvoluta

australis, 35, 40, 181.

Mieza

mactata, 473.

Milvus

296, 302.

egypttus,

Mimeuplea

rhadamantha, 170,

Mimus

longicaudatus, 749.

melanotis, 65.

parvulus, 65.

trifasciatus, 65.

880

Minetra

sylvia, 145.

Miranda

cristata, 238.

iris

lineata, 89.

ruficornis, 89.

Mitra

(Nebularia) _dadia,

181.

(Stigatella) ¢risézs, 70.

Molybdophanes

cerulescens, 503.

Momotus

brasiliensis, 681.

lessonii, 306, 312.

microstephanus, 328.

Monanthia

cytharina, 90.

debilitata, 90.

Monarcha

alecto, 100, 101.

aruensis, 100.

chalybeocephalus, 100.

chrysomelas, 100.

cordensis, 100, 195.

fulviventris, 552.

infelix, 552.

inornatus, 552.

kordensis, 100.

lessoni, 734.

loricata, 99, 558.

melanonotus, 100.

nigra, 409, 410, 775.

verticalis, 99.

Monitor

chlorostigma, 128.

Monocesta

dimidiata, 520.

nicaraguensis, 520.

Monohammus

longicornis, 157.

Monticola

solitarius, 696.

Morova

subfasciata, 382.

Morphnus

guianensis, 531.

Moschus

moschiferus, 4, 7, 11,

14 1b, 23879291,

791.

Mosia

nigrescens, 123.

Motacilla

melanope, 546:

ocularis, 687, 697.

Mulleripicus

fuliginosus, 817, 821.

Funebris, 822.

INDEX.

Munia

Jagori, 5388, 549, 699,

764, 832.

leucogastra, 699.

rubrinigra, 764.

Murex

brazieri, 171, 177, 179.

lampas, 179.

mundus, 171.

(Chicoreus) cervicornis,

ies

Mus

albipes, 279.

alexandrinus, 279.

brownt, 123, 743.

decumanus, 279.

echimyoides, 743.

latipes, 279.

leucopus, 124.

musavora, 743.

musculus, 279.

mystacinus, 272, 279.

rattus, 279.

sylvaticus, 279.

tazamaca, 446.

teguina, 446.

Musca

ochricornis, 84.

Muscicapa

azured, 545.

chalybeocephalus, 100.

chrysomela, 100.

gotavier, 546.

grisola, 750.

hirundinacea, 7738.

tnornata, 5a2.

lutea, 409.

obscura, 773.

panayensis, 549.

Muscigralla

brevicauda, 325.

Muscipeta

melaleuca, 99.

setosa, 99, 194.

Mustela

boccamela, 275.

sarmatica, 275,

vulgaris, 274.

Mycalesis

anaxias, 583.

drusia, 583, 624.

flagrans, 142, 468.

lugens, 142.

medus, 142, 588, 624.

radza, 583, 624, 631.

sambd, 583, 624.

Mycteria

americana, 478.

Myiagra

albiventris, 465, 735.

Myiagra

castanciventris,465,734.

pluto, 779.

rufiventris, 735.

Myiarchus

pheocephalus, 326.

rubineus, 338.

Myiobius

barbatus, 332.

erypterythrus, 326.

Myiodynastes

atrifrons, 326, 758.

audaz, 326.

Myiolestes

heinei, 773.

Myiophoneus

horsfieldi, 2.

Myiozetetes

similis, 383, 326.

Myonia

sinwata, 89, 40, 189.

Myoxus

dryas, 278.

glis, 279.

pictus, 279.

Myrina

atymnus, 590.

prabha, 589, 625, 631.

Mpyristicivora

bicolor, 536, 588, 550.

Myrtis

fanny, 523:

Mysella

anomala, 176, 177,

191,

Mytilus

nicobaricus, 192.

(Aulacomya) Araussz,

192.

Myzanthe

pygmea, 698.

Myzomela

Jugudaris, 731.

nigrita, 553.

pammelena, 553.

pectoralis, 350.

rubratra, 778.

Nanotragus

nigricaudatus, 4, 8, 11,

Napeogenes

nomnlan 60.

Nar lapels 128.

Nasiterna

pusio, 108.

Nassa

suturalis, 180.

‘

‘:

».

Nassa

(Alectrion) intermedia,

) spirata, 180.

(

(Hima) decussata, 180.

(Niotha) gemmulata,

180.

Natica

ala-papilionis, 182.

antoni, 720.

colliei, 183.

concinna, 183.

(Ruma) jilosa, 182.

Naticina

coarctata, 188.

Nautilus

macromphalus, 178.

pompilius, 178.

Navicella

eximia, 527.

lineata, 527.

Nectarinia

aspasia, 102.

australis, 104.

comorensis, 297, 302.

coquereli, 302.

flavigastra, 104.

ena, 103, 104, 553.

Nectarophila

Julia, 536, 547, 537.

sperata, 830.

Nembrotha

citrina, 235.

Nemosia

guira, T44.

Neocerambyx

aurifaber, 156.

Neochera

eugenia, 150.

Neorhynchus

nasesus, 320.

Nephila

chrysogaster, 284.

impertalis, 284.

maculata, 284.

Neptis

andamana, 586, 624.

enacalis, 586, 624.

eurynome, 812.

latifasciata, 468.

mamaja, 586.

manunda, 586, 624,631.

mortifacies, 468.

nicobarica, 586, 624.

pe nen, 586.

Neptun

coins, » 653, 655, 656.

hastatus, 656.

levis, 656.

Nerita

caffra, 527.

INDEX.

Nerita

rumphit, 188.

Nesocentor

chalybeus, 106.

violaceus, 106.

Nettapus

albipennis, 346.

pulchellus, 346.

Ninox

odiosa, 108.

punctulata, 108.

Nipponia

nippon, 484, 495,

496,

temmincki, 496.

Nisus

cruentus, 727.

Srancesii, 296.

rufitorques, 727.

Nitocris

bicomma, 383.

comma, 379, 383.

plusiata, 383.

Noctua

dama, 474.

ornatrix, 87.

punctulata, 108.

suffusa, 383.

Nolasena

dulcissima, 606, 628.

Nonagria

Juncicolor, 382.

wnica, 382.

Nota hus

gas ‘apagoénsis, 81.

kode :

urumutum, 681.

Notodoris

citrina, 233.

Nucula

pusilla, 177, 193.

simplex, 193.

Numenius

arquatus, 417, 418.

cyanopus, 339.

Jfalcinellus, 504.

hudsonicus, 330.

ibis, 485.

minor, 339.

pheopus, 536, 538, 550,

755.

uropygialis, 113, 389,

557.

Numida

cristata, 652.

ellioti, 652.

granti, 652.

mitrata, 301.

tiarata, 301, 302.

vulturina, 652.

docile, 620.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LIX.

881

| Nyctalemon

metaurus, 151.

najabula, 620, 630.

patroclus, 150, 474.

zampa, 620.

Nyctea

nivea, 1.

scandiaca, 31.

Nyctemera

lacticinia, 599, 626.

Nyctereutes

procynides, 530.

Nycticorax

caledonicus, 342, 555,

769.

erassirostris, 769.

gardeni, 329.

griseus, 834.

manillensis, 769.

violaceus, 746.

Nyctidromus

albicollis, 327.

Nyctimera

lacticinia, 150.

Nyctipao

crepuscularis, 150, 608,

628.

ephesphoris, 150.

obliterans, 608.

truncata, 608, 628.

Nymphalis

centaurus, 636.

cleodice, 636.

eribotes, 639.

helie, 635.

morvus, 639.

odilia, 647.

aphia, 633.

T ohieadeee 647.

portia, 633.

ryphea, 634.

tempe, 636.

thamyris, 641.

Nyroca

australis, 347.

Nysius

marginalis, 88.

Obeliscus

jucundus, 173, 177,

183.

Ochetodon

mexicana, 446.

Ochthodromus

bicinctus, 337.

inornatus, 337.

Ochtheeca

arenacea, 20.

lessoni, 324.

leucometopa, 19.

leucophrys, 19, 20.

882

Ochtheeca

rufo-~marginata, 20.

salvini, 324, 752.

setophagoides, 20.

Ocydromus

australis, 307.

Ocypode

ceratophthalma,

136.

Odontophorus

guianensis, 307.

(&eophora

apertella, 405.

griseata, 405.

parca, 405.

picarella, 405.

pseudospretelia, 405.

sordida, 405.

(Edicnemus

crepitans, 307.

grallarius, 339.

C£dirhinus

globifer, 110, 196.

ansolitus, 110.

Oligodon

travancoricum, 685.

Oligostigma

parvalis, 616, 630.

sexpunctalis, 616, 630,

632.

Oliva

erythrostoma, 180.

Olivella

brazieri, 172, 177, 180.

Omiza

affinis, 621, 6380.

pachiaria, 621.

Onchidoris

bilamellata, 226.

diaphana, 226.

inconspicua, 227.

leachii, 225, 226.

muricata, 226.

pusilla, 227.

sparsa, 227.

tuberculatus, 226.

Oniscus

armadillo, 665,

estrum, 671.

Ophicardelus

irregularis, 190.

minor, 190.

Ophideres

aurantia, 607, 628.

dioscore, 607.

hypermnestra, 608,

628.

Sfullonica, 607, 628.

pomona, 607.

Ophiocoma

erinaceus, 139.

135,

INDEX.

Ophionereis

albomaculata, 92, 93.

Ophiothrix

spiculata, 92.

| Ophiusa

arcuata, 609, 629.

Sulvotenia, 816.

Joviana, 610.

myops, 610.

Ophlitospongia

meyeri, 456.

Ophthalmis

lincea, 149.

Orchilus

pileatus, 332.

Oreas

canna, 4.

Oreocincla

iodura, 351.

Oriolus

acrorhynchus, 545,

760.

assimilis, 755, 756,

760.

chinensis, 760, 826.

diffusus, 760.

galbula, 306.

steeri, 756, 760, 761.

Ormiscus

variegatus, 82.

Ornithoptera

aruana, 140, 147.

cassandra, 147.

eresus, 148.

heliconoides, 592, 625.

oceana, 147.

priamus, 139, 147,

148.

pronomus, 470.

triton, 147.

urvilliana, 140, 147,

148.

Ornithorhynchus

paradoxus, 161.

Orodoris

miamirana, 222.

Orosana

atra, 404.

Ortalida

erythroptera, 333.

Orthotomus

castaneiceps, 536, 546.

cinereiceps, 828.

derbianus, 688, 697.

Frontalis, 828.

nigriceps, 817, 828.

Ortygometra

seas 767, 785.

quadristrigata, 785.

tabuensis, 775.

Ortyx

virginianus, 307.

Oryctes

galapagotnsis, 82.

Oryctoderus

coronatus, 153, 159.

latitarsus, 158.

Oryx

beisa, 289.

capensis, 455.

Oscilla

ligata, 178, 177, 1838.

Osmerus

eperlanus, 419.

Osmotreron

axillaris, 586, 588,549,

699, 764, 832.

vernans, 764.

Osphranter

rufus, 3853,

Ostrea

angasi, 193.

edulis, 193.

purpurea, 193, 194.

Otiorhynchus

cuneiformis, 82.

Otis

tarda, 307.

Otocorys

alpestris, 47.

Otothrix

hodgsoni, 421, 422, 423,

424, 426, 427, 482,

435, 436.

Otus

brachyotus, 778.

Oulodon

grayi, 684.

Ovis

aries, 8, 12.

cycloceros, 4.

gmelini, 276.

Oxeoschistus

gigas, 62.

Oxycerca

everetti, 687, 699, 756,

764.

Jagori, 699.

Oxylophus

edolius, 465, 466.

melanoleucus, 465.

Ozius

rugulosus, 135.

Pachyarches

maliferalis, 618, 619,

630.

tibialis, 618, 630.

Pachycephala

falcata, 350.

torquata, 735.

Pachycephala

vitiensis, 735.

Pachygnathus

nigrescens, 26, 27.

sculptus, 26.

Pachyrhamphus

atricapiilus, 526.

Pachyrhynchus

biplagiatus, 154, 159.

quadripustulatus, 155,

verrucatus, 154, 159.

Pagophila

eburnea, 29,

Pagurus

sp., 659.

isochirus, 659. |

labillardieri, 673.

maculatus, 73.

misanthropus, 673.

pilosimanus, 659.

punctulatus, 138.

Palzeemon

amazonicus, 661.

brasiliensis, 654, 660,

661.

cementarius, 662.

ensiculus, 661.

gaudichaudii, 654, 661,

662.

Jjelskii, 654, 661, 678.

montezume, 661.

natterert, 654, 660,

661.

Paludina

capillata, 717, 721.

Jelfreysi, 716, 721.

polita, ‘717.

robertsoni, 717, 721.

Paludinella

gilesi, 170, 177.

Pamphila

augias, 149.

gola, 594, 625, 631.

matthias, 815.

mesoides, 594, 625.

purreea, 594, 625, 631.

Pampusanna

criniger, 833.

Panacra

busiris, 595, 626.

Panagra

disputata, 395.

ephyraria, 391.

explanata, 395.

exsignata, 395.

scissaria, 391.

Panchlora

surinamensis, 87.

Pandion

haliaétus, 108, 554,

745,

INDEX,

Pantala

jflavescens, 84.

hymenea, 84.

Panthera

brasiliensis, TOT.

macrura, 707.

venusta, 707.

Paphia

ada, 647.

aidea, 633, 650.

alberta, 640, 650.

ambrosia, 648, 651.

amenophis, 637, 650.

anassa, 647, 651.

andria, 685, 650.

appias, 638, 650.

arachne, 639.

arginussa, 637,638, 650.

artacena, 638, 650.

astina, 638.

astinax, 633.

ates, 641, 642, 650, 651.

aureola, 648, 651.

basilica, 646, 651.

beatriz, 641, 650.

bertha, 649, 651, 652.

betillina, 647.

boliviana, 642, 651.

callidryas, 649, 651.

cambyses, 646, 651.

catinka, 644, 651, 652.

cercalia, 642, 650, 651.

cheronea, 645, 651.

chrysophana, 634, 650.

cicla, 640, 650.

cleomestra, 641, 650.

cluvia, 644, 651.

cratais, 635, 650.

cyanea, 637, 650.

echemus, 636, 650,

electra, 649, 651.

eribotes, 639, 650.

erythema, 635.

eubena, 637, 650.

eu le, 6385, 650.

peeled 649, 651.

falcata, 648, 651, 652.

jlorita, 640, 650, 651.

glauce, 640, 650.

glaucone, 640, 650.

glycerium, 635, 636,

650.

grandis, 644, 651.

halice, 634, 650.

hauawelli, 643.

hedemanni, 640, 650.

helie, 635, 650.

herbacea, 638, 650.

indigotica, 645, 646,

6ol.

iphis, 641, 642, 650.

885

Paphia

Jjansoni, 649, 651.

laertes, 639.

lawra, 647, 651.

lemnos, 638, 650, 651.

leonida, 639.

leuctra, 643.

lineata, 647, 651.

lorna, 643, 651.

lyceus, 646, 651, 652.

memphis, 646, 651.

meris, 641, 650.

mora, 646, 651.

moretta, 634, 650, 651.

morta, 645, 651.

morvus, 639, 640, 650.

nenia, 647, 651, 652.

nesead, 636, 650.

nessus, 636, 650.

nobilis, 636, 650.

octavius, 639, 650.

odilia, 642, 647, 651.

enomais, 638.

offa, 644, 651, 652.

onophis, 637, 650.

ops, 683, 650.

otrere, 642, 651.

panariste, 649, 651.

pasibula, 641, 648, 61.

pedile, 645.

phantes, 646, 651.

phidile, 635, 650.

phila, 642, 651.

philumena, 642, 651.

phebe, 648, 651, 652.

pithyusa, 638, 650.

placida, 645, 651.

pleione, 642, 651.

polyxo, 648, 651, 652.

porphyrio, 639, 650.

portia, 633, 650.

praxias, 641, 650.

proserpina, 644, 645,

GblE a

psammes, 642, 651.

pyrrhothea, 654.

rutilans, 637, 650.

ryphea, 634, 635, 650.

sosippus, 635, 650.

stheno, 642, 651.

titan, 6386, 637, 650.

troglodyta, 633, 650.

tyrianthina, 637, 650.

uzita, 643, 651, 652.

verticordia, 636, 650.

vestina, 647.

victoria, 645, 651, 652.

wenica, 046, 651.

wenocles, 639, 640, 650.

wenocrates, 648, 651.

zelica, 645.

884

Papilio

adrastus, 471.

egistus, 471.

affinis, 467.

agamemnon, 148, 471,

592, 625.

albinus, 148.

almana, 812.

angelica, 813.

anephates: 593, 625.

archippus, 466.

arctous, 468.

avristolochie, 592.

aruana, 147, 148.

asterie, 812.

augias, 149.

beticus, 146.

borealis, 814.

camorta, 592, 625.

cardui, 813.

charicles, 592, 625.

choredon, 148, 471.

chryseis, 813.

chrysippus, 810,

erocale, 147.

demetrius, 814.

erithonius, 814.

erymanthis, 813.

euchenor, 139, 148.

ewrypylus, 593, 625.

folus, 815.

glaucippe, 814.

noma, 814.

hecabe, 470, 8138.

helenus, 148.

tlea, 814.

indicatus, 471.

ismene, 811.

leucothoé, 811.

maackii, 814.

macfarlanei, 466, 471.

mago, 592, 625.

melaneus, 810.

midamus, 810.

misippus, 812.

nephte, 814.

nicobarus, 592, 625.

niphe, 813.

obscura, 152.

onesimus, 471.

opaca, 152.

orithyia, 813.

pammon, 592, 814.

pandion, 471.

patroclus, 150, 474.

plexippus, 810.

polycarmes, 647.

polydorus, 149, 471.

pronomus, 470.

pyranthe, 814.

rhodifer, 592, 625.

INDEX.

Papilio

sarpedon, 148, 814.

similis, 810.

telemachus, 148.

telephus, 471.

wlysses, 139, 148.

urvilliana, 147.

velleda, 469.

vellida, 144.

wallacei, 471.

szuthus, 814,

Paradoxurus

prehensilis, 681.

Parastasia

bimaculata, 152, 153.

percheroni, 152.

Pardalotus

melanocephalus, 350.

punctatus, 350.

rubricatus, 350.

wropygialis, 350.

Parra

gallinacea, 344.

jacana, 319, 329.

Parribacus

antarcticus, 138.

Parthenos

gambrisius, 585, 624.

Parula

pitiaywmi, 319.

Parus

einctus, 45.

elegans, 688, 696, 756,

762.

Pauxis

galeata, 684.

Pecten

asperrimus, 193.

Pectunculus

gealei, 193.

Pedoneeces

galapagoénsis, 82.

morio, 82.

pubescens, 82.

Pelagella

paretii, 236.

Pelargoderus

arouensis, 157.

Pelargopsis

gigantea, 586, 587, 538,

541, 822.

Pelecanus

conspicillatus, 348.

Suscus, 805.

Penelope

albipennis, 746.

marail, 746.

ortont, 747.

Penelopides

affinis, 817, 824, 825,

826.

Penelopides

manille, 688, 692,

825.

panini, 688, 692, 824,

825, 826.

Peplidia

madere, 232.

Perameles

aruensis, 125.

cockerelli, 743.

doreyanus, 125, 743.

longicaudata, 125.

rufescens, 125.

Perdix

hodgsoniz, 680.

Pergesa

acteus, 595, 626.

Periaptodes

luctator, 158.

Peridrome

orbicularis, 598, 626.

Perigea

canorufa, 604, 627.

illecta, 604.

Periplaneta

americana, 87.

Perissocerus

plumicornis, 411, 412,

413.

Peristera

cinerea, 329.

tympanistria, 302.

Peristernia .

brazieri, 171, 177,

179.

Pernis

ptilorhyncha, 821.

Phabotreron

amethystina, 832.

brevirostris, 5387, 549,

832.

leucotis, 549, 699, 764,

832.

nigrorum, 764.

Phaéton

@ethereus, 777.

candidus, 770, 782,

787.

Alavirostris, 777.

phenicurus, 349.

Phainoptila

melanoxantha, 367.

Phalacrocorax

brasiliensis, 307, 745.

carbo, 307.

melanoleucus, 348,

nove-hollandie, 348.

stictocephalus, 348.

varius, 349.

Phalacrus

darwinti, 78, 82.

Phalena

aleiphron, 474.

cribraria, 474.

lactinea, 815.

Phalangiodes

neptisalis, 617, 630.

Phalaropus

Sulicarius, 31.

hyperboreus, 330.

Phaleria

manicata, 82.

Phaps

chalcoptera, 307.

Pheucticus

aureiventris, 19.

chrysogaster, 19.

crissalis, 19.

tibialis, 19.

wropygialis, 19.

Phibalapteryx

gobiata, 396.

parvulata, 396.

verriculata, 396.

Philemon

albitorques, 553.

cockerelli, 194.

corniculatus, 553.

fuscicapillus, 104,

moluccensis, 104,

Philentoma

cyaniceps, 693.

Philhydrus

sp., 82,

Philona

cinerascens, 598, 626,

inops, 598.

Philougria

nitida, 654, 670, 679.

Phimosus

infuscatus, 479, 485,

495.

nudifrons, 479,

Phlegcenas

erythroptera, 780.

rubescens, 407.

Phlexis

layardi, 24.

Phleeocryptes

melanops, 449,

Phlogcenas

bartletti, 833.

canifrons, 112.

erinigera, 817, 833.

cruenta, 833.

erythroptera, 112.

jobiensis, 112.

johanna, 112.

luzonica, 700.

margarite, 111.

stairt, 112.

INDEX,

Phoca

monachus, 275.

vitulina, 275, 792.

Pheenicopterus

ignipalliatus, 330,

Phonasca

saturata, 19.

Photoparce

distans, 380.

Phyllodactylus

galapagensis, 67.

Phyllodes

consobrina, 608, 628.

perspicillator, 608.

Phyllomyias

semifusca, 325.

tumbezana, 325, 752.

Phyllopneuste

borealis, 761.

Phyllorhina

bicolor, 122.

brachyota, 121.

calcarata, 122.

cervina, 121.

galerita, 121, 123.

labuanensis, 121.

larvata, 122.

longicauda, 121.

speoris, 121.

taitensis, 121.

tricuspidata, 121.

Phyllornis

Sflavipennis, '755,'761.

Phylloscopus

borealis, 43, 44, 45, 46,

47, 688, 697, 761,

806.

collybita, 45,

magnirostris, 688, 697,

761.

superciliosus, 806.

tristis, 806.

trochilus, 45, 807.

Physa

africana, 718.

madagascariensis, 528,

530.

nyassana, 717, 722.

succinoides, 718,

722.

Physematia

concordalis, 616, 629.

Physopsis

africana, 718.

Physorhinus

galapagoénsis, 82.

Piaya

nigricrissa, 328,

rutila, 333.

Picolaptes

affinis, 450.

885

Picolaptes

souleyeti, 323, 333.

Picumnus

cirrhatus, 327, 328.

sclateri, 327.

temminchkit, 328.

Picus

lucidus, 539, 540,

Pierella

helvina, 61.

incanescens, 61.

ocreata, 62.

Pieris

affinis, 147.

coronis, 591.

Jformosana, 814.

hilaria, 591.

lichenosa, 591, 625.

nabis, 470.

nama, 591, 625.

quadricolor, 147,

151.

Piezorhynchus

nitidus, 100.

Pionus

eyaniceps, 107.

heteroclitus, 107.

violaceus, 307.

Pipastes

agilis, 696.

maculatus, 696.

Pipra

leucocilla, 525.

papuensis, 698, 763.

Pitasila

leucospilota, 599, 626,

632.

maculoswm, 599.

varians, 599.

variolosa, 599.

Pithecops

dionisius, 146.

hylax, 587, 624.

Pitta

celebensis, 99.

erythrogastra, 546.

mackloti, 99.

usshert, 94.

venusta, 94,

Plagiotenia

gigantea, 788,

Platalea

gaja, 746.

flavipes, 340.

regia, 340.

Plathemis

depressa, 86.

Platurus

Fasciatus, 128.

Platycercus

anne, 771, 772.

886

Platycercus

atrogularis, 771, 772.

icterotis, 307, 310, 312.

personatus, 729.

splendens, 728, 729,

772.

tabuensis, 729,770,771,

772.

taviunensis, 729, 772.

Platymantis

plicifera, 152.

vitiana, 132.

Platyplectrurus

madurensis, 167.

Platyptilus

repletalis, 407.

Plectrophanes

lapponica, 47.

nivalis, 29, 30, 31.

Plectropterus

gambensis, 47, 48.

niger, 48.

rueppelli, 47, 48.

sclateri, 48.

Plegadis

Salcinellus, 505.

Plesioneura

alysos, 593, 625.

folus, 815.

Pleurona

falcata, 612, 632.

Pleurotoma

lallemantiana, 185.

vincenting, 185.

Plicatula

imbricata, 193.

Plictolophus

ophthalmicus, 107.

Plocamophorus

ceylonicus, 232.

flagellatus, 232.

imperialis, 232.

levivarius, 232.

maculatus, 232.

madere, 232.

nevatus, 232.

ocellatus, 232.

ramulosus, 232.

tilesti, 232.

Ploceus

algonde, 300, 302.

Plotus

anhinga, 304, 307, 312,

451

nove-hollandie, 349.

Plusiodonta

conducens, 605, 627.

Podargus

affinis, 426.

auritus, 489°

cornutus, 432, 433, 455.

INDEX,

Podargus

cuvieri, 306.

fullertoni, 439.

Javanensis, 426, 435,

436, 439,

ocellatus, 424.

parvulus, 426, 436, 437.

stellatus, 426, 436.

Podiceps

cristatus, 807.

gularis, 349.

Podophthalma

affinitata, 569, 578.

bayoniana, 569.

diversa, 558, 571, 572, |

578.

ellioti, 567, 569, 570, |

578.

hilayis, 569, 571, 578.

incerta, 558, 570, 572, |

578.

Poéphila

gouldie, 350.

mirabilis, 350.

Poliolophus

wrostictus, 827.

Polioptila

allilora, 319, 333,

750.

Polyborus

tharus, 745.

Potycera

capensis, 240,

ceylonica, 232.

citrina, 239.

claviger, 230.

cooki, 240.

cornuta, 239.

cristata, 238.

dubia, 240.

flava, 239.

holbollii, 230.

horrida, 239.

illuminata, 239.

lessonti, 239.

modesta, 239.

ocellata, 239.

ornata, 239.

pennigera, 231.

plebeja, 239.

pudica, 239.

punctilucens, 233.

quadrilineata, 230,

239,

ramulosa, 232.

typica, 239.

varians, 239.

webbii, 284.

(Palio) ocellata, 239.

Polydesma

boarmoides, 606, 628.

Polydesma

mastrucata, 606.

Polyfibrospongia

‘dabellifora, 459.

Polygonia

fortinata, 389.

Polyommatus

cleotas, 146.

_ Poospiza

bonapartii, 322.

Porcellana

rufula, 182.

| Porcellio

alexandrinus, 676.

cayennensis, 654, 667,

668, 678.

chilensis, 668.

cubensis, 668.

granarus, 669.

hispida, 654, 676,

679.

interruptus, 669.

liliputanus, 669.

mexicanus, 669.

nigra, 668.

poey?, 669.

spinicornis, 668.

sumichrasti, 668.

swammerdamii, 654,

676.

(Porcelloides) aztecus,

654, 669.

(———) lavo-vittata,

654, 669, 679.

(———) jelshii, 654,

668, 669, 678.

Porina

cervinata, 381.

enysiz, 381, 407.

mairi, 381.

Porphyrio

sp., 785.

alleni, 307.

indicus, 556, 727.

martinicus, 307.

melanotus, 343, 344.

poliocephalus, 307.

samoénsis, 726, 727,

775, 785.

vitiensis, 726, '727,

775.

Portax

picta, 3, 4, 7.

Porzana

carolina, 748.

erythrops, 330.

Sluminea, 345.

palustris, 345,

tabuensis, 345,

(Erythra) guadristri-

gata, 345,

Potamophora

manlia, 608, 628.

Pratincola

caprata, 194, 696, 761.

Prion

banksi, 302.

Prionites

microstephanus, 333.

Prioniturus

discurus, 537, 538, 688,

756, 817

Prionochilus

quadricolor, 755, 762.

Pristipoma

cantharinum, 68.

Procellaria

albigularis, 722.

glacialis, 29, 31.

obscura, 786.

Procelsterna

albivitta, 776.

Prodenia

ciligera, 604, 627.

glaucistriga, 604.

Progne

tapera, 320.

Propachys

linealis, 620, 630.

Protoparce

lingens, 169.

orientalis, 596, 626.

solani, 169.

Psecadia

teras, 405.

Pseudaxis

mantchuricus, 17.

sika, 17.

taévanus, 17.

Pseudocoremia

Sragosata, 394.

indistincta, 394, 407.

Pseudozena

alternata, 152, 159.

orientalis, 152.

Psittacula

celestis, 329, 753.

Psittacus

discurus, 538.

erithacus, 307.

lucionensis, 538.

Psitteuteles

subplacens, 108.

Psyche

unicolor, 381.

Ptencedus

rufescens, 350.

Pterocles

arenarius, 307.

Pteroglossus

wiedi, 306.

INDEX.

| Pteroptochus

albicollis, 450, 451, 452.

Pteropus

capistratus, 116.

degener, 115.

melanopogon, 115.

——-var. neohibernicus,

115.

minimus, 118.

personatus, 116.

phaiops, 115.

rostratus, 118.

Ptilinopus

apicalis, 464.

dupetit-thouarsi, 410.

742.

fasciatus, 464, 726, 742,

779, 780, 783.

mercieri, 410.

pelewensis, 742.

perouset, 742.

ponapensis, 742,779.

porphyraceus, 464, 725,

742, 775, 779, 783.

purpuratus, 741.

rivoliz, 110.

Ptilopus

bellus, 556.

globifer, 194.

humeralis jobiensis,

110, 196

incognita, 832.

insolitus, 110, 196.

Jobiensis, 110.

Johannis, 556.

rivoliz, 109.

sganzint, 300.

speciosus, 556.

strophium, 110.

superbus, 109.

Ptilosclera

versicolor, 351.

Ptilotis

carunculata, 724, 732,

770, 773

procerior, 732, 733.

provocator, 733.

similis, 732.

sonora, 350.

unicolor, 350.

xanthophrys, 733.

mucosa, 686.

Pudua

humilis, 18.

’ Puffinus

sp., 786, 787.

anglorum, 787.

auduboni, 786, 787.

dichrous, 786.

887

Puffinus

leucomelas, 688.

obscurus, 782, '786, 787.

tenebrosus, '786, 787.

Purpura

amygdala, 34.

callaoénsis, 69.

columellaris, 69.

patula, 69.

(Cronia) anomala, 34,

40, 180

Pyenarmon

discinotalis, 617, 630.

obrinusalis, 617, 630.

(Zebronia) plutusalis,

617.

Pyralis

ochrealis, 614, 629,

trifascialis, 614, 629,

632.

Pyrameis

callirhoé, 813.

cardui, 584, 624, 813.

Pyranga

azar@, 382.

Pyrocephalus

albigularis, 332.

nanus, 66.

rubineus,

752.

Pyrrhocentor

melanops, 823.

Pyrrhulopsis

splendens, 307.

326, 332,

Querquedula

cyanoptera, 523, 746.

Quiscalus

equatorialis, 523.

assimilis, 325, 751.

Rallina

euryzonoides, 756, 767.

tricolor, 113, 345.

Rallus

capensis, 767.

cypereti, 747.

longirostris, 747.

philippensis, 785,

virginianus, 523.

zeylanicus, 767, 768.

Ramadasa

pavo, 603, 627, 632.

Ramphiculus

occipitalis, '764, 832.

Ramphocelus

icteronotus, 332.

Ranella

granifera, 180.

venustula, 180.

888

Rangifer

tarandus, 12, 13, 14,

15, 18.

Raphignathus

spinifrons, 25, 27.

Recluzia

hargreavesi, 190.

Recurvirostra

avocetta, 417.

rubricollis, 338.

Redoa

sp., 150.

jiieaser: 600,

627.

sericea, 600, 627.

Remigia

archesia, 611, 629.

bifasciata, 611.

gregalis, 611, 629.

virbia, 611.

Remipes

pacificus, 74.

testudinarius, 74.

Rhacodia

rureana, 403.

Rhamphastos

ariel, 306.

Rhamphococcyx

calorhynchus, 195.

Rhamses

arouensis, 157.

Rhapsa

scotosialis, 388.

Rhea

americana, 160, 306,

307, 315.

macrorhyncha, 160.

Rhinoceros

indicus, '711.

inermis, 708.

lasiotis, 269, 270.

sondaicus, 270, 707,

708, 709, 710, 711,

788

sumatrensis, 270.

unicornis, 707,709,710,

, 788.

Rhinolophus

tricuspidatus, 121.

Rhinopalpa

algina, 148.

amelia, 143.

sabina, 144.

Rhipidura

albiscapa, 194.

Ffuscescens, 194.

gularis, 99, 194.

kubaryi, 779.

rufifrons, 552.

semirubra, 552.

setosa, 99.

INDEX.

Rhizochilus

(Coralliophila) parvus, |

70, 93.

Rhodoneura

bastialis, 617.

marmorealis, 617, 6380.

puralis, 617.

reticulalis, 616, 630.

tetraonalis, 617, 630,

632. .

Rhodopis

vesper, 523.

Rhyacophilus

glareola, 703.

Rhyncheea

australis, 339.

capensis, 537, 551, 688,

703, oar

Rhynchocyclus

slp Mitac 326.

Rhyncholophus

hispidus, 25, 27.

Rhynchops

Gpbicollis, 807.

Rhynchotus

rufescens, 307.

Rhyparida

costatipennis, 513.

madagascariensis, 512.

migricollis, 513.

Ricinula

(Sistrum) adelaidensis,

180.

Rissoa

Frauenfeldi, 187.

Rissoina

angasi, 187.

fasciata, 187.

hanleyi, 187.

smithi, 187.

stricta, '71.

turricula, 187.

Rivula

bioculalis, 614, 629.

oculalis, 614, 629.

Rossella

philippensis, 462.

Rucervus

dwvaucelli, 17, 18.

eldi, 17.

schomburgkii, 17.

Rupicapra

tragus, 12.

Rupicola

crocea, 447.

Rusa

alfredi, 17.

aristotelis, 17.

equina, 17.

hippelaphus, 17.

kuhlii, 17.

Rusa

mariana, 17.

moluccensis, 17.

peronit, 17.

swinhoit, 17.

Sahinza

jlaminea, 187.

incidata, 187.

Saccophorus

guochil, 446.

Saiga

tartarica, 11.

Salmo

alipes, 476.

arcturus, 294.

naresti, 476.

nitidus, 477.

Salpinx

hobsoni, 811.

vestigiata, 811.

Saltator

magnus, 332.

olivascens, 320.

Samana

acutata, 401.

amea

cuprinalis, 615, 629.

purpurascens, 615,

629.

Sarcidiornis

melanonota, 683.

Sarciophorus

pectoralis, 336.

Sarcops

calvus, 699, 764, 831.

Sargus

unimaculatus, 67, 68.

Sarotes

vulpinus, 286.

Sauloprocta

melaleuca, 99.

melanoleuca, 99.

tricolor, 99.

Sauris

ranata, 398.

Sauropatis

chloris, 536, 538, 541,

690, 758, 823.

Scala

clathrus, 183.

Scapanes

australis, 153,

Scapha

mamilla, 181.

Scelodonta

viridimaculata, 514.

Scelospizias

pusillus, 296.

Scelostrix

candida, 757.

Schistosoma

longisetoswm, 277.

Scheeniclus

australis, 834.

Sciaphila

spoliatana, 403.

Sciocoris

galapagoénsis, 88.

Sciuropterus

layardi, 754.

Sciurus

Sfulvus, 277.

syriacus, 277.

vulgaris, 277.

Sclerurus

caudacutus, 449.

Scolitantides

cleotas, 146.

excellens, 146.

Scolopax

alba, 508.

capensis, 551.

caudatus, 478, 498,

guarauna, 478, 479,

506

incanus, 550, 768.

pheopus, 550.

stenura, 550.

Scolopendra

complanata, 75.

. Scoparia

diptheralis, 388.

gjuncida, 389.

Feredayi, 389.

rakaiensis, 389.

submarginalis, 389.

‘ops

menadensis, 302.

Scopula

dipsasalis, 388.

flavidalis, 388.

paronalis, 388.

quadralis, 388.

Scotopteryx

maoriata, 390.

Scotosia

denotata, 396.

humeraria, 396.

panagrata, 396.

stigmaticata, 390.

Seyllarus

antarcticus, 138.

Scymnus

galapagoénsis, 82.

Scytalopus

indigoticus, 523.

Scytaster

variolatus, 139.

Secusio

annulata, 380.

INDEX.

aurantia, 807.

Selenia

allaria, 389.

Selenophorus

galapagoénsis, 77, 82.

Selidosema

fragosata, 394.

Semele

scabra, 191.

Semicassis

areola, 183.

coronulata, 1838.

paucirugis, 183.

pila, 183.

saburon, 183.

sophie, 183.

torquata, 183.

Serpentarius

reptilivorus, 307.

Serranus

albomaculatus, 68.

humeralis, 68.

olfax, 67.

Serresius

galeatus, 407.

Sesapa

andamana, 597, 626.

undulosa, 597

Sesarma

rotundata, 133, 136.

teniolata, 133, 137.

tetragona, 137.

(Holometopus) aubry?,

137

(Pachysoma) hemato-

cheir, 137.

Sestra

flexata, 389.

Susiplagiata, 389.

humeraria, 390.

obtruncata, 389.

obtusaria, 390.

Setia

atropurpurea, 187.

nitens, 187.

Sibia

capistrata, 303.

Silybura

ceylanica, 167.

dindigalensis, 167.

macrorhyncha, 167.

Simia

satyrus, 303.

Simotes

venustus, 685.

Sithon

areca, 589, 625.

kamorta, 589, 625.

Sittasomus

olivaceus, 323, 332.

Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1877, No. LX.

889

Sittella

albata, 351.

leucocephala, 351.

Somateria

mollissima, 29.

spectabilis, 30, 32.

Sorex

araneus, 272.

micrurus, 446.

russulus, 272.

vere-pacis, 445, 446.

Spalax

typhlus, 281.

Spatha

alata, 719.

nyassaénsis, 719.

Speiredonia

conspicua, 608, 628.

retrahens, 608, 628.

Spermestes

cucullatus, 299, 302.

Spermophila

telasco, 320.

Spermophilus

citellus, 278.

concolor, 278.

Sulvus, 278.

musicus, 278,

zanthoprymnus, 277.

Sphenophorus

sp., 155.

Sphingnotus

dunningi, 157.

Sphinx

convolvuli, 596.

, var. distans, 380.

wrus, 473.

jasmini, 168,

lachesis, 595.

nicobarensis, 595.

pagana, 595.

tipuliformis, 380.

Spilornis

holospilus, 689, 757,821.

Spirama

coherens, 608, 628.

rectifasciata, 816,

Spirobolus

cinctipes, 283.

gaimardi, 283.

Spizaétus

coronatus, 307.

Spodoptera

cilium, 604, 627.

infecta, 604,

insulsa, 604.

nubes, 604, 627.

Spongionella

pulchella, 459.

Squatarola

helvetica, 830, 833.

890

Squatina

vulgaris, 318.

Squi

maculata, 138.

Steganoptycha

dealbana, 404.

negligens, 404, 407.

Stelgidopteryx

uropygialis, 744.

Stenodoris

rubra, 235,

Stercorarius

antarcticus, 799.

eatarrhactes, 347.

chilensis, 800.

longieaudatus, 30, 31.

pomatorhinus, 800.

Sterna

aleutica, (54.

anestheta, 43.

antarctica, 795.

arctica, 749.

bergii, 537, 551, 557,

776, 781, 796.

candida, 797.

eassini, 795.

Siwiatilis, 796.

Suliginosa, 1138, 781,

796.

hirundinacea, 795, 796.

hirundo, 417, 418.

hybrida, 551, 794.

macrura, 29, 30, 31,

749, 796.

maxima, 749.

melanauchen, 770.

melanorhyncha, 347.

panaya, 770,

stolidus, 797.

virgata, 794, 796.

vittata, 795, 796.

Sternula

nereis, 347.

placens, 347.

Sthenurus

atlas, 352, 358, 355,

61,

brehus, 352, 355, 356,

361.

minor, 353, 354, 855,

356, 360, 361.

Stichzeus

punctatus, 295.

Stigmatops

ocularis, 351.

subocularis, 351.

Stomion

galapagoénsis, 79, 82.

helopoides, 82.

levigatum, 82.

INDEX.

Strepsiceros

kudu, 4, 454.

Strepsilas

interpres, 29, 30, 31,

301, 302, 338, 557,

770, 781, 784.

Stringops

habroptilus, 307.

Strix

delicatula, 771, 782.

flammea, 307.

mexicana, 159.

Strombus

(Canarium) elegans,

185.

( ) plicatus, 185.

(Gallinula) campbelli,

185.

Struthio

camelus, 307, 315.

Stylifer

braziert, 173, 177,

184,

Styliola

subulata, 178.

Succinea

bettiz, '72, 93.

rubicunda, 72, 73.

Sula

australis, 349.

bassana, 307, 312.

Jiber, 349.

fusca, 451,

Surniculus

velutinus, 823.

Sus

scrofa, 275, 358.

Sycalis

flaveola, 322, 750.

Sycotypus

Teas 182.

Sylochelidon

caspia, 347.

Sylvia

curruca, 45.

orphea, 368.

Syme

orbicularis, 628, 631.

Symphzedra

teuta, 586.

teutoides, 586, 624.

Symphemia

semipalmata, 748.

Sympis

turbida, 611, 629.

Synallaxis

frontalis, 449,

melanops, 32.

stictothorax, 323, 751.

tithys, 328,

Synclera

cesalis, 618, 30.

Syntomis

marsdem, 473.

Syrnium

aluco, 533.

Syrphus

albomaculatus, 84.

Tachypetes

aquila, 770.

Tachyphonus

luctuosus, 332.

Tachyptilia

atychioides, 405, 407.

Tadorna

rajah, 346.

rutila, 3807, 312.

Tenia

gigantea, 788.

magna, 788.

Tagiades

alica, 598, 625, 631.

helfert, 598, 625.

Japetus, 149,

obscurus, 593.

Tanaécia

acontius, 586, 624.

cibaritis, 586, 624.

Tanagra

eyanoptera, 320.

Tantalides

Jalcinellus, 479, 504.

guarana, 479, 506.

Tantalus

ethiopicus, 478, 479,

481, 482, 485.

albicollis, 498.

albus, 478, 479, 482,

508.

bengalensis, 505,

calvus, 478, 482, 494.

cayanensis,

502, 482.

chalcopterus, 478.

coco, 508.

cristatus, 478, 482, 499.

falcinellus, 478, 482,

503.

Suscus, 509.

griseus, 504.

hagedash, 478, 482, 500.

zbis, 485, 501, 711.

igneus, 478, 504.

loculator, 681.

melanocephalus, 478,

488.

melanopis, 478, 498.

mexicanus, DOA.

minutus, 509.

478, 479,

Tantalus

niger, 494, 504.

ruber, 478, 482, 509.

viridis, 504.

Tanygnathus

albirostris, 818.

everetti, 817.

lucionensis, 536, 538.

luconensis, 817

luzonensis, 755, 756.

muelleri, 307, 818.

swmatranus, 817, 818.

Tanysiptera

migriceps, 105.

sylvia, 105.

Tapes

Raapitte 192.

(Cuneus) galactites,192.

Tatare

longirostris, 409.

Tatosoma

lestevata, 398.

Tavia

substruens, 608, 628.

Tchitrea

corvina, 298.

mutata, 298.

pretiosa, 298, 302.

vulpina, 298, 302.

Tectura

conoidea, 189.

Telegonus

thyrsis, 594, 625.

Tellina

opalina, 720.

planissima, 720.

Grom) decussata,

191.

Tellinides

rosea, 720.

Temenis

sylphis, 63.

Tenaris

onesimus, 466, 468.

Tephrosia

seriptaria, 390.

Terias

esiope, 813.

candida, 146.

formosa, 590, 625.

hecabe, 470, 813.

nicobariensis, 590, 625.

sana, 466, 470.

venata, 470.

coraide, 470.

Teras

enea, 402.

boseana, 402.

contractana, 402.

eacessana, 403.

| Theridion

INDEX.

Teras

flavescens, 402.

inaptana, 402.

oblongana, 402.

priscana, 402.

punctilineana, 389.

servana, 402.

Terebra

gunni, 185.

marmorata, 185.

Tergipes

pulcher, 230.

Terpsichrois

midamus, 810.

Testudo

abingdonii, 66.

microphyes, 66,

Tetraceros

subguadricornutus, 3,

Tetrao

wrogallus, 307, 308.

Tetrodon

heraldi, 69.

Thalasseus

poliocercus, 347,

Thalassodes

celataria, 621, 631.

Thalpophila

cuprea, 604, 627,

632.

Thamnomanes

glaucus, 450.

‘Thamnophilus

albinuchalis, 324.

cesius, 332.

doliatus, 450.

murinus, 450.

transandeanus, 324.

Thatecheria

mirabilis, 529, 530.

Thaumastura

cora, 528.

Thaumatibis

gigantea, 480, 484, 489,

491.

Thecacera

capitata, 231.

pennigera, 231,

virescens, 231.

Themiscyra

mactata, 473.

varicosa, 474.

Themisto

flava, 239.

quadrilineata, 239.

Therates

labiatus, 152.

carolinum, 75, 93.

891

Theristicus

albicollis, 498.

caudatus, 478, 485,

498

melanopis, 479, 498,

499

melanops, 498.

Thermesia

reticulata, 611, 629.

Thinocorus

rumicivorus, 413, 414,

416.

Thomisoides

rubripes, 77.

utriformis, 77, 93.

Thracia

angasiana, 191.

Jjacksoniensis, 191.

Thresciornis

religiosa, 486.

Threskiornis

athiopicus, 486.

melanocephalus, 488.

strictipennis, 340, 486.

Thriponax

Jjavensis, 689, 821.

Thryothorus

supereiliaris, 819, 749.

Timalia

chatarea, 694, 695.

Tinea

palestrica, 404.

rectella, 404,

tapetzella, 404.

Tivela

dolabella, 720.

Todirhamphus

vitiensis, 731.

Todirostrum

cinereum, 325, 833.

ruficeps, 522.

rufigene, 522.

Torcula

parva, 174, 177, 188.

Torinia

infundibuliformis, 184.

straminea, 184.

Tornatina

brenchleyi, 40, 189.

hofmani, 39, 40, 189.

Tortrix

taipana, 403.

Totanus

acuminatus, 834.

chloropygius, 330.

hypoleucos, 834.

incanus, 113, 586, 537,

550, 557, 768.

Toxopneustes

semituberculatus, 91.

892

Tragelaphus

scriptus, 4, 9, 11,12,289.

Tramea

sp. 84.

Trephrosia

patularia, 390,

Treron

axillaris, 549.

Trevelyana

sp., 235.

bicolor, 235.

ceylonica, 234.

concinna, 235.

impudica, 235,

limacina, 235.

maculata, 2805.

morosa, 235.

picta, 235.

rubra, 235.

zeylanica, 234.

Tribonyx

ventralis, 344.

Trichoglossus

eyanogrammus, 5D4.

flavicans, 108.

massene, 108.

placens, 108.

rubiginosus, 778.

subplacens, 108.

Trichostoma

leucoproctum, 366.

Tricondyla

aptera, 152.

Triforis

maculosus, 184.

Triglops

pingelit, 476.

Trigonella

eximia, 191.

Trigonia

margaritacea, 193.

Trin

autumnalis, 504.

canutus, 30, 81, 748.

hypoleucos, 550.

minuta, 806.

minutilla, 330,

tenuirostris, 338.

Tringoides

hypoleucos, 536, 537,

538, 550, 557.

hypoleucus, 118, 301,

302, 703, 768.

Triopa

carpenteri, 230.

cataline, 230.

clavigera, 230.

crocea, 230.

gracilis, 230.

holbillii, 230.

incisa, 230.

INDEX.

Triopa

lacera, 230.

nothus, 239.

yatestt, 231.

Triptera

columnella, 179.

Triptogon

andamana, 595, 626.

Suscescens, 595,

Triton

canaliferus, 179.

lampas, 179.

Tritonium

(Epidromus) coxz, 179.

(Gutturnium) cau-

datum, 179.

(Simpulum) gemma-

tum, 179.

Trochus

occultus, 71.

(Omphalius) cooksoné,

71, 93.

Troglodytes

gorilla, 303.

Trogon

ardens, 540.

caligatus, 328.

melanurus, 328.

puella, 306.

Trombidium

fucicolum, 26.

Suscum, 24, 26.

Tropidonotus

hypomelas, 128, 130.

Tropidorhynchus

gilolensis, 195.

Tropisternus

lateralis, 78, 82.

Truncaria

australis, 172, 177, 180.

Trupialis

loyca, 323.

Trygodes

divisara, 621, 631.

Turbo

exquisitus, 175, 177,

gemmatus, 188.

petholatus, 188.

Turbonilla

festiva, 35, 40, 183.

hofmani, 183.

nitida, 183.

Turdus

atrigularis, 806.

bewsheri, 299, 302.

dominicus, 545.

JSuscatus, 806.

iliacus, 45, 806.

leucops, 331.

merula, 306, 749.

Turdus

pallens, 806.

philippinensis, 546.

pilaris, 806.

serranus, 331.

Turnix

fasciata, 687, 701, 765.

lepurana, 416.

nigrescens, 755, 765.

ocellata, 688, 700.

pugnax, 701, 765.

rostrata, 701.

Turritella

(Haustator) gunmi, 187.

( ) incisa, 188.

Turtur

aldebranus, 300.

auritus, 306.

comorensis, 300, 302.

dussumieri, 700, 765,

833.

picturatus, 300.

rostratus, 300.

semitorquatus, 300, 302.

Tylos

armadillo, 674.

capensis, 674,

granulatus, 654 674.

latreillei, 654, 674.

spinulosus, 675.

Tyrannus

melancholicus, 326.

niveigularis, 326, 753.

Unio

aferula, 719.

kirkii, 719.

nyasse, '719.

nyassaénsis, '719.

Upupa

epops, 447.

Urapteryx

crocopterata, 620, 630.

Uria

grylle, 29, 30, 51.

trotle, 307, 310, 314.

Uromys

aruensis, 125.

bruijni, 125.

macropus, 125.

papuanus, 125.

rufescens, 124, 743.

Urospizias

etorques, 109.

Ursus

arctos, 275.

syriacus, 275.

Urubitinga

anthracina, 329.

schistacea, 745.

unicincta, 329.

Vanessa

algina, 148.

angelica, 813.

Vates

sp., 88.

Vespertilio

hardwickii, 122.

Vesperugo

serotinus, 271.

Villiersia

scutigera, 227.

Viverra

prehensilis, 681.

sarmatica, 275.

Vivipara

capillata, 717.

Jelfreysii, 716.

Vola

fusca, 193.

Voluta

bullata, 181.

coniformis, 181.

» fulgetrum, 181.

papillaris, 181.

papillosa, 179.

Volutella

papillosa, 181.

olva

philippinarum, 186.

volva, 186.

Volvocivora

ceérulescens, 693, 756,

759.

_ insperata, 779.

Vulpes

flavescens, 274.

Westermannia

superba, 606.

triangularis, 605, 628.

INDEX,

| Xanthodes

transversa, 605, 627.

| Xantholema

hemacephala, 690, 758, |

823.

| rosea, 756, ‘758.

Xema

Jamesoni, 347.

Xenorhynchus

australis, 307, 340, 711,

712.

senegalensis, 711, 712.

Xenotreron

incagnita, 832.

Xiphorhynchus

thoracicus, 328.

Xixuthrus

microcerus, 156.

Xylina

atristriga, 387.

canescens, 387.

defigurata, 387.

lignisecta, 386.

provida, 386:

turbida, 385.

ustistriga, 386.

vewata, 385.

Xylocampa

cucullina, 386.

deceptura, 386.

inceptura, 386,

Xylocopa

mordax, 83.

Xylophasia

stipata, 386.

Xylotrupes

gideon, 154.

Ypthima

arctous, 468.

893

Yungipicus

Suscoalbidus, 689.

maculatus, 689,

Zamenophis

australis, 130.

Zanclopteryx

saponaria, 622, 631.

Zebronia

salomealis, 619.

Zelotherses

robusta, 4038, 407.

Zeocephus

Pa 683.

Zermizinga

indocilisaria, 394,

Ziziphinus

armillatus, 188.

decoratus, 188.

speciosus, 188.

| Zomia

palida, 622, 681.

Zoothera

monticola, 299.

Zosterops

anjuanensis, 297, 302.

everetti, 755, 762, 829.

explorator, 734.

flaviceps, 738, 734.

lateralis, '762.

mayottensis, 302.

meyert, 762.

palpebrosus, 762.

poliogastra, 297.

ponapensis, 778.

westernensis, 734.

awanthochroa, 734.

Zozymus

tomentosus, 134,

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